title: The Mountain Moves

abstract: The Mountain Moves is the debut album from English folk rock band Treetop Flyers. It was released in June 2013 under Partisan Records.

text:
# The Mountain Moves

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| The Independent |  |
| MusicOMH |  |

***The Mountain Moves*** is the debut album from English folk rock band Treetop Flyers. It was released in June 2013 under Partisan Records.

## Track list

All tracks are written by Treetop Flyers

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Things Will Change" | 4:03 |
| 2. | "Houses Are Burning" | 3:40 |
| 3. | "Waiting on You" | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Rose Is In The Yard" | 4:32 |
| 5. | "She's Gotta Run" | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Haunted House" | 6:52 |
| 7. | "Postcards" | 3:49 |
| 8. | "Making Time" | 3:56 |
| 9. | "Picture Show" | 3:10 |
| 10. | "Storm Will Pass" | 6:05 |
| 11. | "Is It All Worth It" | 4:04 |

## InfoBox

| The Mountain Moves | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Treetop Flyers | |
| Released | 25 June 2013 (2013-06-25) |
| Genre | Alternative folk |
| Length | 47:10 |
| Label | Partisan |
| Producer | Noah Georgeson |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Mountain Moves* | |
| 1. "Things Will Change"<br>Released: 23 April 2013 | |
|  | |


abstract: The Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral, also known as the Vimalagiri Cathedral or as Angathattu Palli located at Kottayam is the cathedral of the Diocese of Vijayapuram. Built in the Gothic architectural style, the church has a 172-foot tall tower which is one of the tallest church towers in Kerala. The foundation stone of Vimalagiri Church was laid in the year 1956. The construction of the imposing edifice was finished in the year 1964. Its feast celebrated on 8 December every year, the feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

text:
# Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral, Kottayam

The **Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral**, also known as the **Vimalagiri Cathedral** or as ***Angathattu Palli*** located at Kottayam is the cathedral of the Diocese of Vijayapuram. Built in the Gothic architectural style, the church has a 172-foot tall tower which is one of the tallest church towers in Kerala. The foundation stone of Vimalagiri Church was laid in the year 1956. The construction of the imposing edifice was finished in the year 1964. Its feast celebrated on 8 December every year, the feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

## InfoBox

| Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral | |
| --- | --- |
| Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral | |
| Immaculate Heart of Mary CathedralLocation of the cathedral in Kerala | |
| 9°35′44″N 76°32′13″E / 9.595688°N 76.537078°E / 9.595688; 76.537078 | |
| Location | Kottayam |
| Country | India |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Website | www.vijayapuramdiocese.org |
| History | |
| Status | Cathedral |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | active |
| Style | Gothic |
| Groundbreaking | 1956 |
| Completed | 1964 |
| Administration | |
| Province | Archdiocese of Verapoly |
| Diocese | Diocese of Vijayapuram |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | Sebastian Thekethecheril |


title: José Cardero

abstract: José Cardero was a Spanish draughtsman and artist. He is most remembered for his work on the expedition of Alejandro Malaspina and the related expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. During the Galiano voyage Cordero Channel was named in his honor. Other places in British Columbia were later named in his honor as well, including Dibuxante Point, "dibuxante" being Spanish for "draughtsman".

text:
# José Cardero

**José Cardero** (also Josef Cardero, in full Manuel, José, (Josef, Joseph) Antonio Cardero) (1766  after 1811) was a Spanish draughtsman and artist. He is most remembered for his work on the expedition of Alejandro Malaspina and the related expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. During the Galiano voyage Cordero Channel was named in his honor. Other places in British Columbia were later named in his honor as well, including Dibuxante Point, "dibuxante" being Spanish for "draughtsman".

## Biography

He was born in 1766 in Écija, Spain. Nothing is known about Cardero's life until he sailed with Malaspina in 1789. He was a member of the crew of Malaspina's corvette, the *Descubierta*, perhaps as a servant. He showed an aptitude for drawing early in the voyage and after Juan del Pozo Bauzá, one of the official artists, was discharged in Peru, Cardero began producing drawings regularly. In 1791, when the expedition was in Acapulco, New Spain (Mexico), Cardero was officially confirmed as an artist and map drawer of the expedition.

He sailed with Malaspina to Alaska, where he made many drawings of the Tlingit. After returning to Mexico Malaspina assigned him to serve as an artist on the expedition of Galiano and Cayetano Valdés, both officers of Malaspina's who were given ships and the task of exploring the Strait of Georgia. Cardero sailed on Valdés's ship, the *Mexicana*, in 1792. During the voyage the Spanish met and worked with George Vancouver, who was exploring the Strait of Georgia for the British. Both expeditions sailed around Vancouver Island.

Cardero's duties on the Galiano expedition included not only making drawings and fair copies of sketch maps, but serving in boat parties sent out to explore. After the voyage many of Cardero's drawings were copied and improved upon by other artists, especially the painter Fernando Brambila in Madrid. Brambila, who had never been to the Pacific Northwest, produced higher quality artwork but sometimes added unrealistic details.

After the Galiano voyage, Cardero returned to Spain and worked with Valdés and Malaspina briefly. In 1795 he was reassigned as a Ship Accountant in the Spanish Navy and sent to Cádiz. His name appears on a list of permanent officers of the navy from 1797 to 1811, after which there is no further mention of him in known records. The reason for the removal of his name from the list of officers in 1811 is not known.

## Legacy

Cordero Channel, originally *Canal de Cardero*, commemorates Jose Cardero. Cardero Street, in Vancouver's West End is named for the strait, and only as a result indirectly for Jose Cardero.


title: Iris lineata

abstract: Iris lineata is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has tall slender stems, long leaves and greenish yellow flowers covered, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

text:
# Iris lineata

***Iris lineata*** is a plant species in the genus *Iris*, it is also in the subgenus *Iris*, and in the section *Regelia*. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has tall slender stems, long leaves and greenish yellow flowers covered, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

## Description

It is very similar in form to*Iris darwasica*.

It has a small, short rhizome, which is less than 2 cm long. It is covered (on the top) with the fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. It has secondary roots, short stolons.

It has erect, linear, leaves that are 6–40 cm (2–16 in) long and 0.3–0.6 cm wide. They disappear after the blooming period, and begin to re-grow the next season in January.

It has an erect stem, that can grow up to between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) tall.

The stem has acuminate (pointed), membranous, spathes or bracts, (leaves of the flower bud), which are 5.5 cm (2 in) long, with pale margins. The upper third of the spathe is flushed purple.

The stems hold between 2 and 3 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in spring, between April and May.

The long and thin, flowers are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter. They are greenish yellow, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top.

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The elliptic to oblanceolate falls are 4.5 cm (2 in) long, and 1.3 cm wide, with a long blue beard, in the centre of the fall. The elliptic to oblanceolate standards are 4.5 cm (2 in) long, they also have a thin beard.

It has short pedicels and a 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long perianth tube. It has pale blue style branches, that are 2.5–3 cm (1–1 in) long, purple brown lobes, anthers that are 1.4–1.7 cm long, filaments that are 1–1.2 cm long and yellow pollen.

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule and seed, which have not been described.

### Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=22.

## Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (lineata) lin-ee-AY-tuh.

It is commonly known as 'Lined Iris' (in Russia).

The Latin specific epithet *lineata* means with lines (or stripes). It refers to the veins on the narrow standards and falls.

It was first published and described by Regel in 'Gartenflora' Vol.36 Issue 201, table 1244 in 1887. Then by Foster in *Curtis's Botanical Magazine* Vol.114 in 1888. It was also published (by Foster) in *The Gardeners' Chronicle* Series 3 Vol.4 page 36 in 1888.

Was once thought a synonym of *Iris darwasica*,

In 1935, *Iris karategina* was published and described by B.Fedtsch., in 'Flora URSS' (Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum) Vol 4 page542. It was later classified as a synonym of *Iris lineata*.

In 1968, it was published in 'Yearbook of the British Iris Society' with a colour illustration.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.

*Iris lineata* is an accepted name by the RHS.

## Distribution and habitat

*Iris lineata* is native to temperate areas of central Asia.

a native to Central Asia (north of Afghanistan). Central Asia, north-eastern Afghanistan

### Range

It was found in the former country of Turkestan. The current range is between Tajikistan, (including the Karateginskii Range, within the Gissar Mountain Range), and in Afghanistan, within the upper Farkhar Valley of Farkhar District, in the Takhar Province.

### Habitat

It grows on the dry, rocky open slopes of granite mountains.

They can be found at an altitude of 1,600–2,500 m (5,200–8,200 ft) above sea level.

## Conservation

This is a protected iris, listed on the Red Data Book of Tajikistan.

## Cultivation

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils in full sun.

It can be grown in alpine houses.

It was last introduced into cultivation in the UK by Paul Furse in 1967.

## Sources

* Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
* Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 64.
* Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.

