abstract: The University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law is a scholarly journal focusing on issues of international law, international relations, transnational law and comparative law. The Journal is published quarterly by an organization of second and third year law students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. The journal is one of seven major scholarly journals at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and one of the top ten international law journals in the United States both based on citations and by impact.

text:
# University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law

The ***University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law*** is a scholarly journal focusing on issues of international law, international relations, transnational law and comparative law. The *Journal* is published quarterly by an organization of second and third year law students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. The journal is one of seven major scholarly journals at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and one of the top ten international law journals in the United States both based on citations and by impact.

## History

The journal was established in 1978 as the *Journal of Comparative Business and Capital Market Law*. The name of the journal was changed to *University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Business Law* in 1986 and then to *University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law* in 1996. In 2007, the journal broadened its scope and merged with the then unofficial *Journal of International Law and Policy*, becoming the *University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law*. It now publishes articles on public and private international, comparative, foreign, and transnational law.

## Selection

Positions on the journal are filled based in part on students' grades during first year of law school and in part on students' performance during a writing competition conducted at the end of each school year. The writing competition has two major parts: an editing portion and a writing portion. During the 20-hour editing portion, contestants are required to correct a sample portion of a fake law review article prepared by the current board. Contestants have at their disposal a copy of the Bluebook and a packet of source materials provided by the journal. During the writing portion, contestants are required to create a cohesive, thesis-driven essay using only these source materials. The sources cover a variety of topics, and the essay does not need to be law-related.

## Symposia

Each year the *University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law* hosts a symposium focusing on popular topics in international legal scholarship chosen by the Symposium Editors and features scholars of the law and related fields. Symposium speakers are invited to publish their work in the journal's annual symposium issue. Some recent topics include "Afro-Descendants and Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean: Legal Rights and Realities" (February 5, 2010) and "The Human Market: International Commoditization and Allocation of the Human Body" (February 13, 2009).

## Notable articles

In 2007, the journal was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in Microsoft v. AT&T, 550 U.S.437 (2007). In the Opinion of the Court, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg quotes twice from Alan M. Fisch and Brent H. Allen's article, *The Application of Domestic Patent Law to Exported Software: 35 U.S.C. § 271(f)* (*Univ. Penn. J. Int. Econ. Law 557*, vol. 25, 2004), which was the only time that a law review article was cited in the opinion.

## InfoBox

*University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | International law |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1978-present |
| Publisher | University of Pennsylvania Law School (United States) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| Bluebook | *U. Pa. J. Int'l L.* |
| ISO 4 | *Univ. Pa. J. Int. Law* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1086-7872
 |
| OCLC no. | 186377441 |
| Links | |
|  | |


abstract: The University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law is a scholarly journal covering the interdisciplinary study and analysis of constitutional law. The Journal is published in print and electronically by an organization of second- and third-year J.D. students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. It is one of the top three constitutional law journals and top fifty law journals in the United States based on citations and impact. Additionally, it is the third most cited non-Law Review journal in the United States. Articles published in the Journal have been cited by the U.S. Supreme Court, including Justice Anthony Kennedy in his dissent in Carpenter v. United States; Justice Clarence Thomas in his concurrence in Town of Greece v. Galloway; Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in her opinion in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius; and Chief Justice John Roberts in his dissent in Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission. The Journal publishes six issues per volume, including an issue or issues devoted to its multi-day symposium. The journal is published in Philadelphia. Beginning with Volume 15, the University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Online became the official online companion edition to the Journal. JCL Online is committed to publishing short, timely articles, usually responding to new legal developments or novel issues. The current editor-in-chief is Katherine McKeen.

text:
# University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

The ***University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law*** is a scholarly journal covering the interdisciplinary study and analysis of constitutional law. The *Journal* is published in print and electronically by an organization of second- and third-year J.D. students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. It is one of the top three constitutional law journals and top fifty law journals in the United States based on citations and impact. Additionally, it is the third most cited non-Law Review journal in the United States.

Articles published in the Journal have been cited by the U.S. Supreme Court, including Justice Anthony Kennedy in his dissent in *Carpenter v. United States*; Justice Clarence Thomas in his concurrence in *Town of Greece v. Galloway*; Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in her opinion in *National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius*; and Chief Justice John Roberts in his dissent in *Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission*.

The *Journal* publishes six issues per volume, including an issue or issues devoted to its multi-day symposium. The journal is published in Philadelphia (home of the Liberty Bell, which is depicted on the journal's cover). Beginning with Volume 15, the *University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Online* (*JCL Online*) became the official online companion edition to the *Journal*. *JCL Online* is committed to publishing short, timely articles, usually responding to new legal developments or novel issues. The current editor-in-chief is Katherine McKeen.

## Symposia

Each year the *Journal of Constitutional Law* hosts a symposium focusing on popular topics in constitutional scholarship and featuring notable constitutional law scholars. Past topics include "The Judiciary and the Popular Will" (January 29–30, 2010), and "Presidential Power in Historical Perspective: Reflections on Calabresi and Yoo's *The Unitary Executive*" (February 6–7, 2009). The most recent symposium, hosted in conjunction with the National Constitution Center, focused on "The Past, Present, and Future of Presidential Elections" (January 29, 2021).

Additionally, the *Journal* recently presented a joint symposium with the University of Pennsylvania Law Review titled "Civil Procedure, Judicial Administration, and the Future of the Field: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Stephen B. Burbank" (February 12–13, 2021). This symposium brought together leading scholars in civil procedure and judicial administration, along with renowned jurists, and highlighted new scholarship in international and comparative procedure and interdisciplinary approaches.

## Notable articles

* Levinson, Sanford (2000). "Diversity" (PDF). *University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law*. **2** (3): 573–608. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
* David C. Baldus et al., *The Use of Preemptory Challenges in Capital Murder Trials: A Legal and Empirical Analysis*, 3 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 3 (2001)
* Sandra Day O'Connor, *The Supreme Court and the Family*, 3 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 573 (2001)
* Randy E. Barnett, *The Original Meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause*, 6 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 183 (2003)
* Adam Raviv, *Unsafe Harbors: One Person, One Vote and Partisan Redistricting*, 7 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 1001 (2005)
* Vincent Phillip Muñoz, *The Original Meaning of the Establishment Clause and the Impossibility of Its Incorporation*, 8 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 585 (2006) (cited by Justice Clarence Thomas in his concurrence in Town of Greece v. Galloway)
* Louis H. Pollak, *"Liberty": Enumerated Rights? Unenumerated Rights? Penumbral Rights? Other?*, 8 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 905 (2006)
* Brian R. Decker, *"The War of Information": The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act,* Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, *and the President's Warrantless-Wiretapping Program*, 9 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 291 (2006)
* Laurence H. Tribe, *Reflections on Unenumerated Rights*, 9 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 483 (2007)
* Benjamin P. O'Glasser, *"Constitutional, Political, and Philosophical Struggle: Measure 37 and the Oregon Urban Growth Boundary Controversy"*, 9 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 595 (2007)
* Jeremy A. Blumenthal, Meera Adya & Jacqueline Mogle, *The Multiple Dimensions of Privacy: Testing Lay "Expectations of Privacy,"* 11 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 331 (2009) (cited by Justice Anthony Kennedy in his dissent in Carpenter v. United States)
* Paul F. Figley, *The Judgment Fund: America's Deepest Pocket and Its Susceptibility to Executive Branch Misuse*, 18 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 145 (2015) (cited by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals in Keepseagle v. Perdue, 856 F.3d 1039 (2017) (Edwards, J.)
* Stephen E. Henderson, *Fourth Amendment Time Machines (and What They Might Say About Police Body Cameras)*, 18 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 933 (2016) (cited by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Ganias, 824 F.3d 199, 220 n. 42 (2016) (Livingtson, Lynch JJ))
* Louis S. Rulli, *Seizing Family Homes from the Innocent: Can the Eighth Amendment Protect Minorities and the Poor from Excessive Punishment in Civil Forfeiture?*, 19 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 1111 (2017) (cited heavily in the briefing in Timbs v. Indiana)

## Editors-in-Chief

* Vol. 1 - Mike N. Gold (as Coordinating Editor)
* Vol. 2 - David Liebowitz
* Vol. 3 - Jeremy A. Blumenthal
* Vol. 4 - Andrew C. von S. Smith
* Vol. 5 - Jason A. Abel
* Vol. 6 - Carlos S. Montoya
* Vol. 7 - Akua E. Asare
* Vol. 8 - Maura E. McKenna
* Vol. 9 - Ellen C. Hu
* Vol. 10 - Nabeel A. Yousef
* Vol. 11 - Jeremy T. Adler
* Vol. 12 - Jonathan P. Adams
* Vol. 13 - Emily S. Stopa
* Vol. 14 - Vivian Lee
* Vol. 15 - Megan E. Barriger
* Vol. 16 - Brandon Harper
* Vol. 17 - Zachary C. Ewing
* Vol. 18 - Barron M. Flood
* Vol. 19 - Joseph F. Camp
* Vol. 20 - Katherine J. King
* Vol. 21 - Charles S. Nary
* Vol. 22 - Myles S. Lynch
* Vol. 23 - Diana Cummiskey
* Vol. 24 - Katherine McKeen
* Vol. 25 - Simone Hunter-Hobson

## InfoBox

*University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law*
| Discipline | Constitutional law |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Simone Hunter - Hobson |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1998-present |
| Publisher | University of Pennsylvania Law School (United States) |
| Frequency | 6/year |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| Bluebook | *U. Pa. J. Const. L.* |
| ISO 4 | *Univ. Pa. J. Const. Law* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1521-2823
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


abstract: The Department of Economics of the University of Pennsylvania is part of the school's Arts and Sciences division. Penn Economics is generally associated with the saltwater school of economic thought. It is located in the Ronald O. Perelman Center for Political Science and Economics in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

text:
# University of Pennsylvania Economics Department

**The Department of Economics** of the University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as **Penn Economics**) is part of the school's Arts and Sciences division. Penn Economics is generally associated with the saltwater school of economic thought (along with University of California, Berkeley, Brown University, Harvard University, Princeton University, Columbia University, MIT and Yale University). It is located in the Ronald O. Perelman Center for Political Science and Economics in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## History

| Edmund J. James | |
| --- | --- |
| Edmund J. James, the first professor of economics at Penn | |

The social sciences began to be offered in Penn's curriculum beginning in the 1870s. Then, Robert Ellis Thompson (1844–1924) was chosen as Penn's first Professor of Social Sciences in 1874. In 1883, Edmund J. James, the first professor of economics, joined the university as a professor and began teaching courses in economics. He was a founding member of the American Economic Association and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Other notably economists who joined the department in the nineteenth century included Roland P. Falkner (1888), James Harvey Robinson (1891), Albert S. Bolles (1891), Sidney Sherwood (1891), Emory R. Johnson (1893), and Joseph French Johnson (1893).

