title: Theodore A. Pappas House

abstract: The Theodore A. Pappas House is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian house in St. Louis, Missouri. The Pappas house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, when it was only 15 years old. It is one of two houses in St. Louis designed by Wright, and the only Usonian Automatic in Missouri. Wright designed it between 1955 and 1959 at the Pappas’ request, and Theodore and Bette Pappas built the house together with the help of day laborers between 1960 and 1964. The Pappas house is a rambling four-bedroom house, and after the Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House, is the largest of the Usonian Automatics built. The entire body of the Pappas House, including the roof, is made up of plain concrete blocks standardized to a module. These blocks were placed on top of and next to one another with no mortar. The hidden sides of each block had hollows through which steel rods were inserted, running vertically and horizontally, creating a "knit" effect. Grout was used to fill the hollows after the rods were in place. Theoretically, all elements of the house could be manufactured and sent to the owners as a sort of “do-it-yourself” kit, the “automatic” aspect of an Usonian Automatic. However, metal molds for the blocks were not available, and the blocks had to be cast in molds created by a local craftsman. The concrete was pretinted according to Wright's idea that color should be in and not on the surface. The color scheme throughout the house is monochromatic, a warm natural, earthen color, complemented by a uniform unstained Philippine mahogany for trim and built in furniture. In 1985, Bette Pappas wrote a book titled "No Passing Fancy" (ASIN B000IZVEES) about her house. Bette Pappas died at the home in February 2018 at the age of 91. In 2020, the house was sold by the Pappas children to the Frank Lloyd Wright Revival Initiative, a non-profit created by filmmaker Michael Miner. It is anticipated the house will be refurbished and turned into a museum and event center. In May 2021, the house was opened for public tours by appointment.

text:
# Theodore A. Pappas House

The **Theodore A. Pappas House** is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian house in St. Louis, Missouri. The Pappas house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, when it was only 15 years old. It is one of two houses in St. Louis designed by Wright, and the only Usonian Automatic in Missouri. Wright designed it between 1955 and 1959 at the Pappas’ request, and Theodore and Bette Pappas built the house together with the help of day laborers between 1960 and 1964. The Pappas house is a rambling four-bedroom house, and after the Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House, is the largest of the Usonian Automatics built.

The entire body of the Pappas House, including the roof, is made up of plain concrete blocks standardized to a module. These blocks were placed on top of and next to one another with no mortar. The hidden sides of each block had hollows through which steel rods were inserted, running vertically and horizontally, creating a "knit" effect. Grout was used to fill the hollows after the rods were in place. Theoretically, all elements of the house could be manufactured and sent to the owners as a sort of “do-it-yourself” kit, the “automatic” aspect of an Usonian Automatic. However, metal molds for the blocks were not available, and the blocks had to be cast in molds created by a local craftsman. The concrete was pretinted according to Wright's idea that color should be in and not on the surface. The color scheme throughout the house is monochromatic, a warm natural, earthen color, complemented by a uniform unstained Philippine mahogany for trim and built in furniture. (Storrer, 422)

In 1985, Bette Pappas wrote a book titled "No Passing Fancy" (ASIN B000IZVEES) about her house. Bette Pappas died at the home in February 2018 at the age of 91.

In 2020, the house was sold by the Pappas children to the Frank Lloyd Wright Revival Initiative, a non-profit created by filmmaker Michael Miner. It is anticipated the house will be refurbished and turned into a museum and event center. In May 2021, the house was opened for public tours by appointment.

* Storrer, William Allin. *The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion*. University Of Chicago Press, 2006. ISBN 0-226-77621-2 (S.392)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Theodore A. Pappas House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Theodore A. Pappas House in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the Pappas House | |
| Location | 865 Masonridge Road
St. Louis, Missouri 63141
United States |
| Coordinates | 38°38′12.74″N 90°29′3.24″W / 38.6368722°N 90.4842333°W / 38.6368722; -90.4842333 |
| Built | 1955-1964 |
| Architect | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| Architectural style | Usonian |
| NRHP reference No. | 79003208 |
| Added to NRHP | 02/14/1979 |


title: Theodore A. Parker III

abstract: Theodore Albert "Ted" Parker III was an American ornithologist who specialized in the Neotropics. He "was widely considered the finest field birder / ornithologist that the world had ever seen."

text:
# Theodore A. Parker III

**Theodore Albert "Ted" Parker III** (April 1, 1953 – August 3, 1993) was an American ornithologist who specialized in the Neotropics. He "was widely considered the finest field birder / ornithologist that the world had ever seen."

## Biography

Parker grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and became interested in birdwatching at an early age. In 1971 he broke the North American Big Year record (seeing more species of birds in a year than anyone before). In that year he enrolled at the University of Arizona and began to accompany ornithological expeditions to South America, particularly with Louisiana State University. He moved to Baton Rouge and was associated with LSU for the rest of his life (becoming a fanatical supporter of LSU basketball). He supported himself by leading birding tours, especially for Victor Emanuel Nature Tours, until the last few years of his life, when he went to work for Conservation International. He was killed in a plane crash in Ecuador while surveying a cloud forest; he was 40 years old.

## Identification skills

According to Zimmer (1993), "Voice, microhabitat, and behavior are the keys \[to identification\] in neotropical forests, and Ted was not only the first to recognize this (his seminal paper on foliage-gleaner identification that appeared in the April 1979 issue of *Continental Birdlife* should be required reading for all students of tropical birding), but also honed his discrimination of these essential cues to a finer degree than anyone else." Zimmer adds that as knowledge of these matters was limited, "\[m\]any field problems... took weeks of patient effort for Ted to work out for himself."

If another ornithologist played Parker a tape of an unknown bird, he could usually recognize it and could often identify other species in the background noise. He might then, by his knowledge of bird ranges, state where the tape had been madeZimmer gives the example of "south bank of the Amazon between the Rios Madeira and Tapajos".

He could identify bird calls and songs even in the presence of many other birds, as when the bird was a member of a mixed-species flock. On more than one occasion, he identified a bird new to him by its call, since he recognized the genus and knew what species lived in the area. Once, hearing a recording of a dawn chorus in Bolivia, he realized that one of the sounds was an antwren of the genus *Herpsilochmus*but since he knew all the sounds of those birds, he knew he was hearing a previously unknown species. The following year, the new species was discovered.

The scale of this knowledge is given by the presence of over two thousand bird species in the Andes and Amazon, where Parker did most of his field work; each species typically has at least three vocalizations. He kept them straight not only from each other but from the region's monkeys, amphibians, and insects as well.

## Methods

Don Stap describes Parker's method: walking slowly down a trail, pausing after every step, and watching and listening. In this way he gained his knowledge of both detail and "common patterns in behavior or vocalizations or community structure across the continent", which led Jon Fjeldså and Niels Krabbe to call him "by far the greatest specialist on the life histories of neotropical birds there ever was". Stap also notes that Parker generally did not shoot birds for study, a normal method of field ornithology.

When leading tours, Parker would lure flocks in by recording their sounds as he heard them and then immediately playing the tape back; he would predict where the flock would come into sight and arrange his clients to give each a good view. The flock would appear as predicted.

## Contributions

Parker willingly shared his knowledge with others informally, published extensively, and contributed over 10,000 recordings to the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.

When he went to work for Conservation International, he conceived of an interdisciplinary program to provide scientific information in South America's conservation crises. This Rapid Assessment Program has led to the creation of many parks and reserves. Parker was doing a survey for it in western Ecuador when he was killed in a plane crash along with three others, including the botanist Alwyn Howard Gentry.

The **Theodore A. Parker III** Natural Area in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and the Parker/Gentry Award for Conservation Biology are named for him.

## Birds named after Parker

The following bird species have their English or scientific names commemorating Parker:

Additionally, the following subspecies names commemorate Parker as well:

## Further reading

* Bancroft, G. Thomas and J. V. Remsen, ed. (1997). *Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker (Ornithological Monographs)*. American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-0-935868-93-7. According to Bates and Schulenberg, it contains a complete bibliography and a full memorial.
* Parker, T. A., III (1979). "An introduction to foliage-gleaner identification". *Continental Birdlife*. **1**: 32–37.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Kaufman, Kenn (1997). *Kingbird Highway*. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-77398-7. Introduces the young Ted Parker as a friend of the author and describes some of their mutual birding experiences. Illustrates the beginnings of Parker's field techniques and interest in neotropical birds and conservation.


# Maternity leave and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development provides data about OECD countries related to paid parental leave length, average pay rate and full-rate equivalent. Not all countries provide mothers with a pay rate equal to what they would have received if the absence had not occurred.

Rate of basic pay can be defined as fixed pay received through minimum wage law or an administratively-determined wage. Organizations and activists are working to inform, persuade and change pay-rate laws. Women in the workforce are at a disadvantage; regardless of legislation, a global gender pay gap is still visible. The OECD is a primary supplier of research and data pertaining to parental-leave rights.

## Background

Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries. The term "parental leave" may include maternity, paternity, and adoption leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and "paternity leave" to describe separate family leave available to either parent to care for small children. In some countries and jurisdictions, "family leave" also includes leave provided to care for ill family members. Often, the minimum benefits and eligibility requirements are stipulated by law.

Unpaid parental or family leave is provided when an employer is required to hold an employee's job while that employee is taking leave. Paid parental or family leave provides paid time off work to care for or make arrangements for the welfare of a child or dependent family member. The three most common models of funding are government-mandated social insurance/social security (where employees, employers, or taxpayers in general contribute to a specific public fund), employer liability (where the employer must pay the employee for the length of leave), and mixed policies that combine both social security and employer liability.

Parental leave has been available as a legal right and/or governmental program for many years, in one form or another. In 2014, the International Labour Organization reviewed parental leave policies in 185 countries and territories, and found that all countries except Papua New Guinea have laws mandating some form of parental leave. A different study showed that of 186 countries examined, 96% offered some pay to mothers during leave, but only 44% of those countries offered the same for fathers. The United States, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, and a few island countries in the Pacific Ocean are the only countries in the United Nations that do not require employers to provide paid time off for new parents. Private employers sometimes provide either or both unpaid and paid parental leave outside of or in addition to any legal mandate.

Research has linked paid parental leave to better health outcomes for children, as well as mothers.

## By country

For policies in different countries, see Parental\_leave#By\_country (note: in many countries there are different types of leave: for example, maternity leave, paternity leave, and parental leave; these terms are often misused or confused). Comparing the length of *maternity leave* (which is common in international rankings) may say very little about the situation of a family in a specific country. A country for example may have a long maternity leave but a short (or non-existent) parental or family leave, or vice versa. In the European Union, the Pregnant Workers Directive requires at least 14 weeks of maternity leave; while the Work–Life Balance Directive requires at least 10 days of paternity leave, as well as at least 4 months of parental leave, with 2 months being non-transferable.


abstract: The third federal electoral district of Durango is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of four such districts currently operating in the state of Durango. It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the first region.

text:
# Third federal electoral district of Durango

The **third federal electoral district of Durango** (*Distrito electoral federal 03 de Durango*) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of four such districts currently operating in the state of Durango.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the first region.

## District territory

Under the 2022 districting plan, which is to be used for the 2024, 2027 and 2030 federal elections, the third district covers 10 municipalities in the centre and east of the state:

The head town (*cabecera distrital*), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and tallied, is the city of Ciudad Lerdo.

## Deputies returned to Congress

Third federal electoral district of Durango
| Election | Deputy | Party | Term | Legislature |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1916 | Antonio Gutiérrez Rivera |  | 1916–1917 | Constituent Congress
of Querétaro |
| 1917 | Antonio Gutiérrez Rivera |  | 1917–1918 | 27th Congress |
| 1918 | Antonio Gutiérrez Rivera |  | 1918–1920 | 28th Congress |
| 1920 | Salvador Franco Urias |  | 1920–1922 | 29th Congress |
| 1922 | Salvador Franco Urias |  | 1922–1924 | 30th Congress |
| 1924 | Juan Pablo Estrada |  | 1924–1926 | 31st Congress |
| 1926 | Daniel R. Gutiérrez |  | 1926–1928 | 27th Congress |
| 1928 | Daniel R. Gutiérrez |  | 1928–1930 | 33rd Congress |
| 1930 | Lorenzo Gámiz |  | 1930–1932 | 34th Congress |
| 1932 | Fernando Arenas |  | 1932–1934 | 35th Congress |
| 1934 | Miguel Arrieta Vizcarra |  | 1934–1937 | 36th Congress |
| 1937 | Ernesto Calderón R. |  | 1937–1940 | 37th Congress |
| 1940 | Braulio Meraz Navárez |  | 1940–1943 | 38th Congress |
| 1943 | Marino Castillo Nájera |  | 1943–1946 | 39th Congress |
| 1946 | Ramiro Rodríguez Palafox |  | 1946–1949 | 40th Congress |
| 1949 | Gustavo Durón González |  | 1949–1952 | 41st Congress |
| 1952 | Ramiro Rodríguez Palafox |  | 1952–1955 | 42nd Congress |
| 1955 | Juan Pescador Polanco |  | 1955–1958 | 43rd Congress |
| 1958 | Enrique Wenceslao Sánchez García |  | 1958–1961 | 44th Congress |
| 1961 | Agustín Ruiz Soto |  | 1961–1964 | 45th Congress |
| 1964 | Enrique Wenceslao Sánchez García |  | 1964–1967 | 46th Congress |
| 1967 | Juan Antonio Orozco Fierro |  | 1967–1970 | 47th Congress |
| 1970 | Francisco Navarro Veloz |  | 1970–1973 | 48th Congress |
| 1973 | Víctor Rocha Marín |  | 1973–1976 | 49th Congress |
| 1976 | Salvador Reyes Nevares |  | 1976–1979 | 50th Congress |
| 1979 | Armando del Castillo Franco |  | 1979–1982 | 51st Congress |
| 1982 | María Albertina Barbosa Espinoza |  | 1982–1985 | 52nd Congress |
| 1985 | Francisco Gamboa Herrera |  | 1985–1988 | 53rd Congress |
| 1988 | Rubén Hernández Higuera |  | 1988–1991 | 54th Congress |
| 1991 | Francisco Gamboa Herrera |  | 1991–1994 | 55th Congress |
| 1994 | José Rosas Aispuro |  | 1994–1997 | 56th Congress |
| 1997 | Juan Arizmendi Hernández |  | 1997–2000 | 57th Congress |
| 2000 | Olga Margarita Uriarte Rico |  | 2000–2003 | 58th Congress |
| 2003 | Fernando Adame de León |  | 2003–2006 | 59th Congress |
| 2006 | José Rubén Escajeda Jiménez |  | 2006–2009 | 60th Congress |
| 2009 | Óscar García Barrón |  | 2009–2012 | 61st Congress |
| 2012 | José Rubén Escajeda Jiménez |  | 2012–2015 | 62nd Congress |
| 2015 | Óscar García Barrón |  | 2015–2018 | 63rd Congress |
| 2018 | Maribel Aguilera Cháirez |  | 2018–2021 | 64th Congress |
| 2021 | Maribel Aguilera Cháirez
Martha Alicia Arreola Martínez |  | 2021–2022
2022–2023 | 65th Congress |
| 2024 | Gerardo Villarreal Solís |  | 2024–2027 | 66th Congress |

1. "Memoria de la Distritación Nacional 2021–2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral. p. 220. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
2. "How Mexico Elects Its Leaders — The Rules". *Mexico Solidarity Project*. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
3. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral por el que se aprueba la demarcación territorial de las cinco circunscripciones electorales plurinominales federales en que se divide el país". *Diario Oficial de la Federación*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
4. De la Rosa, Yared (20 February 2023). "Nueva distritación electoral le quita diputados a la CDMX y le agrega a Nuevo León". *Forbes México*. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
5. "Cuenta Durango con nueva distritación electoral federal y local". *Tiptip: Periodismo en Durango*. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
6. "Antonio Gutiérrez". *Constitución de 1917: Multimedia*. Secretaría de Cultura. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
7. "Legislatura 50" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
8. "Legislatura 51" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
9. "Legislatura 52" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
10. "Legislatura 53" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
11. "Legislatura 54" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
12. "Legislatura 55" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
13. "Legislatura 56" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
14. "Legislatura 57" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
15. "Perfil: Dip. Olga Margarita Uriarte Rico, LVIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
16. "Perfil: Dip. Fernando Ulises Adame de León, LIX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
17. "Perfil: Dip. José Rubén Escajeda Jiménez, LX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
18. "Perfil: Dip. Óscar García Barrón, LXI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
19. "Perfil: Dip. José Rubén Escajeda Jiménez, LXII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
20. "Perfil: Dip. Óscar García Barrón, LXIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)* (in Spanish). SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
21. "Perfil: Dip. Maribel Aguilera Cháirez, LXIV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
22. "Perfil: Dip. Maribel Aguilera Cháirez, LXV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
23. Estrada, Daniel (9 January 2022). "Maribel Aguilera llega a la Delegación de Bienestar". *El Siglo de Durango*. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
24. "Perfil: Dip. Martha Alicia Arreola Martínez, LXV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
25. "Durango Distrito 3. Lerdo". *Cómputos Distritales 2024*. INE. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
26. "Perfil: Dip. Gerardo Villarreal Solís, LXVI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 September 2024.

25°33′N 103°31′W / 25.550°N 103.517°W / 25.550; -103.517

## InfoBox

| National parties | |
| --- | --- |
| ***Current*** | |
|  | PAN |
|  | PRI |
|  | PT |
|  | PVEM |
|  | MC |
|  | Morena |
| ***Defunct or local only*** | |
|  | PLM |
|  | PNR |
|  | PRM |
|  | PP |
|  | PPS |
|  | PARM |
|  | PFCRN |
|  | Convergencia |
|  | PANAL |
|  | PSD |
|  | PES |
|  | PRD |


abstract: The third federal electoral district of Michoacán is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of eleven such districts in the state of Michoacán. It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fifth region.

text:
# Third federal electoral district of Michoacán

The **third federal electoral district of Michoacán** (*Distrito electoral federal 03 de Michoacán*) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of eleven such districts in the state of Michoacán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fifth region.

## District territory

Michoacán lost its 12th district in the 2022 redistricting process. Under the new districting plan, which is to be used for the 2024, 2027 and 2030 federal elections, the third district covers 14 municipalities in the north-east of the state:

The district's head town (*cabecera distrital*), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Heroica Zitácuaro.

## Previous districting schemes

2017–2022

Between 2017 and 2022, the district was located in the east of the state but shifted southwards compared to its 2022 configuration. Its head town was still at Zitácuaro and it comprised 13 municipalities:

2005–2017

Under the 2005 districting plan, Michoacán lost its 13th district. The third district's head town was at Zitácuaro but it covered a different set of 13 municipalities:

* Angangueo, Aporo, Charo, Indaparapeo, Juárez, Jungapeo, Ocampo, Susupuato, Tiquicheo, Tuxpan, Tuzantla, Tzitzio and Zitácuaro.

1996–2005

Under the 1996 districting plan, the district's head town was at Zitácuaro and it covered 13 municipalities in that region of the state:

* Angangueo, Aporo, Contepec, Epitacio Huerta, Juárez, Jungapeo, Ocampo, Senguio, Susupuato, Tlalpujahua, Tuzantla, Tuxpan, Zitácuaro.

1978–1996

The districting scheme in force from 1978 to 1996 was the result of the 1977 electoral reforms, which increased the number of single-member seats in the Chamber of Deputies from 196 to 300. Under the reforms, Michoacán's allocation rose from 9 to 13. The third district's head town was at Zacapu and it covered eight municipalities in the centre of the state:

* Coeneo, Cherán, Erongarícuaro, Jiménez, Nahuatzen, Pátzcuaro, Santa Clara and Zacapu.

## Deputies returned to Congress

Third federal electoral district of Michoacán
| Election | Deputy | Party | Term | Legislature |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1916 | Cayetano Andrade |  | 1916–1917 | Constituent Congress
of Querétaro |
| ... | | | | |
| 1979 | Norberto Mora Plancarte |  | 1979–1982 | 51st Congress |
| 1982 | Raúl Lemus García |  | 1982–1985 | 52nd Congress |
| 1985 | Raúl Héctor Castellano |  | 1985–1988 | 53rd Congress |
| 1988 | Lorenzo Martínez Gómez |  | 1988–1991 | 54th Congress |
| 1991 | José Jesús Gregorio Flores Alonzo |  | 1991–1994 | 55th Congress |
| 1994 | Froylán Velázquez Hernández |  | 1994–1997 | 56th Congress |
| 1997 | Jaime Castro López |  | 1997–2000 | 57th Congress |
| 2000 | Silvano Aureoles Conejo
Donaldo Ortiz Colín |  | 2000–2001
2001–2003 | 58th Congress |
| 2003 | Pascual Sigala Páez |  | 2003–2006 | 59th Congress |
| 2006 | Mario Vallejo Estévez |  | 2006–2009 | 60th Congress |
| 2009 | Dina Herrera Soto |  | 2009–2012 | 61st Congress |
| 2012 | Silvano Aureoles Conejo
Jesús Antonio Mora González |  | 2012–2015
2015 | 62nd Congress |
| 2015 | Juan Antonio Ixtláhuac Orihuela
José Luis Baeza Rojas |  | 2015–2018
2018 | 63rd Congress |
| 2018 | Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez |  | 2018–2021 | 64th Congress |
| 2021 | Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez |  | 2021–2024 | 65th Congress |
| 2024 | Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez |  | 2024–2027 | 66th Congress |

1. "Memoria de la Distritación Nacional 2021–2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral. p. 237. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
2. "How Mexico Elects Its Leaders — The Rules". *Mexico Solidarity Project*. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
3. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral por el que se aprueba la demarcación territorial de las cinco circunscripciones electorales plurinominales federales en que se divide el país". *Diario Oficial de la Federación*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
4. De la Rosa, Yared (20 February 2023). "Nueva distritación electoral le quita diputados a la CDMX y le agrega a Nuevo León". *Forbes México*. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
5. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral por el que se aprueba el proyecto de la demarcación territorial de los trescientos distritos electorales federales uninominales". *Diario Oficial de la Federación*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
6. "Descriptivo de la distritación federal: Michoacán (marzo 2017)" (PDF). *Cartografía*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
7. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Federal Electoral por el que se establece la demarcación territorial de los trescientos distritos electorales federales uninominales en que se divide el país". Diario Oficial de la Federación. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
8. "Distritación 1996–2005 de Michoacán" (PDF). Instituto Federal Electoral. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2024. The link contains comparative maps of the 2005 and 1996 schemes.
9. "La redistritación electoral mexicana, 1996: Memoria". Instituto Federal Electoral. 1997. p. 281. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
10. González Casanova, Pablo (1993). *Las Elecciones en México: evolución y perspectivas* (3 ed.). Siglo XXI. p. 219. ISBN 9789682313219. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
11. "Michoacán". *División del Territorio de la República en 300 Distritos Electorales Uninominales para Elecciones Federales*. Diario Oficial de la Federación. 29 May 1978. p. 30. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
12. "Lista de Diputados al Congreso Constituyente 1916–1917" (PDF). *Constitución de 1917: Multimedia*. Secretaría de Cultura. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
13. "Cayetano Andrade". *Constitución 1917*. Secretaría de Cultura. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
14. "Legislatura 51" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
15. "Legislatura 52" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
16. "Legislatura 53" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
17. "Legislatura 54" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
18. "Legislatura 55" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
19. "Legislatura 56" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
20. "Perfil: Dip. Jaime Castro López, LVII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
21. "Perfil: Dip. Silvano Aureoles Conejo, LVIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
22. "Perfil: Dip. Donaldo Ortiz Colín, LVIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
23. "Perfil: Dip. Pascual Sigala Páez, LIX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
24. "Perfil: Dip. Mario Vallejo Estévez, LX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
25. "Perfil: Dip. María Dina Herrera Soto, LXI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
26. "Perfil: Dip. Silvano Aureoles Conejo, LXII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
27. Estrada, Arturo (8 June 2015). "Silvano Aureoles aventaja en Michoacán; Orihuela buscará anular resultado". *El Financiero*. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
28. "Perfil: Dip. Jesús Antonio Mora González, LXII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
29. "Perfil: Dip. Juan Antonio Ixtláhuac Orihuela, LXIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
30. "Perfil: Dip. José Luis Baeza Rojas, LXIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
31. "Perfil: Dip. Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez, LXIV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
32. "Perfil: Dip. Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez, LXV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
33. "Michoacán Distrito 3. Heroica Zitácuaro". *Cómputos Distritales 2024*. INE. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
34. "Perfil: Dip. Mary Carmen Bernal Martínez, LXVI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 3 September 2024.

19°26′N 100°22′W / 19.433°N 100.367°W / 19.433; -100.367

## InfoBox

| National parties | |
| --- | --- |
| ***Current*** | |
|  | PAN |
|  | PRI |
|  | PT |
|  | PVEM |
|  | MC |
|  | Morena |
| ***Defunct or local only*** | |
|  | PLM |
|  | PNR |
|  | PRM |
|  | PP |
|  | PPS |
|  | PARM |
|  | PFCRN |
|  | Convergencia |
|  | PANAL |
|  | PSD |
|  | PES |
|  | PRD |


title: Material Exchange Format

abstract: Material Exchange Format (MXF) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards. A typical example of its use is for delivering advertisements to TV stations and tapeless archiving of broadcast TV programs. It is also used as part of the Digital Cinema Package for delivering movies to commercial theaters.

text:
# Material Exchange Format

**Material Exchange Format** (**MXF**) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards. A typical example of its use is for delivering advertisements to TV stations and tapeless archiving of broadcast TV programs. It is also used as part of the Digital Cinema Package for delivering movies to commercial theaters.

## Summary

MXF, when used in the form of "Operational Pattern OP1A" or "OPAtom", can be used as a *container*, *wrapper* or *reference file* format which supports a number of different streams of coded "essence", encoded in any of a variety of video and audio compression formats, together with a metadata wrapper which describes the material contained within the MXF file. Other "Operational Patterns" can contain or reference multiple materials, just like a simple timeline of a video editing program.

MXF has full timecode and metadata support and is intended as a platform-agnostic stable standard for future professional video and audio applications.

MXF was developed to carry a subset of the Advanced Authoring Format (AAF) data model, under a policy known as the Zero Divergence Directive (ZDD). This theoretically enables MXF/AAF workflows between non-linear editing (NLE) systems using AAF and cameras, servers, and other devices using MXF.

## Usage

From 2004 onwards, MXF was in the process of evolving from standard to deployment. The breadth of the standard was subject to lead to interoperability problems, as vendors implement different parts of the standard or interpret misleading parts of the standard differently.

MXF is fairly effective at the interchange of D10 (IMX) material, mainly because of the success of the Sony eVTR and Sony's eVTR RDD to SMPTE. Workflows combining the eVTR, Avid NLE systems, and broadcast servers using MXF in coordination with AAF are now possible.

Long-GOP MPEG-2 material interchange between video servers is possible, as broadcasters develop application specifications they expect their vendors to implement.

As of autumn 2005, there were major interoperability problems with MXF in broadcast post-production use. The two data-recording camera systems which produced MXF at that time, Sony's XDCAM and Panasonic's DVCPRO P2, produced mutually incompatible files due to opaque sub-format options obscured behind the MXF file extension. Without advanced tools, it was impossible to distinguish these incompatible formats.

Some of the incompatibilities were addressed and ratified in the 2009 version of the standard.

MXF is used as the audio and video packaging format for Digital Cinema Package (DCP). It is also used in the STANAG specification documents.

The file extension for MXF files is ".mxf". The Macintosh File Type Code registered with Apple for MXF files is "mxf ", including a trailing space.

## Tools

### MXF converters

This list represents some examples of free and open source products that support the MXF standard:

* FFmpeg, an open source project added support for muxing and demuxing of MXF and MXF D-10 in FFmpeg 0.5, released in March 2009.

* Note that up to 2019, FFmpeg implements only the base MXF standard but does not provide vendor specific profiles, e.g. one cannot produce a MXF File that is compatible to Sony XDCAM devices due to missing header metadata entries (for further information see ffmpeg trac ticket 5097)
* GStreamer is an open source Material Exchange Format (MXF) library. Pitivi uses this tool.
* VSDC is a free video editor for open and edit mxf file.
* Ingex is an open-source (GPL) suite of software for the digital capture of audio and video data, developed and heavily used by the BBC. SDI capture is supported, as well as real-time transcoding (with MXF). Portions of the suite also act as a network file server for media files, as well as archiving to LTO-3 data tape.

## The MXF standards

### Base documents

* SMPTE 377M: The MXF File Format Specification (the overall master document)
* SMPTE EG41: MXF Engineering Guide (A guide explaining how to use MXF)
* SMPTE EG42: MXF Descriptive Metadata (A guide explaining how to use descriptive metadata in MXF)

### Operational patterns

* SMPTE 390M: OP-Atom (a very simple and highly constrained layout for simple MXF files)
* SMPTE 378M: OP-1a (the layout options for a minimal simple MXF file)
* SMPTE 391M: OP-1b
* SMPTE 392M: OP-2a
* SMPTE 393M: OP-2b
* SMPTE 407M: OP-3a, OP-3b
* SMPTE 408M: OP-1c, OP-2c, OP-3c

### Generic containers

* SMPTE 379M: Generic Container (the way that essence is stored in MXF files)
* SMPTE 381M: GC-MPEG (how to store MPEG essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 383M: GC-DV (how to store DV essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 385M: GC-CP (how to store SDTI-CP essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 386M: GC-D10 (how to store SMPTE D10 essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 387M: GC-D11 (how to store SMPTE D11 essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 382M: GC-AESBWF (how to store AES/EBU and Broadcast Wave audio essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 384M: GC-UP (how to store Uncompressed Picture essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 388M: GC-AA (how to store A-law coded audio essence data in MXF using the Generic Container)
* SMPTE 389M: Generic Container Reverse Play System Element
* SMPTE 394M: System Item Scheme-1 for Generic Container
* SMPTE 405M: Elements and Individual Data Items for the GC SI Scheme 1

### Metadata, dictionaries and registries

* SMPTE 380M: DMS1 (a standard set of descriptive metadata to use with MXF files)
* SMPTE 436M: MXF Mappings for VBI Lines and Ancillary Data Packets
* SMPTE RP210: SMPTE Metadata Dictionary (the latest version is available here.)
* SMPTE RP224: Registry of SMPTE Universal Labels

## Availability of standards

SMPTE's top standards page has information, for the ordering of CD-ROMs, which would hold formal copy of the SMPTE standards. Judging by SMPTE's index, all of the standards, referenced above, would be contained on those CD-ROMs, as available from SMPTE. IRT Test Center contains up-to-date information on the status of the SMPTE documents.

## InfoBox

Material Exchange Format
| Filename extension | .mxf |
| --- | --- |
| Internet media type | application/mxf |
| Type code | "mxf" |
| Initial release | 22 September 2004 (2004-09-22) |
| Latest release | SMPTE ST 377-1:2019<br>28 January 2020 (2020-01-28) |
| Type of format | Container format |
| Container for | Audiovisual material, rich metadata |
| Open format? | Yes |
| Free format? | Yes |


title: Thesprotia insolita

abstract: Thesprotia insolita, the Costa Rican grass mantis, is a species of mantis found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Thesprotia insolita

***Thesprotia insolita***, the **Costa Rican grass mantis**, is a species of mantis found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Thesprotia insolita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Thespidae |
| Genus: | *Thesprotia* |
| Species: | ***T. insolita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thesprotia insolita***<br>Rehn, 1935 | |
|


title: Third Ear Band (album)

abstract: Third Ear Band was the second album by the Third Ear Band, released in 1970. It consists of four improvised pieces, "Air", "Earth", "Fire", and "Water", and is therefore sometimes known as "Elements".

text:
# Third Ear Band (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Third Ear Band*** was the second album by the Third Ear Band, released in 1970. It consists of four improvised pieces, "Air", "Earth", "Fire", and "Water", and is therefore sometimes known as "Elements".

## Track listing

All compositions by Coff, Minns, Smith and Sweeney.

1. "Air" – 10:30
2. "Earth" – 9:53
3. "Fire" – 9:19
4. "Water" – 7:04

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Third Ear Band | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Third Ear Band | |
| Released | 1970 |
| Genre | Avant-garde music, world music |
| Length | 36:46 |
| Label | Harvest (original release), BGO (reissue) |
| Producer | Andrew King |
| Third Ear Band chronology | |
| *Alchemy*
(1969) ***Third Ear Band***
(1970) *Abelard and Heloise*
(1970) | |


title: Francesca Fenocchio

abstract: Francesca Fenocchio is an Italian paralympic cyclist who won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Francesca Fenocchio

**Francesca Fenocchio** (born 9 December 1978) is an Italian paralympic cyclist who won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## InfoBox

Francesca Fenocchio
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-12-09) 9 December 1978<br>Albaretto Torre, Italy |
| Sport | |
| Country | Italy |
| Sport | Para cycling |
| Medal record       Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Paralympic Games 0 1 0 | |


title: Francesca Fiorellini

abstract: Francesca Fiorellini is an Italian amateur golfer. She has won the R&A's Girls U16 Amateur, the Internationaux de France U21 – Trophée Esmond, the Portuguese International Ladies Amateur Championship, and the Annika Invitational Europe. She represented Europe in the 2021 Junior Solheim Cup.

text:
# Francesca Fiorellini

**Francesca Fiorellini** (born 2005) is an Italian amateur golfer. She has won the R&A's Girls U16 Amateur, the Internationaux de France U21 – Trophée Esmond, the Portuguese International Ladies Amateur Championship, and the Annika Invitational Europe. She represented Europe in the 2021 Junior Solheim Cup.

## Early life

Fiorellini is from Rome and a member of the Olgiata Golf Club.

## Amateur career

Fiorellini has had a successful junior career across Europe. In 2018, she won the English Girls U14 Championship and in 2019, she won the second edition of the British Girls U16 Amateur Golf Championship at Fulford Golf Club, securing a wire-to-wire victory on six-under-par.

Fiorellini joined the National Team and represented Italy at the European Young Masters, the European Girls' Team Championship and the World Junior Girls Championship in Canada. Ranked as one of the best juniors in Europe, she represented the continent in the Junior Vagliano Trophy and in the triumphant 2021 Junior Solheim Cup at Sylvania Country Club in Ohio under captain Annika Sörenstam.

In 2022, Fiorellini won the Annika Invitational Europe at Vasatorp Golf Club, beating home player Nora Sundberg with a par on the fourth playoff hole. She finished in a tie for 36th at the Ladies Italian Open, a Ladies European Tour event.

In 2023, Fiorellini triumphed in the Italian International Ladies Amateur Championship at Circolo Golf Torino, the only participant to score below par, beating defending champion Helen Briem in second by four strokes.

Fiorellini graduates in 2024 and has committed to follow compatriots Emilie Paltrinieri and Alessia Nobilio to enroll at UCLA and play with the UCLA Bruins women's golf team.

## Amateur wins

Source:

## Team appearances

**Amateur**

Source:

## InfoBox

| Francesca Fiorellini | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | 2005 (age 1819)<br>Rome, Italy |
| **Height** | 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) |
| **Sporting nationality** | Italy |
| Career | |
| **College** | UCLA |
| **Status** | Amateur |


title: Francesca Faridany

abstract: Francesca Faridany is a British-American actress. She is best known for her role as Fiona Clarke in the NBC television drama series Manifest (2018–2023).

text:
# Francesca Faridany

**Francesca Faridany** (born July 15, 1969) is a British-American actress. She is best known for her role as Fiona Clarke in the NBC television drama series *Manifest* (2018–2023).

## Early life

Faridany was born in San Francisco, California to British parents and was raised near the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex. She graduated from Drama Centre London in 1992.

## Career

Her acting career began in 1999, when she appeared in *Guiding Light*.

Her television appearances include *FBI*, *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*, *ER*, *Bull* and *Homeland*.

She appeared as the museum director in the critically acclaimed 2018 Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film *Black Panther*.

Faridany appeared as Fiona Clarke in the NBC drama series *Manifest*.

She also works in theater productions. In 2019, she, along with Kate Mulgrew, appeared in the play *The Half-Life of Marie Curie*, which played off-Broadway's Minetta Lane Theatre in the fall.

## Personal life

Faridany married the American writer and director, Stephen Wadsworth, in Garda, Italy in 2002.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Conceiving Ada* | Emmy Coer |  |
| 2017 | *Love After Love* | Karen |  |
| 2018 | *Black Panther* | Museum Director |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *ER* | Carol Shoup-Sanders | Episode: "Twas the Night" |
| 2009 | *Law & Order: Criminal Intent* | Gail | Episode: "Revolution" |
| 2016 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Claire Gilbert | Episode: "Fashionable Crimes" |
| 2018 | *Homeland* | Olivia | Episode: "Clarity" |
| 2018–2019 | *Manifest* | Fiona Clarke | 6 episodes |
| 2018 | *FBI* | Jennifer Hilton | Episode: "The Armorer's Faith" |
| 2019 | *Bull* | Rachel Elliot | Episode: "Into the Mystic" |
|

## InfoBox

| Francesca Faridany | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-07-15) July 15, 1969<br>San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Education | The Drama Centre, London |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Spouse | Stephen Wadsworth (m. 2002) |


title: Theophilus Odagme

abstract: Theophilus M-Iyenebari Odagme is a medical doctor from Rivers State, Nigeria who was the commissioner of the Rivers State Ministry of Health from 2015 to 2017.

text:
# Theophilus Odagme

**Theophilus M-Iyenebari Odagme** (born 3 February 1974) is a medical doctor from Rivers State, Nigeria who was the commissioner of the Rivers State Ministry of Health from 2015 to 2017.

## Early life and education

Odagme was born in Baen community in Khana local government area of Rivers State. He received his primary and secondary education at Army Children School from 1979 to 1985, and Birabi Memorial Grammar School from 1985 to 1991. After obtaining his First School Leaving Certificate and Senior School Certificate, he proceeded to the University of Port Harcourt, where he earned his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in 1999. He served as a house officer at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from 2000 to 2001 before going on the one-year mandatory National Youth Service in 2002. He later procured a diploma in Anaesthesia from the West African College of Surgeons in 2005.

## Career

Odagme had his residency training in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care from 2003 to 2010. He worked briefly in the Department of Anaesthesia, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital from 2011 to 2012.

He thereafter joined the Rivers State Hospital Management Board as a consultant anaesthetist. He was transferred to the Department of Anaesthesia, Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital where he worked as clinical coordinator from 2012 to 2014. He rose to become Head of the Department of Anaesthesia, a position he held until his appointment as Rivers State Commissioner of Health in December 2015.

Governor Wike relieved him of this post in February 2017.

## Fellowships and memberships

* Fellow, West African College of Surgeons
* Member, Nigerian Medical Association
* Member, Medical and Dental Consultants Association
* Member, Nigerian Society of Anaesthetists
* Member, League of Obstetric Anaesthetists of Nigeria
* Member, Nigerian Institute of Management

## InfoBox

| The HonorableTheophilus Odagme | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Rivers State Commissioner of Health | |
| **In office**
18 December 2015  15 February 2017 | |
| Governor | Ezenwo Nyesom Wike |
| Preceded by | Sampson Parker |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Theophilus M-Iyenebari Odagme
(1974-02-03) 3 February 1974
Baen, Khana, Rivers State, Nigeria |
| Alma mater | University of Port Harcourt (MBBS) |
| Profession | Medical doctor |
|  | |


title: Thelosia jorgenseni

abstract: Thelosia jorgenseni is a moth in the family Apatelodidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1927. It is found in Paraguay. The wingspan is about 25 mm. The forewings are cinnamon buff, the base shaded with cinnamon. The hindwings are clay color, but the termen are cinnamon buff.

text:
# Thelosia jorgenseni

***Thelosia jorgenseni*** is a moth in the family Apatelodidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1927. It is found in Paraguay.

The wingspan is about 25 mm. The forewings are cinnamon buff, the base shaded with cinnamon. The hindwings are clay color, but the termen are cinnamon buff.

## InfoBox

| *Thelosia jorgenseni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Apatelodidae |
| Genus: | *Thelosia* |
| Species: | ***T. jorgenseni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thelosia jorgenseni***<br>Schaus, 1927 | |
|


title: Thelosia impedita

abstract: Thelosia impedita is a moth in the Apatelodidae family. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1928. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Thelosia impedita

***Thelosia impedita*** is a moth in the Apatelodidae family. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1928. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Thelosia impedita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Apatelodidae |
| Genus: | *Thelosia* |
| Species: | ***T. impedita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thelosia impedita***<br>Dyar, 1928 | |
|


title: Francis Gehon

abstract: Francis Gehon was an American politician from Iowa.

text:
# Francis Gehon

**Francis Gehon** (1797 – April 2, 1849) was an American politician from Iowa.

## Biography

Born in Tennessee in 1797, Gehon lived in Kentucky and Illinois during his early years. He operated a trading post in Helena, Arkansas before moving to Dodgeville, Wisconsin. He served as a United States Marshal in Wisconsin. He commanded a militia company in Wisconsin (then part of Michigan Territory) during the Black Hawk War. He later settled in Peru, Iowa, where he managed a store.

## Career

A Democrat, Gehon served on the Dubuque County Board of Supervisors. He also served as a United States Marshal for Iowa and served in the Iowa Militia as brigadier general in command of the 2nd Brigade.

In 1839, Gehon was elected the delegate from Iowa Territory to the United States House of Representatives, but never took office. The United States Congress extended the term of William W. Chapman to bring the term of office in line with the rest of the United States House of Representatives. In 1843, Gehon was elected to the Iowa Territorial Council and in 1844, he was elected to the first Iowa Constitutional Convention.

Gehon was offered command of a company of dragoons raised for the Mexican–American War, but declined because of ill health.

He died in Dubuque, Iowa on April 2, 1849 due to "congestion of the brain" (i.e., ischemic stroke).

## InfoBox

| Francis Gehon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Delegate-elect to the
U.S. House of Representatives
from the Iowa Territory's
at-large district | |
| **In office**
*Not seated* | |
| Preceded by | William W. Chapman |
| Succeeded by | Augustus C. Dodge |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1797
Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | April 2, 1849 (aged 5152)
Dubuque, Iowa, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: This Is Us season 4

abstract: The fourth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners. The series was renewed for a fourth, fifth, and sixth season in May 2019, with production for season four beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Jon Huertas, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Lyric Ross, Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne. The fourth season premiered on September 24, 2019 and concluded on March 24, 2020. The season consisted of 18 episodes. This was the first season not to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.

text:
# This Is Us season 4

The fourth season of the American television series *This Is Us* continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners.

The series was renewed for a fourth, fifth, and sixth season in May 2019, with production for season four beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Jon Huertas, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Lyric Ross, Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne.

The fourth season premiered on September 24, 2019 and concluded on March 24, 2020. The season consisted of 18 episodes.

This was the first season not to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.

## Cast and characters

### Main

### Recurring

### Guest

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 55 | 1 | "Strangers" | Ken Olin | Dan Fogelman | September 24, 2019 (2019-09-24) | 4AZC01 | 7.88 |
| After returning from Los Angeles, Rebecca marvels at how important a stranger can become. Jack meets Miguel, a store clerk who lends him a sports coat for meeting Rebecca's parents. Rebecca's father tells Jack that he isn't good enough for Rebecca. Three new characters are introduced. Marine NCO Cassidy Sharp returns home, experiencing alcoholism and PTSD. Her husband kicks her out after she strikes their son. A drunk Nicky vandalizes the VA during Cassidy's support group, and contacts Kevin for bail money.
Teenager Malik is raising a daughter, Janelle. He works in his father's auto garage, but considers illegal activity to better provide for Janelle; his father explains that taking responsibility for Malik lifted him above that lifestyle. At a barbecue, Malik meets new arrival Deja; both are smitten. A young blind musician meets a waitress, Lucy, and writes a song about a stranger becoming beloved. They get engaged and she opens a restaurant. She learns she is pregnant and fears it is too early in her career, but he reassures her and performs the song at an arena concert. He is Kate and Toby's son, Jack Damon; at three months, he is diagnosed with permanent vision loss. | | | | | | | |
| 56 | 2 | "The Pool: Part Two" | Chris Koch | Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger | October 1, 2019 (2019-10-01) | 4AZC02 | 7.44 |
| Jack and Rebecca take the young Big Three to the pool at summer's end. Kevin hurts Randall by mocking him in front of his friends, leading Kevin to question if he is a good person; Jack reassures him that only a good person would care. Two popular girls convince Kate a popular boy will kiss her. When instead Stuart—an unpopular boy who actually likes Kate—arrives, she kisses him.
After avoiding their parents all day, the Big Three sit quietly with them. In the present, Tess gets a new, short haircut and Beth accepts that Tess is growing up. Deja wants to travel to school via a city bus that passes Malik's garage. Randall thinks public transportation is too dangerous, but ultimately grants permission. Randall teaches the girls to play "Worst Case Scenario" and the family runs up the Rocky Steps. A consultant advises Kate on caring for Jack. Kate commits to Jack living a life without limits. Toby secretly exercises at a gym. Kate helps Kevin and Jack bond, and encourages Kevin to take a job in Chicago. He instead visits Nicky and gives him the ficus he has cared for in recovery. | | | | | | | |
| 57 | 3 | "Unhinged" | Anne Fletcher | Vera Herbert | October 8, 2019 (2019-10-08) | 4AZC03 | 7.25 |
| Starting junior high, Randall suffers his first panic attack upon receiving a dress code violation. Kevin forges Rebecca's signature on the slip, and convinces the family to watch Arsenio Hall together to remedy Randall's pop culture deficit. Jack makes a mistake at work; Miguel saves Jack’s job by threatening to quit; Jack pledges to support Miguel whenever needed. In the present, Nicky suffers a setback when his VA therapist is transferred, leading to his vandalism; Nicky may avoid jail time by continuing therapy. Kevin bonds with Cassidy's son Matty in the waiting room. When Kevin takes Nicky to an AA meeting, Cassidy is there; she, Nicky, then Kevin laugh at Kevin's egocentrism. Kate is stunned but ultimately supportive of Toby's fitness.
Her new neighbor Gregory's seemingly unreasonable demand about where Toby parks his car is actually critical for Gregory's post-stroke recovery; Kate joins Gregory for a walk. Randall prioritizes his constituents over socializing with other officials. His experienced assistant advises him to fire Jae-won; instead, Randall fires her, embracing his and Jae-won's outsider status. Malik tells Deja about Janelle; Deja confides this to Tess, then Tess admits her unexpected lack of confidence in being “out” at her new school. | | | | | | | |
| 58 | 4 | "Flip a Coin" | Chris Koch | Julia Brownell | October 15, 2019 (2019-10-15) | 4AZC04 | 6.72 |
| After Randall and Beth's first date, Rebecca and Carol visit campus and discuss widowhood. Carol believes Randall is too "broken" in grief to support Beth. But, recognizing Randall pays meaningful attention to her, Beth kisses him. A flirtatious record store employee named Marc hires eighteen-year-old Kate. Rebecca decides to find a permanent home. Via answering machine, Kevin reveals he has married Sophie.
In the present, the noise of a baby music class frightens and upsets Jack. Kate and Toby bicker but make up and take Jack to the beach to learn new sounds. A stinking possum corpse inside Beth's dance studio building threatens her grand opening.
Carol suggests postponing, but Randall restages the event outside. Carol tells Randall she failed to predict the strong family man he would become. Randall and Beth disapprove of Malik because he has a daughter. *The Manny* is cancelled. While filming the pilot, Kevin considered quitting acting, but saved the show by soothing his baby scene partner. When an AA meeting is rescheduled, Kevin and Nicky spend the day with Cassidy. Kevin gets Cassidy to acknowledge she wants to save her marriage. Nicky declines Kevin's offer of a new trailer, but Kevin buys one and becomes Nicky's neighbor. | | | | | | | |
| 59 | 5 | "Storybook Love" | Milo Ventimiglia | Casey Johnson & David Windsor | October 22, 2019 (2019-10-22) | 4AZC05 | 7.06 |
| Randall, Beth, and Miguel join newlyweds Kevin and Sophie for dinner at Rebecca and Kate's new house. Kate's coworker, Marc, arrives and introduces himself as her boyfriend; her brothers dislike him. Rebecca cooks an inedible dinner and frets over her children's bickering. Miguel suggests that, like a vintner, she wait out the bad years. Rebecca relates the story of her and Jack's similarly disastrous first dinner in their house, then orders pizza and plays the piano as the family takes Polaroids.
In the present, Tess has a panic attack; she and Randall are both upset to have this in common, until Beth shares that William also struggled with anxiety. Cassidy is among local veterans honored at a hockey game. Ryan attends, but ignores the ceremony and leaves early; he tells Kevin that the military "broke" his wife, and to stay away from her. The crowd triggers Nicky, who leaves, but remains sober. Nicky and Kevin share ice cream in a Pearson family ritual. Randall and Kevin send the old piano to Kate as a baby gift. She finds the photos and the sight of Marc gives her pause; she and Rebecca allude to an unspecified issue involving him. | | | | | | | |
| 60 | 6 | "The Club" | Jessica Yu | Kevin Falls | October 29, 2019 (2019-10-29) | 4AZC06 | 6.78 |
| Rebecca's father Dave takes Jack golfing at his country club. Blue-collar Jack feels uncomfortable and drinks heavily. Dave and Jack share competing visions for Rebecca's future. Young Randall idolizes his black teacher, Mr. Lawrence. After Randall expresses interest in Tiger Woods, Jack takes Randall golfing and relates his experience. Randall notes he would not have been allowed at Dave's club. Jack impresses upon Randall the social importance of golf, and Randall plays regularly. Jack invites Lawrence and his wife to dinner, and asks Lawrence to appraise him of Randall's concerns.
In the present, Randall invites Wilkins and two other council members to golf at an exclusive club. Feigning ineptitude, Randall puts Wilkins at ease and builds rapport with the others, gaining consideration for his ideas. Toby experiences impotence. Kate asks if he still finds her attractive; he does, but has anxiety over her reservations towards his weight loss. She expresses wholehearted support, reigniting their passion. Kevin and Cassidy work out together. Kevin has an enjoyable date with a gym employee, but cuts it short to comfort Cassidy, who has fought with Ryan. She kisses him; he reciprocates and they have sex. | | | | | | | |
| 61 | 7 | "The Dinner and the Date" | Ken Olin | Kay Oyegun | November 5, 2019 (2019-11-05) | 4AZC07 | 6.72 |
| Jack, Rebecca, and the young Big Three host Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence for dinner. The interactions between Jack and Lawrence are awkward, but both men are guided by their wives; Rebecca tells Jack that Randall would never choose anyone over him and that Lawrence's mentorship could help Randall, while Lawrence's wife restrains him from overstepping with his enthusiasm for spending time with Randall. Lawrence had planned to gift Randall a copy of Langston Hughes's Weary Blues, but instead gives it to Jack. In the present, Deja accepts Malik's invitation to skip school for a personalized tour of Philadelphia. Deja is scared and confused by her feelings for Malik, and worries about his past.
He tells her that he values long-term relationships and will be honest with her, and they share their first kiss. Deja is grounded: in an attempt to divide the two, Randall and Beth invite Malik's family to dinner. Tess enjoys caring for Janelle. The adults clash, especially Beth and Kelly. Darnell asks Randall to see beyond Malik's mistakes. Deja apologizes for skipping school, but says she had the best day of her life with Malik and that he makes her "feel like herself." Randall and Beth relax Deja's punishment and allow Deja to see Malik with parental supervision. | | | | | | | |
| 62 | 8 | "Sorry" | Rebecca Asher | Elan Mastai | November 12, 2019 (2019-11-12) | 4AZC08 | 7.10 |
| After Jack's death, Rebecca decides to enter the workforce. She is hired after Randall advocates for her with an interviewer. Randall admits that doing his laundry at home is an excuse to spend time with Rebecca.
In the present, the day before Thanksgiving, Randall is troubled by Rebecca's fixation on her phone and a series of "senior moments." When he suggests she see a doctor, she is defensive and they exchange unkind words; Randall indirectly criticizes Rebecca's parenting. Malik tells Beth that Deja wants to see Shauna, and calls out Beth's equivocation; Beth agrees to Deja's request to invite Shauna for Thanksgiving. Toby hopes to feed Jack his first solid food; Kate doesn't tell Toby that Gregory has fed Jack an avocado. Kevin and Cassidy avoid each other, but attend Nicky's hearing together after Nicky seeks Cassidy's help with an erratic but sober Kevin; Nicky expresses gratitude for receiving treatment and having Kevin in his life, and the pretrial diversion is approved. With Kevin's encouragement, Cassidy joins her husband and son at a restaurant and does not deliver her signed divorce papers. Throughout the day, Nicky engages Kevin in honest discussions about Kevin's choices, and Kevin perceives Nicky as Jack. | | | | | | | |
| 63 | 9 | "So Long, Marianne" | Ken Olin | K.J. Steinberg | November 19, 2019 (2019-11-19) | 4AZC09 | 7.30 |
| On Thanksgiving, 1969, Jack and Nicky ditch their bickering parents to spend the day together. Nicky buys a five-pound shrimp tower and analyzes the song "So Long, Marianne". They agree to spend every Thanksgiving this way, but Nicky is drafted a week later. In the present, Shauna is thriving, but Deja is upset that Shauna wasn't like that for her. Beth reminds Deja that she had "perfect" moments with Shauna. Kevin helps Tess gain the confidence to come out on Instagram. Nicky cries when Randall plays *So Long, Marianne* and Randall relates Jack's interpretation--Nicky's own, verbatim. Nicky serves the family five pounds of shrimp, a tradition adult Jack Damon preserves in the future.
Nicky suggests Kevin not return to Bradford with him, but affirms his gratitude. Upset with Randall, Rebecca leaves to see a movie before dinner. She mistakes a stranger for William, and loses track of time and her objectives. Police escort her home. However, this takes place on August 31, 2020, when Kevin has an unseen, pregnant fiancée, and Kevin and Randall are estranged. In 2019, Rebecca returns and admits to Randall she forgot what movie she was about to see. She agrees to see a doctor. | | | | | | | |
| 64 | 10 | "Light and Shadows" | Yasu Tanida | Eboni Freeman | January 14, 2020 (2020-01-14) | 4AZC10 | 6.71 |
| Reacting to Dave's disapproval, Jack breaks up with Rebecca, saying he can't provide for her. Accepting that Rebecca loves Jack, Janet explains Dave's interference; Janet tells Rebecca that if she chooses Jack, she must make sure their love story is great. Rebecca goes to Jack's auto shop and tells him she loves him, which he reciprocates.
In the present, Kate throws a birthday party for Toby and learns he secretly changed gyms after a female workout buddy tried to kiss him. Toby admits he is withdrawing from the family, not because his feelings for Kate have changed, but because Jack's blindness makes him sad. Realizing that Jack is reacting to light and shadow, Toby begins to bond with Jack. After unsuccessful matchmaking attempts, Kevin spends a romantic day with a woman, Lizzy, but they part after she admits she is married and he is her celebrity "hall pass." Filming reshoots, Kevin misses a call from Sophie. Miguel bristles at Randall's involvement in Rebecca's medical appointment. After Rebecca is diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, Miguel admits to Randall that he has been in denial about Rebecca's mental state. Returning home to his family, Randall finds a man trespassing inside his home. | | | | | | | |
| 65 | 11 | "A Hell of a Week: Part One" | Kevin Hooks | Jon Dorsey | January 21, 2020 (2020-01-21) | 4AZC11 | 6.59 |
| As toddlers, the Big Three sleep in beds for the first time and Randall is scared of monsters; Jack sleeps beside him and asks him to be his typical stable self. Randall goes to sleep, only for Kevin to get up and complain to Jack that he can't sleep. In college, Randall has high-stress nightmares that frighten him. Beth comforts him and suggests he attend a grief group; Randall agrees to go before Rebecca's birthday dinner, but cancels when Kevin informs him of an emergency involving Kate. In the present, Randall offers the intruder money; he takes it and flees.
Randall and Beth later realize the man had already been in their bedroom while Beth slept. The nightmares return and Randall obsesses over his new home security system, but he still manages to defend his support for Wilkins' housing bill at a town hall. Darnell suggests Randall see a therapist, but he declines. Randall saves a woman from a man assaulting her and is hailed as a hero, but he has a breakdown, calling Kevin in tears to admit he needs help. Kevin, with a woman in bed next to him after attending Sophie's mother's funeral, promises to support Randall. | | | | | | | |
| 66 | 12 | "A Hell of a Week: Part Two" | Kevin Hooks | Danielle Bauman | January 28, 2020 (2020-01-28) | 4AZC12 | 6.42 |
| Toddler Kevin misses a mobile Rebecca donated to Goodwill. Jack tells Kevin that, after losing something he loves, he can find something else to love. As a teenager, Kevin is close with Sophie's loving, supportive, somewhat manic mother Claire. The night of the house fire, a projector malfunction prevents Kevin and Sophie from seeing the end of *Good Will Hunting*. Leaving it unwatched, they entertain each other with invented endings. After they marry, Kevin asks Claire for her mother's ring, but Claire tells him they have not yet earned it. Rebecca cancels her birthday dinner to help Kate, who calls from the cabin after leaving with Marc.
In the present, Kevin attends Claire's funeral; she died of multiple sclerosis. Kevin supports Sophie, sharing the loss of a parent; her fiancé Grant has two living parents. Kevin reassures Sophie that memories of Claire will eventually feel normal. They finally watch how *Good Will Hunting* ends. Back in LA, Kevin finds that Kate and her family are out, and a recently dumped Madison is house-sitting to walk Audio. Kevin praises Madison for fighting for relationships. They sleep together. When Randall calls, Kevin suggests they and Kate visit the cabin. Kate reports that her marriage is "imploding". | | | | | | | |
| 67 | 13 | "A Hell of a Week: Part Three" | Justin Hartley | Laura Kenar | February 11, 2020 (2020-02-11) | 4AZC13 | 6.40 |
| Toddler Kate wants a "Mommy story." With Rebecca asleep, Jack suggests Kate tell the story, in which she searches for her mother. Teenage Kate struggles to accommodate Marc's moodiness. Rebecca asks to get to know Marc better, which Kate perceives as disapproval of the relationship. Kate decides to skip Rebecca's birthday dinner to write music with Marc at the cabin. Marc quits the record store and expects Kate to quit in solidarity; when she declines, he drives recklessly and kicks Kate out of the car amid insults.
Kate calls Rebecca, but says everything is fine after Marc approaches with an apology. Rebecca, convinced there is a problem, heads for the cabin with her sons. In the present, Kate has arranged to attend a retreat for blind children and their families. Toby is reluctant to participate, so Rebecca joins Kate and Jack instead. Kate tells Rebecca about Toby's misgivings, and Rebecca confides her diagnosis. They sing karaoke together and embrace the fact they are becoming friends. On Rebecca's advice, Kate demands to know if Toby can be the father their family needs. After Kate is invited to the cabin, Toby offers to care for Jack. | | | | | | | |
| 68 | 14 | "The Cabin" | Catherine Hardwicke | Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger | February 18, 2020 (2020-02-18) | 4AZC14 | 6.46 |
| Jack asks the young Big Three to participate in burying a time capsule at the cabin. Randall panics over what to contribute, and Kevin gives him one piece of a family photo jigsaw puzzle to include. Jack sketches a larger house he wants to build on the property. Marc locks teenage Kate out of the cabin in a snowstorm after verbally and emotionally abusing her. Kept away until the next morning by the storm, Rebecca arrives with Kevin and Randall; they quickly find out that Kate broke back into the cabin through a window. Rebecca banishes Marc from the cabin and from Kate's life.
In the present, the siblings meet at the cabin. Tensions rise when Kate learns Kevin and Madison slept together, and Kevin learns of Rebecca's diagnosis. They dig up the time capsule. Rebecca included Jack's sketch, which she retrieved after Jack discarded it, while Jack included an audio cassette expressing his love for the family. Kevin advises Randall to consider Beth's suggestion that he see a therapist. In LA, Toby saves Jack from choking and begins sharing the sound design and dialogue of *Star Wars* with him. Older Kevin's house actualizes Jack's sketch, built overlooking the cabin. | | | | | | | |
| 69 | 15 | "Clouds" | Sarah Boyd | Kevin Falls & Jonny Gomez | February 25, 2020 (2020-02-25) | 4AZC15 | 6.98 |
| Young Randall obsesses over an A-minus until Jack takes him running. Jack consoles Kate over Stuart ending their relationship, advising that one's first boyfriend is unimportant. Kevin receives two A's in nonacademic electives, nevertheless earning a promised $10 reward from Rebecca. He buys baseball cards, hoping for a '91 John Candelaria, finding one after Rebecca indulges his ritual. In the present, Kevin and Rebecca openly discuss her diagnosis.
They spend the day together, sneaking onto the grounds of Joni Mitchell's old house after Rebecca recounts being unable to find the site with Jack years earlier. Rebecca wants to continue their fun day rather than learn her MRI results, but Kevin promises that they have tomorrow. The results suggest Alzheimer's. Kevin buys a Candelaria card for $2. Kate resists Toby's gesture of converting the garage into a music studio, until Madison advises she accept Toby's feelings. Toby reveals the studio is intended for Jack, too; Jack grows up creating music in the space. Randall attends therapy but leaves abruptly. Beth tells him that right now he isn't strong enough for her to rely on, but she needs him to be. He returns to the therapist and apologizes. | | | | | | | |
| 70 | 16 | "New York, New York, New York" | Ken Olin | Julia Brownell | March 10, 2020 (2020-03-10) | 4AZC16 | 5.62 |
| Jack and Rebecca take the young Big Three to New York City, where Rebecca has fond childhood memories. Jack gets them lost and feels unable to match Dave's leadership, but Rebecca reassures him. After Rebecca fails to reach the Metropolitan Museum of Art before it closes, Jack takes the family for a hansom cab ride. After Kate and Marc's breakup, Rebecca attends Kevin's acting showcase in the city. Kevin introduces Rebecca to his teacher, Kirby; Rebecca allows Kirby to escort her to the Met, but instead returns alone to her hotel after Kirby ridicules hansom cabs.
In the present, Rebecca walks the red carpet at Kevin's movie premiere. Kevin and Randall argue after Randall presents Rebecca with information about a clinical trial in St. Louis, despite agreeing to Kevin's request that he wait until the next day. They find Rebecca at the Met, examining a painting that, to her fascination in childhood, captivated a woman patron for hours. Rebecca decides not to enter the trial, instead wishing to fill her remaining time with new experiences. Randall blames Kevin for ruining Rebecca's chance at treatment, and admits he has always wondered if he could have saved Jack from the fire. | | | | | | | |
| 71 | 17 | "After the Fire" | Roxann Dawson | Vera Herbert & Kay Oyegun | March 17, 2020 (2020-03-17) | 4AZC17 | 7.07 |
| In therapy, Randall imagines saving Jack from the fire by demanding he not go back inside for Louie. This brush with mortality leads Rebecca to confess to Jack about knowing William, who becomes part of their lives; Randall attends Carnegie Mellon to stay closer to him, meeting and marrying Beth. With familial support, William's cancer and Rebecca's dementia are caught early. Dr. Leigh challenges Randall's suggestion that he could solve everyone's problems while somehow having the same wife and children, and instructs him to imagine a worst-case scenario. William rejects contact with Randall, who leaves for Howard early and later becomes a professor there.
He indifferently disposes of William's belongings after his death. He is estranged from his parents and siblings and casually dates a series of women, only reconciling with Rebecca upon learning of her illness. Dr. Leigh notes that Rebecca's confession leads off both scenarios, and suggests he has not truly processed her deception. Randall calls Rebecca and, citing his life as a "good son" who has already lost three parents, implores her to enter the clinical trial; she agrees. | | | | | | | |
| 72 | 18 | "Strangers: Part Two" | Ken Olin | Dan Fogelman | March 24, 2020 (2020-03-24) | 4AZC18 | 7.96 |
| On the Big Three's first birthday, Rebecca grieves Kyle. She and Jack visit Dr. K., who describes the coexistence of joy and sorrow. In the present, the Pearsons gather to celebrate Jack's first birthday. Rebecca announces her new decision to do the clinical trial. Kevin deduces Randall's involvement. New character Eli has trouble taming a horse at his ranch, but his young daughter Sadie easily does so. Eli then goes to work; he is an OB/GYN treating Madison. She hasn't told the father, but Eli echoes Sadie's words and advises her to tell him. Madison arrives at Kate's house as Kevin and Randall exchange deeply hurtful insults. Madison tells Kevin she is pregnant with twins, and he commits to fatherhood. Toby and Kate visit the NICU where Jack was born, and decide to adopt a sibling for Jack. New character Hailey works in an art gallery. She turns down her friend and coworker Zach for a date. An electronic notification sends her rushing to the hospital. In the future, older Kevin hugs his son and daughter, and is companionable with Randall. Years later, Jack and Lucy welcome their daughter Hope. Hailey arrives to celebrate; she is Jack's sister. | | | | | | | |

## Production

### Development

On May 12, 2019, NBC renewed the series for a fourth, fifth and sixth season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 54 additional episodes. Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serve as the season's showrunners.

### Filming

Production on the season officially began on July 9, 2019, in Los Angeles.

## Reception

### Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of *This Is Us season 4*
| No. | Title | Air date | Rating/share
(18–49) | Viewers
(millions) | DVR
(18–49) | DVR viewers
(millions) | Total
(18–49) | Total viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Strangers" | September 24, 2019 | 1.8/9 | 7.88 | 1.5 | 5.13 | 3.3 | 13.03 |
| 2 | "The Pool: Part Two" | October 1, 2019 | 1.7/8 | 7.44 | 1.4 | 4.58 | 3.1 | 12.03 |
| 3 | "Unhinged" | October 8, 2019 | 1.6/8 | 7.25 | 1.5 | 4.67 | 3.1 | 11.94 |
| 4 | "Flip a Coin" | October 15, 2019 | 1.5/7 | 6.72 | 1.6 | 4.76 | 3.1 | 11.48 |
| 5 | "Storybook Love" | October 22, 2019 | 1.6/7 | 7.06 | 1.5 | 4.73 | 3.1 | 11.79 |
| 6 | "The Club" | October 29, 2019 | 1.4/6 | 6.78 | 1.4 | 4.49 | 2.8 | 11.27 |
| 7 | "The Dinner and the Date" | November 5, 2019 | 1.3/6 | 6.72 | 1.5 | 4.70 | 2.8 | 11.42 |
| 8 | "Sorry" | November 12, 2019 | 1.4/6 | 7.10 | 1.5 | 4.66 | 2.9 | 11.76 |
| 9 | "So Long, Marianne" | November 19, 2019 | 1.5/7 | 7.30 | 1.4 | 4.58 | 2.9 | 11.88 |
| 10 | "Light and Shadows" | January 14, 2020 | 1.5/7 | 6.71 | 1.4 | 4.68 | 2.9 | 11.40 |
| 11 | "A Hell of a Week: Part One" | January 21, 2020 | 1.4/7 | 6.59 | 1.4 | 4.63 | 2.8 | 11.24 |
| 12 | "A Hell of a Week: Part Two" | January 28, 2020 | 1.4/7 | 6.42 | 1.2 | 4.29 | 2.6 | 10.73 |
| 13 | "A Hell of a Week: Part Three" | February 11, 2020 | 1.4 | 6.40 | 1.3 | 4.41 | 2.7 | 10.81 |
| 14 | "The Cabin" | February 18, 2020 | 1.3 | 6.46 | 1.4 | 4.54 | 2.7 | 11.00 |
| 15 | "Clouds" | February 25, 2020 | 1.4 | 6.98 | 1.3 | 4.52 | 2.7 | 11.51 |
| 16 | "New York, New York, New York" | March 10, 2020 | 1.1 | 5.62 | 1.4 | 4.76 | 2.5 | 10.38 |
| 17 | "After the Fire" | March 17, 2020 | 1.4 | 7.07 | 1.3 | 4.67 | 2.7 | 11.74 |
| 18 | "Strangers: Part Two" | March 24, 2020 | 1.7 | 7.96 | 1.2 | 4.23 | 2.9 | 12.19 |

**General references**

## InfoBox

| *This Is Us* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 4 | |
| Promotional poster | |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 18 |
| Release | |
| Original network | NBC |
| Original release | September 24, 2019 (2019-09-24)
March 24, 2020 (2020-03-24) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: They're Red Hot

abstract:
"They're Red Hot" is a song written and performed by Delta blues musician Robert Johnson. The song was recorded on November 27, 1936, in an improvised studio in Gunter Hotel, San Antonio, Texas. Vocalion Records issued it on a 78 rpm record, with "Come On in My Kitchen" as the second side, in 1937. Music historian Ted Gioia describes "They're Red Hot" as:
[one] of his best dance numbers ... evoking the pitches of street vendors, [a] look backward to the world of medicine shows and itinerant merchants ... This is the most lighthearted interlude in all of Johnson's oeuvre, opening up a different perspective on this supposedly devil-haunted soul.

text:
# They're Red Hot

"**They're Red Hot**" is a song written and performed by Delta blues musician Robert Johnson. The song was recorded on November 27, 1936, in an improvised studio in Gunter Hotel, San Antonio, Texas. Vocalion Records issued it on a 78 rpm record, with "Come On in My Kitchen" as the second side, in 1937.

Music historian Ted Gioia describes "They're Red Hot" as:

> \[one\] of his best dance numbers ... evoking the pitches of street vendors, \[a\] look backward to the world of medicine shows and itinerant merchants ... This is the most lighthearted interlude in all of Johnson's oeuvre, opening up a different perspective on this supposedly devil-haunted soul.

## Red Hot Chili Peppers version

Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded the song for their 1991 album *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*. A reviewer in *Far Out* describes it as a "joke song":

> It’s the same kind of offbeat and lascivious goofiness that made the Chili Peppers the Chili Peppers, and the fact that the band’s name is partially in the song title certainly helps solidify the connection. \[It is\] silly, simple, and a wonderfully wacky to end *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*.

## InfoBox

| "They're Red Hot" | |
| --- | --- |
| Original 78 record label | |
| Single by Robert Johnson | |
| Released | July 1937 (1937-07) |
| Recorded | November 27, 1936 |
| Studio | Gunter Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. |
| Genre | Blues, hokum |
| Length | 2:58 |
| Label | Vocalion |
| Songwriter(s) | Robert Johnson |
| Producer(s) | Don Law |


title: Francesco Nasini

abstract: Francesco Nasini was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in towns outside of Siena, Italy. Francesco was the progenitor of a pedigree of painters. He had a brother, Antonio Annibale Nasini. Most famous of all the family was his son Giuseppe Nicola Nasini (1664-1736), who traveled to Rome and had widespread patronage. Francesco was also the father of Antonio Nasini (1631-1716), who like his father, was mainly active near Siena. Finally, Apollonio Nasini, son of Giuseppe, was also a painter of some distinction. Francesco was very prolific in the province of Siena. In an inventory of works of art in Siena, many works are listed by specific members of the family, or attributed to the family. For example, in the right chapel of the church of the Madonna del Rimedii, were frescoes, in poor condition, of Saints Cecilia, Agnese, Margherita, Barbara, Rocco, and Agustine (1700). In a chapel on the left, were frescoes of Saints Agatha, Lucia, Appollonia, Orsola, Anthony of Padua, and Gaetano (Cajetan). The ceiling had a Glory of St Anthony painted in 1694. In the suppressed church of St Mark linked to a suppressed monastery were frescoes of Saints John the Baptist and St Bernard Abbot, Saints Michael and Raphael Archangel, plus other frescoes in the chapels including an Annunciacion, Visitation, and frescoes of the Evangelists and the holy father, and Saints. In San Francesco presso Asciano, there was an altarpiece of the Crucifixion completed in 1664. Francesco also painted frescoes of the Last Supper in the refectory of the convent of the Carmine. He also painted an altarpiece for the church of San Pietro alla Magione

text:
# Francesco Nasini

**Francesco Nasini** (Piancastagnaio, either 1611 or 1621– Castel del Piano, 1695) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in towns outside of Siena, Italy.

Francesco was the progenitor of a pedigree of painters. He had a brother, Antonio Annibale Nasini. Most famous of all the family was his son Giuseppe Nicola Nasini (1664-1736), who traveled to Rome and had widespread patronage. Francesco was also the father of Antonio Nasini (1631-1716), who like his father, was mainly active near Siena. Finally, Apollonio Nasini, son of Giuseppe, was also a painter of some distinction.

Francesco was very prolific in the province of Siena. In an inventory of works of art in Siena, many works are listed by specific members of the family, or attributed to the family. For example, in the right chapel of the church of the Madonna del Rimedii, were frescoes, in poor condition, of Saints Cecilia, Agnese, Margherita, Barbara, Rocco, and Agustine (1700). In a chapel on the left, were frescoes of Saints Agatha, Lucia, Appollonia, Orsola, Anthony of Padua, and Gaetano (Cajetan). The ceiling had a *Glory of St Anthony* painted in 1694. In the suppressed church of St Mark linked to a suppressed monastery were frescoes of Saints John the Baptist and St Bernard Abbot, Saints Michael and Raphael Archangel, plus other frescoes in the chapels including an *Annunciacion*, *Visitation*, and frescoes of the Evangelists and the holy father, and Saints. In San Francesco presso Asciano, there was an altarpiece of the *Crucifixion* completed in 1664. Francesco also painted frescoes of the *Last Supper* in the refectory of the convent of the Carmine. He also painted an altarpiece for the church of San Pietro alla Magione

## Works

Grosseto: Frescoes in chapel of Church of San Antonio di San Francesco.

Grotte di Castro: Altarpiece of *Madonna of Rosary and mysteries*, Basilica of San Giovanni Battista.

Arcidosso: Frescoes of Saints and Martyrs, Church of the Misericordia.

Castelnuovo Berardenga: Holy Family, Church of Santi Giusto e Clemente.

Roccalbegna: Chiesa dei Santi Pietro e Paolo and Collection of the Oratorio del SS. Crocifisso.

* + Madonna del Carmine with Saints Cristopher and Jacob
    + Crucifixion, *Ecce Homo*, and Christ Risen.
    + Madonna with child.
    + St Nicolas of Bari, St Anthony of Padua, and the child Jesus

Castel del Piano:

* Madonna of the Carmine y Ginanneschi, Church of Madonna delle Grazie.
* Discovery of the True Cross, Church of SS. Sacramento.
* Marriage of the Virgin (1664), Church of San Giuseppe.

Abbadia San Salvatore:

* Martyrdom of St Bartholomew.
* Life of the Virgin (1653-1659).
* Legend of King Ratchis (1652-1653).
* Nativity.
* Frescoes in rectory with brother Antonio Annibale Nasini.

* Translated, in part, from French Wikipedia entry
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Colomba, Luca Antonio". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Thiara

abstract: Thiara is a genus of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Thiarinae of the family Thiaridae.

text:
# Thiara

***Thiara*** is a genus of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Thiarinae of the family Thiaridae.

## Species

Species with accepted names within the genus *Thiara* include:

Synonyms * *Thiara amaruloidea* Iredale, 1943: synonym of *Thiara amarula* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Thiara balonnensis* T. A. Conrad, 1850 and *Thiara lirata* C. T. Menke, 1843 are synonyms of *Plotiopsis balonnensis* (Conrad, 1850)
* *Thiara baldwini* C. F. Ancey, 1899 - Hawaiian Islands: synonym of *Melanoides tuberculata* (O. F. Müller, 1774) (junior synonym)
* *Thiara fiscina* Yokoyama, 1932: synonym of † *Semisulcospira fiscina* (Yokoyama, 1932) (new combination)
* *Thiara granifera* (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of *Tarebia granifera* (Lamarck, 1816)
* *Thiara lineata* Gray, 1828 \- India: synonym of *Tarebia granifera* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Thiara punctata* (J. B. Lamarck, 1822) \- India: synonym of *Stenomelania punctata* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Thiara riquetii* (Grateloup, 1840): synonym of *Sermyla riquetii* (Grateloup, 1840)
* *Thiara rodericensis* (E. A. Smith, 1876): synonym of *Melanoides tuberculata* (O. F. Müller, 1774)
* *Thiara scabra* (O. F. Müller, 1774) \- Indo-Pacific: synonym of *Mieniplotia scabra* (O. F. Müller, 1774)
    + *Thiara scabra lyriformis* I. Lea, 1850 \- Japan
    + *Thiara scabra pagoda* I. Lea, 1850 \- Japan
    + *Thiara scabra subplicatula* Smith, 1878 \- Japan
* *Thiara speciosa* A. Adams, 1854: synonym of *Thiara amarula* (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Thiara torulosa* (Bruguière, 1789) \- India: synonym of *Stenomelania torulosa* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Thiara tuberculata* (O. F. Müller, 1774): synonym of *Melanoides tuberculata* (O. F. Müller, 1774)
* *Thiara vouamica* Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of *Thiara amarula* (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym)

## InfoBox

| *Thiara* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Thiara cancellata* shell | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Cerithioidea |
| Family: | Thiaridae |
| Genus: | *Thiara*
Röding, 1798 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Helix amarula* Linnaeus, 1758
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amarula* (Linnaeus, 1758) * *Cerithomelania* J. Moore, 1899 (objective synonym of Thiara) * *Doryssa (Melania)* Lamarck, 1799 * *Melacantha* Swainson, 1840 (objective synonym of Thiara) * *Melanea* Lamarck, 1799 (incorrect subsequent spelling; junior objective synonym, with the same type species) * *Melania* Lamarck, 1799 * *Melania (Tiaropsis)* Brot, 1871 (invalid: junior homonym of *Tiaropsis* L. Agassiz, 1850 \[Cnidaria\]) * *Thiara* Bolten, 1798 | |


title: Francisco Fabián y Fuero

abstract: Francisco Fabián y Fuero was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

text:
# Francisco Fabián y Fuero

**Francisco Fabián y Fuero** (7 August 1719, in Terzaga, Aragon – 3 August 1801, in Torrehermosa) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

## Biography

He studied in Calatayud and Alcalá, and was at different times rector of the colleges of San Antonio de Siguenza and Santa Cruz, in Valladolid. He was appointed bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in 1764, and was present at the fourth Mexican provincial synod in 1771. He resigned his bishopric in 1773. On his return to Spain, he was promoted archbishop of Valencia, and retired in 1795 to the place of his birth.

At Puebla he introduced many improvements; founded in the seminary of that city several chairs of learning, organized an academy of literature, and founded a library, which he enriched with select works and a printing press. He reorganized the discipline of the convents, and established a college to educate Indian youths. Fuero left many interesting manuscripts, and published a volume on scientific subjects (1772).

* Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Valencia". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)*self-published*
* Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Valencia". *GCatholic.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)*self-published*
* Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Fuero, Francisco Fabian". *Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography*. New York: D. Appleton.


title: Francisco Fajardo Highway

abstract: The Francisco Fajardo Highway is the most important freeway of Caracas, connecting the west and east sides of the city. The national freeways and many of the avenues of Caracas are not designated with a system of codification or numbering; instead they are designated with the names of historical personages. This highway is named for the conquistador Francisco Fajardo. Also in Caracas, the connections between freeways are also given peculiar names - the octopus, the spider and the centipede are examples.

text:
# Francisco Fajardo Highway

The **Francisco Fajardo Highway** is the most important freeway of Caracas, connecting the west and east sides of the city. The national freeways and many of the avenues of Caracas are not designated with a system of codification or numbering; instead they are designated with the names of historical personages. This highway is named for the conquistador Francisco Fajardo. Also in Caracas, the connections between freeways are also given peculiar names - *the octopus, the spider* and *the centipede* are examples.

## Overview

The freeway's respective branches go from Petare and connect with the Grand Marshal Ayacucho Highway (Petare-Guarenas section), and to the southwest of Caracas through the *La Paz* neighborhood finishing in *Las Adjuntas* and *Macarao*. there is also a subbranch to Caricuao. The main branches are the East Highway that starts from the Centipede connection (in the Chacao Municipality) and finishes in the *La Trinidad* section of Caracas. At La Trinidad, El Hatillo avenue begins; it ends in the La Lagunita neighborhood. the second branch goes towards the south of the city and is named Valle-Coche Highway. It terminates with a connection to the *Regional del Centro* Highway. Another branch goes from Catia to the beginning of the Caracas-La Guaira Highway.

## Tunel El Paraiso

Tunel El Paraiso is a 690 metres (2,260 ft) vehicular tunnel along the **Francisco Fajardo Highway** . It was built from 1967 to 1968 and has two lanes for both directions of travel.


title: Francis Wyatt

abstract: Sir Francis Wyatt (1588–1644) was an English nobleman, knight, politician, and government official. He was the first English royal governor of Virginia. He sailed for America on 1 August 1621 on board the George. He became governor shortly after his arrival in October, taking with him the first written constitution for an English colony. Also sailing with him on this voyage was his second cousin Henry Fleete Sr., who helped found colonies in both Virginia and Maryland. In 1622 he rallied the defence of Jamestown which was attacked by Native Americans, during which the lives of some 400 settlers were lost and he then oversaw the contraction of the colony from scattered outposts into a defensive core.

text:
# Francis Wyatt

**Sir Francis Wyatt** (1588–1644) was an English nobleman, knight, politician, and government official. He was the first English royal governor of Virginia. He sailed for America on 1 August 1621 on board the *George*. He became governor shortly after his arrival in October, taking with him the first written constitution for an English colony. Also sailing with him on this voyage was his second cousin Henry Fleete Sr., who helped found colonies in both Virginia and Maryland. In 1622 he rallied the defence of Jamestown which was attacked by Native Americans, during which the lives of some 400 settlers were lost and he then oversaw the contraction of the colony from scattered outposts into a defensive core.

## Life

Francis was the son of George Wyatt and his wife Jane Finch. He was born at Boxley Manor in Kent, and attended St Mary Hall, Oxford, (from 1 July 1603) and Gray's Inn (1604). He was knighted on 7 July 1618 at Windsor.

Wyatt was governor of Virginia from November 1621. Virginia became a royal colony in 1624, but Sir Francis, at the request of the crown, remained on as governor until 18 September 1625, when Sir George Yeardley, whom he had succeeded, resumed the office. In 1624, Wyatt resided in Jamestown with his wife, his brother Haute, and seventeen servants. In 1625, he received a black servant girl after a court settlement from her previous employer.

After leaving office, he left Virginia for Ireland and England to settle his father's estate. He was appointed governor again in 1639, sailing from England to take up his post. He served from November 1639 until February 1641 and was then succeeded by Sir William Berkeley. He arranged the purchase of the home of the previous governor to use as the first designated "state house" of the colony, the government previously having met in the church.

Wyatt returned to England after his second term as governor and died in Boxley. He was buried there on 24 August 1644.

Sir Francis Wyatt organized the General Assembly which had been called in 1619. This was the first legislative body in America. Sir Francis caused its privileges to be embodied in a written constitution, the first of its kind in the New World.

## Family

Francis Wyatt's grandfather was Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger, who had led the Kent faction of Wyatt's rebellion to the Spanish marriage of Queen Mary in support of Lady Elizabeth, and was executed for treason as a result. His great-grandfather Thomas Wyatt the elder, the poet, was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London for an alleged relationship with Anne Boleyn.

Sir Francis's wife, Lady Margaret, was the daughter of Sir Samuel Sandys and the niece of George Sandys, the treasurer of Jamestown. Francis and Margaret's children included Henry (whose daughter Frances briefly held Boxley); Francis (who was at King's College, Cambridge, in 1639); Edwin (an MP who successfully sued his niece to regain Boxley, but whose son died without issue); and Elizabeth (grandmother of Robert Marsham, 1st Baron Romney (1685–1724), who eventually inherited Boxley). Boxley remained with the barons and earls of Romney for more than two hundred years.

His younger brother, the Reverend Hawte Wyatt (1594–1638), who was the rector of Maidstone, Kent, travelled to Virginia with Francis in 1621 and returned with him to England in 1624 after their father died. Rev. Wyatt's many descendants in America include the late Duchess of Windsor, wife of Edward VIII, later the Duke of Windsor.

## InfoBox

| SirFrancis Wyatt | |
| --- | --- |
| 1624 manuscript by Wyatt | |
|  | |
| Governor of Virginia | |
| **In office**
November 1621  18 September 1625 | |
| Appointed by | James I |
| Preceded by | Sir George Yeardley |
| Succeeded by | Sir George Yeardley |
| **In office**
November 1639  February 1641 | |
| Appointed by | Charles I |
| Preceded by | John Harvey |
| Succeeded by | William Berkeley |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1588 |
| Died | 1644 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Planter |
|  | |