title: Pegas Productions

abstract: Pegas Productions is a Canadian adult film studio based in Quebec City. The company is a major player in the Canadian adult film industry.

text:
# Pegas Productions

**Pegas Productions** is a Canadian adult film studio based in Quebec City. The company is a major player in the Canadian adult film industry.

## History

Pegas Productions was founded by Nicolas Lafleur in 2006. Pegas released three DVDs in 2006 and quickly entered the digital landscape as they launched their website in 2007. By the end of 2007 the website had reached over one million hits. The company quickly gained attention as its saying of porn for Quebecers by Quebecers gained rapid praise by French-speaking Canadians. By 2010 Pegas Productions began seeing a presence in Europe, mainly France and Belgium.

## Porn acting academy

In 2014 Pegas Productions was having problems finding male talent. In mid 2014 Pegas Productions opened applications on their website. Over 1,200 applied 50 were decided on and 10 were invited to attend the classes. The class entailed two phases, in phase one invitees were graded on physical and character characteristics then were subject to health, psychological and social impact of being an adult actor. Six men moved onto phase two which included sexual auditions with female talent. At the end of the three day academy three men were hired. Pegas Productions have replicated this process three times in the years since.

## InfoBox

Pegas Productions
|
|  |
| Industry | Pornography |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | 945, avenue Newton
Quebec City, Quebec
G1P 4M3 |
| Owner | Nicolas Lafleur |


title: Janisze, Lublin Voivodeship

abstract: Janisze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryki, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Ryki and 59 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Janisze, Lublin Voivodeship

**Janisze** \[jaˈniʂɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryki, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Ryki and 59 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Janisze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Janisze | |
| Coordinates: 51°38′N 22°0′E / 51.633°N 22.000°E / 51.633; 22.000 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Ryki |
| Gmina | Ryki |


title: Peak One

abstract: Peak One is a 12,805-foot (3,903 m) mountain summit in Summit County, Colorado, United States.

text:
# Peak One

**Peak One** is a 12,805-foot (3,903 m) mountain summit in Summit County, Colorado, United States.

## Description

Peak One is set 15 miles (24 km) west of the Continental Divide at the northern end of the Tenmile Range which is a subrange of the Rocky Mountains. The mountain is located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of the community of Frisco, and is set on land managed by Arapaho National Forest. Interstate 70 runs along the western base of the peak. Precipitation runoff from the mountain's west slope drains into Tenmile Creek and the east slope drains to Miners Creek, which both empty into Dillon Reservoir. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 3,400 feet (1,036 m) above Tenmile Creek in one mile (1.6 km). The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names in favor of rejected variant names such as "Peak 1", "Peak Number One", "Tenmile Range Peak 1", and "Melzer Peak."

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Peak 1 is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring. The months of June through September offer the most favorable conditions for climbing Peak One.

## InfoBox

| Peak One | |
| --- | --- |
| North aspect of Peak One | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 12,805 ft (3,903 m) |
| Prominence | 225 ft (69 m) |
| Parent peak | Tenmile Peak (12,938 ft) |
| Isolation | 0.49 mi (0.79 km) |
| Coordinates | 39°32′35″N 106°07′12″W / 39.5430027°N 106.1199036°W / 39.5430027; -106.1199036 |
| Geography | |
| Peak OneLocation in ColoradoPeak OnePeak One (the United States) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Summit County |
| Parent range | Rocky Mountains<br>Tenmile Range |
| Topo map | USGS *Frisco* |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Precambrian |
| Type of rock | Metamorphic rock |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | class 2+ |


title: Peggy J. Kleinplatz

abstract: Peggy Joy Kleinplatz is a Canadian clinical psychologist and sexologist whose work often concerns optimal sexuality, opposition to the medicalization of human sexuality, and outreach to marginalized groups. She is a full professor of medicine and clinical professor of psychology at the University of Ottawa.

text:
# Peggy J. Kleinplatz

**Peggy Joy Kleinplatz** is a Canadian clinical psychologist and sexologist whose work often concerns optimal sexuality, opposition to the medicalization of human sexuality, and outreach to marginalized groups. She is a full professor of medicine and clinical professor of psychology at the University of Ottawa.

## Education

Peggy Joy Kleinplatz graduated from the University of Ottawa with a B.A. (Honours) in Psychology in 1981 and Ph.D. in 1987. Her dissertation was titled *The impact of gender-role identity, conformity and choice on women's self-esteem, lifestyle satisfaction and conflict*. Kleinplatz's doctoral advisor was Michael McCarrey.

## Career

Kleinplatz is a certified clinical psychologist and sex therapist who has taught human sexuality for over 20 years at the University of Ottawa. She is a full professor in the Department of Medicine, a clinical professor of psychology at the University of Ottawa, with cross-appointments in the Faculty of Education and School of Epidemiology and Public Health. She is also Adjunct Research Professor at Carleton University. Kleinplatz has held the Chair of Ethics and the Chair of Certifications for the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counsellors and Therapists (AASECT).

Kleinplatz and physician Charles Allen Moser argue that paraphilias should be removed from the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM). Kleinplatz wrote, "\[T\]he DSM criteria for diagnosis of unusual sexual interests as pathological rests on a series of unproven and more importantly, untested assumptions." Therapists who focus on "functional" versus "dysfunctional" sex, have an approach, she writes that "is, at best, limiting and constraining and, at worst, dehumanising and risks exacerbating rather than alleviating suffering." Kleinplatz criticized sex therapy as being "too performance oriented," and not focusing enough on desire. Her work has been to focus more on ways that partners can please one another by learning to listen to what their partners want. Kleinplatz has shown that "great sex flourishes in relationships that deepen with maturity," according to the *Globe and Mail*. She has also criticized the concepts premenstrual dysphoric disorder and dyspareunia as medicalizing women's bodies.

Her book, *New Directions in Sex Therapy: Innovations and Alternatives* (2001)*,* was considered by the *Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy* to be an important challenge to current models of sex therapy. The book is also a feminist critique of sex therapy and describes modern issues facing the practice. The second edition, updated and expanded, came out in 2012 with a 3rd edition is forthcoming from Routledge in September 2024. *New Directions in Sex Therapy* (2nd edition) was a co-winner for an AASECT award in 2013. Her book, *Sadomasochism:Powerful Pleasures* (2006), examines fifteen in-depth cases of different types of couples who practices sadomasochism.

## Awards and honors

Kleinplatz was awarded the Prix d'Excellence at the University of Ottawa in 2000. In 2015, she was awarded the Professional Standard of Excellence Award from the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) for her contributions to the field.

## Selected works

### Books

* Kleinplatz, Peggy J. (2001). *New Directions in Sex Therapy: Innovations and Alternatives*. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780876309674.
* Kleinplatz, Peggy J.; Moser, Charles (2006). *Sadomasochism: Powerful Pleasures*. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781560236405.
* Bouman, Walter Pierre; Kleinplatz, Peggy J. (2015). *Sexuality and Ageing*. Routledge. ISBN 9781138932630.
* Kleinplatz, Peggy J. (2019). *Experimental Approach to Sexuality*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138821798.
* Kleinplatz, Peggy J; Ménard, A. Dana (2020). *Magnificent Sex: Lessons from Extraordinary Lovers.* Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-18136-9

## InfoBox

| Peggy J. Kleinplatz | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Ottawa |
| Thesis | *The impact of gender-role identity, conformity and choice on women's self-esteem, lifestyle satisfaction and conflict* (1987) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael McCarrey |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Psychology |
| Sub-discipline | Sexology |
| Institutions | University of Ottawa <br>Carleton University |
| Notable works | *New Directions in Sex Therapy: Innovations and Alternatives* |
|  | |


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Kumano Maru

abstract: Kumano Maru Kumano Maru (熊野丸) was a landing craft carrier with a full-length flight deck built for the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. Completed in early 1945, fuel shortages meant that the ship never became operational during the war. She was turned over to the Allies at Kure when Japan surrendered later that year. Before beginning to repatriate Japanese troops home, Kumano Maru was disarmed and modified to facilitate that mission. The ship continued to do so until she was sold for scrap in 1947.

text:
# Japanese aircraft carrier Kumano Maru

***Kumano Maru*** (熊野丸) was a landing craft carrier with a full-length flight deck built for the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. Completed in early 1945, fuel shortages meant that the ship never became operational during the war. She was turned over to the Allies at Kure when Japan surrendered later that year. Before beginning to repatriate Japanese troops home, *Kumano Maru* was disarmed and modified to facilitate that mission. The ship continued to do so until she was sold for scrap in 1947.

## Background and description

In March 1944 the IJA and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) held a conference to decide how to better protect their merchant shipping from the heavy losses suffered at the hands of American submarines. The IJN's escort carriers had, at best, limited success in doing so thus far and the participants focused on improving the number of carriers available. The IJA proposed converting oil tankers into escort carriers and agreed to forgo any further construction of *Akitsu Maru*-class landing craft carriers with limited aviation facilities. The Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Department agreed to design the conversions while the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff required that the Army's auxiliary escort carriers would be dedicated to protecting the merchant ships. The services agreed that the IJA would convert two standard *Type M* (military) 9,502-gross register ton (GRT) cargo ships into landing-craft carriers with full aviation facilities, beginning with *Kumano Maru*.

The *Kumano Maru*-class ships had a flush-decked configuration that displaced 8,128 tonnes (8,000 long tons) at standard load, although naval historian Hans Lengerer states that they had a standard displacement of 6,314 t (6,214 long tons). The ships had an overall length of 152 metres (498 ft 8 in), a beam of 19.58 metres (64 ft 3 in) and a draft of 6.95 metres (22 ft 10 in). The flight deck was 110 metres (360 ft 11 in) long, 21.5 metres (70 ft 6 in) wide, and was fitted with a four-wire Kayaba arresting gear system. They had a single hangar that was served by a lift at the rear of the flight deck. A large crane was fitted on the rear port side of the ship. The intended air group of the *Kumano Maru*s was to consist of eight depth-charge equipped Kokusai Ki-76 liaison aircraft. If serving as an aircraft transport, the ships could fit 18 Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate fighters on the flight deck and 17 more in the hangar.

The carriers had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The fourth boiler cited in many sources was a cylindrical donkey boiler for the ship's steam-powered machinery. The turbines were rated at a total of 10,000 shaft horsepower (7,500 kW) for a speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) or 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). The *Kumano Maru*s had a range of 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). Their funnels were positioned on the starboard side and vented horizontally outward to keep the flight deck clear. Their bridges were located under the forward edge of the flight deck. Their crew consisted of 107 men; including embarked troops, the ships' complement numbered 1,664.

The *Kumano Maru*-class carriers were classified as *M Type C* landing ships by the IJA. They could carry up to a dozen 17.1-metre (56 ft) Toku Daihatsu-class landing craft and thirteen 14-metre (46 ft) Daihatsu-class landing craft in their holds that were launched on rails through two large doors in the stern.

### Armament

Air defence for the carriers consisted of eight 75 mm (3 in) Type 88 anti-aircraft (AA) guns on single mounts below the flight deck; three on the starboard side and five on the port side. These fired 6.5 kg (14 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 720 m/s (2,400 ft/s). These were supplemented by six autocannon on single mounts; two on platforms in front of the flight deck and the remainder on a platform aft of the flight deck. Sources disagree whether they were Army 20 mm (0.8 in) Type 98 guns or Navy 25 mm (1 in) Type 96 guns. The Type 98 gun fired its 136 g (4.8 oz) shells at a practical rate of 100 rounds per minute, while the Type 96 gun had a rate of fire for its 250 g (8.8 oz) shells of about 110 rounds per minute.

The ships were also equipped with two single 150 mm (5.9 in) anti-submarine mortars on platforms at the bow and stern. They fired 27-kilogram (60 lb) shells to a range of 4,500 metres (4,900 yd).

## Construction and career

*Kumano Maru* was laid down at the Hitachi Shipbuilding shipyard at Innoshima, near Kure, as a standard wartime cargo ship on 15 August 1944 and was converted into her aircraft-carrier configuration while under construction. The ship was launched on 28 January 1945 and was attacked by 13 Grumman F6F Hellcat and 14 Vought F4U Corsair fighters on 19 March during the American air raid on the Kure area. Undamaged during the attack, she was completed on 31 March. Fuel oil shortages caused the Japanese to consider removing her turbines and converting the ship's boilers to burn coal, but nothing was ultimately done. *Kumano Maru* never became operational during the war.

The ship was turned over to the Allies on 15 August when Japan surrendered and was disarmed. To improve her suitability for the task of repatriating Japanese forces abroad, her horizontal funnel was replaced by a vertical one and four large lifeboats was added on davits that overhung the flight deck. *Kumano Maru* remained on repatriation duty until she was sold for scrap to Kawasaki in 1947; demolition began at their Kobe facility on 4 November and lasted until 1 September 1948.

## Bibliography

* Campbell, John (1985). *Naval Weapons of World War II*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
* Chesneau, Roger (1995). *Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia* (New, revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-902-2.
* Fukui, Shizuo (1991). *Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of World War II*. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-125-8.
* Hackett, Bob & Cundall, Peter (May 2016). "IJA Landing Craft Depot Ship *Kumano Maru*: Tabular Record of Movement". CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
* Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
* Lengerer, Hans (2023). *The Aircraft Carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army: Technical and Operational History*. Vol. II. Katowice, Poland: Model Hobby. ISBN 978-83-60041-71-0.
* Ness, Leland (2015). *Rikkugun: Guide to Japanese Ground Forces 1937–1945*. Vol. 2: Weapons of the Imperial Japanese Army & Navy Ground Forces. Solihull, UK: Helion. ISBN 978-1-909982-75-8.
* Sturton, Ian (1980). "Japan". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 167–217. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.

## InfoBox

| Aerial view of disarmed *Kumano Maru*, 1945 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Operators | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Preceded by | Japanese aircraft carrier *Akitsu Maru* |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Built | 1944–1947 |
| Planned | 2 |
| Completed | 1 |
| Scrapped | 2 |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Kumano Maru* |
| Builder | Hitachi Shipbuilding, Innoshima |
| Laid down | 15 August 1944 |
| Launched | 28 January 1945 |
| Completed | 31 March 1945 |
| In service | 1945–1947 |
| Captured | 15 August 1945 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 4 November 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Kumano Maru*-class aircraft carrier |
| Type | Aircraft carrier/landing craft carrier |
| Displacement | 8,128  (8,000 long tons) (standard) |
| Length | 152 m (498 ft 8 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 19.58 m (64 ft 3 in) |
| Draught | 6.95 m (23 ft) (deep load) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 19 or 20 knots (35 or 37 km/h; 22 or 23 mph) |
| Range | 6,000 nmi (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Complement | * 107 * 1,664 (including troops) |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 8 |
| Aviation facilities | Arresting gear |


title: Japanese destroyer Wakatsuki

abstract: Wakatsuki (若月) was an Akizuki-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Her name means "Young Moon".

text:
# Japanese destroyer Wakatsuki

***Wakatsuki*** (若月) was an *Akizuki*-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Her name means "Young Moon".

## Design and description

The *Akizuki*-class ships were originally designed as anti-aircraft escorts for carrier battle groups, but were modified with torpedo tubes and depth charges to meet the need for more general-purpose destroyers. The ships measured 134.2 meters (440 ft 3 in) overall, with beams of 11.6 meters (38 ft 1 in) and drafts of 4.15 meters (13 ft 7 in). They displaced 2,701 long tons (2,744 ) at standard load and 3,420 long tons (3,470 t) at deep load. Their crews numbered 300 officers and enlisted men.

Each ship had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (38,776 kW) for a designed speed of 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph). The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them ranges of 8,300 nautical miles (15,400 km; 9,600 mi) at speeds of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).

The main armament of the *Akizuki* class consisted of eight 100-millimeter (3.9 in) Type 98 dual-purpose guns in four twin-gun turrets, two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure. They each carried a dozen 25-millimeter (1 in) Type 96 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in four triple-gun mounts. The ships were also each armed with four 610-millimeter (24 in) torpedo tubes in a single quadruple rotating mount amidships; one reload was carried for each tube. The first batch of ships were each equipped with two depth charge throwers for which 54 depth charges were carried. *Wakatsuki* was equipped with a Type 21 early-warning radar on her foremast.

## Construction and career

The ship was commissioned on 31 May 1943 into the 11th Destroyer Squadron. *Wakatsuki* participated in rescuing sailors from *Shōkaku* (June 1944) and *Zuikaku* (October 1944) when each was sunk by US forces. Both of these carriers participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

On 11 November 1944, *Wakatsuki* was escorting a troop convoy to Ormoc, Philippines. She was sunk by aircraft of Task Force 38 in Ormoc Bay, west of Leyte (10°50′N 124°35′E / 10.833°N 124.583°E / 10.833; 124.583).

## Rediscovery

*Wakatsuki's* wreck was discovered in early December 2017 by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen's research vessel RV Petrel 869 ft (265 m) below the surface of Ormoc Bay. She was found to be heavily damaged from both her sinking and impact with the seafloor, resting on her starboard side.

* Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
* Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). *Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two* (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
* Stille, Mark (2013). *Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2): Asahio to Tachibana Classes*. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.
* Sturton, Ian (1980). "Japan". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
* Todaka, Kazushige, ed. (2020). *Destroyers: Selected Photos from the Archives of the Kure Maritime Museum; the Best from the Collection of Shizuo Fukui's Photos of Japanese Warships*. Japanese Naval Warship Photo Album. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-630-8.
* Whitley, M. J. (2000). *Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia*. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

## InfoBox

| *Wakatsuki* under attack at Ormoc Bay, Leyte Island, Philippines, 11 November 1944. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Wakatsuki* |
| Builder | Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard |
| Laid down | 9 March 1942 |
| Launched | 24 November 1942 |
| Completed | 31 May 1943 |
| Commissioned | 31 May 1943 |
| Stricken | 10 January 1945 |
| Fate | Sunk in action, 11 November 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Akizuki*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 2,700 long tons (2,743 t) standard * 3,700 long tons (3,759 t) full load |
| Length | 134.2 m (440 ft 3 in) |
| Beam | 11.6 m (38 ft 1 in) |
| Draft | 4.15 m (13 ft 7 in) |
| Propulsion | * 4 × Kampon type boilers * 2 × Parsons geared turbines * 2 × shafts, 50,000 shp (37 MW) |
| Speed | 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h) |
| Range | 8,300 nmi (15,400 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h) |
| Complement | 263 |
| Armament |  |


title: Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)

abstract: The Jane Goodall Institute, founded in 2002, was established as a local registered charity involved in the promotion of the well-being of the community, animals and environment. The Jane Goodall Institute Hong Kong is one of the Asian branches of the Jane Goodall Institute which was founded in 1977 in California by Jane Goodall and Genevieve, Princess di San Faustino. With its headquarters in the US, the Jane Goodall Institute is a worldwide non-profit organization with 17 overseas offices.

text:
# Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)

The **Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)** (Chinese: 國際珍古德（香港）協會), founded in 2002, was established as a local registered charity involved in the promotion of the well-being of the community, animals and environment. The Jane Goodall Institute Hong Kong is one of the Asian branches of the Jane Goodall Institute which was founded in 1977 in California by Jane Goodall and Genevieve, Princess di San Faustino. With its headquarters in the US, the Jane Goodall Institute is a worldwide non-profit organization with 17 overseas offices.

## Objectives and missions

The objectives of the Institute are:

1. To promote the conservation of primate habitat.
2. To increase awareness, support and training on issues related to human relationships with one another, the environment, as well as other animals.
3. To expand non-invasive research programmes on chimpanzees and other primates.
4. To promote activities to ensure the well-being of chimpanzees, other primates and animals in general.

The Jane Goodall Institute's official statement of their mission:

> "The Jane Goodall Institute advances the power of individuals to take informed and compassionate action to improve the environment of all living things."

## Funding

The Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong) depends on supports in the forms of donations, sponsorship, collaboration partnership.

However, the Institute declines to reveal specifically the individuals or organisations which have contributed to the funding.

## Comparison with other environmental organisations

In terms of mission, the Jane Goodall Institute has perhaps the most similar to that of WWF Hong Kong, as both organisations feature balanced focus on the environment and animals. While the Jane Goodall Institute is more inclined to the conservation of primates and other animals, Green Power focuses primarily on butterfly research and conservation, especially in the upcoming years. The objectives of Greenpeace are more general by comparison, as they aim to stop the climate change and to eliminate toxic chemicals. They put less emphasis on animal conservation, setting themselves apart from the Jane Goodall Institute. The Animals Asia Foundation has the most straightforward objective, as it aims to conserve animals exclusively. On the other hand, Green Power and the Jane Goodall Institute stress more on environmental education. Both organisations have set up the educational units Green School and Roots and Shoots, respectively. Furthermore, the Jane Goodall Institute, Greenpeace and WWF are global organisations, whereas Green Power and Animals Asia Foundation are Hong Kong-based.

## Roots & Shoots

Roots & Shoots is the global conservation and education programme founded by Dr. Jane Goodall, which serves as the core programme of Jane Goodall Institute.

It is the agenda of the programme to implement positive changes through education. Its objectives are to interact with the environment, to demonstrate care and compassion for animals and all lifeforms, to establish a better understanding among different cultures, ethnic groups, religions, socio-economic classes and nations. It also aims to assist young people to develop as confident and positive individuals.

### Origin of the name

Literally, roots and shoots mean:

* **root** \- the part of the plant which grows down into the earth to obtain water and food and which holds the plant firmly in the ground.
* **shoot**\- the first part of a plant to appear above the earth from a seed, or any new growth on an already existing plant.

A deeper connotation of Roots & Shoots is:

* **roots** lead to a strong and firm foundation
* **shoots** seem infinitesimal in their unending pursuit of sunlight.

By bonding, they can break through the brick walls, a metaphorical representation of the problems human beings suffer from globally.

### The history of Roots & Shoots

Roots & Shoots began with 16 students who were interested in animals and environment conservation. However, they realised they were not able to obtain sufficient support and resources they would need from school. They, therefore, went to meet Dr. Goodall on her front porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 1991. After a deep conversation, they returned to school and began to look for like-minded students to realise their goals. The Roots & Shoots programme was then born. Now there are more than 4500 groups around the world in over 70 countries, including more than 7 countries in Asia, such as Hong Kong, China, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea and Malaysia.

### Projects by Roots & Shoots (Hong Kong)

* **Monkey Conservation Ambassador Programme**

A programme open to tertiary students in order to raise the awareness of Hong Kong's wild macaques in Country Parks, as well as to cut down complaints, attacks and illegal feeding.

* **Pollution in Hong Kong**

The Roots and Shoots group aims to raise public awareness of problems from air, water and land pollutions in Hong Kong. The group also aims to help solve these problems by raising funds.

* **Human impact on the environment**

The Guardians of the Earth aims to investigate how humans are affecting their natural environment. They started their projects by observing man-made objects and human activities in relation to the environment.

* **Care for animals**

The Roots and Shoots group from the Tack Ching Primary School held a campaign of animal care. Activities include visiting the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) Wanchai Centre and fund-raising for the SPCA. The group also collected used towels and toys for abandoned dogs at SPCA.

* **Care for Hong Kong's environment**

Roots and Shoots members from various schools and communities joined hands at the Beach Cleaning Day at Sha Chau & Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park. They also organized a Chinese white dolphin boat trip.

* **Care for Hong Kong's community and environment**

Roots and Shoots members joined some scout members in an activity in which they learned the skills of planting. The 'Shoots of Hope' were sent to Hong Kong School For The Deaf and Methodist Yang Center.

* **Roots & Shoots Day 2002**

(with photos and a brief description of the activity in Chinese)

### Membership in Hong Kong

Among the more than 4500 groups around the world in over 70 countries, members of Roots and Shoots in Hong Kong include students from local primary and secondary schools, such as the Hong Kong International School, Hong Kong's Victoria Shanghai Academy and Tack Ching Primary School.

### Voices from members worldwide

“I attribute all my successes to Roots & Shoots. The program lifted me from nowhere and has put me to where I am right now. It gave me confidence and a great sense of pride. Sometimes I can't even imagine... I think it's time I give back, to the fullest, all what I received from R&S.”—Yared Fubusa, Graduate Student, University of Virginia

“The College Summit is certainly one of the most amazing experiences I've ever had and will ever have.... Miracles happen when a bunch of good guys get together like we did.”—ZeeZee, Member, Shanghai Roots & Shoots

“It is thrilling for our group to know that by belonging to Roots & Shoots, we are connected to the rest of the world. Our actions have a direct impact in solving problems…Middle-class, suburban American families are very busy these days with work and raising kids. Parents want positive activities for their kids and being able to perform service projects together as a family is very special.”—Wanda Leopold, Leader of Family Group, Mt. Prospect, Illinois

## Who is Jane Goodall?

Jane Goodall, PhD, DBE, the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute, was born in London, England on April 3, 1934. As a child she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father, although friends believed it would scare her. Today, the toy still sits on her dresser in London. After the divorce of her parents when Goodall was only 12, she moved with her mother to Bournemouth.

It was while in Bournemouth that Goodall first met up with distinguished wildlife authority Sir David Attenborough, who taught her the importance of the higher order primates, and impressed upon her the need to defend the fragile biosphere.

Goodall was interested in animals from her youth; this prompted noted anthropologist Louis Leakey to hire her as his assistant/secretary. He invited her to accompany him and his wife, Mary Leakey, to dig at Olduvai Gorge. Eventually he asked Jane to study the chimpanzees of Gombe Stream National Park (then known as Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve). She arrived at Gombe in July, 1960. Leakey arranged for Goodall to return to the UK where she earned a doctorate in ethology from the University of Cambridge in 1964. Along with Dian Fossey, famous for living with gorillas, and Biruté Galdikas, who advanced studies in orangutans, Goodall was one of three women Louis Leakey called The Trimates, recently dubbed by some as "Leakey's Angels".

### Jane Goodall and her chimpanzees

Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research and is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With 19 offices around the world, the institute is widely recognized for innovative, community-centered conservation and development programs in Africa and a global youth program, Roots & Shoots, which currently has over 8,000 groups in 96 countries. Today, Dr Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocating on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, traveling nearly 300 days a year.

Goodall was instrumental in the study of social learning, primate cognition, thinking and culture in wild chimpanzees, their differentiation from the bonobo, and the inclusion of both species along with the gorilla as hominids.

One of Goodall's major contributions to the field of primatology was the discovery of tool making in chimpanzees. She discovered that some chimpanzees alter pieces of grass or twigs and then poke them into termite mounds. The termites would grab onto the blade of grass or twig with their mandibles and the chimpanzees would then just pull the grass out and eat the termites. Though many animals had been clearly observed using "tools", previously, only humans were thought to make tools, and tool-making was considered the defining difference between humans and other animals. This discovery convinced several scientists to reconsider their definition of being human. Another characteristic of the chimpanzee that Goodall discovered was their cooperative hunting of red colobus monkeys.

Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time in her study of primates by naming the animals she studied, instead of assigning each a number. This numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time, and thought to be important in the removal of one's self from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Among those that Goodall named during her first years in Gombe were:

* David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall.
* Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, named for his bold nature.
* Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male.
* Flo, a motherly female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children, Figan, Faben, Fifi, and Flint
* Olly, a shy female, and her son, Evered, and her elf-like daughter, Gilka
* Passion, an asocial, harsh, fierce, cannibalistic female and her daughter, Pom, and her son, Prof

## InfoBox

Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)
|
|  |
| Formation | 2002 |
| Type | Non-profit organization |
| Headquarters | Hong Kong |
| Founder | Jane Goodall |
| Website | www.janegoodall.org.hk |


title: Pearl's Diner

abstract: Pearl's Diner is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Lynn Smith and released in 1992. Using cutout animation, the film depicts the interactions of Pearl, a waitress in a diner, with her customers. The film won the Genie Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 14th Genie Awards.

text:
# Pearl's Diner

***Pearl's Diner*** is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Lynn Smith and released in 1992. Using cutout animation, the film depicts the interactions of Pearl, a waitress in a diner, with her customers.

The film won the Genie Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 14th Genie Awards.

## InfoBox

| Pearl's Diner | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Lynn Smith |
| Produced by | Lynn Smith |
| Music by | Zander Ary |
| Release date | * 1992 (1992) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Country | Canada |


title: Pearic languages

abstract: The Pearic languages are a group of endangered languages of the Eastern Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by Pear people living in western Cambodia and eastern Thailand. Pearic languages are remnants of the aboriginal languages of much of Cambodia, but have dwindled in numbers due to assimilation. "Pear" is a pejorative term meaning 'slave' or 'caste'.

text:
# Pearic languages

The **Pearic languages** (alternatively called the **Chongic languages**) are a group of endangered languages of the Eastern Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by Pear people (the *Por*, the *Samré*, the *Samray*, the *Suoy*, and the *Chong*) living in western Cambodia and eastern Thailand.

Pearic languages are remnants of the aboriginal languages of much of Cambodia, but have dwindled in numbers due to assimilation. "Pear" is a pejorative term meaning 'slave' or 'caste'.

## Classification

Paul Sidwell proposed the following classification of the Pearic languages in Sidwell (2009:137), synthesizing analyses from Headley (1985), Choosri (2002), Martin (1974), and Peiros (2004) He divides Pearic into two primary branches (*Pear* and *Chong*), with *Chong* being further divided into four groups.

Pearic lexical innovations include 'fish', 'moon', 'water leech', 'chicken', and 'fire'.

## Reconstruction

### Headley (1985)

The Proto-Pearic language, the reconstructed ancestor of the Pearic languages, has been reconstructed by Robert Headley (1985). The 149 Proto-Pearic forms below are from Headley (1985).

* \*peːm 'angry'
* \*pe(ː)ʔ 'three'
* \*taːɲ 'to weave'
* \*kam 'arrow'
* \*keːv 'to call'
* \*caː 'to eat'
* \*ciʔ 'louse'
* \*ʔic 'excrement'
* \*ʔan 'here'
* \*Pa(ː)ŋ 'flower'
* \*Poːt 'to cut, hack'
* \*Tɔːŋ 'to fear'
* \*Teːv 'right (dexter)'
* \*Cak 'to hunt'
* \*Ceːv 'to go'
* \*Kaːŋ 'month'
* \*Kɔːj 'long(time)'
* \*Kic 'small'
* \*buːl 'drunk'
* \*beːt(?) 'knife'
* \*baːŋ 'morning'
* \*dɔːn 'must'
* \*deːv 'to buy'
* \*daːk 'water'
* \*ɟuːm 'vine'
* \*ɟeːv 'soup'
* \*ɟɔːr 'sap'
* \*graːɲ 'alcohol'
* \*gɨl 'to sit'
* \*guːm 'to winnow'
* \*suk 'hair'
* \*saŋ 'to hear'
* \*sɔːŋ 'to dance'
* \*huːm 'to bathe'
* \*hɔː 'not'
* \*h(ɨː)r 'to fly'
* \*hjɔk 'breast'
* \*hmɔːk 'bat'
* \*hmaːr 'field'
* \*hnoːk 'to stretch oneself'
* \*hŋɔːn 'thatch'
* \*hrɔːk 'to hide'
* \*hlɔːŋ 'banana'
* \*hluk 'salt'
* \*v(ɛː)ŋ 'raw, uncooked'
* \*rəvaːj 'tiger'
* \*jaːv 'scorpion'
* \*j(i)p 'to come'
* \*m(a)t 'eye'
* \*nɔːŋ 'mountain'
* \*nɨm 'year'
* \*ŋ(əː)r 'red'
* \*reːs 'root'
* \*rɔːj 'fly'
* \*raːj 'ten'
* \*loːm 'to ask'
* \*laːc 'lightning'
* \*_liɲ 'elder sibling'
* \*Pac 'to break'
* \*hoːc 'dead'
* \*hoːc 'dead'
* \*pah 'to slap'
* \*c(u)h 'to spit'
* \*tak 'broken apart'
* \*lɨk 'bran'
* \*-haːm 'blood'
* \*tɨm 'to cook'
* \*k(eː)n 'child'
* \*kɨn 'female'
* \*hlɨŋ 'deep'
* \*ɟiɲ 'foot'
* \*ʔɔːɲ 'to keep, put'
* \*Təp 'to bury'
* \*h(ɔː)p 'to eat'
* \*veːt 'blue'
* \*klaːv 'skink'
* \*knaːj 'elephant'
* \*Tɔːj 'before'
* \*sɨl 'sharp-edged'
* \*taːl 'to stand'
* \*coːl 'to plant'
* \*meːl 'fish'
* \*Peːr 'water leech'
* \*Keːr 'to bark'
* \*h(oː)r 'to blow'
* \*Ceːs 'kind of deer'
* \*loːs 'kind of deer'
* \*coːs 'hundred'
* \*cɨs 'old'
* \*pa(ː)s 'tail'
* \*c(ɔ)ʔ 'dog'
* \*rəgiʔ 'thin'
* \*tŋiʔ 'day'
* \*poʔ 'dream'
* \*teˀ 'earth'
* \*(c)kaː 'mouth'
* \*(c)mɨː 'civet'
* \*(c)ŋ(ɨ)n 'wife'
* \*(c)rɛːŋ 'ring'
* \*ɟrəlaʔ 'thorn'
* \*kdɔːŋ 'six'
* \*kleˀ 'ashamed'
* \*klɔːŋ 'bone'
* \*kmaːs 'smoke'
* \*kmɔk 'cough'
* \*gmaʔ 'rain'
* \*knɔːk 'to flail'
* \*gnuːl 'seven'
* \*grɨk 'to awaken'
* \*ks(ɨ)m 'star'
* \*kvak 'to hook'
* \*kjoŋ 'kind of lizard'
* \*gjaːŋ 'turtle'
* \*ml(ɔː)ŋ 'eel'
* \*pliː 'fruit'
* \*bluː 'thigh'
* \*pnaːk 'basket'
* \*bnaːm 'ugly'
* \*(p)ŋaːm 'bee'
* \*brɔːŋ 'Khmer'
* \*braːj 'cotton thread'
* \*psiː 'snake'
* \*skɛːŋ 'wing'
* \*smaɲ 'cramp'
* \*snɛːŋ 'after'
* \*sŋal 'to know'
* \*sriː 'to ask'
* \*tmoˀ 'stone'
* \*tpɔʔ 'winnowing basket'
* \*trɔːj 'wild cow'
* \*ʔiːn 'to get'
* \*briː 'forest'
* \*kriɲ 'drum'
* \*ksuː 'red ant'
* \*bleːv 'fire'
* \*ləkheːt 'to slide'
* \*ʔoːc 'to take'
* \*Coːj 'sore, wound'
* \*Toːs 'head'
* \*koːj 'tooth'
* \*(m)oːt 'younger sibling'
* \*b(oː) 'you'
* \*koj 'kind of lizard'
* \*hlɛːk 'chicken'
* \*Tɛːŋ 'left'
* \*bɛːk 'to laugh'
* \*tɛ(h) 'lightning'
* \*gɔŋ 'long'
* \*tɔŋ 'house'

### Sidwell & Rau (2015)

The following Proto-Pearic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 303, 340-363).

* \*ʔɨːs 'all'
* \*bɔh 'ashes'
* \*ker 'to bark'
* \*tkɔːˀ 'bark (of tree)'
* \*guŋ 'belly'
* \*tak 'big'
* \*ciːˀm 'bird'
* \*tap 'to bite'
* \*caˀŋ 'black'
* \*pNhaːm 'blood'
* \*klɔːŋ 'bone'
* \*j̊ɔk, \*tuh 'breast'
* \*pɔːs, \*tuːt 'to burn (vt.)'
* \*ktraːˀs 'claw/nail'
* \*juːr 'cloud'
* \*saˀc 'cold'
* \*jip 'to come/arrive'
* \*hoːc 'die (of a person)'
* \*cɔː 'dog'
* \*taːˀl 'to drink (water)'
* \*bah, \*jeːˀs 'dry (adj./stat.)'
* \*prlaːŋ 'ear'
* \*teːˀ 'earth/soil'
* \*caː 'to eat'
* \*tuŋ 'egg'
* \*mat 'eye'
* \*pɨːs 'fat/grease/oil'
* \*suk 'feather'
* \*pliːw 'fire'
* \*meːˀl 'fish (n.)'
* \*hɨːr 'fly (v.)'
* \*ɟɨŋ 'foot'
* \*briː 'forest'
* \*bɔːŋ 'full (vessel)'
* \*ʔɨs 'give'
* \*ceːw 'to go'
* toːˀn 'good'
* \*weːt 'green'
* \*suk 'hair (of head)'
* \*tiː 'hand'
* \*saŋ 'to hear/listen'
* \*soːc, \*sroːc 'horn'
* \*ʔiɲ 'I'
* \*pNhoːc 'to kill'
* \*-nuːl, \*mkuːr 'knee'
* \*kah 'know'
* \*-laːˀ 'leaf'
* \*bic 'to lie (down)'
* \*lɔːm 'liver'
* \*goŋ 'long'
* \*ciː 'louse (head)'
* \*(c/k)lɔːŋ 'man/husband'
* \*lɔː 'many'
* \*pɔːm, \*ɟuːc 'meat/flesh'
* \*kaːŋ 'moon'
* \*nɔːŋ 'mountain/hill'
* \*(c)kaː 'mouth'
* \*kɔːk 'neck'
* \*blaː 'new'
* \*klɛːˀŋ 'night'
* \*-toːt, \*mu(ː)s 'nose'
* \*ʔih 'not'
* \*moːˀj 'one'
* \*kɟɨm 'person/human'
* \*kɔːˀn 'rat'
* \*gmaːˀ 'rain'
* \*ŋar 'red'
* \*ɟar 'resin'
* \*kraː 'road, path'
* \*reːs 'root (of a tree)'
* \*moːl 'round (object)'
* \*(g)laːŋ 'sand'
* \*daŋ 'see'
* \*kɨl 'sit'
* \*-loːˀ 'skin'
* \*bic 'sleep'
* \*kic 'small'
* \*kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s 'smoke (n.)'
* \*ɲaːj 'to speak, say'
* \*taːl 'to stand'
* \*ksɨm 'star'
* \*tmoːˀ 'stone'
* \*(t/s)ŋiːˀ 'sun'
* \*heːl 'to swim'
* \*paːs 'tail'
* \*dan 'that (dist.)'
* \*ʔan 'this (prox.)'
* \*boː 'thou/you'
* \*ɟrlaʔ 'thorn'
* \*ktaːˀk 'tongue'
* \*koːj 'tooth'
* \*neːˀm 'tree'
* \*baːˀr 'two'
* \*ceːw 'to walk, go'
* \*tuːˀ 'warm/hot'
* \*daːk 'water'
* \*hɛːŋ 'we (excl.)'
* \*taːɲ 'to weave'
* \*cmpiːˀj 'what?'
* \*broːŋ, \*pruːs 'white'
* \*ʔmih 'who?'
* \*kɨn 'woman/wife'
* \*joːˀs 'yellow'

## Lexical innovations

Paul Sidwell (2015:203) lists the following Pearic lexical innovations that had replaced original Proto-Austroasiatic forms.

| Gloss | Proto-Pearic | Proto-Austroasiatic |
| --- | --- | --- |
| fish | \*meːˀl | \*kaʔ |
| fire | \*pliːw | \*ʔus |
| bone | \*klɔːŋ | \*cʔaːŋ |
| chicken | \*hlɛːk | \*ʔiər |

Sidwell (2021) subsequently revised the list of Pearic lexical innovations as follows.

| Gloss | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Pearic | Kasong | Chong | Samre | Pear of Kompong Thom |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ‘fish’ | \*kaʔ | \*meːˀw | me̤ː⁴⁵³ | me̤ːˀw | miːɹ | miəl |
| ‘fire’ | \*ʔuːs | \*pleːw | ple̤ːw²¹ | ple̤ːw | pliːw | phlou |
| ‘bone’ | \*cʔaːŋ | \*klɔːŋ | klɔːŋ³³ | klɑːŋ | kluəŋ |  |
| ‘chicken’ | \*ʔiər | \*hlɛːk | lɛːk⁴⁵ | læːk | liək | lék |
| ‘banana’ |  | \*hlɔːŋ | lɔːŋ³³ | lɑːŋ | luəŋ | lâng |

## Further reading

* Ferlus, Michel. 2009. "Toward Proto Pearic: Problems and Historical Implications". In Sophana Srichampa et al. (eds.), 38–51.

## InfoBox

| Pearic | |
| --- | --- |
| Chongic | |
| Geographic
distribution | Indochina |
| Linguistic classification | Austroasiatic* **Pearic** |
| Proto-language | Proto-Pearic |
| Subdivisions |  |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | ``pear1246`` |
|
Pearic | |


title: Pedro Pelaez

abstract: Pedro Peláez y Sebastián was a Filipino Catholic priest who favored the rights for Filipino clergy during the 19th century. He was diocesan administrator of the Archdiocese of Manila for a brief period of time. In the early 19th century, Pelaez advocated for the secularization of Filipino priests and is considered the "Godfather of the Philippine Revolution." His cause towards beatification has been initiated; he is designated with the title "Servant of God."

text:
# Pedro Pelaez

**Pedro Peláez y Sebastián** (June 29, 1812 – June 3, 1863) was a Filipino Catholic priest who favored the rights for Filipino clergy during the 19th century. He was diocesan administrator of the Archdiocese of Manila for a brief period of time. In the early 19th century, Pelaez advocated for the secularization of Filipino priests and is considered the "Godfather of the Philippine Revolution." His cause towards beatification has been initiated; he is designated with the title "Servant of God."

## Life

Pelaez was born on June 29, 1812, to Jose Pelaez, the Spanish *alcalde* (mayor) of Laguna and his wife Josefa Sebastian, a Filipino from Manila. When both of his parents died in 1823, he was taken in by the Dominican friars in Manila. They sent him to study at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed a Bachelor of Arts degree. He then enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas to finish his studies for the priesthood. Pelaez studied under Francisco Ayala.

Pelaez was ordained in 1837. Although Pelaez decided to become a secular priest, he maintained close ties with the Dominicans his whole life. He served at the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. A gifted theologian, he became Diocesan administrator of the Manila Archdiocese.

From 1836 to 1839, he taught philosophy at the Colegio de San Jose and later taught various subjects at the University of Santo Tomas from 1843 to 1861.

## Defense of local clergy

In the mid-19th century, the Philippines was still a Spanish colony. Travel to the Philippines from Spain became easier due to the Suez Canal. An increase of *Peninsulares* from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches. In state affairs, the *Criollos,* known locally as Insulares (lit. "islanders") were displaced from government positions by the *Peninsulares*, whom the *Insulares* regarded as foreigners.

In 1849, a royal decree removed a few parishes from the secular clergy, which was mainly Filipinos, and gave those parishes to the Recollects and Dominicans. According to Peláez, the parishes had been successfully managed for the past eighty years and the parishioners were happy. Along with Father Mariano Gomez, Pelaez started organizing activities calling for the return of control of Philippine parishes to Filipino seculars. This can be seen as the first signs of nationalist awakening.

Seeking to have the royal decree cancelled or changed, Peláez published anonymously a long formal protest titled "El Clero Filipino" (The Filipino Clergy) in a Spanish newspaper, *El Clamor Público*, in 1850. The seculars lost further parishes when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines in 1861. Together with Francisco Gaínza, Peláez founded *El Católico Filipino*, the first Catholic newspaper in the Philippines. With his knowledge of canon law, Peláez wrote against this policy; nor did he hesitate to criticize the clergy both secular and regular priests, Spanish or Filipinos when appropriate.

Pelaez died in the collapse of the Manila Cathedral during the 1863 earthquake in Manila.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Servant of God
Pedro Pelaez | |
| --- | --- |
| Reverend | |
| A portrait painting of Peláez at the Pedro Pelaez Elementary School in Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines | |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Manila |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1837 (1837) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pedro Peláez y Sebastián
(1812-06-29)June 29, 1812
Pagsanjan, Laguna, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
| Died | June 3, 1863(1863-06-03) (aged 50)
Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Profession | Priest, Diocesan administrator, teacher |
| Alma mater | University of Santo Tomas |
|  | |
| Known for | Secularization of Catholic parishes and defense of Filipino Clergies' Rights |
|  | |


title: Japan Cuts

abstract: JAPAN CUTS: Festival of New Japanese Film is an annual festival of modern Japanese cinema held at New York City's Japan Society. The festival was first held in 2007, growing out of the Japan Society's popular bi-annual series, New Films from Japan. But where New Films from Japan was a series that showed, on average, ten films over the course of several months, the JAPAN CUTS festival has scheduled an average of 25-30 films, many of them premieres, over two weeks during the month of July. Screenings are held in Japan Society's 260-seat Lila Acheson Wallace Auditorium.

text:
# Japan Cuts

**JAPAN CUTS: Festival of New Japanese Film** is an annual festival of modern Japanese cinema held at New York City's Japan Society. The festival was first held in 2007, growing out of the Japan Society's popular bi-annual series, *New Films from Japan*. But where *New Films from Japan* was a series that showed, on average, ten films over the course of several months, the *JAPAN CUTS* festival has scheduled an average of 25-30 films, many of them premieres, over two weeks during the month of July. Screenings are held in Japan Society's 260-seat Lila Acheson Wallace Auditorium.

## History

The year 2007 marked not only the launch of *JAPAN CUTS*, but also the first time Japan Society's film department teamed with the New York Asian Film Festival (NYAFF). The first festival screened 15 films from July 5–15, 2007, with six co-presentation screenings with NYAFF. The 2007 *JAPAN CUTS* also featured a special night showcasing Japanese video art courtesy of Frankfurt, Germany's Nippon Connection, as well as a special night of short films and networking lounge for New York and Japan-based filmmakers. Directors Shusuke Kaneko, Miwa Nishikawa, Naoko Ogigami, and Sion Sono appeared at the festival for a discussion about their films.

The following year, *JAPAN CUTS* screened 18 films, nine of them co-presentations with NYAFF. The festival also continued its partnership with Nippon Connection and presented over sixty screenings of short films and video art by independent Japanese filmmakers. Filmmakers Naomi Kawase, Kōji Wakamatsu, Masayuki Kakegawa, and Takako Matsumoto appeared as special guests at the festival for audience Q&A sessions. This was also the first year after-screening parties, something that is now a common occurrence at Japan Society film screenings, were held.

The 2009 festival saw the slate of film screenings increase by ten films, with twelve screenings being co-presentation's with NYAFF. However, *JAPAN CUTS* jettisoned screenings of short films and art videos presented in conjunction with Nippon Connection. Special guests included Sion Sono, Eiji Okuda, Momoko Mieda, Gen Takahashi, and Kazuyoshi Kumakiri.

In 2010, *JAPAN CUTS* scaled back the number of films screened, but increased the number of screenings. Over twenty films screened in thirty screenings, 8 films were co-presented with New York Asian Film Festival. Coming at the end of the decade, the 2010 incarnation of *JAPAN CUTS* included a small, sub-series of films that had gone unreleased in the United States until their screenings at Japan Society. Special guests included Toshiaki Toyoda, Yoshihiro Nishimura, Noboru Iguchi, Toshiaki Toyoda, Isao Yukisada, Tatsuya Fujiwara, Tomorowo Taguchi, Daichi Watanabe, and Hitoshi Yazaki.

The 2011, *JAPAN CUTS* adopted a new name, *JAPAN CUTS: The New York Festival of Contemporary Japanese Cinema*. Thirty-two films screened over the course of thirty-three screenings, ten of which were co-presented with NYAFF. The series began on July 7 and finished on July 22. Screenings included the New York premiere of *Haru's Journey*, starring Tatsuya Nakadai, the world premiere of Takashi Miike's *Ninja Kids!!!*, and a special screening of Kinji Fukasaku's *Battle Royale*. Eight special guests attended the festival, including directors Masashi Yamamoto, Tak Sakaguchi, Yudai Yamaguchi and Yoshimasa Ishibashi and actress Sora Aoi.

In 2012, the festival increased in scope and scale, screening 39 films. 12 films were co-presented with NYAFF. The series began on July 12 and concluded on July 28. The opening film was the U.S. premiere of Hitoshi One's *Love Strikes!*, centerpiece presentation the New York premiere of Shuichi Okita's *The Woodsman and the Rain*, and closing film the North American premiere of Takashi Yamazaki’s *Space Battleship Yamato*. 8 special guests attended, including Toshi Fujiwara, Yu Irie, Kenji Kohashi, Hisako Matsui, Masami Nagasawa, Naoko Ogigami, Toshiaki Toyoda, Koji Yakusho (recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Excellence in Film).

The 2013 edition scaled back to 24 films, with independent productions and big budget epics. *JAPAN CUTS* again dovetailed with NYAFF, co-presenting 12 titles. The series began on July 11 and concluded July 21. The festival’s opening film was the U.S. premiere of Toshiaki Toyoda’s *I’M FLASH!*, with the closing film the U.S. Premiere of Shinji Higuchi and Isshin Inudo’s *The Floating Castle*. 5 special guests attended, including Junichi Inoue, Justin Leach, Regge Life, Yukihiro Toda, and Toyoda.

*JAPAN CUTS* 2014 increased the number of films in the lineup to 28, further diversifying genre and including more transnational productions, such as Dave Boyle’s Japanese-American *Man from Reno* and the Mo Brothers’ Indonesian-Japanese *Killers*. 13 films were co-presented with NYAFF. The series began on July 10 and concluded July 20. The festival's opening film was the U.S. premiere of Takashi Miike's *The Mole Song: Undercover Agent Reiji*, the centerpiece presentation the world premiere of Momoko Ando's *0.5mm*, and the closing film the North American premiere of Tetsuichiro Tsuta's *The Tale of Iya*. 8 special guests attended, including Ando, Boyle, Kazuki Kitamura (recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Excellence in Film), Shiro Maeda, Fumi Nikaido, Ken Ochiai, Tsuta, and Chihiro Yamamoto.

The 2015 edition of *JAPAN CUTS* broadened its programming to encompass narrative features, documentaries, avant-garde, and restored and rediscovered works, establishing the Feature Slate, Documentary Focus, Experimental Spotlight, and Classics sections. The festival presented 28 features and dozens of shorts, beginning July 9 and concluding July 19. The festival's opening film was the North American premiere of Yu Irie's *HIBI ROCK*, the centerpiece presentation the North American premieres of Shingo Wakagi's *Asleep* and Masaharu Take's *100 Yen Love*, and closing film the international premiere of Juichiro Yamasaki's *Sanchu Uprising: Voices at Dawn*. 17 special guests attended, including Sakura Ando (recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Outstanding Performance in Film), Haruhiko Arai, Bishop Blay, Donari Braxton, Steve Cossman, Takeshi Fukunaga, Irie, Youki Kudoh, Hirotaka Kuwahara, Akiko Maruyama, Hisako Matsui, Tomonari Nishikawa, Joel Schlemowitz, Yuki Tanada, Masashi Yamamoto, Yamasaki, and Ted Wiggin.

In 2016, *JAPAN CUTS* celebrated its tenth anniversary with its most diverse and expansive program to date across the Feature Slate, Documentary Focus, Experimental Spotlight, and Classics sections, in addition to a Microcinema installed at Japan Society featuring short films by up and coming directors. The festival presented 29 features and 41 shorts, beginning July 14 and concluding July 24. The festival's opening film was the North American Premiere of Shuichi Okita's *Mohican Comes Home*, the centerpiece presentation was the North American premiere of Yoshifumi Tsubota's *The Shell Collector*, and closing film the North American Premiere of Satoko Yokohama's *The Actor*. Over 20 special guests attended (the most in the festival's history), including Denden, Lily Franky (recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Outstanding Performance in Film), Takashi Itani, Atsuko Maeda, Mizuki Misumi, Tatsuya Mori, Mipo O, Okita, Hitoshi One, Onohana, Emmanuel Osei-Kuffour, Jr., Ryuichi Sakamoto, Tsubota, Adam Torel, Eiji Uchida, Kensaku Watanabe, and Yokohama. Masao Adachi, Emi Meyer, Sion Sono provided video introductions, and Keiko Araki, Kazuhiro Soda, and Alexander Zahlten participated in a special industry panel. Highlighting “the strength and diversity of the festival's programming” MUBI presented a selection of previous *JAPAN CUTS* favorites online.

*JAPAN CUTS*’ 2017 edition presented a dynamic program of titles across the Feature Slate, Documentary Focus, Experimental Spotlight, and Classics sections, in addition to a newly established Shorts Showcase with narrative works. This eleventh edition of the festival presented 28 features and 6 short films, beginning July 13 and concluding July 23. The festival's opening film was the U.S. Premiere of *MUMON: The Land of Stealth*, the centerpiece presentation the East Coast Premiere of *Over the Fence*, and closing film the East Coast Premiere of *In This Corner of the World*. Special guests included Konrad Aderer (*Resistance at Tule Lake*), Sora Hokimoto (*Haruneko*), Hanae Kan (*Yamato (California)*, *West North West*), Taro Maki (*In This Corner of the World*), Shingo Matsumura (*Love and Goodbye and Hawaii*), Kyoko Miyake (*Tokyo Idols*), Daisuke Miyazaki (*Yamato (California)*), Yoshihiro Nakamura (*MUMON: The Land of Stealth*), Joe Odagiri (*Over the Fence*, *FOUJITA*, recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Outstanding Performance in Film), Sahel Rosa (*West North West*), and Megumi Sasaki (*A Whale of a Tale*).

The 2018 edition of *JAPAN CUTS* includes titles across the Feature Slate, Documentary Focus, Experimental Spotlight, and Classics sections, in addition to a variety of pre-feature short films. The twelfth edition of the festival presents 28 features and 9 short films, beginning July 19 and concluding July 29. The festival's opening film is the North American Premiere of *Ramen Shop*, the centerpiece presentation the North American Premiere of *Mori, The Artist’s Habitat*, and closing film the U.S. Premiere of *Hanagatami*. Special guests include Akio Fujimoto (*Passage of Life*), Kazuo Hara (*Sennan Asbestos Disaster*), Moët Hayami (*KUSHINA, what will you be*), Tomona Hirota (*KUSHINA, what will you be*, *YEAH*), Eric Khoo (*Ramen Shop*), Kirin Kiki (*Mori, The Artist's Habitat*, *Still Walking*, recipient of the CUT ABOVE Award for Outstanding Performance in Film), Kazuyuki Kitaki (*Dream of Illumination*), Sachiko Kobayashi (*Sennan Asbestos Disaster*), Shunsuke Kubozuka (*Hanagatami*), Kaori Oda (*Toward a Common Tenderness*), Takumi Saitoh (*blank 13*, *Ramen Shop*), Shinsuke Sato (*BLEACH*), Thunder Sawada (*Dream of Illumination*), Yohei Suzuki (*YEAH*), Yuya Takagawa (*Dream of Illumination*), Hikaru Toda (*Of Love & Law*), Yoko Yamanaka (*Amiko*), Elisa Yanagi (*YEAH*), Keisuke Yoshida (*Thicker Than Water*), and Nao Yoshigai (*Across the Water*, *Breathing House*, *Stories floating on the wind*).

## Staff

*JAPAN CUTS* was founded in 2007 by Japan Society's Artistic Director Yoko Shioya with Film Program Officer Ryo Nagasawa, and programmed by Nagasawa through 2009. From 2010 to 2013, it was programmed by Samuel Jamier, Senior Film Program Officer, organized with Fumiko Miyamoto, Program Officer, Policy Projects & Film Program. From 2013, Aiko Masubuchi serves as Senior Film Programmer, with Kazu Watanabe as Film Programmer, and Joel Neville Anderson as JAPAN CUTS Programmer.

## InfoBox

JAPAN CUTS: Festival of New Japanese Film
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Japan Society, New York City, United States |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Language | Japanese, English |
| Website | http://www.japansociety.org/japancuts |


title: Metallolophia purpurivenata

abstract: Metallolophia purpurivenata is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Da-Yong Xue and Hong-Xiang Han in 2004. It is found in Guangxi, China.

text:
# Metallolophia purpurivenata

***Metallolophia purpurivenata*** is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Da-Yong Xue and Hong-Xiang Han in 2004. It is found in Guangxi, China.

## InfoBox

| *Metallolophia purpurivenata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Metallolophia* |
| Species: | ***M. purpurivenata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metallolophia purpurivenata***<br>Han & Xue, \[2004\] | |
|


title: Gina Walsh

abstract: Regina M. "Gina" Walsh is a Democratic Party member of the Missouri Senate, representing District 13 from 2013 to 2021. She served as interim Senate Minority Leader. Prior to her service in the State Senate, Walsh served four terms in the Missouri House of Representatives, representing North St. Louis County's 69th District, which included Bellefontaine Neighbors, Glasgow Village, Jennings, Moline Acres, and Riverview.

text:
# Gina Walsh

**Regina M. "Gina" Walsh** (born April 23, 1957) is a Democratic Party member of the Missouri Senate, representing District 13 from 2013 to 2021. She served as interim Senate Minority Leader. Prior to her service in the State Senate, Walsh served four terms in the Missouri House of Representatives, representing North St. Louis County's 69th District, which included Bellefontaine Neighbors, Glasgow Village, Jennings, Moline Acres, and Riverview.

## Electoral history

### State representative

Missouri House of Representatives Primary Election, August 6, 2002, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **1,384** | **54.86%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Marlene Y. Terry | 801 | 31.75% |  |
|  | Democratic | Wanda L. Moose | 338 | 13.40% |  |

Missouri House of Representatives Election, November 5, 2002, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **7,326** | **94.06%** | **−5.96** |
|  | Independent | Arnie C. Dienoff | 463 | 5.94% | +5.94 |

Missouri House of Representatives Primary Election, August 3, 2004, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **2,700** | **57.50%** | **+2.64** |
|  | Democratic | Marlene Terry | 1,696 | 42.50% | +10.75 |

Missouri House of Representatives Election, November 2, 2004, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **12,511** | **96.51%** | **+2.45** |
|  | Independent | Arnie C. Dienoff | 453 | 3.49% | −2.45 |

Missouri House of Representatives Election, November 7, 2006, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **7,455** | **94.73%** | **−1.78** |
|  | Independent | Arnie C. Dienoff | 415 | 5.27% | +1.78 |

Missouri House of Representatives Primary Election, August 5, 2008, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **1,228** | **70.21%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Terry Wilson | 521 | 29.79% |  |

Missouri House of Representatives Election, November 4, 2008, District 69
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **12,950** | **92.07%** | **−2.66** |
|  | Independent | Kellen Markovich | 789 | 5.61% | +0.34 |
|  | Libertarian | Julie Stone | 327 | 2.32% | +2.32 |

### State Senate

Missouri Senate Election, August 7, 2012, District 13
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **13,790** | **63.55%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Redditt Hudson | 7,908 | 36.45% |  |

Missouri Senate Election, November 6, 2012, District 13
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **67,715** | **81.63%** | **−10.29** |
|  | Republican | Jacquelyn Thomas | 15,243 | 18.37% | +18.37 |

Missouri Senate Election, November 8, 2016, District 13
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gina Walsh** | **66,400** | **100.00%** | **+18.37** |

## InfoBox

| Gina Walsh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minority Leader of the Missouri Senate | |
| **In office**
July 7, 2016  January 6, 2021
Acting: July 7, 2016 – January 9, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Keaveny |
| Succeeded by | John Rizzo |
| Member of the Missouri Senate
from the 13th district | |
| **In office**
January 2013  January 6, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Tim Green |
| Succeeded by | Angela Mosley |
| Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 69th district | |
| **In office**
January 2003  January 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Juanita Walton |
| Succeeded by | Tommie Pierson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-04-23) April 23, 1957
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Girl, Stop Apologizing

abstract: Girl, Stop Apologizing: A Shame-Free Plan for Embracing and Achieving Your Goals is a self-help book by American author Rachel Hollis. It follows her 2018 best-seller Girl, Wash Your Face. It was both a Publishers Weekly and New York Times best-seller.

text:
# Girl, Stop Apologizing

***Girl, Stop Apologizing: A Shame-Free Plan for Embracing and Achieving Your Goals*** is a self-help book by American author Rachel Hollis. It follows her 2018 best-seller *Girl, Wash Your Face*. It was both a *Publishers Weekly* and *New York Times* best-seller.

## InfoBox

Girl, Stop Apologizing
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Rachel Hollis |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Self-help book |
| Published | March 12, 2019 |
| Publisher | HarperCollins |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 240 |
| ISBN | 978-1400209606 (Hardcover) |
| Preceded by | *Girl, Wash Your Face* |


title: Thom McKee

abstract: Thom McKee is a retired officer in the United States Navy and 1977 graduate from the United States Naval Academy. He is best known for being a contestant on the game show Tic Tac Dough, becoming the show's longest reigning champion and the highest money winner in American game show history.

text:
# Thom McKee

**Thom McKee** (born 1955) is a retired officer in the United States Navy and 1977 graduate from the United States Naval Academy. He is best known for being a contestant on the game show *Tic Tac Dough*, becoming the show's longest reigning champion and (at the time) the highest money winner in American game show history.

## Performance on *Tic Tac Dough*

As a contestant on *Tic Tac Dough*, McKee won $312,700 (the equivalent of about $1,156,333 in today's dollars) in cash and prizes over 46 days on the show. He played a total of 89 games, defeating 43 opponents (the remaining games other than his last being drawn), and answered 353 questions correctly. His total prizes included eight cars (as winners on *Tic Tac Dough* were awarded a new car every fifth win), three sailboats, 16 vacations (which he was unable to take), several other smaller prizes, and $200,000 in cash. Prior to McKee's record, the most ever won on a television game show was *The Joker's Wild* contestant Eileen Jason, who won $305,280 ($250,000 of which was won during the 1979 Tournament of Champions).

McKee was defeated on August 3, 1980 by Erik Kraepelien to end his winning streak. Three years after his original run on *Tic Tac Dough*, McKee made one more appearance on the show, this time to compete in a Tournament of Champions.

### Records broken

The wins and consecutive days records were broken by *100%* contestant Ian Lygo in 1998, while the winnings record was broken by Michael Shutterly during the original 15-night run of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire* in 1999, where he won $500,000. McKee still holds the American record for most consecutive games played (100 games, 56 wins), due to the nature of *Tic Tac Dough* making ties possible (and frequent). However, *Jeopardy!* contestant Ken Jennings (who himself set a new cash winnings record), beat the wins record with 74, and most consecutive days with 75 in 2004–05.

## Later life

In the 1990s, he became president of Hicks & Rotner Associates Inc. (now H&R Retail), a brokerage firm. He later moved to Maryland and became a realtor.

When Ken Jennings made news for his record-breaking run on *Jeopardy!* in 2004, McKee wrote to him to congratulate him. Jennings responded by telling McKee that he had been one of his inspirations as a trivia fan, having watched his original championship run as a child.

### Other game show appearances

Shortly after his reign on *Tic Tac Dough* ended in 1980, McKee was invited to appear on *To Tell the Truth* as a subject. He fooled three of the four panelists, with Nipsey Russell being the only one who correctly identified him.

Later, in 2008, McKee was invited to participate in *Grand Slam*, an American super tournament featuring sixteen former game show contestants competing for a $100,000 cash prize. The contestants were seeded by their total winnings, with McKee drawing the #11 seed in the tournament. This matched him up with John Carpenter, who was the first contestant to win the top prize on the American version of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* in 1998; McKee was defeated by Carpenter and did not advance in the tournament.


title: Hexachlorobutadiene

abstract: Hexachlorobutadiene, (often abbreviated as "HCBD") Cl2C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CCl2, is a colorless liquid at room temperature that has an odor similar to that of turpentine. It is a chlorinated aliphatic diene with niche applications but is most commonly used as a solvent for other chlorine-containing compounds. Structurally, it has a 1,3-butadiene core, but fully substituted with chlorine atoms.

text:
# Hexachlorobutadiene

**Hexachlorobutadiene**, (often abbreviated as "HCBD") Cl2C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CCl2, is a colorless liquid at room temperature that has an odor similar to that of turpentine. It is a chlorinated aliphatic diene with niche applications but is most commonly used as a solvent for other chlorine-containing compounds. Structurally, it has a 1,3-butadiene core, but fully substituted with chlorine atoms.

## Synthesis

Hexachlorobutadiene is primarily produced in chlorinolysis plants as a by-product in the production of carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene. Chlorinolysis is a radical chain reaction that occurs when hydrocarbons are exposed to chlorine gas under pyrolytic conditions. The hydrocarbon is chlorinated and the resulting chlorocarbons are broken down. This process is analogous to combustion, but with chlorine instead of oxygen.

Hexachlorobutadiene occurs as a by-product during the chlorinolysis of butane derivatives in the production of both carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene. These two commodities are manufactured on such a large scale, that enough HCBD can generally be obtained to meet the industrial demand. Alternatively, hexachlorobutadiene can be directly synthesized via the chlorination of butane or butadiene.

## Reactivity

The products of chlorinolysis reactions heavily depend upon both the temperature and pressure under which the reaction occurs. Thus, by adjusting these reaction conditions in the presence of chlorine gas, hexachlorobutadiene can be even further chlorinated to give tetrachloroethylene, hexachloroethane, octachlorobutene, and even decachlorobutane. In general, increasing the number of chlorine substituents on a compound increases its toxicity but decreases its combustibility. Chlorination via carbon skeleton cleavage is thermodynamically preferred, whereas chlorinated C4 products are favored at lower temperatures and pressures. The three chlorinolysis products of hexachlorobutadiene are shown in the reactions below.

## Applications

One of the primary applications of hexachlorobutadiene is as a solvent for chlorine, a good example of the common aphorism "like dissolves like." The molar solubility of chlorine in HCBD at 0 °C is around 34% (2.17 mol/L). The solubility of another chlorine solvent, carbon tetrachloride, at 0 °C is about 30% (3.11 mol/L). One mole of C4Cl6 can dissolve more chlorine than one mole of CCl4, but the molecular weight difference between the two solvents is such that per liter of solvent, more chlorine can be dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. Shown below is the molar solubility of hexachlorobutadiene compared to carbon tetrachloride at various temperatures.

| Temp (C) | Molar Solubility of HCBD | Molar Solubility of CCl4 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| –20 | 60 | 60 |
| 0 | 34 | 30 |
| 20 | 21 | 18 |
| 40 | 13 | 10 |
| 60 | 10 | 8 |
| 80 | 6 | 5 |

Just like chlorine, many other chlorine-containing compounds can be readily dissolved in a solution of hexachlorobutadiene. As a solvent, it is unreactive toward common acids and select non-nucleophilic bases. An illustrative application HCBD as a solvent is the FeCl3-catalyzed chlorination of toluene to give pentachloromethylbenzene. Hexachlorobutadiene is used exclusively over carbon tetrachloride in this reaction because ferric chloride (FeCl3) is insoluble in CCl4.

Given its affinity for chlorinated compounds, liquid HCBD is used as a scrubber in order to remove chlorine containing contaminants from gas streams. An example of this application is its use in the production of HCl gas as the primary contaminants, especially Cl2, are more soluble in hexachlorobutadiene than the gaseous hydrogen chloride.

In IR spectroscopy, hexachlorobutadiene is occasionally used as a mull in order to analyze the stretching frequencies of C-H stretching bands. The usual mulling agent, Nujol, is a hydrocarbon and thus exhibits C-H stretching bands that can interfere with the signal from the sample. Since HCBD contains no C-H bonds, it can be used instead to obtain this portion of the IR spectrum. Unfortunately, some organometallic compounds react with HCBD, and therefore, care must be taken when selecting it as a mulling agent so as not to destroy the sample.

Hexachlorobutadiene has yet another, albeit somewhat dated, application as an algicide in industrial cooling systems. Although HCBD is a potent herbicide, in recent years, this particular application has been discouraged due to the high toxicity of the compound at low concentrations.

## Toxicity

Hexachlorobutadiene has been observed to produce systemic toxicity following exposure via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Effects may include fatty liver degeneration, epithelial necrotizing nephritis, central nervous system depression and cyanosis.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has classified hexachlorobutadiene as a group C Possible Human Carcinogen. The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists has classified hexachlorobutadiene as an A3 Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit at 0.02 ppm over an eight-hour workday.

## InfoBox

Hexachlorobutadiene
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene | |
| Other names HCBD, HCDB, Perchlorobutadiene, perchloro-1,3-butadiene, tripen | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.605 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C4Cl6/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10 YKey: RWNKSTSCBHKHTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C4Cl6/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10Key: RWNKSTSCBHKHTB-UHFFFAOYAT | |
| SMILES * Cl/C(Cl)=C(\Cl)C(\Cl)=C(/Cl)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4Cl6 |
| Molar mass | 260.74 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Mild, turpentine-like |
| Density | 1.665 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Melting point | −22 – −19 °C (−8 – −2 °F; 251–254 K) |
| Boiling point | 210–220 °C (410–428 °F; 483–493 K) |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| Vapor pressure | 0.2 mmHg (20 °C) |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | carcinogen |
| **NIOSH** (US health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | none |
| REL (Recommended) | Ca TWA 0.02 ppm (0.24 mg/m3) \[skin\] |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Ca \[N.D.\] |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Sigma Aldrich |
| Hazards | |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Glyphidocera notolopha

abstract: Glyphidocera notolopha is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found in Pará, Brazil. The wingspan is about 8 mm.

text:
# Glyphidocera notolopha

***Glyphidocera notolopha*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 8 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Glyphidocera notolopha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Glyphidocera* |
| Species: | ***G. notolopha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glyphidocera notolopha***<br>Meyrick, 1929 | |
|


title: Goossensia

abstract: - As established by Cossmann in 1885, Goossensia is a mollusc genus in family Carditidae. As invalidly described by Ragonot in 1891, it refers to the snout moth genus Macna. Goossensia is a fungal genus in the family Cantharellaceae. It is a monotypic genus, and contains one species, Goossensia cibarioides, found in the Congo. The genus was circumscribed by the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann in 1958. G. cibarioides is a bright yellow-orange mushroom that somewhat resembles the Fragrant Chanterelle, but has a very watery stipe. It is edible.

text:
# Goossensia

*As established by Cossmann in 1885,* Goossensia *is a mollusc genus in family Carditidae. As invalidly described by Ragonot in 1891, it refers to the snout moth genus* Macna.

***Goossensia*** is a fungal genus in the family Cantharellaceae. It is a monotypic genus, and contains one species, ***Goossensia cibarioides***, found in the Congo. The genus was circumscribed by the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann in 1958.

*G. cibarioides* is a bright yellow-orange mushroom that somewhat resembles the Fragrant Chanterelle (*Cantharellus odoratus*), but has a very watery stipe. It is edible.

## InfoBox

| *Goossensia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Cantharellales |
| Family: | Cantharellaceae |
| Genus: | ***Goossensia***
Heinem. (1958) |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Goossensia cibarioides***
Heinem. (1958) | |


title: Jordan Hendry

abstract: Jordan Hendry is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Blackhawks and Anaheim Ducks. He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks in 2010.

text:
# Jordan Hendry

**Jordan Hendry** (born February 23, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Blackhawks and Anaheim Ducks. He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks in 2010.

## Playing career

Hendry played four years of collegiate hockey with the University of Alaska Fairbanks of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). Undrafted, he signed his first professional contract with the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL on March 18, 2006. Hendry then played the end of the 2005–06 with the Admirals.

On July 17, 2006, Hendry was signed by the Admirals parent club, the Chicago Blackhawks, to a two-year contract.

After making his NHL debut in the 2007–08 season with the Blackhawks, Jordan was re-signed for a further two years on June 24, 2008.

On June 9, 2010, Hendry won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks. He brought the Cup to Nokomis the following July for pictures and autographs.

On February 27, 2011, during a game against the Phoenix Coyotes, Hendry suffered a season ending tear to the ACL in his left knee after a check from Coyotes forward Shane Doan sent him into the boards awkwardly.

In August 2011, Hendry signed a tryout contract with the Minnesota Wild. After ten games with the Wild's AHL affiliate, the Houston Aeros, to start the 2011–12 season, Hendry was released from his try-out contract and on November 1, 2011, he signed to his first European contract in Switzerland on a one-year deal with HC Lugano of the National League A.

Hendry signed a one-year contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 1, 2012. After he was originally assigned to AHL affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals, to begin the 2012-13 season he appeared in two games for the Ducks.

On July 12, 2013, Hendry returned to Europe in signing a one-year contract with German club, Straubing Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. In the 2013–14 season, Hendry appeared in 38 games, contributing with 4 goals and 17 points before he left after the Tigers were out of contention for the playoffs, signing for the remainder of the season with Swedish Hockey League club, AIK on February 27, 2014.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2002–03 | U. of Alaska-Fairbanks | CCHA | | 35 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | U. of Alaska-Fairbanks | CCHA | | 36 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | U. of Alaska-Fairbanks | CCHA | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 21 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | U. of Alaska-Fairbanks | CCHA | | 38 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 74 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 13 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 13 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2006–07 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 80 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 84 | | 6 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2007–08 | Rockford IceHogs | AHL | | 45 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 58 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2007–08 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 40 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | Rockford IceHogs | AHL | | 53 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 45 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2009–10 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 43 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 10 | | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2010–11 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 37 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | Houston Aeros | AHL | | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | HC Lugano | NLA | | 29 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 18 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2012–13 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 62 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 63 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Anaheim Ducks | NHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Straubing Tigers | DEL | | 38 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 99 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | AIK IF | Allsv | | 51 | 2 | 10 | 12 | 46 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 131 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 40 | | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| NHL | | |
| Stanley Cup (Chicago Blackhawks) | 2010 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Jordan Hendry | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hendry with the Chicago Blackhawks in April 2010 | | | |
| Born | (1984-02-23) February 23, 1984
Nokomis, Saskatchewan, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 195 lb (88 kg; 13 st 13 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Chicago Blackhawks
HC Lugano
Anaheim Ducks
Straubing Tigers
AIK IF | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 20062015 | | |


title: Polydrusus formosus

abstract: Polydrusus formosus is a species of broad-nosed weevil belonging to the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae.

text:
# Polydrusus formosus

***Polydrusus formosus*** is a species of broad-nosed weevil belonging to the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae.

## Distribution

This beetle is present in most of Europe and in the Nearctic realm.

## Description

The adults grow up to 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) long. The colour of this insect is brilliant metallic green, as the black body is coated in emerald round scales. If the scales wear off the body beneath appears dark. Antennae are pale with a dark club. These beetles show a short groove between the eyes and evident striae on the elytra.

## Biology

Adults can mostly be encountered from April through August. These beetles lay their eggs in the bark or leaves of the host-plants. The soil-inhabiting larvae grow up to 7 millimetres (0.28 in) long feeding on juicy plant roots. In Autumn their development is complete. They overwinter and pupate in Spring.

The adults are eaters of young leaves and open blossoms of a wide variety of woodland trees and shrubs (*Corylus avellana*, *Quercus* species, etc.), but also fruit trees (apple, pear, cherry, etc.) They are considered a pest of fruit trees, causing extensive damages to their buds, blossoms and shoots.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Polydrusus formosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Polydrusus* |
| Species: | ***P. formosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polydrusus formosus***<br>(Mayer, 1779) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Curculio formosus*  Mayer, 1779 * *Curculio sericeus*  Schaller, 1783 nec Goeze, 1777 * *Polydrusus sericeus*  (Schaller, 1783) * *Thomsoneonymus sericeus* | |


title: Pont Rouge Lois Jeans

abstract: Pont Rouge Lois Jeans was a hockey team based in Pont Rouge, Quebec in Canada. The team was part of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). The team had been known by many names such as the Vanier Voyageurs, Quebec Ace, Beaupré Caron et Guay, Beaupré Aces and Quebec RadioX. After the 2007–08 season the team relocated again from Quebec City to its final location in Pont Rouge. While they were the RadioX they played at the Pavillon de la Jeunesse, having previously played at the Colisée Pepsi. The team was owned by Genex Communications, who also owns the CHOI-FM radio station, which also calls itself RadioX.

text:
# Pont Rouge Lois Jeans

**Pont Rouge Lois Jeans** was a hockey team based in Pont Rouge, Quebec in Canada. The team was part of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH).

The team had been known by many names such as the Vanier Voyageurs, Quebec Ace, Beaupré Caron et Guay, Beaupré Aces and Quebec RadioX. After the 2007–08 season the team relocated again from Quebec City to its final location in Pont Rouge. While they were the RadioX they played at the Pavillon de la Jeunesse, having previously played at the Colisée Pepsi. The team was owned by Genex Communications, who also owns the CHOI-FM radio station, which also calls itself *RadioX*.

## InfoBox

| Pont Rouge Lois Jeans | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Pont Rouge, Quebec |
| League | Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey |
| Operated | 1996 (1996)–2010 |
| Colours | Black, White and Red |
| Franchise history | |
| 1996–1997 | Vanier Voyagers |
| 1997–1998 | Quebec Aces |
| 1999–2000 | Beaupre Caron & Guay |
| 2000–2001 | Beaupre Aces |
| 2001–2003 | Quebec Aces |
| 2003–2008 | Quebec RadioX |
| 2008–2010 | Pont Rouge Lois Jeans |


title: Jordan Tresson

abstract: Jordan Tresson is a French racing driver, who previously raced in the FIA World Endurance Championship.

text:
# Jordan Tresson

**Jordan Tresson** (born 30 April 1988 in Villers-la-Montagne) is a French racing driver, who previously raced in the FIA World Endurance Championship.

## Career

In April 2010 Tresson won the Gran Turismo Academy, a competition run by Nissan and Sony Computer Entertainment that gives gamers the chance to become real racing drivers. Tresson immediately began racing in that year's GT4 European Cup in a Nissan 370Z run by RJN Motorsport. He finished the season tied for fourth place in the drivers' standings with 2009 GT Academy winner and RJN teammate Lucas Ordoñez, even though the pair never actually shared a car all season. In 2011 Tresson competed in the Blancpain Endurance Series in the GT4 class, again in an RJN Nissan 370Z and sharing with British drivers Alex Buncombe and Christopher Ward. The trio scored two class wins from five races to win the title.

2012 saw Tresson step up to prototype racing, taking part in the FIA World Endurance Championship in a Signatech-Nissan LMP2 car. Consistently average performances by the team saw his two co drivers released and himself shelved for the majority of 2013, till he too was released by Nissan. When asked about this in an interview he said he had 'heard the news via a press release. A process devoid of etiquette'. Jordan would go on to state that he is ready to draw a line under his motorsport career.

### 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class
Pos. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Signatech-Nissan | Franck Mailleux
Olivier Lombard | Oreca 03-Nissan | LMP2 | 340 | 16th | 9th |

### Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

| Year | Entrant | Class | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Rank | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Signatech-Nissan | LMP2 | Oreca 03-Nissan | Nissan 3.4 L V8 | SEB
DNF | SPA
24 | LMN
16 | SIL
DNF | SAO
DNF | BHR
2 | FUJ
8 | SHA
5 | 32nd | 8.5 |

## InfoBox

| Jordan Tresson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | French |
| Born | (1988-04-30) April 30, 1988
Villers-la-Montagne |
| FIA World Endurance Championship career | |
| Debut season | 2012 |
| Current team | Signatech-Nissan |
| Car number | 23 |
| Previous series | |
| 2011
2010 | Blancpain Endurance Series
GT4 European Cup |


title: Ponipate Lesavua

abstract: Ponipate Tawase Lesavua was a Fijian politician, who led the now-defunct Party of National Unity, which drew most of its support from Ba Province in the West of the country. The former Police officer, who spent 20 years in the Criminal Investigation Department, was an outspoken politician, who championed what he saw as the interests of western Fiji. He has endorsed calls for a return to the former system of customary justice, in force during the colonial era, under which convicted offenders would be returned to their villages not only for punishment but also for counselling and correction, according to the Fiji Times.

text:
# Ponipate Lesavua

**Ponipate Tawase Lesavua** was a Fijian politician, who led the now-defunct Party of National Unity, which drew most of its support from Ba Province in the West of the country. The former Police officer, who spent 20 years in the Criminal Investigation Department, was an outspoken politician, who championed what he saw as the interests of western Fiji. He has endorsed calls for a return to the former system of customary justice, in force during the colonial era, under which convicted offenders would be returned to their villages not only for punishment but also for counselling and correction, according to the *Fiji Times* (17 March 2006).

## Political career

Lesavua won the Ba East Fijian communal constituency in the House of Representatives in the 1999 general election, as a candidate of the Party of National Unity (PANU), which he subsequently led in Parliament, having also acted as Sports Minister. Some major political realignments followed the failed coup d'état of May 2000, and in the general election of 2001, he was defeated by the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) candidate, Epeli Seavula. He was subsequently appointed to the Senate, however, by Opposition Leader Mahendra Chaudhry, despite his not being member of Chaudhry's Labour Party, and served from 2001 to 2006.

Lesavua changed his political affiliation twice during 2005. On 7 September 2005, Lesavua announced that he had joined the Labour Party and had applied for the party's nomination for either his old seat, or the Northwest Urban Fijian communal constituency, for the election scheduled for mid-2006. Following the merger of PANU with the Protector of Fiji Party to form the People's National Party, he had quit the latter party on principle, he said, in the wake of its decision to join the Grand Coalition Initiative Group, a coalition of ethnic Fijian parties.

Citing public demand, Lesavua announced on 25 November 2005 that he had decided to relaunch PANU, and would be filing within one week the necessary documents to reregister the defunct party. There was no immediate word on why he had decided not to follow through with his earlier announced decision to stand for the FLP. He confirmed on 11 January 2006 that PANU had been reregistered.

## 2006 election

It was announced on 12 March 2006 that Lesavua would contest his old Ba East constituency in the parliamentary election scheduled for 6–13 May. He lost to the *Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua* (SDL) candidate, Paulo Ralulu, by a 2-1 margin, however, and said subsequently that his party's alignment with the FLP had cost him support among indigenous Fijians.

In what Lesavua claimed was a breach of promise on the part of FLP leader Mahendra Chaudhry, Lesavua was not reappointed to the Senate following the elections.

He subsequently became a member of the Fijian Affairs Review, but left in 2007, claiming he had been told to leave by leader Apakuki Kurusiga.


title: Pop Farm

abstract: Pop Farm is a Russian concert agency. It was founded in 2013 in Moscow. Its main projects include Subbotnik Festival, the first ever Russian tour of The Offspring, concerts of Imagine Dragons, The xx, Miles Kane, Warpaint, Cut Copy, Smashing Pumpkins, etc.

text:
# Pop Farm

**Pop Farm** is a Russian concert agency. It was founded in 2013 in Moscow. Its main projects include Subbotnik Festival (an annual musical festival, held in Gorky Park), the first ever Russian tour of The Offspring, concerts of Imagine Dragons, The xx, Miles Kane, Warpaint, Cut Copy, Smashing Pumpkins, etc.

## History

Company was founded in 2013.

On 6 July, Subbotnik Festival was held in Gorky Park. It was organized by the concert agency Pop Farm and corporation PMI together with Gorky Park.

The first ever Russian tour of American band The Offspring started on 25 October.

## InfoBox

Pop Farm
| Industry | Music |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2013 |
| Headquarters | Moscow, Russia |
| Products | Concerts, festivals |


title: Pop Evil (album)

abstract: Pop Evil is the fifth studio album by American rock band Pop Evil, released on February 16, 2018.

text:
# Pop Evil (album)

***Pop Evil*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band Pop Evil, released on February 16, 2018.

## Reception

The album received mixed reviews. It is the first album to feature Hayley Cramer on drums.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Waking Lions" | Leigh Kakaty, Drew Fulk, Josh Strock | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Colors Bleed" | Kakaty, Kato Khandwala, Nick Fuelling, Dave Grahs, Matt DiRito, Hayley Cramer | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Ex Machina" | Kakaty, Fulk, Strock | 4:10 |
| 4. | "Art of War" | Kakaty, Khandwala, Fuelling, Grahs, DiRito, Cramer | 3:42 |
| 5. | "Be Legendary" | Kakaty, Khandwala, Dave Bassett | 3:23 |
| 6. | "Nothing But Thieves" | Kakaty, Fuelling, Grahs, DiRito, Cramer | 6:02 |
| 7. | "A Crime to Remember" | Kakaty, Bassett | 3:23 |
| 8. | "God's Dam" | Kakaty, Khandwala, Fuelling, Grahs, DiRito, Cramer | 4:38 |
| 9. | "When We Were Young" | Kakaty, Bassett | 4:24 |
| 10. | "Birds of Prey" | Kakaty, Fuelling, Grahs, DiRito, Cramer, Shaun Lichtenstein | 3:12 |
| 11. | "Rewind" | Kakaty, Khandwala, Bassett | 3:51 |
| Total length: | | | 44:16 |

## Personnel

* Leigh Kakaty – lead vocals
* Nick Fuelling – guitar, backing vocals
* Dave Grahs – guitar, backing vocals
* Matt DiRito – bass, backing vocals
* Hayley Cramer – drums

## Charts

### Album

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 63 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 5 |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
Main.
Rock
 | US
Rock
 |
| "Waking Lions" | 2017 | 1 | 24 |
| "A Crime to Remember" | 2018 | 7 |  |
| | "Be Legendary" | 2 | 39 |

## InfoBox

| Pop Evil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Pop Evil | |
| Released | February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16) |
| Recorded | * Sound Emporium (Nashville, Tennessee) * Sphere Studios (Los Angeles, California) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 44:16 |
| Label | eOne Music |
| Producer | Kato Khandwala |
| Pop Evil chronology | |
| *Up*
(2015) ***Pop Evil***
(2018) *Versatile*
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Pop Evil* | |
| 1. "Waking Lions"
Released: October 30, 2017 2. "A Crime to Remember"
Released: May 15, 2018 3. "Be Legendary"
Released: October 23, 2018 | |
|  | |