The university as a whole modeled its graduate school on the German model of education, emphasizing a combination of research and pedagogy. Upon graduation, students received a Bachelor of Science in Economics.

In 2013, the department received $25 million for the establishment of the Ronald O. Perelman Center for Political Science and Economics, where it currently resides.

## Academics

The Department's undergraduate program is one of the largest in the School of Arts and Sciences. Students enrolled in Wharton as undergraduates share some of the classes with students from the Economics Department, but the two degrees have otherwise separate curriculum. The department offers two majors: an economics major and a mathematical economics major.

It also offers graduate courses leading to a Ph.D. in economics. There are currently more than 100 students within the graduate program.

### Penn Institute for Economic Research

The Department houses the Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER). Founded in 1993 with a donation from William P. Carey, an American philanthropist and businessman, PIER conducts academic research and publishes a working paper series. Its former directors include Lawrence R. Klein, Antonio Merlo, and Enrique G. Mendoza.

### Academic journals

The Department is the editorial home of the *International Economic Review*, one of the leading general audience journals in economics. It is also affiliated with *Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics*.

### Rankings

Penn Economics is currently ranked 10th in the United States by *U.S. News & World Report*, 10th in the world by The World University Rankings by the *Times Higher Education*, 8th in the world by the *Academic Ranking of World Universities*, 7th in the world by Tilburg University Economic Rankings, and 16th in the world by IDEAS.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Penn Economics
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Parent institution | University of Pennsylvania |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Website | economics.sas.upenn.edu |


title: Mojave Road

abstract: The Mojave Road, also known as Old Government Road, is a historic route and present day dirt road across what is now the Mojave National Preserve in the Mojave Desert in the United States. This rough road stretched 147 miles (237 km) from Beale's Crossing, to Fork of the Road location along the north bank of the Mojave River where the old Mojave Road split off from the route of the Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road. A four-wheel drive vehicle is required for all but a few short stretches of this road, which is unmaintained. The old road from Fork of the Road eastward along the Mojave River is interrupted after 10.9 acres (4.4 ha) by private property, below the site of the old Camp Cady. The road is resumed at an access point from the north in Manix Wash. Under optimal conditions, its full length of 133 miles (214 km) from Beale's Crossing to Manix Wash can be travelled in 2 to 3 days.

text:
# Mojave Road

The **Mojave Road**, also known as **Old Government Road** (formerly the **Mohave Trail**), is a historic route and present day dirt road across what is now the Mojave National Preserve in the Mojave Desert in the United States. This rough road stretched 147 miles (237 km) from Beale's Crossing (the river crossing site on the west bank of the Colorado River, opposite old Fort Mohave, roughly 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Bullhead City, Arizona), to Fork of the Road location along the north bank of the Mojave River where the old Mojave Road split off from the route of the Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road.

A four-wheel drive vehicle is required for all but a few short stretches of this road, which is unmaintained. The old road from Fork of the Road eastward along the Mojave River is interrupted after 10.9 acres (4.4 ha) by private property, below the site of the old Camp Cady (on the north bank of the Mojave River, roughly 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Newberry Springs). The road is resumed at an access point from the north in Manix Wash. Under optimal conditions, its full length of 133 miles (214 km) from Beale's Crossing to Manix Wash can be travelled in 2 to 3 days.

## History

### Mohave Trail

A traditional thoroughfare of desert-dwelling Native Americans, the Mohave Trail ran between watering holes across the Mojave Desert between the Colorado River and Mojave River then following it to the Cajon Pass, the gap between the San Bernardino Mountains and San Gabriel Mountains, into Southern California ending at Drum Barracks. It ran westward between springs across the Mojave Desert, from Piute Spring to Indian Well, to Rock Springs, then to Marl Spring and Soda Spring on the west side of Soda Lake. From there the trail led to the mouth of the Mojave River southwest of Soda Lake. It then followed the river up stream, finding oases of water and vegetation where the river came to the surface at various places along its course. The watering holes recur at intervals of about 60 miles (97 km) to 70 miles (110 km).

The Spanish Franciscan missionary Francisco Garcés traveled the trail with Mohave guides, after leaving the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza in 1776. José María de Zalvidea, the zealous Franciscan administrator of Mission San Gabriel also crossed the trail in 1806, reportedly converting five indigenous Mohaves near present-day Hesperia. The Mohave Trail later became the route of raiders, preying on the herds of the California missions and ranchos. Spanish (and later, Mexican) soldiers pursued the raiders along the route.

In 1826, Jedediah Smith led an expedition of the first US citizens to travel the Mojave Trail.

### Old Spanish Trail

From 1829 to 1830, Mexican traders from New Mexico established the routes that came to be called the Old Spanish Trail trade route to California. The first of these, Armijo's route, intercepted the Mohave's trail at the mouth of the Mojave River near Soda Lake.

Subsequently, in 1830, the Mohave's trail became part of what became the Main Route or Central Route of the Old Spanish Trail, linking up with it from the north 12 miles (19 km) west of the Colorado River in Piute Valley and following it westward to the link up with Armijo's route at the Mojave River mouth, and later with a shortcut from Salt Spring through Bitter Spring and Spanish Canyon at a point just east of Yermo. This place was later called "Fork of the Road" where the Old Spanish Trail or from 1849, the *Southern Route* of the California Trail or the Mormon Road to Salt Lake City, divided from what came to be the Mojave Road to the Colorado River. From 1849, the Mormon Road became heavily traveled winter road to California by Forty-niners seeking to avoid the fate of the Donner Party, and subsequent travelers, post riders and commercial wagon freighters.

Now consolidated the Old Spanish Trail then followed the Mohave's trail along the Mojave River but instead of crossing over the mountains into San Bernardino Valley they followed a new route Armijo called "Cañon de San Bernardino" from the upper Mojave River west through Cajon Pass and down Crowder Canyon and Cajon Canyon, known to the vaqueros of the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia who had come to their aid with food.

### Mojave Road

The land was ceded from Mexico to the US in 1848 following the Mexican–American War. In early 1858 the Mohave Trail became the Mojave Road, a wagon road connected to the newly pioneered Beale's Wagon Road across northern New Mexico Territory from Fort Defiance to Beale's Crossing on the Colorado River where it linked up with the Mojave Road. This ran from the Colorado crossing to where it left the Mojave River, west of the vicinity of modern Barstow. Wagon trains of settlers coming west on the Santa Fe Trail soon followed Beale's Wagon Road and the Mojave Road into Southern California. Beale's road was shorter than the route via the more southern Southern Emigrant Trail and it was cooler in summer, snow-free in winter, had better forage, and was better watered. Soon hostilities began between the Mohaves and the settlers, triggering the Mohave War.

From the time of the Mohave War the Mohave Road came under the purview of the U.S. government. Army posts were established at Fort Mojave, at Beale's Crossing in 1859, and, after the Bitter Spring Expedition at Camp Cady, 10.9 miles (17.5 km) east of Fork of the Road at its junction with the Mormon Road, in 1860. Smaller outposts were established later in the 1860s east of Camp Cady along the trail and regular patrols instituted. The army protected the settlers and travelers from the attacks of the resident Paiute, Mojave, and Chemehuevi Native Americans until 1871. This also opened the way for large mining development in the Mojave Desert region of San Bernardino County and agricultural development in the Victor Valley area.

During the Colorado River Gold Rush from 1862 it became one of the major roads to the gold and silver mining regions on the upper river and linked by the Hardyville - Prescott Road in 1864 to the mining regions in northern and central Arizona.

## The route today

The eastern end of the Mojave Road begins at the edge of the Colorado River, near the site of Beale's Crossing, north of Needles and the western terminus lies beyond the Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area and the Afton Canyon Natural Area near the Manix Wash.

### Landmarks

The following list of markers follows east to west travel.

## Historic designations

Mojave Road Los Angeles became a California Historic Landmark (No.963) on 19 March 1985, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. California Historic Marker reads:

* *NO. 963 THE MOJAVE ROAD – Long ago, Mohave Indians used a network of pathways to cross the Mojave Desert. In 1826, American trapper Jedediah Smith used their paths and became the first non-Indian to reach the California coast overland from mid-America. The paths were worked into a military wagon road in 1859. This "Mojave Road" remained a major link between Los Angeles and points east until a railway crossed the desert in 1885.*

Camp Cady also is a California Historical Landmark Marker #963-1 on the site reads:

* *NO. 963-1 Camp Cady was located on the Mojave Road which connected Los Angeles to Albuquerque. Non-Indian travel on this and the nearby Salt Lake Road was beset by Paiutes, Mohaves, and Chemehuevis defending their homeland. To protect both roads, Camp Cady was established by U.S. Dragoons in 1860. The main building was a stout mud redoubt. Improved camp structures were built 1/2-mile west in 1868. After peace was achieved, the military withdrew in 1871. This protection provided by Camp Cady enabled travelers, merchandise, and mail using both roads to boost California's economy and growth.*

