title: George Jefferson (engineer)

abstract: Sir George Rowland Jefferson was a British aeronautical engineer and businessman. He served as the first chairman of British Telecom (BT), and was largely responsible for its privatisation in 1984.

text:
# George Jefferson (engineer)

**Sir George Rowland Jefferson** CBE FRAeS (26 March 1921 – 1 September 2012) was a British aeronautical engineer and businessman. He served as the first chairman of British Telecom (BT), and was largely responsible for its privatisation in 1984.

## Early life

Jefferson was born in London in 1921. His father was an electrical engineer. He attended a grammar school in north-west Kent, leaving at the age of 16.

He was commissioned as an officer in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC), later joining REME. For the latter stages of the war he worked in government research, developing automated anti-aircraft weapons.

## Career

In 1952 he became head of the guided weapon division of English Electric (in Hertfordshire). BAC took over EE in 1960. British Aerospace in turn took over BAC in 1977. At British Aerospace he served as a director, managing director, and then chairman, looking after the development of the Rapier anti-aircraft missile, as head of the guided weapons division.

He was made deputy chairman of the Post Office (GPO), becoming the first chairman and chief executive of British Telecom on 1 September 1980. He saw through the company's privatisation. There was widespread hostility against its privatisation. This first privatisation of a British utility would mostly lay the ground for the subsequent privatisations of the 1980s; he largely made BT's privatisation take place. Jefferson retired in 1987.

## Personal life

He married in Irene Brown 1943, having three sons; his first wife died in 1998. He remarried, in 1999, to Bridget Anne Riley. He received the CBE in the 1969 New Year Honours and was knighted in the 1981 New Year Honours. He later moved to Perth, Western Australia, but lived in the Republic of Ireland at the end of his life. He died from heart failure and complications of Alzheimer's disease at a care home in Longford on 1 September 2012, aged 91.

## InfoBox

| SirGeorge JeffersonCBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | George Rowland Jefferson
(1921-03-26)26 March 1921
London, England |
| Died | 1 September 2012(2012-09-01) (aged 91)
Longford, Ireland |
| Occupations | * Engineer * executive |
| Spouses | * Irene Brown  (m. 1943; died 1998) * Bridget Riley (m. 1999) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Project Emily

abstract: Project Emily was the deployment of American-built Thor intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in the United Kingdom between 1959 and 1963. Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command operated 60 Thor missiles, dispersed to 20 RAF air stations, as part of the British nuclear deterrent. Due to concerns over the buildup of Soviet missiles, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in Bermuda in March 1957 to explore the possibility of short-term deployment of IRBMs in the United Kingdom until the long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were deployed. The October 1957 Sputnik crisis caused this plan to be expedited. The first Thor missile arrived in the UK on a Douglas C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft in August 1958, and was delivered to the RAF in September. RAF crews periodically visited the United States for training, culminating in 21 operational training launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, 59 of the missiles, with their W49 1.44-megaton-of-TNT (6.0 PJ) thermonuclear warheads, were brought to operational readiness. The Thor missile force was disbanded in 1963, and the missiles were returned to the United States, where most were expended in military space shots.

text:
# Project Emily

**Project Emily** was the deployment of American-built Thor intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in the United Kingdom between 1959 and 1963. Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command operated 60 Thor missiles, dispersed to 20 RAF air stations, as part of the British nuclear deterrent.

Due to concerns over the buildup of Soviet missiles, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in Bermuda in March 1957 to explore the possibility of short-term deployment of IRBMs in the United Kingdom until the long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were deployed. The October 1957 Sputnik crisis caused this plan to be expedited. The first Thor missile arrived in the UK on a Douglas C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft in August 1958, and was delivered to the RAF in September.

RAF crews periodically visited the United States for training, culminating in 21 operational training launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, 59 of the missiles, with their W49 1.44-megaton-of-TNT (6.0 PJ) thermonuclear warheads, were brought to operational readiness. The Thor missile force was disbanded in 1963, and the missiles were returned to the United States, where most were expended in military space shots.

## Background

During the early part of the Second World War, Britain had a nuclear weapons project, codenamed Tube Alloys. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill and the President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, signed the Quebec Agreement, which merged Tube Alloys with the American Manhattan Project to create a combined British, American and Canadian project. The British government trusted that the United States would continue to share nuclear technology, which it regarded as a joint discovery, after the war, but the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act) ended technical cooperation. Its control of "restricted data" prevented the United States' allies from receiving information related to nuclear weapons. Fearing a resurgence of United States isolationism, and Britain losing its great power status, the British government restarted its own development effort, which was codenamed High Explosive Research. The first British atomic bomb was successfully detonated off the Monte Bello Islands in Operation Hurricane on 3 October 1952, and the first production model atomic bomb was delivered to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in November 1953.

Britain's nuclear weapons armament was initially based on free-fall bombs delivered by the V bomber force, but the possibility of the bomber becoming obsolete by the late 1960s was foreseen. In 1953, the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operational Requirements), Air Vice Marshal Geoffrey Tuttle, asked for a specification for a ballistic missile with 2,000-nautical-mile (3,700 km) range to be drawn up ahead of design work commencing. This became Operational Requirement OR.1139. Work commenced at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough later that year. In March 1954 the Ministry of Supply was asked to put forward proposals for a full-scale ballistic missile project. At a NATO meeting in Paris in December 1953, the United States Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, raised the possibility of a joint development programme with the Minister of Supply, Duncan Sandys. Talks were held in June 1954, resulting in the signing of an agreement on 12 August 1954. The United States would develop an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) of 5,000-nautical-mile (9,300 km) range, while the United Kingdom with United States support would develop a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) of 2,000-nautical-mile (3,700 km) range. The American ICBM was codenamed Atlas, while the British MRBM was called Blue Streak. Blue Streak was estimated to cost £70 million, with the United States paying 15 per cent of the cost.

In parallel to the ICBM programme, the United States developed three separate intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) systems. On 8 November 1955, Wilson approved IRBM projects by both the United States Army and the United States Air Force (USAF). The United States National Security Council gave the ICBM and IRBM projects the highest national priority. The Army Ballistic Missile Agency, commanded by Major General John B. Medaris, with Wernher von Braun as its technical director, developed the Jupiter (SM-78) IRBM. After three failures, its first successful flight took place at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on 31 May 1957. The United States Navy initially participated in the Jupiter programme, intending to launch the missiles from ships, but in view of their size, decided instead to develop a smaller, solid-propellant IRBM that could be launched from a submarine, which became Polaris. Despite reluctance on the part of Major General Bernard Schriever, the commander of the USAF Western Development Division, to take on IRBM development, and a pronounced lack of enthusiasm for missiles among senior USAF officers, who preferred manned bombers, the rival USAF project moved quickly. The Douglas Aircraft Company was awarded the contract for the development of the missile, which was codenamed Thor (SM-75), in December 1955. Rocketdyne, Ramo-Wooldridge, AC Spark Plug, Bell Laboratories and General Electric were engaged as the subcontractors for the rocket engine, technical coordination, inertial guidance system, radio guidance system, and re-entry vehicle respectively. The first missile was delivered to Patrick Air Force Base on 26 October 1956. After four unsuccessful attempts, the first successful test flight took place on 20 September 1957.

## Negotiations

Implicit in Wilson's decision to develop an IRBM was that it would be based overseas. Thor had a range of 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km; 1,700 mi), and therefore did not have the range to reach the Soviet Union and China from the United States. Britain, Germany, Turkey, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan were considered as possible sites for them. Gordon Gray, the US Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, mentioned it to a Ministry of Supply official in January 1956, and unofficial, low-level approaches began in March 1956. The United States Secretary of the Air Force, Donald A. Quarles, officially raised the matter with the Minister of Defence, Sir Walter Monckton, and his Chief Scientific Advisor, Sir Frederick Brundrett, in meetings at the Palace of Westminster on 16 and 17 July 1956. Quarles proposed sites in England for the missiles, and suggested that live firings be conducted from Scotland. Monckton noted that this option had already been rejected for Blue Streak, in favour of test firings at the Woomera Test Range. Monckton and Brundrett considered whether Thor or Jupiter would have the range for British purposes. The Americans could not supply nuclear weapons under the McMahon Act. The missiles could be fitted with British warheads, but these would be heavier, reducing the range to 1,250 nautical miles (2,320 km; 1,440 mi). Brundrett considered such a missile "useless". The Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir William Dickson, queried whether Blue Streak was redundant if the Americans supplied Thor. Like many senior RAF officers and their USAF counterparts, he was also concerned about the fate of the manned bomber if the government embraced missile technology.

During the initial negotiations, the major British concerns were about the technical aspects of the weapons, and the costs and benefits of deployment in the United Kingdom rather than concerns about control. A precedent here was Project E, under which data on US nuclear weapons was supplied to Britain to allow English Electric Canberra bombers and V-bombers to carry them in wartime. The McMahon act was amended in August 1954 to permit this. Under Project E, stocks of US nuclear weapons for British use were held at RAF airbases under US custody. On 12 December 1956, the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Nathan Twining, suggested to his British counterpart, Air Chief Marshal Sir Dermot Boyle, that the Thor missile warheads be made available "under the same terms and conditions". Sandys, now the Minister of Defence, affirmed that this arrangement would be acceptable to the British government. When he visited the United States in January 1957, he found the Americans eager to deploy IRBMs in Britain. The Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed to do so at a summit in Bermuda in March 1957. Although the IRBM negotiations had commenced before the Suez crisis damaged Britain's relationship with the United States, it suited the British government to portray the IRBM deal as a demonstration that the rift had been healed.

However, the two nations were still working at cross-purposes. The British saw the IRBMs as a step on the path to an independent nuclear deterrent, while the Americans saw it as an augmentation of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The Americans originally envisaged the employment of 120 Thor missiles in four USAF squadrons, the 672nd, 673rd, 674th and 675th Strategic Missile Squadrons, and four RAF squadrons, the first two of which would at first be manned by USAF personnel. The October 1957 Sputnik crisis caused this plan to be modified. It placed the Eisenhower administration under great public pressure to act on the deployment of missiles by a shocked and distraught nation. Sputnik demonstrated the Soviet Union's capability to deploy ICBMs. The United States now needed the IRBMs—and British cooperation—more than ever. The proposal to base USAF Thor squadrons in Britain was dropped on 12 October 1957 in view of the British political opposition.

Colonel Edward N. Hall was responsible for making the arrangements for the deployment. Two alternative plans were presented to Quarles, now the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense. One was for the United States to shoulder the cost, which would facilitate the fastest possible deployment. The other was for an agreement to be reached on sharing costs with the British, which would take longer. Quarles shared the plans with Eisenhower and Macmillan in Bermuda, and directed Hall to proceed with the deployment as fast as the first plan, but with the costs of the second. The result was a slower, more costly deployment. A formal agreement was drawn up on 17 December 1957, although it was not until the end of the month that it was definitely determined that Britain would receive Thor and not Jupiter missiles. The deployment of Thor missiles was codenamed Project Emily.

The USAF suggested that the first missiles be based at RAF Sturgate and RAF East Kirkby in Lincolnshire, where the USAF already had a presence. The RAF rejected this, as it envisaged eventually taking over the bases, and felt that they had too few suitable locations for dispersing the missiles, the local road networks were inadequate, and the personnel accommodation was below RAF standards. Instead, the RAF offered the use of RAF Feltwell in Norfolk and RAF Hemswell in Lincolnshire. The Ministry of Works costed the improvements at £7.15 million. An understanding on the bases was signed by the Ambassador to the United States, Harold Caccia, and the United States Secretary of State, Christian Herter, in February 1958. This was followed by a formal agreement in June. The United States would provide the missiles, spare parts and training for five years of operation. The United Kingdom would provide the bases and supporting facilities.

There were fears that the involvement of the Third Air Force, the American air component based in Britain assigned to NATO, would lead to SACEUR, General Lauris Norstad, controlling the missiles. It was agreed that the missiles would be under British control, and target assignment would be a British responsibility, in conjunction with SAC's British-based 7th Air Division. Nor was the RAF happy with the first units being manned by USAF. It was agreed that they would be manned by the RAF as soon as personnel could be trained to operate the missiles. Each missile was supplied with its own 1.44-megaton-of-TNT (6.0 PJ) Mark 49 warhead. The practical difficulty with US custody of the warheads was that if they were all stored at RAF Lakenheath in Suffolk, it would take up to 57 hours to make the missiles operational. In the end, a dual key system was devised. The RAF key started the missile and the USAF authorisation officer's key armed the warhead. This reduced the launch time to 15 minutes.

## Deployment

By 1958, plans called for the deployment of 60 Thor missiles. This was conceived as a four-squadron deployment, with each squadron controlling fifteen missiles in five flights of three missiles, with each flight at its own RAF station. No. 77 Squadron RAF was formed at RAF Feltwell as part of No. 3 Group RAF on 1 September 1958. Its first Thor missile arrived at RAF Lakenheath on a Douglas C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft on 29 August, and was delivered to RAF Feltwell on 19 September. Fourteen were received by 23 December 1958. The deployment involved the transport of 18,000,000 pounds (8,200 t) of equipment by sea, 23,000,000 to 25,000,000 pounds (10,000 to 11,000 t) by air in 600 flights by C-124 Globemaster IIs, and 77 by Douglas C-133 Cargomasters of the USAF's 1607th Air Transport Wing.

Eastern England was dotted with RAF stations that had been used by RAF Bomber Command and the US Eighth Air Force in the Combined Bomber Offensive during the Second World War. Many were still being used by the RAF and USAF, while others had been turned over to other uses but were still in good condition. The use of government-owned land saved the costs of land acquisition. RAF Witchford was initially included at the instigation of the Americans, but the land was owned by the Church Commissioners, and nearby RAF Mepal was substituted. The main selection criterion was the condition of the road network connecting the bases; a grade of more than one in seventeen was considered an unacceptable risk of grounding the missile transport. Some proposed sites in Yorkshire based around RAF Dishforth ran into problems with radar coverage, and a new group of stations was found around RAF North Luffenham. These were not considered ideal as the missiles would have to fly over populated areas.

Training and demonstrations were conducted by Douglas Aircraft engineers, and responsibility for the base was handed over to the RAF in March 1959. In July, it was decided that each of the locations would be designated as a squadron instead of a flight. The flights of No. 77 Squadron became a separate squadron on 22 July 1959. A Flight remained No. 77 Squadron RAF, while B, C, D and E Flights became Nos. 82, 107, 113 and 220 Squadrons RAF respectively.

The subsequent deployment was based on four stations, each comprising five missile squadrons, with a main base and four satellite bases in close proximity. Each missile squadron was equipped with three Thor missiles. The squadrons were allocated to the two RAF Bomber Command groups, Nos.  and 3 Groups. The first squadron in No. 1 Group was No. 97 Squadron RAF, which was formed at RAF Hemswell on 1 December 1959. As with No. 77 Squadron, it was broken up into five squadrons on 22 July 1959, with Nos. 104, 106, 142 and 269 Squadrons RAF being formed. No. 98 Squadron RAF was formed at RAF Driffield on 1 August 1959 as part of No. 1 Group on with Nos. 102, 150, 226 and 240 Squadrons RAF as its satellites. Finally, No. 144 Squadron RAF was formed at RAF North Luffenham on 1 December 1959 with Nos. 130, 150, 223 and 254 Squadrons RAF as its satellites as part of No. 3 Group. In all, twenty RAF squadrons were formed between September 1958 and December 1959, more than in any comparable period in peacetime.

FeltwellShepherds GroveTuddenhamMepalNorth PickenhamHemswellLudford MagnaBardneyColeby GrangeCaistorDriffieldFull SuttonCarnabyCatfossBreightonNorth LuffenhamPolebrookFolkinghamHarringtonMelton Mowbrayclass=notpageimage|Thor missile deployment showing the main stations (blue) and the satellites (red)

The raising of the twenty squadrons involved the training of 1,254 RAF personnel in the United States, and about the same number in the United Kingdom. Both RAF and USAF personnel were trained in the United States by the 392nd Strategic Missile Squadron (Training), which was formed at Cooke Air Force Base in California on 23 May 1957, and assigned to the 704th Strategic Missile Wing. Both were assigned to the 1st Missile Division on 22 July. The squadron was renamed the 392nd Missile Training Squadron on 12 August, and was activated on 15 September.

Training was provided by Douglas Aircraft and A. C. Sparkplug at the former's plant in Tucson, Arizona. The 672nd Strategic Missile Squadron, which was renamed the 672nd Technical Training Squadron on 25 April 1958, was formed at Cooke Air Force Base on 1 January 1958, and moved to RAF Feltwell on 20 May 1958, and then to RAF Lakenheath on 17 August 1959, where it was disbanded on 1 October 1959.

RAF Bomber Command established a Strategic Missile School at RAF Feltwell in January 1961, and in May responsibility for Thor missile training passed from the USAF to the RAF. The school conducted courses for launch control officers, technical officers, authentication officers, missile serving chiefs and missile, general and electrical fitters. The final course—for launch control officers—graduated on 15 November 1962, and the school was closed.

To defend the stations from enemy aircraft, RAF squadrons were raised with the Bristol Bloodhound surface-to-air missile. The first of these was No. 264 Squadron RAF, which was formed at RAF North Coates on the Lincolnshire coast on 1 December 1958. Two more Bloodhound squadrons followed; No. 112 Squadron RAF, which was reformed at RAF Church Fenton on 1 August 1960, and No. 247 Squadron RAF which was formed at RAF Carnaby on 1 July 1960.

|
|  |
RAF Thor Missile Deployment
| Station | County | Squadron | Reformed | Operational | Disbanded | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Feltwell Station** | | | | | | |
| RAF Feltwell | Norfolk | No. 77 Squadron RAF | 1 September 1958 | 9 January 1959 | 10 July 1963 |  |
| RAF Shepherds Grove | Suffolk | No. 82 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 10 July 1963 |  |
| RAF Tuddenham | Suffolk | No. 107 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 10 July 1963 |  |
| RAF Mepal | Cambridgeshire | No. 113 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 10 July 1963 |  |
| RAF North Pickenham | Norfolk | No. 220 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 10 July 1963 |  |
| **Hemswell Station** | | | | | | |
| RAF Hemswell | Lincolnshire | No. 97 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1958 | 12 January 1959 | 24 May 1963 |  |
| RAF Ludford Magna | Lincolnshire | No. 104 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 24 May 1963 |  |
| RAF Bardney | Lincolnshire | No. 106 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 24 May 1963 |  |
| RAF Coleby Grange | Lincolnshire | No. 142 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 24 May 1963 |  |
| RAF Caistor | Lincolnshire | No. 269 Squadron RAF | 22 July 1959 | 22 July 1959 | 24 May 1963 |  |
| **Driffield Station** | | | | | | |
| RAF Driffield | Yorkshire | No. 98 Squadron RAF | 1 August 1959 | 8 January 1959 | 18 April 1963 |  |
| RAF Full Sutton | Yorkshire | No. 102 Squadron RAF | 1 August 1959 | 8 January 1959 | 27 April 1963 |  |
| RAF Carnaby | Yorkshire | No. 150 Squadron RAF | 1 August 1959 | 8 January 1959 | 9 April 1963 |  |
| RAF Catfoss | Yorkshire | No. 226 Squadron RAF | 1 August 1959 | 8 January 1959 | 9 March 1963 |  |
| RAF Breighton | Yorkshire | No. 240 Squadron RAF | 1 August 1959 | 8 January 1959 | 8 January 1963 |  |
| **North Luffenham Station** | | | | | | |
| RAF North Luffenham | Rutland | No. 144 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1959 | 12 January 1959 | 23 August 1963 |  |
| RAF Polebrook | Northamptonshire | No. 130 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1959 | 12 January 1959 | 23 August 1963 |  |
| RAF Folkingham | Lincolnshire | No. 223 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1959 | 12 January 1959 | 23 August 1963 |  |
| RAF Harrington | Northamptonshire | No. 218 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1959 | 12 January 1959 | 23 August 1963 |  |
| RAF Melton Mowbray | Leicestershire | No. 254 Squadron RAF | 1 December 1959 | 12 January 1959 | 23 August 1963 |  |
|

## Missile launches by RAF personnel

The culmination of Thor missile training was to participate in a missile launch. Originally it was intended that all Thor missile crews would carry out at least one launch, but it soon became apparent that the cost would be prohibitive. Nonetheless, 21 RAF crews visited the United States for training, culminating in operational training launches from Vandenberg. This was known as Integrated Weapons System Training (IWST). During the testing and for the avoidance of doubt, the Americans were at pains to ensure standardisation of terminology between themselves and their UK colleagues. The first of these launches was a launch codenamed Lions Roar. Despite the fact that a Thor missile had exploded on the launch pad just a few days before, the launch was viewed by dignitaries including Brigadier Godfrey Hobbs, the Director of Public Relations at the Ministry of Defence; Air Vice-Marshal Walter Sheen, the RAF commander at the British Joint Staff Mission; and Air Vice-Marshal Augustus Walker, the commander of No. 1 Group. After delays due to weather and technical problems, the missile was successfully launched on 16 April 1959. In all, there were nine IWST launches, the last of which, codenamed Red Caboose, was on 21 January 1960.

In addition to the IWST launches, there were Combat Training Launches (CTLs). IWST launches were part of training, and launch crews were permitted technical holds in the countdown so they could be fully trained in launch procedures. A CTL was for an already trained crew, and was to demonstrate their proficiency. The first launch was viewed by the Chief of the Defence Staff, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten and Lady Mountbatten. The first three CTLs, like the IWST launches, used Douglas missiles taken off the assembly line; but there were concerns about the impact of the British weather on the missiles. Henceforth, a missile would be randomly chosen, and the missile and its crew flown to Vandenberg for testing. Twelve CTLs were carried out between 6 October 1959 and 18 June 1962; a planned CTL on 8 October 1962 was cancelled in the wake of the decision to withdraw the Thor missiles from service.

|
|  |
RAF Thor missile launches
| Launch date | Launch pad | Code name | Code | Missile | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1959** | | | | | |
| 16 April | 75-2-8 | Lions Roar | IWST-1 | T-161 | Missile landed 93 nautical miles (172 km) from target. |
| 16 April | 75-2-7 | Punch Press | IWST-2 | T-191 | Abandoned due to technical problems and conflict with the Discoverer 3 launch. |
| 16 June | 75-2-7 | Rifle Shot | IWST-2 | T-191 | Destroyed by Range Safety Officer. |
| 3 August | 75-1-1 | Bean Ball | IWST-3 | T-175 | Missile landed 63 nautical miles (117 km) from target. |
| 14 August | 75-2-6 | Short Skip | IWST-4 | T-190 | Failed |
| 17 September | 75-1-2 | Grease Gun | IWST-5 | T-228 | Landed off target |
| 6 October | 75-2-8 | Foreign Travel | CTL-1 | T-239 | Success |
| 21 October | 75-1-1 | Stand Fast | IWST-6 | T-220 | Success |
| 12 November | 75-1-2 | Beach Buggy | IWST-7 | T-181 | Success |
| 1 December | 75-1-1 | Hard Right | CTL-2 | T-265 | Success |
| 14 December | 75-1-2 | Tall Girl | IWST-8 | T-185 | Missile broke up |
| **1960** | | | | | |
| 21 January | 75-1-2 | Red Caboose | IWST-9 | T-215 | Success |
| 2 March | 75-2-8 | Center Board | CTL-3 | T-272 | Success |
| 22 June | 75-2-7 | Clan Chattan | CTL-4 | T-223 | Success. First missile returned from the UK for launch |
| 11 October | 75-2-8 | Left Rudder | CTL-5 | T-186 | Success |
| 13 December | 75-2-8 | Acton Town | CTL-6 | T-267 | Success |
| **1961** | | | | | |
| 29 March | 75-2-7 | Shepherds Bush | CTL-7 | T-243 | Success |
| 20 June | 75-2-7 | White Bishop | CTL-8 | T-276 | Success |
| 6 September | LE-7 | Skye Boat | CTL-9 | T-165 | Success |
| 5 December | LE-8 | Pipers Delight | CTL-10 | T-214 | Success |
| **1962** | | | | | |
| 19 March | LE-7 | Black Knife | CTL-11 | T-229 | Destroyed by Range Safety Officer |
| 18 June | LE-8 | Blazing Ciders | CTL-12 | T-269 | Success |
|

## Cuban Missile Crisis

The deployment of Jupiter IRBMs to Italy and Turkey in 1961 led to the Soviet Union responding by attempting to deploy IRBMs in Cuba. Their discovery by the United States led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. SAC was placed on DEFCON 3 on 22 October 1962, and DEFCON 2 on 24 October. RAF Bomber Command moved to Alert Condition 3, equivalent to DEFCON 3, on 27 October. Normally between 45 and 50 Thor missiles were ready to fire in 15 minutes. Without altering the alert condition, the number of missiles ready to fire in 15 minutes was increased to 59, the only exception being a missile used for training at RAF Feltwell. The dual key system was thereby put under strain due to the RAF and USAF personnel being on different states of readiness. Under the war plan that had gone into effect on 1 August 1962, the RAF's bombers and Thor missiles targeted 16 cities, 44 airfields, 10 air defence control centres and 20 IRBM sites. The crisis passed, and SAC reverted to DEFCON 3 on 21 November and DEFCON 4 on 24 November. In the aftermath of the crisis, RAF Bomber Command ordered that in future 39 missiles would be on 15-minute readiness, with the Feltwell station maintaining nine on alert and the other three stations keeping ten.

## Termination

The RAF high command never warmed to missiles, and always ranked them secondary to the V-bomber force. The missile bases were separate from the rest of the RAF and its personnel considered outside the mainstream. Project Emily gave the RAF considerable experience in missile operations, but the cancellation of Blue Streak on 2 February 1960 in favour of Skybolt, an air-launched ballistic missile, rendered this expertise of dubious value. Given the amount of time and money spent on Thor, consideration was given to extending the deployment. Responding to the arguments made for and against Blue Streak, there were proposals for improving Thor. If the missiles were already fuelled, then they could be launched in as little as 60 seconds, but they could only remain fuelled for two hours, after which components froze from contact with the liquid oxygen. The missiles then needed six hours to thaw out. It was impractical to base them underground, but being above ground made them very vulnerable to a nuclear attack. Yet the twenty Thor missiles squadrons were equivalent to seven and a half squadrons of V-bombers. Without them, there would be just fourteen V-bombers on quick alert.

Under the original agreement, the USAF paid the cost of maintenance for the missiles for five years. After this costs would fall on the United Kingdom, which would have to take over their logistic support. With ICBMs becoming available, the Americans did not foresee the Thor missiles making a substantial contribution to the western nuclear deterrent after 1965. On 1 May 1962, the United States Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, informed the Minister of Defence, Harold Watkinson, that the United States would not provide support for Thor after 31 October 1964. Watkinson then informed him that the system would be phased out. An Air Council meeting on 31 May 1962 decided that Project Emily should be terminated by the end of 1963. A public announcement was made on 1 August 1962. McNamara's decision on 7 November 1962 to cancel Skybolt—approved by President John F. Kennedy on 23 November—left the RAF without a successor to Thor. The British government then negotiated the Nassau Agreement to buy Polaris. The future of the British strategic nuclear deterrent now lay with the Royal Navy, and the last Thor squadrons were inactivated on 23 August 1963.

## Preservation

The Thor missiles were flown back to the United States, and refurbished at the Douglas Aircraft plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The engines were removed and refurbished by Rocketdyne. Although no Thor missiles were launched by the RAF with nuclear warheads, seven were launched with live nuclear warheads as part of Operation Fishbowl in 1962, two of which were former RAF missiles. Of the seven attempts, only three were successful. Another 55 former RAF Thor missiles were expended in military space shots between 18 September 1963 and 15 July 1980. As of 2017, three ex-RAF Thor missiles remained. One was in the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, one in the National Museum of the United States Air Force, and one at Vandenberg Air Force Base.

In October 2012 the former launch sites at RAF Harrington and RAF North Luffenham were granted listed status.

## Footnotes

1. Gowing 1964, pp. 108–111.
2. Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 277.
3. Goldberg 1964, p. 410.
4. Gowing & Arnold 1974a, pp. 106–108.
5. Gowing & Arnold 1974a, pp. 181–184.
6. Cathcart 1995, pp. 23–24, 48, 57.
7. Cathcart 1995, p. 253.
8. Gowing & Arnold 1974b, pp. 493–495.
9. Gowing & Arnold 1974a, p. 235.
10. Jones 2017, p. 37.
11. Boyes 2015, p. 34.
12. Baylis & Stoddart 2015, p. 255.
13. Baylis & Stoddart 2015, p. 98.
14. Boyes 2015, p. 16.
15. Navias 1991, p. 120.
16. Boyes 2015, pp. 36–37.
17. Divine 1993, pp. 26–28.
18. Boyes 2015, pp. 17–18.
19. Cross 1963, p. 131.
20. Boyes 2015, p. 21.
21. Boyes 2015, pp. 30–32.
22. Clark & Angell 1991, pp. 158–159.
23. Clark & Angell 1991, pp. 154–155.
24. Boyes 2015, pp. 38–39.
25. Young 2016, p. 98.
26. Navias 1991, p. 122.
27. Clark & Angell 1991, p. 163.
28. Clark & Angell 1991, p. 159.
29. Clark & Angell 1991, pp. 161–162.
30. Paul 2000, pp. 200–201.
31. Boyes 2015, p. 40.
32. Wynn 1997, p. 287.
33. Young 2007, p. 8.
34. Boyes 2015, p. 51.
35. Botti 1987, p. 196.
36. Divine 1993, pp. 73–74.
37. Young 2016, pp. 98–99.
38. Boyes 2015, p. 55.
39. Moore 2010, p. 99.
40. Wynn 1984, p. 50.
41. Young 2016, pp. 100–101.
42. Boyes 2015, pp. 157–159.
43. Wynn 1997, pp. 340–342.
44. Owen, Kenneth (23 March 1960). "Thor Logistics". *Flight*. pp. 398–399. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
45. Boyes 2015, p. 57.
46. Boyes 2015, p. 59.
47. Wynn 1997, p. 346.
48. "97 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
49. "98 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
50. Boyes 2015, p. 95.
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52. Boyes 2015, pp. 91.
53. Boyes 2015, pp. 192–193.
54. "Thors for the RAF". *Flight*. 22 May 1959. pp. 713–716. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
55. Maurer 1969, pp. 700–710.
56. Wynn 1997, pp. 348–349.
57. "264 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
58. "112 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
59. "247 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
60. Boyes 2015, p. 170.
61. "77 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
62. "82 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
63. "107 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
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97. "Douglas Thor". Royal Air Force Museum Cosford. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
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99. "Cold War missile sites get listed status". *BBC News*. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2015.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Project Emily | |
| --- | --- |
| Thor missile T-110 (left of English Electric Lightning) in RAF Museum Cosford | |
| Commercial? | No |
| Type of project | Missile deployments |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Prime Minister(s) | Harold Macmillan |
| Key people | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Established | 1959 |
| Disestablished | 1963 |


title: Middle Atlantic Conferences

abstract: The Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC) is an umbrella organization of three intercollegiate athletic conferences that competes in the NCAA's Division III. The 16 member colleges are in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The organization is divided into two main conferences: the MAC Commonwealth and the MAC Freedom. A third conference, named the Middle Atlantic Conference (singular), draws members from both the Commonwealth and Freedom conferences and sponsors sports that only a certain set of members participate in, such as track & field and cross country.

text:
# Middle Atlantic Conferences

The **Middle Atlantic Conferences** (**MAC**) is an umbrella organization of three intercollegiate athletic conferences that competes in the NCAA's Division III. The 16 member colleges are in the Mid-Atlantic United States.

The organization is divided into two main conferences: the MAC Commonwealth and the MAC Freedom. A third conference, named the Middle Atlantic Conference (singular), draws members from both the Commonwealth and Freedom conferences and sponsors sports that only a certain set of members participate in, such as track & field and cross country.

## History

In 1912, the **Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletics Association** (**MASCAA**) was founded primarily as a track association and had its first event, a track meet, at Lafayette College in May 1913. In 1922, it was reorganized as the **Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletic Conference** (**MASCAC** or MAC). The original 13 members present at the formation meeting in 1922 were: Bucknell University, Drexel University, Franklin & Marshall College, Gettysburg College, Haverford College, Muhlenberg College, New York University, Princeton University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Susquehanna University, Swarthmore College, and the University of Delaware. In addition, another five members who were not present at the initial meeting but formally approved of the plan were: Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, Lehigh University, Ursinus College, and Widener University.

During its history, the organization has had at least 50 different members associated with it. The conference had as many as 37 members at one time in the late 1950s. A major reduction in the league occurred in 1974 after the NCAA created Divisions , II, and III. At that time, 11 members left to form the Division I East Coast Conference and by 1976, the MAC became fully associated with Division III. An additional 11 members left in 1992 to form the Centennial Conference; the football programs for eight of those schools had already left in 1981. In 1999, the current corporation formed with its three conferences: MAC Commonwealth, MAC Freedom, and Middle Atlantic.

Arcadia University and Manhattanville College joined MAC Freedom for 200708. They replaced Juniata College, Drew University, Moravian College, Susquehanna University, and the University of Scranton, who left to join the new Landmark Conference. To offset the change in numbers, it was also decided to switch Lycoming College from the MAC Freedom to the MAC Commonwealth.

Alvernia University, Misericordia University, and Eastern University, all from the Pennsylvania Athletic Conference, accepted membership in the MAC Freedom and started participation in the 200809 school year. Starting in the 200910 school year, Alvernia switched from the MAC Freedom to the MAC Commonwealth, thereby giving the Commonwealth and Freedom leagues the same number of members.

Stevenson University and Hood College accepted invitations to join the MAC and MAC Commonwealth starting with the 201213, expanding the conference to 18 members. Elizabethtown College moved to the Landmark Conference for 201415. In May 2018, Manhattanville College announced that they would leave the MAC Freedom Conference and return to the Skyline Conference for the 2019–20 academic year. Manhattanville was a charter member of the Skyline before leaving to join the MAC in 2007. Three months later, the MAC announced that Stevens Institute of Technology, which had left the conference in 1978, would return in 2019–20 and replace Manhattanville in the MAC Freedom. In April 2019, the MAC announced that York College of Pennsylvania would join the MAC Commonwealth in 2020–21.

In May 2019, the MAC announced it would realign the Commonwealth and Freedom conferences into two equally-sized leagues effective with York's arrival in 2020. At that time, Arcadia and Lycoming moved from the MAC Commonwealth to the MAC Freedom, while Eastern made the opposite move.

In February 2022, the Landmark Conference announced that Wilkes University and Lycoming College accepted invitations to the conference starting in the 2023-24 season.

## MAC football

In 1958, the MAC began sponsoring football. The football conference essentially operated as three separate conferences with the larger schools (Bucknell, Delaware, Gettysburg, Lafayette, Lehigh, Muhlenberg, Rutgers, and Temple) playing a round-robin schedule in the "University Division," and the smaller schools being split into the "College Division - North" (Albright, Dickinson, Juniata, Lebanon Valley, Lycoming, Moravian, Susquehanna, Wagner, and Wilkes) and the "College Division - South" (Drexel, Haverford, Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania Military, Swarthmore, Ursinus, and Western Maryland) each playing a separate round-robin schedule. Although the upper division of the conference (which later included Drexel, La Salle, and Saint Joseph's) competed at the Division I (then known as the University Division) level in other sports, only Rutgers was considered a University Division football school. Following the 1969 season, the upper level of MAC football was disbanded as Temple dropped out to upgrade their football schedule. Rutgers had previously dropped out of the MAC for all sports and a five-team football league was not desirable. The lower division continued as MAC football, but Bucknell, Delaware, Gettysburg, Lafayette, and Lehigh operated as football independents for the rest of their tenure with the league. Numerous other MAC schools competed in other football leagues throughout most of the league's history.

In 1983, the Centennial Football League was formed by eight MAC members. Eventually, those eight schools and two others broke apart from the MAC for all sports, founding the Centennial Conference in 1991. Since then, all league members that sponsor football have competed in the MAC Football Conference.

## Member schools

30km
20miles Neumann Wilkes York Widener Stevenson Stevens Misericordia Messiah Lebanon Valley King's Hood Farleigh Dickinson Eastern DeSales Delaware Valley Arcadia  Alvernia  AlbrightLocations of current MAC members.
MAC Commonwealth
MAC Freedom
Affiliates

### MAC Commonwealth

| Institution | Location | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined
MAC! | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Albright College** | Reading, Pennsylvania | 1856 | Methodist | 2,304 | Lions | 1945–46 |  |
| **Alvernia University** | Reading, Pennsylvania | 1958 | Catholic | 2,872 | Golden Wolves | 2008–09 |  |
| **Eastern University** | St. Davids, Pennsylvania | 1925 | Baptist | 3,420 | Eagles | 2008–09 |  |
| **Hood College** | Frederick, Maryland | 1893 | Reformed | 1,174 | Blazers | 2012–13 |  |
| **Messiah University** | Grantham, Pennsylvania | 1909 | Christian | 3,305 | Falcons | 1983–84 |  |
| **Stevenson University** | Stevenson, Maryland | 1947 | Nonsectarian | 3,621 | Mustangs | 2012–13 |  |
| **Widener University** | Chester, Pennsylvania | 1821 | Nonsectarian | 6,402 | Pride | 1946–47 |  |
| **York College of Pennsylvania** | York, Pennsylvania | 1787 | Nonsectarian | 5,564 | Spartans | 2020–21 |  |

Notes

### MAC Freedom

| Institution | Location | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined
MAC! | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Arcadia University** | Glenside, Pennsylvania | 1853 | Presbyterian | 2,473 | Knights | 2007–08 |  |
| **Delaware Valley University** | Doylestown, Pennsylvania | 1896 | Nonsectarian | 2,375 | Aggies | 1965–66 |  |
| **DeSales University** | Center Valley, Pennsylvania | 1965 | Catholic | 3,309 | Bulldogs | 1997–98 |  |
| **Fairleigh Dickinson University–Florham** | Madison, New Jersey | 1942 | Nonsectarian | 2,546 | Devils | 1977–78 |  |
| **King's College** | Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania | 1946 | Catholic | 2,421 | Monarchs | 1977–78 |  |
| **Lebanon Valley College** | Annville, Pennsylvania | 1866 | Methodist | 1,712 | Flying Dutchmen | 1945–46 |  |
| **Misericordia University** | Dallas, Pennsylvania | 1924 | Catholic | 2,879 | Cougars | 2008–09 |  |
| **Stevens Institute of Technology** | Hoboken, New Jersey | 1870 | Nonsectarian | 5,260 | Ducks | 1946–47,
2019–20 |  |

Notes  1. Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
2. Date when the school joined the overall MAC; this does not necessarily reflect when that school joined MAC Freedom.
3. Conference records prior to 1946 are incomplete so years given are the earliest known that were officially recorded.
4. Stevens is officially listed as having been a MAC member in 1946, the earliest year for which complete conference records exist. However, because it was represented at the original formation meeting of the all-sports MAC in 1922, it is often regarded as a founding member. Stevens left the MAC after the 1977–78 school year; before re-joining back, effective in the 2019–20 school year.

### Affiliates

| Institution | Location | Nickname | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | MAC
sport(s) | Year
joined | Primary
conference | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Neumann University** | Aston, Pennsylvania | Knights | 1965 | Catholic
(Franciscan) | 3,000 | ice hockey | 2024–25 | Atlantic East (AEC) |  |
| **Wilkes University** | Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania | Colonels | 1933 | Private | 5,000 | ice hockey | 2024–25 | Landmark |  |
|

### Former members

## Sports

Member teams currently compete in 27 sports, 14 men's and 13 women's. The most recently added sports are men's and women's ice hockey and men's volleyball, all added for 2017–18. The MAC now sponsors all NCAA Division III sports except women's rowing.

**Conference sports**
| Sport | Men's | Women's |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Baseball |  |  |
| Basketball |  |  |
| Cross Country |  |  |
| Field Hockey |  |  |
| Football |  |  |
| Ice Hockey |  |  |
| Golf |  |  |
| Lacrosse |  |  |
| Soccer |  |  |
| Softball |  |  |
| Swimming |  |  |
| Tennis |  |  |
| Track & field (indoor) |  |  |
| Track & field (outdoor) |  |  |
| Volleyball |  |  |
| Wrestling |  |  |

### Middle Atlantic Conference

The Middle Atlantic Conference combines schools from both the MAC Commonwealth and MAC Freedom and is currently used for cross country, football, women's golf, ice hockey, track & field (indoor / outdoor), swimming, men's volleyball, and wrestling. The MAC officially sponsored men's and women's ice hockey for many year but it wasn't until the addition of Neumann and Wilkes as affiliate members that the conference received an automatic qualifier for the NCAA Tournament. As a result the first MAC ice hockey tournaments will take place in 2025. Previously, the MAC used the regular-season results of UCHC games involving all MAC members to extrapolate a MAC champion (the same model used by the Ivy League, which has a similar relationship with ECAC Hockey).

#### Men's Sports

| Team | Cross
Country
 | Football
 | Ice
Hockey
 | Indoor
Track
& Field | Outdoor
Track
& Field | Swimming | Volleyball | Wrestling | Totals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albright |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Alvernia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Arcadia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| DeSales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
| Delaware Valley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Eastern |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| FDU-Florham |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
| Hood |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| King's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |
| Lebanon Valley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Messiah |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Misericordia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Stevens |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Stevenson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |
| Widener |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| York |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Neumann |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
| Wilkes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
| Totals | 16 | 10 | 7 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 5 | 89 |

#### Women's Sports

| Team | Cross Country | Golf | Ice Hockey | Indoor
Track & Field | Outdoor
Track & Field | Swimming | Totals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albright |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Alvernia |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Arcadia |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| DeSales |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
| Delaware Valley |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| Eastern |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| FDU-Florham |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
| Hood |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| King's |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Lebanon Valley |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Messiah |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| Misericordia |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Stevens |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| Stevenson |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
| Widener |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| York |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
| Neumann |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
| Wilkes |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
| Totals | 16 | 13 | 7 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 78 |

1. "A History of the Middle Atlantic Conferences" (PDF). Middle Atlantic Conferences. August 4, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
2. "Latest News". NCAA.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
3. "Manhattanville to Join Skyline Conference in 2019-20 Academic Year". *Skyline Conference*. Skyline Conference. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
4. "MAC Welcomes Stevens Institute of Technology Back in 2019-20" (Press release). Middle Atlantic Conferences. August 15, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
5. "MAC to Add York (Pa.) as 18th Member Beginning in 2020-21" (Press release). Middle Atlantic Conferences. April 2, 2019. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
6. "MAC Announces Realignment for 2020-21" (Press release). Middle Atlantic Conferences. May 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
7. "Landmark Membership to Expand; Lycoming & Wilkes to Join in '23" (Press release). Landmark Conference. February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
8. "Best Colleges". *U.S. News & World Report*. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
9. "Wilkes and Neumann join the MAC as Associate Members in Ice Hockey". *MAC*. October 12, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
10. "History". Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletic Corporation. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
11. "MAC to Sponsor Ice Hockey and Men's Volleyball Beginning 2017-18" (Press release). Middle Atlantic Conferences. October 12, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
12. "Middle Atlantic Conference". D3Football.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-19.

## InfoBox

Middle Atlantic Conferences
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Formerly | Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletics Association
Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletic Conference |
| Association | NCAA |
| Founded | 1912 |
| Commissioner | Megan Morrison |
| Sports fielded | * 27     + men's: 14     + women's: 13 |
| Division | Division III |
| No. of teams | 16 (8, MAC Commonwealth; 8, MAC Freedom) |
| Headquarters | Annville, Pennsylvania |
| Region | Mid-Atlantic |
| Official website | gomacsports.com |
| Locations | |
|  | |


title: Project Employment Programme

abstract: The Project Employment Programme (PEP) or PEP scheme was set up by the Department of Labour in New Zealand 'to give subsidised, short-term public sector employment for job seekers'. It began in August 1980 and mostly finished in August 1986. At its peak there were more than 50,000 people employed. People were paid a full time wage just above the minimum.

text:
# Project Employment Programme

The **Project Employment Programme (PEP)** or **PEP scheme** was set up by the Department of Labour in New Zealand 'to give subsidised, short-term public sector employment for job seekers'. It began in August 1980 and mostly finished in August 1986. At its peak there were more than 50,000 people employed. People were paid a full time wage just above the minimum.

## Background

The PEP scheme came after the TEP scheme, which was the Temporary Employment Programme that started in 1977 and ceased in 1980. This was part of several government employment initiatives including the Students' Community Work Scheme.

Parekura Horomia (a Department of Labour Supervisor) led work gangs throughout the East Coast on a variety of community enhancement projects ranging from chopping and providing firewood for older people to marae renovation projects. (Wira Gardiner, 2014)

The employment schemes employed people in the arts, many of whom went on to successful careers.

In Wellington the Summer '79 programme led to Summer City which employed over 100 artists till 1987. Fourteen Artists' Co-op employees worked to renovate an empty Dalgety wool store in Wellington creating an arts centre and also contributed drawing, performances and music to Summer '79.

In Christchurch the PEP scheme it enabled the development of the Free Theatre Group in Christchurch. Film and theatre people Miranda Harcourt, Colin McColl, Phillipa Boyens and Juliet Dowling (producer of *The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry* 2023*)* all were employed or involved as they were starting out on a PEP scheme.

A summer performance was programmed for musicians Shona Laing and Andy Drey in 1983 in Wellington paid through the PEP scheme. In Whangaruru carver Wallace Hetaraka passed on carving skills learnt from Hōne Taiapa at the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute (Rotorua) in 1983 when he supervised three carvers under the PEP scheme.

Academic Martin O'Connor identified the 'ideological function of PEP' as being used by the government to present information about employment.


title: Julie Vignola

abstract: Julie Vignola is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2019 election. She represents Beauport—Limoilou as a member of the Bloc Québécois. The result was a surprise for Vignola, who "never anticipated such a result when she became a candidate". Since 2021 she has served as the critic of public services, procurement, government operations and tourism in the Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet.

text:
# Julie Vignola

**Julie Vignola** MP is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2019 election. She represents Beauport—Limoilou as a member of the Bloc Québécois.

The result was a surprise for Vignola, who "never anticipated such a result when she became a candidate".

Since 2021 she has served as the critic of public services, procurement, government operations and tourism in the Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet.

## Electoral record

| 2021 Canadian federal election: Beauport—Limoilou | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Julie Vignola | 15,146 | 31.1 | +0.9 | $26,645.22 |
|  | Conservative | Alupa Clarke | 14,164 | 29.1 | +2.8 | $85,882.90 |
|  | Liberal | Ann Gingras | 12,378 | 25.4 | -0.5 | $59,305.19 |
|  | New Democratic | Camille Esther Garon | 5,075 | 10.4 | -0.8 | $13,578.99 |
|  | Green | Dalila Elhak | 1,025 | 2.1 | -2.1 | $1,599.40 |
|  | Free | Lyne Verret | 737 | 1.5 | *N/A* | $416.50 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Claude Moreau | 119 | 0.2 | ±0.0 | $0.00 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 48,644 | 97.8 |  | $109,164.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 1,134 | 2.2 |
| Turnout | | | 49,778 | 65.0 |
| Registered voters | | | 76,607 |
|  | Bloc Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | -1.0 |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |

| 2019 Canadian federal election: Beauport—Limoilou | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Julie Vignola | 15,149 | 30.18 | +15.41 | *none listed* |
|  | Conservative | Alupa Clarke | 13,185 | 26.27 | -4.31 | $83,296.15 |
|  | Liberal | Antoine Bujold | 13,020 | 25.94 | +0.52 | $68,905.79 |
|  | New Democratic | Simon-Pierre Beaudet | 5,599 | 11.16 | -14.32 | $9,394.55 |
|  | Green | Dalila Elhak | 2,127 | 4.24 | +1.82 | $1,410.36 |
|  | People's | Alicia Bédard | 1,033 | 2.06 |  | *none listed* |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Claude Moreau | 78 | 0.16 | -0.10 | $0.00 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 50,191 | 97.53 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 1,272 | 2.47 | +0.64 |
| Turnout | | | 51,463 | 65.91 | +0.56 |
| Eligible voters | | | 78,080 |
|  | Bloc Québécois **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | | +9.86 |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Julie VignolaMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Beauport—Limoilou | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
October 21, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Alupa Clarke |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada |
| Political party | Bloc Québécois |
| Residence(s) | Quebec City, Quebec |
|  | |


title: Project Stealth Fighter

abstract: Project Stealth Fighter is a combat flight simulator released for the Commodore 64 in 1987 by MicroProse, featuring a fictional United States military aircraft. During the time of the game's release, there was heavy speculation surrounding a missing aircraft in the United States Air Force's numbering system, the F-19. Project Stealth Fighter was later renamed F-19 Stealth Fighter and was remade in 1988 for the 16-bit systems with much improved graphics.

text:
# Project Stealth Fighter

***Project Stealth Fighter*** is a combat flight simulator released for the Commodore 64 in 1987 by MicroProse, featuring a fictional United States military aircraft. During the time of the game's release, there was heavy speculation surrounding a missing aircraft in the United States Air Force's numbering system, the F-19. *Project Stealth Fighter* was later renamed *F-19 Stealth Fighter* and was remade in 1988 for the 16-bit systems with much improved graphics.

## Gameplay

In the game, the player take on the role of a fictional fighter pilot flying missions of varying difficulty over four geographic locations: Libya, the Persian Gulf, the North Cape, and Central Europe.

## Reception

The game was critically acclaimed. *Computer Gaming World* in 1987 stated that *Project Stealth Fighter* pushed the limits of 8-bit hardware (noting the resulting great difficulty in landing at airfields) but concluded favorably: "Timely? It couldn't be more so. Realistic? Yes ... Challenging? Definitely!" In a 1994 survey of wargames the magazine gave the title two stars out of five, stating that *F-19* and *F-117* had superseded it. *Compute!* in 1988 called the game "a superlative flight simulator". It praised the graphics, stating that they improved on those of the company's *F-15 Strike Eagle*. The magazine concluded: "If you're to have only one flight simulator in your library, let it be this one ... *Project: Stealth Fighter* is Microprose's best". The Commodore 64 version's review in *Zzap!64* said that the "*Project Stealth Fighter* is excellent, and sets new standards to which other must now aspire". *ACE* stated the game as certainly enjoyable and the rating for C64 version is 863 out of 1000.

*Project: Stealth Fighter* was awarded the Origins Award for "Best Military or Strategy Computer Game of 1987".

The game was nominated for the Golden Joystick Awards '88 in the category "Best Simulation - 8 Bit".

A port to the ZX Spectrum version was first advertised in 1988 prior to the game being renamed for the 16-bit releases. By the time it was published late 1989, it used the *F-19 Stealth Fighter* title in-game but was still packaged as *Project Stealth Fighter*. A review in *Your Sinclair* called it "the best Speccy flight sim to date".

Both the Spectrum and Commodore 64 versions were subsequently reissued as *F-19 Stealth Fighter* in the same packaging as the 16-bit versions.

In late 1990, the combined sales of *F-19 Stealth Fighter* across four platforms took the game into the UK Top 20 All Format games chart.

## InfoBox

| Project Stealth Fighter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | MicroProse |
| Publisher(s) | MicroProse |
| Designer(s) | Jim Synoski
Arnold Hendrick |
| Programmer(s) | Jim Synoski
Dan Chang
Gregg Tavares |
| Artist(s) | Michael Haire
Michele Mahan |
| Composer(s) | Ken Lagace |
| Platform(s) | Commodore 64
ZX Spectrum |
| Release | 1987 (C64)
1989 (Spectrum) |
| Genre(s) | Combat flight simulator |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Project Steve

abstract: Project Steve is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen or Steven or a variation thereof who "support evolution". It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who "doubt evolution", such as the Answers in Genesis's list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute's A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism. The list pokes fun at such endeavors while making it clear that, "We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists!" It also honors Stephen Jay Gould. The level of support for evolution among scientists is very high. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "[n]early all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time." However, at the same time the project is a genuine collection of scientists. Despite the list's restriction to only scientists with names like "Steve", which it turns out is roughly 1 percent of scientists, Project Steve is longer and contains many more eminent scientists than any creationist list. In particular, Project Steve contains many more biologists than the creationist lists, with about 54% of the listed Steves being biologists. The "List of Steves" webpage provides an updated total of scientist "Steves" who have signed the list. As of September 6, 2024, Project Steve has 1,498 signatories.

text:
# Project Steve

**Project Steve** is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen or Steven or a variation thereof (e.g., Stephanie, Stefan, Esteban, etc.) who "support evolution". It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who "doubt evolution", such as the Answers in Genesis's list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute's *A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism*. The list pokes fun at such endeavors while making it clear that, "We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists!" It also honors Stephen Jay Gould. The level of support for evolution among scientists is very high. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "\[n\]early all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time."

However, at the same time the project is a genuine collection of scientists. Despite the list's restriction to only scientists with names like "Steve", which it turns out is roughly 1 percent of scientists, Project Steve is longer and contains many more eminent scientists than any creationist list. In particular, *Project Steve* contains many more biologists than the creationist lists, with about 54% of the listed Steves being biologists. The "List of Steves" webpage provides an updated total of scientist "Steves" who have signed the list. As of September 6, 2024, Project Steve has 1,498 signatories.

## Statement

The statement that signatories agree to reads:

> Evolution is a vital, well-supported, unifying principle of the biological sciences, and the scientific evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the idea that all living things share a common ancestry. Although there are legitimate debates about the patterns and processes of evolution, there is no serious scientific doubt that evolution occurred or that natural selection is a major mechanism in its occurrence. It is scientifically inappropriate and pedagogically irresponsible for creationist pseudoscience, including but not limited to "intelligent design", to be introduced into the science curricula of our nation's public schools.

There have been some complaints that the statement left out the geological sciences, where evolution is an important principle as well. However, this oversight was noticed too late and it was decided that it would be more effort than it is worth to go back to correct it.

## History

The project was named in honor of the paleontologist and essayist Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002). It began in 2003, with an official press release on February 16, 2003. The press release was issued at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2003 convention in Denver, Colorado, after a lecture by Lawrence Krauss titled "Scientific Ignorance as a Way of Life: From Science Fiction in Washington to Intelligent Design in the Classroom." Krauss made the actual announcement and directed the reporters to NCSE Director Eugenie Scott, who was sitting in the audience in the front row.

Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg (left) and Steven Chu (right) were among the first 100 signatures.

The original goal was to collect the signatures of 100 Steves, but this goal was reached in about 10 days. Both Nobel Prize-winning Steves in science — Steven Weinberg and Steven Chu (who has since served as Secretary of Energy in Barack Obama's Cabinet) — were among the first 100 Steves. Over 200 Steves responded in the first month. As the news of Project Steve spread by word of mouth, ever-increasing numbers of Steves contacted the NCSE, and the list continued to grow.

Project Steve captured the attention of the media. The first media coverage included articles in the *Washington Times*, *Science*, the *Oakland Tribune* and an interview of NCSE director Eugenie Scott by Australian science journalist and radio broadcaster Robyn Williams for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s radio show, *The Science Show*. *The Science Show* arranged for Geoff Sirmai and David Fisher of the Australian musical comedy team "Comic Roasts" to write the "*Steve Song*", a parody of the Monty Python song about Spam, for Project Steve. The song had its debut on *The Science Show* episode featuring the interview of Scott which aired on Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National on March 8, 2003.

Cambridge University Lucasian Professor of Mathematics Stephen Hawking was the 300th Steve to sign the list. By the time the announcement was made on April 21, 2003, another five had joined to bring the total number of Steves to 305. By December 26, 2003, St. Stephen's Day, *Project Steve* had grown to 400 scientists.

As Project Steve reached the 400 scientist mark, the NCSE decided to offer a commemorative novelty Project Steve t-shirt. The t-shirt is emblazoned with the proclamation, "Over \_00 Scientists named Steve Agree, Teach Evolution!" in large letters, where the blank contains the most recent hundreds mark. A list of the current signatories is included in a smaller typeface on the t-shirt as well.

Eugenie Scott, Glenn Branch and Nick Matzke published an article in the July/August 2004 issue of the *Annals of Improbable Research* (with all the Steves that had signed up to that point listed as co-authors) called *The Morphology of Steve* which contained "the first scientific analysis of the sex, geographic location, and body size of scientists named Steve". The data were obtained using NCSE's "pioneering experimental steveometry apparatus"—the t-shirt.

Shortly after the second anniversary of Project Steve in February 2005, 543 Steves had signed the list. A front-page story in the Ottawa Citizen marking this event was published on February 20, 2005. On September 12, 2005, the 600th Steve signed the list. By February 16, 2006, the third anniversary of *Project Steve'*s official launch, the Steve-o-meter stood at 700. On April 24, 2007, the list had grown to 800 Steves. In February 2009, the milestone #1000 was assigned to professor of ecology and evolutionary biology Steven P. Darwin (no relation to Charles). Subsequent milestones were #1100 on August 25, 2009, #1200 on April 6, 2012, and #1300 on January 15, 2014.

There have been articles about *Project Steve* in *The Times*, *Scientific American*, *Yale Daily News*, Focus on the Family's *Family News in Focus*, *The Guardian*, MIT's *TechTalk*, and *The Arizona Republic*, among many others.

### Evolution

## Reactions

William Dembski, fellow of the Discovery Institute, whose "*Scientific Dissent from Darwinism*" petition had eight Steves as of July, 2007, has said that:

> If Project Steve was meant to show that a considerable majority of the scientific community accepts a naturalistic conception of evolution, then the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) could have saved its energies—that fact was never in question. The more interesting question was whether any serious scientists reject a naturalistic conception of evolution.

Inspired by Project Steve, and motivated by media coverage of the Discovery Institute's "*Dissent From Darwinism*" list, during the *Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District* case, R. Joe Brandon initiated a four-day, word-of-mouth petition of scientists in support of evolution in October 2005. During the four-day drive *A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science* gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists. During the four days of the petition, *A Scientific Support for Darwinism* received signatures at a rate 697,000% higher than the Discovery Institute's petition, *A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism*, according to archaeologist R. Joe Brandon.


title: Pritchardia vuylstekeana

abstract: Pritchardia vuylstekeana is a species of flowering plant in the palm family, Arecaceae. It is a palm tree endemic to the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia.

text:
# Pritchardia vuylstekeana

***Pritchardia vuylstekeana*** is a species of flowering plant in the palm family, Arecaceae. It is a palm tree endemic to the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia.

## InfoBox

| *Pritchardia vuylstekeana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Tribe: | Trachycarpeae |
| Genus: | *Pritchardia* |
| Species: | ***P. vuylstekeana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pritchardia vuylstekeana***<br>H.Wendl. (1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupritchardia pericularum* (G.Nicholson) Kuntze (1898) * *Eupritchardia vluylstekeana* (H.Wendl.) Kuntze (1898) * *Pritchardia moensii* Becc. in Malesia 3: 300 (1890) * *Pritchardia pericularum* G.Nicholson (1886) * *Styloma pericularum* (G.Nicholson) O.F.Cook (1915) * *Styloma vuylstekeana* (H.Wendl.) O.F.Cook (1915) * *Washingtonia pericularum* (G.Nicholson) Kuntze (1891) * *Washingtonia vuylstekeana* (H.Wendl.) Kuntze (1891) | |


title: Pritchardia woodfordiana

abstract: Pritchardia woodfordiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Solomon Islands. It may be a form of Pritchardia pacifica.

text:
# Pritchardia woodfordiana

***Pritchardia woodfordiana*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Solomon Islands. It may be a form of *Pritchardia pacifica*.

## InfoBox

| *Pritchardia woodfordiana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Tribe: | Trachycarpeae |
| Genus: | *Pritchardia* |
| Species: | ***P. woodfordiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pritchardia woodfordiana***
ined. | |
|


title: Junior Stars FC

abstract: Junior Stars FC is a Martinois professional football club based in Sandy Ground. The club competes in the Saint-Martin Senior League, the top tier of Martinois football. The club was founded in 1965, and play their home matches in the 2,600-capacity, Stade Alberic Richards.

text:
# Junior Stars FC

**Junior Stars FC** is a Martinois professional football club based in Sandy Ground. The club competes in the Saint-Martin Senior League, the top tier of Martinois football.

The club was founded in 1965, and play their home matches in the 2,600-capacity, Stade Alberic Richards.

## Players (2022)

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  SMN Imencio Bryan  30 GK  SMN Nahshon Questel  3 DF  SMN Christopher Despeine  4 DF  SMN Yancé Richards  5 DF  SMN Noha Mauvais  12 DF  SMN Aneudy Martínez  18 DF  MEX Hugo Zambrano  - DF  SMN Jude Saint-Val  2 DF  SMN Jason Maccow  - MF  SMN Youri Charbonnier  6 MF  SMN Andre Richardson  11 MF  SMN Alain Cordero | No. Pos. Nation Player  8 MF  SMN Ismael Marcelin  15 MF  SMN Emmanuel Richardson  17 MF  SMN Jean-Bastien Klimczak  10 MF  SMN Kearney Chance  - MF  SMN Isais Pagésy  - FW  SMN Jamal Joe  - FW  SMN Woody Genelus  9 FW  SMN Pablo Adams  13 FW  MEX José Lasso  19 FW  SMN Yannick Bellechasse |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Junior Stars FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Junior Stars Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | Horse Men |
| Founded | 1965 |
| Ground | Stade Alberic Richards, Sandy Ground |
| Capacity | 2,600 |
| Chairman | Ernest Pierre |
| Manager | Jérôme Damienne |
| League | Saint-Martin Senior League |
| 2023 | Champions |


title: Jumper cable

abstract: Jumper cables, booster cables or jumper leads are electric cables to connect two rail or road vehicles.

text:
# Jumper cable

**Jumper cables**, **booster cables** or **jumper leads** are electric cables to connect two rail or road vehicles.

## Rail

Jumper cables are between the locomotive, the railroad cars and the cab car or the driving van trailer on push-pull trains for multiple-unit train control and the transmission of lower voltage electricity (head end power).

## Road

Jumper cables are electrical cables between the road tractor and a semi-trailer or a full trailer or the electrical cables between an automobile and any trailer.

## Jump starting

A car with a "dead" (discharged) battery can be made to start by supplying it with power from an external source, such as the battery of another car. The jump leads used to make the necessary temporary connection are also commonly called "jumper cables". These usually are equipped at the ends with alligator clips.


title: Mihret Topčagić

abstract:
Mihret Topčagić is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a striker for the Austrian club KAC 1909 in the fourth-tier Kärntner Liga.
He began playing football in 1994, in Austria.

text:
# Mihret Topčagić

**Mihret Topčagić** (born 21 June 1988) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a striker for the Austrian club KAC 1909 in the fourth-tier Kärntner Liga. He began playing football in 1994, in Austria.

## Club career

On 19 January 2016, Topčagić returned to Austria, signing for Rheindorf Altach on an 18-month contract.

A big forward, he joined FK Sūduva in summer 2018. In January 2021, he moved to Croatian top-tier side NK Osijek.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 1 April 2017*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Wolfsberger AC | 2012–13 | Austrian Football Bundesliga | 31 | 10 | 2 | 1 | - | | - | | - | | 33 | 11 |
| | 2013–14 | | 16 | 5 | 2 | 1 | - | | - | | - | | 18 | 6 |
| | Total | | 47 | 15 | 4 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 51 | 15 |
| Shakhter Karagandy | 2014 | Kazakhstan Premier League | 25 | 10 | 4 | 1 | - | | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 36 | 14 |
| | 2015 | | 26 | 6 | 1 | 0 | - | | - | | - | | 27 | 6 |
| | Total | | 51 | 16 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 63 | 20 |
| Rheindorf Altach | 2015–16 | Austrian Football Bundesliga | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 6 | 0 |
| Rheindorf Altach II | 2015–16 | Austrian Regional League | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 1 | 1 |
| Wolfsberger AC | 2016–17 | Austrian Football Bundesliga | 17 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 17 | 2 |
| Career total | | | 122 | 34 | 9 | 3 | - | - | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 138 | 38 |

## InfoBox

Mihret Topčagić
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-06-21) 21 June 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Gračanica, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | KAC 1909 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2008 | Kärnten | 19 | (10) |
| 2009–2011 | Admira (A) | 36 | (24) |
| 2009–2011 | Admira | 32 | (8) |
| 2011–2014 | Wolfsberger AC | 47 | (15) |
| 2014–2016 | Shakhter Karagandy | 51 | (16) |
| 2016 | Rheindorf Altach | 6 | (0) |
| 2016 | Rheindorf Altach II | 1 | (1) |
| 2016–2018 | Wolfsberger AC | 35 | (3) |
| 2018–2020 | Sūduva | 45 | (25) |
| 2021–2023 | Osijek | 32 | (4) |
| 2024– | KAC 1909 | 8 | (6) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 May 2024 | | | |


title: Nantucket Nectars

abstract: Nantucket Nectars is an American beverage company created by Tom First and Tom Scott, which began as a small business selling a variety of items to yachts in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Eventually they began selling juice blends that were originally inspired by a peach nectar Tom First had while on a visit to Spain. Today the brand is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper and offers drinks in several different flavors. Originally the beverage was sold in 16 fluid-ounce glass bottles with caps that featured information about Nantucket Harbor and the history of Nantucket Nectars. Now the drinks come in 15.9 fl oz bottles made with 100% recycled plastic. The success of "Tom and Tom," as the business duo became known, has become a piece of modern business lore. The company was featured on the Inc. 500's list of 500 fastest growing U.S. companies for five years in a row. The story of how they grew their brand is the subject of a popular Harvard Business School case study, which was published in 1998 by Jon Biotti, Joseph Lassiter, and William A. Sahlman.

text:
# Nantucket Nectars

**Nantucket Nectars** is an American beverage company created by Tom First and Tom Scott, which began as a small business selling a variety of items to yachts in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Eventually they began selling juice blends that were originally inspired by a peach nectar Tom First had while on a visit to Spain. Today the brand is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper and offers drinks in several different flavors.

Originally the beverage was sold in 16 fluid-ounce glass bottles with caps that featured information about Nantucket Harbor and the history of Nantucket Nectars. Now the drinks come in 15.9 fl oz (470 mL) bottles made with 100% recycled plastic (excluding the cap and label).

The success of "Tom and Tom," as the business duo became known, has become a piece of modern business lore. The company was featured on the Inc. 500's list of 500 fastest growing U.S. companies for five years in a row. The story of how they grew their brand is the subject of a popular Harvard Business School case study, which was published in 1998 by Jon Biotti, Joseph Lassiter, and William A. Sahlman.

## History

Tom First and Tom Scott met at Brown University in 1985. After graduation, they headed to Nantucket where they started Allserve, a floating convenience store servicing boats in Nantucket Harbor, delivering everything from newspapers to laundry. In 1989, First attempted to recreate for a Nantucket cooking competition a peach drink that he drank on a regular basis while on a trip to Spain. After successfully re-creating the taste, the two began mixing the juice in a blender, pasteurizing it, and bottling it themselves for sale on their boat. Their juice was originally sold for $1 from recycled wine bottles. It was not until later that they decided to call it Nantucket Nectars.

One of their first big investors was Michael Egan, who was involved in turning around the Alamo Rent a Car business. They reported $1 million in sales in 1993, $6 million in 1994, and $15 million in 1995. In 1994, they decided to focus solely on creating and selling their juices. The business then moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Ocean Spray purchased an 80% stake in Nantucket Nectars in 1997 and then sold to London-based Cadbury Schweppes PLC in 2002. The brand was owned by Plano, Texas–based Dr Pepper Snapple Group and is now owned by Burlington MA based Keurig Dr Pepper. The founders are no longer involved in the day-to-day operations, but still perform marketing duties and voice the radio ads.

In advertisement campaigns including on radio and television, Tom and Tom often refer to themselves as "The Juice Guys".

## Flavors

Nantucket Nectars come in a variety of different flavors. These include:

* Lemon Tea
* Half and Half
* Orange Mango
* Pavis' St. Joe River Punch
* Pineapple Orange Guava
* Pomegranate Cherry
* Pomegranate Pear
* Red Plum
* Carrot Orange Mango
* Squeezed Lemonade
* Garza's Grapeade
* Kiwi Berry
* Guava
* Peach Orange
* Pineapple Orange Banana
* Pressed Apple
* Premium Orange
* Watermelon Strawberry
* Big Cranberry
* Mango Lemonade


title: Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)

abstract: Muhammad Sarwar is a Pakistani former field hockey player who was active from 1995 to 2002, and played as a striker in 180 games over the course of his international career, scoring 44 goals. Sarwar played in the Premier Hockey League and represented Pakistan in the 1996 Summer Olympics, and again in the 2000 Summer Olympics, and in several Hockey World Cup tournaments. In 2002, he was on the bronze medal-winning team in the Commonwealth Games.

text:
# Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)

**Muhammad Sarwar** (born 12 May 1975) is a Pakistani former field hockey player who was active from 1995 to 2002, and played as a striker in 180 games over the course of his international career, scoring 44 goals. Sarwar played in the Premier Hockey League and represented Pakistan in the 1996 Summer Olympics, and again in the 2000 Summer Olympics, and in several Hockey World Cup tournaments. In 2002, he was on the bronze medal-winning team in the Commonwealth Games.

## InfoBox

Muhammad Sarwar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | 12 May 1975 (1975-05-12) (age 49) | | |
| Height | 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 70 kg (154 lb) | | |
| Medal record      Men's field hockey  Representing  Pakistan  Champions Trophy  1996 Madras Team  1998 Lahore Team  2002 Cologne Team | | | |


title: Mishipañahuin

abstract: Mishipañahuin is a 5,208-metre-high (17,087 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Marcapomacocha District. It lies northeast of Lake Marcapomacocha and at the shore of Lake Marcacocha.

text:
# Mishipañahuin

**Mishipañahuin** (possibly from Quechua *mishi* cat *(misi, michi)*, *ñawi* eye, *-pa*, *-n* suffixes, a kind of potato or a name for the common bean) is a 5,208-metre-high (17,087 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Marcapomacocha District. It lies northeast of Lake Marcapomacocha and at the shore of Lake Marcacocha.

## InfoBox

| Mishipañahuin | |
| --- | --- |
| MishipañahuinPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,208 m (17,087 ft) |
| Coordinates | 11°21′28″S 76°19′16″W / 11.35778°S 76.32111°W / -11.35778; -76.32111 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Junín Region |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma

abstract: Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found in the Kyzyl Kum desert in Uzbekistan.

text:
# Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma

***Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma*** is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found in the Kyzyl Kum desert in Uzbekistan.

## InfoBox

| *Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Ypsolophidae |
| Genus: | *Ochsenheimeria* |
| Species: | ***O. kisilkuma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma***<br>Zagulajev, 1966 | |
|


title: NIAI LEM-3

abstract: The LEM-3,, was a transport aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1936.

text:
# NIAI LEM-3

The **LEM-3**, (a.k.a. **LIG-6** (*Leningradskii Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota*\- Leningrad Institute civil air fleet)), was a transport aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1936.

## Development

In 1930 the LIIPS ( - Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( - training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (*Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot* \- scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (*Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro* – personal design/construction bureau).

The LEM-3 was designed by Yuri Vladimirovich Domrachayev & Leonid Sergeyevich Vild'grub as a very high efficiency transport akin to a motor-glider, with high aspect ratio wings and a low-powered engine. The all wood LEM-3 had a conventional tricycle undercarriage, long span wings were supported by a truss running from approx 1/3 span to the bottom of the u/c legs to the other wing. The initial version had a side-by-side open cockpit, for the two pilots, and an eight-seat cabin with four bench sets under hinged roof access panels with small windows as well as four cargo compartments in the enlarged wing roots. The engine drove a U-2 Propeller, with which the flight tests began in 1936. The factory testing was completed by early 1937 when the aircraft was flown to Moscow for testing at the NII GVF(*Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota* \- scientific test institute for civil air fleet), unfortunately the aircraft suffered a forced landing on arrival at the NII GVF airfield and further work was abandoned. A modified version with a large enclosed cabin, trousered main undercarriage, anti nose-over skid and Townend ring cowling, was mooted in a contemporary drawing, but there is no evidence that this version was built, modified, or flown.

## Specifications (LEM-3)

*Data from* Gunston, Bill. "Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995". London:Osprey. 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Capacity:** 8
* **Length:** 13.3 m (43 ft 7.67 in)
* **Wingspan:** 26 m (85 ft 3.67 in)
* **Wing area:** 57 m2 (613 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 1,050 kg (2,315 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 2,240 kg (4,938 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × MG-11 , 74.6 kW (100 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 122 km/h (76 mph, 66 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn)
* **Range:** 800 km (497 mi, 432 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 2,200 m (7,218 ft)

* Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9

## InfoBox

| LEM-3 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Transport |
| National origin | USSR |
| Manufacturer | NIAI (*Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot* \- scientific test aero-institute) |
| Designer | Yuri Vladimirovich Domrachayev & Leonid Sergeyevich Vild'grub |
| First flight | early 1934 |
| Number built | 1 |


abstract: Habitability, Brine Irradiation and Temperature (HABIT) is an instrument designed to harvest water from the Mars atmosphere, an experiment that might pave the way to future water farms on Mars. As part of ESA's ExoMars-2 mission, the instrument was planned to be placed on board the Kazachok lander. The launch of ExoMars-2 has been postponed to 2028.

text:
# Habitability, Brine Irradiation and Temperature

**Habitability, Brine Irradiation and Temperature** (HABIT) is an instrument designed to harvest water from the Mars atmosphere, an experiment that might pave the way to future water farms on Mars. As part of ESA's ExoMars-2 mission, the instrument was planned to be placed on board the *Kazachok* lander. The launch of ExoMars-2 has been postponed to 2028.

## Instrument description

HABIT is composed of two major components: BOTTLE (Brine Observation Transition to Liquid Experiment) and ENVPACK (Environmental Package). BOTTLE contains six containers protected by HEPA filters, filled with salts that will collect atmospheric water through deliquescence. Sensors in each container will measure hydration and a state in which brine formed. Salts in the instrument can be dehydrated to allow indefinite operations of the instrument.

ENVPACK will contain instruments measuring ultraviolet irradiance, ground temperature, and a temperature of the atmosphere in three different directions. Most of the ENVPACK instruments were already used in Rover Environmental Monitoring Station of the NASA's *Curiosity* rover. The Principal Investigator of HABIT is Javier Martin-Torres.

## Scientific objectives

The objectives of HABIT are:

* to investigate (and quantify) the habitability of the landing site in terms of availability of water, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature ranges
* to investigate the atmosphere/regolith water interchange, the subsurface hydration, as well as the ozone, water and dust atmospheric cycle, and the convective activity of the boundary layer
* to demonstrate an *in situ* resource utilization technology for future Mars exploration

The HABIT instrument will use salts to absorb 5 millilitres of water from the atmosphere each day, and can hold 25 mL in total. If the process works as expected, the technology could be scaled up to provide water for future crewed missions.

## InfoBox

HABIT
| Operator | ESA/Roscosmos |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Omnisys Instruments AB |
| Instrument type | Technology demonstration for IRSU |
| Function | Habitability assessment, and harvest atmospheric water on Mars |
| Mission duration | Planned: ≥ 1 Earth year |
| Host spacecraft | |
| Spacecraft | Kazachok |
| Operator | ESA & Roscosmos |
| Launch date | 2028 |
| Rocket | Proton-M/Briz-M |
| Launch site | Baikonur |


title: Fox Photo

abstract: Fox Photo Inc. was an American chain of photo stores, which sold cameras, photographic equipment and developed film. The Fox company started as a small photo studio by a man named Arthur C. Fox in San Antonio, Texas. Carl Newton, a Canadian, moved to San Antonio and purchased the studio at the end of 1909 for $700, as amateur photography was in its infancy. Newton began what by 1920 was the largest mail order photofinishing business in the world. Through acquisitions and mergers Fox Photo became Fox-Stanley Photo Products Inc. when it merged with the Stanley company in 1961. Carl Newton Jr. along with Stanley Wurtz of Stanley Photo expanded their primarily photofinishing based company to 23 states and eventually traded the public company stock on the NYSE. Fox Photo operated retail stores and large commercial photofinishing plants where many large retail companies, including Wal-Mart, Target, K-Mart, and Walgreens along with many small drug stores sent their customer's photos to be processed. Perhaps the most visible consumer-level facet of Fox Photo was the chain of one-hour processing booths that were established in shopping mall parking lots in the early-to-mid-1980s. These competed directly with the photo booths of Fotomat. In the chase scene(s) in Back to the Future, the Libyan terrorists crash their van into a Fox Photo booth at the Twin Pines/Lone Pine Mall. Fox Stanley Photo Products Inc. was sold to Kodak in 1986. In 1987 Kodak sold the retail stores to interests whose principal was Carl Newton III. The large photofinishing plants were retained by Kodak and spun off to a Kodak company named Qualex. Carl Newton III ran the retail stores branded as Fox Photo and continued the transition from camera stores and small drive up photo kiosks to Fox Photo One Hour Labs. In 1991, Fox Photo was sold to St. Louis based CPI Corporation. CPI ran a division of retail one hour photo lab locations named, CPI Photo Finish. CPI continued to operate locations under both names until 51 percent of this CPI division was sold to Kodak in 1999. The new company was named Fox Photo Inc. Kodak secured the remainder of the company from CPI Corp. one year later, only to sell Fox Photo to Wolf Camera of Atlanta Georgia, in 2001. The name Fox Photo vanished, when all of the stores were re-branded to Wolf Camera. Wolf Camera went bankrupt in 2001 and was purchased by Beltsville, MD based Ritz Camera. Ritz Camera filed for bankruptcy and was sold to a group of investors under the name RCI in 2009 and re-organized to a fraction of their stores, which once numbered at well over 1,000.

text:
# Fox Photo

**Fox Photo Inc.** was an American chain of photo stores, which sold cameras, photographic equipment and developed film.

The Fox company started as a small photo studio by a man named Arthur C. Fox in San Antonio, Texas. Carl Newton, a Canadian, moved to San Antonio and purchased the studio at the end of 1909 for $700 (equivalent to $21,111 in 2021), as amateur photography was in its infancy. Newton began what by 1920 was the largest mail order photofinishing business in the world.

Through acquisitions and mergers Fox Photo became Fox-Stanley Photo Products Inc. when it merged with the Stanley company in 1961. Carl Newton Jr. along with Stanley Wurtz of Stanley Photo (St. Louis based) expanded their primarily photofinishing based company to 23 states and eventually traded the public company stock on the NYSE.

Fox Photo operated retail stores and large commercial photofinishing plants where many large retail companies, including Wal-Mart, Target, K-Mart, and Walgreens along with many small drug stores sent their customer's photos to be processed.

Perhaps the most visible consumer-level facet of Fox Photo was the chain of one-hour processing booths that were established in shopping mall parking lots in the early-to-mid-1980s. These competed directly with the photo booths of Fotomat. In the chase scene(s) in *Back to the Future*, the Libyan terrorists crash their van into a Fox Photo booth at the Twin Pines/Lone Pine Mall.

Fox Stanley Photo Products Inc. was sold to Kodak in 1986. In 1987 Kodak sold the retail stores to interests whose principal was Carl Newton III. The large photofinishing plants were retained by Kodak and spun off to a Kodak company named Qualex.

Carl Newton III ran the retail stores branded as Fox Photo and continued the transition from camera stores and small drive up photo kiosks to Fox Photo One Hour Labs.

In 1991, Fox Photo was sold to St. Louis based CPI Corporation. CPI ran a division of retail one hour photo lab locations named, CPI Photo Finish.

CPI continued to operate locations under both names until 51 percent of this CPI division was sold to Kodak in 1999. The new company was named Fox Photo Inc. Kodak secured the remainder of the company from CPI Corp. one year later, only to sell Fox Photo to Wolf Camera of Atlanta Georgia, in 2001.

The name Fox Photo vanished, when all of the stores were re-branded to Wolf Camera.

Wolf Camera went bankrupt in 2001 and was purchased by Beltsville, MD based Ritz Camera.

Ritz Camera filed for bankruptcy and was sold to a group of investors under the name RCI (Ritz Camera & Image) in 2009 and re-organized to a fraction of their stores, which once numbered at well over 1,000.