title: Kupffer cell

abstract: Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Kupffer cells comprise the largest population of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. Gut bacteria, bacterial endotoxins, and microbial debris transported to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal vein will first come in contact with Kupffer cells, the first immune cells in the liver. It is because of this that any change to Kupffer cell functions can be connected to various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steatohepatitis, activation or rejection of the liver during liver transplantation and liver fibrosis. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

text:
# Kupffer cell

**Kupffer cells**, also known as **stellate macrophages** and **Kupffer–Browicz cells**, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Kupffer cells comprise the largest population of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. Gut bacteria, bacterial endotoxins, and microbial debris transported to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal vein will first come in contact with Kupffer cells, the first immune cells in the liver. It is because of this that any change to Kupffer cell functions can be connected to various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steatohepatitis, activation or rejection of the liver during liver transplantation and liver fibrosis. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

## Location and structure

Kupffer cells can be found attached to sinusoidal endothelial cells in both the centrilobular and periportal regions of the hepatic lobules. Kupffer cell function and structures are specialized depending on their location. Periportal Kupffer cells tend to be larger and have more lysosomal enzyme and phagocytic activity, whereas centrilobular Kupffer cells create more superoxide radical.

Kupffer cells are amoeboid in character, with surface features including microvilli, pseudopodia and lamellipodia, which project in every direction. The microvilli and pseudopodia play a role in the endocytosis of particles.

The nucleus is indented and ovoid, and can be lobulated.

Notable cytoplasmic elements include ribosomes, Golgi complexes, centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments. Kupffer cells also contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and annulate lamellae, all of which demonstrate peroxidase activity.

Importantly, Kupffer cells express the SR-AI/II scavenger receptor. This receptor is involved in recognising and binding the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid. (Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin which is found in the cell wall gram-negative bacteria, whereas lipoteichoic acid is present in gram-positive bacteria.) Because of this detection system, Kupffer cells play a critical role in initiating and mediating immune responses to bacterial infection of the liver.

## Development

Development of an initial population of Kupffer cells begins in the embryonic yolk sac where precursor cells differentiate into fetal macrophages. Once they enter the blood stream, they migrate to the fetal liver where they stay. There they complete their differentiation into Kupffer cells. Under normal conditions, these Kupffer cell populations are long-lived and self-renewing.

However, if resident Kupffer cell populations are depleted, monocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and transported through blood circulation to the liver can also fully differentiate into true Kupffer cells. Unlike other tissue macrophages, which must be continually renewed by circulating monocytes, these monocyte-derived Kupffer cells are capable of self-renewal once a population is established.

Development of mature Kupffer cells is regulated by numerous growth factors, with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) playing a key role. Cytokines involved in type 2 inflammation, such as IL-4, may also stimulate Kupffer cell proliferation. A time frame of 14 to 21 days for complete replenishment of Kupffer cell populations has been demonstrated in animal studies. Despite high monocyte influx and maturation rates, hepatic Kupffer cell populations are tightly maintained. Evidently, there is a high rate of turnover, with the average lifespan of a Kupffer cell estimated at 3.8 days. However, the ultimate fate of Kupffer cells  *in vivo*  is not yet fully understood.

## Function

The primary function of the Kupffer cell is to remove foreign debris and particles that have come from the hepatic portal system when passing through the liver. It is possible for the Kupffer cells to take in large particles by phagocytosis and smaller particles via pinocytosis. Kupffer cells are integral in the innate responses of the immune system. They are important for host defense and play a role in the metabolism of many different compounds including, lipids, protein complexes and small particles. They are also useful in removing apoptotic cells from circulation.

The amount of Kupffer cells in the liver is held constant. Kupffer cells have a proliferative capacity, allowing for cell populations to replenish themselves: this is in complete contrast to monocyte-derived macrophages that have no proliferative potential. Old or defective cells are removed through apoptosis, as well as through being phagocytized by neighbouring Kupffer cells.

Kupffer cells are heterogeneous in their function, dependent on their location in the liver lobules. Cells in the periportal zone are directly exposed to bloodflow, and express greater lysosomal activity to more efficiently process incoming foreign substances. In contrast, cells in the centrilobular zone experience less perfusion, and are equipped with greater stores of superoxide to combat deeply-penetrating injuries and infections.

In response to infection or irritation, Kupffer cells can produce inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, oxygen radicals, and proteases. Excessive production of these mediators is linked to the development of liver injury.

Apart from clearing bacteria, Kupffer cells are also responsible for recycling hemoglobin by destroying senescent red blood cells through phagocytic action. The globin chains are re-used, while the iron-containing portion, heme, is further broken down into iron, which is re-used, and bilirubin, which is conjugated to glucuronic acid within hepatocytes and secreted into the bile.

Helmy et al. identified a receptor present in Kupffer cells, the complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family (CRIg). Mice without CRIg could not clear complement system-coated pathogens. CRIg is conserved in mice and humans and is a critical component of the innate immune system.

## Clinical significance

Kupffer cells are incredibly plastic cells that have the capability to polarize specific activation states and can perform different functions in different microenvironments. M1 (classical activation) and M2 (alternative activation) designate the two extremes of macrophage polarization. M1-polarized Kupffer cells produce a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha. On the other hand, M2-polarized Kupffer cells produce a large quantity of anti-inflammatory mediators, for example, IL-10.

Kupffer cells play a role in the pathogenesis of a damaged liver in response to sepsis. The macrophages in the liver activate and release both IL-1 and TNF-alpha. In turn, this activates leukocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells to express ICAM-1. This results in tissue damage to the endothelium because of proteases, oxygen radicals, prostanoids and other substances from leukocytes.

Kupffer cell activation contributes to pathogenesis of both chronic and acute alcoholic liver disease in response to ethanol-induced liver injury, common in chronic alcoholics. Chronic alcoholism and liver injury deal with a two-hit system. While the first hit is direct, mediated by the direct toxicity of ethanol and its metabolic byproducts, the second hit is indirect, mediated by increased uptake of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) from the intestine.

Ethanol increases permeability of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in endotoxin produced by the intestinal flora leaking from the intestinal lumen into the liver via the portal vein. The presence of endotoxin induces a strong M1 polarization of Kupffer cells. A large amount of reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced by the activated Kupffer cells which lead to liver injury.

The cascade begins with endotoxin-mediated activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14, receptors on the Kupffer cell that internalize endotoxin. This in turn activates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), with concurrent production of superoxides.

Cytokines and superoxides go on to cause inflammation and oxidizing damage respectively, while TNFα triggers the stellate cells in the liver to initiate collagen synthesis. These processes result in fibrosis, or scarring of the liver. Fibrosis will eventually cause cirrhosis, a loss of function of the liver due to extensive scarring.

## History

The cells were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer in 1876. The scientist called them "Sternzellen" (star cells or hepatic stellate cell) but thought, inaccurately, that they were an integral part of the endothelium of the liver blood vessels and that they originated from it. In 1898, after several years of research, Tadeusz Browicz identified them, correctly, as macrophages.

## InfoBox

| Kupffer cell | |
| --- | --- |
| Confocal microscopy picture showing the steady-state location and interactions between **Kupffer cells** (Red), **hepatic stellate cells** (green) and **liver sinusoidal endothelial cells** (blue). Cell nuclei are in grey. | |
| Basic liver structure | |
| Details | |
| Location | Liver |
| Function | Macrophage |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *macrophagocytus stellatus* |
| MeSH | D007728 |
| TH | H3.04.05.0.00016 |
| FMA | 14656 |
| Anatomical terms of microanatomy | |


title: Tiphys

abstract: In Greek mythology, Tiphys was the helmsman of the Argonauts.

text:
# Tiphys

In Greek mythology, **Tiphys** (/ˈtfɪs/; Ancient Greek: Τῖφυς *Tîphus*) was the helmsman of the Argonauts.

## Family

Tiphys was the Thespian son of Hagnias or of Phorbas of Elis and Hyrmine, daughter of Epeius. In the latter account, he was possibly the brother of Augeas and Actor.

## Mythology

### Pilot of Argo

Among his crew members, Tiphys was chosen to steer the long ship Argo.

#### Apollonius' account

Tiphys, son of Hagnias, left the Siphaean people of the Thespians, well skilled to foretell the rising wave on the broad sea, and well skilled to infer from sun and star the stormy winds and the time for sailing. Tritonian Athena herself urged him to join the band of chiefs, and he came among them a welcome comrade.

#### Valerius' account

#### Statius' account

Tiphys himself wearies by his labours the heavy billows and the tiller that will not hear him, and pale with anxiety oft changes his commands, and turns right- and leftward from the land the prow that would fain dash itself to shipwreck on the rocks, until from the vessel's tapering bows the son of Aeson holds forth the olive-branch of Pallas hat Mopsus bore, and through the tumult of his comrades would prevent him, asks for peace; his words were swept away by the headlong gale.

#### *Orphic Argonautica*

He (Tiphys) left the Thespians to work on the waters of Teumessia near the mountain of poplars. He knew the painstaking art of discerning from the bellowing and flashing of storms when and how to guide the ship.

### Death

During the voyage to Colchis, Tiphys died of a mysterious illness in the land of the Mariandynians or, according to some sources, a snakebite. After his death, Ancaeus piloted the *Argo*.

1. Apollodorus, 1.9.16; *Orphic Argonautica* 490; Hyginus, *Fabulae* 14.2 & 14.5; Pausanias, 9.32.4
2. Apollonius of Rhodes, 1.105, 1.560, 1.296, 1.557 & 2.854; Apollodorus, 1.9.16; *Orphic Argonautica* 113 ff., 540 & 680 ff.; Valerius Flaccus, 1.482
3. Hyginus, *Fabulae* 14
4. Apollodorus, 2.5.5
5. Pausanias, 5.1.11
6. Apollonius of Rhodes, 1.105 ff.  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
7. Valerius Flaccus, 1.418–419  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
8. Valerius Flaccus, 1.481–484  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
9. Valerius Flaccus, 1.689–93  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
10. Statius, *Thebaid* 5.412–421  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
11. *Orphic Argonautica* 113 ff.  *This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.*
12. Apollonius of Rhodes, 2.854 ff.; Apollodorus, 1.9.23; *Orphic Argonautica* 723 ff.; Hyginus, *Fabulae* 14; Valerius Flaccus, 5.15 ff.
13. Apollodorus, 1.9.23
* Apollonius Rhodius, *Argonautica* translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Apollonius Rhodius, *Argonautica*. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Gaius Julius Hyginus, *Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus* translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Gaius Valerius Flaccus, *Argonautica* translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
* Gaius Valerius Flaccus, *Argonauticon.* Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Pseudo-Apollodorus, *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
* Publius Papinius Statius*, The Thebaid* translated by John Henry Mozley. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Publius Papinius Statius, *The Thebaid. Vol I-II*. John Henry Mozley. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* *The Orphic Argonautica*, translated by Jason Colavito. © Copyright 2011. Online version at the Topos Text Project.


title: Homer Waldo Farm

abstract: The Homer Waldo Farm is a historic farm complex on Waldo Lane in Wallingford, Vermont. Developed in the mid-19th century, it resembles a typical detached Vermont hillside farm complex, a contrast to the farms found further south on the valley floor of Otter Creek in southern Wallingford. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Homer Waldo Farm

The **Homer Waldo Farm** is a historic farm complex on Waldo Lane in Wallingford, Vermont. Developed in the mid-19th century, it resembles a typical detached Vermont hillside farm complex, a contrast to the farms found further south on the valley floor of Otter Creek in southern Wallingford. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## Description and history

The Homer Waldo Farm stands on the west side of Waldo Lane, a former alignment of Wallingford's main north-south road (now bypassed by the current alignment of United States Route 7), just south of Wallingford's village center and across Otter Creek. The farm complex includes a house, horse barn, and two dairy barns, all dating to the mid-19th century, and an early 20th-century milkhouse. The house is a 1-1/2 story frame building, that is basically vernacular in style, with ornamentation limited to a transom panel, architrave and cornice, set above the entrance. The modest styling is in contrast to some of the more elaborate farmhouses found further south in the Otter River valley.

The farmhouse was built about 1840 by an unknown farmer. Its first documented owner was Alfred Hull, who sold the farm to Homer Waldo in 1866. The farm was owned by the Waldos for about 50 years, and was owned for much of the 20th century by the Davenport family, who owned the adjacent farm to the south and ran a dairy operation.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Homer Waldo Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Waldo Ln., Wallingford, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°27′53″N 72°58′57″W / 43.46472°N 72.98250°W / 43.46472; -72.98250 |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| Built | 1840 (1840) |
| MPS | Rural Otter Creek Valley MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 86003215 |
| Added to NRHP | November 26, 1986 |


title: Great Falls Americans (AWHL)

abstract: The Great Falls Americans were a junior ice hockey team based in Great Falls, Montana playing in the American Frontier Hockey League and the America West Hockey League from 1995 to 2003. They played at the Four Seasons Arena. The team won the league championship in 2000-2001. Notable players during the 2000-2001 AWHL hockey season include Pat Dwyer, Bobby Robins, Jon Volp, and David Printz. During this successful season, under the coaching of Swedish born Rikard Grönborg, the Americans won the AWHL championship, beating the Billings Bulls for the trophy.

text:
# Great Falls Americans (AWHL)

The **Great Falls Americans** were a junior ice hockey team based in Great Falls, Montana playing in the American Frontier Hockey League and the America West Hockey League from 1995 to 2003. They played at the Four Seasons Arena. The team won the league championship in 2000-2001. Notable players during the 2000-2001 AWHL hockey season include Pat Dwyer, Bobby Robins, Jon Volp, and David Printz. During this successful season, under the coaching of Swedish born Rikard Grönborg, the Americans won the AWHL championship, beating the Billings Bulls for the trophy.

## Season-by-season record

Season statistics
***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties Pts = Points,<br>GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **GF** | **GA** | **Points** | **Finish** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999–00 | 58 | 33 | 17 | 0 | 217 | 97 | 74 | 2nd |
| 2000–01 | 60 | 42 | 11 | 0 | 289 | 168 | 91 | 1st |

## InfoBox

| Great Falls Americans | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Great Falls, Montana |
| League | American Frontier Hockey League |
| Operated | 1995 (1995)–2003 |
| Home arena | Four Seasons Arena |


title: Nikoletta Lakos

abstract: Nikoletta Lakos is a Hungarian chess woman grandmaster. She is a three-time Hungarian Chess Championship winner, having taken the title in 1997, 2002 and 2005.

text:
# Nikoletta Lakos

**Nikoletta Lakos** (born December 14, 1978, in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian chess woman grandmaster. She is a three-time Hungarian Chess Championship winner, having taken the title in 1997, 2002 and 2005.

## InfoBox

| Nikoletta Lakos | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Hungary |
| Born | (1978-12-14) December 14, 1978<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Title | Woman Grandmaster (2000) |
| Peak rating | 2415 (July 1997) |


title: WIFL-LP

abstract: WIFL-LP/104.5 was a low-power F.M. radio station licensed to Weirsdale, Florida, United States. It was owned by the Lake Weir Chamber of Commerce. It was initially licensed as WHZL-LP on January 12, 2006, changing callsigns to WORJ-LP on November 19, 2010 & changed callsigns again on June 14, 2011 to WIFL-LP. WIFL-LP transmitted on 104.5 MHz.

text:
# WIFL-LP

**WIFL-LP**/104.5 was a low-power F.M. radio station licensed to Weirsdale, Florida, United States. It was owned by the Lake Weir Chamber of Commerce. It was initially licensed as WHZL-LP on January 12, 2006, changing callsigns to WORJ-LP on November 19, 2010 & changed callsigns again on June 14, 2011 to WIFL-LP. WIFL-LP transmitted on 104.5 MHz (Channel 283).

29°02′30″N 81°56′08″W / 29.0418°N 81.9356°W / 29.0418; -81.9356

## InfoBox

WIFL-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 104.5 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Variety |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Lake Weir Chamber of Commerce |
| History | |
| Former call signs | **WHZL-LP** (January 12, 2006-November 19, 2010)<br>**WORJ-LP** (November 19, 2010-June 14, 2011) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 135770 |
| Class | L1 |
| Power | 100 watts |
| HAAT | 24.9 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |


title: Nikoli (horse)

abstract: Nikoli was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. After winning his only race as a juvenile he won the McCairns Trial Stakes on his three-year-old debut and then recorded his biggest win in the Irish 2000 Guineas. He started favourite for the 1980 Epsom Derby but finished seventh and ran poorly on his only subsequent start. After his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in the United States and Uruguay but had little success as a sire of winners.

text:
# Nikoli (horse)

**Nikoli** (foaled 8 March 1977) was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. After winning his only race as a juvenile he won the McCairns Trial Stakes on his three-year-old debut and then recorded his biggest win in the Irish 2000 Guineas. He started favourite for the 1980 Epsom Derby but finished seventh and ran poorly on his only subsequent start. After his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in the United States and Uruguay but had little success as a sire of winners.

## Background

Nikoli was a "strong, most attractive" bay horse with no white markings bred in Ireland by the McGrath Trust Co. at the Brownstown Stud. As a yearling he was put up for auction and sold for 52,000 guineas. He entered the ownership of Lord Iveagh and was sent into training with the veteran Paddy Prendergast.

He was sired by Great Nephew, a British stallion who won the Prix du Moulin in 1967 before becoming an outstanding sire whose other progeny included Grundy, Mrs Penny, Shergar, Tolmi and Carotene. His dam Aliceva made little impact as a racehorse but produced several other winners including Captain James (Waterford Crystal Mile) and Sutton Place (Coronation Stakes). She was a half-sister to Feemoss, the dam of Levmoss, Le Moss and Sweet Mimosa (Prix de Diane).

## Racing career

### 1979: two-year-old season

Nikoli made his racecourse debut in a seven furlong maiden race at Phoenix Park Racecourse in October. He started favourite and won by three quarters of a length from Musical Boy after taking the lead in the closing stages.

### 1980: three-year-old season

On his first appearance as a three-year-old Nikoli contested the Group Three McCairns Trial Stakes over seven furlongs on soft ground at Phoenix Park. Most of the interest in the race focused on the Vincent O'Brien-trained Monteverdi, the top-rated juvenile of 1979 in Britain and Ireland who was made the 1/3 favourite. Nikoli, however, upset the odds, winning by a length and a half from Monteverdi, who was carrying seven pounds more. The ground was much firmer when Nikoli was stepped up to Group One level for the Irish 2000 Guineas over one mile at the Curragh on 17 May and started the 5/1 third favourite behind Monteverdi and Posse. The other ten runners included Final Straw (who had beaten Monteverdi in the Greenham Stakes), Huguenot (Beresford Stakes), Last Fandango (Blue Riband Trial Stakes), Current Charge (Tetrarch Stakes) and Johnny O'Day (Larkspur Stakes). Final Straw, Nikoli, Last Fandango and Posse entered the final furlong almost level, but Nikoli, ridden by Christy Roche stayed on better than his rivals and won by a short head from Last Fandango.

Nikoli's win at the Curragh made him a leading contender for The Derby and he received considerable sentimental support as his highly respected trainer was terminally ill and unlikely to saddle another runner in the race. Concerns were expressed however about the colt's ability to handle the course and his nervous temperament. At Epsom he started the 4/1 favourite for the Derby but never looked likely to win, finishing eighth behind Henbit. Paddy Prendergast died on the 20 June and his son Kevin took over as Nikoli's trainer. In the Irish Derby at the Curragh on 28 June, the colt was made the second favourite but became highly agitated before the start and finished unplaced behind Tyrnavos.

In the latter part of 1980 the ownership of Nikoli was the subject of a lengthy legal dispute which was eventually settled out of court in November. The colt never ran again and was retired to stud at the end of the year.

## Assessment

In the Irish Free Handicap for the two-year-olds of 1979 Nikoli was assigned a weight of 108 pounds, 25 pounds behind the top-rated Monteverdi. The independent Timeform organisation gave him a rating of 96p, the "p" indicationg that he was likely to make more than normal progress. In their annual *Racehorses of 1983* Timeform described him as "a well-related colt who will make into a smart 3-y-o over 1m or more". In the International Classification for 1980 Nikoli was rated on 85, six pounds behind the top-rated Moorestyle and was the highest-rated Irish three-year-old. Timeform gave him a rating of 125, eleven pounds behind Moorestyle, who was their Horse of the Year.

