title: German-Thai Chamber of Commerce

abstract: AHK Thailand or the German-Thai Chamber of Commerce (GTCC) is a non-profit entity which promotes bilateral economic relations between Germany and Thailand. It is a member of the German Chambers of Commerce Worldwide Network (AHKs), with 150 locations in 93 countries around the world.

text:
# German-Thai Chamber of Commerce

**AHK Thailand** or the **German-Thai Chamber of Commerce (GTCC)** is a non-profit entity which promotes bilateral economic relations between Germany and Thailand. It is a member of the German Chambers of Commerce Worldwide Network (AHKs), with 150 locations in 93 countries around the world.

## History

In 1959 German businesses in Thailand founded a "German Business Group" and soon led to the creation of bilateral Chamber of Commerce.

The German-Thai Chamber of Commerce (GTCC) was officially founded by 57 German and Thai business representatives on 19 July 1962. The inauguration ceremony took place at the Erawan Hotel, Bangkok. By 1965, the GTCC had grown to 100 member companies, and to around 300 during the following 20 years. Since 2017, total membership has been more than 600, making it one of the largest foreign chambers of commerce in Thailand.

## Board of directors and management

The Board of Directors includes key figures in the German-Thai business community. Ensuring that the services offered by the Chamber are efficient, comprehensive and up-to-date, the board sets the broad lines of Chamber policy. The current president of the German-Thai Chamber of Commerce is Mr. Alexander Donau, Regional Head Asia Pacific and Director of the Board for Leschaco (Thailand) Ltd. Since July 2015, the Chamber has been managed by the Executive Director Dr. Roland Wein and Deputy Executive Director, Marius Mehner.

## Organization

The GTCC is structured into five main departments, which are Administration; Corporate Services; German-Thai Dual Excellence Education (GTDEE); Finance; and Membership, Events & Communications.

## Services

Address research, individual business partner matching, market information, as well as market entry advisory in Thailand, Germany and the ASEAN countries are just some of the GTCC's services. Further services include translations in Thai, German, and English; debt collection and dispute resolution. Additionally, each GTCC department offers further specialized services. While the Corporate Communication department, for example, organizes events, seminars as well as workshops, and publishes a broad range of publications, the Trade Fair department is in charge of exhibition projects and visits to trade fairs in Germany and Thailand.

## Membership

Member companies are diverse, covering a broad range of industries. GTCC's members are small and medium-sized companies as well as large enterprises. Manufacturers, service providers, financial institutions, trade organizations, and public bodies and educational institutions are among the GTCC's members. With more than 600 members, the GTCC is one of the largest bilateral Chambers of Commerce in Thailand. A membership with the German-Thai Chamber of Commerce offers a variety of benefits, which allow participating companies to emerge with prestige and a good reputation in the German-Thai business community.

## Partners

The German-Thai Chamber of Commerce is co-operating with the German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (IHK) as well as with the Association of German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK). Other partners include the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK), the German International Cooperation / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), The German Business Portal iXPOS, as well as Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI).

## Publications

The Chamber offers a broad range of publications to all interested companies, members or private persons. The following publications are the most common ones:

The GTCC's quarterly e-magazine, called *UPDATE*, contains several main sections and focuses on specific industry or area, also covering trade & investment, new technology, trade fairs and a contact section where German and Thai companies seek trading, licensing and joint-venture partners. Each year, the GTCC publishes its Annual Report, summarizing the chamber's activities throughout the year.

1. German-Thai Chamber of Commerce (2008): 150 Years German-Thai Economic Relations.
2. Deutsch-Thailändische Handelskammer(1998): 140 Jahre Deutsch-Thailändische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen 1858-1998. Bangkok: Darnsutha Press Co., Ltd.
3. GTCC Handbook & Directory 2013
4. http://thailand.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk\_thailand/Bilder/invitation\_become\_our\_member.pdf%5B%5D


abstract: The German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia is a Lutheran denomination based in Namibia. It was founded in 1960, and has 4,100 members in 2023. GELC joined the Lutheran World Federation in 1963. It is also a member of the Council of Churches in Namibia. Along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia, GELC formed the United Church Council of the Lutheran Churches in Namibia in 2007. The aim of this body is ultimately to achieve church union.

text:
# German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia

The **German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia** (known as GELC, GELK, or DELK) is a Lutheran denomination based in Namibia. It was founded in 1960, and has 4,100 members in 2023.

GELC joined the Lutheran World Federation in 1963. It is also a member of the Council of Churches in Namibia.

Along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia, GELC formed the United Church Council of the Lutheran Churches in Namibia in 2007. The aim of this body is ultimately to achieve church union.


title: Tynehead railway station

abstract: Tynehead railway station served the village of Pathhead, Midlothian, Scotland from 1848 to 1969 on the Waverley Line.

text:
# Tynehead railway station

**Tynehead railway station** served the village of Pathhead, Midlothian, Scotland from 1848 to 1969 on the Waverley Line.

## History

The station opened on 4 August 1848 by the North British Railway. It was situated south of the B6367. The station's original name was Tyne Head, although this was changed to Tynehead in March 1874. The goods yard consisted of three parallel sidings, one serving a cattle dock and a fourth running diagonally across the yard towards the entrance, where there was a weighbridge and weigh office. Goods services ceased on 28 December 1964; the sidings were quickly lifted soon after. On 27 March 1967 the station was downgraded to an unstaffed halt, although the suffix 'halt' never appeared in any of the timetables. The station was closed to passengers and, due to no goods traffic, completely on 6 January 1969.

In September 2015, the Waverley Route partially reopened as part of the Borders Railway. Although the railway passes through the original Tynehead station, it was not reopened.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fushiebridge
Line open, station closed |  | North British Railway
Waverley Route |  | Heriot
Line open, station closed |

## InfoBox

| Tynehead | |
| --- | --- |
| Remains of Tynehead station site in 2015, after reinstatement of the railway line | |
| General information | |
| Location | Pathhead, Midlothian
Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°49′18″N 2°58′11″W / 55.8218°N 2.9696°W / 55.8218; -2.9696 |
| Grid reference | NT393591 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | North British Railway |
| Pre-grouping | North British Railway |
| Post-grouping | LNER |
| Key dates | |
| 4 August 1848 (1848-08-04) | Opened as Tyne Head |
| March 1874 | Name changed to Tynehead |
| 6 January 1969 (1969-01-06) | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tyler Higgins

abstract: Tyler E. Higgins is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Orix Buffaloes. He currently serves as the pitching coach for the Lehigh Valley IronPigs.

text:
# Tyler Higgins

**Tyler E. Higgins** (born April 22, 1991) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Orix Buffaloes. He currently serves as the pitching coach for the Lehigh Valley IronPigs.

## Playing career

### Florida/Miami Marlins

The Florida Marlins chose Higgins in the 23rd round, 703rd overall, in the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. Higgins made his professional debut with the GCL Marlins. In 2012, Higgins split the year between the GCL Marlins and the High-A Jupiter Hammerheads, pitching to a 2.57 ERA in 23 appearances. He spent the 2013 season in Jupiter, recording a 2-7 record and 4.01 ERA in 45 games. He spent the 2014 season in Double-A with the Jacksonville Suns, registering a 4.97 ERA in 29.0 innings of work. In 2015, he split the year between Jacksonville and Jupiter, accumulating a 3.55 ERA with 41 strikeouts in 50.2 innings pitched. He spent the entirety of the 2016 season in Jacksonville, pitching to a 3-5 record and 3.45 ERA with 45 strikeouts in 44 appearances. In 2017, Higgins again spent the year in Jacksonville, posting a 3-3 record and 3.43 ERA in 60.1 innings pitched across 34 games. He elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2017.

### New Britain Bees

On March 27, 2018, Higgins signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Higgins pitched to a stellar 1.88 ERA in 14 appearances for New Britain.

### Seattle Mariners

On June 1, 2018, Higgins' contract was purchased by the Seattle Mariners organization and was assigned to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers. In 28 games for Tacoma, he posted a 2.83 ERA with 38 strikeouts. Higgins elected free agency following the season on November 2.

### San Diego Padres

On December 21, 2018, Higgins signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization. He split the season between the Triple-A El Paso Chihuahuas and the Double-A Amarillo Sod Poodles, recording a 5-1 record and 4.75 ERA between the two clubs. On December 18, 2019, Higgins was released by the Padres.

### Orix Buffaloes

On December 23, 2019, Higgins signed with the Orix Buffaloes of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). On June 26, 2020, Higgins made his NPB debut. In 41 appearances for Orix, Higgins pitched to a 2.40 ERA with 45 strikeouts. On February 11, 2021, Higgins tested positive for COVID-19. Higgins made 49 appearances for Orix in 2021, logging a 2.53 ERA with 36 strikeouts in 46.1 innings of work. Higgins became a free agent following the season.

### San Diego Padres (second stint)

On March 7, 2022, Higgins signed a minor league contract to return to the San Diego Padres organization. In 24 games for the Triple–A El Paso Chihuahuas, he posted a 4.97 ERA with 24 strikeouts across 25+13 innings of work. Higgins was released by San Diego on July 12.

### High Point Rockers

On August 4, 2022, Higgins signed with the High Point Rockers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 15 relief appearances for the Rockers, he posted a strong 1.72 ERA with 19 strikeouts and 4 saves across 15+23 innings pitched. Higgins became a free agent after the season.

## Coaching career

On February 5, 2024, Higgins was hired by the Philadelphia Phillies to serve as the pitching coach for their Triple–A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs.

## InfoBox

| Tyler Higgins | |
| --- | --- |
| Higgins with the Orix Buffaloes | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1991-04-22) April 22, 1991<br>Flint, Michigan | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| June 26, 2020, for the Orix Buffaloes | |
| Last NPB appearance | |
| October 21, 2021, for the Orix Buffaloes | |
| NPB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 4-5 |
| Earned run average | 2.46 |
| Strikeouts | 81 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Ghettolimpo

abstract: Ghettolimpo is the second studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Mahmood. The album was released on 11 June 2021 and was preceded by the singles "Rapide", "Dorado", "Inuyasha", "Zero", and "Klan".

text:
# Ghettolimpo

***Ghettolimpo*** (a portmanteau of 'ghetto' and 'Olimpo', Italian for Olympus) is the second studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Mahmood. The album was released on 11 June 2021 and was preceded by the singles "Rapide", "Dorado", "Inuyasha", "Zero", and "Klan".

## Track listing

*Ghettolimpo* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dei" |  | Muut | 2:23 |
| 2. | "Ghettolimpo" | * Mahmoud * Fugazza * Grilli | Muut | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Inuyasha" |  | Dardust | 3:54 |
| 4. | "Kobra" | * Mahmoud * Faini * Francesco Catitti | * DRD * Katoo | 3:00 |
| 5. | "Baci dalla Tunisia" | * Mahmoud * Faini * Josh Rosinet | Dardust | 4:00 |
| 6. | "Klan" |  | DRD | 2:59 |
| 7. | "Zero" | * Mahmoud * Faini * Petrella | Dardust | 4:17 |
| 8. | "Rubini" (featuring Elisa) | * Mahmoud * Faini * Elisa Toffoli | Dardust | 3:48 |
| 9. | "Dorado" (featuring Sfera Ebbasta and Feid) | * Mahmoud * Faini * Petrella * Christian Senra Bértolo * Feid * Gionata Boschetti | DRD | 2:58 |
| 10. | "Talata" | * Mahmoud * Faini | DRD | 3:08 |
| 11. | "T'amo" | * Mahmoud * Fugazza * Grilli * Giuseppe Rachel * Salvatore Sini | Muut | 4:32 |
| 12. | "Karma" (featuring Woodkid) | * Mahmoud * Woodkid | Woodkid | 3:33 |
| 13. | "Rapide" | * Mahmoud * Faini * Catitti | Dardust | 4:03 |
| 14. | "Icaro è libero" | * Mahmoud * Cheope * Catitti | Katoo | 2:55 |
| Total length: | | | | 49:24 |

## Charts

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for *Ghettolimpo*
| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 80 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 24 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for *Ghettolimpo*
| Chart (2022) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 99 |

## Certifications

Certifications for *Ghettolimpo*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 50,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Year-end lists

Select year-end rankings of *Ghettolimpo*
| Publication | List | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Panorama* | The 20 Best Italian Albums of 2021 | 14 |  |
| *Rolling Stone* | The 20 Best Italian Albums of 2021 | 10 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Ghettolimpo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mahmood | |
| Released | 11 June 2021 (2021-06-11) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 49:24 |
| Label | Island |
| Producer |  |
| Mahmood chronology | |
| *Gioventù bruciata*
(2019) ***Ghettolimpo***
(2021) *Nei letti degli altri*
(2024) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Ghettolimpo* | |
| 1. "Rapide"
Released: 16 January 2020 2. "Dorado"
Released: 10 July 2020 3. "Inuyasha"
Released: 3 February 2021 4. "Zero"
Released: 21 April 2021 5. "Klan"
Released: 14 May 2021 6. "Rubini"
Released: 27 August 2021 | |
|  | |


title: Gertrude Nason

abstract: Gertrude Nason (1890–1969) was an American painter and printmaker. Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Nason studied in Boston at the Massachusetts College of Art under Joseph DeCamp and at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts under Edmund Charles Tarbell. Her brother was the engraver Thomas Nason, and she was married to the artist William Donahue, with whom she lived in Greenwich Village and had a summer residence in Lyme, Connecticut. She exhibited widely, and won numerous honors and awards. During her career she was a member of the Brooklyn Society of Modern Art, the Creative Arts Association, Lyme Art Association, the National Association of Women Artists, and the New York Society of Women Artists. She also worked for a time as the supervisor of art for a school district in Boston.

text:
# Gertrude Nason

**Gertrude Nason** (1890–1969) was an American painter and printmaker.

Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Nason studied in Boston at the Massachusetts College of Art under Joseph DeCamp and at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts under Edmund Charles Tarbell. Her brother was the engraver Thomas Nason, and she was married to the artist William Donahue, with whom she lived in Greenwich Village and had a summer residence in Lyme, Connecticut. She exhibited widely, and won numerous honors and awards. During her career she was a member of the Brooklyn Society of Modern Art, the Creative Arts Association, Lyme Art Association, the National Association of Women Artists, and the New York Society of Women Artists. She also worked for a time as the supervisor of art for a school district in Boston.


title: Gertrude Newsome Jackson

abstract: Gertrude Newsome Jackson was an American community activist in the Delta communities via the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement. She was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock on December 20, 2012. Jackson died in October 2019 at the age of 95.

text:
# Gertrude Newsome Jackson

**Gertrude Newsome Jackson** (November 7, 1923 – October 1, 2019) was an American community activist in the Delta communities via the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement.

She was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock on December 20, 2012. Jackson died in October 2019 at the age of 95.

## Early life and education

Jackson was born in 1923 in Madison, Illinois, and was one of ten children born to the Newsome's. With six brothers and four sisters there was a full household.

After Gertrude's grandfather died, her father moved the family to Gum Bottom, Arkansas, to take over the eighty-eight-acre cotton farm where she usually stayed in the house but would sometimes come out and help pick cotton.

Jackson graduated in the tenth grade since that was the highest grade able to be completed in Arkansas and several years later returned to earn her GED and continued for two years in college.

She married Earlis "Hog" Jackson in 1943 and they created a family of eleven children. All eleven children graduated from high school and seven attained college degrees.

## Activism

During her early years in the civil-rights movement, she first began doing community activism on the local school board to tell about the sewage backup in the "black" Turner Elementary School that her daughter attended. The sewage pipes ran uphill and could not properly function so the sewage would come back down into the bathrooms. Along with her husband, she helped produce a boycott for black families to keep their children out of Turner until the problem was solved, it took three weeks for their voices to be heard.

Soon after the Jackson's first victory, they decided to go after the widespread issue of racial segregation in the Marvell, Arkansas, school district. Throughout the autumn of 1966, a six-week boycott was created by Earlis and Gertrude along with Rev. Anderson at the county fair to yet again keep African-American families out of the schools. In conjunction with a class-action lawsuit, a case was brought to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit which led to the decision of fully desegregating classes, faculty, and students in the beginning school year of 1970.

Due to their successful community activism, the Jackson's faced repercussions of arson destroying family farming equipment, shots being fired at them, burning crosses in their yard, and farm equipment being sabotaged by sugar being placed in the gas tank of their cotton picker. Even though in her childhood, Gertrude stated that racism did not affect her.

One day in 1978 it just "dropped in her spirit" to help establish the Boys, Girls, Adults Community Development Center in Marvell to help her community with education, healthcare, housing, and much more. Later on in her life, Jackson worked for Mid Delta Community Service as a transporter of children to its Head Start Programs.

Jackson stated to all African-American communities to "Know what you need to know, stand up for yourself, and get involved." and "Stand up, be bold, and get something done!"

* SNCC Digital Gateway: Gertrude Jackson, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out

## InfoBox

| Gertrude Newsome Jackson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | November 7, 1923
Madison, Illinois, United States |
| Died | October 1, 2019 (aged 95)
Phillips County, Arkansas, United States |
| Occupation | Community activist |
| Spouse | Earlis Jackson (married 1944) |
| Children | 11 |
| Parents | * Reverend Mitchell Newsome * Lillie Reed Newsome |


title: Gerald Burch

abstract: William Gerald Burch was a Canadian Anglican bishop.

text:
# Gerald Burch

**William Gerald Burch** (5 March 1911 - 22 October 2003) was a Canadian Anglican bishop.

## Biography

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 5 March 1911 he was educated at the University of Toronto and ordained in 1938. He was a Curate at Christ Church, Toronto from 1936 to 1940. He held incumbencies at Scarborough Junction, St Luke, Winnipeg and All Saints, Windsor. He was Dean of All Saints Cathedral, Edmonton from 1956 to 1960 and Suffragan Bishop of Edmonton from 1960 to 1961. In that year he became its diocesan bishop, a post he held until 1976. He died on 22 October 2003.


title: Milky Way (Syd Barrett song)

abstract: "Milky Way" is a song by Syd Barrett from the outtakes/rarities album Opel. The song was recorded on 7 June 1970, and produced by Barrett's friend and former bandmate David Gilmour. It was one of eight then-unreleased tracks to be released on Opel.

text:
# Milky Way (Syd Barrett song)

"**Milky Way**" is a song by Syd Barrett from the outtakes/rarities album *Opel*. The song was recorded on 7 June 1970, and produced by Barrett's friend and former bandmate David Gilmour. It was one of eight then-unreleased tracks to be released on *Opel*.

## InfoBox

| "Milky Way" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Syd Barrett | |
| from the album  *Opel* | |
| Released | 17 October 1988 |
| Recorded | 7 June 1970 |
| Length | 3:07 |
| Label | Harvest/EMI (UK) <br>Capitol Records (US) |
| Songwriter(s) | Syd Barrett |
| Producer(s) | David Gilmour |


title: Milton Love

abstract: Milton Sydney Love, invariably referred to as M. S. Love, was an Australian Stipendiary Magistrate in New South Wales and the founding Warden of the Southern Mining District of NSW.

text:
# Milton Love

**Milton Sydney Love** (18 September 1852 – 14 November 1924), invariably referred to as **M. S. Love**, was an Australian Stipendiary Magistrate in New South Wales and the founding Warden of the Southern Mining District of NSW.

## Birth and education

Love was the son of the politician William Love and Ellinor Robinson, both immigrants from Ireland, and brother of merchant James. On 16 July 1863, Love was one of the first 16 boys enrolled on the foundation of Newington College at Newington House on the Parramatta River at Silverwater, New South Wales. At twelve years of age he was student number eleven on the handwritten roll. According to the second Headmaster of the school, Thomas Johnstone, Love was "one of the best conducted, most perseveringly diligent, and most thoroughly amiable pupils that I have ever taught.’" He left Newington in September 1866 "in consequence of business depression". His father and brother had joined in a retail grocery shop at 476 George Street, Sydney, but in October 1866 Love & Son became insolvent.

## Public service career

Love joined the Public Service in 1868 as an officer of the Works Department and in 1877 moved to the Justice Department. He was appointed to be the Police Magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions and Registrar of the District Court at Cooma by the Governor of New South Wales on 1 June 1887, when he also assumed the duties of Warden at Cooma. Love was also appointed to be a Warden of the Southern Mining District by the Governor of New South Wales on 18 June 1887. He was later appointed to the position of Stipendary Magistrate, a position which he held for 1812 years. He retired in 1919 and died at his home in Thrupp Street, Neutral Bay.

## Public acclaim

Love received acclaim after imposing the smallest of fines. In 1898 a man came before the Redfern Police Court after his son had only attended school for 62 days in half a year, out of 112 school days. The boy's attendance was 8 short of the minimum 70 days and Love fined the father one penny, without costs, and if the father did not pay he was to be imprisoned for one minute with hard labour. Different details were published at the time of his death in 1924, where the offender was reported to be a young girl, at the Newtown court, for a breach of railway regulations and the sentence including twelve months in which to pay. The same penalty was in 1913 imposed by Love on a man who had been unable to pay his tramfare in time before arriving at his destination.

His popularity was attested by the public reception given him on the occasion of his transfer from Newcastle to Parramatta.

The cartoonist David Low drew a caricature of him as a kind of Cupid for *The Bulletin*, reproduced in the album *Caricatures by Low 1915*.

## Marriages and children

On 3 December 1878, Love married Alice Emelie Rosa Spooner in St Andrew's Church, Walcha. They had three children between 1880 and 1887 and two died in infancy. Alice died in 1897 and Love married Matilda Jane Wallace in 1899 at Marrickville. They had two sons. At the time of his death, Love left a widow, two sons, Mr William Arnold Love of Goulburn and Mr Jack Milton Wallace Love of Sydney, and a daughter, Mrs Emily Ellen Magson, of North Sydney. His second wife died in 1943.

## InfoBox

| Milton Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 18 September 1852
Surry Hills, New South Wales |
| Died | 14 November 1924
Neutral Bay, New South Wales |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Newington College |
| Occupation | Stipendiary Magistrate |
| Title | His Honour Milton Love SM |
| Spouse(s) | Alice (née Spooner)
Matilda (née Wallace) |
| Children | 3 sons and 2 daughters |
| Parent(s) | William Love and Ellinor (née Robinson) |


abstract: Mill Creek flows into the Black River in Watson, New York.

text:
# Mill Creek (Watson, Black River tributary)

**Mill Creek** flows into the Black River in Watson, New York.

## InfoBox

| Mill Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Black River |
| location | Watson, New York |
| coordinates | 43°46′56″N 75°27′04″W / 43.78222°N 75.45111°W / 43.78222; -75.45111 |
| elevation | 728 ft (222 m) |
| Basin size | 33.9 sq mi (88 km2) |


title: Geumgang University

abstract:
Geumgang University is a South Korean university with a residential college model, located in the countryside next to Gyeryong Mountain, between Nonsan and Daejeon. The campus is within the administrative boundaries of Nonsan's Sangwol-myeon district. The university was founded in 2003. For all students who maintain a 3.0 GPA average, there is no tuition fee, and housing is provided free of charge. Geumgang University is a residential college. It is a full residential college in that, unlike most universities in Korea, 100% of students live on-campus. In 2016, courses were offered in the following subjects:
  - School of Buddhist Studies & Social Welfare
  - School of International Trade & Public Administration
  - School of Social Studies
  - Information Science The student body is primarily undergraduates. There is a PhD program available only in the School of Buddhist Studies & Social Welfare.

text:
# Geumgang University

| Geumgang University | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 금강대학교 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Geumgang Daehakgyo* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Kŭmkang Taehakkyo* |

**Geumgang University** is a South Korean university with a residential college model, located in the countryside next to Gyeryong Mountain, between Nonsan and Daejeon. The campus is within the administrative boundaries of Nonsan's Sangwol-myeon district.

The university was founded in 2003. For all students who maintain a 3.0 GPA average, there is no tuition fee, and housing is provided free of charge. Geumgang University is a residential college. It is a full residential college in that, unlike most universities in Korea, 100% of students live on-campus.

In 2016, courses were offered in the following subjects:

* School of Buddhist Studies & Social Welfare
* School of International Trade & Public Administration
* School of Social Studies
* Information Science

The student body is primarily undergraduates. There is a PhD program available only in the School of Buddhist Studies & Social Welfare.

## Foreign Exchange

The university offers a fifteen-week intensive course in Korean language and culture. This program is tuition-free to all accepted students. Exchange students room with a Korean student at Geumgang University, and engage in four hours per week of English coaching while in the program. Each year, approximately 25 foreign students attend the language program. Geumgang University also has a student exchange program with the University of the West, a Buddhist-founded university in the United States.

There are many foreign faculty members as well. The Information Science department is 2/3 foreign faculty, with professors from Yale and Columbia.

A temple-stay program is under construction and will be available in July 2016.

36°18′19″N 127°11′43″E / 36.3054°N 127.1952°E / 36.3054; 127.1952

## InfoBox

Geumgang University (금강 대학교)
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2003 |
| Students | 487 |
| Undergraduates | 477 |
| Postgraduates | 10 |
| Location | Sangwol-myeon, Nonsan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea |
| Campus | Rural |
| Website | www.ggu.ac.kr |


title: Tyrolerfjord

abstract: Tyrolerfjord is a fjord in King Christian X Land, East Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.

text:
# Tyrolerfjord

**Tyrolerfjord** is a fjord in King Christian X Land, East Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.

## History

During the 1869–70 Second German North Polar Expedition of Carl Koldewey this body of water was surveyed by Julius Payer, who was impressed by the beauty of the Alpine-type mountain ranges surrounding the fjord and named it after the Tyrol historical region in the Alps.

Since the fjord forms a geographic whole with Young Sound, which had previously been named by William Scoresby, Koldewey used the name "Tyrolerfjord" —or "Tiroler Fjord" in the reports by Julius Payer— for the whole water body, all the way to its mouth in Gael Hamke Bay. Later, during the 1929–1930 Expedition to East Greenland, Lauge Koch reinstated the name "Young Sund" for the outer section of the water body.

There are a number of Norwegian and Danish hunting cabins in the shores of the fjord.

## Geography

Tyrolerfjord is a fjord that stretches deep inland west of Young Sound and north of Clavering Island, forming the northern shore of the island. To the north lies A. P. Olsen Land. It extends roughly from east to west for 30 kilometres (19 mi) and from southeast to northwest for 25 kilometres (16 mi) at the junction of a branch coming from the west and linking with Copeland Fjord. The Pasterze Glacier has its terminus on the western side of its northern end with a river draining it and flowing into the fjord. Further north flows the Gerda Glacier and Payer Land lies to the southwest of the whole area.

The western branch widens at the "Rudi Bay" section, becoming about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide, wider than the average width of the fjord. After the junction it branches roughly southwards for about 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) until the northern end of a shallow area named Revet. The fjord is about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide at the entrance and the part that stretches to the northwest narrows to about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) all the way to its head.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Tyrolerfjord | |
| --- | --- |
| Map section showing the Young Sound and Tyrolerfjord. | |
| TyrolerfjordLocation in Greenland | |
| Location | Arctic |
| Coordinates | 74°28′N 21°11′W / 74.467°N 21.183°W / 74.467; -21.183 |
| Ocean/sea sources | Young Sound
Gael Hamke Bay
Greenland Sea |
| Basin countries | Greenland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 55 kilometres (34 mi) |
| Max. width | 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) |
|  | |
| Frozen | Most of the year |


title: Milutin Dragićević

abstract: Milutin Dragićević is a Serbian handball player for Mačva Bogatić.

text:
# Milutin Dragićević

**Milutin Dragićević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Милутин Драгићевић; born 21 April 1983) is a Serbian handball player for Mačva Bogatić.

## Career

Born in Šabac, Dragićević started out at his hometown club Metaloplastika. He later moved abroad and played for HCM Constanța (on two occasions), Bjerringbro-Silkeborg and THW Kiel. While playing for the German side, Dragićević was a member of the team that won the 2011–12 EHF Champions League. He returned to his mother club Metaloplastika ahead of the 2014–15 season, signing a three-year contract.

At international level, Dragićević was capped for Serbia, but failed to appear in any major tournaments.

## Honours

HCM Constanța THW Kiel

## InfoBox

| Milutin Dragićević | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dragićević in 2010 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Milutin Dragićević | | |
| Born | (1983-04-21) 21 April 1983<br>Šabac, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Nationality | Serbian | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Playing position | Pivot | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Mačva Bogatić | | |
| Number | 23 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| **Team** | | | |
|  | Metaloplastika | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
|  | Metaloplastika | | |
| 2005–2007 | HCM Constanța | | |
| 2007–2010 | Bjerringbro-Silkeborg | | |
| 2010–2012 | THW Kiel | | |
| 2012–2013 | HCM Constanța | | |
| 2014 | Nordsjælland | | |
| 2014–2017 | Metaloplastika | | |
| 2017 | Metaloplastika | | |
| 2018– | Mačva Bogatić | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
|  | Serbia |
| Teams managed | | | |
| 2017–2018 | Metaloplastika (assistant) | | |


title: Ghadir Metro Station (Mashhad Metro)

abstract: Ghadir Metro Station is a station of Mashhad Metro Line 1. The station opened on 10 October 2011. It is located along Ghadir Expressway. The line extends eastwards towards Mashhad International Airport.

text:
# Ghadir Metro Station (Mashhad Metro)

36°15′23.76″N 59°37′10.29″E / 36.2566000°N 59.6195250°E / 36.2566000; 59.6195250

**Ghadir Metro Station** is a station of Mashhad Metro Line 1. The station opened on 10 October 2011. It is located along Ghadir Expressway. The line extends eastwards towards Mashhad International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Ghadir Metro Station
ایستگاه مترو غدیر | |
| --- | --- |
| Mashhad Metro Station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ghadir Expressway
District 7, Mashhad, Mashhad County
Iran |
| Operated by | Mashhad Urban Railway Operation Company(MUROC) |
| Connections | Mashhad City Buses * **1**  Ghadir-Vakil Abad (Express) * **10**  Ghadir-Vakil Abad |
| History | |
| Opened | 18 Mehr 1390 H-Kh (10 October 2011) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Mashhad Urban Railway Following station  Parvin-e-Etessamitowards Vakil Abad  Line 1  Bustan-e Reyhanehtowards Hasheminejad Airport | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tyrrhenian Basin

abstract: The Tyrrhenian Basin is a sedimentary basin located in the western Mediterranean Sea under the Tyrrhenian Sea. It covers a 231,000 km⁲ area that is bounded by Sardinia to the west, Corsica to the northwest, Sicily to the southeast, and peninsular Italy to the northeast. The Tyrrhenian basin displays an irregular seafloor marked by several seamounts and two distinct sub-basins - the Vavilov and Marsili basins. The Vavilov deep plain contains the deepest point of the Tyrrhenian basin at approximately 3785 meters. The basin trends roughly northwest–southeast with the spreading axis trending northeast–southwest.

text:
# Tyrrhenian Basin

The **Tyrrhenian Basin** is a sedimentary basin located in the western Mediterranean Sea under the Tyrrhenian Sea. It covers a 231,000 km2 area that is bounded by Sardinia to the west, Corsica to the northwest, Sicily to the southeast, and peninsular Italy to the northeast. The Tyrrhenian basin displays an irregular seafloor marked by several seamounts and two distinct sub-basins - the Vavilov and Marsili basins. The Vavilov deep plain contains the deepest point of the Tyrrhenian basin at approximately 3785 meters. The basin trends roughly northwest–southeast with the spreading axis trending northeast–southwest.

## Regional geologic setting

The Tyrrhenian basin is located in a geologically complex portion of the Mediterranean Sea. The basin is partially encircled by several orogenic belts, including the Apennines to the northeast, the Alps to the north, and the Atlas Mountains to the southwest. It is also bounded by a convergent boundary and associated trench to the southeast. Deep reflection seismic lines near the trench clearly show oceanic lithosphere from the African plate flexing beneath Calabria to join a seismogenic slab that extends down to 500 km beneath the Tyrrhenian basin. Between the upper slope of the trench and Calabria are a number of small fore-arc basins that developed through extensional listric faulting during the Tortonian. These basins subsequently subsided between the late Pliocene and Quaternary and are now infilled with mélange.

The Aeolian Islands north of Calabria and Sicily represent the volcanic arc of the convergent system. The volcanism associated with these islands occurs at the northeast closure of the downgoing slab and began approximately during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene (1.5–1.7 Ma).

The Tyrrhenian basin lies to the northwest of the Aeolian Islands and represents a back-arc basin formed from tensional forces associated with the northwest subduction of the African Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Similar to other back-arc basins, the Tyrrhenian basin displays a shallowing of the Moho discontinuity towards the central part of the basin, a Wadati Benioff zone, abnormally high heat flow (exceeding 200 mW/m2 in some places), and an active volcanic belt on the arc-ward edge of the basin.

### Basement structure

Tyrrhenian basement rocks consist of late Paleozoic granites derived from the Hercynian orogeny. Basement rocks in the southeastern portion of the basin were reactivated during the Alpine orogeny while those to the northwest were undisturbed.

## Stratigraphy

### Upper Sardinia Margin

The Upper Sardinia Margin is a fault-bounded passive margin located northwest of the Vavilov Basin. Seismic reflection surveys across the Upper Sardinia Margin exhibit a stratigraphic geometry suggestive of pre-rift, syn-rift, and post-rift sequences. Drill cores penetrating to the base of the syn-rift sediments identified a transgressive sequence related to subsidence of the continental crust during the rifting stage of the Tyrrhenian Basin opening. At the base of the syn-rift sequence are 60 meters of Tortonian conglomerate with subrounded clasts derived from metamorphosed carbonate and quartzitic basement. It is inferred that this conglomerate formation was deposited in a high-energy subaerial environment like an alluvial fan. Overlying the conglomerate formation are oyster-bearing glauconitic sandstones deposited in a nearshore environment. Late Tortonian to Early Messinian calcareous ooze and claystone with benthic foram assemblages overlays the sandstone formation; this indicates that water depth increased, perhaps due to subsidence at the end of the syn-rift period. The boundary between the syn-rift and post-rift periods is believed to be located in a 50-meter section of late Messinian gypsum that overlays the calcareous ooze and claystone formations. At the top of the stratigraphic section are 243 meters of Pliocene to Pleistocene post-rift sediment containing calcareous mud with occasional terrigenous clastics and volcanic ash.

### Lower Sardinia Margin

The Lower Sardinia Margin lies near the transition between continental and oceanic crust. This is the easternmost point on the margin where pre-rift, syn-rift, and post-rift sediments can be clearly discerned on seismic reflection profiles. A drill core to the base of the syn-rift sediments revealed 533 meters of thinly-bedded, calcareous, siltstone and sandstone with dispersed detrital gypsum grains and anhydrite nodules. The entire sequence is reversely magnetized, which when placed in the context of the adjacent stratigraphy, suggests that it was deposited during the reversed polarity event of the Gilbert epoch (between 4.79 and 5.41 Ma). The environment of deposition for this section is uncertain; however, due to the presence of thin, well-graded layers and a lack of marine fossils, it is possible that the formation was deposited in a closed lacustrine setting. Overlaying the syn-rift sediments are 200 meters of Pliocene to Pleistocene hemipelagic marine sediment with intermittent volcanic glass. This sediment layer is believed to be deposited after the end of rifting due to its subhorizontal seismic reflection profile.

### Vavilov Sub-Basin

The basement rock in the Vavilov Basin consists of strongly serpentinized peridotite with both high and low-temperature phases of deformation. The peridotite is overlain by 120 meters of tholeiitic pillow basalt containing carbonate-filled veins. Nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera within the carbonate veins constrain the age of emplacement between 3.1 and 3.6 Ma. Immediately above the basalt is a 100-meter-thick section of Pleistocene sedimentary cover, consisting primarily of nannofossil-rich mud with occasional reworked volcanogenic debris.

### Marsili Sub-Basin

The basement rock of the Marsili Basin is vesicular basalt. Due to the abundance (10–30% of rock volume) and size (up to 3 or 4 mm) of the vesicles, it is likely that the basalt was emplaced as a flow rather than a sill. Overlaying the basement is 250 meters of calcareous mud and ooze with interbedded volcanoclastic layers. Benthic foraminifera and magnetic anomaly data from the base of this section constrain the terminus of rifting between 1.67 and 1.87 Ma. At the top of the stratigraphic section are 350 meters of volcanoclastic turbidites.

## Basin tectonics and evolution

### Temporal onset of rifting

It is widely agreed that extension in the Tyrrhenian basin began in the late Miocene, as shown by the recognition in seismic reflection profiles of pre-evaporitic (i.e. pre-Messinian) sediments in the western Tyrrhenian and by age estimates based on the overall lithospheric thickness, basement relief, and heat flow. K-Ar dating of peripheral oceanic basalts, drilled at the southeast edge of the Vavilov plain, estimates the beginning of extension to be 7.3 ± 1.3 Ma. Basalts recovered near the spreading center, in middle of the Vavilov plain, yielded ages of 3.4–3.6 Ma. This means that back-arc extension in this part of the basin occurred approximately between the late Tortonian and the middle Pliocene. However, in the Marsili plain, the oldest basaltic crust was found to be 2.1 Ma. This lower age limit, along with the presence of a saddle containing continental crust (the "Issel bridge") between the Vavilov and Marsili plains, implies that there were two distinct episodes of back-arc extension.

### Mechanism of development

Between the Tortonian and middle Pliocene, W-E directed extension opened the Vavilov plain and Sardinia margin in the northwest portion of the present day basin. By the end of the Pliocene, extension rapidly turned to NW-SE and was limited to the southeastern Marsili plain. This rapid shift in the direction and spatial location of extension may be due to how the relative velocities of interacting tectonic plates change over time. For example, if the horizontal velocity of the overriding Eurasian plate exceeds the velocity of slab rollback and trench retreat in the underthrusting African plate, then extension should not occur in the back-arc region. However, if the velocity of slab rollback and trench retreat exceeds that of the overriding plate, then back-arc extension will occur.

The Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in Tyrrhenian back-arc extension may have also been influenced by the adjacent Adriatic and Sicilian forelands. These sectors were not thinned by rifting and are characterized by normal continental lithosphere. During its southeastward migration, the passively retreating oceanic slab had to adjust and deform in relation the large and buoyant continental sectors. Post-Pliocene migration was eventually driven through the narrow corridor (250 km) represented by the present Ionian Sea and thus separated the Adriatic and Sicilian sectors. Changes in lithospheric composition may have also contributed to differences in subduction geometry. For instance, during the first episode of subduction, thinned continental lithosphere underlying the Apenninic margin subducted beneath the Eurasian plate. However, in the second episode of subduction, it was instead Ionian oceanic lithosphere that was involved in subduction. A transition from continental to oceanic lithosphere subduction could explain the late onset of arc volcanism (2-1.5 Ma) as well as the lack of arc volcanism in the central Tyrrhenian basin.

### Rates of extension and subsidence

The full spreading rate of the Tyrrhenian basin has been estimated to be 3–5 cm/yr based on kinematic reconstructions and magnetostratigraphy. This is a relatively slow spreading rate when compared to spreading rates in other back-arc basins like the East Scotia basin (5–7 cm/yr) and the Manus basin (13 cm/yr). The ratio between the initial crustal thickness and final crustal thickness, also known as the beta factor, is estimated to be 3.3 for the Tyrrhenian basin.

## Petroleum resources

Although there are numerous petroleum plays in mainland Italy and the northern Ionian Sea, the potential for hydrocarbon accumulation in most of the Tyrrhenian basin is very poor. This is primarily due to the basin's high geothermal gradient which pushes the oil window to very shallow depths where structural and stratigraphic traps are uncommon. There is, however, active hydrocarbon exploration on the south edge of the basin near the Sicily Channel. Here, the small Narciso and Nilde fields produce sulphur-rich, light to medium-grade crude oil (API gravity ranging between 21 and 39). The primary reservoirs in these fields are Miocene karstic limestones that are sealed by Pliocene clays. The source of the hydrocarbons is unknown but is inferred to be Mesozoic limestone. Traps are structural in nature and are primarily thrust faults related to the Tunisian Atlas thrust belt.

39°56′N 12°14′E / 39.933°N 12.233°E / 39.933; 12.233


title: Tyrrhenian amphora

abstract:
The Tyrrhenian amphora is a specific shape of Attic black-figure neck amphora. Tyrrhenian amphorae were only produced during a short period, about 565 to 550 BC. They are ovoid in shape and bear striking decorations. The handle is usually decorated with a lotus-palmette cross or vegetal tendrils. It always terminates in a red-painted ridge. The vase body is painted with several friezes. The uppermost of these, on the shoulder, is usually especially notable. It often contains mythological scenes, but the first erotic motifs in Attic vase painting also occur here. Unique motifs include the sacrifice of Polyxena. Often, the figures are explained by added inscriptions. The other friezes, usually two to three in number, are often decorated with animals. At times, a frieze is replaced with a vegetal band. The animal friezes and use of colour resemble Corinthian vase painting. It is likely that the Attic vase painters copied Corinthian examples, so as to improve their products’ attractivity on the Etruscan markets. Thus, the Athenian producers entered direct competition with the then market leader, Corinth, by producing features popular in Etruria, such as neck amphorae and colourful decoration. Corinth only produced few neck amphora.
Thus, the Athenians apparently deliberately served a niche market. The Etruscans themselves also produced similar vases. The large majority of the nearly 200 Tyrrhenian amphorae now known were found in Etruria. Early artists to paints such vases include the Castellani Painter and the Goltyr Painter, later ones the Prometheus Painter and the Kyllenios Painter. The Tyrrhenian Group was named after this type of vase.
In his 1983 paper '’On the Dating of the Tyrrhenian Group’’, the British archaeologist Tom Carpenter suggested, on the basis of iconographic and epigraphic considerations, that the vases were produced later than normally assumed, namely between 550 and 530 BC. Further, he raised the possibility that they were produced outside Athens, perhaps in northern Attica or even outside Attica.

text:
# Tyrrhenian amphora

The **Tyrrhenian amphora** is a specific shape of Attic black-figure neck amphora. Tyrrhenian amphorae were only produced during a short period, about 565 to 550 BC. They are ovoid in shape and bear striking decorations. The handle is usually decorated with a lotus-palmette cross or vegetal tendrils. It always terminates in a red-painted ridge. The vase body is painted with several friezes. The uppermost of these, on the shoulder, is usually especially notable. It often contains mythological scenes, but the first erotic motifs in Attic vase painting also occur here. Unique motifs include the sacrifice of Polyxena. Often, the figures are explained by added inscriptions. The other friezes, usually two to three in number, are often decorated with animals. At times, a frieze is replaced with a vegetal band.

The animal friezes and use of colour resemble Corinthian vase painting. It is likely that the Attic vase painters copied Corinthian examples, so as to improve their products’ attractivity on the Etruscan markets. Thus, the Athenian producers entered direct competition with the then market leader, Corinth, by producing features popular in Etruria, such as neck amphorae and colourful decoration. Corinth only produced few neck amphora. Thus, the Athenians apparently deliberately served a niche market. The Etruscans themselves also produced similar vases. The large majority of the nearly 200 Tyrrhenian amphorae now known were found in Etruria. Early artists to paints such vases include the Castellani Painter and the Goltyr Painter, later ones the Prometheus Painter and the Kyllenios Painter.

The Tyrrhenian Group was named after this type of vase. In his 1983 paper '’On the Dating of the Tyrrhenian Group’’, the British archaeologist Tom Carpenter suggested, on the basis of iconographic and epigraphic considerations, that the vases were produced later than normally assumed, namely between 550 and 530 BC. Further, he raised the possibility that they were produced outside Athens, perhaps in northern Attica or even outside Attica.

## Bibliography

* Thomas Mannack: *Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung*, Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, p. 117f. ISBN 3-8062-1743-2


title: German submarine U-66 (1940)

abstract: German submarine U-66 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen, launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Richard Zapp as part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla.

text:
# German submarine U-66 (1940)

**German submarine *U-66*** was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen, launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Richard Zapp as part of the *2nd U-boat Flotilla*.

## Design

German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. *U-66* had a displacement of 1,120 tonnes (1,100 long tons) when at the surface and 1,232 tonnes (1,213 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 metric horsepower (740 kW; 990 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,450 nautical miles (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-66* was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

After her transfer from a training organization to front line service in May 1941, until her sinking in May 1944, *U-66* conducted nine combat patrols, sinking 33 merchant ships, for a total of 200,021 gross register tons (GRT), and damaged two British motor torpedo boats. She was a member of four wolfpacks.

*U-66* was the seventh most successful U-boat in World War II.

On 6 May 1944, during her ninth patrol, she was sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands by depth charges, ramming and gunfire from Grumman TBF Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat aircraft of the US escort carrier *Block Island* and by the destroyer escort USS *Buckley*.

## Patrols

### First

On 13 May 1940, three days after the start of the invasion of France, *U-66* departed her homeport of Kiel under the command of Richard Zapp, a future Knight's Cross recipient, on her first patrol. After about 10 days she rounded the northern coast of Britain and made her way into the mid-Atlantic Ocean. After another 20 days, *U-66* headed for her new base at Lorient, on the French Atlantic coast (one of the first to do so) and where the U-boat was based for the rest of her career.

### Second

After refitting and refueling, *U-66* set off to the Cape Verde islands. Following an uneventful six-day voyage, she came upon convoy SL-78, a convoy designated to give supplies to Allied African countries. The convoy had been attacked just recently by German submarine *U-123* (1940) and German submarine *U-69* (1940), one of which (*U-123*) was in her flotilla. *U-66* sank *George J. Goulandris* and *Kalypso Vergotti*, two Greek merchantmen of 4,345 and 5,686 GRT, respectively, west of the Canary Islands. She extended her tonnage sunk with the torpedoing of *Saint Anselm* on the next day, which was a British steam merchant ship of 5,614 GRT. More than two weeks later, she sank *Holmside*, a 3,433 GRT straggler from the convoy OG-67 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands. The remainder of the patrol was unsuccessful; she returned to Lorient in about a month.

### Third

On 28 August, *U-66* left Lorient for north-eastern South America. The patrol was mostly uneventful, but the boat found the Panamanian steam tanker *I.C. White* (7,052 GRT), off the eastern coast of Brazil on 24 September. After a two-day chase, *U-66* hit the tanker with one torpedo. *U-66* continued the remainder of the patrol without any further incident and returned to Lorient on 9 November.

### Fourth

*U-66*'s fourth sortie was part of Operation *Drumbeat*, a German attempt to hinder American convoys off the east coast of the United States. *U-66*, leaving on 25 December 1941 and in compliance with orders, positioned herself off Cape Hatteras on 15 January 1942 and started to hunt for a target. She found the 6,635 GRT American steam tanker *Allan Jackson* three days later and sank her with two torpedoes 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) north-east of Diamond Shoals, North Carolina. The next day she sank a 7,988 GRT Canadian passenger liner, RMS *Lady Hawkins*, with two stern-launched torpedoes, killing 246 passengers and crew. Another five died in a lifeboat before 71 survivors were rescued five days later by USAT *Coamo*. Three days later with two stern-launched torpedoes she hit *Olympic*, a 5,335 GRT Panamanian steam tanker which broke in two after one minute. Two days after that, *Empire Gem* and *Venore* (an 8,139 GRT British motor tanker and an 8,017 GRT American steam merchant ship, the latter following the former), were both sunk by *U-66*. *Empire Gem* was hit amidships and aft by two torpedoes, while *Venore*, 20 miles behind, had only one torpedo hit that set her boilers on fire. *U-66* then continued eastward back to Lorient, where she arrived on 10 February.

### Fifth

On 21 March, *U-66* left for what proved to be her most successful patrol, resulting in 43,956 gross metric tons sunk and 12,502 gross metric tons damaged in the Caribbean Sea. 24 days after departure she sank *Korthion*, a 2,116 GRT Greek steam merchantman just south of Barbados with one torpedo hit amidships. Two days later, the boat sank *Amsterdam*, a 7,329 GRT Dutch steam tanker, which split in two after being hit by two torpedoes, one amidships, and one in the engine room. Most of the survivors were picked up near Port of Spain, (Trinidad) by *Ivan*, a Yugoslavian steam merchant vessel. The next day *U-66* attacked *Heinrich von Riedemann*, an 11,020 GRT Panamanian motor tanker. The first torpedo severely damaged the steering control of her port engine and ruptured a tank of oil, making much of it leak out. 20 minutes after the first hit, just after the starboard engine was stopped, the ship was abandoned when the crew took to the lifeboats. An hour later *U-66* hit her with a second torpedo, setting her afire. It extinguished itself within 25 minutes. 50 minutes later the submarine hit her with a third torpedo, which set the ship afire again. She remained that way for about 70 minutes before she finally sank. Nine days later *U-66* sank the 5,513 GRT US *Alcoa Partner* with a torpedo and a shot from her deck gun.

### Sixth

After her fifth patrol, Richard Zapp left *U-66* to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla. This meant that *Kapitänleutnant* Friedrich Markworth was in charge. The submarine started her sixth patrol with the sinking of *Triglav*, a 6,396 GRT Yugoslavian steamer, after depositing a sick crew-member in Spain. After a couple of weeks, *U-66* ran across the 4,942 GRT Brazilian merchant ship *Tamandaré*, sinking her with a torpedo hit in her stern. The survivors were picked up by the USS *PC-492*. Two days after the attack on *Tamandaré*, *U-66* sank *Weirbank*, a 5,150 GRT British merchantman on 28 July 1942, with the second of two torpedoes launched at her. Four days after her previous sinking, two mines from *U-66* severely damaged two British motor torpedo boats that had left on a patrol from Port Castries, St. Lucia. Those two mines had been laid, along with four others, on 20 July. *U-66* subsequently sank the 766 GRT Polish *Rozewie* on 6 August and the American 5,356 GRT *Topa Topa* on the 29th. The next day she sank both the 6,049 GRT Panamanian *Sir Huon* and the 5,637 GRT American *West Lashaway* in separate attacks. A raft with survivors from *West Lashaway* was sighted by three aircraft on 18 September; HMS *Vimy*, one of the escorts of a small convoy went to investigate. Deciding that the raft could be a disguised U-boat, *Vimy* opened fire, luckily with no result. The raft's sail was hastily cut down, upon which the British destroyer rescued 17 people.

*U-66* also sank the 8,621 GRT *Winamac* on 31 August and the Swedish 6,390 GRT *Peiping* on 9 September. She returned to Lorient on 29 September.

### Seventh (aborted)

On 9 November 1942, *U-66* left Lorient on what should have been her seventh war patrol. Soon after departure, leaks were encountered, and she decided to return. On 10 November, the day before she returned, a British Wellington bomber, equipped with a Leigh Light, spotted her and dropped four depth charges. The U-boat escaped without serious damage.

### Seventh

*U-66* left Lorient on 6 January 1943 for what was officially her seventh patrol. On 20 January, the ship landed an espionage agent on the coast of Mauritania, but the agent and two crewmen were immediately captured. Her first sinking came with the attack on the 113 GRT French *Joseph Elise* on 1 February. On the 27th, *U-66* attacked the 4,312 GRT British coal merchant ship *St. Margaret* in mid-Atlantic near Bermuda, sinking her with one torpedo and, after several misses, a shell. Several survivors were captured and taken to the prison camp *Marlag und Milag Nord*. *U-66* then returned to port, arriving on 24 March 1943.

### Eighth

*U-66*'s eighth patrol started after a quick refit on 7 April 1943 when she left Lorient. At 148 days, it was to be her longest. She first sank the 10,173 GRT American *Esso Gettysburg*, which was carrying crude oil, on 10 June after unsuccessfully attempting to attack several other American tankers. On 2 July, she successfully sank the 10,195 GRT *Bloody Marsh* (this ship was on her maiden voyage), with a torpedo. The last ship encountered on the patrol was the 10,172 GRT *Cherry Valley*, also American, which she sank on 22 July. *U-66* then returned to Lorient.

### Ninth

On 16 January 1944, *U-66* left Lorient for what would be her last patrol and the last command of *Oberleutnant zur See* Gerhard Seehausen (posthumously promoted to *Kapitänleutnant*). A month and ten days after departure, *U-66* sighted *Silvermaple*, a 5,313 GRT British motor merchant in the convoy ST-12. She was sunk after one torpedo hit. Four days later, the boat came upon the French 5,202 GRT *St. Louis*, which she sank with two torpedoes off Accra, Ghana. The ship broke into three parts, which sank in less than 50 seconds. Four days after the sinking of *St. Louis*, on 5 March 1944 'U-66 sank the 4,964 GRT British *John Holt* with two torpedoes, and took the Captain, Master Cecil Gordon Hime MN, and a passenger, Mr Elliott - an agent of the Holt Shipping Company, as prisoners of war (POW). These men were later lost with the U-boat. Nearly three weeks after the sinking of *John Holt*, the U-boat came across the 4,257 GRT British *Matadian*, which she torpedoed and sank. After the attack, *U-66* was forced to bottom out in the mud as British patrol craft engaged her. *U-66* was supposed to be resupplied by *U-488*, but this boat, a *Milchkuh* supply submarine, was sunk on 26 April.

#### Sinking

On 1 May 1944, *U-66* came under attack by American ships from an antisubmarine hunter-killer group formed around USS *Block Island*. Three Fido homing torpedoes were dropped near the boat, and numerous aircraft from *Block Island*, along with smaller craft, were designated to hunt for her. On the morning of 6 May, the destroyer escort USS *Buckley* found the submarine. After an exchange of gunfire and torpedoes, *Buckley*, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Brent Abel, rammed the submarine.

With the two vessels stuck fast, a party of Germans, under the command of *U-66*'s first officer, Klaus Herbig, attempted to climb onto the American escort's forecastle to create a diversion while Seehausen and the remainder of the U-boat's crew worked to free the boat. As American sailors saw the boarding party climbing on deck, hand-to-hand fighting broke out in which a number of Germans were killed or wounded before the U-boat was able to make good its escape. Five armed Germans remained on deck of the destroyer but they were quickly overpowered and taken prisoner. *Buckley*'s 3-inch gun was unleashed on the U-boat as the Americans chased after her, but *U-66* then turned and rammed *Buckley* near her engine room, damaging the ship's starboard screw. Soon afterward, *U-66* was scuttled on Seehausen's orders to prevent her secret equipment from being captured. *Buckley* then began rescue operations, which lasted three hours.

*U-66* was lost at position 17°17′N 32°29′W / 17.283°N 32.483°W / 17.283; -32.483 with 24 dead and 36 survivors, all of whom were captured by *Buckley*. Seehausen was not among the survivors, who were later transferred to *Block Island*. For his act of ramming *U-66*, Brent Abel received the Navy Cross.

### Wolfpacks

*U-66* took part in four wolfpacks, namely:

* West (24 May – 5 June 1941)
* Rochen (27 January – 1 March 1943)
* Tümmler (1 – 17 March 1943)
* Aufnahme (5 – 10 May 1943)

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship | Nationality | Tonnage | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 June 1941 | *George J. Goulandris* | Greece | 4,345 | Sunk |
| 29 June 1941 | *Kalypso Vergotti* | Greece | 5,686 | Sunk |
| 30 June 1941 | *Saint Aslem* | United Kingdom | 5,614 | Sunk |
| 19 July 1941 | *Holmside* | United Kingdom | 3,433 | Sunk |
| 26 July 1941 | *I. C. White* | Panama | 7,052 | Sunk |
| 18 January 1942 | *Allan Jackson* | United States | 6,635 | Sunk |
| 19 January 1942 | RMS *Lady Hawkins* | Royal Canadian Navy | 7,988 | Sunk |
| 22 January 1942 | *Olympic* | Panama | 5,335 | Sunk |
| 24 January 1942 | *Empire Gem* | United Kingdom | 8,139 | Sunk |
| 24 January 1942 | *Venore* | United States | 8,017 | Sunk |
| 14 April 1942 | *Korthion* | Greece | 2,116 | Sunk |
| 16 April 1942 | *Amsterdam* | Netherlands | 7,329 | Sunk |
| 17 April 1942 | *Heinrich von Riedemann* | Panama | 11,020 | Sunk |
| 26 April 1942 | *Alcoa Partner* | United States | 5,513 | Sunk |
| 29 April 1942 | *Harry G. Siedel* | Panama | 10,354 | Sunk |
| 2 May 1942 | *Sandar* | Norway | 7,624 | Sunk |
| 3 May 1942 | *Geo. W. McNight* | United Kingdom | 12,502 | Damaged |
| 9 July 1942 | *Triglav* | Yugoslavia | 6,363 | Sunk |
| 26 July 1942 | *Tamandaré* | Brazil | 4,942 | Sunk |
| 28 July 1942 | *Weirbank* | United Kingdom | 5,150 | Sunk |
| 2 August 1942 | HMS *MTB-339* | Royal Navy | 32 | Damaged |
| 2 August 1942 | HMS *MTB-342* | Royal Navy | 32 | Damaged |
| 6 August 1942 | *Rozewie* | Poland | 766 | Sunk |
| 29 August 1942 | *Topa Topa* | United States | 5,356 | Sunk |
| 30 August 1942 | *Sir Huon* | Panama | 6,049 | Sunk |
| 30 August 1942 | *West Lashaway* | United States | 5,637 | Sunk |
| 31 August 1942 | *Winamac* | United Kingdom | 8,621 | Sunk |
| 9 September 1942 | *Peiping* | Sweden | 6,390 | Sunk |
| 1 February 1943 | *Joseph Elise* | Free France | 113 | Sunk |
| 27 February 1943 | *St. Margaret* | United Kingdom | 4,312 | Sunk |
| 10 June 1943 | *Esso Gettysburg* | United States | 10,173 | Sunk |
| 2 July 1943 | *Bloody Marsh* | United States | 10,195 | Sunk |
| 22 July 1943 | *Cherry Valley* | United States | 10,172 | Damaged |
| 26 February 1944 | *Silvermaple* | United Kingdom | 5,313 | Sunk |
| 1 March 1944 | *St. Louis* | Free France | 5,202 | Sunk |
| 5 March 1944 | *John Holt* | United Kingdom | 4,964 | Sunk |
| 21 March 1944 | *Matadian* | United Kingdom | 4,275 | Sunk |

### Notes

### Citations

1. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-66". *German U-boats of WWII - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "War Patrols by German U-boat U-66". *U-boat patrols - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
3. Gröner 1991, p. 68.
4. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Most Successful U-boats". *U-boat Operations - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
5. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (First patrol)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
6. Helgason, Guðmundur. "George J. Goulandris (Greek Steam merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
7. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Kalypso Vergotti(Greek Steam merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
8. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (Second patrol)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
9. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (Third patrol)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
10. Dunmore 2002, p. 166.
11. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Lady Hawkins (Steam passenger ship)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
12. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Korthion (Greek Steam merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
13. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Amsterdam (Dutch Steam tanker)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
14. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Heinrich von Riedmann (Panamanian Motor Tanker)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
15. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Alcoa Partner (American Steam Merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
16. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (Sixth patrol)". *U-boat patrols - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
17. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Triglav (Yugoslavian Steam Merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
18. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Tamandare (Brazilian Steam Merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
19. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Weirbank (British Motor Merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
20. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-66". *German U-boats of WWII - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
21. Helgason, Guðmundur. "St. Margaret (British Steam merchant)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
22. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (Seventh Patrol)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
23. Morission, pp. 181 – 183
24. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-66 (Ninth patrol)". *U-boat patrols - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
25. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type XIV boat U-488". *German U-boats of WWII - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
26. Blair 2000, p. 547.
27. "Sinking of U-66". Destroyer Escort Sailors Association. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
28. Blair 2000, pp. 547–548.
29. "Navy Cross Awards to members of the U.S. Navy in World War II". Home of Heroes. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *U-66* (left) and *U-117* under attack by aircraft from USS *Card* on 7 August 1943 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-66* |
| Ordered | 7 August 1939 |
| Builder | AG Weser, Bremen |
| Yard number | 985 |
| Laid down | 20 March 1940 |
| Launched | 10 October 1940 |
| Commissioned | 2 January 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk 6 May 1944 west of the Cape Verde Islands by US aircraft and warships |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type IXC U-boat |
| Displacement | * 1,120  (1,100 long tons) surfaced * 1,232 t (1,213 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in) o/a * 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) |
| Installed power | * 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels) * 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 18.3 kn (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) surfaced * 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 13,450 nmi (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 63 nmi (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Complement | 4 officers, 44 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 21 181 |
| Commanders: |  |
| Operations: | * 9 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 13 May – 11 June 1941 * 2nd patrol: * 23 June – 5 August 1941 * 3rd patrol: * 28 August – 9 November 1941 * 4th patrol: * 25 December 1941 – 10 February 1942 * 5th patrol: * 21 March – 27 May 1942 * 6th patrol: * 23 June – 29 September 1942 * 7th patrol (aborted): * 9 – 11 Nov 1942 * 7th patrol (official): * 6 January – 24 March 1943 * 8th patrol: * 27 April – 1 September 1943 * 9th patrol: * 16 January – 6 May 1944 |
| Victories: | * 33 merchant ships sunk <br>(200,021 GRT) * 2 merchant ships damaged <br>(22,674 GRT) * 2 warships damaged <br>(64 tons) |


title: Milperra Bridge

abstract: Milperra Bridge is a road bridge that carries Newbridge Road across the Georges River, located between Bankstown and Liverpool, in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge is located adjacent to Henry Lawson Drive and the Bankstown Airport; and Newbridge Road serves as a continuation of Canterbury and Milperra Roads.

text:
# Milperra Bridge

**Milperra Bridge** is a road bridge that carries Newbridge Road across the Georges River, located between Bankstown and Liverpool, in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge is located adjacent to Henry Lawson Drive and the Bankstown Airport; and Newbridge Road serves as a continuation of Canterbury and Milperra Roads.

## History

Prior to the bridge being built, there was no crossing of the Georges River between Moorebank and Milperra, though the road to Canterbury was built up to the east bank. The road over the Liverpool Weir and its later 1894 truss bridge went south east toward Wollongong and Engadine.

There was call for access between the two military settler camps, Moorebank and Milperra, to have access and a punt was proposed in the early 1920s.

The early design by the Department of Main Roads (DMR) showed a height above water of only 4 metres (12 ft) which was much decried by the locals, advising to the Dept that it be higher for the commercial and sporting interests of the area. The DMR replied with a proposal of 5 metres (17 ft).

After long use, the old narrow bridge was not able to cope with the increase in traffic and was slated for replacement.

The current concrete structure supersedes the earlier truss bridge built circa 1930 as a wider and higher crossing of the river.

| Milperra Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 33°55′46″S 150°58′44″E / 33.929441°S 150.978890°E / -33.929441; 150.978890 |
| Carried | Newbridge Road |
| Crossed | Georges River |
| Other name(s) | Moorebank Bridge |
| Owner | Transport for NSW |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Composite truss |
| Material | Timber |
| Total length | 72 metres (237 ft) |
| Width | 6 metres (20 ft) |
| Longest span | 27 metres (90 ft) |
| No. of spans | 6 |
| Piers in water | 5 |
| Clearance below | 5 metres (17 ft) |
| History | |
| Opened | 18 April 1931 |
| Collapsed | 1965 |
| Replaced by | Current bridge |
| Location | |
|  | |

## InfoBox

| Milperra Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 33°55′45″S 150°58′44″E / 33.929225°S 150.978989°E / -33.929225; 150.978989 |
| Carries | Newbridge Road |
| Crosses | Georges River |
| Locale | Between Bankstown and Liverpool, in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Named for | Milperra |
| Owner | Transport for NSW |
| Preceded by | Governor Macquarie Drive bridge |
| Followed by | M5 Motorway bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Pre-stressed concrete |
| Material | Concrete |
| No. of spans | 3 |
| Piers in water | 2 |
| No. of lanes | 7 |
| History | |
| Construction end | 1965 |
| Replaces | Composite truss version (1930) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Milpark Education

abstract: Established in 1997, Milpark Education is a leading, accredited South African private higher educational institution. Milpark is composed of four schools: the Business School, the School of Professional Accounting, the School of Financial Services, and the School of Commerce. It offers online higher education in three formats: Distance Learning, Distance Learning Online, and Online Short Courses. Candidates attending Milpark Education include professionals, entrepreneurs, and school graduates pursuing tertiary education. Alongside its graduate degrees, Milpark offers job-focused and corporate education programmes. Graduates receive qualifications that start at NQF level 5 and progress to NQF level 10. The qualifications are accredited by the Council on Higher Education. Milpark is a part of STADIO Holdings, an investment company in private education that aims to widen access to education in South Africa.

text:
# Milpark Education

Established in 1997, **Milpark Education** is a leading, accredited South Africanprivate higher educational institution. Milpark is composed of four schools: the Business School, the School of Professional Accounting (incorporating CA Connect), the School of Financial Services, and the School of Commerce. It offers online higher education in three formats: Distance Learning, Distance Learning Online, and Online Short Courses. Candidates attending Milpark Education include professionals, entrepreneurs, and school graduates pursuing tertiary education.

Alongside its graduate degrees, Milpark offers job-focused and corporate education programmes. Graduates receive qualifications that start at NQF level 5 and progress to NQF level 10. The qualifications are accredited by the Council on Higher Education.

Milpark is a part of STADIO Holdings, an investment company in private education that aims to widen access to education in South Africa.

## Accreditations, affiliations, and partnerships

**Accreditations**

Milpark Education (Pty) Ltd is registered as a Private Higher Education Institution with the South African Department of Higher Education and Training under the Higher Education Act, 1997. Milpark Education is thus a conferring institution and is permitted to confer on its graduates the certificates, diplomas and degrees for which it is accredited by the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC) of the Council on Higher Education (CHE).

Milpark Education’s schools are also accredited appropriately. Milpark Business School’s MBA is accredited by the Association of MBAs (AMBA); Milpark School of Financial Services is accredited by the Insurance Institute of South Africa (IISA), the Financial Planning Institute of Southern Africa (FPI), and the International Certifications for Business (ICB); The School of Commerce is accredited by the South African Board of People Practices (SABPP); and the Postgraduate Diploma in Accounting (PGDA) programme in the Milpark School of Professional Accounting (incorporating CA Connect) is accredited by the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA).

**Associations, Affiliations and Partnerships**

Milpark Business School is a member of a number of associations. These include the Business Graduates Association (BGA), an international membership and quality assurance body for business schools; the South African Business School’s Association (SABSA); and the African Association of Business Schools (AABS). Additionally, Milpark Business School is a signatory to the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME), an initiative by the UN Global Compact.

Alongside its membership to a number of associations, Milpark Education is in partnership with various academic institutions and organizations globally. These include Globethics.net, Saybrook University, Pacific Oaks College, Woxsen University and the Consortium of Innovative Universities, which is a group of educational institutions collaborating to provide generational educational excellence.

## Ways to study

Milpark’s primary method for the delivery of education is online learning. Students have the option of Distance Learning, Distance Learning Online, and Online Short Courses.

Respectively, these different methods of online learning are: self-paced study with limited real-time interaction; a mix of self-paced learning and real-time engagements with faculty and peers; and short courses for students who aim to upskill themselves on an ad hoc basis.

## Student Bursaries

Milpark Education offers a number of bursaries to students annually, based on need and academic performance. Bursaries are one of the ways in which we both support our students and assist industry in achieving South Africa’s transformation agenda.

The Bursary Programme aims to produce quality graduates drawn from groups who may not previously have had access to a sector or area of study. Bursaries are provided to previously disadvantaged candidates who meet our criteria.

## Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE status) Status

Milpark currently holds a **Level Two Contributor** status in terms of BEE.

BEE aims to promote economic transformation and inclusivity in South Africa.

## B-BBEE status

Milpark is currently a Level Two Contributor, which is its broad-based BEE status.

## Ranking

## InfoBox

Milpark Education
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private Higher Education Institution |
| Established | 1997 |
| Students | 3000+ |
| Location | Republic of South Africa |
| Website | milpark.ac.za |


title: Two Lines Oblique: San Diego

abstract: Two Lines Oblique: San Diego is an outdoor 1993 stainless steel sculpture by George Rickey, installed in the San Diego Museum of Art's May S. Marcy Sculpture Garden, in the U.S. state of California.

text:
# Two Lines Oblique: San Diego

***Two Lines Oblique: San Diego*** is an outdoor 1993 stainless steel sculpture by George Rickey, installed in the San Diego Museum of Art's May S. Marcy Sculpture Garden, in the U.S. state of California.

## InfoBox

| Two Lines Oblique: San Diego | |
| --- | --- |
| Artist | George Rickey |
| Year | 1993 (1993) |
| Location | San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, California, United States |


title: Mimorista trimaculalis

abstract: Mimorista trimaculalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah. The wingspan is about 24 mm. Adults are on wing from May to September.

text:
# Mimorista trimaculalis

***Mimorista trimaculalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah.

The wingspan is about 24 mm. Adults are on wing from May to September.

## InfoBox

| *Mimorista trimaculalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mimorista* |
| Species: | ***M. trimaculalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimorista trimaculalis***<br>(Grote, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botis trimaculalis* Grote, 1878 | |


title: Mimorista tristigmalis

abstract: Mimorista tristigmalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Cuba and the United States, where it has been recorded from Florida. The wingspan is 25-28 mm. The forewings are ochreous white with black markings. The hindwings are white, irrorated with pale yellow brown scales. Adults are on wing from January to April, in July and from November to December in Florida.

text:
# Mimorista tristigmalis

***Mimorista tristigmalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Cuba and the United States, where it has been recorded from Florida.

The wingspan is 25-28 mm. The forewings are ochreous white with black markings. The hindwings are white, irrorated with pale yellow brown scales. Adults are on wing from January to April, in July and from November to December in Florida.

## InfoBox

| *Mimorista tristigmalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mimorista* |
| Species: | ***M. tristigmalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimorista tristigmalis***<br>(Hampson, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pilocrocis tristigmalis* Hampson, 1899 * *Psara extremalis* Schaus, 1920 | |


title: Gheorghe Bănciulescu

abstract: Gheorghe Bănciulescu, was an early aviator in Romania. He is believed to be the first pilot in the world to fly with his feet amputated.

text:
# Gheorghe Bănciulescu

**Gheorghe Bănciulescu** (born 28 December 1898, Iaşi, Romania  12 April 1935, Egypt), was an early aviator in Romania. He is believed to be the first pilot in the world to fly with his feet amputated.

## Biography

He was the son of an infantry officer, he attended military High School in Iași, then the Infantry School at Botoșani. During World War I, at 19, being a second lieutenant, he fought at Jiu, Namoloasa, Corbu and Mărăşeşti, Mărăşeşti having only 6 soldier survivors. The aerial battles he saw during the war led him to discover his passion for flight. His father tried to protect him from the enrollment in aviation. The determination of Nicolae Tanase, an experienced war pilot, was the inspiration for Bănciulescu to become a pilot. "I do not know what will come out of you, but the first condition is to love flying! I'm taking you under my responsibility. You are a pilot!" he said.

In 1919, Lieutenant Bănciulescu stood first to fly a Nieuport and on 12 September 1926 with the rank of captain, together with mechanic Ion Stoica aboard a Potez 25, provided by the Franco-Romanian Air Navigation Company, the two took off from Le Bourget airport towards Bucharest to achieve a speed record. Stoica, born in 1897, by 1916 was a student at the School of Arts and Crafts in Galați, as a flight engineer, afterwards he graduated from the Flying School. He then enrolled as a volunteer in the Romanian Army during World War I, being sent afterwards to France, where he worked in the Lorraine-Dietrich factories.

After completing a distance of 1000 km in a time which, obviously, set a new record set above the city of Linz, the sky was shrouded by fog and all efforts to climb to a higher altitude, the plane crashed on a ridge of the mountain. The engine was crushed and Ion Stoica died on the way to the hospital, Bănciulescu had his both legs amputated, due to bleeding which could have been fatal. After agonizing days and nights spent in hospitals in Czechoslovakia, Romania and Germany, and after great effort to get used to wearing leg prosthesis, helped by the commander George Negrescu, and his friend Michael Pantazi, his desire to fly again was accomplished.

For the first time in world practice, Gheorghe Bănciulescu flew a plane with his legs amputated. This happened in July 1927, and in October the same year, Louis Barthou, the French President, gave him the Order of the Legion of Honour in the rank of Chevalier (Knight). In the spring of 1928 was held the first air meeting at Baneasa airfield, where thousands of people, including his wife, followed his aerial acrobatics. On that occasion his wife found out that her husband was flying again, despite the fact that he promised not to do so.

He started long-term air raids in 1933, six years after the tragic accident in Czechoslovakia. First, a raid of 8000 km through Europe, every day going through over 1,000 km. (The seventh day flew the route Paris - Strasbourg - Nuremberg - Prague - Vienna - Belgrade with a Romanian aircraft type SET-41). Last raid "to stick Commander" was part of the French civil aviation missions to identify and set air routes over the African continent. To carry out these missions, George Valentin Bibescu proposed Bănciulescu together with an experienced team, a telegraphist and the driver, which received the French modern aircraft, a Potez 9 AB with two engines. On 13 March 1935 they took off on a long and audacious raid on the route Paris - Marseille - Naples - Tunis - Tripoli - Benghazi - Cairo - Wadi Halfa - Khartoum - Al-Fashir - Abéché - Fort-Lamy - Fort-Archambault - Bangui - Bangassou - Juba - Atbara - Cairo. They faced a suffocating and exhausting heat, and sandstorms spouting to great heights, could destroy their engines. Although they passed their traps in Africa and landed in Cairo, Bănciulescu was exhausted from a tropical influenza with fever and delirium, he managed to beat the disease but tormented and exhausted, he died on 12 April 1935, at age 37.

His body was brought home and buried at Bellu Cemetery. It was swift passing away of his Gheorghe Bănciulescu, the world's first pilot who flew with prosthetic legs. The second pilot was Douglas Bader, the British RAF wing commander in the Second World War, followed by the Russians Zakhar Sorokin and Alexey Maresyev.

## InfoBox

| Gheorghe Bănciulescu | |
| --- | --- |
| Gheorghe Bănciulescu | |
| Born | (1898-12-28)28 December 1898
Iași, Romania |
| Died | 12 April 1935(1935-04-12) (aged 36)
Cairo, Egypt |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Known for | First pilot to fly with feet amputated |
| Awards | Order of Aeronautical Virtue, Legion of Honor |
| **Aviation career** | |
| First flight | 1919
Nieuport |
| Famous flights | Le Bourget airport (Rymarov)- Bucharest |
| Air force | 53 and 13 infantry regiments |
| Battles | World War I |
| Rank | Lieutenant-Commander |
|  | |


title: Gheorghe Bălan

abstract: Gheorghe Bălan is a Moldovan politician. He served as Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration in the Filip Cabinet from 2016 until 2017.

text:
# Gheorghe Bălan

**Gheorghe Bălan** (born 25 August 1975) is a Moldovan politician. He served as Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration in the Filip Cabinet from 2016 until 2017.

## InfoBox

| Gheorghe Bălan | |
| --- | --- |
| Bălan in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Secretary of State of the Ministry of Internal Affairs | |
| **In office**
26 July 2019  10 August 2021 | |
| President | Igor Dodon
Maia Sandu |
| Prime Minister | Maia Sandu
Ion Chicu
Aureliu Ciocoi (acting)
Natalia Gavrilița |
| Minister | Andrei Năstase
Pavel Voicu
Ana Revenco |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova
for Reintegration | |
| **In office**
20 January 2016  21 December 2017 | |
| President | Nicolae Timofti
Igor Dodon |
| Prime Minister | Pavel Filip |
| Preceded by | Victor Osipov |
| Succeeded by | Cristina Lesnic |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union |
|  | |


title: Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa

abstract: Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa was a Romanian priest and dissident. Beginning with his teens, Calciu-Dumitreasa was involved in the activity of the fascist Iron Guard, being first arrested for this in 1942. He was again arrested in 1948 for continued "Legionary activity" and then condemned in 1949 to 8 years of prison for "conspiracy". In 1957 he became one of the torturers in the "experiment" taking place in the Pitești Prison, violent infighting among Iron Guard sympathisers condoned and encouraged by the prison authorities. For his role in the experiment he received a new sentence to 15 years of forced labour, however he was released in May 1963 and assigned compulsory residence. Calciu-Dumitreasa was again arrested in 1978 and convicted to 10 years of prison for criticizing the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu during his sermons at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, where he was working as a professor. Reportedly he suffered beatings and harassment in prison. He was released from prison due in part to pressure from supporters such as U.S. president Ronald Reagan. He spent years in exile in Virginia and ultimately settled there permanently. In the mid-1980s he preached on the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe. While Calciu-Dumitreasa was celebrated as a dissident and intensely promoted in anti-communist propaganda directed at Romania, his past association with fascism was constantly ignored, "if not intentionally hidden". Moreover, he continued to hold controversial views until his death, for example glorifying the "Brotherhood of the Cross", the youth organization of the Iron Guard, deifying Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, proposing an idealized vision of Legionarism and denying the Holocaust in an interview in 2006. After being defrocked by the Romanian Orthodox Church, Calciu-Dumitreasa became a priest of the Orthodox Church in America, which never recognised his defrocking. In 1989 he took charge of the Holy Cross Romanian Orthodox Church at Alexandria, Virginia. In his last years he revisited his native land several times and met some of those whom he had influenced. He remained critical of certain Romanian Orthodox bishops to his last day, claiming they were former Securitate secret police infiltrators. Calciu-Dumitreasa died of pancreatic cancer on November 21, 2006, at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Woodburn, Fairfax County. He was survived by his wife of over 40 years, Adriana, and their son, Andrei. He was interred at the Petru Vodă Monastery in Poiana Teiului Commune, Neamț County, Romania.

text:
# Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa

**Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa** (November 23, 1925 – November 21, 2006) was a Romanian priest and dissident.

Beginning with his teens, Calciu-Dumitreasa was involved in the activity of the fascist Iron Guard (also known as the "Legionary Movement"), being first arrested for this in 1942. He was again arrested in 1948 for continued "Legionary activity" and then condemned in 1949 to 8 years of prison for "conspiracy". In 1957 he became one of the torturers in the "experiment" taking place in the Pitești Prison, violent infighting among Iron Guard sympathisers condoned and encouraged by the prison authorities. For his role in the experiment he received a new sentence to 15 years of forced labour, however he was released in May 1963 and assigned compulsory residence. Calciu-Dumitreasa was again arrested in 1978 and convicted to 10 years of prison for criticizing the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu during his sermons at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, where he was working as a professor. Reportedly he suffered beatings and harassment in prison. He was released from prison due in part to pressure from supporters such as U.S. president Ronald Reagan. He spent years in exile in Virginia and ultimately settled there permanently. In the mid-1980s he preached on the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe. While Calciu-Dumitreasa was celebrated as a dissident and intensely promoted in anti-communist propaganda directed at Romania, his past association with fascism was constantly ignored, "if not intentionally hidden". Moreover, he continued to hold controversial views until his death, for example glorifying the "Brotherhood of the Cross", the youth organization of the Iron Guard, deifying Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, proposing an idealized vision of Legionarism and denying the Holocaust in an interview in 2006.

After being defrocked by the Romanian Orthodox Church, Calciu-Dumitreasa became a priest of the Orthodox Church in America, which never recognised his defrocking. In 1989 he took charge of the Holy Cross Romanian Orthodox Church at Alexandria, Virginia. In his last years he revisited his native land several times and met some of those whom he had influenced. He remained critical of certain Romanian Orthodox bishops to his last day, claiming they were former *Securitate* secret police infiltrators.

Calciu-Dumitreasa died of pancreatic cancer on November 21, 2006, at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Woodburn, Fairfax County. He was survived by his wife of over 40 years, Adriana, and their son, Andrei. He was interred at the Petru Vodă Monastery in Poiana Teiului Commune, Neamț County, Romania.

1. Manea, Gabriel Stelian (2020). "A suspicious silence. The West about the case of Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa". *Historical Yearbook*. **17** (XVII): 73–97. doi:10.61801/HY.2020.03. ISSN 1584-854X. S2CID 265202028. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
2. Sullivan, Patricia (November 26, 2006). "Anti-Communist Priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa". *Washington Post obituary*.
3. Bourdeaux, Michael (10 January 2007). "Father Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa. Fearless Romanian cleric defiant in the face of oppression". *The Guardian obituary*.
4. "The Rev. George Calciu-Dumitreasa". Orthodox Church of America in memoriam. November 21, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
5. "Petru Vodă Monastery – Neamț County". *visitneamt.com*. 24 September 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2020.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| George Calciu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa
(1925-11-23)November 23, 1925
Mahmudia, Tulcea County, Romania |
| Died | November 21, 2006(2006-11-21) (aged 80)
Woodburn, Fairfax County, Virginia, United States |
| Nationality |  |


title: Two Suffer Better Than One

abstract: Two Suffer Better Than One is a 1943 Italian comedy film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Carlo Ninchi, Giuditta Rissone and Marisa Vernati. It was shot at the studios of the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Piero Filippone.

text:
# Two Suffer Better Than One

***Two Suffer Better Than One*** (Italian: ***In due si soffre meglio***) is a 1943 Italian comedy film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Carlo Ninchi, Giuditta Rissone and Marisa Vernati. It was shot at the studios of the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Piero Filippone.

## Synopsis

A prosperous man loses his money and has only debts, so that his daughters need to make their own way in the world. One of them attempts a singing career while the other decides to try and snare a wealthy husband leading to a series of complications.

## Cast

1. Ipsen p.77
2. Casadio p.213

## Bibliography

* Casadio, Gianfranco. *Opera e cinema: la musica lirica nel cinema italiano dall'avvento del sonoro ad oggi*. Longo Editore, 1995.
* Ipsen, Carl David. *Fumo: Italy's Love Affair with the Cigarette*. Stanford University Press, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Two Suffer Better Than One | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Nunzio Malasomma |
| Written by | Gaspare Cataldo
Mino Caudana
Nunzio Malasomma
Luigi Pesenti |
| Produced by | Giulio Manenti |
| Starring | Carlo Ninchi
Giuditta Rissone
Marisa Vernati |
| Cinematography | Alberto Fusi |
| Edited by | Gabriele Varriale |
| Music by | Ezio Carabella |
| Production
company | Manenti Film |
| Distributed by | Nazionalcine |
| Release date | * 21 April 1943 (1943-04-21) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |