title: James Hay (singer)

abstract: Peter James Hay was an Australian tenor, noted for appearances in Gilbert and Sullivan operas. He alternated membership of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in England with Australian tours, mostly for J. C. Williamson's.

text:
# James Hay (singer)

**Peter James Hay** (21 August 1885 – 1 July 1958) was an Australian tenor, noted for appearances in Gilbert and Sullivan operas. He alternated membership of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in England with Australian tours, mostly for J. C. Williamson's.

## History

Hay was born at Donnybrook, near Clare, South Australia, a son of Peter Hay, a Scottish limeburner, himself a fine tenor, bringing up his son with a love of singing. Hay left with his family for Perth, Western Australia, at age twelve, and at some stage began singing with the Anglican cathedral choir, and at age 17 commenced study with Signor Lardelli, then for two years with J. B. Huntington. He had been in and out of business in Perth for eight years, and left for Melbourne with an introduction to a Scottish businessman. but his music came first; he secured singing engagements with the Philharmonic and the Liedertafel. The businessman took him to Marshall-Hall, who advised him to seek the best teachers in France and England. Sponsored by the businessman, he left for England where he was a fellow-student of Fraser Gange, a Scottish baritone who later had a career with Amy Evans. He studied German *Lieder* under Amy Sherwin and then went to Paris, studying under Bouhy and Jean de Reszke. He joined the Chappell Ballad Singers and sang for Sir Henry Wood in six promenade concerts ("The Proms"). In 1909 he gave a successful recital in London. He then sang with the Royal Choral Society in Beethoven's *Missa Solemnis* and in Berlioz's *Faust*, under Hans Richter and toured with Ada Crossley and Tetrazzini. He studied oratorio under Alberto Randegger. He deputised for Gervase Elwes in the name part of Elgar's *Gerontius*.

### Gilbert and Sullivan

Around July 1913 he joined D'Oyly Carte's Principal Repertory Opera Company, initially in the chorus, then making his stage debut as Fairfax in *The Yeomen of the Guard*. He played various other tenor parts until March 1915: Ralph Rackstraw in *H.M.S. Pinafore*, Prince Hilarion in *Princess Ida*, Nanki-Poo in *The Mikado* and his favorite part, Earl Tolloller in *Iolanthe*. He alternated with Dewey Gibson as Frederic in *The Pirates of Penzance* 1913–14.

After The Great War he rejoined D'Oyly Carte's Repertory Company for the 1919–1920 revivals, leaving in March for *La Cigale* at King's Theatre, Hammersmith. He then joined J. C. Williamson's Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company as principal tenor, touring Australia.

From July 1920 to November 1921 and from April 1926 to April 1928 he made a great number of appearances in Gilbert and Sullivan operas for Williamson, mostly produced by Minnie Everett, with Gustave Slapoffski musical director, beginning with *The Mikado* at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne. and ending with *The Gondoliers*. He produced *Ruddigore*, which also starred Strella Wilson, Charles Walenn and John Ralston, touring 1927–1928. Adelaide in June 1927 marked the Australian premiere of that opera.

Between 1922 and 1926 he was mostly in England with D'Oyly Carte or other companies. Hay's last stint with D'Oyly Carte was from July 1925 to January 1926, during which time he played the Duke in *Patience*, Tolloller in *Iolanthe*, Nanki-Poo in *The Mikado*, and Richard Dauntless in *Ruddigore*.

## Personal

Hay died in Brighton, England.

## Notes and references

1. David Stone. "The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company — Who Was Who: James Hay". Retrieved 5 May 2022.
2. "Clareite Returns to Home Town". *Blyth Agriculturist*. Vol. XXXIX, no. 2026. South Australia. 22 May 1947. p. 3. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
3. "Entertainments". *The Western Mail (Perth)*. Vol. XX, no. 992. Western Australia. 31 December 1904. p. 32. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
4. "The Late J. B. Huntington". *The Daily News (Perth)*. Vol. XLII, no. 15, 116. Western Australia. 1 October 1923. p. 6. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
5. "The Generous Scot". *The Sun (Sydney)*. No. 1244. New South Wales, Australia. 30 January 1927. p. 39. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
6. "Musical and Dramatic Notes". *The West Australian*. Vol. XXIV, no. 7, 027. Western Australia. 30 September 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
7. "South Australian Tenor". *The News (Adelaide)*. Vol. VI, no. 858. South Australia. 14 April 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 4 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
8. "Notes and News". *Blyth Agriculturist*. Vol. II, no. 65. South Australia. 28 January 1910. p. 4. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
9. "Music & Musicians". *The Mercury (Hobart)*. Vol. CXXVIII, no. 18, 795. Tasmania, Australia. 1 February 1928. p. 3. Retrieved 4 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
10. "An Australian Tenor". *The West Australian*. Vol. XXXVII, no. 5, 918. Western Australia. 5 April 1921. p. 6. Retrieved 4 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
11. "Classified Advertising". *The Argus (Melbourne)*. No. 23, 087. Victoria, Australia. 31 July 1920. p. 26. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
12. "Gilbert and Sullivan". *The Argus (Melbourne)*. No. 25, 496. Victoria, Australia. 30 April 1928. p. 18. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
13. "To Produce "Ruddigore"". *The News (Adelaide)*. Vol. VIII, no. 1, 224. South Australia. 17 June 1927. p. 16. Retrieved 4 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.
14. "Singing Naturally". *The Daily News (Perth)*. Vol. XLVII, no. 16, 540. Western Australia. 4 May 1928. p. 7. Retrieved 5 May 2022  via National Library of Australia.


title: Paul Blakeley

abstract: Paul Malcolm Blakeley is a former English cricketer. Blakeley was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Blakeley made his debut for Shropshire in the 1993 Minor Counties Championship against Berkshire. Blakeley played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1993 to 1994, which included 14 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his only List A appearance against Somerset in the 1993 NatWest Trophy. In this match, he bowled 8 wicket-less overs for the cost of 69 runs, while with the bat he scored 23 runs before being dismissed by Mushtaq Ahmed.

text:
# Paul Blakeley

**Paul Malcolm Blakeley** (born 27 May 1964) is a former English cricketer. Blakeley was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire.

Blakeley made his debut for Shropshire in the 1993 Minor Counties Championship against Berkshire. Blakeley played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1993 to 1994, which included 14 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his only List A appearance against Somerset in the 1993 NatWest Trophy. In this match, he bowled 8 wicket-less overs for the cost of 69 runs, while with the bat he scored 23 runs before being dismissed by Mushtaq Ahmed.

## InfoBox

Paul Blakeley
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Paul Malcolm Blakeley |
| Born | (1964-05-24) 24 May 1964<br>Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1993–1994 | Shropshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 1  Runs scored 23  Batting average 23.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 23  Balls bowled 48  Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 July 2011 | |


title: James Laidlaw Maxwell Jr

abstract: James Laidlaw Maxwell Jr. was a pioneering modern English Presbyterian medical missionary to Formosa (Taiwan) and China. He was the son of James Laidlaw Maxwell Sr. Maxwell worked in the Sin-lâu Hospital in Tainan, which his father ran from 1900 to 1923. In 1923, he was appointed secretary of the China Medical Missionary Association. He died of malaria in Hangzhou in 1951.

text:
# James Laidlaw Maxwell Jr

**James Laidlaw Maxwell Jr.** (Chinese: 馬雅各二世, 1876  12 August 1951) was a pioneering modern English Presbyterian medical missionary to Formosa (Taiwan) and China. He was the son of James Laidlaw Maxwell Sr.

Maxwell worked in the Sin-lâu Hospital in Tainan, which his father ran from 1900 to 1923. In 1923, he was appointed secretary of the China Medical Missionary Association. He died of malaria in Hangzhou in 1951.

* Hugh MacMillan (1953). *Then Till Now in Formosa*. English and Canadian Presbyterian Missions in Formosa. OL 16996587M.


title: James Laing (doctor)

abstract: James Laing (c.1749–1831) was a Scottish doctor and slave plantation owner in Dominica.

text:
# James Laing (doctor)

**James Laing** (c.1749–1831) was a Scottish doctor and slave plantation owner in Dominica.

## Life

He was born in the parish of Crimond, c. 1748, the son of Alexander Laing and Jane Henderson. According to later testimony, he was resident as a young man in Dominica, by the later 1760s. There were other Scots of the same name in the Caribbean at this period, including Dr James Laing in Tobago, from Elgin, Moray.

Laing acquired lands in Scotland, at Haddo-Rattray, Buchan, in 1789. According to the *Topographical Dictionary of Scotland* (London, 1846), writing about Crimond, "There is an ancient seat called Haddo, and an elegant modern mansion has been built on the estate of Rattray." In that year Laing had given evidence on plantation life in Dominica to the Privy Council, later commented on by John Ranby, James Stephen and Eric Williams.

In 1793 Laing was provost marshal in Dominica. When a gift of £700 of plate was made to Henry Hamilton as Governor, for his efforts in repelling a French invasion of Dominica, Laing with Thomas Daniell was chosen for the formal presentation on 14 June 1796. In 1798 Laing was acting as Collector for the island.

In 1804 a parliamentary report recorded Laing as the owner of 51 enslaved people. During the 1805 French attack on Roseau, the island's capital, Laing was an eye-witness, and later gave testimony on it. In 1806, as Collector and member of the Dominica Council, he gave evidence to a committee of the House of Commons.

At the beginning of 1814, George Robert Ainslie was Governor of Dominica, and involved in a campaign against the island's Maroons. Laing was still holder of the position of provost marshal, but was in the United Kingdom on sick leave. Ainslie considered him old, and asked to have him replaced, by his own brother. He was rebuffed in March 1814 by Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, who considered Laing fit for his duties. During trials of Maroons of that summer, Thomas Laing was acting provost marshal. In 1815 Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet, whose wife was a relation of the dismissed Ainslie, spoke in defence of his conduct on Dominica, and incidentally mentioned Laing's 48 years of residence on the island.

In England, Laing was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1815, as James Laing of Streatham. He lived at Moor Park, Farnham; William Cobbett commented in the 1820s on the change of ownership as recent.

Laing died on 24 April 1831, at age 82.

## Macoucherie estate

A land grant was made in 1804 in the parish of St Joseph, Dominica to James Laing, John Lucas and Robert Reid. By 1804, Laing was an owner of the Macoucherie sugar estate (there are different spellings), with Robert Reid. A legal agreement of 1811 shows that there was a previous owner of this estate in St Joseph parish, John Mair. At that time there were three owners, with one of them, Thomas Lucas, disposing of his one-third share to Laing and Robert Reid. Laing is described as of Streatham. In his will, Laing left his one-half share to his younger son.