Media related to Iris lineata at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to Iris lineata at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Iris lineata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris* subg. *Iris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Regelia* |
| Species: | ***I. lineata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris lineata***<br>Foster ex Regel | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Iris karategina*  B.Fedtsch. | |


title: Vladimir Kostitsyn

abstract: Vladimir Kostitsyn is a Russian geophysicist. He attended at the Perm State University. Kostitsyn served as a full-time member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences since 1997. He was honored the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" and Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation.

text:
# Vladimir Kostitsyn

**Vladimir Kostitsyn** (born 2 July 1945) is a Russian geophysicist. He attended at the Perm State University. Kostitsyn served as a full-time member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences since 1997. He was honored the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" and Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation.

## InfoBox

| Vladimir Kostitsyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Kostitsyn in 2014 | |
| Born | (1945-07-02) 2 July 1945<br>Falyonsky District, Kirov Oblast, Russia |
| Occupation | Geophysicist |


title: Hidden Gems (The Blue Stones album)

abstract: Hidden Gems is the second studio album by Canadian blues rock band, The Blue Stones. The album was released on March 19, 2021, through eOne.

text:
# Hidden Gems (The Blue Stones album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Alt Revue* |  |
| *Hard Beat* | 8/10 |
| *Metal Epidemic* |  |
| *Upset* |  |

***Hidden Gems*** is the second studio album by Canadian blues rock band, The Blue Stones. The album was released on March 19, 2021, through eOne.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Tarek Jafar and Justin Tessier

*Hidden Gems* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lights On" | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Shakin' Off the Rust" | 3:42 |
| 3. | "One By One" | 4:11 |
| 4. | "Careless" | 3:35 |
| 5. | "Grim" | 5:02 |
| 6. | "Let It Ride" | 3:37 |
| 7. | "L.A. Afterlife" | 3:09 |
| 8. | "Spirit" | 4:03 |
| 9. | "Make This Easy" | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Oceans" | 5:09 |
| Total length: | | 39:09 |

## InfoBox

| Hidden Gems | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Blue Stones | |
| Released | March 19, 2021 (2021-03-19) |
| Recorded | 2019–2020 |
| Length | 39:09 |
| Label | eOne |
| Producer | Paul Meany |
| The Blue Stones chronology | |
| *Black Holes*
(2018) ***Hidden Gems***
(2021) *Pretty Monster*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hidden Gems* | |
| 1. "Shakin' Off the Rust"
Released: October 11, 2019 2. "Grim"
Released: December 13, 2019 3. "Careless"
Released: April 3, 2020 4. "Let It Ride"
Released: September 11, 2020 5. "Spirit"
Released: February 5, 2021 | |
|  | |


abstract: United States women's national bandy team represents the United States in the Women's Bandy World Championship. The team has participated in all Bandy World Championships for women since the first tournament in 2004.

text:
# United States women's national bandy team

**United States women's national bandy team** represents the United States in the Women's Bandy World Championship. The team has participated in all Bandy World Championships for women since the first tournament in 2004.

## Women's World Championship

### 2004

Team USA played their first Women's Bandy World Championship in 2004 along with Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Russia. In their first match, they would lose 9-1 to Finland. In the next two against Sweden and Russia, they would lose 9-1 and 8-0, respectively, losing by exactly eight goals in each their first three matches. Hoping to turn their luck around, they would play Norway to finish off the premier tour, but they would fall 5-1.

### 2006

Team USA would host the tournament in 2006, playing their matches in Roseville, Minnesota. This tournament would see the addition of a second North American team in team Canada. It would also see them become slightly more competitive, managing to only lose by two against Finland on the opening night. However, they would lose both matches that night, with the other one being against Sweden, falling 7-0 and 2-0. In their only match of the second day, they would lose 7-0 to Russia. On day three of the tournament, they would score their only goal of the 2006 World Championship in a 1-1 draw against the Norwegians. They would lose the final game of the premier tour against Canada 1-0 to come last in the preliminary stage, but in the 5th place playoff, they would win the Canadian rematch 2-0 to win their first Women's World Championship game.

### 2007

Once again another addition would be made in 2007, this time Hungary would join the lineup as the host country. USA would lose to Finland 5-0 in their opener, but they would blow out Hungary 10-0 in their second match. They wouldn't continue the streak, losing 10-0 to Russia the very next day, but they would keep the score 0-0 against Sweden all the way to a penalty shootout where they would ultimately lose. They would then fall once more to Norway, 3-0. Finally, against the Canadians on the final day of the premier tour, they would lose 6-1. For the first time, they would stay out of dead last, but they would fail to make the knockouts, with only three points to their name. In the 5th place playoff, they would lose to Finland 2-1, meaning they would finish the 7 team tournament in 6th place.

### 2008

There were no changes to the nations lineup in 2008, but it was hosted in Sweden for the first time. In Team USA's first match, they would lose to Norway just 1-0. They would then lose 13-0 to the hosting Swedes the same night. They would get a score on the Fins the next day but could still only muster up a 1-5 loss, and against Russia later, they would fall 9-0. They would start the final day of the premier tour on a lighter note, beating Hungary 4-0. Against their rivals Canada, the girls would draw 0-0. They would come sixth, and in a rematch with team Canada in the fifth place match, they would lose two-nil.

1. "USA Hockey-Bandy". 7 insight. Retrieved 14 May 2014.


title: Anubhoothi

abstract: Anubhoothi is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by I. V. Sasi. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Khushbu, Jagadish, Vani Viswanath, M. R. Gopakumar and Kaveri in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Shyam.

text:
# Anubhoothi

***Anubhoothi*** is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by I. V. Sasi. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Khushbu, Jagadish, Vani Viswanath, M. R. Gopakumar and Kaveri in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Shyam.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Shyam and the lyrics were written by M. D. Rajendran and P. N. Vijayakumar.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Adukkumthorum" | K. J. Yesudas | M. D. Rajendran |  |
| 2 | "Anubhoothi Thazhuki" \[D\] | K. S. Chithra, M. G. Sreekumar | M. D. Rajendran |  |
| 3 | "Anubhoothi Thazhuki" \[F\] | K. S. Chithra | M. D. Rajendran |  |
| 4 | "Anubhoothi Thazhuki" \[M\] | M. G. Sreekumar | M. D. Rajendran |  |
| 5 | "Mouname" \[F\] | Sujatha Mohan | P. N. Vijayakumar |  |
| 6 | "Mouname" \[M\] | Biju Narayanan | P. N. Vijayakumar |  |
| 7 | "Neelaanjanam" | Sujatha Mohan | M. D. Rajendran, P. N. Vijayakumar |  |
| 8 | "Theyyaare" | Arundhathi, Chorus, Krishnachandran | M. D. Rajendran |  |
| 9 | "Vin Deepangal Choodi" | K. S. Chithra | M. D. Rajendran |  |

## InfoBox

| Anubhoothi | |
| --- | --- |
| VCD cover | |
| Directed by | I. V. Sasi |
| Written by | Babu Janardanan |
| Screenplay by | Babu Janardanan |
| Starring | Suresh Gopi
Khushbu
Jagadish
Vani Viswanath
M. R. Gopakumar
Kaveri |
| Cinematography | Sreesankar |
| Edited by | K. Narayanan |
| Music by | Shyam |
| Production
company | Chakravarthini Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Chakravarthini Film Corporation |
| Release date | * 20 December 1997 (1997-12-20) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey

abstract: "The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" is the fifteenth episode of Friends' fifth season, and the 112th overall. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 18, 1999. In this episode, Joey struggles in his relationship with over-physical girlfriend Katie. Chandler becomes insecure about his relationship with Monica when their friends joke about long-term relationships, and Ross struggles to fit in with the tenants in his apartment, no thanks to the efforts of Phoebe.

text:
# The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey

"**The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey**" is the fifteenth episode of *Friends*' fifth season, and the 112th overall. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 18, 1999.

In this episode, Joey (Matt LeBlanc) struggles in his relationship with over-physical girlfriend Katie (Soleil Moon Frye). Chandler (Matthew Perry) becomes insecure about his relationship with Monica (Courteney Cox) when their friends joke about long-term relationships, and Ross (David Schwimmer) struggles to fit in with the tenants in his apartment, no thanks to the efforts of Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow).

## Plot

Having discovered about Monica and Chandler by seeing them having sex from the window of his new apartment, Ross confronts them. He is initially furious at Chandler, mistakenly thinking the latter is taking advantage of his sister, but when he realizes that the two are in love, his anger at them vanishes on the spot. Since he is the last of the group to discover the relationship, Chandler and Monica do not have to hide anything anymore, and they quickly become a much-discussed subject of talks in the group. Chandler starts to freak out about the relationship when his friends start to make long-term-relationship jokes, such as he and Monica having kids and having Ross as brother-in-law. His concerns are amplified when Rachel asks him to consider the fact that Monica does want to get married someday and that she broke up with Richard when she found out that he did not want any more children.

When Chandler talks to Monica about all the jokes the friends have kept making, he reacts immaturely by trying to pass off their relationship as "casual". Monica gets angry with him and storms out, avoiding him when the two get within talking range. When he insists to talk to her, she tells him to start figuring out how to solve relationship problems himself. Now in a desperate situation, Chandler tries to make up with her by taking Ross and Joey's advice of making a big gesture. What he manages to do, however, is screwed up again – this time in a good but very unnatural sense – by proposing to Monica in front of everyone just to say sorry. Monica calms Chandler down by telling him that he does not have to worry about marriage with her and he is clearly not ready to solve relationship problems by himself.

The friends also get to meet Joey's new girlfriend, Katie, who is very nice and energetic – so energetic, in fact, that she playfully punches Joey, who does not appreciate this because she is rather strong and keeps accidentally hurting his arm, but she thinks he is only joking when he tells her this. When he decides to break up with her, he wears six sweaters on top of each other to cushion the punches, but Rachel saves him the trouble of transforming into a punchbag when, after Katie playfully punches her a few times and accidentally hurts her also, she retaliates by angrily kicking Katie's ankle, hurting Katie, who is furious and demands that Joey stick up for her. He refuses, however, hoping that she will consequently break up with him – which she does, without touching him, much to his delight.

At his new apartment, Ross receives a visit from Phoebe with an assortment of house-warming gifts. At the same time, the president of the tenants committee, Steve, greets Ross and tells him of Howard, the retiring handyman and a party they are throwing for him. When Ross reasonably refuses to contribute $100 for the handyman he has never even met, Steve thinks that Ross is a cheapskate. He vilifies Ross as this to everyone in the apartment block, causing everyone in the building to hate Ross. Annoyed by this, he tries to organize a party for everyone to explain the reason behind the refusal, but is interrupted by the party everyone is having for Howard next door. He is even more surprised to find Phoebe there, especially when he finds out that she paid the $100 and that everyone likes her. Things get even worse for him when he cuts and eats Howard's cake. Just as he is about to be kicked out of the party, Phoebe jumps in to defend Ross, but ends up criticizing and insulting her new friends, who kick her and Ross out of the party.

In the epilogue, the group makes jokes about how Chandler apologized by proposing, and Monica says they will be doing that for a long time based on how insane his actions were. However, Ross then ruins it by doing it on Rachel with the "We were on a break" thing, resulting in the group walking out on him.

## InfoBox

| "**The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Friends* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 15 |
| Directed by | Kevin S. Bright |
| Written by | Adam Chase |
| Production code | 467665 |
| Original air date | February 18, 1999 (1999-02-18) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Immunomics

abstract: Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions. Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor. Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system's most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.

text:
# Immunomics

**Immunomics** is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.

Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.

Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system's most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.

## Definition

A host's immune system responds to pathogen invasion by a set of pathogen-specific responses in which many “players” participate; these include antibodies, T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and many others. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are capable of internalizing pathogens and displaying a fragment of the antigen – the epitope \- with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on the cell surface. T-cell response is initiated when T-cells recognize these displayed epitopes. Only specific peptide sequences from some pathogen-specific antigens are needed to stimulate T- and B- cell responses; that is, the whole pathogenic peptide sequence is not necessary to initiate an immune response. The ‘immunome’ of a pathogen is described by its set of epitopes, and can be defined by comparing genome sequences and applying immunoinformatic tools.

## History

Ash Alizadeh et al. were some of the first to recognize the potential of cDNA microarrays to define gene expression of immune cells. Their analysis probed gene expression of human B and T lymphocytes during cellular activation and/or stimulation with cytokines, a type of signaling regulatory molecule. Many of the activated genes in stimulated T lymphocytes were known to be involved in the G0/G1 cell cycle transition or encoding for chemokines, signaling molecules involved in inflammatory response. This team was also able to visualize temporal patterns of gene expression during T cell mitogenesis. In the concluding paragraphs of their landmark paper, these scientists state “virtually every corner of immunological research will benefit from cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression,” and, thus, heralded the rise of immunomics.

Limited by available microarrays and a non-complete human genome at this point in time, this same set of researchers were motivated to create a specialized microarray that focused on genes preferentially expressed in a given cell type, or known to be functionally important in a given biological process. As a result, Alizadeh and colleagues designed the “Lymphochip” cDNA microarray, which contained 13,000 genes and was enriched for genes of importance to the immune system.

Iyer et al.’s 1999 article was another to reveal the importance of applying genomic technologies to immunological research. Although not intending to address any aspect of immunity at the start of their experiment, these researchers observed that the expression profiles of serum-stimulated fibroblasts were far richer than anticipated and suggested an important physiological role for fibroblasts in healing wounds. The serum-induced genes have been associated with processes relevant to wound healing, including genes directly involved in remodeling the clot and extracellular matrix, as well as genes encoding signal proteins for inflammation, the development of new blood vessels, and regrowth of epithelial tissue. Additionally, one of the most significant results of this expression analysis was the discovery of more than 200 previously unknown genes whose expression was temporally regulated during the response of fibroblasts to serum. These results revealed the importance of viewing the immune response as a collaborative physiological program and begged for further study of the immune system as a network, and not just as individual pieces.

In 2006, Moutaftsi et al. demonstrated that epitope-mapping tools could accurately identify the epitopes responsible for 95% of the murine T-cell response to vaccinia virus. Through their work, these scientists introduced the interdisciplinary realm of informatics and immunology while employing genomic, proteomic, and immunological data. The striking success and ease of this method encouraged researchers both to define the immunome of other pathogens, and to measure the breadth and overlap of pathogen immunomes that give rise to immunity. Additionally, it suggested other applications in which epitope-mapping tools could be used including autoimmunity, transplantation, and immunogenicity.

## Technologies used

### Immunomic microarrays

Several types of microarrays have been created to specifically observe the immune system response and interactions. *Antibody microarrays* use antibodies as probes and antigens as targets. They can be used to directly measure the antigen concentrations for which the antibody probes are specific. *Peptide microarrays* use antigen peptides as probes and serum antibodies as targets. These can be used for functional immunomic applications to the understanding of autoimmune diseases and allergies, definition of B-cell epitopes, vaccine studies, detection assays, and analysis of antibody specificity. *MHC microarrays* are the most recent development in immunomic arrays and use peptide-MHC complexes and their co-stimulatory molecules as probes and T-cell populations as targets. Bound T-cells are activated and secrete cytokines, which are captured by specific detection antibodies. This microarray can map MHC-restricted T cell epitopes.

#### Lymphochip

The Lymphochip is a specialized human cDNA microarray enriched for genes related to immune function and created by Ash Alizadeh at Stanford University. 17,853 cDNA clones were taken from three sources. The first set of clones were selected if identified expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were unique or enriched specifically in lymphoid cDNA libraries; these represent ~80% of the Lymphochip clones. The second set of clones was identified during first-generation microarray analysis of immune responses. Finally, 3,183 genes that are known or suspected to have roles in immune function, oncogenesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation, or being open reading frames from pathogenic human viruses were used on the Lymphochip. New genes are frequently being added.

### T- and- B-cell-epitope mapping tools

Epitope mapping identifies the sites of antibodies to which their target antigens bind. In the past, scientists would have to isolate antigens, digest them into smaller fragments, and determine which of these fragments stimulated T- and B- cell responses to define an antibody's epitope. Immunomics harnesses the power of bioinformatics and offers mapping algorithms that accelerate the discovery of epitope sequences. These algorithms are relevant to vaccine design and for characterizing and modifying immune responses in the context of autoimmunity, endocrinology, allergy, transplantation, diagnostics and engineering of therapeutic proteins.

T-cell and B-cell epitope mapping algorithms can computationally predict epitopes based on the genomic sequence of pathogens, without prior knowledge of a protein's structure or function. A series of steps are used to identify epitopes:

1. Comparison between virulent and avirulent organisms identify candidate genes that code for epitopes that solicit T-cell responses by looking for sequences that are unique to virulent strains. Additionally, differential microarray technologies can discover pathogen-specific genes that are upregulated during host-interaction and may be relevant for analysis because they are critical to the function of the pathogen.
2. Immunoinformatics tools predict regions of these candidate genes that interact with T cells by scanning genome-derived protein sequences of a pathogen.
3. These predicted peptides are synthesized and used in in vitro screening against T cells. Recognizing a positive immune response can suggest that this peptide contains an epitope that stimulates immune response in the course of natural infection or disease.

#### Available mapping tools

* EpiMatrix
* TEPITOPE
* Multipred
* MHC Thread
* MHCPred
* NetMHC
* LpPep
* BIMAS

### Tetramer staining by flow cytometry

The guiding principle behind flow cytometry is that cells or subcellular particles are tagged with fluorescent probes are passed through a laser beam and sorted by the strength of fluorescence emitted by cells contained in the droplets. MHC \[\[tetramer staining\]\] by flow cytometry identifies and isolates specific T cells based on the binding specificity of their cell surface receptors with fluorescently-tagged MHC-peptide complexes.

### ELISPOT

ELISPOT is a modified version of the ELISA immunoassay and is a common method of monitoring immune responses.

## Contributions to understanding the immune system

Immunomics has made a considerable impact on the understanding of the immune system by uncovering differences in gene expression profiles of cell types, characterizing immune response, illuminating immune cell lineages and relationship, and establishing gene regulatory networks. Whereas the following list of contributions is not complete, it is meant to demonstrate the broad application of immunomic research and powerful consequences on immunology.

### Immune cell activation and differentiation

#### B lymphocyte anergy

Microarrays have discovered gene expression patterns that correlate with antigen-induced activation or anergy in B lymphocytes. Lymphocyte anergy pathways involve induction of some, but not all of the signaling pathways used during lymphocyte activation. For example, NFAT and MAPK/ERK kinase pathways are expressed in anergic (or “tolerant) cell lines, whereas NF-kB and c-Jun N-terminal kinases pathways are not. Of the 300 genes that were altered in expression after antigen-stimulated naïve B cells, only 8 of these genes were regulated in tolerant B cells. Understanding these “tolerance” pathways have important implications for designing immunosuppressive drugs. These gene expression signatures of tolerant B cells could be used during drug screens to probe for compounds that mimic the functional effects of natural tolerance.

#### Lymphocyte differentiation

Gene expression profiles during human lymphocyte differentiation has followed mature, naïve B cells from their resting state through germinal center reactions and into terminal differentiation. These studies have shown that germinal center B cells represent a distinct stage in differentiation because the gene expression profile is different from activated peripheral B cells. Although no in vitro culture system has been able to induce resting peripheral B cells to adopt a full germinal center phenotype, these gene expression profiles can be used to measure the success of in vitro cultures in mimicking the germinal center state as they are being developed.

#### Lymphoid malignancies

About 9 of every 10 human lymphoid cancers derive from B cells. Distinct immunome-wide expression patterns in a large number of diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL)– the most common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma – have identified at least two different subtypes in what was previously thought to be a single disease. One subset of these DLCLs shows a similar gene expression pattern to that of normal germinal center B cells and implies that the tumor cell originated from a germinal center B cell. Other surveys of B cell malignancies show that follicular lymphomas share expression features with germinal center B cells, whereas chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells resemble resting peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, heterogeneity in each of these cell lines also suggest that different subtypes exist within each type of lymphoma, just as it has been shown in DLCL. Such knowledge can be used to direct patients to the most appropriate therapy.

### Immune response

#### Macrophage responses to bacteria

Microarrays have analyzed global responses of macrophages to different microorganisms and have confirmed that these responses sustain and control inflammatory processes, and also kill microorganisms. These independent studies have been able to better describe how macrophages mount attacks against different microorganisms. A “core transcriptional response” was observed to induce 132 genes and repress 59 genes. Induced genes include pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and their respective receptors. A “pathogen-specific response” was also observed.

#### Dendritic response to pathogen

Dendritic cells (DCs) help macrophages sustain inflammatory processes and participate in the innate immune system response, but can also prime adaptive immunity. Gene expression analyses have shown that DCs can “multi-task” by temporally segregating their different functions. Soon after recognizing an infectious agent, immature DCs transition to a state of early activation via a core response characterized by rapid downregulation of genes involved with pathogen recognition and phagocytosis, upregulation of cytokine and chemokine genes to recruit other immune cells to the side of inflammations; and expression of genes that control migratory capacity. Early activated DCs are enabled to migrate from non-lymphoid tissues to lymph nodes, where they can prime T-cell responses. These early DCs responses are related to innate immunity and consist of the “core transcriptional response” of DCs. Pathogen-specific responses have a stronger influence on the DC's ability to regulate adaptive immunity.

### Distinguishing immune cell types

Comparing distinctions between immune cells’ overall transcriptional program can generate plots that position each cell type to best reflect its expression profile relative to all other cells and can reveal interesting relationships between cell types. For example, the transcriptional profiles from thymic medullary epithelial immune cells mapped closer to lymphocytes than to other epithelia. This can suggest that a functional interaction exists between these two cells type and requires the sharing of particular transcripts and proteins. When comparing gene expression profiles from cells of the blood system, T-cell and B-cell subsets tightly group with their respective cell types.

By looking at the transcriptional profile of different T-cells, scientists have shown that natural killer T-cells are a close variant of conventional CD4+ T cells, rather than an intermediary cell-type between T cells and natural killer cells. Additionally, DCs, natural killer cells, and B cells are tightly grouped based on their global expression profiles. It may have been expected that B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes would cluster separately from each other, or that natural killer cells would be more closely related to T cells because they share common precursors, cytolytic activity, and similar activation markers. Therefore, immunomics has established relationship between cell lineages that depart from classical views. Additionally, it may better explain the observed plasticity in lymphoid and myeloid cell differentiation because of the considerable overlap between global expression profiles of these different lineages.

### Immune cell regulatory networks

Networks represent the broadest level of genetic interactions and aim to link all genes and transcripts in the immunological genome. Cellular phenotypes and differentiation states are ultimately established by the activity of these networks of co-regulated genes. One of the most complete networks in immunology has deciphered regulatory connections among normal and transformed human B cells. This analysis suggests a hierarchical network where a small number of highly connected genes (called “hubs”) regulated most interactions. Proto-oncogene MYC emerged as a major hub and highly influential regulator for B cells. Notably, MYC was found to directly control BYSL, a highly conserved, but poorly characterized gene, and is the largest hub in the whole B cell network. This suggests that BYSL encodes an important cellular molecule and a critical effecter of MYC function, and motivates additional studies to elucidate its function. Therefore, using gene expression data to create networks can reveal genes highly influential in immune cell differentiation that pre-genomic technologies had not yet identified.

## Practical applications

### Vaccine development

As quoted by Stefania Bambini and Rino Rappuoli, “New powerful genomics technologies have increased the number of disease that can be addressed by vaccination, and decreased the time for discover research and vaccine development.” The availability of complete genome sequences of pathogens in combination with high-throughput genomics technologies have helped to accelerate vaccine development. Reverse vaccinology uses genomic sequences of viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens to identify genes potentially encoding genes that promote pathogenesis. The first application of reverse vaccinology identified vaccine candidates against *Neisseria meningitidis* serogroup B. Computational tools identified 600 putative surface-exposed or secreted proteins from the complete genome sequence of a MenB pathogenic strain, on the basis of sequence features. These putative proteins were expressed in E. coli, purified, and used to immunize mice. Tests using mice immune sera estimated the ability of antibodies to protect against these proteins. The proteins able to solicit a robust immune response were checked for sequence conservation across a panel of meningitides strains and allowed for further selection of antigen able to elicit an immune response against most strains in the panel. On the basis of these antigen sequences, scientists have been able to develop a universal “cocktail” vaccine against *Neisseria meninitidis* that uses five antigens to promote immunity. Similar approaches have been used for a variety of other human pathogens, such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, *Chlamydia pneumoniae*, *Bacillus anthracis*, *Porphyromonas gingivalis*, *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, *Helicobacter pylori*, amongst others. Additionally, studies have started for the development of vaccines against viruses.

### Disease diagnosis

The inventory of receptors and signal transduction pathways that immune cells use to monitor and defend the body gives rise to signature patterns of altered gene expression in peripheral blood cells that reflect the character of the infection or injury. Therefore, recognizing characteristic expression profiles of peripheral blood cells may be a powerful diagnostic tool by recruiting these cells as “spies” to detect occult diseases or agents that cannot be readily cultured from the host.

For example, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of fibroblasts and HTLV-I infection of T lymphocytes revealed distinct gene expression profiles. CMV infection provoked a unique interferon response whereas HTLV-1 infection induced NF-kB target genes. A type of white blood cells have also been tested again bacterial exposures and immunome expression varied based on the type of bacterial strain used.

Monitoring the change of peripheral blood gene expression can also help determine the course of infection and help treat patients with a therapy tailored to their disease stage. This approach has already been used against sepsis – a disease that progresses through a predictable line of events. Changes gene expression signatures may precede clinical exacerbation of symptoms, like in multiple sclerosis, and allow physicians to nip these “flare-ups” in the bud.

## Immunological genome project

The immune system is a network of genetic and signaling pathways connected by a network of interacting cells. The Immunological Genome Project seeks to generate a complete compendium of protein-coding gene expression for all cell populations in the mouse immune system. It analyzes both steady-state conditions within different cell populations, and in response to genetic and/or environmental perturbations created by natural genetic polymorphism, gene knock-out, gene knock-down by RNAi, or drug treatment. Computational tools to reverse-engineer or predict immune cell regulatory networks use these expression profiles.

By 2008, the ImmGen project involved seven immunology and three computational biology laboratories across the United States and over 200 cell populations involved in the immune system had been identified and described. This consortium has created a data browser to explore the expression patterns of particular genes, networks of co-regulated genes, and genes that can reliably distinguish cell types. Raw data is also accessible from the NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus.

## Databases

* Immune Response in silico (IRIS)
* Reference Database of Immune Cells
* Immunological Genome Project
* Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB)
* IMGT
* SYFPEiTHi
* AniJen
* MHCBN
* IPD
* Epitome
* Allergome


title: Pothyne griseomarmorata

abstract: Pothyne griseomarmorata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.

text:
# Pothyne griseomarmorata

***Pothyne griseomarmorata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne griseomarmorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. griseomarmorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne griseomarmorata***<br>Breuning, 1970 | |
|


abstract: Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men is a 2019 book by British feminist author Caroline Criado Perez. The book describes the adverse effects on women caused by gender bias in big data collection.

text:
# Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men

***Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men*** is a 2019 book by British feminist author Caroline Criado Perez. The book describes the adverse effects on women caused by gender bias in big data collection.

## Reception

The book received both the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize and the *Financial Times* and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award in 2019. It has on the whole been welcomed and positively reviewed in major publications.

This book is described by Cordelia Fine and Victor Sojo in *The Lancet* as providing "several fascinating case studies—from domains as varied as medicine, occupational health and safety, transport, technology, politics, and disaster relief".

Carol Tavris reviewed it for *Skeptical Inquirer Magazine*, stating that the "theoretical underpinning of this book is not new; every generation of feminist scholars rediscovers Simone de Beauvoir's 1949 observations that women are the second sex", referring to the French philosopher's book.

Angela Saini reviewed it in *The Guardian*, calling it "a dossier on gender inequality that demands urgent action." The book makes clear, she writes that "women aren't a minority. They are the majority. They are absolutely everywhere and always have been. Yet as Criado Perez shows, women must live in a society built around men. From a lack of streetlights to allow us to feel safe, to an absence of workplace childcare facilities, almost everything seems to have been designed for the average white working man and the average stay-at-home white woman. Her answer is to think again, to collect more data, study that data, and ask women what they want." Still, writes Saini, for all the data that Criado Perez presents, "What should worry us more than the data gap, then, is that huge and seemingly intractable don't-give-a-damn gap."

In an article for *Literary Review* magazine titled 'Female Unfriendly', feminist author Joan Smith, lauds the book as essential reading, at least for those to whom Criado Perez's findings will be news. "This book, which demonstrates the bias men enjoy in both familiar (to me at least) and less obvious scenarios, sets the record straight. I knew, for instance, that women fare worse after heart attacks because they present with different symptoms from men; Criado Perez cites research showing that women are 50 per cent more likely to be misdiagnosed because they tend not to have the classic 'Hollywood heart attack', which begins with chest and left-arm pains. But I didn't realise that women are also more likely to suffer serious injuries in a car crash because crash test dummies have traditionally been designed to reflect the 'average' male body." Smith concludes that "The cumulative effect of all this evidence is devastating, even if it confirms what most women already know."

*Invisible Women* also found a wide international audience, and has been translated into many languages, including French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Finnish, Portuguese, Persian, Swedish, Icelandic, Danish, Greek, Lithuanian, Estonian, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Turkish, Russian and Chinese.

## InfoBox

Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Caroline Criado Perez |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Chatto & Windus |
| Publication date | 2019 |
| Publication place | Great Britain |


title: Iris leptophylla

abstract: Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

text:
# Iris leptophylla

***Iris leptophylla*** is a plant species in the genus *Iris*, it is also in the subgenus *Iris* and in the section *Pseudoregelia*. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

## Description

It has a thick rhizome, which is swollen and tuber-like. It is between 1.2 and 1.5 cm in diameter, and brown or grey-brown in colour. Under the rhizome are fibrous secondary roots, which are yellow-white. On top of the rhizome, are the brown fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. They emit an odour. The rhizomes grow slowly.

It has thin, linear leaves, that are greyish green, with a distinct rib (or midvein) and acuminate (pointed) end. They can grow up to between 15 and 35 cm (6 and 14 in) long, and between 0.2 and 1 cm wide. They appear in April.

It has a slender stem, about 2 mm in diameter, that can grow up to between 15 and 35 cm (6 and 14 in) tall.

The stem has 3 or 4 green, lanceolate spathes (leaves of the flower bud). They are between 3.5 and 8 cm (1 and 3 in) long and between 1 and 1.8 cm wide. They also have a distinct rib (or midvein) and (scarious) membranous edges.

The stems hold between 2 and 3 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in late spring to early summer, between April and May, or from May to June (in Europe).

The fragrant flowers, (with a primrose-like fragrance,) are 3.4–6 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, they come in shades of purple, including blue-purple, violet, lavender pink.

It has very short pedicels, and a flared, perianth tube of 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long, and up to 1.5 cm in diameter.

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The falls are obovate or spatulate (spoon-like) shaped, 5–5.5 cm (2–2 in) long and 2 cm wide. In the centre of the petal is a yellow, or white beard. They also have a dissected yellow crest. The erect standards are lanceolate,3.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long and between 0.5 and 1 cm wide.

It has stamens that are between 1 and 4 cm long. It also has white anthers. The light blue, style branches are about 4.5 cm long, with blue and white stripes.

After the iris has flowered, between May and June, or May and July. it produces an ovoid, or cylindric seed capsule. Which is 4 cm long and 1.3 cm wide, with an acute point, and 6 prominent veins. It dehisces (splits open) laterally, to reveal pear shaped, dark brown seeds, with a brown aril (appendage).

### Biochemistry

In 2003, a study was carried out the rhizomes of *Iris leptophylla*, using chromatography and recrystallization. It found eight compounds (including 5 flavonoids), 'tectorigenin irisflorentin' (I), 'tectorigenin irilone' (II), wild Tectoridin iridin (III), Tectoridin tectoridin (IV), Tectoridin irilone-4'-glucoside (V), the last three compounds were daucosterol (VI), β- sitosterol (VII), octadecyl acid (VIII).

In February 2007, a spectroscopic chemical compound study was carried out on the rhizomes of *Iris leptophylla*, it found several isoflavonoid glucosides, including irisleptophyllidin, (C24H24O12 ,) nigricanin, irifloside and irigenin.

In 2009, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 10 Irises found in China, it found the chromosome counts.

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count of 2n=26.

## Taxonomy

It is written as 薄叶鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as *bo ye yuan wei* in Pidgin.

It is commonly known as 'thin-leaf iris' (in China).

The Latin specific epithet *leptophylla* refers to leptophyllus -a -um fine- or slender-leaved.

The iris was originally collected by Hans Wolfgang Limpricht on 18 April 1914 in Wenchuan, of Sichuan in China.

It was then first published and described by Alexander von Lingelsheim in 'Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis', Beihefte. (Edited by Friedrich Fedde) (Fedd. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih.) Vol.12 on page 325 in 1922.

It was originally placed within the *Nepalensis subgenus* by Brian Mathew, but later it was suggested it should be placed in the 'Pseudoregelia Section' by Dr David Cutler of Kew in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Vol.90 pages253-303 in 1985.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003, then updated on 6 January 2005.

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.

*Iris leptophylla* is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.

### Range

It is found in China, within the provinces of Sichuan, and Guangxi (or Gansu).

### Habitat

It grows on the edges of forests, in grassland and meadows, on hillsides and rocky slopes.

They can be found at an altitude of 2,600 to 3,200 m (8,500 to 10,500 ft) above sea level.

## Conservation

*Iris leptophylla* is an endangered plant.

## Cultivation

It prefers to be grown in well-drained soils, (with grit and humus), in full sun. But it can tolerate partial shade.

It is not hardy in the UK, so needs to be grown within an alpine house or bulb frame.

In milder positions, (including some parts of Europe) it can be grown in a rock garden.

A Herbarium specimen exists in the Department of Botany within the Swedish Museum of Natural History.

## Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.

## Uses

The rhizomes of the plant can be used in herbal medicines to be used as a laxative. The rhizomes also contain as isoflavone (containing a scent) which is used in perfumery.

## Sources

* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 203.
* Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
* Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

## InfoBox

| *Iris leptophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris* subg. *Iris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Pseudoregelia* |
| Species: | ***I. leptophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris leptophylla***
Lingelsh. ex H.Limpr. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Iris sichuanensis*; Y.T.Zhao | |


title: Wayne Laryea

abstract: Wayne Laryea is a British musician and television actor. Laryea is best known to American audiences for his role as the bumblebee Harmony in The Bugaloos (1970), and to British viewers as Johnny in Pipkins (1973). In 1978, Laryea featured in the BBC's first black drama series, Empire Road, and in Crown Court the same year as Bryon Whittaker.

text:
# Wayne Laryea

**Wayne Laryea** (born 11 April 1952) is a British musician and television actor. Laryea is best known to American audiences for his role as the bumblebee Harmony in *The Bugaloos* (1970), and to British viewers as Johnny in *Pipkins* (1973). In 1978, Laryea featured in the BBC's first black drama series, *Empire Road*, and in *Crown Court* the same year as Bryon Whittaker.

## Early life

Laryea's father Nathanal was from Ghana and after seasons with the international dance group 'Ballet Negro' had copied his own theatre show as Chief Odongo called 'African Frenzy Show' touring the UK and Scandinavia. During his retirement, he took the fire eating and snake charming part of his show, created a famous cabaret act and worked in films. His daughter Vilma also went on to have a varied show and TV career.

## *The Bugaloos*

American television producers Sid and Marty Krofft sorted through 5,000 British applicants in 1970 to choose four young adult musicians for their new show *The Bugaloos* about an "all-insect rock group". 18 years old at the time, Laryea was chosen to play keyboards as the bumblebee character Harmony living with the other band members I.Q (a grasshopper guitarist), Joy (a singing butterfly) and Courage (a male ladybug who played drums) in the fictional Tranquillity Forest, "the last colony of the British empire." The Kroffts chose Laryea despite his black race, even though the state of Mississippi had recently banned *Sesame Street* for its portrayal of white and black children playing together. The Kroffts did not bring attention to the racial diversity on their show. Laryea was received well by the viewers who responded to his use of cockney-style rhyming slang and his physical comedy.

*The Bugaloos* premiered on 12 September 1970 in the Saturday-morning cartoon programming of American TV, aimed at a demographic of children 6 to 11 years old. Laryea and the other Bugaloos were brought to Hollywood to live together in a large house. For the show, they sang and played music, and they acted out the script along with other actors featuring Martha Raye as the villainous witch, and Billy Barty as a friendly firefly. An LP record of the Bugaloos music was released, but it was not a best-seller. The show struggled against other competitions in its time slot: *Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp* and *Sabrina the Teenage Witch*. The final episode aired on 2 January 1971; a total of 17 episodes had been taped.

## *Empire Road*

*Empire Road* (1978–9) was the first soap opera to feature black and Asian performers. Laryea played Marcus Bennett, one of the three main characters. The character Marcus was the son of Everton Bennett (Norman Beaton) and his wife Hortense (Corinne Skinner-Carter) who had come from Guyana to live in the UK. Marcus was born to them 20 years earlier in Birmingham; the show was set in the racially diverse Birmingham suburb of Handsworth. Another recurring character was Marcus's girlfriend Ranjanaa Kapoor, played by Guyanese beauty contestant Nalini Moonasar.

Michael Abbensetts was the main writer of the show. *Empire Road* initially aired at 6:50 pm on BBC 2. For its second season, BBC moved the show to the prime time slot of 8 pm. After 15 episodes and two years of broadcast, the show was cancelled.

## InfoBox

| Wayne Laryea | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wayne Laryea
(1952-04-11) 11 April 1952
London, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupations |  |


title: Vrh, Šmarje pri Jelšah

abstract: Vrh is a settlement in the hills northwest of Šmarje pri Jelšah in eastern Slovenia. The entire Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah lies in the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Vrh, Šmarje pri Jelšah

**Vrh** (pronounced \[ˈʋəɾx\]) is a settlement in the hills northwest of Šmarje pri Jelšah in eastern Slovenia. The entire Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah lies in the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Vrh | |
| --- | --- |
| VrhLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′36.45″N 15°29′51.27″E / 46.2434583°N 15.4975750°E / 46.2434583; 15.4975750 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Šmarje pri Jelšah |
| Area | |
| Total | 1 km2 (0.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 363.5 m (1,192.6 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 142 |
|  | |


title: Hidalgo Municipality, Durango

abstract: Hidalgo is a municipality in the Mexican state of Durango. The municipal seat lies at Villa Hidalgo. The municipality covers an area of 5020.8 km². As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 4,265. The municipality had 115 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

text:
# Hidalgo Municipality, Durango

**Hidalgo** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Durango. The municipal seat lies at Villa Hidalgo. The municipality covers an area of 5020.8 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 4,265.

The municipality had 115 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

## InfoBox

| Hidalgo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| HidalgoLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 26°16′N 104°54′W / 26.267°N 104.900°W / 26.267; -104.900 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Durango |
| Municipal seat | Villa Hidalgo |
| Area | |
| Total | 5,020.8 km2 (1,938.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,265 |
| Density | 0.85/km2 (2.2/sq mi) |


title: Glyphidocera operae

abstract: Glyphidocera operae is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Adamski in 2005. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Glyphidocera operae

***Glyphidocera operae*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Adamski in 2005. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Glyphidocera operae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Glyphidocera* |
| Species: | ***G. operae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glyphidocera operae***<br>Adamski, 2005 | |
|


title: Rainer Troppa

abstract: Rainer Troppa was a German professional footballer who played as a defender. Troppa began his professional career with BSG Energie Cottbus. He was transferred to BFC Dynamo when BSG Energie Cottbus was relegated to second tier DDR-Liga after the 1975–76 DDR-Oberliga season. He played for the East Germany national team, featuring in the unsuccessful qualifying campaigns for the 1982 and 1986 World Cups and the 1984 European Championship. Troppa died in September 2023, at the age of 65.

text:
# Rainer Troppa

**Rainer Troppa** (2 August 1958 – 9 September 2023) was a German professional footballer who played as a defender. Troppa began his professional career with BSG Energie Cottbus. He was transferred to BFC Dynamo when BSG Energie Cottbus was relegated to second tier DDR-Liga after the 1975–76 DDR-Oberliga season. He played for the East Germany national team, featuring in the unsuccessful qualifying campaigns for the 1982 and 1986 World Cups and the 1984 European Championship. Troppa died in September 2023, at the age of 65.

## InfoBox

Rainer Troppa
| Troppa in 1980 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-08-02)2 August 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Kolkwitz, East Germany | | |
| Date of death | 9 September 2023(2023-09-09) (aged 65) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1975–1976 | BSG Energie Cottbus | 7 | (0) |
| 1976–1989 | BFC Dynamo | 172 | (37) |
| International career | | | |
| 1981–1984 | East Germany | 17 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: The Premonition (1976 film)

abstract: The Premonition is a 1976 American psychological horror film produced and directed by Robert Allen Schnitzer, and starring Richard Lynch, Sharon Farrell, Danielle Brisebois, and Jeff Corey. Its plot follows a foster mother who enlists the help of a parapsychologist after her foster daughter is stalked by her mentally-unhinged biological mother and her circus clown boyfriend.

text:
# The Premonition (1976 film)

***The Premonition*** is a 1976 American psychological horror film produced and directed by Robert Allen Schnitzer, and starring Richard Lynch, Sharon Farrell, Danielle Brisebois, and Jeff Corey. Its plot follows a foster mother who enlists the help of a parapsychologist after her foster daughter is stalked by her mentally-unhinged biological mother and her circus clown boyfriend.

## Plot

Andrea Fletcher, a clinically insane woman who was once an esteemed pianist, locates her biological daughter, Janie, who has been raised by foster parents due to Andrea's inability to care for her. Andrea's obsessive boyfriend, Jude, who works as a circus clown, aids her in her search. Upon finding that Janie is being raised nearby, she begins stalking her, and approaches her outside her school. Janie, now five years old, has been raised by Sheri Bennett and her husband Miles, an astrophysics professor. Sheri notices Andrea at the school, and is bothered by the incident.

One night, Andrea breaks into the Bennetts' home and Sheri finds her cradling Janie in her bedroom, clad in a red dress. Sheri and Andrea get into a physical fight before Andrea flees, bringing only Janie's doll with her. Sheri summons the police, and is terribly shaken by the event. Andrea and Jude return to their apartment where they live in squalor, and Andrea has a nervous breakdown. She and Jude get into a fight, ending in Jude stabbing her to death.

Meanwhile, Sheri begins having psychic visions that appear to be premonitions. Miles consults his peer, Jeena Kingsly, a doctor studying parapsychology, and with whom he is having an affair. Det. Lt. Mark Denver begins searching for Andrea, and visits her father to get additional information on her whereabouts. While home alone, Sheri has a disturbing vision of an eviscerated Andrea laughing in Janie's bed, and subsequently receives taunting phone calls from Andrea. Unaware that Andrea is in fact dead, Sheri believes instead that Andrea is a witch who has placed a curse on her.

During a rainstorm one night, Sheri departs with Janie to meet with Miles and Jeena at the university, but her car begins to act of its own accord, causing her to crash. Sheri is taken to the hospital, but Janie is not found at the scene of the accident. Janie wanders toward the carnival where Jude works, having visited it several times before. She is taken in by Jude, who conceals her from police. Meanwhile, after Sheri is released from the hospital, she has an overwhelming feeling that draws her to a rural lake. In an abandoned farmhouse on the shore, they find Janie's doll. Police subsequently drag the lake, recovering Andrea's body. At the carnival, Lenore, a fortune teller, attempts to call police and report they have found Janie, but Jude murders her before she can. Sheri begins to sense that Janie is running out of time.

With the police's prime suspect, Andrea, now dead, Jeena suggests that Sheri attempt to appeal to Andrea's spirit. With Andrea's love of music in mind, Jeena has Sheri perform a piece that Andrea composed in the town square. Meanwhile, Jude is attempting to flee town, with Janie asleep in the back of his RV. He arrives in a traffic jam near the town square where Sheri is performing Andrea's piece, which he recognizes. Miles sees a painting of a horse in the back of the truck, which mirrors a painting from one of Sheri's visions. Miles breaks into the RV, but cannot find Janie. As Sheri's performance reaches its crescendo, Janie appears, walking through the crowd and toward her mother before collapsing of exhaustion.

## Cast

* Sharon Farrell as Sheri Bennett
* Edward Bell as Professor Miles Bennett
* Danielle Brisebois as Janie Bennett
* Ellen Barber as Andrea Fletcher
* Richard Lynch as Jude
* Chitra Neogy as Dr. Jeena Kingsly
* Jeff Corey as Lieutenant Mark Denver
* Margaret Graham as Andrea's Landlady
* Rosemary McNamara as Lenore
* Thomas Williams as Todd Fletcher
* Roy White as Dr. Larabee
* Robert Harper as Carnival Watchman

## Production

The film was shot in Mississippi.

## Release

### Home media

The film was released on DVD by Guilty Pleasures on July 26, 2005. It was later released for the first time on Blu-ray by Arrow Video on December 12, 2017. Arrow also released the film on DVD that same day.

## Critical reception

Critical response for *The Premonition* has been mixed, with some criticizing the writing, while others praised the film's atmosphere. Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded it two out of four stars, calling it "mediocre", and writing, "\[its\] Muddled script works against \[the\] eerie atmosphere in this supernatural tale." Reviewing the *American Horror Project Vol. 1* release of the film, Clayton Dillard from *Slant Magazine* stated that the film "implicitly challenges how art cinema of the ’60s and early ’70s typically utilizes female anxiety as a source of masochistic pleasure for the viewer". *The Terror Trap* gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, More atmospheric than plot driven, *Premonition* is a valiant effort at ambient fearmaking, but it comes up just a little short due to a convoluted and confusing tie-up."

Brett Gallman from *Oh, the Horror!* gave the film a positive review, writing, "*The Premonition* is a film that zigs and zags, though it hardly does so in a playful manner. Rather, it spirals ominously, as if bent toward some fatalistic doom. Dusk seems to have permanently settled over and around these characters, enwrapping them in a languid, hypnotic rhythm. Despite its very realistic—and grim—subject matter, the film seems to unfold under a foggy, supernatural haze that's deceptively drowsy." *VideoHound’s Golden Movie Retriever* called it "a well-done para-norm tale." Chris Coffel from Bloody Disgusting awarded the film a score of 3/5, criticizing the film's slow start, and slightly clunky story, but commended the film's eerie atmosphere, ending, and Lynch's performance. *TV Guide* gave the film two out of five stars, writing, "Blessed with a strong cast--especially Farrell and Lynch--and an excellent use of location, *The Premonition* is an effectively creepy film which successfully preys on very real fears without exploiting the situation for cheap thrills. At times talky and a bit slow-moving, the film nonetheless builds tension steadily and contains several unforgettably eerie scenes."

## InfoBox

| The Premonition | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Robert Schnitzer |
| Written by | Anthony Mahon
Robert Schnitzer |
| Produced by | Robert Schnitzer |
| Starring | Sharon Farrell
Edward Bell
Danielle Brisebois
Richard Lynch |
| Cinematography | Victor Milt |
| Edited by | Sidney Katz |
| Music by | Henry Mollicone
Pril Smiley |
| Production
company | Movicorp Media |
| Distributed by | Avco Embassy Pictures |
| Release date | * May 5, 1976 (1976-05-05) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $850,000 |


title: Olympos Kerkyra F.C.

abstract: Olympos Kerkyra F.C. is a Greek football club, based in Corfu, Corfu. The club was founded in 1934. They will play in Football League 2 for the season 2013-14. The Olympos FC Academy partnered with AEK Academy for the seasons 2014 - 2017.

text:
# Olympos Kerkyra F.C.

**Olympos Kerkyra F.C.** is a Greek football club, based in Corfu, Corfu (regional unit).

The club was founded in 1934. They will play in Football League 2 for the season 2013-14.

The Olympos FC Academy partnered with AEK Academy for the seasons 2014 - 2017.

## InfoBox

Olympos Kerkyra
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Olympos Garitsa Kerkyra |
| Founded | 1934 (1934) |
| Ground | Olympos Stadium |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Manager | Anastasios Venetis |
| League | Football League 2 (Group 2) |
| 2013-14 | Football League 2 (Group 2) **15th** (Relegated) |


title: Joseph M. Patterson (politician)

abstract: Joseph M. Patterson was an American politician from Pennsylvania. Moving to Sterling, Illinois, in 1857, Patterson quickly became a prominent lawyer. He served with the 15th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Civil War and was mustered out as a lieutenant. Soon after his return to Sterling, he was elected an alderman (1868), then township supervisor (1869–1874). In 1872, Patterson was elected to the Illinois Senate for a two-year term. Patterson briefly served as township supervisor again 1877 before being elected Mayor of Sterling.

text:
# Joseph M. Patterson (politician)

**Joseph M. Patterson** (August 12, 1837 – January 26, 1914) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. Moving to Sterling, Illinois, in 1857, Patterson quickly became a prominent lawyer. He served with the 15th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Civil War and was mustered out as a lieutenant. Soon after his return to Sterling, he was elected an alderman (1868), then township supervisor (1869–1874). In 1872, Patterson was elected to the Illinois Senate for a two-year term. Patterson briefly served as township supervisor again 1877 before being elected Mayor of Sterling.

## Biography

Joseph M. Patterson was born in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, on August 12, 1837. In 1857, he moved west to Sterling, Illinois, where he was admitted as a partner to the Patterson, Witmer & Co. law firm. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, he joined Company B of the 15th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was soon named Orderly Sergeant. In 1863, he was made a lieutenant. He was mustered out in 1864 and returned to his law firm. He left in 1866, entering a partnership the next year with the Rogers, Patterson & Co. banking house. When it dissolved, Patterson joined the Patterson & Co. bank in Sterling.

In 1868, Patterson was elected alderman of Sterling's 2nd Ward, serving a two-year term. During this term, he was also elected township supervisor for a four-year term, leading the board for two years. However, he resigned in 1872 following his election to the Illinois Senate, where he served a two-year term. Patterson co-founded the Sterling Gsa Light Company in 1874 and served as its first president. He was re-elected to his position as township supervisor in 1876, then was elected Mayor of Sterling the next year.

Patterson later moved to Kansas City, Missouri. He died there on January 26, 1914, and was buried in Forest Hill Calvary Cemetery in Kansas City.

## InfoBox

| Joseph M. Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 11th district | |
| **In office**
1872–1874 | |
| Preceded by | *redistricted* |
| Succeeded by | Henry A. Mills |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1837-08-12)August 12, 1837
Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | January 26, 1914(1914-01-26) (aged 76)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Hill Calvary Cemetery
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Residence | Sterling, Illinois |
| Profession | Attorney and banker |
|  | |


title: Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio

abstract: Ottawa Township is one of the fifteen townships of Putnam County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 8,034 people in the township.

text:
# Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio

**Ottawa Township** is one of the fifteen townships of Putnam County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 8,034 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the central part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Two villages are located in central Ottawa Township: Ottawa, the largest village in and county seat of Putnam County; and Glandorf, which lies northwest of Ottawa.

## Name and history

Ottawa Township was established in 1835. Named for the Ottawa Indians, it is the only Ottawa Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Ottawa Township, Putnam County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Holy Family Catholic Church at New Cleveland | |
| Location of Ottawa Township in Putnam County | |
| Coordinates: 41°1′28″N 84°2′43″W / 41.02444°N 84.04528°W / 41.02444; -84.04528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Putnam |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.3 sq mi (93.9 km2) |
| Land | 36.2 sq mi (93.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.1 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 709 ft (216 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 8,034 |
| Density | 221.9/sq mi (85.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 45875 |
| Area code | 419 |
| FIPS code | 39-58996 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1086864 |


title: Iran at the 2019 Summer Universiade

abstract: Iran competed at the 2019 Summer Universiade in Naples, Italy held from 3 to 14 July 2019.

text:
# Iran at the 2019 Summer Universiade

**Iran** competed at the **2019 Summer Universiade** in Naples, Italy held from 3 to 14 July 2019.

## Medal summary

### Medal by sports

| Medals by sport | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archery | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Shooting | 2 | 2 | 1 | **5** |
| Taekwondo | 5 | 0 | 6 | **11** |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Kiarash Farzan
Mohammad Saleh Palizban | Archery | Men's compound team |  |

## InfoBox

| Iran at the
2019 Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Iran | |
| IOC code | IRI |
| in Naples, Italy
3 July 2019 (2019-07-03) – 14 July 2019 (2019-07-14) | |
| Medals
Ranked 9th | Gold 7 Silver 3 Bronze 7 Total 17 |
| Summer Universiade appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Wayne Pivac

abstract: Wayne Pivac is a New Zealand rugby union coach who is the head coach of the NEC Green Rockets Tokatsu who play in the Japan Rugby League One. In November 2019 he replaced Warren Gatland as the Wales national team coach and remained in this position until 2022. A former sworn officer in the New Zealand Police, he was a constable at the Takapuna police station on Auckland's North Shore. He played his early rugby at Rosmini College and then Westlake Boys High School. Pivac played senior rugby for both the Northcote and Takapuna rugby clubs. Pivac played for North Harbour Rugby Union while he was a policeman. A recurring knee injury forced Pivac to retire from playing rugby at the age of 28. In 2012 Pivac was named at flanker in the Westlake Boys High school 50 year anniversary greatest First XV.

text:
# Wayne Pivac

**Wayne Pivac** (born 1962) is a New Zealand rugby union coach who is the head coach of the NEC Green Rockets Tokatsu who play in the Japan Rugby League One. In November 2019 he replaced Warren Gatland as the Wales national team coach and remained in this position until 2022.

A former sworn officer in the New Zealand Police, he was a constable at the Takapuna police station on Auckland's North Shore. He played his early rugby at Rosmini College and then Westlake Boys High School. Pivac played senior rugby for both the Northcote and Takapuna rugby clubs. Pivac played for North Harbour Rugby Union while he was a policeman. A recurring knee injury forced Pivac to retire from playing rugby at the age of 28. In 2012 Pivac was named at flanker in the Westlake Boys High school 50 year anniversary greatest First XV.

## New Zealand and Fiji

Pivac began coaching at Takapuna RFC, guiding them to the 1994 North Harbour club premiership before spending two seasons with North Harbour's second XV, then Northland, the province his father represented. Pivac coached Northland to National Provincial Championship Second Division success in 1997 and earned them promotion to the First Division the following year. Pivac then coached Auckland to win the NPC in 2002 and again in 2003, as well as the Ranfurly Shield. Pivac was voted New Zealand Rugby Union Coach of the Year in 2003.

Pivac was hired by the Fiji Rugby Union in February 2004 to replace coach Mac McCallion. Fiji won the Pacific Tri-Nations in Pivac's first year as head coach and Pivac also helped coach the Fijian Sevens to win the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens. In January 2007, Pivac quit Fiji Rugby as the head coach, citing family commitments.

Following his move back to New Zealand from Fiji, Pivac was appointed coach of North Harbour in the same month. After a disappointing season with North Harbour, Pivac stepped down as coach in 2008 and was replaced by Craig Dowd and Jeff Wilson, who were also replaced the next year after a further disappointing season. In 2011, Pivac succeeded Mark Anscombe as the Auckland coach in the ITM Cup.

## Wales

In 2014, Pivac was appointed the Assistant Coach of the Scarlets, who play out of the Parc y Scarlets stadium in Llanelli, Wales. Having initially been taken on to work with the forwards, Pivac was then promoted to the Scarlets' head coach following the departure of Simon Easterby to Ireland. Pivac then steered his side to a PRO12 title in Dublin, Ireland, defeating Munster in a 46-22 six-try victory at the Aviva Stadium to secure their first major trophy for 13 years in May, 2017.

On 9 July 2018, it was announced that Pivac would succeed Warren Gatland as the Wales coach. He would remain as Scarlets coach for the next year and employed on a four-year contract by the WRU from July 2019, with a transition planned for after the 2023 Rugby World Cup.

His first game in charge of Wales was a non-international match against the Barbarians, on 30 November 2019, in the Principality Stadium. Wales won the match 43–33.

In February 2020, in his first Six Nations match as head coach, Wales beat Italy 42–0 in Cardiff. Wales finished the 2020 Six Nations Championship in 5th place.

On 13 February 2021, Pivac won his first silverware for Wales, beating Scotland 25–24 in Round 2 of the 2021 Six Nations Championship, where Wales won the Doddie Weir Cup. The following round Wales got their highest ever points total vs England, beating them 40-24 and winning the Triple Crown. On March 26, Wales were crowned champions of the Six Nations after winning 4 out of their 5 matches.

After the false dawn, Pivac saw his worst run yet in the 2022 Six Nations, finishing 5th. The most notable moment during the 2022 campaign was when his side were defeated by Italy in the Millennium Stadium, Italy's first win in the 6 Nations since 2015 and their first ever win in Cardiff. After further home defeats in the autumn internationals to Georgia and Australia, Pivac was sacked in December 2022 and replaced by his predecessor Warren Gatland.

## InfoBox

Wayne Pivac
| Full name | Wayne Jeffrey Pivac |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1962-09-10) 10 September 1962 |
| Place of birth | Auckland, New Zealand |
| School | Westlake Boys High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock, Flanker, Number 8  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1985–1987 North Harbour  24  (8)  Correct as of 05 December 2022  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  1997–1998 Northland  1999–2003 Auckland  2004–2007 Fiji  2007–2008 North Harbour  2012–2013 Auckland  2014–2019 Scarlets  2019–2022 Wales  2023– NEC Green Rockets Tokatsu  Correct as of 25 August 2023 | |


title: Vyt-lès-Belvoir

abstract: Vyt-lès-Belvoir is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Vyt-lès-Belvoir

**Vyt-lès-Belvoir** (French pronunciation: \[vi  bɛlvwaʁ\], literally: "Vyt near Belvoir") is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 115 |  |
| 1975 | 124 | +1.08% |
| 1982 | 163 | +3.98% |
| 1990 | 145 | −1.45% |
| 1999 | 172 | +1.92% |
| 2007 | 174 | +0.14% |
| 2012 | 185 | +1.23% |
| 2017 | 188 | +0.32% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Vyt-lès-Belvoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Vyt-lès-Belvoir | |
| Vyt-lès-BelvoirVyt-lès-Belvoir | |
| Coordinates: 47°20′57″N 6°37′21″E / 47.3492°N 6.6225°E / 47.3492; 6.6225 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Montbéliard |
| Canton | Bavans |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Sancey-Belleherbe |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Lionel Torchio |
| Area**1** | 7.54 km2 (2.91 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 185 |
| Density | 25/km2 (64/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25635 /25430 |
| Elevation | 516–845 m (1,693–2,772 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: New York Legal Assistance Group

abstract: The New York Legal Assistance Group (NYLAG) is a non-profit organization that provides free civil legal services to low-income New Yorkers. Its services include direct representation, case consultation, advocacy, community education, training, financial counseling, and impact litigation.

text:
# New York Legal Assistance Group

The **New York Legal Assistance Group** (**NYLAG**) is a non-profit organization that provides free civil legal services to low-income New Yorkers. Its services include direct representation, case consultation, advocacy, community education, training, financial counseling, and impact litigation.

## Approach

NYLAG is able to provide services to undocumented immigrants, and individuals and families who earn above the government-designated poverty threshold because the agency does not accept Federal Legal Services Corporation funding. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, NYLAG had a budget of $26 million, supplemented by partnerships with law firms and volunteers that donated over 100,000 hours in pro bono services, valued at over $26 million. On average, NYLAG provides services at an internal cost of $200 per client. In 2016, the agency served over 74,000 clients - over fifty per cent of whom were immigrants.

NYLAG has 150 community offices located in courts, hospitals, and community- based organizations in all five boroughs of New York City, Long Island and Westchester and Rockland Counties. The agency partners with 600 health and human services agencies, and provides cross-referrals.

The agency has a paid staff of 284 and uses the services of approximately 2,200 pro bono attorneys and other volunteers.

Populations Served: immigrants, children with special needs, victims of domestic violence, veterans, elderly, Holocaust survivors, LGBTQ, disabled, tenants, homeowners, victims of natural disasters, serious or chronically ill patients, and consumers.

In 2008, NYLAG filed a class action lawsuit with the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, suing the United States government for delays in the processing of Immigration Applications.

## InfoBox

New York Legal Assistance Group
| Abbreviation | NYLAG |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1990 |
| Legal status | 501(c)(3) |
| Purpose | NYLAG Provides free civil legal services to low-income New Yorkers. |
| Headquarters | New York City |
| Website | http://www.nylag.org |


title: Godfred Yeboah Dame

abstract: Godfred Yeboah Dame is a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He is a member of the New Patriotic Party. He was previously the deputy Attorney General and Minister of Justice. He is currently the Attorney General.

text:
# Godfred Yeboah Dame

**Godfred Yeboah Dame** (born 5 June 1979) is a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He is a member of the New Patriotic Party. He was previously the deputy Attorney General and Minister of Justice. He is currently the Attorney General.

## Early life and education

Dame was born on 5 June 1979 and hails from the Bono region. He received his secondary school education at the Adisadel College in Cape Coast, Central region from 1989 to 1996. He attended the University of Ghana where he completed with a Bachelor of Laws degree (LLB) in 2001. He moved to the Ghana School of Law where he obtained his professional certificate to practice law and was called to the Ghana Bar in 2003. He worked as private legal practitioner before entering politics.

## Politics

Dame is a member of the New Patriotic Party. In March 2017, he was appointed by President Akufo-Addo to serve as deputy Attorney General and deputy Minister of Justice. On 21 January 2021, after his party retained power in the December 2020 election, he was elevated to the position of substantive Attorney General and Minister of Justice to replace Gloria Akuffo.

## Personal life

Dame, a Christian, is married to Dr. Joycelyn Akosua Assimeng Dame, a paediatric infectious disease specialist. They have two children.

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7. Frimpong, Enoch Darfah (15 March 2017). "Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and 4 more ministerial nominees". *Graphic Online*. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
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11. Lake, Dianne (29 August 2016). "Yale Partnerships for Global Health marks 10 years of supporting biomedical and public health researchers". *YaleNews*. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
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13. "Dr Joycelyn Akosua Dame (Assimeng) • Paediatrician • Accra, Accra". *Medpages.info*. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
14. "RITES Recipients – Where Are They Now". *Ghana Physicians and Surgeons Foundation*. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
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## InfoBox

| Godfred Yeboah Dame | |
| --- | --- |
| Godfred Yeboah Dame in 2023 | |
|  | |
| Attorney-General and Minister for Justice | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 2021 | |
| President | Nana Akufo-Addo |
| Preceded by | Gloria Akuffo |
| Deputy Attorney-General and Deputy Minister for Justice | |
| **In office**
March 2017  January 2021 | |
| President | Nana Akufo-Addo |
| Preceded by | Dominic Akuritinga Ayine |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1979-06-05) 5 June 1979 |
| Nationality | Ghanaian |
| Political party | New Patriotic Party |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Adisadel College
University of Ghana
Ghana School of Law |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |