title: Herbert Thompson Jr.

abstract: Herbert Thompson Jr. was an American prelate of the Episcopal Church, who served as the eighth Bishop of Southern Ohio between 1992 and 2005.

text:
# Herbert Thompson Jr.

**Herbert Thompson Jr.** (December 11, 1933 – August 16, 2006) was an American prelate of the Episcopal Church, who served as the eighth Bishop of Southern Ohio between 1992 and 2005.

## Early life and education

Thompson was born in 1933, in The Bronx, New York City, and was raised in Harlem and Fort Greene, Brooklyn. He served in the United States Air Force between 1952 and 1956. He then graduated from Lincoln University in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts, and enrolled at the General Theological Seminary, graduating in 1965 with a Master of Divinity. He also graduated with a Doctor of Ministry from the United Theological Seminary in 1992, and was awarded honorary doctorates from Berkeley College, Bexley Hall, the General Theological Seminary, Kenyon College, and the Hebrew Union Theological Seminary.

## Ordained ministry

Thompson was ordained deacon and priest in 1965 for the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island. He then became vicar of St Gabriel's Church in Brooklyn, serving till 1971 after becoming rector of Christ Church in Bellport, New York. In 1977, he became rector of Grace Church in Jamaica, Queens, where he remained till 1988. He also served as a deputy to General Convention for the Diocese of Long Island, president of the Standing Committee, a Canon of the Cathedral chapter of the Cathedral of the Incarnation, deputy to provincial synod, and executive director of Interfaith Services of Brooklyn.

## Bishop

In 1988, Thompson was elected Coadjutor Bishop of Southern Ohio, and was consecrated on September 24, 1988, by Presiding Bishop Edmond L. Browning. He succeeded as diocesan bishop in 1992, and retired in 2005. He died while on vacation in Italy on August 16, 2006.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Herbert Thompson Jr.
D.Min. | |
| --- | --- |
| VIII Bishop of Southern Ohio | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Southern Ohio |
| Elected | 1988 |
| In office | 1992–2005 |
| Predecessor | William Grant Black |
| Successor | Thomas E. Breidenthal |
| Previous post(s) | Coadjutor Bishop of Southern Ohio *(1988-1992)* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1965 |
| Consecration | September 24, 1988
by Edmond L. Browning |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1933
New York City, New York, United States |
| Died | August 16, 2006 (aged 72)
Italy |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Russelle Cross  (m. 1968; died 2002) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | General Theological Seminary |
| Alma mater | Lincoln University |


title: Urban rail transit in Africa

abstract: Urban rail transit in Africa has emerged as a growing form of transit due to rapid urbanization that has occurred in recent decades across the continent. Some of these transit systems are older and more developed, such as the metro in Cairo which opened in 1987. Others such as the light-rail system in Addis Ababa are much more recent, which opened in 2015. A variety of technologies are being used ranging from light-rail, bus rapid-transit, and commuter-rail etc. Africa for several decades saw minimal investment in rail infrastructure, but in recent years due to urban population growth and improved financing options, investment in rail networks has increased.

text:
# Urban rail transit in Africa

**Urban rail transit in Africa** has emerged as a growing form of transit due to rapid urbanization that has occurred in recent decades across the continent. Some of these transit systems are older and more developed, such as the metro in Cairo which opened in 1987. Others such as the light-rail system in Addis Ababa are much more recent, which opened in 2015. A variety of technologies are being used ranging from light-rail, bus rapid-transit, and commuter-rail etc. Africa for several decades saw minimal investment in rail infrastructure, but in recent years due to urban population growth and improved financing options, investment in rail networks has increased.

## Background

African heavy-rail is an artifact of the colonial period, where colonizing nations built out these networks to further the conquest of Africa. The colonial powers also used these networks to transport resources they extracted from operations they developed. These rail networks criss-crossed major areas of Africa, but with the independence period these networks became splintered due to new borders across the continent. These networks declined over the next few decades, due to lower demand and lower levels of investment. Like many other aspects of African governments, these became overstaffed.

In recent decades, potential economic growth has been untapped with the growth of extractive industries such as mining and oil drilling. Many of these mines are located in the several land-locked nations in the African interior. Aware of the environmental toll that road-transport requires, nations and foreign actors are realizing the potential of rail transit in Africa. Besides economic incentives, urbanization has been fueling the growth of mega cities across the globe. Lagos, Nairobi, Cairo, Kinshasa, Luanda, Dar es Salaam, Johannesburg, and Abidjan, etc., either are all mega cities across Africa that are either already at 10 million people, or soon on track to surpass that number. In recent years there has been a growth in both urban rail systems, and more traditional heavy rail.

## Northern Africa

### Egypt

Egypt is home to the Cairo Metro, the oldest rail transit system on the African continent, which opened in 1987. The National Authority for Tunnels was established in 1983, which oversees the Cairo Metro. It is composed of three lines, the first line opening in 1987. The most recent line, the 3rd line should be completed by 2024. The construction of this 3rd line was possible with French and European Union funding, but there are currently plans for a 4th, 5th, and 6th line. The current rail network handles about 4 million people daily, and runs on almost 110 km of track. The Cairo Metro currently uses rolling stock from Hyundai Rotem, in which the Metro has placed orders in 2012, 2017, and 2019. It runs on a standard gauge track.

Cairo also has an LRT system, which opened in 2022, that serves the eastern suburbs of the city and the New Administrative Capital before ending at the interchange between the LRT and the high speed rail.

### Algeria

Algeria has a metro system in Algiers, although it is a very new system. It was originally put forward in 1980, but was put on hold for a couple decades before finally opening in 2011. It is 18.8 km long, and runs on fourteen trains. Algeria has significant oil deposits which cause very low oil prices in the country, leading to high levels of car usage. Algiers is the largest city in North Africa, and is not designed for the number of cars being put on its streets; the gridlock has spurred rapid metro expansion on a series of projects. Several projects are underway and slated to open in the early part of the 2020 decade.

### Tunisia

The capital of Tunisia, Tunis is home to a developing light-rail system. It existed in the past also, but was removed with the advent of "car culture." The light-rail system returned in 1985. It is composed of five lines, and has undergone improvements in recent years. Thanks to a combination of foreign funding from the AFD, EIB, French Government, the Tunisian government has been able to undertake these improvements and extensions. Although Tunis is not a particularly large city, its bus system had become overloaded, and there was extensive traffic in the city center.

### Morocco

Casablanca is more complex than Algiers or Tunis, in order to connect the suburban areas to the downtown of Casablanca, a system of four tramway lines with over 100 km of tracks, and 124 trains as well as two lines of BRT(bus rapid transit) is achieved, the city has future projects of monorail system but no progress so far.

## West Africa

### Nigeria

#### Abuja

Nigeria's national capital, Abuja, is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa and the world. According to the United Nations, Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world. As of 2015, the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world. As of 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons, placing it behind only Lagos as the most populous metro area in Nigeria. **Abuja Rail Mass Transit** commonly known as **Abuja Light Rail** is a regional rail transport system in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. It is the first rapid transit system in the country and in West Africa and the second such system in sub-saharan Africa (after Addis Ababa Light Rail). The first phase of the project connects the city center to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Abuja-Kaduna Railway station in Idu. The Abuja Metro Line was launched on 12 July 2018 and opened for passengers the following week.

#### Lagos

Nigeria's economic center, Lagos is one of the fastest growing metro areas across the globe. Unlike other metro areas Lagos until very recently did not have a form of mass transit. China in its ambitious Belt and Road initiative over the last decade, has been especially prominent in Nigeria. China's vehicle for this investment is through loans from the Export-Import Bank and China Civil Engineering Construction Company (CCECC). Lagos was projected to hit a population of 25 million making it one of the largest metro areas on Earth. In 2008 Bus-Rapid transit was launched, but this had limited capacity. The first line, The Lagos Blue Line, officially began operation on September 4,2023 and the next line, The Lagos Red Line is 95% complete. A much more ambitious project was launched in 2009 for "Lite-Rail", Nigeria is currently focused on developing two lines, estimated to carry 500,000 passengers daily. Light-Rail in Lagos is complicated with the presence of significant water due to the presence of a lagoon and the Atlantic Coast, but construction is being coordinated for seamless transition between different modes of transportation.

### Senegal

Dakar, the economic centre of the country, has been facing several mobility problems for the past years. This situation led to the opening in 2019 of a new infrastructure to relieve congestion in the suburbs, but also to join the capital to the new Blaise Diagne International Airport by the end of 2023.

The work has started in 2016 and the line also passes by another relatively recent important centre of the country, Diamniadio. This project is part of the Plan Senegal Emergent put in place by the president Macky Sall, elected in 2012.

By 2024, work for extensions towards Thiès and Mbour is planned to start.

### Côte d'Ivoire

The largest city and economic center Abidjan, is set to welcome one of the first metro systems in West Africa, signing a deal in 2019 with a French company. Although construction will not start till 2020. There has been some delays with the project as it was initially announced in 2015, but now service is expected to begin in 2022. France has actually offered to finance the whole project at a cost of 1.4 billion Euros. Due to the physical nature of Abidjan which has many islands and peninsulas, the metro project requires significant construction of infrastructure. In total in order for this project to be completed it "will require the construction of 24 bridges, 1 viaduct over the lagoon, 34 pedestrian footbridges and 8 underpasses." It is set to be one line initially with 18 stations and a capacity of 500,000 riders per day. Similar to other French-backed projects Alstom was awarded the contract for the physical train-sets.

## Central Africa

### Cameroon

The largest city in Cameroon, Douala is home to roughly 2.8 million people; like many other African cities it is undergoing rapid rates of growth and a horrible degree of traffic congestion. Some relief is coming to the residents of Douala, as the Biya government and a Belgian and Turkish company have agreed to build a tramway. The pilot project is set to open in 2021, but is planned to be part of a larger five line tram network. In order to speed the construction of the other eventual lines, the project will use the same track 1,000 mm gauge as conventional rail. This will create a mixed used network of train and tram to build on the existing rail infrastructure in Cameroon. Cameroon's capital city Yaoundé is also on track to have a tramway, built by the same Belgian and Turkish company currently building the Douala pilot network.

## East Africa

### Tanzania

Dar es Salaam is the economic center of Tanzania. In 2012, it welcomed the Treni ya Mwakyembe commuter rail system, which can serve a total of 30,000 passengers per day. Considering Dar es Salaam is projected to hit 13.4 million by 2035, this commuter rail system is only a drop in the bucket. A one-way ticket costs $0.25, or $0.50 round trip. Instead of building out a metro project like many other African cities are undertaking Dar es Salaam is focused on creating a BRT system. Dar es Salaam similar to many other rapidly growing urban centers is faced with significant traffic issues. Due to the size of Dar es Salaam, some commuters spend up to two hours commuting each day by very informal *dalla* *dalla* minibuses. Transport in Dar es Salaam is further constrained, because the highway network was designed to only handle 35,000 people created during the colonial era.

### Ethiopia

The Ethiopian government originally proposed this project in 2006, so this project was rather quickly implemented, opening in 2015. Although opened in 2015 it received little attention until 2017. Addis Ababa, like so many other African cities is undergoing major growth and urbanization. Current international donors and agencies are interested in developing sustainably, so there has been an overwhelming focus on African cities. These projects included Addis Ababa, with the stated goals to reduce car emissions, decrease traffic gridlock, and improve transport equity. China, along with France have both been focused in recent years on developing urban rail lines, China actually was very involved in this project. China through its Chinese Export-Import Bank, provided 85% of the funding for this project, like similar contracts China operates and built the entire system in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa Light-Rail has two lines currently, with a daily ridership of around 150,000 people. The tram has helped reduce the issue of urban sprawl, as Addis Ababa has grown further and further out. Due to this urban sprawl commute times have steadily increased, but the Light-Rail system has allowed for easier commuting for those with the longest distance. In the last few years there has been widespread satisfaction with the system, but some valid complaints related to wait-times, ticketing, overcrowding, and multi-modal commutes.

### Uganda

Kampala, the capital of Uganda, is working to develop a light-rail system similar to Addis Ababa. China in its widespread funding of projects in Africa is also present here. The construction of the first line will cost close to US$700 million, and be entirely financed from the Chinese Export-Import Bank. The first line is envisioned to be just one part of an eventual four line network, like other African cities, this project is attempting to reduce congestion and traffic for commuters. In order to make the light-rail ticket prices competitive, it will only be 500 Shillings, which is half the price of the ticket of the informal bus network that currently exists. The trains are planned to have a capacity of 350 people, composed of three different classes. It is expected that trains will run every 5–10 minutes, with a total daily ridership of 720,000. Currently, around 70% of daily commuters travel by foot in Kampala, while others use informal buses and taxis.

### Mauritius

Port Louis-Metro Express is a rail network developed in 2016 on the island country of Mauritius. Upon the system's creation it envisioned to create a system that was accessible and environmentally friendly. It is a smaller network in comparison to other African nations, but it is planned to have a total of 19 stations once completed. Once in peak service is its estimated to have a daily ridership of 55,000 people. This project is being funded entirely by India, which is a sharp contrast to the continent, where France and China dominate investing in the rail sector. The creation of the Port Louis-Metro Express is part of a larger strategy by the government of moving away from being dependent on Tourism, while also solving the worsening traffic situation on the island.

### Reunion

Reunion, an overseas French department off the coast of Madagascar, has some experience with light-rail. In 2010, a larger network was proposed, but ultimately canceled due to government funding and executive leadership turnover. In 2019, a much smaller project has been proposed, due to be completed in 2022; it will consist of 18 stations mainly linking coastal areas to the island's airport.

## Southern Africa

### Angola

Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola, which is the economic, political, and cultural center of the country. Luanda has two different forms of urban rail transit currently. Currently, part of Luanda's eastern suburbs are served by a regular commuter rail, that runs along existing rail infrastructure. Much of the network was damaged extensively during the Angolan Civil War, so service is not as extensive as it could be, but a Chinese firm is contracted to continue the railway repairs. A light-rail project is envisioned for Luanda proper, currently, the project just passed feasibility studies in 2019. This project will complement the existing rail lines and connect more areas of Angola to Luanda, with a network of approximately 149 km of rail lines. Funding for the project is unclear, but the government assures the financing has been secured at US$3 billion this is one of the more expensive light-rail projects on the continent. In February 2020, the government signed a public-private partnership agreement with Siemens Mobility to begin the construction of the light-rail network.

### South Africa

South Africa has the most extensive urban rail network on the continent. Transnet is the national company that oversees all modes of transport, any railways in South Africa operate under that umbrella organization. Urban rail or Metrorail is specifically underneath the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa or PRASA. Metrorail is a national system with a total of 478 stations, this system though is divided into four different regions. All major regions of the country have some form of Metrorail, for example the Gauteng Metrorail region corresponds to the Gauteng province. This province is home to Johannesburg and Pretoria, the latter which is one of the three capitals of the South African state. Cape Town and other metro regions also have their respective Metrorail systems. Although Metrorail has extensive experience operating the network, in recent years it has come under the attack due to protests, labor strikes, and looting.

## Data Table

| Country | City | System | Length
km | Gauge | Power | Max
Speed
km/h | Started | Opened | Lines | Stations | Population
millions
Metro | Code | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Algeria | Algiers | SNTF | 126.50 | 1435 mm |  | ??? |  |  | 3 |  | 5.0 | QQ | hh |
| Algeria | Algiers | Algiers Metro | 13 | 1435 mm | 750 V DC TR-SC | ??? | 1987 | 2011 | 1 | 14 | . | AA | kk |
| Algeria | Algiers | Algiers tramway | 23.2 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2011 | 1 | 38 | . | FF | mm |
| Algeria | Oran | Oran tramway | 18.7 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2013 | 1 | 32 | . | FF | mm |
| Algeria | Constantine | Constantine tramway | 14.7 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2013 | 1 | 15 | . | FF | mm |
| Algeria | Sidi Bel Abbès | Sidi Bel Abbès tramway | 13.74 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2017 | 1 | 22 | . | FF | mm |
| Algeria | Ouargla | Ouargla tramway | 9.7 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2018 | 1 | 16 | . | FF | mm |
| Algeria | Sétif | Sétif tramway | 22.4 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2018 | 2 | 26 | . | FF | mm |
| Angola | Luanda-Viana-Catete | Luanda Railway | 65 | 1067 mm | Diesel | ??? |  | 2010 | 1 | 14 | 6.5 | AA | cc |
| Angola | Lobito | Benguela railway |  | 1067 mm | Diesel | ??? |  |  |  |  | . | BB | oo |
| Angola | Namibe | Moçâmedes Railway |  | 1067 mm | Diesel | km/h |  |  |  |  | ; | JJ | dd |
| Benin | Cotonou-Pahou | Bénirail,
Blueline | 25 | 1000 mm | Diesel | ??? | 2014 |  | 1 |  | 0.7 | FF | cc |
| Egypt | Alexandria | Alexandria Tram | 32 |  |  | ??? |  |  |  |  | 4.5 | PP | ff |
| Egypt | Cairo | Cairo Metro | 78 | 1435 mm | Electric | ??? | 1967 | 1987 | 3 | 61 | 10.2 | CC | jj |
| Egypt | New Administrative Capital | Cairo Light Rail Transit | 70 | 1435 mm | Electric | ??? | 2019 | 2022 | 1 | 12 | ?? | LR |  |
| Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | Addis Ababa Light Rail | 32 | 1435 mm | 750 V DC OHW | km/h | 2012 | 2015 | 2 | 39 | ?? | LR |  |
| Ivory Coast | Abidjan | Abidjan Metro | 37 | 1435 mm | Electric | 80 | 2017 |  | 1 | 13 | 4.3 | AA | cc |
| Kenya | Nairobi | Nairobi rail service | 160 | 1000 mm | Diesel | ??? |  |  | 4 | 26 | 6.5 | AA | hh |
| Kenya | Nairobi | Nairobi Light Rail |  |  | Electric |  |  |  |  |  |  | LR | nn |
| Kenya | Mombasa |  |  | 1435 mm ? | ?? | ??? | Prpd |  |  |  | 1.3 | PP | mm k |
| Kenya | Kisumu |  |  | 1435 mm ? | ?? | ??? | Prpd |  |  |  | 0.4 | SS | mm k |
| Morocco |  | ONCF |  |  | 3 kVDC OHW | ??? |  |  |  |  | 0 | UU | gg |
| Morocco | Marrakesh | Marrakesh tramway | 0 | 1435 mm | N/A | ??? |  |  |  |  | ! | MM | Proposed |
| Morocco | Casablanca | Casablanca tramway | 31 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? | 2009 | 2012 | 1 | 48 | 4.2 | MM | rr |
| Morocco | Rabat-Salé | Rabat-Salé tramway | 19 | 1435 mm | OHW | ??? |  | 2011 |  | 31 | 2.1 | NN | uu |
| Nigeria | Abuja | Abuja Light Rail | 45.2 | 1435 mm | Diesel
then Electric | 80 | ??? | Jul 2018 | 2 | 12 | 6.0 | LR |  |
| Nigeria | Lagos | Lagos Rail Mass Transit |  | 1435 mm | Electric TR |  | ??? | ??? | 2 |  | 21.0 | LR | nn |
| Senegal | Dakar-Thiès | Petit train de banlieue | 80 | 1000 mm | Diesel | ??? |  | 1987 | 1 |  | 2.4 | HH | ee |
| Senegal | Dakar | Train Express Regional | 54 | 1435 mm | 25 kV AC | 160 km/h | 2016 | 2019 | 1 | 13 | 4.6 | HK | Airport |
| South Africa | Gauteng | Gautrain | 80 | 1435 mm | 25 kV AC OHW | 160 to 180 km/h | 2006 | 2010 | 2 | 10 | 14.3 | GG | zz |
| South Africa | Gauteng | Metrorail Gauteng \- PRASA | 1450 | 1067 mm | 3 kVDC OHW | 90 km/h | 1887 | 1889 | 16 | 219 | 14.3 | LR | aa |
| South Africa | Durban | Metrorail KwaZulu-Natal \- PRASA | 270 | 1067 mm | 3 kVDC OHW | 90 km/h | 1860 | 1860 | 7 | 99 | 3.8 | XX | aa |
| South Africa | Port Elizabeth | Metrorail Eastern Cape \- PRASA | 31 | 1067 mm | Diesel | 90 km/h | 1873 | 1873 | 1 | 10 | 1.2 | XX | aa |
| South Africa | East London | Metrorail Eastern Cape \- PRASA | 39 | 1067 mm | Diesel | 90 km/h | 1880 | 1880 | 1 | 18 | 0.8 | XX | aa |
| South Africa | Cape Town | Metrorail Western Cape \- PRASA | 438 | 1067 mm | 3 kVDC OHW | 90 km/h | 1863 | 1863 | 5 | 127 | 3.7 | XX | aa |
| Tanzania | Dar es Salaam | Dar es Salaam commuter rail | 12
21 | 1067 mm
1000 mm | Diesel | ??? | 2012 | 2012 | 2
1 |  | 4.3 | CC | zz |
| Tunisia | Tunis | Métro léger de Tunis | 32 | 1435 mm | 750 V DC OHW | ??? | 1981 | 1986 | 6 | 66 | 2.6 | BB |  |
| Uganda | Kampala | Kampala Capital City Authority,
Rift Valley Railways,
Uganda Railways Corporation | 12 | 1000 mm | Diesel | ??? | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | KK | kk |
| Uganda | Kampala | Greater Kampala Light Rail | 35 | 1435 mm | 750 V DC OHW | 080 | Prpd | ? | 4 |  | 1.6 | LR | Proposed |
|

### Legend

* LR = Light Rail
* OHW = Over head wiring.
* TR-SC = Third Rail - Side Contact
* TR = Third Rail
* prpd = Proposed.
* U/C= Under construction.

## Further reading


title: Neolygus

abstract: Neolygus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. There are at least 110 described species in Neolygus.

text:
# Neolygus

***Neolygus*** is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. There are at least 110 described species in *Neolygus*.

## Further reading

* Media related to Neolygus at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Neolygus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Miridae |
| Subfamily: | Mirinae |
| Tribe: | Mirini |
| Genus: | *Neolygus*<br>Knight, 1917 |
|


abstract: This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Niobrara County, Wyoming, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 6 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Niobrara County, Wyoming

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Niobrara County, Wyoming, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 6 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

**Contents:** Counties in Wyoming
| Albany \- Big Horn \- Campbell \- Carbon \- Converse \- Crook \- Fremont \- Goshen \- Hot Springs \- Johnson \- Laramie \- Lincoln \- Natrona \- Niobrara \- Park \- Platte \- Sheridan \- Sublette \- Sweetwater \- Teton \- Uinta \- Washakie \- Weston |
| --- |

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Agate Basin Site |  | February 15, 1974
(#74002029) | Address Restricted
 | Mule Creek |  |
| 2 | C and H Refinery Historic District |  | January 16, 2001
(#00001672) | 402 W. 8th St.
42°45′14″N 104°27′27″W / 42.753858°N 104.45758°W / 42.753858; -104.45758 (C and H Refinery Historic District) | Lusk |  |
| 3 | Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route and Rawhide Buttes and Running Water Stage Stations |  | April 16, 1969
(#69000190) | 1 mi (1.6 km) west to about 15 mi (24 km) southwest of Lusk
42°46′12″N 104°28′30″W / 42.77°N 104.475°W / 42.77; -104.475 (Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route and Rawhide Buttes and Running Water Stage Stations) | Lusk |  |
| 4 | DSD Bridge over Cheyenne River |  | February 22, 1985
(#85000429) | County Road CN14-46
43°25′16″N 104°07′53″W / 43.421111°N 104.131389°W / 43.421111; -104.131389 (DSD Bridge over Cheyenne River) | Riverview |  |
| 5 | Lusk Water Tower |  | August 12, 1991
(#91000997) | Along Chicago and North Western railroad tracks across from U.S. Route 20
42°45′46″N 104°26′34″W / 42.762845°N 104.442776°W / 42.762845; -104.442776 (Lusk Water Tower) | Lusk |  |
| 6 | Site of Ferdinand Branstetter Post No. 1, American Legion |  | September 30, 1969
(#69000194) | U.S. Route 20
42°39′47″N 104°05′25″W / 42.663003°N 104.090331°W / 42.663003; -104.090331 (Site of Ferdinand Branstetter Post No. 1, American Legion) | Van Tassell | Site of historic building, listed in 1969 after building was gone. |


title: Vinod Mehta

abstract: Vinod Mehta was an Indian journalist, editor and political commentator. He was also the founder editor-in-chief of Outlook from 1995 to 2012 and had been editor of publications such as The Pioneer, The Sunday Observer, The Independent and The Indian Post. He was also the author of several books.

text:
# Vinod Mehta

**Vinod Mehta** (31 May 1941 – 8 March 2015) was an Indian journalist, editor and political commentator. He was also the founder editor-in-chief of *Outlook* from 1995 to 2012 and had been editor of publications such as *The Pioneer*, *The Sunday Observer*, *The Independent* and *The Indian Post*. He was also the author of several books.

## Life

On 31 May 1941, Mehta was born in Rawalpindi, in Punjab, British India. His family became refugees in 1945. He grew up as an army boy in Lucknow, an experience that turned him into a determined secularist. He attended La Martinere school and the university there.

Mehta lived in New Delhi. He was married to Sumita Paul, a journalist who has worked for *The Pioneer* and the Sunday edition of *The Times of India*. He had a daughter from a prior relationship, the existence of whom he revealed in a memoir after encouragement from his wife.

Mehta died of multi-organ failure in New Delhi on 8 March 2015, after a prolonged illness.

## Career

Leaving home with a third-class BA degree, Mehta experimented with a string of jobs, including that of a factory-hand in suburban Britain, before accepting an offer to edit *Debonair* in 1974, a men's magazine.

Mehta became one of India's most influential editors by launching a number of successful publications such as the *Sunday Observer* in 1981, *The Indian Post* in 1987, *The Independent* in 1989, *The Pioneer* (Delhi edition) in 1990 and, finally, *Outlook* in 1995. He was editorial chairman of the Outlook Group.

Mehta was forced to resign from the editorship of *The Independent* newspaper in 1989, 29 days after launching it, because of a story based on a dubious RAW report, calling the Maharashtrian politician Y. B. Chavan a spy, which Mehta ran with an eight-column banner headline.

Vinod Mehta has authored a biography of Meena Kumari and Sanjay Gandhi, and published (in 2001) a collection of his articles under the title *Mr Editor, How Close Are You to the PM?* His memoir, *Lucknow Boy*, was published in 2011. Mehta is infamous for his comment praising Pakistan's military dictator Pervez Musharraf at Agra Summit held in 2001 where he said to Musharraf that "I support you so much that in India, they call me your man."

Mehta was a TV panellist and frequently appeared on TV shows like *Newshour* on Times Now and *India at 9* at CNN-IBN. He was called upon by news anchors as a senior journalist and was sought after for his analysis of major issues and scenarios. He remained editor-in-chief of *Outlook* till February 2012.

He was president of the Editors Guild of India and was, briefly, the writer and presenter of "Letter from India" on the BBC World Service and BBC Radio 4.

On 9 February 2015 he was awarded the Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his work in the field of journalism.

## Lawsuit

In 2012 the *Indian Express* attempted to sue Mehta for defamation after he had hinted that a story it had run was planted.

## Praise

In her column in *The Indian Express*, Coomi Kapoor, who worked under Mehta for many years, said

> As an editor Vinod Mehta never pulled rank, giving correspondents a free hand if he felt they had a valid story to tell, no matter the consequences...He had an unconventional approach towards editing newspapers, brimming with ideas he was shorn of any pomposity.

## Major works

* *Bombay: A Private View* (1971)
* *Meena Kumari* (1972) \[Re-launched in May 2013\], ISBN 978-9350296257
* *Mr Editor, how close are you to the PM?* (1999), ISBN 978-8122005332
* *Lucknow Boy: A Memoir* (2010), ISBN 978-0670085293
* *The Sanjay Story* (2012), ISBN 978-9350295816
* *Editor Unplugged* (2014)

## InfoBox

| Vinod Mehta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 31 May 1941
Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India |
| Died | (2015-03-08)8 March 2015 (aged 73)
Delhi, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts |
| Alma mater | University of Lucknow |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Years active | 1974–2012 |
| Employer | Outlook India |
| Spouse | Sumita Paul |


title: Killswitch (film)

abstract: Killswitch is a documentary film about the battle for control over the Internet. The movie is a collaboration between director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeffrey Horn, writer Christopher Dollar and Akorn Entertainment. It premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival in October 2014, where it won the James K. Lyons Award for Best Editing of a feature documentary and then made its international debut, playing alongside Citizenfour at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in November 2014. In 2015, it screened on Capitol Hill, as well as film festivals on four continents. Theatrical release was on March 1, 2015. Kathy Gill of GeekWire writes that "Killswitch is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Christopher Dollar created a human centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."

text:
# Killswitch (film)

***Killswitch*** is a documentary film about the battle for control over the Internet. The movie is a collaboration between director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeffrey Horn, writer Christopher Dollar and Akorn Entertainment. It premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival in October 2014, where it won the James K. Lyons Award for Best Editing of a feature documentary and then made its international debut, playing alongside *Citizenfour* at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in November 2014. In 2015, it screened on Capitol Hill, as well as film festivals on four continents (Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America). Theatrical release was on March 1, 2015. Kathy Gill of GeekWire writes that "*Killswitch* is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Christopher Dollar created a human centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."

## Synopsis

Lawrence Lessig, Tim Wu, and Peter Ludlow frame the story of two young hackers, Aaron Swartz and Edward Snowden. Swartz and Snowden both release information and take on the system, putting them directly in the cross-hairs of some of the most powerful interests in the world. Swartz, Lessig's protégé, downloads many academic journal articles from JSTOR, for which he is arrested. Swartz also successfully leads the charge in defeating the Stop Online Piracy Act, but he dies by suicide while facing disproportionate prosecution under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Shortly after this, Snowden observes systemic mass surveillance of the public by the National Security Agency, and decides to leak the information. He is forced to flee the country and ponder his next move.

## Capitol Hill screening

In February 2015, *Killswitch* was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor's Center in Washington DC by Congressman Alan Grayson. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's decision to reclassify Internet service providers under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. Congressman Grayson, Harvard Professor Lawrence Lessig, and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron paid homage to Aaron Swartz (who died by suicide in January 2013 while under prosecution for various computer crimes) and spoke about the importance of protecting the free and open Internet.

## Reception

* U.S. Representative Alan Grayson: "One of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet – and access to information itself."
* *Mic*: "One of the best documentaries to watch in 2017. Highlights aspects of the web few take time to think about, and serves as a thought-provoking film on the future of information."
* *Metro Silicon Valley*: "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café."
* *Orange County Register*: "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by *Killswitch*, a gripping and fast-paced documentary."
* *GeekWire*: "*Killswitch* weaves together ancient and recent history in a way that makes heady issues like network neutrality and SOPA connect with non-technical people."

## Film festival premieres

## InfoBox

| Killswitch | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Ali Akbarzadeh |
| Written by | Christopher Dollar |
| Produced by | Jeffrey Horn |
| Starring |  |
| Edited by | * Prichard Smith * CJ Sato * Ali Akbarzadeh |
| Release date | * October 2014 (2014-10) (Woodstock) |
| Running time | 74 minutes |
| Language | English |


abstract: The College of Performing Arts, is part of The New School, New York City, NY. It was established in the fall of 2015 as part of major rebranding of the three performance arts colleges of The New School. The measure combined the Mannes School of Music, the School of Jazz and Contemporary Music, and School of Drama into a new institution called the College of Performing Arts. The college is mostly located within The New School's Arnhold Hall at 55 West 13th street, with the School of Drama located at 151 Bank street.

text:
# The New School College of Performing Arts

The **College of Performing Arts**, is part of The New School, New York City, NY. It was established in the fall of 2015 as part of major rebranding of the three performance arts colleges of The New School. The measure combined the **Mannes School of Music**, the **School of Jazz and Contemporary Music**, and **School of Drama** into a new institution called the College of Performing Arts. The college is mostly located within The New School's Arnhold Hall at 55 West 13th street, with the School of Drama located at 151 Bank street.

## Schools

The New School College of Performing Arts includes the following schools:

### Mannes School of Music

Originally called The David Mannes Music School, it was founded in 1916 by David Mannes, concertmaster of the New York Symphony Orchestra, and his wife Clara Damrosch. In 1938, the school was renamed the Mannes Music School. In 1953 the school began offering degrees and changed its name to the Mannes College of Music. In 1960 it merged with the Chatham Square Music School. In 1989 Mannes joined The New School, whose eight schools included Parsons School of Design, Eugene Lang College, and The New School for Drama. In 2005, the New School administration changed the name to Mannes College: the New School for Music. In 2015, the university renamed it Mannes School of Music, and moved it to Arnhold Hall in the West Village.

### School of Jazz

The School of Jazz at The New School offers Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degrees in Jazz and Contemporary Music with concentrations in vocal and instrumental performance. The core curriculum includes courses in performance, analysis, composition, music history, and liberal arts. In addition, a student can select or audition for a wide range of elective courses and narrow your focus as you advance toward graduation.

### School of Drama

The New School's theatrical MFA program was founded in 1994 in association with the Actors Studio. The program existed as the Actors Studio Drama School until 2005, when the contract with the Studio came to end. Following the split, New School President Bob Kerrey announced that the program would continue without the Studio as the New School for Drama, with Robert LuPone as Director and the School of Drama became part of the College of Performing Arts. The classes of 2006 and 2007 enrolled in the Actors Studio Drama School, graduated from the New School for Drama. The program is a three-year intensive, offering Masters of Fine Arts in Acting, Directing or Playwriting. The undergraduate program was established in 2013 and offers students a multidisciplinary, studio-driven program that combines courses in acting, directing and playwriting. The four-year program grants a BFA in the Dramatic Arts.

## Broadcasting

*NSCR*, or *New School CoPa Radio*, is an online radio station run by the College of Performing Arts (CoPa) and spans a wide range of genres, and features more than 400 artists, 500 albums, and 3,840 individual tracks and songs, all by students, faculty, alumni, and staff from CoPa divisions, including the School of Drama, School of Jazz and Contemporary Music, the Mannes School of Music, as well as alumni from the wider New School community. The station was established in 2021.

40°44′08″N 73°59′50″W / 40.735503°N 73.997140°W / 40.735503; -73.997140

## InfoBox

College of Performing Arts
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Mannes School of Music
(1916–2015)
School of Jazz
(1986–2015)
School of Drama
(1994–2015) |
| Type | Private music conservatory |
| Established | 2015 (2015) |
| Parent institution | The New School |
| Accreditation | NYSED |
| Executive Dean | Richard Kessler |
| Academic staff | 630 |
| Students | 1,010 |
| Undergraduates | 605 |
| Postgraduates | 405 |
| Location | New York, United States |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colors | White, Black, Parsons Red
 |
| Mascot | Gnarls the Narwhal |
| Website | newschool.edu/performing-arts |
|  | |


title: Panguipulli Batholith

abstract: The Panguipulli Batholith is a granitic batholith of Jurassic age located in the Andes around Panguipulli Lake in southern Chile.

text:
# Panguipulli Batholith

The **Panguipulli Batholith** is a granitic batholith of Jurassic age located in the Andes around Panguipulli Lake in southern Chile.

## InfoBox

| Panguipulli Batholith | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Jurassic | |
| Type | Batholith |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Granite |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 39°36′S 72°15′W / 39.6°S 72.25°W / -39.6; -72.25 |
| Region | Los Ríos Region |
| Country | Chile |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Panguipulli Lake |
| Panguipulli Batholith (Chile) | |


title: Tony Stanger

abstract: Anthony George Stanger is a Scottish former international rugby union player. With 24 international tries, he was Scotland's joint record try scorer, along with Ian Smith, until that record was broken by Stuart Hogg in November 2021. His regular playing positions were Wing and Centre.

text:
# Tony Stanger

**Anthony George Stanger** (born 14 May 1968) is a Scottish former international rugby union player. With 24 international tries, he was Scotland's joint record try scorer, along with Ian Smith, until that record was broken by Stuart Hogg in November 2021. His regular playing positions were Wing and Centre.

## Early life

Stanger was born in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. He attended university at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in Applied Sport Sciences – 1st Class Honours (1999).

## Rugby career

Stanger played rugby for Scotland at under 18, 19 and 21 levels. He went on the Scotland rugby team's tour of Japan. He was selected to start for Scotland against Fiji in October 1989, without playing for the Scotland B side. He scored the winning try in the 1990 Five Nations match against England to seal Scotland's third Grand Slam. He played for Scotland at the 1991 and 1995 Rugby World Cups.

In 1997, Stanger was called up to replace Ieuan Evans, who was injured on tour with the British Lions in South Africa 1997, and Stanger gained one cap on the tour.

## Later and personal life

Since retiring from playing, Stanger has moved on to other pursuits, mainly in the areas of coaching and guidance for professional sportspeople. He received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Education from University of Edinburgh in June 2007.

Stanger worked as a Talent Manager with the Scottish Institute of Sport from 2008 to 2015, then served as Director at performance agency *Stanger Pro* alongside his New Zealand-born wife Bid. Their son George is a footballer who began his career at Stirling Albion before moving to Hamilton Academical in 2018, also being selected for New Zealand Under-20s.

## InfoBox

Tony Stanger
| Birth name | Anthony George Stanger |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1968-05-14) 14 May 1968 |
| Place of birth | Hawick, Scotland |
| University | University of Edinburgh (1999) |
| Spouse | Bid |
| Children | Rosie, George and Jack |
| Occupation(s) | Director at Stanger Pro Limited (2015–present) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Wing and Centre  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1985–2001 Hawick   ()  Borders   ()  Edinburgh   ()  Grenoble   ()  Leeds Tykes   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1989–1999 Scotland  52  (106)  1997 British and Irish Lions  1   Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  2001–2004 Leeds Tykes  2004–2008 London Irish (Speed and skills) | |


title: Herpetogramma omphalobasis

abstract: Herpetogramma omphalobasis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Herpetogramma omphalobasis

***Herpetogramma omphalobasis*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Herpetogramma omphalobasis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Herpetogramma* |
| Species: | ***H. omphalobasis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herpetogramma omphalobasis***<br>(Hampson, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phryganodes omphalobasis* Hampson, 1899 | |


title: Hidden Lake (Alaska)

abstract: Hidden Lake is a lake on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, formed by an ancient channel of the Kenai River. It is located entirely inside the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge. The lake is deepest at its southeast end, with depths up to 148 feet (45 m). The back country section of the lake in the northwest has several islands and depths in the range of 10–70 feet (3.0–21.3 m). Being in the foothills of the Kenai Mountains, much of the shoreline is very steep, and wooded with birch and spruce trees. The only outflow from the lake is Hidden Creek, a short, shallow creek that flows into the Kenai River just North of Skilak Lake.

text:
# Hidden Lake (Alaska)

**Hidden Lake** is a lake on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, formed by an ancient channel of the Kenai River. It is located entirely inside the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge. The lake is deepest at its southeast end, with depths up to 148 feet (45 m). The back country section of the lake in the northwest has several islands and depths in the range of 10–70 feet (3.0–21.3 m). Being in the foothills of the Kenai Mountains, much of the shoreline is very steep, and wooded with birch and spruce trees. The only outflow from the lake is *Hidden Creek*, a short, shallow creek that flows into the Kenai River just North of Skilak Lake.

## Access

There is a US Fish and Wildlife Service developed campground with 44 campsites and a boat launch at the lake. The campground has handicapped accessibility. It can be accessed via Skilak Lake Road; the only other land access is to the other end of the lake via the Seven Lakes Trail. Airplane landings are only permitted for winter access to ice fishing. The campground was upgraded in 1989. Since the 1990s, campground hosts have been recruited each summer; they live in their own campers or trailers on site and receive a weekly stipend. The 2019 Swan Lake Fire burned some areas on the north shore of the lake, but firefighters were able to save the campground by employing "burnout" strategy, creating a back burn with driptorches alongside the adjacent highway.

## Wildlife

The lake and creek are noted for the presence of both brown and black bears. Refuge regulations specify that food, garbage, and other items likely to attract bears be properly stowed in a hard-shelled vehicle or a certified bearproof container at all times when not in immediate use. Other terrestrial mammals include squirrels, weasels, muskrats, and moose. Small birds in the area include jays, thrushes, juncos, warblers, and chickadees. There are also ravens and other corvids as well as bald eagles. Waterfowl commonly spotted in the area include the red-necked grebe, common loon, and Pacific loon.

The lake is home to sockeye salmon that migrate in the tens of thousands, with fry leaving in early June, and spawning adults returning in June and July. Other fish species include Arctic char, coho salmon, lake trout, and rainbow trout.

## InfoBox

| Hidden Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the USFWS campground and boat launch. Only about one-third of the lake is visible from this area, the rest is "hidden" behind islands and rock outcroppings | |
| Hidden Lake | |
|  | |
| Location | Kenai National Wildlife Refuge |
| Coordinates | 60°29′06″N 150°15′45″W / 60.48500°N 150.26250°W / 60.48500; -150.26250 |
| Part of | Kenai River system |
| Primary inflows | four unnamed creeks |
| Primary outflows | Hidden Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Managing agency | US Fish and Wildlife Service |
|  | |
| Surface area | 682.7 hectares (1,687 acres) |
| Average depth | 20.1 meters (66 ft) |
| Max. depth | 45.1 meters (148 ft) |
| Shore length1 | 23,679 feet (7,217 m) |
| Surface elevation | 86 meters (282 ft) |
|  | |
| References | http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/SF\_Lakes/ |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Montana Lottery

abstract: The Montana Lottery is run by the government of Montana. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). The Montana Lottery's portfolio consists of scratch tickets, plus Mega Millions, Powerball, Lotto America, Montana Millionaire, Lucky for Life, Big Sky Bonus, Montana Sports Action, Treasure Play and Montana Cash. The Montana Lottery was created by referendum in 1986. It passed by a wide margin and the Montana Lottery opened for business in June 1987. Since then, it has paid out at least $590 million to players in prizes, and has generated over $259 million for the State of Montana. In Montana, the minimum age to purchase a lottery ticket is 18.

text:
# Montana Lottery

The **Montana Lottery** is run by the government of Montana. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). The Montana Lottery's portfolio consists of scratch tickets, plus Mega Millions, Powerball, Lotto America, Montana Millionaire, Lucky for Life, Big Sky Bonus, Montana Sports Action, Treasure Play and Montana Cash.

The Montana Lottery was created by referendum in 1986. It passed by a wide margin and the Montana Lottery opened for business in June 1987. Since then, it has paid out at least $590 million to players in prizes, and has generated over $259 million for the State of Montana.

In Montana, the minimum age to purchase a lottery ticket is 18.

## History

The Montana Lottery was created by citizen referendum and passed on November 4, 1986 by 68.97% of voters.

In 1995 the state legislature passed SB 83, which redirected lottery revenue earmarked for the Superintendent of Public Instruction to the General Fund as "part of a larger bill simplifying revenue allocations throughout state government."

On August 31, 2008, the Montana Lottery began fantasy sports wagering, called *Montana Sports Action*, which is offered under the authority of MCA 23-4, a law passed by the Montana Legislature in 2007 to help the Board of Horse Racing increase purses in Montana. The Board of Horse Racing may also use the funds raised in other ways to stimulate horse racing in Montana. The law requires that 74% of the money wagered be returned to players in prize payouts. The remaining 26% is shared between the establishments offering Montana Sports Action, the Board of Horse Racing, and the Montana Lottery. (Sports betting in the US also was legal in Delaware, Nevada, and Oregon prior to the Supreme Court ruling the Professional & Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) unconstitutional in May 2018, opening the door for other states to legalize sports betting.)

## Current draw games

### In-house draw games

#### Big Sky Bonus

Big Sky Bonus draws daily at 7:30 p.m. Mountain Time. Tickets may be purchased up to two minutes before the drawing. Players can choose to play up to seven consecutive drawings.

On April 25, 2021, the game’s number matrix shifted from 4/28 + 1/17 to 4/31 + 1/16.

#### Montana Cash

Montana Cash is played Wednesdays and Saturdays. It draws 5 numbers from 1 through 45. Players get two games for $1. The jackpot starts at $40,000 and rolls over until it’s won.

Prior to May 14, 2014, the game drew 5 numbers from 1 to 37 with a starting jackpot of $20,000.

### Multi state games

#### Lotto America

Lotto America draws on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 8:59 p.m. mountain time. The jackpot starts at a guaranteed $2 million and grows each time the jackpot is not won. For an additional $1 per play, All Star Bonus provides the opportunity to multiply any Lotto America prize you win (excluding the jackpot) up to five times.

#### Lucky for Life

Lucky for Life is a lottery drawing game available in 23 states and the District of Columbia. Players select 5 numbers from 1 through 48, and a green "Lucky Ball" numbered from 1 through 18. Lucky for Life, which began as a Connecticut-only game, *Lucky-4-Life*, has a top prize of $1,000-per-day-for-life, and a second prize of $25,000-per-year for life. ("Lifetime" winners can choose cash in lieu of the periodic payments.)

#### Mega Millions

On September 6, 1996, six lotteries began the-then *The Big Game*; it became Mega Millions in May 2002. Its jackpots begin at $20 million (annuitized with cash option.) Mega Millions draws 5 white balls numbered 1 through 70, and 1 gold-colored *Mega Ball* numbered 1 through 25.

Most lotteries with either Mega Millions or Powerball prior to January 31, 2010 added the other game on that date. The Montana Lottery added Mega Millions on March 1, 2010, becoming the first lottery to add the "other" game after the official cross-selling expansion about a month prior. As with all Mega Millions members (except for California), Montana offers Mega Millions' multiplier, called *Megaplier*; it multiplies all non-jackpot prizes by up to 5x. A second-prize wager with "Megaplier" can win $5 million cash.

#### Powerball

Since 1989, the Montana Lottery has been a member of MUSL. Powerball began in April 1992. Powerball's jackpots are at least $20 million. It is also drawn Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday nights. Powerball draws 5 white balls from 1 to 69 and 1 red Powerball from 1 to 26. Powerball also has an optional multiplier, *PowerPlay*, which multiplies a non-jackpot prize by 2x to 5x. When the jackpot is at $150,000,000 or less, a power play number of 10x can be drawn. Also the power play match 5 prize is always set at $2,000,000 regardless of the power play number selected. All other non jackpot prizes are multiplied by the power play number selected.

1. Lottery, Montana (1970). "Report of the official canvass by County of votes cast at the general election, held in the State of Montana ... (exclusive of votes cast for members of the legislature)". *Montana Lottery Website*. Helena, Mont. : The Secretary. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
2. Fiscal Division, Legislative. "Legislative Fiscal Division" (PDF). *Montana State Lottery: A History*. Retrieved 22 February 2018.


title: Neolycaena rhymnus

abstract:
Neolycaena rhymnus is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from Ukraine and southern and central Russia to the southern Ural Mountains, Zauralye, the western and southern Altai Region, the Sayan Mountains and Kazakhstan.
Seitz gives this description - T. rhymnus Ev.. Tailless, the wings brown above and beneath. The underside irrorated with numerous white short dashes, which are partly placed in rows and partly irregularly dispersed. — In South Russia, South Siberia to the Altai, in May and June, on steppes. Adults are on wing from late May to mid-June. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Caragana frutex.

text:
# Neolycaena rhymnus

***Neolycaena rhymnus*** is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from Ukraine and southern and central Russia to the southern Ural Mountains, Zauralye, the western and southern Altai Region, the Sayan Mountains and Kazakhstan. Seitz gives this description - *T. rhymnus* Ev. (73 f). Tailless, the wings brown above and beneath. The underside irrorated with numerous white short dashes, which are partly placed in rows and partly irregularly dispersed. — In South Russia, South Siberia to the Altai, in May and June, on steppes.

Adults are on wing from late May to mid-June. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on *Caragana frutex*.

## Subspecies

* *Neolycaena rhymnus rhymnus*
* *Neolycaena rhymnus betpakdalensis* (western Kazakhstan)
* *Neolycaena rhymnus rufina* (Katutau Mountains, Dzhungarsky Alatau, south-eastern Kazakhstan)

* Lukhtanov, V.A., 1999: Eine neue ungewöhnliche art der gattung Neolycaena aus Kirgisien (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). *Atalanta* 30 (1/4): 129–134.
* Tshikolovets, V. V., 2011. *Butterflies of Europe & the Mediterranean Area* Tshikolovets Publications, Pardubice, Czech Republic. ISBN 9788090490000.
* Zhdanko, A.B. in Tuzov, V. K. (ed.), 2000. *Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories*; Volume 2; Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae. Pensoft, Sofia.

## InfoBox

| *Neolycaena rhymnus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Neolycaena rhymnus* in Seitz | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Neolycaena* |
| Species: | ***N. rhymnus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neolycaena rhymnus***<br>(Eversmann, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lycaena rhymnus* Eversmann, 1832 * *Neolycaena betpakdalensis* Zhdanko, 1998 * *Neolycaena rufina* Lukhtanov, 1994 | |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Nolan County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Nolan County, Texas. There are one district and three individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. Two properties are also Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Nolan County, Texas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Nolan County, Texas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Nolan County, Texas. There are one district and three individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. Two properties are also Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a mapping service provided.

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | First National Bank Building |  | May 26, 1983
(#83003154) | 101 E. 3rd St.
32°28′16″N 100°24′30″W / 32.471111°N 100.408333°W / 32.471111; -100.408333 (First National Bank Building) | Sweetwater | Part of Sweetwater Commercial Historic District |
| 2 | I.M. and Margaret Newman House |  | August 14, 2003
(#03000771) | 309 Ragland St.
32°28′29″N 100°24′09″W / 32.474722°N 100.4025°W / 32.474722; -100.4025 (I.M. and Margaret Newman House) | Sweetwater | Recorded Texas Historic Landmark |
| 3 | R. A. Ragland Building |  | May 14, 1979
(#79003001) | 113-117 3rd St.
32°28′17″N 100°24′29″W / 32.471389°N 100.408056°W / 32.471389; -100.408056 (R. A. Ragland Building) | Sweetwater | Recorded Texas Historic Landmark; part of Sweetwater Commercial Historic District |
| 4 | Sweetwater Commercial Historic District |  | June 7, 1984
(#84001915) | Roughly between 1st and 5th, and Ash and Texas and Pacific RR tracks
32°27′48″N 100°24′37″W / 32.463333°N 100.410278°W / 32.463333; -100.410278 (Sweetwater Commercial Historic District) | Sweetwater |  |

Media related to National Register of Historic Places in Nolan County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons


title: Murray Hall (ice hockey)

abstract: Murray Winston Hall is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League and World Hockey Association during the 1960s and 1970s.

text:
# Murray Hall (ice hockey)

**Murray Winston Hall** (born November 24, 1940) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League and World Hockey Association during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Playing career

A talented offensive winger, Hall was signed by the Chicago Black Hawks as a teenager and came up through their junior system, turning pro in 1961. In 1961–62, he scored 21 goals as the youngest player on the AHL Buffalo Bisons, Chicago's top minor-league affiliate. He appeared in his first two NHL games. Hall also received a surprising opportunity to play in the NHL All-Star Game, which at the time was between the defending Stanley Cup champions (Chicago won in 1961), and a team of all-stars from the rest of the league. Chicago took the opportunity to give Hall and Chico Maki, two of their top prospects, some valuable experience.

Over the next two seasons, Hall established himself as an elite minor-league scorer (playing on a line with and outscoring Phil Esposito in the EPHL in 1962–63), but struggled to take the next step to the NHL. In 1963–64, he scored just 2 points in 23 games in Chicago, and following the season was selected by the Detroit Red Wings in the intra-league draft. In Detroit, his fortunes were much the same. He easily led the Wings' AHL affiliate in scoring over the next two years, but only appeared in a few games in Detroit. In 1966–67, he finally produced in NHL action, scoring 4 goals and 7 points in a 12-game stint in Detroit.

Selected by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft, Hall was expected to be a key part of their first-year squad but struggled scoring just 3 points in 17 games, and his rights were dealt to the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was assigned to the Vancouver Canucks of the Western Hockey League in 1968, and spent the following two seasons there.

In 1970, the owners of the Canucks were granted an NHL expansion franchise of the same name, and Hall was one of several players who stayed with the organization. This time, he took advantage of his opportunity, scoring 21 goals and 38 assists for 59 points, good for 4th on the team in scoring and 2nd in assists. However, his scoring touch didn't last as he slumped to just 6 goals and 12 points in 32 games in 1971–72, and found himself back in the AHL.

Hall jumped to the upstart World Hockey Association for 1972–73, one of four Canucks (along with Ted Taylor, Poul Popiel, and John Schella) to sign with the Houston Aeros. He rediscovered his scoring touch in the WHA, scoring 70 points in his first year in Houston. With the arrival of Gordie Howe in 1973, Houston dominated the WHA over the next two seasons, and Hall was a key component of teams that won back-to-back Avco Cup championships in 1974 and 1975, scoring an impressive 16 goals in 27 playoff games over those two years. Hall spent one more season with Houston in 1975–76 and had a brief stint in the CHL before retiring in 1977.

In 164 NHL games, Hall recorded 35 goals and 48 assists for 83 points, and 46 penalty minutes. In an additional 312 WHA contests, he netted 96 goals and added 125 assists for 221 points, along with 155 penalty minutes.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1959–60 | St. Catharines Teepees | OHA | | 48 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 22 | | 17 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 6 |
| 1960–61 | St. Catharines Teepees | OHA | | 48 | 35 | 41 | 76 | 60 | | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 1960–61 | Sault Thunderbirds | EPHL | |  |  |  |  |  | | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 1961–62 | Chicago Black Hawks | NHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1961–62 | Buffalo Bisons | AHL | | 68 | 20 | 21 | 41 | 41 | | 11 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
| 1962–63 | St. Louis Braves | EPHL | | 71 | 29 | 69 | 98 | 41 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1962–63 | Chicago Black Hawks | NHL | |  |  |  |  |  | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1963–64 | Chicago Black Hawks | NHL | | 23 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1963–64 | St. Louis Braves | CHL | | 28 | 17 | 40 | 57 | 35 | | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| 1964–65 | Pittsburgh Hornets | AHL | | 72 | 29 | 33 | 62 | 29 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1964–65 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | |  |  |  |  |  | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1965–66 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1965–66 | Pittsburgh Hornets | AHL | | 70 | 28 | 45 | 73 | 102 | | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| 1966–67 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | | 12 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Pittsburgh Hornets | AHL | | 12 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Los Angeles Blades | WHL | | 43 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1967–68 | Minnesota North Stars | NHL | | 17 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1967–68 | Memphis South Stars | CHL | | 12 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 23 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1967–68 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 38 | 17 | 14 | 31 | 19 | | 11 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 2 |
| 1968–69 | Vancouver Canucks | WHL | | 69 | 28 | 37 | 65 | 34 | | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
| 1969–70 | Vancouver Canucks | WHL | | 72 | 27 | 55 | 82 | 42 | | 11 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 10 |
| 1970–71 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 77 | 21 | 38 | 59 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 32 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 37 | 10 | 32 | 42 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | Houston Aeros | WHA | | 76 | 28 | 42 | 70 | 84 | | 10 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 18 |
| 1973–74 | Houston Aeros | WHA | | 78 | 30 | 28 | 58 | 25 | | 14 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 6 |
| 1974–75 | Houston Aeros | WHA | | 78 | 18 | 29 | 47 | 28 | | 13 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 8 |
| 1975–76 | Houston Aeros | WHA | | 80 | 20 | 26 | 46 | 18 | | 17 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
| 1976–77 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | | 30 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| WHA totals | | | | 312 | 96 | 125 | 221 | 155 | | 54 | 21 | 17 | 38 | 32 |
| NHL totals | | | | 164 | 35 | 48 | 83 | 46 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Murray Hall | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1940-11-24) November 24, 1940
Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 175 lb (79 kg; 12 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Right Wing | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
Minnesota North Stars
Vancouver Canucks
Houston Aeros (WHA) | | |
| Playing career | 19611976 | | |


title: Kings Lake Shore Railroad

abstract: The Kings Lake Shore Railroad was a 19.4-mile (31.2 km) common carrier railroad that operated in Kings County, California from 1910 to 1934. The line primarily hauled agricultural products that grew in this region of the San Joaquin Valley. The line originated with a connection with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at Corcoran and then ran south-southwest to its terminus at Liberty Farms. Grading for the railroad commenced in 1910 as the Kings River Railroad. The Kings River Railroad was organized to build from the Santa Fe at Corcoran to Tulare Lake. The Kings River constructed 10.05 miles (16.2 km) of track. In May 1917, the Kings Lake Shore Railroad was incorporated and took over the Kings River Railroad. The railroad extended the line another 9.4 miles (15.1 km). In 1923, the railroad acquired Santa Fe Railway's #27, a 4-4-0 American-type Schenectady Locomotive Works steam locomotive. Abandonment of the line was authorized during the Great Depression on January 22, 1934, and the tracks were removed the same year.

text:
# Kings Lake Shore Railroad

The **Kings Lake Shore Railroad** was a 19.4-mile (31.2 km) common carrier railroad that operated in Kings County, California from 1910 to 1934. The line primarily hauled agricultural products that grew in this region of the San Joaquin Valley. The line originated with a connection with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at Corcoran and then ran south-southwest to its terminus at Liberty Farms.

Grading for the railroad commenced in 1910 as the Kings River Railroad. The Kings River Railroad was organized to build from the Santa Fe at Corcoran to Tulare Lake. The Kings River constructed 10.05 miles (16.2 km) of track.

In May 1917, the Kings Lake Shore Railroad was incorporated and took over the Kings River Railroad. The railroad extended the line another 9.4 miles (15.1 km). In 1923, the railroad acquired Santa Fe Railway's #27, a 4-4-0 American-type Schenectady Locomotive Works (Builder No. 2373) steam locomotive. Abandonment of the line was authorized during the Great Depression on January 22, 1934, and the tracks were removed the same year.

## Route

* Corcoran
* El Rico
* Harvester
* Liberty Fields

* Fickewirth, Alvin A. (1992). *California railroads: an encyclopedia of cable car, common carrier, horsecar, industrial, interurban, logging, monorail, motor road, shortlines, streetcar, switching and terminal railroads in California (1851-1992)*. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-106-8.
* Robertson, Donald B. (1998). *Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History - Volume IV - California*. Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers. ISBN 0-87004-385-4.
* Walker, Mike (1997). *Steam Powered Video's Comprehensive Railroad Atlas of North America - California and Nevada* (Post Merger ed.). Faversham, Kent, United Kingdom: Steam Powered Publishing. ISBN 1-874745-08-0.

## InfoBox

Kings Lake Shore Railroad
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Hanford, California |
| Locale | Corcoran, Kings County, California |
| Dates of operation | 19101934 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


title: The Minstrel Show (film)

abstract: The Minstrel Show is a 1932 short animated film by Columbia Pictures starring the comic strip character Krazy Kat.

text:
# The Minstrel Show (film)

***The Minstrel Show*** is a 1932 short animated film by Columbia Pictures starring the comic strip character Krazy Kat.

## Plot

Krazy is a stage actor who leads a group of performers wearing blackface. The stage acts include playing musical instruments, dancing, and telling jokes.

After a few acts, one of the performers does some scat singing. The audience, however, does not find the performance appealing as they slingshot a slice of watermelon into the performer's mouth, thus changing his singing style. The audience finds it more fun to toss things are they hurl more fruits onto the performers.

When Krazy does his second solo act, the audience slingshoots a large can of tomatoes at him. Krazy does not bother by the deed as he turns the can into a kilt, and the can's contents into bagpipes. Once more, the audience tosses another object onto the stage. This time, an egg. The egg lands on Krazy's head, knocking him unconscious, before dropping onto the stage floor where it breaks open. Strangely, a skunk emerges from the eggshell. The skunk unleashes fumes, causing everybody at the theater to leave. Krazy wakes up but is still dazed from the egg projectile.

## InfoBox

| The Minstrel Show | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Manny Gould
Ben Harrison |
| Story by | Manny Gould |
| Produced by | Charles Mintz |
| Music by | Joe de Nat |
| Animation by | Al Eugster
Preston Blair |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
company | The Charles Mintz Studio |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * November 21, 1932 (1932-11-21) |
| Running time | 6:40 |
| Language | English |


title: Jacksonboro, South Carolina

abstract: Jacksonboro is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in southeastern Colleton County, South Carolina, United States, along the west side of the Edisto River. Jacksonboro serves as a primary junction along U.S. Highway 17 between Charleston 32 miles (51 km) to the east and Beaufort 41 miles (66 km) to the southwest. Walterboro, the Colleton County seat, is 16 miles (26 km) to the northwest via South Carolina Highway 64. The population of Jacksonboro was 478 as of the 2010 census. Jacksonboro was founded in the 1730s, and named after John Jackson, the original owner of the town site. The Pon Pon Chapel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

text:
# Jacksonboro, South Carolina

**Jacksonboro** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in southeastern Colleton County, South Carolina, United States, along the west side of the Edisto River. Jacksonboro serves as a primary junction along U.S. Highway 17 between Charleston 32 miles (51 km) to the east and Beaufort 41 miles (66 km) to the southwest. Walterboro, the Colleton County seat, is 16 miles (26 km) to the northwest via South Carolina Highway 64. The population of Jacksonboro was 478 as of the 2010 census.

Jacksonboro was founded in the 1730s, and named after John Jackson, the original owner of the town site. The Pon Pon Chapel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 412 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Jacksonboro, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
|  | |
| JacksonboroJacksonboro | |
| Coordinates: 32°46′13″N 80°27′16″W / 32.77028°N 80.45444°W / 32.77028; -80.45444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Colleton |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.47 sq mi (37.47 km2) |
| Land | 14.47 sq mi (37.47 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 23 ft (7 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 412 |
| Density | 28.47/sq mi (10.99/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29446 |
| Area code(s) | 843 and 854 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1246146 |


title: Toronto East Centre

abstract: Toronto East Centre was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1935. It was located in the city of Toronto in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Toronto Centre, Toronto East and Toronto South ridings. It consisted of the part of the city of Toronto south of Bloor Street, north of Toronto Harbour, west of the Don River and the Canadian National Railway line, and east of Avenue Road, Queen's Park Crescent, University Avenue. The area north of Dundas Street and east of Jarvis was excluded from the riding. The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed between Rosedale and St. Paul's ridings.

text:
# Toronto East Centre

**Toronto East Centre** was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1935. It was located in the city of Toronto in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Toronto Centre, Toronto East and Toronto South ridings.

It consisted of the part of the city of Toronto south of Bloor Street, north of Toronto Harbour, west of the Don River and the Canadian National Railway line, and east of Avenue Road, Queen's Park Crescent, University Avenue. The area north of Dundas Street and east of Jarvis was excluded from the riding.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed between Rosedale and St. Paul's ridings.

## Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

| Parliament | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Riding created from* Toronto Centre, Toronto East *and* Toronto South** | | | | |
| 15th | 1925–1926 |  | Edmund James Bristol | Conservative |
| 16th | 1926–1930 | | Robert Charles Matthews | |
| 17th | 1930–1935 | ||
| ***Riding dissolved into* Rosedale *and* St. Paul's** | | | | |

## Election history

1925 Canadian federal election: Toronto East Centre
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Hon. Edmund Bristol | 8,898 |
|  | Independent Conservative | Cecil William Armstrong | 4,935 |
|  | Liberal | John Harold Cascaden | 4,682 |
|  | Independent Liberal | John Callahan | 410 |

1926 Canadian federal election: Toronto East Centre
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Robert Charles Matthews | 6,603 |
|  | Independent Conservative | Cecil William Armstrong | 4,509 |
|  | Liberal | Alexander Smirle Lawson | 4,429 |

1930 Canadian federal election: Toronto East Centre
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Robert Charles Matthews | 10,949 |
|  | Liberal | Patrick Donnelly | 5,461 |

## InfoBox

Toronto East Centre
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct federal electoral district | |
| Legislature | House of Commons |
| District created | 1924 |
| District abolished | 1933 |
| First contested | 1925 |
| Last contested | 1930 |


title: Herpetogramma pachycera

abstract: Herpetogramma pachycera is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

text:
# Herpetogramma pachycera

***Herpetogramma pachycera*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Herpetogramma pachycera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Herpetogramma* |
| Species: | ***H. pachycera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herpetogramma pachycera***<br>(Hampson, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pachyzancla pachycera* Hampson, 1899 | |


title: Port Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery

abstract: Port Moresby (Bomana) Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery dating from World War II near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The cemetery contains the graves of those who died in the fighting in the former Territory of Papua and on Bougainville Island. The remains of 3,824 Commonwealth soldiers, 699 of them unidentified are buried in the cemetery; as well two others: a Dutch citizen and one burial not related to the war. Over 600 Indian soldiers who fought in the Second World War are buried at the cemetery.

text:
# Port Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery

**Port Moresby (Bomana) Cemetery** is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery dating from World War II near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The cemetery contains the graves of those who died in the fighting in the former Territory of Papua and on Bougainville Island. The remains of 3,824 Commonwealth soldiers, 699 of them unidentified are buried in the cemetery; as well two others: a Dutch citizen and one burial not related to the war.

Over 600 Indian soldiers who fought in the Second World War are buried at the cemetery.

## Notable burials

## InfoBox

| Port Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Commonwealth War Graves Commission | |
| Used for those deceased 1945 | |
| Location | 9°23′45″S 147°15′04″E / 9.3958°S 147.2511°E / -9.3958; 147.2511<br>near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea |
| Total burials | 3,824 |
| Unknowns | 699 |
| Burials by nation | |
| Australia, India and Commonwealth of Nations | |
| Burials by war | |
| World War II | |


title: Up at the Villa

abstract: Up at the Villa is a 1941 novella by William Somerset Maugham about a young widow caught among three men: her suitor, her one-night stand, and her confidant. A fast-paced story, Up at the Villa incorporates elements of the crime and suspense novel.

text:
# Up at the Villa

***Up at the Villa*** is a 1941 novella by William Somerset Maugham about a young widow caught among three men: her suitor, her one-night stand, and her confidant. A fast-paced story, *Up at the Villa* incorporates elements of the crime and suspense novel.

## Plot

The action takes place in the late 1930s. 30-year-old Mary Panton, whose extraordinary beauty has always been one of her greatest assets, has been a widow for one year. Her late husband Matthew, whom she married at 21 because she loved him, turned out to be an alcoholic, a gambler, a womaniser, and a wife-beater. Mary endures all the hardship and pain inflicted on her by her husband (including his having sex with her while drunk). When he drinks and drives, he has a car accident. A few hours later, he dies in Mary's arms. This, she concludes, is a blessing for both of them.

The Leonards (a couple who do not appear in person in the novel) offer Panton their 16th-century villa on a hill above Florence, Italy, for an extended stay. She gladly accepts the offer. The old villa is staffed by Nina, the maid, and her husband Ciro, the manservant—but it is otherwise empty. Mary, whose parents are both dead, enjoys the solitary life up at the villa. Occasionally, she joins other residents of, and visitors to, Florence for a party or luncheon. She enjoys driving round the countryside in her car. So far as a widow she has not taken a lover. She says it has been an easy decision as she has never been tempted.

During dinner at a restaurant with some of her acquaintances—among them the old Princess San Ferdinando, an American who is said to have been a "loose woman" in her day—they listen to a young man playing the violin. He is dressed in folkloric clothes and does not play well. At the end of the evening, the Princess tries to set Mary up with Rowley Flint, a young Englishman of independent means and risky reputation, by asking her to give him a lift back to his hotel. Flint makes a pass at her, but she rejects him, and laughs, even when he proposes to her.

After she has dropped him off, Mary drives back home. On her way, although it is late at night, she stops to have a look at the scenery. She senses someone nearby and learns that it is Karl Richter, the fiddler from the restaurant, who is also admiring the view. They begin to talk, and Mary learns that he is a 23-year-old Austrian art student who has fled his country because of Nazi persecution. Without a passport or documents, he is staying as an illegal immigrant in a rented room near the Leonards' villa.

Mary takes pity on Richter, and invites him to look at the paintings in the villa. Learning he had gone without dinner, Mary fixes him some bacon and eggs. They have wine with their improvised meal. They end up in bed.

When Mary thinks it is time for Richter to leave and the latter, to her dismay, asks when he will be able to see her again, the idyll quickly deteriorates. Mary remembers the revolver her suitor, 54-year-old Sir Edgar Swift, has forced upon her as a means of protection. When Richter starts threatening her, she pulls it out and aims it at him. She cannot pull the trigger and advises him to try and escape to Switzerland.

After she tells him she slept with him from pity, Richter attacks her verbally. He picks her up and throws her on her bed, before covering her face with kisses. She tries to get away from him but he overpowers her. Seized with remorse over what he sees as the impossibility of life since escaping his homeland, Richter says, "You asked me not to forget you. I shall forget, but you won't." He shoots himself through the breast with Swift's gun.

The maid Nina hears the shot and comes to the bedroom door. Mary panics and sends her away. She phones Flint and asks him to help her. Mary is prepared to accept full responsibility for her actions. But Flint suggests they try to dispose of the body.

They put the body in the car and drive out into the country, where he dumps it. A car full of drunk Italians approaches and must slow to try to pass. When the party see Mary and Flint embracing each other as they pretend to be lovers, they start singing "La donna è mobile" and drive on. The next morning, Flint returns and leaves the revolver with Richter's body.

Mary sleeps almost until noon. She has an invitation for luncheon, and Flint has urged her not to show any signs of panic or fear, so she attends it. Her guilty conscience is her constant companion.

Sir Edgar Swift, who has known her and her parents since she was a little child, arrives, planning to renew his suit since she was widowed. He had told her of an impending promotion to a high government post in colonial India and his need for a suitable wife. He proposes to Mary before a short trip to Cannes on urgent government business. Mary tells him she will give him an answer when he returns.

Mary confesses everything when Swift returns. He says that he forgives her and that he still wants to marry her. But, he says he must give up the promised post because of the risk of her past being exposed. He suggests that he can retire, they will marry and move to the French Côte d'Azur. Mary, finally says that she does not love him and could not be around him all the time.

After Swift has left, Flint turns up at the villa. When he mentions owning an estate in Kenya, and having read Dr Johnson, he appears more attractive. Agreeing with him that life is about taking risks, Mary decides to accept his proposal.

## Film version

The novella was adapted as the 2000 film *Up at the Villa*, directed by Philip Haas. The movie starred Kristin Scott Thomas, Anne Bancroft, James Fox, Derek Jacobi, and Sean Penn. In the film, subplots were added to expand the material to feature film length, which reviewers and cinemagoers criticised.

## Manuscript

Somerset Maugham donated the manuscript of *Up at the Villa* to Rupert Hart-Davis to sell in 1960 to raise money for the London Library; it sold for £1,100.

## InfoBox

Up at the Villa
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | W. Somerset Maugham |
| Language | English |
| Published | 1941 Heinemann |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Preceded by | *The Mixture As Before* |
| Followed by | *The Hour Before Dawn* |


title: Neurophysics

abstract:
Neurophysics is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system. Neurophysics is an interdisciplinary science using physics and combining it with other neurosciences to better understand neural processes.
The methods used include the techniques of experimental biophysics and other physical measurements such as EEG mostly to study electrical, mechanical or fluidic properties, as well as theoretical and computational approaches. The term "neurophysics" is a portmanteau of "neuron" and "physics". Among other examples, the theorisation of ectopic action potentials in neurons using a Kramers-Moyal expansion and the description of physical phenomena measured during an EEG using a dipole approximation use neurophysics to better understand neural activity. Another quite distinct theoretical approach considers neurons as having Ising model energies of interaction and explores the physical consequences of this for various Cayley tree topologies and large neural networks. In 1981, the exact solution for the closed Cayley tree was derived by Peter Barth for an arbitrary branching ratio and found to exhibit an unusual phase transition behavior in its local-apex and long-range site-site correlations, suggesting that the emergence of structurally-determined and connectivity-influenced cooperative phenomena may play a significant role in large neural networks.

text:
# Neurophysics

**Neurophysics** (or **neurobiophysics**) is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system. Neurophysics is an interdisciplinary science using physics and combining it with other neurosciences to better understand neural processes. The methods used include the techniques of experimental biophysics and other physical measurements such as EEG mostly to study electrical, mechanical or fluidic properties, as well as theoretical and computational approaches. The term "neurophysics" is a portmanteau of "neuron" and "physics".

Among other examples, the theorisation of ectopic action potentials in neurons using a Kramers-Moyal expansion and the description of physical phenomena measured during an EEG using a dipole approximation use neurophysics to better understand neural activity.

Another quite distinct theoretical approach considers neurons as having Ising model energies of interaction and explores the physical consequences of this for various Cayley tree topologies and large neural networks. In 1981, the exact solution for the closed Cayley tree (with loops) was derived by Peter Barth for an arbitrary branching ratio and found to exhibit an unusual phase transition behavior in its local-apex and long-range site-site correlations, suggesting that the emergence of structurally-determined and connectivity-influenced cooperative phenomena may play a significant role in large neural networks.

## Recording techniques

Old techniques to record brain activity using physical phenomena are already widespread in research and medicine. Electroencephalography (EEG) uses electrophysiology to measure electrical activity within the brain. This technique, with which Hans Berger first recorded brain electrical activity on a human in 1924, is non-invasive and uses electrodes placed on the scalp of the patient to record brain activity. Based on the same principle, electrocorticography (ECoG) requires a craniotomy to record electrical activity directly on the cerebral cortex.

In the recent decades, physicists have come up with technologies and devices to image the brain and its activity. The Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) technique, discovered by Seiji Ogawa in 1990, reveals blood flow changes inside the brain. Based on the existing medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and on the link between the neural activity and the cerebral blood flow, this tool enables scientists to study brain activities when they are triggered by a controlled stimulation. Another technique, the Two Photons Microscopy (2P), invented by Winfried Denk (for which he has been awarded the Brain Prize in 2015), John H. Strickler and Watt W. Webb in 1990 at Cornell University, uses fluorescent proteins and dyes to image brain cells. This technique combines the two-photon absorption, first theorized by Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1931, with lasers. Today, this technique is widely used in research and often coupled with genetic engineering to study the behavior of a specific type of neuron.

## Theories of consciousness

Consciousness is still an unknown mechanism and theorists have yet to come up with physical hypotheses explaining its mechanisms. Some theories rely on the idea that consciousness could be explained by the disturbances in the cerebral electromagnetic field generated by the action potentials triggered during brain activity. These theories are called electromagnetic theories of consciousness. Another group of hypotheses suggest that consciousness cannot be explained by classical dynamics but with quantum mechanics and its phenomena. These hypotheses are grouped into the idea of quantum mind and were first introduced by Eugene Wigner.

## Neurophysics institutes

## Awards

Among the list of prizes that reward neurophysicists for their contribution to neurology and related fields, the most notable one is the Brain Prize, whose last laureates are Adrian Bird and Huda Zoghbi for "their groundbreaking work to map and understand epigenetic regulation of the brain and for identifying the gene that causes Rett syndrome". The other most relevant prizes that can be awarded to a neurophysicist are: the NAS Award in the Neurosciences, the Kavli Prize and to some extent the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It can be noted that a Nobel Prize was awarded to scientists that developed techniques which contributed widely to a better understanding of the nervous system, such as Neher and Sakmann in 1991 for the patch clamp, and also to Lauterbur and Mansfield for their work on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 2003.

## Books

* Wulfram Gerstner and Werner M. Kistler, *Spiking Neuron Models, Single Neurons, Populations, Plasticity,* Cambridge University Press (2002) Archived 2019-03-24 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-521-89079-9 ISBN 0-521-81384-0
* Alwyn Scott, *Neuroscience: A Mathematical Primer,* Birkhäuser (2002) ISBN 0-387-95403-1
* Graben, Peter; Zhou, Changsong; Thiel, Marco; Kurths, Jürgen (2008), "Foundations of Neurophysics", *Lectures in Supercomputational Neurosciences*, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 3–48, Bibcode:2008lsn..book.....G, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73159-7, ISBN 978-3-540-73159-7


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Noble County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Noble County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Noble County, Ohio

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Noble County, Ohio**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Noble County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Caldwell Downtown Historic District |  | November 27, 2020
(#100005824) | Roughly bounded by Spruce, West, Plum, Bridge, and East Sts.
39°44′52″N 81°30′56″W / 39.7478°N 81.5156°W / 39.7478; -81.5156 (Caldwell Downtown Historic District) | Caldwell |  |
| 2 | Samuel Caldwell House |  | March 11, 1980
(#80003201) | East and Locust Sts.
39°44′40″N 81°30′47″W / 39.744444°N 81.513056°W / 39.744444; -81.513056 (Samuel Caldwell House) | Caldwell |  |
| 3 | Samuel Danford Farm, Church and Cemetery |  | March 27, 1980
(#80003204) | North of Summerfield on County Road 5-A
39°51′31″N 81°20′56″W / 39.858611°N 81.348889°W / 39.858611; -81.348889 (Samuel Danford Farm, Church and Cemetery) | Marion Township |  |
| 4 | Exaltation-Elevation of the Holy Cross Church |  | May 4, 2022
(#100007400) | 100 Walnut St.
39°47′29″N 81°33′17″W / 39.7915°N 81.5547°W / 39.7915; -81.5547 (Exaltation-Elevation of the Holy Cross Church) | Belle Valley |  |
| 5 | Huffman Covered Bridge |  | March 4, 1975
(#75001513) | 1.5 miles south of Middleburg off State Route 564
39°39′37″N 81°22′13″W / 39.660278°N 81.370278°W / 39.660278; -81.370278 (Huffman Covered Bridge) | Jefferson Township | Destroyed |
| 6 | Noble County Jail and Sheriff's Office |  | February 20, 2004
(#04000060) | 419 West St.
39°44′51″N 81°31′01″W / 39.747444°N 81.516944°W / 39.747444; -81.516944 (Noble County Jail and Sheriff's Office) | Caldwell |  |
| 7 | St. Henry Roman Catholic Church and Rectory |  | December 2, 1982
(#82001485) | 36573 County Road 47 at Harriettsville
39°37′46″N 81°20′18″W / 39.629444°N 81.338333°W / 39.629444; -81.338333 (St. Henry Roman Catholic Church and Rectory) | Elk Township |  |
| 8 | St. Mary's Church of the Immaculate Conception |  | July 21, 1980
(#80003202) | Off State Route 564 at Fulda
39°43′26″N 81°24′55″W / 39.723889°N 81.415278°W / 39.723889; -81.415278 (St. Mary's Church of the Immaculate Conception) | Enoch Township |  |
| 9 | *SHENANDOAH* Crash Sites |  | July 25, 1989
(#89000942) | Near Interstate 77 and County Road 37 (near Ava), and State Route 78 west of Caldwell
39°50′21″N 81°32′22″W / 39.839167°N 81.539444°W / 39.839167; -81.539444 (*SHENANDOAH* Crash Sites) | Buffalo, Noble, and Sharon Townships |  |
| 10 | Abner Williams Log House |  | June 20, 1979
(#79001923) | Northeast of Lashley
39°56′46″N 81°21′38″W / 39.946111°N 81.360556°W / 39.946111; -81.360556 (Abner Williams Log House) | Wayne Township |  |
| 11 | Young-Shaw House |  | February 8, 1980
(#80003203) | East of Sarahsville on State Route 146
39°48′18″N 81°26′06″W / 39.805000°N 81.435000°W / 39.805000; -81.435000 (Young-Shaw House) | Center Township | Torn down |