title: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

abstract: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers preclinical and clinical studies on the regulatory effects of various agents on immunocompetent cells, as well as the immunotoxicity exerted by xenobiotics and drugs. Hence, the journal encompasses a broad range of pathologies. It is published by Informa.

text:
# Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

***Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers preclinical and clinical studies on the regulatory effects of various agents on immunocompetent cells, as well as the immunotoxicity exerted by xenobiotics and drugs. Hence, the journal encompasses a broad range of pathologies (e.g. acute and chronic infections, allergy, autoimmunity, cancer, degenerative disorders, inflammation, and primary and secondary immunodeficiencies). It is published by Informa.

## Editor-in-chief

The editor-in-chief of *Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology* is Anders Elm Pedersen, University of Copenhagen, Danmark.

## Impact factor

According to the *Journal Citation Reports* it received in 2014 an impact factor of 1.203, ranking it 133rd out of 148 journals in the category "Immunology", ranking it 204th out of 254 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy" and ranking it 73rd out of 87 journals in the category "Toxicology".

## InfoBox

*Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Immunology, pharmacology, toxicology |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Anders Elm Pedersen |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1978-present |
| Publisher | Informa Pharmaceutical Science (United Kingdom) |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 1.203 (2014) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0892-3973 (print)
1532-2513 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Oligogalacturonate-specific porin

abstract: Oligogalacturonate-specific porins (KdgM) are a family of outer bacterial membrane proteins from Dickeya dadantii. The phytopathogenic Gram-negative bacteria D. dadantii secretes pectinases, which are able to degrade the pectic polymers of plant cell walls, and uses the degradation products as a carbon source for growth. Synthesis of KdgM is strongly induced in the presence of pectic derivatives. KdgM behaves like a voltage-dependent porin that is slightly selective for anions and that exhibits fast block in the presence of trigalacturonate. KdgM seems to be monomeric.

text:
# Oligogalacturonate-specific porin

**Oligogalacturonate-specific porins** (**KdgM**) are a family of outer bacterial membrane proteins from *Dickeya dadantii*. The phytopathogenic Gram-negative bacteria *D. dadantii* secretes pectinases, which are able to degrade the pectic polymers of plant cell walls, and uses the degradation products as a carbon source for growth. Synthesis of KdgM is strongly induced in the presence of pectic derivatives. KdgM behaves like a voltage-dependent porin that is slightly selective for anions and that exhibits fast block in the presence of trigalacturonate. KdgM seems to be monomeric.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR009331

## InfoBox

| KdgM | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | KdgM |
| Pfam | PF06178 |
| Pfam clan | CL0193 |
| InterPro | IPR009331 |
| TCDB | 1.B.35 |
| OPM superfamily | 206 |
| OPM protein | 2wjr |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Hydrostatics

abstract: Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body". It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at rest. Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing, transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics, to meteorology, to medicine, and many other fields. Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of still water is always level according to the curvature of the earth.

text:
# Hydrostatics

**Fluid statics** or **hydrostatics** is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body".

It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at rest.

Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing, transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics (for example, in understanding plate tectonics and the anomalies of the Earth's gravitational field), to meteorology, to medicine (in the context of blood pressure), and many other fields.

Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of still water is always level according to the curvature of the earth.

## History

Some principles of hydrostatics have been known in an empirical and intuitive sense since antiquity, by the builders of boats, cisterns, aqueducts and fountains. Archimedes is credited with the discovery of Archimedes' Principle, which relates the buoyancy force on an object that is submerged in a fluid to the weight of fluid displaced by the object. The Roman engineer Vitruvius warned readers about lead pipes bursting under hydrostatic pressure.

The concept of pressure and the way it is transmitted by fluids was formulated by the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1647.

### Hydrostatics in ancient Greece and Rome

#### Pythagorean Cup

The "fair cup" or Pythagorean cup, which dates from about the 6th century BC, is a hydraulic technology whose invention is credited to the Greek mathematician and geometer Pythagoras. It was used as a learning tool.

The cup consists of a line carved into the interior of the cup, and a small vertical pipe in the center of the cup that leads to the bottom. The height of this pipe is the same as the line carved into the interior of the cup. The cup may be filled to the line without any fluid passing into the pipe in the center of the cup. However, when the amount of fluid exceeds this fill line, fluid will overflow into the pipe in the center of the cup. Due to the drag that molecules exert on one another, the cup will be emptied.

#### Heron's fountain

Heron's fountain is a device invented by Heron of Alexandria that consists of a jet of fluid being fed by a reservoir of fluid. The fountain is constructed in such a way that the height of the jet exceeds the height of the fluid in the reservoir, apparently in violation of principles of hydrostatic pressure. The device consisted of an opening and two containers arranged one above the other. The intermediate pot, which was sealed, was filled with fluid, and several cannula (a small tube for transferring fluid between vessels) connecting the various vessels. Trapped air inside the vessels induces a jet of water out of a nozzle, emptying all water from the intermediate reservoir.

### Pascal's contribution in hydrostatics

Pascal made contributions to developments in both hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. Pascal's Law is a fundamental principle of fluid mechanics that states that any pressure applied to the surface of a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the fluid in all directions, in such a way that initial variations in pressure are not changed.

## Pressure in fluids at rest

Due to the fundamental nature of fluids, a fluid cannot remain at rest under the presence of a shear stress. However, fluids can exert pressure normal to any contacting surface. If a point in the fluid is thought of as an infinitesimally small cube, then it follows from the principles of equilibrium that the pressure on every side of this unit of fluid must be equal. If this were not the case, the fluid would move in the direction of the resulting force. Thus, the pressure on a fluid at rest is isotropic; i.e., it acts with equal magnitude in all directions. This characteristic allows fluids to transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes; i.e., a force applied to a fluid in a pipe is transmitted, via the fluid, to the other end of the pipe. This principle was first formulated, in a slightly extended form, by Blaise Pascal, and is now called Pascal's law.

### Hydrostatic pressure

In a fluid at rest, all frictional and inertial stresses vanish and the state of stress of the system is called *hydrostatic*. When this condition of *V* = 0 is applied to the Navier–Stokes equations for viscous fluids or Euler equations (fluid dynamics) for ideal inviscid fluid, the gradient of pressure becomes a function of body forces only. The Navier-Stokes momentum equations are:

**Navier–Stokes momentum equation** (*convective form*)

$\rho {\frac {\mathrm {D} \mathbf {u} }{\mathrm {D} t}=-\nabla \[p-\zeta (\nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} )\]+\nabla \cdot \left\\{\mu \left\[\nabla \mathbf {u} +(\nabla \mathbf {u} )^{\mathrm {T} }-{\tfrac {2}{3}(\nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} )\mathbf {I} \right\]\right\\}+\rho \mathbf {g} .}}$

By setting the flow velocity $\mathbf {u} =\mathbf {0} $, they become simply:

$\mathbf {0} =-\nabla p+\rho \mathbf {g} $

or:

$\nabla p=\rho \mathbf {g} $

This is the general form of Stevin's law: the pressure gradient equals the body force force density field.

Let us now consider two particular cases of this law. In case of a conservative body force with scalar potential $\phi $:

$\rho \mathbf {g} =-\nabla \phi $

the Stevin equation becomes: $\nabla p=-\nabla \phi $

That can be integrated to give:

$\Delta p=-\Delta \phi $

So in this case the pressure difference is the opposite of the difference of the scalar potential associated to the body force. In the other particular case of a body force of constant direction along z:

$\mathbf {g} =-g(x,y,z){\vec {k}}$

the generalised Stevin's law above becomes:

$\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}=-\rho (x,y,z)g(x,y,z)$

That can be integrated to give another (less-) generalised Stevin's law:

$p(x,y,z)-p\_{0}(x,y)=-\int \_{0}^{z}\rho (x,y,z')g(x,y,z')dz'$

where:

* p is the hydrostatic pressure (Pa),
* ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3),
* g is gravitational acceleration (m/s2),
* z is the height (parallel to the direction of gravity) of the test area (m),
* 0 is the height of the zero reference point of the pressure (m)
* p\_0 is the hydrostatic pressure field (Pa) along x and y at the zero reference point

For water and other liquids, this integral can be simplified significantly for many practical applications, based on the following two assumptions. Since many liquids can be considered incompressible, a reasonable good estimation can be made from assuming a constant density throughout the liquid. The same assumption cannot be made within a gaseous environment. Also, since the height $\Delta z$ of the fluid column between z and *z*0 is often reasonably small compared to the radius of the Earth, one can neglect the variation of . Under these circumstances, one can transport out of the integral the density and the gravity acceleration and the law is simplified into the formula

$$\Delta p(z)=\rho g\Delta z,$$

where $\Delta z$ is the height *z**z*0 of the liquid column between the test volume and the zero reference point of the pressure. This formula is often called Stevin's law. One could arrive to the above formula also by considering the first particular case of the equation for a conservative body force field: in fact the body force field of uniform intensity and direction:

$\rho \mathbf {g} (x,y,z)=-\rho g{\vec {k}}$

is conservative, so one can write the body force density as:

$\rho \mathbf {g} =\nabla (-\rho gz)$

Then the body force density has a simple scalar potential:

$\phi (z)=-\rho gz$

And the pressure difference follows another time the Stevin's law:

$\Delta p=-\Delta \phi =\rho g\Delta z$

The reference point should lie at or below the surface of the liquid. Otherwise, one has to split the integral into two (or more) terms with the constant *ρ*liquid and *ρ*(*z*′)above. For example, the absolute pressure compared to vacuum is

$$p=\rho g\Delta z+p\_{\mathrm {0} },$$

where $\Delta z$ is the total height of the liquid column above the test area to the surface, and *p*0 is the atmospheric pressure, i.e., the pressure calculated from the remaining integral over the air column from the liquid surface to infinity. This can easily be visualized using a pressure prism.

Hydrostatic pressure has been used in the preservation of foods in a process called pascalization.

### Medicine

In medicine, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels is the pressure of the blood against the wall. It is the opposing force to oncotic pressure. In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (also known as capillary blood pressure) is higher than the opposing “colloid osmotic pressure” in blood—a “constant” pressure primarily produced by circulating albumin—at the arteriolar end of the capillary. This pressure forces plasma and nutrients out of the capillaries and into surrounding tissues. Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel.

### Atmospheric pressure

Statistical mechanics shows that, for a pure ideal gas of constant temperature in a gravitational field, *T*, its pressure, *p* will vary with height, *h*, as

$$p(h)=p(0)e^{-{\frac {Mgh}{kT}}}$$

where

This is known as the barometric formula, and may be derived from assuming the pressure is hydrostatic.

If there are multiple types of molecules in the gas, the partial pressure of each type will be given by this equation. Under most conditions, the distribution of each species of gas is independent of the other species.

### Buoyancy

Any body of arbitrary shape which is immersed, partly or fully, in a fluid will experience the action of a net force in the opposite direction of the local pressure gradient. If this pressure gradient arises from gravity, the net force is in the vertical direction opposite that of the gravitational force. This vertical force is termed buoyancy or buoyant force and is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the weight of the displaced fluid. Mathematically,

$$F=\rho gV$$

where ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and V is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface. In the case of a ship, for instance, its weight is balanced by pressure forces from the surrounding water, allowing it to float. If more cargo is loaded onto the ship, it would sink more into the water – displacing more water and thus receive a higher buoyant force to balance the increased weight.

Discovery of the principle of buoyancy is attributed to Archimedes.

### Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces

The horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface are given by the following formula:

$$\begin{aligned}F\_{\mathrm {h} }&=p\_{\mathrm {c} }A\\F\_{\mathrm {v} }&=\rho gV\end{aligned}$$

where

* *p*c is the pressure at the centroid of the vertical projection of the submerged surface
* A is the area of the same vertical projection of the surface
* ρ is the density of the fluid
* g is the acceleration due to gravity
* V is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface

## Liquids (fluids with free surfaces)

Liquids can have free surfaces at which they interface with gases, or with a vacuum. In general, the lack of the ability to sustain a shear stress entails that free surfaces rapidly adjust towards an equilibrium. However, on small length scales, there is an important balancing force from surface tension.

### Capillary action

When liquids are constrained in vessels whose dimensions are small, compared to the relevant length scales, surface tension effects become important leading to the formation of a meniscus through capillary action. This capillary action has profound consequences for biological systems as it is part of one of the two driving mechanisms of the flow of water in plant xylem, the transpirational pull.

### Hanging drops

Without surface tension, drops would not be able to form. The dimensions and stability of drops are determined by surface tension. The drop's surface tension is directly proportional to the cohesion property of the fluid.

* Communicating vessels – Set of internally connected containers containing a homogeneous fluid
* Hydrostatic test – Non-destructive test of pressure vessels
* D-DIA – Apparatus used for high pressure and high temperature deformation experiments

## Further reading

* Batchelor, George K. (1967). *An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66396-2.
* Falkovich, Gregory (2011). *Fluid Mechanics (A short course for physicists)*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00575-4.
* Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M. (2008). *Fluid Mechanics* (4th rev. ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373735-9.
* Currie, I. G. (1974). *Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids*. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015000-1.
* Massey, B.; Ward-Smith, J. (2005). *Mechanics of Fluids* (8th ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-36206-1.
* White, Frank M. (2003). *Fluid Mechanics*. McGraw–Hill. ISBN 0-07-240217-2.


title: Upper Orakzai Tehsil

abstract: Upper Orakzai Tehsil is a subdivision located in Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population is 63,872 according to the 2017 census.

text:
# Upper Orakzai Tehsil

**Upper Orakzai Tehsil** is a subdivision located in Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population is 63,872 according to the 2017 census.

## InfoBox

| Upper Orakzai Tehsil تحصیل اورکزئی بالا<br>پورتنۍ اورکزي تحصیل | |
| --- | --- |
| Tehsil | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Region | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| District | Orakzai District |
| Headquarters | Ghiljo Bazar |
| Government | |
| Nazim | Mohammad Tahir (JUI(F)) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 63,872 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Pig roast

abstract: A pig roast or hog roast is an event or gathering which involves the barbecuing of a whole pig. Pig roasts, under a variety of names, are a common traditional celebration event in many places including the United Kingdom, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba. It is also popular in the United States, especially in the state of Hawaii and in the Southern United States. In Southeast Asia, a pig roast is a staple among the Buddhist, and Christian communities, notably among Catholic Filipinos and Hindu Balinese people, or Buddhist Chinese people.

text:
# Pig roast

A **pig roast** or **hog roast** is an event or gathering which involves the barbecuing of a whole pig. Pig roasts, under a variety of names, are a common traditional celebration event in many places including the United Kingdom, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba. It is also popular in the United States, especially in the state of Hawaii (a luau) and in the Southern United States (pig pickin'). In Southeast Asia, a pig roast is a staple among the Buddhist, and Christian communities, notably among Catholic Filipinos and Hindu Balinese people, or Buddhist Chinese people.

## Traditions

The tradition of the hog roast goes back millennia and is found in many cultures. There are numerous ways to roast pork, including open fire rotisserie style roasting, and "caja china" style box grilling. Many families traditionally have a pig roast for Thanksgiving or Christmas. In Miami and other areas with large Cuban, Puerto Rican, Honduran or other Caribbean populations pig roasts are often held on Christmas Eve by families and friends, whereas families from Hawaii often hold a roast on Memorial Day.

### Indonesia

In Indonesia, roast pig (using both adult or suckling pig) is called *babi guling*, *babi putar*, *babi panggang* or *babi bakar*; it is predominantly found in non-Muslim majority regions, such as Hindu Bali and Christian Batak lands in North Sumatra, the Minahasa people of North Sulawesi, Toraja in South Sulawesi, Papua, and also among Chinese Indonesians. In Bali, *babi guling* is usually served with lawar and steamed rice; it is a popular dish in Balinese restaurants and warungs. In the Batak people's tradition, *babi guling* is a prerequisite in wedding offerings by the bride's family. In Papua, pigs and yams are roasted in heated stones placed in a hole dug in the ground and covered with leaves; this cooking method is called *bakar batu* (burning the stone), and it is an important cultural and social event among Papuan people.

### Philippines

In most regions of the Philippines, whole-roasted pig is known by the Spanish-derived term lechón (usually spelled ***lechon*** without diacritics, but also ***litson*** or ***lichon***). It is traditionally prepared throughout the year for special occasions, festivals, and the holidays. Although it acquired the Spanish name, Philippine lechon has pre-Hispanic origins as pigs are one of the native domesticated animals of all Austronesian cultures and were carried throughout the Austronesian Expansion to Polynesia. It differs from Spanish and Latin American lechón in its ingredients, preparation, and the fact that it uses adult pigs. It is most similar to neighboring native dishes like the Balinese *babi guling* (though differing in the stuffing and spices used). It is considered one of the unofficial national dishes of the Philippines.

The native name of Filipino lechón is *inihaw \[na baboy\]* in Tagalog, a general term meaning "charcoal-roasted/barbecued \[pig\]". Native names were also preserved in other regions until recently, like in Cebu where it was previously more commonly known as *inasal* until Tagalog influence changed it to *lechon* in the 2000s. Roasted suckling pigs are differentiated as "lechon de leche" (which in Spanish would be a linguistic redundancy). The dish that is explicitly derived from the Spanish lechón style of cooking is known as *cochinillo* (from *cochinillo asado*). Unlike native Filipino lechons, *cochinillo* uses a suckling pig that is splayed and roasted in an oven. The term *lechon* has also become generalized as a loanword for anything spit-roasted over coals. It is also used for other Filipino dishes like lechon manok (native roasted chicken) and lechon baka (a whole cow spit-roasted Filipino-style), thus lechon made from whole pig is differentiated as "lechon baboy" (literally "pig lechon").

There are two major methods of preparing lechon in the Philippines, the "Manila lechon" (or "Luzon lechon"), and the "Cebu lechon" (or "Visayas lechon").

Visayan lechon is prepared stuffed with herbs which usually include scallions, bay leaves, black peppercorn, garlic, salt, and distinctively *tanglad* (lemongrass) or leaves from native *Citrus* trees or tamarind trees, among other spices. A variant among Hiligaynon people also stuffs the pig with the sour fruits of *batuan* or *binukaw* (*Garcinia binucao*). It is usually cooked over charcoal made from coconut husks. Since it is already flavored with spices, it is served with minimal dipping sauces, like salt and vinegar or silimansi (soy sauce, calamansi, and labuyo chili).

Luzon lechon on the other hand, is typically not stuffed with herbs. When it is, it is usually just salt and pepper. Instead, the distinctiveness of Manila lechon comes from the liver-based sauce, known as the "lechon sauce". Lechon sauce is made from vinegar, brown sugar, salt, pepper, mashed liver (or liver spread), breadcrumbs, garlic and onion. Manila lechon is also typically cooked over woodfire.

Most lechon can either be cooked based on the two main versions, or mix techniques from both. Both variants also rub salt or spices unto the skin to make it crispier, as well as continually baste the lechon as it cooks. Sometimes carbonated drinks may also be used. They are cooked on a bamboo spit over charcoal for a few hours with constant (traditionally manual) turning. The pig is roasted on all sides for several hours until done. The process of cooking and basting usually results in making the pork skin crisp and is a distinctive feature of the dish.

Leftover parts from the lechon, such as the head and feet, are usually cooked into another popular dish, *lechon paksiw*. Like lechon itself, *lechon paksiw* also differs based on whether it is prepared Luzon-style or Visayas-style, with the former using liver sauce as an essential ingredient, while the latter does not. In some cases, these parts or stale lechon can be repurposed into another dish, such as Sisig.

### Puerto Rico and Cuba

Pig roast (*lechon asado*) is very popular in many former Spanish colonies; it is a part of Puerto Rico's national dish and is usually served with *arroz con gandules*. In Puerto Rico & Cuba pig roasts occur year-round, but are most common at New Year's Eve and especially Christmas; occasionally if a family has moved to the United States, they will take the recipe with them and use it during the summer. In the Dominican Republic, *puerco a la puya* is a traditional part of the Christmas Eve meal. In Spain, the locals call this a suckling pig or a *lechon asado*. Hog roasts are becoming more popular across Spain and more so in Southern Spain due to the ex-pat community, as well as some of Spain's former colonies.

### United Kingdom

In the UK, the tradition of pig roasting, more commonly known in the UK as a "hog roast", is popular on many occasions, particularly parties and celebrations. It is usually an outdoor event, and a staple meal at many show events. The tradition is to roast either on a spit, turning the pig under a flame, or in a large oven in a roasting pan; roasting pigs around 130 lbs (60 kg) in weight are common in the UK. The pig is normally roasted in a propane gas machine. The pig's skin is scored with a sharp blade and covered in water and salt to make the crackling. In ancient times, dating back to the Saxons, roasting a wild boar was often the centerpiece of a meal at Yuletide, with Yule being Freya's feast. The head was often the greatest delicacy, as evidenced by the survival of the Boar's Head Carol.

### United States

In the United States, roasting a whole pig or a feral hog has been a tradition for over two hundred years, especially in the Southern United States where it is closely linked to barbecue. From Virginia south to Florida Panhandle. and west to the Mississippi River south to Louisiana, the favored meat in Southern, Cajun, Appalachian, and Creole cooking is pork and has been since colonial times: pigs did not require any special handling or maintenance and could be sent off into the woods and rounded up again when supplies ran low, and thus were the prime choice for meat for small farmers and plantation owners, and for men living up in the mountains, the tradition was to drive their pigs to market every fall, fattening them up on the many nuts and acorns that proliferated in the area. George Washington even mentions attending a barbecue in his journal on August 4, 1769, and the records of Mount Vernon note a smokehouse on the premises. Like many plantation owners, he raised several pigs for slaughter in November and once his slaves had finished curing the meat into ham and bacon, they would pit-roast some whole pigs over hot coals as a treat. Outside of the English-speaking states of the South, francophone Cajuns, then as now, had *cochon de lait* as a traditional dish for the gathering of their large families.

## Cooking

A hog/pig, often around 80–120 pounds (35 to 45 kg) dressed weight, is split in half and spread onto a large charcoal or propane grill. The styles of grills used are as varied as the methods of producing them; some are homemade while others are custom made.

In a Hawaii-style pig roast, a large pit is typically dug into the ground and lined with banana leaves, as lava rocks are heated over an open flame until they are very hot. The heated rocks are placed into the pit, and a seasoned pig is placed inside and covered with additional banana leaves, which serve as insulation and for flavor.

In an American Cuban-style pig roast, the "caja china" is the most commercially popular method by which to roast a whole pig. In its more traditional form, a roasting box is commonly fashioned above ground out of concrete blocks and steel mesh. Another popular method is to use a pig roasting box, the oldest and best known brand of which is "La Caja China". The cooking process is communal and usually done by men; the host is helped by friends or family. It usually takes four to eight hours to cook the pig completely; the pig is often started "meat-side" down, and then is flipped one time once the hog has stopped dripping rendered fat. When the cooking is complete, the meat should ideally be tender to the point of falling off of the bone. The meat is then either chopped or pulled or is picked off the roasted pig by the guests.

In the Philippines, the pig is typically stuffed with spices, placed on a bamboo spit, and roasted over hot coals.

In Puerto Rico, pig roast is prepared in *adobo mojado* (wet seasoning) containing crushed garlic, black pepper, salt, orégano brujo, olive oil, and wine vinegar.


title: Quechan

abstract: The Quechan, or Yuma, are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the Mexican border. Despite their name, they are not related to the Quechua people of the Andes. Members are enrolled into the Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation. The federally recognized Quechan tribe's main office is located in Winterhaven, California. Its operations and the majority of its reservation land are located in California, United States.

text:
# Quechan

The **Quechan** (Quechan: *Kwatsáan* 'those who descended'), or **Yuma**, are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the Mexican border. Despite their name, they are not related to the Quechua people of the Andes. Members are enrolled into the **Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation.** The federally recognized Quechan tribe's main office is located in Winterhaven, California. Its operations and the majority of its reservation land are located in California, United States.

## History

The historic Yuman-speaking people in this region were skilled warriors and active traders, maintaining exchange networks with the Pima in southern Arizona, New Mexico, and with peoples of the Pacific coast.

The first significant contact of the Quechan with Europeans was with the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza and his party in the winter of 1774. Relations were friendly. On Anza's return from his second trip to Alta California in 1776, the chief of the tribe and three of his men journeyed to Mexico City to petition the Viceroy of New Spain for the establishment of a mission. The chief Palma and his three companions were baptized in Mexico City on February 13, 1777. Palma was given the Spanish baptismal name *Salvador Carlos Antonio*.

Once the initial contact had been made, The Quechan people seemed inviting toward Juan Bautista de Anza. He promised them to set up a mission where all people would live together instead of in a hierarchy. Alongside the promise, de Anza gave Palma’s people horses, steel weapons, clothes, and iron as a token of allegiance.

This allegiance would soon sour as the bureaucracy of the Spanish Empire would cause major delays to the construction of the missions. When the Spanish’s first gifts arrived in 1780, they would be more of a bad omen than a sign of friendship as the livestock being herded to them would go and trample most of if not all the Quechan’s crops. That year there was severe lack of rain thus forcing the Quechan to raid another nearby tribe known as the Maricopa.

The following year, two high members of the tribe were arrested for allegedly plotting to assassinate a high-ranking officer. One of the natives was placed in stocks to humiliate them and this caused Palma to finally turn his back on the Spanish.

Spanish settlement among the Quechan did not go smoothly; the tribe rebelled from July 17–19, 1781 and killed four priests and thirty soldiers. They also attacked and damaged the Spanish mission settlements of San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer and Puerto de Purísima Concepción, killing many. The following year, the Spanish retaliated with military action against the tribe. After 1840, the Quechan people near La Frontera returned to their original ways of religious practice as soon as the mission priests left and no one replaced them.

After the United States annexed the territories after winning the Mexican–American War, it engaged in the Yuma War from 1850 to 1853 in response to a conflict between the Quechan and Jaeger's Ferry and the Glanton Gang, after the Quechan had established a rival ferry service on the Colorado River. During which, the historic Fort Yuma was built across the Colorado River from the present day Yuma, Arizona.

## La Sierra de las Pintas

The Sierra de las Pintas was a mountain range that most Spanish expeditions would actively avoid. Spanish explorers were able to see the range, but avoided exploring due to the Quechan informing them that it was uninhabitable and had no drinkable water sources.

When the Spanish had the Yumans guide them through the Sierra de las Pintas, they would take the Spanish to an area with little to no water in order to discourage further exploration.

The Spanish later on attempted to explore the mountain range, searching for water in creative ways. Explorers would follow herds of Bighorn Sheep up the mountain or by chance would find small patches of vegetation pointing toward a hidden water source.

## The Yuma Route

The Yuma route was a trail that ran from Southern New Mexico and reached Chihuahua and Sonora. The trail branched out even further to reach the Los Angeles Basin, San Diego, Colorado River and the Gila River. This route was well established before the arrival of the Spanish, and used as a trade route amongst the tribes of the areas.

At first, the Spanish used minor portions of the trail. It was not until San Diego and Monterey were established that they needed a more reliable and faster path. The path was first walked by Sebastian Taraval, a Cochimi indigenous who fled from San Gabriel. Sebastian was then followed by Captain Juan Bautista de Anza. Anza was only able to follow Sebastian to the Imperial Valley Kamia village, where he lost Sebastian and was forced to reach the Quechan people on his own.

## Population

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially (see population of Native California). Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Quechan at 2,500. Jack D. Forbes (1965:341–343) compiled historical estimates and suggested that before they were first contacted, the Quechan had numbered 4,000 or a few more.

Kroeber estimated the population of the Quechan in 1910 as 750. By 1950, there were reported to be just under 1,000 Quechan living on the reservation and more than 1,100 off it (Forbes 1965:343). The 2000 census reported a resident population of 2,376 persons on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation. As of 2023, there are about 4,000 active members of the tribe living on or near the reservation.

## Language

The Quechan language is part of the Yuman language family.

The Quechan tribe, in partnership with linguists, have created a fully detailed language guide. This guide includes sections about their alphabet along with the different words for actions, animals, the body, colors, directions, family and friends, house, money, nature and the environment, numbers, place names, plants, time, and shapes.

## Fort Yuma Native American Reservation

The Fort Yuma Indian Reservation is a part of the Quechan's traditional lands. Established in 1884, the reservation, at 32°47′N 114°39′W / 32.783°N 114.650°W / 32.783; -114.650, has a land area of 178.197 km2 (68.802 sq mi) in southeastern Imperial County, California, and western Yuma County, Arizona, near the city of Yuma, Arizona. Both the county and city are named for the tribe.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Quechan
| Kwatsáan | |
| --- | --- |
|
Quechan tribal seal | |
| Total population | |
| 10,089 (2010) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Arizona
California | |
| Languages | |
| Quechan, English, Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion, Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Maricopa, Mojave, Kumeyaay, Yavapai | |


title: National Symphony Orchestra

abstract: The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1930 by cellist Hans Kindler, its principal performing venue is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The NSO regularly participates in events of national and international importance, including performances for ceremonial state affairs, presidential inaugurations and official holiday celebrations, including the annual National Memorial Day Concert in May and A Capitol Fourth concerts on July 4. The NSO presents a 52-week season of approximately 175 concerts each year. These include classical subscription series, pops concerts, and educational programs.

text:
# National Symphony Orchestra

The **National Symphony Orchestra** (**NSO**) is an American symphony orchestra based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1930 by cellist Hans Kindler, its principal performing venue is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

The NSO regularly participates in events of national and international importance, including performances for ceremonial state affairs, presidential inaugurations and official holiday celebrations, including the annual *National Memorial Day Concert* in May and *A Capitol Fourth* concerts on July 4. The NSO presents a 52-week season of approximately 175 concerts each year. These include classical subscription series, pops concerts, and educational programs.

## History

After an initial ad-hoc concert on January 31, 1930, the NSO was officially organized by the Dutch-born American cellist Hans Kindler in 1931, and remained under his direction until 1949. In the early years, Kindler often relied on unemployed local talent or borrowed musicians from other mid-Atlantic cities. During Kindler's tenure, the musicians received a salary of $40.00 per week, covering three rehearsals and one concert, for five months of the year. The first female member of the NSO was harpist Sylvia Meyer, who joined in 1933.

Antal Doráti became music director in 1970. He stood down as music director after 7 years. A deteriorating relationship with the NSO board of directors marked his tenure. Mstislav Rostropovich succeeded Doráti as music director in 1977. In 1986, the NSO became the artistic affiliate of the Kennedy Center, where it had presented a concert season annually since the Center opened in 1971. Rostropovich concluded his NSO tenure in 1994.

Leonard Slatkin was music director of the NSO from 1996 to 2008. One report spoke of tensions between the conductor and the orchestra, and mentioned criticisms of Slatkin's programming and rehearsal styles. With the 2006–2007 season, Iván Fischer became the principal guest conductor of the orchestra. On April 13, 2007, the orchestra announced the appointment of Fischer as the orchestra's principal conductor as of the 2008–2009 season, for two seasons.

In September 2008, the NSO announced the appointment of Christoph Eschenbach as the orchestra's sixth music director, effective with the 2010–2011 season, for an initial contract of four years. During his tenure, NSO released an album in 2011, including selections of their live performance from their program honoring the 50th anniversary of U.S. President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration. In September 2011, the orchestra extended Eschenbach's contract through the 2014–2015 season. In March 2014, his contract was extended through the 2016–2017 season. Eschenbach concluded his tenure as NSO music director at the end of the 2016–2017 season, and subsequently became the NSO's conductor laureate.

In 2011, Gianandrea Noseda first guest-conducted the NSO, and returned in November 2015 for an additional guest engagement. In January 2016, the NSO announced the appointment Noseda as its next music director, effective with the 2017–2018 season. He served as music director-designate in the 2016–2017 season, and his initial contract as music director was for 4 seasons. In September 2018, the NSO announced the extension of Noseda's contract through the 2024–2025 season.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused cancellation of full-scale live in-person concerts, and led to a local community outreach programme in 2020 called "NSO in Your Neighborhood (IYN)". Through this program, NSO held performances mostly outdoors in front of frontline health workers. In June 2022, the NSO announced a further extension of Noseda's contract through the 2026–2027 season. In January 2023, the NSO announced the appointment of Jean Davidson as its next executive director, effective 1 April 2023.

On the morning of 27 September 2024 at 11:00 local time, the musicians of the NSO took industrial action and initiated a work stoppage, the first such action since 1978, after a breakdown in labour negotiations. The management and the musicians reached a settlement by 14:30 local time that same day.

## Recordings

Kindler and the NSO made several 78-rpm recordings for RCA Victor, including the two *Roumanian Rhapsodies* by George Enescu. (Much later, in 1960, the NSO would perform the first of these works under the baton of the visiting Romanian conductor George Georgescu, a close associate and favored exponent of the composer.) One of the more unusual RCA recordings with the orchestra was of the complete ballet music from the opera *King Henry VIII* by Camille Saint-Saëns, one of the very few recordings conducted by Walter Damrosch. Years later, Howard Mitchell made a series of stereophonic recordings with the orchestra for RCA. Antal Doráti recorded with the orchestra for Decca Records. Mstislav Rostropovich made recordings with the orchestra for Deutsche Grammophon. The orchestra returned to RCA Victor under Leonard Slatkin, until RCA abandoned new classical recordings.

In July 2022, the NSO announced the formation of its own record label, to feature commercial releases of selected live performances.

## Additional activities

The NSO's additional programmes include the National Symphony Orchestra Summer Music Institute.

Through the John and June Hechinger Commissioning Fund for New Orchestral Works, the NSO has commissioned more than 50 works, including cycles of fanfares and encores. During his tenure, Slatkin founded the National Conducting Institute in 2000.

As well, the NSO has presented The National Symphony Orchestra American Residencies for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. This venture encompasses sharing all elements of classical symphonic music with a specific region of the United States, exploring the diversity of musical influences, and giving the region a musical voice in the nation's center for the performing arts through exchanges, training programs, and commissions. Established in 1992, the project has taken the NSO to fifteen states.

## Music directors

## Further reading

* National Symphony Orchestra Association, W. D. C. . (1949). *A Short History of the National Symphony Orchestra*, Washington : The Association.

## InfoBox

| National Symphony Orchestra | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Banner of the NSO, Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C. | |
| Short name | NSO |
| Founded | 1930 (1930) |
| Location | Washington, D.C., United States |
| Concert hall | John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |
| Music director | Gianandrea Noseda |
| Website | www.kennedy-center.org/nso |


title: Mircea Steriade

abstract: Mircea Steriade, MD, DSc, was a prominent researcher in systems neuroscience. He was born in Bucharest, Romania, and studied medicine at University of Bucharest. He emigrated to Canada in 1968, where he became a professor of physiology at Université Laval in Quebec, a position he held for the rest of his life. He is the father of linguist, Donca Steriade.

text:
# Mircea Steriade

**Mircea Steriade** (August 20, 1924 – April 14, 2006), MD, DSc, was a prominent researcher in systems neuroscience. He was born in Bucharest, Romania, and studied medicine at University of Bucharest. He emigrated to Canada in 1968, where he became a professor of physiology at Université Laval in Quebec, a position he held for the rest of his life.

He is the father of linguist, Donca Steriade.

## Research

While at Laval University, he discovered that the slow oscillations of NREM sleep arise when groups of neurons fire together for a little while (so-called "on periods"), then fall silent for about a fraction of a second ("off periods"), and then resume their synchronized firing. This was one of the fundamental discoveries in sleep research. After his discovery, scientists have also discovered that in birds and mammals, the slow waves are large if preceded by a long period of wakefulness and become smaller as sleep goes on.

The majority of his research was on corticothalamic oscillations. He was among the first to study the dynamics of the brain during sleep, and one of his key discoveries was determining the role of thalamic reticular neurons as pacemakers in producing the sleep spindle rhythm. He also discovered slow (\<1 Hz) sleep rhythms associated with intracortical activity.

## Honors

In 1998 he was the recipient of the Gloor-Award (American Clinical Neurophysiology Society).

1. Timofeev, I. (2006). "Obituary, Mircea Steriade" (PDF).


title: NSYNC in Concert

abstract: NSYNC in Concert is the second concert tour by American boy band, NSYNC. Primarily visiting North America, the tour supported the band's debut studio album, 'N Sync. The trek lasted eighteen months, playing over two hundred concerts in over one hundred cities. In 1998, the tour was nominated for "Best New Artist Tour" by Pollstar Concert Industry Awards. It also became one of the biggest tours in 1999, earning over $50 million. Supporting the band on the tour were newcomers Britney Spears, B*Witched and Mandy Moore along with music veterans Jordan Knight, Shanice and The Sugarhill Gang.

text:
# NSYNC in Concert

**NSYNC in Concert** (also known as the **Second II None Tour**, **Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now Tour**, **Boys of Summer Tour** and **The Winter Shows**) is the second concert tour by American boy band, NSYNC. Primarily visiting North America, the tour supported the band's debut studio album, *'N Sync*. The trek lasted eighteen months, playing over two hundred concerts in over one hundred cities. In 1998, the tour was nominated for "Best New Artist Tour" by Pollstar Concert Industry Awards. It also became one of the biggest tours in 1999, earning over $50 million. Supporting the band on the tour were newcomers Britney Spears, B\*Witched and Mandy Moore along with music veterans Jordan Knight, Shanice and The Sugarhill Gang.

## Background

After completing a promotional tour for their debut album, the band announced their first tour in North America. Previously, the band toured Germany for their "For the Girl Tour" in 1997. The summer outing saw the band playing in nightclubs, state fairs and radio music festivals. After the airing of their Disney Channel concert special, “NSYNC: Live in Concert”, the band's popularity grew in the United States and additional dates were added to the tour. Now known as the "Second II None Tour", the band were now playing theatres and auditoriums. Before the tour began in November 1998, the band become the opening act for Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope Tour during concerts in October 1998.

The "Second II None Tour" leg ended in February 1999, after performing at a radio music festival in San Jose, California. Around this time, band member Lance Bass expressed the band would expand their upcoming tour to the United Kingdom. However, this did not come to fruition. The next leg of the tour, known as "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now Tour" began in the spring of 1999. The band were now playing arenas in the United States. The tour was sponsored by Oxy Balance. During an interview with the *Hartford Courant*, band member JC Chasez described the tour as:

> "The concerts, yeah, are loud and crazy, and people scream and everything like that but it's fun. It's all in good fun. The core of the show is the same, the same old singing and dancing, NSYNC style: a high-energy, very personal performance".

While performing a concert in New Haven, Connecticut, local radio station WKCI-FM declared March 13, 1999, as "NSYNC Day". While touring in Florida, Bass became ill and missed the concerts in Tampa and Sunrise. The tour was expanded once again to the summer, now called the "Boys of Summer Tour". The band were now playing amphitheatres and stadiums. The shows were sponsored by Clairol Herbal Essences. For the August concert in Denver, the band allowed students of Columbine High School to attend the concert for free. During this time, the band was involved in a legal battle with their former manager Lou Pearlman and transitioning from RCA to Jive Records. Towards the end of the leg, the band were forced to cancel concerts due to schedule conflicts relating to their lawsuit. The group made up the dates in their final tour expansion known as "The Winter Shows". During an AOL chat in November with fans, Chasez stated the group was already planning for their next tour for their upcoming album in 2000. He also expressed hoping to tour the United Kingdom, continental Europe, Australia and Japan. During The Winter Shows, the band performed their new singles, "Bye Bye Bye" and "Music of My Heart". The leg ended with a New Year's Eve concert in Honolulu.

## Personnel

### NSYNC

### Band

Throughout their concerts, the five were accompanied by the following instrumentalists on this tour:

* Kevin Antunes – Music Director, Keyboards
* Troy Antunes – Bass
* Billy Ashbaugh – Drums, Percussion
* Ruben Ruiz – Guitar, Keyboards
* Byron Chambers – Keyboards
* Paul Howards – Saxophone, Percussion, Keyboards

## Opening acts

## Setlist

June 1998September 1998 1. "Dance Sequence" (contains elements of "The Imperial March" and "Finally")
2. "Crazy for You"
3. "I Just Wanna Be with You"
4. "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You"
5. "I Want You Back" / "ABC" / "The Love You Save"
6. "Jive Talkin'" / "Too Much Heaven" / "How Deep Is Your Love" / "Stayin' Alive" / "You Should Be Dancing"
7. "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)"
8. "Giddy Up"
9. "I Want You Back"
10. "You Got It"
11. "Sailing"
12. "Here We Go"
13. "Tearin' Up My Heart"
November 1998February 1999 1. "Dance Sequence" (contains elements of "The Imperial March" and "Finally")
2. "Crazy for You"
3. "I Just Wanna Be with You"
4. "Together Again"
5. "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You"
6. "Video Sequence"
7. "More Than a Feeling"
8. "The Longest Time"
9. "My Girl" / "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" / "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
10. "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)"
11. "Instrumental Sequence"
12. "Giddy Up"
13. "I Want You Back"
14. "You Got It"
15. "Sailing"
16. "Riddle"
17. "Here We Go"

Encore 1. "Tearin' Up My Heart"
2. "Forever Young"

Notes * For concerts in December, the band performed "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays" in lieu of "Together Again".
* "Together Again" was dropped from the setlist in January.
March 1999September 1999 1. "Dance Sequence" (contains elements of "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and "They Don't Care About Us")
2. "Here We Go"
3. "You Got It"
4. "For the Girl Who Has Everything"
5. "Video Sequence"
6. "That Thing You Do"
7. "Video Sequence"
8. "I Want You Back" / "ABC" / "The Love You Save"
9. "Video Sequence"
10. "Celebration"
11. "Video Sequence" \[You Drive Me Crazy Video\]
12. "Crazy for You"
13. "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)"
14. "I Just Wanna Be with You"
15. "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You"
16. "I Want You Back"

Encore 1. "Sailing"
2. "Tearin' Up My Heart"
3. "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now"
November 1999January 2000 1. "Video Sequence" (contains elements of the "James Bond Theme" and the "Theme from Mission: Impossible")
2. "Here We Go"
3. "You Got It"
4. "For the Girl Who Has Everything"
5. "Video Sequence"
6. "That Thing You Do"
7. "Video Sequence"
8. "I Want You Back" / "ABC" / "The Love You Save"
9. "Video Sequence"
10. "Celebration"
11. "Video Sequence"
12. "Crazy for You"
13. "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)"
14. "I Just Wanna Be with You"
15. "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You"
16. "Untitled II" (instrumental interlude)
17. "Bye Bye Bye"
18. "I Want You Back"
19. "Sailing"

Encore 1. "Tearin' Up My Heart"
2. "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now"

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **NSYNC in Concert** | | | |
| June 11, 1998 | Lake Buena Vista | United States | House of Blues |
| June 12, 1998 | | | |
| June 13, 1998\[A\] | Anaheim | | Edison International Field |
| June 19, 1998 | Arlington | | Music Mill Amphitheater |
| June 21, 1998\[B\] | Burlington | | Burlington Memorial Auditorium |
| June 27, 1998\[C\] | Council Bluffs | | Westfair Amphitheatre |
| June 28, 1998\[D\] | Tinley Park | | New World Music Theatre |
| July 4, 1998\[E\] | St. Petersburg | | Straub Park |
| July 5, 1998 | Vancouver | Canada | Vancouver Forum |
| July 6, 1998 | | | |
| July 8, 1998 | Edmonton | | Assembly Hall |
| July 9, 1998 | Calgary | | Max Bell Centre |
| July 10, 1998 | Saskatoon | | Saskatoon Centennial Auditorium |
| July 11, 1998 | Winnipeg | | Walker Theatre |
| July 12, 1998 | Thunder Bay | | Thunder Bay Community Auditorium |
| July 15, 1998 | London | | Centennial Hall |
| July 16, 1998 | Toronto | | Molson Amphitheatre |
| July 18, 1998 | Montreal | | Le Spectrum |
| July 20, 1998 | Ottawa | | Congress Hall |
| July 22, 1998\[F\] | Kingsport | United States | Johnson Stadium |
| July 23, 1998 | Scranton | | Tink's Entertainment Complex |
| July 24, 1998 | Plainview | | The Vanderbilt |
| July 25, 1998 | Philadelphia | | Electric Factory |
| July 26, 1998 | Washington, D.C. | | Warner Theatre |
| July 28, 1998 | Chicago | | House of Blues |
| July 29, 1998 | Cleveland | | Odeon Concert Club |
| July 30, 1998 | | |
| July 31, 1998 | Royal Oak | | Royal Oak Music Theatre |
| August 1, 1998 | Flint | | IMA Sports Arena |
| August 2, 1998\[G\] | Janesville | | Rock County Fairgrounds Grandstand |
| August 3, 1998\[H\] | San Jose | | Exposition Hall |
| August 7, 1998\[I\] | Kellogg | | Silver Mountain Amphitheatre |
| August 8, 1998 | Ridgefield | | Clark County Event Center |
| August 11, 1998 | Lawrence | | Granada Theater |
| August 13, 1998\[J\] | Sioux Falls | | Lyon Fairgrounds Grandstand |
| August 18, 1998\[K\] | Springfield | | Illinois State Fair Grandstand |
| August 21, 1998\[L\] | Dallas | | Starplex Amphitheatre |
| August 24, 1998\[M\] | Boise | | Expo Idaho |
| August 25, 1998 | Walker | | DeltaPlex Arena |
| September 11, 1998\[N\] | Hutchinson | | Kansas State Fair Grandstand |
| September 12, 1998 | Camden | | Blockbuster-Sony Music Entertainment Centre |
| September 13, 1998 | Salt Lake City | | Utah State Fairpark |
| September 18, 1998 | Dallas | | House of Blues |
| September 23, 1998\[O\] | Nashville | | Nashville Convention Center |
|
| **Second II None Tour** | | | |  |
| November 17, 1998 | Kissimmee | United States | Tupperware Convention Center Auditorium | Britney Spears Sweetbox |
| November 18, 1998 | | | | |
| November 19, 1998 | Tampa | | USF Sun Dome | |
| November 20, 1998\[P\] | Pompano Beach | | Pompano Park | |
| November 22, 1998 | Atlanta | | Fox Theatre | |
| November 24, 1998 | Richmond | | Landmark Theater | |
| November 25, 1998 | Westbury | | Westbury Music Fair | |
| November 27, 1998 | Newark | | Prudential Hall | |
| November 28, 1998 | Upper Darby Township | | Tower Theater | |
| November 29, 1998 | Albany | | Palace Theatre | |
| November 30, 1998 | Cincinnati | | Seton High School Theater | |
| December 1, 1998 | Columbus | | Franklin County Veterans Memorial Auditorium | |
| December 2, 1998 | Kalamazoo | | Kalamazoo State Theatre | |
| December 3, 1998 | Indianapolis | | Murat Theatre | |
| December 4, 1998 | Cleveland | | CSU Convocation Center | |
| December 5, 1998 | Auburn Hills | | The Palace of Auburn Hills | |
| December 8, 1998 | Milwaukee | | Riverside Theater | |
| December 9, 1998 | St. Louis | | American Theater | |
| December 10, 1998 | | ||
| December 11, 1998 | Nashville | | Ryman Auditorium | |
| December 12, 1998 | Chattanooga | | Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium | |
| December 13, 1998 | Louisville | | Palace Theatre | |
| December 17, 1998\[Q\] | New York City | | Madison Square Garden |  |
| December 18, 1998\[Q\] | San Jose | | San Jose Arena |  |
| December 27, 1998 | Minneapolis | | Orpheum Theatre | Britney Spears B\*Witched |
| December 28, 1998 | Des Moines | | | Des Moines Civic Center |
| December 29, 1998 | Kansas City | | | Memorial Hall |
| December 30, 1998 | Dallas | | | Bronco Bowl |
| December 31, 1998 | Las Vegas | | | Thomas & Mack Center |
| January 1, 1999 | | | |
| January 2, 1999 | Phoenix | | | Celebrity Theatre |
| January 3, 1999 | San Diego | | | Cox Arena |
| January 5, 1999 | Los Angeles | | | Universal Amphitheatre |
| January 8, 1999 | | | |
| January 9, 1999 | Sacramento | | | Sacramento Memorial Auditorium |
| January 10, 1999 | Berkeley | | | Berkeley Community Theater |
| January 13, 1999 | Denver | | | McNichols Sports Arena |
| January 15, 1999 | Tulsa | | | Brady Theater |
| January 16, 1999 | Baton Rouge | | | Riverside Centroplex Arena |
| January 17, 1999 | Biloxi | | | Mississippi Coast Coliseum |
| February 7, 1999\[R\] | Honolulu | | Aloha Stadium |  |
| February 26, 1999\[S\] | San Jose | | San Jose Arena |  |
| **Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now Tour** | | | |  |
| March 3, 1999 | Jacksonville | United States | Jacksonville Coliseum | Tatyana Ali B\*Witched |
| March 5, 1999 | Greenville | | BI-LO Center | |
| March 6, 1999 | Chapel Hill | | Dean Smith Center | |
| March 7, 1999 | Charleston | | Charleston Civic Center | |
| March 8, 1999 | Pittsburgh | | Civic Arena | |
| March 11, 1999 | Providence | | Providence Civic Center | |
| March 12, 1999 | Uniondale | | Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum | |
| March 13, 1999 | New Haven | | New Haven Coliseum | |
| March 14, 1999 | Toronto | Canada | Maple Leaf Gardens | |
| March 15, 1999 | Albany | United States | Pepsi Arena | |
| March 16, 1999 | Boston | | FleetCenter | |
| March 18, 1999 | Philadelphia | | First Union Center | B\*Witched |
| March 19, 1999 | Washington, D.C. | | | MCI Center |
| March 20, 1999 | Hampton | | | Hampton Coliseum |
| March 21, 1999 | Charlotte | | | Charlotte Coliseum |
| March 23, 1999 | Columbus | | Value City Arena | Divine |
| March 24, 1999 | Cleveland | | | Gund Arena |
| March 25, 1999 | Auburn Hills | | | The Palace of Auburn Hills |
| March 26, 1999 | Rosemont | | | Rosemont Horizon |
| March 27, 1999 | | | |
| March 28, 1999 | Grand Rapids | | | Van Andel Arena |
| March 30, 1999 | Nashville | | | Gaylord Entertainment Center |
| April 1, 1999 | Kansas City | | | Kemper Arena |
| April 2, 1999 | St. Louis | | | Kiel Center |
| April 3, 1999 | Cincinnati | | | The Crown |
| April 6, 1999 | Lafayette | | | Cajundome |
| April 7, 1999 | Houston | | | Compaq Center |
| April 8, 1999 | Dallas | | | Reunion Arena |
| April 9, 1999 | Oklahoma City | | | Myriad Convention Center Arena |
| April 10, 1999 | Valley Center | | | Britt Brown Arena |
| April 13, 1999 | Phoenix | | America West Arena | Blaque |
| April 15, 1999 | San Diego | | | Cox Arena |
| April 16, 1999 | Inglewood | | | Great Western Forum |
| April 17, 1999 | Las Vegas | | | MGM Grand Garden Arena |
| April 18, 1999 | Anaheim | | | Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim |
| April 19, 1999 | Oakland | | | The Arena in Oakland |
| April 22, 1999 | Portland | | | Rose Garden |
| April 23, 1999 | Tacoma | | | Tacoma Dome |
| April 24, 1999 | Seattle | | | KeyArena |
| April 25, 1999 | Spokane | | | Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena |
| April 27, 1999 | Nampa | | | Idaho Center Arena |
| April 28, 1999 | Salt Lake City | | | Delta Center |
| April 30, 1999 | Colorado Springs | | | Colorado Springs World Arena |
| May 2, 1999 | Omaha | | | Omaha Civic Auditorium |
| May 3, 1999 | Des Moines | | | Veterans Memorial Auditorium |
| May 4, 1999 | Moline | | | The MARK of the Quad Cities |
| May 6, 1999 | Minneapolis | | | Target Center |
| May 7, 1999 | Madison | | | Kohl Center |
| May 8, 1999 | Milwaukee | | | Wisconsin Center Arena |
| May 9, 1999 | Louisville | | | Freedom Hall |
| May 10, 1999 | Knoxville | | | Thompson–Boling Arena |
| May 12, 1999\[T\] | Bay Lake | | | Hollywood Boulevard |
| May 13, 1999 | Orlando | | | Orlando Arena |
| May 14, 1999 | Tampa | | | Ice Palace |
| May 15, 1999 | Sunrise | | | National Car Rental Center |
| May 16, 1999 | West Palm Beach | | | Coral Sky Amphitheater |
| May 18, 1999 | Sunrise | | | National Car Rental Center |
| May 29, 1999\[C\] | Council Bluffs | | Westfair Amphitheatre |  |
| June 5, 1999\[U\] | Mansfield | | Great Woods Center for the Performing Arts |  |
| June 19, 1999\[D\] | Joliet | | Route 66 Raceway |  |
| **Boys of Summer Tour** | | | |  |
| July 2, 1999 | Sunrise | United States | National Car Rental Center |  |
| July 5, 1999 | Virginia Beach | | GTE Virginia Beach Amphitheater | Blaque P.Y.T.
Mandy Moore
The Sugarhill Gang |
| July 6, 1999 | | | |
| July 7, 1999 | | | |
| July 8, 1999 | Camden | | Blockbuster-Sony Music Entertainment Centre | Jordan Knight The Sugarhill Gang |
| July 9, 1999 | | | |
| July 10, 1999 | Burgettstown | | Coca-Cola Star Lake Amphitheater | Blaque P.Y.T.
Mandy Moore
Jordan Knight
The Sugarhill Gang |
| July 11, 1999 | | | |
| July 13, 1999 | Wantagh | | Jones Beach Amphitheater | P.Y.T. Mandy Moore
Jordan Knight
The Sugarhill Gang |
| July 14, 1999 | | | |
| July 15, 1999 | | | |
| July 16, 1999 | | | |
| July 17, 1999 | Holmdel | | | PNC Bank Arts Center |
| July 18, 1999 | | | |
| July 20, 1999 | Darien | | | Darien Lake Performing Arts Center |
| July 22, 1999 | Scranton | | | Montage Mountain Performing Arts Center |
| July 23, 1999 | Hershey | | | Hersheypark Stadium |
| July 24, 1999 | Mansfield | | | Tweeter Center for the Performing Arts |
| July 25, 1999 | | | |
| July 27, 1999 | Hartford | | Meadows Music Theatre | P.Y.T. Mandy Moore
Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang |
| July 28, 1999 | Bristow | | | Nissan Pavilion |
| July 29, 1999 | Columbus | | | Polaris Amphitheater |
| July 31, 1999 | Pontiac | | | Pontiac Silverdome |
| August 2, 1999 | Noblesville | | Deer Creek Music Center | P.Y.T. Mandy Moore
Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Shanice |
| August 4, 1999 | Nashville | | First American Music Center | Mandy Moore Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Shanice
Ron Izzary |
| August 5, 1999 | Maryland Heights | | | Riverport Amphitheatre |
| August 6, 1999 | Rosemont | | | Rosemont Horizon |
| August 7, 1999 | | | |
| August 8, 1999 | Milwaukee | | | Marcus Amphitheater |
| August 9, 1999 | Los Angeles\[V\] | | Universal Amphitheatre |  |
| | Chula Vista\[W\] | | Coors Amphitheatre |  |
| August 10, 1999 | Bonner Springs | | Sandstone Amphitheater | Mandy Moore Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Shanice
Ron Izzary |
| August 12, 1999 | New Orleans | | Louisiana Superdome | Mandy Moore Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Shanice
Ron Izzary
3rd Storee |
| August 13, 1999 | The Woodlands | | | Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion |
| August 14, 1999 | Irving | | | Texas Stadium |
| August 16, 1999 | San Antonio | | | Alamodome |
| August 18, 1999 | Phoenix | | | Blockbuster Desert Sky Pavilion |
| August 19, 1999 | Irvine | | | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre |
| August 20, 1999 | San Bernardino | | Blockbuster Pavilion | Shanice 3rd Storee
Jordan Knight |
| August 21, 1999 | Mountain View | | Shoreline Amphitheatre | Mandy Moore Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Shanice
Ron Izzary
3rd Storee |
| August 23, 1999 | Denver | | | McNichols Sports Arena |
| August 26, 1999 | Atlanta | | | Coca-Cola Lakewood Amphitheatre |
| August 27, 1999 | | | |
| August 28, 1999 | Charlotte | | Blockbuster Pavilion | Mandy Moore Jordan Knight
Billy Crawford
INOJ
The Sugarhill Gang
Ron Izzary
3rd Storee |
| August 29, 1999 | Raleigh | | | Alltel Pavilion |
| August 31, 1999 | Jackson | | Mississippi Coliseum | Mandy Moore The Sugarhill Gang
Ron Izzary
3rd Storee |
| September 1, 1999 | Memphis | | | Pyramid Arena |
| September 2, 1999 | Cincinnati | | | Riverbend Music Center |
| September 3, 1999 | Cuyahoga Falls | | | Blossom Music Center |
| September 4, 1999 | Toronto | Canada | | Molson Amphitheatre |
|
| **The Winter Shows** | | | |  |
| November 26, 1999 | Las Vegas | United States | MGM Grand Garden Arena | Wild Orchid A-Teens |
| November 27, 1999 | | | | |
| November 28, 1999 | Reno | | Lawlor Events Center | |
| November 29, 1999 | Oakland | | The Arena in Oakland | |
| November 30, 1999 | Sacramento | | ARCO Arena | |
| December 3, 1999 | Fargo | | Fargodome | |
| December 4, 1999 | Winnipeg | Canada | Winnipeg Arena | A-Teens |
| December 7, 1999 | Calgary | | Canadian Airlines Saddledome | |
| December 8, 1999 | Edmonton | | Skyreach Centre | |
| December 30, 1999 | Honolulu | United States | Blaisdell Arena | Innosense |
| December 31, 1999 | | | | |
| January 1, 2000 | | | | |
|

Music festivals and other miscellaneous performances  **A** This concert was a part of "Wango Tango" **B** This concert was a part of the "Burlington Steamboat Days" **C** These concerts were a part of "Sweetstock" **D** These concerts were a part of the "B96 SummerBash" **E** This concert was a part of the "Waterfront Festival" **F** This concert was a part of "FunFest" **G** This concert was a part of the "Rock County 4-H Fair" **H** This concert was a part of the "Santa Clara County Fair" **I** This concert was a part of the "Clark County Fair" **J** This concert was a part of the "Sioux Empire Fair" **K** This concert was a part of the "Illinois State Fair" **L** This concert was a part of "Kissfest" **M** This concert was a part of the "Western Idaho Fair" **N** This concert was a part of the "Kansas State Fair" **O** This concert was a part of the "Kmart Convention" **P** This concert was a part of the "Broward County Fair" **Q** This concert was a part of the "Jingle Ball" **R** This concert was a part of the "Pro Bowl" **S** This concert was a part of the "Skool Spirit Jam" **T** This concert was a part of "Disney's Summer Jam" **U** This concert was a part of the "KISS Concert" **V** This concert was a part of "Teenapalooza" **W** This concert was a part of the "Summer Music Mania"  Cancellations and rescheduled shows

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 19, 1998 | Quebec City, Canada | Salle Albert-Rousseau | Cancelled |
| March 9, 1999 | Toronto, Canada | Maple Leaf Gardens | Rescheduled to March 14, 1999 |
| May 9, 1999 | Louisville, Kentucky | Louisville Gardens | Moved to Freedom Hall |
| January 13, 1999 | Denver, Colorado | Mammoth Events Center | Moved to McNichols Sports Arena |
| July 8, 1999 | Bristow, Virginia | Nissan Pavilion | Rescheduled to July 28, 1999 |
| July 28, 1999 | Columbus, Ohio | Polaris Amphitheater | Rescheduled to July 29, 1999 |
| July 29, 1999 | Cincinnati, Ohio | Riverbend Music Center | Rescheduled to September 2, 1999 |
| August 2, 1999 | Noblesville, Indiana | Deer Creek Music Center | Rescheduled to Aug 2, 1999 |
| August 20, 1999 | Mountain View, California | Shoreline Amphitheatre | Rescheduled to August 21, 1999 |
| August 21, 1999 | Concord, California | Concord Pavilion | Rescheduled to September 15, 1999 |
| August 24, 1999 | Morrison, Colorado | Red Rocks Amphitheatre | Rescheduled to August 23, 1999, and moved to the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado |
| August 26, 1999 | Memphis, Tennessee | Pyramid Arena | Rescheduled to September 1, 1999 |
| September 5, 1999 | Montreal, Canada | Molson Centre | Cancelled |
| September 14, 1999 | Sacramento, California | ARCO Arena | Rescheduled to November 30, 1999 |
| September 15, 1999 | Concord, California | Concord Pavilion | Rescheduled to November 29, 1999, and moved to The Arena in Oakland in Oakland, California |
| September 16, 1999 | Reno, Nevada | Lawlor Events Center | Rescheduled to November 28, 1999 |
| September 17, 1999 | Las Vegas, Nevada | MGM Grand Garden Arena | Rescheduled to November 26, 1999 |
| September 18, 1999 | Las Vegas, Nevada | MGM Grand Garden Arena | Rescheduled to November 27, 1999 |
|

### Box office score data

| Venue | City | Tickets sold / available | Gross revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Landmark Theater | Richmond | 3,383 / 3,383 (100%) | $76,118 |
| Westbury Music Fair | Westbury | 2,870 / 2,870 (100%) | $75,557 |
| Tower Theater | Upper Darby Township | 2,971 / 2,971 (100%) | $74,275 |
| The Palace of Auburn Hills | Auburn Hills | 15,475 / 15,475 (100%) | $379,138 |
| Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium | Chattanooga | 3,749 / 3,749 (100%) | $90,500 |
| Palace Theatre | Louisville | 2,703 / 2,703 (100%) | $64,250 |
| Orpheum Theatre | Minneapolis | 2,435 / 2,435 (100%) | $52,764 |
| Civic Center of Greater Des Moines | Des Moines | 2,643 / 2,643 (100%) | $59,468 |
| Thomas & Mack Center | Las Vegas | 11,886 / 12,072 (99%) | $325,464 |
| Cox Arena | San Diego | 7,241 / 7,241 (100%) | $144,820 |
| Universal Amphitheatre | Los Angeles | 12,365 / 12,365 (100%) | $297,330 |
| Sacramento Memorial Auditorium | Sacramento | 3,529 / 3,529 (100%) | $79,903 |
| Berkeley Community Theatre | Berkeley | 3,265 / 3,265 (100%) | $73,533 |
| McNichols Sports Arena | Denver | 10,793 / 10,793 (100%) | $260,170 |
| Riverside Centroplex Arena | Baton Rouge | 8,799 / 8,799 (100%) | $233,174 |
| Mississippi Coast Coliseum | Biloxi | 10,336 / 10,336 (100%) | $273,904 |
| Civic Arena | Pittsburgh | 13,802 / 13,802 (100%) | $392,981 |
| Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum | Uniondale | 15,937 / 15,937 (100%) | $480,954 |
| Pepsi Arena | Albany | 13,855 / 13,855 (100%) | $367,450 |
| First Union Center | Philadelphia | 15,950 / 15,950 (100%) | $454,575 |
| Rosemont Horizon | Rosemont | 27,954 / 27,954 (100%) | $876,350 |
| The Arena in Oakland | Oakland | 14,115 / 14,115 (100%) | $435,055 |
| Freedom Hall | Louisville | 16,655 / 16,655 (100%) | $435,575 |
| Thompson–Boling Arena | Knoxville | 14,833 / 14,833 (100%) | $450,835 |
| Ice Palace | Tampa | 18,333 / 18,333 (100%) | $555,175 |
| Blockbuster-Sony Music Entertainment Centre | Camden | 44,861 / 49,858 (90%) | $1,241,327 |
| Coca-Cola Star Lake Amphitheater | Burgettstown | 45,598 / 45,598 (100%) | $1,274,727 |
| Jones Beach Amphitheater | Wantagh | 57,193 / 57,193 (100%) | $1,921,763 |
| PNC Bank Arts Center | Holmdel Township | 34,064 / 34,064 (100%) | $1,011,078 |
| Hersheypark Stadium | Hershey | 27,910 / 27,910 (100%) | $922,373 |
| Pontiac Silverdome | Pontiac | 48,163 / 55,626 (86%) | $1,528,735 |
| Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 38,599 / 38,599 (100%) | $1,254,468 |
| Texas Stadium | Irving | 35,059 / 37,288 (94%) | $1,282,429 |
| Alamodome | San Antonio | 25,078 / 25,230 (99%) | $716,650 |
| **TOTAL** | | **550,252** / **565,093** (97%) | **$16,667,078** |
|

## Broadcasts and recordings

The band's performance at Disney's "Summer Jam" was filmed on May 12, 1999, and aired on ABC in June. Their performances at "Summer Music Mania" and "Teenapolooza" were aired on UPN on August 31, 1999. The July 2 performance at the National Car Rental Center was filmed was for a PPV special entitled, "'NSYNC 'N Concert". The concert was presented by WAM! America's Kidz Network and was made available on September 11, 1999.

## Critical reception

Overall, the tour received positive elucidation from music critics and concertgoers. Gord Westmacott of the *London Free Press* wrote the boy band threw their female fans into a frenzy at the Centennial Hall in London, Ontario. He continued: "All five returned to the stage for an a cappella medley of Bee Gees' songs, including 'Jive Talking' and 'How Deep Is Your Love', a move which seemed to win points with the parents and proved that yes, they really can sing. But it was the up-tempo material that drew the best response, as the members bounced around the stage in tightly choreographed dance routines, proving that they can dance tooor at least strut really well. And there was no question they knew exactly how to play the crowd, providing just enough pelvic thrusts amid the ernest and squeaky-clean production".

Kieran Grant of the *Toronto Sun* enjoyed the performance at the Molson Amphitheatre. He said, "Imagine the fever pitch when their helmets were dropped to reveal heart-throbs JC, Justin, Joey, Chris, and LanceNSYNC in the flesh. Of course, there was still a heavy layer of Gortexgloves includedto come off as the track-suited NSYNC strutted about to tunes from their self-titled debut album. The group delighted their fans with their fluid and casual dance moves, hootin' and hollerin' and just-this-side-of-bad-boy posturing". Mike Ross of *Music Express* called the performance at Skyreach Centre a "fusion of a rock 'n roll concert and a visit to Disneyland. He explained, "The crowd was on its feetscreaming, screaming, all that screaming ... There was actually something to scream about. Say what you want about boy-groups with millions of dollars in production at their disposal. They may be pinnacle of pop fluff, but they're not putting on boring concerts".

## InfoBox

NSYNC in Concert
| Tour by NSYNC | |
| --- | --- |
| Working crew pass for the 1999 tour | |
| Associated album | *'N Sync* |
| Start date | June 11, 1998 (1998-06-11) |
| End date | January 1, 2000 (2000-01-01) |
| Legs | 5 |
| No. of shows | 209 |
| Box office | $16,667,078 |
| NSYNC concert chronology | |


title: Rumex persicarioides

abstract: Rumex persicarioides is a flowering dicot species in the family Polygonaceae. This species flowers annually in the summer-time but on rare occasions it has been found to be biennial. R. persicarioides is not cultivated for human use and should not be confused with the similarly named genus Persicariae.

text:
# Rumex persicarioides

***Rumex persicarioides*** is a flowering dicot species in the family Polygonaceae. This species flowers annually in the summer-time but on rare occasions it has been found to be biennial. *R. persicarioides* is not cultivated for human use and should not be confused with the similarly named genus *Persicariae*.

## Taxonomy

*Rumex persicarioides* was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been treated as a variety of *Rumex maritimus* (as *R. maritimus* var. *persicarioides* by R. S. Mitchell), but is accepted as a full species by other sources, including the online *Flora of North America*.

## Description

*R. persicarioides* stands erect at about 15–75 cm in height. The plant contains papillose and pubescent protrusions in its inflorescence and on the abaxial leaf blade. The stem is mostly inflorescent, with branching mostly starting a third of the way up from the base. Shorter plants start inflorescence at the base of the stem. Flowers of *R. persicarioides* are straw-colored and densely whorled at the distal most end of the inflorescence. The flowers consist of triangular tepals with tooth-like margins and brown fruiting achenes. The pedicels are threadlike and weakly visible, being 3-7mm in length. The leaves of *R. persicarioides* are long, thin lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate blades ranging from 5–25 cm in length with vaguely undulated or entire margins. Leaf blades are either truncate or cordate at the base and acute at the tip.

## Distribution

*R. persicarioides* thrives in wet and saline ecosystems, typically being found in coastal regions and salt marshes. It is native to western Canada and the US (British Columbia, Oregon and California) and eastern Canada and the northeastern US (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York State).

## InfoBox

| *Rumex persicarioides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Rumex* |
| Species: | ***R. persicarioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rumex persicarioides***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lapathum persicarioides* (L.) Moench * *Rumex maritimus var. persicarioides* (L.) R.S.Mitch. | |


title: Olympos (company)

abstract: Olympos is the name of a Greek dairy products company based in Trikala, Thessalia. It was founded in 1965 by an agricultural cooperation in Larissa with the support of Agrotiki Bank. In 2000 the company changed ownership and its industrial base was transferred to Trikala. As of 2018, it holds the second place of sales on dairy products in the Greek market with exports to 34 countries.

text:
# Olympos (company)

**Olympos** (Greek: Όλυμπος) is the name of a Greek dairy products company based in Trikala, Thessalia.

It was founded in 1965 by an agricultural cooperation in Larissa with the support of Agrotiki Bank.

In 2000 the company changed ownership and its industrial base was transferred to Trikala.

As of 2018, it holds the second place of sales on dairy products in the Greek market with exports to 34 countries.

## InfoBox

Olympos
Όλυμπος
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Founded | 1965 (Larisa, Greece) |
| Headquarters | Trikala, Greece |
| Products | dairy, yogurt, Greek yogurt, cheese |
| Website | www.olympos.gr |


title: Oligodon woodmasoni

abstract: Oligodon woodmasoni, the yellow-striped kukri snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the Nicobar Islands of India.

text:
# Oligodon woodmasoni

***Oligodon woodmasoni***, the **yellow-striped kukri snake**, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the Nicobar Islands of India.

## Etymology

The specific name, *woodmasoni*, is in honor of English zoologist James Wood-Mason.

## Description

M.A. Smith reported that the holotype of this species was missing from the ZSI Kolkata collections. The species was rediscovered in 2002 and a new specimen was deposited at the ZSI.

The details of the specimen, ZSI25503 are as follows:

Snout-to-vent length: 440 mm (17 in). Tail length: 80 mm (3.1 in).
Dorsal scale rows: at neck 18; at midbody 17.
Ventrals: 185. Subcaudals: 46.
Supralabials: 6 (4th in contact with the eye). Infralabials: 7.

## Reproduction

*O. woodmasoni* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1894). *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ.* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (*Simotes woodmasoni*, p. 223).
* Sharma RC (2003). *Handbook: Indian Snakes*. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. 292 pp. ISBN 978-8181711694.
* Smith MA (1943). *The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.* London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (*Oligodon woodmasoni*, pp. 218–219, Figure 73).
* Vijayakumar SP, David P (2006). "Taxonomy, Natural History, and Distribution of the Snakes of the Nicobar Islands (India), Based on New Materials and with an Emphasis on Endemic Species". *Russian Journal of Herpetology* **13** (1): 11–40.

## InfoBox

| *Oligodon woodmasoni* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Oligodon* |
| Species: | ***O. woodmasoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oligodon woodmasoni***
(Sclater, 1891) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Simotes wood-masoni*
Sclater, 1891 * *Oligodon woodmasoni*
Wall, 1923 * *Oligodon woodmasoni*
Wallach et al., 2014 | |


title: Hyde, Wisconsin

abstract: Hyde is an unincorporated community located in the town of Ridgeway, Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. Hyde is located on County Highway H 5 miles (8.0 km) north of the village of Ridgeway. The community was named for William Hyde, who opened a saw mill in the area in 1856.

text:
# Hyde, Wisconsin

**Hyde** is an unincorporated community located in the town of Ridgeway, Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. Hyde is located on County Highway H 5 miles (8.0 km) north of the village of Ridgeway. The community was named for William Hyde, who opened a saw mill in the area in 1856.

## InfoBox

| Hyde, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HydeHyde | |
| Coordinates: 43°04′24″N 89°58′54″W / 43.07333°N 89.98167°W / 43.07333; -89.98167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Iowa |
| Town | Ridgeway |
| Elevation | 240 m (787 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 608 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1577653 |


title: Hasmizan Kamarodin

abstract: Hasmizan Bin Kamarodin is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a centre-back and former Malaysia national team player.

text:
# Hasmizan Kamarodin

**Hasmizan Bin Kamarodin** (born 24 January 1984, in Besut) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a centre-back and former Malaysia national team player.

## Club career

### Kelantan FA

In December 2016, Hasmizan signed with east coast team, Kelantan FA after 6 years playing for his hometown team, Terengganu FA.

On 22 February 2017, Hasmizan made his debut during postponed match against Melaka United in Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium. He played side by side with Gambian Mamadou Danso as a left centre-back. Kelantan has lost during that match by 0–2 score.

## International career

In August 2013, Hasmizan has been included in the Malaysia national team's training squad with training due to go on from September 1 to 6 at Wisma FAM, before they fly out to China on Sept 7 for an international “A” friendly against the Chinese national team at the Tianjin Olympic Centre Stadium on Sept 10. However, Hasmizan has had to withdraw and miss the chance of earning his first-ever international cap due to a hamstring injury picked up in the Malaysia Cup match against Pahang FA.

## Career statistics

### Club statistics

*As of 28 October 2017.*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|
| 2006–07 | UPB-MyTeam | Liga Premier | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| 2007–08 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2009 | Pahang | Liga Super | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | | | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| 2011 | Terengganu | Liga Super | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 18 | 0 |
| 2012 | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  | | 4 | 1 |
| 2013 | | | 14 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 21 | 0 |
| 2014 | | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 |  | | 17 | 0 |
| 2015 | | | 13 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 1 |  | | 22 | 1 |
| 2016 | | | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 20 | 0 |
| Total | | | 77 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | Kelantan | Liga Super | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 4 | 0 |
| Total | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Hasmizan Bin Kamarodin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Hasmizan Bin Kamarodin | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-01-24) 24 January 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Kuala Besut, Malaysia | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Hanelang F.C. | | |
| Number | 13 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Bukit Jalil Sports School | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2010 | Pahang | 21 | (4) |
| 2011–2016 | Terengganu | 77 | (0) |
| 2017 | Kelantan | 4 | (0) |
| 2018– | Hanelang | 2 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2013 | Malaysia | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 March 2018<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 30 August 2013 | | | |


title: Pin Gal

abstract: "Pin Gal" is the seventeenth episode of the thirty-fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 745th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on March 19, 2023. The episode was directed by Chris Clements and written by Jeff Westbrook. In this episode, Marge must win a bowling match to save the town's bowling alley but encounters someone from her past. Guest stars Albert Brooks and Fred Armisen reprise their previous roles. The episode received positive reviews.

text:
# Pin Gal

"**Pin Gal**" is the seventeenth episode of the thirty-fourth season of the American animated television series *The Simpsons*, and the 745th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on March 19, 2023. The episode was directed by Chris Clements and written by Jeff Westbrook.

In this episode, Marge must win a bowling match to save the town's bowling alley but encounters someone from her past. Guest stars Albert Brooks and Fred Armisen reprise their previous roles. The episode received positive reviews.

## Plot

Homer learns that Barney's Bowlarama is permanently closing. Homer and his bowling teammates attempt to convince the owner not to sell, but he has already sold it to Terrence, who likes the aesthetic. He plans to close the bowling alley and turn it into a place for hipsters. Homer asks for one week to show that the townspeople enjoy bowling. Terrence agrees, but Homer is unsuccessful. Later, Homer and Marge go bowling where he and Terrence see that Marge bowls well. Terrence offers to keep the bowling alley open if Marge can defeat a bowler of Terrence's choosing, and Marge accepts.

While practicing, Marge notices a photo of Jacques on the wall and begins to bowl poorly. Homer decides to bring Jacques to coach her. Jacques tells Marge that he would train her and not attempt to restart their previous romantic encounter. However, Jacques continues to tempt Marge. Grampa notices Jacques' and Marge's interactions.

Grampa shows Jacques' social media posts to Homer, which show Jacques' encounters with other female bowlers. Homer goes to Jacques' apartment, which is covered with photos of Marge. He and Jacques fight until Marge arrives and confesses her previous encounter. Homer forgives Marge, and they leave. At the bowling match, Terrence selects Jacques as Marge's opponent. Marge wins a close match, and Jacques is deported for an expired visa. Terrence agrees to keep the bowling alley open but only with one lane available in order to artificially create a lengthy waiting period.

## Production

Albert Brooks reprised his role as Jacques. Brooks previously appeared in this role in the first season episode "Life on the Fast Lane." Brooks has guest starred as several different characters over the course of the series. As usual, he was credited as "A. Brooks." Fred Armisen reprised his role as Terrence. Armisen first appeared in this role in the twenty-fourth season episode "The Day the Earth Stood Cool."

Viewers noticed a continuity error because Marge previously told Homer about Jacques' interest in Marge in the sixth season episode "Another Simpsons Clip Show." However, executive producer Al Jean stated that clip show episodes were non-canon.

In addition, the cigarette machine in Moe's Tavern, which had appeared since the beginning of the series, was permanently removed. Jean stated that a replacement object would appear in future episodes.

## Reception

### Viewing figures

The episode earned a 0.23 rating and was watched by 0.86 million viewers, which was the most watched show on Fox that night.

### Critical response

Tony Sokol of *Den of Geek* gave the episode 4.5 out of 5 stars. He thought the whole episode was "entertaining." He highlighted the background jokes featuring Hans Moleman and Fat Tony. He also praised the performance by Albert Brooks.

John Schwarz of *Bubbleblabber* gave the episode an 8 out of 10. He highlighted the flashback scenes and the performances by Brooks and Armisen. He also thought that the impact of Jacques on Homer and Marge's relationship was not as effective after the many episodes featuring Homer and Marge being romantically tempted since Jacques first appeared.

1. Chilton, Louis (March 19, 2023). "The Simpsons set to bring back notorious character – after 33 years". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
2. Sokol, Tony (March 19, 2023). "The Simpsons Bowls a Perfect Game Thanks to a Season 1 Guest Star". *Den of Geek*. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
3. Starkey, Adam (March 20, 2023). "'The Simpsons' viewers call out plot hole after return of season one character". *NME*. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
4. Chilton, Louis (March 20, 2023). "The Simpsons fans hail return of season one character – but complain about new plot hole". *The Independent*. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
5. Miller, Adam (March 20, 2023). "The Simpsons: Moe's Tavern cigarette machine removed after 33 years". *Metro*. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
6. Salem, Mitch (March 21, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 3.19.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". *Showbuzz Daily*. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
7. Schwarz, John (March 20, 2023). "Review: The Simpsons "Pin Gal"". *Bubbleblabber*. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2023.

## InfoBox

| "**Pin Gal**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Simpsons* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 34<br>Episode 17 |
| Directed by | Chris Clements |
| Written by | Jeff Westbrook |
| Production code | OABF10 |
| Original air date | March 19, 2023 (2023-03-19) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Episode features | |
| Couch gag | Dolls of the Simpson family are placed on the couch. A dog grabs the Homer doll with its mouth and chews it. |
|  | |
|
|


title: Quebro

abstract: Quebro is a corregimiento in Mariato District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,129 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 1,050; its population as of 2000 was 1,060.

text:
# Quebro

**Quebro** is a corregimiento in Mariato District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,129 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 1,050; its population as of 2000 was 1,060.

## InfoBox

| Quebro | |
| --- | --- |
| Corregimiento | |
| Quebro | |
| Coordinates: 7°21′32″N 80°57′00″W / 7.358842°N 80.9499956°W / 7.358842; -80.9499956 | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Veraguas |
| District | Mariato |
| Area | |
| Land | 349.4 km2 (134.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,129 |
| Density | 3.2/km2 (8/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: WRDW (AM)

abstract: WRDW was a radio station licensed to Augusta, Georgia, United States. The station was owned by Beasley Broadcast Group.

text:
# WRDW (AM)

**WRDW** (1630 AM) was a radio station licensed to Augusta, Georgia, United States. The station was owned by Beasley Broadcast Group.

## History

WRDW originated as the expanded band "twin" to the original WRDW. On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with the then-WRDW (later WCHZ) in Augusta authorized to move from 1480 to 1630 kHz. Initially issued the call sign WAWX, in 2003 the expanded band authorization, also in Augusta, inherited the historic WRDW call letters.

The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency, although this deadline was extended multiple times. Ultimately Beasley Media surrendered WCHZ's license on 1480 kHz to the FCC on February 5, 2015, which cancelled the license on the same day.

### Later history

On April 11, 2019, WRDW went silent (off the air), due to its transmitter site having been sold. Its license was surrendered September 27, 2019, and cancelled by the FCC on February 13, 2020.

## InfoBox

WRDW
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 1630 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Defunct |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | January 9, 1998 (as WAWX) |
| Last air date | April 11, 2019 (2019-04-11) |
| Former call signs | * WAWX (1998–2001) * WTEL (2001–2003) |
| Call sign meaning | "Where Radio Does Wonders" (carried over from the former WRDW) |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 87174 |
| Class | B |
| Power | * 10,000 watts day * 1,000 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 33°31′0″N 82°0′36″W / 33.51667°N 82.01000°W / 33.51667; -82.01000 |