## Stud record

At the end of his racing career, Nikoli was exported to the United States to become a breeding stallion. He was moved to stand in Uruguay in the late 1980s. The best of his offspring included Air Display who won the Volante Handicap in 1986.

## Breeding

Pedigree of Nikoli (IRE), bay colt, 1977
| Sire
Great Nephew (GB)
1963 | Honeyway (GB)
1941 | Fairway | Phalaris |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Scapa Flow |
| | Honey Buzzard | Papyrus |
| | Lady Peregrine |
| | Sybil's Niece (GB)
1951 | Admiral's Walk | Hyperion |
| | | Tabaris |
| | Sybil's Sister | Nearco |
| | Sister Sarah |
| Dam
Aliceva (IRE)
1966 | Alcide (GB)
1955 | Alycidon | Donatello |
| | | Aurora |
| | Chenille | King Salmon |
| | Sweet Aloe |
| | Feevagh (FR)
1951 | Solar Slipper | Windsor Slipper |
| | | Solar Flower |
| | Astrid Wood | Bois Roussel |
| | Astrid (Family 1-k) |

## InfoBox

| Nikoli | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Great Nephew |
| Grandsire | Honeyway |
| Dam | Aliceva |
| Damsire | Alcide |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 8 March 1977 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | McGrath Trust Co. |
| Owner | Lord Iveagh |
| Trainer | Paddy Prendergast
Kevin Prendergast |
| Record | 5: 3-0-0 |
| Major wins | |
| McCairns Trial Stakes (1980)
Irish 2000 Guineas (1980) | |
| Awards | |
| Timeform rating 96p (1979), 125 (1980)
Top-rated Irish-trained three-year-old (1980) | |


title: Japan Dance Delight

abstract: JAPAN DANCE DELIGHT is major street dance competition held annually since 1994 in Japan.

text:
# Japan Dance Delight

**JAPAN DANCE DELIGHT** is major street dance competition held annually since 1994 in Japan.

## Past Champions

| vol. | Year | Champion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1994 | Rimokonzu(りもこんず) |
| 2 | 1995 | BAO BAB |
| 3 | 1996 | CO-IN LOCKERS |
| 4 | 1997 | ELECTRIC TROUBLE |
| 5 | 1998 | 3D CONNECTION & NEW POWER G |
| 6 | 1999 | DEF |
| 7 | 2000 | Sakkaku Musha(錯覚武者) |
| 8 | 2001 | Dengeki Chomoranma-tai(電撃チョモランマ隊) |
| 9 | 2002 | 3D CREW |
| 10 | 2003 | ELECTRIC TROUBLE |
| 11 | 2004 | Hilty&Bosch |
| 12 | 2005 | G'old |
| 13 | 2006 | SYMBO-ISM+CLOCK EYED CANVAS |
| 14 | 2007 | MORTAL COMBAT |
| 15 | 2008 | GLASS HOPPER + PINOCCHIO |
| 16 | 2009 | Former Action(フォーマーアクション) |
| 24 | 2017 | Alaventa (Uno Santa, Miyu, Jumpei) |
|


title: Kutbewala

abstract: Kutbewala is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Kutbewala

**Kutbewala** is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

## List of cities near the village

## Air travel connectivity

The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Kutbewala | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KutbewalaLocation in Punjab, IndiaKutbewalaKutbewala (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°22′01″N 75°11′59″E / 31.367033°N 75.199770°E / 31.367033; 75.199770 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Kapurthala |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144628 |
| Telephone code | 01822 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-09 |
| Website | kapurthala.gov.in |


title: Tobergill

abstract: Tobergill is a townland of 1,044 acres in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Lying on the western aspect of Donegore hill, it is situated in the civil parish of Donegore and the historic barony of Antrim Upper. The name Tobergill is variously recorded as Tubbergeill in 1608, Turbergeile in 1621 and Tubbergill in 1669.

text:
# Tobergill

**Tobergill** (from Irish *An Tobar Geal*, meaning 'the bright or white well') is a townland of 1,044 acres in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Lying on the western aspect of Donegore hill, it is situated in the civil parish of Donegore and the historic barony of Antrim Upper.

The name Tobergill is variously recorded as *Tubbergeill* in 1608, *Turbergeile* in 1621 and *Tubbergill* in 1669.

## Archaeology

There is a stone circle in Tobergall at grid ref: J208905. Only one large stone remains standing, others lie scattered around.

A souterrain with three chambers was investigated by archaeologists in 1959-60 after being uncovered by two farmers ploughing a field. It was later filled in and covered again, for the safety of livestock.

## InfoBox

| Tobergill | |
| --- | --- |
| Tobergill townland in 2009 | |
| TobergillLocation within Northern Ireland | |
| County |  |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Northern Ireland |
| Fire | Northern Ireland |
| Ambulance | Northern Ireland |
|  | |
|


title: Kawęczyn Heat Plant

abstract: The Kawęczyn Heat Plant is a coal-fired heat plant at osiedle Kawęczyn in Rembertów district of Warsaw, Poland. It was operated by Vattenfall but their Polish operations were taken over by Polish energy company PGNiG in 2012. The heat plant has an installed thermal capacity of 512 MW. It has one 300-metre (980 ft) high flue gas stack, which is one of Poland's tallest free standing structures.

text:
# Kawęczyn Heat Plant

The **Kawęczyn Heat Plant** is a coal-fired heat plant at osiedle Kawęczyn in Rembertów district of Warsaw, Poland. It was operated by Vattenfall but their Polish operations were taken over by Polish energy company PGNiG in 2012.

The heat plant has an installed thermal capacity of 512 MW. It has one 300-metre (980 ft) high flue gas stack, which is one of Poland's tallest free standing structures.

## InfoBox

| Kawęczyn Heat Plant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Official name | Ciepłownia Kawęczyn |
| Country | Poland |
| Location | Warsaw |
| Coordinates | 52°16′5″N 21°7′43″E / 52.26806°N 21.12861°E / 52.26806; 21.12861 |
| Status | Operational |
| Operators | PGNiG |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Coal |
| Thermal capacity | 512 MW |
| External links | |
| Website |  |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Movimento lento

abstract: "Movimento lento" is a song by Italian singer Annalisa with featuring vocals by Federico Rossi. It was written by Annalisa, Jacopo Ettorre, Eugenio Maimone, Leonardo Grillotti and Merk & Kremont. It was released by Warner Music Italy on 28 May 2021 as the second single from the re-issue of her seventh studio album Nuda10. The song peaked at number 8 on the FIMI Singles Chart and was certified triple platinum in Italy.

text:
# Movimento lento

"**Movimento lento**" is a song by Italian singer Annalisa with featuring vocals by Federico Rossi. It was written by Annalisa, Jacopo Ettorre, Eugenio Maimone, Leonardo Grillotti and Merk & Kremont.

It was released by Warner Music Italy on 28 May 2021 as the second single from the re-issue of her seventh studio album *Nuda10*. The song peaked at number 8 on the FIMI Singles Chart and was certified triple platinum in Italy.

## Music video

The music video of "Movimento lento" was directed by Mauro Russo and released onto YouTube on 8 June 2021.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Movimento lento" | 3:13 |

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 3× Platinum | 300,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Movimento lento" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Annalisa featuring Federico Rossi | |
| from the album  *Nuda10* | |
| Released | 28 May 2021 (2021-05-28) |
| Genre | Reggaeton |
| Length | 3:13 |
| Label | Warner Music Italy |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Itaca Studio |
| Annalisa singles chronology | |
| "Dieci"
(2021) "**Movimento lento**"
(2021) "Eva+Eva"
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Federico Rossi singles chronology | |
| "Pesche"
(2021) "**Movimento lento**"
(2021) "Non è mai troppo tardi"
(2021) | |
| Music video | |
| "Movimento lento" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Michael Ricketts (cricketer)

abstract: Michael Rodney Ricketts was an English first-class cricketer, British Army officer and educator. Ricketts served during the Second World War with the King's Royal Rifle Corps, attending the University of Oxford after the conclusion of the war. During this time he played first-class cricket for the Free Foresters, before embarking on a teaching career that saw him become the headmaster of the independent Sutton Valence School in Kent.

text:
# Michael Ricketts (cricketer)

**Michael Rodney Ricketts** (29 September 1923  21 November 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, British Army officer and educator. Ricketts served during the Second World War with the King's Royal Rifle Corps, attending the University of Oxford after the conclusion of the war. During this time he played first-class cricket for the Free Foresters, before embarking on a teaching career that saw him become the headmaster of the independent Sutton Valence School in Kent.

## Early life, WWII and Oxford

Ricketts was born in the Birmingham suburb of Edgbaston to Clement Ricketts and his wife, Dorothy Frances Eden. He was educated at Sherborne School in Dorset. He served in the British Army during World War II with the King's Royal Rifle Corps, enlisting with the rank of second lieutenant in May 1943. During the war he was wounded in action.

Following the war he attended Trinity College, Oxford. While at Oxford one appearance in first-class cricket for the Free Foresters *against* Oxford University at Oxford. Batting once in the match, Ricketts was dismissed by Philip Whitcombe for a single run in the Free Foresters first-innings. He also played minor counties cricket for Suffolk from 19471954, making 53 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.

## Teaching career and later life

After graduating from Oxford with a Master of Arts in 1951, he moved into teaching. He was a housemaster at Bradfield College, where he helped to run the college Cadet Force. He later served as the headmaster of Sutton Valence School, a post he held from 19671980. The school today has a prize dedicated to him, The Ricketts Prize, designed to recognise a student who has demonstrated an outstanding all-round contribution to school life.

He died at the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro in November 2004. He was survived by his wife, Judith Anne Caroline Courtenay-Clack, who he had married in January 1958, and their four children: two daughters and two sons.

## InfoBox

Michael Ricketts
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael Rodney Ricketts |
| Born | 29 September 1923
Edgbaston, Warwickshire,
England |
| Died | 21 November 2004(2004-11-21) (aged 81)
Truro, Cornwall, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19471954 | Suffolk |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 1  Batting average 1.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 1  Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 21 February 2019 | |


title: Hollywoo

abstract: Hollywoo is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Frédéric Berthe and Pascal Serieis.

text:
# Hollywoo

***Hollywoo*** is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Frédéric Berthe and Pascal Serieis.

## Plot

Jeanne Rinaldi makes a living by dubbing Jennifer Marshall in a TV series (*L.A Couples*). When she learns that Jennifer has given up her role, Jeanne flies to Hollywood to convince her to return to the series. There, she meets Farres, who opens the doors of the star system for her.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hollywoo | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Frédéric Berthe
Pascal Serieis |
| Written by | Florence Foresti
Pascal Serieis
Xavier Maingon
Patrick Fouque |
| Produced by | Cyril Colbeau-Justin
Jean-Baptiste Dupont
Jeremy Burdek
Serge de Poucques
Sylvain Goldberg
Nadia Khamlichi
Adrian Politowski
Gilles Waterkeyn
Patrick Batteux
David Giordano
Christophe Bichot
Catalina Restrepo |
| Starring | Florence Foresti
Jamel Debbouze |
| Cinematography | Ludovic Colbeau-Justin |
| Edited by | Philippe Bourgueil |
| Music by | Philippe Rombi |
| Production
company | LGM Productions |
| Distributed by | StudioCanal |
| Release date | * 7 December 2011 (2011-12-07) |
| Running time | 107 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Languages | French
English |
| Budget | $18.3 million |
| Box office | $20.6 million |


title: Günther Mund

abstract: Günther Mund Borgs was a competitive diver who represented Chile at two Olympic Games. At the 1948 Summer Olympics he was 26th in the 3 metre springboard. At the 1956 Summer Olympics he was 7th in the 3 metre springboard and 19th in the 10 metre platform. His sister is diver Lilo Mund. Both of Mund's parents were also Olympic divers; Arthur Mund and Margret Borgs competed for Germany at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Günther died in a light aircraft accident on March 27, 2011 in Melipilla, Chile.

text:
# Günther Mund

**Günther Mund Borgs** (August 7, 1934  March 27, 2011) was a competitive diver who represented Chile at two Olympic Games. At the 1948 Summer Olympics he was 26th in the 3 metre springboard. At the 1956 Summer Olympics he was 7th in the 3 metre springboard and 19th in the 10 metre platform.

His sister is diver Lilo Mund. Both of Mund's parents were also Olympic divers; Arthur Mund and Margret Borgs competed for Germany at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Günther died in a light aircraft accident on March 27, 2011 in Melipilla, Chile.

1. "Günther Mund". *Olympedia.org*. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

## InfoBox

Günther Mund
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1934-08-07)August 7, 1934
Santiago de Chile, Chile |
| Died | March 27, 2011(2011-03-27) (aged 76)
Melipilla, Chile |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Diving |


title: Pedro Pedrossian

abstract: Pedro Pedrossian was a Brazilian politician. A member of the Party of National Mobilization, he served two terms as the Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first term (1980–83) was an appointed role, before being elected to office in 1991. His term ended in 1994. He also served as the governor of Mato Grosso between 1966 and 1971. He was born in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. A civil engineer by profession, he graduated from Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo. Pedrossian died on 22 August 2017 in Campo Grande, at the age of 89.

text:
# Pedro Pedrossian

**Pedro Pedrossian** (13 August 1928 – 22 August 2017) was a Brazilian politician. A member of the Party of National Mobilization, he served two terms as the Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first term (1980–83) was an appointed role, before being elected to office in 1991. His term ended in 1994. He also served as the governor of Mato Grosso between 1966 and 1971. He was born in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. A civil engineer by profession, he graduated from Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo.

Pedrossian died on 22 August 2017 in Campo Grande, at the age of 89.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Pedrossian | |
| --- | --- |
| Pedrossian in 2010 | |
|  | |
| 7th Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul | |
| **In office**
1 March 1991  1 December 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Marcelo Miranda Soares |
| Succeeded by | Wilson Barbosa Martins |
| 3rd Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul | |
| **In office**
29 October 1980  1 March 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Londres Machado |
| Succeeded by | Wilson Barbosa Martins |
| 41st Governor of Mato Grosso | |
| **In office**
31 January 1966  15 March 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Fernando Correa da Costa |
| Succeeded by | José Fragelli |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1928-08-13)13 August 1928
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |
| Died | 22 August 2017(2017-08-22) (aged 89)
Campo Grande, Brazil |
| Political party | PMN (2009-2017)
MDB (2003-2009)
PST (2001-2003)
PDT (1999-2001)
PTB (1985-1999)
PDS (1980-1985)
ARENA (1965-1980)
PSD (-1965)
 |
| Spouse | Maria Aparecida Pedrossian |
| Alma mater | Mackenzie Presbyterian University |
| Occupation | Civil engineer |
|  | |


title: Heriknaz Tigranyan

abstract: Heriknaz Tigranyan is an Armenian politician, lawyer, and educator who currently serves in the National Assembly.

text:
# Heriknaz Tigranyan

**Heriknaz Tigranyan** (born 12 December 1971) is an Armenian politician, lawyer, and educator who currently serves in the National Assembly.

## Early life

Heriknaz Tigranyan was born on 12 December 1971, in Pshatavan, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. She graduated from the Yerevan State University with a law degree in 1996.

## Career

From 19962001, Tigranyan served as the head lawyer of the Armenian Language Inspectorate. She served as the chief specialist for the Legal Control Department of the Armenian Labor Inspectorate for the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, as the head of the Human Resources Department for the Ministry of Diaspora, and as the legal counselor for Anti-Corruption Center Transparency International, a non-governmental organization.

Tigranyan has worked as a lecturer at the State Engineering University of Armenia, Police Academy of Armenia, Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice of Armenia, and the Law School of Advocates of Armenia. She has also worked as a civic trainer for the International Foundation for Electoral Systems and the non-government organization Center for Public Dialogues and Initiatives.

### National Assembly

On 9 December 2018, Tigranyan was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the My Step Alliance. During her tenure in the National Assembly she has served on the Standing Committee on Health Care and Social Affairs and as deputy chair of the committee. From 1720 February 2020, she served as a member of an Armenian delegation led by Ararat Mirzoyan to Denmark.

## InfoBox

| Heriknaz Tigranyan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the
National Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
14 January 2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-12-12) December 12, 1971
Pshatavan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Political party | My Step Alliance |
| Education | Yerevan State University |
|  | |


title: Ring It Up!

abstract: Ring It Up!, released on 8 September 2012, was the 2012–2013 robotics competition for FIRST Tech Challenge. In the competition, two alliances, each consisting of two teams, competed to score plastic rings on a set of pegs aligned in a three-dimensional tic-tac-toe board. Ring It Up! is the eighth FTC challenge. More than 2400 teams competed worldwide, surpassing the number of competitors in the previous year's Bowled Over! challenge.

text:
# Ring It Up!

**Ring It Up!**, released on 8 September 2012, was the 2012–2013 robotics competition for FIRST Tech Challenge. In the competition, two alliances, each consisting of two teams, competed to score plastic rings on a set of pegs aligned in a three-dimensional tic-tac-toe board. Ring It Up! is the eighth FTC challenge. More than 2400 teams competed worldwide, surpassing the number of competitors in the previous year's Bowled Over! challenge.

## Alliances

In each match, the four teams competing were organised into red and blue alliances. The members of an alliance competed together to earn points. Alliances were selected randomly prior to the start of each competition.

## Field

The field for the competition was a square measuring 12 feet by 12 feet, which could be constructed by teams for practising prior to competitions. In the centre of the field there is a vertically constructed set of pegs, which are arranged in a three-by-three grid (as a tic-tac-toe board). Along the edges of the field, there are other pegs, each of which contains a set of six red or blue rings, which can be harvested and scored by the corresponding alliance. The field is also divided into two triangular sides, one red and one blue.

## Scoring

There were three sections to the game: the Autonomous Period, the Driver-Controlled (or Tele-Operated) Period, and the End Game. The criteria for scoring was different during each segment.

Autonomous Period

In the Autonomous Period, robots could run autonomously for thirty seconds. Infrared beacons were placed randomly on a peg in the tic-tac-toe board prior to the start of the match, but after autonomous programs have been selected. Each robot was allowed to begin with one specially-marked autonomous ring. Unscored rings were removed by referees after the end of the Autonomous Period. An infrared sensor is available to aid in autonomously locating the IR beacon.

| Method | Points |
| --- | --- |
| Scoring autonomous ring on the same column as the IR beacon | 50 points each |
| Scoring autonomous ring on any peg | "Ownership" of that peg |

Driver-Controlled Period

During the two-minute Driver-Controlled Period, teams could use standard gamepad controllers, each with two joysticks, to operate their robots.

| Method | Points |
| --- | --- |
| Scoring a ring on the center floor goal | 1 point each |
| Scoring a ring on the first level of the grid | 5 points each |
| Scoring a ring on the second level | 10 points each |
| Scoring a ring on the third level | 15 points each |
| Linear ring alignment (i.e. getting tic-tac-toe) | 30 points for each line |
| Scoring weighted ring in corner goal | 20% increase in points scored for rings |

End Game

In FTC, the final thirty seconds of the Driver-Controlled Period are referred to as the End Game. During the Ring It Up! End Game, teams were permitted to attempt to score points for special tasks, but these tasks could not begin before the start of End Game.

| Method | Points |
| --- | --- |
| Lifting alliance partner robot 1 inch off the floor tiles | 30 points; 5 points for each subsequent inch up to 24 inches |

## Advancement criteria

During tournaments and championships, match wins did not necessarily take priority over other advancement criteria. As in all FTC challenges, the winner of the top judged award (the *Inspire Award*) ranked higher than the winner of the competition-based component (*Winning Alliance Captain*). Winning lesser judged awards (*Think Award*, *Connect Award*, etc.) also played a part in the advancement order. The criteria for the *Inspire Award* are "...match performance, observations made during interviews and in the pit area, and the team’s Engineering Notebook as equal factors...". Criteria for the other awards also include robot design, creativity, innovation, team performance, outreach and enthusiasm.

For the Ring It Up! challenge, a new format for qualifying competitions was introduced in the United States regions for Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington, and St. Louis. Shorter competitions, called "meets", were held over weekends. Meets were smaller, shorter and more frequent than normal qualifying competitions. This makes the format more accessible for new teams, in addition to providing more opportunities for structured practice in the company of other local teams. They were designed for participation more similar to participation in organised sport at the high school age.

## InfoBox

Ring It Up!
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Season Information | |
| Year | 2012–2013 |
| Number of teams | 2423 |
| Championship location | St. Louis |
| Awards | |
| Inspire Award winner | Beta 3550 |
| Think Award winner | Robugs 4076 |
| Rockwell Collins Innovate Award winner | CyberKnights 3717 |
| Motivate Award winner | AHERT Ravens 5132 |
| Connect Award Winner | Pheonxtrix 3509 |
| PTC Design Award Winner | Fish in the Boat 4140 |
| Champions | Cougar Robotics - 4251
Fish In The Boat - 4140
Monkey Madness - 5096 |
| Links | |
| Website | FIRST Tech Challenge |
| Bowled Over! Block Party! | |


title: Titus Popovici

abstract: Titus Viorel Popovici was a Romanian screenwriter and author.

text:
# Titus Popovici

**Titus Viorel Popovici** (16 May 1930  29 November 1994) was a Romanian screenwriter and author.

## Biography

He graduated from the University of Bucharest in 1953. Two years later, he published his first novel, *Străinul* (The Stranger). His first screenplay appeared in 1957. It was an adaptation of the novel *Moara cu noroc* (The Lucky Mill) by Ioan Slavici. From then on, he concentrated on screenwriting, working with prominent directors such as Liviu Ciulei, Andrei Blaier, Manole Marcus and Sergiu Nicolaescu.

In 1974, he became a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and joined the Writers' Union of Romania. He was also a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and served in the Great National Assembly as a Deputy from Bihor County.

He died as the result of an automobile accident near Tulcea. It was later suggested that his death was not accidental but, rather, that he was eliminated because he knew too much about the Party's former Nomenklatura.

A street in Oradea was named after him in 2002.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Titus Popovici | |
| --- | --- |
| From the Project Communism in Romania Photo Collection | |
| Born | (1930-05-16)16 May 1930
Oradea, Romania |
| Died | 29 November 1994(1994-11-29) (aged 64)
Tulcea, Romania |
| Occupation | Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1955-1994 |


title: Amare amaro

abstract: Amare amaro is a 2018 drama film co-written and directed by Julien Paolini in his feature-length directorial debut. A modern retelling of the tragedy of Antigone, it stars Syrus Shahidi as a man who fights to bury his brother in a Sicilian village. The supporting cast includes Celeste Casciaro and Tony Sperandeo. The film is a French and Italian co-production and was shot on location in Sicily.

text:
# Amare amaro

***Amare amaro*** is a 2018 drama film co-written and directed by Julien Paolini in his feature-length directorial debut. A modern retelling of the tragedy of *Antigone*, it stars Syrus Shahidi as a man who fights to bury his brother in a Sicilian village. The supporting cast includes Celeste Casciaro and Tony Sperandeo. The film is a French and Italian co-production and was shot on location in Sicily.

## Plot

Gaetano is a taciturn young man who has returned to his native Sicily to run the family bakery. He cares for his ailing father but receives no help from his older brother Giosuè, a local petty criminal. Due to their half-French background, they are regarded as outsiders by locals, who nickname Gaetano "il francese". Giosuè is killed one day in an incident which causes the deaths of two others, including the village priest. Gaetano nonetheless decides he must give his brother a proper burial. He is confronted with the town's powerful mayor Enza, who refuses him permission to enter Giosuè into the family tomb. His stubborn personality pushes him to defy their orders and to honor his family instead, regardless of any dangerous consequences. The inevitable conflict is further complicated by Gaetano's romantic relationship with Anna, the mayor's daughter.

## Cast

* Syrus Shahidi as Gaetano
* Celeste Casciaro as Enza
* Tony Sperandeo as Maresciallo
* Ciro Petrone as Bebeto
* Dino Favuzza as Giani
* Fosco Perinti as The Father
* Virginia Perroni as Anna
* Francesco Russo as Vaniglia
* Giuditta Perriera as Lucia
* Gabriele Arena as Carlo
* Paolo Brancati as Tonio
* Giuseppe Lo Nardo as Giuseppe
* Lorenzo Randazzo as Andrea

## Production

*Amare amaro* is the feature-length debut of French-Italian filmmaker Julien Paolini. The film combines elements of the crime and thriller genres with a nocturnal atmosphere and with characteristics reminiscent of Western films. The role of Gaetano was imagined for Syrus Shahidi. It was developed to highlight the character's imposing presence contrasted with his taciturn and stubborn qualities.

The film was produced by La Réserve, Rosebud Entertainment Pictures and Scirocco Films, in co-production with Picseyes, Soldats, 1050 Partners and Wattson. The production received financial support from the Sicilia Film Commission. The film was shot on location in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, where principal photography began on 30 January 2018 in the town of Balestrate. Other filming locations included Belmonte Mezzagno, Carini, Capaci, Terrasini, the city of Palermo and Cinisi. Filming continued until 18 February 2018. It was produced under the working title *Amare la terra amara*.

## Release

*Amare amaro* was presented in competition at the Saint-Jean-de-Luz International Film Festival, where it had its world premiere on 2 October 2018. Later that same month, *Amare amaro* won the Grand Prix at the Festival Polar de Cognac. In July 2019, it was screened as an international premiere at the 65th Taormina Film Fest. In October 2019, it screened at the Villerupt Italian Film Festival. It was also selected as a Focus on Italy screening at the 2019 Vancouver International Film Festival.

The film was theatrically released in France on 19 February 2020, distributed by DHR. It was released on Prime Video on 14 February 2021, distributed by 102 Distribution.

## Reception

*Amare amaro* received an average rating of 3.3 out of 5 stars on the French website AlloCiné, based on 8 reviews. *Télérama* critic Pierre Murat hailed the film as a great success. Guillemette Odicino, also of *Télérama*, praised the film's "unique humor" and deemed Paolini to be a "young director to follow". *L'Express* agreed, writing, "Dry and without an ounce of embellishment, *Amare amaro* reveals the talents of Julien Paolini as a filmmaker. A director to watch carefully."

Xavier Leherpeur of *L'Obs* praised the screenplay as skilled and daring, but felt the film's *mise-en-scène* was "a little too rigid and austere." *Le Figaro* wrote that "Bits of Greek tragedy, vaguely mafia drama and Italian comedy are not enough to make a film that holds up. A shame, because the actors are good and the cinemaphotography attractive." Bruno Deruisseau of *Les Inrockuptibles* wrote, "Despite an awkward soundtrack and an exceedingly obvious desire to "craft beautiful shots", the *mise-en-scène* is illustrated by an asceticism which suits the tragedy well. The film is particularly worthy for the revelation of the Franco-Syrian actor Syrus Shahidi in the role of Antigone." Stéphanie Belpêche of *Le Journal du Dimanche* criticised the pacing as dragging on and the screenplay for being "not very original", but wrote that "it has the merit of revealing the ridiculousness of a situation which will inevitably end in blood."

## InfoBox

| Amare amaro | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Julien Paolini |
| Written by | * Samy Baaroun * Julien Paolini |
| Produced by | * Julien Paolini * Clément Lecomte * Angelo Laudisa * Syrus Shahidi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Tristan Chenais |
| Edited by | Gwen Ghelid |
| Music by | Pasquale Filastò |
| Production<br>companies | * La Réserve * Rosebud Entertainment Pictures * Scirocco Films * Picseyes * Soldats * 1050 Partners * Wattson |
| Distributed by | * DHR Distribution / À Vif Cinémas (France) * 102 Distribution (Italy) |
| Release dates | * 2 October 2018 (2018-10-02) (Saint-Jean-de-Luz) * 19 February 2020 (2020-02-19) (France) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Countries | * France * Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Greenery Press

abstract: Greenery Press is an American publishing house based in Emeryville, California, specializing in books on BDSM and polyamory, with over 50 titles in print. Most titles are non-fiction, but a smaller number of fiction titles and memoirs are published under the Grass Stain Press name. Greenery's sales top 100,000 books per year.

text:
# Greenery Press

**Greenery Press** is an American publishing house based in Emeryville, California, specializing in books on BDSM (particularly femdom) and polyamory, with over 50 titles in print. Most titles are non-fiction, but a smaller number of fiction titles and memoirs are published under the Grass Stain Press name. Greenery's sales top 100,000 books per year.

## History

Greenery Press was founded in 1991 by author Janet Hardy. In 1995 it merged with Jay Wiseman Books under the Greenery name. Hardy continues to run the company, while Wiseman continues to serve on the Press's board of directors.

Greenery Press closed its new books program in 2019 upon the retirement of editorial director Janet W. Hardy and is no longer publishing new titles.

## Program

Greenery's list of titles include works by such notable authors such as Hardy herself, Dossie Easton, Wiseman and Midori, their most popular title is *The Ethical Slut: A Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities*, which has been translated into several languages and has sold over 50,000 copies as of 2004.

* Jay Wiseman, *SM 101: A Realistic Introduction*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 0-9639763-8-9.
* Jay Wiseman, *Jay Wiseman's Erotic Bondage Handbook*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-13-1.
* Dossie Easton, Catherine A. Liszt, *When Someone You Love Is Kinky*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-23-9.
* Dossie Easton, Janet W. Hardy, *The New Topping Book.* Greenery Press, 2003. ISBN 1-890159-36-0.
* Dossie Easton, Janet W. Hardy, *The New Bottoming Book.* Greenery Press, 2001. ISBN 1-890159-35-2.
* Midori, *The Seductive Art of Japanese Bondage*, Greenery Press, 2001. ISBN 1-890159-38-7.
* Lorelei, *The Mistress Manual: The Good Girl's Guide to Female Dominance*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-19-0.
* John Warren, *The Loving Dominant*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-20-4.
* Andrew Conway, *The Bullwhip Book*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-18-2.
* Joseph W. Bean, *Flogging*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-27-1.
* M. R. Strict, *Intimate Invasion: The Erotic Ins & Outs of Enema Play*, Greenery Press, 2004. ISBN 1-890159-51-4.
* Lady Green, *The Compleat Spanker*, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-00-X.
* Charles Anders, *The Lazy Crossdresser*, Greenery Press, 2002. ISBN 1-890159-37-9.
* Laura Antoniou, Christina Abernathy, *Erotic Slavehood: A Miss Abernathy Omnibus*, Greenery Press, 2007, ISBN 1-890159-71-9
* Christina Abernathy, *Miss Abernathy's Concise Slave Training Manual*, Greenery Press, 1998, ISBN 0-9639763-9-7
* Christina Abernathy, *Training with Miss Abernathy: A Workbook for Erotic Slaves and Their Owners*, Greenery Press, 1998, ISBN 1-890159-07-7

## References and further reading

Specific 1. "The 2016 Book Distributors Profiles – Publishing Trends". Retrieved 2017-12-25.
2. "Publishers Representatives | Publishers Distributors". Turnaround Publisher Services. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
3. From "Get to Know Us" section of Greenery's Website http://www.greenerypress.com/

## InfoBox

Greenery Press
| Greenery Press Logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1991 |
| Founder | Janet Hardy |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Emeryville, California |
| Distribution | SCB Distributors (US)<br>Turnaround Publisher Services (UK) |
| Publication types | Books |
| Nonfiction topics | BDSM |
| Imprints | Grass Stain Press |
| Official website | Currently Unavailable/Hacked |


title: Trialestes

abstract: Trialestes is an extinct genus of Late Triassic (Carnian) crocodylomorphs that lived in South America. It has been classified as a dinosaur in the past due it being adapted as a terrestrial, running carnivore. It is classified in Sphenosuchia, which were early relatives of crocodylians. Irmis, Nesbitt and Sues (2013) noted that some of the material referred to this taxon is actually dinosaurian; however, according to the authors, the holotype specimen PVL 2561, found in the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina, "comprises a single individual that preserves unambiguous crocodylomorph synapomorphies", indicating it is indeed a crocodylomorph, and one of the referred specimens, PVL 3889, does share one or more autapomorphies with the holotype, indicating it represents the same taxon. The type species, T. romeri, was named in 1963.

text:
# Trialestes

***Trialestes*** is an extinct genus of Late Triassic (Carnian) crocodylomorphs that lived in South America. It has been classified as a dinosaur in the past due it being adapted as a terrestrial, running carnivore. It is classified in Sphenosuchia, which were early relatives of crocodylians. Irmis, Nesbitt and Sues (2013) noted that some of the material referred to this taxon is actually dinosaurian; however, according to the authors, the holotype specimen PVL 2561, found in the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina, "comprises a single individual that preserves unambiguous crocodylomorph synapomorphies", indicating it is indeed a crocodylomorph, and one of the referred specimens, PVL 3889, does share one or more autapomorphies with the holotype, indicating it represents the same taxon. The type species, ***T. romeri***, was named in 1963.

## InfoBox

| *Trialestes*
Temporal range: Carnian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skull illustration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Archosauria |
| *Clade*: | Pseudosuchia |
| *Clade*: | Crocodylomorpha |
| Genus: | *Trialestes*
Bonaparte, 1982 |
| Species: | ***T. romeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trialestes romeri***
Reig, 1963 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Triassolestes* Reig, 1963 | |


title: WMXM

abstract: WMXM is an independent college radio station at Lake Forest College. According to its website, the goal of the station is to provide listeners an alternative to commercial radio through unique programming and music selection. The station broadcasts 24/7/365 with concentrations in indie rock, hip hop, RPM, hip-hop and loud rock. The station also offers live news updates and features the syndicated news program Democracy Now!. WMXM provides sports coverage for Forester teams. WMXM hosts monthly concerts held in Lily Reid Holt Memorial Chapel, which are free to all.

text:
# WMXM

**WMXM** is an independent college radio station at Lake Forest College. According to its website, the goal of the station is to provide listeners an alternative to commercial radio through unique programming and music selection. The station broadcasts 24/7/365 with concentrations in indie rock, hip hop, RPM, hip-hop and loud rock. The station also offers live news updates and features the syndicated news program *Democracy Now!*. WMXM provides sports coverage for Forester teams.

WMXM hosts monthly concerts held in Lily Reid Holt Memorial Chapel, which are free to all.

## InfoBox

WMXM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 88.9 MHz |
| Branding | *Lake Forest College Radio* |
| Programming | |
| Format | College |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Lake Forest College |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 36309 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 295 watts |
| HAAT | 29.0 meters (95.1 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°15′0.00″N 87°49′45.00″W / 42.2500000°N 87.8291667°W / 42.2500000; -87.8291667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) radar surveillance and air defence unit. Located at RAAF Base Darwin, Northern Territory, it is controlled by No. 41 Wing, under Surveillance and Response Group. Its role is to "prepare for, conduct and sustain effective deployable Air Surveillance and Air Battle Management in the Unit's designated area of responsibility". The unit was formed during World War II, and deployed in the South West Pacific. Since the war it has seen service in the Malayan Emergency, the Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia in the mid-1960s, and the War in Afghanistan.

text:
# No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit RAAF

**No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit** is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) radar surveillance and air defence unit. Located at RAAF Base Darwin, Northern Territory, it is controlled by No. 41 Wing, under Surveillance and Response Group. Its role is to "prepare for, conduct and sustain effective deployable Air Surveillance and Air Battle Management in the Unit's designated area of responsibility". The unit was formed during World War II, and deployed in the South West Pacific. Since the war it has seen service in the Malayan Emergency, the *Konfrontasi* between Indonesia and Malaysia in the mid-1960s, and the War in Afghanistan.

## History

### World War II

No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit was formed as No. 14 (Mobile) Fighter Sector Headquarters at Camden, New South Wales, on 23 May 1943, under the command of Wing Commander Gordon Steege. The following month it deployed to Goodenough Island in New Guinea as part of No. 71 (Fighter) Wing, and became operational on 27 June. It controlled two radar stations, No. 401 of the US Army Signal Corps and No. 305 of the RAAF. On 8 August it moved to Kiriwina, under the aegis of No. 73 (Fighter) Wing. Steege relinquished command on 1 October to take charge of No. 73 Wing.

Responsible for controlling anti-aircraft batteries and air-to-air interceptions of Japanese raiders, the unit was renamed No. 114 (Mobile) Fighter Sector on 18 October. It registered its first "kill" on 31 October, when it directed a Spitfire of No. 79 Squadron to intercept a Japanese "Tony" fighter north-east of Kiriwina. On 2 March 1944, No. 114 Fighter Sector began redeploying with No. 73 Wing from Goodenough to Los Negros Island. Charged with coordinating air defence during the Admiralty Islands campaign, it was renamed No. 114 Mobile Fighter Control Unit (MFCU) five days later. The redesignated unit became operational on 2 April, and controlled Nos. 337, 340, 345, 346 and 347 Radar Stations.

In January 1945, No. 114 MFCU was withdrawn to Brisbane, where it began preparations to participate in the Australian-led liberation of Tarakan. In April, with a complement of over 800 officers and men, and Nos. 167, 168, 308, 354 and 355 Radar Stations under its command, it embarked for Morotai in the Dutch East Indies. From there it departed for Tarakan, arriving with the main invasion force on 1 May. Controlled by No. 78 (Fighter) Wing under the Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF), No. 114 MFCU became operational on the island four days after the landing. In addition to its regular duties, it temporarily took responsibility for maintaining contact with No. 1 TAF headquarters on Morotai and US Army Air Forces commands in the Philippines, when equipment belonging to the RAAF's Mobile Telecommunications Unit failed to be unloaded at Tarakan before the departure of its transport ship.

### Cold War and after

No. 114 MFCU was rapidly reduced in size following the end of the war. It departed Tarakan for Australia on 3 December 1945 with No. 78 Wing, arriving at RAAF Station Deniliquin, New South Wales, on the 14th. Still under the wing's control, it relocated to RAAF Station Schofields on 31 May and then to RAAF Station Williamtown on 1 August, disbanding on 1 April 1948. No. 114 MFCU was re-established under a newly organised No. 78 Wing on 24 January 1949—"in name only", however, as it remained non-operational. It began training in late 1955 prior to anticipated reactivation, and was renamed No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit (MCRU) on 12 March 1956. It relocated to RAAF Dubbo and stood up as an independent unit on 14 November.

No. 114 MCRU deployed to Malaya in 1958, becoming operational at RAAF Base Butterworth on 19 August. It took over responsibility for aerial surveillance and ground-controlled interception from the Royal Air Force's No. 487 Signals Unit on 1 December. From Butterworth, No. 114 MCRU directed the Sabre fighters of Nos. 3 and 77 Squadrons and the Canberra bombers of No. 2 Squadron in the last years of the Malayan Emergency. It also sent controllers on attachment to Ubon Air Base in Thailand, where No. 79 Squadron was based from 1962. On 3 September 1964, the unit went on to a 24-hour operational footing to support the Sidewinder-armed Sabres of Nos. 3 and 77 Squadrons during the *Konfrontasi* between Indonesia and Malaysia, though no combat ensued. *Konfrontasi* having been declared over in August 1966, No. 114 MCRU transferred its responsibilities to RAF Western Hill on 22 September, and disbanded at Butterworth on 31 October.

The unit was reactivated again at RAAF Base Amberley, Queensland, on 1 April 1968, employing the Plessey "Hub Cap" automated air defence system, which utilised Westinghouse radar and Marconi computer programs. It was to have moved directly from Butterworth to Amberley but delivery of the Hub Cap system, ordered in 1965, was delayed owing to programming issues. The system was also physically larger and heavier than had been anticipated, rendering it less easily transportable. In 1979, No. 114 MCRU upgraded to the Westinghouse AN/TPS-43 radar system, improving both its mobility and its tactical capabilities. It inaugurated the RAAF's Tactical Air Defence System (TADS, subsequently Tactical Air Defence Radar System or TADRS) on 10 July 1985. No. 114 MCRU was presented with a Squadron Standard on 23 May 1990, becoming the only non-flying unit in the Air Force to receive such an honour. The standard displays battle honours for the Pacific (1943–45), New Britain (1943), New Guinea (1943–44) and Borneo (1945). No. 114 MCRU was transferred to RAAF Base Tindal, Northern Territory, in May–June 1997, and then to RAAF Base Darwin in December 1999. The AN/TPS-43 was retired in September 2005, and replaced by the AN/TPS-77 radar. In May 2007, a detachment of 75 members of No. 114 MCRU deployed for active service at Kandahar Airfield in southern Afghanistan, utilising the AN/TPS-77 to coordinate coalition combat air operations. The detachment returned to Australia in August 2009. No. 114 MCRU celebrated its 70th anniversary at Darwin on 23 May 2013. It marked ten years service with the AN/TPS-77 radar in November 2015.

## InfoBox

| No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 114 MCRU's crest | |
| Active | 1943–48
1949–66
1968–current |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch | Royal Australian Air Force |
| Role | Air defence |
| Part of | No. 41 Wing |
| Garrison/HQ | RAAF Base Darwin |
| Motto(s) | Swift to React |
| Engagements | World War II Malayan Emergency
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
War in Afghanistan |
| Battle honours | Pacific (1943–45)
New Britain (1943)
New Guinea (1943–44)
Borneo (1945)
Malaysia (1963-66) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Gordon Steege (1943) |


title: Pei Ji (Sui and Tang)

abstract: Pei Ji, courtesy name Xuanzhen, formally Duke of Hedong, was an important official and one-time chancellor of the Tang dynasty. He initially served as an official of the Sui dynasty and was one of the driving forces in persuading the general Li Yuan to rebel against Emperor Yang of Sui. He eventually assisted Li Yuan in founding the Tang dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu and was greatly honored in Emperor Gaozu's reign. After Emperor Gaozu's son Emperor Taizong became emperor in 626, Pei began to be accused of corruption and associations with witchcraft and was exiled. Emperor Taizong soon remembered Pei's contributions to Tang's founding and tried to recall him, but Pei died before he could do so.

text:
# Pei Ji (Sui and Tang)

**Pei Ji** (570 – 629), courtesy name **Xuanzhen**, formally **Duke of Hedong**, was an important official and one-time chancellor of the Tang dynasty. He initially served as an official of the Sui dynasty and was one of the driving forces in persuading the general Li Yuan to rebel against Emperor Yang of Sui. He eventually assisted Li Yuan in founding the Tang dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu and was greatly honored in Emperor Gaozu's reign. After Emperor Gaozu's son Emperor Taizong became emperor in 626, Pei began to be accused of corruption and associations with witchcraft and was exiled. Emperor Taizong soon remembered Pei's contributions to Tang's founding and tried to recall him, but Pei died before he could do so.

## Background

Pei Ji was from Pu Province (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), under Northern Zhou rule during the time of his birth. He was from "The Western Juan Pei" of the prominent Pei clan of Hedong. His father died early, and he was raised by his older brother. When he was 13, he began serving as the secretary to a commandery governor. He was described to be handsome and having a working knowledge of literature. During the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui, he became an officer in the guard corps, but was said to be so poor that, in order to report to the capital Chang'an for duty, he had to walk there.

During the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, he served successively as the census officer of Qi Province (齊州, roughly modern Jinan, Shandong), personal secretary to Emperor Yang, and then the deputy head of the household at Emperor Yang's secondary palace at Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). He had already been friendly with Li Yuan the Duke of Tang, the general in charge at Taiyuan (i.e., Jinyang) previously, and when they were both posted to Taiyuan, Pei and Li became particularly close, often feasting together. He also allowed Li Yuan to, against strict laws, have sexual relations with some of the ladies in waiting at Jinyang Palace, assumed by some historians as the main reason to rebel against Sui dynasty due to fear of severe punishment from the Emperor.

## Participation in Li Yuan's rebellion

Meanwhile, Li Yuan's son Li Shimin and Liu Wenjing, the Jinyang County magistrate, were plotting to rebel against Sui rule, but initially neither dared to discuss the matter with Li Yuan. They saw that Pei was closest to Li Yuan, and therefore had their confederate Gao Binlian (高斌廉) gamble with Pei and intentionally lose to him. After Gao got sufficiently close to Pei, he informed Pei of Li Shimin's and Liu's plot, and managed to persuade Pei to join. Pei, in turn, persuaded Li Yuan that he had to rebel against Emperor Yang. Li Yuan agreed, and did so in summer 617. Once he did, Pei, who had considerably personal wealth and further had control of the storage facility, offered a large supply of rice, silk, and armor, as well as 500 ladies in waiting, to Li Yuan. On Li Yuan's subsequent march toward Chang'an, Pei served as Li Yuan's secretary, and Li Yuan created him the Duke of Wenxi.

Later in 617, Li Yuan was attacking Hedong (河東, in modern Yuncheng) but could not capture it quickly, and there were rumors that Eastern Tujue and a rebel ruler it supported, Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, would attack Taiyuan. At that time, Pei advocated withdrawing back to Taiyuan and defend it. Li Shimin and another son of Li Yuan, Li Jiancheng, however believed that retreat would lead to inevitable defeat and therefore successfully persuaded Li Yuan not to retreat. Instead, per Pei's suggestions, after Li Yuan subsequently defeated Sui forces at Huoyi (霍邑, also in modern Yuncheng), he left part of his army to siege Hedong, while himself crossing the Yellow River into Guanzhong (i.e., the Chang'an region). After Li Yuan captured Chang'an later that year and declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai emperor (as Emperor Gong), he himself served as regent, and he awarded Pei with fields, a mansion, and the title of Duke of Wei.

## During Emperor Gaozu's reign

In 618, Emperor Yang was killed in a coup at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) led by the general Yuwen Huaji. When news of Emperor Yang's death reached Chang'an, Li Yuan had Yang You yield the throne to him, establishing Tang dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. When he took the throne, he stated to Pei Ji, "The person who brought me here is you, Duke." He made Pei the Right *Shangshu Puye* (尚書僕射), one of the two deputy heads of the executive bureau of the government (尚書省, *Shangshu Sheng*) -- a post that (at least in later times) was considered a post for a chancellor, and bestowed Pei with great treasures. He also commissioned Pei and Liu Wenjing to revise the Sui laws. Soon, however, Pei and Liu, who were previously friends, became enemies over their conflicting suggestions, and Liu was dissatisfied that he was ranked below Pei. Subsequently, Liu was accused of using witchcraft to try to change his situation, and while Li Shimin and the officials Xiao Yu and Li Gang (李綱) all argued that Liu was not committing treason and should be spared, Emperor Gaozu, at Pei's suggestion, nevertheless executed Liu.

In 619, Liu Wuzhou captured Taiyuan, forcing Emperor Gaozu's son Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi to flee. Liu then advanced south deep into Tang territory. Pei volunteered to lead the army against Liu. However, when he engaged Liu's general Song Jin'gang (宋金剛) at Dusuo Plain (度索原, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), Song cut off his water supplies and then defeated him, and he lost most of his soldiers. He had to flee to Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi). He sent a submission to Emperor Gaozu, requesting to be punished, but Emperor Gaozu did not punish him and continued to keep him in command of the forces in the region. However, Pei, who was described to be fearful and not a capable general, was reduced to ordering the people into fortified cities, leaving the countryside for Liu to control and causing the dissatisfied people to rebel against Tang. The situation became sufficiently severe that Emperor Gaozu considered abandoning the entire modern Shanxi region. Li Shimin, however, argued that was inadvisable, and he led an army against Liu and Song, gradually fighting back and defeating Liu in 620, forcing Liu to flee to Eastern Tujue. Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozu summoned Pei back to Chang'an and put him under arrest briefly, but soon released him and continued to honor him. When Emperor Gaozu was away from Chang'an, he often had Pei in charge of the capital in his absence. In 621, when Emperor Gaozu began minting new coins, he bestowed one mint press on Pei, allowing Pei to mint his own money, and he also took a daughter of Pei's to be the wife and princess of his son Li Yuanjing (李元景) the Prince of Zhao. (Li Shimin and Li Yuanji, who were each granted three presses, were the only other individuals permitted to mint their own money.) During the years, Pei offered several times to retire, and in 626, Emperor Gaozu granted him the honorific title of *Sikong* (司空) and allowed him to effectively retire, but further continued to set up rotations of junior officials from the executive bureau who would attend to Pei on a daily basis.

## During Emperor Taizong's reign

In 626, Li Shimin, then locked in an intense rivalry with Li Jiancheng (who, as the older brother, was crown prince), feared that Li Jiancheng was about to kill him, and ambushed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji (who supported Li Jiancheng) at Xuanwu Gate and killed them. He then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to create him crown prince and then yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong). Although Pei Ji appeared to have supported Li Jiancheng in the struggle, Emperor Taizong initially continued to honor him, and on one occasion, when Emperor Taizong was offering sacrifices to heaven outside the capital, he requested Pei and Zhangsun Wuji to ride with him in the imperial wagon, a great honor at the time.

In 629, however, when the Buddhist monk Faya (法雅) was accused to have spread false teachings (probably treasonous teachings) to the people and was executed, Pei was accused of having heard of the false teachings but not reported it, and therefore was removed from his honorific title of *Sikong* on 27 February and ordered to retire to his home in Pu Prefecture. When Pei requested to stay at Chang'an, Emperor Taizong rebuked him:

*Duke, your contributions were not commensurate with your position; you only rose to this honored position due to your relationship with* Taishang Huang *\[(i.e., Emperor Gaozu, now retired emperor)\]. There were times during the reign of* Wude *\[(武德, Emperor Gaozu's era name)\] when the government was corrupt and poorly run, and it was your fault. Now I am allowing you to return to your home. Why do you complain?*

Once Pei returned to Pu Prefecture, an insane man named Xin Xing (信行) stated to one of Pei's servants that he believed that Pei would be emperor. When Pei's servant reported this to the head servant, and the head servant in turn informed Pei, Pei, fearful, had Xin and the junior servant killed. Subsequently, the head servant embezzled money from Pei and feared punishment, and therefore reported the incident to Emperor Taizong. In anger, Emperor Taizong stated:

*Pei Ji has four deadly crimes. One, even though he was one of the Three Excellencies, he associated with witches. Second, after he was removed from his post, he angrily stated that the empire rose only because of him. Third, he failed to disclose the wicked words. Four, he killed people to stop them from speaking. I have reasons to execute him.*

Many people spoke on Pei's behalf, and Emperor Taizong did not execute him, but exiled him to Jing Prefecture (靜州, roughly modern Heishui county in Aba Prefecture, Sichuan - see *Old Book of Tang* Ch 45). At that time, the Qiang tribesmen in the region rebelled, and rumor arrived at Chang'an that they had taken Pei to be their leader. Emperor Taizong responded, "I have spared Pei, and he will surely not do this." Soon, news arrived that Pei had led his servants in defeating the Qiang. Emperor Taizong, remembering Pei's contributions, issued an order recalling him to the capital, but before he could do so, Pei died. Emperor Taizong granted him a number of posthumous honors, including the title of Duke of Hedong.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Pei Ji
裴寂 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 570
Linyi County, Shanxi |
| Died | 629 (aged 5859) |
| Other names | * Xuanzhen (玄真) * Duke of Hedong (河東公) |
| Occupation | Statesman |
| Children | * Pei Fashi * Pei Lüshi * *two daughters* |
| Father | Pei Xiaoyu |


title: Neukom Vivarium

abstract: Neukom Vivarium is a 2006 mixed media installation by American artist Mark Dion, located at Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, Washington, United States. The work features a 60-foot (18 m) Western hemlock that fell outside of Seattle in 1996, acting as a nurse log within an 80-foot (24 m) greenhouse. According to the Seattle Art Museum, which operates the park, the tree "inhabits an art system" consisting of bacteria, fungi, insects, lichen and plants. The installation supplies magnifying glasses to visitors wanting a closer inspection; they are provided field guides in the form of tiles. The installation was donated by Bill and Sally Neukom, American Express Company, Seattle Garden Club, Mark Torrance Foundation and Committee of 33, in honor of the Seattle Art Museum's 75th anniversary. It was Dion's first permanent public work of art in the United States. The architect for the structure was Owen Richards Architects.

text:
# Neukom Vivarium

***Neukom Vivarium*** is a 2006 mixed media installation by American artist Mark Dion, located at Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, Washington, United States. The work features a 60-foot (18 m) Western hemlock that fell outside of Seattle in 1996, acting as a nurse log within an 80-foot (24 m) greenhouse. According to the Seattle Art Museum, which operates the park, the tree "inhabits an art system" consisting of bacteria, fungi, insects, lichen and plants. The installation supplies magnifying glasses to visitors wanting a closer inspection; they are provided field guides in the form of tiles.

The installation was donated by Bill and Sally Neukom, American Express Company, Seattle Garden Club, Mark Torrance Foundation and Committee of 33, in honor of the Seattle Art Museum's 75th anniversary. It was Dion's first permanent public work of art in the United States. The architect for the structure was Owen Richards Architects.

## Description

*Neukom Vivarium* is a mixed media installation by American artist Mark Dion, located at Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, Washington. The work's design was approved in 2004 and completed in 2006. The Seattle Art Museum, which operates the park, described *Neukom Vivarium* as a "hybrid work of sculpture, architecture, environmental education and horticulture that connects art and science." It features a 60-foot (18 m) nurse log, formerly part of a forest ecosystem that now "inhabits an art system", housed within an 80-foot (24 m) greenhouse. The greenhouse includes a cabinet designed by Dion that supplies magnifying glasses, allowing visitors to inspect the log for various life forms. Field guides are present in the form of blue and white tiles, depicting bacteria, fungi, insects, lichen and plants that may be found on the log.

Dion had hoped to feature one of two tree species for the installation—Douglas fir or Western hemlock—the former for its "mythic presence" and the latter for its charisma, and for being the state tree of Washington. The hemlock used for *Neukom Vivarium* fell outside of Seattle on February 8, 1996, in a protected drainage basin with old-growth forest. As a result of this incident, the biodegradation process was decelerated. According to Dion, the tree "had just fallen into \[their\] lap" and was suitable for its accessibility, personality and size. He said of the exhibit:

> "I think that one of the important things about this work is that it's really not an intensely positive, back-to-nature kind of experience. In some ways, this project is an abomination. We're taking a tree that is an ecosystem—a dead tree, but a living system—and we are re-contextualizing it and taking it to another site. We're putting it in a sort of Sleeping Beauty coffin, a greenhouse we're building around it. And we're pumping it up with a life support system—an incredibly complex system of air, humidity, water, and soil enhancement—to keep it going. All those things are substituting what nature does, emphasizing how, once that's gone, it's incredibly difficult, expensive, and technological to approximate that system—to take this tree and to build the next generation of forests on it. So, this piece is in some way perverse. It shows that, despite all of our technology and money, when we destroy a natural system, it's virtually impossible to get it back. In a sense, we're building a failure."

*Neukom Vivarium* was a gift from Bill and Sally Neukom, American Express Company, Seattle Garden Club, Mark Torrance Foundation and Committee of 33, in honor of the Seattle Art Museum's 75th anniversary. The work was Dion's first permanent public work of art in the United States.

## InfoBox

| Neukom Vivarium | |
| --- | --- |
| *Neukom Vivarium* in 2007 | |
|  | |
| Artist | Mark Dion |
| Year | 2006 (2006) |
| Dimensions | 24 m (80 ft) |
| Location | Olympic Sculpture Park, Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′57″N 122°21′16″W / 47.61585°N 122.35431°W / 47.61585; -122.35431 |
| Owner | Seattle Art Museum |


title: Ring Lardner Jr.

abstract: Ringgold Wilmer Lardner Jr. was an American screenwriter. A member of the "Hollywood Ten", he was blacklisted by the Hollywood film studios during the late 1940s and 1950s after his appearance as an "unfriendly" witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) leading to Lardner being found guilty of contempt of Congress.

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# Ring Lardner Jr.

**Ringgold Wilmer Lardner Jr.** (August 19, 1915 – October 31, 2000) was an American screenwriter. A member of the "Hollywood Ten", he was blacklisted by the Hollywood film studios during the late 1940s and 1950s after his appearance as an "unfriendly" witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) leading to Lardner being found guilty of contempt of Congress.

## Early life

Born in Chicago, he was the son of Ellis (Abbott) and journalist and humorist Ring Lardner and the brother of James, John, and David Lardner. He was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and Princeton University. In his sophomore year he enrolled at the Anglo-American Institute of the University of Moscow. Lardner returned to New York and, in 1935, briefly worked at the *Daily Mirror* before signing on as publicity director with David O. Selznick's new movie company. Lardner joined the US Communist Party in 1937.

## Career

Lardner moved to Hollywood where he worked as a publicist and script doctor before going on to write his own material. This included *Woman of the Year* (1942), a film that won him and Michael Kanin the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award. Lardner also worked on the scripts for the films *Laura* (1944), *Brotherhood of Man* (1946), *Forever Amber* (1947), and *M\*A\*S\*H* (1970). The script of the latter earned him an Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.

Lardner held strong left-wing views, and in the 1930s helped to raise funds for the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War. He was also involved in organizing anti-fascist demonstrations. His brother, James Lardner, was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, and was killed in action in Spain in 1938.

Although his political involvement upset the owners of the film studios, he continued to be employed and in 1947 became one of the highest paid scriptwriters in Hollywood when he signed a contract with 20th Century Fox at $2,000 a week (equivalent to $27,291 a week in 2020).

### Blacklisting

After the Second World War the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began an investigation into the Hollywood motion picture industry. In September 1947, the HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These individuals attended voluntarily and became known as "friendly witnesses". During their testimony, they named several people whom they accused of holding views sympathetic to communism.

Lardner appeared before the HUAC on October 30, 1947, but like Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Dalton Trumbo, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Samuel Ornitz and John Howard Lawson, he refused to answer any questions. Known as the "Hollywood Ten", they claimed that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution clearly gave them the right to do this. HUAC and the courts during appeals disagreed and all were found guilty of contempt of Congress. Lardner was sentenced to 12 months in the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury and fined $1,000. He had been dismissed by Fox on October 28, 1947.

Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios, Lardner worked for the next couple of years on the novel *The Ecstasy of Owen Muir* (1954). Beginning in 1955, Lardner and fellow blacklistee Ian McLellan Hunter, working under pseudonyms, wrote episodes of television series, including *The Adventures of Robin Hood*, *The Adventures of Sir Lancelot*, and *The Buccaneers*, for producer Hannah Weinstein, an expatriate American living in England. For several years, meetings there with the producer were attended exclusively by Hunter, who had managed to gain a passport despite his political activities, whereas travel abroad for Lardner was deemed "not in the best interest of the United States" by the Passport Bureau, a restriction lasting from 1951 to 1958, when the Supreme Court ruled that passports could not be denied for political reasons.

The blacklist was lifted for Lardner when producer Martin Ransohoff and director Norman Jewison gave him screen credit for writing *The Cincinnati Kid* (1965). His later work included *M\*A\*S\*H* (1970), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and *The Greatest* (1977), for which he re-wrote the original script by Bill Gunn. His final film project was an adaptation of Roger Kahn's book *The Boys of Summer*.

According to Hungarian writer Miklós Vámos—who visited Lardner several times before his death—Lardner won an Academy Award for a movie he wrote under a pseudonym.

## Personal life

Lardner married Silvia Schulman, then David O. Selznick's secretary, in 1937. They had two children, a son and a daughter, and divorced in 1945. In 1946, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Lardner married Frances Chaney, an actress, and they remained wed until his death in 2000. They had one son. Chaney had been married to Lardner's brother, David, until his death in 1944 and had two children, a daughter and a son, from that marriage.

### Death

Lardner died of cancer on October 31, 2000, Halloween night, in his apartment in Manhattan, New York. He was the last surviving member of the Hollywood Ten.

## Works

* Lardner, Ring Jr. (2017). *I'd Hate Myself in the Morning : a memoir*. Nation Books. ISBN 978-1-63226-063-5.

## Further reading

* Ceplair, Larry (July 4, 2018). "Ring Lardner, Jr. and the Hollywood Blacklist: A New Perspective on the Perennial Struggle against Thought Control in the United States". *Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television*. **39** (1). Informa UK Limited: 75–95. doi:10.1080/01439685.2018.1484550. ISSN 0143-9685. S2CID 158365959.

## InfoBox

| Ring Lardner Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Lardner in 1947 | |
| Born | Ringgold Wilmer Lardner Jr.
(1915-08-19)August 19, 1915
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | October 31, 2000(2000-10-31) (aged 85)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter, journalist |
| Years active | 1937–1977 |
| Children | 3 |