## InfoBox

| Mojave Road | |
| --- | --- |
| Vehicles traveling the Mojave Road stop for a break at Marl Springs | |
| Location | Colorado River to Wilmington, Los Angeles, the end marker. |
| Coordinates | 35°N 115°W / 35°N 115°W / 35; -115 |
| Built | Prehistory |
| Architect | Mohave Indians |
| Architectural style(s) | Dirt Trail/Road – Route 66 |
|  | |
| California Historical Landmark | |
| Designated | 19 March 1985 |
| Reference no. | 963 |
|  | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Designated | 27 September 2021 |
| Reference no. | 100007003 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Mojave Road in California | |


title: Mojave Solar Project

abstract:
The Mojave Solar Project (MSP) is a concentrated solar power (CSP) facility in the Mojave Desert in California, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Barstow. Surrounding the hamlet of Lockhart, Mojave Solar is adjacent to Harper Lake and the SEGS VIII–IX solar plant. The site was originally reserved for the planned, never built, SEGS IX and XII. For 15 years following its construction in 1990, SEGS VIII–IX was the largest commercial solar power plant in the world, generating around 160 MW at its peak. It is one of three separately owned sites within 40 miles (64 km) of one another, that make up the nine solar fields in the Solar Electric Generating System. Harper Lake was the last of these built, and is designated as SEGS #8 and 9. It is still online, but has been surpassed by other newer facilities, including the Mojave Solar Project. MSP, with a combined nameplate capacity of 250 MW, is made of two, independently operable, solar fields. The power plant cost an estimated $1.6 billion in total and entered commercial operation in December 2014. The developer, Abengoa, has successfully secured a $1.2 billion loan guarantee from the US government for the project.
The plant is expected to generate 617,000 MWh of power annually, enough power for more than 88,000 households and to prevent the emission of over 430 kilotons of CO2 a year. Pacific Gas & Electric has agreed to a 25-year power purchase agreement. The plant was commissioned on 1 December 2014.

text:
# Mojave Solar Project

The **Mojave Solar Project** (MSP) is a concentrated solar power (CSP) facility in the Mojave Desert in California, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Barstow. Surrounding the hamlet of Lockhart, Mojave Solar is adjacent to Harper Lake and the SEGS VIII–IX solar plant.

The site was originally reserved for the planned, never built, SEGS IX and XII. For 15 years following its construction in 1990, SEGS VIII–IX was the largest commercial solar power plant in the world, generating around 160 MW at its peak. It is one of three separately owned sites within 40 miles (64 km) of one another, that make up the nine solar fields in the Solar Electric Generating System (SEGS #1 and 2 are at Daggett, and #3 through 7 are at Kramer Junction). Harper Lake was the last of these built, and is designated as SEGS #8 and 9. It is still online, but has been surpassed by other newer facilities, including the Mojave Solar Project.

**MSP**, with a combined nameplate capacity of 250 MW (gross 280 MW), is made of two, independently operable, solar fields. The power plant cost an estimated $1.6 billion in total and entered commercial operation in December 2014. The developer, Abengoa, has successfully secured a $1.2 billion loan guarantee from the US government for the project. The plant is expected to generate 617,000 MWh of power annually, enough power for more than 88,000 households and to prevent the emission of over 430 kilotons of CO2 a year. Pacific Gas & Electric has agreed to a 25-year power purchase agreement.

The plant was commissioned on 1 December 2014.

## Technology

Using the desert's solar thermal energy, the facility generates steam in solar steam generators, which expands through a steam turbine generator to produce electrical power from twin, independently operable solar fields, each feeding a 125 MW power island. Generation is provided 100% from sun, no supplement from fossil-based energy sources. There is a gas-fired auxiliary boiler, for each field, only to provide equipment and heat-transfer fluid (HTF) freeze protection, when temperatures fall below 54 °F (12 °C).

The power cycle is a Rankine-with-reheat thermodynamic cycle from heat supplied via heat-transfer fluid, solar field heated up to 740 °F (393 °C). When operating, the transfer fluid enters the solar field at about 520 °F (271 °C). The steam generator steam exit temperature is about 720 °F (382 °C).

Each field utilizes 1128 solar collector arrays (SCA) sited on about 710 acres (290 ha). Each SCA, model E2 from Abengoa (derived from Luz's LS-3), is 125 metres (410 ft) long and is made of 10 solar collector elements (SCE), 12 metres (39 ft) long each and 5.76 metres (18.9 ft) aperture. The E2 steel frame collector with monolithic glass reflector panels, yields a total aperture area of 691.2 square metres (7,440 sq ft). That makes a total of 779,674 square metres (8,392,340 sq ft) aperture each solar field, 1,559,347 square metres (16,784,670 sq ft) total for the plant, operating about 3,024 hours per year.

Cooling is provided by wet cooling towers; water for the towers and solar collector washing, is supplied from onsite groundwater wells. Water from condensed steam exits the cooling tower pump at about 80 °F (27 °C), before cycling back to the steam generator.

## Production

Mojave Solar Project production is as follows (values in MW·h).

Generation (MW·h) of Mojave Solar Project
| Year | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | 4,816 | 28,254 | 49,104 | 57,830 | 49,132 | 43,618 | 64,353 | 63,367 | 57,559 | 37,406 | 32,818 | 15,319 | 503,576 |
| 2016 | 4,635 | 42,348 | 41,890 | 54,991 | 75,569 | 80,338 | 87,565 | 79,153 | 68,245 | 45,346 | 30,315 | 14,512 | 624,907 |
| 2017 | 6,055 | 22,196 | 54,504 | 61,408 | 76,179 | 78,362 | 74,443 | 58,478 | 63,663 | 55,255 | 21,818 | 21,669 | 594,030 |
| 2018 | 21,688 | 37,489 | 48,733 | 42,966 | 78,035 | 84,956 | 70,267 | 71,788 | 74,929 | 51,473 | 13,976 | 8,880 | 605,180 |
| 2019 | 7,515 | 11,390 | 46,369 | 58,355 | 58,087 | 77,835 | 68,904 | 59,394 | 46,771 | 47,293 | 25,166 | 7,405 | 514,484 |
| 2020 | 12,129 | 34,521 | 36,296 | 52,915 | 76,143 | 62,317 | 84,935 | 70,617 | 42,023 | 42,479 | 27,705 | 16,334 | 558,414 |
| 2021 | 12,791 | 12,868 | 47,671 | 68,076 | 80,161 | 72,881 | 62,811 | 74,112 | 63,478 | 43,962 | 33,885 | 15,281 | 587,977 |
| 2022 | 11,423 | 20,956 | 55,560 | 66,317 | 76,011 | 80,549 | 71,095 | 66,275 | 56,939 | 48,817 | 27,423 | 14,337 | 595,702 |
| 2023 | 16,981 | 20,739 | 40,762 | 73,168 | 78,781 | 77,368 | 82,415 | 68,125 | 63,301 | 49,837 | 27,686 | 13,239 | 612,402 |
| Total (2015-2023) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5,196,672 |

Maximum production was planned at 617,000 MW·h per year.

## InfoBox

| Mojave Solar Project | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Mojave Desert, California |
| Coordinates | 35°0′40″N 117°19′30″W / 35.01111°N 117.32500°W / 35.01111; -117.32500 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | September 2011 |
| Commission date | December 1, 2014 |
| Solar farm | |
| Type | CSP |
| CSP technology | Parabolic trough |
| Collectors | 2256 (SCAs) |
| Total collector area | 1,559,347 square metres (385.323 acres) |
| Site resource | 2,685 kW·h/m2/yr |
| Site area | 1,765 acres (714 ha) |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 2 x 140 MWe (gross) |
| Nameplate capacity | 250 MW |
| Capacity factor | 26.5% (2016–2020) |
| Annual net output | 579 GW·h |
| External links | |
| Website | mojave solar project |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Mojave River

abstract: The Mojave River is an intermittent river in the eastern San Bernardino Mountains and the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Most of its flow is underground, while its surface channels remain dry most of the time, except for the headwaters and several bedrock gorges in the lower reaches.

text:
# Mojave River

The **Mojave River** is an intermittent river in the eastern San Bernardino Mountains and the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Most of its flow is underground, while its surface channels remain dry most of the time, except for the headwaters and several bedrock gorges in the lower reaches.

## History

A desert branch of the Serrano Native Americans called the *Vanyume* or *Beñemé*, as Father Garcés called them, lived beyond and along much of the length of the Mojave River, from east of Barstow to at least the Victorville region, and perhaps even farther upstream to the south, for up to 8,000 years in a series of villages, including the major village of Wá'peat.

The Mohave's trail, later the European immigrants' Mojave Road, ran west from their villages on the Colorado River to Soda Lake, then paralleled the river from its mouth on the lake to the Cajon Pass. Native Americans used this trade route where water could easily be found en route to the coast. Garcés explored the length of the Mojave River in early 1776. He called the river **Arroyo de los Mártires** ("river of the martyrs") on March 9, 1776 but later Spaniards called it **Río de las Ánimas** ("spirit river or river of the (lost) souls"). In 1826 Jedediah Smith was the first non-Native American to travel overland to California by following the Mojave Indian Trail. He called this the **Inconstant River**.

A pack horse and livestock trail, the Old Spanish Trail, was established by Antonio Armijo in 1829 between New Mexico and El Pueblo de Los Ángeles, joined the Mojave River at its mouth near what is now Soda Lake. It followed the river to where the trail reached the foot of the mountains at Summit Valley and turned westward to pass over Cajon Pass and descend into the coastal valleys of southern Alta California. In 1830, Wolfskill and Yount pioneered what became the Main Route of the Old Spanish Trail, which followed a different route than Armijo, farther south just west of the Colorado River and then followed Jedediah Smith's path on the old Mohave Trail west to the Mojave River mouth at Soda Lake, to meet with Armijo's route coming south from Salt Spring.

Sometime before 1844, a cutoff developed on the Old Spanish Trail that cut the distance traveled along the upper river by cutting across what is now Victor Valley, from the Cajon Pass to a crossing just below the Lower Narrows of the river. John C. Frémont intercepted this route to the river, riding east southeast from Lake Elizabeth, north of the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains on April 20, 1844.

Frémont named the river **Mohahve** after the Mohave people on April 23, 1844, although these people lived two mountain ranges away on the Colorado River. He had met six traveling Mohaves that day. Some early Mormon ranchers called it the Macaby River. Additionally another cutoff to the Old Spanish Trail had developed before 1844, where the trail forked northeastward from the Mojave River and Mohave Trail, east of what is now Yermo, California running over Alvord Mountain, to Bitter Spring, then through Red Pass, to join the Armijo route near Salt Spring in the Silurian Valley. The fork of the trails there on the Mojave River, later became known as Fork of the Road.

From 1847, Mormons pioneered the wagon road that became the Mormon Road from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles, closely following the route of the Old Spanish Trail from Parowan, Utah. They followed the Mojave River from the Fork of the Road to the Lower Narrows and left the river for the Cajon Pass on the route Frémont had found. In 1849, Forty-niners late on the main trail to California used the Mormon Road as a winter alternative route to California, referring to it as the "Southern Route" of the California Trail. Later, emigrants to California followed the same route during the winter months. In 1855, the Mormon Road was improved, and the route changed in places, becoming a major commercial wagon route between Utah and southern California, ending Utah's winter isolation until the railroads arrived there in 1869.

In 1859, as part of the Mohave War, the Mohave people's trail was improved as the wagon route of the Mojave Road. It followed the Mojave River from where the Mormon Road turned north away from the river at Fork of the Road, near Daggett, to where historic Camp Cady was located. It then followed the river to Soda Lake, where the road turned eastward to Fort Mojave, and in 1862 following the gold and silver strikes on the Colorado River, to Hardyville and the mining districts near it, and its connection at the head of the toll road to Prescott and the mines in the interior of Arizona Territory.

From 1863 to 1864, the Mojave River valley was a refuge from the great drought in California in those years; cattle of some resourceful ranchers of southern California were preserved by its resources.

## Course

The river's source is in the San Bernardino Mountains, one of the Transverse Ranges, above Hesperia-San Bernardino. The West Fork of the Mojave flows into Silverwood Lake, formed by Cedar Springs Dam, which overflows in the Mojave River Forks Reserve area. On occasion, the lake releases water into the river. Downstream, Deep Creek meets the West Fork, forming the Mojave River mainstem immediately upstream of the Mojave Forks Dam, which provides flood control. Downstream of the dam, the Mojave River flows north and east, underground in most places, through Hesperia, Victorville, and Barstow.

Near its terminus, the Mojave River flows out onto a large inland delta called the Mojave River Wash at the western edge of Mojave National Preserve. During heavy flows, the river reaches Soda Lake near Baker at the north end of Wash, and has reached Silver Lake, even further north, in historic times. For example, during the unusually wet winter of 2004–2005, the Mojave River flowed on the surface to Silver Lake and filled both Soda and Silver Lakes to a depth of several feet. A shallow pass, around 30 feet in height, separates Silver Lake from the Silurian Valley that contains Salt Creek, a tributary of the Amargosa River and thus the Death Valley drainage basin.

The water in the river is mostly underground. The channel at the surface remains dry most of the time, but extreme flooding is possible. For example, during a heavy El Niño in the Mojave Desert, rains caused the Mojave River to overflow onto overpassing bridges on February 22, 1993, the most damaged being on Bear Valley Road, where Victorville and Apple Valley are separated. The water comes to the surface only in areas with impermeable rock, such as the upper and lower narrows near Victorville and in the Afton Canyon area northeast of Barstow.

## Afton Canyon Natural Area

The Afton Canyon Natural Area is within Mojave Trails National Monument, and is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It is located 37 mi (60 km) northeast of Barstow along Interstate 15 between the Afton Road and Basin Road exits.

Afton Canyon is designated as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern to protect plant and wildlife habitat, and to preserve scenic values of the Mojave River's riparian area within the canyon. The Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area boundary enforcement has begun to reverse the heavy off-road vehicles use and damage that occurred in the riverbed and canyon. Restoration projects are ongoing and have already brought the river's "proper functioning condition" from a "non-functioning" to a "functioning at risk" status. The objectives of the ambitious restoration project are to control exotic plants, particularly the phreatophyte Saltcedar - Tamarix (primarily *Tamarix ramosissima* and *Tamarix parviflora*), and restoring critical desert California native plant community "structural elements" for a functioning flora and fauna habitat.

## Bibliography

* Philip Stoffer (14 January 2004). "Changing Climates and Ancient Lakes" (.html). *Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity*. Open-File Report 2004-1007. USGS, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
* Philip Stoffer (14 January 2004). "Playas" (.html). *Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity*. Open-File Report 2004-1007. USGS, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
* Philip Stoffer (14 January 2004). "The Mojave River and Associated Lakes" (.html). *Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity*. Open-File Report 2004-1007. USGS, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-09-12.

## InfoBox

| Mojave River | |
| --- | --- |
| Mojave River at Afton Canyon, March 2010 | |
| Map of the Mojave River watershed | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Cities | Hesperia, Apple Valley, Victorville, Barstow |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Confluence of West Fork Mojave River and Deep Creek |
| location | Mojave River Forks Reservoir, San Bernardino Mountains |
| coordinates | 34°20′29″N 117°14′14″W / 34.34139°N 117.23722°W / 34.34139; -117.23722 |
| elevation | 2,986 ft (910 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Soda Lake |
| location | Baker, Mojave Desert |
| coordinates | 35°06′20″N 116°03′53″W / 35.10556°N 116.06472°W / 35.10556; -116.06472 |
| elevation | 935 ft (285 m) |
| Length | 110 mi (180 km) |
| Basin size | 4,580 sq mi (11,900 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Lower Narrows, near Victorville |
| average | 65.7 cu ft/s (1.86 m3/s) |
| minimum | 0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s) |
| maximum | 70,600 cu ft/s (2,000 m3/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Oro Grande Wash, Fremont Wash, Buckhorn Wash, Manix Wash |
| right | Bell Mountain Wash, Stoddard Wash, Daggett Wash |


title: University of London Computer Centre

abstract: The University of London Computer Centre (ULCC) was founded in 1968, and was the first supercomputer facility established in London for the purpose of scientific and educational research by all of the colleges of the University of London. ULCC initially provided large-scale CDC-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a national Cray vector supercomputing service, and more recently a six processor, 4Gb Convex C3860 supercomputer with a Convex C3200 front-end. ULCC also became a major site for national and international network connections in the UK. It ran the Network Operations and Service Centre for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS), the largest of the JANET network centres, and various international links and relays on behalf of UKERNA. Since the closure of its supercomputer service in the 1990s, ULCC has focused on providing IT services across the educational and public sector, as well as undertaking research work in fields such as digital preservation and e-learning. In 2009, after 40 years, ULCC moved out of its premises at 20 Guilford Street, which were custom built in the 1960s to house some of the earliest supercomputers in the UK. It is now based within the central university at Senate House. In 2015 ULCC became part of CoSector - University of London.

text:
# University of London Computer Centre

The **University of London Computer Centre** (ULCC) was founded in 1968, and was the first supercomputer facility established in London for the purpose of scientific and educational research by all of the colleges of the University of London. ULCC initially provided large-scale CDC-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a national Cray vector supercomputing service, and more recently a six processor, 4Gb Convex C3860 supercomputer with a Convex C3200 front-end.

ULCC also became a major site for national and international network connections in the UK. It ran the Network Operations and Service Centre for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS), the largest of the JANET network centres, and various international links and relays on behalf of UKERNA.

Since the closure of its supercomputer service in the 1990s, ULCC has focused on providing IT services across the educational and public sector, as well as undertaking research work in fields such as digital preservation and e-learning.

In 2009, after 40 years, ULCC moved out of its premises at 20 Guilford Street, which were custom built in the 1960s to house some of the earliest supercomputers in the UK. It is now based within the central university at Senate House.

In 2015 ULCC became part of CoSector - University of London.


title: Monitoring in clinical trials

abstract: Clinical monitoring is the oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a participant's health and efficacy of the treatment during a clinical trial. Both independent and government-run grant-funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), require data and safety monitoring protocols for Phase I and II clinical trials conforming to their standards.

text:
# Monitoring in clinical trials

**Clinical monitoring** is the oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a participant's health and efficacy of the treatment during a clinical trial. Both independent and government-run grant-funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), require data and **safety monitoring** protocols for Phase I and II clinical trials conforming to their standards.

## Safety monitoring

**Safety monitoring** of a clinical trial is conducted by an independent physician with relevant expertise. This is accomplished by review of adverse event, immediately after they occur, with timely follow-up through resolution.

Responsibility for data and safety monitoring depends on the phase of the study and may be conducted by sponsor or Contract research organization (CRO) staff or contractor, and/or by the Principal clinical investigator/project manager conducting the study. Regardless of the method used, monitoring must be performed on a regular basis. Oversight of the monitoring activity is the responsibility of the sponsor.

## Aspects of monitoring

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, the top five deficiency categories for site inspections caught by clinical monitors as reported in the 2001 Report to the Nation are:

* Failure to follow investigation protocol (the procedures and treatment subjects must undergo, as well as the schedule of assessments)
* Failure to keep adequate and accurate records
* Problems with the informed consent form
* Failure to report adverse events
* Failure to account for the disposition of study drugs

Therefore, the primary goal of clinical trial monitoring is to observe each trial site to ensure that the standardized operation procedures for the trial are being followed, reporting and managing any deviations from the investigation plan as they occur. Monitoring plans in the United States typically also require a clear protocol for reporting adverse/undesirable effects caused by the treatment to the institutional review board (IRB), the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA), and the institution funding the research. The FDA itself maintains an Adverse Event Reporting System for such occurrences in clinical trials it oversees in the United States.

## Functions of the clinical monitor

Clinical monitors execute the monitoring plan laid out by the sponsors and investigators of a clinical trial. Monitors may be referred to by many different titles, such as: Clinical Research Associate, "on-site" monitor, Clinical Research Monitor, Study Site Monitor and Quality Specialist. The number of clinical monitors depends on the scale and scope of the trial.

Almost all field monitoring requires regular visits to the site by the clinical research associate throughout the period of the study. On occasion, an extremely simple, low-risk study might be monitored almost exclusively by telephone except for the startup and closeout visits. Since the concept of "low risk" is subjective, this definition should be established in internal policies and procedures.

## Complexity of monitoring

The level of scrutiny of monitoring varies across studies based on risks and nature of the trial.

Considerations that affect the design of monitoring plans usually include:

* Complexity of the protocol (including toxicity, presence of special populations inside sample groups, amount of interaction needed, length of treatment, etc.)
* Risk of the treatment
* Disease being evaluated
* Number of study subjects enrolled at the site
* Number of treatment sites (such as number of clinics with access to and assigning the treatment)
* Site performance
* Sponsor monitoring standard operating protocols

Several of these factors depend on the phase of the clinical trial--for example, in some early Phase I studies of drugs whose effects on different individuals are unknown, the monitor may be required to be present during all or part of a subject's treatment, while Phase II investigations usually involve multiple investigation sites.

The overall monitoring plan should remain fairly consistent, but the strategy for individual sites may change considerably during the course of the study depending on study conditions and site performance.

## Bibliography


title: Molson Prize

abstract: The Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Prize for the Arts is awarded by the Canada Council for the Arts. Two prizes are awarded annually to distinguished individuals. One prize is awarded in the arts, one in the social sciences and humanities. The prizes are $50,000 each, and intended to encourage continuing contribution to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Canada.

text:
# Molson Prize

The **Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Prize** for the Arts is awarded by the Canada Council for the Arts. Two prizes are awarded annually to distinguished individuals. One prize is awarded in the arts, one in the social sciences and humanities. The prizes are $50,000 each, and intended to encourage continuing contribution to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Canada.

## Endowment

Funded by an endowment from the Molson Foundation, the prizes are administered by the Canada Council for the Arts in cooperation with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Laureates are chosen by a peer assessment committee appointed jointly by the Canada Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

## Eligibility

Candidates must be Canadian citizens or permanent residents of Canada. To be nominated, candidates must have made a substantial and distinguished contribution over a significant period of time. In the words of the deed of gift, the prizes are intended "to encourage Canadians of outstanding achievement in the fields of the Arts, the Humanities or the Social Sciences to make further contribution to the cultural or intellectual heritage of Canada". The terms of reference are interpreted as follows:

* outstanding achievement must have already been amply demonstrated
* further contribution implies that the laureates should still be very active and productive.

In other words, the prize is not intended as an "end of service" reward or as recognition for one great accomplishment. Past assessment committees have been quite consistent in choosing laureates who are close to the top of an outstanding career. Corporations and other organizations are excluded from consideration, as are posthumous awards. No individual may be awarded the prize more than once. The prizes are accessible to qualified persons from Aboriginal Peoples and diverse cultural and regional communities. Members of the board of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council are not eligible to be considered for this prize during the course of their terms as members nor for six months following the end of their term.

## Nomination process

Candidates may not apply for the Canada Council for the Arts Molson Prizes on their own behalf. They must be nominated by three individuals or three organizations, or a combination of individuals and organizations. Nominations are sought from persons and organizations that have the interest and capacity to nominate appropriate individuals. Nominators may submit one letter signed by the three nominating individuals or organizations, or submit three separate letters of nomination. Nominators are responsible for gathering and providing relevant documentation to the Canada Council.

## Selection procedure

The two laureates are chosen by a single, multidisciplinary peer assessment committee co-chaired by the Chairman of the Canada Council for the Arts and the President of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Members are chosen to ensure fair representation of gender, the two official languages, the various regions and cultures of Canada, and the various types of artistic and scholarly disciplines. Committee members are among the most accomplished individuals in their respective fields and, ideally, have interests that extend beyond the confines of a single discipline.

## List of recipients

| Year | Laureate | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 |  | Shirley Cheechoo |
| |  | Christina Sharpe |
| 2023 |  | Joséphine Bacon |
| |  | Françoise Baylis |
| 2022 |  | Cecilia M. Benoit, sociologist |
| |  | H. Nigel Thomas, author, poet |
| 2021 |  | M. NourbeSe Philip |
| |  | Gordon J. G. Asmundson |
| 2020 |  | Mary Kerr, production designer |
| |  | David Lyon |
| 2019 |  | Alexina Louie |
| |  | John Borrows |
|
| 2018 |  | Diane Schoemperlen |
| |  | Lynne Viola |
|
| 2017 |  | Lawrence Hill |
| |  | Kent Roach |
|
| 2016 |  | Marie-Claire Blais |
| |  | John McGarry |
| 2015 |  | M. G. Vassanji |
| |  | Constance Backhouse |
| 2014 |  | John Arcand |
| |  | Jean Grondin |
| 2013 |  | Richard Wagamese |
| |  | Ann Dale |
| 2012 |  | Dáirine Ní Mheadhra |
| |  | Keren Rice |
| 2011 |  | Herménégilde Chiasson |
| |  | Peter Victor |
| 2010 |  | Édouard Lock |
| |  | Linda Hutcheon |
| 2009 |  | Ian Wallace |
| |  | Leonard Wayne Sumner |
| 2008 |  | Sheila Fischman |
| |  | Angus McLaren |
| 2007 |  | Alex Pauk |
| |  | Paul Thagard |
| 2006 |  | Nicole Brossard |
| |  | Henry Mintzberg |
| 2005 |  | Iain Baxter& |
| |  | Ramsay Cook |
| 2004 |  | Maria Campbell |
| |  | Richard Tremblay |
| 2003 |  | Walter Boudreau |
| |  | Janice Gross Stein |
| 2002 |  | Christopher Newton |
| |  | Margaret Lock |
| 2001 | *Not awarded* | |
| 2000 |  | Jacques Poulin |
| |  | Ian Hacking |
| 1999 |  | Kiawak Ashoona |
| |  | Tom Courchene |
| 1998 |  | Jeanne Lamon |
| |  | Michael Trebilcock |
| 1997 |  | Mary Pratt |
| |  | Guy Rocher |
| 1996 |  | Mavis Gallant |
| |  | Pierre Maranda |
| 1995 |  | Gerald Ferguson |
| |  | Donald Akenson |
| 1994 |  | Michel Tremblay |
| |  | Martin Friedland |
| 1993 |  | R. Murray Schafer |
| |  | Juliet McMaster |
| 1992 |  | Douglas Cardinal |
| |  | Fernand Dumont |
| 1991 |  | Denys Arcand |
| |  | Charles Taylor |
| 1990 |  | Alice Munro |
| |  | Jean-Jacques Nattiez |
| 1989 |  | Vera Frenkel |
| |  | Fernande Saint-Martin |
| 1988 |  | Robertson Davies |
| |  | Terence Michael Penelhum |
| 1987 |  | Yvette Brind'Amour |
| |  | Marc-Adélard Tremblay |
| 1986 |  | J. Mavor Moore |
| |  | William Dray |
| 1985 |  | Gaston Miron |
| |  | Ronald Melzack |
| 1984 |  | Marcel Dubé |
| |  | James G. Eayrs |
| 1983 |  | Brian Macdonald |
| |  | Francess Halpenny |
| 1982 |  | Alan Cairns |
| |  | Louis-Edmond Hamelin |
| |  | Jack McClelland |
| |  | Gilles Vigneault |
| 1981 |  | Margaret Atwood |
| |  | Marcel Trudel |
| |  | John Weinzweig |
| 1980 |  | Michel Brault |
| |  | Lois Marshall |
| |  | Robert Weaver |
| 1979 |  | Jean Duceppe |
| |  | Betty Oliphant |
| |  | Michael Snow |
| 1978 |  | Gabrielle Roy |
| |  | Jack Shadbolt |
| |  | George Story |
| 1977 |  | John Hirsch |
| |  | Bill Reid |
| |  | Jean-Louis Roux |
| 1976 |  | Orford String Quartet |
| |  | Denise Pelletier |
| |  | Jon Vickers |
| 1975 |  | Alex Colville |
| |  | Pierre Dansereau |
| |  | Margaret Laurence |
| 1974 |  | W. A. C. H Dobson |
| |  | Celia Franca |
| |  | Jean Paul Lemieux |
| 1973 |  | John James Deutsch |
| |  | Alfred Pellan |
| |  | George Woodcock |
| 1972 |  | Maureen Forrester |
| |  | Rina Lasnier |
| |  | Norman McLaren |
| 1971 |  | Northrop Frye |
| |  | Duncan Macpherson |
| |  | Yves Thériault |
| 1970 |  | Jean-Paul Audet |
| |  | Morley Callaghan |
| |  | Arnold Spohr |
| 1969 |  | Glenn Gould |
| |  | Jean Le Moyne |
| 1968 |  | Arthur Erickson |
| |  | Anne Hébert |
| |  | Marshall McLuhan |
| 1967 |  | Georges-Henri Lévesque |
| |  | Hugh MacLennan |
| 1965-66 |  | Jean Gascon |
| |  | Frank Scott |
| 1964 |  | Donald Creighton |
| |  | Alain Grandbois |


title: Godziszewo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Godziszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siedlec, within Wolsztyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Wolsztyn and 69 km (43 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Godziszewo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Godziszewo** \[ɡɔd͡ʑiˈʂɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siedlec, within Wolsztyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Wolsztyn and 69 km (43 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Godziszewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Godziszewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°11′39″N 15°57′58″E / 52.19417°N 15.96611°E / 52.19417; 15.96611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Wolsztyn |
| Gmina | Siedlec |
| Population | 300 |


title: Godzimir Małachowski

abstract: Godzimir Małachowski of Nałęcz (1852–1908) was a Polish lawyer, university professor and President of Lviv. An heir of the powerful Małachowski family, he was also a member of the Austro-Hungarian parliament, the Galicia Diet and one of the best-known presidents of the city of Lwów. During his presidency (1897–1905) the city was expanded significantly. Also, Małachowski sponsored numerous new facilities, such as the Grand Theatre, monument to Adam Mickiewicz and the monument to John III of Poland.

text:
# Godzimir Małachowski

**Godzimir Małachowski** of Nałęcz (1852–1908) was a Polish lawyer, university professor and President of Lviv.

An heir of the powerful Małachowski family, he was also a member of the Austro-Hungarian parliament, the Galicia Diet and one of the best-known presidents of the city of Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine). During his presidency (1897–1905) the city was expanded significantly. Also, Małachowski sponsored numerous new facilities, such as the Grand Theatre, monument to Adam Mickiewicz and the monument to John III of Poland (after the annexation of Lwów by the Soviet Union the monument was moved to Gdańsk).


title: Thout 17

abstract: Thout 16 – Coptic calendar – Thout 18 The seventeenth day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 14, of the Julian calendar, and September 27, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

text:
# Thout 17

Thout 16Coptic calendarThout 18

The seventeenth day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 14, of the Julian calendar, and September 27, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

## Commemorations

### Feasts

* The Feast of the Cross (Day 1)

### Saints

* The martyrdom of Saint Castor the Presbyter
* The departure of Saint Theognosta
* The departure of Saint Girgis El-Gohari

### Other commemorations

* The celebration of the Honorable Cross in the Church of the Resurrection (335 AD)

1. Synaxarion, Thoout 17, Coptic Reader.
2. "Tout 17 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium". *CopticChurch.net*. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
3. "st-takla.org". *St-Takla.org*. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
4. *Coptic Synaxarium* (PDF). Saint George Coptic Orthodox Church. 1995.


title: Nick Patrick (record producer)

abstract: Nicholas Patrick is a British record producer. He has produced albums for artists such as Seal, Aretha Franklin, the Beach Boys, Placido Domingo, and Andrea Bocelli, received three Grammy award nominations and won eight Album of the Year Classic BRIT Awards. He owns and runs a recording studio in Salisbury, England, and has been signed to EMI Music Publishing since 2006.

text:
# Nick Patrick (record producer)

**Nicholas Patrick** (born 28 December 1957) is a British record producer. He has produced albums for artists such as Seal, Aretha Franklin, the Beach Boys, Placido Domingo, and Andrea Bocelli, received three Grammy award nominations and won eight Album of the Year Classic BRIT Awards.

He owns and runs a recording studio in Salisbury, England, and has been signed to EMI Music Publishing since 2006.

## Early life

Nick Patrick was born in London. His father, Victor Patrick, was a journalist of Russian and Scottish descent who became deputy editor of the *Sunday Express* newspaper. His mother, Beth Patrick, also a journalist, was an Australian national who immigrated at age 33 to the UK.

He attended the Westminster Under School in London, Millfield in Somerset, and Emanuel College in London, where he played in various bands.

## Career

Patrick's music career began in earnest at Lansdowne Studios in London, where he worked first as a runner, then as a recording engineer, engineering on Gerry Rafferty's 1979 album *Night Owl*, among others. He went on to work as a recording engineer at Odyssey Studios, for example on Marvin Gaye's 1981 album *In Our Lifetime?*, and as a freelancer.

Around 1984 he began producing albums. During the late 1980s and 1990s he produced recordings by numerous international and world music artists, including Mory Kanté, the Gipsy Kings, Salif Keita, Youssou N'Dour, Miriam Makeba, and Hugh Masekela. His first Grammy nomination came for the Gipsy Kings' 1991 album *Este Mundo*.

Beginning in 1991, he also began specializing in producing classical and opera crossover artists, beginning with tenor Russell Watson's album *The Voice*. He has gone on to produce, mix, and arrange recordings by Il Divo, Bryn Terfel, Hans Zimmer, Jonas Kaufmann, 2Cellos, Hayley Westenra, Jackie Evancho, and others.

In 2020, Patrick collaborated with Dame Shirley Bassey on her album *I Owe It All to You*. Recording took place in London, Prague, Monaco and the South of France during the COVID-19 pandemic, under travel and recording restrictions.

### Awards

Between 2001 and 2018, albums he produced – by Blake, Katherine Jenkins, Russell Watson, Michael Ball and Alfie Boe, and Elvis Presley – won a total of eight Classic BRIT Awards and six UK #1 awards.

In April 2020, Hauser's album *Classic* went to number one on *Billboard'*s "Traditional Classical Albums" chart. His second Grammy-nominated project was the *West Side Story* 50th Anniversary recording released in 2007 (Best Musical Show Album). His third Grammy nomination (Traditional Pop Vocal Album) came for the album *Standards* by Seal.

### Orchestral projects

Patrick has specialised in producing projects that combine original recorded vocals by classic singers and groups with new orchestral arrangements. These artists include Aretha Franklin (Aretha Franklin with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, *A Brand New Me*), Johnny Cash (*Johnny Cash With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra*), Bing Crosby (Bing Crosby and The London Symphony Orchestra, *Bing At Christmas*), Buddy Holly (Buddy Holly with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, *True Love Ways*), Elvis Presley (*If I Can Dream*, *The Wonder Of You*, *Christmas with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra*), Roy Orbison (*A Love So Beautiful*, *Unchained Melodies*), the Beach Boys, and The Carpenters.

### Ball & Boe

Nick Patrick is the official producer for all projects under Decca Records' *Ball & Boe* brand with Michael Ball and Alfie Boe. He has produced all four Ball & Boe collaborative album projects: *Together*, *Together Again*, *Back Together*, and *Together At Christmas*. Each of these projects has gone Top 10 in the Official UK Charts, with two No.1 UK albums. In 2018, *Together Again* was awarded Classic FM Album of the Year at the Classic BRIT Awards. As of October 2020, these albums have received three BPI Platinum and one BPI Gold certifications. Their fourth collaboration *Together At Christmas* is set for release in November 2020. Patrick also produced each of Michael Ball and Alfie Boe's most recent solo albums, *Coming Home To You* (Ball, 2019) and *As Time Goes By* (Boe, 2018).

### Charitable projects

A focus of Patrick's career has been raising funds for UK Armed Services charities. For this purpose he founded CPW Productions in 2009, which raised money via album sales from musical trio The Soldiers, whose 2009 double-platinum album *Coming Home* and platinum-selling 2010 follow-up *Letters Home* was produced by Patrick.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Patrick joined forces with Captain Sir Thomas Moore, Michael Ball and the NHS Voices of Care Choir to release "You'll Never Walk Alone" as a charity single, raising funds for NHS Charities Together. Released by Decca Records, on 17 April, the recording topped the United Kingdom's "The Official Big Top 40" chart. It sold almost 36,000 copies in its first 48 hours, and was "biggest trending song" as measured by the Official Charts Company. On 24 April, it went straight to No. 1 in the weekly "Official" UK Singles Chart.

## InfoBox

| Nick Patrick | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nicholas Patrick |
| Born | (1957-12-28) 28 December 1957<br>London, England |
| Occupation | Record producer |
| Years active | 1979-present |
|  | |
| Website | nickpatrickproductions.com |


title: General Service Enlistment Act

abstract: The General Service Enlistment Act was a general order issued by the Government of India on 25 July 1856. It required every soldier enlisting in the Bengal army from that point forward to go overseas for deployment if required. The order was brought just before the Anglo-Persian War. The British were reluctant to send a force overland to Herat, reminiscent of the disasters of the first Anglo Afghan War. So instead, the Government in India decided to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time. For this reason Lord Canning, the Governor-General of India, decided to pass the act that forced deployment literally overseas, as he was aware of the resistance he would face because of the Kala pani taboo. It was thus one of the main causes for the Great Uprising of 1857.

text:
# General Service Enlistment Act

The **General Service Enlistment Act** was a general order issued by the Government of India on 25 July 1856. It required every soldier enlisting in the Bengal army from that point forward to go overseas for deployment if required. The order was brought just before the Anglo-Persian War. The British were reluctant to send a force overland to Herat, reminiscent of the disasters of the first Anglo Afghan War. So instead, the Government in India decided to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time. For this reason Lord Canning, the Governor-General of India, decided to pass the act that forced deployment literally overseas, as he was aware of the resistance he would face because of the Kala pani taboo. It was thus one of the main causes for the Great Uprising of 1857.


title: KJMX

abstract: KJMX is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Reedsport, Oregon, United States, the station is currently owned by Bicoastal Media Licenses III, LLC, and features programming from Westwood One.

text:
# KJMX

**KJMX** (99.5 FM, "The Rock 99.5") is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to Reedsport, Oregon, United States, the station is currently owned by Bicoastal Media Licenses III, LLC, and features programming from Westwood One.

## InfoBox

KJMX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 99.5 MHz |
| Branding | *The Rock 99.5* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Affiliations | Westwood One |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Bicoastal Media Licenses III, LLC |
| Sister stations | KBBR, KBDN, KOOS, KSHR-FM, KTEE, KWRO |
| History | |
| First air date | 1993 (as KRBZ) |
| Former call signs | KRBZ (1993–1999) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 20434 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 11,000 watts |
| HAAT | 122 meters (400 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 43°40′40″N 124°6′36″W / 43.67778°N 124.11000°W / 43.67778; -124.11000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | kjmx.rocks |


title: Good Ride Cowboy

abstract: "Good Ride Cowboy" is a song written by Jerrod Niemann, Bryan Kennedy, Richie Brown and Bob Doyle, and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from his tenth studio album The Lost Sessions. The song is a tribute to Brooks' friend Chris LeDoux, champion rodeo bareback rider and country musician. Released in late 2005 as a single, the song went on to peak at number three on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts.

text:
# Good Ride Cowboy

**"Good Ride Cowboy"** is a song written by Jerrod Niemann, Bryan Kennedy, Richie Brown and Bob Doyle, and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from his tenth studio album *The Lost Sessions*. The song is a tribute to Brooks' friend Chris LeDoux, champion rodeo bareback rider and country musician. Released in late 2005 as a single, the song went on to peak at number three on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs charts.

## Content

Brooks briefly emerged from retirement in late 2005 to record the upbeat "Good Ride Cowboy", shortly after the death of singer Chris LeDoux. Brooks first performed the song at the CMA awards show, while the CMA Chairman's Award of Merit was presented in LeDoux's honor.

In an interview conducted with CMT, Brooks stated, "I knew if I ever recorded any kind of tribute to Chris, it would have to be up-tempo, happy ... a song like him ... not some slow, mournful song. He wasn't like that. Chris was exactly what our heroes are supposed to be. He was a man's man. A good friend".

## Chart positions

"Good Ride Cowboy" debuted at number 18 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of October 22, 2005. The song set a record at the time for the highest debuting single on the country charts since the inception of SoundScan in 1990. Keith Urban later broke the record with his 2006 single "Once in a Lifetime," and Kenny Chesney broke it again with 2007's "Don't Blink;" Brooks reclaimed the record one week after Chesney did, when "More Than a Memory" debuted at number one.

| Chart (2005–2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| AirCheck Mediabase | 1 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 59 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2006) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 47 |

## InfoBox

| "Good Ride Cowboy" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Garth Brooks | |
| from the album  *The Lost Sessions* | |
| Released | October 24, 2005 |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:26 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Allen Reynolds |
| Garth Brooks singles chronology | |
| "Why Ain't I Running"
(2002) "**Good Ride Cowboy**"
(2005) "Love Will Always Win"
(2006) | |


title: Jesper Møller (mathematician)

abstract: Jesper Møller is a Danish mathematician. He is a professor at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, where he conducts research and teaching in mathematical statistics and probability theory. In 2012, he created the Bachelor and Master's Programmes in Mathematics and Technology at Aalborg University. He was born in Nakskov, Denmark.

text:
# Jesper Møller (mathematician)

**Jesper Møller** (also written *Moller* or *Moeller*; born December 6, 1957) is a Danish mathematician.

He is a professor at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, where he conducts research and teaching in mathematical statistics and probability theory. In 2012, he created the Bachelor and Master's Programmes in Mathematics and Technology at Aalborg University.

He was born in Nakskov, Denmark.

## Scientific career

Jesper Møller is M.Sc. (cand.scient.) in mathematics and mathematical statistics (Aarhus University), 1984; Ph.D. in mathematical statistics (Aarhus University), 1988; and D.Sc. (dr.scient.; title of dissertation: \`Aspects of Spatial Statistics, Stochastic Geometry and Markov Chain Monte Carlo´; Aalborg University), 2000.

He was Assistant Professor and Associate Professor at Aarhus University, 1988–1995, Associate Professor at Aalborg University, 1996–2000, and Professor at Aalborg University since 2001.

## Research

Jesper Møller's research interests include

His research has been supported by project grants from Danish National Research Foundation, Independent Research Fund Denmark, EU, Velux Foundation, and Spar Nord Foundation. He has been Associated Editor of Annals of Applied Probability, Advances in Applied Probability, Bernoulli, and Associate Editor and National Editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics.

## Distinctions

## Selected publications

Some of his publications are given as follows:

* J. Møller (1989). Random tessellations in R^d. *Advances in Applied Probability*, 21:37–73.
* A. Baddeley and J. Møller (1989). Nearest-neighbour Markov point processes and random sets. *International Statistical Review*, 2:89–121.
* J.L. Jensen and J. Møller (1991). Pseudolikelihood for exponential family models of spatial point processes. *Annals of Applied Probability*, 3:445-461.
* J. Møller (1994). *Lectures on Random Voronoi Tessellations.* Lecture Notes in Statistics 87, Springer-Verlag, New York.
* C.J. Geyer and J. Møller (1994). Simulation procedures and likelihood inference for spatial point processes. *Scandinavian Journal of Statistics*, 21:359–373.
* J. Møller, A.R. Syversveen and R.P. Waagepetersen (1998). Log Gaussian Cox processes. *Scandinavian Journal of Statistics*, 25:451–482.
* W.S. Kendall and J. Møller (2000). Perfect simulation using dominating processes on ordered spaces, with application to locally stable point processes. *Advances in Applied Probability*, 32:844–865.
* J. Møller (2003). Shot noise Cox processes. *Advances in Applied Probability*, 35, 614–640.
* J. Møller and R.P. Waagepetersen (2004). *Statistical Inference and Simulation for Spatial Point Processes*. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton.
* A. Baddeley, R. Turner, J. Møller and M. Hazelton (2005). Residual analysis for spatial point processes (with discussion). *Journal of Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)*, 67, 617–666.
* J. Møller, A.N. Pettitt, K.K. Berthelsen and R.W. Reeves (2006). An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo method for distributions with intractable normalising constants. *Biometrika*, 93, 451–458.
* J. Møller and R.P. Waagepetersen (2007). Modern statistics for spatial point processes (with discussion). *Scandinavian Journal of Statistics*, 34, 643–711.
* A. Baddeley, E. Rubak and J. Møller (2011). Score, pseudo-score and residual diagnostics for goodness-of-fit of spatial point process models. *Statistical Science*, 26, 613–646.
* F. Lavancier, J. Møller and E. Rubak (2015). Determinantal point process models and statistical inference. *Journal of Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)*, 77, 853–877.
* E. Anderes, J. Møller and J.G. Rasmussen (2020). Isotropic covariance functions on graphs and their edges. To appear in *Annals of Statistics*. Available at arXiv:1710.01295.

## InfoBox

| Jesper Møller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1957-12-06) December 6, 1957<br>Nakskov, Denmark |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Citizenship | Denmark |
| Occupation | Professor at Aalborg University |
| Employer | Aalborg University |
| Website | http://people.math.aau.dk/~jm/ |


title: Manglot National Park

abstract: Manglot National Park or Manglot Wildlife Park is national park established in 1990 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; the park is provide a natural sanctuary for wildlife. The area of the park is spread over on 1,756 acres including hilltops and plain area near the Indus River in Nizampur, Nowshera.

text:
# Manglot National Park

**Manglot National Park** or **Manglot Wildlife Park** is national park established in 1990 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; the park is provide a natural sanctuary for wildlife. The area of the park is spread over on 1,756 acres including hilltops and plain area near the Indus River in Nizampur, Nowshera.

## Flora

The flora of the Manglot Wildlife Park include scrub forest primarily consisting of the olive trees. Acacia modesta, zizyphus nummelaria, olea cuspidate, deodonia viscose and monothica boxifolia are the predominant vegetation of the park.

## Fauna

### Mammals

The mammals includes the chinkara, hog deer, common leopard, wolf, wild boar, jackal, porcupine and hare.

### Reptiles

Including different sort of snakes and wild lizards are present in the park.

### Birds

Including chukar, three varieties of partridges, rock pigeon, dove and several sparrows from different species.

36°10′N 73°23′E / 36.167°N 73.383°E / 36.167; 73.383

## InfoBox

| Manglot National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Nizampur, Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Area | 1,756 acres (7.11 km2) |
| Established | 1990 (1990) |


title: KJML

abstract: KJML is a radio station broadcasting an active rock format. Licensed to Columbus, Kansas, United States, the station serves the Joplin area. The station is owned by American Media Investments Inc.

text:
# KJML

**KJML** (107.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an active rock format. Licensed to Columbus, Kansas, United States, the station serves the Joplin area. The station is owned by American Media Investments Inc.

## History

The station went on the air on December 25, 1982 as KBLT. On October 10, 1988, the station changed its call sign to KMOQ as "Q 107". On January 18, 2008 the KMOQ call sign and the CHR format were swapped with the KJML call sign and active rock format that had been broadcast on 105.3 FM in Columbus. On February 19, 2009, the call sign was changed to KBZI which had been on the now defunct 100.7 FM frequency. The format never ended up changing from the active rock to the Hot AC that had been on 100.7 FM and the call sign was quickly changed back to KJML on November 16, 2009. KJML had been at 105.3 before that it was KOCD CD105.3 which now is called CD103.7 and is licensed to Okemah, Oklahoma.

## InfoBox

KJML
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Joplin, Missouri |
| Frequency | 107.1 MHz |
| Branding | *Rock 107.1* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Active rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | American Media Investments Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | December 25, 1982 (as KBLT) |
| Former call signs | KBLT (1982–1988)
KMOQ (1988–2008)
KJML (2008–2009)
KBZI (2/2009-11/2009) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 64435 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 11,500 watts |
| HAAT | 149 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°13′15″N 94°42′22″W / 37.22083°N 94.70611°W / 37.22083; -94.70611 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | rock1071.com |


title: KVAY

abstract: KVAY is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Lamar, Colorado, United States, the station is currently owned by Beacon Broadcasting LLC.

text:
# KVAY

**KVAY** (105.7 FM, "Your Valley Country 105.7") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Lamar, Colorado, United States, the station is currently owned by Beacon Broadcasting LLC.

## History

The station was assigned the call sign KNIC on September 18, 1986. On August 9, 1991, the station changed its call sign to the current KVAY.

## InfoBox

KVAY
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 105.7 MHz |
| Branding | *Your Valley Country 105.7* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Beacon Broadcasting LLC |
| History | |
| Former call signs | KNIC (1986–1991) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 31531 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| HAAT | 146.0 meters (479.0 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°6′44″N 102°57′39″W / 38.11222°N 102.96083°W / 38.11222; -102.96083 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen |
| Website | Official website |


title: KJVA-LP

abstract: KJVA-LP is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary Christian format. Licensed to San Bernardino, California, United States, it serves the Inland Empire area. The station is currently owned by Vida Abundante.

text:
# KJVA-LP

**KJVA-LP** (94.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary Christian format. Licensed to San Bernardino, California, United States, it serves the Inland Empire area. The station is currently owned by Vida Abundante.

1. "Facility Technical Data for KJVA-LP". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

KJVA-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Inland Empire |
| Frequency | 94.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vida Abundante |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 124517 |
| Class | L1 |
| ERP | 100 watts |
| HAAT | −66 meters (−217 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°09′32″N 117°18′52″W / 34.15889°N 117.31444°W / 34.15889; -117.31444 |
| Translator(s) | 106.3 K292GN (San Bernardino) |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Website | www.radiovidaabundante.com |


title: KVGS

abstract: KVGS - branded as 102.7 VGS - is a commercial radio station licensed to Boulder City, Nevada, serving the Las Vegas Valley region. KVGS broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format. The station's studios are located in Spring Valley in unincorporated Clark County, while its transmitter is on Black Mountain in Henderson. KVGS broadcasts in HD Radio.

text:
# KVGS

**KVGS** (102.7 FM) - branded as **102.7 VGS** \- is a commercial radio station licensed to Boulder City, Nevada, serving the Las Vegas Valley region. KVGS broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format. The station's studios are located in Spring Valley in unincorporated Clark County, while its transmitter is on Black Mountain in Henderson.

KVGS broadcasts in HD Radio.

## History

### Early years (1995–2007)

The station was originally located at the 105.5 frequency and featured a hot adult contemporary format under the temporary call letters KQOL before becoming KSTJ. In 2000, a frequency swap took place in which the new 105.7 FM frequency moved to the Las Vegas market, and KSTJ moved to the 102.7 frequency as a result. It had also debuted an 1980s hits format as "Star 102.7". The format had moderate success, but in 2005, KSTJ began experiencing a ratings decline when KMZQ-FM debuted the "Jack FM" concept, with similar music being played, as well as having a bigger playlist, and the overall shrinking of the 1980s hits formats in general.

### Adult contemporary (2007–2009)

On September 14, 2007, at 3 p.m., the station flipped to adult contemporary and rebranded as "Fresh 102.7". The last song on "Star" was "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot, while the first song on "Fresh" was "Straight From The Heart" by Bryan Adams. The station's callsign was changed to KFRH to reflect the new format on October 5, 2007.

### Top 40 (2009)

On April 1, 2009, at 2 pm, KFRH dropped the adult contemporary format and began stunting with a loop of voices asking "When?" followed by the occasional "Soon", along with several songs with the word "when" in the title. At 4:33 p.m. that day, the station flipped to a Top 40 format branded as **102.7 Now**. The first song played on "Now" was "Right Now (Na Na Na)" by Akon.

### Country (2009–2022)

On August 25, 2009, KCYE and KFRH swapped frequencies, with KCYE, a country music station branded as "Coyote Country", moving to the higher-powered 102.7 frequency, and KFRH's Top 40 format moving to the lesser-powered 104.3 frequency. The swap was related to Beasley's sale of the 104.3 license, along with KBET, to Silver State Communications. On April 13, 2015, Disney announced that the Radio Disney network would become distributed through affiliations with HD Radio subchannels. KCYE was the first HD Radio affiliate of the network, and launched the format on their HD2 sub-channel.

After re-branding on November 30, 2015, as "102.7 Rodeo Radio" during the National Finals Rodeo, on December 13, 2015, KCYE began stunting with Christmas music, branded as "102.7 Santa FM". However, the station returned to its country music format as "102.7 The Coyote".

On June 1, 2017, it was announced that KCYE and sister AM station KDWN (720) would be the Las Vegas radio affiliates for Oakland Raiders football broadcasts, for preseason and the regular season. This was in light of the pending relocation by 2020 of the franchise from Oakland to Las Vegas. In 2019, games moved to KYMT.

### Hot adult contemporary (2022–present)

On June 17, 2022, it was announced that KCYE and KVGS would swap formats and call signs at 10 a.m. on June 24, with "Coyote Country" moving to 107.9 and KVGS' hot adult contemporary format becoming "102.7 VGS". (On 107.9, KVGS had reused KSTJ's former "Star" name.)

During the Vegas Golden Knights' Stanley Cup run in 2023, KVGS temporarily rebranded as "102.7 VGK" as a nod to the team. At approximately 7:56 p.m., when Game 5 of the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals ended, KVGS temporarily suspended its hot AC format and went freeform for several hours as a celebration of the Golden Knights' Stanley Cup victory. KVGS' afternoon hosts came on during that time to take listeners' requests of songs, even if it was not part of their usual format.

## HD programming

KVGS has three HD subchannels. The HD1 subchannel is the digitized standard signal of the main programming, From the activation of its HD2 subchannel until 2017, the HD2 subchannel served as the affiliate for Radio Disney, On June 1, 2017, KCYE's HD2 subchannel format was flipped to adult contemporary, branded as "Lite 101.5" (fed onto translator K268CS 101.5 FM Las Vegas). On June 10, 2017, Radio Disney programming moved to a newly activated HD3 sub-channel, only for it to be replaced by NOAA Weather Radio in June 2018. On June 21, 2018, KCYE's HD2 subchannel adopted a simulcast of talk-formatted KDWN 720 AM Las Vegas.

35°56′46″N 115°02′38″W / 35.946°N 115.044°W / 35.946; -115.044

## InfoBox

KVGS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| Frequency | 102.7 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | *102-7 VGS* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot AC |
| Subchannels |  |
| Affiliations | HD3: NOAA Weather Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | KCYE, KKLZ, KOAS, KXTE |
| History | |
| First air date | 1995 (1995) (as KQOL at 105.5) |
| Former call signs | * KQOL (1995–1998) * KQOL-FM (8/1998–9/1998) * KSTJ (1998–2007) * KFRH (2007–2009) * KCYE (2009–2022) |
| Former frequencies | 105.5 MHz (1995–2000) |
| Call sign meaning | "Vegas" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 57281 |
| Class | C |
| ERP | 99,000 watts |
| HAAT | 603 meters (1,978 ft) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | 1027vgs.com |


title: KVG (presenter)

abstract: Kudzai Violet Gwara popularly known as KVG is a Zimbabwean radio personality, television and events host as well as brand influencer. She presents 326 Express show on Star FM Zimbabwe.

text:
# KVG (presenter)

**Kudzai Violet Gwara** popularly known as **KVG** is a Zimbabwean radio personality, television and events host as well as brand influencer. She presents 326 Express show on Star FM Zimbabwe.

## Background

KVG was born in on 10 July 1990 in Harare, Zimbabwe where she grew up. She joined one of the biggest urban radio stations in Zimbabwe at the age of 21, becoming the youngest radio presenter in Zimbabwe that time where she started presenting 326 Express show with former co-host Phatisani Sibanda and the show is rated as one of the most listened to drive time shows in Zimbabwean radio. In 2016 KVG hosted the 326 Express from United Kingdom which became the first live broadcast from UK in the history of Zimbabwean radio. KVG is the producer of 326 Express show. She is also a presenter for Coca-Cola On The Beat show on ZBC TV.

In 2013 KVG hosted D'Banj show in Zimbabwe then in 2016, she hosted Jah Cure concert at Harare International Conference Center, she also hosted the Star FM Music Awards in 2021.

## Awards and recognition

* 100 Most Influential Zimbabweans 2014
* 50 most influential young Zimbabweans 2014
* Zimbabwe National Women's Awards - Woman of the year (Media and radio broadcasting leadership)
* Zimbabwe International Women Awards 2015 - People's Choice of the year
* Zimbabwe Radio Awards - Most Popular Urban Female Presenter
* 100 Most Influential Zimbabweans Under 40 (2012-2017 list)
* Megafest National Business Awards 2018 - Media Personality of the Year
* Institute of Corporate Directors 2020 - Zimbabwe Most Influential Young Leaders Under 40
* IPRCZ - Public Relations and Communications Excellence Awards 2020 - Best Campaign (Lifestyle and entertainment)
* Zimbabwe Achievers Awards 2021- Influencer of the year
* Top Media Personalities in Zimbabwe 2021
* Megafest Women's Awards 2022 - Outstanding Media Personality of the year

## InfoBox

| KVG | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kudzai Violet Gwara
(1990-07-10) July 10, 1990
Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Known for | Media personality at Star FM Zimbabwe and ZBC TV |
| Spouse | ChiFF |


title: Kaatskill Kaleidoscope

abstract: The Kaatskill Kaleidoscope is the world's largest kaleidoscope, measuring 56 feet (17 m) in height. It is located in Mount Tremper, New York. It is housed in a converted grain silo. It was designed by 1960s psychedelic artist Isaac Abrams and his son Raphael. It cost $250,000 to build and opened in 1996. Catskills developer Dean Gitter is credited with creating the concept for its construction. "Kaatskill" is the original spelling of "Catskill", as used by the 17th-century Dutch settlers in this area.

text:
# Kaatskill Kaleidoscope

The **Kaatskill Kaleidoscope** is the world's largest kaleidoscope, measuring 56 feet (17 m) in height. It is located in Mount Tremper, New York. It is housed in a converted grain silo. It was designed by 1960s psychedelic artist Isaac Abrams and his son Raphael. It cost $250,000 to build and opened in 1996. Catskills developer Dean Gitter is credited with creating the concept for its construction.

"Kaatskill" is the original spelling of "Catskill", as used by the 17th-century Dutch settlers in this area.

1. Smart, Paul. "Mt. Tremper attraction still ranks as World's Largest Kaleidoscope". *Hudson Valley One*. Retrieved 2019-03-09.

42°2′57.3″N 74°17′13″W / 42.049250°N 74.28694°W / 42.049250; -74.28694


title: Płużnica

abstract: Płużnica is a village in Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Płużnica. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Wąbrzeźno and 32 km (20 mi) north of Toruń.

text:
# Płużnica

**Płużnica** \[pwuʐˈnit͡sa\] is a village in Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Płużnica. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Wąbrzeźno and 32 km (20 mi) north of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Płużnica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of Saint Margaret | |
| Płużnica | |
| Coordinates: 53°18′N 18°47′E / 53.300°N 18.783°E / 53.300; 18.783 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Wąbrzeźno |
| Gmina | Płużnica |
| Population | |
| Total | 650 |
| Website | http://www.pluznica.pl |


title: Kadammanitta

abstract: Kadammanitta is a village in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India which is famous for Padayani.

text:
# Kadammanitta

**Kadammanitta** is a village in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India which is famous for Padayani.

## InfoBox

| Kadammanitta | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mountzion college of engineering Kadammanitta | |
| KadammanittaLocation in Kerala, IndiaKadammanittaKadammanitta (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°18′0″N 76°46′0″E / 9.30000°N 76.76667°E / 9.30000; 76.76667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Pathanamthitta |
| Panchayat | Naranganam |
| Block | Elanthoor |
| Named for | Kadammanitta padayani |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 689649 |
| Telephone code | 0468 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-03 |
| Nearest city | Pathanamthitta |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Aranmula |
| Climate | Cool Climate (Köppen) |


title: Kadıobası, Şereflikoçhisar

abstract: Kadıobası is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şereflikoçhisar, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 50 (2022).

text:
# Kadıobası, Şereflikoçhisar

**Kadıobası** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şereflikoçhisar, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 50 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Kadıobası | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| KadıobasıLocation in TurkeyKadıobasıKadıobası (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 38°54′00″N 33°42′36″E / 38.900°N 33.710°E / 38.900; 33.710 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Ankara |
| District | Şereflikoçhisar |
| Population (2022) | 50 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |