title: Russian occupations of Beirut

text:
# Russian occupations of Beirut

Beirut was twice occupied during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 by squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy's Mediterranean Fleet, first in June 1772 and second from October 1773 to early 1774, as part of its Levant campaign. Russia's main objective in this campaign was to assist local forces led by Egypt's autonomous ruler, Ali Bey al-Kabir, who was in open rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.

Russia, led by Catherine the Great, was pressing the Ottomans in Europe. Ali took advantage of the Empire's preoccupation with Russia to declare Egypt's independence; in 1771 he sent an army led by Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab to occupy Ottoman territory in the Levant. Abu al-Dhahab unexpectedly returned to challenge Ali for control of Egypt. Ali requested Russian military assistance against both his rival and the Ottomans. When this aid, in the form of a small Russian squadron, arrived in the region, Ali had already fled Egypt and taken refuge in Acre, the power base of his ally, Zahir al-Umar. After helping repel an Ottoman offensive on Sidon, the Russian squadron sailed for Beirut. They bombarded the town in June 1772 and occupied it from June 23 to 28.

Ali requested further assistance from Russia to recover Egypt from Abu al-Dhahab. The Russians had recently entered a period of truce with the Ottomans, constraining their involvement in the region. They did, however, promise Ali a large squadron. Impatient, Ali set out for Egypt with a small force that was defeated near Cairo; he was imprisoned and died a few days later. When the Russian squadron arrived in June 1773 and learned of Ali's fate, its commander allied with Zahir and the Druze chieftain Yusuf Shihab. The latter had agreed to pay the Russians a tribute in exchange for their liberation of Beirut from Jazzar Pasha, Shihab's insubordinate vassal whom he had recently appointed as governor of the town. The bombardment of the town began on August 2, and Jazzar surrendered after two months, on October 10. A few hundred Albanian mercenaries were left as occupiers.

The occupations are of debatable historical importance. Despite their brevity, they marked the first time in over 250 years that Beirut was ruled by a power other than the Ottomans. It also marked the first occasion on which Russian rule was imposed over an Arab city.

## Background

The pressure of Austria and Russia on the northern Ottoman frontiers since the beginning of the 18th century had encouraged insubordination among local governors in the largely decentralised Arab provinces of Ottoman Syria. In 1768, while the Russian Empire was suppressing a Polish uprising near the Ottoman border, a Cossack regiment chased some of the rebels across the border and reportedly carried out a massacre in the town of Balta. The Sultan eventually responded by declaring war on Russia. He demanded military assistance from Ali Bey, a Mamluk, who was the most powerful official in Ottoman Egypt at the time. Ali closely observed the course of the war, sending the required 3,000 soldiers to the aid of the Sublime Porte in 1769. Early in the following year, however, he declared Egypt's independence, chiefly in response to the war with Russia. Later he struck an alliance with Zahir al-Umar, a wealthy Arab ruler in northern Palestine. Ali and Zahir shared common ground in their opposition to Islamic fundamentalism, the Sultan's isolationist policies towards Europe and the imposition of Ottoman dignitaries to their courts.

At the same time, Tsarina Catherine the Great, lacking an organised Russian fleet in the Black Sea, drew up plans with Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov to detach a large number of ships from the Baltic Fleet and deploy them to the Mediterranean. Russia hoped they would attack the Turkish Straits from the rear, and that its naval presence in the Aegean Sea would provoke a Greek rebellion. This newly formed Mediterranean Fleet, headed by Orlov and commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov, sailed from Copenhagen on September 23, 1769. By March 1, 1770, the first detachment was anchored off the southern Morea, where the Orlov revolt broke out. This was followed by bombardments and troop landings at different locations in the region over the coming months. On July 7 a Turkish fleet was crushed at the Battle of Chesma, which crippled the Ottoman Navy and gave the Russians naval command of the Mediterranean for the remainder of the war. Turkish ships that survived retreated to the Dardanelles. Rear-Admiral John Elphinstone proposed a direct assault on Constantinople, but was instead convinced by Orlov to blockade the Straits with his squadron, while the rest of the fleet went on the offensive in the northern Aegean.

Russian chronicles have described Muslims as Hagarians since the 15th century. This is a pejorative term suggesting that they were the descendants of biblical Hagar who was exiled into the deserts of Sinai. The Russian court was aware of the autonomization of Ottoman Tunis, Algeria and Tripolitania in the 18th century. Despite her negative perception of Muslims, Catherine did not hesitate to approach them as potential allies. On 15 July 1769, she instructed Spiridov to avoid attacking ships belonging to the aforementioned states unless provoked, and prompted him to attempt to turn the Barbary states against their Ottoman overlord. Catherine's plans did not materialize as Tunis and Algeria fought on the side of the Ottomans, while the correspondence of Ali Pasha of Tripoli with Orlov bore no significant results.

In late 1770, Ali Bey dispatched an army of 40,000 troops, commanded by his trusted general Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, to Palestine where it joined forces with Zahir's army in the spring of 1771 and went on to occupy several towns in the Levant. However, soon after the fall of Damascus in early June, Ottoman agents managed to convince Abu al-Dhahab to turn against Ali Bey, promising to appoint him as ruler of Egypt instead of his overlord. Abu al-Dhahab retreated with his army, and became embroiled in a power struggle against his former master over the control of Egypt. Zahir, for his part, became isolated in his sheikhdom and had to face the inevitable Ottoman counteroffensive on his own. Ali Bey was then convinced that he could reverse his recent setbacks through an alliance with Russia. On December 2, 1771, he sent an Armenian envoy named Yaqub to meet with Orlov at the Mediterranean Fleet's headquarters on the Aegean island of Paros where he offered the Russians an alliance.

The offer was later accepted by the Tsarina, but her knowledge of the proposed alliance came after Ali Bey was no longer ruling Egypt. He had been forced to leave the country and seek refuge with his ally Zahir when the standoff between him and Abu al-Dhahab finally escalated to armed confrontations. Ignorant of Ali's flight and with orders from Orlov to make contact with him, a detachment commanded by General-Adjutant Rizo, a Greek, sailed for Damietta but quickly left port after learning of his fate. The squadron then searched for him along the Palestinian coast and eventually found him in Acre on June 3. Rizo later sent a detachment to the north, which intercepted an Ottoman frigate from Beirut near Tyre. Meanwhile, in Sidon, Zahir's small army of 6,000 was being besieged by an Ottoman force of 30,000 that included Druze contingents. Rizo's ships joined the garrison by bombarding the Ottoman attackers who withdrew shortly afterwards.

## First occupation

The newly assembled coalition, wishing to exploit the Ottoman setback in Sidon, decided to send the Russian squadron to the small port town of Beirut, which was controlled at the time by the Druze. According to the researcher William Persen, the aim of this expedition was to both preoccupy the Druze and punish them for siding with the Porte. Blockading their port would achieve this. Beirut was also the only port in the region which had so far remained under Ottoman rule.

Likely unaware of a recent armistice between Russia and the Porte, Rizo's squadron appeared off the town's coast on June 18 after it was reunited with its Tyre and Acre detachments. The force consisted of two frigates, the *Sv. Nikolai* and the *Sv. Pavel*, four polaccas, five half-galleys and four xebecs. It was transporting an infantry division that was largely made up of Greek and Albanian mercenaries. Bombardment of the town began on the same day, and Ottoman ships docked in its port were sunk. In his version of the events, Auriant, author of *Catherine II et l'Orient*, wrote that Beirut's defenders were given a 24-hour ultimatum by Rizo to fly the Russian flag and pay a tribute. The naval offensive lasted five days and involved an unsuccessful assault by a landing party on June 21. After two days of heavier bombardment, they finally landed on June 23 and spent hours sacking the town and its bazaar. About 550,000 qirsh worth of loot, in the form of both trade goods and cash, was taken. The Russians left on June 28, after receiving additional payment from Yusuf Shihab, a Druze emir who ruled over the surrounding mountains. Shihab also agreed to a four-month alliance with the coalition.

## End of Ali Bey's revolt

Following the Russians' departure, the Ottomans ceded Beirut to Yusuf Shihab's Mount Lebanon Emirate. Shihab, in turn, charged Ahmed Bey Jazzar, who had previously served under Ali Bey, with the town's defence. While in Acre and with his allies bombarding Beirut, Ali received his envoy Yaqub. He came aboard a Russian frigate carrying gifts and a friendly message from Catherine in which she assured him of her commitment to Russia's alliance with the Egyptian ruler. Ali, however, was dissatisfied with the mere gesture and sought Russian military assistance in the form of infantry, artillery and naval support to reconquer Egypt from Abu al-Dhahab. He sent a new envoy with this message to Orlov. According to the historian Édouard Lockroy, he may have also offered the Russians control of the Christian holy sites in Jerusalem.

Orlov responded by telling Ali that he was bounded by the truce with the Porte. He pledged a small force of Russian officers and artillery, and promised to give Ali all the assistance he needed as soon as circumstances permitted. During the summer, Ali and Zahir's forces laid siege to the city of Jaffa. The siege was joined in September by a Russian transport ship which landed artillery pieces near the city. The ship left a month later, carrying a renewed plea to Orlov. Another Russian naval detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Panaiotti Alexiano, arrived at Jaffa in November, again joining the bombardment and informing Ali of Orlov's plan to commission a large fleet for his cause. Alexiano's squadron consisted of the frigate *Sv. Pavel* and a number of polaccas, and had earlier destroyed two Barbary ships off Damietta and captured some smaller vessels.

Planted rumours of insubordination in Abu al-Dhahab's camp and growing dissent in Egypt had caught Ali's attention. He grew impatient and, in April 1773, he set out for Egypt at the head of a small force, despite being assured a month earlier that Russian assistance would arrive soon. Ali's force was defeated by his rival's army near Cairo. He was taken prisoner and died a few days later, likely by poisoning. Jazzar, meanwhile, had fortified Beirut and chose to act independently of Shihab, declaring that he would recognise only the Sultan's authority over the town. Orlov's promised squadron, commanded by Captain Mikhail Gavrilovich Kozhukhov, reached Acre in June. Hearing of Ali's death, Kozhukhov agreed to a "treaty of friendship" with Zahir.

## Second occupation

Kozhukhov appeared with his squadron of at least 222 guns off Beirut's coast on July 6, carrying a force of 1,200 Albanian mercenaries and mobile artillery units. Zahir had already negotiated an alliance with Shihab, when the latter was denied assistance by the Pasha of Damascus against Jazzar. During the month-long negotiations that followed, the Druze emir managed to persuade Kozhukhov, through Zahir and his uncle Amir Musa Mansur, to deliver Beirut to him. Shihab was to pay a tribute of 300,000 qirsh and place the town under Russian protection. On his part, Kozhukhov promised that his troops would not pillage the town as the Russian occupiers of 1772 had. Both sides agreed that the Russians would hold Mansur as a hostage, pending full payment by Shihab.

Order of battle

By the time it appeared before Beirut, Kozhukhov's squadron consisted of the following ships:

| Ship | Type | Guns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Nadezhda* (Kozhukhov) | Frigate | 32 |
| *Sv. Pavel* | Frigate | 26 |
| *Sv. Nikolai* | Frigate | 26 |
| *Naksia* | Frigate | 22 |
| *Slava* | Frigate | 16 |
| *Sv. Aleksii* | Polacca | 20 |
| *Sv. Anna* | Polacca | 20 |
| *Sv. Ekaterina* | Polacca | 18 |
| *Sniks* | Polacca | 12 |
| *Zabiaka* | Schooner | 18 |
| six half-galleys | | | | | | | | | | |

| Second bombardment of Beirut | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 2 August 1773 – 10 October 1773  Location Beirut  Result  Occupation of the town until late January or early February 1774 | |
| Belligerents | |
| Imperial Russian Navy
Shihab's forces
Zahir's forces | Jazzar's garrison |

A bombardment began on August 2 and lasted the entire day, destroying the port area and its towers. The noise was so loud it could be heard in Sidon, about 25 miles (40 km) away, according to the city's French consul. Arabic sources said that it could even be heard in Damascus. Much of Beirut was destroyed, but Jazzar refused to surrender. Kozhukhov ordered the landing of troops and artillery units for a ground assault. The walls were breached in several places but Shihab would not commit his forces to storming the town, citing the agreement which gave Kozhukhov the task of delivering the town to the Druze in exchange for payment. Kozhukhov chose to maintain the naval and land blockade, cutting off the town from its food supply. Shihab and Zahir's troops routed an Ottoman relief army commanded by the Pasha of Tripoli which approached from the Beqaa.

Jazzar opened negotiations with the attackers at the end of September. Fearing that submission to either Shihab or Kozhukhov would eventually lead to his execution, he offered to surrender himself to Zahir instead and serve under his command. Jazzar surrendered Beirut on October 10, after which he left for Acre with his garrison of 800 Maghrebis. By the end of their offensive, the Russians had lost 34 men killed and 96 wounded. Kozhukhov restricted himself to seizing two half-galleys and some weaponry after docking, in accordance with his arrangement with Shihab. When the latter could not pay the full amount promised to the Russians, Kozhukhov threatened to kill Mansur, his Druze hostage. Shihab managed to make a partial payment, which Kozhukhov accepted, pending payment of the balance. The Russian commander and his squadron departed for the Aegean, leaving behind 300 Albanian mercenaries to guard Mansur, who was under house arrest, and to remain in the town as occupiers.

The Albanians occupied Beirut until late January or early February 1774, though it remains unclear whether they received the balance of the tribute due. According to French consular reports from Sidon, the occupiers kept the Russian flag raised over Beirut, along with a large portrait of Catherine the Great over the town's main gate, to which travellers were forced to pay their respects.

## Aftermath and legacy

Jazzar and his Maghrebi mercenaries defected from Zahir's camp to the Ottomans shortly after surrendering Beirut. With the departure of the Russians in early 1774 and the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca the same year, Zahir had to face the Porte's retribution by himself. The Russo-Turkish peace treaty allowed Russia to establish consulates wherever it wished in the Mediterranean, to open up trade routes with the Middle East, and to guarantee the safety of Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land, but made no mention of Zahir or of Russia's wartime territorial gains in the region. Zahir was killed in August 1775 during a siege of Acre by Ottoman forces, who were initially led by Egypt's Abu al-Dhahab. Shihab was quickly pardoned by the Ottomans, as he was never in direct rebellion against them. But he was pressured into surrendering Beirut in 1776 due to heavy taxation by Jazzar, who had been recently appointed by the Ottoman government as the Pasha of Sidon.

In addition to being the first time an Arab city came under Russian rule, the events also marked the first time that Beirut had not been under Ottoman control since the Ottoman conquest of the region over two and a half centuries earlier. "Place des Canons" ("Cannons Square") became the common name for today's Martyrs' Square in Beirut's Central District in 1773. This name remained in use, though unofficially, until the 1950s. It was a reference to the large artillery pieces that the Russians stationed in the plaza, which was then an empty area known as the Bourj, east of the walled town.

The importance of this short-lived occupation remains a subject of debate among the relatively few historians and scholars who have analysed it. In his 1952 evaluation of the events, William Persen played down the occupation, describing it simply as a "new force of Western penetration in the Middle East." Soviet scholars like P. Perminov, on the other hand, described it as an early manifestation of modern Cold War era assistance by the Soviet Union to national liberation movements in Third World nations.

1. Persen 1955, p. 276.
2. Sicker 2001, pp. 69–70.
3. Gallant 2015, p. 18.
4. Persen 1955, pp. 277–278; Smilianskaya, Velizhev & Smilianskaya 2011, pp. 346–347
5. Anderson 1952, p. 278.
6. Anderson 1952, p. 282; Gallant 2015, pp. 18–19.
7. Persen 1955, p. 276; Anderson 1952, p. 291.
8. Smilianskaya, Velizhev & Smilianskaya 2011, pp. 333–334.
9. Smilianskaya, Velizhev & Smilianskaya 2011, pp. 334–336.
10. du Quenoy 2014, pp. 131–132; Persen 1955, p. 278.
11. Persen 1955, p. 279.
12. du Quenoy 2014, p. 132.
13. du Quenoy 2014, p. 133.
14. Persen 1955, pp. 279–280; Anderson 1952, p. 298.
15. du Quenoy 2014, pp. 133–134; Persen 1955, p. 280.
16. du Quenoy 2014, pp. 133–134; Anderson 1952, p. 298.
17. Persen 1955, p. 280.
18. Persen 1955, pp. 280–281.
19. du Quenoy 2014, p. 135.
20. Persen 1955, p. 281.
21. Mariti 1774, p. 121.
22. Persen 1955, p. 281; Anderson 1952, p. 300.
23. Solov'ev 1991, p. 102, endnote at p. 287
24. du Quenoy 2014, pp. 135–136.
25. Persen 1955, pp. 281–282; Harris & Harris 2014, p. 122.
26. Anderson 1952, p. 302.
27. Persen 1955, pp. 282–283.
28. du Quenoy 2014, p. 136.
29. Persen 1955, p. 283.
30. du Quenoy 2014, pp. 136–137.
31. Philipp 2001, p. 138.
32. du Quenoy 2014, p. 137.
33. Persen 1955, pp. 283–284; du Quenoy 2014, p. 139.
34. du Quenoy 2014, p. 138; Philipp 2001, pp. 43–44.
35. du Quenoy 2014, p. 129.
36. Khalaf 2013, paragraph starting "The first definitive change in its public identity ..."; du Quenoy 2014, p. 137.

## Sources

* Anderson, R. C. (1952). *Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.
* Gallant, Thomas W. (2015). *The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century*. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3605-1.
* Harris, William; Harris, William W. (2014). *Lebanon: A History, 600–2011*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021783-9.
* Khalaf, Samir (2013). *Heart of Beirut: Reclaiming the Bourj*. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-590-8.
* Mariti, Giovanni (1774). *Istoria della guerra accesa nella Soría l'anno 1771: Dalle armi di Aly-Bey dell' Egitto e continovazione del successo a detto Aly-Bey fino a quest' anno 1772, Volume 2* \[*History of the war in Syria in the year 1771: From the arms of Aly-Bey of Egypt and the further successes of the aforementioned Aly-Bey to the present year of 1772, Volume 2*\]. Stamperia Allegrini, Pisoni, e Comp.
* Persen, William (1955). "The Russian occupations of Beirut, 1772–74". *Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society*. **42** (3–4): 275–286. doi:10.1080/03068375508731555.
* Philipp, Thomas (2001). *Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12327-3.
* du Quenoy, Paul (2014). "Arabs under Tsarist Rule: The Russian Occupation of Beirut, 1773–1774". *Russian History*. **41** (2): 128–141. doi:10.1163/18763316-04102002.
* Sicker, Martin (2001). *The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire*. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96891-5.
* Smilianskaya, Irina; Velizhev, Michael; Smilianskaya, Elena (2011). *Россия в Средиземноморье. Архипелагская экспедиция Екатерины Великой* \[*Russia in the Mediterranean. The Archipelago expedition of Catherine the Great*\] (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. ISBN 978-5-91674-129-2.
* Solov'ev, Sergeĭ M. (1991). *The Rule of Catherine the Great: War, Diplomacy and Domestic Affairs, 1772–1774*. Academic International Press. ISBN 978-0-87569-122-0.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| First bombardment of Beirut | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 18 June 1772 – 23 June 1772  Location Beirut  Result  Occupation of the town until 28 June | |
| Belligerents | |
| Imperial Russian Navy | Druze garrison |


title: ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited

abstract: ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited (OMPL) was a division of Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, a part of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. OMPL was incorporated on 19 December 2006. The OMPL complex spans 442 acres of land in Mangalore Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The project cost was estimated at ₹ 5750 crores. The complex is connected with MRPL Refinery from where the feed to the complex is supplied. It is 14 km away from the New Mangalore Port and about 15  km from Mangalore International Airport. On October 19, 2020 the board meeting of MRPL had approved acquisition OMPL, from ONGC Ltd.

text:
# ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited

**ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited** (OMPL) was a division of Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, a part of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. OMPL was incorporated on 19 December 2006.

The OMPL complex spans 442 acres of land in Mangalore Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The project cost was estimated at ₹ 5750 crores. The complex is connected with MRPL Refinery from where the feed to the complex is supplied. It is 14 km away from the New Mangalore Port and about 15  km from Mangalore International Airport.

On October 19, 2020 the board meeting of MRPL had approved acquisition OMPL, from ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) Ltd.


title: One Flea Spare

abstract: One Flea Spare, by Naomi Wallace, is a play set in plague-ravaged 17th Century London.

text:
# One Flea Spare

***One Flea Spare***, by Naomi Wallace, is a play set in plague-ravaged 17th Century London.

## Synopsis

> A wealthy couple is preparing to flee their home when a mysterious sailor and a young girl appear sneaking into their boarded up house. Now, quarantined together for 28 days, the only thing these strangers fear more than the Plague is each other. Definitions of morality are up for grabs and survival takes many forms in this dark, fiercely intense & humorous play. The play deals with the clash of cultural, social, and sexual boundaries.

The play is published by Broadway Play Publishing Inc.

The title is derived from the poem *The Flea* by John Donne.

## Productions

**London (1995)**

*One Flea Spare* premièred in London at the Bush Theatre on 18 October 1995.

**Louisville, Kentucky (1996)**

It had its American premiere in Louisville, Kentucky at the Humana Festival of New American Plays on 27 February 1996.

**New York (1996)**

The play opened in New York at The Public Theater on 9 March 1997 and won the OBIE Award for best play; it also won the 1996 Susan Smith Blackburn Prize, the 1996 Joseph Kesselring Prize and the 1996 Fellowship of Southern Writers Drama Award.

### New York cast

**France**

In 2009 *One Flea Spare* was incorporated into the permanent répertoire of the French National Theater, the Comédie-Française. Wallace is the only living American playwright to enter the répertoire. Only two American Playwrights have ever been added to La Comédie's repertoire in 300 years: the other being Tennessee Williams. The play was translated into French by Dominique Hollier.

**The Czech Republic**

In 2011 *One Flea Spare* was incorporated into the permanent répertoire of Komorní scéna Aréna in Ostrava. It was translated by Andrea Hoffmannová and directed by Peter Gábor. Cast: Jan Fišar (William Snelgrave), Alena Sasínová-Polarczyk (Darcy Snelgrave), Josef Kaluža (Bunce), Zuzana Truplová (Morse), Marek Cisovský (Kabe).

## Publication

*One Flea Spare* is published in an acting edition by Broadway Play Publishing Inc.

## InfoBox

| One Flea Spare | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Naomi Wallace |
| Date premiered | 18 October 1995 |
| Place premiered | Bush Theatre, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Drama |


title: One cool word

abstract: one cool word magazine is a Vancouverlogue art and literary publication from Vancouver, British Columbia, with a full-length CD compilation of content from Metro Vancouverites accompanied in every issue. Its mandate was: "Our quest to encourage creative work in the city takes place on many levels: we invite people to submit work, we invite people to create writing, art, and music at our events, we choose work on the basis of quality of thought, freshness of vision and innovation in form, and we showcase work by professionals and up-and-comers side by side, to declare that everyone has the capacity to be an artist and to share the bliss of being on the giving and/or receiving end of expression." The magazine featured many subgenres within the genres of art, writing, and music, from painting to cartoons, non-fiction to experimental writing, and spoken word to electronic music. one cool word magazine was 100% Vancouver owned and operated, and was independent, not-for-profit and volunteer-run. It was published from 2006 to 2013.

text:
# One cool word

***one cool word* magazine** is a Vancouverlogue art and literary publication from Vancouver, British Columbia, with a full-length CD compilation of content from Metro Vancouverites accompanied in every issue. Its mandate was: "Our quest to encourage creative work in the city takes place on many levels: we invite people to submit work, we invite people to create writing, art, and music at our events, we choose work on the basis of quality of thought, freshness of vision and innovation in form, and we showcase work by professionals and up-and-comers side by side, to declare that everyone has the capacity to be an artist and to share the bliss of being on the giving and/or receiving end of expression."

The magazine featured many subgenres within the genres of art, writing, and music, from painting to cartoons, non-fiction to experimental writing, and spoken word to electronic music. *one cool word* magazine was 100% Vancouver owned and operated, and was independent, not-for-profit and volunteer-run. It was published from 2006 to 2013.

## History

*one cool word* magazine was created by Tracy Stefanucci and Ken Yong, with the first issue released in April 2006. The name is a play on words, and a joke about the fact that most magazine titles are simply one word that is cool (although, many people mistake the name for one cool world). The magazine's initial aims were to create a platform for work that was not currently being showcased in other Vancouver publications, and to unite the genres of art, writing and music to create dialogue between different mediums.

Since 2007, *ocw* evolved to focus on inspiring creation and artistic development on a city, community and individual level.

*ocw* was mentioned in *Geist*, *Other Voices, Inc.*, *Ricepaper*, The Tyee (online), CITR-FM (radio), 99.3 The Fox (radio), and *A New Rock Reality* (TV).

Featured contributors included Mary Schendlinger, Nathan Sellyn, Brenden McLeod, Severn Cullis-Suzuki, Jessica Glesby, Kegan McFadden, Tara Gereaux, Randy Jacobs, Barbara Adler, Brandon Yan, CR Avery, Magpie Ulysses, Sean McGarragle, Chelsea Rooney, Colin J. Stewart, Emily Wight, Cathleen With, Elliot Lummin, Rob Taylor, Jenni Uitto, Sam Rappaport, Byron Barrett, Mary Kim, Fraser MacLean, Carter-Ethan Rankin, Shannon Rayne, Howard Penning, Mary Finlayson, Elias, Parlour Steps, The Februarys, Hey Ocean!, Wintermitts, The Sessions, Octoberman, RC Weslowski, Lotus Child, Love and Mathematics, Panurge, The Mohawk Lodge, and In Medias Res.

## Issues

* Issue #1: Spring 2006
* Issue #2: Summer 2006
* Issue #3: Autumn 2006
* Issue #4: Winter 2006
* Issue #5: Spring 2007
* Issue #6: Summer 2007
* Issue #7: Autumn 2007
* Issue #8: "The Black and White Issue" Winter 2007


title: RIK-210

abstract: RIK-210 is a star located north of Scorpius. It is known for its mysterious dimming events. The dips are observed with stable period of 5.667 days, but their triangular shape is inconsistent with the planetary eclipses. Instead, the diffuse cloud on synchronous orbit may be responsible.

text:
# RIK-210

**RIK-210** is a star located north of Scorpius. It is known for its mysterious dimming events. The dips are observed with stable period of 5.667 days, but their triangular shape is inconsistent with the planetary eclipses. Instead, the diffuse cloud on synchronous orbit may be responsible.

## InfoBox

RIK-210
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Scorpius |
|
| Right ascension | 16h 23m 24.544s |
| Declination | −17° 17 27.14 |
|
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | pre-main sequence star |
| Spectral type | M2.5 |
| Apparent magnitude (Kp) | 13.7 |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 16.213 ± 0.066 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.630 ± 0.137 |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 10.61 ± 0.02 |
| Apparent magnitude (H) | 9.85 ± 0.02 |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 9.65 ± 0.02 |
|
|
|
| B−V color index | 1.583 ± 0.203 |
| V−R color index | 0.537 ± 0.255 |
| R−I color index | 1.231 ± 0.217 |
| J−H color index | 0.76 ± 0.04 |
| J−K color index | 0.96 ± 0.04 |
| Variable type | EW |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Distance** | 145 ± 20 pc |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 0.53 ± 0.13 |
| **Radius** | 1.24 ± 0.125 |
| **Temperature** | 3500 |
| **Rotation** | 5.5 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 11 ± 1 km/s−1 km/s |
| **Age** | 7.5 ± 2.5 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 2MASS J16232454-1717270, EPIC 205483258 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |
| **Exoplanet Archive** | data |
| **Data sources:** | |
| arXiv:1612.03907 \[astro-ph.SR\],
SIMBAD,
NStED | |


title: Heinrich Graetz

abstract: Heinrich Graetz was a German exegete and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. Born Tzvi Hirsch Graetz to a butcher family in Xions, Grand Duchy of Posen, in Prussia, he attended Breslau University, but since Jews at that time were barred from receiving Ph.D.s there, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Jena. After 1845 he was principal of the Jewish Orthodox school of the Breslau community, and later taught history at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau. His magnum opus History of the Jews was the first Jewish history which threaded together a unified national history across the global Jewish communities. It was quickly translated into other languages and ignited worldwide interest in Jewish history, and later was used as a textbook in Israeli schools. As a result, Graetz was widely considered a Zionist or proto-Zionist, but historians have also noted his support for European assimilation. In 1869 the University of Breslau (Wrocław) granted him the title of Honorary Professor. In 1888 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Heinrich Graetz

**Heinrich Graetz** (German: \[ɡʁɛts\]; 31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was a German exegete and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.

Born Tzvi Hirsch Graetz to a butcher family in Xions (now Książ Wielkopolski), Grand Duchy of Posen, in Prussia (now in Poland), he attended Breslau University, but since Jews at that time were barred from receiving Ph.D.s there, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Jena. After 1845 he was principal of the Jewish Orthodox school of the Breslau community, and later taught history at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland).

His magnum opus *History of the Jews* was the first Jewish history which threaded together a unified national history across the global Jewish communities. It was quickly translated into other languages and ignited worldwide interest in Jewish history, and later was used as a textbook in Israeli schools. As a result, Graetz was widely considered a Zionist or proto-Zionist, but historians have also noted his support for European assimilation.

In 1869 the University of Breslau (Wrocław) granted him the title of Honorary Professor. In 1888 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.

## Biography

Graetz received his first instruction at Zerkow, where his parents had relocated, and in 1831 was sent to Wollstein, where he attended the yeshivah up to 1836, acquiring secular knowledge by private study. The *Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum* ("Nineteen Letters on Judaism") by Samson Raphael Hirsch, which were published under the pseudonym of "Ben Uziel" at Altona in 1836, made a powerful impression on him; and he resolved to prepare himself for academic studies in order to champion the cause of Orthodox Judaism. His first intention was to go to Prague, to which place he was attracted by the fame of its old yeshivah and the facilities afforded by the university. Being rejected by the immigration officers, he returned to Zerkov and wrote to Hirsch, then rabbi of Oldenburg, indicating his desire. Hirsch offered him a place in his house. Graetz arrived there on May 8, 1837, and spent three years with his patron as a pupil, companion, and amanuensis. In 1840 he accepted a tutorship with a family at Ostrowo, and in October 1842 he entered the University of Breslau.

At that time the controversy between Orthodoxy and Reform Judaism was at its height, and Graetz, true to the principles which he had imbibed from Hirsch, began his literary career by writing contributions to the "Orient", edited by Julius Fürst, in which he severely criticized the Reform party, as well as Geiger's text-book of the Mishnah ("Orient", 1844). These contributions and his championship of the Conservative cause during the time of the Reform Rabbinical Conferences made him popular with the Orthodox party. This was especially the case when he agitated for a vote of confidence to be given to Zecharias Frankel after he had left in protest the Second Rabbinical Conference in Frankfurt in 1845 after the majority had decided against prayers in Hebrew, and for prayers in the vernacular. After Graetz had obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Jena (his dissertation being "De Auctoritate et Vi Quam Gnosis in Judaismum Habuerit," 1845; published a year later under the title "Gnosticismus und Judenthum"), he was made principal of a religious school founded by the Conservatives in Breslau, again under the leadership of Frankel. In the same year he was invited to preach a trial sermon before the congregation of Gleiwitz, Silesia, but failed completely.

He remained in Breslau until 1848, when, upon the advice of a friend, he went to Vienna, purposing to follow a journalistic career. On the way he stopped at Nikolsburg, where Hirsch was residing as Moravian chief rabbi. Hirsch, who then contemplated the start of a rabbinical seminary, employed Graetz temporarily as teacher at Nikolsburg, and made him principal of the Jewish school in the neighboring city of Lundenburg (1850). In October 1850, Graetz married Marie Monasch, the daughter of the printer and publisher B. L. Monasch, of Krotoschin. It seems that Hirsch's departure from Nikolsburg had an influence on Graetz's position; for in 1852 the latter left Lundenburg and went to Berlin, where he delivered a course of less than successful lectures on Jewish history to rabbinical students. His advocacy of Frankel's approach had brought him into close contact with the latter, for whose magazine he frequently wrote articles; and accordingly in 1854 he was appointed a member of the teaching staff of the seminary at Breslau, over which Frankel presided. In this position he remained up to his death, teaching history and Bible exegesis, with a preparatory course on the Talmud. In 1869 the government conferred upon him the title of professor, and thenceforward he lectured at Breslau University.

In 1872 Graetz went to Palestine in the company of his friend Gottschalck Levy of Berlin, for the purpose of studying the scenes of the earliest period of Jewish history, which he treated in volumes one and two of his history, published in 1874–1876; these volumes brought that great work to a close. While in Palestine, he gave the first impetus to the foundation of an orphan asylum there. He also took a great interest in the progress of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and participated as a delegate in the convention assembled at Paris in 1878 in the interest of the Romanian Jews. Graetz's name was prominently mentioned in the anti-Semitic controversy, especially after Treitschke had published his "Ein Wort über Unser Judenthum" (1879–1880), in which the latter, referring to the eleventh volume of the history, accused Graetz of hatred of Christianity and of bias against the German people, quoting him as a proof that the Jews could never assimilate themselves to their surroundings.

This arraignment of Graetz had a decided effect upon the public. Even friends of the Jews, like Mommsen, and advocates of Judaism within the Jewish fold expressed their condemnation of Graetz's passionate language. It was due to this comparative unpopularity that Graetz was not invited to join the commission created by the union of German Jewish congregations (Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund) for the promotion of the study of the history of the Jews of Germany (1885). On the other hand, his fame spread to foreign countries; and the promoters of the Anglo-Jewish Exhibition invited him in 1887 to open the Exhibition with a lecture. His seventieth birthday was the occasion for his friends and disciples to bear testimony to the universal esteem in which he was held among them; and a volume of scientific essays was published in his honor ("Jubelschrift zum 70. Geburtstage des Prof. Dr. H. Graetz," Breslau, 1887). A year later (27 October 1888) he was appointed an honorary member of the Spanish Academy, to which, as a token of his gratitude, he dedicated the third edition of the eighth volume of his history.

As usual he spent the summer of 1891 in Carlsbad; but alarming symptoms of heart disease forced him to discontinue his use of the waters. He went to Munich to visit his son Leo, a professor at the university of that city, and died there after a brief illness. He was buried in Breslau. Besides Leo, Graetz left three sons and one daughter.

## Works

### History of the Jews

Graetz is chiefly known as the Jewish historian, although he did considerable work in the field of exegesis also. His *Geschichte der Juden* superseded all former works of its kind, notably that of Jost, in its day a very remarkable production; and it has been translated into many languages. The fourth volume, beginning with the period following the destruction of Jerusalem, was published first. It appeared in 1853; but the publication was not a financial success, and the publisher refused to continue it. However, the publication society Institut zur Förderung der Israelitischen Litteratur, founded by Ludwig Philippson, had just come into existence, and it undertook the publication of the subsequent volumes, beginning with the third, which covered the period from the death of Judas Maccabeus to the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem. This was published in 1856 and was followed by the fifth, after which the volumes appeared in regular succession up to the eleventh, which was published in 1870 and brought the history down to 1848, with which year the author closed, not wishing to include living persons.

In spite of this reserve he gravely offended the Liberal party, which inferred, from articles that Graetz contributed to the *Monatsschrift*, that he would show little sympathy for the Reform element, and therefore refused to publish the volume unless the manuscript was submitted for examination. This Graetz refused to do; and the volume therefore appeared without the support of the publication society. Volumes I and II were published, as stated above, after Graetz had returned from Palestine. These volumes, of which the second practically consisted of two, appeared in 1872–1875, and completed the stupendous undertaking. For more popular purposes Graetz published later an abstract of his work under the title *Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden*, in which he brought the history down to his own time.

The fourth volume of the *History of the Jews* received a detailed review by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in a series of essays in Vols. II-IV (1855-8) of his monthly journal *Jeschurun*. In these essays, Hirsch argues that Graetz is guilty of sloppiness of scholarship: e.g., Graetz omits the second halves of quotations which, if quoted in their entirety, contradict his thesis. Graetz claims, on the basis of quotations from certain Talmudic sages, that they "were wont to do" something – despite sources explicitly to the contrary – and goes on to develop these suppositions into theories affecting the entire Torah tradition. Hirsch accuses Graetz of fabricating dates, rearranging generations, overstating results, misinterpreting and distorting the Talmudic tradition to serve his narrative needs. David N. Myers argues that Hirsch's criticisms of his one-time student's work were motivated by a complete difference of opinion on the value of historicism. "Hirsch came to regard his erstwhile disciple as the embodiment of history's destructive tendencies."

A translation into English was begun by S. Tuska, who in 1867 published in Cincinnati a translation of part of Vol. IX under the title "Influence of Judaism on the Protestant Reformation". The fourth volume was translated by James K. Gutheim under the auspices of the American Jewish Publication Society, the title being "History of the Jews from the Down-fall of the Jewish State to the Conclusion of the Talmud" (New York, 1873).

A five-volume English edition was published in London in 1891-92 as *History of the Jews from the Earliest Times to the Present Day* (5 vols.; edited and in part translated by Bella Löwy). According to a review in the January–April 1893 edition of *Quarterly Review*, it "was passing through the press in its English version, and had received the author's final touches, when Graetz died in September 1891". In 1919, the Jordan Publishing Co. of New York published a two-volume "improved" edition, with a supplement of recent events by Dr. Max Raisin. Rabbi A. B. Rhine provided the English translation.

### Exegesis

Graetz's historical studies, extending back to Biblical times, naturally led him into the field of exegesis. As early as the fifties he had written in the *Monatsschrift* essays dealing with exegetical subjects, as "Fälschungen in dem Texte der LXX." (1853) and "Die Grosse Versammlung: Keneset Hagedola" (1857); and with his translation of and commentaries on Ecclesiastes and Canticles (Breslau, 1871) he began the publication of separate exegetical works. A commentary and translation of the Psalms followed (ib. 1882–83). Toward the end of his life he planned an edition of the whole Hebrew Bible with his own textual emendations. A prospectus of this work appeared in 1891. Shortly before the author's death, a part of it, Isaiah and Jeremiah, was issued in the form in which the author had intended to publish it; the rest contained only the textual notes, not the text itself. It was edited, under the title "Emendationes in Plerosque Sacræ Scripturæ Veteris Testamenti Libros," by W. Bacher (Breslau, 1892–94).

The most characteristic features of Graetz's exegesis are his bold textual emendations, which often substitute something conjectural for the Masoretic text, although he always carefully consulted the ancient versions. He also determined with too much certainty the period of a Biblical book or a certain passage, when at best there could only be a probable hypothesis. Thus his hypothesis of the origin of Ecclesiastes at the time of Herod the Great, while brilliant in its presentation, is hardly tenable. His textual emendations display fine tact, and of late they have become more and more respected and adopted.

### Other literary work

Graetz had contributed scholarly articles on Judaism and history to the scholarly periodicals started by Frankel since his graduation from the university in 1846. He continued steadily in this task once the *Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums* was firmly established under Frankel's editorship in Breslau, between 1851 and 1853. Frankel and Graetz practically took over the periodical with the leadership of the concept of *Wissenschaft des Judentums* from its Reform initiators, Leopold Zunz and Eduard Gans. After Frankel's retirement from the editorship in 1869, Graetz took over the task himself for the next 18 years, until he reached the age of 70 in 1887.

Graetz's activity was not limited to his special field. He enriched other branches of Jewish science and wrote here and there on general literature or on questions of the day. To the field of general literature also belongs his essay on "Shylock," published in the *Monatsschrift*, 1880. In the early years of the anti-Semitic movement he wrote, besides the articles in which he defended himself against the accusations of Treitschke, an anonymous essay entitled "Briefwechsel einer Englischen Dame über Judenthum und Semitismus" (Stuttgart, 1883). To supplement his lectures on Jewish literature he published an anthology of neo-Hebraic poetry under the title "Leḳeṭ Shoshannim" (Breslau, 1862), in which he made the mistake of reading the verses of a poem horizontally instead of vertically, which mistake Geiger mercilessly criticized (*Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben*, 1, p. 68-75). A very meritorious work was his edition of the Jerusalem Talmud in one volume (Krotoschin, 1866). A bibliography of his works has been given by Israel Abrahams in *The Jewish Quarterly Review* (4, pp. 194–203).

#### The Kompert Affair

Graetz's essay "Die Verjüngung des jüdischen Stammes", in Wertheimer-Kompert's *Jahrbuch für Israeliten*, Vol. X, Vienna, 1863 (reprinted with comments by Th. Zlocisti, in *Jüdischer Volks-Kalender*, p. 99, Brünn, 1903), caused a suit to be brought against him by Sebastian Brunner for libeling him as an anti-Semite. As Graetz was not an Austrian subject, the suit was nominally brought against Leopold Kompert as editor, and the latter was fined (30 December 1863).

Graetz had interpreted Isaiah chapters 52 and 53 to refer not to the personal Messiah, but rather to the entire people of Israel. Graetz and Kompert were brought to court in Vienna for publishing claims that were contrary to the Catholic faith, as well as contradicting Jewish tradition. Viennese rabbis Isaak Noah Mannheimer and Lazar Horowitz defended Graetz, and Azriel Hildesheimer criticized them for doing so; Isaac Hirsch Weiss published a pamphlet entitled *Neẓaḥ Yisrael* in support of their testimony.

This case, known as the "Kompert Affair," was important in defining the wedge between Orthodox Judaism and the nascent Conservative Judaism championed by the likes of Graetz and Zecharias Frankel. Thus, within the Jewish fold the lawsuit also had its consequences, as the Orthodox raised against Graetz the accusation of heresy because he had denied the personal character of the prophetic Messiah.

## Legacy

Graetz's history became very popular and influential in its time. The material for Jewish history being so varied, the sources so scattered in the literatures of all nations, and the chronological sequence so often interrupted, made the presentation of this history as a whole a very difficult undertaking. Graetz performed his task skillfully, mastering most of the details while not losing sight of the whole. Another reason for the popularity of the work is its sympathetic treatment. Also, Graetz has been credited with finding a copying error in I Corinthians 1:12 which should have referred to a very early Christian teacher. This history of the Jews is not written by a cool observer, but by a warm-hearted Jew. On the other hand, some of these commendable features are at the same time shortcomings.

In his introduction to a 1975 volume of Graetz's essays translated into English, rabbi and historian Ismar Schorsch wrote of *History of the Jews*: "\[It\] still remains, a century later, the best single introduction to the totality of Jewish history.... The extraordinary combination of narrative skill and basic research which was the hallmark of Graetz's work has never been matched."

Some characterize Graetz's main elements of Jewish experience through the ages to be 'suffering and spiritual scholarship', while later Jewish scholarly works like Salo W. Baron's 1937 *A Social and Religious History of the Jews*, opposed the view of Jewish history as being 'all darkness and no light' and sought to restore balance, by writing a social history. Baron strove to integrate the religious dimension of Jewish history into a full picture of Jewish life and to integrate the history of Jews into the wider history of the eras and societies in which they lived. Baron brought very distinctive views to his scholarship. He inveighed against what he termed the "lachrymose conception of Jewish history," sometimes identified with Heinrich Graetz. In a 1975 interview Baron said: "Suffering is part of the destiny \[of the Jews\], but so is repeated joy as well as ultimate redemption." According to Arthur Hertzberg, Baron was writing social history, insisting that spiritual creativity and the political situation were all borne by a living society and its changing forms.

## Bibliography

* *Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart*: 11 vols. (History of the Jews; 11853–75), impr. and ext. ed., Leipzig: Leiner, 21900, reprint of the edition of last hand (1900): Berlin: arani, 1998, ISBN 3-7605-8673-2.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Deutsch, Gotthard; Singer, Isidor (1901–1906). "Graetz, Heinrich (Hirsch)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
* *Encyclopaedia Judaica* (2007, 2nd ed.) entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka
* Bibliography: Rippner, in the third edition of the first volume of Graetz's Geschichte;
* I. Abrahams, "H. Graetz, the Jewish Historian," *The Jewish Quarterly Review*, Vol. 4 (Jan. 1892), pp. 165–203.
* Ph. Bloch, in the Index volume of the English translation of Graetz's work, History of the Jews Philadelphia, 1898.
* M. Wiener, "Zur Würdigung des Verfahrens G. ...", *Ben Chananja*, 1863, Nos. 22, 23.
* S. W. Baron, *History and Jewish Historians*, 1964.
* Jeffrey C. Blutinger, *Writing for the Masses: Heinrich Graetz, the Popularization of Jewish History, and the Reception of National Judaism*. Ph.D. diss. (UCLA, 2003).
* Marcus Pyka, *Jüdische Identität bei Heinrich Graetz* (Göttingen 2008) (Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur (JRGK), 5).
* George Y. Kohler: "Heinrich Graetz and the Kabbalah", in *Kabbalah – Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts*, vol. 40, 2018, pp. 107–130.

## InfoBox

| DoctorHeinrich Graetz | |
| --- | --- |
| Heinrich Graetz, c. 1885 | |
| Born | Tzvi Hirsch Graetz
(1817-10-31)October 31, 1817
Xions, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | September 7, 1891(1891-09-07) (aged 73)
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria |
| Nationality | German |
| Education | Breslau University, later University of Jena |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, principal, teacher, exegete |
| Notable work | *History of the Jews* |
| Spouse | Marie Monasch  (m. 1850) |
| Children | 5, including Leo |


title: USS Tide (SP-953)

abstract: USS Tide (SP-953) was a minesweeper in the United States Navy. Tide was a tug built in 1916 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. — was acquired by the U.S. Navy on 14 June 1918 from the Bay State Fishing Co., of Boston, Massachusetts, to serve as a minesweeper in the 1st Naval District.

text:
# USS Tide (SP-953)

**USS *Tide* (SP-953)** was a minesweeper in the United States Navy.

*Tide* was a tug built in 1916 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. — was acquired by the U.S. Navy on 14 June 1918 from the Bay State Fishing Co., of Boston, Massachusetts, to serve as a minesweeper in the 1st Naval District.

## Military service

Though never commissioned by the U.S. Navy, she may have been armed and manned by naval reservists to patrol the waters of the 1st Naval District during the closing months of World War I.

## Deactivation

In any event, her name was struck from the Navy List sometime between November 1918 and October 1919.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Tide* |
| Builder | Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wisconsin |
| Launched | 1916 |
| Acquired | 14 June 1918 |
| Stricken | Between November 1918 and October 1919 |
| Fate | Not indicated |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tugboat |
| Length | 143 ft (44 m) |
| Beam | 22 ft 9 in (6.93 m) |
| Draft | 12 ft 5 in (3.78 m) (aft) |
| Speed | 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) |
| Armament | 2 × 1-pounder guns |


title: Pietralata (Rome Metro)

abstract: Pietralata is a station on Line B of the Rome Metro. It is located on Via di Pietralata, after which it is named, in the Pietralata quarter, the 21st quarter of Rome, near the Forte Tiburtino and the Autostrada A24. It opened on 8 December 1990. It was originally to have been known as Feronia, after the street of that name not far from where the station was to be sited, while the name of Pietralata was supposed to be assigned to the Quintiliani station. Just a few months before the station opened to the public, it was decided to give it the present name.

text:
# Pietralata (Rome Metro)

**Pietralata** is a station on Line B of the Rome Metro. It is located on Via di Pietralata, after which it is named, in the Pietralata quarter, the 21st quarter of Rome, near the Forte Tiburtino and the Autostrada A24.

It opened on 8 December 1990. It was originally to have been known as **Feronia**, after the street of that name not far from where the station was to be sited, while the name of Pietralata was supposed to be assigned to the Quintiliani station. Just a few months before the station opened to the public, it was decided to give it the present name.

Media related to Metropolitana di Roma linea B - Pietralata at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pietralata | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 41°54′53″N 12°33′18″E / 41.91472°N 12.55500°E / 41.91472; 12.55500 |
| Owned by | ATAC |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 December 1990 (1990-12-08) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Rome Metro Following station  Monti Tiburtinitowards Laurentina  Line B  Santa Maria del Soccorsotowards Rebibbia | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location   Click on the map to see marker | |


title: Vacancy tax

abstract: A vacancy tax is a type of excise, or use tax, on properties, either commercial or residential, that are unoccupied or vacant, for a specified amount of time. Jurisdictions may choose to implement vacancy taxes as a means to incentivize property usage, increase housing supply in areas with high residential vacancy rates, disincentivize real estate speculation, and to incentivize landlords to lower rents sufficiently to fill empty commercial or residential properties. Depending on the jurisdiction and specific implementation, these taxes may apply to any combination of seasonal “vacation” homes, empty investment properties, unoccupied rental units, or commercial properties.

text:
# Vacancy tax

A **vacancy tax** is a type of excise, or use tax, on properties, either commercial or residential, that are unoccupied or vacant, for a specified amount of time.

Jurisdictions may choose to implement vacancy taxes as a means to incentivize property usage, increase housing supply in areas with high residential vacancy rates, disincentivize real estate speculation, and to incentivize landlords to lower rents sufficiently to fill empty commercial or residential properties.

Depending on the jurisdiction and specific implementation, these taxes may apply to any combination of seasonal “vacation” homes, empty investment properties, unoccupied rental units, or commercial properties.

## United States

Vacancy taxes, or their functional equivalents, have existed in the United States since at least 1982.

### Utah

Utah has had a functional vacancy tax since 1982. The state exempts 45% of a property's taxable value, applicable only to residential properties “used as a primary residence for 183 or more consecutive calendar days during the calendar year.”

### Washington D.C.

Washington, D.C. assesses an annual tax of 5-10% of property values on vacant or blighted properties since 2010.

### Oakland, CA

The City of Oakland, California assesses an annual tax of $3,000 to $6,000 on vacant property. A property is considered “vacant” if it is “in use less than fifty (50) days in a calendar year,” and not subject to any of ten (10) exemptions. Oakland's vacancy tax, Measure W, was passed in 2018 with 70% voter approval. Oakland's of vacant parcels declined 3% after the taxes first year.

### Berkeley, CA

The City of Berkeley, California assesses an annual tax of $3000-$6000 on residential units occupied less than 183 days per year. Berkeley's vacancy tax, Measure M, was passed in 2018 with 65% voter approval.

### San Francisco, CA

The City of San Francisco, California assesses vacancy taxes on both vacant commercial and residential properties.

San Francisco's Commercial Vacancy Tax (CVT) is a tax on keeping certain commercial spaces vacant for more than 182 days in a calendar year. It is assessed at $250-$1000 per linear foot of frontage, and was passed as Proposition D passed in March 2020, with 70% voter approval.

Sam Francisco's Empty Homes Tax (EHT) is a tax on residential units not occupied more than 182 days per year, assessed annually on a sliding scale from $2500 - $5000 depending on square footage, for 2024, increasing to $10,000 - $20,000 by 2026, and scaleing with inflation. It was passed by citizen’s ballot initiative, Measure M, with 54% voter approval in 2022.

## Canada

### Vancouver, BC

The city of Vancouver passed a Vacancy Tax known as the Empty Homes Tax (“EHT”) in 2017, initially at a rate of 1% of assessed value. This was increased to 1.25% in 2020, and then to the 3% in 2021.

The stated purpose was “to address the housing affordability and availability challenges and to increase the supply of rental housing in Vancouver.” The 2023 EHT annual report stated that, as a result of the tax measure, “the number of vacant properties decreased by 54%.”

## France

A vacancy tax called “taxe sur les logements vacants” (TLV) is assessed on residential units that are empty of furnishings. A separate tax “taxe d’habitation" (TH) is also assessed on non-empty residential units at higher rates wealthy owners, and for non-primary (e.g., vacation) residences.

## Ireland

Ireland assess Vacant Homes Tax (VHT) equal to 3x the property tax bill on homes occupied fewer than 30 days per year.


title: Waheed Karim

abstract: Waheed Karim is an Afghan former long-distance runner who is recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations as holding the Afghan national record in the marathon and the 5,000 meters. On December 2, 1990 at the California International Marathon in Sacramento, California, Waheed covered the marathon distance in 2:28:46 and finished in 22nd place. Three months later on March 2, 1991 in San Diego, California, he ran the 5,000 in 16:04.7.

text:
# Waheed Karim

**Waheed Karim** (born c. 1965) is an Afghan former long-distance runner who is recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations as holding the Afghan national record in the marathon and the 5,000 meters.

On December 2, 1990 at the California International Marathon in Sacramento, California, Waheed covered the marathon distance in 2:28:46 and finished in 22nd place. Three months later on March 2, 1991 in San Diego, California, he ran the 5,000 in 16:04.7.


title: Rymour Club

abstract: The Rymour Club was founded at a meeting in Elder’s Hotel, Edinburgh on 8 May 1903. Over the next thirty years they would also meet at Mowbury House and the Outlook Tower, but their best known association is with John Knox’s House in the High Street and the Club‘s librarian, William J Hay – who was the curator for the House for over forty years – published several volumes of their Miscellanea and Transactions from there between 1906 and 1928. The object of the Club was to collect, preserve and study traditional Scottish folk song, rhymes and popular lore. They took their name from Thomas Rymour, or Thomas the Rhymer, or Thomas of Erceldoune – the thirteenth-century Scottish seer who was reputed captured by the Queen of Elfland. This tale is related in the well-known Child ballad Thomas the Rhymer. A history of Thomas Rymour by John Geddie – the journalist and ballad scholar – was written for and published by the Club and he also features in the frontispiece for the Club’s publications drawn by William Home, the first president of the Club and a noted artist, best known for his Old Houses in Edinburgh. The Club’s members included noted folk song scholars such as Robert Ford, John Fairlie and Alexander Keith and, most notably, Gavin Greig and the Reverend J B Duncan who, together, amassed the largest volume of folk songs ever collected in Scotland. George Gardiner, born in Perthshire, but best known for his collection of songs from Hampshire was also a member, as were writers such as David Rorie, W S Crockett, and Lauchlan MacLean Watt, the bookseller James Hay Thin, and the popular entertainer Sir Harry Lauder, who became the first lifetime member, at the cost of five pounds.

text:
# Rymour Club

The **Rymour Club** was founded at a meeting in Elder’s Hotel, Edinburgh on 8 May 1903. Over the next thirty years they would also meet at Mowbury House and the Outlook Tower, but their best known association is with John Knox’s House in the High Street (now the Scottish Storytelling Centre) and the Club‘s librarian, William J Hay – who was the curator for the House for over forty years – published several volumes of their Miscellanea and Transactions from there between 1906 and 1928.

The object of the Club was to collect, preserve and study traditional Scottish folk song, rhymes and popular lore. They took their name from Thomas Rymour, or Thomas the Rhymer, or Thomas of Erceldoune – the thirteenth-century Scottish seer who was reputed captured by the Queen of Elfland. This tale is related in the well-known Child ballad *Thomas the Rhymer* (Child 37).

A history of Thomas Rymour by John Geddie – the journalist and ballad scholar – was written for and published by the Club and he also features in the frontispiece for the Club’s publications drawn by William Home, the first president of the Club and a noted artist, best known for his *Old Houses in Edinburgh*.

The Club’s members included noted folk song scholars such as Robert Ford, John Fairlie and Alexander Keith and, most notably, Gavin Greig and the Reverend J B Duncan who, together, amassed the largest volume of folk songs ever collected in Scotland (from Aberdeenshire and the North-East). George Gardiner, born in Perthshire, but best known for his collection of songs from Hampshire was also a member, as were writers such as David Rorie, W S Crockett, and Lauchlan MacLean Watt, the bookseller James Hay Thin, and the popular entertainer Sir Harry Lauder, who became the first lifetime member, at the cost of five pounds.

* Rymour Club, *Miscellanea*: 1906-1911, published by William J Hay, John Knox’s House, Edinburgh, 1911.
* Rymour Club, *Miscellanea*: 1912-1919, published by William J Hay, John Knox’s House, Edinburgh, 1919.
* Rymour Club, *Transactions*: 1920-1928: published from the Outlook Tower, 1928


title: Hârn

abstract: Hârn is a campaign setting for fantasy role-playing games, designed by N. Robin Crossby, and published by Columbia Games in 1983. In 1998 Crossby founded Kelestia Productions (KP), an electronic publishing e-company. KP and CGI now independently produce printed and online materials for use with Hârn-based role-playing campaigns and fiction. The role-playing game, HârnMaster, was developed specifically for use with Hârn. It enables players, gamemasters, and writers to develop character descriptions that exploit the deep level of detail found in Hârn.

text:
# Hârn

**Hârn** is a campaign setting for fantasy role-playing games, designed by N. Robin Crossby, and published by Columbia Games in 1983.

In 1998 Crossby founded Kelestia Productions (KP), an electronic publishing e-company. KP and CGI now independently produce printed and online materials for use with Hârn-based role-playing campaigns and fiction.

The role-playing game, *HârnMaster,* was developed specifically for use with Hârn. It enables players, gamemasters, and writers to develop character descriptions that exploit the deep level of detail found in Hârn.

## History

The campaign world of Hârn was first described in the set *Hârn* (1983) from Columbia Games, which presented a folio with a general overview, with background, history, and religion of the island of Hârn along with the small Hârndex encyclopaedia, and a map of Hârn drawn by N. Robin Crossby. Shannon Appelcline described that "Hârn was broadly based on Norman England, with some fantasy elements appearing through dwarves, elves and orcs. It was low magic and \[...\] tried to create a genuinely real setting, based on careful research and consideration."

## Setting

Hârn is an island off the western coast of the region of **Venârivè** (the northwestern part of the continent of **Lýthia**) on the planet **Kèthîra**, but as Hârn has traditionally been the focus of the setting, many people refer to the world as Hârn or HârnWorld. Hârn is notable for several reasons:

* It has no 'evil' versus 'good' aspect that dominates many other FRPGs.
* It has a high level of detail and internal consistency. A large number of individual cities, fortifications, towns, manors and adventure locations have been described down to the names of the peasant families residing there. In its immense detail it rivals other game worlds known for their depth, such as Tekumel.
* It is also notable for its high level of realism and a concomitant low level of magic. Its societies are, for the most part, modeled closely on Earth during the Middle Ages (specifically, that of Norman Britain). Nonetheless, it has many of the standard trappings of fantasy, such as elves, dwarves, orcs, wizards, etc. Many of these have a unique Hârnic spin.
* The written history and events of Hârn are current up to a specific point in time (midnight on the first day of the year 720), and there is no intention of "advancing" the official timeline beyond this point. The individual game masters control the history and events that occur after this point. Thus, all Hârn games are unique but spring from a common starting point.

The island of Hârn has seven human kingdoms and two kingdoms ruled by other species. In alphabetical order, these are:

* **Azadmere** is the home of the *Khuzdul*, the Hârnic dwarves.
* **Chybisa** is viewed as a struggling independent monarchy or a breakaway county of Kaldor.
* **Evael** is located along the southern coast and is the forest home of the reclusive *Sindarian*, the Hârnic elves.
* **Kaldor** is a feudal kingdom with a weak king. Located at the hub of four trade routes, it is a power in the east. It is perhaps the most detailed of all of the kingdoms.
* **Kanday** is a stolid, chivalric kingdom situated in the western part of the island of Hârn.
* **Melderyn** is the most ancient kingdom on Hârn, reputedly founded by wizards. It is located in the southeastern part of the island and claims a monopoly on trade with the Lythian continent.
* The northern land of **Orbaal** was once a collection of peaceful princedoms inhabited by the Jarin people (analogues of the British Celts) until it was conquered by the Ivinians (analogous to the Vikings). Now the Jarin are brutally suppressed, but some plot rebellion.
* **Rethem** is widely viewed as the "evil kingdom" but this is because its rulers value might and merit over birth and privilege (or, possibly, because its largest town was the base for a crusade by the church of the death-god Morgath). It is a kingdom born of war and beset by enemies on all sides.
* **Tharda** rose from the ashes of the former Corani Empire (as did Kanday and Rethem) and is the island's only non-monarchist state; its patron-client social structure is superficially similar to that of Roman Republic. Petty corruption and patronage are rife. The Republic is very ambitious in its territorial claims.

The island is also home to over a dozen human "barbarian" tribal nations and many bands of Hârnic orcs, known as *gârgún*.

The planet Kèthîra, on which Hârn is situated, is one of seven linked parallel worlds collectively known as **Keléstia**. Among the other worlds in the family are Terra (or Earth); Yàsháin, a high-magic world which is the afterlife of Kèthîra; Midgaad, a parallel of Tolkien's Middle-earth; and the Blessed Realm, a parallel of the land of the same name in Tolkien's works. It is suggested that the ancestors of Kèthîra's elves and dwarves came from Midgaad to Kèthîra; in the case of the elves this is a stopping off point on a longer journey to the Blessed Realm. Kèthîra's Sinái retain the custom of building swan-shaped ships in which they sail to the Blessed Realm when they weary of their time on Hârn (in this case sailing through a periodically appearing interworld portal known as the *Nimeliant* off Hârn's northeastern coast).

In addition to the island of Hârn itself, products have been released covering the nearby regions of **Shôrkýnè** (a large feudal kingdom with a weak king) and **Ivínia** (an analogue of Scandinavia complete with fjords, Vikings, and a religion similar to that of the old Norse).

Other products have been released detailing the island kingdom of **Chélemby**, a mixed-Ivínian trading state (an analogue of the medieval Scandinavian trading state of Visby). A product detailing the nearby Hârbáaler kingdom of **Lédenheim** is also available.

Most recently, a product has been released which details the whole sub-continental region of **Venârivè** (an area roughly equivalent to Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Middle-East). This product provides the basis for adventuring and exploration beyond the island of Hârn, and puts the island and its cultures in their wider context.

## Reception

In the September 1983 edition of *Dragon* (Issue 77), Roger Moore liked the Hârn game system. He admired the map, which he called, "beautiful. If you are a fan of fantasy cartography, the map makes a wonderful addition to one’s collection, having lots of legible detail and a well worked out ecological system and geography." Moore was also quite impressed with the booklet called the *Harndex* that listed all sorts of interesting information on people and places. He noted some similarities to the work of J.R.R. Tolkien, but pointed out that gamemasters could easily expunge that material if they wished. He concluded by recommending the Hârn game system to "experienced referees who don’t mind using a largely prefabricated universe with a few minor alterations to suit their own campaign tastes... State of the art? It could be better, but it is very good."

Three years later, in the March 1986 edition of *Dragon* (Issue 107), Eric Pass reviewed some of the supplementary material that had been published, namely the *Cities of* Hârn supplement, *Encyclopedia Harnica #1-#13* and the regional module *Ivinia*. Pass liked all of them, saying, "All of these products are richly detailed and fully consistent. The only complaint I with this material is the \[high\] prices." He concluded that "This material is a savior for the hard-pressed GM whose players expect and demand detailed playing environments and backgrounds. All of the supplements contain well-constructed, consistent, interesting information that will take hours to absorb. Keep a notebook by your side as you read, because you’ll get all sorts of ideas for play."

Ten years later, in the May 1996 edition of *Dragon* (Issue 229), Rick Swan reviewed the rereleased and revised *Harn World* boxed set. Swan admitted that it "emphasizes culture and economics at the expense of magic and monsters, making it less appealing to hack ’n’slashers than to veterans who take their games seriously." He also conceded that the rules system was very complex: "Unwieldy? Perhaps. To call *Harn World* ambitious is like calling the Grand Canyon a large hole." But Swan recommended the *Harn World* system to experienced players, saying, "If you’ve outgrown dungeon crawls, you might be ready to jump in."

In his 2023 book *Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground*, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, "All of this material is methodical and internally consistent. Nothing else in the mid '80s, and a good deal after, right up to now, comes close to providing the amount of detail in *Hârn*. Depth and breadth. There are like a million *Forgotten Realms* books, and it is still no contest."

## Community

Columbia published most of the canon material about Hârn in the early 1980s; at that point (around the time the first edition of the Harnmaster rules was published) the interval between new products lengthened and some scheduled products were never completed (such as the Trierzon and Azeryan regional modules). The setting was sustained throughout the 1990s and early 2000s by fan-created material, popularly called "fanon." The high quality and consistency of the fanon products, as well as the interactivity of message fora such as HarnList and HârnForum have kept the setting alive.

Hârnic fanon, although independently written, is notable for its goal of staying consistent with the hundreds of pages of canon material spread over more than twenty years of publication. In many instances high quality art was produced and professional grade layout and design was done to make the material look similar to products produced by the publishers. There are points of confusion regarding the sanctioning and format of fanon. Both CGI and Kelestia have different fanon guidelines.

## System


title: One Finger and a Fist

abstract: "One Finger and a Fist" is a song by American rock band Drowning Pool and the second single from the album Resilience. Being one of the first tracks with Jasen Moreno on lead vocals, the song was featured on WWE's Slammy Awards and offered as a free download in December 2012. A lyric video was created for the song in January 2013 with an official video premiered in February 2013.

text:
# One Finger and a Fist

"**One Finger and a Fist**" is a song by American rock band Drowning Pool and the second single from the album *Resilience*. Being one of the first tracks with Jasen Moreno on lead vocals, the song was featured on WWE's Slammy Awards and offered as a free download in December 2012. A lyric video was created for the song in January 2013 with an official video premiered in February 2013.

## Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 29 |

## InfoBox

| "One Finger and a Fist" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Drowning Pool | |
| from the album  *Resilience* | |
| Released | January 29, 2013 |
| Genre | Alternative metal |
| Length | 3:06 |
| Label | Eleven Seven |
| Songwriter(s) | * Stevie Benton * Mike Luce * Jasen Moreno * C.J. Pierce |
| Drowning Pool singles chronology | |
| "Saturday Night"
(2012) "**One Finger and a Fist**"
(2013) "By the Blood"
(2015) | |


title: India Board

abstract: The Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858. By virtue of the East India Company Act 1784, Privy Counsellors, not exceeding six in number, were appointed by commission issued under the Great Seal of Great Britain to be "Commissioners for the Affairs of India". The commissioners were to include a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. At least three of the commissioners were to form the board, which exercised powers under the act. The board was supported by the Secretary to the Board of Control. It was abolished by the Government of India Act 1858 and replaced by the India Office.

text:
# India Board

The **Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India** (commonly known as the **India Board** or the **Board of Control**) was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858. By virtue of the East India Company Act 1784 ( also known as **Pitt's India Act )**, Privy Counsellors, not exceeding six in number, were appointed by commission issued under the Great Seal of Great Britain to be "Commissioners for the Affairs of India". The commissioners were to include a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. At least three of the commissioners were to form the board, which exercised powers under the act. The board was supported by the Secretary to the Board of Control.

It was abolished by the Government of India Act 1858 and replaced by the India Office.

## Presidents


title: Hypospila trimacula

abstract: Hypospila trimacula is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Hypospila trimacula

***Hypospila trimacula*** is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Hypospila trimacula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Hypospila* |
| Species: | ***H. trimacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypospila trimacula***<br>Saalmüller, 1891 | |
|


title: Hazen, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania

abstract: Hazen is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Hazen, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania

**Hazen** is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

## History

Hazen was originally called Maysville, and named for John Mayes, the owner of a local store. The present name of Hazen was adopted when the post office was established. A post office opened at Hazen in 1882, and was operated until it was discontinued in 1982.

41°12′27″N 78°58′13″W / 41.20760°N 78.97036°W / 41.20760; -78.97036


title: USS Melucta

abstract: USS Melucta (AK-131) was a Crater-class cargo ship, converted from a Liberty Ship, commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II. She was first named after Thomas A. McGinley, the president of the Duff-Norton Manufacturing Co., and inventor of an improved high-speed screw jack and lifting machinery. She was renamed and commissioned after Melucta, a star in the constellation Gemini. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.

text:
# USS Melucta

**USS *Melucta* (AK-131)** was a *Crater*-class cargo ship, converted from a Liberty Ship, commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II. She was first named after Thomas A. McGinley, the president of the Duff-Norton Manufacturing Co., and inventor of an improved high-speed screw jack and lifting machinery. She was renamed and commissioned after Melucta, a star in the constellation Gemini. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.

## Construction

*Thomas A. McGinley* was laid down on 21 January 1944, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2470, by the St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company, Jacksonville, Florida; she was sponsored by Mrs. Thomas A. McGinley, the widow of the namesake, and launched 20 March 1944. She was acquired by the US Navy as *Melucta* from WSA under bareboat charter 31 March 1944; converted from a freighter by Gibbs Gas Engine Co., Jacksonville; and commissioned 22 July 1944.

## Service history

Following shakedown off Norfolk, Virginia, *Melucta*, was assigned to Naval Transportation Service, 17 August, for cargo carrying duties along the U.S. East Coast into the fall. By 10 November, she was en route to the Marshalls, towing USS *Cinnabar* (IX-163) to Pearl Harbor, before continuing on to Ebon Atoll.

The cargo ship operated in the South Pacific Ocean for the next year. *Melucta* steamed to San Francisco, California, in May 1945, for repairs and reloading, departing the first week of June. In mid October she got underway for the U.S. East Coast via the Panama Canal Zone, arriving Norfolk, Virginia, 28 November.

## Decommissioning

*Melucta* was decommissioned there 13 December, and was delivered to War Shipping Administration 5 days later. Her name reverted to *Thomas A. McGinley*, and she entered the James River Reserve Fleet, in Lee Hall, Virginia. She was struck from the Navy List 3 January 1946. She was sold for scrapping to Revalorizacion de Materiales, SA, on 24 March 1970, for $106,500. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 20 July 1970.

## Military awards and honors

No battle stars are indicated for *Melucta* in current Navy accounts. However, her crew was eligible for the following medals:

* American Campaign Medal
* Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
* World War II Victory Medal

## Bibliography

* "St. John's River Shipbuilding, Jacksonville FL". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
* Maritime Administration. "Thomas A. McGinley". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
* "USS Melucta (AK-131)". Navsource.org. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
* "Melucta". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History and Heritage Command. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "SS *Thomas A. McGinley*". Retrieved 20 January 2020.

## InfoBox

| USS *Melucta* (AK-131) underway, 2 August 1944, off Jacksonville, Florida. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Thomas A. McGinley* |
| Namesake | Thomas A. McGinley |
| Owner | War Shipping Administration (WSA) |
| Ordered | as a type (EC2-S-C1) hull, MC hull 2470 |
| Awarded | 23 April 1943 |
| Builder | St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company, Jacksonville, Florida |
| Cost | $1,156,379 |
| Yard number | 34 |
| Way number | 4 |
| Laid down | 21 January 1944 |
| Launched | 20 March 1944 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. McGinley |
| Completed | 31 March 1944 |
| Fate | Transferred to US Navy, 31 March 1944 |
| United States | |
| Name | *Melucta* |
| Namesake | The star Melucta |
| Acquired | 31 March 1944 |
| Commissioned | 22 July 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 13 December 1945 |
| Stricken | 3 January 1946 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 24 March 1970, removed from fleet, 20 July 1970 |
| Notes | Name reverted to *Thomas A. McGinley* when laid up in Reserve Fleet |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Crater*-class cargo ship |
| Displacement | * 4,023 long tons (4,088 t) (standard) * 14,550 long tons (14,780 t) (full load) |
| Length | 441 ft 6 in (134.57 m) |
| Beam | 56 ft 11 in (17.35 m) |
| Draft | 28 ft 4 in (8.64 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12.5 kn (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) |
| Capacity | * 7,800 t (7,700 long tons) DWT * 444,206 cu ft (12,578.5 m3) (non-refrigerated) |
| Complement | 213 |
| Armament |  |


title: Valentine Baker

abstract: Valentine Baker, was a British soldier, and a younger brother of Sir Samuel Baker.

text:
# Valentine Baker

**Valentine Baker** (also known as **Baker Pasha**) (1 April 1827 – 17 November 1887), was a British soldier, and a younger brother of Sir Samuel Baker.

## Biography

Baker was educated in Gloucester and in Ceylon, and in 1848 entered the Ceylon Rifles as an ensign. He soon transferred to the 12th Lancers, and saw active service with that regiment in the 8th Cape Frontier War of 1852–1853. In the Crimean War, Baker was present at the Battle of Chernaya River and at the fall of Sevastopol, and in 1859 he became major in the 10th Hussars, succeeding only a year later to the command. This position he held for 13 years, during which period the highest efficiency of his men was reached, and outside the regiment he did good service to his arm by his writings.

He went through the wars of 1866 and 1870 as a spectator with the German armies, and in 1873 he started upon a famous journey through Khorasan with his friend Fred Burnaby. Although he was unable to reach the Khanate of Khiva the results of the journey afforded a great deal of political, geographical and military information, especially as to the advance of Russia in Central Asia.

In 1874, he was back in England and took up a staff appointment at Aldershot.

The following year, Baker's career in the British army was ended by a scandal. He was arrested on a charge of indecent assault upon a young woman in a railway carriage. The woman, Rebecca Kate Dickinson, ended up clinging to the outside of the carriage to escape him. The matter went to trial and there was much public interest. Baker offered no defence, and was sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £500. He was then dismissed from the service.

Two years later, having left England, he entered the service of the Ottoman Army in the war with Russia. At first in a high position in the Ottoman Gendarmerie he was soon transferred to Mehmed Ali Pasha's staff, and thence took command of a division of infantry. With this division, Baker sustained the rearguard action of Tashkessen against the troops of Gourko. Promoted Ferik (lieutenant-general) for this feat, he continued to command Suleiman's rearguard. After the peace he was employed in an administrative post in Armenia, where he remained until 1882. In this year he was offered the command of the newly formed Egyptian Army, which he accepted. On his arrival at Cairo, however, the offer was withdrawn and he obtained command only of the Egyptian police. In this post he devoted by far the greater amount of his energy to the training of the gendarmerie, which he realised would be the reserve of the purely military forces.

When the war in Sudan broke out, Baker, hastening with 3500 men to relieve Tokar, encountered the enemy under Osman Digna at El Teb. His men becoming panic-stricken at the first rush were slaughtered. Baker himself with a few of his officers succeeded by hard fighting in cutting a way out, but his force was annihilated. British troops soon afterwards arrived at Suakin, and Sir Gerald Graham took the offensive. Baker Pasha accompanied the British force, guiding it on its march to the scene of his defeat, and at the desperately fought second battle of El Teb he was wounded.

He remained in command of the Egyptian police until his death in 1887.

## Works

Among the books he wrote are *Our National Defences* (1860), *War in Bulgaria, a Narrative of Personal Experience* (London, 1879), *Clouds in the East* (London, 1876).

## Family

He married, on 13 December 1865, Fanny, only child of Frank Wormald of Potterton Hall, Aberford, by which marriage there were two daughters, the younger of whom only survived her father and married Sir John Carden, bart.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Valentine Baker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Birth name | Valentine Baker |
| Nickname(s) | Baker Pasha |
| Born | 1 April 1827
Enfield, United Kingdom |
| Died | 17 November 1887 (aged 60)
Tall al Kabir, Khedivate of Egypt |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom
Khedivate of Egypt |
| Service/branch | British Army
Egyptian Army |
| Years of service | 1848–1875; 1877–1887 |
| Rank | Major
Ferik |
| Unit | Ceylon Rifle Regiment
12th Lancers
10th Hussars |
| Commands | 10th Hussars
Egyptian police |
| Battles/wars | 8th Cape Frontier War
Crimean War
Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
Mahdist War |
| Relations | Sir Samuel Baker |


title: Wakefulness

abstract: Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world. Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

text:
# Wakefulness

**Wakefulness** is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

## Effects upon the brain

The longer the brain has been awake, the greater the synchronous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons. After sustained periods of sleep, both the speed and synchronicity of the neurons firing are shown to decrease.

Another effect of wakefulness is the reduction of glycogen held in the astrocytes, which supply energy to the neurons. Studies have shown that one of sleep's underlying functions is to replenish this glycogen energy source.

## Maintenance by the brain

Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the brainstem and ascending through the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal forebrain. The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness. Histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain. Another key system is that provided by the orexins (also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal. Orexin deficiency has been identified as responsible for narcolepsy.

Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical EEG.

It has been suggested the fetus is not awake, with wakefulness occurring in the newborn due to the stress of being born and the associated activation of the locus coeruleus.

The dictionary definition of *wakefulness* at Wiktionary


title: Ryn, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Ryn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sompolno, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Ryn, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Ryn** \[rɨn\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sompolno, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Ryn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ryn | |
| Coordinates: 52°24′58″N 18°35′02″E / 52.41611°N 18.58389°E / 52.41611; 18.58389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Konin |
| Gmina | Sompolno |


title: Nº3

abstract:
Nº3 is the third studio album by alternative rock band Dot Hacker. The album was released on January 20, 2017 on ORG Music label.
The album cover art was created by Josh Klinghoffer although it was not originally designed for this purpose.

text:
# Nº3

***Nº3*** is the third studio album by alternative rock band Dot Hacker. The album was released on January 20, 2017 on ORG Music label. The album cover art was created by Josh Klinghoffer although it was not originally designed for this purpose.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Dot Hacker

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "C Section" | 6:39 |
| 2. | "We're Going Where" | 6:05 |
| 3. | "Mindwalk" | 4:49 |
| 4. | "Cassandra" | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Apt Mess" | 5:14 |
| 6. | "Found Lost" | 5:14 |
| 7. | "Forgot to Smile" | 5:10 |
| 8. | "Beseech" | 4:30 |
| 9. | "Minds Dying" | 3:51 |
| Total length: | | 45:33 |

## Personnel

**Dot Hacker**

## InfoBox

| Nº3 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dot Hacker | |
| Released | January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20) |
| Recorded | 2015 at Palmquist Studios in Los Angeles, California, Rancho de la Luna, Joshua Tree, California |
| Genre | Experimental rock, alternative rock |
| Length | 45:33 |
| Label | ORG Music, Smack Face Records |
| Producer | Dot Hacker |
| Dot Hacker chronology | |
| *How's Your Process? (Play)*
(2014) ***Nº3***
(2017) | |