title: Thomas J. Arnold

abstract: Thomas J. Arnold was an English Protestant missionary to China in the late nineteenth century during the Qing Dynasty.

text:
# Thomas J. Arnold

**Thomas J. Arnold** (18 July 1864 – 20 August 1906) was an English Protestant missionary to China in the late nineteenth century during the Qing Dynasty.

## Decision to go to China

As a young man in London he felt beckoned to missionary service after experiencing an enlightening sermon at the West London Tabernacle Church.

Soon after discussing this call with his pastor he sailed for the China frontier with his colleague, William Remfry Hunt, in September 1889. The two young men had built up a close friendship when they studied diligently together at W. L. Moore Bible Institute.

## Preparation

Arnold recognized the first major task in sharing the Christian faith with the Chinese was scaling the language barrier. He began this critical task in the city of Nanjing. Here he immersed himself in the Chinese language and culture for two years. During this arduous education process there must have been times when he questioned leaving London and a hopeful career as a skilled architect. Yet, in the developing missionary colony his architectural skills were also put to work. He designed and supervised the construction of several missionary houses, schools where thousands of students were educated, and a hospital that saw tens of thousands of patients.

## Early work

Along with language study, Arnold also tried to blend in with the natives by using Chinese dress and wearing a queue hairpiece. He traveled thousands of miles on foot and by boat on itineraries where he would preach and sell Bibles and gospel tracts on the road. He also helped to train other missionaries in this method of itinerant evangelism. He worked at many of the large missionary stations and outstations in Nanjing, Luhe, Wuhu, Chuzhou, Wuwei, and Fengyangfu and occasionally encountered hostility and persecution. He also took itinerant trips to Nanjing and the surrounding areas with A. F. H. Saw, E. P. Hearnden, and E. T. Williams. During these trips, he would sell books and preach.

Arnold married Elizabeth Ince (1863-1950), who was also a missionary. Her study, like that of all early missionaries was with a private language teacher, as there was no language school available. Further accentuating the difficulty of learning the language was the inability of most language teachers to speak English.

During March 1892, Arnold worked in the village of Lieu Chang Hiew, which had not seen a foreign missionary in over ten years. He also worked with the town of Ta Tsung Chao. At first, the people in this village were suspicious of him, but soon became more open and friendly. Arnold had a gift for making people feel comfortable. During this year, he also filled in as a doctor. Although he never received any formal training in medicine, he often received hundreds of patients and did what he could to relieve their suffering. This commitment to helping people in a practical sense drew positive attention from some of the upper class Chinese as well. After filling in temporarily at the hospital, Arnold continued to preach in the villages of Luh Hoh, Sing Tszi, and Kei Keao Ying where he also opened the first boys' school. He often took these trips with his friend and colleague Dr. Butchart. Dr. Butchart was also the man who gave Mr. Arnold some of his instruction on medicine.

Elizabeth's first station after their marriage was in Luh Hoh. Their first house opened right out into the main street and had a courtyard, several main rooms and guest rooms, and a chapel. In order to dispel mistrust and prejudice against foreigners from the locals, Elizabeth allowed the local women to examine the contents of all her belongings. Thomas and Elizabeth were the first missionaries to move into the village of Luh-Hoh. While Arnold had made several trips there before, Elizabeth was the first Caucasian woman they had seen. Elizabeth, like her husband wore a native garment to blend in. Occasionally the local Chinese referred to her as a "foreign devil"; however she found them to be generally friendly and built more friendships with them. The Arnolds also ministered in Wuhu and Thomas Arnold and worked diligently at attempting to open the village of Lu-chou-fu with his colleague Dr. Butchart. This meant that Elizabeth was alone with their small children; however she remarks that she did not fear because "all the Chinese were her friends."

## Mission hospital

The mission hospital construction, which was under the supervision of Thomas J Arnold, was completed in 1893 in Nanjing. It saw over 9,000 patients in less than a year. It was also during this period that Mr. Arnold felt a strong calling towards the people in Wuhu. While in Luh Hoh she attended the Chinese wedding of their landlord and his second wife. This revealed to her a deeper understanding of the plight of the Chinese woman. In 1894, Arnold focused more of his efforts in Wuhu and began plans to open a new church there. The children's day school he ran had also begun to see some healthy growth.

The First Sino-Japanese War occurred in 1895, which many of the missionaries thought would halt all their work. However, Arnold found it to have the opposite effect. He also had several exciting encounters during this period. While on a trip to Lu-chow-fu, he was almost executed as a Japanese spy. He was also given a personal escort from the magistrate to protect him from occasionally unruly crowds.

During 1896 Arnold felt his work was somewhat scattered and he had to waste much of his time traveling on a houseboat. However, he still felt that there were some good results. Arnold and his fellow missionaries were also in the process of opening a chapel in Wu-wei-chow, which was about 200 *li*, (about 100 km or 63 miles) from the nearest missionary station.

Arnold performed several baptisms during this year, including one with a man who had operated a wine shop. He encouraged him to change his profession as an act of sincerity to his faith. He covered 3,200 li (1,600 km or 1,000 miles) during the 125 days of travel, 1,000 of which were done on foot, the rest by boat. He also worked with the native Muslim population. In the beginning of 1897, he was extremely busy, taking in hundreds of visitors. During this year, he was so busy that he occasionally was unable to eat. The Arnolds also had a scare when their son became very ill, but he recovered during a temporary relocation to Japan. By the middle of 1897, the Arnolds went on their first furlough, which lasted eighteen months through 1898. On their return at the end of December 1898, they resumed their work in Chu-chow.

## Boxer Rebellion

The Arnolds were initially in Guling with their small children during the Boxer Uprising during 1900. After only being there a short while, they received a message that everyone had been ordered to Shanghai. They arrived with almost nothing and had much difficulty renting a room. The Arnolds finally acquired one, but it was completely without furniture. They tried to rent some beds, however they were infested with bugs. The Arnolds existed in this unsure state for eight months, after which they were able to return to their post.

## Wuhu

The Arnolds received a joyful welcome from the Chinese Christians upon their return. Mr. Arnold then spent several months overseeing the boys' school in Nanking, until he was able to return to a more permanent position at Wuhu in 1901. This was excellent for Arnold, who had always had his heart there. However, he remarks that there were new conditions there in the attitude of the people; especially the officials presented him with a peculiar amount of difficulty, but the situation also presented new opportunities. There was also a large increase in the number of natives interested in the church, however, some of these inquiries desired only to reap the benefits of being associated with the Christians. In order to counter this, Mr. Arnold found it necessary to publicly denounce several Chinese people. There was also an epidemic of cholera during 1902 in which not a single native Christian died. This opened many of the non-Christians to question their beliefs and come to find out more about Christianity.

## Death

In 1903, Wuhu acquired many new and competent teachers who greatly helped the education work there. Arnold's health began to deteriorate in 1904 but he continued to work into late 1905.

Arnold eventually died of a disease known as sprue, which slowly crept upon him, and which Elizabeth believed was a result of living in unsanitary conditions during many of his long journeys. In all Arnold had worked a total of 16 years in the mission field. After the death of her husband, Elizabeth took the children back to England and Rugby for their initial education and then moved to Hiram, Ohio, where her children went to college. Their home was in the current Hiram Historical Society building.

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. Arnold | |
| --- | --- |
| English Protestant missionary to China | |
| Born | (1864-07-18)18 July 1864
Castle End, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 20 August 1906(1906-08-20) (aged 42)
England |
| Nationality | British |
| Citizenship | English |
| Education | Dr. W. T. Moore’s Missionary Training Class, London, England |
| Occupation | Christian missionary |
| Organization | China for the Disciples of Christ Church |


title: Thieves of Baghdad

abstract: Thieves of Baghdad is a non-fictional account written by Col. Matthew Bogdanos about the quest to recover over a thousand lost artifacts from the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad after the country's counter-invasion.

text:
# Thieves of Baghdad

***Thieves of Baghdad*** is a non-fictional account written by Col. Matthew Bogdanos about the quest to recover over a thousand lost artifacts from the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad after the country's counter-invasion.

## Themes

### Story of tracking down stolen objects

Much of the book is an accounting of how his unit set up camp in the library of the Iraq museum in April 2003 and tried to recover lost artifacts. He developed relationships with museum staff, and, drawing on his knowledge of ancient civilizations, as well as his knowledge of police work, having been a criminal prosecutor in New York for many years, tells how he and the team were able to recover a huge amount of priceless antiquities which had been looted from the museum in the past days, and even years.

### Analyze the idea that the US allowed museum looting while protecting the oil ministry

He goes into great detail about the theme that the US let the museum be looted while it protected the oil ministry... a version of events that was widely reported.

Bogdanos goes into great detail about why this story is not very accurate. First there are basic differences in the two sites. The oil ministry was a single building, which was bombed and had no occupants by the time US troops arrived.

The museum, on the other hand, was an 11-acre (45,000 m2) compound, full of various buildings, full of Iraqi army troops, fortified with sniper and gun positions, when a small group of Americans was first sent to check it out. The only way to have 'protected' the museum at that point in time, initially, would have been to attack it, and drive out the Iraqi army .... destroying the museum in a horrific firefight. This is roughly Bogdanos' argument.

After this, there is a small window when the US failed to protect the museum, something he says was caused by planners not thinking that the museum would be looted. . . . they figured the looters would go after symbols of the Ba'ath party, like palaces.

But the US finally did get there... Bogdanos had managed to find a sympathetic person in the military brass, thanks in part to press coverage, who supported his mission, despite opposition from many people in the military, and eventually, also despite a lack of interest or caring on the part of many civilian bureaucrats, even from the UN.

### Analyze the state of the global illegal antiquities trade

A great deal of the end of the book is spent discussing and analyzing the problems of stopping the illegal trade in antiquities. He talks about how the problem is not just smugglers, it goes into the dealers, the brokers, the buyers, the historians and professors who authenticate stolen antiquities for buyers, museum staffs, and even governments that look the other way, while collecting import tariffs.

Another problem is lack of support for law enforcement involvement in the problem. He points out that many governments have donated millions of dollars to the museum, but very little money has been given to the investigative work needed to track down and recover stolen antiquities that belong in the museum. Interpol, the FBI, and other agencies that could do the work have very few people assigned to the task, and those people have almost no budget to work with.

He talks about his efforts to 'bridge the gap' between law enforcement culture and academic culture, and some of his successes. He also lays out a plan for how he would reform the system... One part of his plan includes having a single binding agreement, somewhat like the ABA code, that standardizes what constitutes 'legal' provenance for antiquities, to be used amongst archaeologists, collectors, dealers, museums, academics, law enforcement, customs, etc.

### Reviews and press

## InfoBox

Thieves of Baghdad
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Matthew Bogdanos |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury (USA) |
| Publication date | 2005 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 1-58234-645-3 |
| OCLC | 61724401 |
| Dewey Decimal | 956.7044/31 22 |
| LC Class | DS79.76 .B635 2005 |


title: Thomas J. Michie Jr.

abstract: Thomas Johnson Michie Jr. was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate. He was defeated for reelection in 1991 by Edgar Robb.

text:
# Thomas J. Michie Jr.

**Thomas Johnson Michie Jr.** (June 12, 1931 – August 27, 2019) was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate. He was defeated for reelection in 1991 by Edgar Robb.

* Thomas J. Michie Jr. at *The Virginia Elections and State Elected Officials Database Project, 1776-2007*

## InfoBox

| Tom Michie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia Senate
from the 25th district | |
| **In office**
November 24, 1980  January 8, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | J. Harry Michael Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Edgar Robb |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
from the 26th district | |
| **In office**
January 12, 1971  November 24, 1980 | |
| Preceded by | C. Armonde Paxson |
| Succeeded by | Mitchell Van Yahres |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Thomas Johnson Michie Jr.
(1931-06-12)June 12, 1931
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | August 27, 2019(2019-08-27) (aged 88)
Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | * Molly Ingle  (m. 1955; died 1979) * Janet Johnson (m. 1982) |
| Education | Trinity College (BA)
University of Virginia (LLB) |
|  | |


title: Thomas J. McKay

abstract:
Thomas McKay is an American philosopher currently professor of philosophy and director of graduate studies at the department of philosophy of Syracuse University. He was chairman of the department there from 1995 to 2002. He received his B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1969, his M.A. from University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1972, and his Ph.D., also from the University of Massachusetts, 1974, for a dissertation on "Essentialism and Quantified Modal Logic: Quine's Argument and Kripke's Semantics" His work has primarily concerned the philosophy of logic and language. In 2006, Oxford University Press published his book, Plural Predicates a, in which he gives an account of a semantics for a plural logic. In particular he develops a Russellian account of plural definite descriptions. He is also the author of the following textbooks:
  - Modern Formal Logic,
  - Reasons, Explanations and Decisions and the following journal articles:
  - "Essentialism in Quantified Modal Logic," Journal of Philosophical Logic 4 (1975), 423–438.
  - "Counterfactuals with Disjunctive Antecedents," with Peter van Inwagen, Philosophical Studies 31 (1977), 353–356.
  - "The Principle of Predication," Journal of Philosophical Logic 7 (1978), 19–26.
  - "Natural Kind Terms and Standards of Membership," with Cindy Stern, Linguistics and Philosophy 3 (1979), 27–34.
  - "On Proper Names in Belief Ascriptions," Philosophical Studies 39 (1981), 287–303.
  - "On Showing Invalidity," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 14 (1984), 97–100.
  - "Critical Review of Michael Devitt's Designation, Noûs 18 (1984), 357–367.
  - "Actions and De Re Beliefs," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 14 (1984), 631–635.
  - "On Critical Thinking," American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Teaching Philosophy, Spring-Summer 1985, 19–20.
  - "His Burning Pants," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27 (1986), 393–400.
  - "Lowe and Baldwin on Modalities," Mind 95 (1986), 499–505.
  - "he himself: Undiscovering an Anaphor," Linguistic Inquiry 22 (1991), 368–373.
  - "Representing de re Beliefs," Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (1991), 711–739.
  - "Analogy and Argument," Teaching Philosophy, 20 (1997), 49–60.
  - "A reconsideration of an argument against compatibilism," Philosophical Topics, 24 (1996), 113–121. He also wrote the encyclopedia chapters on "Modal Logic, Philosophical Issues," for the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and "Propositional Attitude Reports," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2000, 2005., and many book chapters and other presentations.

text:
# Thomas J. McKay

**Thomas McKay** is an American philosopher currently professor of philosophy and director of graduate studies at the department of philosophy of Syracuse University. He was chairman of the department there from 1995 to 2002. He received his B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1969, his M.A. from University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1972, and his Ph.D., also from the University of Massachusetts, 1974, for a dissertation on "Essentialism and Quantified Modal Logic: Quine's Argument and Kripke's Semantics"

His work has primarily concerned the philosophy of logic and language. In 2006, Oxford University Press published his book, *Plural Predicates* a, in which he gives an account of a semantics for a plural logic. In particular he develops a Russellian account of plural definite descriptions.

He is also the author of the following textbooks:

* *Modern Formal Logic* (Macmillan, 1989; second edition, Thomson, 2006),
* *Reasons, Explanations and Decisions* (Wadsworth, 2000)

and the following journal articles:

* "Essentialism in Quantified Modal Logic," Journal of Philosophical Logic 4 (1975), 423–438.
* "Counterfactuals with Disjunctive Antecedents," with Peter van Inwagen, Philosophical Studies 31 (1977), 353–356.
* "The Principle of Predication," Journal of Philosophical Logic 7 (1978), 19–26.
* "Natural Kind Terms and Standards of Membership," with Cindy Stern, Linguistics and Philosophy 3 (1979), 27–34.
* "On Proper Names in Belief Ascriptions," Philosophical Studies 39 (1981), 287–303.
* "On Showing Invalidity," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 14 (1984), 97–100.
* "Critical Review of Michael Devitt's Designation, Noûs 18 (1984), 357–367.
* "Actions and De Re Beliefs," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 14 (1984), 631–635.
* "On Critical Thinking," American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Teaching Philosophy, Spring-Summer 1985, 19–20.
* "His Burning Pants," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27 (1986), 393–400.
* "Lowe and Baldwin on Modalities," Mind 95 (1986), 499–505.
* "he himself: Undiscovering an Anaphor," Linguistic Inquiry 22 (1991), 368–373.
* "Representing de re Beliefs," Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (1991), 711–739.
* "Analogy and Argument," Teaching Philosophy, 20 (1997), 49–60.
* "A reconsideration of an argument against compatibilism," Philosophical Topics, 24 (1996), 113–121. (Actually published in late 1997.)

He also wrote the encyclopedia chapters on "Modal Logic, Philosophical Issues," for the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and "Propositional Attitude Reports," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2000, 2005. (2005 version co-authored with Michael Nelson), and many book chapters and other presentations.


title: Thomas J. McManus

abstract: Thomas Joseph McManus was an American politician from New York. During his political career he became known as "The McManus".

text:
# Thomas J. McManus

**Thomas Joseph McManus** (March 4, 1864 – July 30, 1926) was an American politician from New York. During his political career he became known as **"The McManus"**.

## Life

Thomas Joseph "The" McManus was born in New York City, the 4th of ten (surviving) children. His parents were Irish immigrants John J. McManus (1824-1897) a native of Currabawn, Drumlish, Co. Longford, Ireland and Maria Quinn (1837-1907) a native of Ballinamuck, Co. Longford, Ireland. He attended Grammar School No. 51, graduating with the Class of 1882. In his early life, he followed his father John, a stone cutter by trade, into the contracting business, along with several of his brothers, which he carried on for a number of years.

For many years he had a deep interest in politics. It was Thomas J McManus' older brother Owen McManus (1862-1919) who first ventured from contracting into politics. The rest of his brothers soon joined and formed the early political family dynasty. Thomas was part of the "Seven McManus Brothers" as they were then known: John J, Patrick H., Owen, Thomas J., James L., Edward A. and Charles A. McManus. Another brother, William, was a New York City fireman. A sister Rose Maria and brother Francis died as children. Thomas' oldest brother John J. McManus (1853-1927) formed "The Thomas J. McManus Democratic Association" as the family's political clubhouse and headquarters in Hell's Kitchen.

In 1891, Thomas J. McManus was elected to the State Assembly from the Seventeenth District of New York City. and served during the sessions of 1892 and 1893. Ten years later, he was elected to the Assembly from the Fifteenth District, and was re-elected in 1903, 1904 and 1905. In the fall of 1906, he was elected to the Senate of the State of New York from the Fifteenth Senatorial District, succeeding Senator Peter J. Dooling. and was re-elected in 1908. In 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1910, Senator McManus was a member of the following Senate committees: Railroads. Banks. Military Affairs, Revision and Engrossed Bills, and Public Printing. He was a member of the Democratic Club of New York City, and of the Catholic Benevolent Legion of the State of New York. For several years he was the New York City agent for the National Security Company, with offices at 115 Broadway, New York City. After retiring as Senator, Thomas joined with his brother Owen in the Bonding business at 38 Park Row in New York City.

McManus was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1892 (New York Co., 17th D.), 1893 (New York Co., 18th D.), 1903, 1904 and 1905 (all three New York Co., 15th D.).

He was a member of the New York State Senate (15th D.) from 1907 to 1912, sitting in the 130th, 131st, 132nd, 133rd, 134th and 135th New York State Legislatures.

On the evening of July 29, 1926, he presided over a meeting of his Tammany Hall district organization, and was taken ill just before midnight, suffering from high blood pressure. He died a short time later, during the early hours of the next day at the family home at 452 W. 49th Street in New York City. He was succeeded in politics by his brother Charles A. McManus (1879-1929), who served on the Board of Aldermen of New York City.

McManus was known as a gentlemen in his district. He stood 6'3" tall with a head of red hair and well-trimmed goatee. He was known to often say that he never smoked or touched liquor. He was a lifelong bachelor.

Senator McManus died in Manhattan, New York City, and is buried in Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York.

## Sources


title: Thimo Meitner

abstract: Theme Meitner is a German film actor.

text:
# Thimo Meitner

**Theme Meitner** (born 13 February 1994) is a German film actor.

## Life and career

Meitner first came into contact with the acting profession when his parents applied to him at the age of seven, without his knowledge, on the ZDF television show Lass Dich Surprise with Thomas Ohrner. There he was allowed to meet his then idol Jan Fedder, the actor of Dirk Matthies in the ARD evening series Großstadtrevier. From there, Meitner's interest in acting was awakened. In 2004 he visited the children's play club of the Württembergische Landesbühne Esslingen and played there for a year.

After a successful casting, he played the role of Zettel in the children's and youth television series Ein Fall für B.A.R.Z. from 2005 to 2007. Since then, several TV roles have followed, including in the film Das geteilte Glück (2009), which was awarded best television film at the Biberach Film Festival in 2010. He also took on roles in television series such as SOKO 5113 and SOKO Stuttgart as well as in short films.

In 2012, Meitner completed his Abitur at the Georgii-Gymnasium in Esslingen am Neckar. Since October 2013 he has been studying acting at the Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" Berlin.

From 2017 to 2021 he played in the ZDF crime series Der Alte as Lenny Wandmann after the age-related departure of Michael Ande next to Stephanie Stumph and Ludwig Blochberger the third co-investigator at the side of the old Jan-Gregor Kremp. However, Lenny Wandmann was not a commissioner, but a computer scientist with Asperger's syndrome, whosetasks lay in the field of research and the analysis of computer data.


title: Thomas Nussey

abstract: Sir Thomas Willans Nussey, 1st Baronet DL JP was an English barrister and Liberal Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontefract from 1893 to 1910.

text:
# Thomas Nussey

**Sir Thomas Willans Nussey, 1st Baronet** DL JP (12 October 1868 – 12 October 1947) was an English barrister and Liberal Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontefract from 1893 to 1910.

## Family and education

Willans Nussey was the son of Thomas Nussey, a woollen manufacturer of Bramley Grange, Thorner near Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His sister Hilda (1875-1962) was a VAD nurse during the Great War at Gledhow Hall. The Nussey siblings' relative was "Mrs Agnes Nussey of Potternewton Hall" who corresponded with their cousin Ellen Nussey.

Thomas was educated at Malvern College until Christmas 1882, then attended Leamington College for Boys and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. In 1897 he married Edith Daniel the daughter of a medical doctor from Fleetwood in Lancashire. At the time of the marriage the Daniels were living in Scarborough and the wedding took place there. They had one son. Edith Nussey died in 1934 and Sir Willans married again in 1935. His second wife was Edith Maud Cliff OBE from Leeds who was the Commandant of Gledhow Hall Military Hospital during the Great War.

## Career

Nussey went in for the law and in 1893 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. However he does not seem to have required an occupation to provide an income. He started to engage in political activity as soon as he came down from university and MPs did not receive salaries until 1911. In the 1830s, Nussey's father had started a woollen manufacturing business with his two brothers, Obadiah – Mayor of Leeds in 1864 – and Joseph, and this grew into a large and successful enterprise. It seems likely that Nussey had access to family money to allow him to seek a career in politics.

## Politics

Nussey held Liberal political views and was said to have remained faithful to the ideas and policies of William Ewart Gladstone all his life. He first stood for Parliament at the 1892 general election in the Maidstone division of Kent but in June 1893 there was a by-election in the Pontefract constituency in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The election of the sitting Liberal MP for Pontefract, Harold Reckitt at a by-election in February 1893, was declared void following an election petition and Nussey was selected to contest the seat. He won the by-election narrowly but held his seat until the December 1910 general election when he retired from the House of Commons.

## Honours and appointments

In 1909, Nussey was created a baronet in the Birthday Honours list. After stepping down from Parliament he in continued public life. He was a justice of the peace for the North Riding, chairman of the local bench, chairman of the North Yorkshire Quarter Sessions, chairman of the Appeals Committee and a deputy lieutenant of the North Riding.

## Death

Nussey died at his home, Sutton Howgrave, Bedale in the North Riding of Yorkshire on 12 October 1947 aged exactly 79 years. Edith, Lady Nussey died in 1962. The heir to the Nussey baronetcy was his son from his first marriage, Thomas Moore Nussey (19 July 1898 – 25 October 1971).

## Papers

A collection of letters sent by Nussey's to the Liberal prime minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, has been deposited in the British Library manuscript collection.

## InfoBox

| SirWillans NusseyDL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Pontefract | |
| **In office**
1893–1910 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 October 1868
Thorner, West Riding of Yorkshire |
| Died | 12 October 1947
Sutton Howgrave, Bedale |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Children | 1 |
| Parent | Thomas Nussey (Father) |
| Alma mater | Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Malvern College |
|  | |


title: Thomas Nunneley

abstract: Thomas Nunneley, was a British surgeon who at first focussed on eye and ear surgery, and built a large private practice in this field. He wrote several essays and books including on topics of erysipelas, eye surgery and on the effects of anaesthesia and hydrocyanic acid. After studying in Paris he settled in Leeds, where he became attached to the Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Leeds School of Medicine, where he taught surgery and anatomy. In 1864 he became surgeon to the Leeds Infirmary. He opposed Joseph Lister's antisepsis and did not believe in the germ-theory of wound infections. He served as a witness in civil and criminal cases, including being first witness in the trial of William Palmer.

text:
# Thomas Nunneley

**Thomas Nunneley** (1809 - 1 June 1870), was a British surgeon who at first focussed on eye and ear surgery, and built a large private practice in this field. He wrote several essays and books including on topics of erysipelas, eye surgery and on the effects of anaesthesia and hydrocyanic acid.

After studying in Paris he settled in Leeds, where he became attached to the Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Leeds School of Medicine, where he taught surgery and anatomy. In 1864 he became surgeon to the Leeds Infirmary. He opposed Joseph Lister's antisepsis and did not believe in the germ-theory of wound infections. He served as a witness in civil and criminal cases, including being first witness in the trial of William Palmer.

## Early life and family

Thomas Nunneley was born in 1809, in Market Harborough.

## Career

Nunneley became apprentice to a surgeon at Wellingborough and gained surgical experience at Guy's Hospital where he served as dresser to a Mr Keys. In 1832 he gained a licenciate of the Apothecaries. After studying in Paris he settled in Leeds, where he became attached to the Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Leeds School of Medicine, where he taught surgery and anatomy.

Early in his surgical career he focussed on eye and ear surgery, and built a large private practice in this field. His first essay on erysipelas was published in 1831 and won the prize from the Junior Physiological Society of Guy's but was rejected for the Fothergillian medal in 1841. He published *The Organs of Vision, their Anatomy and Physiology* in 1858. Other works included the essay "The Effects produced by Hydrocyanic Acid on Animal Life; with an attempt to determine the real value of presumed antidotes and remedies" and "On Anaesthesia and other Anaesthetic Substances; being an experimental inquiryinto their nature, properties, and actions, and their comparative value and danger, and the best means of counteracting an overdose". He published his last essay "On the Effect of the Calabar Bean on the Animal Economy" in 1863. His papers "On Aneurism of the Eyeball" and "Vascular Protrusion of the Eyeball" appeared in the *Medico-Chirurgical transactions*.

In 1864 he became surgeon to the Leeds Infirmary. He regularly contributed to the *British Medical Journal* and wrote several texts. He was one of the first to perform the operation of excising the tongue. In 1869 at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Leeds, he made clear his opposition to Joseph Lister's antisepsis and disbelief in the germ-theory of wound infections.

In 1843, he became one of the original 300 Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons.

## Trial of William Palmer

He served as a witness in civil and criminal cases. He was the first witness in the trial of William Palmer, He presented his opinion on the eighth day of the trial, concluding that "I am of the opinion that death was caused by some convulsive disease".

## Death

Nunneley died on 1 June 1870, at the age of 62.

## Selected publications

### Articles

* Nunneley, T. (1 October 1849). "On Anæsthesia and Anæsthetic Substances Generally; Being an Experimental Inquiry into Their Nature, Properties, and Action, Their Comparative Value and Danger, and the Best Means of Counteracting the Effect of an Over-Dose". *Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal*. **72** (181): 343–395. ISSN 0963-4932. PMC 5792863. PMID 30330816.
* Nunneley, T. (1865). "On Vascular Protrusion of the Eyeball". *Medico-Chirurgical Transactions*. **48**: 15–37. doi:10.1177/095952876504800103. ISSN 0959-5287. PMC 2147830. PMID 20896252.

### Books

## Further reading

Media related to Thomas Nunneley at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Thomas Nunneley | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Nunneley, photographed by Ernest Edwards | |
| Born | 1809 |
| Died | 1 June 1870 |
| Known for |  |
| **Medical career** | |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Thomas Savage (Quebec politician)

abstract: Thomas Savage was a merchant, shipowner and politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. He served in the Legislative Council of Quebec, the upper house of the Legislature of Quebec. Savage was born on Jersey in the Channel Islands, the son of Jean Savage and Elizabeth Degnesley. Raised at Jersey, at some point he emigrated to Canada. He became a merchant and ship owner at l'Anse-du-Cap, in the Gaspé region. He was a major in the local militia. On April 4, 1847, he married Julie Colin-Laliberté. Savage stood for election to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in the general election of 1863 but was defeated. In 1873, he was appointed to the Legislative Council for the Gulf division, as a supporter of the Conservative party of Quebec. He held that position for nearly fourteen years until his resignation in February 1887. Savage died at l'Anse-du-Cap in November, 1887.

text:
# Thomas Savage (Quebec politician)

**Thomas Savage** (September 16, 1808 - November 21, 1887) was a merchant, shipowner and politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. He served in the Legislative Council of Quebec, the upper house of the Legislature of Quebec.

Savage was born on Jersey in the Channel Islands, the son of Jean Savage and Elizabeth Degnesley. Raised at Jersey, at some point he emigrated to Canada.

He became a merchant and ship owner at l'Anse-du-Cap, in the Gaspé region. He was a major in the local militia. On April 4, 1847, he married Julie Colin-Laliberté.

Savage stood for election to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in the general election of 1863 but was defeated. In 1873, he was appointed to the Legislative Council for the Gulf division, as a supporter of the Conservative party of Quebec. He held that position for nearly fourteen years until his resignation in February 1887.

Savage died at l'Anse-du-Cap in November, 1887.

## InfoBox

| Thomas SavageM.L.C. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Council of Quebec | |
| **In office**
November 19, 1873  February 26, 1887 | |
| Preceded by | John LeBoutillier |
| Succeeded by | David Alexander Ross |
| Constituency | Gulf Division |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1808-09-16)September 16, 1808
Jersey, Channel Islands |
| Died | November 21, 1887(1887-11-21) (aged 79)
Anse-du-Cap, Quebec |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Julie Colin-Laliberté |
| Profession | Businessman and shipowner |
|  | |


title: Thomas Kovachevich

abstract: Thomas Kovachevich is an American contemporary visual artist and physician. Kovachevich's art practice is multi-faceted; exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, installations and performances have represented the lexicon of this artist. Kovachevich earned a B.A. in social science at Michigan State University and received his medical diploma and board certification in Family Medicine at the Chicago Osteopathic School of Medicine where he became inspired by ordinary medical materials and began making small sculptures with tape, cotton balls, suture thread, gauze, glass microscope slides, tissue, etc. In 1971, Kovachevich began his medical practice in Chicago. For the next thirty years medicine and art enhanced and intertwined both practices. Kovachevich has lived and worked in New York City since 1983.

text:
# Thomas Kovachevich

**Thomas Kovachevich** (born March 11, 1942) is an American contemporary visual artist and physician. Kovachevich's art practice is multi-faceted; exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, installations and performances have represented the lexicon of this artist.

Kovachevich earned a B.A. in social science at Michigan State University and received his medical diploma and board certification in Family Medicine at the Chicago Osteopathic School of Medicine where he became inspired by ordinary medical materials and began making small sculptures with tape, cotton balls, suture thread, gauze, glass microscope slides, tissue, etc.

In 1971, Kovachevich began his medical practice in Chicago. For the next thirty years medicine and art enhanced and intertwined both practices.

Kovachevich has lived and worked in New York City since 1983.

## Early work: 1960s and 1970s

The small sculptures were shown in 1969 at the Detroit Institute of Arts in an exhibition curated by Sam Wagstaff. In 1970 an exhibition of cardboard boxes and screens made of foam core were exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in the Penthouse Gallery, curated by Pierre Apraxine.

At the 1972 documenta 5, curated by Harald Szeemann, the small sculptures were packed into a vintage hat box and exhibited in the *Individual Mythology* section of the exhibition in Kassel, Germany. *The Hat Box* traveled to the 1973 Biennale de Paris and the Musee de peinture et de Sculpture in Grenoble. In 1975 the curator A. James Speyer showed the sculptures in the *Small Scale in Contemporary Art* exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago.

During this time Kovachevich became colleagues with artists Thomas Shannon, Balthasar Burkhard, Markus Raetz, Richard Tuttle, Walter De Maria and James Lee Byars.

Kovachevich painted shadows in his first solo museum exhibition at the MCA Chicago in 1973, titled *Rooms and Shadows*. In 1976, paper cut-outs and gels attached to medical light boxes were exhibited in the *Abstract Art in Chicago* exhibition at the MCA Chicago. Paper wall installations realized from paper packaging tape made their debut to Kovachevich's body of work. The paper tape reacted in constant movement, opening and closing according to the given moisture in the air.

Performance art made a large impact on Kovachevich's practice after developing and receiving a patent, ‘Method to effect a continuous movement of a fibrous material,’ fueled by the power of evaporation. Kovachevich coined the term "K - Motion"*,* meaning constant motion. With water, paper and a fabric, the movement of cut paper shapes acted out a "story." As the costume, set and lighting designer, Kovachevich also considered himself an observer like the audience. In 1977 Kovachevich developed a book and table top theater, *K - Motion: Paper Comes Alive* with an introduction by Peter Schjeldahl.

### Exhibitions and performances

Artist residency at Art Park, in Lewiston, NY, daily performance in a silo, 1976
A six-week performance series at the Drawing Center, NY, 1977.
First solo exhibition in NY involving both performance and sculpture, at Droll/ Kolbert Gallery in 1978.
Notre Dame University, Hyde Park Art Center, *Daley’s Tomb*, Name Gallery, 1977,
*A View of the Decade*, MCA, Chicago, 1977,
*Beyond Object*, Aspen Center for the Visual Arts, 1977

## 1980s

In 1980, Kovachevich had his first solo gallery exhibition in Bern, Switzerland at the Toni Gerber Gallery. Four performance paintings that were made at the opening are in the collection of the Kunstmuseum Bern. Betsy Rosenfield Gallery in Chicago exhibited performance paintings in a solo exhibition in 1981.

In 1983, Kovachevich had exhibitions and performances at the Kunstmuseum Bern, Kunstmuseum Basel, and Hotel Wolfers/Herman Daled in Brussels. An artist residency in 1985 at the Vera and Albert List Art Center at MIT produced a four-week series of collaborative performances with scientists and professors and an exhibition of paintings.

In 1988 Kovachevich spent a year in France and Switzerland at the invitation of the Musee d’art et Histoire in Geneva, and the CIRVA (Center for Investigation and Research of Glass) in Marseille, where a series of glass sculptures were produced and exhibited at the Centre de la Vielle Charite, 1988. Museums in France and Asia have exhibited the glass.

### Exhibitions and performances

Farideh Cadot Galerie, NY/ Paris
Dart Gallery, Chicago
Baskerville Watson, NY
MCA Chicago
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva).

## 1990s

In 1990, Kovachevich collaborated with Jay Chiat, a collector and creator of Chiat/Day Advertising Agency, on a nationwide service titled ‘’Doctors’s By Phone’’. Kovachevich considered the project an artwork and described it as ‘conceptual realism.’ In an interview with Terri Sultan in 1991, for the catalogue of the exhibition, ‘’Thomas Kovachevich: Seeing Invisible Things’’ at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Kovachevich said, "Conceptual realism refers to ideas as solutions to real problems, rather than to what we know as the conceptual art that developed in the 70’s, which was centered in pure idea." *Doctor's By Phone* provided a way for doctors to be available for consultation 24 hours a day by phone. A page in the Corcoran catalogue for the exhibition was a reprint from a full page ad in the New York Times for *Doctor’s By Phone*. The project received national press and media coverage.

### Exhibitions and performances

Francesca Pia Gallery, 1996, Bern
Curt Marcus Gallery, 1991, NY
The Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1991, Washington DC
The French Embassy, 1999, NY
Galerie Berggruen, 1994, Paris
New Acquisitions show at the Musee d’art Contemporain de Marseille, 1997

## 2000s to present

In 2002, painted vacuumed-formed plastics were exhibited in a solo exhibition, *Paper/Plastic/Paint* at the Santa Monica Museum of Contemporary Art. Kovachevich exhibited painted Images of the plastics at Lightbox, LA in 2007.

In 2008 at the Zentrum Paul Klee in Bern, Kovachevich installed *Self Portrait*, a paper installation of his own DNA in a group show, *Genesis*. Kovachevich originally exhibited *Self Portrait* in 1992 at the Curt Marcus Gallery in NY.

In 2010 Kovachevich performed at midnight in *Inchoative Listening + Centerless Portrayal*, a day of performances curated by Jay Sanders at The Sculpture Center, Long Island City.

In 2012, Kovachevich had a solo exhibition showing his glass sculptures at the Abbey of Silvacane in La Roque d’Anthéron, France. Another solo show in 2012, *Alpenglow*, at Showroom 170 exhibited Kovachevich's paper gels on paper and a large scale paper tape ribbon installation. The gels are in the collection of the Hammer Museum, LA, where they were exhibited in 2013.

A group of cardboard and corrugated plastic sculptures were exhibited in 2014 at Showroom Gowanus and Callicoon Fine Arts NY, *Lime Juice* at Galerie de France in 2014, Paris, and *Define* at Tif Sigfrids in LA, 2016.

In 2016 a projection of Delancey Street was shown at Callicoon Fine Arts, NY, in a solo exhibition, January to February 2016. Later that year, Kovachevich exhibited a group of 12 x 12 inch paintings in *Dark Star*, a group show curated by Raymond Foye at Planthouse, NY in 2016. Other 12 x 12 paintings have been consistently exhibited at Callicoon Fine Arts, NY since 2014.

Thomas Kovachevich has been represented by Callicoon Fine Arts, NY since 2011.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Kovachevich | |
| --- | --- |
| Kovachevich *Not Just a Row of Paintings* 2012 | |
| Born | March 11, 1942<br>Detroit, Michigan |
| Alma mater | Michigan State University |
| Known for | performance, installation, painting, sculpture, medicine |
| Website |  |


title: Thomas Kincaid-Smith

abstract: Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Malcolm Harvey Kincaid-Smith, known as Malcolm Kincaid-Smith was a British Liberal politician and soldier. Commissioned a second lieutenant into the 9th Lancers on 10 October 1894, he was promoted to lieutenant on 25 September 1895. Kincaid-Smith was seconded for Colonial Office service in October 1898. When he returned from secondment he was back as a regular lieutenant in his regiment in January 1900, and served with the provisional Regiment of Lancers in South Africa during the Second Boer War. Following the end of the war in June 1902, he left Cape Town on the SS Canada and returned to Southampton in late July. He was promoted captain in 1903, but went on half-pay in 1904 due to ill health, and resigned his commission in 1908. Kincaid-Smith was elected as Member of Parliament for Stratford-on-Avon in 1906. In 1909, he resigned his seat and left the Liberal Party to advocate compulsory military training. He stood as an independent, supported by the National Service League, at the ensuing by-election, but was badly defeated. Upon the outbreak of World War I, he was recalled from the reserve and appointed a staff officer. He was made an assistant provost-marshal in 1915, holding the post for a year. He was made a temporary major in the Wiltshire Regiment, and then a temporary lieutenant-colonel while commanding a school of instruction and a musketry camp in 1917. In 1918, Kincaid-Smith was transferred to command of a reception camp as a temporary major. He stood for the National Party in Frome in 1918, but was defeated. He left the reserves due to age in 1929.

text:
# Thomas Kincaid-Smith

Lieutenant-Colonel **Thomas Malcolm Harvey Kincaid-Smith** (6 July 1874 – 31 December 1938), known as **Malcolm Kincaid-Smith** was a British Liberal politician and soldier.

Commissioned a second lieutenant into the 9th Lancers on 10 October 1894, he was promoted to lieutenant on 25 September 1895. Kincaid-Smith was seconded for Colonial Office service in October 1898. When he returned from secondment he was back as a regular lieutenant in his regiment in January 1900, and served with the provisional Regiment of Lancers in South Africa during the Second Boer War. Following the end of the war in June 1902, he left Cape Town on the SS *Canada* and returned to Southampton in late July. He was promoted captain in 1903, but went on half-pay in 1904 due to ill health, and resigned his commission in 1908.

Kincaid-Smith was elected as Member of Parliament for Stratford-on-Avon in 1906. In 1909, he resigned his seat and left the Liberal Party to advocate compulsory military training. He stood as an independent, supported by the National Service League, at the ensuing by-election, but was badly defeated.

Upon the outbreak of World War I, he was recalled from the reserve and appointed a staff officer. He was made an assistant provost-marshal in 1915, holding the post for a year. He was made a temporary major in the Wiltshire Regiment, and then a temporary lieutenant-colonel while commanding a school of instruction and a musketry camp in 1917. In 1918, Kincaid-Smith was transferred to command of a reception camp as a temporary major.

He stood for the National Party in Frome in 1918, but was defeated.

He left the reserves due to age in 1929.

Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs

## Further reading

* Johnson, Matthew (2013). *Militarism and the British Left, 1902-1914*. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-27412-0.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant-ColonelThomas Kincaid-Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Stratford-on-Avon | |
| **In office**
12 January 1906  8 April 1909 | |
| Preceded by | Philip Foster |
| Succeeded by | Philip Foster |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 July 1874 |
| Died | 31 December 1938 (aged 64) |
| Citizenship | British |
| Political party | Liberal (1906–1909)
Independent (1909)
National Party (1918) |
|  | |


title: Thomas Larimore

abstract: Thomas Larimore was a privateer and pirate active in the Caribbean and off the eastern seaboard of the American colonies. After helping suppress Bacon’s Rebellion and serving as a militia leader he turned to piracy, his activities intertwined with those of fellow pirate John Quelch.

text:
# Thomas Larimore

**Thomas Larimore** (fl. 1677-1706, last name occasionally Laramore, Larrimore, Laremore, or Laremoor) was a privateer and pirate active in the Caribbean and off the eastern seaboard of the American colonies. After helping suppress Bacon’s Rebellion and serving as a militia leader he turned to piracy, his activities intertwined with those of fellow pirate John Quelch.

## History

When Nathaniel Bacon rebelled against Virginia colonial officials in 1676, Larimore sided with the Virginia loyalists under Governor William Berkeley. He ferried troops and fought in and around Newport News in his ship *Rebecca*, which was captured by Bacon’s rebels then recaptured and returned to Larimore. He then used the *Rebecca* – with extra cannon added by the rebels – to capture the rebels’ remaining ships, helping lead the loyalists to victory.

Larimore also served as quartermaster aboard several different vessels during King William's War from 1688-1697. In 1702 he was commissioned as a privateer by Governor Joseph Dudley of Boston to sail against the French, and took at least five French ships. Dudley commissioned Larimore again in 1703, this time to lead a unit of foot soldiers to help defend Jamaica against the Spanish. His soldiers suffered from disease and went unpaid, shuffled around the Caribbean and as far north as Newfoundland before being returned to Boston that November.

Bitter and broke, Larimore threatened to take to piracy on his ship *Larimore Galley*. Returning to Cape Ann near Boston, a number of Quelch’s men came aboard Larimore’s ship, having dispersed on shore after leaving Quelch's *Charles Galley* to hide their loot. Governor Dudley’s men seized Larimore, his crew, and the remains of Quelch’s crew. Larimore was charged not with piracy but with harboring fugitives (Quelch's crew). He was sent to England for trial, but because of his service against the French and Spanish, Dudley asked officials to pardon him. By late 1706 Larimore had been returned to New England and again placed under arrest, “suspected of very ill designs and practices.”

* Admiralty court, the venue in which Larimore's privateering prizes were approved, and in which Larimore was later tried.
* Samuel Sewall, the judge who presided over Quelch's and Larimiore's trials, more famous for his role in the Salem Witch Trials.


title: Thomas Lindhqvist

abstract: Thomas Lindhqvist is a Swedish academic. He is credited for introducing the concept of extended producer responsibility. He is currently associate professor and director of research programs at the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University in Sweden Thomas teaches and researches mainly in the area of environmental product policy, with special emphasis on extended producer responsibility and informative instruments, as well as preventive environmental strategies, the use of economic instruments and waste management. Thomas has been a co-leader of the Working Group on Policies, Strategies and Instruments to Promote Cleaner Production, part of the UNEP Network on Cleaner Production. He has also worked on research projects with several national and international authorities and organizations, a few being the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the Swedish Ministry of Environment, the Nordic Council of Ministers, the OECD, WWF and Greenpeace.

text:
# Thomas Lindhqvist

**Thomas Lindhqvist** (born 4 February 1954) is a Swedish academic. He is credited for introducing the concept of extended producer responsibility. He is currently associate professor and director of research programs at the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University in Sweden

Thomas teaches and researches mainly in the area of environmental product policy, with special emphasis on extended producer responsibility and informative instruments (environmental product declarations and eco-labelling), as well as preventive environmental strategies, the use of economic instruments and waste management. Thomas has been a co-leader of the Working Group on Policies, Strategies and Instruments to Promote Cleaner Production, part of the UNEP Network on Cleaner Production. He has also worked on research projects with several national and international authorities and organizations, a few being the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the Swedish Ministry of Environment, the Nordic Council of Ministers, the OECD, WWF and Greenpeace.

## Education

He received his PhD (Industrial Environmental Economics) in 2000 from Lund University. He was awarded his MSc (Engineering Physics) in 1990 and BA degrees in 1982 in Business Administration and Russian, Polish and Arabic.

## Selected publications

Mont, O, & Lindhqvist, T. (2003). The role of public policy in advancement of product service systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, accepted for publication.

Lindhqvist, T, & Mont, O. (2002). Funktionsperspektiv på varor och tjänster \[A functional perspective on products and services\]. Rapport 5227. Naturvårdsverkets förlag: Stockholm.

Emtairah, T, Jacobsson, N, Kogg, B, Lindhqvist, T, Lissinger, J, & Mont, O. (2002). Av vem skapas marknaden för miljöanpassade produkter? \[Who creates the market for environmentally conscious products?\]. Naturvårdsverket: Stockholm.

Lifset, R, & Lindhqvist, T. (2001). Trust but Verify. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 5, no. 2, 9-12.

Lindhqvist, T. (2001). Extended Producer Responsibility for End-of-Life Vehicles in Sweden: analysis of effectiveness and socio-economic consequences. Study commissioned by BIL Sweden for the Committee for Producer Responsibility Review (M 2000:01). IIIEE Reports 2001:18. IIIEE: Lund.

Tojo, N, Lindhqvist, T, & Davis, G. (2001). EPR Programme Implementations: institutional and structural factors. In OECD Seminar on Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR: Programme Implementation and Assessment, 13–14 December 2001, Paris.

Lindhqvist, T. (2001). Cleaner Production: government policies and strategies. Industry and Environment, 24, no. 1-2, 41-45.

Lindhqvist, T. (2000). Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production. IIIEE Dissertation 2000:2. Lund: IIIEE, Lund University.

Lifset, R, & Lindhqvist, T. (1999). Extended Producer Responsibility: Does Leasing Improve End of Product Life Management. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 3, no. 4, 10-13.

Lindhqvist, T. (1998). What is Extended Producer Responsibility. In K. Jönsson, & T. Lindhqvist, Extended Producer Responsibility as a Policy Instrument – what is the Knowledge in the Scientific Community? (3-10). AFR-Report 212. Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Lindhqvist, T, & Rydén, E. (1997). Designing EPR for Product Innovation. In OECD International Workshop on Extended Producer Responsibility: Who is the producer?, 2–4 December 1997, Ottawa, Canada.

Lindhqvist, T, & Lifset, R. (1997). What’s in a Name: Producer or Product Responsibility?. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1, no. 2, 6-7. Rydén, E, & Lindhqvist, T. (1996). Strategies for the Management of End-of-Life Cars - Introducing an Incentive for Clean Car Development (601-607). In Towards Clean Transport - Fuel Efficient and Clean Motor Vehicles, OECD Documents.

Backman, M, Lindhqvist, T, & Thidell, Å. (1995). Nordisk miljömärkning \[Nordic Environmental Labelling\]. TemaNord 1995:594. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.

Lidgren, K, Backman, M, Lindhqvist, T, & Pelin, L. (1994). Avfallsfri framtid \[A Future without Waste\]. Betänkande av avfallsskatteutredningen, SOU 1994:114.

Lindhqvist, T, & Rydén, E. (1994). The Trade Implications of Recycling of Automobiles. In Life-Cycle Management and Trade (149-158). Paris: OECD.

Lindhqvist, T. (1993). A European Perspective on the Limitations and Possibilities of Life-Cycle Assessments. In K. Geiser and F. H. Irwin, Rethinking the Materials We Use: A New Focus for Pollution Policy (65-70). WWF: Washington DC.

Kisch, P, & Lindhqvist, T. (1992). Differentierade taxor \[Differentiated Waste Charges\]. RVF Rapport 92:16. RVF: Malmö.

Lindhqvist, T. (1992). Mot ett förlängt producentansvar - analys av erfarenheter samt förslag \[Towards an Extended Producer Responsibility - analysis of experiences and proposals\]. In Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, Varor som faror - Underlagsrapporter \[Products as Hazards - background documents\] (229-291). Ds 1992:82.

Kisch, P, Lindhqvist, T, & Rodhe, H. (1992). LCA as a Tool for Decision Making - Complications and Limitations. In OECD-IEA Expert Workshop on Life-cycle Analysis: Methods and Experience, 21–22 May 1992, Paris.

Lindhqvist, T. (1992). Extended Producer Responsibility. In T. Lindhqvist, Extended Producer Responsibility as a Strategy to Promote Cleaner Products (1-5). Lund: Department of Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University.

Backman, M, & Lindhqvist, T. (1992). The Nature of the Waste Problem - A Question of Prevention. In The Treatment and Handling of Wastes (27-40). Chapman & Hall: London.

Hirsbak, S, Nielsen, B, & Lindhqvist, T. (1990). ECO-Products: Proposal for a European Community Environmental Label. Taastrup, Denmark: Danish Technological Institute.

Lindhqvist, T, & Lidgren, K. (1990). Modeller för förlängt producent¬ansvar \[Models for Extended Producer Responsibility\]. In Ministry of the Environment, Från vaggan till graven - sex studier av varors miljöpåverkan \[From the Cradle to the Grave - six studies of the environmental impact of products\] (7-44). Ds 1991:9.

Lidgren, K, & Lindhqvist, T. (1989). Avfall - Ekonomiska styrmedel, Förslag till åtgärdsprogram avseende ekonomiska styrmedel inom avfallsområdet \[Waste - Economic Instruments, Proposal for Programme Concerning the Use of Economic Instruments in the Waste Management Field\]. Miljöavgiftsutredningen \[The Environmental Fee Committee\]: Stockholm

Lindhqvist, T. (1989). Deposit Systems and Materials Recycling. BioCycle, 30, no. 7, 48-52.

Lindhqvist, T. (1989). The Environmental Product Declaration, EPD. UN ECE Seminar on Economic Implications of Low-waste Technology in the Hague, 16–19 October 1989. UN ECE. ENVWA/SEM.3/R.8.

Backman, M, & Lindhqvist, T. (1988). Pantsystem för batterier \[Deposit-Refund System for Batteries\]. Report 3489. Solna, Sweden: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Backman, M, Lindhqvist, T, Lidgren, K, & Smitt, R. (1988). Miljö och förpackningar \[Environment and Packaging\]. Report 3488. Solna, Sweden: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Backman, M, Huisingh, D, Lidgren, K, & Lindhqvist, T. (1988). Om en avfallsstyrd produktutveckling \[About a Waste Conscious Product Development\]. Report 3487. Solna, Sweden: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

*
*
*


title: Thomure, Missouri

abstract: Thomure is an unincorporated community in Ste. Genevieve Township in eastern Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri, United States. It is situated approximately two miles north of Ste. Genevieve. Thomure was established as a railroad siding for river boats and ferries at Little Rock Landing on the Mississippi River. It was named for F. J. Thomure, superintendent of the Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Railroad.

text:
# Thomure, Missouri

**Thomure** is an unincorporated community in Ste. Genevieve Township in eastern Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri, United States. It is situated approximately two miles north of Ste. Genevieve. Thomure was established as a railroad siding for river boats and ferries at Little Rock Landing on the Mississippi River. It was named for F. J. Thomure, superintendent of the Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Railroad.

1. "Hometownlocator.com". Retrieved October 2, 2016.
2. "Mytopo.com". Retrieved October 2, 2016.
3. "Roadsidethoughts.com". Retrieved October 2, 2016.
4. "State Historical Society of Missouri – Ste. Genevieve Place Names, 1928-1945". Retrieved October 1, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Thomure, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Location of Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 38°0′14″N 90°3′34″W / 38.00389°N 90.05944°W / 38.00389; -90.05944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Sainte Genevieve |
| Township | Ste. Genevieve |
| Elevation | 387  ft (118 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 63670 |
| Area code | 573 |
| FIPS code | 29-73078 |
| GNIS feature ID | 741320 |


title: Thomy Lafon

abstract: Thomy Lafon was a Creole of color teacher, businessman, and philanthropist in New Orleans.

text:
# Thomy Lafon

**Thomy Lafon** (December 28, 1810  December 22, 1893) was a Creole of color teacher, businessman, and philanthropist in New Orleans.

## Biography

He was born free on December 28, 1810, to a mixed-race, francophone family. His mother, Modeste Foucher, was a mistress of Barthelemy Lafon, though Thomy's father was Pierre Larande.

He started out selling cakes to workers, opened a small store, was a school teacher for a time, and became successful at money lending and real estate investment. He was an opponent of slavery and supported racial integration in schools.

He is mostly known for his large donations to the Institute Catholique, the Louisiana Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, and other charities for both blacks and whites. In his will, he left funds to local charities and to the Charity Hospital, Lafon Old Folks Home, Straight University, and the Sisters of the Holy Family, an order of African-American nuns founded in New Orleans. Lafon also supported the *Tribune*, the first black-owned newspaper in the South after the American Civil War.

The Thomy Lafon school was called "the best Negro schoolhouse in Louisiana," but it was burned down by a white mob during the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900.

Lafon never married, and died on December 22, 1893. He is interred at the Saint Louis Cemetery No. 3.


abstract: The Thomas Jefferson Hale General Merchandise Store is a historic commercial building in rural south-central White County, Arkansas. It is located south of Searcy, at the southwest corner of the junction of County Roads 62 and 433, known locally as Vinity Corner. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, finished with sheet metal siding, instead of brick that was more typically used for commercial construction. Its front faces east, with three fixed windows flanking a double-door entry, and a shed-roof porch extending across its width. It was built about 1925, when the area was more prosperous than it is now, and is its only surviving commercial remnant. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

text:
# Thomas Jefferson Hale General Merchandise Store

The **Thomas Jefferson Hale General Merchandise Store** is a historic commercial building in rural south-central White County, Arkansas. It is located south of Searcy, at the southwest corner of the junction of County Roads 62 and 433 (Rogers and West Vinity Roads), known locally as Vinity Corner. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, finished with sheet metal siding, instead of brick that was more typically used for commercial construction. Its front faces east, with three fixed windows flanking a double-door entry, and a shed-roof porch extending across its width. It was built about 1925, when the area was more prosperous than it is now, and is its only surviving commercial remnant.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Jefferson Hale General Merchandise Store | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | Jct of Co. Rds. 62 and 433, Vinity Corner, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°4′46″N 91°44′37″W / 35.07944°N 91.74361°W / 35.07944; -91.74361 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1925 (1925) |
| Architect | Hale, Thomas Jefferson |
| Architectural style | Vernacular commercial |
| MPS | White County MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 91001358 |
| Added to NRHP | July 21, 1992 |


title: Thomas Jefferson Green

abstract: Thomas Jefferson Green was an American politician who served in the legislatures of three different U.S. states and also of Texas, which was not yet a state.

text:
# Thomas Jefferson Green

**Thomas Jefferson Green** (February 14, 1802 – December 12, 1863) was an American politician who served in the legislatures of three different U.S. states and also of Texas, which was not yet a state.

## Biography

Born in Warren County, North Carolina in 1802, Green served in the North Carolina Legislature in 1823, then moved to Florida and served in the Florida Legislature and next moved to Texas in 1836. On March 19, he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Texas volunteer army. To achieve this rank, he had to raise and transport a brigade of soldiers to Texas and secure a loan of $50,000 in support the Texas Revolution.

After the revolution, Green served in both houses of the Congress of the Texas Republic. His first term in Texas began on October 3, 1836, when Green represented Bexar County in the First Texas Congress. He was elected to represent Brazoria County in the Eighth Texas Congress.

In the early 1840s, Thomas J. Green was a member of the Somervell Expedition and was second in command during the ill-fated Mier Expedition. These were military ventures into Mexico, in retaliation for predatory raids by Mexican forces.

Green left Texas just before it was annexed to the United States. He moved to California during the gold rush and was elected to the first California Senate in 1850. There, he sponsored the bill which created the University of California. He also became a major general in the California militia.

Finally, Green returned to his native North Carolina, where he died in 1863.

He was the father of Wharton Jackson Green. His great uncle was Nathaniel Macon.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Jefferson Green | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1802-02-14)February 14, 1802
Warren County, North Carolina |
| Died | December 12, 1863(1863-12-12) (aged 61)
Warren County, North Carolina |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Children | Wharton Jackson Green |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Oxaal

abstract: Thomas Oxaal is a Norwegian visually impaired cross-country skier.

text:
# Thomas Oxaal

**Thomas Oxaal** (born 21 October 1999) is a Norwegian visually impaired cross-country skier.

## Career

Oxaal represented Norway at the 2022 Winter Paralympics and won a silver medal in the 4 × 2.5 kilometre open relay.

## InfoBox

Thomas Oxaal
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Born | (1999-10-21) 21 October 1999<br>Sauda, Norway |
| Sport | |
| Country | Norway |
| Sport | Paralympic cross-country skiing |
| Disability class | B3 |
| Medal record      Representing  Norway  Winter Paralympics  Men's para cross-country skiing  2022 Beijing 4 × 2.5 km open relay | |


title: Thomas Loftus

abstract: Tom Loftus was a former chairman of the Leinster Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA).

text:
# Thomas Loftus

**Tom Loftus** (1917–2011; Irish: *Tomás Ó Lochtuis*) was a former chairman of the Leinster Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA).

## Biography

Tom Loftus was born in Roscommon town, County Roscommon in 1917. His grandmother ran a dispensary and his father was a journalist with the *Roscommon Herald*. Loftus moved to Dublin in 1937 and married Ann Mooney in 1951. For most of his life he worked at the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) in the city.

## Career

Loftus was chairman of the Leinster Council from 1972–1974, was chairman of the Dublin County Board and was a longstanding member of the organisation. He stood twice for the position of president of the GAA, but was twice pipped at the post, once by his namesake Dr. Mick Loftus.

During his period as Dublin Chairman, the team won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. In 1964, became the first chairman to bring his team to the United States, to raise awareness of the GAA in America.

In 1965, Loftus was a member of the first GAA committee to examine Rule 27, which prevented members from playing, attending or promoting other sports. The rule was originally passed in 1902 and was intended as a way of safeguarding the GAA from the influence of non-gaelic sports, but ultimately resulted in the untimely demise of several promising careers within the organisation. The rule read "Any member of the association who plays or encourages in any way rugby, football, hockey or any imported game which is calculated to injuriously affect our national pastimes, is suspended from the association." The first GAA committee failed to make any recommendations and it wasn't until 1971 that the ban was removed from the rulebooks.

Tom was also well known in Dublin for his weekly column in the *Evening Press* which he wrote throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Tom retired from his post in the ESB in 1977 and quickly became an advocate of junior level GAA, organising and coaching teams in County Wicklow, particularly Bray Emmets and Kilmacud Crokes.

After his retirement, Tom received numerous awards and recognitions of his contribution to the organisation. Until his death in 2011, he was the oldest living former chairman in the Gaelic Athletic Association

## Successes

Team: P. Flynn, L. Hickey, L. Foley, W. Casey, D. McKane, P. Holden, M. Kissane, D. Foley, John Timmons, B. McDonald, M. Whelan, G. Davey, S. Behan, D. Ferguson, N. Fox. Sub: P. Downey.

## Chairmanships

## InfoBox

Thomas P. Loftus
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Irish name | *Tomás Ó Lochtuis* |
| Born | (1917-06-29)29 June 1917<br>County Roscommon, Ireland |
| Died | 5 March 2011(2011-03-05) (aged 93) |
| Nickname | Tom |


title: Thomas Loftus Cole

abstract: Thomas Loftus Cole CBE was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland. Cole studied at the Sullivan Upper School in Holywood before qualifying as a pharmacist. Despite this, he worked as a property developer, and was elected to Lurgan Urban District Council in 1911, serving until 1917. He returned to politics in 1931, winning a seat on the Belfast Corporation for the Ulster Unionist Party, which he held until 1958. He was High Sheriff of Belfast in 1937 and Deputy Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1938–1939. He stood in Belfast Pottinger at the 1933 and 1938 Northern Ireland general elections, but was not successful. At the 1945 general election, Cole was elected for Belfast East. He made no speeches in Parliament, and stood down at the 1950 election. He also held the seat of Belfast Dock in the Northern Ireland House of Commons from 1949 until he lost the seat in 1953. In reference to whether the name of Northern Ireland should be changed to Ulster, Cole remarked in 1949 that the British Government had refused to allow the name change "because the area did not comprise the nine counties of the province. We should demand our three counties [Donegal, Monaghan and Cavan] so that we could call our country Ulster, a name of which we are all proud".

text:
# Thomas Loftus Cole

**Thomas Loftus Cole** CBE (1877 – 7 March 1961) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Cole studied at the Sullivan Upper School in Holywood before qualifying as a pharmacist. Despite this, he worked as a property developer, and was elected to Lurgan Urban District Council in 1911, serving until 1917. He returned to politics in 1931, winning a seat on the Belfast Corporation for the Ulster Unionist Party, which he held until 1958. He was High Sheriff of Belfast in 1937 and Deputy Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1938–1939. He stood in Belfast Pottinger at the 1933 and 1938 Northern Ireland general elections, but was not successful.

At the 1945 general election, Cole was elected for Belfast East. He made no speeches in Parliament, and stood down at the 1950 election. He also held the seat of Belfast Dock in the Northern Ireland House of Commons from 1949 until he lost the seat in 1953.

In reference to whether the name of Northern Ireland should be changed to Ulster, Cole remarked in 1949 that the British Government had refused to allow the name change *"because the area did not comprise the nine counties of the province. We should demand our three counties \[Donegal, Monaghan and Cavan\] so that we could call our country Ulster, a name of which we are all proud".*

## InfoBox

| Thomas Loftus Cole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Belfast East | |
| **In office**
5 July 1949  3 February 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Henry Peirson Harland |
| Succeeded by | Alan McKibbin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1877
Belfast, Ireland |
| Died | 7 March 1961(1961-03-07) (aged 83–84)
Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Ulster Unionist Party |
| Relations | John James Cole (brother) |
| Profession | Pharmacist |
|  | |


title: Thomas Rutling

abstract: Thomas Rutling (1854-1915) was an American former slave who became an original member of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, a choral group that toured throughout the United States and Europe. He was a tenor in the group.

text:
# Thomas Rutling

**Thomas Rutling** (1854-1915) was an American former slave who became an original member of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, a choral group that toured throughout the United States and Europe. He was a tenor in the group.

## Biography

Rutling was born on December 24, 1854, into slavery. His father had either been sold by slavers or had run away before his birth. Rutling was the youngest out of nine children. His mother was sold when he was age three. Rutling never found out the fate of his parents. At age eight, Rutling was put into fieldwork, but his master soon redirected him to household work. In 1865, Union soldiers freed him from slavery.

As a free man, Rutling travelled to Nashville, where his sister taught him to read and write. Rutling then started to work for a surgeon and then enrolled in high school at Fisk University. Thomas paid for his tuition by becoming a waiter for the teachers. He attended the Literary Society's weekly debates, which helped with his linguistic skills.

In 1871, Rutling joined the university's choir as a tenor. They toured across the country to raise funds and spread awareness for Fisk University. The choir was soon named the Fisk Jubilee Singers, since they sang renditions of Negro spirituals.

Rutling spent seven years touring with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe. At the end of that period, he became ill and moved to Switzerland at the end of a tour. He supposedly fathered a son in Austria.

Rutling then returned to England, where he was sponsored as a singer by August Manns, an orchestral director. When public interest in his singing waned, he became a voice teacher at schools in Britain. In 1907, he toured church halls. Rutling published a short autobiography in Bradford and Devon.

## Death

Thomas Rutling died on April 26, 1915, at 97 Valley Drive, Harrogate. His death may have been due to liver cancer. Rutling's friends paid for his funeral and plot in Grove Road Cemetery, including the stone cross inscribed "Late Jubilee Singer, Fisk University. They sing the song of the lamb".

Rutling was remembered with love and affection, his impact (mainly in Britain) was significant. He was remembered for his singing, his eloquence, and his role as a representative of the Afro-American arts.


title: Thomas Stewart (Catholic bishop)

abstract: Thomas Stewart was an Irish Columban priest, who served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chunchon in South Korea from 1966 until 1994. Stewart was born in 1925 in Woodford, County Galway, Ireland. He was ordained a priest in 1950 for the Missionary Society of St. Columban, and went to South Korea in 1954. He served as Vicar General in the Chunchon Diocese before being elevated in 1966 to Bishop. For health reasons, Stewart retired in May 1994. He died a few months later in Ireland of a heart attack.

text:
# Thomas Stewart (Catholic bishop)

**Thomas Stewart** (1925-30 October 1994) was an Irish Columban priest, who served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chunchon in South Korea from 1966 until 1994.

Stewart was born in 1925 in Woodford, County Galway, Ireland. He was ordained a priest in 1950 for the Missionary Society of St. Columban, and went to South Korea in 1954. He served as Vicar General in the Chunchon Diocese before being elevated in 1966 to Bishop.

For health reasons, Stewart retired in May 1994. He died a few months later in Ireland of a heart attack.

1. Bishop Thomas Stewart Catholic Church in Korea
2. Bishop Thomas Stewart Catholic Hierarchy
3. Retired Bishop Thomas Stewart Missioner to Korea dies in Ireland

## InfoBox

| Styles of<br>**Thomas Stewart** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |


title: Thomas Smith (engineer)

abstract: Thomas Smith was a Scottish businessman and early lighthouse engineer. He was appointed as the first Chief Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1786.

text:
# Thomas Smith (engineer)

Kinnaird HeadMull of KintyreNorth RonaldsayEilean GlasPladdaPentland SkerriesCloch PointInchkeithStart Point, SandayLittle Cumbraeclass=notpageimage|Lighthouses constructed by Thomas Smith

**Thomas Smith** (6 December 1752 – 21 June 1815) was a Scottish businessman and early lighthouse engineer. He was appointed as the first Chief Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1786.

## Early life

Smith was born in Broughty Ferry near Dundee on 6 December 1752. His father, a skipper, drowned in Dundee harbour while Thomas was still young. As a result, his mother encouraged him towards a career onshore, leading him initially into ironmongery. While his widowed mother remained in Broughty Ferry, Smith went on to establish himself in Edinburgh.

## Professional career

In Edinburgh Smith founded and appears to have been the sole proprietor of a successful business in lamps and oils called the Greenside Company's Works. Smith won a contract to provide improved street lighting for Edinburgh's burgeoning New Town.

The oil lamps he provided featured parabolic reflectors made from burnished copper, which concentrated the light and enhanced its brightness. Manufacturing such reflectors within tight tolerances was not straightforward, but the innovations devised by Smith gave his lamps quadruple the power of standard oil-lit lamps without any kind of reflector.

The success of Smith's work in street lighting provided him with the connections and qualifications which resulted in his appointment as Chief Engineer to the newly formed Northern Lighthouse Trust (now Northern Lighthouse Board) in 1786. He was commissioned to build the first four modern lighthouses and promptly dispatched south to pick-up technical expertise from an English lighthouse builder (possibly John Smeaton, who built the pioneering third Eddystone Lighthouse in the 1750s, or perhaps Ezekiel Walker or William Hutchinson).

Upon his return Smith set about the construction of the four new lighthouses at Kinnaird Head, Mull of Kintyre, Eilean Glas, and North Ronaldsay. As well as the design and construction, Smith had to overcome significant financial, logistical and supply-chain challenges resulting from the remote locations of the projects. Nonetheless, all four lighthouses were successfully constructed.

Smith quickly adopted the newly invented Argand lamp, which with its circular wick and glass chimney gave a much brighter light than traditional wick lamps. Most significantly, he combined this with his parabolic reflectors resulting in a combination which came to be known as the catoptric system and set the standard for lighthouse illumination at that time.

The first of his lighthouses - Kinnaird Head (1787) - had 17 whale-oil lamps backed by parabolic reflectors and was said to be the most powerful light of its day with a reported range of 12 to 14 miles (10 to 12 mmi; 19 to 23 km). Smith continued to experiment and improve on his designs over the coming years and it was one of his last designs, Start Point, Sanday (1806), which incorporated a revolving light which was to become universal.

Smith stepped-down from his role with the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1808 and was succeeded by his stepson Robert Stevenson. However, he remained active in his private business.

## Family life

In 1792 - five years after his appointment to the Northern Lighthouse Board - Smith married his third wife, Jean Lillie Stevenson (1751–1820).

Prior to this, Smith had been twice widowed. He had five children by his first wife, though only a daughter (Jane) and son (James) survived infancy. He had one further daughter (Mary-Anne), by his second wife.

Jean Lillie Stevenson was herself a widow, with a young son called Robert Stevenson. Her first husband was Alan Stevenson, a partner in a West Indies sugar trading house in Glasgow who died of epidemic fever on the island of St. Christopher in the West Indies in 1774 leaving Jean Lillie in precarious financial circumstances.

The new family initially lived at 1 Blair Street off the Royal Mile in Edinburgh's Old Town, before moving to the then newly built 2 Baxter's Place at the head of Leith Walk in 1798/9.

The relationship between Thomas Smith and his step-son Robert Stevenson proved to be close and admiring. Though Stevenson's mother had intended him for a career in the ministry, he instead became a keen assistant to his step-father's works and was formally apprenticed to Smith in 1791. This relationship was further cemented by an unusual circumstance: in 1799 Stevenson married his then 20-year-old step-sister Jane. The following year, Stevenson became a full partner in Smith's firm and eventually succeeded him as Chief Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1808, initiating a dynasty of Stevenson's as lighthouse builders.

Little is known about Thomas Smith's own son James except that he left home to found his own ironmongery business, but whether this was due to some rift with his father is unknown. His daughter Janet was mother to the physicist William Swan.

Smith died at home in 2 Baxter's Place in on 21 June 1815, aged 62. He is buried in the north-east section of Old Calton Burial Ground. Upon his death, it was Robert Stevenson who inherited the house.

## Lighthouses of Thomas Smith


title: The Englishman's Tower

abstract: The Englishman’s Tower, was built in the 19th Century in Shkodër, Albania by Lord Paget, an English Protestant Missionary.

text:
# The Englishman's Tower

The  **Englishman’s Tower** (Albanian: *Kulla inglizit*), was built in the 19th Century in Shkodër, Albania by Lord Paget, an English Protestant Missionary.

## History

### Construction and use as a residence

Paget came and settled in Shkodër and lived in the Paget Villa/English Tower, which was built by his father Lord Alfred Paget for the Protestant Missionaries headquarters. In the 1940s Edith Durham wrote an article "George Paget’s house in Shkodër" which was still standing. Edith Durham like George Paget was a Member of the Anglo-Albanian Association.

### Museum

When WW2 ended the building was turned into a museum. After Enver Hoxha ordered the clocks to be removed from the Tower, Pagets Villa/English Tower continued to house the ethnographic museum until 1990.

## InfoBox

| The Englishman’s Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| Kulla inglizit | |
| English Tower of Shkodër | |
| Type | Clock tower |
| Location | Rruga Teuta, Shkodër, Albania |
| Coordinates | 42°04′05″N 19°30′46″E / 42.068056°N 19.512778°E / 42.068056; 19.512778 |
| Height | 16.35 m (53.6 ft) |
| Founder | Lord Paget and Lord Alfred Paget |
| Built | 19th Century |
| Architectural style(s) | English Architecture |
|  | |


title: Thomas Motor Company

abstract: E. R. Thomas Motor Company was a manufacturer of motorized bicycles, motorized tricycles, motorcycles, and automobiles in Buffalo, New York between 1900 and 1919.

text:
# Thomas Motor Company

**E. R. Thomas Motor Company** was a manufacturer of motorized bicycles, motorized tricycles, motorcycles, and automobiles in Buffalo, New York between 1900 and 1919.

## Motorized bicycles, tricycles, and motorcycles

In 1896, Edwin Ross Thomas (1850–1936) of Buffalo, New York began selling gasoline engine kits for propelling ordinary bicycles. After forming the Thomas Motor Company, he began selling complete motor-assisted bicycles under the name Thomas Auto-Bi. The Auto-Bi is generally considered to be the first production motorized bicycle made in the United States. By 1903, the company was the largest manufacturer of single-cylinder, air-cooled engines. The Thomas Auto-Bi was later joined by the Auto-Tri, a three-wheeled motorcycle, and the Auto-Two Tri, a motorcycle that could hold three riders.

In 1905, the Thomas Auto-Bi established a new record for a transcontinental crossing of the United States in 48 days. By 1912, the demand for motorcycles had dropped significantly, and the Thomas Motor company discontinued all production of two-wheeled machines.

## Automobiles

The E.R. Thomas Motor Company built automobiles from 1902 to 1919. The first Models were the 1902 Model 17, which was available in either a detachable rear entrance tonneau or runabout, equipped with a single cylinder 8hp and 2 speed planetary transmission. This was followed in January 1903 by the Model 18 with its sliding selective transmission and non-detachable tonneau with rear entrance or runabout body styles. Both the Model 17 and 18 sold side by side until stocks of the Model 17 were sold out in April-May 1903. The 1904 *Thomas* was the first Thomas to bear the "Flyer" name a touring car model and was the first multi cylinder vehicle produced by the firm. It was a 3 cylinder with planetary transmission on the earlier cars late change to the trans axle transmission that would continue for many years. Equipped with a tonneau, it could seat 5 passengers and sold for US$2500 ($84,778 in 2023 dollars ). The vertically mounted water-cooled straight-3, situated at the front of the car, produced 24 hp (17.9 kW). The steel-framed car weighed 1900 lb (862 kg). A modern cellular radiator was used for cooling. An 8 hp (6 kW) tonneau model sold for US$1250 ($42,389 in 2023 dollars ). In 1912 the company went into receivership and was purchased by Empire Smelting & Refining Company owner C.A. Finnegan. E.R. Thomas was finally shut down between 1918 and 1919.

## New York to Paris Race

A 1907 Model 35 with 4 cylinders and 60 horsepower, dubbed *Thomas Flyer*, won the 1908 New York to Paris Race, the first and only around-the-world automobile race ever held. The race began in Times Square, New York, on February 12 and covered some 22,000 miles (35,000 km), finishing in Paris on July 30, 1908. Six teams started the race (one Italian, one German, three French (De Dion-Bouton, Motobloc, and Sizaire-Naudin), and the American Flyer). Only three of the cars finished, the Thomas Flyer which won, the German Protos, and the Italian Züst. The original intent was to drive the full distance using the frozen Bering Strait to drive across the Pacific Ocean. In the course of the race, the Flyer was the first car to cross the United States taking 41 days 8 hours and 15 minutes, and the first to do so in the winter with George Schuster the first automobile driver to ever make the transcontinental winter crossing of the US. Finishing in 169 days was a remarkable feat, considering the lack of roads and services in 1908. Schuster, the driver, was the only member of the Thomas crew to go the full distance.

The Flyer survived and was restored to the exact condition it entered Paris on that day by William F. Harrah. It is now on exhibit at the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada.

The Germans arrived in Paris on July 26, 1908. The American Flyer arrived at the edge of the city on July 30, and initially was not allowed into Paris by police because it had a broken headlamp. A passerby offered the team a bicycle light. With no tools to remove the light, they simply strapped the bike on the Thomas Flyer so they could enter Paris and finish the race. It was later discovered the Protos took some shortcuts on its path and was penalized, so the American team that actually arrived second was declared the official winner of the epic race.

The 1965 Warner Brothers movie *The Great Race* is inspired by the 1908 New York to Paris race and the hero's car, the Leslie Special, is documented to be inspired by the Thomas flyer.

* Rafferty, Tod, *The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Motorcycles*, Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books (1999)
* *Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly* (January 1904)
* Schuster & Mahoney, *The Longest Auto Race*, New York, NY: The John Day Company (1966)
* The Great Auto Race of 1908
* E.R. Thomas Motor Company at the Wayback Machine (archived August 29, 2012)

## InfoBox

Thomas Motor Company
|
|  |
| Industry | Automobile |
| Founded | 1900 |
| Founder | Edwin Ross Thomas |
| Defunct | 1919 |
| Fate | receivership and finally shut down between 1918 and 1919. |
| Headquarters | Buffalo, New York, USA |
| Products | * Motorized bicycles * tricycles * motorcycles * Open touring car |


title: Thomas ap Catesby Jones

abstract: Thomas ap Catesby Jones was an American naval officer who served during the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War.

text:
# Thomas ap Catesby Jones

**Thomas ap Catesby Jones** (24 April 1790 – 30 May 1858) was an American naval officer who served during the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War.

## Early life

Thomas ap Catesby Jones was born on 24 April 1790 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Catesby and Lettice (Turberville) Jones. The Jones family had originated in Wales and the middle name "ap Catesby" was a gesture to the patronymic surnames traditionally used in Wales; *Thomas ap Catesby* in Welsh means "Thomas, son of Catesby".

Jones' father died on 23 September 1801 leaving the family destitute. Jones and his older brother, Roger were taken in by an uncle, Meriwether Jones of Richmond, Virginia. His mother died in December 1804 after a long illness leaving Jones an orphan at age 14. His uncle provided for his and his brother's education at Richmond Academy until the expense of private school became a burden. They studied with a private tutor after leaving the school. Roger Jones later became Adjutant General of the U.S. Army.

## War of 1812

Jones was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy on 22 November 1805 at the age of fifteen. Owing to a lack of openings for midshipmen he was not ordered to active duty. He was furloughed home and advised to study geography, navigation, and surveying so that his chances of getting an active assignment would improve. After the *Chesapeake–Leopard* affair, the Navy mobilized its gunboats and Jones was ordered to report to Norfolk, Virginia, where he was assigned to gunboat *No. 10*, reporting the first week of August 1807. Jones received honors for bravery at the 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne in Louisiana, where despite being defeated, he succeeded in delaying the British advance prior to the Battle of New Orleans.

## Between wars

In 1826, Commodore Jones while in command of the veteran sloop-of-war *Peacock*, signed treaties with the Kingdom of Tahiti and Hawaiian Kingdom. On September 6, 1826, Jones signed a treaty with Queen regent Pōmare Vahine on the behalf of the infant Pōmare III and other chiefs of Tahiti. On December 23, 1826, Jones signed a treaty with Queen regent Kaʻahumanu and other chiefs of Hawaii on behalf of the young Kamehameha III. In 1827, *Peacock* was severely damaged in an attack by a whale. Upon return to New York in October 1827, she was decommissioned and broken up in 1828. She was rebuilt as *Peacock* (1828), to serve as an exploration ship of the United States Exploring Expedition. Jones was to have commanded the expedition, but lack of funding delayed the expedition until 1838, by which time he had resigned the appointment.

In May 1836, an act of Congress authorized the President to establish the five year United States Exploring Expedition "to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas", the first extra-continental American scientific exploration. Jones was appointed Commander of the Expedition. Delays in Expedition departure dates, and various other disagreements, led to Jones (and certain scientists, including botanist Asa Gray) declining the position in December 1837. The position was subsequently offered to Charles Wilkes. From 1841 to 1844, Jones commanded the United States Pacific Squadron, and again from 1848 to 1850. In 1842, four years before the start of the Mexican–American War, Jones mistakenly thought that war had begun. He seized the California port of Monterey and held it for one day before returning control to Mexico.

Hearing that Royal Navy officer Lord George Paulet had occupied the Hawaiian Kingdom, he sailed there and arrived July 22, 1843. The king was restored July 31, and Jones tried to hasten peace by hosting all parties to dinner aboard his ship. In 1843, Jones returned a young deserter, Herman Melville, to the U.S. from the Sandwich Islands, as the Hawaiian Islands were then known. Later, Melville modeled "Commodore J—" in *Moby-Dick*, and the Commodore in *White-Jacket* after Jones. In 1827 *Peacock* under Jones's command had been severely damaged in an attack by a whale, which Melville took to have been a sperm whale. *Moby-Dick* Chapter 45 ("The Affidavit") is most probably especially shaped by part of the career of Jones. By early 1844 Alexander Dallas had replaced Jones as Pacific commander.

## Later career

In 1848, Jones arrived in Mazatlán just at the end of the Mexican–American War, maintaining order until he could transport those who had aided the United States in that war to Monterey. For the next two years, during the chaotic Gold Rush days, Jones provided a U.S. Navy presence in the San Francisco area while the United States debated what to do with the newly acquired California Territory.

In 1850, in a politically charged court-martial shortly after *White-Jacket* was published, Jones was found guilty on three counts mostly related to "oppression" of junior officers and relieved of command for two-and-a-half years. In 1853, President Millard Fillmore reinstated him and in 1858, the United States Congress restored his pay.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Bauer, K. Jack (1969). *Surfboats and Horse Marines: U.S. Naval Operations in the Mexican War, 184648*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
* Gapp, Frank W. (1985). "The Kind-Eyed Chief: Forgotten Champion of Hawaii's Freedom". *Hawaiian Journal of History*. **19**. Hawaii Historical Society: 101–121. hdl:10524/235.
* Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) \[1938\]. *The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation*. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868.
* Maxwell, Richard T. (1955). *Visit to Monterey in 1842*. Los Angeles: Glen Dawson. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
* Newbury, Colin W. (1980). *Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945* (PDF). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. hdl:10125/62908. ISBN 978-0-8248-8032-3. OCLC 1053883377. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
* Pritchard, George (1983). *The Aggressions of the French at Tahiti: And Other Islands in the Pacific*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-647994-1. OCLC 10470657.
* Smith, Gene A. (2000). *Thomas ap Catesby Jones*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-848-5.
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## InfoBox

| Thomas ap Catesby Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| An illustration of Jones | |
| Born | (1790-04-24)April 24, 1790
Westmoreland County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | May 30, 1858(1858-05-30) (aged 68)
Sharon, Virginia, U.S. |
| Buried | Fairfax, Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1805–1858 |
| Rank | Commodore |
| Commands | USS *Peacock*
Pacific Squadron |
| Battles/wars |  |