In 1822–3 Laing with George Henry Rose supported a Wesleyan Methodist mission to the slaves of the estates in Dominica; and he is mentioned in Rose's 1823 book on the conversion to Christianity of slaves. The missionary James Catts mentioned in 1823 that his colleague Thomas Harrison was visiting Laing's estates. The anonymous work *Sketches and Recollections of the West Indies* of 1828, by "a Resident", was dedicated to Laing. As well as being a personal account, it discussed slavery and its abolition, in terms of measures of amelioration and the need for compensation. The authorship was attributed by John Malcolm Bulloch to Hugh Gordon, a soldier involved in the defence of Roseau.

Some years after Laing's death, compensation was paid on the Macouchorie estate (tentative identification of claim), when slavery was abolished in the British Empire. Some of it went to the trustees for Laing, an amount that may have been equal going to Abraham Wildey Robarts. Elizabeth Stewart Hay, Laing's niece, was a counter-claimant. The daughter of David Stewart Hay of Perth, Scotland, she married the Rev. Thomas Maude, the poet.

The estate was sold by the government in 1938, and it was bought in 1943 by Howell Donald Shillingford CBE, with a cane mill and rum distillery. In 1953 it was owned by H. Shillingford. It is still active and producing rum, the last such estate on Dominica.

## Other estates and associations

Details of the compensation claim for the Springfield estate on Dominica show two-thirds going to Allan Stewart Laing, and one-third to Robarts & Kendall. James Laing came to own or part own also the Union and York Valley estates on Dominica.

Laing was the uncle of William Bremner of the Aberdeen Estate coffee plantation, who married Jane Mary Laing. Bremner was a Scottish physician and sailed for Dominica in 1794, leaving in 1815 and leaving a memoir in manuscript. He bought the Dawn plantation in 1805, with Dr Johnstone, another physician with whom he was in practice; that partnership was dissolved in 1807. He then went into business with Thomas Laing & Co.

On 29 August 1808 John Laing died, at age 28, as acting provost marshal, a position he held when George Metcalfe was acting Governor (period 1805–8). James Laing was involved in land deals with Metcalfe. John Laing was the eldest son of Thomas Laing (Thomas Laing Esq. of Haddo).

Thomas Henderson (died 1816), an assembly member, was another nephew of Laing.

## Will and legacy

Under Laing's will, his estate at Haddo went to William John Laing, and the Union Estate on Dominica to Allan Stewart Laing. Laing's trustees were the solicitor Abel Jenkins, and Allan Stewart Laing.

## Family

Laing's wife Eliza (or Elizabeth) died in 1816, at age 61 (or 63). Their children included:

* James Bruce Laing, the eldest son, of the Bengal Civil Service, died 15 October 1823 at Purnia at age 45.
* William John Laing, the elder surviving son in 1831.
* Allan Stewart Laing, a police court magistrate in London, until removed by the Home Secretary for bad temper, in 1837.


title: Paul D. Bevis

abstract: Paul D. Bevis was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives.

text:
# Paul D. Bevis

**Paul D. Bevis** (December 15, 1884 – March 23, 1976) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Bevis attended Florida Normal School and the University of Florida.

Bevis served in the Florida House of Representatives in 1929.

Bevis died on March 23, 1976, at the age of 91.

## InfoBox

| Paul D. Bevis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the
Florida House of Representatives
from Jackson County | |
| **In office**
1929 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1884-12-15)December 15, 1884 |
| Died | March 23, 1976(1976-03-23) (aged 91) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | University of Florida |
|  | |


title: Paul D. Allison

abstract: Paul D. Allison is an American statistician and sociologist. He is the President of Statistical Horizons and Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Paul D. Allison

**Paul D. Allison** is an American statistician and sociologist. He is the President of Statistical Horizons and Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

## Education

Allison received an A.B. degree in sociology from St. Louis University in 1970, graduating magna cum laude. He completed his M.S. degree and his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1973 and 1976 respectively. Following completion of his doctorate, Allison did postdoctoral study in statistics at the University of Chicago and the University of Pennsylvania.

## Career

Allison began his career at Stony Brook University, where he served as a lecturer. He taught at Cornell University from 1976-1981 before joining the Department of Sociology at University of Pennsylvania, where he would spend the next 37 years before becoming Professor Emeritus in 2018. He taught courses on Introductory Sociology, Introductory Statistics, Structural Equation Models, Event History Analysis, Longitudinal Data Analysis, and Missing Data, among others.

Allison's early research focused on career patterns of academic scientists. His current methodological research is on the analysis of longitudinal data, especially with determining the causes and consequences of events, and on methods for handling missing data.

Although much of his statistical work has been didactic, he has made original contributions in the areas of discrete-time survival analysis, maximum likelihood for missing data, model comparisons in logistic regression, and fixed effects models for panel data.

Allison has served as an editorial board member of the *American Journal of Sociology*, the *Sociological Forum*, *Sociological Methods and Research*, and *Sociological Methodology*. He was a council member for the Methodology Section of the American Sociological Association and a member of the American Statistical Association.

Beginning in 1986, Allison taught numerous short courses, including Survival Analysis, Categorical Data Analysis, and Missing Data, for the public as well as on-site for various organizations, companies, and government agencies.

In 2005, Allison founded Statistical Horizons LLC, a company that offers short public seminars on a variety of statistical topics.

## Honors and awards

Allison is the recipient of numerous awards. He was the Social Science Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Chicago from 1977-1978. He also received the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship in 1986-1987. In 1986, Allison was elected a member of the Sociological Research Association, and in 2001 he received the Lazarsfeld Award for Distinguished Contributions to Sociological Methodology. Allison became a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2010. He is also a two-time winner of the American Statistical Association’s award for “Excellence in Continuing Education.”

## Books and Other Publications

Allison has published 8 books to date:

* *Event History and Survival Analysis* (1984, 2014)
* *Logistic Regression Using SAS: Theory and Application* (1999, 2012)
* *Survival Analysis Using SAS: A Practical Guide* (1995, 2010)
* *Fixed Effects Regression Models* (2009)
* *Fixed Effects Regression Methods for Longitudinal Data Using SAS* (2005)
* *Missing Data* (2001)
* *Multiple Regression:* *A Primer* (1999)
* *Processes of Stratification in Science* (1980)

He is also author of over 90 articles, chapters, and reviews over his career. Although Allison’s methodological publications have mostly appeared in sociology journals, he has also published in the *Journal of the American Statistical Association*, *Annals of Epidemiology*, *International Journal of Epidemiology*, *Psychometrika*, *Psychological Bulletin*, and the *Journal of Abnormal Psychology*. His work has been cited over 50,000 times.


title: Paul-Thérèse-David d'Astros

abstract: Paul-Thérèse-David d'Astros was a French Roman Catholic Cardinal and archbishop.

text:
# Paul-Thérèse-David d'Astros

**Paul-Thérèse-David d'Astros** (15 October 1772 - 29 September 1851) was a French Roman Catholic Cardinal and archbishop.

## Life

D'Astros was born at Tourves, then in the Province of Provence, the son of a notary. His mother was Marie-Madeleine-Angélique Portalis, daughter of Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, a prominent jurist who was later appointed by Napoleon as a member of the Council of State. As a child, he was initially tutored privately at home, but was later sent to study at a school in Marseilles (possibly the same Oratorian school his grandfather had attended). In 1788, at the age of 16, he received the ecclesiastical tonsure, despite which he briefly entered military service five years later (1793-1794). Deciding to pursue a Church career instead, he received minor orders and was advanced to the subdiaconate in Paris the following year. He was ordained a Catholic priest in Marseille on 23 September 1797.

With the rise to power by Napoleon after the upheavals of the French Terror, D'Astros' grandfather was appointed the Minister of Public Worship by him. In this capacity, he was called upon to become engaged in the formulation of the Concordat of 1801 between the French First Republic and the Holy See. In 1805 he was appointed the Vicar General of the Archbishop of Paris, Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, and after the latter's death in 1808 was appointed as Apostolic Administrator of the archdiocese by the pope, serving until the appointment of Jean-Sifrein Maury, who then named him his Vicar Capitular. In this capacity, D'Astros received the papal bull issued by Pope Pius VII (10 June 1809) excommunicating Napoleon. For this act, he was imprisoned from January 1811 at Vincennes until his release in 1814 under the Bourbon Restoration.

In October 1817, D'Astros was named the bishop of a proposed Diocese of Orange. The diocese was never created and instead he was briefly appointed the Bishop of Saint-Flour on 21 February 1820 but was transferred to be the Bishop of Bayonne the following May. For this office, he was finally consecrated a bishop on 9 July 1820 in Paris by Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, coadjutor archbishop of Paris. In 1830 he was promoted to head the Archdiocese of Toulouse. At the request of King Louis Napoleon, Pope Pius IX made him a cardinal on 30 September 1850.

D'Astros, however, died a year later, on 29 September 1851, without having formally received the red hat of this office, or being assigned a titular church in Rome. He was buried in his cathedral a week later.

## Writings

D'Astros wrote a noted polemic in defense of the Catholic faith in the face of tensions with the Protestant community of France: *La vérité catholique démontrée; ou, Lettre aux Protestants d'Orthez* (2 v. 8°, Toulouse, 1833). He was one of the earliest opponents of the liberal priest, Frédéric de La Mennais, against whom he wrote *Censure de divers écrits de La Mennais et de ses disciples per plusieurs évêques de France, et Lettres des mêmes évêques au souverain pontife, Grégoire XVI, etc.* (Toulouse, 1835).

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Paul-Thérèse-David d'Astros | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Toulouse | |
|  | |
| Archdiocese | Toulouse |
| Appointed | 28 March 1830 |
| Installed | 5 July 1830 |
| Term ended | 29 September 1851 |
| Predecessor | Anne-Antoine-Jules de Clermont-Tonnerre |
| Successor | Jean-Marie Mioland |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Saint-Flour (1820-1830); Bishop of Bayonne (1820); Bishop of Orange (1817-1820), Vicar Capitular of Paris (1808-1817); Apostolic Administrator of Paris (1808); Vicar General of Paris (1805-1808) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 23 September 1797 |
| Consecration | 9 July 9, 1820
by Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen |
| Created cardinal | 30 September 1850
by Pope Pius IX |
| Rank | Cardinal priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tourves, Provence,
Kingdom of France |
| Died | Toulouse, France |
| Buried | Cathedral of St. Stephen, Toulouse, France |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Parents | N. D'Astro & Marie-Madeleine-Angélique Portalis |


title: Paul D. Reynolds

abstract: Paul D. Reynolds was a Canadian investment banker at Canaccord Genuity Group Inc. He rose through the ranks to CEO, leading the brokerage to become one of Canada's largest global investment firms.

text:
# Paul D. Reynolds

**Paul D. Reynolds** (March 26, 1963  April 1, 2015) was a Canadian investment banker at Canaccord Genuity Group Inc. He rose through the ranks to CEO, leading the brokerage to become one of Canada's largest global investment firms.

## Early life and education

Reynolds was the eldest of 6 children born to John Reynolds, former Conservative member of Parliament, and his wife in British Columbia.

## Career

Reynolds started working at the former Vancouver Stock Exchange. He joined the Canadian brokerage firm Canaccord Genuity Group Inc. in 1985 as a retail broker and investment adviser. He changed to investment banking, financing emerging tech companies and "rose through the ranks".

In 1999, he was appointed Canaccord president and led European operations from London until 2006. In 2007, he became CEO of Canaccord. Under Reynolds' leadership, the company expanded its presence into 10 countries and grew through major acquisitions like Genuity and in 2012, Britain-based brokerage Collins Stewart.

In a 2013 interview Reynolds said "It’s a cliche, but if you always put your clients’ interests first, you’ll be successful. That applies to any career."

Reynolds had been appointed to the prestigious International Crisis Group Board of Trustees.

## Death

Reynolds was married and had four children. After his two youngest children were born, he adopted a much more athletic lifestyle. On March 29, 2015 Reynolds participated in the Lavaman Waikoloa triathlon on the island of Hawaii. During the 1,500-metre swim Reynolds went underwater. He was rescued and given CPR, but died in hospital a few days later. He was 52 years old.

## InfoBox

| Paul D. Reynolds | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 26, 1963
British Columbia |
| Died | April 1, 2015(2015-04-01) (aged 52)
Kona, Hawaii |
| Occupation | Canadian investment banker |
| Employer | Canaccord Genuity Group Inc. |
| Title | Chief Executive |
| Children | four |


title: Paul D. Stroop

abstract: Vice Admiral Paul David Stroop was an officer of the United States Navy and a Naval Aviator. He held numerous high-ranking staff positions in aviation from the 1930s onward, including World War II service on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he held various sea commands. From 1959 to 1962, he oversaw the development of the Navy's aerial weapons, including early guided missiles, as chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons. During the later 1960s, he commanded Naval air forces in the Pacific.

text:
# Paul D. Stroop

Vice Admiral **Paul David Stroop** (30 October 1904 – 17 May 1995) was an officer of the United States Navy and a Naval Aviator. He held numerous high-ranking staff positions in aviation from the 1930s onward, including World War II service on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he held various sea commands. From 1959 to 1962, he oversaw the development of the Navy's aerial weapons, including early guided missiles, as chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons. During the later 1960s, he commanded Naval air forces in the Pacific.

## Biography

### Early life and career

Stroop was born in Zanesville, Ohio, but grew up in Mobile, Alabama. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1926, then spent the next two years on board the battleship *Arkansas* (BB-33). In 1928, he served as a member of U.S. gymnastic team at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam.

From 1928 to 1929, Stroop received flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and in 1929 received his wings as a Naval Aviator. His first aviation assignment was with Torpedo Squadron 9, based at NAS Norfolk, Virginia. In 1932 he was transferred to Patrol Squadron 10, also based at Norfolk.

From 1932 to 1934, he undertook postgraduate work at the Naval Academy. After completing his studies, he returned to Fleet assignments. He served from 1934 to 1936 with Bombing Squadron 5, aboard the carrier *Ranger* (CV-4). From 1936 to 1937, he was Senior Aviator aboard the cruiser *Portland* (CA-33). In 1937, Stroop gained his first experience in the Naval Aviation material establishment when he was assigned to the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer). He left BuAer in 1940 to join the staff of Admiral Aubrey Fitch, commander of Patrol Wing 2, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In 1940, Stroop became Flag Officer and Tactical Officer of Carrier Division 1 at San Diego.

### World War II

After the United States entry into World War II, Stroop was transferred to Pearl Harbor. In 1942, he joined the staff of the Carrier Task Force, aboard *Lexington* (CV-2) at Pearl Harbor. From 1942 to 1943, he served as Planning Officer to the Senior Naval Commander, Air Force, South Pacific.

He next gained his own command, serving from 1943 to 1944 as Commanding Officer of the seaplane tender USS *Mackinac* (AVP-13). Stroop spent the last months of the war in Washington, D.C., serving from 1944 to 1945 in the Navy Department as Aviation Plans Officer on the Staff of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet. In this capacity, Stroop attended the Yalta, Quebec, and Potsdam Conferences, later making a trip around the world to inform commands of outcome of the Yalta Conference.

### Post-war activities

In 1945, Stroop left the Navy Department to become Commanding Officer of the escort carrier *Croatan* (CVE-25). He served as Fleet Aviation Officer (later Chief of Staff, Operations), in the Fifth Fleet, based at Yokosuka, Japan, from 1945 to 1946, and then as Aviation Officer (later Assistant Chief of Staff) Operations to the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT), at Pearl Harbor, in 1946-1948.

From 1948 to 1950, Stroop served as Executive Officer at the Navy's General Line School in Monterey, California, then again took up his own studies as a student at the National War College at Washington, D.C., in 1950-1951.

In 1951, Stroop became Commanding Officer of the carrier *Princeton* (CV-37) in the Sea of Japan during the Korean War. Then, in 1952, he assumed command of the *Essex* (CV-9), and was promoted to rear admiral. In 1953, he left the *Essex* to become Commanding Officer of the Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California.

From 1953 to 1955, he was Senior Member of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Navy Department, Washington. From 1955 to 1957, he served as Deputy Chief at the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd).

From 1957 to 1958, he was Commanding Officer of the Taiwan Patrol Force based at Okinawa, Japan. From 1959 to 1962 he was Chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

Stroop served from 1962 to 1965 as Commanding Officer of the Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet (COMNAVAIRPAC), and as Commanding Officer, First Fleet, Air PAC, with the rank of vice admiral.

He retired in 1965. After his retirement to the San Diego area, he was a consultant to Ryan Aeronautical and Teledyne Ryan of San Diego until 1992.

Stroop died at the Coronado Hospital in Coronado, California, on 17 May 1995, aged 90.

## Personal life

Stroop was married to Esther Holscher Stroop from 1926 until her death in 1982. He was survived by his second wife, Kay Roeder Stroop; his two sons, two daughters, three stepdaughters, a stepson, 13 grandchildren, and 11 great-grandchildren. Stroop is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command. *It also contains public-domain information collected from the Naval War College, an institution of the United States government.*

## InfoBox

| Paul D. Stroop | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul D. Stroop as a Rear Admiral in 1954 | |
| Born | (1904-10-30)30 October 1904
Zanesville, Ohio |
| Died | 17 May 1995(1995-05-17) (aged 90)
Coronado, California |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 19261965 |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
| Commands | USS *Mackinac* (AVP-13)
USS *Croatan* (CVE-25)
USS *Princeton* (CV-37)
USS *Essex* (CV-9)
Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake
Taiwan Patrol Force
Bureau of Naval Weapons
Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet |
| Battles/wars | World War II
Korean War |
| Awards | Legion of Merit (2) |


title: Paul Coulson

abstract: Paul Richard Coulson is an Irish billionaire, who is the largest shareholder and chairman of Ardagh Group. In 2021, his fortune was estimated to be $2.8 billion, making him Ireland's 10th most wealthy person.

text:
# Paul Coulson

**Paul Richard Coulson** (born April 1952) is an Irish billionaire, who is the largest shareholder and chairman of Ardagh Group. In 2021, his fortune was estimated to be $2.8 billion, making him Ireland's 10th most wealthy person.

## Education

Coulson received a bachelor's degree in business studies from Trinity College Dublin in 1973. He qualified as a chartered accountant in 1978, after five years spent with Price Waterhouse, and is an FCA.

## Career

In 1982, Coulson founded an investment and aircraft leasing firm company, Yeoman International Group Limited.

In 1998, he bought a stake in the Irish Glass Bottle Company and transformed it into Ardagh Group.

## Personal life

Coulson resides in London, Porto Heli (Greece) and New York

## InfoBox

| Paul Coulson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Paul Richard Coulson
April 1952 (age 72)
London |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Education | Trinity College Dublin |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | Largest shareholder and chairman of Ardagh Group |
| Spouse | Moya Coulson |
| Children | 3 |


title: James S. Ackerman

abstract: James Sloss Ackerman was an American architectural historian, a major scholar of Michelangelo's architecture, of Palladio and of Italian Renaissance architectural theory. In 2017, Ackerman was awarded the Henry Hope Reed Award.

text:
# James S. Ackerman

**James Sloss Ackerman** (November 8, 1919 – December 31, 2016) was an American architectural historian, a major scholar of Michelangelo's architecture, of Palladio and of Italian Renaissance architectural theory.

In 2017, Ackerman was awarded the Henry Hope Reed Award.

## Biography

Ackerman was born in San Francisco in November 1919. He studied at the Cate School in Carpinteria, California, graduating in 1937 before attending Yale University. At Yale, 1938–41, he came under the influence of Henri Focillon. His graduate work was at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University (MA 1947, PhD 1952), where he studied with Richard Krautheimer and Erwin Panofsky. His studies were interrupted by his World War II service in the US Army in Italy, which, however, gave him an opportunity to increase his on-site understanding of Italian Renaissance architecture, his specialty—he was assigned to retrieve the archives secured at the Certosa di Pavia. He was a Fellow at the American Academy in Rome (1949–52). He taught at Berkeley and from 1960 at Harvard as Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Fine Arts until his retirement in 1990.

He was the editor of *The Art Bulletin* (1956–60) and *Annali d'architettura*. Ackerman was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a corresponding member of the British Academy, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza, the Ateneo Veneto, the Accademia di San Luca in Rome and the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala. He gave the Slade Lectures at Cambridge in 1969–70. He received six honorary doctorates and was a Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, an honorary citizen of Padua, and received a Special Golden Lion Award at the Venice Biennale of Architecture of 2008.

When he started teaching at the UC Berkeley School of Architecture in the fall of 1952, Ackerman was their first full-time architectural historian.

His rigorous method set architecture in the broader contexts of cultural and intellectual history. He was awarded the Balzan Prize 2001 for achievement in architectural history and urbanism and the Paul Kristeller citation 2001 of the Renaissance Society of America for lifetime achievement. Ackerman conceived and narrated the films shot by John Terry *Looking for Renaissance Rome* (1975, with Kathleen Weil-Garris Brandt) and *Palladio the Architect and His Influence in America* (1980).

He died in December 2016 at the age of 97.

## Selected publications

Aside from numerous articles, Ackerman has written

* *The Cortile del Belvedere* (1954) This was based on his PhD dissertation on the Renaissance extension of the Vatican Palace.
* *The Architecture of Michelangelo* (2 vols., 1961; paperback version with condensed second volume, 1986) Volume I is a critical overview of the architect's practice and theory, and Vol. II an exhaustive catalogue of Michelangelo's mostly-unfinished buildings, employing architectural drawings and contemporary archival and graphic sources. The work received the Hitchcock Award of the Society of Architectural Historians.
* *Palladio* (series "Architect and Society") Pelican Books (1966; 1977, 2008) An introductory chapter "Palladio and his times" is followed by chapters discussing the examples of Palladio's villas, civic and domestic architecture, ecclesiastical architecture, and principles of his design and practice.
* *Palladio's Villas* (1967)
* *The Villa: Form and Ideology of Country Houses*  (1990), an overview of the country house from Roman times to le Corbusier and Wright.
* *James Ackerman Art Historian*, 1992, book length interview for the Getty Foundation and U.C.L.A.
* *Distance Points: Studies in Theory and Renaissance Art and Architecture*, MIT Press (1991) Seven essays divided between the theory of criticism and the relation of architecture and science in the Renaissance, with individual studies of Leon Battista Alberti and Leonardo.
* *Origins, Imitation, Conventions: Representation in the Visual Arts*, MIT Press (2002) Twelve essays. For a full bibliography see his Google website.

## InfoBox

| James Ackerman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | James Sloss Ackerman
November 8, 1919
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | December 31, 2016(2016-12-31) (aged 97) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Art history
Architectural history |
|  | |


title: Paul Clinton

abstract: Paul Clinton was an American film critic. He served as CNN.com film critic for 20 years. He was the co-founder of the Broadcast Film Critics Association (BFCA). Clinton was born in Columbus, Ohio and attended Ohio State University and then moved to New York City, where he became a page at NBC. He produced for The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder and then moved to Los Angeles to work on The Merv Griffin Show. Later he moved to KCBS-TV as an entertainment news producer. In 1988, Paul Clinton began working on the Turner Entertainment Report and other media in the CNN family, where he started reviewing films. In addition to being a critic for CNN.com, his radio reviews and "Paul's Picks" pieces aired on more than 100 stations domestically and internationally. Clinton and film historian James Ursini did audio commentary on the 2005 DVD release of Dark Victory (1939) starring Bette Davis. Clinton died aged 53 on January 30, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.

text:
# Paul Clinton

**Paul Clinton** (1953 – January 30, 2006) was an American film critic. He served as CNN.com film critic for 20 years. He was the co-founder of the Broadcast Film Critics Association (BFCA).

Clinton was born in Columbus, Ohio and attended Ohio State University and then moved to New York City, where he became a page at NBC. He produced for *The Tomorrow Show* with Tom Snyder and then moved to Los Angeles to work on *The Merv Griffin Show*. Later he moved to KCBS-TV as an entertainment news producer.

In 1988, Paul Clinton began working on the Turner Entertainment Report and other media in the CNN family, where he started reviewing films. In addition to being a critic for CNN.com, his radio reviews and "Paul's Picks" pieces aired on more than 100 stations domestically and internationally.

Clinton and film historian James Ursini did audio commentary on the 2005 DVD release of *Dark Victory* (1939) starring Bette Davis.

Clinton died aged 53 on January 30, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.


title: Paul Clews

abstract: Paul Gordon Clews is a former motorcycle speedway rider from England.

text:
# Paul Clews

**Paul Gordon Clews** (born 19 July 1979 in Coventry, England) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from England.

## Career

Clews has ridden for Great Britain at Under-21 level. He won the Premier League and KO Cup with the Reading Racers in 1998.

He started the 2008 season with the Newport Wasps in the Premier League. However, after the death of Newport promoter Tim Stone the club closed down which Clews became a free agent and so signed for the Berwick Bandits. He was the Berwick captain for the 2009 season. He retired from Speedway in 2011 after a final season with Berwick for the 2010 Premier League speedway season.

## InfoBox

Paul Clews
| Born | (1979-07-19) 19 July 1979<br>Coventry, England |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname | Clewsy |
| Nationality | British (English) |
| Career history | |
| 1995-1997 | Coventry Bees |
| 1996 | Oxford Cheetahs |
| 1996, 1998 | Peterborough Panthers |
| 1997 | Isle of Wight Islanders |
| 1998-2003 | Reading Racers |
| 2004-2006 | Stoke Potters |
| 2007 | Newcastle Diamonds |
| 2008 | Newport Wasps |
| 2008-2011 | Berwick Bandits |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 1998 | Premier League Champion |
| 1998 | Premier League KO Cup Winner |
| 1997 | Premier Conference Champion |
|  | |


title: James McMillan (fur trader)

abstract: James McMillan was a fur trader and explorer for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company. He led some of the earliest surveys of the lower Fraser River and founded Fort Langley for the HBC in 1827, and was its first Chief Trader.

text:
# James McMillan (fur trader)

**James McMillan** (August 1783–26 January 1858) was a fur trader and explorer for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company. He led some of the earliest surveys of the lower Fraser River and founded Fort Langley for the HBC in 1827, and was its first Chief Trader.

## Early life and first Fraser River expedition

Born in August, 1782, McMillan was the fourth son of Allan McMillan, Tacksman of Glenpean, Argyllshire and his wife, Margaret Cameron from Rannoch, Perthshire. With his parents and siblings, he emigrated from Scotland to British North America in 1802, and settled with them initially in what became Glengarry County, Ontario. Not long after arriving, the young James began work as a clerk for the North West Company in what is now Saskatchewan. Notably, he joined David Thompson's 1808 North West Company expedition west across the Rocky Mountains. During 1812 he led operations at Spokane House, competing against the nearby Pacific Fur Company station Fort Spokane. Later, he assisted in purchasing the PFC assets, which besides Fort Spokane included its headquarters of Fort Astoria and Fort Okanogan. These latter two stations would be utilised by the NWC, with Fort Astoria being renamed Fort George in honor of George III of the United Kingdom.

In June 1824, following the merger of the North West Company and the HBC, McMillan accompanied HBC Governor George Simpson from York Factory far west to the lower Columbia River, arriving at Fort George on November 8 of that year. Simpson described McMillan as a "Staunch & Manly Friend and Fellow Traveller". Ten days later, Simpson assigned McMillan with commanding an expedition to survey the mouth of the Fraser River and assess it for navigability, settlement potential and agricultural suitability. He led an exploration party of 40 men from Fort George to Puget Sound and on to Mud Bay, just east of present-day Point Roberts. On local advice of a shortcut, McMillan's party proceeded east up the Nicomekl River through what is now South Surrey, British Columbia where they portaged over to the Salmon River in order to finally reach the Fraser. The expedition traveled and surveyed up the Fraser River as far as Hatzic Slough, before returning to Fort George.

## Founding of Fort Langley

On June 27, 1827, McMillan was again dispatched north from the Columbia River by Simpson, this time to establish a Hudson's Bay Company presence on the lower Fraser River. After leaving Fort Vancouver, McMillan, his 25-man party and two small boats arrived at Port Orchard on Puget Sound on July 4. There they camped, awaiting the newly acquired HBC sailing vessel the *Cadboro*, loaded with horses and supplies, which had departed Fort Vancouver on June 24 to rendezvous with McMillan's party via the open Pacific Ocean. After waiting six days, the *Cadboro* finally arrived at Port Orchard on July 10. When the ship approached the mouth of the Fraser River, McMillan set out looking for suitable locations for the establishment of the Fort. He found none in the immediate vicinity of the river's mouth and the *Cadboro* was unable to gain navigable access to the Fraser River for several days until a channel was discovered. Meanwhile, in the smaller boats, and proceeding further up river, McMillan surveyed several potential locations for the new fort on July 27–28. It was around this time that McMillan Island was named for him. Other islands named during this survey of the river were Barnston Island (for clerk George Barnston) and Annacis Island (for Clerk Francois Noel Annance). Unfortunately, the *Cadboro* was unable to weigh anchor close enough to shore to safely unload cargo at the site McMillan had preferred to establish the Fort. The next day it sailed downriver to another spot on the south side of the Fraser, which McMillan had remarked upon earlier. This location was just west of the Salmon River's confluence with the Fraser in an area later to be known as Derby. On Monday July 30, McMillan's party unloaded horses at the site and the laborious clearance of the forest commenced. The first post of the Fort was cut on August 1, 1827. On August 13, the first bastion of the fort—deemed to be the priority as a consequence of rumours of a pending massacre by Indians—was completed.

## Chief Factor at Fort Langley (1827-1828)

In the weeks and months immediately following the erection of the Fort, McMillan watched as the horses perished in the wilderness conditions, noted a minor earthquake, and described the scene around the Fort once as "dull and monotonous." However, on Christmas Eve, 1827, a surprise visit was paid by HBC clerk Alexander Mackenzie from Fort Vancouver. His party having been pinned in by ice at the mouth of the Fraser River, and apparently robbed and threatened by the Musqueam, Mackenzie dispatched a sympathetic Kwantlen to convey a distress message to McMillan at Fort Langley. Upon receiving the message, McMillan sent an armed party to recover Mackenzie who was later greeted at the fort by a beaming McMillan. Following a celebratory holiday fueled by liquor recently delivered to the Fort, McMillan opted to return to Fort Vancouver with Mackenzie and show off Fort Langley's haul of 1,200 furs. However, stranded at Point Roberts in stormy weather for 10 days, McMillan returned to Fort Langley with the furs, while Mackenzie and his group continued onto Fort Vancouver. Rumour soon reached McMillan that Mackenzie's party had been massacred on the shores of Puget Sound en route back to the Columbia River, which later proved true. In October 1828, McMillan was transferred out of Fort Langley by Sir George Simpson. It is unclear whether he requested the transfer or was assigned elsewhere. He was replaced by Archibald McDonald.

## Red River Colony, personal life and final years

McMillan went on to become a Chief Factor at the HBC's Red River Colony, and he was brought in to manage a failed experimental farm at St. James on the Assiniboine River. In his efforts, he even enlisted a cousin, Robert Campbell from Scotland to assist on the farm with such endeavours as trying to raise sheep from Kentucky. Later, he was transferred to the Montreal area out of frustration with the farm's failure and his dislike of Red River Colony society. In 1839, McMillan retired to Scotland, near Perth, where he lived with his Scottish wife (and first cousin), Eleanor McKinlay, with whom he had eight children. He also fathered at least four North American children stemming from relations with native women from the Columbia Region, Saskatchewan and Fort George. One of them, William McMillan, was a co-signatory to the Métis petition for special status, 1845. In his final years, McMillan contributed to Simpson's *Narrative of a journey round the world, during the years 1841 and 1842*, and kept apprised of events in the fur trade through Simpson and others. He died in 1858 in Glasgow, Scotland.

a Wooden Statue of McMillan and Chief Wattlekainen is located at the Innes Corners Plaza in Langley

1. "McMillan, James." *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*. Gregory Thomas.
2. "McMillan, James". *Encyclopedia of British Columbia* (2000). Harbour Publishing.
3. "The Langley Story Illustrated", Don Waite.
4. "Journal of John Work". *Washington Historical Quarterly III,* 1912.
5. ""Langley History Built on Fort", Langley Advance, 6 February 2004". Archived from the original on 30 January 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
6. ""Cascadia Historic Earthquake Catalog, 1793-1929". Provided by: The Pacific Northwest Seismic Network". Archived from the original on 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
7. "Campbell, Robert." *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*. Kenneth Stephen Coates
8. "Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, 1979 Declaration of Métis and Indian Rights, Appendix". Archived from the original on 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
9. "Statue Carvings of Chief Wattlekainen and James McMillan". *The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture*. Retrieved 2002-08-17.

## InfoBox

| James McMillan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st Chief Trader of Fort Langley | |
| **In office**
1827–1828 | |
| Succeeded by | Archibald McDonald |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1783
Probably in Glen Pean, Scotland |
| Died | 26 January 1858(1858-01-26) (aged 74)
Glasgow, Scotland |
| Parents | * Allan McMillan (father) * Margaret Cameron (mother) |
| Occupation | Fur Trader, Explorer, First Chief Trader of Fort Langley |
| Known for | Founder of Fort Langley |
|  | |


abstract: Paul Erickson is the national secretary of the federal Australian Labor Party.

text:
# Paul Erickson (Australian Labor Party official)

**Paul Erickson** is the national secretary of the federal Australian Labor Party.

## Political career

Erickson worked for the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in research and data. In 2014, he took up the position as assistant national secretary of the Australian Labor Party. Following the resignation of Noah Carroll in 2019, Erickson was appointed acting national secretary and was appointed to the role permanently on 16 August 2019. Erickson is a member of the left faction.

## Personal life

Erickson grew up in the state of Victoria. He holds a Bachelor's degree in arts and economics. It was there he became involved in student politics, and was elected President of the University of Melbourne in 2003. He is the younger brother of three time Olympian and Commonwealth Games medalist, Chris Erickson.

## InfoBox

| Paul Erickson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| National Secretary of the Labor Party | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
16 August 2019 | |
| Assistant | Jen Light |
| National President | Wayne Swan |
| Preceded by | Noah Carroll |
| Assistant National Secretary of the Labor Party | |
| **In office**
2014  16 August 2019 | |
| National Secretary | Noah Carroll |
| Succeeded by | Jen Light |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Paul Erickson
1983 or 1984 (age 40–41) |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Political party | Labor |
| Alma mater | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation | * Unionist * Politician |
| Website | alp.org.au |
|  | |


abstract: Lieutenant-General James Scott, of Commieston, Kincardine, was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1713 to 1734. He served in the Scots Guards for 51 years Scott was the second son of Hercules Scott of Brotherton, Kincardine and his wife Jane Ogilvy, daughter of Sir James Ogilvy, of New Grange, Forfar a commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland. He joined the army and was an ensign in the Scots Guards in 1692. He became lieutenant and captain in 1693, and captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1694. In 1712 he became a brevet colonel. He married. Margaret Wallace, daughter of Hugh Wallace, of Ingliston, Midlothian, a commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland, in April. 1712, Scott acquired some property in the Kincardineshire in 1708, probably from his uncle John Scott of Commieston, and stood for parliament at Kincardineshire at the 1710 general election. He was unsuccessful then but was returned as Member of Parliament at the 1713 general election. In 1713 he became a 2nd major. He was considered to be a Tory. He told in favour of the election of John Houston for Linlithgowshire, and on 12 May he voted against extending the schism bill to cover Catholic education. However, as one of the Scottish MPs then in London, he signed the proclamation of George I, and was described as a Whig. Scott was re-elected MP for Kincardineshire in a contest at the 1715 general election. He served the Hanoverians loyally, and voted consistently for the Court in all divisions. In 1717 he became 1st major in the Guards. In 1721, the committee of inquiry into the South Sea bubble revealed that he had accepted £1,000 stock from the Company without paying for it. He was returned unopposed in the general election of 1722 and became lieutenant-colonel commanding his regiment in 1723. At the 1727 general election, he was returned unopposed again. He stood down at the 1734 general election to make way for his son to succeed him in the seat although he was defeated. Scott became brigadier-general in 1735, major.-general in. 1739 and lieutenant-general in 1743. He died in 1747 leaving a son John, and a daughter.

text:
# James Scott (British Army officer, died 1747)

Lieutenant-General **James Scott** (c. 1672–1747), of Commieston, Kincardine, was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1713 to 1734. He served in the Scots Guards for 51 years

Scott was the second son of Hercules Scott of Brotherton, Kincardine and his wife Jane Ogilvy, daughter of Sir James Ogilvy, of New Grange, Forfar a commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland. He joined the army and was an ensign in the Scots Guards in 1692. He became lieutenant and captain in 1693, and captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1694. In 1712 he became a brevet colonel. He married. Margaret Wallace, daughter of Hugh Wallace, of Ingliston, Midlothian, a commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland, in April. 1712,

Scott acquired some property in the Kincardineshire in 1708, probably from his uncle John Scott of Commieston, and stood for parliament at Kincardineshire at the 1710 general election. He was unsuccessful then but was returned as Member of Parliament at the 1713 general election. In 1713 he became a 2nd major. He was considered to be a Tory. He told in favour of the election of John Houston for Linlithgowshire, and on 12 May he voted against extending the schism bill to cover Catholic education. However, as one of the Scottish MPs then in London, he signed the proclamation of George I, and was described as a Whig.

Scott was re-elected MP for Kincardineshire in a contest at the 1715 general election. He served the Hanoverians loyally, and voted consistently for the Court in all divisions. In 1717 he became 1st major in the Guards. In 1721, the committee of inquiry into the South Sea bubble revealed that he had accepted £1,000 stock from the Company without paying for it. He was returned unopposed in the general election of 1722 and became lieutenant-colonel commanding his regiment in 1723. At the 1727 general election, he was returned unopposed again. He stood down at the 1734 general election to make way for his son to succeed him in the seat although he was defeated.

Scott became brigadier-general in 1735, major.-general in. 1739 and lieutenant-general in 1743. He died in 1747 leaving a son John, and a daughter.


title: James Scott (cricketer)

abstract: James Beattie Scott is an English former first-class cricketer. Scott was born at Hammersmith in November 1978 and was educated at Radley College, before going up to Downing College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge he made four appearances in first-class cricket in 2001, playing three times for Cambridge UCCE, including in the sides inaugural first-class match against Kent, in addition to playing for Cambridge University against Oxford University in The University Match at Fenner's. Playing as a left-arm medium-fast bowler, he took 4 wickets in his four matches at a high average of 80.00 and with best figures of 1 for 33.

text:
# James Scott (cricketer)

**James Beattie Scott** (born 27 November 1978) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Scott was born at Hammersmith in November 1978 and was educated at Radley College, before going up to Downing College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge he made four appearances in first-class cricket in 2001, playing three times for Cambridge UCCE, including in the sides inaugural first-class match against Kent, in addition to playing for Cambridge University against Oxford University in The University Match at Fenner's. Playing as a left-arm medium-fast bowler, he took 4 wickets in his four matches at a high average of 80.00 and with best figures of 1 for 33.

## Notes and references

1. Cambridge UCCE differed from Cambridge University Cricket Club in that it was open to students at Anglia Ruskin University, whereas Cambridge University Cricket Club is exclusively for students of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge.

## InfoBox

James Scott
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | James Beattie Scott |
| Born | (1978-11-27) 27 November 1978<br>Hammersmith, London, England |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2001 | Cambridge UCCE |
| 2001 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 4  Runs scored 27  Batting average 6.75  100s/50s –/–  Top score 14  Balls bowled 518  Wickets 4  Bowling average 80.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/33  Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 September 2020 | |


title: Paul Gazelka

abstract: Paul E. Gazelka is an American politician and small business owner from Minnesota. A Republican, Gazelka was a member of the Minnesota Senate and was previously a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. In the state senate, Gazelka served as majority leader from 2017 to 2021. Born and raised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Gazelka spent his later formative years in Minnesota's Iron Range region. He lives near Gull Lake in Cass County, Minnesota. He represented Senate District 9, which included parts of Cass, Morrison, Todd, and Wadena Counties in the north central part of the state.

text:
# Paul Gazelka

**Paul E. Gazelka** (/ɡəˈzɛlkə/ *gə-ZEL-kə*; born October 1, 1959) is an American politician and small business owner from Minnesota. A Republican, Gazelka was a member of the Minnesota Senate and was previously a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. In the state senate, Gazelka served as majority leader from 2017 to 2021.

Born and raised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Gazelka spent his later formative years in Minnesota's Iron Range region. He lives near Gull Lake in Cass County, Minnesota. He represented Senate District 9, which included parts of Cass, Morrison, Todd, and Wadena Counties in the north central part of the state.

## Early life, education, and career

Gazelka was born on October 1, 1959, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He lived in St. Paul until age 15, when his family moved to Virginia, Minnesota, a city on the state's Mesabi Iron Range. Gazelka attended Roosevelt High School there and then Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in business management.

Gazelka is an insurance agent. He owns and operates an insurance agency in Baxter.

## Minnesota House of Representatives

After settling in the Nisswa, Minnesota area, Gazelka became involved in local politics. He was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2005 to 2007, elected from District 12A, which covers portions of Crow Wing County, including the city of Brainerd. During his term, he served as vice chair of the Commerce and Financial Institutions Committee and on the Jobs and Economic Opportunity Policy Finance Committee, the Transportation Committee, and the Commerce and Financial Institutions Subcommittee for the Tourism Division. Gazelka was defeated for reelection in 2006.

## Minnesota Senate

Gazelka was elected to the Minnesota Senate in 2010, defeating incumbent Republican Paul Koering in an August primary election and the Democratic nominee in the November general election. He was the senator from District 12 (covering Crow Wing and Morrison counties) from 2011 to 2012, and then District 9 (covering Cass, Morrison, Todd, and Wadena counties) from 2013 onward.

After redistricting, Gazelka was placed in Senate District 9. He was reelected to the Senate in 2012, 2016, and 2020. Republicans lost control of the Minnesota Senate in 2012. As a member of the minority, Gazelka was known for his interest in tax and insurance issues. After the 2016 election, in which Republicans regained a majority in the Senate, Gazelka was elected by his caucus to be majority leader.

Ideologically, Gazelka is member of the Christian right. His 2010 primary victory over Koering, Minnesota's only openly gay Republican legislator, was partially credited to the criticism Koering received for going to dinner with an adult film star, and Gazelka's subsequent legislative career has included efforts to oppose same-sex marriage and government funding of abortion. The *Star Tribune* called Gazelka "the most socially conservative person in modern times to serve as Minnesota Senate majority leader." But in 2017, upon becoming majority leader, Gazelka said that he intended to focus on transportation, health care, timely passage of a state budget, and tax cuts, and to avoid contentious social issues.

In 2021 Gazelka stepped down from his position as majority leader to focus on his campaign for governor of Minnesota.

### Economic issues

In 2017, soon after he became majority leader, Gazelka brokered deals with Democrats for state/federal tax code reconciliation and short-term relief for individuals with high health insurance premiums. He also pressed for expedited budget committee deadlines, expressing a desire to avoid a repeat of the 2011 Minnesota state government shutdown.

### Social issues

#### LGBT rights

Gazelka opposes same-sex marriage and co-sponsored a failed 2012 effort to amend the state constitution to ban the recognition of same-sex marriage in the state. More recently, he blocked proposals to ban "conversion therapy" for minors in Minnesota, though he has said that he did not support "coercive or aversive counseling." Gazelka and his wife once sent their child to an anti-same-sex relationship psychologist who has been characterized as a conversion therapist.

#### Abortion

In 2017, Gazelka supported a bill, introduced by Republican Senator Mary Kiffmeyer, to block the Minnesota Department of Human Services from funding abortion services. The department said that the bill, if enacted, would likely be blocked by the courts given a 1995 Minnesota Supreme Court decision that struck down a similar measure. The bill passed the Minnesota legislature but was vetoed by Governor Mark Dayton. In 2019, Gazelka sponsored legislation to ban abortion in Minnesota 20 weeks after fertilization; the proposal did not advance.

#### Marijuana

Gazelka staunchly opposes legalization of recreational adult-use marijuana in Minnesota. In 2021, after the state House passed a legalization bill on a 7261 vote, Gazelka blocked it from being taken up by the state Senate.

### Police reform

In 2020, after the murder of George Floyd and subsequent protests, Gazelka and Minnesota Senate Republicans blocked most police reform proposals put forth by Governor Tim Walz and the Democratic-majority state House. Gazelka specifically opposed changes to qualified immunity. A compromise reform package was agreed upon in a subsequent special session; the compromise bill banned police chokeholds in most situations, prohibited "warrior cop" training that promoted aggression, and mandated that officers intervene when another officer uses excessive force. In 2021, Gazelka opposed a bill, supported by Walz and passed by the state House, that would ban no-knock search warrants, require police departments to timely release body camera footage of death in custody to decedents' families; authorize local governments to establish civilian police oversight boards; and bar police officers from belonging to white supremacist organizations. He said the Senate would not take up the House proposals because he was satisfied with the reforms that passed the preceding year.

### COVID-19 pandemic

#### COVID-19 policy

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Gazelka was one of the most outspoken opponents of public health mandates (such as business closures and requirements to wear face coverings in indoor public places) imposed by Minnesota Governor Tim Walz to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Gazelka led Republicans in blocking a Democratic proposal to require face coverings in public areas of the State Capitol. Many Republican senators refused to wear face coverings in the Senate chamber, straining relations with the Democrats. In December 2020, after Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison sought civil penalties against bars and restaurants that flouted the state's COVID-19 rules, Gazelka threatened to reduce the budget for the attorney general's office.

In October 2020, Gazelka and Minnesota Republican leaders launched a campaign (with the theme "Contract to Open Up Minnesota") that called for an end to state-mandated COVID-safety protocols such as wearing masks and limited restaurant capacities and called for returning more children to in-person learning. Gazelka and Minnesota Republicans praised the Dakotas for having few COVID-19 related restrictions, although the Dakotas had the highest case rates in the nation at the time.

Gazelka criticized Walz for ordering the closure of public schools in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; in 2021, the state Senate passed a bill that would block governors from closing schools in the state or from altering school schedules. Gazelka opposed COVID-19 vaccine mandates and criticized Walz for requiring state employees to be either vaccinated against COVID-19 or receive weekly testing for COVID-19.

#### Superspreader event

On November 5, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gazelka attended a Republican Party event at a catering hall to celebrate the party's victories in the 2020 elections. At the superspreader event, which included more than 100 people, many attendees did not wear protective face masks, contrary to public health recommendations, and at least four Republican state senators (including Gazelka) tested positive for COVID-19 in the subsequent days. Gazelka flew to Florida while unaware of his exposure. He experienced symptoms.

Gazelka notified the host venue of the outbreak 10 days after it occurred. Senate Republicans notified their own caucus members of the outbreak but did not inform Democrats, who had been in session with Republicans earlier that week; Democrats learned about the outbreak only from later news reports. That lapse angered Democrats, including Senate Minority Leader Susan Kent (who called for Gazelka's resignation as majority leader) and Governor Walz. It was believed that an election night dinner on November 3, 2020, was the original source of the post-election outbreak. Republican State Senator Jerry Relph, one of the attendees of the post-election event, died from complications due to COVID-19 on December 18. Relph's daughter called on Gazelka to apologize for his role in her father's death, saying that the event Gazelka hosted was a "frivolous and vain action." Through a spokeswoman, Gazelka declined to say if he bore any responsibility for Relph's death. Asked whether he regretted participating in the superspreader event, he said, "I don't regret that we had the celebration. The Republican majority was the No. 1 target to switch from Republican to Democrat." In a statement, Gazelka said the event had been legal according to guidelines at the time, and called for an end of the "blaming and shaming" of Senate Republicans for hosting it.

### 2020 election

Before the November 2020 elections, and amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Gazelka had strongly opposed an expansion of voting by mail. After President Donald Trump lost the presidential election, Gazelka (as well as the Republican leader in the State House, Minority Leader Kurt Daudt) refused to denounce Trump's attempts to overturn the election result or to contradict Trump's false claims of election fraud. Gazelka's and Daudt's refusal to acknowledge that Trump lost the election fairly was criticized by Democratic Governor Tim Walz as "some pretty epic gaslighting."

### 2022 campaign for governor

In September 2021, Gazelka resigned as Senate majority leader and announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for governor in 2022. He faced several opponents in the Republican primary election.

The Republican primary election was scheduled for August 2022, but Gazelka (like other Republican candidates) pledged to honor the endorsement of the state Republican Party. At the May 2022 state Republican convention, Scott Jensen won the party endorsement, defeating four other candidates: Gazelka, Lexington Mayor Mike Murphy, businessman Kendall Qualls, and dermatologist Neil Shah.

## Personal life

Gazelka and his family formerly lived in Brainerd and then Nisswa. They now live in East Gull Lake. Gazelka's wife is Maralee; they have five children.

Gazelka and his wife sent one of their five children, who came out as a lesbian as a teenager and later identified as bi-gender, to the counseling practice of Marcus Bachmann, an anti-same-sex relationship psychologist. Amid a subsequent Minnesota Senate debate over a proposal to ban conversion therapy, Gazelka's child (now an adult) described the practice as a form of psychological "harassment" she called "tantamount to torture."

Active in his church, Gazelka wrote a memoir, *Marketplace Ministers: Awakening God's People in the Workplace to Their Ultimate Purpose*, describing his religious beliefs and career in the insurance business. It was published in 2003 by Creation House Press, a Christian publishing house.

## InfoBox

| Paul Gazelka | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Majority Leader of the Minnesota Senate | |
| **In office**
January 3, 2017  September 1, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Tom Bakk |
| Succeeded by | Jeremy Miller |
| Member of the Minnesota Senate
from the 9th district
12th (2011–2013) | |
| **In office**
January 4, 2011  January 3, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Koering |
| Succeeded by | *Redistricted* |
| Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
from the 12A district | |
| **In office**
January 4, 2005  January 2, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Dale Walz |
| Succeeded by | John Ward |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-10-01) October 1, 1959
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Maralee |
| Children | 5 |
| Education | University of Minnesota Duluth (attended)
Oral Roberts University (BS) |
|  | |


title: James Fernandez Clarke

abstract: James Fernandez Clarke (1812–1876) was an English surgeon and medical writer.

text:
# James Fernandez Clarke

**James Fernandez Clarke** (1812–1876) was an English surgeon and medical writer.

## Life

Clarke was born at Olney, Buckinghamshire; his father and grandfather were prosperous lace merchants. After one or two brief apprenticeships, in 1828 he was placed under C. Snitch, a general practitioner, in Brydges Street, Covent Garden. Here he managed to get the run of Thomas Cadell the younger's library in the Strand, and became acquainted with literature and literary people.

In October 1833 Clarke entered at Dermott's Medical School in Gerrard Street, Soho, as a medical student. For a time he acted as Dermott's amanuensis, and afterwards aided Michael Ryan in the *London Medical and Surgical Journal*. In 1834 Robert Liston noticed a report by Clarke of one of his cases, and introduced him to Thomas Wakley, editor of *The Lancet*; who took on Clarke. He became a clinical reporter at hospitals, and also was for many years reported on medical societies, ducking most of the rows which *The Lancet* provoked.

For 30 years Clarke was on the *Lancet*, and at the same time carried on a medical practice in Gerrard Street; he became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1837, and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1852. He died on 6 July 1875.

## Works

On ceasing to write for *The Lancet*, published his reminiscences in the *Medical Times and Gazette*. These were brought out in 1874 as *Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession*, covering medical men, with anecdotes of literary and public characters.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). "Clarke, James Fernandez". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Zonnebeke (painting)

abstract: Zonnebeke is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1918 by the Irish artist William Orpen. It was one of the series of paintings that he made when he was a British official war artist in World War I. The painting has the dimensions of 63.5 cm by 76.2 cm. It belongs to the collection of the Tate in London.

text:
# Zonnebeke (painting)

***Zonnebeke*** is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1918 by the Irish artist William Orpen. It was one of the series of paintings that he made when he was a British official war artist in World War I. The painting has the dimensions of 63.5 cm by 76.2 cm. It belongs to the collection of the Tate in London.

## Description

The painting follows the same pattern of brutal realism of those he had created the previous year, while in France, when he witnessed the Battle of the Somme. In 1918, he was doing more allegorical paintings on the subject of the war, but he still made some realistic works.

This painting takes his name from the municipality of Zonnebeke, in Flanders, Belgium, which had been completely destroyed as part of the Passchendaele campaign, from June to November 1917. The offensive took a massive toil of British and German lives, while the Allies had just advanced five miles at the end of the campaign. The painting depicts the desolate landscape of a battlefield, with grey skies, the remains of the trenches filled with water, and a corpse lying at the right, while a heavily damaged tree is at the left.

Orpen wrote on his memoirs of the war, *An Onlooker in France 1917–1919* (1921), that a British officer described the scenery of the battle in these words: "‘I remember an officer saying to me, Paint the Somme? I could do it from memory – just a flat horizon line and mud-holes and water, and the stumps of a few battered trees.’ but one could not paint the smell.". Orpen also described what he had seen vividly, as reflected in this work: "A hand lying on the duckboards, a Bosche and a Highlander locked in a deadly embrace at the edge of Highwood; the 'Cough-Drop' with the stench coming from its watery bottom; the shell-holes with the shapes of bodies faintly showing through the putrid water – all these things made one think terribly of what human beings had been through."

## InfoBox

| Zonnebeke | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Sir William Orpen |
| Year | 1918 |
| Type | oil painting |
| Dimensions | 63.5 cm × 76.2 cm (25.0 in × 30.0 in) |
| Location | Tate, London, England |


title: John Parker (Iowa politician)

abstract: John Parker was a local American politician in Dubuque County in the Iowa District of what was first the Michigan Territory, then the Wisconsin Territory, and eventually the Iowa Territory. He was elected to the last legislature of the old Michigan Territory to represent his district; but did not attend.

text:
# John Parker (Iowa politician)

**John Parker** was a local American politician in Dubuque County in the Iowa District of what was first the Michigan Territory, then the Wisconsin Territory, and eventually the Iowa Territory. He was elected to the last legislature of the old Michigan Territory to represent his district; but did not attend.

## Public affairs

In 1835, those parts of Michigan Territory who were not set to become part of the new State of Michigan were invited to elect members to a seventh and last Michigan Territorial Council. The citizens of Dubuque County (the north half of the Iowa District) in October elected Parker and Dr. Allen Hill, but due to concerns about the irregularity of their election they did not attend what came to be called the "Rump Council" when it met (briefly) in January 1836. Parker would later publish a statement that his failure to appear "was very satisfactory, to those who elected me at the time", since a proclamation had apparently been issued moving up the meeting date to one which neither Hill nor Parker would be able to attend.

On June 17, 1837, Dubuque County's Democrats nominated Parker for the seat in the House of Representatives (lower house) of the 1st Wisconsin Territorial Assembly, to fill the vacancy created by the death of fellow Democrat Hosea T. Camp. He lost to Alexander W. McGregor (who had not announced a party affiliation), with 311 votes to McGregor's 452.

Parker remained active in local affairs, and after Iowa became a state was elected assessor in 1856 for the City of Dubuque.


title: Minister of Labour and Social Policies

abstract: This is a list of ministers of labour and social policies, a senior member of the Italian government who leads the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies. The list shows also the ministers that served under the same office but with other names, in fact this Ministry has changed name many times. The current minister is Marina Calderone, and independent, who served since 22 October 2022 in the government of Giorgia Meloni.

text:
# Minister of Labour and Social Policies

This is a list of **ministers of labour and social policies**, a senior member of the Italian government who leads the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies. The list shows also the ministers that served under the same office but with other names, in fact this Ministry has changed name many times.

The current minister is Marina Calderone, and independent, who served since 22 October 2022 in the government of Giorgia Meloni.

## List of ministers

### Kingdom of Italy

Parties Coalitions

| Portrait | Name
(Born–Died) | Term of office | | | Party | | Government | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | || |
| Minister of Labour and Social Security | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Mario Abbiate**
(1887–1954) | 3 June 1920 | 15 June 1920 | 12 days |  | Italian Radical Party | Nitti II |  |
|  | **Arturo Labriola**
(1873–1959) | 15 June 1920 | 4 July 1921 | 1 year, 19 days |  | Italian Reformist Socialist Party | Giolitti V |  |
|  | **Alberto Beneduce**
(1873–1959) | 4 July 1921 | 26 February 1922 | 237 days |  | Italian Reformist Socialist Party | Bonomi I |  |
|  | **Arnaldo Dello Sbarba**
(1873–1958) | 26 February 1922 | 31 October 1922 | 247 days |  | Italian Reformist Socialist Party | Facta I·II |  |
|  | **Stefano Cavazzoni**
(1881–1951) | 31 October 1922 | 27 April 1923 | 247 days |  | Italian People's Party | Mussolini |  |
| Minister of National Economy | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Orso Mario Corbino**
(1876–1937) | 5 July 1923 | 1 July 1924 | 362 days |  | Italian Liberal Party | Mussolini |  |
|  | **Cesare Nava**
(1861–1933) | 1 July 1924 | 10 July 1925 | | 1 year, 9 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Giuseppe Belluzzo**
(1876–1952) | 10 July 1925 | 9 July 1928 | | 2 years, 365 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Alessandro Martelli**
(1876–1934) | 9 July 1928 | 12 September 1929 | | 1 year, 65 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
| Minister of Corporations | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Giuseppe Bottai**
(1895–1959) | 12 September 1929 | 20 July 1932 | 2 years, 312 days |  | National Fascist Party | Mussolini |  |
|  | **Benito Mussolini**
(1883–1945)
*As Prime Minister* | 20 July 1932 | 11 June 1936 | | 3 years, 327 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Ferruccio Lantini**
(1886–1958) | 11 June 1936 | 31 October 1939 | | 3 years, 142 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Renato Ricci**
(1896–1956) | 31 October 1939 | 6 February 1943 | | 3 years, 98 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Carlo Tiengo**
(1892–1945) | 6 February 1943 | 19 April 1943 | | 72 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
|  | **Tullio Cianetti**
(1899–1976) | 19 April 1943 | 25 July 1943 | | 97 days |  | National Fascist Party |  |
| Minister of Industry, Commerce and Labour | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Leopoldo Piccardi**
(1899–1974) | 25 July 1943 | 16 November 1943 | 114 days |  | Independent | Badoglio I |  |
|  | **Epicarmo Corbino**
(1890–1984) | 11 February 1944 | 24 April 1944 | | 73 days |  | Italian Liberal Party |  |
|  | **Attilio Di Napoli**
(1883–1953) | 24 April 1944 | 18 June 1944 | 55 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Badoglio II |  |
|  | **Giovanni Gronchi**
(1887–1978) | 18 June 1944 | 21 June 1945 | 1 year, 3 days |  | Christian Democracy | Bonomi II·III |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Security | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Gaetano Barbareschi**
(1889–1963) | 21 June 1945 | 13 July 1946 | 1 year, 22 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Parri
De Gasperi I |  |

### Italian Republic

Parties Coalitions

| Portrait | Name
(Born–Died) | Term of office | | | Party | | Government | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | || |
| Minister of Labour and Social Security | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Ludovico D'Aragona**
(1876–1961) | 13 July 1946 | 2 February 1947 | 204 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | De Gasperi II |  |
|  | **Giuseppe Romita**
(1887–1958) | 2 February 1947 | 31 May 1947 | 118 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | De Gasperi III |  |
|  | **Amintore Fanfani**
(1908–1999) | 31 May 1947 | 27 January 1950 | 2 years, 241 days |  | Christian Democracy | De Gasperi IV· |  |
|  | **Achille Marazza**
(1894–1967) | 27 January 1950 | 26 July 1951 | 1 year, 180 days |  | Christian Democracy | De Gasperi VI |  |
|  | **Leopoldo Rubinacci**
(1903–1969) | 26 July 1951 | 18 January 1954 | 2 years, 176 days |  | Christian Democracy | De Gasperi VII·VIII
Pella |  |
|  | **Luigi Gui**
(1914–2010) | 18 January 1954 | 10 February 1954 | 23 days |  | Christian Democracy | Fanfani I |  |
|  | **Ezio Vigorelli**
(1892–1964) | 10 February 1954 | 19 May 1957 | 3 years, 98 days |  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | Scelba
Segni I |  |
|  | **Luigi Gui**
(1914–2010) | 19 May 1957 | 17 June 1958 | 1 year, 29 days |  | Christian Democracy | Zoli |  |
|  | **Adone Zoli**
(1887–1960)
*As Prime Minister* | 17 June 1958 | 1 July 1958 | | 14 days |  | Christian Democracy |  |
|  | **Ezio Vigorelli**
(1892–1964) | 1 July 1958 | 16 February 1959 | 230 days |  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | Fanfani II |  |
|  | **Benigno Zaccagnini**
(1912–1989) | 16 February 1959 | 26 July 1960 | 1 year, 161 days |  | Christian Democracy | Segni II
Tambroni |  |
|  | **Fiorentino Sullo**
(1921–2000) | 26 July 1960 | 21 February 1962 | 1 year, 220 days |  | Christian Democracy | Fanfani III |  |
|  | **Virginio Bertinelli**
(1901–1973) | 21 February 1962 | 21 June 1963 | 1 year, 120 days |  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | Fanfani IV |  |
|  | **Umberto Delle Fave**
(1912–1986) | 21 June 1963 | 4 December 1963 | 166 days |  | Christian Democracy | Leone I |  |
|  | **Giacinto Bosco**
(1905–1997) | 4 December 1963 | 22 July 1964 | 231 days |  | Christian Democracy | Moro I |  |
|  | **Umberto Delle Fave**
(1912–1986) | 22 July 1964 | 23 February 1966 | 1 year, 216 days |  | Christian Democracy | Moro II |  |
|  | **Giacinto Bosco**
(1905–1997) | 23 February 1966 | 12 December 1968 | 2 years, 293 days |  | Christian Democracy | Moro III |  |
| | | | | Leone II | |
|  | **Giacomo Brodolini**
(1920–1969) | 12 December 1968 | 5 August 1969 | 236 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Rumor I |  |
|  | **Carlo Donat-Cattin**
(1919–1991) | 5 August 1969 | 26 June 1972 | 2 years, 326 days |  | Christian Democracy | Rumor II |  |
| | | | | Rumor III
Colombo | |
| | | | | Andreotti I | |
|  | **Dionigi Coppo**
(1921–2003) | 26 July 1972 | 7 July 1973 | 346 days |  | Christian Democracy | Andreotti II |  |
|  | **Luigi Bertoldi**
(1920–2001) | 7 July 1973 | 23 November 1974 | 1 year, 139 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Rumor IV· |  |
|  | **Mario Toros**
(1922–2018) | 23 November 1974 | 29 July 1976 | 1 year, 249 days |  | Christian Democracy | Moro IV· |  |
|  | **Tina Anselmi**
(1927–2016) | 29 July 1976 | 11 March 1978 | 1 year, 225 days |  | Christian Democracy | Andreotti III |  |
|  | **Vincenzo Scotti**
(1933– ) | 11 March 1978 | 4 April 1980 | 2 years, 24 days |  | Christian Democracy | Andreotti IV·
Cossiga I |  |
|  | **Franco Foschi**
(1931–2007) | 4 April 1980 | 28 June 1981 | 1 year, 85 days |  | Christian Democracy | Cossiga II
Forlani |  |
|  | **Michele Di Giesi**
(1927–1983) | 28 June 1981 | 1 December 1982 | 1 year, 156 days |  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | Spadolini I·II |  |
|  | **Vincenzo Scotti**
(1933– ) | 1 December 1982 | 4 August 1983 | 246 days |  | Christian Democracy | Fanfani V |  |
|  | **Gianni De Michelis**
(1940–2019) | 4 August 1983 | 18 April 1987 | 3 years, 257 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Craxi I·II |  |
|  | **Ermanno Gorrieri**
(1920–2004) | 18 April 1987 | 29 July 1987 | 102 days |  | Christian Democracy | Fanfani VI |  |
|  | **Rino Formica**
(1927– ) | 29 July 1987 | 22 July 1989 | 1 year, 358 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Goria
De Mita |  |
|  | **Carlo Donat-Cattin**
(1919–1991) | 22 July 1989 | 17 March 1991 | 1 year, 238 days |  | Christian Democracy | Andreotti VI |  |
|  | **Rosa Russo Iervolino**
(1936– ) | 18 March 1991 | 12 April 1991 | | 25 days |  | Christian Democracy |  |
|  | **Franco Marini**
(1933–2021) | 12 April 1991 | 28 June 1992 | 1 year, 77 days |  | Christian Democracy | Andreotti VII |  |
|  | **Nino Cristofori**
(1930–2015) | 28 June 1992 | 28 April 1993 | 304 days |  | Christian Democracy | Amato I |  |
|  | **Gino Giugni**
(1927–2009) | 28 April 1993 | 10 May 1994 | 1 year, 12 days |  | Italian Socialist Party | Ciampi |  |
|  | **Clemente Mastella**
(1947– ) | 10 May 1994 | 17 January 1995 | 252 days |  | Christian Democratic Centre | Berlusconi I |  |
|  | **Tiziano Treu**
(1939– ) | 17 January 1995 | 21 October 1998 | 3 years, 277 days |  | Independent /
Italian Renewal | Dini |  |
| | | | | Prodi I | |
|  | **Antonio Bassolino**
(1947– ) | 21 October 1998 | 21 June 1999 | 243 days |  | Democrats of the Left | D'Alema I |  |
|  | **Cesare Salvi**
(1948– ) | 21 June 1999 | 11 June 2001 | 1 year, 355 days |  | Democrats of the Left | D'Alema I·II
Amato II |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Roberto Maroni**
(1955–2022) | 11 June 2001 | 17 May 2006 | 4 years, 340 days |  | Lega Nord | Berlusconi II·III |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Security | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Cesare Damiano**
(1948– ) | 17 May 2006 | 8 May 2008 | 1 year, 326 days |  | Democrats of the Left /
Democratic Party | Prodi II |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Maurizio Sacconi**
(1950– ) | 8 May 2008 | 16 November 2011 | 3 years, 192 days |  | The People of Freedom | Berlusconi IV |  |
|  | **Elsa Fornero**
(1948– ) | 16 November 2011 | 28 April 2013 | 1 year, 163 days |  | Independent | Monti |  |
|  | **Enrico Giovannini**
(1957– ) | 28 April 2013 | 22 February 2014 | 300 days |  | Independent | Letta |  |
|  | **Giuliano Poletti**
(1951– ) | 22 February 2014 | 1 June 2018 | 4 years, 99 days |  | Independent /
Democratic Party | Renzi
Gentiloni |  |
| Minister of Economic Development, Labour and Social Policies | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Luigi Di Maio**
(1986– ) | 1 June 2018 | 5 September 2019 | 1 year, 96 days |  | Five Star Movement | Conte I |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Nunzia Catalfo**
(1967– ) | 5 September 2019 | 13 February 2021 | 1 year, 161 days |  | Five Star Movement | Conte II |  |
|  | **Andrea Orlando**
(1969– ) | 13 February 2021 | 22 October 2022 | 1 year, 251 days |  | Democratic Party | Draghi |  |
|  | **Marina Calderone**
(1965– ) | 22 October 2022 | Incumbent | 1 year, 352 days |  | Independent | Meloni |  |
|

## Timeline

### Kingdom of Italy

### Italian Republic

## InfoBox

| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ministro del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali* | |
|  | |
| Incumbent
Marina Calderone
since October 22, 2022 | |
| Ministry of Labour and Social Policies | |
| Member of | Council of Ministers |
| Seat | Rome |
| Appointer | The President of Italy |
| Term length | No fixed term |
| Formation | June 3, 1920 (1920-06-03) |
| First holder | Mario Abbiate |
| Website | www.lavoro.gov.it |


title: Masinga Constituency

abstract: Masinga Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of eight constituencies in Machakos County. The constituency has seven wards, all electing councillors for the Masaku county council. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections.

text:
# Masinga Constituency

**Masinga Constituency** is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of eight constituencies in Machakos County. The constituency has seven wards, all electing councillors for the Masaku county council. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections.

## Members of Parliament

| Elections | MP | Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | Simon Kitheka Kiilu | KANU | One-party system. |
| 1992 | Ronald John Kiluta | KANU |  |
| 1997 | Ronald John Kiluta | KANU |  |
| 2002 | Benson Itwiku Mbai | NARC |  |
| 2007 | Benson Itwiku Mbai | ODM-Kenya |  |
| 2012 | Benson Itwiku Mbai | Ford People |  |
| 2017 | Joshua Mbithi Mwalyo | Wiper |  |

## Locations and wards

| Location | Population |
| --- | --- |
| Ekalakala | 14,336 |
| Ikaatini | 8,136 |
| Kangonde | 17,040 |
| Kithyoko | 20,207 |
| Kivaa | 20,272 |
| Mananja | 15,313 |
| Masinga | 20,156 |
| Muthesya | 16,936 |
| Ndithini | 16,126 |
| **Total** | **148,522** |
| source: KPHC, 2019 |  |

| **Wards** | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | Registered Voters |
| Kivaa | 16,689 |
| Masinga Central | 16,591 |
| Ekalakala | 10,093 |
| Muthesya | 7,958 |
| Ndithini / Mananja | 10,658 |
| **Total** | **61,989** |
| iebc.or.ke, 2017 |  |


title: Tostes

abstract: Tostes is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Terres de Bord.

text:
# Tostes

**Tostes** (French pronunciation: \[tot\]) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Terres de Bord.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1793 207       1800 188 −9.2%  1806 190 +1.1%  1821 146 −23.2%  1831 157 +7.5%  1836 168 +7.0%  1841 152 −9.5%  1846 146 −3.9%  1851 167 +14.4%  1856 200 +19.8%  1861 123 −38.5%  1866 207 +68.3%  1872 225 +8.7%  1876 227 +0.9%  1881 246 +8.4%  1886 237 −3.7%  1891 232 −2.1% | Year Pop. ±%  1896 188 −19.0%  1901 193 +2.7%  1906 193 +0.0%  1911 187 −3.1%  1921 156 −16.6%  1926 171 +9.6%  1931 168 −1.8%  1936 177 +5.4%  1946 189 +6.8%  1954 179 −5.3%  1962 197 +10.1%  1968 216 +9.6%  1975 233 +7.9%  1982 270 +15.9%  1990 315 +16.7%  1999 351 +11.4%  2008 383 +9.1% |
| --- | --- |

## Personalities

**Notable People**

* J*oseph Lion*: published a study in the Almanac Normand-Percheron in 1908 on the use of potash fertilizer in Normandy

**Fictional Characters**

Tostes is often accredited as the location of Charles and Emma Bovary's first home in Gustave Flaubert's novel; in actuality, it is the commune of Tôtes (postal code 76890) in the department of Seine-Maritime (previously Seine-Inférieure) that inspired the novelist. The confusion stems from the fact that in the 19th century the names of both locales were indiscriminately spelled as Tostes, Tôtes, or Totes. This information can be found in several sources, including the website of the University of Rouen, which has devoted much of the past two decades to numerous research studies on the genesis of Madame Bovary. On this map, the proximity of Totes to Yvetot leaves no doubt as to the location of the village where Charles Bovary was established as a health officer.

* Flaubert, Gustave (2010). Davis, Lydia (ed.). *Madame Bovary*. Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-02207-6.

## InfoBox

| Tostes | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Terres de Bord | |
| Location of Tostes | |
| TostesTostes | |
| Coordinates: 49°15′37″N 1°06′45″E / 49.2603°N 1.1125°E / 49.2603; 1.1125 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Eure |
| Arrondissement | Les Andelys |
| Canton | Pont-de-l'Arche |
| Commune | Terres de Bord |
| Area**1** | 12.28 km2 (4.74 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 447 |
| Density | 36/km2 (94/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 27340 |
| Elevation | 79–137 m (259–449 ft)
(avg. 130 m or 430 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mlekominci

abstract: Mlekominci is a village in the municipality of Bosilegrad, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the town has a population of 124 people.

text:
# Mlekominci

**Mlekominci** (Serbian Cyrillic: Млекоминци) is a village in the municipality of Bosilegrad, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the town has a population of 124 people.

42°28′N 22°31′E / 42.467°N 22.517°E / 42.467; 22.517

## InfoBox

| Mlekominci | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
|  | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Pčinja District |
| Municipality | Bosilegrad |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 124 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Montpellier-de-Médillan

abstract: Montpellier-de-Médillan is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

text:
# Montpellier-de-Médillan

**Montpellier-de-Médillan** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃pəlje  medijɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 502 |  |
| 1968 | 539 | +7.4% |
| 1975 | 512 | −5.0% |
| 1982 | 513 | +0.2% |
| 1990 | 502 | −2.1% |
| 1999 | 506 | +0.8% |
| 2008 | 643 | +27.1% |

## InfoBox

| Montpellier-de-Médillan | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Montpellier-de-Médillan | |
| Location of Montpellier-de-Médillan | |
| Montpellier-de-MédillanMontpellier-de-Médillan | |
| Coordinates: 45°38′08″N 0°44′35″W / 45.6356°N 0.7431°W / 45.6356; -0.7431 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Saintes |
| Canton | Saintonge Estuaire |
| Intercommunality | Gémozac et Saintonge Viticole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Georgeon |
| Area**1** | 14.85 km2 (5.73 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 687 |
| Density | 46/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17244 /17260 |
| Elevation | 16–42 m (52–138 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |