title: Tim Krul

abstract: Timothy Michael Krul is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for EFL Championship club Luton Town. Krul's career began at youth clubs RAS and ADO Den Haag before moving to Newcastle United in 2005. At Newcastle, he made his debut in the UEFA Cup, securing a clean sheet in his first game. He signed a new four-year contract with Newcastle in 2007 and had loan spells at Falkirk and Carlisle United. His return to Newcastle saw him rise from backup to first-choice goalkeeper. He won awards and received a new contract. He had loans to Ajax and AZ Alkmaar in the Netherlands, providing him with first-team football as he recovered from injury. In 2017, Krul joined Brighton & Hove Albion on loan before signing permanently. His career continued at Norwich City, where he was named the club's Player of the Season and won the EFL Championship twice. Krul represented the Netherlands at every level since 2002. He made his debut for the full national team in July 2011 and was part of the team that came third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, playing in the quarter-final penalty shootout win against Costa Rica.

text:
# Tim Krul

**Timothy Michael Krul** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈkrʏl\]; born 3 April 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for EFL Championship club Luton Town.

Krul's career began at youth clubs RAS and ADO Den Haag before moving to Newcastle United in 2005. At Newcastle, he made his debut in the UEFA Cup, securing a clean sheet in his first game. He signed a new four-year contract with Newcastle in 2007 and had loan spells at Falkirk and Carlisle United. His return to Newcastle saw him rise from backup to first-choice goalkeeper. He won awards and received a new contract. He had loans to Ajax and AZ Alkmaar in the Netherlands, providing him with first-team football as he recovered from injury. In 2017, Krul joined Brighton & Hove Albion on loan before signing permanently. His career continued at Norwich City, where he was named the club's Player of the Season and won the EFL Championship twice.

Krul represented the Netherlands at every level since 2002. He made his debut for the full national team in July 2011 and was part of the team that came third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, playing in the quarter-final penalty shootout win against Costa Rica.

## Club career

### Newcastle United

Krul began his career at hometown club RAS and later local Eredivisie club ADO Den Haag. He joined Premier League club Newcastle United in the summer of 2005 on a three-year deal after failing to sign professional terms. ADO demanded a compensation fee and objected to the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber (DRC). The DRC denied the claim and ADO took the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). CAS ruled in February 2007 in favour of ADO, ordering Newcastle to pay €220,000 as compensation for the transfer.

Following an injury to Newcastle's first-choice goalkeeper Shay Given, Krul appeared on the bench as back-up to second-choice Steve Harper. Krul made his Newcastle debut in the UEFA Cup on 2 November 2006 against Palermo. His debut was well-received; he displayed his shot-stopping abilities, saving efforts from Giuseppe Biava and David Di Michele and recording a clean sheet in the process.

He was injured during the warm-up prior to the second leg tie against Palermo and then aggravated that injury in the warm-up before a game against Watford. He required two cartilage operations as a result, keeping him out of action for almost six months. He returned to action in April 2007.

On 13 June 2007, he signed a new four-year contract with Newcastle. In the same month, he was part of the Dutch Under-21 squad that won the European Championships and also qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

#### Falkirk (loan)

On 3 August 2007, Krul joined Scottish side Falkirk on loan, originally until 1 January 2008 though it was later extended until the end of the season after a number of impressive performances. The following day he made his debut for Falkirk and kept a clean sheet as the team won 4–0 against Gretna. Falkirk initially wanted to sign him on a permanent deal but it was refused by Newcastle.

In the two games immediately following his debut, he conceded four goals against Celtic and seven goals against Rangers at Ibrox. Krul was sent off for the first time in his professional career on 2 January 2008 after reacting badly to an opponent's challenge. Shortly afterwards, he suffered a dislocated shoulder during a Scottish Cup defeat against Aberdeen and missed the rest of the season.

#### Carlisle United (loan)

On 21 November 2008, Krul joined Carlisle United on a one-month loan from Newcastle to replace Ben Alnwick, who had rejoined Tottenham Hotspur. The loan deal was extended for a further month in December with Krul returning to Newcastle in January.

### Return to Newcastle

Krul returned to Newcastle as backup to first choice Steve Harper. He made his senior league debut on 8 August 2009 in the opening Football League Championship game of the season away to West Bromwich Albion, coming on as a half time substitute for the injured Harper. Following this match, *The Guardian* called him "an excellent reserve goalkeeper". He later played the full Football League Cup match against Huddersfield Town on 26 August 2009, which Newcastle won 4–3. Krul also started the 2–0 League Cup defeat to Peterborough. Against Swansea City on 28 November, he again came on to replace the injured Steve Harper. On 2 January, he played in the FA Cup Third Round tie against Plymouth Argyle, the game ending 0–0. He then played in the replay at St James' Park on 13 January, a 3–0 victory. Krul started his first league game for Newcastle on 2 May 2010, the last day of the Championship campaign, against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road and kept a clean sheet. In July 2010, Krul signed a new four-year contract with Newcastle.

Krul made his Premier League debut for Newcastle on 18 September 2010 against Everton at Goodison Park, coming on as a substitute in the 35th minute for the injured Steve Harper in a match that ended in a 1–0 win for the Magpies. He made his first Premier League start on 26 September against Stoke City at St James' Park. He then played against Manchester City in a 2–1 loss, Wigan Athletic in a 2–2 draw and in the 2–1 away win to West Ham United, before starting in his first Tyne-Wear derby, Newcastle winning 5–1, and a 1–0 away win at Arsenal a week later.

Following his good performances, Alan Pardew gave him more chances. He eventually became first choice and Harper was sent on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion. He started the 2011–12 season well, keeping clean sheets in the first two matches of the season against Arsenal and Sunderland. On 3 December 2011, Krul made his 50th Newcastle appearance against Chelsea. He saved a Frank Lampard penalty and made several other impressive saves, although Newcastle went on to lose the game 3–0. On 3 March 2012, Krul signed a new five-year contract at Newcastle United. Krul then went on to play in the away game against Arsenal, which Newcastle lost 2–1. During the match, fellow Dutchman Robin van Persie accused Krul of wasting time throughout the match and taunted Krul after the match had ended. The row continued into the tunnel and the two players had to be separated. Although he received criticism from Arsenal player Jack Wilshere, teammate James Perch defended Krul, believing van Persie "out of order". At the end of the season, Krul received Toon Talk's Newcastle United Player of the Year award.

In the summer before the 2012–13 Premier League, Krul was given the number 1 jersey, with Steve Harper receiving number 37. Krul started the first three matches of the season before suffering an elbow injury whilst on international duty. After seven weeks off, Krul returned to training. Krul made his return in the Tyne–Wear derby on 21 October 2012, a 1–1 draw. He injured his ankle during a Europa League match in the Round of 32 against Ukrainian side Metalist Kharkiv which ruled him out for five weeks. In the Tyne–Wear derby on 14 April 2013, Krul suffered a dislocated shoulder on 57th minutes after he landed awkwardly after punching away an Adam Johnson free-kick. After surgery on his dislocated shoulder, Krul was ruled out for the rest of the 2012–13 season.

Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Krul made his first appearance since his ankle injury in a friendly match against Rangers. In November, Krul made some impressive displays, conceding just two goals and keeping clean sheets against Tottenham, where he made a total of 14 saves during the match), and Chelsea. His impressive displays earned him November's Premier League Player of the Month. Krul's performance was praised by Newcastle United goalkeeping legend Pavel Srníček and manager Alan Pardew.

Krul sustained an ankle injury in training before Newcastle's match with West Ham United and was ruled out for up to six weeks with the injury. Krul returned in his side's 2–0 defeat to Chelsea.

#### Return to the Netherlands

On 25 August 2016, Krul signed a one-year contract extension at Newcastle United before joining Ajax on a season-long loan deal to provide him with top-tier first-team football as he continued his recovery from injury. That deal was cut short, Krul only playing six games for the club's reserve side, and, in January 2017, he joined fellow Eredivisie side AZ Alkmaar on loan for the rest of the season.

### Brighton & Hove Albion

On 31 August 2017, Krul signed for Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion on a season-long loan, reuniting him with former Newcastle manager Chris Hughton. On 19 September, he made his debut for the club in an EFL Cup third round tie against AFC Bournemouth. The following day, he signed a permanent deal with Brighton, ending his twelve-year association with Newcastle. At the end of the season, Krul left the club.

### Norwich City

Krul signed for Championship club Norwich City on 24 July 2018 on a two-year contract. He signed a new three-year contract in June 2019. Krul was named Norwich City's Player of the Season in the club's 2019–20 campaign, making him only the fifth ever different goalkeeper to win the Barry Butler memorial trophy.

Krul remained Norwich's starting keeper for the 2020–21 season. He would suffer a hamstring injury in November in a game against Stoke City, being replaced by Michael McGovern. He proceeded to miss a number of games between then and the end of January, with McGovern or Daniel Barden deputising, but eventually regained his place as Norwich won the Championship and promotion back to the Premier League.

Krul was once again the first choice goalkeeper for the 2021–22 season but Norwich now had Angus Gunn as an alternative. After a run of poor results, Krul was absent from two games in December with Gunn played instead. Krul would regain his place for the next two games, only to suffer a late injury in a game against Everton. He would be out of the side until March, retaining his place as Norwich were relegated back to the Championship at the first attempt.

The following season would again see Krul start as first choice but his days as Norwich's No.1 were drawing to an end. Following a 3–2 home defeat by Preston North End, Krul was replaced by Gunn in the starting line-up. He was restored to the side by new manager David Wagner for his first game in charge, ironically against Preston, with Norwich winning the game 4–0. This was to be short-lived however, and Krul made his final appearance for Norwich two games later, in a 3–0 defeat to Burnley.

### Luton Town

On 17 August 2023, Krul signed for newly promoted Premier League club Luton Town with an undisclosed contract length.

## International career

Krul represented the Netherlands national team at U17 level at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru. He represented the U21s at the 2008 Toulon Tournament and was a regular in the side for the 2011 European Under-21 Championship qualifying campaign.

On 4 June 2011, Krul made the starting eleven for the Netherlands in a friendly against Brazil, his first cap at senior level. He went on to keep a clean sheet, pulling off a string of decent saves in a 0–0 draw. He played his second match for the international team four days later against Uruguay in a 3–4 penalty shoot-out loss, the match having finished 1–1 after 90 minutes. He was called up to the Netherlands UEFA Euro 2012 squad but did not make any appearances. In new coach Louis van Gaal's first competitive game in charge against Turkey in Amsterdam, Krul was selected as starting goalkeeper, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win for the *Oranje*.

In June 2014, Krul was included in the Netherlands' squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. In the quarter-final against Costa Rica, he was brought on by Louis van Gaal as a 120th-minute substitute for the penalty shootout. He saved two of the five penalties he faced as the Netherlands won 4–3. This was the first time in the history of the World Cup that a goalkeeper was sent on as a substitute solely for a penalty shoot-out.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 27 February 2024*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | League cup | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Newcastle United | 2006–07 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2007–08 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2008–09 | Premier League | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2009–10 | Championship | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 8 | 0 |
| | 2010–11 | Premier League | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 25 | 0 |
| | 2011–12 | Premier League | 38 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 42 | 0 |
| | 2012–13 | Premier League | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| | 2013–14 | Premier League | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 38 | 0 |
| | 2014–15 | Premier League | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 31 | 0 |
| | 2015–16 | Premier League | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 9 | 0 |
| | 2016–17 | Championship |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| | Total | | 160 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 184 | 0 |
| Falkirk (loan) | 2007–08 | Scottish Premier League | 22 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 26 | 0 |
| Carlisle United (loan) | 2008–09 | League One | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 9 | 0 |
| Jong Ajax (loan) | 2016–17 | Eerste Divisie | 6 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 6 | 0 |
| AZ (loan) | 2016–17 | Eredivisie | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 6 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Brighton & Hove Albion | 2017–18 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 5 | 0 |
| Brighton & Hove Albion U21 | 2017–18 |  | | |  | |  | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Norwich City | 2018–19 | Championship | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 46 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | Premier League | 36 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 38 | 0 |
| | 2020–21 | Championship | 36 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 37 | 0 |
| | 2021–22 | Premier League | 29 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 31 | 0 |
| | 2022–23 | Championship | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 17 | 0 |
| | 2023–24 | Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 163 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 169 | 0 |
| Luton Town | 2023–24 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 6 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 376 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 430 | 0 |

### International

*As of match played 2 June 2021*

| Netherlands | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2011 | 2 | 0 |
| 2012 | 2 | 0 |
| 2013 | 1 | 0 |
| 2014 | 2 | 0 |
| 2015 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | 3 | 0 |
| 2021 | 4 | 0 |
| Total | 15 | 0 |

## Honours

**Norwich City**

**Netherlands U17**

**Netherlands U21**

**Netherlands**

**Individual**

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14. "Newcastle v Stoke". *BBC Sport*. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
15. "Fabricio Coloccini and Tim Krul sign new Newcastle contracts". *BBC Sport*. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
16. "Thomas Vermaelen hit a 95th-minute winner as Arsenal closed to within a point of third-placed Tottenham". *BBC Sport*. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
17. "Robin van Persie's expert antagonization of Newcastle's Tim Krul". *Yahoo! Sports*. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
18. "Theo Walcott warns Tottenham that Arsenal are poised to overtake". *The Guardian*. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
19. "Perch: RVP was out of order with Tim Krul taunts". *Chronicle Live*. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
20. "Tim Krul wins Toon Talk's NUFC player of the year". *Chronicle Live*. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
21. "Number one shirt is the proof of Tim Krul's ascent". *The Journal*. 28 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
22. "Steve Harper ready to step in for injured Tim Krul at Newcastle United". *Sky Sports*. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
23. "Newcastle United defensive duo set for derby return". *Chronicle Live*. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
24. "Sunderland 1–1 Newcastle". *BBC Sport*. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
25. "Newcastle United goalkeeper Tim Krul ruled out for five weeks". *BBC Sport*. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
26. "Newcastle 0–3 Sunderland". *BBC Sport*. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
27. "Newcastle keeper Tim Krul out for season after dislocating his shoulder". *Sky Sports*. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
28. "Tim Krul confident ahead of new season after successful return from injury". *Sky Sports*. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
29. "Tim Krul". *Sky Sports*. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
30. "Newcastle's Alan Pardew and Tim Krul the Premier League manager and player of month for November". *Sky Sports*. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
31. "Toon goalkeeping legend Pavel Srnicek backs Tim Krul to keep improving". *Chronicle Live*. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
32. "Tim Krul is 'one of the the best' keepers in league – Alan Pardew". *BBC Sport*. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
33. "Tim Krul injury". *BBC Sport*. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
34. "Tim Krul return". *BBC Sport*. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
35. "Krul Joins Ajax on Loan". Newcastle United F.C. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
36. "Tim Krul: Newcastle United goalkeeper joins AZ Alkmaar on loan". *BBC Sport*. 31 January 2017.
37. "Albion Sign Dutch Keeper on Loan". Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
38. "Bournemouth 1–0 Brighton (aet)". *BBC Sport*. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
39. "Tim Krul: Brighton sign Newcastle goalkeeper on one-year deal". *BBC Sport*. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
40. "First Fulham, now Stoke are after Albion goalkeeper Tim Krul". *The Argus*. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
41. "Norwich City sign Dutch goalkeeper Tim Krul". Norwich City F.C. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
42. "Tim Krul: Norwich City goalkeeper signs new deal". *BBC Sport*. 3 June 2019.
43. "Stoke City 2–3 Norwich City". *BBC Sport*. 24 November 2020.
44. "Tim Krul injury update". *Norfolk Live*. 20 January 2022.
45. "Norwich City 2–3 Preston North End". *BBC Sport*. 8 October 2022.
46. "Analysis of Tim Krul's Preston Performance". *EDP*. 15 January 2023.
47. "Norwich City 0–3 Burnley". *BBC Sport*. 4 February 2023.
48. "Tim Krul: Luton Town sign Dutch goalkeeper from Norwich City". BBC Sport. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
49. "Luton sign Dutch keeper Krul from Norwich". *The Print*. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
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52. "Netherlands 0–0 Costa Rica". *BBC Sport*. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
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## InfoBox

Tim Krul
| Krul training with the Netherlands in 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Timothy Michael Krul | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-04-03) 3 April 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | The Hague, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Luton Town | | |
| Number | 23 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Hvv RAS | | |
| 1996–2005 | ADO Den Haag | | |
| 2005–2006 | Newcastle United | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2017 | Newcastle United | 160 | (0) |
| 2007–2008 | Falkirk (loan) | 22 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Carlisle United (loan) | 9 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Ajax (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Jong Ajax (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 2017 | AZ (loan) | 16 | (0) |
| 2017 | Brighton & Hove Albion (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 0 | (0) |
| 2018–2023 | Norwich City | 163 | (0) |
| 2023– | Luton Town | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2002 | Netherlands U15 | 1 | (0) |
| 2004 | Netherlands U16 | 1 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | Netherlands U17 | 19 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | Netherlands U19 | 6 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Netherlands U20 | 4 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | Netherlands U21 | 12 | (0) |
| 2011–2021 | Netherlands | 15 | (0) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Netherlands  FIFA World Cup  2014   UEFA European Under-21 Championship  **Winner** 2007   FIFA U-17 World Cup  2005   UEFA European Under-17 Championship  **Runner-up** 2005 | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18:29, 4 February 2023 | | | |


title: Ontario Highway 7B

abstract: Highway 7B is the designation for seven former business routes of Highway 7 in the Canadian province of Ontario. All but one was the original route of Highway 7 through the town or city that it served, and was subsequently given the 7B designation when a newer bypass route was constructed to reduce traffic pressure on the urban street network. The following entries are listed in geographic order, from west to east.

text:
# Ontario Highway 7B

**Highway 7B** is the designation for seven former business routes of Highway 7 in the Canadian province of Ontario. All but one was the original route of Highway 7 (or what became Highway 7) through the town or city that it served, and was subsequently given the 7B designation when a newer bypass route was constructed to reduce traffic pressure on the urban street network.

The following entries are listed in geographic order, from west to east.

## New Hamburg

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | New HamburgBaden |
| Length | 7.2 km (4.5 mi) |
| Existed | 1957–1970 |

Highway 7B through New Hamburg and Baden was created in 1957 when Highway 7 and Highway 8 were realigned to a new bypass, with Highway 7B assuming the former alignment; the route ran concurrently with Highway 8B for its entire length. The province transferred the route to the Waterloo County in 1970 and is now known as Waterloo Regional Road 1.

## Kitchener

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | BadenKitchener |
| Length | 19.1 km (11.9 mi) |
| Existed | 1973–1975 |

Highway 7B between Baden and Kitchener was created in 1973 when Highway 7 and Highway 8 were realigned to a new corridor. Highway 7B assuming the former alignment between Baden and Kitchener, running concurrently with Highway 8B for its entire length. It followed Gingerich Road, Snyder's Road, Highland Road, and Queen Street (present-day Waterloo Regional Road 6) before following Courtland Avenue (present-day Waterloo Regional Road 53) and rejoining Highway 7/8. With urban sections already under the jurisdiction of the City of Kitchener, the province transferred the route to the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in 1975.

## Thornhill

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Thornhill |
| Length | 2.1 km (1.3 mi) |
| Existed | 1963–1985 |

Highway 7B through Thornhill was created in 1963 when Highway 7 realigned to a new bypass that followed sections of Bathurst Street and Langstaff Road, with Highway 7B assuming the former alignment along Centre Street to Yonge Street, where it was cosigned with Highway 11 until it rejoined Highway 7. In the mid-1970s the Highway 11 concurrency was dropped, while the remaining portion was decommissioned in 1985 and transferred to the Town of Vaughan when a Highway 7 was realigned and a greater portion of Centre Street was bypassed.

## Lindsay

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Lindsay |
| Length | 6.4 km (4.0 mi) |
| Existed | 1958–2015 |

Highway 7B through Lindsay was created in 1963 when Highway 7 and Highway 35 were realigned to a new bypass. Highway 7B assumed the former alignment along Kent Street and Lindsay Street, and was cosigned with Highway 35B for almost its entire length with the exception of an 800-metre (0.5 mi) section that was cosigned with Highway 35. In 1997, Highway 7B/35B was decommissioned with portions becoming Victoria County Road 15; however, the Highway 7B/35 concurrency remained until c.2016 when the Highway 7B signage was removed.

### Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 7B. The entire route was located in Victoria County (present-day Kawartha Lakes).

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 7 / Highway 35 south / TCH Peterborough, Toronto | Western terminus; west end of Highway 35 concurrency; Highway 7B followed Kent Street West |
| Lindsay | 0.8 | 0.50 | Highway 35 north – Fenelon Falls | Post-1998 eastern terminus; east end of Highway 35 concurrency; west end of Highway 35B concurrency |
| | 2.0 | 1.2 | Road 4 (Angeline Street) |  |
| | 3.4 | 2.1 | Road 15 (Lindsay Street) | Highway 7B/35B followed Lindsay Street South; formerly Highway 36B north |
| | 4.4 | 2.7 | Road 19 (Mary Street) |  |
|  | 6.4 | 4.0 | Highway 7 / Highway 35Peterborough, Toronto | Pre-1998 eastern terminus; east end of Highway 35B concurrency |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Peterborough

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Peterborough |
| Length | 19.50 km (12.12 mi) |
| Existed | 1960–1997 |

Highway 7B through Peterborough was created in 1960 when Highway 7 was realigned to a new route between Peterborough and Fowlers Corners, with Lindsay Road, Chemong Road, Reid Street, McDonnel Street, Sherbrooke Street, George Street and Water Street re-designated as Highway 7B, rejoining Highway 7 at the intersection of George Street and Lansdowne Street. When the Peterborough Bypass opened in 1961, Highway 7 was relocated to the new route and Highway 7B was extended to link with the east end of Peterborough Bypass. Highway 7B was shifted through various streets in central Peterborough over the years, but in the end bypassed downtown by following Parkhill Road and Monaghan Road (a route followed from 1964-70 and 1974-97). Highway 7B was decommissioned in 1997, with rural sections in Peterborough County becoming Peterborough County Road 1 (Lindsay Road section) and Peterborough County Road 18 (Chemong Road section). The signage within the City of Peterborough has been removed and the route assumed the names of their respective city streets.

### Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 7B.

| Division | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Peterborough | Fowlers Corners | 0.00 | 0.00 | Highway 7 / TCHLindsay, Ottawa
County Road 26 north (Frank Hill Road) | Western terminus; Highway 7B followed present-day  County Road 1 east (Lindsay Road) |
| | Selwyn | 3.70 | 2.30 | County Road 12 (Fife's Bay Road) |  |
| | 7.00 | 4.35 | County Road 18 north (Chemong Road) – Bridgenorth | Highway 7B followed present-day  County Road 1 south (Chemong Road) |
| | 8.90 | 5.53 | County Road 19 east (3rd Line) |  |
| Peterborough | | 11.80 | 7.33 | Parkhill Road | Former  Highway 28 north; Highway 7B followed Parkhill Road west; west end of Highway 28 concurrency |
| | 12.90 | 8.02 | Monaghan Road | Highway 7B/28 followed Monaghan Road South |
| | 14.00 | 8.70 | Charlotte Street / Clonsilla Avenue | Former  Highway 28 south; east end of Highway 28 concurrency |
| | 15.60 | 9.69 | Lansdowne Street | Highway 7B followed Lansdowne Street east |
| | 19.50 | 12.12 | Highway 7 / Highway 115 south / TCH Ottawa, Lindsay, Toronto | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Madoc

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Madoc |
| Length | 5.0 km (3.1 mi) |
| Existed | 1967–1969 |

Highway 7B through Madoc was created in 1967 when Highway 7 was realigned to a new bypass, with Highway 7B assuming the former alignment. The province transferred the route to the Township of Madoc in 1969 and is currently known as Hastings County Road 23.

## Carleton Place

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Carleton Place |
| Length | 3.21 km (1.99 mi) |
| History | * Established August 11, 1948
(unnumbered) * Numbered 1953
(as Highway 110) * Renumbered December 1959
(as Highway 15B) * Renumbered September 8, 1961
(as Highway 7B) * Decommissioned 1998 |

Highway 7B was a 3.21-kilometre (1.99 mi) bypass along the northern edge of Carleton Place that existed between 1961 and 1998. When it was decommissioned on January 1, 1998, and transferred to Lanark County, it followed Townline Road from Highway 7 easterly to Highway 15 (now Lanark County Road 29). The route was originally assumed by the Department of Highways on August 11, 1948. Though it remained unnumbered for several years, it was numbered as **Highway 110** in 1953. At that time, Highway 7 was part of Highway 15.

Construction of the Carleton Place Bypass began in the spring of 1958, with the aim of rerouting Highway 15 traffic out of the downtown area. Prior to its completion, Highway 15 entered Carleton Place along High Street, turning south onto Bridge Street, and along Moore Street and Franktown Road to the junction with Highway 29. The bypass was designated as part of Highway 15 on November 19, 1959. It opened several weeks later in early December as an unpaved road. Paving of the bypass took place the following spring. Soon after, Highway 110 was renumbered as part of Highway 15B, following Townline Road east, then Bridge Street, Murray Street and Franktown Road south to the junction of the bypass and Highway 29.

On September 8, 1961. Highway 15 was rerouted between Smiths Falls and Carleton Place to travel concurrently along Highway 29; Highway 7 was extended along the former routing of Highway 15, from Perth to Carleton Place, and signed concurrently with Highway 15 eastward to Ottawa. As a result of these changes, Highway 15B became Highway 7B.

From 1961-1994, Highway 7B followed Town Line Road and then shared a concurrency with Highway 29 (later renumbered to Highway 15 in c.1974) along Bridge Street, Moore Street, and Franktown Road. When Highway 15 was realigned to an eastern bypass in 1994, Highway 7B was re-routed to continue east on Town Line Road to Highway 15 at McNeely Avenue. In 1998, Highway 7B was decommissioned and the route is now known as Lanark County Road 7B.

### Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 7B. The entire route was located in Lanark County.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mississippi Mills | 0.00 | 0.00 | Highway 7 / TCHPeterborough, Toronto | Present-day County Road 7B |
| Carleton Place | 1.35 | 0.84 |  | Western town limits |
| | 2.09 | 1.30 | Bridge Street |  |
| | 3.21 | 1.99 | County Road 29 (McNeeley Avenue) | Formerly Highway 15 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 7B | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of Highway 7 | |
| Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 7A   Highway 8 | |


title: Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil

text:
# Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil

Local and national public authorities in the Welsh town of Merthyr Tydfil have taken considerable steps towards improving social, economic, cultural and environmental sustainability in the area. This has included funding from charities, organisations and local government. The Merthyr Tydfil council has put in place policies to regulate development on natural heritage sites, along with preserving the local history and culture. The building of homes within Merthyr Tydfil has also been influenced to create environmentally sustainable homes, with the use of renewable energy sources.

## Background

Merthyr Tydfil is one of the largest towns in South East Wales with a population of around 62,000 people, situated between the Brecon Beacons and Cardiff, at the centre of the Heads of the Valleys region, with one fifth of the county borough lying within the Brecon Beacons National Park. It is accessible via the A470 and A465 transport corridors, also lying close to the intersection of the A470 and A472 in the South. Only around 30 minutes North of Cardiff, Wales’ capital city. Merthyr Tydfil is rich in heritage, culture and history, once known as "iron capital of the world", as well as once contributing to Cardiff’s title as largest coal exporter in the world.

Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council has defined sustainable development as follows: "Enhancing the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of people and communities, achieving a better quality of life for our own and future generations, in ways which promote social justice and equality of opportunity and enhance the natural and cultural environment and respect its limits - using only our fair share of the earth’s resources, preserving and sustaining our cultural legacy. Sustainable Development is the process by which we reach the goal of Sustainability".

## Economic sustainability

Merthyr Tydfil has implemented certain programmes in an attempt to maintain economic sustainability in the future. One such programme is the South East Wales Community Economic Development Fund (SEWCED), a European and Welsh Government initiative. This fund provided £2,000,000 to the Merthyr Tydfil CBC over a five-year period, 2010–2015, including support to local business such as Merthyr Tydfil Institute for the Blind (MTIB), an established manufacturing business which has been based in the town for 90 years, the oldest business in the area. The South East Wales Community Economic Development Fund provided £79,880 for the business in 2012, leading to an increase in overall sales of 25%, and helping the business to become a "self-sustaining manufacture business in its own right".

The SEWCED programme went on to create 30 jobs, the equivalent of 21.5 full time posts, 3 new social enterprises created, 5 organisations assisted, 28 organisations financially supported, 15 organisations adopting and implementing environmental action plans, and 13 organisations adopting and improving equality strategies and monitoring systems across the Merthyr Tydfil area, and was assessed to have been a successful programme.

## Cultural sustainability

It is a crucial aim of the council to sustain and preserve the town's local history and culture. Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council are currently focusing on the Cyfarthfa heritage area, by restoring and conserving three main heritage projects which include: The Heritage Lottery Fund Parks for people scheme at Cyfarthfa Park, the restoration and enhancement of the Cyfarthfa Leat and Old Gurnos Tramway, and the re-use and restoration of Cyfarthfa Castle. These three projects aim to improve each site, drawing in more visitors and ensuring a sustainable future for all three as a cultural attraction.

Merthyr Tydfil’s natural heritage includes its biodiversity and landscapes, both of which have been impacted by human activity, throughout and since the Industrial Revolution. Sustaining these sites has become an important contribution to the quality of life experienced by the local population.

"Within Merthyr Tydfil County Borough lies two national nature conservation designations, Cwmglo/Glyndyrus SSSI and Cwm Taf Fechan Woodlands SSSI". These conservation designations welcome significant numbers of tourists, both locally and from further afield. As these sites contribute significantly in terms of culture to Merthyr Tydfil, as a part of the Local Development Plan (LDP) for Merthyr Tydfil 2006-2021, the Council have prioritised these locations as protected sites. The Council aims to protect and support the enhancement of the County Borough’s distinctive natural heritage. Development proposals will only be permitted where they maintain, enhance or do not cause harm.

## Environmental sustainability

One objective that is listed under the Local Development Plan (LDP) for Brecon Beacons National Park, which contains a fifth of the Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, is ‘Sustainable Use Of Land’, this objective aims to "encourage development on previously developed land in preference to the development of Greenfield land".

Merthyr Tydfil Development Plan 2006-2021 concentrates on the design of new buildings within Merthyr Tydfil and how they can be made sustainable within their environment, for example ensuring buildings are built in an orientation that would ensure they gained the full benefit of passive solar energy. As well as this, the plans include the proposed ideas of ‘wind sheltering’ which uses the building of trees and the natural environment to shelter buildings from the wind, focusing on the temperature of the buildings allowing them to sustain heat efficiently. The planting of ‘street trees’ is also proposed to enhance the quality of the local environment and its sustainability, by improving air quality, creating continuous habitats for birds and insects, and making neighbourhoods more visually attractive.

Another aspect of environmental sustainability which is being focused on within Merthyr Tydfil is the biodiversity of plants and animals within the environment. The ‘Merthyr Tydfil Biodiversity Action Plan 2014-2019’ has set targets to keep and improve the natural habitats and animals that are special to the area, including heathland, the dormouse, bats, broadleaved woodland, and rivers and streams. The Action Plan includes awareness raising, education, data collection, sustainable development and ecological connectivity for Merthyr Tydfil, its population and environment.

B&Q opened a new ‘eco-learning’ store opened in Merthyr Tydfil in 2014 and features a range of sustainable initiatives. The retail store installed a ‘Transpired Solar Collector’ system which provides renewable heat, significantly reducing the heating energy consumed and carbon footprint of the store. This has proven effective, inasmuch as the heat energy and carbon footprint of the store has significantly decreased.

## Social sustainability

In 2009, Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council (Merthyr CBC) set in motion a Bridges into Work and Sustainability Plan. The goal of this plan was to reduce levels of unemployment, improve education and to find a way of reducing poor levels of health within local communities. An update report in 2012 stated "to date the plan has seen a reduction in the levels of unemployment, with 73.4 percent of people registering as economically active during 2010, compared to the economically inactive data of 52.6 percent of people when the plan was initially launched, proving this plan has been effective."

Merthyr County Borough Council announced that "Merthyr Tydfil Local Authority and Cwm Taf Health Board combined to launch the Health Social Care & Wellbeing Strategy (HSCWB) for 2011 to 2014. The strategy was initially developed to aid the improvement of health, social care and wellbeing of Merthyr’s local communities. By focussing on social determinates of health, including lifestyles and education, it was hoped that the HSCWB would reduce pre-existing health inequalities within the local community, and promised to provide an improved quality of life to its residents."

A £36 million plan launched by Ashgrove Medical Centre in 2010 directed attention to improving access to healthcare within Merthyr itself. "The £36 million investment for this plan, earmarked by the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) was done so in order to establish Wales’ flagship health park in Merthyr Tydfil".

A further issue for Merthyr is its continuing pattern of outward migration. This process has been seen in Merthyr due to a change in economic structure, with an increased number of people moving back into cities. Out-migration leaves behind an ageing and less economically stable society, which can be seen as a key factor in Merthyr’s recent economic “crisis”. As part of Merthyr’s Local Development Plan (LDP) for 2014–2020, the Country Borough Council have acknowledged that "in order for a more sustainable future, it is essential that the LDP included the reversal of population decline at the earliest stage".

Another local strategy, the Moderate Growth Strategy, aimed to "facilitate a reduction in out migration so that population levels stabilised by 2016". This strategy has attempted to encourage people to stay within Merthyr Tydfil, particularly skilled workers.

The plans and actions undertaken by Merthyr Tydfil council link in with the aims and benefits of The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015. The act strengthens existing governance arrangements for improving the well-being of Wales to ensure that present needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.


title: Sustainability organization

abstract: A sustainability organization is (1) an organized group of people that aims to advance sustainability and/or (2) those actions of organizing something sustainably. Unlike many business organizations, sustainability organizations are not limited to implementing sustainability strategies which provide them with economic and cultural benefits attained through environmental responsibility. For sustainability organizations, sustainability can also be an end in itself without further justifications. Recently, the natural environment has become a key strategic issue in both the business and academic communities. Through "implementing sustainability strategies, firms can integrate long-run profitability with their efforts to protect the ecosystem, providing them with opportunities to achieve the traditional competitive advantages and cost leadership and market differentiation via environmental responsibility". Sustainability strategies have been persistently employed in a number of organizations.

text:
# Sustainability organization

A **sustainability organization** is (1) an organized group of people that aims to advance sustainability and/or (2) those actions of organizing something sustainably. Unlike many business organizations, sustainability organizations are not limited to implementing sustainability strategies which provide them with economic and cultural benefits attained through environmental responsibility. For sustainability organizations, sustainability can also be an end in itself without further justifications.

Recently, the natural environment has become a key strategic issue in both the business and academic communities. Through "implementing sustainability strategies, firms can integrate long-run profitability with their efforts to protect the ecosystem, providing them with opportunities to achieve the traditional competitive advantages and cost leadership and market differentiation via environmental responsibility". Sustainability strategies have been persistently employed in a number of organizations.

## Definition

A sustainable system generally can be defined in environmental terminology as "a living system which operates in a way that it does not use up resources more quickly than they can be naturally replenished; a sustainable economic system operates in a way so that expenditures are either equal or less than the income." Sustainable social systems maintain that all members are allowed to contribute, thereby synthesizing the final product.

### Corporate sustainability

Corporate sustainability refers to "a company’s activities, voluntary by definition, demonstrating the inclusion of social and environmental concerns in business operations and in interactions with stakeholders". Each individual organization should choose its own particular goals and approaches as they pertain to corporate sustainability, matching the organization's aims and intentions and aligning with the organization's strategy, as an appropriate response to the conditions in which it functions.

### Motives for organizations implementing sustainability strategies

#### Ecological motives

* Conserving energy
* Conserving resources
* Reducing pollution
* Reducing waste

#### Economic motives

* Generating revenue
* Cost reducing potential
* Social licence – does contribute to revenue generation but worthy of own section

Reducing wastage

* US Clean Air Act
* US Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
* US Clean Water Act

## List of sustainability organizations by topic

### Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture incorporates design and management procedures that coincide with natural processes in order to conserve all resources and minimize waste production and damage to natural systems, while preserving or improving farm profitability. Sustainable agriculture systems are "designed to take the greatest advantage of current soil nutrient and water cycles, energy flows, beneficial soil organisms, and natural pest controls. These systems also seek to produce food that is nutritious yet uncontaminated with products such as synthetically compound fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. Sustainable agriculture systems often depend on crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, appropriate mechanical cultivation or minimal tillage to optimize soil biological and natural pest control activity in order to maintain soil fertility and crop productivity." Also, resistant species varieties, and biological and cultural controls are implemented to control pests, weeds and diseases. Sustainable agriculture organizations aim to educate and encourage farmers to implement sustainable agriculture practices into their productions. Many sponsor research and education outreach projects.

**Agricultural sustainability organizations:**

* **Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC)** info and links to other internet sites and documents on sustainable agriculture
* **EnviroLink Network** sustainable business network news and information
* **National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service** offers in-depth publications on production practices, alternative crop and livestock enterprises, innovative marketing, organic certification, and highlights of local, regional, USDA and other federal sustainable agriculture activities.
* **Sightline Institute** a non-profit organization that aims to foster a sustainable economy and way of life in the Pacific Northwest, a bioregion defined by the watersheds of rivers flowing through North America's temperate rainforest zone
* **Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education** communication and outreach arm of the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program.
* **The Land Institute** developing diverse perennial grain cropping systems to solve problems such as soil erosion, energy dependency, and water contamination.
* **Sustainable Northwest**  a Portland, Oregon-based organization forging a sustainable economy in the Pacific Northwest
* **The Food Alliance** support for sustainable agriculture

### Building and infrastructure

"By using more efficient building methods and materials, it is estimated that we could reduce the energy, resource consumption and / or waste production by 50–60% without decreasing value, aesthetics or function." Taking the Earth's finite resources into consideration, along with acknowledging that manufactured products, including all building materials, affect the Earth's resources, it is becoming very important to make sensible decisions regarding the use of these limited resources to preserve our natural environment along with human civilization. Increased use of resource efficient construction materials and methods will help to induce more sustainable practices throughout the building and construction industry.

**Sustainable building and infrastructure organizations:**

* **Building Green** authoritative information on environmentally responsible building design and construction from the publishers of Environmental Building News
* **oikos** detailed information on sustainable design and construction
* **Healthy Building Network** promotes healthy building materials as a means of improving public health and preserving the global environment
* **Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia**, was formed by a group of industry professionals from engineering, environmental, planning, legal, financial and construction backgrounds working in both private and public organisations related to infrastructure.
* **Northwest Ecobuilding Guild** association of building professionals and homeowners interested in ecologically sustainable building
* **thePOOSH.org** an Estonian-based NGO with an international scope that connects volunteers with sustainable build projects all around the world to exchange labor, skills and knowledge

### Business

Sustainable business organizations participate in environmentally friendly or green practices in order to make certain that all processes, products, and manufacturing activities sufficiently address current environmental concerns while still retaining a profit. Concurrently, it is a business that “meets the needs of the present world without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. It is the method of evaluating how to design products that will correspond to current environmental conditions and how well a company's products perform with renewable resources. There are many organizations and networks currently interacting with businesses in order to integrate sustainability into their central goals and contribute to the environmentally and socially responsible business movement.

**Sustainable business organizations:**

* **Business and Industry Resource Venture**, provides free information, assistance and referrals to help Seattle businesses improve their environmental performance
* **Business for Social Responsibility** a business membership organization
* **Center for a Sustainable Economy** non-partisan research and policy organization that promotes innovative tax and other market-based approaches to achieving a sustainable economy
* **CERES** the largest coalition of environmental, investor, and advocacy groups working together for sustainable prosperity. These groups form a community of forward-looking companies that have committed to continuous environmental improvement by endorsing the CERES principles, a ten-point code of environmental conduct.
* **Cool Companies** A guide for businesses seeking to cut energy costs and reduce pollution.
* **Global Environmental Management Initiative** standard reporting for environmental, economic and social activity
* **GreenBiz** A resource center on business, the environment, and the bottom line
* **International Society of Sustainability Professionals** the professional association for people working in the field of sustainability. Focus is on developing both the profession of sustainability as well as the competencies and expertise of those working in the field.
* **Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability** a market segment focused on health and fitness, the environment, personal development, sustainable living, and social justice.
* **Sacramento Area Sustainable Business Program** Regional partnership that encourages businesses to adopt environmentally friendly and sustainable practices. Certifies and promotes businesses that take voluntary actions to conserve energy and water, reduce waste and pollution, recycle and purchase recycled products, improve air quality, and implement green building measures.
* **FL Sustainability** is an online news and media outlet focused on people, place, and profit, the triple bottom line of sustainability. Based out of Florida, the organization organized a major summit that brought leaders from various innovation sectors together to discuss regional and statewide initiatives to improve quality of life for today and tomorrow.

### Communities

Sustainable community organizations often encourage and cultivate collaborative community projects and education programs that improve connections between businesses, institutions and the public with their communities, the natural environment, and each other. For example, the Sustainable Community Initiatives organization:

* Acts to help the business community, local government and the general public develop an awareness of the value of sustainable community development
* Endeavors to combine knowledge (through public education) and action (in the form of community programs) to promote prosperous and healthy communities
* Explores opportunities to develop educational, entrepreneurial and environmentally sound community-based projects
* Develops materials on the efficient use of urban environmental resources and sustainable activities for distribution to local businesses and to the general public
* Conducts sustainability seminars and workshops for a variety of audiences, e.g. financial institutions, housing development organizations, continuing education programs and community organizations
* Participates in efforts to promote more sustainable tax policies and land use codes
* Integrates into all of SCI's undertakings, the fundamental elements of community sustainability: community partnership, community enterprise, community conservation and community design

**Sustainable community organizations:**

* **The Biomimicry Institute** a not-for-profit organization that promotes the study and imitation of nature's remarkably efficient designs, bringing together scientists, engineers, architects and innovators who can use those models to create sustainable technologies.
* **Global Ecovillage Network (GEN)** a network of sustainable communities and initiatives that bridge different cultures, countries, and continents. GEN serves as umbrella organization for ecovillages, transition town initiatives, intentional communities, and ecologically minded individuals worldwide.
* **Partnership for Sustainable Communities (PSC)** is a national, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization based in San Rafael, California, dedicated to helping make American cities and towns more efficient.
* **Sacramento Area Sustainable Business Program** Regional partnership that encourages businesses to adopt environmentally friendly and sustainable practices. Certifies and promotes businesses that take voluntary actions to conserve energy and water, reduce waste and pollution, recycle and purchase recycled products, improve air quality, and implement green building measures.
* **Smart Communities Network** energy efficiency and renewable energy – news and events
* **Sustainable Connections** working with business and community leaders working to transform and model an economy built on sustainable practices
* **Global Ecovillage Network** 1500+ pages on ecovillages and sustainability
* **Sustainable Architecture Buildings and Culture** ideas for sustainable communities

### Economy

Despite the fact that some places may be similar in economic terms, the characteristics of a sustainable business model vary from community to community. Many organizations aim to assist communities in developing economic opportunities for all citizens. Some programs exist that "assist individuals in obtaining employment, that create jobs and that help individuals become economically self-sufficient."

**Economic sustainability organizations:**

* **Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (CASSE)** is an organization dedicated to advocating a sustainable economy with stabilized population and consumption; such an economy is called a "steady state economy."

### Environment/energy

Environmental sustainability is the "long-term maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations." In addition, environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as unspoiled as naturally possible. It maintains that the Earth's resources must not be depleted faster than they can naturally be replenished. Depletion of our finite resources inevitably tries the ability of human civilizations to persist.

**Environmental sustainability organizations:**

* **Bioneers** working to preserve biological and cultural diversity
* **Friends of the Earth (FOE)** is an international environmental organization dedicated to preserving the health and diversity of the planet for future generations
* **International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)** promotes sustainable patterns of world development through collaborative research, policy studies, networking and knowledge dissemination
* **International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)** seeks to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable
* **New Dream** aims to help Americans consume responsibly to protect the environment, enhance quality of life, and promote social justice.
* **Northwest Earth Institute** a pioneer in taking earth-centered education programs to people where they spend their time-in their neighborhoods, workplaces, homes, schools, and centers of faith
* **Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP)** supports the advancement of renewable energy technology through policy research
* **Rocky Mountain Institute** Works extensively with the private sector, as well as with civil society and government, to create abundance by design and to apply the framework of natural capitalism.
* **Sightline Institute** is an independent, nonprofit research and communications center—a think tank—founded by Alan Durning in 1993.
* **Zero Waste Alliance** is a national leader providing assistance to industry sectors and organizations for development and implementation of standards, tools and practices that lead to a more sustainable future through the reduction and elimination of waste and toxics.

### Law and policy

"Regulations, incentives and policies affecting sustainable agriculture are rooted in environmental legislation and laws on the international, Federal, state and local level."

**Law and policy sustainability organizations:**

* **Earth Policy Institute** dedicated to building an environmentally sustainable economy; raising awareness to support public response to population growth, rising CO2, loss of species, and other trends that are affecting the Earth
* **Global Exchange** nonprofit organization that envisions a people-centered globalization that values the rights of workers and the health of the planet; that prioritizes international collaboration as central to ensuring peace; and that aims to create a local, green economy designed to embrace the diversity of our communities.

### News

**News sustainability organizations:**

* **Worldwatch Institute** dedicated to fostering the evolution of an environmentally sustainable society—one in which human needs are met in ways that do not threaten the health of the natural environment or the prospects of future generations
* **Triple Pundit**  is an online publication dedicated to promoting the concepts of sustainability to a business audience. The name is a reference to the "Triple Bottom Line" which seeks to balance economy, society, and the environment – a key tenet to sustainable thinking.

### Non-profit

Nonprofit organizations "play a part in society through their social value creation." Many nonprofit organizations have adopted an organizational sustainability focus in both strategic and operational levels of management. Present nonprofit organizations have been required to adopt strategies aimed at establishing viable, sustainable organizations so that they can maintain to pursue their social mission.

**Non-profit sustainability organizations:**

* **Action Without Borders** a nonprofit organization founded in 1995 with offices in the United States and Argentina. It runs Idealist.org, an interactive site where people and organizations can exchange resources and ideas, locate opportunities and supporters, and take steps toward building a world where all people can lead free and dignified lives.
* **Cielito Lindo Ranch** a non-profit organization operating off-the-grid in southwest New Mexico focusing on research into lost-cost easy to implement sustainable technologies that anyone can use to simplify and improve their life.
* **Corporate Watch** A non-profit organization committed to “holding corporations accountable.” Functions as a resource on corporate globalization research, news stories, and ways to take action. Also, organizes campaigns against political campaign financing, greenwashing, and war profiteering.
* **Environmental Working Group (EWG)** a not-for-profit environmental research organization that uses the power of information to improve public health and protect the environment by reducing pollution in air, water and food. Based in Washington, D.C., and with an office in Oakland, California, EWG conducts groundbreaking, computer-assisted research on a variety of environmental issues.
* **Green Cross International** non-profit NGO founded by Mikhail Gorbachev with a mission to help create a sustainable future by cultivating harmonious relationships between humans and the environment
* **Shajar Dost Foundation** (Pakistan) Shajar Dost is working to increase forest cover in Pakistan. Pakistan has the highest deforestation rate in Asia. Shajar Dost is planting saplings in Murree at Mussyari on three hundred acres.
* **Social Venture Network (SVN)** promotes new models and leadership for socially and environmentally sustainable business in the 21st century.” As a nonprofit network, they do this by championing member initiatives, information services, and community forums.
* **Fair Trade USA** nonprofit organization, is one of twenty members of Fairtrade International--Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), and the only third-party certifier of Fair Trade products in the United States.

### Population concern

Population concern organizations aim to reduce the ecological footprint of the human species by encouraging and promoting ethical policies and practices that will result in lower levels of population.

Notable population concern organizations include Population Connection and Population Matters.

### Schools

Organizations that offer global education resources, products, and services. Many educational organizations offer their own global education programs in the area of environmental sustainability, or resources for the development of sustainability programs.

**Specialist sustainability schools:**

* **Antioch University Seattle** has master's and PhD level programs approaching environmental policy and sustainability issues from both a social science and natural science perspective.
* **Pinchot University** offers both an MBA in Sustainable Business and a Certificate in Sustainable Business. In these programs, students work with distinguished faculty from top business schools to master proven sustainability practices.

### Networking

Many organizations provide an outlet for expanding and cultivating social networks in order to attain the most beneficial responses for various goals among sustainability stakeholders. In other words, "many sustainability networking organizations are a catalyst in bringing about systemic change by giving decision makers a shared, science-based understanding of sustainability and a unifying framework for developing a sustainable society."

**Sustainability networking organizations:**

* **Greenpeace** uses non-violent direct action and creative communication to expose global environmental problems and to promote solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future
* **Sierra Club** is one of the US' oldest, largest environmental organizations for the protection, restoration, and responsible use of earth's resources; site has extensive resources for information, networking, and action.


title: Swarnapali

abstract: Queen Swanapali was the spouse of King Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. She was the daughter of prince Girikandasiva, a powerful son of King Panduvasdeva with eight brothers. When she first met Prince Pandukabhaya, she was serving food at a paddy field. She served food to Pandukabhaya on a Lotus leaf, and the leaf turned golden. Because of this incident, princess Pali came to be known as Swarnapali.(swarna=gold)

text:
# Swarnapali

Queen Swanapali (or Swarnamali Devi) was the spouse of King Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. She was the daughter of prince Girikandasiva, a powerful son of King Panduvasdeva with eight brothers. When she first met Prince Pandukabhaya, she was serving food at a paddy field. She served food to Pandukabhaya on a Lotus leaf, and the leaf turned golden. Because of this incident, princess Pali came to be known as Swarnapali.(swarna=gold)


title: Svetlana Shimkova

abstract: Svetlana Shimkova is a Russian weightlifter. At the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships she won the silver medal in the 63 kg category, with a world record clean and jerk of 139 kg, which was surpassed in the same contest by Pawina Thongsuk with 140 kg. She won gold in the 63 kg category at the 2005, and again at the 2006 European Weightlifting Championships, in 2006 with another world record clean and jerk of 141 kg. Shimkova participated in the women's -63 kg class at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and won the silver medal, finishing behind Quyang Xiaofang. She snatched 108 kg and clean and jerked an additional 133 kg for a total of 241 kg, 5 kg behind winner Quyang. At the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships she participated in the 69 kg category, with 112 kg ranked 4th in the snatch, but failed to lift in the clean and jerk.

text:
# Svetlana Shimkova

**Svetlana Shimkova** (born 18 September 1983) is a Russian weightlifter.

At the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships she won the silver medal in the 63 kg category, with a world record clean and jerk of 139 kg, which was surpassed in the same contest by Pawina Thongsuk with 140 kg.

She won gold in the 63 kg category at the 2005, and again at the 2006 European Weightlifting Championships, in 2006 with another world record clean and jerk of 141 kg.

Shimkova participated in the women's -63 kg class at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and won the silver medal, finishing behind Quyang Xiaofang. She snatched 108 kg and clean and jerked an additional 133 kg for a total of 241 kg, 5 kg behind winner Quyang.

At the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships she participated in the 69 kg category, with 112 kg ranked 4th in the snatch, but failed to lift in the clean and jerk.

## InfoBox

Svetlana Shimkova
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 18 September 1983 |
| Medal record      Women's Weightlifting  Representing  Russia  World Championships  2010 Antalya 69 kg  2005 Doha  63 kg  2006 Santo Domingo  63 kg  European Championships  2005 Sofia  63 kg  2006 Władysławowo  63 kg | |


abstract: The Operative Society of Masons, Quarrymen and Allied Trades of England and Wales was a trade union representing stonemasons and related workers in the United Kingdom. The union was founded in 1833 as the Friendly Society of Operative Stonemasons of England, Ireland and Wales. Initially a loose federation of local unions, it expanded rapidly, reaching 4,000 members and one hundred branches by 1835, and gradually increased its national activity. However, its involvement with the Operative Builders Union led to difficulties, with funds running out and membership dropping to only 2,000. 1836 proved far more successful, membership rebounding and finances settled, but ran into difficulties again in 1842 after disputes relating to the construction of the Houses of Parliament. The union grew slowly through the 1840s, focusing on local disputes and absorbing the remaining local unions - the last being the Bristol Operative Stonemasons' Society, which joined in 1849. However, ite constantly suffered from financial problems. From 1847, it banned masters from membership, limiting itself to employed workers. In 1859 and 1860, it led a one year strike in opposition to "The Document", and it also held a leading role in the Nine Hours Movement. As a result, by the 1860s, it was the second largest union in the UK, after the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. In its early years, a key objective for the union was banning worked stone from being transported to another town without its consent. After several unsuccessful attempts to introduce this rule in parts of Lancashire, it was successful in Sheffield in 1862, and by 1867 was able to apply the policy nationally. As a result, by the start of the 1870s, it was the most influential union in the building trades. However, an 1877 strike for a wage increase of 10d per hour was defeated, leading to a drop in membership, which fell from 27,200 to 12,600, and there were subsequent wage cuts and increases in hours instituted by employers. The union's membership rose again in the 1890s, peaking at 19,682 in 1899, but fell to only 7,055 by 1910. By this point, its policy was in favour of a single union for the building trades. At the start of 1921, it merged with the London Order of Bricklayers and the Manchester Unity of Bricklayers to form the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers.

text:
# Operative Society of Masons, Quarrymen and Allied Trades of England and Wales

The **Operative Society of Masons, Quarrymen and Allied Trades of England and Wales** was a trade union representing stonemasons and related workers in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in 1833 as the **Friendly Society of Operative Stonemasons of England, Ireland and Wales**. Initially a loose federation of local unions, it expanded rapidly, reaching 4,000 members and one hundred branches by 1835, and gradually increased its national activity. However, its involvement with the Operative Builders Union led to difficulties, with funds running out and membership dropping to only 2,000. 1836 proved far more successful, membership rebounding and finances settled, but ran into difficulties again in 1842 after disputes relating to the construction of the Houses of Parliament.

The union grew slowly through the 1840s, focusing on local disputes and absorbing the remaining local unions - the last being the Bristol Operative Stonemasons' Society, which joined in 1849. However, ite constantly suffered from financial problems. From 1847, it banned masters from membership, limiting itself to employed workers. In 1859 and 1860, it led a one year strike in opposition to "The Document", and it also held a leading role in the Nine Hours Movement. As a result, by the 1860s, it was the second largest union in the UK, after the Amalgamated Society of Engineers.

In its early years, a key objective for the union was banning worked stone from being transported to another town without its consent. After several unsuccessful attempts to introduce this rule in parts of Lancashire, it was successful in Sheffield in 1862, and by 1867 was able to apply the policy nationally. As a result, by the start of the 1870s, it was the most influential union in the building trades. However, an 1877 strike for a wage increase of 10d per hour was defeated, leading to a drop in membership, which fell from 27,200 to 12,600, and there were subsequent wage cuts and increases in hours instituted by employers.

The union's membership rose again in the 1890s, peaking at 19,682 in 1899, but fell to only 7,055 by 1910. By this point, its policy was in favour of a single union for the building trades. At the start of 1921, it merged with the London Order of Bricklayers and the Manchester Unity of Bricklayers to form the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers.

## General Secretaries

1833: George Bevan 1834: Angus McGregor 1836: James Rennie 1838: Thomas Shortt 1843: Thomas Carter 1847: Richard Harnott 1872: James Edward Dyer 1883: William Hancock 1910: William Williams  1. Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, *Historical Directory of Trade Unions*, vol.3, pp.6-11
2. Trade Union Ancestors, "Friendly Society of Operative Stonemasons Archived 2016-10-06 at the Wayback Machine"

## InfoBox

Operative Society of Masons
| Operative Society of Masons, Quarrymen and Allied Trades of England and Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Merged into | Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers |
| Founded | 23 March 1833 (1833-03-23) |
| Dissolved | 1921 |
| Location | * United Kingdom |
| Members | 19,682 (1899) |
| Key people | Richard Harnott (Gen Sec) |


title: Swedish Lutheran Church (Monson, Maine)

abstract: The Swedish Lutheran Church is a historic former Swedish Lutheran church building on Wilkins and Hebron Streets in Monson, Maine. The church was established by Swedish immigrants to Maine and built by them in 1890. It is architecturally distinctive as an uncommon example of Swedish-influenced religious architecture in Maine, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building is now a study center of the Areopagus II America Institute (AIIA), a Christian religious apologetics organization.

text:
# Swedish Lutheran Church (Monson, Maine)

The **Swedish Lutheran Church** (also known as the **Old Church Hostel**) is a historic former Swedish Lutheran church building on Wilkins and Hebron Streets in Monson, Maine. The church was established by Swedish immigrants to Maine and built by them in 1890. It is architecturally distinctive as an uncommon example of Swedish-influenced religious architecture in Maine, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building is now a study center of the Areopagus II America Institute (AIIA), a Christian religious apologetics organization.

## Description and history

The church building is located at the western corner of Hebron and Wilkins Streets, two quiet side streets in the center of Monson, Maine. The building faces northeast, and is a single-story wood frame structure with clapboard siding, gable roof, and Gothic styling. A vestibule with a lower gable roof projects from the main building, and is topped by a two-stage square tower. The entrance is flanked by lancet-arched windows, with a small bullseye design in the gable. The first stage of the tower is paneled, and the second, housing the belfry, has paired pointed-arch louvered openings on each side. The tower is capped by an octagonal steeple. The building's side windows are lancet-arched, and are capped by small gables.

The Monson area received an influx of immigrants in the mid-1870s, drawn to work in the nearby slate quarries. Most of these were Swedish, and they built this church in 1890 to serve their population, which was a diverse mix of Christian denominations. After the Methodists split in 1892, the church was exclusively used by Swedish Lutheran congregants. The building was used as the local American Legion chapter between 1946 and 1970, and was afterward operated for a time as a hostel serving hikers on the Appalachian Trail. The building now houses the study center of the Areopagus II America Institute (AIIA), a Christian apologetics organization founded in 1991.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Lutheran Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Wilkins and Hebron Sts., Monson, Maine |
| Coordinates | 45°17′9″N 69°30′10″W / 45.28583°N 69.50278°W / 45.28583; -69.50278 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1890 |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 84001489 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1984 |


title: Žeraviny

abstract: Žeraviny is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Žeraviny lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Hodonín, 65 km (40 mi) south-east of Brno, and 252 km (157 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Žeraviny

**Žeraviny** is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Žeraviny lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Hodonín, 65 km (40 mi) south-east of Brno, and 252 km (157 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 278 |  |
| 1880 | 301 | +8.3% |
| 1890 | 282 | −6.3% |
| 1900 | 295 | +4.6% |
| 1910 | 295 | +0.0% |
| 1921 | 282 | −4.4% |
| 1930 | 290 | +2.8% |
| 1950 | 247 | −14.8% |
| 1961 | 270 | +9.3% |
| 1970 | 240 | −11.1% |
| 1980 | 220 | −8.3% |
| 1991 | 173 | −21.4% |
| 2001 | 186 | +7.5% |
| 2011 | 187 | +0.5% |
| 2021 | 176 | −5.9% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Žeraviny | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Belfry and municipal office | |
|  | |
| ŽeravinyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 48°54′30″N 17°23′29″E / 48.90833°N 17.39139°E / 48.90833; 17.39139 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Moravian |
| District | Hodonín |
| First mentioned | 1447 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.31 km2 (0.89 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 187 m (614 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 184 |
| Density | 80/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 696 63 |
| Website | www.zeraviny.cz |


title: Swedish Double-decker

text:
# Swedish Double-decker

Double-decker or Dubbelplansfiol is a recent and colloquial name of the dominant variant of preserved Swedish violins with sympathetic strings, what they were called when they originated in the 18th century is not known. The Swedish collector of musical instruments Daniel Fryklund writes in 1921 that "In Sweden, the author has found several violini d'amore of a peculiar type with 4 strings and 8 resonance strings, of which the later are attached to small pegs, which are placed behind the larger screws for the playing strings in a pegbox which is extended backwards and such an arrangement of the pegs is not observed by the author on any other violin". Thus, Fryklund suggests it is a specific instrument type typical for Sweden but since he only has observed five instruments he does not conclude it and calls it with the more unspecific name violino d'amore. Today more specimens have been found and out of 27 preserved Swedish violins with sympathetic strings in total, 23 are Double-deckers. Also three of the four preserved instruments that are not Double-deckers are built during the 20th century, while the vast majority of the Double-deckers with a known origin are built during the 18th century which indicates that the Double-deckers are both earlier and dominant

## Features

The Double-decker is characterized by

* A two level pegbox with the pegs for the sympathetic strings in the lower or back row.
* 4, 6 or 8 sympathetic strings where a vast majority of preserved instruments has 8 sympathetic strings.
* A typical rounded shape around the A-string peg in the upper or front row.
* Lion heads instead of a scroll even though a regular scroll or a mans head occurs in some cases
* A removable finger board which can be attached to the neck by pushing it in a conical shaped cavity in the neck.
* Intarsia on the edges, finger board and tailpiece is common. Most typical is a tulip shaped intarsia in finger boards created by inlays of parallelogram shaped pieces of bone, horn or tusk.
* The sympathetic strings are attached to small metal pins next to the endpin rather than in the tailpiece (which is the case for hardanger fiddles).

## History

9 out of the 27 preserved Double-deckers (the origin of another 9 are unknown) originates from a cluster of violin makers in northwestern Scania. The first two luthiers in this cluster are Arwit Rönnegren and Johan Georg Mothe who served in the Swedish army during the Great Northern War and ended up as prisoners of war in Russia for 14 years following the Battle of Poltava. Mothe was originally from Dresden in Germany but followed Rönnegren to his hometown of Ängelholm after being released in early 1722. When Mothe applied for citizenship in Ängelholm in 1723 he used Rönnegren as a witness and Mothe claimed that he had learned violin making during his years as a prisoner of war and that he wanted to practice violin making in his new home town. Double-deckers are among the most common instrument types preserved after both Mothe and Rönnegren and there are also preserved Double-deckers built by an apprentice to Mothes son. Most likely Mothes son and grandson and other apprentices at the Mothe workshop has built Double-deckers even though there are no instruments preserved

The Double-deckers has not been completely unknown, for a long time there have been two Double-deckers in the collections of the Swedish museum of performing arts in Stockholm. and the instrument collector Daniel Fryklund also had one instrument and writes about them all in one of his publications. Anne Nilsson mentions a Double-decker made by Hans Severin Nyborg briefly and so does Bengt Nilsson in their respective work about Swedish Luthiers but both these authors misses the Double-deckers made by Mothe and Rönnegren. An earlier work about Swedish luthiers and instrument making mentions a violin by Mothe that is suspected to have had sympathetic strings but misses out Rönnegren och Hans Severin Nyborg completely. It is not until recently that it is known that there are more than 20 preserved instruments of the Double-decker type and how dominant this model is among Swedish violins with sympathetic strings

## Use

It is not known to whom the Double-deckers first were sold but due to the rich decorations and ambitious design it has been suggested that the original customers were among the many noble families in Scania. There are only two preserved Double-deckers built in the 19th century which indicates that the production of these instruments declined and later ceased. Possibly the Double-deckers found other users among the common people, the sociologist Carl Erik Södling writes in 1882 that the use of fiddles with resonance or sympathetic strings were popular among the peasantry musicians and in his works there is a picture of a Double-decker that he has found on his journeys in the Swedish countryside. There are also other stories of fiddlers in the countryside that were supposed to have such instruments and one Double-decker was owned by the traditional fiddler Edvin Karlsson (1896-1990)

A handful of new Double-deckers were built during the 1980s and the pace of reproduction of these old instruments has increased after the start of the new millennium.


title: Margaret Torn

abstract: Margaret Torn is an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory known for her research on carbon cycling, especially with respect to the interactions between soils and the atmosphere.

text:
# Margaret Torn

**Margaret Torn** is an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory known for her research on carbon cycling, especially with respect to the interactions between soils and the atmosphere.

## Education and career

Torn grew up in Marin county and worked in the family's food business, the Torn Ranch, where they handled nuts and dried fruits. She started college at the College of Marin before transferring to University of California, Berkeley. She earned a B.S. (1984), an M.S. (1990), and a Ph.D. (1994) from the University of California, Berkeley. From 1994 until 1998, Torn was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California Irvine and Stanford University. In 1998, she joined the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and was promoted to senior scientist in 2013. Beginning in 2018, she is also an adjunct professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2015 she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Zurich.

In 2017, Torn was named a fellow of the American Geophysical Union who cited her as follows:

> For fundamental contributions to understanding soil carbon stabilization and sustained leadership in quantifying feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate

## Research

Torn's research combines observational data and experimental manipulations to examine the impact of changing climate conditions on the carbon cycle, with a focus on the interactions between soils and atmosphere. Torn has experimentally warmed soils and then measured the impact of changing conditions on gas fluxes from the soils. She works on the factors controlling the release of greenhouse gases from the tundra in the north slope of Alaska, how climate change impacts the severity of forest fires, the carbon sequestered in fungi found in soils, and the decomposition of black carbon using archived soil samples from Russia. One theme in her research is assessing the factors that govern the persistence of organic carbon in soil.

### Selected publications

* Hicks Pries, Caitlin E.; Castanha, C.; Porras, R. C.; Torn, M. S. (2017-03-31). "The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming". *Science*. **355** (6332): 1420–1423. Bibcode:2017Sci...355.1420H. doi:10.1126/science.aal1319. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28280251. S2CID 206654333.
* Torn, Margaret S.; Trumbore, Susan E.; Chadwick, Oliver A.; Vitousek, Peter M.; Hendricks, David M. (September 1997). "Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover". *Nature*. **389** (6647): 170–173. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..170T. doi:10.1038/38260. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4408395.
* Schmidt, Michael W. I.; Torn, Margaret S.; Abiven, Samuel; Dittmar, Thorsten; Guggenberger, Georg; Janssens, Ivan A.; Kleber, Markus; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Lehmann, Johannes; Manning, David A. C.; Nannipieri, Paolo; Rasse, Daniel P.; Weiner, Steve; Trumbore, Susan E. (October 2011). "Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property". *Nature*. **478** (7367): 49–56. Bibcode:2011Natur.478...49S. doi:10.1038/nature10386. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21979045. S2CID 3461265.

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| Margaret Susan Torn | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
| Thesis | *Environmental controls over methane flux from ecosystems and the potential for feedbacks with climatic change* (1994) |
|  | |


title: Tyler High School

abstract: Tyler High School, formerly known as John Tyler High School, is a public, co-educational secondary school in Tyler, Texas. It is part of the Tyler Independent School District and serves 9th through 12th grade.

text:
# Tyler High School

**Tyler High School**, formerly known as **John Tyler High School**, is a public, co-educational secondary school in Tyler, Texas. It is part of the Tyler Independent School District and serves 9th through 12th grade.

## About

Tyler High School was named after President John Tyler and is a part of Tyler Independent School District, which is located in the northwest section of Tyler, Texas. As of the 2019-20 academic year, the school boasted an enrollment of approximately 2,110 students. Tyler offers academic avenues through the AP program, UIL competitions, and the College and Career Center. Tyler also carries a long history of athletic excellence in sports such as football, basketball, volleyball, and soccer.

Tyler High School shares a long-standing crosstown rivalry in sports with Tyler Legacy High School, formerly Robert E. Lee High School, located in south Tyler. Although both schools are in different classifications, they meet each year in a non-district game.

## History

On February 14, 1981, fire destroyed nearly 90 percent of John Tyler High School's campus.

### Name changes

The school was named Tyler High School from 1880 until 1958; and in 1958 the name was changed to John Tyler High School, named after the 10th President of the United States. In 2020, the Tyler I. S. D. school board unanimously voted to change the name of the High School from John Tyler High back to Tyler High.

### Campus safety

Historically safety has been an issue on campus and around 2009 hall monitors were replaced by uniformed police. In September 23, 2009 a 16 year old student was held after a teacher and music therapist Todd Henry was fatally stabbed in their classroom. In 2022, a student had a gun on campus and was harassing a classmate; that student was taken in to custody and was held at the Smith County Juvenile Attention Center.

## Demographics

As of the 2020–2021 school year, the student population consisted of:

* 63.2% Hispanic
* 33.1% African American
* 2.5% White (Non-Hispanic)
* 1.0% Two or more races
* 0.3% American Indian
* 0% Asian/Pacific Islander

## Athletics

Tyler High is known for its elite football program. The Tyler Lions have won three state championships: first in 1930 under coach George Foltz, when the school was known as "Tyler High," its original name, then in 1973 under coach Corky Nelson and 1994 under coach Allen Wilson, when the school was known as "John Tyler High."

The 1994 championship season featured the noteworthy 1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, which ultimately won ESPN's 1995 Showstopper of the Year ESPY Award. In the regional final against Plano East (played at Texas Stadium), John Tyler had a 41–17 lead with 2:42 remaining. Plano East scored a touchdown, then recovered three consecutive onside kicks and scored touchdowns on each of them to take a 44–41 lead with 24 seconds remaining. However, on the ensuing kickoff, John Tyler returner Roderick Dunn ran for a touchdown to win the game 48–44.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Tyler High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Tyler High School in Tyler, Texas | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1120 N NW Loop 323
Tyler, Texas 75702
United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°21′52″N 95°20′43″W / 32.36438°N 95.34539°W / 32.36438; -95.34539 |
| Information | |
| Former name | Tyler High School (1880–1958; original)
John Tyler High School (1958–2020) |
| Type | Public School |
| Motto | *Proud is our Pride.* |
| School district | Tyler Independent School District |
| Principal | Claude Lane |
| Teaching staff | 136.31 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9th–12th |
| Enrollment | 2,164 (2022–2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 15.88 |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Color(s) | Blue and White |
| Athletics conference | UIL Class 5A |
| Mascot | Lion |
| Yearbook | *Alcalde* |
| Website | Tyler High School Website |


title: Thom McDaniels

abstract: Thom McDaniels is a former Ohio high school football coach.

text:
# Thom McDaniels

**Thom McDaniels** is a former Ohio high school football coach.

## Coaching career

McDaniels had a 26-year head coaching career that included head coaching stops at Warren G. Harding High School, Canton McKinley High School and Massillon Jackson High School. Overall, he was a coach for 40-years and was named to the Ohio high school coaches hall of fame. McDaniels was twice a finalist for NFL high school coach of the year in 2004 and 2010.

### 1997 season

In 1997, McDaniels was named national high school football coach of the year by *USA Today* while leading his Canton McKinley team to state and national titles. This was his final season in his first tenure as coach of Canton McKinley.

### Notable players

McDaniels coached several notable players including Percy Snow, Mike Doss, Maurice Clarett, and Mario Manningham.

## Personal life

McDaniels is the father of former Raiders head coach Josh McDaniels and Texans assistant quarterbacks coach Ben McDaniels.