title: Truce term

abstract: A truce term is a word or short phrase accepted within a community of children as an effective way of calling for a temporary respite or truce during a game or activity, such as tag or its variants. Common examples in English speaking cultures are barley, fainites, crosses, kings and exe(s) in the United Kingdom, pegs and nibs in New Zealand and variants of barley in Australia. In the United States, terms based on time-out have, from the 1950s onwards, largely supplanted earlier common terms based on kings and exe(s). Since the late 1980s time-out has been recorded in other English-speaking cultures besides the US. Examples of use of truce terms are if a child has a stitch or wants to raise a point on the rules of the game. Traditionally these terms are specific to certain geographical areas, although some may be used by a particular social group such as pax in the UK. To be functional a truce term must be understood and honoured by most of the children playing together. The most extensive study of the use and incidence of these terms is that undertaken by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie in the UK in their 1959 book, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren, which mapped the use of truce terms across England, Wales and Scotland. The Opies considered it the most important word in a schoolchild's vocabulary and one for which there was no adult equivalent. There has been little recent research in the UK, but such research as exists indicates that truce terms, including some of those prevalent in the late 1950s, are still in general use. Studies conducted since the 1970s in English speaking cultures show that truce terms are also prevalent in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States with a number of terms deriving from older terms used in the UK, but many not. The use of a truce term is usually accompanied by a gesture, such as crossed fingers of one or both hands or the raising of thumbs. In the US a T-shape made with both hands has become prevalent and this gesture is also appearing in other countries.

text:
# Truce term

A **truce term** is a word or short phrase accepted within a community of children as an effective way of calling for a temporary respite or truce during a game or activity, such as tag or its variants. Common examples in English speaking cultures are *barley*, *fainites*, *crosses*, *kings* and *exe(s)* in the United Kingdom, *pegs* and *nibs* in New Zealand and variants of *barley* in Australia. In the United States, terms based on *time-out* have, from the 1950s onwards, largely supplanted earlier common terms based on *kings* and *exe(s)*. Since the late 1980s *time-out* has been recorded in other English-speaking cultures besides the US. Examples of use of truce terms are if a child has a stitch or wants to raise a point on the rules of the game.

Traditionally these terms are specific to certain geographical areas, although some may be used by a particular social group such as *pax* in the UK (used primarily by children attending private schools). To be functional a truce term must be understood and honoured by most of the children playing together.

The most extensive study of the use and incidence of these terms is that undertaken by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie in the UK in their 1959 book, *The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren*, which mapped the use of truce terms across England, Wales and Scotland. The Opies considered it the most important word in a schoolchild's vocabulary and one for which there was no adult equivalent. There has been little recent research in the UK, but such research as exists indicates that truce terms, including some of those prevalent in the late 1950s, are still in general use. Studies conducted since the 1970s in English speaking cultures show that truce terms are also prevalent in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States with a number of terms deriving from older terms used in the UK, but many not.

The use of a truce term is usually accompanied by a gesture, such as crossed fingers of one or both hands or the raising of thumbs. In the US a T-shape made with both hands (representing *time-out*) has become prevalent and this gesture is also appearing in other countries.

## Use

Truce terms are recorded as having been used in the following circumstances; being out of breath, having a stitch, a shoelace being undone, fear of clothes being damaged, needing to go to the lavatory, checking the time, wanting to discuss or clarify rules during a fight or game, or one combatant wanting to remove their spectacles or jacket before continuing. It does not mean to surrender, although it may sometimes be used in preparation to surrendering. Truce terms are only used within a specific age group, have little currency outside that group, and are by and large abandoned by the age of 10 or 11 years. However, research into early recorded use of these terms found examples of some of these terms being used as a sign of surrender in battle or adult fights or quarrels as early as the 18th century.

The vocabulary of children's games, including truce terms, is described by sociolinguist Peter Trudgill in *Dialects of England* as being particularly rich in regional variation insofar as it is not based on official or television culture. They are an example of the subculture of young children which is transmitted by word of mouth.

## United Kingdom

### Opie study

The Opies conducted a study of the use of truce terms throughout England, Scotland and Wales in the 1950s and published their results in a book called *The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren*. They found truce terms varied according to geographical location, with the exception of *pax*. In some places, more than one term was current and often four or five were known, although usually only one term predominated. Schools bordering two linguistic regions honoured both. The words used in urban areas were often at odds with words used in the surrounding countryside. The Opies recorded around 45 truce terms plus variations. The most widely used were *barley*, *fainites*, *kings*, *crosses*, *keys*, *skinch*, *cree* and *scribs*.

*Barley* was recorded by the Opies as the prevailing term in east Scotland and the Borders, the Lake District, north-west England, west Midlands and in Wales, apart from the south east of Wales where *cree* prevailed. There were many variations such as *barley-bay*, *barley-bees*, *barlow* or *barrels*. The use of *barlay* as a truce term appears in the 14th century poem *Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight* and Tobias Smollett's *The Reprisal*. It is recorded in lexicographer John Jamieson's 1808 *Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language* as a term specifically used by children to demand truce. A probable variation also appears in the 1568 manuscript *Chrysts-Kirk of the Grene*, sometimes attributed to James I of Scotland, as follows;

Thocht he was wicht, he was nocht wyss, With sic Jangleurs to jummill; For frae his Thoume they dang a Sklyss, Quhyle he cry'd *Barlafummill*.

The "Thoume" (thumb) that is "sklyss" (sliced) in the quote above may refer to the thumb having been raised by the man calling *barlafummill*, a common accompanying gesture to the use of a truce term in Scotland.

*Fainites* and *fains* (or *vainites* and *vains*) predominated in London and throughout southern England, apart from the *scribs* and *screams* of east Hampshire, and extended north as far as Olney in Buckinghamshire. Variations included *fennits*, *fannies*, *fainsies*, *faylines*, *vainlights* and *vainyards*. *Notes and Queries* reported in 1870 that *fains* was in common use by London schoolboys. *Faints* appeared in an 1889 dictionary of slang and *fainits* in 1891. According to philologist J. R. R. Tolkien, the term derives from the medieval term *fein I*, descended in turn from the Old French *se feindre* meaning "to make excuses, hang back or back out of battle". He also proposes that this use of the term throws light on line 529 of the Clerk's Tale by Chaucer that "lordes heestes mowe nat been *yfeyned*" (the lords orders cannot be treated with a *fain I*; in other words, declined). Another translation of the Anglo-Norman word *feindre* is "pretend, feign, turn a blind eye to", which is what the more powerful child does whilst granting respite.

Spoken English south of the Danelaw became, from at least the 11th century onwards, characterised by a pronunciation known as Southern Voicing, such as *vrog* for frog, or *zummer* for summer. *Vainites* or *vains*, variants of *fainites* or *fains*, are surviving examples of this on the borders of the Danelaw to the north of London. Other truce terms prevail within the Danelaw.

*Kings* was recorded by the Opies as common in eastern England. *The English Dialect Dictionary* recorded much the same in the nineteenth century. The earliest recorded instance the Opies found was in Sternberg's 1851 *Dialect of Northamptonshire*. *Queens* is recorded as used in the *kings* area, sometimes as an alternative and sometimes as indicating readiness to restart the game. *Kings truce* is found in Thomas Dekker's *The Honest Whore, Part One (II,i)*, which appeared in 1604. The term is used in the play to halt a quarrel.

*Crosses*, *cruces*, *creases* and *cree* were found in a broad band across England from *crosses* in Lincolnshire, *cruce* or *cruces* from Oxford through to Gloucester, *creases* in Berkshire and *cree* in South Wales and both sides of the Bristol Channel. There are some areas of *scruces*, *screwsies* or *screws* in Essex and Suffolk. The Opies saw *creases* as a transitional word.

*Exes*, used around Ipswich and Norwich, was thought to be a variant of *crosses*.

*Bars* and sometimes *barsies* were common in Devon in an otherwise predominantly *fainites* area. *Bar* was used the other side of the Bristol channel in Swansea.

*Skinch* or *skinge* predominated in Northumberland and Durham, another term first recorded in a nineteenth-century dialect dictionary.

*Keys* was found by the Opies to be the prevailing term in western Scotland and in a strip running through north-west England in an otherwise predominantly *barley* area.

*Scribs* or *squibs* covered an area from Hampshire to West Sussex and Surrey. Other Hampshire variants were *scrims*, *screens*, *scrames*, *screams*, *creams* and *cribs*.

*Finns* was used in Guernsey.

*Pax*, (Latin for 'peace'), was a group dialect word rather than a regional one as it was predominantly used in private schools and school stories.

Many individual cities, towns and rural districts had their own words, not used elsewhere such as *bees*, *blobs*, *croggies*, *denny*, *keppies*, *locks*, *peas*, *peril*, *nix*, *truce*, *snakes* and *twigs*.

Certainly the term *fainlights* (with crossed fingers of one hand) was used in parts of East London in the 1950s, whereas *vainlights* was a truce term of the same period in parts of Surrey.

### Post-Opie studies

A study undertaken in Lincolnshire in 1974 confirmed the Opies' findings. However, a later study undertaken in Croydon, Surrey in 1988 found the use of truce terms much less uniform. Croydon is firmly in the *fainites* area on the Opies' map, but in 1988 *fainites* was only the third most commonly used term. The most common terms were *pax* (30%), *jecs* (25%), *fainites* (20%) and *cross keys* (2%). *Jecs* is a term not recorded by the Opies at all and there was some evidence that it derived from the word *injection*. *Fainites* was known more than it was used and was reported by one teacher to be "totally lacking in street credibility". *Pax* was no longer a group word as reported by the Opies. Other terms reported included *pips*, *force field* and *quits*. The authors concluded that either the Opies had grossly oversimplified the picture or things had radically changed in 30 years (some seven to eight generations of primary school children). They also noted that although some schools reported a marked preference for a particular term, all schools reported at least some children using different terms.

The Concise Scots Language Dictionary published in 1999, records the use of *keys* as a truce term in Fife, south west and west central Scotland.

## Australia

According to researchers from the National Australian Dictionary Centre there is evidence that *barley* (Scotland and the west of England), *barlies* (Aberdeen and a few English towns), *bar* (Swansea) and *bars* (Devon), are used in Australia. In Australia the terms are used regionally with Victorians using *barley*, New South Welshmen using *bar* or *bars* and the people of Western Australia using *barlies.*

## Ireland

In Ireland, "pax" is a common truce term, sometimes corrupted to "tax." In Irish, the word *síocháin* ("peace") or *méaram* (perhaps from *méar*, "finger") is used.

## New Zealand

A study undertaken between 1999 and 2001 in New Zealand by lexicographers Laurie and Winifred Bauer on traditional forms of play included truce terms. The terms they described in their study were regional and the most common were *pegs* (widespread), *twigs* (Taranaki), *gates* (Auckland), *tags* (Nelson Marlborough), and *nibs* (Otago-Southland). In Wellington schools the dominant term was *fans*, recorded in New Zealand before 1920, which the authors state derives from *fains* or *fain it* as described by the Opies, itself dating back to Chaucerian times. The most widespread term was *pegs*, derived from *pax*. Apparently unrecorded before World War II this appears to have first changed to *pags*, probably from being shouted out at length, and then further mutated by virtue of broad New Zealand accents to *pegs*. The Bauers thought the most likely hypothesis for the use of this rather upper class term from the UK, was that it derived from books and stories about UK public schools. Similarly they thought *nibs* derived from *nix*, possibly via *nigs*, originally from South Africa though unknown to the Opies save for a very small area of *nicks* possibly from *nicklas*. *Nix* is also UK public school slang though not as a truce term. *Nixs* and *flix* were recorded as having been described by a South African boy as prevalent in South Africa, and were thought by a South African linguist to have derived from an Afrikaans term.

Many of the common truce terms recorded by the Bauers such as *bags*, *poison*, *gates*, *tags*, *flicks*, are not listed by the Opies although they speculated that both *bags* and *tags* may derive from *pax*.

## United States

In a study undertaken by historians Mary and Herbert Knapp in the 1970s, informants remembering terms from the 1930s reported *kings X* and *kings*. The use of *kings X* before the 1930s is well-recorded. The 1985 edition of the *Dictionary of American Regional English* records the historical use of *kings ex*, *kings sax*, *kings cruse*, *kings excuse* and *kings*, chiefly west of the Mississippi River, the Gulf States and Ohio Valley. The earliest recorded use cited in the dictionary is of *kings cruse* in 1778 during an adult fight.

Scholarly speculation in the late nineteenth century postulated that *kings X* derived from *kings truce*, rendered as *kings cruse* and then *kings excuse*, becoming *kings X* as a shortened form. The *Dictionary of American Regional English* cites the Opies as a source for the derivation of the terms and states that *exes* probably refers to the use of crossed fingers, an important part of the demand for a truce, rather than deriving from "excuse" as originally thought. However, the Knapps state that although the Opies do not record *kings X* as such in the UK, they do record *kings*, *crosses*, *exes*, *cruse* and *truce*. They conclude that *kings X* derived from the users of *kings* and *exes* settling in the same areas of the US—the terms were then combined and shortened. *Kings cruse*, once popular in the US, might be accounted for in a similar manner. *Barley* has been recorded as a truce term in Ohio, Wisconsin, and Virginia.

The Knapps study in Monroe County, Indiana, found *time-out* and *times* to be by far the most prevalent terms in the 1970s. Variations included *I've got times* and *time*. Very few children reported the more traditional *kings*, *queens* or *I've got kings X*. The authors also reported that these terms were popular over many areas of the US and in American schools abroad. To be functional a truce term must be understood and honoured by most of the children playing together. *Time-out* clearly derives from the use of intermissions in timed sports and apparently came into the language with the popularization of organized or timed sports and with the advent of such sports in elementary schools and on television. Historically the earliest reports for the use of *time-out* or *time* as a truce term were 1935 and 1936. However, only a small number of respondents reported anything other than *time-out* and its derivatives in use during the 1960s. The few alternatives included *pax*, *safe*, *base* or *home-base* and *freeze* with one small area of *fins* (Mount Vernon). The Knapps reported that *time-out* had, since the 1950s, supplanted *kings ex* as the most popular truce term.

The use of *times* rather than *time-out* and *I've got times* rather than *I call time* appears to have been influenced by older forms such as *kings* and *I've got kings X*. There was also one report of *times X*. Similarly derivatives of *time-out* are often accompanied by the traditional crossed fingers.

## France

In France children use the word *pouce* as the equivalent of the English *pax* and the American *time-out*. The literal translation of *pouce* is thumb or big toe. "Lu !" is -- or was -- a common truce term in Châteauroux, central France, in the fifties and sixties. the word *pouce* is also popular with children in Israel.

## Gestures

The Opies found that in England and Wales children usually held up crossed fingers. Sometimes crossing the fingers of both hands was required and occasionally the feet as well. The Opies found one area, Headington, where sitting cross-legged was required. At Lydney, children could raise their right hand palm forward, whilst in Bradford-on-Avon the hand was held up with three fingers extended. In some parts of Scotland the custom was to put up one's thumbs, sometimes licking them first. This also occurred in a few places in Lancashire. Anecdotally, the raising of a thumb may also accompany the use of *pouce* in France.

The 1988 Croydon study found a variety of gestures in common use. These were crossed fingers of one hand (44%), crossed fingers of both hands (26%), thumbs through fingers (6%) (boys only) and arms crossed across the chest (2%). Other gestures, reported in ones and twos, included miming an injection into the arm, licking the thumb, making a T-shape with the hands, three fingers held up and the "Vulcan" sign from Star Trek. Virtually all schools reported the use of crossed fingers.

The holding up of one hand with middle and index fingers crossed was the usual gesture found in New Zealand in 1999–2001. The T-shape was also used when saying *time-out*. The time-out gesture is made with two hands – one hand held horizontally, palm down, the other hand vertically with the fingertips touching the bottom of the horizontal hand. In the US, although the more modern *time-out* has largely supplanted traditional terms, often accompanied by the time-out gesture, the crossed fingers gesture remains common.


title: Trần Temple in Nam Định

abstract: The Trần Temple of Nam Định is a temple complex of which the more recent middle section is dedicated to national hero Hưng Đạo Đại Vương in Nam Định, Vietnam. The complex consists of three major temples: Thiên Trường (1695), Cố Trạch (1894) and Trùng Hoa (2000).

text:
# Trần Temple in Nam Định

The **Trần Temple of Nam Định** (Đền Trần, Nam Định) is a temple complex of which the more recent middle section is dedicated to national hero Hưng Đạo Đại Vương (Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn) in Nam Định, Vietnam.

The complex consists of three major temples: Thiên Trường (1695), Cố Trạch (1894) and Trùng Hoa (2000).

## Thiên Trường Temple

Thiên Trường Temple was dedicated to the 14 Tran Dynasty kings.

## Co Trach Temple

Co Trach Temple is dedicated to Hung Dao Dai Vuong-Tran Quoc Tuan who was a commander-in-chief of Vietnam who fought off the Mongols in their multiple invasions of Vietnam in the 13th century.

When remodeling the Tran temple to the east, people dug out a stone stele with the words "Trùng kiến Hưng Đạo thân vương cố trạch bi kí" meaning "the old house of Hung Dao Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan." They built the temple on the old floor and called it Cố Trạch (also known as Ha Temple) to work for him, his family, his assistants and generals. The temple was built beside the Thien Truong temple, architecture "Noi Cong ngoai Quoc" (Chinese Words). It has been ranked number 65 by Vien Dong Bac Co.

## Trùng Hoa Temple

This is a new temple built in 2000.

## Festival

The Cố Trạch festival is celebrated in the city of Nam Định from August 18 to 20. It celebrates Trần Hưng Đạo.


title: Trần Quốc Vượng (historian)

abstract: Trần Quốc Vượng was a Vietnamese historian, archaeologist, and culturologist. He was part of the generation including Hà Văn Tấn, and Phan Huy Lê that had formed the foundation of Vietnamese History Studies since the 1950s. Since 1956, he was Professor of University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi and gave lectures on Vietnamese Ancient-Middle History, Archaeology, and Culturology until 2005.

text:
# Trần Quốc Vượng (historian)

**Trần Quốc Vượng** (12 December 1934 – 8 August 2005) was a Vietnamese historian, archaeologist, and culturologist. He was part of the generation including Hà Văn Tấn, and Phan Huy Lê that had formed the foundation of Vietnamese History Studies since the 1950s. Since 1956, he was Professor of University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi and gave lectures on Vietnamese Ancient-Middle History, Archaeology, and Culturology until 2005.

## Biographical Notes

Born on December 12, 1934, in Kinh Mon Village, Hải Dương province, Trần Quốc Vượng graduated as Bachelor of History-Geography at University of Hanoi. He was then invited to teach at the University of Hanoi (later known as University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi). He studied archaeology during 1959-60 and together with renowned Archaeology Institute director and professor Hà Văn Tấn led the way in unearthing Vietnam's archaeological history. He was made a Full Professor in 1980.

He held the Rockefeller Foundation visiting fellowship named Rockefeller Residency Fellowships in the Humanities at Cornell University's Centre for Southeast Asian Studies during 1990-91. At Cornell, he focused his research on the "Evolution and Structure of Vietnamese Folk Culture."

Professor Trần Quốc Vượng's many posts included deputy general secretary of the Association of Vietnamese Folklorists and first president of the Hanoi History Association.

Professor Trần Quốc Vượng, who wrote about a variety of subjects ranging from history, archaeology to folklore, was among the first to begin a systematic study of Vietnam's culture. In 1960, he translated and provided notes to Đại Việt sử lược (ancient Chinese: 大越史略), or Sketches of Vietnam's History, one of the country's most ancient surviving works. In 1973, he was the chief author of the two-edition *Danh nhân Hà Nội* (Hanoi's Famous Personalities) and in 1975, in collaboration with Vũ Tuân Sán he wrote Hà Nội Nghìn Xưa, or Thousand-year Hanoi. In 1976, he worked with Lê Văn Hảo and Dương Tất Từ to write *Mùa xuân và phong tục Việt Nam* (Vietnam or Spring and Vietnam's Customs). All were expressions of his desire to contribute all his knowledge to recording his country's history.

## Notable works

* *Việt Nam khảo cổ học* 1991
* *"Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History."* (1992)
* *Trong cõi* (California, 1993)
* *Theo dòng lịch sử* (1995)
* *Some aspects of Vietnam culture* (USA、1995)
* *Tìm hiểu văn hoá dân gian Hà Nội* (1997)
* *Việt Nam, cái nhìn địa văn hoá* (1998)
* *Vietnam folklore and history* (North Illinois, 1998)
* *Essay into the Vietnam past* (New York, 1999)
* *Ngành nghề, tổ nghề, làng nghề Việt Nam* (1999)
* *Làng nghề, phố nghề Thăng Long, Hà Nội* (2000)
* *Văn hoá Việt Nam, tìm tòi và suy ngẫm* (2000)
* *Trên mảnh đất nghìn năm văn vật* (2001)
* *Tìm hiểu bản sắc văn hoá xứ Huế* (2001)
* *Confucianism in East Asia* (Seoul 2001)
* *Khoa Sử và tôi* (2001)
* *Tìm hiểu bản sắc văn hoá xứ Quảng* (2002)
* *Tìm hiểu bản sắc văn hoá dân gian Nam Bộ* (2004)
* *Hà Nội như tôi hiểu* (2005)
* *Con người – Môi trường – Văn hoá* (2005)


title: Troy Slaten

abstract: Troy William Slaten is an American attorney and former child actor, best known for his work depicting Jerry Steiner on the series Parker Lewis Can't Lose, and Michael Lacey on ‘’Cagney and Lacey’’ (1982-1988).

text:
# Troy Slaten

**Troy William Slaten** (born February 21, 1975) is an American attorney and former child actor, best known for his work depicting Jerry Steiner on the series Parker Lewis Can't Lose, and Michael Lacey on ‘’Cagney and Lacey’’ (1982-1988).

## Biography

Slaten was born in Los Angeles. He starred in several television series in supporting roles during the 1980s and the 1990s. He was on the 1980s series *Cagney & Lacey* as Michael Lacey, one of the on-screen children of Mary Beth Lacey (Tyne Daly) and Harvey Lacey Sr. (John Karlen), and later, he appeared in the series *Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad* as Amp. His most memorable role was on the series *Parker Lewis Can't Lose* as Jerry Steiner.

Slaten graduated from UCLA with Honors earning a B.A. in English Literature, earned a J.D. degree from Pepperdine University's School of Law, and became an attorney practicing corporate law and litigation in Southern California and a partner with the law offices of Floyd, Skeren, Manukian & Langevin, LLP. As of 2020, Slaten is a partner of the firm's Los Angeles County Practice.

Slaten appeared on Ken Reid's *TV Guidance Counselor* podcast on June 15, 2016.

Slaten has been a legal analyst for several broadcast networks and their subsidiaries, including Fox News Channel, CNN, HLN, CBS, and NBC. He has been a frequent guest on television shows. including *Nancy Grace*, *Dr. Drew*, *Happening Now*, *The O'Reilly Factor*, *Shepard Smith Reporting*, and *Primetime Justice*.

In the March 3, 2020 Presidential Primary election, Slaten unsuccessfully ran for judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court in Seat 145, where he received over 560,000 votes.

In the June 7, 2022 Primary election, Slaten unsuccessfully ran for judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court in Seat 60, receiving 10% of the votes.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982–88 | *Cagney & Lacey* | Michael Lacey | Main cast (73 episodes) |
| 1982 | *The Greatest American Hero* | Little Boy | Episode: "The Resurrection of Carlini" |
| 1984 | *E/R* | Pascha | Episode: "Say It Ain't So" |
| 1984 | *Johnny Dangerously* | Young Tommy | Feature film |
| 1985 | *Diff'rent Strokes* | Lionel | Episode: "Sam Adopts a Grandparent" |
| 1985 | *Who's the Boss?* | David | Episode: "It Happened One Summer" (Parts 1 & 2) |
| 1986 | *Simon & Simon* | Cricket | Episode: "Sunrise at Camp Apollo" |
| 1986 | *My Sister Sam* | Paperboy | Episode: "Jingle Bell Rock Bottom" |
| 1988 | *Side by Side* | Young Charlie | TV movie |
| 1989 | *Roseanne* | Martin | Episode: "Brain-Dead Poets Society" |
| 1990 | *Murphy Brown* | Henry | Episode: "I Want My FYI" |
| 1990 | *The Wonder Years* | Eric | Episode: "The Glee Club" |
| 1990–93 | *Parker Lewis Can't Lose* | Jerry Steiner | Main cast (73 episodes) |
| 1993 | *Jack the Bear* | Edward Festinger | Feature film |
| 1994–95 | *Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad* | Amp Ere | Main cast (39 episodes) |
| 1995 | *Night Stand with Dick Dietrick* | Rob | Episode: "Cults" |
| 1997 | *Step by Step* | Morton Osgood | Episode: "It Didn't Happen One Night" |
| 1999 | *Rescue 77* | Panther | Episode: "A Bumpy Ride" |

## InfoBox

| Troy Slaten | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Troy William Slaten
(1975-02-21) February 21, 1975
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Education | University of California, Los Angeles (BA)
Pepperdine University (JD) |
| Occupations | * Judge * actor * attorney * legal analyst |
| Years active | 19821999 (acting)
2005present (attorney)
2012present (legal analyst)
2021present (judge) |


title: Truncation (geometry)

abstract: In geometry, a truncation is an operation in any dimension that cuts polytope vertices, creating a new facet in place of each vertex. The term originates from Kepler's names for the Archimedean solids.

text:
# Truncation (geometry)

|
Truncated square is a regular octagon:
t{4} = {8}
= |
Truncated cube
t{4,3} or |
Truncated cubic honeycomb
t{4,3,4} or |
| --- | --- | --- |

In geometry, a **truncation** is an operation in any dimension that cuts polytope vertices, creating a new facet in place of each vertex. The term originates from Kepler's names for the Archimedean solids.

## Uniform truncation

In general any polyhedron (or polytope) can also be truncated with a degree of freedom as to how deep the cut is, as shown in Conway polyhedron notation truncation operation.

A special kind of truncation, usually implied, is a **uniform truncation**, a truncation operator applied to a regular polyhedron (or regular polytope) which creates a resulting uniform polyhedron (uniform polytope) with equal edge lengths. There are no degrees of freedom, and it represents a fixed geometric, just like the regular polyhedra.

In general all single ringed uniform polytopes have a uniform truncation. For example, the icosidodecahedron, represented as Schläfli symbols r{5,3} or $\begin{Bmatrix}5\\3\end{Bmatrix}$, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram  or  has a uniform truncation, the truncated icosidodecahedron, represented as tr{5,3} or $t{\begin{Bmatrix}5\\3\end{Bmatrix}}$, . In the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, the effect of a truncation is to ring all the nodes adjacent to the ringed node.

A uniform truncation performed on the regular triangular tiling {3,6} results in the regular hexagonal tiling {6,3}.

## Truncation of polygons

A truncated n-sided polygon will have 2n sides (edges). A regular polygon uniformly truncated will become another regular polygon: t{n} is {2n}. A complete truncation (or rectification), r{3}, is another regular polygon in its dual position.

A regular polygon can also be represented by its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, , and its uniform truncation , and its complete truncation . The graph  represents Coxeter group I2(n), with each node representing a mirror, and the edge representing the angle π/*n* between the mirrors, and a circle is given around one or both mirrors to show which ones are active.

Parametric truncations of a triangle
|
{3}
 |  |
t{3} = {6}
 |  |
r{3} = {3}
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

Star polygons can also be truncated. A truncated pentagram {5/2} will look like a pentagon, but is actually a double-covered (degenerate) decagon ({10/2}) with two sets of overlapping vertices and edges. A truncated great heptagram {7/3} gives a tetradecagram {14/3}.

## Uniform truncation in regular polyhedra and tilings and higher

When "truncation" applies to platonic solids or regular tilings, usually "uniform truncation" is implied, which means truncating until the original faces become regular polygons with twice as many sides as the original form.

This sequence shows an example of the truncation of a cube, using four steps of a continuous truncating process between a full cube and a rectified cube. The final polyhedron is a cuboctahedron. The middle image is the uniform truncated cube; it is represented by a Schläfli symbol ***t***{*p*,*q*,...}.

A **bitruncation** is a deeper truncation, removing all the original edges, but leaving an interior part of the original faces. Example: a truncated octahedron is a bitruncated cube: t{3,4} = 2t{4,3}.

A complete bitruncation, called a **birectification**, reduces original faces to points. For polyhedra, this becomes the dual polyhedron. Example: an octahedron is a birectification of a cube: {3,4} = 2r{4,3}.

Another type of truncation, cantellation, cuts edges and vertices, removing the original edges, replacing them with rectangles, removing the original vertices, and replacing them with the faces of the dual of the original regular polyhedra or tiling.

Higher dimensional polytopes have higher truncations. Runcination cuts faces, edges, and vertices. In 5 dimensions, sterication cuts cells, faces, and edges.

## Edge-truncation

Truncating the edges of a cube, creating a chamfered cube

**Edge-truncation** is a beveling, or chamfer for polyhedra, similar to cantellation, but retaining the original vertices, and replacing edges by hexagons. In 4-polytopes, edge-truncation replaces edges with elongated bipyramid cells.

## Alternation or partial truncation

A uniform alternation of a truncated cuboctahedron gives a nonuniform snub cube.

Alternation or partial truncation removes only some of the original vertices.

In **partial truncation**, or **alternation**, half of the vertices and connecting edges are completely removed. The operation applies only to polytopes with even-sided faces. Faces are reduced to half as many sides, and square faces degenerate into edges. For example, the tetrahedron is an alternated cube, h{4,3}.

**Diminishment** is a more general term used in reference to Johnson solids for the removal of one or more vertices, edges, or faces of a polytope, without disturbing the other vertices. For example, the tridiminished icosahedron starts with a regular icosahedron with 3 vertices removed.

Other partial truncations are symmetry-based; for example, the tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron.

## Generalized truncations

The linear truncation process can be generalized by allowing parametric truncations that are negative, or that go beyond the midpoint of the edges, causing self-intersecting star polyhedra, and can parametrically relate to some of the regular star polygons and uniform star polyhedra.

* **Shallow truncation** \- Edges are reduced in length, faces are truncated to have twice as many sides, while new facets are formed, centered at the old vertices.
* **Uniform truncation** are a special case of this with equal edge lengths. The truncated cube, t{4,3}, with square faces becoming octagons, with new triangular faces are the vertices.
* **Antitruncation** A reverse *shallow truncation*, truncated outwards off the original edges, rather than inward. This results in a polytope which looks like the original, but has parts of the dual dangling off its corners, instead of the dual cutting into its own corners.
* **Complete truncation** or **rectification** \- The limit of a shallow truncation, where edges are reduced to points. The cuboctahedron, r{4,3}, is an example.
* **Hypertruncation** A form of truncation that goes past the rectification, inverting the original edges, and causing self-intersections to appear.
* **Quasitruncation** A form of truncation that goes even farther than hypertruncation where the inverted edge becomes longer than the original edge. It can be generated from the original polytope by treating all the faces as retrograde, i.e. going backwards round the vertex. For example, quasitruncating the square gives a regular octagram (t{4,3}={8/3}), and quasitruncating the cube gives the uniform stellated truncated hexahedron, t{4/3,3}.

Truncations on a square
|
Types of truncation on a square, {4}, showing red original edges, and new truncated edges in cyan. A uniform truncated square is a regular octagon, t{4}={8}. A complete truncated square becomes a new square, with a diagonal orientation. Vertices are sequenced around counterclockwise, 1-4, with truncated pairs of vertices as *a* and *b*. |
| --- |

Truncations of the cube
|
taC |
Cube
{4,3} |
tC |
Truncation
t{4,3} tC |
tC |
Complete truncation
r{4,3} aC |
thC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
Antitruncation taC |  | | | | |
Hypertruncation thC |
|
taC |
Complete quasitruncation
aqC |
 |
Quasitruncation
t{4/3,3} tqC |
tqC |
Complete hypertruncation ahC |
thC |

* Coxeter, H.S.M. *Regular Polytopes*, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 (pp. 145–154 Chapter 8: Truncation)
* Norman Johnson *Uniform Polytopes*, Manuscript (1991)
    + N.W. Johnson: *The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs*, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966

Polyhedron operators
| Seed | Truncation | Rectification | Bitruncation | Dual | Expansion | Omnitruncation | Alternations | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| t0{*p*,*q*}
{*p*,*q*} | t01{*p*,*q*}
t{*p*,*q*} | t1{*p*,*q*}
r{*p*,*q*} | t12{*p*,*q*}
2t{*p*,*q*} | t2{*p*,*q*}
2r{*p*,*q*} | t02{*p*,*q*}
rr{*p*,*q*} | t012{*p*,*q*}
tr{*p*,*q*} | ht0{*p*,*q*}
h{*q*,*p*} | ht12{*p*,*q*}
s{*q*,*p*} | ht012{*p*,*q*}
sr{*p*,*q*} |


title: Truck Drivin' Man (Lynyrd Skynyrd song)

abstract: "Truck Drivin' Man" is a "honky tonk strut" written by Edward King and Ronnie Van Zant and recorded by American southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1973 as a demo song. It was released posthumously on 5 October 1987 as the sixth track on the 1987 compilation album Legend. It was released as the B-side to the single "When You Got Good Friends" in November 1987. The song was subsequently included on Skynyrd's Innyrds in 1989 and in the 1991 Lynyrd Skynyrd box set.

text:
# Truck Drivin' Man (Lynyrd Skynyrd song)

"**Truck Drivin' Man**" is a "honky tonk strut" written by Edward King and Ronnie Van Zant and recorded by American southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1973 as a demo song. It was released posthumously on 5 October 1987 as the sixth track (or first track on side 2) on the 1987 compilation album *Legend*. It was released as the B-side to the single "When You Got Good Friends" in November 1987. The song was subsequently included on Skynyrd's Innyrds in 1989 and in the 1991 *Lynyrd Skynyrd* box set.

## Chart performance

"Truck Drivin' Man" spent seven weeks on the *Billboard* Album Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 12.

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1987) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Album Rock Tracks | 12 |

## Personnel

### Lynyrd Skynyrd

### Television

## InfoBox

| "Truck Drivin' Man" | |
| --- | --- |
| Demo by Lynyrd Skynyrd | |
| from the album  *Legend* | |
| Released | October 5, 1987 |
| Recorded | 1973 |
| Studio | Studio One, Doraville, Georgia |
| Genre | Boogie rock |
| Length | 5:16 |
| Label | MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Edward King and Ronnie Van Zant |
| Producer(s) | Al Kooper |
|  | |
| "Truck Drivin' Man" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Tuesday Morning (song)

abstract: "Tuesday Morning" is a song recorded by English or Anglo-Irish Celtic punk band The Pogues, released in 1993 by WEA as a single from their first post-Shane MacGowan album, Waiting for Herb (1993). It was the band's last single to make the UK top 20, and the first single to feature Spider Stacy on vocals. The song itself was composed by Stacy. It reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart and also culminated in their last performance on Top of the Pops. It is also their most successful single internationally, peaking at #11 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The accompanying music video featured clips from Pogues videos from down the years.

text:
# Tuesday Morning (song)

"**Tuesday Morning**" is a song recorded by English or Anglo-Irish Celtic punk band The Pogues, released in 1993 by WEA as a single from their first post-Shane MacGowan album, *Waiting for Herb* (1993). It was the band's last single to make the UK top 20, and the first single to feature Spider Stacy on vocals. The song itself was composed by Stacy. It reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart and also culminated in their last performance on *Top of the Pops*. It is also their most successful single internationally, peaking at #11 on the US *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart. The accompanying music video featured clips from Pogues videos from down the years.

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 26 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 18 |
| UK Airplay (*Music Week*) | 12 |
| US Modern Rock Tracks (*Billboard*) | 11 |

## InfoBox

| "Tuesday Morning" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Pogues | |
| from the album  *Waiting for Herb* | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Genre | Folk rock |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | WEA |
| Songwriter(s) | Spider Stacy |
| The Pogues singles chronology | |
| "Honky Tonk Women"
(1992) "**Tuesday Morning**"
(1993) "Once Upon a Time"
(1993) | |


title: Truman Prince

abstract: Truman Prince is a South African politician, former Central Karoo District Municipality manager, and currently Executive Mayor of Beaufort West Local Municipality. Truman Prince obtained his Honours Degree in Public Administration in 2013, and successfully completed his master's degree in Public Administration in 2015 at the University of the Western Cape, with a thesis entitled "The Challenges of Community Participation at a local level - A case study of the Beaufort West Municipality".

text:
# Truman Prince

**Truman Prince** is a South African politician, former Central Karoo District Municipality manager, and currently Executive Mayor of Beaufort West Local Municipality.

Truman Prince obtained his Honours Degree in Public Administration in 2013, and successfully completed his master's degree in Public Administration in 2015 at the University of the Western Cape, with a thesis entitled "The Challenges of Community Participation at a local level - A case study of the Beaufort West Municipality".

## History

Once a member of the African National Congress (ANC), he was expelled from the party in January 2006 when a TV documentary on child prostitution showed him flirting with underage girls at a truck stop in Beaufort West. later founding the Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (Icosa). He was reinstated as municipal manager by the municipal council in June 2007 after a protracted legal battle, but was fired from his post in August by provincial vote.


title: Truman Nunatak

abstract: Truman Nunatak is a small, partly snow-covered nunatak 7.5 nautical miles (14 km) north of Mount Harding in the Grove Mountains. Mapped by ANARE from air photos, 1956–60. Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for M.J. Truman, electrical fitter at Mawson Station, 1962.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Truman Nunatak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Truman Nunatak

**Truman Nunatak** (72°44′S 75°1′E / 72.733°S 75.017°E / -72.733; 75.017) is a small, partly snow-covered nunatak 7.5 nautical miles (14 km) north of Mount Harding in the Grove Mountains. Mapped by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) from air photos, 1956–60. Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for M.J. Truman, electrical fitter at Mawson Station, 1962.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Truman Nunatak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Truth in sentencing

abstract: Truth in sentencing (TIS) is a collection of different but related public policy stances on sentencing of those convicted of crimes in the justice system. In most contexts, it refers to policies and legislation that aim to abolish or curb parole so that convicts serve the period to which they have been sentenced. Truth in sentencing advocates relate such policies in terms of the public's right to know. They argue, for example, that it is deceptive to sentence an individual to "seven-to-nine years" and then release them after they have served only six years. In some cases, truth in sentencing is linked to other movements, such as mandatory sentencing and habitual-offender or "three-strikes" laws, in which state law requires the state courts to hand down mandatory and extended periods of incarceration to persons who have been convicted of a criminal offense on multiple occasions.

text:
# Truth in sentencing

**Truth in sentencing** (**TIS**) is a collection of different but related public policy stances on sentencing of those convicted of crimes in the justice system. In most contexts, it refers to policies and legislation that aim to abolish or curb parole so that convicts serve the period to which they have been sentenced. Truth in sentencing advocates relate such policies in terms of the public's right to know. They argue, for example, that it is deceptive to sentence an individual to "seven-to-nine years" and then release them after they have served only six years.

In some cases, truth in sentencing is linked to other movements, such as mandatory sentencing (in which particular crimes yield automatic sentences regardless of the extenuating circumstances) and habitual-offender or "three-strikes" laws, in which state law requires the state courts to hand down mandatory and extended periods of incarceration to persons who have been convicted of a criminal offense on multiple occasions.

## Canada

In Canada, the Truth in Sentencing act, or Bill C-25 came into effect on Monday, February 22, 2010. This bill amends s.719 of the *Criminal Code of Canada*, limiting the discretion of a sentencing judges to give credit to individuals who have spent time incarcerated prior to conviction. Until then, as discussed by Justice Arbour in  *R v. Wust*, credit for pre-sentencing custody was not determined by a 'mathematical formula', but many judges frequently granted a two-for-one credit.

That is justified by the quantitative and qualitative differences between pre-and post-sentencing incarceration. Most individuals who are incarcerated will not serve the full length of their sentence, and because time spent incarcerated pre-sentence does not count towards remission time, if a lengthy pre-sentence incarceration is credited equally to post-sentencing incarceration, the convicted individual will serve a longer sentence compared to an individual who is given the same sentence without a lengthy period of pre-sentencing incarceration. Arbour also points out that pre-sentence incarceration is typically served in detention, in harsher circumstances than the sentence will ultimately call for and without access to educational, rehabilitative and vocational programs.

Bill C-25 creates three changes in the Criminal Code; now under s.719(3), generally the maximum credit a judge can give is 1:1. Under s.719(3.1) and 719(3.2) a judge can give a credit of 1.5:1 only "if the circumstances justify it." Under s.719(3.1), the sentencing judge cannot give greater than 1:1 credit if the reason for pre-sentencing incarceration is either that person's criminal record or if that individual has breached bail conditions.

The constitutionality of this bill was challenged under s.7, s.13 and s.15 of  *The Charter* in the Ontario Court of Justice by Marvin Johnson. The court found that the amendment survives *Charter* scrutiny if the phrase *if the circumstances justify it* is interpreted in a manner that does not limit the granting of a 1.5:1 credit to such a high standard "that mandates a level of exceptionality that goes well beyond the ordinary experience of "dead time" or the penal disparities that typically flow from such pre-sentence custody." In this case, Johnson who was sentenced to 18 months for the sale of $20 of cocaine to an undercover officer, was given a 1.5:1 credit for the 12 months that he had spent in pre-sentence custody and was released two days after his sentencing hearing to a one year period of probation.

## United States

The first law requiring truth in sentencing in the United States was passed by Washington State in 1984. In 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act created the Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth in Sentencing program, which awarded grants to states so long as they passed laws requiring that offenders convicted of Part 1 violent crimes must serve at least 85% of the sentence for qualifying crimes before becoming eligible for parole. As of 2008, the District of Columbia and 35 of the 50 states qualify for this additional funding.

## Australia

In New South Wales, "truth in sentencing" was brought in with the '1989 Sentencing Act'. The term "truth in sentencing", which was commonly used to refer to the legislation, was endorsed by the Australian Law Reform Commission. As the legislation removed inmates receiving time off for good behaviour, it is also said to have removed an important incentive for prisoners to behave, and motivated some to attempt to escape. Alongside behaviour, motivation and work and educational performance from prisoners subsequently deteriorated, as did the rapport between prisoners and officers. Its introduction also resulted in significant overcrowding in NSW prisons during the 1990s.

The first murderer to be sentenced under the legislation was Matthew Webster, who was convicted of the murder of Leigh Leigh. In 1990 Webster received 14 years with an additional six-year parole period; he remained in prison for 14½ years. If he had received a 'life sentence' under the previous legislation, it is likely that he would have only served nine years due to his age.


title: Truth and Janey

abstract: Truth and Janey was an American rock band from Iowa. It took its name from Jeff Beck's Truth album and member Billy Janey's last name. The group was influenced by such power trios as Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The band toured with Leslie West and performed a music festival with Blue Öyster Cult. They were inducted into the Iowa Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame in 2005.

text:
# Truth and Janey

**Truth and Janey** was an American rock band from Iowa. It took its name from Jeff Beck's Truth album and member Billy Janey's last name. The group was influenced by such power trios as Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The band toured with Leslie West and performed a music festival with Blue Öyster Cult. They were inducted into the Iowa Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame in 2005.

## History

### Formation

The group formed in 1969 originally with drummer John Fillingsworth. In roughly one year he was replaced by Denis Bunce. In 1972 they released their debut, a 7-inch 45 rpm, "Midnight Horseman" along with a cover of The Rolling Stones song, "Under My Thumb." The following year they released "Straight Eight Pontiac" and "Around and Around" on their own Driving Wheel label. By 1976 they had recorded *No Rest for the Wicked*, which sold only 1,000 copies upon its original release.

### Disbandment

During the later half of the 1970s they disbanded several times. Bassist Steve Bock eventually joined a group called Nowhere Fast, BillyLee would go on to release several solo albums, and Bunce left the music business completely.

## Discography

* 1976; re-issued 1997 - *No Rest for the Wicked*
* 1977 - *Just a Little Bit of Magic*
* 1988 - *Live* (double LP)
* 2001 - *Erupts!*

## InfoBox

| Truth and Janey | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |
| Genres | Hard rock, psychedelic rock, blues rock, acid rock, heavy metal |
| Years active | 1969–1976, 1977–1978 |
|  | |
| Past members | BillyLee Janey
Denis Bunce
Steve Bock
John Fillingsworth |


title: Trémouille-Saint-Loup

abstract: Trémouille-Saint-Loup is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

text:
# Trémouille-Saint-Loup

**Trémouille-Saint-Loup** (French pronunciation: \[tʁemuj sɛ̃ lu\]) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

## InfoBox

| Trémouille-Saint-Loup | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Trémouille-Saint-Loup | |
|  | |
| Location of Trémouille-Saint-Loup | |
| Trémouille-Saint-LoupTrémouille-Saint-Loup | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′28″N 2°33′40″E / 45.491°N 2.561°E / 45.491; 2.561 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Issoire |
| Canton | Le Sancy |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bruno Eyzat |
| Area**1** | 12.23 km2 (4.72 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 148 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63437 /63810 |
| Elevation | 594–831 m (1,949–2,726 ft)
(avg. 750 m or 2,460 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Try Me!

abstract: Try Me! is the second studio album by James Brown and the Famous Flames. It is a collection of singles, B-sides, and outtakes from their first album, Please Please Please. It was reissued by King Records in 1964 under the title The Unbeatable James Brown: 16 Hits.

text:
# Try Me!

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***Try Me!*** is the second studio album by James Brown and the Famous Flames. It is a collection of singles, B-sides, and outtakes from their first album, *Please Please Please*. It was reissued by King Records in 1964 under the title *The Unbeatable James Brown: 16 Hits*.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by James Brown; except where indicated

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "There Must Be a Reason" |  | 2:28 |
| 2. | "I Want You So Bad" |  | 2:47 |
| 3. | "Why Do You Do Me" | Bobby Byrd, Sylvester Keels | 3:01 |
| 4. | "Got to Cry" |  | 2:37 |
| 5. | "Strange Things Happen" | Roy Hawkins | 2:10 |
| 6. | "Fine Old Foxy Self" |  | 2:10 |
| 7. | "Messing With The Blues" | Floyd Hunt | 2:12 |
| 8. | "Try Me (I Need You)" |  | 2:33 |
| 9. | "It Was You" |  | 2:45 |
| 10. | "I've Got to Change" |  | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Can't Be The Same" |  | 2:21 |
| 12. | "It Hurts to Tell You" | James Brown, Albert Shubert (Andy Gibson) | 2:54 |
| 13. | "I Won't Plead No More" | Bobby Byrd, Sylvester Keels | 2:28 |
| 14. | "You're Mine, You're Mine" | James Brown, Nafloyd Scott | 2:33 |
| 15. | "Gonna Try" |  | 2:46 |
| 16. | "Don't Let It Happen To Me" |  | 2:51 |

## InfoBox

| Try Me! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by James Brown and the Famous Flames | |
| Released | July 1959 |
| Recorded | 1956–59 |
| Genre | Rhythm and blues, soul |
| Length | 40:55 |
| Label | King |
| James Brown and the Famous Flames chronology | |
| *Please Please Please*
(1959) ***Try Me!***
(1959) *Think!*
(1960) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Try Me!* | |
| 1. "I Want You So Bad"
Released: February 14, 1959 2. "I've Got to Change"
Released: April 11, 1959 3. "It Was You"
Released: July 19, 1959 | |
|  | |


title: Try Me (Jasmine Guy song)

abstract: "Try Me" is a song by American singer and actress Jasmine Guy. Released on September 28, 1990, The song features background vocals by vocal band Ex Girlfriend. The song is the first single from her debut studio album, Jasmine Guy released on Warner Bros. Records. The song was a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart in December 1990. Guy performed the song on an episode of Soul Train which aired on November 17, 1990. The extended version is heard in the background of the party on the episode "Good Help is So Hard to Fire" of A Different World.

text:
# Try Me (Jasmine Guy song)

"**Try Me**" is a song by American singer and actress Jasmine Guy. Released on September 28, 1990, The song features background vocals by vocal band Ex Girlfriend. The song is the first single from her debut studio album, *Jasmine Guy* released on *Warner Bros. Records*. The song was a top 20 hit on the *Billboard* Hot R&B Singles chart in December 1990. Guy performed the song on an episode of *Soul Train* which aired on November 17, 1990. The extended version is heard in the background of the party on the episode "Good Help is So Hard to Fire" of *A Different World*.

## Music video

To date, there are two versions known. One has a party scene where there is a dance-off between her and her rival over a guy at the party. The other version is a photo shoot scene, and a scene where Guy is dancing behind background dancers.

## Charts

| Chart (1990) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot R&B Singles | 14 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Try Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jasmine Guy | |
| from the album  *Jasmine Guy* | |
| Released | September 28, 1990 |
| Recorded | June 1990 |
| Genre | New jack swing |
| Length | 4:56 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Songwriter(s) | Curt Bedeau, Gerry Charles, Hugh L Clarke, Brian George, Lucien George, Paul George |
| Producer(s) | Full Force |
| Jasmine Guy singles chronology | |
| "**Try Me**"
(1990) "Another Like My Lover"
(1991) | |


title: Turbonilla buala

abstract: Turbonilla buala is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla buala

***Turbonilla buala*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla buala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. buala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla buala***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Turbonilla bughotu

abstract: Turbonilla bughotu is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla bughotu

***Turbonilla bughotu*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla bughotu* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. bughotu*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla bughotu***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Turbonilla burchi

abstract: Turbonilla burchi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla burchi

***Turbonilla burchi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla burchi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. burchi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla burchi***<br>Gordon, 1938 | |
|


title: Trương Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body

abstract: Trương Ba's Soul, Butcher's Body is a Vietnamese folk tale about a gentle gardener who dies, but because of the carelessness of the gods he is reborn in the body of an oafish butcher. The most famous theatrical setting of the story is the 1985 play by Lưu Quang Vũ, translated by Lorelle Lee Browning Truong as Ba's Soul [in] the Butcher's Skin: A Play 1998.

text:
# Trương Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body

***Trương Ba's Soul, Butcher's Body*** (*Hồn Trương Ba, da hàng thịt*) is a Vietnamese folk tale about a gentle gardener who dies, but because of the carelessness of the gods he is reborn in the body of an oafish butcher.

The most famous theatrical setting of the story is the 1985 play by Lưu Quang Vũ, translated by Lorelle Lee Browning Truong as *Ba's Soul \[in\] the Butcher's Skin: A Play* 1998.

## Plot

Trương Ba is famous for not only being a very good chess player but also a good husband. He lives happily with his wife even though the couple does not have a single child. Unlike Trương Ba's family, the butcher's family is an unhappy family.

One day, Đế Thích saw that Trương Ba was playing chess so well, so he went down to the earth to play with Trương Ba. He gave him some magical incense sticks, so that when Trương Ba wanted to play chess with him, he could burn one of those sticks to invite Đế Thích. But not long after that, Trương Ba died. On the anniversary of his death, Trương Ba's wife was very sad and lit incense for him. Unknowingly she lit a magical incense stick and Đế Thích appeared before her.

Đế Thích learned that Trương Ba had passed away. He felt sorry for his friend who died early and wanted Mrs. Trương Ba to be happy, he promised to bring Trương Ba back to life. However, Trương Ba died a long time ago and his body had already rotten so it was unable for his soul to return.

At that time, the butcher has recently died because of his carelessness. So Đế Thích took the butcher's body so that Trương Ba's soul could enter it. Trương Ba now happily returned to his wife. His wife, instead of being happy, was surprised and scared because she did not think it was Trương Ba. After listening to Trương Ba's story, she believed his words and was very happy. As for the butcher's wife, she was angry, jealous, and insisted that Trương Ba (in the butcher's body) was her husband, and then both wives sued each other and asked the local official to judge for them.

The official asked the butcher who was his wife, he pointed to Trương Ba's wife and said that his "another-wife" is the wife of the butcher in the neighborhood. The official asked how to make pigs for meat, he said he knows nothing, but when asked about chess, he answered very competently. The official was frustrated because of the "one person's soul was in another's body" event. He privately questioned Trương Ba's wife if she had done anything special while her husband was still alive. Trương Ba's wife revealed the story: After Đế Thích went down to play chess with her husband, he was very fond of him and promised that when her husband dies, he would save his life. Unfortunately she forgot about that, not until her husband's death anniversary that she remembered Đế Thích's promise. At the same time, the butcher has just died, and Đế Thích brought Trương Ba's soul into the butcher's body. The official then asked the butcher privately, asked him about the story, he answered exactly like the wife's words. Finally, his judgement was: "By day you will become a butcher, by night you will become Trương Ba."

And from here, conflicts in life between the soul and the body begin to arise.


title: Tug Wilson (baseball)

abstract: George Archer "Tug" Wilson was an American professional baseball player. He played part of one season in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Atlantics in 1884, usually either as an outfielder or catcher. In 24 major league games played, Wilson batted.232, scored 13 runs, and hit four doubles. Following his brief major league career, he continued to play minor league baseball until 1896. Wilson died in his hometown of Brooklyn, New York, and is interred at Cypress Hills Cemetery.

text:
# Tug Wilson (baseball)

**George Archer "Tug" Wilson** (1860  November 28, 1914) was an American professional baseball player. He played part of one season in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Atlantics in 1884, usually either as an outfielder or catcher.

In 24 major league games played, Wilson batted .232, scored 13 runs, and hit four doubles. Following his brief major league career, he continued to play minor league baseball until 1896.

Wilson died in his hometown of Brooklyn, New York, and is interred at Cypress Hills Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Tug Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder/Catcher** | |
| **Born:** 1860
Brooklyn, New York | |
| **Died:** (1914-11-28)November 28, 1914
Brooklyn, New York | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Unknown | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 9, 1884, for the Brooklyn Atlantics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 21, 1884, for the Brooklyn Atlantics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .232 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs scored | 13 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Tucuman tuco-tuco

abstract: The Tucuman tuco-tuco is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to Argentina.

text:
# Tucuman tuco-tuco

The **Tucuman tuco-tuco** (***Ctenomys tucumanus***) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to Argentina.

## InfoBox

| Tucuman tuco-tuco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Ctenomyidae |
| Genus: | *Ctenomys* |
| Species: | ***C. tucumanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ctenomys tucumanus***
Thomas, 1900 | |
|


title: Tuna Oraon

abstract: Tuna Oraon was an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Jalpaiguri in 1971.

text:
# Tuna Oraon

**Tuna Oraon** (born 4 January 1931) was an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Jalpaiguri in 1971.

## InfoBox

| Tuna Oraon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1971-1977 | |
| Preceded by | B.N.Katham |
| Succeeded by | Khagendra Nath Dasgupta |
| Constituency | Jalpaiguri, West Bengal |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1931-01-04)4 January 1931
Domba, Ranchi, Bihar, British India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Gangawati Debi Oraon |
| Children | 4 sons and 2 daughters |
| Source: | |


title: Turban (disambiguation)

abstract: A turban is a type of headwear consisting of cloth wound around the wearer's head. Turban may also refer to:

text:
# Turban (disambiguation)

A **turban** is a type of headwear consisting of cloth wound around the wearer's head.

**Turban** may also refer to:

## Places

* Turban Geyser, geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States

## People

People with the surname **Turban** include:

## Animals

## Plants

* Turban lily, common name for various species of lily
* Turban squash, type of squash closely related to the buttercup squash

## Other uses


title: Tunica Academy

abstract:
Tunica Academy is a K-12 non-denominational Christian private school located in unincorporated Tunica County, Mississippi, near Tunica. The school was founded in 1964 and has been described as a segregation academy.
Tunica Academy is an accredited member of the Mississippi Private School Association.

text:
# Tunica Academy

**Tunica Academy** is a K-12 non-denominational Christian private school located in unincorporated Tunica County, Mississippi, near Tunica. The school was founded in 1964 and has been described as a segregation academy. Tunica Academy is an accredited member of the Mississippi Private School Association.

## History

The school was originally established by white parents in 1964 by the name **Tunica Institute of Learning** as a segregation academy in response to the court ordered desegregation of Tunica public schools. The name was later changed to Tunica Academy. The first class to graduate was the class of 1970. The tuition of this school is $5200 per year. The mascot of the school is the Blue Devils.

For the 1965–1966 school year, 67% of the Tunica Academy's tuition revenue came from grants provided by the state of Mississippi. In 1969, a federal court ruled that, since, in the court's opinion, Tunica Academy would refuse to admit qualified black students, the tuition grant program violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.

In 1969, the *Clarion-Ledger* reported that Tunica Academy enrolled about 225 students, or one-third of the white students in Tunica County.

In 1970, the IRS suspended the school's non-profit status due to its policies of racial discrimination.

In 1973, Tunica Academy was named in the *Norwood v. Harrison* decision by the US Supreme Court. The court held that any program that provides aid to schools that discriminate on the basis of race is unconstitutional. In its ruling, the high court noted that, as of 1971, Tunica Academy declined to attest to a racially non-discriminatory admissions policy.

## Demographics

As of 2010, 97% of the students were white. This differed from Tunica's public high school, Rosa Fort High School, where 98% were black. In 2014 there were 16 African-American students out of a total student population of 234, or 7%, while the Tunica Public Schools student body was 97% African-American.

## Notable faculty

## InfoBox

| Tunica Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Tunica, (Tunica County), Mississippi<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 34°40′51″N 90°23′23″W / 34.6807°N 90.3898°W / 34.6807; -90.3898 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private School, high school |
| Established | 1964 |
| Grades | K12 |
| Number of students | 234 (2014) |
| Color(s) | Blue, White |
| Team name | Blue Devils |
| Website | website |


title: Turin (village), New York

abstract: Turin is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The village is within the town of Turin and is north of the city of Rome. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 232.

text:
# Turin (village), New York

**Turin** is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The village is within the town of Turin and is north of the city of Rome. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 232.

## History

The village was previously called "Turin Four Corners". The early village was the location of three gristmills.

## Geography

The village of Turin is located on the southern edge of the town of Turin at 43°37′44″N 75°24′33″W / 43.62889°N 75.40917°W / 43.62889; -75.40917 (43.628921, -75.409355). The village is located on New York State Route 26 (State Street), which leads north 12 miles (19 km) to Lowville, the county seat, and south 30 miles (48 km) to Rome.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.7 km2), all land. Mill Creek, a tributary of the Black River, flows through the northern side of the village.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 552 |  |  |
| 1880 | 419 |  | −24.1% |
| 1890 | 359 |  | −14.3% |
| 1900 | 363 |  | 1.1% |
| 1910 | 349 |  | −3.9% |
| 1920 | 327 |  | −6.3% |
| 1930 | 260 |  | −20.5% |
| 1940 | 247 |  | −5.0% |
| 1950 | 273 |  | 10.5% |
| 1960 | 323 |  | 18.3% |
| 1970 | 293 |  | −9.3% |
| 1980 | 284 |  | −3.1% |
| 1990 | 295 |  | 3.9% |
| 2000 | 263 |  | −10.8% |
| 2010 | 232 |  | −11.8% |
| 2020 | 197 |  | −15.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 263 people, 101 households, and 73 families residing in the village. The population density was 257.2 inhabitants per square mile (99.3/km2). There were 134 housing units at an average density of 131.1 per square mile (50.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.24% White, 0.38% Native American and 0.38% Asian.

There were 101 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $42,500. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,157. About 11.4% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.9% of those 65 or over.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Turin (village), New York
2. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
3. "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Turin village, New York". *data.census.gov*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: New York". *U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division*. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Turin, New York Turin Four Corners | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| TurinTurin | |
| Coordinates: 43°37′44″N 75°24′34″W / 43.62889°N 75.40944°W / 43.62889; -75.40944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Lewis |
| Town | Turin |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.03 sq mi (2.66 km2) |
| Land | 1.03 sq mi (2.66 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,263 ft (385 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 197 |
| Density | 192.01/sq mi (74.12/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13473 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-75682 |
| GNIS feature ID | 967950 |


title: Turn Back Time (Sub Focus song)

abstract: "Turn Back Time" is a song by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus, featuring uncredited vocals from British singer Yola. It was released independently on 20 December 2013 as the sixth single from his second studio album Torus. However, the song charted prior to independent release and continued to rise, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of 25 January 2014. Along with "Endorphins", it is his joint highest-charting single to date.

text:
# Turn Back Time (Sub Focus song)

"**Turn Back Time**" is a song by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus, featuring uncredited vocals from British singer Yola. It was released independently on 20 December 2013 as the sixth single from his second studio album *Torus*. However, the song charted prior to independent release and continued to rise, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of 25 January 2014. Along with "Endorphins", it is his joint highest-charting single to date.

## Background and release

"Turn Back Time" was one of the last songs to be finished on *Torus*. At the time he was experimenting with 90's rave samples and the song originally used a Todd Terry sample but was re-recorded with session vocalist Yolanda Quartey and worked into a new song. The song contains elements of the composition "Brass Disk", as written by Todd Terry and performed by Duprée, and lyrics from the song "Missing You", as performed by Kim English and produced by Frankie Feliciano. It is a fan favourite during his live sets, and one of the few songs that he uses the smoke machine during. The track received a surge in popularity upon the album release and entered the UK Singles Chart, working its way up to number 85 and then later number 35, number 15 and eventually number 10 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Music video

An official video to accompany the release of the single was premiered on YouTube on 19 December 2013, at a total duration of three minutes and fifty-eight seconds.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Turn Back Time" (radio edit) | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Turn Back Time" (Special Request remix) | 5:40 |
| 3. | "Turn Back Time" (Metrik remix) | 4:14 |
| 4. | "Turn Back Time" (Bro Safari and ETC!ETC! remix) | 4:08 |

12" vinyl
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Turn Back Time" (Metrik remix) |  |
| 2. | "Turn Back Time" (Special Request remix) |  |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from vinyl release.

## Charts and certifications

## Release history

| Country | Release date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worldwide | 20 December 2013 | Digital download |  |
| | 23 December 2013 | 12" | RAM |

## InfoBox

| "Turn Back Time" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sub Focus | |
| from the album  *Torus* | |
| A-side | "Metrik remix" |
| B-side | "Special Request remix" |
| Released | 20 December 2013 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 3:25 (radio edit) * 5:07 (album version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Sub Focus |
| Sub Focus singles chronology | |
| "Turn It Around"
(2013) "**Turn Back Time**"
(2013) "Close"
(2014) | |


title: Turgeon (horse)

abstract: Turgeon (1986–2019) was an American-bred, French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was best known for his performances over extended distances, winning the Prix Royal-Oak and the Irish St. Leger in 1991, a year in which he was named European Champion Stayer at the Cartier Racing Awards. At stud he was particularly noted as a sire of steeplechase winners and remained active until his death aged 33.

text:
# Turgeon (horse)

**Turgeon** (1986–2019) was an American-bred, French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was best known for his performances over extended distances, winning the Prix Royal-Oak and the Irish St. Leger in 1991, a year in which he was named European Champion Stayer at the Cartier Racing Awards. At stud he was particularly noted as a sire of steeplechase winners and remained active until his death aged 33.

## Background

He was owned and bred by American George W. Strawbridge Jr., an avid ice hockey fan and a shareholder and Director of the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres. Strawbridge named the foal for the Canadian player Pierre Turgeon who was the team's 1st overall pick in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft. From a family involved in steeplechase and flat racing, George Strawbridge Jr. maintained racing stables in France and the United States.

Turgeon was prepared for racing by Chantilly-based trainer Jonathan Pease

## Racing career

At age three Turgeon's best 1989 performances in conditions races was a win in the Group 2 Prix de l'Esperance and a second in both the Prix Royal-Oak and the Prix Kergorlay. At age four in France he showed endurance with a win in the Group 2 Prix Vicomtesse Vigier over a distance of 3,100 meters (approximately 1.92 miles), and a second in the 3,100 meters Prix de Barbeville, and third in both the 4,000 meter Prix du Cadran and in the 3,100 Prix Royal-Oak. Sent to Weidenpesch Racecourse in Cologne, Germany, he ran second in the Group I Preis von Europa.

Racing as a five-year-old, 1991 would be Turgeon's best year on the racetrack. He repeated as runner-up in the French Prix de Barbeville and in Rome, Italy was third in the then Group 3 Premio Roma Vecchia. Turgeon's wins in France came in the Group 2 Prix Kergorlay and a second consecutive victory in the Group 2 Prix Vicomtesse Vigier. The colt earned his first Group One win in September at the Curragh Racecourse in Ireland, capturing the Irish St. Leger. Back in France he won another Group One race in October, the Prix Royal-Oak.

After his very successful 1991 campaign, Turgeon continued to race for another two years. His best major race results was a third-place finish in the 2½ mile (approximately 4,000 meter) 1992 Ascot Gold Cup in England and a similar effort in that same race in 1993. In France he was third in the 1993 Prix de Barbeville and in Germany, finished second in the 3,200 meter Oleander-Rennen in Baden-Baden.

## Stud record

Retired to stud duty in 1994, Turgeon sired a number of European stakes race winners particularly in steeplechase racing and in 2006 was the leading sire in France of jump racing horses. His progeny include Exotic Dancer who won several major steeplechases in England and Ireland and finished second to Kauto Star in the 2007 Cheltenham Gold Cup. At the time of his death in April 2019 he was still standing as a sire at the Haras du Mesnil stud in Savigne-l'Eveque, Sarthe and was the world's oldest active thoroughbred sire, aged 33.

## InfoBox

| Turgeon | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing silks of George Strawbridge | |
| Sire | Caro |
| Grandsire | Fortino |
| Dam | Reiko |
| Damsire | Targowice |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1986 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Gray |
| Breeder | George W. Strawbridge Jr. |
| Owner | George W. Strawbridge Jr. |
| Trainer | Jonathan Pease |
| Record | 27: 6-6-8 |
| Earnings | £387,750 |
| Major wins | |
| Prix de l'Esperance (1989)
Prix Vicomtesse Vigier (1990, 1991)
Prix Kergorlay (1991)
Prix Royal-Oak (1991)
Irish St. Leger (1991) | |
| Awards | |
| European Champion Stayer (1991) | |
| Last updated on November 22, 2007 | |


title: The Midnight Chase

abstract: The Midnight Chase is the third album by Swedish hard rock band Crucified Barbara. It was first released in Japan and Europe in 2012.

text:
# The Midnight Chase

***The Midnight Chase*** is the third album by Swedish hard rock band Crucified Barbara. It was first released in Japan and Europe in 2012.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Crucifier" | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Shut Your Mouth" | 4:04 |
| 3. | "Into the Fire" | 3:40 |
| 4. | "Rules and Bones" | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Everything We Need" | 3:17 |
| 6. | "If I Hide" | 4:23 |
| 7. | "Rock Me Like the Devil" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Kid from the Upperclass" | 4:05 |
| 9. | "The Midnight Chase" | 4:04 |
| 10. | "Count Me In" | 5:00 |
| 11. | "Rise and Shine" | 4:54 |
| Total length: | | 45:25 |

Bonus Track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Acid Rain" | 3:42 |
| Total length: | | 49:07 |

Japan Edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Miss Sunshine" | 4:10 |
| 13. | "Heaven or Hell" | 3:01 |
| Total length: | | 52:36 |

## InfoBox

| The Midnight Chase | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Crucified Barbara | |
| Released | May 23, 2012 (Japan)
May 28, 2012 (Europe) |
| Studio | Music-A-Matic Studio |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal, thrash metal |
| Length | 45:25 |
| Label | GMR Music Group |
| Producer | Chips Kiesby |
| Crucified Barbara chronology | |
| *'Til Death Do Us Party*
(2009) ***The Midnight Chase***
(2012) *In The Red*
(2014) | |


title: Music Center for PC

abstract: Music Center for PC is a music player and transfer software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Sony and first released in 2017.

text:
# Music Center for PC

**Music Center for PC** is a music player and transfer software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Sony and first released in 2017.

## Overview

The software was created to replace Media Go and x-APPLICATION (Japanese: x-アプリ). Unlike those, Music Center for PC only focuses on audio and as a result it has had several features removed, such as CD burning, or non-audio media functionalities like photo or video playback and transfer. It is also not compatible for transfer with phones or consoles, but only with audio devices like Walkman, home stereos and theater systems, active speakers, and others.

Version 1.0 of Music Center for PC is based on x-APPLICATION (and in turn, SonicStage). Version 2.0 was released in late 2018 and had a major overhaul of the user interface developed on Electron. Additionally there is now also support for DSEE HX.

Gracenote tagging of music is also integrated into Music Center for PC. The mora music store is also integrated for Japanese customers to directly purchase music.

## Format support

Music Center for PC supports the playback of numerous formats including high-resolution audio, namely: ATRAC (.oma/.aa3), ATRAC Advanced Lossless (.oma/.aa3), WAV (.wav), MP3 (.mp3), AAC (.3gp/.mp4/.m4a), HE-AAC (.3gp/.mp4/.m4a), WMA (.wma), DSD (.dsf/.dff), FLAC (.flac), MQA (.mqa.flac), APE (.ape), ALAC (.mp4/.m4a) and AIFF (.aiff/.aif).

It can also play audio CDs, but ripping a CD is only possible into FLAC, WAV, MP3 or AAC formats.

1. neko. "ソニーの音楽管理ソフト「Music Center for PC」と「x-アプリ」（提供終了）の違い". *えらびかた erabicat.com* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
2. "Discontinuation of Media Go - Welcome Music Center for PC! - 18th October 2017 | Sony UK". *www.sony.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
3. "What is the difference between "Music Center for PC" and "Media Go"? | Sony Latin America". *www.sony-latin.com*. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
4. "Discontinuation of Media Go - Welcome Music Center for PC! - 18th October 2017 | Sony UK". *www.sony.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
5. "Supported Devices (Music Center for PC Ver.1.0) | Sony UK".
6. "ソニー、音楽再生/管理アプリ「Music Center for PC」にUX/UI "根本的見直し" のバージョン2.0". *PHILE WEB* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
7. ryu (2021-07-12). "Gracenoteでタイトルを取得する方法 Music Center for PC". *とは* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
8. "はじめての音楽ダウンロード｜音楽ダウンロード・音楽配信サイト mora ～WALKMAN®公式ミュージックストア～". *mora ～WALKMAN®公式ミュージックストア～* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
9. "Main features/Specifications | Sony UK". *www.sony.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

## InfoBox

Music Center for PC
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Sony |
| Initial release | August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.7.0 / March 21, 2024 (2024-03-21) |
|  | |
| Operating system | Windows (8.1, 10, 11) |
| Predecessor | Media Go / x-APP |
| Type | Music player |
| License | Freeware |
| Website | www.sony.com/electronics/support/articles/MC4PC020001 |


title: Operation Mebos

abstract: Operation Mebos occurred during July and August 1982 with the objective of attacking SWAPO's People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) bases and new regional headquarters in Southern Angola by the South African Defence Force (SADF) based in South West Africa/Namibia. The plan involved the use of South African Air Force helicopters flown from mobile helicopter administrative areas (HAA) with a SADF Tactical Headquarters deep in Angola and protected from possible People's Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) attacks by 61 Mechanised Battalion Group. These helicopters would fly 32 Battalion and paratroopers from the HAA areas to SWAPO targets identified by reconnaissance teams deep in the Angolan bush and by signal and human intelligence.

text:
# Operation Mebos

**Operation Mebos** occurred during July and August 1982 with the objective of attacking SWAPO's People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) bases and new regional headquarters in Southern Angola by the South African Defence Force (SADF) based in South West Africa/Namibia.

The plan involved the use of South African Air Force helicopters flown from mobile helicopter administrative areas (HAA) with a SADF Tactical Headquarters deep in Angola and protected from possible People's Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) attacks by 61 Mechanised Battalion Group. These helicopters would fly 32 Battalion and paratroopers from the HAA areas to SWAPO targets identified by reconnaissance teams deep in the Angolan bush and by signal and human intelligence.

## Background

Planning for Operation Mebos began when the SADF feared that PLAN and FAPLA would attempt to retake the Angolan towns of Xangongo and Ongiva. These towns had been captured by the SADF during Operation Protea and had been occupied ever since.

Ongiva contained a SADF tactical and logistical headquarters with an airfield to support ground and airborne operations to conduct counter-insurgency operations in Southern Angola.

The second part of the operation involved identifying the SWAPO bases and headquarters which appeared to be constantly on the move. The plan called for 61 Mechanised Battalion Group to protect the mobile Advance airfields from possible FAPLA and SWAPO attacks while the SAAF helicopters would transport 32 Battalion and 1 Parachute Battalion companies to attack SWAPO bases identified by reconnaissance teams. The operation began on 13 July 1982 and was wound down by 25 August 1982.

## Order of battle

### South African Forces

### SWAPO forces

* Various units based around Evale, Ionde, Mupa and other targets
* Alpha Battalion
* Bravo Battalion

### Angolan forces

* 11th FAPLA Brigade based at Cuvelai and Techamutete

## Battle

On 13 July, one company of 61 Mechanised Battalion Group moved from Ongiva up to Xangongo. By 18 July a further two companies and the headquarters of 61 Mech moved into Xangongo where combat readiness training was begun, practising for the forthcoming operation.

SAAF Mirages attacked FAPLA air defences at Cahama around 21 July. On 22 July, SADF reconnaissance units had discovered a possible SWAPO headquarters near Mupa. It was attacked firstly by Alouette gunships followed by an airdrop by helicopter of ground troops which killed around 18 PLAN soldiers but the base was found to have been evacuated. 61 Mech's mortar and gun batteries were moved up to Xangongo on 24 July.

At last 61 Mech had completed its combat readiness training around Xangongo and departed there on 27 July heading in the direction of Mongua hoping to confuse FAPLA and PLAN intelligence as to it final destination before disappearing off into the Angolan bush. Finally after three days of pushing through the bush, 61 Mech met up with two companies of 32 Battalion by 30 July, 25 km east of Mupa. There they found what they thought was a suitable site for a HAA position. On the same day, 32 Battalion reconnaissance units had discovered a PLAN base close to the Calonga River, 21 km on the western side of the Cuvelai/Techamatette road and about 31 km south-west of Techamutete. A plan was developed for a parachute drop at first light on 31 July, north of the target and a helicopter drop of 32 Battalion at three other points with protection provided by Alouette gunships.

31 July did not start well as the vicinity of the HAA was attacked by FAPLA artillery. The FAPLA unit expended its artillery shells in the attack and the HAA had to be moved. The tactical headquarters was moved up to the new HAA from Ongiva. At the same time the 32 Battalion reconnaissance units could not find a suitable drop zone and also noticed the base was being evacuated. The airdrop was cancelled and the paratroopers were called back to their base in SWA/Namibia. The plan was modified and the paratroopers were collected and joined 32 Battalion for a very delayed helicopter drop. By the time the SADF arrived at the target all that could be found were PLAN stragglers. The SAAF insistence that their helicopters not remain at the HAA sites overnight would continue to negatively influence the operation in the future due to the distance between the HAA and SAAF bases in SWA/Namibia.

1 August begun with the HAA being moved further north and a few days earlier aerial intelligence had discovered a base close by. The Tactical headquarters at the HAA began planning another mission consisting of an air attack by Mirage's followed by a helicopter troop assault with air protection by Alouette gunships. The attack took place on 2 August around midday with an attack by Mirages followed by an Alouette gunship who were attacked by 14.5 mm AA guns and RPG-7s. 32 Battalion was the first wave of ground troops dropped in by Puma helicopters followed by a second wave of paratroopers. The battle ended after some fierce fighting. One soldier of 32 Battalion had been killed and two were wounded. As for the PLAN soldiers, 144 died during the battle with weapons and ammunition captured.

3 August began with the receipt of signal intelligence concerning FAPLA proposing to move a twenty-two vehicle logistics convoy from Techamutete to Cuvelai. This was to resupply the 11th Brigade with artillery shells it had expended on 31 July. A quickly prepared plan was developed with an air-drop by helicopter of a 61 Mech ambush platoon along the road. The ambush began around 05h30 on 4 August, stopping the convoy and destroying some of the vehicles. Alouette gunships followed up and by 08h00 the ambush was over with twenty vehicles destroyed and two captured. The rest of 61 Mech reached the ambush platoon later that day. The following days to 9 August were quiet with the 61 Mech remaining close to the Techamutete/Cuvelai road.

By 9 August a PLAN base was discovered north of the Mui River about 15 km to the west of the Cuvelai/Techamutete road by members of the 32 Battalion reconnaissance units. 32 Battalion and 1 Parachute troops were airlifted by Puma's accompanied by Alouette gunships around midday to the base. During a second air-drop, the helicopters were ambushed en route to the base by a hidden PLAN anti-aircraft teams and resulted in one Puma helicopter being shot down killing the three airmen and twelve paratroopers. Alouettes gunships attacked the crash site dispersing the PLAN soldiers around the downed helicopter and 61 Mech elements move up to site to retrieve the bodies and the helicopter. An armoured unit based at Xangongo at the time was held in readiness if the need should arise. The helicopter wreck itself was removed the following day. In total, 106 PLAN soldiers were killed at the base that was attacked.

On 9 August a Russian T34/85 Tank was being recovered from Xangongo by 10 Armoured Car Squadron as part of a broader deception strategy. The recovery team was waiting to travel back to Ongiva when a radio signal came in placing them on standby as a result of the Puma that had been shot down at the Mui River. After 61 Mech responded the 10 Armoured Car team was stood down and proceeded with their mission.

Another PLAN base was discovered on 10 August by the 32 Battalion reconnaissance units about 30 km north of Cuvelai. Again it was attacked by Mirages and Alouette gunships. Around 11:00 the infantry companies of 32 Battalion and 1 Parachute Battalion were air-dropped into the contact area guided by the gunships and attacked the base. The attack killed 116 PLAN soldiers with no losses by the SADF forces.

## Aftermath

PLAN casualties for this operation were calculated at 345 killed. The SADF forces had captured or destroyed vast amounts of ammunition and stores and gathered vital intelligence data. The operation was announced to the South African public by the SADF Headquarters on 15 August. It was believed this operation would not have been revealed, had it not been for the high casualty figure of 29 SADF soldiers who had died during the fighting. This could not be hidden from the South African public.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Operation Mebos | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the South African Border War | |
| Location | Angola<br>CassingaOngivaXangongoCuvelaiOperation Mebos (Angola) |
| Target | Various places |
| Date | 31 July - 25 August 1982 |


title: The Adventures of Lucius Leffing

abstract: The Adventures of Lucius Leffing is a collection of supernatural, detective short stories by American writer Joseph Payne Brennan. It was first published in 1990 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 1,000 copies, all of which were signed by the author and the artist. The stories feature Brennan's supernatural detective, Lucius Leffing. All but four of the stories first appeared in this collection. The others were taken from the magazines Weird Tales and Mike Shayne Mystery Magazine or from the anthology Night Visions 2, edited by Charles L. Grant.

text:
# The Adventures of Lucius Leffing

***The Adventures of Lucius Leffing*** is a collection of supernatural, detective short stories by American writer Joseph Payne Brennan. It was first published in 1990 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 1,000 copies, all of which were signed by the author and the artist. The stories feature Brennan's supernatural detective, Lucius Leffing. All but four of the stories first appeared in this collection. The others were taken from the magazines *Weird Tales* and *Mike Shayne Mystery Magazine* or from the anthology *Night Visions 2*, edited by Charles L. Grant.

## Contents

* "The Nursing Home Horror"
* "The Vanning Case"
* "The Swamp Horror"
* "Death on 91"
* "Copycat Killer"
* "Murder in the Parks"
* "The Butcher Knife Murder"
* "Motive for Murder"
* "Wanderson’s Waste"
* "The Haunting at Juniper Hill"
* "The Delivery"
* "The Spruce Valley Monster"
* "Observations on Lorimer Street"

## Sources

## InfoBox

The Adventures of Lucius Leffing
| Cover of the first edition. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Joseph Payne Brennan |
| Illustrator | Luis Ferreira |
| Cover artist | Luis Ferreira |
| Language | English |
| Series | Lucius Leffing |
| Genre | Supernatural, detective |
| Publisher | Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. |
| Publication date | 1990 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 224 |
| ISBN | 0-937986-95-X |
| OCLC | 22500354 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 21 |
| LC Class | PS3503.R455 A65 1990 |