title: U.S. Route 1 in Virginia

abstract: U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north–south U.S. Route that serves the East Coast of the United States. In the U.S. state of Virginia, US 1 runs north–south through South Hill, Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Alexandria on its way from North Carolina to the 14th Street bridges into the District of Columbia. It is completely paralleled by Interstate Highways in Virginia—Interstate 85 (I-85) south of Petersburg, I-95 north to Alexandria, and I-395 into the District of Columbia—and now serves mainly local traffic. At its north end, on the approach to the 14th Street bridges, US 1 is concurrent with I-395; the rest of US 1 is on surface roads. What became US 1 was part of prior Virginia state routes, primarily State Route 31 (SR 31). Even earlier than that, it was part of an auto trail known as the Jefferson Davis Highway; portions of the route still bear that name. While minor adjustments have been made, it still largely follows the same route it has since first being designated in 1926.

text:
# U.S. Route 1 in Virginia

**U.S. Route 1** (**US 1**) is a major north–south U.S. Route that serves the East Coast of the United States. In the U.S. state of Virginia, US 1 runs north–south through South Hill, Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Alexandria on its way from North Carolina to the 14th Street bridges into the District of Columbia. It is completely paralleled by Interstate Highways in Virginia—Interstate 85 (I-85) south of Petersburg, I-95 north to Alexandria, and I-395 into the District of Columbia—and now serves mainly local traffic. At its north end, on the approach to the 14th Street bridges, US 1 is concurrent with I-395; the rest of US 1 is on surface roads.

What became US 1 was part of prior Virginia state routes, primarily State Route 31 (SR 31). Even earlier than that, it was part of an auto trail known as the Jefferson Davis Highway; portions of the route still bear that name. While minor adjustments have been made, it still largely follows the same route it has since first being designated in 1926.

## Route description

### Palmer Springs to Petersburg

US 1 enters southeastern Mecklenburg County from Warren County, North Carolina, east of Palmer Springs, north of Wise, North Carolina, and north of an interchange between I-85 and US 1 between Wise and the state line. The U.S. Route heads north as a two-lane road, passes to the east of Palmer Springs, and crosses Lake Gaston, an impoundment of the Roanoke River. North of the lake, the highway gains an intermittent second lane northbound to its junction with US 58 at Big Fork. The U.S. Routes run concurrently northeast along a four-lane road with center turn lane to the southwestern edge of South Hill, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway shortly before US 1 and US 58 Business (US 58 Bus.) split northeast from US 58. The mainline highway and business route enter the town of South Hill along Danville Street, a two-lane road with center turn lane. As the highways approach downtown South Hill, the center turn lane ends. In downtown, US 1 and US 58 Bus. turn north onto Mecklenburg Avenue next to historic Colonial Theatre, then US 58 Bus. turns east onto Atlantic Street; SR 47 heads west from the intersection on Atlantic Street. US 1 gains a center turn lane again northeast of downtown. The U.S. Route meets the southern end of SR 138 (Union Mill Road), then expands to a four-lane divided highway for its four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with I-85 before leaving the town of South Hill.

US 1 continues northeast as a three-lane road that alternates between two lanes northbound, two lanes southbound, and a center turn lane. The route expands to a four-lane divided highway after entering Brunswick County, where the highway's name becomes Boydton Plank Road, and before crossing the Meherrin River. US 1 reduces to a three-lane road and passes through Meredithville. At Cochran, the highway intersects SR 46 (Christanna Highway) just south of the Christanna Campus of Southside Virginia Community College. US 1 expands to a four-lane divided highway; the southbound lanes pass under a narrow former railroad bridge. The highway has a diamond interchange with I-85, then passes through the southern edge of the town of Alberta, where the U.S. Route meets the eastern end of SR 136 (Church Street). East of Alberta, US 1 becomes three lanes and passes through the adjacent communities of Warfield and Sturgeonville and to the east of Rawlings before expanding to a four-lane divided highway immediately before crossing the Nottoway River into Dinwiddie County.

US 1 reduces to three lanes a short distance north of the river and passes through the town of McKenney, where the highway intersects SR 40 (Doyle Boulevard). The highway passes through DeWitt, then expands to a four-lane divided highway and crosses a former railroad line. US 1 crosses Stony Creek and drops to three lanes as it enters the county seat of Dinwiddie and passes Dinwiddie County Court House. Northeast of Dinwiddie, US 1 passes under I-85 with no access and meets the eastern end of Airport Street, which comprises the westernmost segment of US 460 Bus. that connects US 1 with I-85 and US 460 and, to the west of the Interstate, Dinwiddie County Airport. US 1 and US 460 Bus. pass Pamplin Historical Park, which preserves the Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield, then cross over Norfolk Southern Railway's Norfolk District rail line. The routes expand to a four-lane divided highway at its intersection with SR 142 (Simpson Road), then they meet I-85 and US 460 at a six-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange. US 1 and US 460 Bus. reduce to two lanes plus center turn lane and pass along the western and northern sides of Central State Hospital; on their curve east, the routes meet the eastern end of SR 226 (Cox Road). East of the hospital complex, the highways enter the independent city of Petersburg.

### Petersburg to Richmond

US 1 and US 460 Bus. enter Petersburg along Washington Street, a four-lane road with center turn lane. After passing under CSX Transportation's North End Subdivision rail line, the highways split into a one-way pair, with northbound US 1 and eastbound US 460 Bus. using Wythe Street and southbound US 1 and westbound US 460 Bus. using Washington Street. US 1 and US 460 Bus. pass through residential Folly Castle Historic District, which includes Second Presbyterian Church on Washington Street, and Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Commercial and Industrial Historic District. Eastbound SR 36 joins the eastbound concurrency at Market Street within smaller South Market Street Historic District. US 301 Alternate (US 301 Alt.) joins both directions at Sycamore Street; one block to the east—a block that contains Washington Street Methodist Church—US 1 and US 301 Alt. turn north onto four-lane Adams Street. The two U.S. Routes pass between commercial Petersburg Courthouse Historic District, which contains the namesake judicial building, and residential Centre Hill Historic District, which contains the eponymous mansion and museum. US 1 continues into Petersburg Old Town Historic District, where the highway intersects Bank and Bolingbrook streets, which is the northern terminus of US 301 Alt. Southbound US 301 leaves US 1 at Bank Street, northbound US 301 joins US 1 at Bolingbrook Street, and Bolingbrook Street also carries westbound SR 36. North of Bolingbrook Street, US 1 and US 301 cross the Appomattox River on the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Bridge. On the bridge, the U.S. Routes have an intersection with Bridge Street, which leads to Pocahontas Island and its namesake historic district.

US 1 and US 301 enter the independent city of Colonial Heights along Boulevard, a four-lane street with center turn lane. Shortly after this point, US 1 reaches the halfway point between Key West and Fort Kent. The highways pass along the western edge of residential Chesterfield Highlands Historic District before intersecting SR 144 (Temple Avenue), which joins the U.S. Routes. The three highways pass under CSX Transportation's North End Subdivision, then cross Swift Creek into Chesterfield County, where SR 144 splits northwest onto Harrowgate Road at Pickadat Corner. US 1 and US 301 continue along four-lane Jefferson Davis Highway, which passes under the CSX Transportation rail line and intersects SR 10 (West Hundred Road) on the eastern edge of Chester. The U.S. Routes briefly expand to a divided highway at the SR 10 intersection and within the highway's cloverleaf interchange with SR 288 (World War II Veterans Memorial Highway), which ends at I-95 (Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike) a short distance to the east. US 1 and US 301 expand to a divided highway at their junction with SR 145 (Chester Road), cross over CSX Transportation's Bellwood Subdivision, and pass to the east of Defense Supply Center, Richmond, as they pass through Bellwood. As they pass through Bensley, the U.S. Routes cross over Falling Creek, across which sits an abandoned bridge between the two carriageways.

North of Falling Creek, US 1 and US 301 expand to six lanes and have a cloverleaf interchange with SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway), which leads east to I-95 and SR 895 (Pocahontas Parkway), which leads to Richmond International Airport. Between SR 150 and SR 161 (Bells Road), the U.S. Routes enter the city of Richmond. US 1 and US 301 continue into the Manchester neighborhood, where the highways intersect US 360 (Hull Street) and veer onto Cowardin Avenue, which passes along the western edge of the Manchester Residential and Commercial Historic District. The highways intersect US 60 (Semmes Avenue), then veer north onto the Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge, which the bifurcated James River and Belle Isle. The bridge also crosses Norfolk Southern Railway's Richmond District railyard on the south side of the river and CSX Transportation's Rivanna Subdivision on the north side. On either end of the bridge are partial interchanges: Riverside Drive on the south side of the river accessible from the southbound direction and Second Street from the northbound direction; Second Street leads to Downtown Richmond and the Tredegar Iron Works.

US 1 and US 301 follow Belvidere Street along the east side of Oregon Hill. The highways intersect Byrd and Cumberland streets, a one-way pair that provide access to SR 195 (Downtown Expressway) in between. US 1 and US 301 continue through the Monroe Park campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, within which the highways intersect SR 147—Cary Street eastbound and Main Street westbound—and veer northeast at Monroe Park. The U.S. Routes intersect US 250 (Broad Street) on the western edge of the Broad Street Commercial Historic District. US 1 and US 301 intersect SR 33 (Leigh Street) immediately before their incomplete partial cloverleaf interchange with I-64 and I-95 (Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike). There is no access from the southbound route to westbound I-64 and northbound I-95. Access to the U.S. Routes from that direction of the Interstate is via Chamberlayne Parkway, with which the routes have a partial interchange as they cross over CSX Transportation's Richmond Terminal Subdivision rail line.

### Richmond to Fredericksburg

US 1 and US 301 continue along Chamberlayne Avenue through the northern part of the city. The highways reduce to four lanes and intersect SR 197 (Laburnum Avenue) within Ginter Park. At Azalea Avenue, US 301 and SR 2 continue straight on Chamberlayne Avenue; US 1 turns west onto Azalea Avenue, then north on Brook Road and leaves the city of Richmond and enters Henrico County. The highway has a partial interchange with I-95 (Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike) that allows access to southbound I-95 and from northbound I-95. US 1 becomes undivided north of the eastern end of SR 161 (Hillard Road) to the east of Lakeside. The route expands to a six-lane divided highway ahead of its intersection with Parham Road at Yellow Tavern; Parham Road heads east as SR 73, a connector between US 1 and I-95. US 1 has a cloverleaf interchange with I-295 between Glen Allen and the I-95–I-295 junction before the U.S. Route crosses the Chickahominy River into Hanover County.

US 1's name changes to Washington Highway, and it becomes a four-lane undivided highway shortly after entering Hanover County. The highway has brief divided sections as it passes through the eastern part of town of Ashland. Within the town, US 1 intersects SR 54 (England Street) and passes to the east of the Ashland Historic District and Randolph–Macon College. After leaving Ashland, US 1 crosses to the west side of CSX Transportation's RF&P Subdivision and crosses over the South Anna River. North of the Little River, the route passes through Doswell, where it meets the western end of SR 30 (Kings Dominion Boulevard). US 1 crosses over the Piedmont Subdivision, which is owned by CSX Transportation and operated by Buckingham Branch Railroad, west of the Doswell Diamond, then briefly expands to a divided highway to cross the North Anna River into Caroline County. US 1 continues as Jefferson Davis Highway and meets the western end of SR 207 (Rogers Clark Boulevard) at the hamlet of Carmel Church west of Ruther Glen; SR 207 leads to US 301 at Bowling Green and thence along that U.S. Route to the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge.

US 1 passes through Golansville, Ladysmith, and Cedon before entering Spotsylvania County. The highway crosses the Matta River south of Thornburg and the Po and Ni rivers to the north of the hamlet. US 1 passes through Massaponax, the site of Massaponax Baptist Church, then expands to a six-lane divided highway at Spotsylvania Parkway, which leads to Spotsylvania Regional Medical Center. The U.S. Route is joined by US 17 (Mills Drive) south of their five ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95, where US 17 joins the Interstate to bypass Fredericksburg. US 1 continues with four lanes to Four Mile Fork, where the highway meets the northern end of SR 208 (Courthouse Road) and the southern end of US 1 Bus. (Lafayette Boulevard), which serves the Fredericksburg Historic District and the Fredericksburg Unit of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. US 1 continues north flanked by service roads to where it enters the independent city of Fredericksburg. The highway meets SR 3 (William Street) at a cloverleaf interchange, passes under a pedestrian bridge along the edge of the University of Mary Washington, and crosses over the Rappahannock Canal. US 1 meets the northern end of US 1 Bus. and US 17 Bus. (Princess Anne Street) immediately before US 1 and US 17 Bus. cross the Rappahannock River into Stafford County.

### Fredericksburg to the Arlington–DC border

US 17 Bus. diverges onto Warrenton Road at a four-way intersection that also serves as the western end of SR 218 (Butler Road) in the center of Falmouth and its historic district, which contains Gari Melchers Home and Studio, Conway House, Union Church and Cemetery, Carlton, and Clearview. US 1 has a grade-separated junction with SR 8900 (Centreport Parkway), which serves Stafford Regional Airport, before crossing Potomac Creek. The highway passes Stafford Training School and passes through the county seat of Stafford. North of Stafford, the highway briefly divides into two carriageways with a wide median. The directions of US 1 come back together and approach I-95; ramps to and from northbound I-95 connect directly with US 1 as part of the Interstate's cloverleaf interchange with SR 610 (Garrisonville Road) just west of the historic Aquia Church. US 1 crosses Aquia Creek and passes through the village of Aquia.

North of Aquia, US 1 enters the property of Marine Corps Base Quantico, within which the highway crosses Chopawamsic Creek into Prince William County. Immediately north of the county line, the route has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Russell Road, a major highway within the military base. US 1 passes the National Museum of the Marine Corps before its intersection at Triangle with SR 619 (Fuller Road), which leads east to the town of Quantico. At SR 619, US 1 leaves the base property and briefly expands to a six-lane divided highway, then splits onto separate carriageways—Fraley Boulevard northbound and Main Street southbound—to pass through the town of Dumfries, within which the U.S. Route crosses Quantico Creek. The carriageways reunite and US 1 meets the eastern end of SR 234 (Dumfries Road) at the northern limit of the town. The Dumfries Road Commuter Lot, a park-and-ride facility, is located north of this intersection. US 1 crosses Neabsco Creek into the large unincorporated area of Woodbridge near the Woodbridge Campus of Northern Virginia Community College. The U.S. Route meets the eastern end of SR 294 (Prince William Parkway) and begins to parallel the RF&P Subdivision rail line. US 1 passes Woodbridge station, which is served by Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express, shortly before its junction with SR 123 (Gordon Boulevard). The highway then crosses the Occoquan River into Fairfax County.

US 1 continues as Richmond Highway through a partial interchange with I-95 at the southern end of Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway. The interchange includes ramps from northbound US 1 to northbound I-95, southbound US 1 to southbound I-95, northbound I-95 to northbound US 1, and southbound I-95 to southbound US 1. At the north end of the interchange, US 1 passes under the RF&P Subdivision rail line and passes through the eastern fringe of Lorton, where it meets the northern end of SR 242 (Gunston Road). At Pohick Creek, the highway expands to six lanes and heads east and passes Pohick Church, then through Fort Belvoir. Within the military property, US 1 crosses Accotink Creek, meets the southern end of SR 286 (Fairfax County Parkway), and passes under an overpass of a road within the base. East of Fort Belvoir, the highway passes the historic plantation Woodlawn and the western end of SR 235 (Mount Vernon Memorial Highway), which leads to Mount Vernon. US 1 is reduced to a four-lane undivided highway before it crosses Dogue Creek and until it meets the eastern end of SR 235 (Mount Vernon Highway) just west of Little Hunting Creek.

US 1 expands to six lanes as it curves north through Hybla Valley and Groveton. On the southern edge of Huntington, the U.S. Route has a tangent intersection with Kings Highway, which heads north as SR 241. US 1 veers northeast and expands to eight lanes at Huntington Avenue and maintains that width until its major interchange with the Capital Beltway (I-95 and I-495) at Cameron Run on the boundary between Fairfax County and the independent city of Alexandria. The interchange includes several flyovers and provides partial access to the express and local lanes of the beltway in both directions. US 1 continues north as a six-lane divided Patrick Street into Old Town Alexandria, which, at Wilkes Street, splits into a one-way pair, Patrick Street northbound and Henry Street southbound. The highway intersects SR 236 (Duke Street) and SR 7 (King Street) within Old Town. North of Montgomery Street, the directions come together as Henry Street, which crosses the Monroe Avenue Bridge over the RF&P Subdivision rail line and the Washington Metro's Blue and Yellow lines.

US 1 again becomes Richmond Highway (changed from Jefferson Davis Highway in 2019) north of the railroad tracks. The four-lane divided highway, which contains the Metroway bus rapid transit course in its median, passes between Potomac (and the Del Ray neighborhood) to the west and a large residential and commercial development built on what was formerly Potomac Yard to the east. Metroway merges with the main streams of US 1 traffic, which expand to three lanes each way as the highway approaches the northern city limit at Four Mile Run. The U.S. Route leaves Alexandria for Arlington County and has an intersection with the southern end of SR 120 (Glebe Road). US 1—again bearing the name Richmond Highway—continues through the urban village of Crystal City, where the highway has a trumpet interchange with SR 233, a connector to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. The route becomes a freeway north of 20th Street South and has a diamond interchange with 15th Street south on the eastern edge of Pentagon City. US 1 then joins I-395 on Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway via a pair of flyover ramps; Richmond Highway continues north as SR 110, which passes by the Pentagon and Arlington National Cemetery on its way to Rosslyn. I-395 and US 1, which have 12 lanes over four carriageways, have a partial cloverleaf interchange with Clark Street and Boundary Channel Drive and another interchange with the George Washington Memorial Parkway before the two highways cross the Potomac River into the District of Columbia on the 14th Street bridges complex.

## History

What is now US 1 was added to the state highway system in 1918 as **State Route 1** (**SR 1**), following the older Jefferson Davis Highway, which approximated at its northern end the route of the former Washington and Alexandria Turnpike. The road was renumbered **State Route 31** (**SR 31**) in the 1923 renumbering, and US 1 was applied to its whole length in 1926. SR 31 was dropped in the 1933 renumbering and was immediately reused on its current alignment.

Prior to c.1924, SR 1/SR 31 crossed the North Carolina state line with SR 2/SR 32 south of Clarksville on present US 15. On the North Carolina side, it was North Carolina Highway 75 (NC 75). From Clarksville, it ran east on present US 58 to near South Hill. The route continued east from South Hill to Edgerton on present US 58 and north to near McKenney on present SR 712 until about the same time. This alignment was defined as the Jefferson Davis Highway on March 17, 1922.

By 1925, SR 31 was moved to the current alignment of US 1 south of McKenney (previously **State Route 122** \[**SR 122**\] south of South Hill and **State Route 314** \[**SR 314**\] north of South Hill), but the Jefferson Davis Highway did not follow. This took SR 31 to the border at what was then NC 50. The old alignment remained SR 32 south of Clarksville and SR 12 from Boydton to Edgerton and became SR 201 from Clarksville to Boydton and a new SR 122 from Edgerton to near McKenney.

The preliminary plan for U.S. Numbered Highways was drawn up in 1925, and all of SR 31 was assigned US 1. The former SR 31 west and south from near South Hill into North Carolina became US 401. In late 1926, the final plan was adopted, and all of US 401 was renumbered to US 15. However, by April 1927, US 15 had been extended north from Clarksville, and the short piece from Clarksville to near South Hill was again US 401.

In 1975, the interchange between I-395 and US 1 was rebuilt, and originally there were plans to upgrade US 1 to **Interstate 595** (**I-595**) southward to the connector road with Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. However, the upgrade as proposed was never built. Instead, US 1 is elevated with a diamond interchange over 15th Street South but is a surface road with signaled intersections at 20th Street South and further south.

The modern US 1 corridor was added to the state highway system as follows:

| Portion | Creation | Number | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Carolina to South Hill | 1922 | SR 122 (1923–1925) → SR 31 (1925–1933) |
| South Hill to Nottoway River Bridge | 1924 | SR 314 (1924–1925) → SR 31 (1925–1933) |
| Nottoway River Bridge to Solomons Store | 1918 | SR 1 (1918–1923) → SR 31 (1923–1933) |
| Solomons Store to Four Mile Fork | 1924 | SR 31 (1924–1933) |
| Four Mile Fork to Washington DC | 1918 | SR 1 (1918–1923) → SR 31 (1923–1933) | Occoquan bypassed in 1926; former alignment renumbered SR 315 |

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mecklenburg |  | 0.00 | 0.00 |  | <br>US 1 south Norlina, Raleigh | Continuation into North Carolina |
| | Big Fork | 8.97 | | 14.44 | <br>US 58 west Boydton, Clarksville | Southern terminus of US 58 concurrency |
| | South Hill | 12.40 | | 19.96 | <br>US 58 east Emporia | Northern terminus of US 58 concurrency; southern terminus of US 58 Business concurrency |
| | 15.21 | 24.48 | | <br><br><br>US 58 Bus. east / SR 47 north (Atlantic Street) Emporia, Chase City | Northern terminus of US 58 Business concurrency |
| |  |  | | <br>SR 138 north (Union Mill Road) Kenbridge | Southern terminus of SR 138 |
| | 18.13 | 29.18 | | I-85 Petersburg, Durham | I-85 exit 15 |
| Brunswick | Cochran | 29.79 | | 47.94 | SR 46 (Christianna Highway) Lawrenceville, Blackstone |  |
| | Alberta | 31.04 | | 49.95 | I-85 South Hill, Petersburg | Exit 28 on I-85 |
| |  |  | | <br>SR 136 west (Church Street) | Eastern terminus of SR 136 |
| Dinwiddie | McKenney | 45.20 | | 72.74 | SR 40 (Doyle Boulevard) Blackstone, Fort Barfoot, Waverly, Stony Creek |  |
| |  | 64.41 | | 103.66 | <br><br><br><br>US 460 Bus. west (Airport Street) to I-85 / US 460 Blackstone, Lynchburg | Southern terminus of US 460 Business concurrency |
| |  |  | |  | <br>SR 142 east (Simpson Road) | Western terminus of SR 142 |
| |  | 66.10 | | 106.38 | <br>I-85 / US 460 to I-95 Durham, South Hill, Farmville, Lynchburg | Exit 63 on I-85 |
| |  | 67.33 | | 108.36 | <br>SR 226 west (Cox Road) | Eastern terminus of SR 226 |
| City of Petersburg | | 70.16 | | 112.91 | Market Street | Southern terminus of SR 36 concurrency (northbound) |
| | 70.36 | 113.23 | | <br><br>US 301 Alt. south (Sycamore Street) | Southern terminus of US 301 Alternate concurrency |
| | 70.44 | 113.36 | | <br><br><br>US 460 Bus. east / SR 36 east (Wythe Street) | Northern terminus of US 460 Business / SR 36 concurrency (northbound) |
| | 70.53 | 113.51 | | <br><br><br>US 1 south / US 460 Bus. west (Washington Street) | Northern terminus of US 460 Business concurrency (southbound) |
| | 70.79 | 113.93 | | <br>US 301 south (Bank Street) | Southern terminus of US 301 concurrency (southbound) |
| | 70.84 | 114.01 | | <br>SR 36 west (Bollingbrook Street) | Northern terminus of US 301 Alternate; southern terminus of US 301 concurrency (northbound) |
| Appomattox River | |  | |  | Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Bridge | |
| City of Colonial Heights | | 72.68 | | 116.97 | <br>SR 144 south (Temple Avenue) Hopewell | Southern terminus of SR 144 concurrency |
| Chesterfield | Pickadat Corner | 74.62 | | 120.09 | <br>SR 144 north (Harrowgate Road) Chester | Northern terminus of SR 144 concurrency |
| | Chester | 79.42 | | 127.81 | SR 10 (West Hundred Road) Chester, Hopewell |  |
| | 81.07 | 130.47 | | <br><br><br><br>SR 288 to I-95 / US 360 north / SR 76 | Cloverleaf interchange |
| | Bellwood | 83.33 | | 134.11 | <br>SR 145 west (Chester Road) Chester |  |
| | Bensley | 85.74 | | 137.99 | <br><br>SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway) to I-95 / SR 895 Richmond International Airport | Cloverleaf interchange |
| City of Richmond | |  | |  | SR 161 (Bells Road) |  |
| | 90.91 | 146.31 | | US 360 (Hull Street) | No left turn southbound |
| | 91.30 | 146.93 | | US 60 (Semmes Avenue) |  |
| |  |  | | Riverside Drive | Southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| James River | |  | |  | Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge | |
| City of Richmond | | 92.06 | | 148.16 | 2nd Street north | Northbound exit and southbound entrance |
| |  |  | | Byrd Street east to SR 195 east to I-64 east / I-95 |  |
| |  |  | | Cumberland Street west to SR 195 west |  |
| |  |  | | <br>SR 147 east (Cary Street) |  |
| |  |  | | <br>SR 147 west (Main Street) | No left turn northbound |
| | 93.13 | 149.88 | | US 250 (Broad Street) |  |
| |  |  | | SR 33 (Leigh Street) |  |
| |  |  | | I-64 / I-95 (Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike) Washington, Charlottesville, Petersburg, Norfolk | Same-directional access only; exit 76 on I-95 |
| | 93.53 | 150.52 | | Chamberlayne Parkway | Southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| | 95.72 | 154.05 | | <br>SR 197 west (Laburnum Avenue) | Eastern terminus of SR 197 |
| | 96.92 | 155.98 | | <br><br>US 301 north / SR 2 north (Chamberlayne Avenue) | Northern terminus of US 301 concurrency |
| Henrico | Lakeside | 97.48 | | 156.88 | <br><br>I-95 south (Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike) to I-64 | Exit 81 on I-95; southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| | | 98.31 | | 158.21 | <br>SR 161 south (Hilliard Road) Greendale | Northern terminus of SR 161 |
| | Yellow Tavern | 99.51 | | 160.15 | <br><br>SR 73 east (Parham Road) to I-95 / Parham Road west |  |
| | Glen Allen | 100.93 | | 162.43 | <br><br>I-295 to I-64 / I-95 Charlottesville, Norfolk, Rocky Mount, NC | Exits 43C-D on I-295 |
| Hanover | Ashland | 108.10 | | 173.97 | SR 54 (England Street) Hanover, Montpelier |  |
| | Doswell | 114.33 | | 184.00 | <br>SR 30 east (Kings Dominion Boulevard) Kings Dominion | Western terminus of SR 30 |
| Caroline | Ruther Glen | 120.36 | | 193.70 | <br><br><br>SR 207 east (Rogers Clark Boulevard) to I-95 / US 301 Bowling Green |  |
| Spotsylvania |  | 141.37 | | 227.51 | <br>US 17 south (Mills Drive) Tappahannock | Southern terminus of US 17 concurrency |
| |  | 142.55 | | 229.41 | <br>I-95 / US 17 north Washington, Richmond | Northern terminus of US 17 concurrency; exit 126 on I-95 |
| | Four Mile Fork | 143.51 | | 230.96 | <br><br><br>US 1 Bus. north (Lafayette Boulevard) / SR 208 west (Courthouse Road) Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg |  |
| City of Fredericksburg | | 146.29 | | 235.43 | SR 3 (William Street) Culpeper | Cloverleaf interchange |
| | 148.07 | 238.30 | | <br><br><br><br><br>US 1 Bus. south / US 17 Bus. south (Princess Anne Street) to SR 2 | Southern terminus of US 17 Business concurrency |
| Stafford | Falmouth | 148.53 | | 239.04 | <br><br><br>US 17 Bus. north (Warrenton Road) / SR 218 east (Butler Road) Warrenton | Northern terminus of US 17 Business concurrency |
| | Aquia Harbor | 159.36 | | 256.47 | I-95 / SR 610 (Garrisonville Road) Garrisonville, Washington | Exit 143 on I-95; access to I-95 south via SR 610 |
| Prince William | Quantico Station |  | |  | Russell Road Marine Corps Base Quantico | Partial cloverleaf interchange |
| | Triangle | 166.24 | | 267.54 | SR 619 (Fuller Road) Quantico, Prince William Forest Park |  |
| | Dumfries | 168.68 | | 271.46 | <br>SR 234 north (Dumfries Road) Manassas | Southern terminus of SR 234 |
| | Woodbridge |  | |  | <br>SR 294 west (Prince William Parkway) Manassas | Eastern terminus of SR 294 |
| |  |  | | <br>SR 123 north (Gordon Boulevard) Occoquan | Southern terminus of SR 123 |
| Occoquan River | |  | |  | Jefferson Davis Highway Bridge | |
| Fairfax | Lorton | 176.99 | | 284.84 | I-95 Richmond, Washington | Same-directional access only; exit 161 on I-95 |
| | | 178.43 | | 287.16 | <br>SR 242 east / SR 600 (Gunston Road) Gunston Hall | Western terminus of SR 242 |
| | Fort Belvoir | 181.95 | | 292.82 | <br><br>SR 286 north (Fairfax County Parkway) to I-95 | Southern terminus of SR 286 |
| | 183.80 | 295.80 | | <br>SR 235 north (Mount Vernon Memorial Highway) Mount Vernon | Southern terminus of SR 235 |
| | Mount Vernon | 186.64 | | 300.37 | <br>SR 235 south (Mount Vernon Highway) Mount Vernon | Northern terminus of SR 235 |
| | Huntington | 189.83 | | 305.50 | <br>SR 241 north (Kings Highway) | Southern terminus of SR 241 |
| City of Alexandria | | 191.14 | | 307.61 | <br><br>I-95 / I-495 to I-295 / SR 241 Baltimore, Richmond | Exits 177A-B on I-95 / I-495 (Capital Beltway) |
| | 191.98 | 308.96 | | Duke Street (SR 236) | Southbound left turn via u-turn |
| | 192.16 | 309.25 | | King Street (SR 7) |  |
| Arlington | Crystal City | 194.30 | | 312.70 | <br><br>SR 120 north (South Glebe Road) to I-395 | Southern terminus of SR 120 |
| | | 194.95 | | 313.74 | <br>SR 233 east Reagan National Airport | Trumpet interchange; western terminus of SR 233 |
| | |  | |  | 15th Street South Pentagon City | Diamond interchange |
| | | 195.82 | | 315.14 | <br><br><br>SR 110 north to I-66 west Rosslyn | Southbound access via I-395 south exit 8B; southern terminus of SR 110 |
| | | 195.98 | 315.40 | 8C | <br>I-395 south Richmond | Southern terminus of I-395 (Shirley Highway) concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| | |  |  | 9 | Clark Street | Exit closed in 2023 |
| | |  |  | 10A | Boundary Channel Drive Pentagon North Parking |  |
| | Long Bridge Park | 196.53 | 316.28 | 10B-C | George Washington Parkway Memorial Bridge, National Airport, Mount Vernon | Signed as exits 10B (south) and 10C (north) |
| Potomac River | | 196.55 | 316.32 |  | <br><br>I-395 north / US 1 north (14th Street Bridge) Washington | Continuation into the District of Columbia |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | | |

Spurs of US 1 in Virginia Spurs of SR 31 between 1923 and 1928   Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 1 in VirginiaKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 1 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 196.55 mi (316.32 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 1 at the North Carolina state line near Palmer Springs |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | I-395 / US 1 at the District of Columbia boundary in Arlington |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | Mecklenburg, Brunswick, Dinwiddie, City of Petersburg, City of Colonial Heights, Chesterfield, City of Richmond, Henrico, Hanover, Caroline, Spotsylvania, City of Fredericksburg, Stafford, Prince William, Fairfax, City of Alexandria, Arlington |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 895   SR 2 | |


title: Gigantotrichoderes

abstract:
Gigantotrichoderes is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
  - Gigantotrichoderes conicicollis Tippmann, 1953
  - Gigantotrichoderes flabellicornis

text:
# Gigantotrichoderes

***Gigantotrichoderes*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Gigantotrichoderes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Gigantotrichoderes conicicollis* MHNT | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Gigantotrichoderes*** |
|


title: Gigantothermy

abstract: Gigantothermy is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly. The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna, such as large turtles, and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs. Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherms. It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeothermic.

text:
# Gigantothermy

**Gigantothermy** (sometimes called **ectothermic homeothermy** or **inertial homeothermy**) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly.

The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna, such as large turtles, and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs. Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherms. It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeothermic.

## Disadvantages

Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency. Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to use in thermoregulation. An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically. More time is dedicated to basking than eating.

## Advantages

Large ectotherms displaying the same body size as large endotherms have the advantage of a slow metabolic rate, meaning that it takes reptiles longer to digest their food. Consequently gigantothermic ectotherms would not have to eat as often as large endotherms that need to maintain a constant influx of food to meet energy demands. Although lions are much smaller than crocodiles, the lions must eat more often than crocodiles because of the higher metabolic output necessary to maintain the lion's heat and energy. The crocodile needs only to lie in the sun to digest more quickly and synthesize ATP.


title: Mircea Septilici

abstract: Mircea Septilici was a Romanian actor. Septilici gained critical acclaim for his roles in films such as Telegrams (1960), The Waves of the Danube (1960), Soldiers of Freedom (1977), James Bond-inspired Black Sea Adventures (1972), and other important Romanian cinematic works. His performance in Telegrams earned a Palme D'or nomination at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival, along iconic films such as La Dolce Vita (1960) by Federico Fellini and L'Avventura (1960) by Michelangelo Antonioni marking a key moment for Romanian cinema. Acting was a success from beginning with Star Without a Name. Then on stages of Canada, and after a while in United States, Israel.

text:
# Mircea Septilici

**Mircea Septilici** (2 August 1912 – 7 October 1989) was a Romanian actor. Septilici gained critical acclaim for his roles in films such as *Telegrams* (1960), *The Waves of the Danube* (1960), *Soldiers of Freedom* (1977), James Bond-inspired *Black Sea Adventures* (1972), and other important Romanian cinematic works.

His performance in *Telegrams* earned a Palme D'or nomination at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival, along iconic films such as *La Dolce Vita* (1960) by Federico Fellini and *L'Avventura* (1960) by Michelangelo Antonioni marking a key moment for Romanian cinema.

Acting was a success from beginning with *Star Without a Name.* Then on stages of Canada, and after a while in United States, Israel.

## Biography

Mircea Septilici was born on 2 August 1912, in the city of Bucharest.

He graduated in 1937 from the Academy of Theater Arts in Bucharest. Between the years 1948–1956 he was arrested, being accused of anti-communist activity, as a member of the "Tămădău" group. He was awarded the Cultural Merit Order IV class (1967) "for special merits in the field of dramatic art".

## Early career

Septilici began his theatre acting journey with a debut in Mihail Sebastian's acclaimed play "Star Without a Name", which established him as an actor in Romanian theatre.

## International career

Septilici's international film debut came with his role in the 1960 Romanian film "Telegrame" (Telegrams), which was showcased at the Cannes Film Festival that same year. The film, directed by Aurel Miheleș and Gheorghe Naghi, was a satirical comedy that received a nomination at Cannes.

In 1967, Septilici acting in the stages of Italy, performing at the La Fenice Theatre in Venice. He played the role of Agamemnon in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

## Filmography

## Legacy

There is a Strada Mircea Șeptilici in Suceava, Romania (47°39′16″N 26°15′09″E / 47.65448°N 26.25247°E / 47.65448; 26.25247) and an Intrarea Mircea Șeptilici (44°29′54″N 26°05′45″E / 44.49832°N 26.09591°E / 44.49832; 26.09591) in Bucharest, Romania.

1. "Mircea Șeptilici". *Plex*. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
2. "Mircea Șeptilici". *NontonBareng.id* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
3. "Actorul Mircea Septilici". *newsweek*.
4. "Biografie Mircea Septilici". *CineMagia* (in Romanian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
5. Darvari, Alex (2023-08-02). "Drama unui mare actor român: văduv la 32 ani, închis după o înscenare. Moare la 8.000 km de România" \[The drama of a great Romanian actor: widowed at 32, imprisoned after a performance. He dies 8,000 km from Romania\]. *Newsweek Romania* (in Romanian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
6. Ganga, PD. "Being a Jewish Writer under the Romanian Fascist Regime". *UCL University London*.
7. "IMDB".
8. "Cannes 1960".
9. "DMTR" (PDF).
10. "Archive Theatre Fenice".
11. "2030 Integrated Urban Development Strategy of the Suceava Urban Area: Transport and Mobility Infrastructure". *World Bank*. 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
12. "Punc; Tul Nr. 12 Consiliul General al Municipiului Bucuresti: Hotarâre" \[Point No. 12: General Council of the Municipality of Bucuresti: Decisions\] (PDF). *Primăria București* (in Romanian). 2019-10-13. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-09-07.

## InfoBox

| Mircea Septilici | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Mircea Șeptilici
(1912-08-02)2 August 1912
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania |
| Died | 7 October 1989(1989-10-07) (aged 77)
Montreal, Canada |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Citizenship | * Canada * France |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Relatives | Daniel Septilici (grandchild) |
| Awards | Order of Cultural Merit |


title: Mircea Stanciu

abstract: Mircea Stanciu is a Romanian former professional footballer. He played in Romania's Liga I for FC Steaua București, FC Oțelul Galați, FC Olimpia Satu Mare, CSM Reșița and FC Apulum Alba Iulia.

text:
# Mircea Stanciu

**Mircea Stanciu** (born 30 April 1975) is a Romanian former professional footballer. He played in Romania's Liga I for FC Steaua București, FC Oțelul Galați, FC Olimpia Satu Mare, CSM Reșița and FC Apulum Alba Iulia.

## InfoBox

Mircea Stanciu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mircea Stanciu | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-04-30) 30 April 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Ocna Mureș, Romania | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1999 | ASA Târgu Mureș | 107 | (38) |
| 1996–1997 | Steaua București (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 1997–1998 | Oțelul Galați (loan) | 15 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Olimpia Satu Mare (loan) | 11 | (1) |
| 1999–2001 | CSM Reșița | 34 | (12) |
| 2001–2002 | Gaz Metan Mediaș | 21 | (6) |
| 2003–04 | CFR Cluj | 10 | (5) |
| 2004–05 | Unirea Alba Iulia | 12 | (1) |
| Total |  | **212** | **(63)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 24 April 2018 | | | |


title: Mircea Sfetescu

abstract: Mircea Sfetescu was a Romanian rugby union player. He played as a centre. He had 4 caps for Romania, from 1924 to 1927. He played the two games at the 1924 Olympic tournament, where Romania, even losing to France and the United States, won the 3rd place for the first ever Bronze medal of his country at the Summer Olympic Games.

text:
# Mircea Sfetescu

**Mircea Sfetescu** (born 1 July 1905, date of death unknown) was a Romanian rugby union player. He played as a centre.

He had 4 caps for Romania, from 1924 to 1927. He played the two games at the 1924 Olympic tournament, where Romania, even losing to France and the United States, won the 3rd place for the first ever Bronze medal of his country at the Summer Olympic Games.

## InfoBox

Mircea Sfetescu
| Date of birth | (1905-07-01)1 July 1905 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania |
| Date of death | Unknown |
| Place of death | Unknown |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Centre  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1924-1927 Romania  4 | |
| Medal record      Men's rugby union  Representing  Romania  Olympic Games  1924 Paris  Team competition | |


title: Mirror Hall

abstract: Mirror Hall is an oil on canvas painting by Iranian realist painter Kamal-ol-Molk, his first work since receiving the title Kamal-ol-Molk. It is considered one of his masterpieces, and marks a starting point in Iran's modern art. The painting was executed in over five years, depicting Qajar ruler Naser-ed-Din Shah sitting on a chair in front of a window at the Mirror Hall of the Golestan Palace, where the Qajar dynasty resided. The completion of the painting coincided with the Qajar ruler's murder in 1896, and the rise of Mozaffar-ed-Din Shah, the fifth Qajar ruler. Kamal-ol-Molk was later questioned about the theft of some precious gems located at the hall, but the actual culprit was eventually found. The Mirror Hall is famous for its remarkable mirror work. It was designed by architect Abul Hassan Memar Bashi Esfahani, while Minister of Architecture Yahya Khan (Mowtamed-ol-Molk) was the consultant.

text:
# Mirror Hall

***Mirror Hall*** (Persian: تالار آینه *tālār-e āyeneh*) is an oil on canvas painting by Iranian realist painter Kamal-ol-Molk, his first work since receiving the title *Kamal-ol-Molk* ("Perfection of the Realm"). It is considered one of his masterpieces, and marks a starting point in Iran's modern art.

The painting was executed in over five years, depicting Qajar ruler Naser-ed-Din Shah sitting on a chair in front of a window at the Mirror Hall of the Golestan Palace, where the Qajar dynasty resided.

The completion of the painting coincided with the Qajar ruler's murder in 1896, and the rise of Mozaffar-ed-Din Shah, the fifth Qajar ruler.

Kamal-ol-Molk was later questioned about the theft of some precious gems located at the hall, but the actual culprit was eventually found.

The Mirror Hall is famous for its remarkable mirror work. It was designed by architect Abul Hassan Memar Bashi Esfahani (d. 1245-1305 AH / 1829-1888 AD) (nicknamed Sani-ol-Molk), while Minister of Architecture Yahya Khan (Mowtamed-ol-Molk) was the consultant.

## InfoBox

| Mirror Hall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Kamal-ol-Molk |
| Year | 1876 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Movement | Realism |
| Dimensions | 90 cm × 100 cm (35 in × 39 in) |
| Location | Golestan Palace, Tehran |


title: Mirror Images 2

abstract: Mirror Images 2 is a 1993 American erotic thriller drama film directed by Gregory Dark and produced by Andrew W. Garroni. The film stars Shannon Whirry, Luca Bercovici, Tom Reilly, Eva LaRue and Ken Steadman in the lead roles. The film's music score was composed by Ashley Irwin.

text:
# Mirror Images 2

***Mirror Images 2*** is a 1993 American erotic thriller drama film directed by Gregory Dark and produced by Andrew W. Garroni. The film stars Shannon Whirry, Luca Bercovici, Tom Reilly, Eva LaRue and Ken Steadman in the lead roles. The film's music score was composed by Ashley Irwin.

## Plot

Carrie and Terrie are a pair of identical twins who are polar opposites. During their adolescence, Carrie was a good student and always well behaved, while Terrie was a bad girl with an insatiable sexual appetite and a habit of seducing her sister's boyfriends. The sisters are separated in youth following the tragic death of their parents. Carrie grows up to marry an abusive louse and is trapped in a sexless relationship, but her problems are about to be compounded when her wicked sister arrives in town, intent on exploiting her physical similarity to her sister to avenge herself for past wrongs. Even the help of a private detective may not be enough for Carrie when Terrie becomes allied with Carrie's own husband.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Mirror Images 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Gregory Dark |
| Written by | Daryl Haney |
| Produced by | Andrew W. Garroni |
| Starring | Shannon Whirry
Luca Bercovici
Tom Reilly
Eva LaRue
Ken Steadman
Kristine Kelly
Sara Suzanne Brown
Frank Pesce |
| Cinematography | Wally Pfister |
| Edited by | Kert VanderMeulen |
| Music by | Ashley Irwin |
| Running time | 92 min. |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: UEFA Striker

abstract: Super Euro Soccer 2000 UEFA Striker, known in North America as Striker Pro 2000, is a sports video game developed by Rage Software and published by Infogrames in 1999-2000. It is the final game in the Striker series following the cancellation of its sequel, UEFA 2001, the following year.

text:
# UEFA Striker

***UEFA Striker***, known in North America as ***Striker Pro 2000***, is a sports video game developed by Rage Software and published by Infogrames in 1999-2000. It is the final game in the *Striker* series following the cancellation of its sequel, *UEFA 2001*, the following year.

## Gameplay

The game allows players to choose from 51 European national teams, 44 domestic clubs and 20 "bonus teams", with individual players modelled with 16 different attributes. Players also have the ability to create their own teams and kits, edit existing players and edit the names of existing cups and leagues. Game modes include training, friendly matches, knockout cups, classic matches, leagues and tournaments. The UEFA licence enabled the inclusion of official Euro 2000 qualifying matches and the final tournament as a game mode, but other major cups and leagues are "cunningly disguised" with names such as the Euro Super Trophy standing in for the Champion's League. Commentary is provided by Ron Atkinson and Jonathan Pearce, with Ruud Gullit providing analysis before international fixtures.

## Development

Julian Widdows, a producer at Rage Software, told *Dreamcast Monthly* magazine that the team's intention was to "create something that felt like real football" and to allow players to "be able to draw the defenders the same way you do in real life, to make space and to make moves". The title was initially developed under the title *Ruud Gullit's Striker*, with Ruud Gullit involved on a "consultancy basis" and providing commentary, but this shifted when the UEFA licence was acquired.

## Reception

The PlayStation version received favourable reviews, while the Dreamcast version received average reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, where the latter was ported and published by Imagineer on 6 April 2000 under the name ***Super Euro Soccer 2000*** (スーパーユーロサッカー2000, *Sūpā Yūro Sakkā 2000*), *Famitsu* gave it a score of 24 out of 40.

## Cancelled sequel

A follow-up, *UEFA 2001*, was announced for the Dreamcast in 2000, but was cancelled in October 2000 when Infogrames was re-evaluating their Dreamcast support, and the game was never released on any platform.

## InfoBox

| UEFA Striker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Rage Software |
| Publisher(s) | Infogrames |
| Series | *Striker* |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation, Dreamcast |
| Release | **PlayStation**
**Dreamcast**
 |
| Genre(s) | Sports video game |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Minor Seminary, Roeselare

abstract: The Minor Seminary, Roeselare is a diocesan secondary school in Roeselare, West Flanders, Belgium. Initially primarily a preparatory institution for the Major Seminary, Bruges, it is now a substantial secondary school for the local community.

text:
# Minor Seminary, Roeselare

The **Minor Seminary, Roeselare** (Dutch: *Klein Seminarie Roeselare*; est. 1806) is a diocesan secondary school in Roeselare, West Flanders, Belgium. Initially primarily a preparatory institution for the Major Seminary, Bruges, it is now a substantial secondary school for the local community.

## History

The diocesan Minor Seminary opened on 27 May 1806 in buildings that between 1641 and 1797 had housed an Augustinian Latin school. The property had been established as a hospital in 1245 by Margaret of Constantinople, and transferred to the Augustinians in 1634-1635. The buildings were considerably modified over the course of subsequent centuries.

The school was closed by government decree between 1812 and 1814 (under Napoleon) and again from 1825 to 1830 (under William I of the Netherlands).

From 1838 to 1846 one wing was a normal school, that then moved to Torhout (now part of Hogeschool VIVES). It was replaced by the Institut Saint-Michel, a primary school and trade school, which from 1849 to 1884 also included a separate English section due to the number of students enrolling from England and Ireland, where Catholic secondary education was still underdeveloped. From 1849 to 1953, the Minor Seminary provided philosophy courses for those who had completed their secondary education and were beginning their training for the priesthood.

Through the influence of Guido Gezelle and the activism of Albrecht Rodenbach, the school became one of the intellectual centres of the 19th-century Flemish Movement.

The church attached to the school was built in the years 1725–1749. During the First World War the German occupying forces requisitioned the building as a field hospital. In 1918 there was extensive damage due to a fire caused by Allied shelling.

## Notable teachers and alumni

50°56′36″N 3°07′31″E / 50.94324°N 3.12529°E / 50.94324; 3.12529


title: Minor Premise (film)

abstract: Minor Premise is a 2020 American science-fiction thriller film directed by Eric Schultz in his directorial debut. He co-wrote the script alongside Justin Moretto and Thomas Torrey. The film stars Sathya Sridharan, Paton Ashbrook, and Dana Ashbrook. The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival on August 29, 2020.

text:
# Minor Premise (film)

***Minor Premise*** is a 2020 American science-fiction thriller film directed by Eric Schultz in his directorial debut. He co-wrote the script alongside Justin Moretto and Thomas Torrey. The film stars Sathya Sridharan, Paton Ashbrook, and Dana Ashbrook.

The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival on August 29, 2020.

## Synopsis

"Attempting to surpass his father's legacy, a reclusive neuroscientist becomes entangled in his own experiment, pitting ten fragments of his consciousness against each other".

## Cast

* Sathya Sridharan as Ethan
* Paton Ashbrook as Alli
* Dana Ashbrook as Malcolm
* Purva Bedi as Maggie
* Alex Breau as Timmy Fitzgerald
* E.J. Carroll as Dr. Joseph Lang
* Karron Graves as Lauren

## Production

The film was shot in the United States.

## Release

*Minor Premise* had its world premiere at the Fantasia International Film Festival on August 29, 2020, and it was released on VOD on December 4, 2020 by Utopia.

## Reception

### Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 91% based on 46 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "*Minor Premise* offers major enjoyment for sci-fi fans in search of an intelligent, grounded entry in the genre." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Alan Zilberman of *Washington City Paper* reviewed the film positively, saying "With its stirring lead performance and ticking clock, this modest thriller is a major accomplishment." *Daily Dead*'s Heather Wixson scored the film 4/5, stating "*Minor Premise* demonstrates an adept ability to marry smart, intellectually-driven storytelling that also has a bit of an emotional wallop to it as well."

## InfoBox

| Minor Premise | |
| --- | --- |
| Official release poster | |
| Directed by | Eric Schultz |
| Written by | * Justin Moretto * Eric Schultz * Thomas Torrey |
| Produced by | * Justin Moretto * Ross O'Connor * Eric Schultz * Nicolai Schwarzkopf * Thomas Torrey |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Justin Derry |
| Edited by | * James Codoyannis * Christopher Radcliffe |
| Music by | Gavin Brivik |
| Production<br>company | Bad Theology |
| Distributed by | Utopia |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Gilbert Betts

abstract: Gilbert Frederick Betts was an English cricketer. Betts was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Fulbrook, Oxfordshire. Betts made his debut in county cricket for Oxfordshire in the 1950 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. From 1950 to 1956, Betts made 31 appearances for the county in the Minor Counties Championship, the last of which came against Wiltshire. In 1951, he made his only appearance in first-class cricket for a combined Minor Counties team against Kent at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury. Batting first, Kent made 365/8 declared, with Betts taking five wickets in the innings, finishing with figures of 5/95. In response, the Minor Counties made 169 all out in their first-innings, with Betts, who batted at number eleven, being dismissed for a duck by Simon Kimmins. Forced to follow-on in their second-innings, the Minor Counties fared little better, making 186, with Betts the last man out when he was dismissed for a single run by Ray Dovey. Kent won the match by an innings and 10 runs. He died at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, on 5 January 1982.

text:
# Gilbert Betts

**Gilbert Frederick Betts** (21 December 1916 – 5 January 1982) was an English cricketer. Betts was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Fulbrook, Oxfordshire.

Betts made his debut in county cricket for Oxfordshire in the 1950 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. From 1950 to 1956, Betts made 31 appearances for the county in the Minor Counties Championship, the last of which came against Wiltshire. In 1951, he made his only appearance in first-class cricket for a combined Minor Counties team against Kent at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury. Batting first, Kent made 365/8 declared, with Betts taking five wickets in the innings, finishing with figures of 5/95. In response, the Minor Counties made 169 all out in their first-innings, with Betts, who batted at number eleven, being dismissed for a duck by Simon Kimmins. Forced to follow-on in their second-innings, the Minor Counties fared little better, making 186, with Betts the last man out when he was dismissed for a single run by Ray Dovey. Kent won the match by an innings and 10 runs.

He died at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, on 5 January 1982.

Gilbert Betts at ESPNcricinfo

## InfoBox

Gilbert Betts
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Gilbert Frederick Betts |
| Born | (1916-12-21)21 December 1916
Fulbrook, Oxfordshire |
| Died | 5 January 1982(1982-01-05) (aged 65)
Abingdon, Oxfordshire |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1951 | Minor Counties |
| 1950–1956 | Oxfordshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 1  Batting average 0.50  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 1  Balls bowled 156  Wickets 5  Bowling average 19.00  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5/95  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 May 2012 | |


title: USS Bisbee

abstract: USS Bisbee (PF-46) was a United States Navy Tacoma-class frigate in commission from 1944 to 1945 and from 1950 to 1951. She also served in the Soviet Navy as EK-17 and in the Colombian National Armada as ARC Capitán Tono.

text:
# USS Bisbee

**USS *Bisbee* (PF-46)** was a United States Navy *Tacoma*-class frigate in commission from 1944 to 1945 and from 1950 to 1951. She also served in the Soviet Navy as ***EK-17*** and in the Colombian National Armada as **ARC *Capitán Tono***.

## Construction and commissioning

Originally classified as a patrol gunboat, **PG-154**, *Bisbee* was reclassified as a patrol frigate, PF-46, on 15 April 1943. She was launched on 7 September 1943, at the Consolidated Steel Corporation shipyard in Los Angeles, California, sponsored by Mrs. Richard Murphy, and commissioned on 15 February 1944.

## Service history

### U.S. Navy, World War II, 19441945

Assigned to the United States Pacific Fleet and manned by the United States Coast Guard, *Bisbee* joined the United States Seventh Fleet at Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 27 June 1944. She took part in the landings on Biak Island of 12–31 August 1944, and then patrolled off the New Guinea coast until October 1944. During the invasion of Leyte in the Philippine Islands, she served as a patrol and harbor control vessel until detached for escort duty on 22 November 1944. *Bisbee* arrived at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 15 December 1944.

After undergoing repairs, *Bisbee* departed Pearl Harbor on 6 January 1945 for Dutch Harbor, Territory of Alaska, arriving there on 13 January 1945. From then until July 1945, she escorted merchant ships and United States Army transports between Dutch Harbor, Adak, Amchitka, and Attu, and acted as guard ship for Fleet Air Wing 4 in the North Pacific Ocean.

Stage and film actor Buddy Ebsen served as the Executive Officer aboard Bisbee during this deployment to the Pacific War Zone.

Selected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula  a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay, Alaska, in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan  *Bisbee*, with Escort Division 43, departed Adak on 6 July 1945 bound for Seattle, Washington, arriving there on 12 July 1945. After undergoing repairs and conversion in preparation for her transfer, *Bisbee* steamed to Cold Bay, where she arrived on 13 August 1945. She soon began training her new Soviet crew.

### Soviet Navy, 1945–1949

Following the completion of training for her Soviet crew, *Bisbee* was decommissioned on 26 August 1945 at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately along with her sister ships USS *Gallup* (PF-47), USS *Rockford* (PF-48), USS *Muskogee* (PF-49), USS *Carson City* (PF-50), and USS *Burlington* (PF-51). Commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately, *Bisbee* was designated as a *storozhevoi korabl* ("escort ship") and renamed ***EK-17*** in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union, where she served as a patrol vessel in the Soviet Far East.

In February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II. On 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned, *EK-17* among them. Negotiations for the return of the ships were protracted, but on 1 November 1949 the Soviet Union finally returned *EK-17* to the U.S. Navy at Yokosuka, Japan.

### U.S. Navy, Korean War, 19501951

Reverting to her original name, *Bisbee* lay idle in the Pacific Reserve Fleet at Yokosuka until being recommissioned on 18 October 1950 for service in the Korean War. She got underway for Korea on 23 November 1950, and served on patrol, escort, and bombardment duty off Korea  also making occasional voyages to the Philippine Islands, Hong Kong, and the Pescadores  until decommissioned on 20 October 1951.

### Colombian Navy, 19521963

After repairs at Yokosuka, the ship was transferred to Colombia on 13 February 1952 under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program, serving in the Colombian Navy as **ARC *Capitán Tono***. She relieved her sister ship ARC *Almirante Padilla*, ex-USS *Groton* (PF-29), and served on patrol off the east coast of Korea. Exchanges of fire with shore batteries were a frequent occurrence, and her crew suffered some casualties. On 13 January 1953, *Capitán Tono* ended her tour of duty and was replaced by another of her sister ships, ARC *Almirante Brión*, ex-USS *Burlington* (PF-51).

The ship remained in Colombian service after the Korean War and was scrapped in 1963.

## Awards

The U.S. Navy awarded *Bisbee* two battle stars for her World War II service and three for her Korean War service.

## InfoBox

| USS *Bisbee* (PF-46) off Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone, on 24 April 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Bisbee* |
| Namesake | City of Bisbee, Arizona |
| Reclassified | PF-46, 15 April 1943 |
| Builder | Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California |
| Yard number | 531 |
| Laid down | 7 August 1943 |
| Launched | 7 September 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Richard Murphy |
| Commissioned | 15 February 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 26 August 1945 |
| Honors and
awards | 2 battle stars, World War II |
| Fate | Transferred to the Soviet Navy 26 August 1945 |
| Acquired | Returned by Soviet Navy, 1 November 1949 |
| Recommissioned | 18 October 1950 |
| Decommissioned | 20 October 1951 |
| Honors and
awards | 3 battle stars, Korean War |
| Fate | Transferred to Colombian National Armada, 13 February 1952 |
| Soviet Union | |
| Name | *EK-17* |
| Acquired | 26 August 1945 |
| Commissioned | 26 August 1945 |
| Fate | Returned to United States, 1 November 1949 |
| Colombia | |
| Name | *Capitán Tono* |
| Acquired | 13 February 1952 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1963 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Tacoma*-class frigate |
| Displacement | * 1,430 long tons (1,453 t) light * 2,415 long tons (2,454 t) full |
| Length | 303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft 6 in (11.43 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 5,500 shp (4,101 kW) turbines * 3 boilers * 2 shafts |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Complement | 190 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Bitterbush

abstract: USS Bitterbush (AN-39/YN-58) was an Ailanthus-class net laying ship which served with the U.S. Navy in the western Pacific Ocean theatre of operations during World War II. She served the U.S. Pacific Fleet with her protective anti-submarine nets, and returned home safely after the war with one battle star to her credit.

text:
# USS Bitterbush

**USS *Bitterbush* (AN-39/YN-58)** was an *Ailanthus*-class net laying ship which served with the U.S. Navy in the western Pacific Ocean theatre of operations during World War II. She served the U.S. Pacific Fleet with her protective anti-submarine nets, and returned home safely after the war with one battle star to her credit.

## Built in Washington

The net tender *Almond* (YN-58) was laid down on 30 November 1942 at Everett, Washington, by the Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company; renamed *Bitterbush* on 3 April 1943; launched on 30 June 1943; sponsored by Miss Veberly Jean Miller; and commissioned on 15 January 1944.

## World War II service

Redesignated a net laying ship, *AN-39*, on 20 January 1944, *Bitterbush* completed outfitting on 26 February 1944, reported for duty to the Commander, Operational Training Command, Pacific, and departed Seattle, Washington, for San Diego, California, that same day. Following shakedown training, *Bitterbush* reported for duty to the Commandant, 12th Naval District, arriving at San Francisco, California, on 20 March. The ship worked the submarine nets at Tiburon, California, and San Francisco over the next eight months, before departing San Francisco Bay on 29 November 1944.

*Bitterbush* made stops at Port Hueneme, Terminal Island, and San Pedro, California, before setting out across the Pacific Ocean on 5 December 1944. Proceeding to Pearl Harbor, the ship reported on 5 January 1945 to the Commander, 5th Amphibious Force, for duty. Underway from Oahu on 24 January 1945, the ship sailed via Eniwetok and Guam to Iwo Jima. After voyage repairs, *Bitterbush* worked on the submarine net line at the recently conquered island through the end of hostilities with Japan.

## End-of-war decommissioning

On 17 September 1945, she sailed for the United States. Proceeding via Saipan, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor, the ship reached San Francisco by 20 October 1945. Entering drydock soon after her arrival, the net layer—although at one time considered for use removing anti-submarine nets in the 12th Naval District—remained drydocked at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard until decommissioned on 4 January 1946. Deemed surplus to Navy needs, *Bitterbush* was struck from the Navy List on 21 January 1946.

Transferred to the U.S. Maritime Commission for disposal on 6 May 1947, she was sold and converted for merchant service, in which capacity she operated from 1948 until destroyed by fire off Puerto Rico on 27 May 1954.

## Honors and awards

*Bitterbush* was awarded one battle star for her World War II service.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Bitterbush* |
| Namesake | A small tropical American tree with red berries |
| Builder | Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, Everett, Washington |
| Laid down | 30 November 1942 as *Almond* (YN-58) |
| Launched | 30 June 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Miss Veberly Jean Miller |
| Commissioned | 15 January 1944 as USS *Bitterbush* (YN-58) |
| Decommissioned | 4 January 1946, at Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California |
| Renamed | *Bitterbush* (YN-58), 3 April 1943 |
| Reclassified | *AN-39*, 20 January 1944 |
| Stricken | 21 January 1946 |
| Honors and<br>awards | one battle star (Iwo Jima) for World War II service |
| Fate | Transferred to the U.S. Maritime Commission, 6 May 1947; destroyed by fire off Puerto Rico, 27 May 1954 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Ailanthus*-class net laying ship |
| Displacement | 1,100 long tons (1,100 t) |
| Length | 194 ft 7 in (59.3 m) |
| Beam | 34 ft 7 in (10.5 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 6 in (4.1 m) |
| Installed power | 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) |
| Propulsion | diesel electric |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Complement | 56 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | one single 3 in (76 mm) dual purpose gun mount; two single 20 mm AA gun mounts |