title: Nauclea latifolia

abstract: Nauclea latifolia, also known by its common name African peach, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Nauclea.

text:
# Nauclea latifolia

***Nauclea latifolia***, also known by its common name **African peach**, is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Nauclea*.

Media related to Nauclea latifolia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Nauclea latifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Nauclea* |
| Species: | ***N. latifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nauclea latifolia***<br>Sm. | |
|


title: Russia and the World Bank

text:
# Russia and the World Bank

The Russian Federation joined the World Bank after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which led to the formation of a new state and economy as a constitutional republic. The federation joined the World Bank on June 16, 1992. Since then, Russian projects funded by the World Bank have ranged from public administration and law to energy development and fishing. On March 2, 2022, the World Bank halted all programs in Russia as well as Belarus due to the invasion of Ukraine.

## Contributions and needs

According to the World Bank, Russia experienced a period of strong economic growth during the 2000s. By 2012, growth has slowed along with the pace of reform. Russia must address key constraints to productivity growth, such as the remaining weaknesses in the investment climate, the lack of sufficient competition, barriers to infrastructure connectivity, companies' relatively-low innovation capacity and the mismatch between available skills and those demanded by the labor market. Improving the health of the population and the access to and quality by the labor market. Improving public health and access to quality education are also essential. Strengthening governance at all levels and ensuring fiscal and environmental sustainability must underlie these efforts. Progress is critical for Russia to return to sustainable growth and expansion of shared prosperity across the country. The World Bank outlined three requirements for Russian sustainability: governance, maintaining fiscal sustainability and better management of environmental and natural resources.

In 2011, Russia committed as much as $150 million to the World Bank. In March 2012, Russia established the Eurasian Center for Food Security (ECFS). Hosted by Moscow State University, the center offers education programs and policy and technical recommendations for improved agricultural performance, sustainable rural development and natural-resources management. According to their website, the ECFS has a vision of Food security through sustainable management of natural resources and market regulation. Its mission statement aims to "encourage and coordinate collective action to strengthening food security in Eurasia through research and development".

Since 2018 the chief of the Russian mission to the World Bank is Roman Marshavin.

## The World Bank and economic growth in Russia

In a report published in 2016, the level of poverty would soon reach 2007 levels as the Russian economy continued to contract and purchasing power was eroded by inflation. The number of poor people in Russia was expected to rise to over 20 million (out of a population of just over 140 million), and the government would have difficulty combating rising poverty due to the collapse of global oil prices. The price of oil had fallen to under $40 per barrel, almost one-third of its 2014 price. According to the World Bank, serious structural reform (which it has long said are needed to ensure sustainable economic growth) were not likely before the 2018 presidential election.

In 2017, the World Bank updated its criteria for measuring the poverty headcount ratio, a crucial indicator used to assess the percentage of the population living below the poverty line. By 2020, this revised methodology indicated that Russia's poverty headcount ratio had reached 0. This suggests that, according to the World Bank's updated standards, no individuals in Russia were living below the international poverty line as defined by these criteria.

While Russia's per capita income has surpassed the World Bank's poverty line, there are still about 9 percent of the population whose incomes are below the poverty line set by Russia, according to Russian Rosstat, cited by Reuters.

According to the Moscow Times, The World Bank has reclassified Russia as a "high-income" country, with a per-capita gross national income (GNI) of $14,250 in 2023. This upgrade reflects increases in Russia's economic activities, including a significant rise in military-related spending, trade, the financial sector, and construction. These factors contributed to a 3.6% increase in real GDP and an 11.2% growth in GNI per capita. The World Bank's threshold for high-income countries in 2024-25 is set at $14,005 or more, placing Russia among these nations.

## Active projects in Russia

On June 13, 2017, there were nine active projects in Russia and 10 more related to a new pipeline. The projects involved public administration, law and justice, agriculture, fishing and forestry, and energy and mining.

The World Bank initially announced that it had halted all its projects in Russia following the country's 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. This decision was part of a broader international response to the geopolitical crisis. However, it was later disclosed that the World Bank undertook a total of 11 new projects in Russia during the years 2018-2019. This continuation of activities occurred despite the organization's earlier statements and the ongoing political tensions surrounding the situation in Crimea. The projects covered various sectors and raised questions about the consistency of international responses to the geopolitical conflict.

The last World Bank project in Russia was the Integrated Environmental Monitoring Project. The Project Development Objective (PDO) aims to enhance the capacity of national and selected regional authorities to generate and disseminate high-quality, reliable environmental monitoring data. This project focuses on improving the accessibility of environmental information for both public and private sector users. It seeks to achieve these goals by increasing the efficiency of state environmental monitoring systems. This will be accomplished by introducing international standards, enhancing existing monitoring subsystems, and integrating these systems into a unified information and analytical platform. The project is designed to ensure that the environmental data provided is comprehensive, consistent, and meets international benchmarks, thereby supporting better decision-making and policy development. This project was last updated on July 31, 2023 with a final status of begin negotiation.

On March 2, 2022 the World Bank Group has stopped all its programs in Russia and Belarus with immediate effect following Russian invasion of Ukraine.

14. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia \[further more direct references\]

15. http://www.worldbank.org/

16. http://projects.worldbank.org/search?lang=en&searchTerm=&countrycode\_exact=RU


title: Mount Maere

abstract: Mount Maere is a mountain, 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) high, on the west side of Norsk Polarinstitutt Glacier immediately southwest of Mount Bastin, in the Belgica Mountains of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, under G. de Gerlache, who named it for Xavier de Maere d'Aertrijcke, second-in-command and chief meteorologist of the expedition.

text:
# Mount Maere

**Mount Maere** (72°32′S 31°17′E / 72.533°S 31.283°E / -72.533; 31.283) is a mountain, 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) high, on the west side of Norsk Polarinstitutt Glacier immediately southwest of Mount Bastin, in the Belgica Mountains of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, under G. de Gerlache, who named it for Xavier de Maere d'Aertrijcke, second-in-command and chief meteorologist of the expedition.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Maere". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Isaac Goldsmid

abstract: Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet was a financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom, who became the first British Jew to receive a hereditary title.

text:
# Isaac Goldsmid

**Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet** (13 January 1778 – 27 April 1859) was a financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom, who became the first British Jew to receive a hereditary title.

## Biography

### Birth

Isaac Goldsmid was born in London on 13 January 1778.

### Career

He began in business with a firm of bullion brokers, Mocatta & Goldsmid (estab. 1684), to the Bank of England and the East India Company. He became a partner in Mocatta & Goldsmid and amassed a large fortune.

Moreover, he assisted by his capital and his enterprise to build some of the railways in southern England and also the London docks.

### Philanthropy

He is chiefly known for his efforts to obtain the emancipation of the Jews in England and for his part in founding University College London. The Jewish Disabilities Bill, first introduced in Parliament by Sir Robert Grant in 1830, owed its final passage through the House of Lords in 1858 to Goldsmid's energetic work.

He helped to establish the University College Hospital in 1834, serving as its treasurer for eighteen years, and also aided in the efforts to obtain reform in the English penal code.

In 1841, he became the first (unconverted to Christianity) Jewish baronet, the honour being conferred upon him by Lord Melbourne. He was a made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1828, presumably for his part in the foundation of UCL.

He was made *Baron da Palmeira* by the Portuguese government in 1846 for services rendered in settling a monetary dispute between Portugal and Brazil.

### Personal life and death

He married his cousin Isabel and their second son was Sir Francis Goldsmid, 2nd Baronet (1808–1878). In 1849, he bought Somerhill House near Tonbridge, Kent. He died on 27 April 1859. Upon his death, it passed to his son Frederick.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Isaac Goldsmid | |
| --- | --- |
| Baronet | |
|  | |
| Tenure | 1841–1859 |
| Known for | Financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom |
| Born | (1778-01-13)13 January 1778<br>London |
| Died | 27 April 1859(1859-04-27) (aged 81) |
| Nationality | British |
| Spouse(s) | Isabel |
| Issue | 2 |


title: Under a Dark Sky

abstract: Under a Dark Sky is a progressive rock album by Uli Jon Roth, featuring Mark Boals and Liz Vandall on vocals. It marks the first official release in the long-awaited series of Symphonic Legends, which is a cycle of music written for Roth's all-encompassing Sky of Avalon project. Mark Boals has stated in an interview that the next installment is planned for the near future, and that he will appear in it. Andy DiGelsomina, composer of the heavy metal opera Lyraka, calls it "the most relevant rock guitar album of the 21st century...it takes as its base the pioneering progressive rock of the 70s, and with the lead guitar in (Roth)'s hands, ups the expressive content of the compositions to a heretofore unrealized degree. Roth's guitar becomes like a separate voice, a vital protagonist in an apocalyptic opera.".

text:
# Under a Dark Sky

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| *Terrorizer* | (Nov 2008) |

***Under a Dark Sky*** is a progressive rock album by Uli Jon Roth, featuring Mark Boals and Liz Vandall on vocals. It marks the first official release in the long-awaited series of Symphonic Legends, which is a cycle of music written for Roth's all-encompassing Sky of Avalon project.

Mark Boals has stated in an interview that the next installment is planned for the near future, and that he will appear in it.

Andy DiGelsomina, composer of the heavy metal opera Lyraka, calls it "the most relevant rock guitar album of the 21st century...it takes as its base the pioneering progressive rock of the 70s, and with the lead guitar in (Roth)'s hands, ups the expressive content of the compositions to a heretofore unrealized degree. Roth's guitar becomes like a separate voice, a vital protagonist in an apocalyptic opera.".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Uli Jon Roth

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "S.O.S." | 4:09 |
| 2. | "Tempus Fugit" | 2:32 |
| 3. | "Land of Dawn * i) Techno Man * ii) Land of Dawn * iii) Lion Wings" | 11:09 |
| 4. | "The Magic Word" | 6:11 |
| 5. | "Inquisition" |  |
| 6. | "Letter of the Law" | 3:03 |
| 7. | "Stay in the Light" | 6:30 |
| 8. | "Benediction" | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Light & Shadows" | 6:13 |
| 10. | "Tanz in die Dämmerung * i) Destination Twilight * ii) Morgenrot * iii) Searchlights from Hell * iv) Seelenschmerz * v) Inside the Titanic * vi) Fama Errat * vii) Requiem For The Nations * viii) Morituri * ix) Rex Tremendae * x) Star Peace * xi) Tanz in die Dämmerung * xii) Silence" | 18:55 |

## InfoBox

| Under a Dark Sky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Uli Jon Roth | |
| Released | 2008 |
| Genre | Progressive rock |
| Length | 63:40 |
| Label | SPV GmbH |
| Uli Jon Roth chronology | |
| *Metamorphosis of Vivaldi's Four Seasons*
(2003) ***Under a Dark Sky***
(2008) *Scorpions Revisited*
(2015) | |


title: Tinga Nursery

abstract: Tinga Nursery is a historic plant nursery and national historic district located near Wrightsboro, New Hanover County, North Carolina. It was established in 1906. Contributing resources include the Bungalow / American Craftsman style main house (1918), wash house and wood shed, employee's quarters, big barn, bulb barn and pump house, old office, new office, potting shed, garage, nursery lanes, field patterns, drainage ditches, cold frame, and pond. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

text:
# Tinga Nursery

**Tinga Nursery** is a historic plant nursery and national historic district located near Wrightsboro, New Hanover County, North Carolina. It was established in 1906. Contributing resources include the Bungalow / American Craftsman style main house (1918), wash house and wood shed, employee's quarters, big barn, bulb barn and pump house, old office, new office, potting shed, garage, nursery lanes, field patterns, drainage ditches, cold frame, and pond.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tinga Nursery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Tinga Nursery, September 2014 | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | US 117, 0.62 miles N of jct. with NC 132, near Wrightsboro, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°17′55″N 77°55′04″W / 34.29861°N 77.91778°W / 34.29861; -77.91778 |
| Area | 30 acres (12 ha) |
| Built | 1913 (1913) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001185 |
| Added to NRHP | October 4, 2000 |


title: Kenya Coalition

abstract: The Kenya Coalition was a political party in Kenya.

text:
# Kenya Coalition

The **Kenya Coalition** was a political party in Kenya.

## History

The Kenya Coalition was established by Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck in March 1960. Earlier in the month Cavendish-Bentinck had resigned as Speaker of the Legislative Council due to his opposition to the outcome of the Lancaster House Conference.

The party sought to defend the interests of Europeans, including the continued segregation of the school system. It received the backing of the United Party, which had been formed to oppose the multiracial New Kenya Party in 1959; the United Party was dissolved by the end of 1960.

In the 1961 general elections the party was very successful in the European-only primary elections, winning eight of the nine seats it contested. However, it only prevented the New Kenya Party from reaching the main elections in three constituencies. In the full elections the Kenya Coalition received only 1% of the vote, winning three of the 53 elected seats in the Legislative Council to the New Kenya Party's four. After taking part in constitutional negotiations, it collapsed in 1963.


title: Warrubullen, Queensland

abstract: Warrubullen is a rural locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Warrubullen had a population of 59 people.

text:
# Warrubullen, Queensland

**Warrubullen** is a rural locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Warrubullen had a population of 59 people.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Warrubullen had a population of 61 people.

In the 2021 census, Warrubullen had a population of 59 people.

## InfoBox

| Warrubullen
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Warrubullen | |
| Coordinates | 17°40′51″S 146°00′47″E / 17.6808°S 146.0130°E / -17.6808; 146.0130 |
| Population | 59 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 3.64/km2 (9.43/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4871 |
| Area | 16.2 km2 (6.3 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Cassowary Coast Region |
| State electorate(s) | Hill |
| Federal division(s) | Kennedy |
| **Suburbs around Warrubullen:**  Basilisk Moresby Sandy Pocket  Basilisk Warrubullen Cowley  Basilisk No 5 Branch
Goolboo Cowley Creek | |


title: Henry D. Fitch

abstract: Henry Delano Fitch, later known by his Spanish name Don Enrique Domingo Fitch, was a Californian trader, ranchero, and politician. Born in Massachusetts, Fitch became a merchant sailor in South America in 1815, before eventually emigrating to Alta California. In California, he became a Mexican citizen and married into the prominent Carrillo family of California, giving Fitch the opportunities to acquire rancho grants and to serve in public office as Alcalde of San Diego (mayor).

text:
# Henry D. Fitch

**Henry Delano Fitch** (1799 – 1849), later known by his Spanish name **Don Enrique Domingo Fitch**, was a Californian trader, ranchero, and politician. Born in Massachusetts, Fitch became a merchant sailor in South America in 1815, before eventually emigrating to Alta California (then a part of Mexico). In California, he became a Mexican citizen and married into the prominent Carrillo family of California, giving Fitch the opportunities to acquire rancho grants and to serve in public office as Alcalde of San Diego (mayor).

## Early life

Henry Fitch was born in 1799 in Nantucket or New Bedford, Massachusetts. His parents were Beriah Fitch and Sarah Delano. Beriah Fitch was a sea captain. In 1815, Fitch made his first ship journey, visiting ports in South America, buying and selling cargoes for a Danish merchant.

## Career and family life in California

Fitch first came to California while serving as a sea captain, from 1826 until 1830, of the *María Ester*, a Mexican brig that called ports throughout California. It was during his journey on the *María Ester* that he met Josefa Carrillo in San Diego. She was fifteen years old. Fitch expressed romantic interest in Carrillo, and during his return visits to San Diego he would court the girl. In 1827, Fitch asked Carrillo's parents for her hand in marriage.

On April 14, 1829, he was baptized in San Diego, California under the name Enrique Domingo Fitch. The next day, Fitch was to marry Carrillo. Prior to the wedding, Domingo Carrillo, Carrillo's uncle, stopped the wedding on behalf of then governor Jose Maria Echeandia. Later in her life, Carrillo claimed that the Echeandia intended to stop the wedding because he was in love with her, however, historians believe Echeandia stopped the wedding because of his general dislike of Fitch.

That evening, Carrillo's cousin, Pio Pico brought her to a ship called the *Vulture*. The ship left for Valparaiso, Chile, where the two eloped on July 3, 1829. The newlyweds returned to San Diego in July 1830, with a newborn son, Enrique Eduardo. The family would sail up the coast to Santa Cruz on a trade mission. Upon stopping in San Pedro, they received a summons from padre Jose Sanchez claiming that the marriage certificate from Chile was invalid. Fitch ignored the summons and was arrested on August 29, 1830. He was held in San Pedro by General Mariano G. Vallejo, who would eventually marry Carrillo's sister, and therefore become Fitch's brother-in-law. On December 28, an ecclesiastical tribunal ruled that the marriage was legal.

## Return to San Diego

For one year, 1830–31, Fitch was captain of the *Leonor* which transported Mexican convicts. He became a naturalized Mexican citizen in 1833. In Old Town, San Diego, Fitch operated a general store starting in 1833. At his store, he traded tallow, furs, and hides, outfitted hunters, and went on trading voyages on the coast.

In 1835, Fitch became San Diego's first city attorney. Fitch was not fluent in Spanish, therefore he struggled to succeed at the job. He was released from the position in 1836 and in 1837 he was asked to serve as police commissioner. In January 1840, he served as justice of the peace. In 1846, he became alcade of San Diego. Within a year he quit. Historical records note that he did not enjoy public service and repeatedly requested to be relieved of his duties based on language barriers.

During his time in public service, his general store and trade business continued to thrive. He struggled to get repaid by debtors, the most notable debtor being John Sutter.

Ten years later, in 1845, he made the first land survey and map of the pueblo land surrounding San Diego.

## Land acquisitions and later career

Fitch became disenchanted with the trade business, including challenging business relations. He expressed interest in new land settlement opportunities north of San Francisco. In 1841, he was given a 48,000 acre land grant at Rancho Sotoyome in Healdsburg, California in Sonoma County. Fitch never actively settled or developed the land in Healdsburg, choosing to continue to work in the trade industry up and down the coast. After gold was found in Northern California, Fitch started planning to relocate the family to Rancho Sotoyome in March 1849. However, Fitch would die before he relocated.

## Later life

Fitch died of pneumonia in San Diego in 1849. His body was buried at Presidio of San Diego. His body was the last buried at the site. After his death, his family relocated to Healdsburg.

## Legacy

Fitch Mountain in Healdsburg is named after Fitch.

## Further reading

* Miller, Ronald L. *Henry Delano Fitch: A Yankee Trader in California: 1826-1840*. Los Angeles: University of Southern California (1972).

## Research resources

## InfoBox

| Henry Delano Fitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | May 7, 1799
New Bedford, Massachusetts |
| Died | 13 January 1849(1849-01-13) (aged 49)
San Diego, California |
| Resting place | Presidio of San Diego |
| Citizenship | Mexico, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Merchant, politician |
| Spouse | Josefa Carrillo (18291849) |
| Children | 11 |


title: Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka

abstract: Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka was a German botanist.

text:
# Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka

**Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka** (22 February 1734 – 9 November 1779) was a German botanist.

## Biography

He was born at Jauer (now Jawor, Poland), on 22 February 1734. He wrote *Flora silesiaca*, and named many plants, notably *Quercus petraea*. He died at Pitschen (now Pyszczyn, Poland) on 9 November 1779.

The standard author abbreviation Matt. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.


title: Hawthorne Army Depot

abstract: Hawthorne Army Depot (HWAD) is a U.S. Army Joint Munitions Command ammunition storage depot located near the town of Hawthorne in western Nevada in the United States. It is directly south of Walker Lake. The depot covers 147,000 acres (59,000 ha) or 226 sq. mi. and has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m⁲) storage space in 2,427 bunkers. HWAD is the "World's Largest Depot". It is divided into three ammunition storage and production areas, plus an industrial area housing command headquarters, facilities, engineering shops, etc.

text:
# Hawthorne Army Depot

**Hawthorne Army Depot** (HWAD) is a U.S. Army Joint Munitions Command ammunition storage depot located near the town of Hawthorne in western Nevada in the United States. It is directly south of Walker Lake. The depot covers 147,000 acres (59,000 ha) or 226 sq. mi. and has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) storage space in 2,427 bunkers. HWAD is the "World's Largest Depot". It is divided into three ammunition storage and production areas, plus an industrial area housing command headquarters, facilities, engineering shops, etc.

## Background

Hawthorne Army Depot stores reserve ammunitions to be used after the first 30 days of a major conflict. It is only partially staffed during peacetime, but provision has been made to rapidly expand staffing as necessary. An independent contractor runs the depot under an agreement with the government.

The center's capabilities include demilitarization, desert training for military units, ammunition renovation, quality assurance, ISO intermodal container maintenance/repair, and range scrap processing.

## History

The Naval Ammunition Depot Hawthorne was established in September 1930. It was redesignated Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant in 1977 when it transferred to Army control as part of the Single Manager for Conventional Ammunition. In 1994, it ended its production mission and became Hawthorne Army Depot.

The depot began its existence as the **Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot** (NAD). It was established after a major disaster occurred at the Lake Denmark Naval Ammunition Depot, in New Jersey, in 1926. The accident virtually destroyed the depot, causing heavy damage to adjacent Picatinny Arsenal and the surrounding communities, killing 21 people, and seriously injuring 53 others. The monetary loss to the Navy alone was $84 million, just over $1 billion today (mostly in consumed explosives). As a result of a full-scale Congressional investigation, the seventieth Congress in 1928 directed establishing a Board of Officers to provide oversight of the storage conditions of explosives. A court of inquiry investigating the explosion recommended that a depot be established in a remote area within 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of the west coast to serve the Pacific area.

Construction began on Hawthorne NAD in July 1928, and NAD received its first shipment of high explosives on 19 October 1930. When the United States entered World War II, the Depot became the staging area for bombs, rockets, and ammunition for almost the entire war effort. Employment was at its highest at 5,625 in 1945. By 1948, NAD occupied about 104 square miles (269 km2) of the 327 square miles (850 km2) area under Navy jurisdiction. Subsequently, excess Navy lands were turned over to the Bureau of Land Management.

The U.S. Marine Corps provided security for the 3,000 bunkers at NAD. In September 1930, and during World War II, 600 Marines were assigned to the facility. In 1977, that number had been reduced to 117; security is now contracted to a private company.

The mission and functions at NAD remained the same throughout the facility's history. The mission, as stated in a 1962 Navy Command History, was to "receive, renovate, maintain, store and issue ammunition, explosives, expendable ordnance items and/or weapons and technical ordnance material and perform additional tasks as directed by the Bureau of Naval Weapons." It also served as an important ammunition center during the Korean and Vietnam Wars with several thousand structures on 236 square miles (610 km2) of land. Stored ammunition that had been examined and repacked was given the code **HAW** followed by the last two digits of the year (e.g., HAW 50).

In 1977, NAD was transferred to the Army and renamed the **Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant (HWAAP)**. In 1980, HWAAP was redesignated as a government-owned contractor-operated facility. Day & Zimmermann Hawthorne Corporation (DZHC) is the current operating contractor (D&Z won the competition over three other bidders, namely Aerojet Services, Mason & Knight, and the British-owned ICI America, by proposing the lowest price for the plant's operation, the award was announced on 5 August 1980). In 1994, the facility received its current name of the **Hawthorne Army Depot (HWAD)**.

In 1998–1999, the facility was used to destroy the U.S. stockpile of M687 chemical artillery shells and separate from them their 505 tons (458 metric tons) of binary precursor chemicals.

In May 2005, the facility was included on the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure list, with closure being recommended. However, the depot was subsequently dropped from the BRAC list, primarily due to the base's training capability in support of pre-deployment training for OEF-bound Marine Corps units (by MWTC), Navy, and Army SOF.

On 18 March 2013, seven U.S. Marines were killed, and at least eight were wounded when a mortar exploded during a live-fire training exercise. Because of the accident, the Pentagon suspended the shell pending an investigation. Following investigation, the explosion was deemed to have been as a result of human error and the suspension was lifted.

Currently, Reserve Marines from the 4th Marine Logistics Group (4th MLG) conduct annual training exercises at the Hawthorne Army Depot as well as surrounding desert areas.

## Local community

Hawthorne Army Depot surrounds the small town of Hawthorne, Nevada, where most of its employees reside. Before the facility became contractor-operated, it was staffed primarily by civil service workers and military personnel, who were housed on government-owned property neighboring Hawthorne, including the now-abandoned town of Babbitt and military housing known as Schweer Drive. The housing in Babbitt was made up of large buildings created to be duplexes. The system of trusses allowed all interior walls to be removed without compromising their structure. Since the disposal of Babbitt many of these "Babbitt Houses" have found their way throughout rural Nevada, filling several uses. During the peak of operations in World War II, additional housing was provided in a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp christened "Camp Jumbo", and in a large adjoining construction camp. The local Sixth Street School (whose building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places) was expanded to serve the population growth.

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army

38°28′37″N 118°39′28″W / 38.47694°N 118.65778°W / 38.47694; -118.65778


title: Rymovirus

abstract: Rymovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus.

text:
# Rymovirus

***Rymovirus*** is a genus of viruses, in the family *Potyviridae*. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species:

## Structure

Viruses in *Rymovirus* are non-enveloped, with flexuous and filamentous geometries. The diameter is around 11-15 nm, with a length of 200-300 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, bipartite, around 9-10kb in length.

| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Rymovirus* | Filamentous |  | Non-enveloped | Linear | Segmented |

## Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (mite). Transmission routes are vector and mechanical.

| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Rymovirus* | Plants | None | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Viral movement | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Mechanical inoculation: mites |

## InfoBox

| *Rymovirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Riboviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Orthornavirae* |
| Phylum: | *Pisuviricota* |
| Class: | *Stelpaviricetes* |
| Order: | *Patatavirales* |
| Family: | *Potyviridae* |
| Genus: | ***Rymovirus*** |
|


title: Venezuela at the 1960 Summer Olympics

abstract: Venezuela competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy. 36 competitors, 31 men and 5 women, were selected by the Comité Olímpico Venezolano to take part in 26 events in 9 sports. The Venezuelan representation was similar to that of the Helsinki Games that awarded the country first olympic medal but including for the first time a Venezuelan sailing and weightlifting representation. The sporting shooter Enrico Forcella won the nation's second ever Olympic medal and to date solely Olympic medallist in shooting. Women's return after being absent from the previous game, competing in fencing like before but also for the first time in swimming.

text:
# Venezuela at the 1960 Summer Olympics

**Venezuela** competed at the **1960 Summer Olympics** held in Rome, Italy. 36 competitors, 31 men and 5 women, were selected by the **Comité Olímpico Venezolano** to take part in 26 events in 9 sports. The Venezuelan representation was similar to that of the Helsinki Games that awarded the country first olympic medal but including for the first time a Venezuelan sailing and weightlifting representation. The sporting shooter Enrico Forcella won the nation's second ever Olympic medal and to date solely Olympic medallist in shooting. Women's return after being absent from the previous game, competing in fencing like before but also for the first time in swimming.

## Medalists

### Bronze

## Competitors

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| Boxing | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Fencing | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| Cycling | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Shooting | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| Swimming | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Yachting | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Weightlifting | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Wrestling | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | 31 | 5 | 36 |

## Athletics

## Boxing

## Cycling

Five cyclists, all men, represented Venezuela in 1960.

Individual road race Team time trial

## Fencing

Eight fencers, four men and four women, represented Venezuela in 1960.

Men's foil Men's team foil Men's sabre Women's foil Women's team foil

## Sailing

## Shooting

Six shooters represented Venezuela in 1960. Enrico Forcella won the bronze in the 50m rifle, prone event.

25 m pistol 50 m rifle, prone Trap

## Swimming

## Weightlifting

## Wrestling

## InfoBox

| Venezuela at the
1960 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | VEN |
| NOC | Venezuelan Olympic Committee |
| Website | cov.com.ve (in Spanish) |
| in Rome | |
| Competitors | 36 in 9 sports |
| Flag bearer | Héctor Thomas |
| Medals
Ranked 41st | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Girl's Blood

abstract: Girl's Blood Girl's Blood is a 2014 Japanese erotic action film directed by Koichi Sakamoto and written by Takehiko Minato, based on the novel Aka × Pink by Kazuki Sakuraba and distributed by Kadokawa. It was released on 22 February 2014.

text:
# Girl's Blood

***Girl's Blood*** (赤×ピンク, *Aka x Pinku*) is a 2014 Japanese erotic action film directed by Koichi Sakamoto and written by Takehiko Minato, based on the novel *Aka × Pink* by Kazuki Sakuraba and distributed by Kadokawa. It was released on 22 February 2014.

## Story

Four girls take part in illegal underground fighting event "Girl's Blood" held at an abandoned school building in Roppongi every night. The girls have their own stories and quirks from their private lives. Satsuki (Yuria Haga) suffers from a gender identity disorder, Chinatsu (Asami Tada) ran away from an abusive husband, Miko (Ayame Misaki) is a S&M queen and Mayu (Rina Koike) has a Lolita face.

## Cast

## Reception

Patryk Czekaj, in a review on Twitch Film, called the film a "especially entertaining and laugh-inducing" guilty pleasure.

## InfoBox

| Girl's Blood | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Koichi Sakamoto |
| Screenplay by | Takehiko Minato |
| Based on | *Aka x Pink*
by Kazuki Sakuraba |
| Produced by | * Hidehisa Chiwata * Jungo Maruta * Ujikatsu Omori |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Shu G. Momose |
| Edited by | Hiroshi Sunaga |
| Music by | Yasuhiro Mizawa |
| Production
companies |  |
| Distributed by | Kadokawa Pictures |
| Release date | * February 22, 2014 (2014-02-22) (Japan) |
| Running time | 118 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Tim Gavin

abstract: Bryant Timothy Gavin is an Australian former state and national representative rugby union player who played Number 8 for the Wallabies in 47 Test matches in between 1988 and 1996. Gavin played 83 times for New South Wales between 1988 and 1996 and captained them 30 times. He also played for Milan in Italy in the Australian off seasons between 1992 and 1995. He missed the 1991 Rugby World Cup victory as he suffered a knee injury just before the tournament but played in the 1995 tournament and the inaugural Tri-Nations Series

text:
# Tim Gavin

**Bryant Timothy Gavin** (born Sydney 20 November 1963) is an Australian former state and national representative rugby union player who played Number 8 for the Wallabies in 47 Test matches in between 1988 and 1996.

Gavin played 83 times for New South Wales between 1988 and 1996 and captained them 30 times. He also played for Milan in Italy in the Australian off seasons between 1992 and 1995. He missed the 1991 Rugby World Cup victory as he suffered a knee injury just before the tournament but played in the 1995 tournament and the inaugural Tri-Nations Series

## Later life

Since retiring from rugby, he has farmed land outside Gunnedah, New South Wales. and been President of the New South Wales Rugby Union.

Gavin was inducted into the Australian Rugby Hall of Fame in 2018.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Tim Bryant Gavin
| Birth name | Bryant Timothy Gavin |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1963-11-20) 20 November 1963 |
| Place of birth | Cumnock, New South Wales, Australia |
| Height | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 106 kg (16 st 10 lb) |
| Occupation(s) | Professional rugby union footballer, farmer |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Number 8  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1992-95  Milan   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1988-96 Waratahs   ()  Correct as of 7 July 2011  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1988 NSW Waratahs  63  ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1988-96 Australia  47  (40) | |


abstract: The 26th Kerala Film Critics Association Awards, honouring the best Malayalam films released in 2002, were announced in January 2003.

text:
# Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2002

The **26th Kerala Film Critics Association Awards**, honouring the best Malayalam films released in 2002, were announced in January 2003.

## Winners

### Main Awards

### Special Awards

* Best Children's Film: *Krishna Pakshakkilikkal*
* Best Short Film: *The Journey of Naked God* (Dir: Sasikumar)
* Best Documentary: *Jeevanakalayude Pulluvageetham* (Dir: Venukumar)

### Special Jury Awards

* Special Jury Award – Direction: Sivaprasad
* Special Jury Award – Acting: Sai Kumar

### Honorary Awards


title: Haitō Edict

abstract: Sword Abolishment Edict The Sword Abolishment Edict was an edict issued by the Meiji government of Japan on March 28, 1876, which prohibited people, with the exception of former lords (daimyōs), the military, and law enforcement officials, from carrying weapons in public; seen as an embodiment of a sword hunt. Violators would have their swords confiscated.

text:
# Haitō Edict

The **Sword Abolishment Edict** (廃刀令, *Haitōrei*) was an edict issued by the Meiji government of Japan on March 28, 1876, which prohibited people, with the exception of former lords (*daimyōs*), the military, and law enforcement officials, from carrying weapons in public; seen as an embodiment of a sword hunt. Violators would have their swords confiscated.

## History

The *Haitōrei* was one of a series of steps taken by the government to abolish the traditional privileges of the *samurai* class. The first *Haitōrei* of 1870 prohibited farmers or merchants from wearing swords and dressing like *samurai*. This measure was in part an effort to restore public safety and order during the tumultuous period immediately after the Meiji Restoration and during the Boshin War.

In 1871, the government issued the *Danpatsurei* Edict, allowing *samurai* to cut their top-knots and wear their hair in the Western manner. However, this was not required, simply allowed and encouraged. Universal military conscription was instituted in 1873, and with the creation of the Imperial Japanese Army, the *samurai* warrior class lost their monopoly on military service. The hereditary stipends provided to the *samurai* by their formal feudal lords (and assumed by the central government in 1871) were likewise abolished in 1873. The prohibition on wearing swords was controversial with the Meiji oligarchy but the argument, that it was an anachronism not in keeping with the westernization of Japan, won out.

On March 28, 1876 the *Haitō* Edict was passed by the Daijō-kan. It prevented former samurai, now known as shizoku, from carrying swords.

## Effects

These changes in Japanese society and in the social and economic status of the *samurai,* then part of the four classes, were a major cause of discontent in early Meiji period Japan, and led to a number of *samurai*-led insurrections, particularly in western Japan and Kyūshū.

Also as a result of the *Haitōrei*, swords lost their utilitarian role, and many swordsmiths were forced to turn to the production of farming implements and kitchen cutlery to survive.


title: Henry D. Hatfield

abstract: Henry Drury Hatfield was an American Republican politician from Logan County, West Virginia. He served a term as the 14th Governor of the state, in addition to one term in the United States Senate. Hatfield was nephew to Devil Anse Hatfield, leader of the Hatfield clan. Hatfield was born in Logan County on September 15, 1875. He graduated from Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio. He later obtained medical degrees from what is now known as the University of Louisville and later from New York University. In 1895, he married South Carolina "Carrie" Bronson. He was appointed as surgeon for the Norfolk and Western Railway (1895–1913) and surgeon in chief of State Hospital #1 in Welch, West Virginia (1899–1913). He entered local politics first as commissioner of district roads of McDowell County (1900–1905), eventually becoming a member of the State senate (1908–1912), and serving as president of the senate in 1911. He was elected as Governor of West Virginia in 1912 when the southern coalfields were embroiled in the deadly Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike. His predecessor, William E. Glasscock, had imposed martial law and imprisoned many striking miners. Hatfield began his term by pardoning Mother Jones and the miners who had been imprisoned by military courts, and then moving to negotiate a compromise to end the strike. He appointed a board of arbitration, and he himself chaired the board. The settlement presented to coal operators by Hatfield and the UMWA was staunchly opposed by local Socialists. In response, Hatfield deployed soldiers to force miners to agree to the compromise and ordered presses at Socialist newspapers in Huntington and Charleston destroyed. Following the expiration of his term in 1917, he entered the United States Army as a major in the Medical Corps, serving as chief of the Surgical Service at Base Hospital No. 36 in Detroit, Michigan. He was discharged in 1919 and returned to West Virginia. In 1928, he was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and served from March 4, 1929, to January 3, 1935. He was defeated in a bid for reelection in 1934. After leaving the Senate, Hatfield settled in Huntington, West Virginia and established a private medical practice, where he worked until his death in 1962.

text:
# Henry D. Hatfield

**Henry Drury Hatfield** (September 15, 1875 – October 23, 1962) was an American Republican politician from Logan County, West Virginia. He served a term as the 14th Governor of the state, in addition to one term in the United States Senate. Hatfield was nephew to Devil Anse Hatfield, leader of the Hatfield clan.

Hatfield was born in Logan County (present-day Mingo County, West Virginia) on September 15, 1875. He graduated from Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio. He later obtained medical degrees from what is now known as the University of Louisville and later from New York University. In 1895, he married South Carolina "Carrie" Bronson.

He was appointed as surgeon for the Norfolk and Western Railway (1895–1913) and surgeon in chief of *State Hospital #1* in Welch, West Virginia (1899–1913). He entered local politics first as commissioner of district roads of McDowell County (1900–1905), eventually becoming a member of the State senate (1908–1912), and serving as president of the senate in 1911.

He was elected as Governor of West Virginia in 1912 when the southern coalfields were embroiled in the deadly Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike. His predecessor, William E. Glasscock, had imposed martial law and imprisoned many striking miners. Hatfield began his term by pardoning Mother Jones and the miners who had been imprisoned by military courts, and then moving to negotiate a compromise to end the strike. He appointed a board of arbitration, and he himself chaired the board. The settlement presented to coal operators by Hatfield and the UMWA was staunchly opposed by local Socialists. In response, Hatfield deployed soldiers to force miners to agree to the compromise and ordered presses at Socialist newspapers in Huntington and Charleston destroyed. Following the expiration of his term in 1917, he entered the United States Army as a major in the Medical Corps, serving as chief of the Surgical Service at Base Hospital No. 36 in Detroit, Michigan.

He was discharged in 1919 and returned to West Virginia. In 1928, he was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and served from March 4, 1929, to January 3, 1935. He was defeated in a bid for reelection in 1934.

After leaving the Senate, Hatfield settled in Huntington, West Virginia and established a private medical practice, where he worked until his death in 1962.

* United States Congress. "Henry D. Hatfield (id: H000342)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.
* West Virginia & Regional History Center at West Virginia University, Henry Drury Hatfield, Papers and Correspondence
* Biography of Henry D. Hatfield
* Inaugural Address of Henry D. Hatfield
* e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia

## InfoBox

| Henry D. Hatfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from West Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1929  January 3, 1935 | |
| Preceded by | Matthew M. Neely |
| Succeeded by | Rush Holt Sr. |
| 14th Governor of West Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 14, 1913  March 5, 1917 | |
| Preceded by | William E. Glasscock |
| Succeeded by | John J. Cornwell |
| President of the West Virginia Senate | |
| **In office**
January 30, 1911  January 24, 1913 | |
| Governor | William E. Glasscock |
| Preceded by | Robert F. Kidd |
| Succeeded by | Samuel V. Woods |
| Member of the West Virginia Senate | |
| **In office**
1908-1912 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1875-09-15)September 15, 1875
Mingo County, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | October 23, 1962(1962-10-23) (aged 87)
Huntington, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Carrie Bronson  (m. 1895; died 1962) |
| Relatives | Devil Anse Hatfield (uncle) |
| Alma mater | University of Louisville (DMD) |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Heinrich Gotthold Arnold

abstract: Heinrich Gotthold Arnold was a German painter.

text:
# Heinrich Gotthold Arnold

**Heinrich Gotthold Arnold** (March 4, 1785 in Lomnitz, Wachau  May 3, 1854 in Dresden) was a German painter.

## Life

Arnold was born in 1785 at Lomnitz, near Radeberg in Saxony. He was a pupil of Schubert at the Dresden Art Academy, and studied the works of Titian, Guido Reni, and other great masters in the Dresden Gallery. He painted figural scenes with little girls, older women, soldiers a.s.o., portraits and sacred subjects for churches in Saxony and Poland. He became a professor at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts himself and died in Dresden in 1854.

His self portrait is in the collection of the Dresden Art Gallery of New Masters.

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Arnold, Heinrich Gotthold". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
* Friedrich von Boetticher (ed.): Malerwerke des neunzehnten jahrhunderts. Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte. Part 1, vol. 1, 1891.
* Wilhelm Schmidt: *Arnold, Heinrich Gotthold*. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). vol. 1, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, p. 588.
* Hans Vollmer: *Arnold, Heinrich Gotthold*. In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker (Hrsg.): Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Begründet von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker. vol. 2: Antonio da Monza–Bassan. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1908, p. 130–131 (Textarchiv – Internet Archive).


title: Hartham Weir

abstract: Hartham Weir is a small weir on the River Lea next to the confluence of the River Beane/Lea, on the edge of Hartham Common, Hertford, England.

text:
# Hartham Weir

**Hartham Weir** (also known colloquially as *Two-step Weir*) is a small weir on the River Lea next to the confluence of the River Beane/Lea, on the edge of Hartham Common, Hertford, England.

## Design

The weir was installed to let the river travel over a main sewer pipe.

## Uses

It is frequented by the Herts Canoe Club and local anglers.

## 2008 rebuild

The weir was demolished and rebuilt in 2008, costing £310,000.

Local MP Mark Prisk and Herts Canoe Club re-opened the weir in a ceremony on Saturday, 25 October 2008.

51°48′11″N 0°04′20″W / 51.80309°N 0.07235°W / 51.80309; -0.07235


title: Rymzo

abstract: Rymzo born April 23, 1974, in Lagos state is a Nigerian musical recording artist and producer. His music is influenced by many artistes including Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, Jimi Hendrix, U-Roy, I-Roy, Bob Marley, Naughty by Nature, Kool Moe Dee, Shabba Ranks, Tiger, Cocoa Tea, Capleton, Joe Higgs.

text:
# Rymzo

**Rymzo** (real name **Churchill Sosa De Gusto**) born April 23, 1974, in Lagos state is a Nigerian musical recording artist and producer. His music is influenced by many artistes including Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, Jimi Hendrix, U-Roy, I-Roy, Bob Marley, Naughty by Nature, Kool Moe Dee, Shabba Ranks, Tiger, Cocoa Tea, Capleton, Joe Higgs.

## Music career

Rymzo was first famous in live music cafes as a lead vocalist to one of the most popular rock/reggae bands in Nigeria's Niger-Delta region in the early 1990s known as "The Vintage Band" a band that metamorphosed from "The Difference Jazz Band". They won the maiden edition of the Benson and Hedges regional "*Grab the Mic*" contest in Benin City with Rymzo then known as "Coolrymes" as lead singer and band leader.

Rymzo produced his first album "Take Mediocre Off The Stage" in 2005 which had the hit single "Rock n Roll" that was a nationwide chartbuster in 2004 prior to the album release. "Rock n Roll" had earlier been released as a hit single in 2004, sealing Rymzo's position as the biggest new Reggae sensation in Nigeria at the time. His second album "Mysterious" came out in 2006.

As a renowned producer, **Rymzo** has worked or performed in so many musical projects, radio commercials for individuals and companies, media station IDs and has also worked in collaboration or as a producer with several top Nigerian music artistes such as Tunde and Wunmi Obe, Segun Obe, Kefee, Goldie, Sunny Neji, Muma Gee, Sammy Okposo, Charly Boy, Sound Sultan, Lady D, Orits Wiliki, Ras Kimono, Felix Duke, Oritshe Femi and Da grin, Ruggedman, Nomoreloss, Mr Kool, 2face Idibia, Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Freestyle, Da tribe, Francis Goldman, Modele.

Rymzo tours with his eight-man band, The 12 Tribes, and has graced the same stage with many great reggae artiste including Steel Pulse, Anthony B, Capleton, 2face Idibia, P Square, Morgan Heritage, Victor Essiet (The Mandators), Majek Fashek, General Levy, Alpha Blondy, Maxi Priest, and Shaggy.

Rhymzo was one of the most influential reggae musicians of his time. His album *Take Mediocre Offstage* was instrumental in sustaining the reggae genre in Nigeria in the absence of great acts of the 1980s and 1990s like Majek Fashek.

## InfoBox

| Rymzo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Churchill Sosa De Gusto |
| Also known as | The Roaring Lion |
| Born | Churchill Sosa De Gusto.  (1974-04-23) April 23, 1974 |
| Origin | Lagos, Nigeria |
| Genres | Reggae, Soul Reggae, Dancehall |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, keyboard, guitar, drums, bass guitar. |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels | Dubplate Inc |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.rymzo.com |


# Venezuela and the International Monetary Fund

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was a founding member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1946.

## Venezuela's economy

Venezuela's economy is highly dependent on oil production and exportation. Venezuela is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Its economy is prone to disruption given that price of oil fluctuates rapidly. In 2014, oil prices dropped. Since then Venezuela has had to adapt to a significant decrease in state revenue. The economy has contracted each quarter since then. This caused Venezuela's Central Bank's monetary reserves to decline as well. A severe shortage of goods followed, with necessities such as medical supplies in short supply. Since 2007, Venezuela has not had official financial relations with either the IMF or the World Bank after it paid off its debt five years ahead of schedule under President Hugo Chávez. The IMF and World Bank have stated their readiness to offer assistance if called upon.

Venezuela has nationalized many industries, specifically in oil production, banking, telecommunications, metallurgy and mining. The high price of oil in recent decades allowed the government to embark on ambitious public programs, paid for by oil revenues when prices were high. Due to such measures and through redistributive policies the poverty rate was cut from 50 percent in 1998 to 30 percent in 2013, based on state figures. Inequality, as measured by the Gini Index, was reduced.

### Statistics

The per capita income of Venezuela was $7,808 as of 2015. According to IMF data, since 2013 the economy has shrunk by 30%. Predictions in 2017 stated inflation was expected to reach 720% in 2017, and the economy was forecasted to contract by an additional 7.4%. The official exchange rate is severely overvalued, such that the black market value of the Bolivar is significantly less than the government rate of 10 bolivars to $1 USD. This has affected the ability of the economy to remain viable. As of 2016, Venezuela, in spite of having symbolically walked away, still has an IMF quota allocation of 3,722,700 SDR.


title: Isabella Psalter

abstract: The Isabella Psalter, also called the Psalter of Queen Isabella or the Psalter of Isabella of England, is a 14th-century volume containing the Book of Psalms, named for Isabella of France, who is herself depicted in it; it was likely a gift upon her betrothal or marriage. The illuminated manuscript is also notable for its bestiary.

text:
# Isabella Psalter

The **Isabella Psalter** (BSB Cod.gall. 16), also called the **Psalter of Queen Isabella** or the **Psalter of Isabella of England**, is a 14th-century volume containing the Book of Psalms, named for Isabella of France, who is herself depicted in it; it was likely a gift upon her betrothal or marriage. The illuminated manuscript is also notable for its bestiary.

## Origin and history of the manuscript

The psalter was produced ca. 1303–1308. Like its "closest relation," the Tickhill Psalter, it shows a French influence and is similar in content and style to the Queen Mary Psalter and the Ormesby Psalter. Like the Queen Mary and Tickhill psalters, and like the Egerton Gospel and the Holkham Picture Bible, some of its captions and illustrations can be traced to the 12th-century *Historia scholastica*; all these 14th-century manuscripts may have "a thirteenth-century Parisian antecedent, reflected in the Tours Genesis window" (in reference to a window in the clerestory of the Tours Cathedral). It is currently held in the Bavarian State Library, Munich.

According to Donald Drew Egbert, the illuminators belong to the same group that illuminated the Tickhill Psalter. Art historian Ellen Beer, however, states that while there are similarities, Egbert is too quick to identify the illuminators (whom he connects to four other manuscripts as well). According to Beer, two of the illuminators responsible for the Psalter of St. Louis can be recognized in the Isabella Psalter.

## Description

The manuscript contains 131 leaves of parchment, and is missing 19 leaves which were separated from the codex at an unknown time. It is a parallel text, with each Psalm appearing in both Latin and Old French. The left-hand pages contain Latin text in black ink, and the right-hand pages contain French text in red ink. The beginning of each principle section of the psalter is marked by a large illuminated initial and marginal scenes from the life of King David. Of the twenty incipit pages originally included in the book, only nine remain. The Latin pages are decorated with 238 initials and marginalia illustrating scenes from the Old Testament, in the style of contemporary *bibles moralisées*. The French pages are adorned with initials in the form of heraldic blazons throughout, and a bestiary for the first 77 Psalms. Certain animals appear to be associated with particular Psalms, and evoke the moral qualities which the book elevates. The association between Psalms and animals is unusual in medieval texts, and only otherwise appears in the Mary Queen Psalter.

The other distinctive characteristic of the manuscript's iconography is its emphasis on women and their role in the family; the Tree of Jesse, for example, serves as a reminder of Jesus's descent from David by way of Mary. The illustrations related to David focus especially on his wives and concubines, and the other Old Testament images have a similar bent, depicting the marriage of Moses to Tharbis and of Salmon to Rahab, as well as the births of Cain and Samson. Eight scenes are dedicated to Hagar, the concubine of Abraham, and six to the upbringing of Samuel by Hannah.

Notes Bibliography * Beer, Ellen J. (1962). "Gotische Buchmalerei. Literatur von 1945 bis 1961". *Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte*. **25** (2): 153–65. doi:10.2307/1481459. JSTOR 1481459.
* Beer, Ellen J. (1981). "Pariser Buchmalerei in der Zeit Ludwigs des Heiligen und im letzten Viertel des 13. Jahrhunderts". *Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte*. **44** (1): 62–91. doi:10.2307/1482108. JSTOR 1482108.
* Egbert, Donald Drew (1935). *A sister to the Tickhill psalter, the Psalter of Queen Isabella of England: an English gothic manuscript of the early 14th century now in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at Munich, Cod. gall. 16*. New York City: New York Public Library.
* Egbert, Donald Drew (1932). *The Tickhill psalter: an English illuminated manuscript of the early fourteenth century*. New York City: The New York Public Library.
* Papanicolaou, Linda Morey (1981). "The Iconography of the Genesis Window of the Cathedral of Tours". *Gesta*. **20** (1): 179–89. doi:10.2307/766840. JSTOR 766840. S2CID 193440105.
* "Psalter der Königin Isabella von England - BSB Cod.gall. 16". Bavarian State Library. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
* Stanton, Anne Rudloff (2002). "The psalter of Isabelle, Queen of England 1308–1330: Isabelle as the audience". *Word & Image*. **18** (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/02666286.2002.10404973  via Taylor and Francis Online.
* Stanton, Anne Rudloff (2001). *The Queen Mary psalter: a study of affect and audience*. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-916-9.
* Stanton, Anne Rudloff (1997). "From Eve to Bathsheba and Beyond: Motherhood in the Queen Mary Psalter". In Jane H. M. Taylor (ed.). *Women and the book: assessing the visual evidence*. The British Library studies in medieval culture. Lesley Janette Smith. Toronto: U of Toronto P. pp. 172–89. ISBN 978-0-8020-8069-1.
* Sweeney, Del (1995). *Agriculture in the Middle Ages: technology, practice, and representation*. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P. ISBN 978-0-8122-3282-0.
* Weir, Alison (2006). *Queen Isabella*. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-0-345-45320-4.
* Wormald, Francis (1941). "The Tickhill Psalter". *The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs*. **79** (463): 134–35. JSTOR 868383.

## InfoBox

| Isabelle Psalter | |
| --- | --- |
| Psalter of Queen Isabella | |
| Beginning of the Psalter, with initial representing the Tree of Jesse | |
| Illustrated by | Anonymous |
| Audience | Isabella of France |
| Language | Latin and Old French |
| Date | c.1303–1308 |
| State of existence | Incomplete |
| Manuscript(s) | BSB Cod.gall. 16 |
| Genre | Psalter |
| Length | 131 remaining folios, originally ≥150 |
| Sources | Vulgate |


title: Girkenroth

abstract: Girkenroth is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Girkenroth

**Girkenroth** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a community belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde* – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

Girkenroth lies 7 km south of Westerburg at the foot of the Watzenhahn woodland. Since 1972 it has belonged to what was then the newly founded *Verbandsgemeinde* of Westerburg, a kind of collective municipality.

## History

In 1516, Girkenroth had its first documentary mention as *Gergerode*.

## Politics

The council is made up of 13 council members, including the extraofficial mayor (*Bürgermeister*), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.

### Coat of arms

The three blue bends on a golden background come from the arms formerly borne by the lesser noble family of Ottenstein, whose seat, albeit already forsaken in the 14th century, lay within Girkenroth's current limits. A field's name still recalls this seat. In the village itself the von Ottensteins had property in the Late Middle Ages and early modern times.

The background tincture green refers to the woodlands growing around the community and the pasture farming that is important here to this day (there was a communal livestock herd until the 1960s). Agriculture, as the most important basis for food production into the 20th century, is also symbolized by the golden grain ear. The three basalt columns on a silver background are said to stand for the Watzenhahn basalt massif at whose foot Girkenroth lies. In this century, local quarrying has become an important source of income for the inhabitants.

## Economy and infrastructure

South of the community runs *Bundesstraße 8* leading from Limburg an der Lahn to Siegburg. The nearest Autobahn interchange is *Diez* on the A 3 (CologneFrankfurt). The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.

## InfoBox

| Girkenroth | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Girkenroth within Westerwaldkreis district | |
| Girkenroth Girkenroth | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′15″N 7°58′19″E / 50.52083°N 7.97194°E / 50.52083; 7.97194 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Westerwaldkreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Westerburg |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Claudia Schmidt |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.77 km2 (1.07 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 589 |
| Density | 210/km2 (550/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56459 |
| Dialling codes | 06435 |
| Vehicle registration | WW |
| Website | www.girkenroth.de |


title: Ker Place

abstract: Ker Place, sometimes spelled Kerr Place, is a historic home located at Onancock, Accomack County, Virginia. It was built in 1799, and is a two-story, five-bay rectangular Federal-style dwelling with a central projecting pedimented pavilion on both the front and rear elevations. It has a cross-gable roof and a two-story wing which originally was a 1+1⁄2-story kitchen connected to the house by a hyphen. In 1960, the house and two acres of land were acquired by, and made the headquarters of the Eastern Shore of Virginia Historical Society, which operates it as an early 19th-century historic house museum. The first owner was John Shepherd Ker, a native of Accomack County, Virginia, son of Edward Ker, a native of Cessford, Scotland and Margaret Shepherd, from Northampton County, Virginia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is located in the Onancock Historic District.

text:
# Ker Place

**Ker Place**, sometimes spelled **Kerr Place**, is a historic home located at Onancock, Accomack County, Virginia. It was built in 1799, and is a two-story, five-bay rectangular Federal-style dwelling with a central projecting pedimented pavilion on both the front and rear elevations. It has a cross-gable roof and a two-story wing which originally was a 1+12-story kitchen connected to the house by a hyphen. In 1960, the house and two acres of land were acquired by, and made the headquarters of the Eastern Shore of Virginia Historical Society, which operates it as an early 19th-century historic house museum.

The first owner was John Shepherd Ker, a native of Accomack County, Virginia, son of Edward Ker, a native of Cessford, Scotland and Margaret Shepherd, from Northampton County, Virginia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is located in the Onancock Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ker Place | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Entrance to Ker Place, April 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | NE corner of Crockett Ave. and Market St., Onancock, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°42′46″N 75°44′50″W / 37.71278°N 75.74722°W / 37.71278; -75.74722 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1799 (1799) |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000780 |
| VLR No. | 273-0003 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | February 26, 1970 |
| Designated VLR | December 02, 1969 |


title: Henry D. Green

abstract: Henry Dickinson Green was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district from 1899 to 1903.

text:
# Henry D. Green

**Henry Dickinson Green** (May 3, 1857 – December 29, 1929) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district from 1899 to 1903.

## Early life and education

Henry D. Green was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He attended the public schools, and graduated from Reading High School in 1872 and Yale College in 1877. He studied law, was admitted to the Berks County, Pennsylvania bar in 1879, and commenced practice in Reading.

## Career

He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives for the Berks County district from 1883 to 1886. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 11th district from 1889 to 1896. During the Spanish–American War, he served as captain of Company G, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was a delegate to the 1900 Democratic National Convention.

Green was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ermentrout. He was reelected to the Fifty-seventh Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. He worked as editor of the *Reading Telegram* from 1903 to 1912 and of the *Reading Times* from 1911 to 1913. He resumed the practice of law in Reading, and was also admitted to the bar in Texas in 1920. He became engaged in oil operation in the Mid-continent Oil Field. He died in Reading in 1929. Interment in Arlington National Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Henry D. Green | |
| --- | --- |
| An illustration of Green in 1899 in *The Philadelphia Times* | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 9th district | |
| **In office**
November 7, 1899  March 3, 1903 | |
| Preceded by | Daniel Ermentrout |
| Succeeded by | Henry B. Cassel |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Berks County district | |
| **In office**
1883-1886 | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 11th district | |
| **In office**
1889-1896 | |
| Preceded by | Frank R. Brunner |
| Succeeded by | Edwin M. Herbst |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1857-05-03)May 3, 1857
Reading, Pennsylvania, US |
| Died | December 29, 1929(1929-12-29) (aged 72)
Reading, Pennsylvania, US |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Battles/wars | Spanish–American War |
|  | |


title: Hazen, Beaver County, Pennsylvania

abstract: Hazen is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in North Sewickley Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. It sits on the southwestern side of Connoquenessing Creek, where Brush Creek flows into it. It is 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Ellwood City and 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Beaver Falls. Via Connoquenessing Creek, Hazen is part of the Beaver River watershed flowing to the Ohio River. The population of Hazen was 163 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Hazen, Beaver County, Pennsylvania

**Hazen** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in North Sewickley Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. It sits on the southwestern side of Connoquenessing Creek, where Brush Creek flows into it. It is 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Ellwood City and 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Beaver Falls. Via Connoquenessing Creek, Hazen is part of the Beaver River watershed flowing to the Ohio River. The population of Hazen was 163 as of the 2020 census.

## InfoBox

| Hazen, Beaver County,<br>Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| HazenHazen | |
| Coordinates: 40°49′0″N 80°14′42″W / 40.81667°N 80.24500°W / 40.81667; -80.24500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Beaver |
| Township | North Sewickley |
| Elevation | 923 ft (281 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 163 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| Area code | 724 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1176716 |


title: Harth-Pöllnitz

abstract: Harth-Pöllnitz is a municipality in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany.

text:
# Harth-Pöllnitz

**Harth-Pöllnitz** is a municipality in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Harth-Pöllnitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Harth-Pöllnitz within Greiz district | |
| Harth-Pöllnitz Harth-Pöllnitz | |
| Coordinates: 50°46′0″N 11°59′24″E / 50.76667°N 11.99000°E / 50.76667; 11.99000 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Greiz |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202127) | Gottfried Vorsatz |
| Area | |
| Total | 55.36 km2 (21.37 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 320 m (1,050 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,751 |
| Density | 50/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 07570 |
| Dialling codes | 036607 |
| Vehicle registration | GRZ |
| Website | www.harth-poellnitz.de |


title: R̥ (Indic)

abstract: R̥ is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, R̥ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter. As an Indic vowel, R̥ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

text:
# R̥ (Indic)

is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, R̥ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter  after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, R̥ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

## Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The sign ृ was used to modify a consonant's value ×106, but the vowel letter ऋ did not have an inherent value by itself.

## Historic R̥

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called *slanting Brahmi*. Ṛ was not found in early Brahmi, and only appears in some of the less geometric styles of later Brahmi writing, such as the Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ṛ  has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ṛ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

### Brahmi R̥

The Brahmi letter Ṛ is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin  and Greek Rho. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ṛ can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but Ṛ is not found in those texts, so it is usually cited with a back-formed geometric style character similar to "X".

Brahmi Ṛ historic forms
| Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No examples |  |  |  |  |

### Tocharian R̥

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian consonants with Ṛ vowel marks
| Kr | Khr | Gr | Ghr | Cr | Chr | Jr | Jhr | Nyr | Ṭr | Ṭhr | Ḍr | Ḍhr | Ṇr |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Tr | Thr | Dr | Dhr | Nr | Pr | Phr | Br | Bhr | Mr | Yr | Rr | Lr | Vr |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Śr | Ṣr | Sr | Hr |
|  |  |  |  |

### Kharoṣṭhī R̥

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṛ is indicated with the vowel mark . As an independent vowel, Ṛ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter  .

## Devanagari R̥

Devanagari independent R̥ and R̥ vowel sign.

() is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘆.

### Devanagari Using Languages

The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ऋ is pronounced as \[\]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

## Bengali R̥

Bengali independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.

() is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऋ.

### Bengali Script Using Languages

The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঋ is pronounced as \[\]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

## Gujarati Ṛ

Gujarati independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.

() is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṛ , and the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઋ is pronounced as \[\]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

## Telugu R̥

Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.

() is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṛ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.

## Malayalam R̥

Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.

() is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  *r*. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ṛ, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style *paḻaya lipi* texts than in the modern reformed *paḻaya lipi* orthography.

## Odia R̥

() is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  *r*. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

## Comparison of R̥

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṛ, are related as well.

| Comparison of Ṛ in different scripts |
| --- |
| Aramaic
                     Kharoṣṭhī
𐨃      Ashoka Brahmi
  Kushana Brahmi
  Tocharian
-        Gupta Brahmi
                Pallava
-    Kadamba
-                 Bhaiksuki
𑰆  Siddhaṃ
              Grantha
𑌋  Cham
-    Sinhala
   Pyu /
Old Mon
-               Tibetan
    Newa
𑐆              Ahom
-   Malayalam
    Telugu
   Burmese
               Lepcha
-     Ranjana
                Saurashtra
  Dives Akuru
-    Kannada
  Kayah Li
-              Limbu
-     Soyombo
-             Khmer
  Tamil
-    Chakma
-   Tai Tham
-               Meitei Mayek
-     Gaudi
-              Thai
-  Lao
-    Tai Le
-                  Marchen
-     Tirhuta
𑒇          New Tai Lue
-  Tai Viet
-  Aksara Kawi
-   'Phags-pa
-   Odia
    Sharada
𑆉  Rejang
-   Batak
-   Buginese
-   Zanabazar Square
-     Bengali-Assamese
  Takri
-    Javanese
   Balinese
  Makasar
-   Hangul
-    Northern Nagari
-  Dogri
𑠱  Laṇḍā
-   Sundanese
  Baybayin
-   Modi
𑘆  Gujarati
     Khojki
-   Khudabadi
-   Mahajani
-   Tagbanwa
-   Devanagari
  Nandinagari
𑦦  Kaithi
-    Gurmukhi
-  Multani
-    Buhid
-   Canadian Syllabics
-  Soyombo
-  Sylheti Nagari
-  Gunjala Gondi
-   Masaram Gondi
𑴶   Hanuno'o
-   Notes |

## Character encodings of Ṛ

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṛ in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṛ from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | | BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC R | | TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC R | | ORIYA LETTER VOCALIC R | | KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC R | | MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R | | GUJARATI LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 2315 | U+090B | 2443 | U+098B | 3083 | U+0C0B | 2827 | U+0B0B | 3211 | U+0C8B | 3339 | U+0D0B | 2699 | U+0A8B |
| UTF-8 | 224 164 139 | E0 A4 8B | 224 166 139 | E0 A6 8B | 224 176 139 | E0 B0 8B | 224 172 139 | E0 AC 8B | 224 178 139 | E0 B2 8B | 224 180 139 | E0 B4 8B | 224 170 139 | E0 AA 8B |
| Numeric character reference | ऋ | ऋ | ঋ | ঋ | ఋ | ఋ | ଋ | ଋ | ಋ | ಋ | ഋ | ഋ | ઋ | ઋ |
| ISCII | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF |

Character information
| Preview | AshokaKushanaGupta | |  | | 𑌋 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC R | | SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC R | | GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69643 | U+1100B | 71046 | U+11586 | 70411 | U+1130B |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 128 139 | F0 91 80 8B | 240 145 150 134 | F0 91 96 86 | 240 145 140 139 | F0 91 8C 8B |
| UTF-16 | 55300 56331 | D804 DC0B | 55301 56710 | D805 DD86 | 55300 57099 | D804 DF0B |
| Numeric character reference | 𑀋 | 𑀋 | 𑖆 | 𑖆 | 𑌋 | 𑌋 |

Character information
| Preview | 𑐆 | | 𑰆 | | 𑆉 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | NEWA LETTER VOCALIC R | | BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC R | | SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 70662 | U+11406 | 72710 | U+11C06 | 70025 | U+11189 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 144 134 | F0 91 90 86 | 240 145 176 134 | F0 91 B0 86 | 240 145 134 137 | F0 91 86 89 |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56326 | D805 DC06 | 55303 56326 | D807 DC06 | 55300 56713 | D804 DD89 |
| Numeric character reference | 𑐆 | 𑐆 | 𑰆 | 𑰆 | 𑆉 | 𑆉 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 4178 | U+1052 |
| UTF-8 | 225 129 146 | E1 81 92 |
| Numeric character reference | ၒ | ၒ |

Character information
| Preview |  | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 6059 | U+17AB |
| UTF-8 | 225 158 171 | E1 9E AB |
| Numeric character reference | ឫ | ឫ |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER IRUYANNA | | SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 3469 | U+0D8D | 43144 | U+A888 |
| UTF-8 | 224 182 141 | E0 B6 8D | 234 162 136 | EA A2 88 |
| Numeric character reference | ඍ | ඍ | ꢈ | ꢈ |

Character information
| Preview | 𑘆 | | 𑦦 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | MODI LETTER VOCALIC R | | NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71174 | U+11606 | 72102 | U+119A6 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 152 134 | F0 91 98 86 | 240 145 166 166 | F0 91 A6 A6 |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56838 | D805 DE06 | 55302 56742 | D806 DDA6 |
| Numeric character reference | 𑘆 | 𑘆 | 𑦦 | 𑦦 |

Character information
| Preview | 𑒇 | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 70791 | U+11487 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 146 135 | F0 91 92 87 |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56455 | D805 DC87 |
| Numeric character reference | 𑒇 | 𑒇 |

Character information
| Preview | 𑠱 | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 71729 | U+11831 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 160 177 | F0 91 A0 B1 |
| UTF-16 | 55302 56369 | D806 DC31 |
| Numeric character reference | 𑠱 | 𑠱 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER RA REPA | | SUNDANESE LETTER REU | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6923 | U+1B0B | 7099 | U+1BBB |
| UTF-8 | 225 172 139 | E1 AC 8B | 225 174 187 | E1 AE BB |
| Numeric character reference | ᬋ | ᬋ | ᮻ | ᮻ |

1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). *The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer*. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". *archive.org*. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Example glyphs | |
| Bengali–Assamese |  |
| Tibetan |  |
| Malayalam |  |
| Sinhala |  |
| Ashoka Brahmi |  |
| Devanagari |  |
| Cognates | |
| Hebrew | ר |
| Greek | Ρ |
| Latin | R |
| Cyrillic | Р |
| Properties | |
| Phonemic representation | /ɻ̩/ |
| IAST transliteration | *ṛ Ṛ* |
| ISCII code point | DF (223) |
|  | |


title: Vasile Simionaș

abstract: Vasile Simionaș is a former Romanian professional football manager and football player. He usually played as a midfielder.

text:
# Vasile Simionaș

**Vasile Simionaș** (born 16 November 1950) is a former Romanian professional football manager and football player. He usually played as a midfielder.

## Club career

In April 1968, at the age of seventeen, Simionaș made his Divizia A debut for Dinamo Bacău by coming in for the last 20 minutes in a match against Progresul București. A year later he moved to Politehnica Iași.

Simionaș is widely considered to be the most important player in the history of Politehnica Iași, having amassed 359 Divizia A games for them over a fifteen-year period. He was part of the golden team of Politehnica and together with Mihai Romilă and Gabriel Simionov made one of the memorable midfield lines of the Romanian league.

## Managerial career

After retiring, Simionaș started his football manager career and made a name for himself with Oțelul Galați in the nineties, where he became one of the most important managers in the club's history. After 2005, Simionaș started to work as an observer for the Romanian Football Federation and also managed CSM Pașcani for a short period in 2013.

## Honours

**Politehnica Iași**

1. "Top 300". RomanianSoccer. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
2. "Vasile Simionaș". European Football. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
3. Vasile Simionaș at National-Football-Teams.com
4. Vasile Simionaş: „Am fost purtat pe braţe de suporteri din Copou până în Piaţa Unirii”. curierul-iasi.ro
5. Poli Iaşi, istorie sentimentală: amintiri din epoca de aur. ziaruldeiasi.ro
6. "Iașiul lui Romilă II și Simionaş" \[The Iași team of Romilă II and Simionaş\]. www.ripensia-sport-magazin.ro. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
7. "Deschidem astazi aceasta sectiune a legendelor Politehnicii Iasi" \[Today we open the legends section of Politehnica Iasi\]. www.politehnicaiasi.ro. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
8. 50 de ani/50 de legende: Vasile Simionaş. dunareabatrana.ro
9. Sport Club Bacau si-a aflat adversara din Cupa României: divizionara C Kosarom Pascani. desteptarea.ro

## InfoBox

Vasile Simionaș
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1950-11-16) 16 November 1950 | | |
| Place of birth | Iași, Romania | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Politehnica Iași (board member) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Victoria Roman | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1967–1968 | Victoria Roman |  |  |
| 1968–1969 | Dinamo Bacău | 8 | (1) |
| 1969–1984 | Politehnica Iași | 359 | (42) |
| Total |  | **367** | **(43)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1971–1972 | Romania U21 |  |  |
| 1972–1976 | Romania | 4 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1983–1985 | Politehnica Iași | | |
| 1987–1988 | CSM Suceava | | |
| 1990 | Farul Constanța | | |
| 1991 | Dacia Unirea Brăila | | |
| 1991–1992 | Național București | | |
| 1994–1999 | Oțelul Galați | | |
| 1999 | Astra Ploiești | | |
| 2000 | Farul Constanța | | |
| 2001–2005 | Politehnica Iași | | |
| 2013 | Kosarom Pașcani | | |
| 2021– | Politehnica Iași (board member) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ishoyahb V

abstract: Ishoʿyahb V Baladi was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1149 to 1175.

text:
# Ishoyahb V

**Isho*ʿ*yahb V Baladi** was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1149 to 1175.

## Sources

Brief accounts of Isho*ʿ*yahb's patriarchate are given in the *Ecclesiastical Chronicle* of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (fl.1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the fourteenth-century Nestorian writers ʿAmr ibn Mattā and Ṣalībā ibn Yūḥannā.

## Ishoyahb's patriarchate

The following account of Isho*ʿ*yahb's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus:

> Then Isho*ʿ*yahb, an old and chaste man from Balad, who had formerly been bishop of Hirta, was made catholicus, for he was chosen by a certain famous doctor named Abu Mansur, son of a wise scribe. He was consecrated on the second Sunday of the Dedication of the Church, in the year 542 \[AD 1147\], and after he had fulfilled his office for twenty-eight years, he died on the night of the second Sunday after Ascension, on the twenty-fifth day of *iyyar* \[May\], in the year 570 of the Arabs \[AD 1174\]. He was succeeded by Eliya III, known as Abu Halim.

* Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., *Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum* (3 vols, Paris, 1877)
* Assemani, J. A., *De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum* (Rome, 1775)
* Brooks, E. W., *Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum* (Rome, 1910)
* Gismondi, H., *Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus* (Rome, 1896)
* Gismondi, H., *Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina* (Rome, 1899)

## InfoBox

| Mar<br>Isho*ʿ*yahb V | |
| --- | --- |
| Patriarch of All the East | |
| Church | Church of the East |
| See | Seleucia-Ctesiphon |
| Installed | 1149 |
| Term ended | 25 May 1175 |
| Predecessor | Abdisho III |
| Successor | Eliya III |
| Other post(s) | Bishop of Hirta |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Isho*ʿ*yahb Baladi |
| Died | 25 May 1175 |


title: Girkin, Kentucky

abstract: Girkin is an unincorporated community in Warren, Kentucky, United States. Its post office closed in 1913.

text:
# Girkin, Kentucky

**Girkin** is an unincorporated community in Warren, Kentucky, United States. Its post office closed in 1913.

## InfoBox

| Girkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GirkinLocation within the state of KentuckyGirkinGirkin (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°4′3″N 86°21′30″W / 37.06750°N 86.35833°W / 37.06750; -86.35833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Warren |
| Elevation | 597 ft (182 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 508092 |


title: Fryeburg Academy

abstract: Fryeburg Academy is a private secondary school located in Fryeburg, Maine. The academy was founded in 1792, making it the oldest high school in Maine and one of the oldest private schools in the United States. Daniel Webster was one of the first administrators, teaching at the school for a year. Boarding students come from across the United States, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Academy also serves as the high school for the MSAD 72 school district. Around 75% of the school's student population comes from the local school district. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) categorizes the school as private.

text:
# Fryeburg Academy

**Fryeburg Academy** is a private secondary school located in Fryeburg, Maine. The academy was founded in 1792, making it the oldest high school in Maine and one of the oldest private schools in the United States. Daniel Webster was one of the first administrators, teaching at the school for a year.

Boarding students come from across the United States, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Academy also serves as the high school for the MSAD 72 school district. Around 75% of the school's student population comes from the local school district.

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) categorizes the school as private.

## History

Fryeburg Academy was founded in 1792, replacing an earlier public schoolhouse. From its inception, the academy was closely linked to Bowdoin College.

Daniel Webster served as the school's preceptor in 1802. Webster served just one year; his successor, Rev. Amos Cook, would serve over three decades. Cook grew the academy's stature considerably, and attempted to obtain books and other materials from former President Thomas Jefferson, with the help of another former president, John Adams, in 1815. Jefferson supplied a handwritten letter from George Washington, which Cook kept as a private keepsake; it was sold at auction in 2006 for $273,600.

During Cook's tenure, Fryeburg Academy moved to its current campus. The celebrated painter Rufus Porter, who would go on to found *Scientific American*, enrolled at Fryeburg Academy in 1804. Cook may have helped Porter obtain support for his first published work, *Martial Musician's Companion*, in 1814.

Fryeburg Academy has always been a co-ed institution, although men and women received different instruction in the school's early years.

By the mid-19th century, Maine had at least two dozen private academies, plus Fryeburg Academy. These institutions served local communities and offered room and board. The state began standardizing its education system, requiring compulsory, public education, in 1873, and the number of public-serving private academies in Maine has since fallen to less than half of its 19th century peak.

Elroy O. LaCasce served as principal of Fryeburg Academy for thirty-three years. The LaCasce Dining Room on campus is named for him. His youngest son, John Steward LaCasce, founded Burlington College in 1972, and served as its president until 1994.

In the early morning hours of October 12, 2005, a fire destroyed the Gibson Gymnasium at Fryeburg Academy. The fire was determined to be arson, and two former students were charged. Financier Bion R. Cram, an alumnus, bequeathed $15 million to help rebuild the school's facilities and establish scholarships for students.

## Notable alumni and faculty

## Images

## InfoBox

| Fryeburg Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Main building | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 745 Main Street
Fryeburg, Maine 04037
United States | |
| Coordinates | 44°01′12″N 70°58′31″W / 44.0200°N 70.9754°W / 44.0200; -70.9754 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, Boarding |
| Established | 1792 (1792) |
| Head of School | Joseph R. Manning |
| Faculty | 53 |
| Enrollment | * 650 total * 185 boarding * 465 day |
| Average class size | 15 students |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11:1 |
| Campus | Rural, 238 acres (1 km2) |
| Color(s) | Blue and White |
| Athletics | 40 teams |
| Mascot | Raider |
| Website | www.fryeburgacademy.org |