title: Heinrich Deist

abstract: Heinrich Deist was as German Social Democratic Party (SPD) politician. His father was a printer who twice became SPD Prime Minister of Anhalt during the Weimar years. Heinrich Deist entered the Prussian civil service and reached the position of Regierungsrat by the time Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933. He was subsequently dismissed, whereupon he worked for his wife's stationery company. He then qualified as an auditor, working freelance until the end of the Second World War. He also earned a doctorate in political science from Cologne University. After the end of the war, Deist was appointed the trade union representative on the supervisory board that controlled the German iron and steel industries. He was also a trade union representative on the mining industry board before he was elected to the Bundesrat in 1953. He became the SPD's primary economic expert and his aim was to move the SPD away from wholesale nationalisation and class-war attacks on private property. At the SPD's 1958 Stuttgart conference Deist put forward his plan for freiheitliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft. Similar to the concept of the social market economy, this proposal included indirect controls of budgetary planning and has been called "a market economy of the left". It was passed by a huge majority of delegates. In a speech to the conference, Deist said: We should not give ourselves up to the illusion that through transfer into public ownership the problem of dependence and bondage of the worker in the factories is already solved.... And if we ask our English comrades how the worker problem and codetermination of the worker in the nationalised industries has worked out, then we will hear from them that his problem is not solved through nationalisation alone. Deist was the principal author of the SPD's 1959 Godesberg Program, which committed the party to welfare capitalism in place of its traditional Marxism. Deist explained in the Neue Gesellschaft that the experience of Communism and Fascism had taught the SPD the dangers of a huge state bureaucracy. Public controls and the distribution of economic power were preferable to socialisation: "A free order demands variety in every respect. Its decisive criteria are therefore pluralism, decentralisation, autonomy".

text:
# Heinrich Deist

**Heinrich Deist** (10 December 1902 – 7 March 1964) was as German Social Democratic Party (SPD) politician.

His father was a printer who twice became SPD Prime Minister of Anhalt during the Weimar years.

Heinrich Deist entered the Prussian civil service and reached the position of *Regierungsrat* by the time Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933. He was subsequently dismissed, whereupon he worked for his wife's stationery company. He then qualified as an auditor, working freelance until the end of the Second World War. He also earned a doctorate in political science from Cologne University.

After the end of the war, Deist was appointed the trade union representative on the supervisory board that controlled the German iron and steel industries. He was also a trade union representative on the mining industry board before he was elected to the Bundesrat in 1953. He became the SPD's primary economic expert and his aim was to move the SPD away from wholesale nationalisation and class-war attacks on private property. At the SPD's 1958 Stuttgart conference Deist put forward his plan for *freiheitliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft* (freedom-loving organisation of the economy). Similar to the concept of the social market economy, this proposal included indirect controls of budgetary planning and has been called "a market economy of the left". It was passed by a huge majority of delegates. In a speech to the conference, Deist said:

> We should not give ourselves up to the illusion that through transfer into public ownership the problem of dependence and bondage of the worker in the factories is already solved. ... And if we ask our English comrades how the worker problem and codetermination of the worker in the nationalised industries has worked out, then we will hear from them that his problem is not solved through nationalisation alone.

Deist was the principal author of the SPD's 1959 Godesberg Program, which committed the party to welfare capitalism in place of its traditional Marxism. Deist explained in the *Neue Gesellschaft* that the experience of Communism and Fascism had taught the SPD the dangers of a huge state bureaucracy. Public controls and the distribution of economic power were preferable to socialisation: "A free order demands variety in every respect. Its decisive criteria are therefore pluralism, decentralisation, autonomy".

## Works

* *Wirtschaft von morgen. Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspolitik der SPD* (Berlin: J. H. W. Dietz Nachf, 1959).


title: Heawood conjecture

abstract:
In graph theory, the Heawood conjecture or Ringel–Youngs theorem gives a lower bound for the number of colors that are necessary for graph coloring on a surface of a given genus. For surfaces of genus 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,..., the required number of colors is 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12,.... OEIS: A000934, the chromatic number or Heawood number. The conjecture was formulated in 1890 by P.J. Heawood and proven in 1968 by Gerhard Ringel and J.W.T. Youngs. One case, the non-orientable Klein bottle, proved an exception to the general formula. An entirely different approach was needed for the much older problem of finding the number of colors needed for the plane or sphere, solved in 1976 as the four color theorem by Haken and Appel. On the sphere the lower bound is easy, whereas for higher genera the upper bound is easy and was proved in Heawood's original short paper that contained the conjecture. In other words, Ringel, Youngs, and others had to construct extreme examples for every genus g = 1, 2, 3, …. If g = 12s + k, then the genera fall into the 12 cases as k = 0, 1, 2, 3, …., 11. To simplify, suppose that case k has been established if only a finite number of gs of the form 12s + k are in doubt. Then the years in which the twelve cases were settled, and by whom, are the following:
  - 1954, Ringel: case 5
  - 1961, Ringel: cases 3, 7, 10
  - 1963, Terry, Welch, Youngs: cases 0, 4
  - 1964, Gustin, Youngs: case 1
  - 1965, Gustin: case 9
  - 1966, Youngs: case 6
  - 1967, Ringel, Youngs: cases 2, 8, 11 The last seven sporadic exceptions were settled as follows:
  - 1967, Mayer: cases 18, 20, 23
  - 1968, Ringel, Youngs: cases 30, 35, 47, 59, and the conjecture was proved.

text:
# Heawood conjecture

In graph theory, the **Heawood conjecture** or **Ringel–Youngs theorem** gives a lower bound for the number of colors that are necessary for graph coloring on a surface of a given genus. For surfaces of genus 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..., the required number of colors is 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, .... OEIS: A000934, the *chromatic number* or *Heawood number*.

The conjecture was formulated in 1890 by P.J. Heawood and proven in 1968 by Gerhard Ringel and J.W.T. Youngs. One case, the non-orientable Klein bottle, proved an exception to the general formula. An entirely different approach was needed for the much older problem of finding the number of colors needed for the plane or sphere, solved in 1976 as the four color theorem by Haken and Appel. On the sphere the lower bound is easy, whereas for higher genera the upper bound is easy and was proved in Heawood's original short paper that contained the conjecture. In other words, Ringel, Youngs, and others had to construct extreme examples for every genus *g* = 1, 2, 3, …. If *g* = 12*s* \+ *k*, then the genera fall into the 12 cases as *k* = 0, 1, 2, 3, …., 11. To simplify, suppose that case *k* has been established if only a finite number of *g*s of the form 12*s* \+ *k* are in doubt. Then the years in which the twelve cases were settled, and by whom, are the following:

* 1954, Ringel: case 5
* 1961, Ringel: cases 3, 7, 10
* 1963, Terry, Welch, Youngs: cases 0, 4
* 1964, Gustin, Youngs: case 1
* 1965, Gustin: case 9
* 1966, Youngs: case 6
* 1967, Ringel, Youngs: cases 2, 8, 11

The last seven sporadic exceptions were settled as follows:

* 1967, Mayer: cases 18, 20, 23
* 1968, Ringel, Youngs: cases 30, 35, 47, 59, and the conjecture was proved.

## Formal statement

Percy John Heawood conjectured in 1890 that for a given genus *g* \> 0, the minimum number of colors necessary to color all graphs drawn on an orientable surface of that genus (or equivalently, to color the regions of any partition of the surface into simply connected regions) is given by

$$\gamma (g)=\left\lfloor {\frac {7+{\sqrt {1+48g}{2}\right\rfloor ,}}}$$

where $\left\lfloor x\right\rfloor $ is the floor function.

Replacing the genus by the Euler characteristic, we obtain a formula that covers both the orientable and non-orientable cases,

$$\gamma (\chi )=\left\lfloor {\frac {7+{\sqrt {49-24\chi }{2}\right\rfloor .}}}$$

This relation holds, as Ringel and Youngs showed, for all surfaces except for the Klein bottle. Philip Franklin (1930) proved that the Klein bottle requires at most 6 colors, rather than 7 as predicted by the formula. The Franklin graph can be drawn on the Klein bottle in a way that forms six mutually-adjacent regions, showing that this bound is tight.

The upper bound, proved in Heawood's original short paper, is based on a greedy coloring algorithm. By manipulating the Euler characteristic, one can show that every graph embedded in the given surface must have at least one vertex of degree less than the given bound. If one removes this vertex, and colors the rest of the graph, the small number of edges incident to the removed vertex ensures that it can be added back to the graph and colored without increasing the needed number of colors beyond the bound. In the other direction, the proof is more difficult, and involves showing that in each case (except the Klein bottle) a complete graph with a number of vertices equal to the given number of colors can be embedded on the surface.

## Example

The torus has *g* = 1, so χ = 0. Therefore, as the formula states, any subdivision of the torus into regions can be colored using at most seven colors. The illustration shows a subdivision of the torus in which each of seven regions are adjacent to each other region; this subdivision shows that the bound of seven on the number of colors is tight for this case. The boundary of this subdivision forms an embedding of the Heawood graph onto the torus.


title: Verconia laboutei

abstract: Verconia laboutei is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

text:
# Verconia laboutei

***Verconia laboutei*** is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

* Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdés, Á. (2008) *Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and seaslugs. A field guide to the world's most diverse fauna.* Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Washington, 426 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Verconia laboutei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Family: | Chromodorididae |
| Genus: | *Verconia* |
| Species: | ***V. laboutei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verconia laboutei***<br>William B. Rudman, 1986 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Noumea laboutei* Rudman, 1986 | |


title: PAS/CAL

abstract: PAS/CAL was an indie pop band from Detroit, Michigan founded in 2002 by frontman Casimer Pascal, aka Craig Benedict Valentine Badynee. The group went on to release three EPs and two 12" inch split singles over the next four years. In December 2004, American webzine Somewhere Cold ranked their EP Oh Honey, We're Ridiculous EP of the Year on their 2004 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame list. After an exhaustive two years spent writing & recording their debut LP, I Was Raised On Matthew, Mark, Luke & Laura, which was released on July 22, 2008, via Le Grand Magistery, PAS/CAL disbanded.

text:
# PAS/CAL

**PAS/CAL** was an indie pop band from Detroit, Michigan founded in 2002 by frontman Casimer Pascal, aka Craig Benedict Valentine Badynee. The group went on to release three EPs and two 12" inch split singles over the next four years. In December 2004, American webzine *Somewhere Cold* ranked their EP *Oh Honey, We're Ridiculous* EP of the Year on their *2004 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame* list.

After an exhaustive two years spent writing & recording their debut LP, *I Was Raised On Matthew, Mark, Luke & Laura*, which was released on July 22, 2008, via Le Grand Magistery, PAS/CAL disbanded.

## Discography

* *I Was Raised On Matthew, Mark, Luke & Laura* (Le Grand Magistery, 2008)
* *Dear Sir EP* (Le Grand Magistery, 2006)
* *Summer Is Almost Here 12"* (Romantic Air Recording Co, 2005)
* *Season's Greetings from PAS/CAL & Asobi Seksu 12"* (Romantic Air Recording Co, 2004)
* *Oh Honey, We're Ridiculous EP* (Le Grand Magistery, 2004)
* *The Handbag Memoirs EP* (Le Grand Magistery, 2002)

1. "Casimer Pascal". *Discogs*. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
2. Lamoreaux, Jason T. (December 1, 2004). "Somewhere Cold Awards 2004". *Somewhere Cold*. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.

## InfoBox

| PAS/CAL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Detroit, Michigan USA |
| Genres | indiepop |
| Years active | 2002–2008 |
| Labels | Le Grand Magistery<br>Romantic Air |
|  | |
| Past members | Casimer Pascal, Panic, Nathan Burgundy, Gene Corduroy, Little Tommy Daniels, Trevor Naud, Bem |
|  | |
| Website | http://pas-cal.bandcamp.com |


title: Under Fire (1926 film)

abstract: Under Fire is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by Clifford S. Elfelt and starring Bill Patton, Jean Arthur, and Cathleen Calhoun.

text:
# Under Fire (1926 film)

***Under Fire*** is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by Clifford S. Elfelt and starring Bill Patton, Jean Arthur, and Cathleen Calhoun.

## Premise

A Seventh Cavalry officer is unjustly cashiered during his service in the Southwest on a false charge of desertion.

## Cast

## Preservation

A print of *Under Fire* is held by the Cinémathèque québécoise in Canada.

## Bibliography

* Langman, Larry. *A Guide to Silent Westerns*. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992.

## InfoBox

| Under Fire | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement | |
| Directed by | Clifford S. Elfelt |
| Written by | Frank Howard Clark
Charles King (novel) |
| Produced by | Albert I. Smith |
| Starring | Bill Patton
Jean Arthur
Cathleen Calhoun |
| Production
company | Clifford S. Elfelt Productions |
| Distributed by | Davis Distributing Division |
| Release date | * January 1, 1926 (1926-01-01) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Timothy Tuttle

abstract: Timothy Tuttle is a serial entrepreneur and CEO of MindMeld, a San Francisco company with a platform for building intelligent voice interfaces.

text:
# Timothy Tuttle

**Timothy Tuttle** is a serial entrepreneur and CEO of MindMeld, a San Francisco company with a platform for building intelligent voice interfaces.

## Biography

Timothy Tuttle studied at the Artificial Intelligence Lab and the Lab for Computer Science at MIT, where he received his BS, MS, and PhD. He also served as a member of the research staff at MIT and Bell Laboratories.

In 2000, Tuttle left research to co-found Bang Networks, builder of the Internet's first large-scale content distribution network for real-time data, where he served as CTO. In 2004, Tuttle co-founded Truveo, his second company, a video search engine that was acquired by AOL in 2006. Following the acquisition, Tuttle served as Senior Vice President at AOL. In 2011, Tuttle began work on his third company MindMeld.

Tuttle is a recipient of the Harvard Business School Dubilier Prize for Entrepreneurship and was selected as one of the 100 Top Young Innovators by MIT Technology Review Magazine.


title: Kentucky Route 312

abstract: Kentucky Route 312 (KY 312) is a 11.365-mile long (18.290 km) state highway in Kentucky that runs from Kentucky Route 192 northwest of Corbin to U.S. Route 25E and World Drive in eastern Corbin via Corbin.

text:
# Kentucky Route 312

**Kentucky Route 312** (**KY 312**) is a 11.365-mile long (18.290 km) state highway in Kentucky that runs from Kentucky Route 192 northwest of Corbin to U.S. Route 25E and World Drive in eastern Corbin via Corbin.

## Route description

KY 312 begins at KY 192, heads southeasterly and passes through the unincorporated community of Keavy. It then enters Whitley County and crosses over Interstate 75 (I-75) without an interchange. The highway descends Gordon Hill into downtown Corbin. The road then enters Knox County and ends at U.S. Route 25E (US 25E).

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Laurel |  | 0.000 | 0.000 | KY 192 (Laurel Road) | Western terminus |
| |  | 3.481 | 5.602 |
KY 3430 east (Level Green Road) | Western terminus of KY 3430 |
| | Keavy | 4.071 | 6.552 |
KY 363 north (Keavy Road) | Southern terminus of KY 363 |
| |  | 6.189 | 9.960 |
KY 3430 west (Level Green Road) / Rooks Creek Road | Eastern terminus of KY 3430 |
| |  | 6.723 | 10.820 |
KY 770 north | Southern terminus of KY 770 |
| Whitley | Corbin | 8.232 | 13.248 |
KY 2989 south / Texas Avenue | Northern terminus of KY 2989 |
| | | 8.890 | 14.307 |
KY 2384 south (Barton Mill Road) | Northern terminus of KY 2384 |
| | | 9.680 | 15.578 |
US 25W south (North Kentucky Avenue) | Western terminus of US 25W south concurrency |
| | | 9.729 | 15.657 |
US 25W north (South Main Street) / East Gordon Street | Western terminus of US 25W north concurrency |
| | | 9.962 | 16.032 |
US 25W north (Laurel Avenue) | Eastern terminus of US 25W concurrency |
| Knox | | 10.356 | 16.666 |
KY 830 south (North Beatty Avenue) | Western terminus of KY 830 concurrency |
| | | 10.381 | 16.707 |
KY 830 north (Hamlin Avenue) | Eastern terminus of KY 830 concurrency |
| | | 10.568 | 17.008 |
KY 1629 east (Carter Street) / Vanbever Court | Western terminus of KY 1629 |
| | | 10.932 | 17.593 |
KY 1232 east (Barbourville Road) | Western terminus of KY 1232 |
| | | 11.365 | 18.290 | US 25E (Cumberland Gap Highway) / World Drive | Eastern terminus; continues beyond US 25E was World Drive |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Kentucky Route 312KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Kentucky Route 312 | |
| --- | --- |
| KY 312 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by KYTC | |
| Length | 11.365 mi (18.290 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | KY 192 near Corbin |
| Major intersections | US 25W in Corbin |
| East end | US 25E and World Drive in Corbin |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| Counties | Laurel, Whitley, Knox |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Kentucky State Highway System** | |
| KY 311   KY 313 | |


title: Weidmann's Restaurant

abstract: Weidmann's Restaurant is a historic restaurant in Meridian, Mississippi, United States, established in 1870. It was originally listed as a contributing property to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Urban Center Historic District was combined with the Meridian Depot Historic District in 2005 to become the Meridian Downtown Historic District.

text:
# Weidmann's Restaurant

**Weidmann's Restaurant** is a historic restaurant in Meridian, Mississippi, United States, established in 1870. It was originally listed as a contributing property to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Urban Center Historic District was combined with the Meridian Depot Historic District in 2005 to become the Meridian Downtown Historic District.

## History

Weidmann's was opened in 1870 by Felix Weidmann, an immigrant from Zurich, Switzerland. Previously an ocean liner chef, Weidmann began the establishment as a restaurant-hotel called the European House. Weidmann was later involved in the hotel business, establishing the International Hotel on the corner of 22nd Avenue and Front Street in 1884. After Felix Weidmann's death in 1885, his son, Phillip Weidmann, took over the restaurant. Phillip moved the restaurant to a location at the intersection of 24th Avenue and 5th Street and renamed it "Taft and Weidmann's". During World War I, the restaurant was moved to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, for two years in order to better serve soldiers at Camp Shelby. The restaurant would also occupy a location on 5th Street before moving to its current (and original) location on 22nd Avenue in 1923. Henry Weidmann, Phillip's son, took over the establishment after Phillip's death in 1927.

In 1935 the celebration for Fred and Al Key's record-breaking endurance flight, which lasted 653 hours and 34 minutes and wasn't broken until 1973 by astronauts, was held at Weidmann's. Shorty McWilliams, husband of Gloria Weidmann, owned the store in 1955. Gloria Chancellor and her husband, great-great grandchildren of the founders, assumed ownership of the restaurant in 1989. Weidmann's would remain owned by someone in the Weidmann family until the 1990s.

The restaurant, which is the oldest in the state of Mississippi, became one of the most well-known restaurants in the state as well, famous for its black bottom pie, peanut butter crocks, and numerous pictures hanging on the walls. The restaurant's lunch counter has been in place since the business opened, and a "treasure chest" is filled with candy and other goodies given to reward children with good manners.

## Renovations and ownership change

In 2001 Southern Cast Products, a manufacturing company in Meridian, bought the restaurant. Weidmann's closed later that year and underwent a $20 million renovation. The downstairs entrance was moved from the southwest corner to the northwest, and two banquet rooms were added on the second floor. After the renovation, the lease was held by Nick Apostle, owner of Nick's Restaurant in Jackson, Mississippi. He operated the store until 2004 when he decided to devote his full attention to the Jackson restaurant, after which general manager Willie McGehee and others in Meridian assumed full operational control.

With the onset of the Late-2000s recession, the restaurant experienced a downturn. Nearly half of the restaurant's business came from large parties of workers from local hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. As part of the recession, though, many of these companies stopped paying for these dinners, so the workers were no longer able to eat there. In an attempt to garner support for the restaurant and to keep it from failing, the Alliance for Downtown Meridian urged people to eat there at least once a week.

Despite the Alliance's efforts, the restaurant closed its doors on April 17, 2010. In early June of the same year, Charles Frazier, manager of Crescent City Grill, bought the lease to the building. Frazier said he planned to recreate the restaurant's past by reintroducing much of the classic Weidmann's menu after it had been replaced by more expensive fine dining during the previous renovation and ownership change. Frazier reopened the restaurant in late July after adding hardwood floors and bringing back the lunch counter by knocking out the back wall. Two former employees were also rehired to give the restaurant a feeling more reminiscent of the past.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Weidmann's Restaurant | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Weidmann's in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Location | 108-210 22nd Ave, Meridian, Mississippi |
| Coordinates | 32°21′47″N 88°41′56″W / 32.363020°N 88.699006°W / 32.363020; -88.699006 |
| Built | 1870 |
| Part of | Meridian Downtown Historic District (ID06001249) |
| Designated CP | December 18, 1979 |


title: Pogodno (former district of Szczecin)

abstract: Pogodno was a district of the city of Szczecin, Poland, that functioned from 1954 to 1976.

text:
# Pogodno (former district of Szczecin)

**Pogodno** was a district of the city of Szczecin, Poland, that functioned from 1954 to 1976.

## History

Pogodno was established on 7 October 1954, as one of four district of the city of Szczecin, Poland. The other three districts were: Dąbie, Nad Odrą, and Śródmieście. It bordered Nad Odrą to the northeast, and Śródmieście to the southeast. In 1955, it had an area of 54 square metres (580 sq ft), in 1958, 57 square metres (610 sq ft), and in 1961, 51 square metres (550 sq ft). In 1961, it was inhabited by 65 821 people. It existed until 19 November 1976, when the district were abolished.

The city was again divided into districts in 1990. The former area of Pogodno was divided between Zachód, and Śródmieście.

## Subdivisions

The district was subdivided into 8 administrative neighbourhoods.

| Neighbourhood | Population (1960) |
| --- | --- |
| Bezrzecze | 719 |
| Głębokie | 1456 |
| Gumieńce | 9155 |
| Krzekowo | 1231 |
| Niemierzyn | 5644 |
| Ossowo | 968 |
| Pogodno | 30 030 |
| Świerczewo | 3714 |

## InfoBox

| Pogodno | |
| --- | --- |
| District of Szczecin | |
| 1954–1976 | |
|
Pogodno within Szczecin in 1965. | |
| Capital | Szczecin |
| Area |  |
| 1955 | 54 km2 (21 sq mi) |
| 1958 | 57 km2 (22 sq mi) |
| 1961 | 51 km2 (20 sq mi) |
| Population |  |
|  | |
| 1961 | 65 821 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | District |
|  | |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 7 October 1954 |
| Disestablished | 19 November 1976 |
|  | |
| Contained within |  |
| Country | Polish People's Republic |
| Voivodeship | Szczecin (1954–1975)
Szczecin (1975–1976) |
| County | Szczecin (1954–1975) |
| Gmina | Szczecin |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai

abstract: Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai is a Kenyan marathon runner. She started out in cross country running and was fourth in the junior race at the 1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, taking the team gold medal with Kenya in a perfect score. She set a course record time of 1:05:28 hours to win the 20 Kilomètres de Paris in 2000. Her personal best time is 2:25:53 hours, achieved in April 2003 winning the Hamburg Marathon. Her first senior international competition came at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, where she finished ninth for Kenya in the marathon. She also won the 2005 Milan Marathon and 2007 Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon. She represented Kenya in the marathon at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics but finished in 25th position. She finished second at the 2009 Berlin Half Marathon. She took victory at the Vienna City Marathon, completing the course in a time of 2:31:08. She ran at the Frankfurt Marathon in October 2010, but only managed ninth place. Her two marathon outings of 2011 were a fifth-place finish at the Madrid Marathon and third place at the Baltimore Marathon. She won the Rome City Marathon in 2012. She has four children with her husband Kenneth Kibet.

text:
# Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai

**Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai** (born 28 December 1977) is a Kenyan marathon runner.

She started out in cross country running and was fourth in the junior race at the 1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, taking the team gold medal with Kenya in a perfect score. She set a course record time of 1:05:28 hours to win the 20 Kilomètres de Paris in 2000.

Her personal best time is 2:25:53 hours, achieved in April 2003 winning the Hamburg Marathon. Her first senior international competition came at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, where she finished ninth for Kenya in the marathon. She also won the 2005 Milan Marathon and 2007 Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon. She represented Kenya in the marathon at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics but finished in 25th position.

She finished second at the 2009 Berlin Half Marathon. She took victory at the Vienna City Marathon, completing the course in a time of 2:31:08. She ran at the Frankfurt Marathon in October 2010, but only managed ninth place. Her two marathon outings of 2011 were a fifth-place finish at the Madrid Marathon and third place at the Baltimore Marathon. She won the Rome City Marathon in 2012.

She has four children with her husband Kenneth Kibet.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Kenya | | | | | |
| 1994 | World Junior Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 14th (h) | 1500m | 4:23.79 |
| 2000 | Rome City Marathon | Rome, Italy | 3rd | Marathon | 2:33:47 |
| 2003 | Hamburg Marathon | Hamburg, Germany | 1st | Marathon | 2:25:53 |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 9th | Marathon | 2:26:14 |
| | Milan Marathon | Milan, Italy | 1st | Marathon | 2:28:49 |
| 2007 | Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon | San Diego, United States | 1st | Marathon | 2:32:40 |
| 2010 | Vienna Marathon | Vienna, Austria | 1st | Marathon | 2:31:08 |
| 2012 | Rome Marathon | Rome, Italy | 1st | Marathon | 2:31:11 |
| 2012 | Gold Coast Marathon | Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia | 3rd | Marathon | 2:36:44 |


title: Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther

abstract: Heinrich August Alexander Wilhelm von Werther was a Prussian diplomat and Foreign Minister from 1837 to 1841. His son, Karl von Werther, was also a prominent Prussian diplomat.

text:
# Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther

**Heinrich August Alexander Wilhelm von Werther** (born 7 August 1772 in Königsberg; died 7 December 1859 in Berlin) was a Prussian diplomat and Foreign Minister from 1837 to 1841. His son, Karl von Werther, was also a prominent Prussian diplomat.

## Early military life

Werther was the son of Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) Von Werther. He also joined the Prussian military in 1787 and participated in the War of the Fourth Coalition as a Rittmeister in the Dragoon regiment of his father, who had died in 1802. After the Treaties of Tilsit and resultant army downsizing, he left the force as a captain. For a while, he was a chamberlain to Friedrich Wilhelm III.

## Diplomatic career

In 1810 Werther joined the diplomatic service. Between 1809 and 1813 he was the Prussian Resident Minister in Constantinople. After that he was envoy to Spain in 1814 and in 1821 envoy and minister plenipotentiary in London. Here he was, amongst other things, significantly involved in the negotiations for the first Anglo-Prussian agreement on shipping in 1823. Then he was posted to Paris between 1824 and 1837. Particularly in the period of the July Revolution in 1830 he played an international balancing role.

Although he declined the office of Foreign Minister in 1831, he held this position from 1837 to 1841, including during the ascension of Frederick William IV. Although he had difficulties in holding his ground in domestic politics, he managed to maintain a good relationship with France, and the construction of the railway from Cologne to Antwerp was also something he promoted. In the Oriental Crisis of 1840 Werther opposed the Russian pressure for Prussia to engage herself militarily, as he was of the opinion that in a potential war, due to Austria's military weakness the main burden would fall on Prussia.

## Later life

After his retirement as Foreign Minister he was head of the department of Neuenburg (Neuchâtel). At the same time he belonged to the Prussian Council of State.

## InfoBox

| Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Foreign minister of Prussia | |
| **In office**
13 May 1837  30 August 1841 | |
| Monarchs | Frederick William III
Frederick William IV |
| Preceded by | Friedrich Ancillon |
| Succeeded by | Mortimer von Maltzan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1772-08-07)7 August 1772
Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 7 December 1859(1859-12-07) (aged 87)
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Spouse | Josephine von Sandizell |
| Children | 2, including Karl |
| Parents | * Philipp August Wilhelm von Werther (father) * Sophie Albertine Elisabeth von Korff (mother) |
|  | |


title: Greenwich Village Crew

abstract: The Greenwich Village Crew is a crew within the Genovese crime family, active in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan. It was originally controlled by Don Vito Genovese from the early 1920s until his arrest in the late 1950s. In the early 1980s capo Vincent Gigante, was made the new boss of the Genovese crime family. He continued to operate from and with the Greenwich Village Crew members. Today the crew is still active, but after the death of Dominick Canterino, it is uncertain who is controlling the crew.

text:
# Greenwich Village Crew

The **Greenwich Village Crew** is a crew within the Genovese crime family, active in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan. It was originally controlled by Don Vito Genovese from the early 1920s until his arrest in the late 1950s. In the early 1980s capo Vincent Gigante, was made the new boss of the Genovese crime family. He continued to operate from and with the Greenwich Village Crew members. Today the crew is still active, but after the death of Dominick Canterino, it is uncertain who is controlling the crew.

## Locations and activities

The crew controlled many of the organized crime activities throughout downtown Manhattan, and some of the rackets included labor racketeering, gambling, loan sharking, hijackings, and extortion of businesses. The main hangout for Gigante and his crew was the Triangle Social Club, located at 208 Sullivan Street.

## Historical leadership

### Caporegimes

## Former and current members

## InfoBox

Greenwich Village Crew
| Founded | 1920s |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Vito Genovese |
| Founding location | Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States |
| Years active | 1920s–present |
| Territory | West Side, Lower Manhattan, the Bronx and Yonkers |
| Ethnicity | Italians as "made men" and other ethnicities as associates |
| Membership (est.) | 30 |
| Activities | Racketeering, bookmaking, loansharking, extortion, gambling, conspiracy and labor racketeering |
| Allies | The Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino and Lucchese crime families |
| Rivals | Various gangs |


title: SS Georgia (1908)

abstract: SS Georgia was an oil tanker that was built in the United States in 1908 as Texas and spent most of her career in the United States Merchant Marine. In 1917 she was renamed Georgia. In 1927 she was transferred to Dutch ownership, and shortly thereafter ran aground and was lost on Haisborough Sands off the coast of Norfolk, England.

text:
# SS Georgia (1908)

**SS *Georgia*** was an oil tanker that was built in the United States in 1908 as ***Texas*** and spent most of her career in the United States Merchant Marine. In 1917 she was renamed *Georgia*. In 1927 she was transferred to Dutch ownership, and shortly thereafter ran aground and was lost on Haisborough Sands off the coast of Norfolk, England.

## History

Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company built the ship at Newport News, Virginia as hull number 82. She was launched as *Texas* on 24 April 1908 and delivered to her owners, The Texas Company (now Texaco) on 18 July 1908.

The Texas Company registered the ship at Port Arthur, Texas. Her US official number was 205362 and her code letters were KWQL.

By 1917 the ship had been renamed *Georgia* and was equipped for wireless telegraphy. By 1918 her call sign was KUR.

In February 1918 she was inspected for possible United States Navy service and assigned the Identification Number (ID) 2316. The Navy ordered her acquisition, but it was cancelled shortly before the Armistice of 11 November 1918, and she remained in commercial service.

In 1922 it was reported that the ship's name had been changed to *Texaco*.

By 1927 the NV Dutch Tanker & Oil Company Ltd owned her, and had registered her in Amsterdam. Her Dutch code letters were NTBH.

## Final voyage

In September 1927 *Georgia* loaded a cargo of crude oil at Abadan in Persia (now Iran). She left the Persian Gulf bound for the oil refinery at Grangemouth, Scotland.

By 20 November she was in the North Sea when a strong gale broke her steering gear. Just before midnight she ran aground on Haisborough Sands and stuck fast. The storm carried away her radio aerial, so her wireless telegraphist was unable to send a distress signal. For several hours the heavy sea battered her hull, eventually ripping her apart amidships. Her after section was sounding her siren as a distress signal, but the two halves slowly drifted apart and lost sight of each other, the stern section being carried away by the force of the gale.

The bow section remained stuck on the sand bank with huge seas washing over it. The bow section had the captain, Harry Kissing and 14 of the crew all crouched in the forecastle. The other 16 members of the crew were in the drifting stern section. The next morning (21 November) the steamship *Trent* sighted the drifting stern section and rescued the 16 crewmen. *Trent* then found the bow section stuck on the sand bank. In the meantime, the stern section had drifted North West and was sighted off Cromer.

Henry Blogg, coxswain of the Cromer lifeboat *H F Bailey*, attending to the stern reported at 3.15 p.m. that the ship had been abandoned although at this time they were unaware that the ship was in two halves as the stern was creeping higher into the air. The Cromer lifeboat attended the stern section all that night warning shipping of the danger. Back at the bow section, the Great Yarmouth Coastguard had learned of the disaster at 9 p.m. and had called the Gorleston lifeboat to assist. *Trent* had signalled by wireless that it was too dangerous to approach the stern section, and she made for Cromer to land the rescued men from the stern section.

On the morning of 22 November the Gorleston lifeboat tried to rescue the remaining 15 crew, now sheltering in the chartroom, the highest point on the ship out of the water. Coxswain Billy Fleming tried to use the lee provided by the close by *Trent*, but with the seas still heavy this proved to be too dangerous, and she stood off to wait until conditions improved. Another attempt was made at midday. On the fifth attempt they got a line to the stranded section, but a huge wave picked up the lifeboat and dropped her in a trough, snapping the line. The Gorleston boat then developed engine trouble and retired from the rescue.

At about 4.30 pm the remaining crew were finally rescued by the exhausted crew of the Cromer lifeboat. Blogg and his crew had stood by the stern section all night, and then after returning to Cromer, were immediately called back out to attend the bow. *H F Bailey* was considerably damaged in the rescue, but got her crew and the rescued men safely back to Great Yarmouth by 7 pm. Both sections of *Georgia* sank in the following days.

## Positions of the wrecks

**Stern section**

**Bow section**

## Bibliography

* Jolly, Cyril (1981). *The Loss of the English Trader*. Acorn Editions. ISBN 0-906554-06-3.
* Jolly, Cyril (2002). *Henry Blogg, the Greatest of the Lifeboatmen* (new ed.). Poppyland Publishing. ISBN 0-946148-59-7.
* Leach, Nicholas; Russell, Paul (2004). *Cromer Lifeboats 1804–2004*. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-3197-8.
* *Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping*. Vol. I–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1910  via Internet Archive.
* *Lloyd's Register of Shipping*. Vol. I–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1917  via Internet Archive.
* *Lloyd's Register of Shipping*. Vol. I–Steamers and Motorships. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1927  via Internet Archive.
* The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1918). *The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony*. London: The Wireless Press, Ltd.
* Tikus, Ayer (2004). *The Ship-wrecks off North East Norfolk*. Ayer Tikus Publications. OCLC 654937740.

## InfoBox

| Profile of SS *Georgia* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * 1908: *Texas* * by 1917: *Georgia* |
| Owner |  |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder |  |
| Yard number | 82 |
| Launched | 24 April 1908 |
| Maiden voyage | 18 July 1908 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | grounded 20–21 November 1927 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | oil tanker |
| Tonnage | * 1910: 5,106 GRT, 3,746 NRT * 1927: 5,111 GRT, 3,194 NRT |
| Length | 389.4 ft (118.7 m) |
| Beam | 52.1 ft (15.9 m) |
| Depth | 29.1 ft (8.9 m) |
| Decks | 1 |
| Installed power | 391 NHP |
| Propulsion |  |
| Crew | 31 (when lost) |


title: Owen Ashmore

abstract: Owen Ashmore was a British industrial archaeologist at the University of Manchester who was Secretary and Vice-President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Treasurer of the Chetham Society and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

text:
# Owen Ashmore

**Owen Ashmore** FSA (1920 – July 1995) was a British industrial archaeologist at the University of Manchester who was Secretary and Vice-President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Treasurer of the Chetham Society and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

## Life

Ashmore was born in Cheshire in 1920, and taught and directed the Local History Diploma in the Extra Mural Department at the University of Manchester. He was a founder Member of the Manchester Industrial Archaeology Society.

He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (FSA). He was a Member of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, elected Council Member (from 1961), Secretary (1963–72) and Vice-President (1975–94). He was also a Member of the Chetham Society elected as a Council Member (from 1969) then serving as Treasurer (1972–83). He died in 1995 aged 75.

## Select bibliography

## InfoBox

| ProfessorOwen AshmoreFSA | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1920 (1920)<br>Cheshire |
| Died | 1995 (aged 7475) |
| Nationality | British |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Archaeologist |
| Sub-discipline | Industrial archaeology |
| Institutions | University of Manchester |
|  | |


title: Gabby Cantorna

abstract: Gabriella Cantorna is an American rugby union player. She plays for the United States and for Exeter Chiefs in the Premier 15s.

text:
# Gabby Cantorna

**Gabriella Cantorna** (born August 2, 1995) is an American rugby union player. She plays for the United States and for Exeter Chiefs in the Premier 15s.

## Rugby career

Cantorna grew up in Pennsylvania and began playing rugby at the age of 14. She went to Pennsylvania State University and won four National College Championships. In 2017 she was awarded the D1 Elite National Championship MVP award.

Cantorna made her international debut for the United States against New Zealand in 2018 during the Eagles Autumn Internationals. In 2020, She signed a one-year contract with the Exeter Chiefs.

Cantorna was named in the Eagles squad for the 2022 Pacific Four Series in New Zealand. She was selected in the Eagles squad for the 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

In 2023, She was named in the Eagles traveling squad for their test against Spain, and for the 2023 Pacific Four Series. She successfully kicked five points in her sides 20–14 win over Spain.

## InfoBox

Gabby Cantorna
| Date of birth | (1995-08-02) August 2, 1995 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) |
| Weight | 172 lb (78 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Center, Fly half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2020–Present  Exeter Chiefs  63  (333)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2018–Present  United States  30  (52) | |


title: Recreational drug use in Kenya

abstract: In Kenya, drug use is an ongoing prevalent issue among those from both rural and urban areas of the country. Drugs such as inhalants, narcotics, and prescription drugs have been abused, resulting in societal issues such as social stigmas, poverty, peer pressure. These issues have had significant repercussions, including increased violence, strain on healthcare services, heightened vulnerability to HIV infection, and chemical dependence. In response, local communities and the national government have undertaken initiatives to tackle these challenges.

text:
# Recreational drug use in Kenya

In Kenya, **drug use** is an ongoing prevalent issue among those from both rural and urban areas of the country. Drugs such as inhalants, narcotics, and prescription drugs have been abused, resulting in societal issues such as social stigmas, poverty, peer pressure. These issues have had significant repercussions, including increased violence, strain on healthcare services, heightened vulnerability to HIV infection, and chemical dependence. In response, local communities and the national government have undertaken initiatives to tackle these challenges.

## History

The patterns of recreational drug use in Kenya have evolved alongside historical developments. In precolonial times, Kenyan society permitted the consumption of certain substances, such as alcohol, but strictly limited their use to cultural events and specific occasions. The privilege of drug use, including alcohol, was predominantly reserved for male elders within the Kenyan communities, while youth and women were prohibited from participating in such activities. Before the arrival of colonialism, Kenyans engaged in the consumption of various alcoholic beverages, such as chang'aa, and toivo. Additionally, they practice the chewing, smoking, or inhalation of tobacco leaves, khat leaves, and marijuana leaves.

With the expansion of trade during the colonial era, access to alcohol increased significantly. As time passed, the sense of a cohesive social community gradually diminished among Kenyans. The introduction of colonialism brought new economic opportunities, which led to a cultural shift towards individualism. Consequently, the traditional family structure weakened, and the informal restraints on alcohol and drug use became less stringent. In contrast to traditions, contemporary society has witnessed an increase in recreational drug use across various demographics, up to 6.0% by 2017. However, it is important to note that this shift in behavior has also resulted in a higher risk of substance abuse and its associated problems.

## Source of drugs

Kenya is classified as a relatively weak, yet independent, state. This classification suggests that the country may lack a centralized and strong government-led military force. Consequently, this creates opportunities for informal actors to engage in illicit activities with limited fear of state intervention. Additional factors, such as widespread governmental corruption, further contribute to the challenges faced by the state. Due to weakened institutions and challenges in maintaining stable financial and transportation services, Kenya has become an attractive destination and transit point for drug traffickers. This vulnerability is highlighted by a report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which notes the significant quantities of heroin being seized in coastal areas of East Africa. The report further states that a majority of the seized heroin originates from Afghanistan.

The coastal areas of Kenya, including Lamu, Malindi, and Mombasa, are particularly susceptible to drug trafficking due to their proximity to the sea. Traffickers often choose maritime routes as a means of transportation. These areas have been identified as being significantly affected by drug trafficking activities. Drugs are also trafficked through international airports in Kenya.

In Kenya, alcoholic drinks are commonly brewed domestically, with traditional liquor being the most accessible form. However, there is a distinction between rural and urban environments in terms of alcohol production and distribution. In rural areas, it is more common for alcohol to be brewed at home by individuals or small-scale producers. This homemade alcohol often utilizes traditional brewing methods and local ingredients.

## Causes

### Institutionalized homophobia and social stigma

Kenya holds a conservative perspective regarding the LGBTQ community, and the country's laws criminalize non-heterosexual sexual activity. This viewpoint is reflected in the Kenyan Penal Code, specifically under Section 162. According to this section, engaging in carnal knowledge of a person against the order of nature is considered a felony and is punishable by up to fourteen years of imprisonment. Section 165 of the Kenyan Penal Code criminalizes homosexual acts, specifying that any male who engages in an act of gross indecency with another male person is guilty of a felony and can face a maximum prison sentence of five years.

Due to the legal institutionalization of homophobia in Kenya, individuals, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM), often face harassment from state officials. A report conducted by the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights highlights the challenges faced by MSMs due to the criminalization of same-sex activities. According to the report, these individuals are subjected to frequent harassment, extortion attempts, and false arrests by law enforcement officers and state officials.

According to a study conducted in 2017 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Kisumu, Kenya, the prevalence of severe depressive symptoms was found to be significantly higher (11.4%) compared to the estimated 4% in the general Kenyan population. Additionally, the study revealed that 50.1% of the participants reported harmful alcohol abuse, while 23.8% reported moderate substance abuse. These findings suggest that MSM in Kisumu may resort to alcohol and illicit substances as a coping mechanism within the conservative social environment they navigate.

In recent years, there have been efforts by LGBTQ activists and allies in Kenya to advocate for the decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity.

### Peer pressure

Peer pressure is indeed a significant factor contributing to drug abuse among youths, including female Kenyan youths. A study published in the *Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology* highlighted the risk of drug abuse among female youth in Mikindu, Kenya. The study found that approximately 24.14% of participants reported initiating drug use due to peer pressure. In some cases, individuals are influenced by their peers who may promote the perceived benefits or positive feelings associated with drug use. This can create a sense of curiosity or a desire to fit in with their social circle and please their friends or a sense to show equality and sometimes superiority, leading to experimentation and ultimately drug abuse.

## Effects

### Violence

Violence within the private or domestic sphere is a concerning issue, and substance abuse can contribute to increased aggression and risk of harm. A study published in the *Journal of Youth Studies* shed light on the influence of substance use on sexual violence among male youth and the victimization of girls. The 2012 report compiled by the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse found that those who used alcohol and bhang were more likely to exhibit violent behavior toward family members. For example, "32.4% of alcohol and 28.6% of bhang users reported being violent to a spouse/partner or a family member."

### Utilization of healthcare services

Kenyan women who actively engage in drug-injecting can jeopardize their health and the health of their fetuses during pregnancies. Drug injecting can lead to amenorrhea, resulting in women being unaware that they are even pregnant until further along. This lack of awareness resulted in pregnant women failing to follow certain practices and habits to ensure the health of their fetuses.

Drug use also creates a dilemma for women as they weigh the choices of either searching for more drugs or traveling to clinics to receive better care. Women under the influence of drugs feel a need to satisfy their cravings, viewing them as a priority before attending medical appointments. They also consider the possibility that staying at a clinic for a long duration due to long queues can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

For the time being, few health providers fully understand how to treat women who have been injected with drugs.

### Greater risk of HIV

One of the more long-term effects brought about by drug use in Kenya is the transmission of HIV among the populace. Under the effects of drugs, those who engage in sexual activities are more likely to make rash and impulsive decisions. Research on women's drug usage in the coastal cities of Mombasa and Kilifi found that the sharing of needles among drug users was common. However, despite understanding the risks attached to such behavior, participants continued to share needles.

Drug use can aid the spread of HIV through transactional relationships. In terms of the makeup of study participants, "53% were single and 27% were cohabiting," leading to conditions by which women exchanged sex for "drugs, protection from the police, and accommodation." A search for drugs, in particular, poses certain health risks, as sexual intercourse with strangers serves to heighten the risk of contracting HIV. Similarly, sex workers are susceptible to contracting HIV due to drug use during work.

### Chemical dependence

Chemical dependence refers to various indicators such as needing the substance to live or go about one's day and "craving for the substance, needing the substance first thing in the morning"; concern by someone close to the respondent or a doctor about the person's drug consumption habits. The report indicated that between the age range of 15 to 65, tobacco was the most addictive substance with 62.3% of users expressing a craving for it. 21%, 44%, and 34.4% of alcohol, bhang and miraa users respectively, expressed similar cravings.

### Social stigma

A report published by the *Harm Reduction Journal* examined the impact of stigma faced by women on the Kenyan Coast who injected drugs. Based on the information collected from interviews with study participants who had injected drugs, the researchers formed several conclusions about stigma. The types of stigma included:

* **Self-Stigmatization**: Participants reported internal feelings of shame and low self-esteem due to having injected drugs coupled with a lack of sense of worth. They also associated their actions with a negative label known as "teja" which means "an injecting drug user."
* **External Stigmatization**: Participants also reported feeling excluded by those around them. Some noted that their families expressed apathy towards them for having used drugs. There were also instances in which the stigma attached to drug use led to drug users being perceived as petty criminals. The role of gender also arose as the stigma of drug use among women was accentuated by the fact that traditionally, men were drug users.

According to the study, the stigma of drug use can impede women's access to healthcare. Some women shared their concerns that being identified as a drug user would influence the quality of their interactions with healthcare workers, as certain workers would question the reason and method by which they should provide for the drug users. Some also opted to hide their identities to ensure that they would receive proper care.

## Local response

The local community plays a role in regulating the consumption of alcohol and other drugs. According to interviews with members of Kuikui, Baringo North, there is general respect and concern within the community for the well-being of others. If, for example, a youth is caught drinking alcohol or using drugs, the word of a village elder can be sufficient for the youth to cease his or her behavior. The family is also capable of guiding relatives or immediate family members away from alcohol and other drugs.

## Government response

Aware of the negative effects of alcoholism and other drug abuse, the Kenyan government has made an active effort in recent years towards informing and preventing the populace from abusing these substances through policy. The Tobacco Control Act of 2007 was designed to protect individuals from disease and death caused by tobacco. It also aimed to better inform consumers on the risks associated with smoking, while preventing those under the age of 18 from purchasing tobacco products. In 2010, The Alcoholic Drinks Control Act was passed to protect "the health of individuals by providing a legal framework to control sale, production & consumption of alcoholic drinks." It also sought to better educate the general populace about the risks of alcohol consumption. These efforts regulate the hours of operation for bars and prohibit the sale of alcohol to individuals under 18 years of age. These rules, however, are frequently broken as customers will pay bribes or bar owners will refuse to adhere to the rules, as they may diminish profits.

The Kenyan government has also cooperated with UNODC and the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in its effort to provide proper treatment to those who inject drugs. In Mombasa, the Kenyan government began a process of decentralization, creating 12 outpatient centers capable of providing drug-dependence treatment. UNODC also pledged to provide training for "700 health professionals and civil society workers in HIV services" for those who inject drugs.


# Handball at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament

The men's handball tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics was the 14th edition of the handball event for men at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held from 24 July to 7 August 2021. All games were played at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan.

It was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of this pandemic, the games were played behind closed doors.

The final was a rematch of the previous between Denmark and France. After Denmark won 28–26 in the 2016 final, France got the upper hand with a 25–23 win this time. Spain won the bronze medal match against Egypt.

This meant that France won both gold medals as the first team since 1984.

The medals for the competition were presented by Jean-Christophe Rolland, IOC Member, Olympian, one Gold medal and one Bronze medal, France; and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Joël Delplanque, IHF 1st Vice-President, France.

## Schedule

Legend
| G | Group stage | ¼ | Quarter-finals | ½ | Semi-finals | B | Bronze medal match | F | Gold medal match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Sat 24 | Sun 25 | Mon 26 | Tue 27 | Wed 28 | Thu 29 | Fri 30 | Sat 31 | Sun 1 | Mon 2 | Tue 3 | Wed 4 | Thu 5 | Fri 6 | | Sat 7 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G |  | G |  | G |  | G |  | G |  | ¼ |  | ½ |  | | B | F |

## Qualification

| Qualification | Date | Host(s) | Vacancies | Qualified |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation |  |  | 1 | Japan |
| 2019 World Championship | 10–27 January 2019 | Denmark
Germany | 1 | Denmark |
| 2019 Pan American Games | 31 July – 5 August 2019 | Lima | 1 | Argentina |
| AHF Men’s Asian qualification event | 17–26 October 2019 | Doha | 1 | Bahrain |
| 2020 European Championship | 10–26 January 2020 | Austria
Norway
Sweden | 1 | Spain |
| 2020 African Championship | 16–26 January 2020 | Tunisia | 1 | Egypt |
| 2020 IHF Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments | 12–14 March 2021 | Podgorica | 2 | Norway
Brazil |
| | | Montpellier | 2 | France
Portugal |
| | | Berlin | 2 | Sweden
Germany |
| Total |  | | 12 |  |

## Draw

The draw was held on 1 April 2021.

### Seeding

The seeding was revealed on 14 March 2021.

| Pot 1 | Pot 2 | Pot 3 | Pot 4 | Pot 5 | Pot 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Denmark
Norway | France
Sweden | Germany
Portugal | Brazil
Japan | Spain
Egypt | Argentina
Bahrain |

## Roster

## Referees

The referee pairs were announced on 21 April 2021.

## Group stage

*All times are local (UTC+9).*

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | France | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 162 | 148 | +14 | 8 | Quarter-finals |
| 2 | Spain | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 155 | 142 | +13 | | 8 |
| 3 | Germany | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 146 | 131 | +15 | | 6 |
| 4 | Norway | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 136 | 132 | +4 | | 6 |
| 5 | Brazil | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 128 | 145 | 17 | 2 |  |
| 6 | Argentina | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 125 | 154 | 29 | | 0 |

Source: Tokyo 2020 and IHF
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.
Notes:

| 24 July 2021
09:00 | Norway | **27–24** | Brazil | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Horáček, Novotný (CZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Sagosen 8 | (12–13) | Langaro 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 24 July 2021
11:00 | France | **33–27** | Argentina | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Belkhiri, Hamidi (ALG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Richardson 7 | (12–10) | D. Simonet 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 24 July 2021
16:15 | Germany | **27–28** | Spain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Kurtagic, Wetterwik (SWE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Weinhold 5 | (13–12) | Figueras, Gómez 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 26 July 2021
09:00 | Brazil | **29–34** | France | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Kurtagic, Wetterwik (SWE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Dutra 10 | (13–16) | *three players* 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 26 July 2021
11:00 | Argentina | **25–33** | Germany | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Horáček, Novotný (CZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Martínez, D. Simonet 5 | (13–14) | Kastening, Schiller 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 26 July 2021
16:15 | Spain | **28–27** | Norway | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nikolov, Nachevski (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Figueras 10 | (13–14) | Jøndal 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 28 July 2021
16:15 | Norway | **27–23** | Argentina | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Fonseca, Santos (POR) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Sagosen 7 | (13–12) | Pizarro, D. Simonet 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 28 July 2021
19:30 | Brazil | **25–32** | Spain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Hansen, Madsen (DEN) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Silva 6 | (16–18) | Solé 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 28 July 2021
21:30 | France | **30–29** | Germany | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nachevski, Nikolov (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Mem 6 | (16–13) | Kastening 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 30 July 2021
09:00 | Argentina | **23–25** | Brazil | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Lah, Sok (SLO) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Martínez 6 | (7–14) | Silva 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 July 2021
14:15 | France | **36–31** | Spain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Horáček, Novotný (CZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Remili 9 | (18–12) | Dujshebaev, Gómez 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 July 2021
21:30 | Germany | **28–23** | Norway | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Brunner, Salah (SUI) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Gensheimer 6 | (14–11) | Sagosen 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 1 August 2021
14:15 | Spain | **36–27** | Argentina | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Kurtagic, Wetterwik (SWE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Gómez 6 | (17–12) | Pizarro 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 August 2021
16:15 | Norway | **32–29** | France | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nachevski, Nikolov (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Sagosen 7 | (15–15) | Descat, N. Karabatić 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 August 2021
19:30 | Germany | **29–25** | Brazil | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Horáček, Novotný (CZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Knorr, Weinhold 6 | (16–12) | Dutra 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Denmark | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 174 | 139 | +35 | 8 | Quarter-finals |
| 2 | Egypt | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 154 | 134 | +20 | | 8 |
| 3 | Sweden | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 144 | 142 | +2 | | 8 |
| 4 | Bahrain | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 129 | 149 | 20 | | 2 |
| 5 | Portugal | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 143 | 156 | 13 | 2 |  |
| 6 | Japan (H) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 146 | 170 | 24 | | 2 |

Source: Tokyo 2020 and IHF
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.
(H) Hosts
Notes: 1. Denmark 2 Pts, +2 GD; Egypt 2 Pts, 0 GD, Sweden 2 Pts, −2 GD
2. Bahrain 2 Pts, +1 GD; Portugal 2 Pts, 0 GD, Japan 2 Pts, −1 GD

| 24 July 2021
14:15 | Sweden | **32–31** | Bahrain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Brunner, Salah (SUI) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Wanne 13 | (16–18) | Habib 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 24 July 2021
19:30 | Portugal | **31–37** | Egypt | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nikolov, Nachevski (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Ferraz 6 | (15–15) | Hesham 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 24 July 2021
21:30 | Denmark | **47–30** | Japan | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Holm, Saugstrup 9 | (25–14) | Motoki 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 26 July 2021
14:15 | Egypt | **27–32** | Denmark | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Raluy, Sabroso (ESP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Hesham 6 | (15–14) | M. Hansen 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 26 July 2021
19:30 | Bahrain | **25–26** | Portugal | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Habib 8 | (15–14) | Portela 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 26 July 2021
21:30 | Japan | **26–28** | Sweden | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Lah, Sok (SLO) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Motoki 6 | (14–17) | Wanne 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 28 July 2021
09:00 | Denmark | **31–21** | Bahrain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Horáček, Novotný (CZE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | J. Hansen 6 | (12–7) | *four players* 3 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 28 July 2021
11:00 | Sweden | **29–28** | Portugal | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Raluy, Sabroso (ESP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Ekberg 9 | (14–14) | *three players* 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 28 July 2021
14:15 | Japan | **29–33** | Egypt | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Tokuda 8 | (11–18) | El-Ahmar 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 30 July 2021
11:00 | Bahrain | **32–30** | Japan | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Raluy, Sabroso (ESP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Al-Sayyad, Habib 7 | (17–16) | Motoki 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 July 2021
16:15 | Sweden | **22–27** | Egypt | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Bonaventura, Bonaventura (FRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pellas 7 | (9–13) | Sanad 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 July 2021
19:30 | Portugal | **28–34** | Denmark | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nachevski, Nikolov (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Branquinho 4 | (19–20) | M. Hansen 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 1 August 2021
09:00 | Portugal | **30–31** | Japan | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Brunner, Salah (SUI) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | *four players* 4 | (14–16) | R. Tokuda 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 August 2021
11:00 | Egypt | **30–20** | Bahrain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Raluy, Sabroso (ESP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | El-Ahmar 5 | (15–7) | Habib 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 August 2021
21:30 | Denmark | **30–33** | Sweden | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Gidsel, J. Hansen 5 | (13–17) | Carlsbogård, Sandell 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

## Knockout stage

### Bracket

### Quarterfinals

| 3 August 2021
09:30 | France | **42–28** | Bahrain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Lah, Sok (SLO) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Mahé 9 | (21–14) | Al-Sayyad 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 3 August 2021
13:15 | Sweden | **33–34** | Spain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Wanne 10 | (20–18) | Gómez 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 3 August 2021
17:00 | Denmark | **31–25** | Norway | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Bonaventura, Bonaventura (FRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | M. Hansen, Holm 8 | (13–12) | Sagosen 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 3 August 2021
20:45 | Germany | **26–31** | Egypt | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nikolov, Nachevski (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Golla, Kühn 6 | (12–16) | Omar, Zein 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Semifinals

| 5 August 2021
17:00 | France | **27–23** | Egypt | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Raluy, Sabroso (ESP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Descat, Mem 5 | (13–13) | El-Ahmar, Omar 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 5 August 2021
21:00 | Spain | **23–27** | Denmark | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Brunner, Salah (SUI) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Dujshebaev, Figueras 5 | (10–14) | M. Hansen 12 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Bronze medal game

| 7 August 2021
17:00 | Egypt | **31–33** | Spain | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Schulze, Tönnies (GER) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | El-Ahmar, Shebib 7 | (16–19) | Gómez 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Gold medal game

| 7 August 2021
21:00 | France | **25–23** | Denmark | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo
Referees: Nikolov, Nachevski (MKD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Remili 5 | (14–10) | M. Hansen 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

## Ranking and statistics

1. "Men's Handball at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Games". *Olympedia*. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
2. "Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee". *olympic.org*. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
3. "Tokyo Olympics to be held without fans after new COVID-19 state of emergency declared". *usatoday.com*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
4. "Denmark end France's grip on Olympic title". *ihf.info*. 21 August 2016.
5. "France beat Denmark to win Olympic gold in men's handball". *france24.com*. 7 August 2021.
6. "Handball-Spain claim bronze with 33–31 victory over Egypt". *reuters.com*. 7 August 2021.
7. "Handball Competition Schedule". *Tokyo 2020*. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
8. "Draw details for Tokyo 2020 Handball Tournaments known". *ihf.info*. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
9. "Results: Tokyo 2020 draws". *ihf.info*. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
10. "Draw and seeding information: Tokyo 2020 Men's Hanbdball Tournament". *ihf.info*. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
11. "IHF announces referees for Tokyo 2020". *ihf.info*. 21 April 2021.
12. "Tokyo 2020 preliminary round clashes revealed". *ihf.info*. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
13. "Tokyo 2020 Handball Tournaments – Match schedule confirmed". *ihf.info*. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
14. "Tournament Summary" (PDF). *olympics.com*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
15. "Tokyo 2020 Men's All-star Team". *ihf.info*. 7 August 2021.
16. Kjær, Christian. "Mikkel Hansen er den mest scorende OL-spiller nogensinde". *TV 2*. Danish TV 2. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

## InfoBox

Men's handball
at the XXXII Olympiad
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Host country | Japan |
| Venue(s) | Yoyogi National Gymnasium |
| Dates | 24 July – 7 August 2021 |
| Teams | 12 (from 5 confederations) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | France (3rd title) |
| Runner-up | Denmark |
| Third place | Spain |
| Fourth place | Egypt |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 38 |
| Goals scored | 2,204 (58 per match) |
| Attendance | 0 (0 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Mikkel Hansen
(61 goals) |
| Best player | Mathias Gidsel |
|  | |


title: Pol Verschuere

abstract: Pol Verschuere was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. Verschuere won a stage in the 1980, 1982 and the 1986 Tour de France.

text:
# Pol Verschuere

**Pol Verschuere** (Kortrijk, 18 January 1955) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. Verschuere won a stage in the 1980, 1982 and the 1986 Tour de France.

## Major results

1975  Belgium National Amateur Road Race Championship 1978 Izegem Kortrijk Trèfle à Quatre Feuilles 1979 Grote Prijs Stad Zottegem 1980 Soignies Tour de France: Winner stage 22 1981 Le Samyn 1982 Ninove Tour de France: Winner stage 7 Beernem 1983 Dentergem 1986 De Haan Tour de France: Winner stage 1 1987 Beernem

## InfoBox

Pol Verschuere
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Pol Verschuere |
| Born | (1955-01-18) 18 January 1955<br>Kortrijk, Belgium |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Major wins | |
| 3 Tour de France stages | |
|  | |


title: Nefta, Tunisia

abstract: Nefta is a Tunisian municipality and an oasis in Tozeur Governorate north of the Chott el Djerid.

text:
# Nefta, Tunisia

**Nefta** (or **Nafta**; 33°53′N 7°53′E / 33.883°N 7.883°E / 33.883; 7.883) is a Tunisian municipality and an oasis in Tozeur Governorate north of the Chott el Djerid.

## Religious significance

Nefta is considered by most Sufis to be the spiritual home of Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam; many religious buildings are located in the district El Bayadha. Nefta is a pilgrimage center to which pilgrims travel throughout the year. There is a Folk Festival in April and a Date Festival in November/December.

Nefta is the religious center of the Bled el Djerid, the "Land of Palms", with more than 24 mosques and 100 marabouts. The marabouts still attract pilgrims from all over southern Tunisia and even from Algeria. This great veneration of the marabouts reflects the continuing vigor of Sufism, the movement which grew up in the 12th century around Sufi Abu Madian (d. 1197). The name of the Sufis came from the simple woolen garment (suf) they wore. They believed that the adherents of Islam, a religion of the desert, should show particular modesty of behavior and asceticism, and were much given to mysticism, the veneration of holy men, spiritual contemplation and meditation. Sufism is also marked by religious forms taken over from the pre-Islamic, animistic religions of the Berber population which orthodox Islam seeks to repress - belief in spirits, witchcraft, fortune-telling, the efficacy of amulets, etc. Regional variants of Sufism were propagated by holy men, who frequently founded their own brotherhoods, with centers for the teaching of disciples. They are credited with numerous miracles and revered for their holiness, and their tombs (marabouts) are places of pilgrimage, attracting varying numbers of pilgrims according to their reputation. In the past these holy men were also appealed to as judges in the conflicts which frequently occurred between the nomadic tribes and the settled population of the oases. Nefta is the last stronghold of this Sufism, and is sometimes called, with some justification, the "Kairouan of the South". The marabouts venerated here are scattered about throughout the old town of Nefta and the oasis.

During the Roman Empire the town then known as Nepte was the seat of a Christian bishopric, which functioned till the end of the 7th century.

## The town

Nefta is divided into two parts by a small oued and a depression at its northern end. To the east of the oued is the new town, with the old souk quarter at its southwestern corner; to the west, on the slopes of a hill, is the old town. The main road from Tozeur runs through the new town as Avenue Habib Bourguiba, which then crosses the oued and skirts the old town. At its western end a street branches off on the right, ascends the hill, goes round the old town and the sand-bowl, and returns to Avenue Habib Bourguiba. Nefta is a town of cube-shaped, flat-roofed houses huddled closely together, with Tozeur-style decoration. In some of the streets the upper stories of the houses, borne on round- headed arches, project over the street, forming a kind of tunnel which offers protection from the sun. It is planned to restore the old town in the very near future.

## History

Nefta is believed to have been settled originally by shepherds who came from the kingdom of Napata. The Romans and later the Byzantines built forts in the oasis (Nepte) to provide protection against raids by desert nomads. In Byzantine times Nefta and Tozeur were episcopal sees. In the mid-7th century Nefta was conquered by the Arabs and, in spite of fierce resistance, converted to Islam. A Christian community was however recorded as late as 1194.

In subsequent centuries Nefta prospered as an important staging-point for caravans (for a time the most important in Tunisia). Its decline began in the 15th century as a result of more frequent raids by nomadic tribes and the general falling off in the caravan trade. With the coming of the French in 1881, however, Nefta experienced a renewal.

The salt-flats near Nefta were used as a filming location for the Star Wars movies in the late 20th century. During the film's construction, the directors chose the town to host Luke Skywalker's house.

* In a posthumously published poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, written to illustrate Allom's picture (in the Gallery below) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1841, she writes of a little azure sparrow 'peculiar to the district', which must not be harmed on pain of dire retribution.
* Several scenes of the French movie *La Vérité si je Mens! 2*, produced by Thomas Gilou and released in 2001, were shot in Nefta.

## Access

Nefta lies on GP 3 (Gafsa–Nefta), 25 km southwest of Tozeur (airport; regular services to and from Tunis, Monastir, and Djerba) and 113 km southwest of Gafsa. From the bus station (Gare Routière) in Avenue Habib Bourguiba, there are regular bus services to Tozeur and Gafsa and a once-daily service to Douz and Hazaoua, the frontier post for the crossing into Algeria. The 4 km from there to the frontier must be done either on foot or in a louage (communal taxi). From the Algerian frontier post there are buses to El Oued.

## InfoBox

| Nefta Nefta | |
| --- | --- |
| Oasis Town | |
| Nefta | |
| The original oasis of Nefta is known as "the basket" as it is located down the hills | |
| Nickname: Little Kufa | |
| Nefta | |
| Coordinates: 33°53′N 7°53′E / 33.883°N 7.883°E / 33.883; 7.883 | |
| Country | Tunisia |
| Governorate | Tozeur Governorate |
| Elevation | 55 m (180 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 22,745 |
| Time zone | CET |


title: Heinrich Wladimir Mohamed Radja

abstract: Heinrich Wladimir Mohamed Radja was a Surinamese entrepreneur and politician. Mohamed Radja was initially a civil servant at customs and during the Second World War he was transferred to the section 'Prijszetting'. Eventually he made it there to section head. At the 1949 Surinamese general election he was elected as VHP-candidate to become a member of the Estates of Suriname. Out of the six VHP members of the Estates of Suriname only two were Muslim: S.M. Jamaludin and H.W. Mohamed Radja. In 1950 both came in conflict with the VHP and started working together with the NPS. At the snap election in 1951 Mohamed Radja was not reelected. Around 1954 he was dismissed after a sick leave. He became an entrepreneur and beside that he was from 1953 to 1961 the chairman of the Surinaamse Islamitische Vereniging (SIV). In 1962 he succeeded G.R. Chin Ten Fung as chairman of the Suriname Chamber of Commerce and Industry. At the end of 1971 Mohamed Radja started 'De Patriot'; a newspaper of which he became the chief editor. After a fire at his printing company MORA in 1973, the newspaper stopped. He was also involved in the design of the mosque at the Keizerstraat in Paramaribo. Mohamed Radja died on 7 January 1976.

text:
# Heinrich Wladimir Mohamed Radja

**Heinrich Wladimir Mohamed Radja** (1917 – 7 January 1976) was a Surinamese entrepreneur and politician.

Mohamed Radja was initially a civil servant at customs and during the Second World War he was transferred to the section 'Prijszetting'. Eventually he made it there to section head. At the 1949 Surinamese general election he was elected as VHP-candidate to become a member of the Estates of Suriname. Out of the six VHP members of the Estates of Suriname only two were Muslim: S.M. Jamaludin and H.W. Mohamed Radja. In 1950 both came in conflict with the VHP and started working together with the NPS. At the snap election in 1951 Mohamed Radja was not reelected. Around 1954 he was dismissed after a sick leave. He became an entrepreneur and beside that he was from 1953 to 1961 the chairman of the Surinaamse Islamitische Vereniging (SIV). In 1962 he succeeded G.R. Chin Ten Fung as chairman of the Suriname Chamber of Commerce and Industry. At the end of 1971 Mohamed Radja started 'De Patriot'; a newspaper of which he became the chief editor. After a fire at his printing company MORA in 1973, the newspaper stopped. He was also involved in the design of the mosque at the Keizerstraat in Paramaribo. Mohamed Radja died on 7 January 1976.


title: Mountain finch

abstract: The mountain finches are birds in the genus Leucosticte from the true finch family, Fringillidae. This genus also includes the rosy finches, named from their pinkish plumage. The genus is a sister to the monotypic Procarduelis containing the Asian dark-breasted rosefinch. These birds are native to Asia and North America and are typically found in barren mountainous regions. Many species eat more insect material than other finches. There are six species in the genus:

text:
# Mountain finch

The **mountain finches** are birds in the genus ***Leucosticte*** from the true finch family, Fringillidae. This genus also includes the **rosy finches**, named from their pinkish plumage.

The genus is a sister to the monotypic *Procarduelis* containing the Asian dark-breasted rosefinch. These birds are native to Asia and North America and are typically found in barren mountainous regions. Many species eat more insect material than other finches.

There are six species in the genus:

| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Leucosticte nemoricola* | Plain mountain finch | Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Tibet, and Turkmenistan. |
|  | *Leucosticte brandti* | Brandt's mountain finch | Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan |
|  | *Leucosticte arctoa* | Asian rosy finch | Mongolia and North Asia; it winters in Manchuria, Korea, Sakhalin and Japan |
|  | *Leucosticte tephrocotis* | Grey-crowned rosy finch | Alaska, western Canada, and the north-western United States. |
|  | *Leucosticte atrata* | Black rosy finch | Interior west |
|  | *Leucosticte australis* | Brown-capped rosy finch | central Rocky Mountains of the United States |
|

## InfoBox

| Mountain finches | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Grey-crowned rosy finch (*Leucosticte tephrocotis*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Fringillidae |
| Subfamily: | Carduelinae |
| Genus: | *Leucosticte*
Swainson, 1832 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Linaria tephrocotis*
Swainson, 1832 | |
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Sabine Herbst

abstract: Sabine Herbst-Klenz is a retired female butterfly and medley swimmer from Germany. She twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics: 1996 and 2000. Herbst is the daughter of Olympians Eva Wittke and Jochen Herbst, and the sister of swimmer Stefan Herbst. Her son Ramon Klenz is also a swimmer. He broke the 32-year old German record of Michael Groß in 200m Butterfly.

text:
# Sabine Herbst

**Sabine Herbst-Klenz** (born 27 June 1974, in Leipzig, Sachsen) is a retired female butterfly and medley swimmer from Germany. She twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics: 1996 and 2000. Herbst is the daughter of Olympians Eva Wittke and Jochen Herbst, and the sister of swimmer Stefan Herbst.

Her son Ramon Klenz is also a swimmer. He broke the 32-year old German record of Michael Groß in 200m Butterfly.

## InfoBox

Sabine Herbst
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sabine Herbst-Klenz |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Born | (1974-06-27) 27 June 1974<br>Leipzig, East Germany |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Medley and butterfly |
| Club | SSV Leutzsch |
|  | |
| Medal record      World Championships (SC)  1997 Gothenburg  400 m medley  European Championships (LC)  1991 Athens  200 m butterfly  1999 Istanbul  200 m medley  European Championships (SC)  1996 Rostock  400 m medley  1996 Rostock  100 m medley  1996 Rostock  200 m medley  Summer Universiade  1999 Mallorca  200 m medley | |


title: Owen Aspinall

abstract: Owen Stuart Aspinall was an American attorney and politician who served as the 45th Governor of American Samoa from August 1, 1967, to July 31, 1969. He was born in Grand Junction, Colorado; his father was longtime United States Representative Wayne N. Aspinall. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, Aspinall earned his Bachelor of Laws from American University. He served in three government positions before becoming the Governor of American Samoa: the Deputy District Attorney of Mesa County, Colorado; Attorney General of American Samoa; and eventually Secretary of American Samoa, the islands' equivalent of a lieutenant governor. While governor, Aspinall dealt with a number of issues, including educational system reform and the subsequent resignation of many teachers and school personnel. He signed a bill from the American Samoa Fono that would eventually give American Samoa a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives in the 1980s. He made a number of controversial decisions, including forbidding Korean and Samoan intermarriage. He helped bring an end to extreme violence between Korean and Chinese fisherman in Samoan waters.

text:
# Owen Aspinall

**Owen Stuart Aspinall** (September 21, 1927  February 7, 1997) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 45th Governor of American Samoa from August 1, 1967, to July 31, 1969. He was born in Grand Junction, Colorado; his father was longtime United States Representative Wayne N. Aspinall. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, Aspinall earned his Bachelor of Laws from American University. He served in three government positions before becoming the Governor of American Samoa: the Deputy District Attorney of Mesa County, Colorado; Attorney General of American Samoa; and eventually Secretary of American Samoa, the islands' equivalent of a lieutenant governor.

While governor, Aspinall dealt with a number of issues, including educational system reform and the subsequent resignation of many teachers and school personnel. He signed a bill from the American Samoa Fono that would eventually give American Samoa a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives in the 1980s. He made a number of controversial decisions, including forbidding Korean and Samoan intermarriage. He helped bring an end to extreme violence between Korean and Chinese fisherman in Samoan waters.

## Life

Aspinall was born on September 21, 1927, in Grand Junction, Colorado. His father was Wayne N. Aspinall, United States Representative from Colorado's 4th congressional district and his mother Julia Edith Kuns Aspinall. Following his military service, Aspinall attended the University of Denver, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology in 1949. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from American University in 1955, and set up a law practice. He spent many years in American Samoa, and married a Samoan woman in December 1966.

### Military service

During World War II, Aspinall served with the 504th Infantry Regiment, an airborne force. Later in the war, he served with the 82nd Airborne Division.

## Political career

His first political post was as Deputy District Attorney of Mesa County, Colorado, which he held from 1957 to 1961. He went on to become the Attorney General of American Samoa later in 1961. In November 1962, he became the Secretary of American Samoa, the second-in-command of the Samoan executive branch.

## Governorship

Aspinall became Governor of American Samoa on August 1, 1967. As governor, he came into conflict with the National Association of Educational Broadcasters over how the local school systems were run, and refused to renew the organization's contract. This caused many school teachers and administrators to resign their posts. He was accused of wiretapping phones on the islands, but none of his critics were able to produce evidence of any activity. He signed a bill out of the American Samoa Fono into law, against the wishes of the Department of the Interior, to send a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa.

Along with traditionally garbed island chiefs, Aspinall was one of the first officials to greet and congratulate the crew of Apollo 10 after the success of their mission.

He drew criticism for forbidding a Samoan woman from marrying a Korean man; the two sued the governor. Aspinall defended his decision by stating he was keeping disgruntled fishermen from jumping ship in Samoa; he sought to keep Samoa "for Samoans", despite the fact that he married a Samoan woman himself.

Aspinall had to contend with violent clashes between Korean and Chinese ethnic groups who fought with knives and clubs off the shore. He requested riot gear to put down the violence. The incidents began when a Korean fishing boat rammed a Chinese one, ultimately causing it to sink in the storm. The governor had to separate Japanese, Chinese, and Korean vessels to keep the fishing companies running between the islands. At one point, Aspinall had to close the port of Pago Pago.

When Richard Nixon became President of the United States, Aspinall handed in a *pro forma* resignation, as the Secretary of the Interior was likely to soon replace him with a Republican. His term as governor ended on July 31, 1969.

## InfoBox

| Owen Stuart Aspinall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 45th Governor of American Samoa | |
| **In office**
August 1, 1967  July 31, 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Hyrum Rex Lee |
| Succeeded by | John Morse Haydon |
| Secretary of American Samoa | |
| **In office**
November 1962  July 31, 1967 | |
| Governor | Hyrum Rex Lee |
| Attorney General of American Samoa | |
| **In office**
1961  November 1962 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-09-21)September 21, 1927
Grand Junction, Colorado |
| Died | February 7, 1997(1997-02-07) (aged 69)
Mesa County, Colorado |
| Resting place | Orchard Mesa Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Taotafa Lutu Aspinall |
| Alma mater | University of Denver (BA)
American University (LLB) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Unit | 504th Infantry Regiment; 82nd Airborne Division |
|  | |


title: Gmina Hańsk

abstract: Gmina Hańsk is a rural gmina in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Hańsk, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Włodawa and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin. The gmina covers an area of 179.43 square kilometres (69.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,954.

text:
# Gmina Hańsk

**Gmina Hańsk** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Hańsk, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Włodawa and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 179.43 square kilometres (69.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,954.

## Villages

Gmina Hańsk contains the villages and settlements of Bukowski Las, Dubeczno, Hańsk, Hańsk Drugi, Hańsk-Kolonia, Konstantynówka, Kulczyn, Kulczyn-Kolonia, Macoszyn Mały, Osowa, Rudka Łowiecka, Stary Majdan, Szcześniki, Ujazdów, Wojciechów and Żdżarka.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Hańsk is bordered by the gminas of Sawin, Stary Brus, Urszulin, Wierzbica, Włodawa, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Hańsk Hańsk Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Hańsk): 51°24′N 23°24′E / 51.400°N 23.400°E / 51.400; 23.400 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Włodawa |
| Seat | Hańsk |
| Area | |
| Total | 179.43 km2 (69.28 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 3,954 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Website | www.hansk.pl |


title: Medium Support Vehicle System

abstract: The Medium Support Vehicle System (MSVS) is a designation for two types of medium capacity logistics trucks used by the Canadian Army: the Standard Military Pattern (SMP) for use by the regular forces and for overseas deployments, and the Militarized Commercial Off-The-Shelf (MilCOTS) trucks for use by the Army Reserve and for domestic purposes. The two MSVS designs were procured to replace the army's fleet of "Medium Logistics Vehicle, Wheeled" (MLVW) trucks built by Bombardier Inc. in 1982-83.

text:
# Medium Support Vehicle System

The **Medium Support Vehicle System (MSVS)** is a designation for two types of medium capacity logistics trucks used by the Canadian Army: the *Standard Military Pattern (SMP)* for use by the regular forces and for overseas deployments, and the *Militarized Commercial Off-The-Shelf (MilCOTS)* trucks for use by the Army Reserve and for domestic purposes. The two MSVS designs were procured to replace the army's fleet of "Medium Logistics Vehicle, Wheeled" (MLVW) trucks built by Bombardier Inc. in 1982-83.

## Procurement History

The Canadian Army's MLVW trucks were delivered beginning in 1982, and had an anticipated 15-year lifespan. However, by the turn of the century the MLVW fleet still had not been replaced. The Department of National Defence (DND) and Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) officially identified a replacement project in October 2000, but approval to proceed with procurement did not come until 2003, when then-defence minister John McCallum approved a DND/CAF plan to sole source 1,500 trucks from the United States Army, who were in the midst of their own procurement program for approximately 83,000 units. The plan to pursue the option from the US Army was expected to save approximately $300 million (CAD) versus procuring an entirely new truck of their own, but federal government bureaucrats and domestic industry strongly opposed the plan and government support fell through.

By January 2004 the DND warned that the MLVWs were in such poor condition that they could catastrophically fail without warning. The trucks' poor condition resulted in annual operating costs of $49,500 per truck per 10 000 km, including $38,900 for spare parts alone. Extrapolated over the following ten years it was expected that keeping the MLVWs for another decade would cost over $1 billion. The Liberal government under Prime Minister Paul Martin pledged $2.5 billion in their 2005 defence budget toward a new generation of medium-sized logistics trucks, but no definitive spending announcement had been made by the 2006 Canadian federal election.

After the Conservative government of Stephen Harper was elected their first budget included the MSVS program, which would see $1.1 billion spent on five phases of procurement:

1. 1,300 MilCOTS trucks for use by the Reserves in domestic operations,
2. 995 ISO container-based mobile workspaces, or "shelters" (including medical, dental, workshop, field kitchen, command post),
3. "kitting" of the shelters,
4. 1,587 SMP trucks for use by the Regular Army, and
5. infrastructure to support the program

## MilCOTS

The contract for MSVS MilCOTS trucks was awarded to Navistar Defense in January 2009. They provided 1,300 Navistar 7400 trucks based on the civilian International WorkStar, in six different configurations:

* 895 Troop Carrying Vehicle (TCV)
* 128 Cargo trucks with tarp & cage
* 32 Cargo trucks with a 16 ft long open deck and crane
* 100 Flatbed trucks
* 94 Artillery trucks with a nine-person cab
* 51 Auger trucks with a nine-person cab

## SMP

The MSVS SMP contract was awarded on June 11, 2015 to Mack Defense, who provided trucks based on the Renault Kerax (Mack is a subsidiary of the Volvo Group, which also owns Renault Trucks). They feature four driven axles with a two-speed ZF VG2000-300 transfer case for eight-wheel drive. The MSVS SMP has both armored and unarmored cab variants and five main configurations:

* 603 Cargo
* 50 Material Handling Crane (MHC)
* 37 Gun Tractor (GT)
* 742 Load Handling System (LHS)
* 155 Mobile Repair Team (MRT)

## InfoBox

| MSVS SMP | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Mack Defense (Renault Trucks) |
| Also called | Renault Kerax 8x8 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | front-engine, eight-wheel drive |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 10.8 L Renault *DXi 11* straight-six; 460 hp, 1655 ft•lb |
| Transmission | 6-speed Allison *4500SP* automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 6,765 mm (266.3 in) |
| Length | 10,392 mm (409.1 in) |
| Width | 3,200 mm (126.0 in) |
| Height | 3,480 mm (137.0 in) |
| Curb weight | 18,132 kg (39,974 lb) |


title: Razhdak

abstract: Razhdak is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

text:
# Razhdak

**Razhdak** is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Razhdak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Razhdak | |
| Coordinates: 41°24′N 23°15′E / 41.400°N 23.250°E / 41.400; 23.250 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Blagoevgrad Province |
| Municipality | Petrich Municipality |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |