title: Radačići

abstract: Radačići is a village in the municipality of Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Zenica-Doboj canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Radačići

**Radačići** is a village in the municipality of Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Zenica-Doboj canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 22.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serbs | 12 | 54.5% |
| Bosniaks | 10 | 45.5% |
| **Total** | **22** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Radačići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Radačići | |
| Coordinates: 44°09′46″N 18°36′50″E / 44.16282°N 18.6139095°E / 44.16282; 18.6139095 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Olovo |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.81 sq mi (12.46 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 22 |
| Density | 4.6/sq mi (1.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: I Love You (Faith Evans song)

abstract: "I Love You" is a song by American recording artist Faith Evans. It was written by Anthony Best, Michael Jamison, Bobby Springsteen, and Jennifer Lopez and recorded by Evans for her third studio album Faithfully (2001). Production on the song was overseen by Buckwild, Mario Winans and Sean "P. Diddy" Combs. Initially written for Lopez's second studio J.Lo (2001), the contemporary R&B ballad samples singer Isaac Hayes' 1976 record "Make a Little Love to Me" and finds Evans, as the protagonist, confessing her love and dignity to a man who has yet to find a heart for her. The song was released as the second single from the album on February 19, 2002, in the United States. "I Love You" peaked at number fourteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number two on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, marking Evans' highest-charting single on the latter chart since "Never Gonna Let You Go" (1999) as well as Faithfully's highest single peak. An accompanying music video for "I Love You" was directed by Matthew Rolston and Evans and her lover in a lavishly decorated Japanese Buddhist house during winter time.

text:
# I Love You (Faith Evans song)

"**I Love You**" is a song by American recording artist Faith Evans. It was written by Anthony Best, Michael Jamison, Bobby Springsteen, and Jennifer Lopez and recorded by Evans for her third studio album *Faithfully* (2001). Production on the song was overseen by Buckwild, Mario Winans and Sean "P. Diddy" Combs. Initially written for Lopez's second studio *J.Lo* (2001), the contemporary R&B ballad samples singer Isaac Hayes' 1976 record "Make a Little Love to Me" and finds Evans, as the protagonist, confessing her love and dignity to a man who has yet to find a heart for her.

The song was released as the second single from the album on February 19, 2002, in the United States. "I Love You" peaked at number fourteen on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and at number two on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, marking Evans' highest-charting single on the latter chart since "Never Gonna Let You Go" (1999) as well as *Faithfully*'s highest single peak. An accompanying music video for "I Love You" was directed by Matthew Rolston and Evans and her lover in a lavishly decorated Japanese Buddhist house during winter time.

## Background

"I Love You" was written by Anthony Best, Bobby Springsteen, Jennifer Lopez, and Michael Jamison and produced by Buckwild, Mario Winans and Sean "P. Diddy" Combs. The ballad contains a sample from the song "Make a Little Love to Me" (1976) by American singer Isaac Hayes. Due to the inclusion of the sample, Isaac is also credited as songwriters. Born out of the former relationship between Combs and Lopez, the latter of which holds partial songwriter credits, was originally set to record the song for her second studio *J.Lo* (2001). Evans confirmed, that "it almost slipped through the cracks and ended up on her album."

## Chart performance

The song entered the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 songs chart and the U.S. Radio Songs chart the same week, both spending twenty-one weeks. On the week of April 6, 2002, it peaked at number fourteen on the *Billboard* Hot 100 (becoming her fourth top twenty single on the chart) while it reached thirteen on the Radio Songs chart. The song also appeared on the U.S. R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, remaining on the chart for thirty weeks and peaking at number two on March 16, 2002, becoming her highest-charting single on the chart since her 1999 song "Never Gonna Let You Go."

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed by Matthew Rolston and was released on February 4, 2002. The clip starts with an outside view of a lavishly decorated house during winter time. When the first chorus begins, Evans is seen singing while laying on a bed. During the second chorus and throughout the rest of the video, it intercuts scenes of her on the bed and her standing outside wearing a furcoat.

## Track listing

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Faithfully*.

## Charts

## Release history

"I Love You" release history
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | February 19, 2002 |  |  |  |

1. (2001) Album notes for *Faithfully* by Faith Evans \[liner notes\]. Bad Boy Entertainment.
2. *Faithfully* (Media notes). Faith Evans. Bad Boy Records. 2001.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
3. "Faith Evans Hits New High". *Billboard*. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
4. "I Love You" by Faith Evans. *Billboard*. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 12-23-2010.
5. Alex S. Garcia, mvdbase.com - Faith Evans - "I Love You". Retrieved 12-23-2010.
6. "Faith Evans - I Love You / You Gets No Love (Remix)". Discogs. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
7. "Faith Evans - I Love You (CD, Maxi-Single, Enhanced)". Discogs. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
8. "Faith Evans Chart History (Hot 100)". *Billboard*.
9. "Faith Evans Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". *Billboard*.
10. The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks *billboard.biz*. Retrieved 12-23-2010.
11. "2002 Year End Chart: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
12. Amazon.com: I Love You/You Gets No Love: Faith Evans: Music Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved 12-23-2010.

## InfoBox

| "I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Faith Evans | |
| from the album  *Faithfully* | |
| Released | February 19, 2002 |
| Length | 4:27 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Faith Evans singles chronology | |
| "You Gets No Love"
(2001) "**I Love You**"
(2002) "Burnin' Up"
(2002) | |


title: Joliet, Montana

abstract: Joliet is a town in Carbon County, Montana, United States. It is part of the Billings, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 577 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Joliet, Montana

**Joliet** is a town in Carbon County, Montana, United States. It is part of the Billings, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 577 at the 2020 census.

## History

The construction of the Rocky Fork & Cooke City Railway in 1892 made Joliet a shipping point. The Joliet Post Office was established on June 10, 1893, with Maud Smith as its first postmaster. The town was named for Joliet, Illinois.

The Fire Hall is listed on the NRHP.

## Geography

Rock Creek flows south of town. The Beartooth Mountains are to the west.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.30 square miles (0.78 km2), all land.

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Joliet has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

| Climate data for Joliet, Montana, 19912020 normals, extremes 1956present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 63
(17) | 73
(23) | 78
(26) | 87
(31) | 94
(34) | 102
(39) | 106
(41) | 104
(40) | 101
(38) | 91
(33) | 75
(24) | 69
(21) | 106
(41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 54.9
(12.7) | 58.6
(14.8) | 69.5
(20.8) | 78.8
(26.0) | 85.1
(29.5) | 93.3
(34.1) | 98.5
(36.9) | 97.4
(36.3) | 92.8
(33.8) | 81.0
(27.2) | 66.3
(19.1) | 55.1
(12.8) | 99.7
(37.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 35.9
(2.2) | 38.6
(3.7) | 49.0
(9.4) | 56.5
(13.6) | 65.7
(18.7) | 75.8
(24.3) | 85.7
(29.8) | 84.3
(29.1) | 73.7
(23.2) | 58.8
(14.9) | 45.3
(7.4) | 35.8
(2.1) | 58.8
(14.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 22.9
(−5.1) | 25.3
(−3.7) | 34.1
(1.2) | 41.5
(5.3) | 51.0
(10.6) | 60.1
(15.6) | 67.8
(19.9) | 66.1
(18.9) | 56.5
(13.6) | 43.7
(6.5) | 32.1
(0.1) | 23.4
(−4.8) | 43.7
(6.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 9.8
(−12.3) | 12.0
(−11.1) | 19.1
(−7.2) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 36.3
(2.4) | 44.3
(6.8) | 49.9
(9.9) | 47.9
(8.8) | 39.3
(4.1) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 18.9
(−7.3) | 11.1
(−11.6) | 28.7
(−1.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −13.7
(−25.4) | −7.6
(−22.0) | 0.5
(−17.5) | 14.7
(−9.6) | 25.7
(−3.5) | 34.4
(1.3) | 42.8
(6.0) | 39.3
(4.1) | 29.5
(−1.4) | 14.1
(−9.9) | −1.4
(−18.6) | −8.6
(−22.6) | −21.3
(−29.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −37
(−38) | −35
(−37) | −32
(−36) | −10
(−23) | 15
(−9) | 27
(−3) | 32
(0) | 29
(−2) | 18
(−8) | −10
(−23) | −28
(−33) | −39
(−39) | −39
(−39) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.53
(13) | 0.57
(14) | 0.84
(21) | 1.89
(48) | 2.67
(68) | 2.11
(54) | 0.94
(24) | 0.88
(22) | 1.26
(32) | 1.57
(40) | 0.70
(18) | 0.58
(15) | 14.54
(369) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 7.7
(20) | 9.5
(24) | 8.0
(20) | 4.1
(10) | 0.8
(2.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.4
(1.0) | 4.8
(12) | 6.5
(17) | 9.1
(23) | 50.9
(129) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 9.6 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 80.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.2 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 26.0 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 389 |  |  |
| 1920 | 440 |  | 13.1% |
| 1930 | 359 |  | −18.4% |
| 1940 | 476 |  | 32.6% |
| 1950 | 410 |  | −13.9% |
| 1960 | 452 |  | 10.2% |
| 1970 | 412 |  | −8.8% |
| 1980 | 580 |  | 40.8% |
| 1990 | 522 |  | −10.0% |
| 2000 | 575 |  | 10.2% |
| 2010 | 595 |  | 3.5% |
| 2020 | 577 |  | −3.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 595 people, 260 households, and 165 families residing in the town. The population density was 178.3 inhabitants per square mile (68.8/km2). There were 285 housing units at an average density of 950.0 per square mile (366.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.3% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 260 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the town was 41.1 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 19.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

## Education

Joliet Public Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. The Joliet Elementary School District, kindergarten to 8th grade, had 274 students enrolled in the 2021-2022 school year.

Joliet High School had 129 students enrolled in the 2021-2022 school year. It is a Class B school, a Montana High School Association designation which helps determine athletic competitions. Their team name is the J-Hawks.

Joliet Public Library serves the area.

## Media

The FM radion station KWMY is licensed in Joliet.

## Infrastructure

U.S. Route 212 travels east to west through town. The secondary highway 421 is west of town.

The nearest commercial airport is Billings Logan International Airport.

Healthcare is provided either in Red Lodge or Billings.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Joliet, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Joliet, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′4″N 108°58′17″W / 45.48444°N 108.97139°W / 45.48444; -108.97139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Carbon |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.27 sq mi (0.71 km2) |
| Land | 0.27 sq mi (0.71 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,737 ft (1,139 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 577 |
| Density | 2,105.84/sq mi (811.70/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59041 |
| Area code | 406 |
| FIPS code | 30-39700 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2412808 |


abstract: The Verband deutscher Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller represents the interests of professional authors and writers in Germany and is part of the service sector trade union ver.di. The VS, based in Berlin, was founded on 8 June 1969 with the support of Günter Grass, Heinrich Böll and Martin Walser as a merger of the "Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Schriftstellerverbände"", the "Verband deutscher Übersetzer" and the "Verband deutscher Kritiker" in Cologne. After a membership vote in October 2015, the association changed its original self-designation "Association of German Writers" to "association of German Writers".

text:
# Verband deutscher Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller

The **Verband deutscher Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller** (**Association of German Writers**) represents the interests of professional authors and writers in Germany and is part of the service sector trade union ver.di (former Printing and Paper Union). The VS, based in Berlin, was founded on 8 June 1969 with the support of Günter Grass, Heinrich Böll and Martin Walser as a merger of the "Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Schriftstellerverbände"", the "Verband deutscher Übersetzer" and the "Verband deutscher Kritiker" in Cologne. After a membership vote in October 2015, the association changed its original self-designation "Association of German Writers" to "association of German Writers".

## Organisational structure

With 3600 members, it is the largest federal association for authors and translators in Germany. It is divided into 15 regional associations (Lower Saxony and Bremen form a joint regional association) and the *foreign group*. The otherwise independent Verband deutschsprachiger Übersetzer literarischer und wissenschaftlicher Werke, VdÜ, is equivalent to a state association with its own executive committee and its own representation on the federal executive committee.

All full-time and part-time German-language authors, translators and all foreign-language writers living in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany can become members. In the independent federal branch "Translators", persons can also be members who translate "from German or into German" regardless of their place of residence; furthermore, a status as candidate is possible.

In addition to its trade union tasks, the VS organises literary events, especially at district level, but also at the regular regional group meetings.

Furthermore, the VS is involved nationwide with projects on literature and politics, also in cooperation with other institutions such as Amnesty International. The most recent project was launched by the Federal Executive Committee in 2012. Under the motto "WORTE gegen RECHT", the VS is stepping up its nationwide activities against racism and Nazis with readings, poster campaigns and other events.

## Trade union services

The VS negotiates, among other things, Normvertrag with the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels \- most recently on 23 -January 2014 inter alia with regulations on e-book rights -, gives recommendations on fee agreements with publishers and offers its members additional services such as free legal advice and legal protection via representation by the association. The association is also one of the main initiator associations of the Action Alliance for Fair Publishing (Ak Fairlag).

In addition to its trade union tasks, the VS organises literary events, especially at district level, but also at the regular regional group meetings. Furthermore, the VS is involved nationwide with projects on literature and politics, also in cooperation with other institutions such as Amnesty International. The most recent project was launched by the Federal Executive Committee in 2012. Under the motto "WORTE gegen RECHTS", the VS is stepping up its nationwide activities against racism and Nazis with readings, poster campaigns and other events.

## Federal Chairperson of the VS


title: Ingaleshwara

abstract:
Ingaleshwara is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Basavana Bagevadi taluk of Bijapur district in Karnataka.
Ingaleshwar is the birthplace of Shri Basaveshwara (Basavanna), the 12th century Saint.

text:
# Ingaleshwara

**Ingaleshwara**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Basavana Bagevadi taluk of Bijapur district in Karnataka. Ingaleshwar is the birthplace of Shri Basaveshwara (Basavanna), the 12th century Saint.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Ingaleshwar had a population of 6926 with 3553 males and 3373 females.

## InfoBox

| Ingaleshwara | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| IngaleshwaraLocation in Karnataka, IndiaIngaleshwaraIngaleshwara (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°35′N 75°58′E / 16.59°N 75.96°E / 16.59; 75.96 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Bijapur |
| Talukas | Basavana Bagevadi |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 6,926 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

abstract: Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH) were U.S. Army field hospital units conceptualized in 1946 as replacements for the obsolete World War II-era Auxiliary Surgical Group hospital units. MASH units were in operation from the Korean War to the Gulf War before being phased out in the early 2000s, in favor of combat support hospitals. Each MASH unit had 60 beds, as well as surgical, nursing, and other enlisted and officer staff available at all times. MASH units filled a vital role in military medicine by providing support to army units upwards of 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers. These units had a low mortality rate compared to others, as the transportation time to hospitals was shorter, resulting in fewer patients dying within the "Golden Hour", the first hour after an injury is first sustained, which is referred to in trauma as the "most important hour". The U.S. Army deactivated the last MASH unit on February 16, 2006.

text:
# Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

**Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals** (MASH) were U.S. Army field hospital units conceptualized in 1946 as replacements for the obsolete World War II-era Auxiliary Surgical Group hospital units. MASH units were in operation from the Korean War to the Gulf War before being phased out in the early 2000s, in favor of combat support hospitals.

Each MASH unit had 60 beds, as well as surgical, nursing, and other enlisted and officer staff available at all times. MASH units filled a vital role in military medicine by providing support to army units upwards of 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers. These units had a low mortality rate compared to others, as the transportation time to hospitals was shorter, resulting in fewer patients dying within the "Golden Hour", the first hour after an injury is first sustained, which is referred to in trauma as the "most important hour". The U.S. Army deactivated the last MASH unit on February 16, 2006.

## History

### In service

#### World War I

A precursor to MASH units, the American Expeditionary Force Mobile Hospital No. 1 was established, following the example of the French military *automobile-chirurgical units* shortly after the American entry to the war.

#### World War II

Principles for a mobile medical unit and their implementation were established through trial and error in the dental field during World War II by Major Vincent P. Marran, a medic in the United States Third Army. The effectiveness of his efforts were widely admired and supported by the command structure, but no formal designation was established. The first trials for what would become MASH units were established by the U.S. Army during World War II. The necessity for the U.S. Army to have more convenient treatment centers was shown by the long logistics of the stretched out supply lines during World War II. These units were known as "Auxiliary Surgical Groups" and would care for the wounded much closer than permanent hospitals, making them hospitals. In the early 1940s, Colonel Michael DeBakey and his colleague were selected to give recommendations on how to provide surgical care for the U.S. Army. The result was the ASG. Although these units were very inexperienced, they were incredibly effective resulting in five ASG units being created in 1943; this resulted in the ASG units being able to move along with the U.S. Army units located in Italy and was the basis in which MASH would directly come from.

#### Korean War

Formally, the MASH unit was conceived by Michael E. DeBakey and other surgical consultants as the "mobile army surgical hospital". Col. Harry A. Ferguson, the executive officer of the Tokyo Army Hospital, also aided in the establishment of the MASH program. It was an alternative to the random individual systems of portable surgical hospitals, field hospitals, and general hospitals used during World War II. It was designed to get experienced personnel closer to the front, so that the wounded could be treated sooner and with greater success. Casualties were first treated at the point of injury through buddy aid, then routed through Battalion Aid Stations for emergency stabilizing surgery, and finally routed to the MASH for the most extensive treatment. This proved to be highly successful; during the Korean War, a seriously wounded soldier who made it to a MASH unit alive had a greater than 97% chance of survival once he received treatment. MASH units often took 24 hours to set up at new locations once moved with armored units, trucks and airmobile. Airmobile or the early stages, known today as helicopters, were crucial to the war effort as they were fast traveling units that could pickup casualties and deliver them effectively back to MASH units. With mountainous terrain in Korea, this was crucial as ground transport could compromise the patients lives and would take longer to arrive to MASH units.

In 1997, the last MASH unit in South Korea was deactivated. A deactivating ceremony was held in South Korea, which was attended by several members of the cast of the *M\*A\*S\*H* television series, including Larry Linville (who played Frank Burns), and David Ogden Stiers (who played Charles Winchester).

#### Vietnam War

The Vietnam War had little action for the MASH units within the U.S Army. The Vietnam War marked the demise of the MASH units as only one unit, known as the "2nd MASH Unit", served actively, and only from October 1966 to July 1967. The Vietnam War was a very different environment from the Korean War which MASH units were created in. The Vietnam War required a change from MASH to *MUST*, or "Medical Unit, Self-contained, Transportable" units. MUST units had trailers, inflatable sections, and technology focused on a wider range of wounds from war. In MUST units the wounds were greatly different than in the Korean War resulting in many changes needed to the units as a whole with new innovations required. New treatments were also needed for burn victims with MASH units suffering a mortality rate of up to 90% for burn victims. Although this clearly showed progress in the medical field, the type of warfare changed making MASH obsolete in many cases. MUST units had to keep their equipment on standby at all times effectively replacing MASH units and later transferring into more revolutionized units in war-zones. The idea of a MASH unit is to be available at all times to those who have been wounded in combat on the front and required general or trauma surgery but as technology got better, there was a lot more room to improve transportation, technology used to treat soldiers, and the layout of these units resulting in MASH units being converted to MUST units.

#### Gulf War

During the Gulf War, in September 1990, the main body of the 5th MASH, 44th Medical Brigade, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Liberty, North Carolina, deployed to King Abdul-Aziz Air Base, Royal Saudi Air Force, Daharan Saudi Arabia and was the first fully functional Army hospital in the country. Their forward surgical team and Advanced Party had deployed in mid August to Daharan. This unit moved forward six times, always as the first up hospital for the region. In February 1991, the 5th MASH was operationally attached to the 24th Infantry Division to provide forward surgical care (often right on the front battle lines) to the combat units that attacked the western flank of the Iraqi army. In March 1991, the 159th MASH of the Louisiana Army National Guard operated in Iraq in support of the 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Storm.

Other MASH units that served in 1990–91 included the 2nd MASH, 1st Medical Group, Benning; the 10th MASH, 1st Medical Group, Carson; the 115th MASH (DCARNG); the 475th MASH (341st Med Group, KY USAR); the 807th MASH (341st Med Group, KY USAR); and the 912th MASH (TN USAR).

#### Operation Iraqi Freedom

The 212th MASH – based in Miesau Ammo Depot, Germany – was deployed to Iraq in 2003, supporting coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was the most decorated combat hospital in the U.S. Army, with 28 campaign streamers on the organizational colors. The 212th MASH's last deployment was to Pakistan to support the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief operations. The U.S. State Department bought the MASH's tents and medical equipment, owned by the DoD, and donated the entire hospital to the Pakistani military, a donation worth $4.5 million.

#### Conversion to Combat Support Hospital

Internationally, the last MASH unit in the U.S. Army was converted to a Combat Support Hospital on October 16, 2006.

The 212th MASH's unit sign now resides at the Army Medical Department's Museum in San Antonio, Texas.

In addition, one of the last MASH units worldwide was located in Pakistan serving as a civilian hospital to aid in recovery efforts following an earthquake in 2006. Known as the 212th MASH unit which was originally in Miesau, Germany, it was re-established for the Iraq War. In addition to treating soldiers, they treated over thirty thousand civilians. With an average survival rate of 97%, this was impressive considering how many victims there were of an earthquake and the longevity of these units from the late 1940s to the early 2000s. Although these hospitals were very effective in being able to provide suitable care to those in the battlefield and civilian populations, the MASH units soon became obsolete as MASH units were made for conventional wars; the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Iraq War were in different terrains than they were designed for resulting in different needs as they were much harder to traverse than Korea. New transportation vehicles such as the Bell H-13 (known as the first evac helicopter) and later the Sikorsky UH-60 made airmobile and other ground units ineffective in desert and tropical terrain. Lastly, technology made for treating patients in the operating room and elsewhere has gotten much more complex resulting in more space and care needed to treat soldiers along with many fewer troops being deployed.

## Field care

The Korean War played a great role in defining MASH units. High casualties in the front line called for onsite paramedic care, such as ambulances and medical tents. Having learned from World War II that transporting wounded soldiers to rear hospitals was highly inefficient in reducing mortality rate, MASH units were established near front lines to supply mobile and flexible military medical care. They contributed to making improvements in resuscitation and trauma care, patient transport, blood storage and distribution, patient triage, and evacuation. The aeromedical evacuation system was developed to transport soldiers by aircraft at a quicker pace. Helicopters were frequently used as "air ambulances" during the Korean War, with the Bell H-13 serving as a predominant medical evacuation aircraft during the war. Military doctors stabilized wounded soldiers midair before getting them to a field hospital. MASH onsite paramedic care and air ambulance system decreased post evacuation mortality from 4% in World War II to 2.5% in the Korean War.

## Triage

MASH units played an important role in the development of the triage system, a technique that underscores emergency room (ER) medicine in hospitals today.

The system allows for caregivers to prioritize patient's wounds and injuries in order to get those who are severely injured treated as soon as possible. The patient's status is determined an overview of their respiratory, perfusion, and mental status. The current triage system consists of color-coding; each patient (and at times their different wounds) are tagged with either a black, red, yellow, or green tag.

| **Black** | Deceased or so severely wounded that there is no hope for survival. |
| --- | --- |
| **Red** | Requires immediate treatment in order to survive. |
| **Yellow** | Not in immediate danger but requires medical care. Requires observation. |
| **Green** | Wounds or injuries that aren't completely disabling. Referred to as "walking wounded." |

While the concept of triage had been used years before the Korean War, it wasn't until MASH units put it into real practice that the idea was fully developed. World War I and World War II saw the introduction of chemical weapons, such as mustard gas, which created a large influx of casualties and the need for more organization. Triage was first performed on the soldiers at battalion aid stations. Those who worked in the stations, be they nurses or medical officers, used the system to determine which soldiers needed further care or treatment and which soldiers could go back onto the battlefield. The soldiers that needed further treatment were then transferred to the MASH units to undergo triage once more. This time, nurses and doctors would work to prioritize who needed to be taken into surgery first; if it appeared that the soldier wouldn't survive much longer without surgery they were prioritized. MASH units typically followed the saying, "life takes precedence over limb, function over anatomical defects", a phrase which essentially means that they had to repair the most serious defect first. This thought process has since rolled over to the modern technique of triage in ERs nationwide.

The MASH unit made its way into popular culture through the 1968 novel *MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors* by Richard Hooker, the 1970 feature film based on the novel, and the long-running television sitcom (19721983) also based on the novel. A 1953 film, *Battle Circus*, also took place at a MASH.

For narrative simplicity, the "4077th MASH" unit depicted in the novel, movie, and television series was smaller than real MASH units. The fictional 4077th consisted of four general surgeons and one neurosurgeon, around 10 nurses, and 50–70 enlisted men. In an average 24-hour period, they could go through 300 wounded soldiers. By comparison, the 8076th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital had personnel including 10 medical officers, 12 nursing officers, and 89 enlisted soldiers of assorted medical and non-medical specialties. On one occasion, the unit handled over 600 casualties in a 24-hour period.

## Further reading

* *300th Mash: Desert Shield/Storm, Germany, 1991.* S.l: s.n, 1991. OCLC 26838805
* Apel, Otto F.; Apel, Pat. *MASH: an army surgeon in Korea*. Lexington : University Press of Kentucky, 1998. ISBN 0-8131-2070-5. OCLC 38738909.
* Churchill, Edward D. *Surgeon to soldiers; diary and records of the Surgical Consultant, Allied Force Headquarters, World War II*. Philadelphia, Lippincott \[1972\]. ISBN 0-397-59053-9. OCLC 267039.
* Cowdrey, Albert E. *The medics' war*. Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1987. OCLC 14378361.
* Garrett Corporation. *45th MASH, Tay Ninh, Republic of Vietnam.* Phoenix, Ariz: AiResearch Manufacturing Division, 1967. OCLC 701255387
* Gouge, Steven F. *Commanding the 212th MASH in Bosnia*. Carlisle Barracks, Pa. : U.S. Army War College, 2001. OCLC 49979530.
* King, Booker, and Ismalil Jatoi. "The mobile Army surgical hospital (MASH): a military and surgical legacy." *Journal of the national medical association* 97.5 (2005): 648.
* Kirkland, Richard C. *MASH angels : tales of an air-evac helicopter pilot in the Korean War*. Short Hills, NJ : Burford Books, 2009. ISBN 1-58080-158-7. OCLC 318421406.
* Marble, Sanders. "The Evolution and Demise of the MASH, 1946–2006: Organizing to Perform Forward Surgery as Medicine and the Military Change," *Army History* (Summer 2014) #92 online
* Marble, Sanders. *Skilled and resolute : a history of the 12th Evacuation Hospital and the 212th MASH, 1917–2006*. Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army, Washington, DC, 2013. ISBN 0-16-092253-4. OCLC 861789107.
* Porr, Darrel R. *To be there, to be ready, and to save lives : far-forward medical care in combat*. Carlisle Barracks, PA : U.S. Army War College, 1993. OCLC 28208258
* United States. Army. Office. Chief of Army Field Forces. *Airborne mobile army surgical hospital*. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces, Army Airborne Center, 1951. OCLC 32681031.
* United States. Department of the Army. *Mission training plan for the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)*. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, \[1993\]. OCLC 39193710.
* United States. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 45th. *Unit history of the 45th Surgical Hospital (8076th AU) : unit activation to 10 Aug 53*. 1953. OCLC 14145260.
* Watts, David M. *The creation of the portable surgical hospital*. \[1982?\]. OCLC 45409004.


title: Orazio Arancio

abstract: Orazio "Bimbo" Arancio is a former Italian rugby union player and a current coach and sports director. He played as a flanker.

text:
# Orazio Arancio

**Orazio "Bimbo" Arancio** (born 15 November 1967 in Catania) is a former Italian rugby union player and a current coach and sports director. He played as a flanker.

## Career

Arancio first played at Fiamma Catania, moving to Amatori Catania in 1986/87, where he would remain until 1995/96. He played for a season at Amatori Rugby Milano, in 1996/97, moving afterwards to the French side of RC Toulonnais, where he played in 1997/98. Returning to Italy, he played at Benetton Treviso for two seasons, from 1998/99 to 1999/2000, being Italian Champion in 1998/99. Arancio played two seasons at Rugby Bologna 1928 (2000/01-2001/02). He then returned to Amatori Catania, where he would play for four seasons, from 2002/03 to 2005/06. His final team would be San Gregorio Rugby, from 2006/07 to 2009/10, finishing his career aged 43 years old. He became player and head coach at the season of 2008/09. He was in charge of the team until 2011/12.

Arancio had 34 caps for Italy, from 1993 to 1999, scoring 2 tries, 10 points in aggregate. He was called for the 1995 Rugby World Cup, playing three games, and for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, playing two games.

He was team manager of the Italy national rugby sevens team, federal counselor of the Italian Rugby Federation and member of the federal counsel of the Italian National Olympic Committee. He was awarded the Golden Star of the INOC in 2006.

## InfoBox

Orazio Arancio
| Date of birth | (1967-11-15) 15 November 1967 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Catania |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight | 228 lb (103 kg; 16.3 st) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1993-1999 Italy  34  (10) | |


title: Sainte-Colombe, Lot

abstract: Sainte-Colombe is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

text:
# Sainte-Colombe, Lot

**Sainte-Colombe** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃t kɔlɔ̃b\] ; Languedocien: *Senta Colomba*) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Colombe | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Sainte-Colombe | |
| Sainte-ColombeSainte-Colombe | |
| Coordinates: 44°43′28″N 2°00′11″E / 44.7244°N 2.0031°E / 44.7244; 2.0031 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Lot |
| Arrondissement | Figeac |
| Canton | Lacapelle-Marival |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Roger Landes |
| Area**1** | 11.35 km2 (4.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 230 |
| Density | 20/km2 (52/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 46260 /46120 |
| Elevation | 361–612 m (1,184–2,008 ft)
(avg. 580 m or 1,900 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Haaren High School

abstract: Haaren High School was a high school located in Midtown Manhattan, New York, United States. The school was noted for its vocational program including classes focusing on internal combustion engines. The facility was constructed in 1903 to house DeWitt Clinton High School. When that school relocated in 1927, it became home to Haaren High School until that school closed in the late 1970s. After developers announced plans to renovate the building to house offices, production studios and retail, John Jay College purchased the structure in 1988 and remodeled it to house offices, a library, classrooms and other facilities.

text:
# Haaren High School

**Haaren High School** was a high school located in Midtown Manhattan, New York, United States. The school was noted for its vocational program including classes focusing on internal combustion engines. The facility was constructed in 1903 to house DeWitt Clinton High School. When that school relocated in 1927, it became home to Haaren High School (named for educator John Henry Haaren) until that school closed in the late 1970s. After developers announced plans to renovate the building to house offices, production studios and retail, John Jay College purchased the structure in 1988 and remodeled it to house offices, a library, classrooms and other facilities.

## Notable alumni

40°46′13″N 73°59′18″W / 40.77021°N 73.98832°W / 40.77021; -73.98832


title: Neuregulin 1

abstract: Neuregulin 1, or NRG1, is a gene of the epidermal growth factor family that in humans is encoded by the NRG1 gene. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. Neuregulin 1 is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, which allows it to perform a wide variety of functions. It is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart.

text:
# Neuregulin 1

**Neuregulin 1**, or **NRG1**, is a gene of the epidermal growth factor family that in humans is encoded by the *NRG1* gene. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. Neuregulin 1 is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, which allows it to perform a wide variety of functions. It is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart.

## Structure

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) was originally identified as a 44-kD glycoprotein that interacts with the NEU/ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase to increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. It is known that an extraordinary variety of different isoforms are produced from the NRG1 gene by alternative splicing. These isoforms include heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF). They are tissue-specific and differ significantly in their structure. The HRG isoforms all contain immunoglobulin (Ig) and epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains. GGF and GGF2 isoforms contain a kringle-like sequence plus Ig and EGF-like domains; and the SMDF isoform shares only the EGF-like domain with other isoforms. The receptors for all NRG1 isoforms are the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptors. Through their displayed interaction with ERBB receptors, NRG1 isoforms induce the growth and differentiation of epithelial, neuronal, glial, and other types of cells.

## Function

### Synaptic plasticity

Neuregulin 1 is thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity. It has been shown that a loss of Neuregulin 1 within cortical projection neurons results in increased inhibitory connections and reduced synaptic plasticity. Similarly, overexpression of Neuregulin 1 results in disrupted excitatory-inhibitory connections, reduced synaptic plasticity, and abnormal dendritic spine growth. Mutations in human L1 cell adhesion molecules are reported to cause a number of neuronal disorders. In addition, recent research in Drosophila model has also shown Nrg's involvement in regulating dendritic pruning in ddaC neurons in a Rab5/ESCRT-mediated endocytic pathway. Thus, careful regulation of the amount of Neuregulin 1 must be maintained in order to preserve an intricate balance between excitatory and inhibitory connections within the central nervous system (CNS). Any disruption in this inhibitory system may contribute to impaired synaptic plasticity, a symptom endemic in schizophrenic patients.

## Isoforms

At least six major types (different N termini) of neuregulin 1 are known. Six types exist in humans and rodents (type I, II and III NRG1 are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, as well as astrocytes), and some types (I and IV) can be regulated by neuronal activity.

| type | aliases |
| --- | --- |
| I | Heregulin, NEU differentiation factor (NDF), or acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA) |
| II | Glial Growth Factor-2 (GGF2) |
| III | Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF) |
| IV |  |
| V |  |
| VI |  |

## Clinical significance

Neuregulin 1-ErbB4 interactions are thought to play a role in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. A high-risk deCODE (Icelandic) haplotype was discovered in 2002 on the 5'-end of the gene. The SNP8NRG243177 allele from this haplotype was associated in 2006 with a heightened expression of the Type IV NRG1 in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia. Further, the NRG1-ErbB4 signalling complex has been highlighted as a potential target for new antipsychotic treatment.

Additionally, Neuregulin 1 has been shown to modulate anxiety-like behaviors. Endogenous Neuregulin 1 may bind to its receptor, ErbB4, expressed on GABAergic neurons within the basolateral amygdala. Administration of exogenous Neuregulin 1 to the basolateral amygdala of anxious mice produced an anxiolytic effect, which has been attributed to the enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission. Thus, treatments aimed at reducing anxiety, which may contribute to emotional instability in many schizophrenic patients, by targeting the effects of mutations in NRG1 and ERBB4, may yield positive results for those afflicted by both anxiety disorders as well as schizophrenia.

Neuregulin has been shown to be involved in the myelination of central nervous system (CNS) axons. There exist at least two modes of myelination within the CNS—one that is independent of neuronal activity and another that is promoted by the activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate on oligodendrocytes. Neuregulin is involved in the "switching" of oligodendrocytes from the mode of myelination that is independent of neuronal activity to the mode that is dependent upon glutamate binding to NMDA receptors. It is thought that Neuregulin 1 found on axons of CNS neurons interacts with its receptor, ErbB4, to promote the myelination of that axon, and any disruption in this signaling contributes to decreased myelination. Since Neuregulin 1 promotes myelination and is decreased in schizophrenic patients, along with the finding that schizophrenic patients experience white matter deficits, mutations within Neuregulin 1 may underlie cognitive deficits associated with lower white matter integrity, especially within frontotemporal connections.

The protein also has the putative ability to protect the brain from damage induced by stroke. Those with a genetic variant of neuregulin 1 tended to be more creative.

There is evidence that NRG1 is a tumor suppressor gene.

There is also strong evidence that NRG1 plays a critical role in Schwann cell maturation, survival, and motility, important in research related to neurofibromatosis type two (NF2).

### Heart

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), a cardioactive growth factor released from endothelial cells, is necessary for cardiac development, structural maintenance, and functional integrity of the heart. NRG-1 and its receptor family ErbB can play a beneficial role in the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) by promoting survival of cardiac myocytes, improving sarcomeric structure, balancing Ca2+ homeostasis, and enhancing pumping function. Downstream effectors of NRG-1/ErbB, include cardiac-specific myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK), Protein Phosphatase type 1 (PP1), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2 (SERCA2), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The beneficial effects of neuregulin-1 make recombinant human neuregulin-1 (rhNRG-1) a potential drug for treatment of CHF.

### Maintenance of heart structure

NRG-1 treatment of adult rat ventricular myocytes stimulate the formation of a multiprotein complex between ErbB2, FAK, and p130(CAS), which modulates the restoration of cell–cell contacts between isolated myocytes, allowing for synchronous beating. Furthermore, FAK is also involved in the maintenance of sarcomeric organization, cell survival, and myocyte–myocyte interactions. The sarcomeric effects of NRG-1 protects myocytes against structural disarray induced by stressors, including cytotoxic agents.

### Cardiomyocyte survival under stress

Under conditions of stress, including viral infection, cytotoxic agents, and oxidative stress, activation of NRG-1/ErbB signaling can protect myocardial cells against apoptosis. In contrast to embryonic and neonatal cardiomyocytes, adult myocardial cells are terminally differentiated and have lost the ability to proliferate. Therefore, growth of adult cardiac cells is commonly characterized by hypertrophy and an increased content of contractile proteins. However, studies have shown NRG-1 promotes myocardial regeneration through hyperplasia, and prevents hypertrophy surrounding infarcted areas.

### Restoration of cardiomyocytes

The cMLCK protein is an important regulator of sarcomere assembly through activation of the myosin regulatory light chain, as well as playing a role in heart contractility. In contrast to smooth and skeletal muscle MLCKs, cMLCK expression is restricted to cardiac myocytes. Overexpression of cMLCK increases cell contractility. Treatment of cardiac myocytes with rhNRG-1 significantly upregulated cMLCK expression or activity??? in CHF rat models, together with an improvement in both cardiomyocyte structure and pumping function. Therefore, cMLCK is a downstream protein regulated by NRG-1/ErbB signaling and plays a role in rhNRG-1-mediated improvements in CHF.

### Improvements in cardiac efficiency

Altered calcium homeostasis has been suggested to play a role in the development of heart failure. Modulated by phospholamban (PLB), SERCA2 regulates uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from the cytoplasm and contributes to the relaxation of cardiomyocytes. This process is also important for determining the SR Ca2+ load after relaxation and, thus, impacts on contractility. PP1 dephosphorylates PLB, inhibiting SERCA2 activity. In the failing heart, PP1 expression is upregulated, resulting in increased PLB dephosphorylation and decreased SERCA2 activity. Preliminary studies have revealed that rhNRG-normalizes SERCA function and enhances myocardial contractility through the inhibition of increasedPP1 expression, which leads to increased PLB phosphorylation and activation of SERCA2.

## Interactions

Neuregulin 1 has been shown to interact with ERBB3 and LIMK1. A schizophrenia associated- missense mutation in Neuregulin 1 has been shown to be associated with changes in cytokine expression using lymphoblastoid cells of heterozygous carriers vs homozygous wild type individuals

Specifically, the missense mutation involves a single nucleotide change of a valine to a leucine within the transmembrane domain of Type 3 Neuregulin 1. It is thought that this single nucleotide change affects the ability of γ-secretase to cleave the intracellular domain (ICD) of the Type 3 isoform of Neureglin 1. That is, the valine to leucine mutation within the transmembrane domain of Type 3 Neuregulin 1 decreases the amount of ICD that γ-secretase is able to cleave. The ICD of Type 3 Neuregulin 1 has been shown to suppress transcription of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL12-p70, and TNF-α. Using recombinant ErbB4 to stimulate the cleavage of the intracellular domain of Type 3 Neuregulin 1, a receptor for Type 3 Neuregulin 1, Marballi et al. showed that increased levels of the ICD lead to a decrease in IL-6 levels. Given the involvement of Neuregulin 1 in schizophrenia and the finding that the valine to leucine missense mutation in mice produces working memory deficits, NRG1 seems a likely genetic candidate that confers susceptibility to the development of schizophrenia.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| NRG1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NRG1, ARIA, GGF, GGF2, HGL, HRG, HRG1, HRGA, MST131, MSTP131, NDF, NRG1-IT2, SMDF, neuregulin 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 142445; HomoloGene: 8509; GeneCards: NRG1; OMA:NRG1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      n/a   RefSeq (protein)      n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 31.64 – 32.86 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Hüseynbəyli, Barda

abstract: Hüseynbəyli is a village and municipality in the Barda Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 407.

text:
# Hüseynbəyli, Barda

**Hüseynbəyli** (also, **Huseynbəyli** and **Guseynbeyli**) is a village and municipality in the Barda Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 407.

## InfoBox

| Hüseynbəyli | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| HüseynbəyliHüseynbəyli | |
| Coordinates: 40°19′N 47°10′E / 40.317°N 47.167°E / 40.317; 47.167 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Barda |
| Population | |
| Total | 407 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: I Wanna Go Too Far

abstract: "I Wanna Go Too Far" is a song written by Kent Robbins and Layng Martine Jr., and recorded by American country music artist Trisha Yearwood. It was released in July 1995 as the fourth single from the album Thinkin' About You. The song reached number 9 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

text:
# I Wanna Go Too Far

"**I Wanna Go Too Far**" is a song written by Kent Robbins and Layng Martine Jr., and recorded by American country music artist Trisha Yearwood. It was released in July 1995 as the fourth single from the album *Thinkin' About You*. The song reached number 9 on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Critical reception

Deborah Evans Price, of *Billboard* magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it "a great uptempo ode to rocking the boat and living life to its finest." She goes on to say that Yearwood conveys a "sense of yearning and urgency" and this successfully taps into the emotional core.

## Chart performance

"I Wanna Go Too Far" debuted at number 68 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of August 5, 1995.

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 25 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 9 |

## InfoBox

| "I Wanna Go Too Far" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Trisha Yearwood | |
| from the album  *Thinkin' About You* | |
| B-side | "The Restless Kind" |
| Released | July 31, 1995 |
| Studio | Sound Emporium (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:59 |
| Label | MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Kent Robbins, Layng Martine Jr. |
| Producer(s) | Garth Fundis |
| Trisha Yearwood singles chronology | |
| "You Can Sleep While I Drive"
(1995) "**I Wanna Go Too Far**"
(1995) "On a Bus to St. Cloud"
(1996) | |


title: Joliet Area Historical Museum

abstract: The Joliet Area Historical Museum is a historical museum located in Joliet, Illinois. The museum documents the history of Joliet and surrounding Will County.

text:
# Joliet Area Historical Museum

The **Joliet Area Historical Museum** is a historical museum located in Joliet, Illinois. The museum documents the history of Joliet and surrounding Will County.

## Description and history

The museum adaptively reuses an urban space formerly occupied by the Ottawa Street Methodist Church, which was designed by Joliet architect G. Julian Barnes, and built in 1909. Located on one of the alternate paths of old historic U.S. Route 66, the museum's modern ground-floor addition features the Route 66 Welcome Center, which presents a permanent exhibit called the Route 66 Experience. This newer part of the museum also connects to the historic Joliet Chamber of Commerce Clubhouse next door (now known as the Renaissance Center of the City Center campus of Joliet Junior College) and to the JJC Renaissance Center's main dining room, which is staffed by the college's hospitality and culinary school students and open to the public.

During the late 20th century, formerly rural Will County townships grew rapidly, while properties in central city Joliet were threatened. In 2002, the former church's urban space was reconfigured as a historic museum. A separate wing is home to an exhibit about the Joliet-raised NASA engineer and JJC graduate John C. Houbolt, honored as the chief conceptualizer of the lunar orbit rendezvous segment of the U.S. Apollo program and the use of a lunar module to shuttle astronauts to and from the surface of the Moon.

The museum is located at 204 N. Ottawa Street in central Joliet. An admission fee is charged.

### Joliet Prison

As of 2014, the museum was seeking to establish guided tours of the landmark former Collins Street Prison, originally built in 1858, for Route 66 travelers and other interested tourists. As of 2018, the museum began providing tours of the Collins Street Prison.

### Gemini Giant

The museum entered into negotiations to purchase the Gemini Giant and Launching Pad Restaurant in Wilmington, IL in early 2023. The owner of the property, Holly Barker, posted images of a signed contract in October 2023, showing the museum agreed to a purchase price of $420,000 for the real estate, $150,000 for the Gemini Giant itself, and $50,000 for all equipment and inventory remaining at the property, along with a separate agreement to purchase the house next door for $200,000. The following day, Barker posted a letter from the museum's lawyers to her own, revealing she refused to extend a closing deadline. In response, the museum voted to make no further offers, allow the contract to expire, and walk away from the deal.

In the months after, the museum received the $1 million grant from the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity that was holding up the closing. However, by the time this grant was received, the Launching Pad, without the house next door, was now listed for sale for $1.4 million. Local newspapers reported the museum was still looking to purchase the entire property as of December 2023. Greg Peerbolte, executive director of the museum, confirmed the reports but said the museum would only be interested if the owner "is willing to substantially lower her asking price." The museum would run a visitor's center and gift shop out of the building, and lease the restaurant operation to another party.

On December 5, the Joliet City Council tabled a vote on a $250,000 grant to the museum for 2024 operations. City officials want to look further into the dismissal of 13 employees and volunteers earlier in the year. The inspector general, Sean Connolly, advised the city to conduct an audit of the museum before providing any additional funding. Connolly was removed from the position on January 24, and the Joliet city council approved the grant to the museum on February 6.

The museum won the auction of the Gemini Giant for $275,000 and loaned it to the City of Wilmington until March 20, 2026.

## InfoBox

Joliet Area Historical Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1977 |
| Location | 204 N Ottawa Street<br>Joliet, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°31′41″N 88°04′58″W / 41.5280°N 88.0827°W / 41.5280; -88.0827 |
| Type | Local history |
| Website | Official website |


title: Verband der Zoologischen Gärten

abstract: The Verband der Zoologischen Gärten, until 2014 Verband Deutscher Zoodirektoren, is the leading association of scientifically managed zoological gardens in German-speaking countries. A zoo is considered to be scientifically managed if it is run by a director with an academic education, usually a biologist or a veterinarian, and if he or she follows and implements scientific standards of zoology, conservation, and zoo pedagogy.

text:
# Verband der Zoologischen Gärten

The **Verband der Zoologischen Gärten** ("Association of Zoological Gardens"; VdZ), until 2014 **Verband Deutscher Zoodirektoren** (German Federation of Zoo Directors, VDZ), is the leading association of scientifically managed zoological gardens in German-speaking countries. A zoo is considered to be scientifically managed if it is run by a director with an academic education, usually a biologist or a veterinarian, and if he or she follows and implements scientific standards of zoology, conservation, and zoo pedagogy.

## History

The association was founded in 1887, making it the oldest zoo association in the world. It originated from the annual meetings of zoo directors from the European area at the animal auctions in the zoo Antwerp. From the 1920s, the association expanded through members from Central and Northern Europe. He became the nucleus of the first International Zoodirektorenverbandes, which was founded in 1935 at the annual convention in Basel. In 1946, after the Second World War, the reestablishment of the International Zoodirektorenverband took place. The VDZ was reconstituted in 1951. In 1987, exactly 100 years after its founding, the VDZ attended its annual conferenceRheine a new statute, which made the loose association with its annual meetings a registered association with a solid association structure. From 2009 until relocation to Berlin in 2015, the office of the association was in Bern. In 2014, it was decided to rename the association in the Association of Zoological Gardens (VdZ) at the annual convention in Münster.

## Association structure

Zoological gardens in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, and Spain belong to the VdZ as institutional members. The association also has around 90 corresponding, associate, patron and honorary members. The association language is German. The association's body published the magazine *The Zoological Garden* until the end of 2017. It is also an organ of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). In addition, 40 VDC members are institutional members of WAZA. The cooperation with the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EAZA, in which VdZ zoos are also members, is also very close. Once a year, the members of the VdZ meet for their annual meeting in a member zoo. These meetings consist of scientific sessions and business meetings, a tour of the host zoo and a scientific excursion.

The board consists of nine members. It is composed as follows (as of 2016):

At the 2016 annual conference in the Euregiozoo zoo in Aachen, the association adopted a new mission statement.

## Visitor frequency

From 1999 to 2003, the number of visitors to the member zoos in Germany had been between 26 and 27 million. In 2004, the number rose to more than 28 million, to which the reopening of the converted Zoo on the sea in Bremerhaven contributed significantly. Thereafter, overall numbers continued to rise, notably as a result of the total renewal of the zoos in Gelsenkirchen, Hanover and Leipzig, which saw massive growth, the opening of the tropical aquarium Hagenbeck in 2007, the Darwineum in Rostock in 2012 and the growing popularity of the borderline Zoos of Aachen and Nordhornin the neighboring country Holland. Most of the zoos in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were also able to benefit from the growing popularity of the state as a holiday destination and others, such As Dresden, Heidelberg, Neuwied and Osnabrück paid off investments in new facilities. In 2014, 52 of the 53 German member zoos (the Aquazoo Düsseldorf was closed due to renovation) recorded around 33.4 million admissions. The five members in Austria received 3.7 million visitors and the five in Switzerland over 4.3 million. The two member zoos outside the German-speaking area, the Tallinn Zoo and the Loro Parquein Tenerife, together received 1.4 million visitors. According to the fact sheet of the VdZ, 41 million people visited the VdZ zoos in 2016. Two million visitors will also have an annual pass.

## Commitment to wildlife conservation

To preserve endangered species, VdZ zoos run 124 international breeding programs. In 2015, animals from 48 species were released.

## Education and Research

85% of all VdZ zoos have a zoo school. Every year, one million zoo visitors use special educational offers. With the participation of VdZ zoos, 400 scientific studies on animal biological and nature conservation relevant topics are published annually.

## Literature

* Heinz-Georg Klös & Hans Frädrich (ed.): 100 years association of German zoo directors. In: Bongo. Contributions to the nursery. 13, 1987, (special volume).
* Verband Deutscher Zoodirektoren eV (Hrsg.): Gardens for Animals - Experiences for People. The Zoological Gardens of the VDZ. 125 years Association of German Zoo Directors JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2012. ISBN 978-3-7616-2555-2.


title: Ingalara Creek railway bridge, Colinton

abstract: The Ingalara Creek railway bridge is a heritage-listed former railway bridge that carried the Bombala railway line across Ingalara Creek at Michelago in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Whitton in his capacity as Engineer-in-Chief for Railways and built in 1889. It is also known as the Michelago Rail Bridge over Ingalara Creek and the Ingalara Creek Railway Viaduct. The property is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. On 1 December 2020, changes were made to exemptions relating to the bridge's heritage status.

text:
# Ingalara Creek railway bridge, Colinton

The **Ingalara Creek railway bridge** is a heritage-listed former railway bridge that carried the Bombala railway line across Ingalara Creek at Michelago in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Whitton in his capacity as Engineer-in-Chief for Railways and built in 1889. It is also known as the **Michelago Rail Bridge over Ingalara Creek** and the **Ingalara Creek Railway Viaduct**. The property is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. On 1 December 2020, changes were made to exemptions relating to the bridge's heritage status.

## History

The railway was extended from Queanbeyan to Cooma in 1887–89. At that time, the Engineer-in-Chief for Railways, John Whitton, was under government pressure to reduce construction costs. One common method was to build timber bridges, mostly ballast top timber beam bridges. However, for two major waterways, Ingalara Creek and Bredbo River (Bredbo Rail Bridge) he chose to use Queen post deck trusses, a type of timber truss viaduct that he had already used on the Main North line between Glen Innes and Wallangarra. Nearer to Cooma, at Chakola, he chose a different type of timber viaduct to cross Numeralla River (formerly known as Umaralla River). Several of Whitton's other Queen post deck truss bridges - the Beardy Waters, Severn River and Bluff River viaducts and the Tenterfield Creek bridge \- are also heritage-listed.

## Description

The Michelago Rail Bridge over Ingalara Creek is a seven-span timber truss viaduct. Each main span is 12.8 metres (42 ft) centre-to-centre of timber trestles.

The trusses are deck Queen post copied from one of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Cornish timber bridges, called St Germans viaduct, built about 30 years earlier.

The condition was reported to be fair as at 4 April 2006 due to a lack of maintenance since rail services were suspended.

All these viaducts retain their original fabric.

## Heritage listing

The timber Queen post truss viaduct was an economic bridge for the Queanbeyan to Cooma Railway at a time when the boom years of the 1880s were ending and funding for railway construction was decreasing. The Ingalara viaduct is accessible from the Monaro Highway and is an impressive timber structure. The Cooma Railway made a significant contribution to the development of the Monaro Region from the time of its construction 1887–89, and all the timber viaducts were important items of the railway's infrastructure. The timber Queen post deck viaduct was a significant structure in place of the expensive iron lattice bridges preferred by John Whitton. The Ingalara viaduct was technically sound and durable, having been built from renowned ironbark hardwood. The two deck Queen post truss timber viaducts on the Cooma Line, together with four on the Main North Line, are a unique class of railway bridge.

Michelago rail bridge over Ingalara Creek was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The timber Queen post truss viaduct was an economic bridge for the Quenbeyan to Cooma Railway at a time when the boom years of the 1880s was ending and funding for railway construction was decreasing.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The viaduct is accessible from the Monaro Highway and is an impressive timber structure.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The Cooma Railway made a significant contribution to the development of the Monaro Region from the time of its construction 1887–89, and the three timber viaducts were important items of the railway's infrastructure.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The timber Queen post deck viaduct was a significant structure in place of the expensive iron lattice bridges preferred by John Whitton. The Ingalara viaduct was technically sound and durable, having been built from renowned ironbark hardwood.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

These two timber viaducts on the Cooma Line, together with four on the Main North Line, are a unique class of railway bridge.

### Bibliography

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Michelago rail bridge over Ingalara Creek, entry number 01048 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Ingalara Creek railway bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 35°49′07″S 149°10′36″E / 35.8186°S 149.1768°E / -35.8186; 149.1768 |
| Carries | Bombala railway line |
| Crosses | Ingalara Creek |
| Locale | Michelago, Monaro region, New South Wales, Australia |
| Owner | Transport Asset Holding Entity |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Queen post truss viaduct |
| Material | Timber |
| Longest span | 12.8 metres (42 ft) |
| No. of spans | 5 by 42ft, 2 by 20ft |
| Piers in water | 0 |
| Rail characteristics | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| History | |
| Designer | John Whitton |
| Constructed by | NSW Government Railways |
| Construction end | 1889 |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Michelago rail bridge over Ingalara Creek; Ingalara Creek Railway Viaduct |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 1048 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| References | |
|  | |


title: Girl$

abstract: Girl$ is a 2010 Hong Kong film directed by Kenneth Bi, it deals with teenagers and young women drawn into compensated dating in Hong Kong. The Chinese term 囡囡 is a traditional affectionate term for daughter or young girl, but has also become used as euphemism for a prostitute in Hong Kong.

text:
# Girl$

***Girl$*** (Chinese: 囡囡) is a 2010 Hong Kong film directed by Kenneth Bi, it deals with teenagers and young women drawn into compensated dating in Hong Kong. The Chinese term 囡囡 (Jyutping: naam4 naam4) is a traditional affectionate term for daughter or young girl, but has also become used as euphemism for a prostitute in Hong Kong.

## Plot

Gucci (Wong Si-Man) is a teenager who seeks to enhance her own self-image through the acquisition of luxury goods, bidding online for a designer handbag that she cannot afford. Looking for a way to make quick money she comes into contact with Icy (Michelle Wai). Just 19 herself, Icy acts as an online procuress, down to a single regular working girl, the hypersexual Lin (Una Lin), she offers to act as an agent for the underage Gucci's virginity, she also convinces Ronnie (Bonnie Xian) to go on compensated dates. Ronnie comes from a wealthy background however she finds herself alone and afraid of forming emotional attachments, wanting to avoid the stigma of being a prostitute, she instead pays the men she goes on dates with. Despite the differences in background the four become friends.

Lin works as a prostitute for a guy who already has a girlfriend, and fell in love with him over time. She told him she liked him, tried to connect with him to social media, to no avail. He stopped seeing her while she stalks him, seeing him with his girlfriend on a date make her jealous. In rage, she splashed water to his girlfriend face while they were in a cafe, and he blocked her completely from social media.

Unaware that the police are searching for a serial killer who has been targeting girls, Icy goes on a compensated date herself when she finds herself in need of some extra money and none of her girls are available. However she is filmed in the process of having sex and is blackmailed, although the girls manage to recover the incriminating material, Icy's boy friend discovers that she has broken her promise to him not to go on compensated dates and breaks-up with her. Meanwhile, Lin, desperate and lonely, goes for a date herself without Icy as the procuress. She picks up a random guy off the street, but it ended up badly. The customer tried to rape her anally, but she ran and hid in the bathroom. This leaves her scared and even more desperate.

At the same time, the other girls find another problem. A customer declares online that he is HIV positive and publishes the mobile phone numbers of girls he has been with, Icy, Lin and Ronnie find their numbers on the list. All four girls have blood tests despite Gucci still being a virgin (one attempt at selling her virginity ends when it is her own brother she finds waiting at a pre-arranged spot), the blood tests prove negative.

The film ends with Ronnie deciding to take the money offered to her for sex, and Gucci meeting with a customer, a customer who turns out to be even younger than herself.

## InfoBox

| Girl$ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kenneth Bi |
| Starring | Michelle Wai
Bonnie Xian
Wong Si-Man
Una Lin |
| Distributed by | Mei Ah Entertainment |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |


title: Cư Prao

abstract: Cư Prao is a commune (xã) in M'Drăk District, Đắk Lắk Province, Vietnam. It contains 14 villages and hamlets. Hnang Hydropower has invested in water development in the commune.

text:
# Cư Prao

**Cư Prao** is a commune () in M'Drăk District, Đắk Lắk Province, Vietnam. It contains 14 villages and hamlets. Hnang Hydropower has invested in water development in the commune.

## History

Its name **Cư Prao** means "the hill of white-crested laughingthrushes" in Rhade language.

## InfoBox

| Cư Prao | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Central Highlands |
| Province | Đắk Lắk |
| District | M'Drăk District |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) |


title: Neolycaena davidi

abstract: Neolycaena davidi is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

text:
# Neolycaena davidi

***Neolycaena davidi***  is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic (Transbaikalia, Mongolia, Northeast China, East Tibet) that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

## Description from Seitz

*davidi* Oberth. (73 f ) has on the underside broader and more dispersed white spots, which are not accompanied by distinct dark dots as in nymotypical *fengstroemi* North China and Mongolia.

## Biology

The larva feeds on *Caragana microphylla*, *C. pygmaea*, *C. spinosa*

## Etymology

The name honours Armand David.

## InfoBox

| *Neolycaena davidi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Neolycaena davidi* in Seitz 73f | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Neolycaena* |
| Species: | ***N. davidi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neolycaena davidi***<br>(Oberthur, 1881) | |
|


title: Oceanic (Vangelis album)

abstract: Oceanic is a 1996 studio album by Greek electronic composer Vangelis. It was released in Europe on October 25, 1996, by East West Records and in the United States on January 28, 1997, by Atlantic Records. A single "Song of the Seas", with b-side "Aquatic Dance", was released simultaneously.

text:
# Oceanic (Vangelis album)

***Oceanic*** is a 1996 studio album by Greek electronic composer Vangelis. It was released in Europe on October 25, 1996, by East West Records and in the United States on January 28, 1997, by Atlantic Records. A single "Song of the Seas", with b-side "Aquatic Dance", was released simultaneously.

## Overview

Vangelis was personally involved in the sleeve design, as he used to be in the late seventies and early eighties. At the end of the album inside liner notes there are references to the films *Million Dollar Mermaid* and *Footlight Parade*, as the cover design features images taken from these two movies.

The music was used in the 1998 documentary *Deep Sea, Deep Secrets* co-produced by The Learning Channel and Discovery Channel, together with music from Vangelis' previous album, *Voices*.

It was his first album nominated for a Grammy Award in Best New Age Album category. The second was the album *Rosetta*, in 2017.

## Composition

The first track "Bon Voyage" starts with the sounds of sea waves, and continues as orchestral electronica. It fades into "Sirens’ Whispering", which feature beat sequence with melody and choir. "Dreams of Surf" is based around acoustic piano. "Spanish Harbour" also features beat and melody as well Spanish guitar. "Islands of the Orient" is a blend of Tangerine Dream-like sequences, chinoiserie-jazzy melody. "Fields of Coral" is the most ambient track on the album. "Aquatic Dance" is built on a synth-bass ostinato and synth-vocals. "Memories of Blue" recalls the "Memories of Green" from *See You Later*. "Song of the Seas" is mellow sequencer-based track, which fades out to the surf sounds that began the album. The album includes effects which sound like whales, ships horns, porpoises, seagulls and even chimes.

The album showcase melodic orchestration, and by sound is more similar to the New-age music rather than his experimental albums.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

John Diliberto of *Billboard* noted that it's different from the typical Vangelis electronic orchestral albums, and that he "gets his sea legs on the odd" with the sampled choral "Sirens", hypnotic "Islands Of The Orient", and ambient grooves of "Spanish Harbour".

Jason Ankeny of Allmusic in one sentence short review with score of 1.5/5 stars, described it as "quiet, meditative work evocative of the sea".

## Track listing

1. "Bon Voyage" - 2:33
2. "Sirens' Whispering" - 7:59
3. "Dreams of Surf" - 2:43
4. "Spanish Harbour" - 6:42
5. "Islands of the Orient" - 7:24
6. "Fields of Coral" - 7:44
7. "Aquatic Dance" - 3:44
8. "Memories of Blue" - 5:40
9. "Song of the Seas" - 6:12

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak |
| --- | --- |
| Austria | 22 |
| France | 29 |
| Germany | 87 |
| Hungary | 6 |
| Netherlands | 98 |
| Sweden | 60 |
| Switzerland | 37 |
| Billboard *New Age Albums* | 5 |

## Credits

* Composer, Arranger, Producer, Performer – Vangelis
* Assistant Producer – Frederick Rousseau
* Recorder, Mixer – Philippe Colonna
* Sleeve – Alwyn Clayden, Vangelis

## InfoBox

| Oceanic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vangelis | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Genre | Electronica, ambient, new-age |
| Length | 50:42 |
| Label | East West (Europe) / Atlantic (USA) |
| Producer | Vangelis |
| Vangelis chronology | |
| *Voices*
(1995) ***Oceanic***
(1996) *Portraits (So Long Ago, So Clear)*
(1996) | |


title: Individual Meal Pack

abstract: The Individual Meal Pack or IMP is one type of field ration used by the Canadian Forces. The IMP is designed so that a continuous diet provides all the nutrition needed to sustain a service member in the field. The IMP meets Canada's nutrition requirements, with the exception of calcium and folic acid, which are not significant if the consumption period of rations is less than 30 (consecutive) days. IMPs provide 1,200–1,400 calories (5.0–5.9 MJ) per meal. Three IMPs provide approximately 3,600 calories (15 MJ), enough to nourish a soldier undergoing strenuous physical activity. The meals are precooked and can therefore be safely consumed either heated or unheated. Under ideal circumstances the entrees are generally consumed heated. There are meals available for Jews, Muslims, Hindus and vegetarians. Contents of the combat rations are subject to a three-year research and development cycle, where new meals are added, and some replaced. Every second year, new meals are field tested by three groups of 60 people drawn from each of the three Canadian Army brigades. In all, there are 21 meals available – seven breakfasts and 14 meals suitable as noon or evening meals. In addition to the main meal, each IMP contains assorted basics such as powdered coffee, protein and sports drink mixes, energy bars, trail mix, peanut butter, cereal, condiments, candy, chocolate, gum, a plastic spoon, a wet towelette and matches. Meals are packaged fully cooked and do not require cooking. While edible cold, when circumstances permit the ideal method of preparation is to cook the entrees either in a pressure cooker, heated on the standard issue Coleman stove, or by simply boiling the rations in its package in water. Another way to warm the meal when a stove is unavailable is by putting it in the pocket of a coat during winter. Chemical cooking pouches have also been issued, allowing for flameless meal heating. Other items can also be improved by boiling or adding water, such as packages of soup, rice, powdered drinks and even the prepackaged bread, which is dense and can be softened by exposure to the pressure cooker. Another technique developed by soldiers in the field is putting the package in the grill covering the exhaust on many armoured vehicles, and on radiators of wheeled vehicles. Some armoured vehicles come with a built-in pressure cooker.

text:
# Individual Meal Pack

The **Individual Meal Pack** or **IMP** is one type of field ration used by the Canadian Forces. The IMP is designed so that a continuous diet provides all the nutrition needed to sustain a service member in the field. The IMP meets Canada's nutrition requirements, with the exception of calcium and folic acid, which are not significant if the consumption period of rations is less than 30 (consecutive) days. IMPs provide 1,200–1,400 calories (5.0–5.9 MJ) per meal.

Three IMPs (breakfast, lunch and dinner) provide approximately 3,600 calories (15 MJ), enough to nourish a soldier undergoing strenuous physical activity. The meals are precooked and can therefore be safely consumed either heated or unheated. Under ideal circumstances the entrees are generally consumed heated. There are meals available for Jews, Muslims, Hindus and vegetarians.

Contents of the combat rations are subject to a three-year research and development cycle, where new meals are added, and some replaced. Every second year, new meals are field tested by three groups of 60 people drawn from each of the three Canadian Army brigades. In all, there are 21 meals available   seven breakfasts and 14 meals suitable as noon or evening meals. In addition to the main meal, each IMP contains assorted basics such as powdered coffee, protein and sports drink mixes, energy bars, trail mix, peanut butter, cereal, condiments, candy, chocolate, gum, a plastic spoon, a wet towelette and matches.

Meals are packaged fully cooked and do not require cooking. While edible cold, when circumstances permit the ideal method of preparation is to cook the entrees either in a pressure cooker, heated on the standard issue Coleman stove, or by simply boiling the rations in its package in water. Another way to warm the meal when a stove is unavailable is by putting it in the pocket of a coat during winter. Chemical cooking pouches have also been issued, allowing for flameless meal heating. Other items can also be improved by boiling or adding water, such as packages of soup, rice, powdered drinks and even the prepackaged bread, which is dense and can be softened by exposure to the pressure cooker.

Another technique developed by soldiers in the field is putting the package in the grill covering the exhaust on many armoured vehicles, and on radiators of wheeled vehicles. Some armoured vehicles come with a built-in pressure cooker.

## History

The IMPs appeared in the Canadian Forces in the 1980s, replacing early canned rations (Individual Ration Pack (IRP), Canadian Army Mess Tin Ration, Compo rations). The main menu items of the IMP are "boil in a bag" (known as a "retort pouch") and require less preparation time and equipment than the previous canned rations. Another stated advantage is that preparation using retort pouches can be done using less heat, reducing the impact on the taste of the food.

## Preparation and cooking

For IMPs from 2019 and beforehand, the main entrée and the dessert portion are contained in retort pouches, which are then packaged in cardboard boxes. These cardboard boxes are positioned inside the IMP package on the outer sides, sandwiching the other contents, so the IMP itself looks like it is entirely contained within a cardboard box inside the outer foil-lined paper bag. IMPs are usually "stripped" before field use by removing the cumbersome packaging and discarding extraneous elements individual soldiers do not wish to carry with them, such as the cardboard boxes containing the main entrée and dessert, and any condiments that an individual soldier may not personally use. As of 2020 new packaging has been created to help with usability and edibility. Notably, the external packaging is resealable and waterproof. Inside, the cardboard boxes have been removed to reduce weight, and the entrée and the dessert pouches have been strengthened, and a resealable beverage pouch has been provided for cold (powdered beverages). It is also not uncommon to see service members drinking hot drinks (coffees, teas, hot chocolates) out the resealable pouch, even though it is not recommended. The new method of heating has greatly improved over the previous options. The member simply puts their meal packet into a flameless ration heater. The chemical reaction generates enough heat to ensure a hot meal.

## Other rations

Other types of rations are used by the Canadian Forces, notably *fresh rations*, or cooked meals provided directly from the kitchen or by haybox. There are also patrol packs, which are small high-protein snack-type foods (such as beef jerky or shredded cheese) and boxed lunches (consisting of assorted sandwiches, juice, fruit, pasta and a dessert) provided for soldiers to consume in situations in which meal preparation nor the delivery of haybox style fresh rations are not possible, such as travelling for training within Canada or spending the day on a shooting range. The IMP is intended to be issued when fresh rations are not possible, they can also be consumed as emergency rations, unheated.

1. MREInfo—Canadian IMP
2. "Poutine Anyone? Developing new Canadian combat rations". *Army News*. Canadian Armed Forces. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
3. Food ration coverage L'épicerie Radio-Canada(French)


title: Girl's Best Friend

abstract: "Girl's Best Friend" is a 1999 single by rapper Jay-Z that features vocals from Mashonda. It was released on August 9, 1999, as a single to promote the comedy film Blue Streak and appears on its soundtrack Blue Streak: The Album. In the same year, it appeared as a hidden track on Jay-Z's fourth album Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter. Its beat, produced by Swizz Beatz, contains a sample of "Keep It Comin' Love" by KC and the Sunshine Band. Martin Lawrence, the star of Blue Streak, makes a cameo in the music video as his character's "Pizza Man" disguise, dancing to the song and making silly faces in the camera.

text:
# Girl's Best Friend

"**Girl's Best Friend**" is a 1999 single by rapper Jay-Z that features vocals from Mashonda. It was released on August 9, 1999, as a single to promote the comedy film *Blue Streak* and appears on its soundtrack *Blue Streak: The Album*. In the same year, it appeared as a hidden track on Jay-Z's fourth album *Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter*. Its beat, produced by Swizz Beatz, contains a sample of "Keep It Comin' Love" by KC and the Sunshine Band.

Martin Lawrence, the star of *Blue Streak*, makes a cameo in the music video (directed by Francis Lawrence) as his character's "Pizza Man" disguise, dancing to the song and making silly faces in the camera.

## Formats and track listings

* **CD**

1. "Girl's Best Friend (Radio Version)" (3:26)
2. "Girl's Best Friend (LP Version)" (3:59)
3. "Girl's Best Friend (Instrumental)" (4:08)

* **Vinyl**

**A-side**

* 1. "Girls Best Friend"
    2. "Girls Best Friend (Radio Version)"

**B-side**

* 1. "I Put You On"
    2. "While You Were Gone"

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Girl's Best Friend" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jay-Z | |
| from the album  *Blue Streak: The Album and Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter* | |
| Released | August 9, 1999 |
| Genre | East Coast hip hop |
| Length | 4:00 |
| Label | * Epic * Sony Music Soundtrax |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Swizz Beatz |
|  | |
| Jay-Z singles chronology | |
| "Jigga My Nigga"
(1999) "**Girl's Best Friend**"
(1999) "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)"
(1999) | |
| Mashonda singles chronology | |
| "Gotta Man"
(1998) "**Girl's Best Friend**"
(1999) | |
|  | |


title: Inermoleiopus flavosignatus

abstract: Inermoleiopus flavosignatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1972.

text:
# Inermoleiopus flavosignatus

***Inermoleiopus flavosignatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1972.

## InfoBox

| *Inermoleiopus flavosignatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Inermoleiopus*** |
| Species: | ***I. flavosignatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Inermoleiopus flavosignatus***<br>Breuning, 1972 | |
|