title: Kogali-Samatu Kodihalli

abstract: Kogali-Samatu Kodihalli is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Kogali-Samatu Kodihalli

**Kogali-Samatu Kodihalli**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

## InfoBox

| Kogali-Samatu Kodihalli | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Vijayanagara |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |
| Vehicle registration | KA |
| Nearest city | Bellary |
| Website | karnataka.gov.in |


title: VTV3

abstract: VTV3 is a state-owned Vietnamese television channel owned by the Vietnam Television, launched officially on 31 March 1996. As the country's first ever sports and entertainment dedicated channel, it broadcasts sporting events and entertainment-oriented programs including music, game shows, leisure & lifestyles, nationally produced, as well as American and Asian series.

text:
# VTV3

**VTV3** is a state-owned Vietnamese television channel owned by the Vietnam Television, launched officially on 31 March 1996. As the country's first ever sports and entertainment dedicated channel, it broadcasts sporting events and entertainment-oriented programs including music, game shows, leisure & lifestyles, nationally produced, as well as American and Asian series.

## Broadcast history

* VTV3 first broadcast for testing in June 1994 during the 1994 World Cup, it aired alongside VTV1 and VTV2 on channel 9 VHF in Hanoi from 14:00 to 19:30 as a general *Sports – Entertainment – Cultural* channel.
* From April 1995, the channel broadcast on channel 6 in Hanoi with the content *Sports - Culture – Entertainment – Economic Information*.
* At 10:00 a.m., 31 March 1996, on channel 6 in Hanoi and surrounding areas, VTV3 officially launched as a *Sports – Entertainment – Economic Information* channel. It is also relayed nationwide via satellite in July of the same year. Since the launch of the channel, VTV began to broadcast the Premier League, made this channel becomes the first ever channel to broadcast the tournament in Vietnam, starting from the 1996–97 season.
* From 1 January 1997, VTV3 separated its frequency to channel 22 UHF in Hanoi, 21 UHF in Danang and channel 28 UHF in Ho Chi Minh City with nighttime programs. This also made VTV3 to become the second channel to air live the current affairs news program Thời sự alongside VTV1 at 19:00.
* The channel began to be relayed nationwide via satellite with an independent frequency on 31 March 1998.
* December 31, 1999: Together with VTV1, VTV2, and VTV4, it broadcast a special program to welcome the new century with a record of shortest length at that time in Vietnam to welcome the year 2000.
* Beginning from 31 December 2001, VTV3 increased the broadcasting times following:
    + From 31 December 2001 to 31 August 2006: 05:30 to 24:00
    + From 1 September 2006 to 18 March 2020 and from 1 May 2020 to present: 24 hours per day
* Between 2013 – 2014, the production department of VTV3 was split into two separate departments: the sports-producing crew was split into a separate department alongside the VTV1 sports room (Department for Sports Productions, Vietnamese: *Ban Sản xuất các chương trình Thể thao* or *Ban Thể thao**Sports Department* for short). The remaining VTV3 entertainment team was renamed *Department for Entertainment Productions* (Vietnamese: *Ban Sản xuất các chương trình Giải trí*)
* From 2014, most sports events on VTV3 were transferred to channel VTV2 (from 2007–2013, from 2022–present), then to channel VTV6 (from 2013–2022), then to channel VTV5 (from 2018–present). Currently, a number of sports events taking place during the day are being broadcast on channels VTV2 and VTV5. VTV3 is only live at night time. From September 21, 2015, most of the sports programs (including the live broadcast of sports tournaments) on VTV3 were transferred to channel VTV6, leaving only events taking place at night. morning sports bulletin Sports beats. In 2020, *Nhịp đập 360 độ thể thao* (*Sports 360° – The Beat*) – the morning sports bulletin – was transferred to VTV6 and then after VTV5, leaving the VTV3 channel to broadcast entertainment-oriented programs, and transmitting sports programs during special occasions only. The bulletin was later relaunched in 2021 as *Nhịp đập thể thao* (*Sports Beat*), and beginning to broadcast on both VTV3 and VTV6 from 12 April 2021.
* Between 19 March and 30 April 2020, as a safety precaution due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam, Vietnam Television temporarily suspended the overnight timeslot on VTV3, along with most VTV channels, and limited the broadcast time to 19 hours per day.
* From February 14, 2022, until now, most sports programs have officially returned to VTV3 in the morning and afternoon time frames, thereby bringing sports content back on VTV3 after about 7 years of stopping broadcasting.
* From October 10, 2022, the bulletin *Nhịp đập thể thao* (*Sports Beat*) is only broadcast at 6 a.m. daily and the sports bulletin is updated at 5 p.m. daily on VTV3.

## VTV3 HD

VTV3 became the first national commercial television channel in Vietnam to have a HD simulcast. **VTV3 HD** was soft-launched from 31 March 2013 to mark VTV3's 17th anniversary and was officially launched on 1 June 2013. Most programs broadcasting by VTV3 since 2013 are in HDTV with a 16:9 picture format.

On November 1, 2022, VTV3 officially merged SD and HD streams into a single channel stream.

## Program

Since the first broadcast, VTV3 has paved the way for entertainment programs, licensed feature films, sports programs, etc. to be broadcast on this channel. However, due to the lack of programs in the early period, "exploiting programs" from Southern region were exploited by VTV3's editorial team and purchased the transmission rights. Gameshows such as Trò chơi liên tỉnh (Vietnamese version of *Intervilles)*, *SV96*, *Bảy sắc cầu vồng* (*7 Colors of the Rainbow*), as well as special feature films, sports content... all bring a huge source of advertising on the channel. Since then, advertising has gradually become the main source of revenue for VTV, leading to the establishment of the Television Advertising and Services Center (TVAd).

Since the broadcast times increase to 18,5 hours per day, VTV3 has started to upgrade program contents, change some timeslots, especially airing series of new gameshows (especially Saturday morning, from mid-2004). From 2005, entertainment programs were transmitted in the 20:00 timeslot from Monday til Friday; gameshows were followed an hour later since 2006. The foreign TV series slots at 18:00 every day since the end of 2005 began to appear denserly Asian dramas. Some weekend night live music programs are expanded, especially with the appearance of *Bài hát Việt* (*Vietnamese Songs*).

Not only gameshow and reality television, VTV3 also produces, cooperates and implements many great and unique programs of great significance. In addition, the VTV3 department also works and reports at major tournaments (made by the Sports Department), produces the Miss Vietnam contest with Tien Phong Newspaper and young aspiration art program with Thanh Niên Newspaper after National Congress of Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, as well as special socio-political programs, with special contents in collaboration with domestic media agencies...

Since 2008, VTV3 began to change its appearance, focusing on improving the quality of the program, especially with the appearance of many novel game shows, increasing the slots of feature-length films, opened the prime time slot for Vietnamese feature series at 21:00 (currently 21:30). While HTV, went on downward due to licensing and inspection problems, several TV production companies tend to switch to cooperate with VTV, so on VTV3 there have appeared many new reality TV programs that attract millions of viewers with strong investment and preparation such as *Universal Dance*, *Vietnam Idol*, *Perfect Couple*, *Vietnamese Model*, etc., which created a new breeze for the channel, although these programs appear not less scandalous.

In 2012, VTV3 continued to improve the contents and changed the time slots. From this time forward, the contents on VTV3 become more and more diversal, with infotainment programs *Cà phê sáng với VTV3* (*Morning Coffee with VTV3*), *Cà phê sáng cuối tuần* (*Weekend Morning Coffee*); revival editions of programs such as talkshow *Khách của VTV3* (*VTV3's Guests*), university-oriented game show *SV* (*SV 2012*), comedy-oriented *Weekend Gathering*/*Gặp nhau cuối tuần* (*Weekend Relaxation*/*Thư giãn cuối tuần*) as well as reality TV series broadcast on weekends.

Since 2018, while new game, reality shows and scripted programs co-produced by domestic agencies are dominated in primetime slot, the solely produced programs by VTV3 team were moved to daytime and have some signs of setback sufferings.

For sports programs, from the very beginning, VTV3 is the first VTV channel to broadcasting sporting events, such as Premier League, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Super Cup, FIFA World Cup, the Olympic Games, the Asiad, SEA Games, especially the SEA Games 22 with Vietnam as the host nation. Besides, VTV3 also airing sports news bulletins and magazines during daytime and afternoon drivetime. From 2005, VTV3 transmitted the *360° thể thao* (*Sports 360°*) bulletin with timeslots falls on drivetime and late-night. From 2011, the late-night edition, known as *Nhịp đập 360° thể thao* (*Sports 360° – The Beat*; airing since 2007) has been moved to morning timeslot. Since 2015, most of VTV3 sports programs were moved to youth-oriented channel VTV6, including the main bullettin *360° thể thao*, followed by the morning bulletin 5 years later.

Since 2022, following the relaunch of *Nhịp đập 360° thể thao* as *Nhịp đập thể thao* (*Sports Beat*) and the premiere of *Ký ức thể thao* (*Sports Memories*) in the previous year, several sports magazines were returned to VTV3 at daytime, which somehow reviving sporting contents on the channel after 7-year hiatus.

Since 10 October 2022, after the closing of VTV6, most sports events were reported live again on VTV3 (along with VTV2), thereby bringing sports events (besides VTV5) back after 8-year hiatus.

#### Present

* Daily news: Nhịp đập thể thao (06:00), Morning Café (06:30), News (19:00).
* Drama: Vietnamese LAB (21:40), Foreign serials (12:00 Mon-Fri), sitcom, etc.

##### Weekday

* Monday: Nhập gia tuỳ tục
* Tuesday: Ai là triệu phú – Who Wants to be a Millionaire
* Wednesday: Ai thắng đây
* Thursday: Sàn chiến giọng hát - Singer Auction
* Friday: Vua Tiếng Việt

##### Weekend

* Saturday:
    + Vui khỏe có ích
    + Hành trình hạnh phúc
    + Quân khu số 1
    + Chuyện chàng - chuyện nàng
    + Úm ba la ra chữ gì
    + Mẹ siêu nhân - Super Mom
    + Thiếu niên toả sáng
    + Chuyện đêm muộn

* Sunday:
    + Sức nước ngàn năm
    + Tỷ lệ may mắn
    + 100 triệu 1 phút – Million Dollar Minute
    + Khách sạn 5 sao
    + Đường lên đỉnh Olympia
    + Giờ thứ 9+
    + Vì bạn xứng đáng - You Deserve It
    + Nhà ta là nhất
    + Lời tự sự - Midnight Talkshow

#### Before

* Tường lửa – The Wall
* Chọn đâu cho đúng – Crush
* 5 vòng vàng kỳ ảo – 5 Gold Rings
* Giọng hát Việt – The Voice - La Voz
* Trò chơi âm nhạc - The Lyrics Board / Don't Forget The Lyrics!
* Ban nhạc Việt – The Band
* 6 ô cửa bí ẩn – 9 Windows
* Không thỏa hiệp – Divided
* Hãy chọn giá đúng – The Price is Right
* Chiếc nón kỳ diệu - Wheel of Fortune
* Đấu trường 100 – 1 vs 100
* Gương mặt thân quen – Your Face Sounds Familiar
* Hành khách cuối cùng - O Último Passageiro / El Último Pasajero / The Last Passenger
* Vượt thành chiến – Block Out
* Bài hát hay nhất – Sing My Song
* Đố ai hát được – Sing If You Can
* Vì bạn xứng đáng - You Deserve It
* Đừng để tiền rơi - The Million Pound Drop
* Nhóm nhảy siêu Việt - Vietnam's Best Dance Crew
* Đêm tiệc cùng sao – Hollywood Game Night
* Chọn ngay đi – The Best of All
* UEFA Champions League (1998–2015, 2016–2017)
* UEFA Europa League (2009–2015, 2016–2017)
* UEFA Super Cup (2009–2015)

While there were more shows airing, some of them were national TV programs that have got no equivalent international formatting, thus should not be listed here for dialectical reason.

## InfoBox

VTV3
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Vietnamese |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vietnam Television |
| History | |
| Launched | 31 March 1996 (31 March 1996) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | vtv.vn/truyen-hinh-truc-tuyen/vtv3.htm |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Digital (DVB-T2) | UHF 25, 26, 27 |
|  | |


title: Natural proof

abstract: In computational complexity theory, a natural proof is a certain kind of proof establishing that one complexity class differs from another one. While these proofs are in some sense "natural", it can be shown that no such proof can possibly be used to solve the P vs. NP problem.

text:
# Natural proof

In computational complexity theory, a **natural proof** is a certain kind of proof establishing that one complexity class differs from another one. While these proofs are in some sense "natural", it can be shown (assuming a widely believed conjecture on the existence of pseudorandom functions) that no such proof can possibly be used to solve the P vs. NP problem.

## Overview

The notion of natural proofs was introduced by Alexander Razborov and Steven Rudich in their article "Natural Proofs", first presented in 1994, and later published in 1997, for which they received the 2007 Gödel Prize.

Specifically, natural proofs prove lower bounds on the circuit complexity of boolean functions. A natural proof shows, either directly or indirectly, that a boolean function has a certain **natural combinatorial property**. Under the assumption that pseudorandom functions exist with "exponential hardness" as specified in their main theorem, Razborov and Rudich show that these proofs cannot separate certain complexity classes. Notably, assuming pseudorandom functions exist, these proofs cannot separate the complexity classes P and NP.

For example, their article states:

\[...\] consider a commonly envisioned proof strategy for proving P ≠ NP: * Formulate some mathematical notion of "discrepancy" or "scatter" or "variation" of the values of a Boolean function, or of an associated polytope or other structure. \[...\]
* Show by an inductive argument that polynomial-sized circuits can only compute functions of "low" discrepancy. \[...\]
* Then show that SAT, or some other function in NP, has "high" discrepancy.
Our main theorem in Section 4 gives evidence that *no proof strategy along these lines can ever succeed.*

A property of boolean functions is defined to be *natural* if it contains a property meeting the constructivity and largeness conditions defined by Razborov and Rudich. Roughly speaking, the constructivity condition requires that a property be decidable in (quasi-)polynomial time when the 2*n*-sized truth table of an *n*-input boolean function is given as input, asymptotically as *n* increases. This is the same as time singly exponential in *n*. Properties that are easy to understand are likely to satisfy this condition. The largeness condition requires that the property hold for a sufficiently large fraction of the set of all boolean functions.

A property is *useful* against a complexity class *C* if every sequence of boolean functions having the property infinitely often defines a language outside of *C*. A *natural proof* is a proof that establishes that a certain language lies outside of *C* and refers to a natural property that is useful against *C*.

Razborov and Rudich give a number of examples of lower-bound proofs against classes *C* smaller than P/poly that can be "naturalized", i.e. converted into natural proofs. An important example treats proofs that the parity problem is not in the class AC0. They give strong evidence that the techniques used in these proofs cannot be extended to show stronger lower bounds. In particular, AC0-natural proofs cannot be useful against AC0\[m\].

Razborov and Rudich also reproduce Avi Wigderson's unconditional proof that natural proofs cannot prove exponential lower bounds for the discrete logarithm problem.

There is strong current belief that the mechanism of this paper actually blocks lower-bound proofs against the complexity class TC0 of constant-depth, polynomial-sized threshold circuits, which is believed but not proven smaller than P/poly. This belief is because, under widely believed conjectures regarding the hardness of factoring in certain elliptic curve groups, there exist exponentially hard pseudorandom functions computable in TC0. However, some researchers believe that the Razborov-Rudich limitations are actually good guidance for what a "super-natural" lower-bound proof might involve, such as properties hard or complete for exponential space.

1. "ACM-SIGACT 2007 Gödel Prize". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
2. A. A. Razborov and S. Rudich (1997). "Natural proofs". *Journal of Computer and System Sciences*. **55**: 24–35. doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1494. (Draft)
3. "Complexity Zoo:T - Complexity Zoo".
4. Naor, Moni; Reingold, Omer (2004). "Number-theoretic constructions of efficient pseudo-random functions". *Journal of the ACM*. **51** (2): 231–262. doi:10.1145/972639.972643. S2CID 8665271.
5. K. Regan (October 2002). "Understanding the Mulmuley-Sohoni Approach to P vs. NP" (PDF). *Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science*. **78**: 86–97.
* A. A. Razborov (2004). "Feasible Proofs and Computations: Partnership and Fusion". *Proceedings of the 31st ICALP*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3142. pp. 8–14. (Draft)
* Lance Fortnow (2006-05-10). "The Importance of Natural Proofs".
* Chow, Timothy Y. (2011), "WHAT IS... a Natural Proof?" (PDF), *Notices*, **58** (11), AMS, retrieved 2014-08-05


title: Music of Oklahoma

abstract: While the music of Oklahoma is relatively young, Oklahoma has been a state for just over 100 years, and it has a rich history and many fine and influential musicians.

text:
# Music of Oklahoma

While the **music of Oklahoma** is relatively young, Oklahoma has been a state for just over 100 years, and it has a rich history and many fine and influential musicians.

## Songs of Oklahoma

### Official state songs

### Other songs

**For a more complete list, see the Wikipedia "List of songs about Oklahoma".**

## Categories

### Indigenous music

Oklahoma is the traditional homeland of the Caddo, Wichita, and Tonkawa peoples. The US federal government's Indian Removal policy of the 19th century moved many other tribes into the area, and now the state is headquarters to 40 federally recognized tribes. Oklahoma is diverse crossroads of Native American musicians. This rich collection of traditional music is performed in powwows all over the state. Additionally, the music is enriched by Indian musicians' exposure to other tribe's songs through the many intertribal meetings in the state. The American Indian Exposition in Anadarko is a longstanding gathering of Southern Plains Tribes featuring many musicians. Among Eastern tribes, stomp dances feature male singers with accompaniment by women's turtle shell leg rattles.

49 songs, a 20th-century genre based on traditional war dance songs, originated in Oklahoma among the Kiowa tribe in southwestern Oklahoma and quickly spread to other tribes through the American Indian Exposition at Anadarko. The name comes from a burlesque show that toured the area in the 1920s called the "Girls of '49" for its California Gold Rush theme. A 49 (or forty-nine) is a gathering following a pow-wow and the songs are usually love songs, mostly in English, with repeated refrains of vocables.

### Barbershop

The Barbershop Harmony Society's Southwestern District includes Oklahoma, with several barbershop chapters across the state. In 1999, the Music Central chorus from Oklahoma City competed internationally, ranking among the top twenty. Sweet Adelines International has several women's choruses across Oklahoma within its Heart of America region. Both of these international singing organizations were founded in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

### Country

The traditional Appalachian folk ballads brought by new settlers from the South infused Oklahoma with a music about the lives of everyday people. Much of the music was overtly religious as the rural communities revolved around their churches. Another distinctive type of country music grew out of the dance halls and roadhouses, especially in the oil boom areas of eastern Oklahoma. This honky-tonk style music from Oklahoma and the surrounding states became a staple of American country music for years.

### Gospel

Oklahoma has had a long tradition of Gospel music. "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Steal Away To Jesus", standard Gospel tunes, were written by Wallis Willis, a former slave in the old Choctaw Nation of southeastern Oklahoma. Alexander Reid, a minister at a Choctaw boarding school after the Civil War, transcribed the words and melodies and sent the music to the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. The Jubilee Singers then popularized the songs during a tour of the United States and Europe. Albert E. Brumley, a Spiro, Oklahoma native, wrote a number of Gospel classics that have become a standard in Gospel singer's repertoires. His best-known compositions include "I'll Fly Away," "Jesus Hold My Hand," and "Turn Your Radio On." These songs are commonplace in many church hymnals today.

### Jazz and swing

The territory bands of the 1920s and 30s brought a new style of music to Oklahoma. Many of the well-known swing musicians tuned their skills and styles touring with these regional bands. These bands brought the big-band orchestras to many communities never visited by the more popular groups from New York. Perhaps the most famous of the Oklahoma-based territory bands were the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. The Blue Devils were the foundation for Count Basie's orchestra. The Al Good Orchestra, also from Oklahoma City, began playing in the Oklahoma area in the 1940s and continue to play after Al Good's death in 2003. Bandleader Ada Leonard was born in Lawton. In addition, a number of prominent jazz musicians came from Oklahoma; these include Charlie Christian, Oscar Pettiford, Don Byas, Cecil McBee, Barney Kessel, Sam Rivers, Don Cherry, Chet Baker, Jimmy Rushing, Sunny Murray, and Jay McShann. Although most of these self-identified as African American, many (including Pettiford) were also partly of Native American ancestry.

### R&B

R&B singer, drummer, and bandleader Roy Milton was born in Wynnewood. Guitarist and bandleader Jimmy Liggins was born in Newby. Pianist and vocalist Joe Liggins was born in Guthrie.

### Rock and roll

One of the hot spots for rock and roll in Oklahoma during the 60's was Ronnie Kaye's "The Scene" in Oklahoma City. It featured local garage rock and psychedelic bands. Musicians such as songwriter J. J. Cale, Elvin Bishop, and Leon Russell have ties to Tulsa, Oklahoma (*see The Tulsa Sound*), and Tulsa's Cain's Ballroom has become a notable small-venue club for touring bands. After the success of cult icons The Flaming Lips, under-the-radar act Starlight Mints, and 90's alternative groups Chainsaw Kittens and The Nixons, Norman has become a hotspot for local and nationwide indie music. Pop-rock band Hanson, who had a string of hits in the mid-90s, hails from Tulsa; as do Admiral Twin, and Caroline's Spine. Alternative-rock band The All-American Rejects was formed in Stillwater; and post-grunge band Hinder, notable for their hit "Lips of an Angel" hails from Oklahoma City. The 1990s had a Hardcore Punk Rock scene in Edmond, Oklahoma which included bands such as The Lunch Bunch, Blaster, The Real Ones, Bi-Products, Aspects, Suburban Bitches, Dry Heave, The Takers, The Boxcar Children, and many more who played shows at the Edmond Legion Hall, the Edmond Armory, The Outback, Hafer Park and The Sheep Farm.

### Western or cowboy

Prior to Oklahoma's opening for settlement, cowboys pushing cattle from Texas to the railheads developed a style and subject of music that became known as Cowboy or Western. As they settled on the ranches they continued their traditional style of singing. The romanticism of the cowboy in the popular culture brought a wider audience to the music. Although the writers of these traditional Western songs are mostly unknown, Dr. Brewster Highley, author of perhaps the most famous of the cowboy ballads, "Home on the Range", followed the frontier into Oklahoma where he died in 1911.

Otto Gray and his Oklahoma Cowboys were the first nationally popular cowboy band. Formed in 1924 by William McGinty, Oklahoma pioneer and former Rough Rider, the band performed on radio and national vaudeville circuits from 1924 through 1936. Otto Gray, the first singing cowboy, and all of the band members were recruited from Oklahoma ranches.

### Western Swing

Oklahoma was a center for the development and spread of Western swing. Performers playing the traditional western music, influenced heavily by the territory bands, added fiddles and steel guitars to their orchestras to produce a new and very popular type of music. Bob Wills, and His Texas Playboys, based in Tulsa, influenced this music for more than a generation. One of the more distinctive early Western swing bands from Oklahoma was Big Chief Henry's Indian String Band, a family group of Choctaw Indians, who performed out of Wichita, Kansas, during the 1920s, and who were recorded by H. C. Speir of Victor Records in 1929. Bob Dunn was a pioneer steel guitarist born in Beggs.

## Radio

In 1922, WKY began broadcasting in Oklahoma City. Other stations followed and soon, anyone with a radio could hear music previously unavailable to them. Still, many radios broadcast local music. KVOO in Tulsa aired Western swing from Bob Wills for more than twenty years.

In 1958, KOMA, a 50,000 watt radio station in Oklahoma City, began a format of playing *Top 40* recordings and *Rock & Roll*. Its signal strength allowed many young people across the Great Plains and Western states to listen to music not available from their local stations and influenced many of their local music markets.

Oklahoma currently supports many radio stations. Most play music that ranges from classical to hip-hop. Much of their content, however, is taped and the same programs broadcast over several stations throughout the U.S. Very little local music is aired. *(See List of radio stations in Oklahoma)*

## Musicians and composers native to Oklahoma

## Notable Oklahoma bands

## Musicians and bands with Oklahoma ties

## Oklahoma Music Archives

Founded in 2019, the Oklahoma Music Archives is a not-for-profit cultural website whose mission is to preserve the past, present, and future of Oklahoma's music culture. The archive is a database of current and past artists who are from Oklahoma or have strong ties to the state as well as albums released by those artists and biographies for individual musicians. Its database spans all genres and all decades, including any known artists predating statehood.

As a wiki, the website is dynamic and ever expanding with more articles of interest relating to the Oklahoma music scene, due in part to user input. It is the largest public database of musical artists and albums specific to Oklahoma and also has plans to expand to include venues and studios, historical and current, as well as provide resources to assist artists.

## Bibliography


title: The Waiting Room (2010 film)

abstract: The Waiting Room is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language thriller film directed by Maneej Premnath and produced by Sunil Doshi, starring Raj Singh Chaudhary, Radhika Apte, Sandeep Kulkarni, Prateeksha Lonkar, and Indrajith Sukumaran.

text:
# The Waiting Room (2010 film)

***The Waiting Room*** is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language thriller film directed by Maneej Premnath and produced by Sunil Doshi, starring Raj Singh Chaudhary, Radhika Apte, Sandeep Kulkarni, Prateeksha Lonkar, and Indrajith Sukumaran.

## Plot

The story of *The Waiting Room* takes place in Thenmala, a remote South Indian railway station, where four passengers are left stranded on a rainy night. Reports of a serial killer in the area led a group of distrusting passengers to make assessments of each other with suspicions that one of them might be a serial killer, creating fear among them. The dreaded night for the passengers ends with a short investigation leading to the identification of the killer, which forms the crux of the film.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Waiting Room | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional Poster | |
| Directed by | Maneej Premnath |
| Written by | Maneej Premnath |
| Produced by | Sunil Doshi |
| Starring | Raj Singh Chaudhary
Radhika Apte
Sandeep Kulkarni
Prateeksha Lonkar
Indrajith Sukumaran
Sona Nair
Gopal Singh |
| Cinematography | Dilshad. V. A. |
| Edited by | Baiju Kurup |
| Music by | Luvv |
| Distributed by | PVR Cinemas |
| Release date | * 15 January 2010 (2010-01-15) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Jagiellońska Street, Kraków

abstract: Jagiellońska Street - a historic street in Kraków, Poland. The street intersects the former Jagiellonian University quarter. The street features the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University and the Old Theatre. Jagiellońska Street is situated to the east of Planty Park.

text:
# Jagiellońska Street, Kraków

**Jagiellońska Street** (Polish: *Ulica Jagiellońska*) - a historic street in Kraków, Poland. The street intersects the former Jagiellonian University quarter. The street features the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University and the Old Theatre. Jagiellońska Street is situated to the east of Planty Park.

## Features

| Street No. | Short description | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15 | **Collegium Maius** of the Jagiellonian University. It is the oldest building of the university, dating back from the fourteenth-century. |  |
| 5 | **Old Theatre** \- built in 1781, it is one of the oldest theatres in Poland. |  |

## InfoBox

Jagiellońska Street
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 440 m (1,440 ft) |
| North end | Szczepańska Street |
| South end | Karola Olszewskiego Street |


title: Tony Peart

abstract: Thomas George Hunter "Tony" Peart was an English rugby union player. Peart was born in Hartlepool and educated at Sedbergh School. He enlisted in the army after school and served in Egypt during the Suez Crisis. His sister Eileen was married to Scottish rugby player Douglas Elliot. A number eight, Peart spent most of his career with the Hartlepool Rovers, which he led for two seasons, while putting together 39 county appearances for Durham. He was capped twice for England, playing away matches against France and Scotland in the 1964 Five Nations Championship. Peart died of cancer in 1988 at the age of 51.

text:
# Tony Peart

**Thomas George Hunter "Tony" Peart** (10 September 1936 – 3 August 1988) was an English rugby union player.

Peart was born in Hartlepool and educated at Sedbergh School. He enlisted in the army after school and served in Egypt during the Suez Crisis. His sister Eileen was married to Scottish rugby player Douglas Elliot.

A number eight, Peart spent most of his career with the Hartlepool Rovers, which he led for two seasons, while putting together 39 county appearances for Durham. He was capped twice for England, playing away matches against France and Scotland in the 1964 Five Nations Championship.

Peart died of cancer in 1988 at the age of 51.

## InfoBox

Tony Peart
| Full name | Thomas George Hunter Peart |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1936-09-10)10 September 1936 |
| Place of birth | Hartlepool, England |
| Date of death | 3 August 1988(1988-08-03) (aged 51) |
| Place of death | Darlington, England |
| School | Sedbergh School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  No. 8  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1964 England  2  (0) | |


title: Ngunulum Community

abstract: Ngunulum is a small Aboriginal community, located proximate to Kununurra in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley.

text:
# Ngunulum Community

**Ngunulum** (also referred to as Cockatoo Springs) is a small Aboriginal community, located proximate to Kununurra in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley.

## Native title

The Miriuwung Gajerrong people are signatories to the Ord Final Agreement, a broad package of measures which implements a platform for future partnerships between the Miriuwung Gajerrong people, WA State Government, industry and developers for the benefit of the wider community and the East Kimberley region.

## Governance

At a broader governance level, Yawoorroong Miriuwung Gajerrong Yirrgeb Noong Dawang Aboriginal Corporation (MG Corp) acts in trust on behalf of all MG native title holders to ensure compliance with its obligations under the Ord Final Agreement including those relating to community living areas.

MG Corp was incorporated under the *Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006* in 2006 and its constitution was subsequently amended in 2008.

Although membership to MG Corp is limited to native title holders, MG Corp is not a native title prescribed body corporate. However MG Corp has the authority to assist MG peoples in relation to planning, management and use of traditional lands.

## Town planning

Ngunulum Layout Plan No.1 has been prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Settlements, and was endorsed by the community on 17 January 2011 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 September 2011. The Layout Plan map-set and background report can be viewed at Planning Western Australia's website.

## InfoBox

| Ngunulum
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Ngunulum | |
| Coordinates | 15.94645°0′S 128.952151°0′E / 15.946°S 128.952°E / -15.946; 128.952 |
| Postcode(s) | 6743 |
| Elevation | 47 m (154 ft) |
| Location | 25 km (16 mi) south west of Kununurra |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley |
| State electorate(s) | Kimberley |
| Federal division(s) | Durack |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  35.0 °C
95 °F 21.6 °C
71 °F 790.7 mm
31.1 in | |


title: Nichols Canyon, Los Angeles

abstract: Nichols Canyon is a residential area in the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles, California, bounded by Hollywood Boulevard on the south and Mulholland Drive on the north, lying between Laurel Canyon and Runyon Canyon. It was also known as Miller Canyon.

text:
# Nichols Canyon, Los Angeles

**Nichols Canyon** is a residential area in the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles, California, bounded by Hollywood Boulevard on the south and Mulholland Drive on the north, lying between Laurel Canyon and Runyon Canyon. It was also known as **Miller Canyon**.

## History

### Ownership

Nichols Canyon was named after John Gregg Nichols Jr., reputed to be "the first child born of American parents in Los Angeles" (in 1851). Nichols' ranch in the canyon was referred to as a "goat pasture."

Jacob Miller, a "pioneer avocado grower," and his wife, Dorothy, bought seventy acres of the property in 1879, and the area became known as Miller Canyon. Mrs. Miller said in 1926:

> Of course we had many hardships, not the least of which was having to drive through dust in summer and mud in winter to the hamlet of Los Angeles for our mail and supplies. There was nothing where Hollywood is now except a small ranch house. But we loved the hills and our beautiful canyon and were happy in our home and family."

### Roadway

Nichols Canyon Road, leading north from Hollywood Boulevard, was completed to Mulholland Highway via Courtney Street in 1925. In 1926 the Automobile Club of Southern California reported that Nichols Canyon was traversed by a "good dirt road."

In 1929, plans were made to widen the Nichols Canyon thoroughfare to serve "as a major gateway for traffic flowing between North Hollywood, Burbank, San Fernando Valley cities, Pasadena and West Hollywood." The idea was to widen the roadway, referred to as a northward "extension" of Genesee Street, to 46 feet, "with six inches of asphaltic concrete, through Hollywood Boulevard Estates to Mullholland High Way." Work would include "sewers, water, gas, lights, storm drains and electroliers." Grading of the Nichols Canyon road had already been "completed and paid for by individual property owners, who have installed water connections the full length of the thoroughfare."

A 1930 report also stated that the canyon road would be renamed Genesee and would be extended north "to the Hollywood Boulevard Estates property line on Mulholland High Way." It was to be "developed as the main west lane of traffic through the hills" and would be "comparable with Cahuenga Pass, the main east channel."

### Afforestation

#### The beginning

In 1914, the canyon had a "sparkling stream which the trail crosses about twenty times" and which "splashes over rocks fifty feet high," forming a pool below.

It was Dorothy Miller who was responsible for the exotic trees and shrubbery that eventually came to blanket Nichols Canyon. She planted and nurtured tropical seeds which an uncle gave her. They would not grow in the climate of his nursery in Downtown Los Angeles "but grew wonderfully in the frostless foothill belt." The Millers used Chinese laborers.

The *Los Angeles Times* said, "It was due to the love of a woman for plants, in a day when it was not fashionable for ladies to garden, that most of the subtropical plantings in Nichols Canyon, or Miller Canyon, as it is sometimes called, were begun."

#### The result

In 1997, James Sowell, the manager of environmental compliance for the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority noted the natural beauty of the three-mile-long canyon: "It's spectacular," he said. "The water comes down from two different directions. If you've driven up Nichols Canyon, part of it looks like a rain forest."

Flora in the area by the end of the 20th century included Western sycamore, acacia, laurel sumac and California holly. "Lush canyon bottoms," said the *Los Angeles Times,* "made a carpet of verdure which became "oases for wildlife."

### Fires

Brush fires have struck the canyon over the years. One fire in 1904 was reported to have "utterly devastated" not only Nichols Canyon but also "Laurel Canyon adjacent to it," "many square miles" being "denuded of timber and all vegetation." A fire was extinguished on an extension road in Astral Drive between Curson and Nichols Canyon in September 1956. Three years later, residents had to flee another blaze that whipped through Laurel land Nichols canyons and destroyed homes.

Fire believed started in a homeless encampment, or by a homeless man cooking dinner in the brush above Hollywood Boulevard, threatened between forty and sixty homes in August 2005 but was quelled by firefighters.

### Flood control

In 1913 the canyon was centered by a natural channel, or a wash, which crossed Sunset Boulevard at the south. A storm on February 25 of that year washed out the crossing.

Homes in Nichols Canyon suffered major damage or were swept away when a rainstorm drenched Southern California on New Year's Day, 1931. The next August, the City Council allocated $46,000 for a large debris basin at the foot of the canyon, which residents had sought for years.

In 1981 Nichols Canyon, as well as Laurel Canyon, Mandeville Canyon and Bandini Canyon, was threatened by the possibility of heavy rain damage when it was revealed that the city lacked funds to continue with flood control projects. The *Los Angeles Times* reported:

> Ironically, funds were once available to correct the major flood-control problem in Nichols Canyon. But the repeated opposition of canyon residents to construction of a storm-drain system serving the length of Nichols Canyon Road caused the city to divert funds elsewhere.

### Satanite

In 1908, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors approved the establishment of a factory in the canyon to manufacture an explosive called Satanite, even after "Hollywood citizens and representatives of civic bodies" had protested. The approval followed demonstrations of the safety of the new product by company officials while a crowd of a hundred watched.

### Quarries

Complaints were raised in 1912 about dust from the quarries in Nichols Canyon. The City Council ordered the road closed, but "this was not satisfactory." The quarry owners agreed to "furnish free of cost and spread upon the street the necessary gravel and crushed rock, and the city will oil the street."

### Subway water diversion

In 1997, Nichols Canyon residents reached a settlement with the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority because, the residents said, the construction of a subway through Hollywood was drying up the foliage in the canyon and surrounding areas. Pumping of water flooding the tunnel beneath the Santa Monica Mountains was draining the entire Hollywood basin of up to a third of its annual capacity. Resident John Chickering said: "It was unbelievable. I looked out of my window one morning, and the falls were no more. The water had stopped. It was like a curse."

### Police activity

In 1924, policemen from the Hollywood Station "rigged up a range in Nichols Canyon . . . where they can shoot against a wall of earth with perfect safety to others."

A score of police officers "beat the brush of isolated Nichols Canyon Road" on August 17, 1951, in an unsuccessful effort to find two .38-caliber revolvers that were used in the gangland killing of Tony Trambino and Tony Brancato just eleven days before. They searched "Beside the winding roadway \[where\] runs a densely overgrown culvert which at places deepens to a 30-foot ditch and elsewhere widens into the enormous unused Nichols Canyon Reservoir."

### Boy Scout camp

A Boy Scout camp was operating in the canyon as early as 1918, the year that Arthur Letts bought property for a permanent camp at a cost of $6,000.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Nichols Canyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Los Angeles | |
|  | |
| Nichols Canyon | |
| Coordinates: 34°06′51″N 118°21′39″W / 34.114218°N 118.36071°W / 34.114218; -118.36071 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| City | Los Angeles |


title: Prairie Profile

abstract: Prairie Profile is a Canadian documentary television series which aired on CBC Television in 1965.

text:
# Prairie Profile

***Prairie Profile*** is a Canadian documentary television series which aired on CBC Television in 1965.

## Premise

Historic and biographical films about Manitoba and Saskatchewan were featured during this series.

## Scheduling

This half-hour series was broadcast on Sundays at 1:00 p.m. (Eastern) from 3 January to 11 April 1965.

## InfoBox

| *Prairie Profile* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | documentary |
| Narrated by | Bill Guest
Marilyn Phillips
Mike Winlaw |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 15 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBC Television |
| Release | 3 January (1965-01-03)
11 April 1965 (1965-04-11) |


title: Rhynchoferella simplex

abstract: Rhynchoferella simplex is a moth in the Copromorphidae family. It is found in Cameroon and Ghana.

text:
# Rhynchoferella simplex

***Rhynchoferella simplex*** is a moth in the Copromorphidae family. It is found in Cameroon and Ghana.

## InfoBox

| *Rhynchoferella simplex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Copromorphidae |
| Genus: | *Rhynchoferella* |
| Species: | ***R. simplex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhynchoferella simplex***<br>Strand, 1915 | |
|


title: Naveen Kumar (footballer)

abstract: Naveen Kumar is an Indian football player who plays as a goalkeeper for Indian Super League team FC Goa.

text:
# Naveen Kumar (footballer)

**Naveen Kumar** is an Indian football player who plays as a goalkeeper for Indian Super League team FC Goa.

## Club career

### 2003

U 17 As Goalkeeper Punjab State team State games held at Andaman and Nicobar

### 2008–2010

He received Best Goalkeeper award in Punjab League.

### Pailan Arrows

#### 2011–12

Naveen Kumar started the 2011–12 football season during the 2011 Indian Federation Cup with I-League team Pailan Arrows (Indian arrows) He played in all of Pailan's three matches in the tournament. In 2011 he also played for U-23 India national team.

### Mohun Bagan

For 2012–13 season he was signed by Mohun Bagan A.C.

### Lone Star F.C. (Kashmir F.C.)

In 2014 Naveen signed with Kashmir F.C.

### Salgaocar F.C.

Naveen Kumar returned to I-league with Salgaocar F.C. in August 2015.

## Kerala Blasters

In January 2019, After 5 games with Kerala Blasters, he come back to FC Goa on loan.

## Career statistics

*Last updated December 29, 2011*

| Club | Season | League | | Cup | | Asia | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | G A | Apps | G A | Apps | G A | Apps | G A |
| **Pailan Arrows** | 2011-12 | 10 | 17 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 21 |
| **Mohun Bagan** | 2012-13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Career totals | | 10 | 17 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 21 |

## Honours

### Club

**FC Goa**

1. "FC Goa sign Naveen Kumar for rest of the season". FC Goa. 20 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
2. "FC Goa's long wait for a trophy ends". thehindu.com. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
3. "FC Goa clinch maiden Durand Cup trophy after beating Mohammedan Sporting 1-0 in final". *ESPN*. Retrieved 4 October 2021.

## InfoBox

Naveen Kumar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-08-10) 10 August 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Kalewal Bhagtan, Hoshiarpur, Punjab | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | FC Goa | | |
| Number | 32 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2009–2011 | JCT F.C. | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2012 | Pailan Arrows | 30 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Mohun Bagan | 30 | (0) |
| 2014 | Lonestar Kashmir | 29 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Salgaocar | 30 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Churchill Brothers | 29 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | FC Goa | 17 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Kerala Blasters | 15 | (0) |
| 2019–2022 | FC Goa | 21 | (0) |
| 2022–2023 | East Bengal | 0 | (0) |
| 2023- | Delhi FC | 18 | (0) |
| Total |  | **189** | **(0)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2003 | India U23 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 January 2019<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of U -17 U-23 | | | |


title: Myopa dorsalis

abstract: Myopa dorsalis is a species belonging to the family Conopidae subfamily Myopinae.

text:
# Myopa dorsalis

***Myopa dorsalis*** is a species belonging to the family Conopidae subfamily Myopinae.

## Distribution

*Myopa dorsalis* is present in most of Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, The Netherlands and in Switzerland). This species can also be found from North Africa to India and in Iran.

## Description

*Myopa dorsalis* can reach a length of 11.5–15 millimetres (0.45–0.59 in). This fly is one of the biggest European conopids and it is not a very common insect, likewise almost all conopids. The body is mainly reddish-brown, mesonotum is black, while scutellum is reddish. The head is quite large and inflated-looking, with a kind of bubble at the front and short antennae, the snout is elongated with narrow white cheeks. The large eyes are reddish. The abdomen is reddish brown and it is usually folded forward when the fly is in resting position. Tergites 4 and 5 are largely dusted. Legs are completely yellowish brown. Wings are hyaline, without black markings. It can be distinguished from *Sicus* species by its longer cheeks.

## Biology

The adults can be encountered feeding on nectar of many species of flowering plants. Their larvae are endoparasites of Hymenoptera aculeata.

## InfoBox

| *Myopa dorsalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Myopa dorsalis*. Side view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Conopidae |
| Subfamily: | Myopinae |
| Tribe: | Myopini |
| Genus: | *Myopa* |
| Species: | ***M. dorsalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myopa dorsalis***<br>Fabricius, 1794 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: The Times (Pawtucket)

abstract: The Times is an American daily newspaper published Mondays through Saturdays in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, covering eastern Providence County, Rhode Island, and some adjacent towns in Massachusetts. It was owned by RISN Operations and is currently owned by Triboro Massachusetts News Media. In October 2023, Triboro Massachusetts News Media announced that The Times would be merging with sister paper The Call of Woonsocket to become The Blackstone Valley Call & Times, a Monday–Saturday newspaper.

text:
# The Times (Pawtucket)

***The Times*** is an American daily newspaper published Mondays through Saturdays in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, covering eastern Providence County, Rhode Island, and some adjacent towns in Massachusetts. It was owned by RISN Operations and is currently owned by Triboro Massachusetts News Media.

In October 2023, Triboro Massachusetts News Media announced that *The Times* would be merging with sister paper *The Call* of Woonsocket to become *The Blackstone Valley Call & Times*, a Monday–Saturday newspaper.

## History

The Pawtucket newspaper was founded as an afternoon daily, ***The Evening Times***, in 1885, by George O. Willard. Five years later, David O. Black bought the paper, and became the first of four generations to keep it in his family. Black commissioned a new building for the newspaper at 23 Exchange street. *The Times* has been published in this building since 1896.

It was sold in December 1957 to New England Newspapers Inc., a forerunner of Ingersoll Publications, which later acquired the competitor *The Call* of Woonsocket. Journal Register Company bought Ingersoll in 1989.

In 2007, a new company, RISN, formed to purchase Journal Register's Rhode Island properties, including *The Times*.

## Sisters and competitors

In its coverage area, *The Times* competes with the state's largest daily, the *Providence Journal*, and The Valley Breeze Pawtucket edition. It also competes in nearby Massachusetts towns with the *Milford Daily News*. In 2008, former Times journalist Douglas Haddon co-founded *All Pawtucket, All the Time*, publishing a free weekly print edition.

RISN (which stands for Rhode Island Suburban Newspapers) also owns two other daily newspapers in Rhode Island, *The Call* of Woonsocket (which shares a publisher with *The Times*) and the *Kent County Daily Times* of West Warwick, as well as several weekly newspapers. All of these properties were sold for $8.3 million to RISN in early 2007 by Journal Register Company.

## InfoBox

The Times
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Triboro Massachusetts News Media |
| Publisher | Jody Boucher |
| Editor | Seth Bromley |
| Founded | April 30, 1885 (1885-04-30) |
| Headquarters | 23 Exchange Street,
Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02860, United States |
| Circulation | 4,332 Daily
6,315 Saturday (as of 2012) |
| ISSN | 1060-2747 |
| Website | pawtuckettimes.com |


title: Parvathi Ennai Paradi

abstract: Parvathi Ennai Paradi is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by V. Sekhar. The film stars Saravanan and Sri Parvathi with Janagaraj, Vijayakumar, Srividya, Lalitha Kumari, Charle and Vasu Vikram playing supporting roles. It was released on 23 July 1993. This is the first Tamil film of Kannada actress Shivaranjini, who has appeared in S. P. Sangliyana Part 2 and is credited as Sri Parvathi in the film.

text:
# Parvathi Ennai Paradi

***Parvathi Ennai Paradi*** (transl.Parvathi, look at me) is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by V. Sekhar. The film stars Saravanan and Sri Parvathi with Janagaraj, Vijayakumar, Srividya, Lalitha Kumari, Charle and Vasu Vikram playing supporting roles. It was released on 23 July 1993. This is the first Tamil film of Kannada actress Shivaranjini, who has appeared in *S. P. Sangliyana Part 2* and is credited as Sri Parvathi in the film.

## Plot

Rajadurai (Vijayakumar) is a wealthy man and highly respected figure in his village. He has a spoiled daughter named Parvathi (Sri Parvathi). Venkatraman (Janagaraj) is a newly appointed Tamil teacher of a college in Rajadurai's village. Unlike other teachers, students like his way of teaching and friendly approach. Parvathi really appreciates Venkatraman and she has private tuitions with the teacher. Venkatraman is married to Gayathri (Srividya), they have a son named Siva.

Siva is a short-tempered person who cannot tolerate injustice. While studying in college, he beat up the minister's son who raped his classmate and was later expelled from the college. Afterwards, his father found him a job in a newspaper company. One day, the company owner cut the finger of a poor labourer in front of Siva. Siva, in turn, cut the owner's finger and was sent to jail.

Siva comes back from jail and goes back to his parents. At his arrival, Parvathi clashes with Siva, their bickering continues every time they meet. Siva later becomes the manager company of Rajadurai's company. Siva and Parvathi slowly fall in love with each other. Ramesh (Vasu Vikram), Rajadurai's nephew, is a wicked womaniser and he wants to appropriate Rajadurai's company. So Ramesh decides to marry Parvathi at all costs. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The song "Muthu There" is set in Pahadi raga.

| Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Chinna Poongili" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki | Vaali | 5:01 |
| "Kaadhalil Maataamal" | Malaysia Vasudevan | Piraisoodan | 2:28 |
| "Kombugal Illa" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, Chorus | | 4:41 |
| "Maanukkum" | S. Janaki, Chorus | Gangai Amaran | 5:04 |
| "Muthu Therey" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra | | 4:28 |
| "Parvathi Ennai Paradi" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Vaali | 5:04 |
| "Sooriyana Kandavudan" | S. Janaki | | 5:05 |
| "Valibare" | Malaysia Vasudevan, Chorus | | 4:45 |

## Reception

Malini Mannath of *The Indian Express* gave a negative review and labelled the film "cliched". R. P. R. of *Kalki* said Ilaiyaraaja was the only saving grace of the film.

## InfoBox

| Parvathi Ennai Paradi | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | V. Sekhar |
| Written by | V. Sekhar |
| Produced by | K. R. Gangadharan |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | M. C. Sekar |
| Edited by | K. Shankar
V. Jayapal |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production
company | KRG Movies International |
| Release date | * 23 July 1993 (1993-07-23) |
| Running time | 140 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Merkin Hall

abstract: Merkin Hall is a 449-seat concert hall in Manhattan, New York City. The hall, named in honor of Hermann and Ursula Merkin, is part of the Kaufman Music Center, a complex that includes the Lucy Moses School, a community arts school, and the Special Music School, a New York City public school for musically gifted children. Merkin Hall hosts 70,000 concertgoers a year.

text:
# Merkin Hall

**Merkin Hall** is a 449-seat concert hall in Manhattan, New York City. The hall, named in honor of Hermann and Ursula Merkin, is part of the Kaufman Music Center, a complex that includes the Lucy Moses School, a community arts school, and the Special Music School (P.S. 859), a New York City public school for musically gifted children. Merkin Hall hosts 70,000 concertgoers a year.

## Overview

Merkin Hall opened in Kaufman Music Center's (then The Hebrew Art School's) Abraham Goodman House in 1978, and soon after distinguished itself as an important New York City venue, featuring innovative classical and new music programming (it is the recipient of three awards in Adventurous Programming by ASCAP/Chamber Music America). Located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood, it is near the Lincoln Center campus but is not affiliated with it. Merkin Hall hosts over 200 concerts a year, many of them Kaufman Music Center presentations. It has several long-running series, presenting established and emerging artists, as well as Broadway and Family focused shows. Beginning in 1986, Kaufman Music Center has co-presented *New Sounds Live* with WNYC, hosted by John Schaefer and broadcast live on the radio. In 2003, New York Festival of Song began its series of co-presentations at Merkin Hall as well. WQXR-FM's online webcast Q2 began live streaming of Kaufman Music Center's Ecstatic Music Festival in 2011.

## Renovations

Kaufman Music Center launched a $17 million campaign to renovate the complex. The lead donors were Elaine and Henry Kaufman, who pledged $7 million towards the project. Elaine Kaufman has been a member of the center's board for more than twenty years, and served as its chairman from 1999 to 2005. She said, “The Center is a unique organization, placing equal emphasis on education and performance, an essential balance for developing the artists and audiences of the future.”

Renovations included restoration of the building façade using contemporary materials and redesign of the main entrance; expanded space for music classes, special events, and theater workshops, including two new classrooms and a flexible balcony educational space; enhanced audio-visual capabilities in Merkin Hall, including updated listening systems for hearing-impaired concert goers and students; structural and mechanical improvements, including the installation of a new HVAC system; reupholstered seating and minor refinishing in Merkin Hall; renovation and expansion of restrooms; expansion of lobby space to serve the two schools; and the redesign of Merkin Hall lobby. The renovation respects the building's original form while enhancing its functionality and appearance.

The goals of the renovation were portrayed in theatrical terms: “At a performance venue, the show should begin on the sidewalk. We’re going to have a welcoming new canopy over the street entrance, with the Kaufman name on it big enough to be visible from both Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. We will transform the arrival experience and brighten it up with vivid fire-red marble—everything from coat-checking to buying your refreshments to finding your seat will take place in a more glamorous setting, so that Merkin Hall and the Kaufman Center can become more indelibly stamped on the New York mind than ever before.”

## InfoBox

Merkin Hall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 129 West 67th Street |
| Location | New York City, New York, United States |
| Coordinates | 40°46′30.59″N 73°58′58.98″W / 40.7751639°N 73.9830500°W / 40.7751639; -73.9830500 |
| Public transit | 66th Street – Lincoln Center |
| Owner | Kaufman Music Center |
| Type | Concert hall |
| Capacity | 449 seats |
| Opened | 1978 |
| Website | |
| www.kaufmanmusiccenter.org/mch/ | |


title: Nichols Canyon (horse)

abstract: Nichols Canyon was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse best known for his performances in National Hunt races. He showed good form on the flat before emerging as an outstanding performer in hurdle races. In his first two seasons of competition he raced on the flat and won three of his ten races including the Noel Murless Stakes and the Prix Denisy as well as finishing second in the St Simon Stakes. When transferred to Ireland to compete under National Hunt rules he made an immediate impact, winning five races in his novice season including four Grade 1 victories in the Royal Bond Novice Hurdle, Deloitte Novice Hurdle, Mersey Novices' Hurdle and Champion Novice Hurdle. In the following season he won the Morgiana Hurdle, becoming the first horse to defeat Faugheen and then recorded his sixth Grade I success in the December Festival Hurdle. In the following season he won a second Morgiana Hurdle and was then stepped up in distance to win the Stayers' Hurdle. On 28 December 2017 Nichols Canyon was fatally injured in a fall at Leopardstown.

text:
# Nichols Canyon (horse)

**Nichols Canyon** (11 February 2010  28 December 2017) was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse best known for his performances in National Hunt races. He showed good form on the flat before emerging as an outstanding performer in hurdle races. In his first two seasons of competition he raced on the flat and won three of his ten races including the Noel Murless Stakes and the Prix Denisy as well as finishing second in the St Simon Stakes.

When transferred to Ireland to compete under National Hunt rules he made an immediate impact, winning five races in his novice season including four Grade 1 victories in the Royal Bond Novice Hurdle, Deloitte Novice Hurdle, Mersey Novices' Hurdle and Champion Novice Hurdle. In the following season he won the Morgiana Hurdle, becoming the first horse to defeat Faugheen and then recorded his sixth Grade I success in the December Festival Hurdle.

In the following season he won a second Morgiana Hurdle and was then stepped up in distance to win the Stayers' Hurdle. On 28 December 2017 Nichols Canyon was fatally injured in a fall at Leopardstown.

## Background

Nichols Canyon was a small bay gelding with no white markings bred in the United Kingdom by Rabbah Bloodstock Limited. He was from the second crop of foals sired by Authorized who won The Derby and the International Stakes in 2007. His other offspring have included Seal of Approval (British Champions Fillies' and Mares' Stakes), Complacent (Spring Champion Stakes), Hartnell (Tancred Stakes) and Ambivalent (Pretty Polly Stakes). Nichols Canyon's dam Zam Zoom was an unraced mare bred by Sheikh Mohammed's Darley Stud, and was a granddaughter of Lucayan Princess, the dam of the multiple Group One winner Luso.

In October 2011, the yearling colt was offered for sale at Tattersalls and was bought for 48,000 Guinea by Blandford Bloodstock. The colt entered the ownership of Rachel Hood & Elaine Lawlor and was sent into training with Hood's husband John Gosden. He was named after Nichols Canyon, Los Angeles.

## Racing career

### 2012 & 2013: Flat racing

Nichols Canyon began his racing career by finishing second in a maiden race over one mile at Sandown Park Racecourse on 9 August 2012 and then came third in a similar event over the same course and distance in September. He recorded his first success in October when he was ridden by William Buick to a two length victory in a nine furlong maiden race at Goodwood Racecourse on 14 October.

He began his second season by finishing third in a handicap race at Sandown in April and then finished second in a similar event over eleven furlongs at Newbury Racecourse in May. Nichols Canyon was then moved up in class and finished unplaced in both the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot in June at the Great Voltigeur Stakes at York in August. On 4 October he started at odds of 5/1 in the Listed Noel Murless Stakes over one and three quarter miles at Ascot and recorded his first important success as he won by two lengths from the Luca Cumani-trained Greatwood. Nichols Canyon started favourite for the Group Three St Simon Stakes at Newbury later that month, but after taking the lead in the straight he was overtaken and beaten by the four-year-old Cubanita. The subsequent Dubai World Cup winner Prince Bishop finished tailed-off in last place. The horse ended his season with a trip to France for the Listed Prix Denisy over 3100 metres at Saint-Cloud Racecourse on 14 November. Ridden by Olivier Peslier he took the lead 200 metres from the finish and drew away to win by four lengths from the six-year-old gelding Inis Meain.

### 2014/2015 National Hunt season: Novice hurdles

At the end of his flat racing career Nichols Canyon was sold to Andrea & Graham Wylie. He was gelded and transferred to the stable of Willie Mullins.

Nichols Canyon made his debut under National Hunt rules in a Novice hurdle race at Cork Racecourse on 2 November 2014 in which he was ridden for the first time by Ruby Walsh. Starting at odds of 1/4 he took the lead approaching the final flight to win by a length from Baily Cloud with a gap of seventeen lengths to the rest of the eleven runners. Twenty-six days later the gelding was stepped up to Grade I level for the Royal Bond Hurdle at Fairyhouse and started 7/2 second favourite in a field of seven runners. With Walsh riding the Mullins trained favourite Allez Colombieres, Nichols Canyon was partnered by Paul Townend. Nichols Canyon took the lead at the second last hurdle and recovered from a mistake at the last to win by five lengths from All Hell Let Loose. The victory was marred for the Mullins team by the fatal injury sustained by Allez Colombieres. At Leopardstown Racecourse in December the gelding started odds-on favourite for the Grade I Future Champions Novice Hurdle but unseated Ruby Walsh at the third hurdle in a race won by Sizing John.

On 8 February, Nichols Canyon reappeared in the Deloitte Novice Hurdle over two and a quarter miles at Leopardstown and started second favourite behind his stable companion Alvisio Ville. Walsh sent the gelding to the front from the start and after being briefly headed by the favourite he regained the lead approaching the second last hurdle and drew away to win by three and a half lengths from Windsor Park with a gap of eight and a half lengths back to Alvisio Ville in third place. Mullins offered high praise after this performance "To put in a performance like that, against all those good horses in Leopardstown, that could be a Champion Hurdle performance. To me, did he look a little bit like Hurricane Fly? He’s the same type as a build of horse and has the same aggressiveness as him. He could be that horse".

On 11 March Nichols Canyon made his first appearance at the Cheltenham Festival and started the 7/2 favourite for the Grade I Baring Bingham Novices' Hurdle over two-mile and five furlongs contest. Despite horse racing analysts viewing the raise in distance a negative for Nichols Canyon chances on Cheltenham's stiff finish with the Supreme Novices' Hurdle offering a suitable alternative over two-mile, Mullins chose the extended trip as he already had the favourite for the shorter race with Ruby Walsh also in the saddle. Therefore, Walsh openly expressed the change of tactics in order to tackle the extra distance: "I wouldn’t want to make the running on him" which he applied during the race, restraining Nichols Canyon in the early stages and only beginning to make headway 3 furlongs from home, but after a mistake at the second last hurdle he was unable to make any further progress on the leaders and stayed on for third behind Windsor Park and the Challow Novices' Hurdle winner Parlour Games.

A month later, Nichols Canyon returned to England for the Grade I Mersey Novices' Hurdle over two and a half miles at Aintree Racecourse. He started the 3/1 favourite ahead of Parlour Games whilst the other ten runners included Three Musketeers (Leamington Novices' Hurdle), Days of Heaven (Dovecote Novices' Hurdle), As de Mee (EBF Novices' Handicap Hurdle), Sub Lieutenant (Michael Purcell Memorial Novice Hurdle), Ballybolley (Champion Standard Open NH Flat Race) and McKinley (Slaney Novice Hurdle). Nichols Canyon tracked the leader Ballybolley before moving up to take the lead just after the second last hurdle. He drew away on the run-in and won by four and a half lengths from Parlour Games with seven and a half lengths back to Three Musketeers in third place. Mullins admitted to being surprised by the performance saying "I didn't expect him to do that. I thought his coat had gone a bit and I said to Ruby he could run flat today... We came here on a wing and a prayer".

On his final appearance of the season, Nichols Canyon was made the 4/5 favourite for the Grade 1 Tattersalls Ireland Champion Novice Hurdle over two and a half miles at Punchestown on 1 May. Mckinley was again in opposition whilst the other four runners were Alpha des Obeaux, Sempre Medici (Dunboyne Castle Novice Hurdle), Outlander (Golden Cygnet Novice Hurdle) and Phil's Magic. Walsh sent the gelding in front from the start and Nichols Canyon maintained his advantage throughout, extending his lead approaching the last hurdle and winning in impressive style by seven lengths from Alpha des Obeaux, Racing Post describing him as "a proper Champion Hurdle horse in the making - he is a stayer with speed who relishes his racing". Walsh described the winner as "an iron little horse... he gallops and jumps and he's got some constitution".

### 2015/2016 National Hunt season: Hurdles

On his first appearance of the 2015/2016 National Hunt season Nichols Canyon was one of five horses to contest the Grade I Morgiana Hurdle over two miles at Punchestown on 15 November. The 1/6 favourite was the undefeated Champion Hurdler Faugheen, who, as the Mullins' stable's star hurdler was ridden by Ruby Walsh. Nichols Canyon, the 7/1 second choice in the betting, was ridden by the trainer's nephew David Mullins and faced another three rivals with Wicklow Brave (County Hurdle)— also trained by Mullins, Plinth (Istabraq Hurdle) and Thomas Edison (Galway Hurdle). Nichols Canyon was left to set the pace upfront and with a round of jumping described as "brilliant" by Racing Post he managed to maintain the lead for the rest of the race. He only looked to be headed for a brief moment on the turn for home but he found plenty and again increased the lead before the last hurdle, managing to hold off the late charges on the run-in of his stablemate and short odds-on favourite Faugheen by half a length at the finish line, with Wicklow Brave a length and a quarter back in third. Immediately after the race Mullins was puzzled by the result declaring: "That worked out completely different from the way they worked on Tuesday. Faugheen left Nichols for dead... They went a good gallop and Nichols did it the hard way out in front, he jumped fantastic. Maybe he has improved more... He looks a Champion Hurdle horse now... I'm not making any excuses for Faugheen".

On 29 December Nichols Canyon started odds on favourite for the December Festival Hurdle over two miles on heavy ground at Leopardstown with only three opponents in Windsor Park, Plinth and the Fighting Fifth Hurdle winner Identity Thief. Nichols Canyon and Identity Thief disputed the lead multiple times during the race, initially with Ruby Walsh not pleased with the pace set by his rival and later on lost the advantage to Identity Thief after a mistake at the second last hurdle. However, Ruby Walsh regained his inside position near the rail and again went in front and from there on the lead was constantly disputed with both jockeys going all out, until the hundred yard marker from the finish at which Walsh mount battled hard and asserted to win by two lengths at the line, "making it one of the most enthralling races of the four-day festival" Commenting on the gelding's success Mullins compared him to Hurricane Fly saying "To look at, he’d remind you of him, and there’s the sheer toughness of him. He wouldn’t have the same speed as Hurricane Fly, but certainly he’s getting into that realm of ability. I thought that was him finished \[at the second-last\] but Ruby maintained his position on the inside, which meant he got a little breather coming around the last bend. But he’s tough, rock solid. He’s not the biggest horse but just hugely aggressive. When other horses might have backed off, he put down his head". The rematch with Faugheen came twenty-six days later in the Irish Champion Hurdle over the same course and distance in which he finished a distant third behind his stablemate.

At the 2016 Cheltenham Festival Nichols Canyon started the 15/2 third choice in the betting for the Champion Hurdle. He raced prominently throughout the race but made a bad mistake at the final obstacle and finished third behind Annie Power and My Tent Or Yours. In April he faced Annie Power again and finished third behind the mare in the Aintree Hurdle. In the following month he was sent to the United States and moved up in distance for the Iroquois Steeplechase over three miles at Percy Warner Park in Nashville. He disputed the lead for most of the way before finishing third behind Rawnaq and Shaneshill.

### 2016/2017 National Hunt season: Hurdles

Nichols Canyon began the 2016/2017 season by attempting to repeat his success in the Morgiana Hurdle and started odds-on favourite ahead of Jer's Girl (Mares Novice Hurdle Championship Final), Sempre Medici (Red Mills Trial Hurdle) and Ivanovich Gorbatov (Triumph Hurdle). The race had not been his target, but he was drafted in when both Faugheen and Annie Power were injured. In a race run in thick fog Nichols Canyon emerged from the gloom to win by twelve lengths from Jer's Girl. Mullins commented "He’s just got lots of stamina and once it became a test of stamina the conditions suited him more than any other horse in the race. He jumps fantastically and he goes a very, very good gallop over two miles, so he’s competitive at it. I’d imagine we will be stepping up \[in distance\]." In December he started odds on favourite to win a second Ryanair Hurdle but was beaten seven lengths into second place by Petit Mouchoir. In the Irish Champion Hurdle in January he started second favourite behind Petit Mouchoir in a four-runner field which also included Ivanovich Gorbatov and the French import Footpad. He tracked the favourite from the start but looked well beaten when he fell at the last.

On 16 March Nichols Canyon was stepped up in distance to contest the Stayers' Hurdle over three miles at the Cheltenham Festival in which he was partnered by Walsh and started at odds of 10/1 in a twelve-runner field. Unowhatimeanharry started odd-on favourite after winning eight consecutive races including the Spa Novices' Hurdle and the Long Walk Hurdle. The other runners included Cole Harden. Jezki, Zarkandar and Shaneshill. Nichols Canyon was held up by Walsh as Cole Harden set a strong pace before giving way to the outsider Lil Rockerfeller on the final turn. Nichols Canyon moved into contention approaching the final flight, produced a strong late run on the rail, took the lead in the final strides and won by three quarters of a length from Lil Rockerfeller with Unowhatimeanharry three and a half lengths away in third. After the race Graham Wylie said "When I told Willie to buy a horse for me, he rang me up and said 'I think I've found you the next Inglis Drever'. He looks like Inglis Drever as he's only a pony, but he flew up the hill. Ruby told me he'd ride him like that to make sure he got the trip. It wasn't until approaching the last I thought he might get placed, never mind win... we thought he'd be a Champion Hurdle horse, but it hasn't gone right... but this is great. Willie is a genius". Walsh commented "He's a little warrior. He switched off, he jumped and we just crept away. Lil Rockerfeller was battling back at me but he kept going all the way to the line". On his final start of the season Nichols Canyon started 7/4 favourite for the Champion Stayers Hurdle at Punchestown on 27 April. The race developed into a sustained struggle between Nichols Canyon and Unowhatimeanharry with the British-trained gelding prevailing by a head.

### 2017/2018 National Hunt season: Hurdles

On his first appearance of the 2017/2018 National Hunt season Nichols Canyon contested the Hatton's Grace Hurdle at Fairyhouse on 3 December and finished second to the five-year-old mare Apple's Jade. On 28 December Nichols Canyon faced Apple's Jade again in the Christmas Hurdle over three miles at Leopardstown. He was racing in third place when he fell heavily at the fifth flight, sustaining serious injuries. Although he was immediately attended by veterinary staff he could not be saved and was euthanised on the track. Ruby Walsh commented "He is a big loss... He was as tough as nails", while Patrick Mulling said "He was a small horse with a big heart and would run through a brick wall for you. He was a character as well, he was always a very happy horse."

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Nichols Canyon (GB), bay gelding, 2010
| Sire
Authorized (IRE)
2004 | Montjeu (IRE)
1996 | **Sadler's Wells** | Northern Dancer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Fairy Bridge |
| | Floripedes | Top Ville |
| | Toute Cy |
| | Funsie (FR)
1999 | Saumarez | Rainbow Quest |
| | | Fiesta Fun |
| | Vallee Dansante | Lyphard |
| | Green Valley |
| Dam
Zam Zoom (IRE)
2005 | Dalakhani (IRE)
2000 | Darshaan | Shirley Heights |
| | | Delsy |
| | Daltawa | Miswaki |
| | Damana |
| | Mantesera (IRE)
2000 | In the Wings | **Sadler's Wells** |
| | | High Hawk |
| | Lucayan Princess | High Line |
| | Gay France (Family:7-a) |

* Nichols Canyon was inbred 3 × 4 to Sadler's Wells, meaning that this stallion appears in both the third and fourth generations of his pedigree.

## InfoBox

| Nichols Canyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing silks of
Rachel Hood and Graham Wylie | |
| Sire | Authorized |
| Grandsire | Montjeu |
| Dam | Zam Zoom |
| Damsire | Dalakhani |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 11 February 2010 |
| Died | 28 December 2017(2017-12-28) (aged 7) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Rabbah Bloodstock Limited |
| Owner | Rachel Hood & Elaine Lawlor
Andrea & Graham Wylie |
| Trainer | John Gosden
Willie Mullins |
| Record | 30:12-6-7
20:9-3-5 (Hurdles)
10:3-3-2 (Flat racing) |
| Earnings | £706,551 |
| Major wins | |
| Noel Murless Stakes (2013)
Prix Denisy (2013)
Royal Bond Novice Hurdle (2014)
Deloitte Novice Hurdle (2015)
Mersey Novices' Hurdle (2015)
Champion Novice Hurdle (2015)
Morgiana Hurdle (2015, 2016)
December Festival Hurdle (2015)
Stayers' Hurdle (2017) | |


title: Hirakawachō

abstract: Hirakawachō is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, consisting of 1-chōme and 2-chōme. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 1,104. Note that Kanda-Hirakawachō, also located in the Chiyoda ward, is a completely different district. Hirakawachō's postal code is 102-0093. Hirakawachō is located in the western part of the Chiyoda ward. It borders Kōjimachi to the north, Hayabusachō to the east, Nagatachō to the south, and Kioichō to the west. The Tokyo FM-Dōri Ave forms its northern boundary, the Aoyama-Dōri Ave forms its southern boundary, and the Prince-Dōri Ave forms its western boundary.

text:
# Hirakawachō

**Hirakawachō** (平河町, *Hirakawa-chō*) is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, consisting of 1-chōme and 2-chōme. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 1,104. Note that Kanda-Hirakawachō, also located in the Chiyoda ward, is a completely different district. Hirakawachō's postal code is 102-0093.

Hirakawachō is located in the western part of the Chiyoda ward. It borders Kōjimachi to the north, Hayabusachō to the east, Nagatachō to the south, and Kioichō to the west. The Tokyo FM-Dōri Ave forms its northern boundary, the Aoyama-Dōri Ave forms its southern boundary, and the Prince-Dōri Ave forms its western boundary.

## Transportation

The Kaizaka-Dōri Avenue runs around the center of the district. The Shuto Expressway Route 4 is located upon the Aoyama-Dōri Avenue.

An exit of the Nagatachō Station is situated on the Aoyama-Dōri Avenue.

## Company headquarters

## Education

Chiyoda Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools. Kōjimachi Elementary School (麹町小学校) is the zoned elementary school for Hirakawachō 1-2 chōme. There is a freedom of choice system for junior high schools in Chiyoda Ward, and so there are no specific junior high school zones. Chiyoda Ward operates Kojimachi Junior High School (千代田区立麹町中学校) in Hirakawachō.

35°40′57″N 139°44′26″E / 35.68250°N 139.74056°E / 35.68250; 139.74056


title: Riaza

abstract: Riaza is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 2,020 inhabitants.

text:
# Riaza

**Riaza** is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 2,020 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Riaza | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Main square and town hall of Riaza | |
|  | |
| RiazaLocation in Spain.RiazaRiaza (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°16′59″N 3°28′0″W / 41.28306°N 3.46667°W / 41.28306; -3.46667 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Segovia |
| Municipality | Riaza |
| Area | |
| Total | 149.49 km2 (57.72 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,190 m (3,900 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,117 |
| Density | 14/km2 (37/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Morrisdale, Pennsylvania

abstract: Morrisdale is a census-designated place located in Morris Township, Clearfield County, in the state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 684. Its location is approximately 4 miles (6 km) north of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 53. Notable People - Levi Jones from the American EDM pop duo O.D.L. He was formerly a member of the American pop band The Tide.

text:
# Morrisdale, Pennsylvania

**Morrisdale** is a census-designated place located in Morris Township, Clearfield County, in the state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 684.

Its location is approximately 4 miles (6 km) north of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 53.

**Notable People** \- Levi Jones from the American EDM pop duo O.D.L (Our Dysfunctional Life). He was formerly a member of the American pop band The Tide.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 754 |  |  |
| 2020 | 684 |  | −9.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
2. "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
3. 2010 Census
4. https://data.census.gov/all?q=Morrisdale+CDP,+Pennsylvania
5. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

3. The Tide (band)

## InfoBox

| Morrisdale, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Veterans memorial in Morrisdale | |
| MorrisdaleLocation in PennsylvaniaMorrisdaleMorrisdale (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 40°56′56″N 78°13′31″W / 40.94889°N 78.22528°W / 40.94889; -78.22528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Clearfield |
| Township | Morris |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.69 sq mi (4.37 km2) |
| Land | 1.68 sq mi (4.36 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,643 ft (501 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 684 |
| Density | 406.18/sq mi (156.82/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 16858 |
| FIPS code | 42-51120 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1181580 |


title: National Trade Unions Confederation

abstract: The National Trade Unions Confederation (NTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius. The two primary affiliates of NTUC are the Federation of Civil Service Unions, and the Organization of Artisans' Unity. NTUC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

text:
# National Trade Unions Confederation

The **National Trade Unions Confederation** (NTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius.

The two primary affiliates of NTUC are the Federation of Civil Service Unions, and the Organization of Artisans' Unity.

NTUC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

* ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). *Trade Unions of the World* (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.

## InfoBox

NTUC
| National Trade Unions Confederation | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Port Louis, Mauritius |
| Location |  |
| Affiliations | International Trade Union Confederation |


title: My Size

abstract: "My Size" is a song by John Entwistle. The song is the first track on his debut solo album Smash Your Head Against the Wall and ends with the main riff from one of Entwistle's popular compositions, "Boris the Spider". "My Size" was released as a promotional single in 1971. When Entwistle was asked about the song, he said simply: "'My Size,' was just written in the studio, we wrote the chord progressions and then I went home and composed the tune and the words." In another interview Entwistle called "My Size" a sequel to his 1966 hit with The Who, "Boris the Spider". He said, "I wrote it as a sequel to 'Boris the Spider' for our manager. Our manager wanted me to put 'Boris the Spider' on my album. So I wrote 'My Size' and I wrote it in a sort of code so it sounds as if it were being sung about a woman. Then I stuck the ending on it as a clue. It wasn't a very good clue, I suppose." Entwistle later said: "A lot of people thought that 'My Size' from 'Smash Your Head' was actually the new Who single." The 'My Size' versions on the Sundazed and Repertoire re-releases are completely different. Both of the LPs match the Sundazed version. When the BBC were reviewing the album So Who's the Bass Player? The Ox Anthology they said that the sound sounded like a Black Sabbath song, namely "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath".

text:
# My Size

"**My Size**" is a song by John Entwistle. The song is the first track on his debut solo album *Smash Your Head Against the Wall* and ends with the main riff from one of Entwistle's popular compositions, "Boris the Spider". "My Size" was released as a promotional single in 1971.

When Entwistle was asked about the song, he said simply: "'My Size,' was just written in the studio, we wrote the chord progressions and then I went home and composed the tune and the words." In another interview Entwistle called "My Size" a sequel to his 1966 hit with The Who, "Boris the Spider". He said, "I wrote it as a sequel to 'Boris the Spider' for our manager. Our manager wanted me to put 'Boris the Spider' on my album. So I wrote 'My Size' and I wrote it in a sort of code so it sounds as if it were being sung about a woman. Then I stuck the ending on it as a clue. It wasn't a very good clue, I suppose."

Entwistle later said: "A lot of people thought that 'My Size' from 'Smash Your Head' was actually the new Who single."

The 'My Size' versions on the Sundazed and Repertoire re-releases are completely different. Both of the LPs match the Sundazed version.

When the BBC were reviewing the album *So Who's the Bass Player? The Ox Anthology* they said that the sound sounded like a Black Sabbath song, namely "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath".

## InfoBox

| "My Size" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by John Entwistle | |
| from the album  *Smash Your Head Against the Wall* | |
| A-side | "My Size" |
| B-side | "I Believe in Everything" |
| Released | May 1971 |
| Recorded | Trident Studios, London, England, during November 1970 and January 1971 |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Length | 3:43 |
| Label | Track |
| Songwriter(s) | John Entwistle |
| Producer(s) | John Entwistle |
| John Entwistle singles chronology | |
| "I Believe in Everything"
(1971) "**My Size**"
(1971) "I Wonder"
(1972) | |


title: The Times-Tribune (Corbin)

abstract:
The Times-Tribune is a six-day morning daily newspaper based in Corbin, Kentucky, and covering Knox, Laurel and Whitley counties in that state. It is owned by CNHI.
Founded June 17, 1882, as the weekly Corbin Enterprise, the newspaper took on the names Corbin Daily Tribune and Sunday Times when it began daily publication. Held by a succession of local owners for 100 years—Dan T. Chestnut, T.L. Metcalfe, the Price family, Fred Novels and John L. Crawford—the newspaper was sold to the Thomson Corporation in 1982 by James Crawford and J. Springer Robinson, who had owned it since 1930. American Publishing bought it from Thomson in 1994, dealing it to the current owner, CNHI, in 1999. The newsroom staff are listed — Editor Erin Cox; Sports Reporter Les Dixon; Nighttime editor Brad Hall; Reporters Jarrod Mills and Emily Adams-Bentley.

text:
# The Times-Tribune (Corbin)

***The Times-Tribune*** is a six-day (Monday through Saturday) morning daily newspaper based in Corbin, Kentucky, and covering Knox, Laurel and Whitley counties in that state. It is owned by CNHI. Founded June 17, 1882, as the weekly *Corbin Enterprise*, the newspaper took on the names *Corbin Daily Tribune* and *Sunday Times* when it began daily publication. Held by a succession of local owners for 100 years—Dan T. Chestnut, T.L. Metcalfe, the Price family, Fred Novels and John L. Crawford—the newspaper was sold to the Thomson Corporation in 1982 by James Crawford and J. Springer Robinson, who had owned it since 1930. American Publishing (later Hollinger International) bought it from Thomson in 1994, dealing it to the current owner, CNHI, in 1999. The newsroom staff are listed — Editor Erin Cox; Sports Reporter Les Dixon; Nighttime editor Brad Hall; Reporters Jarrod Mills and Emily Adams-Bentley.

## InfoBox

The Times-Tribune
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | CNHI |
| Publisher | Dave Eldridge |
| Editor | Erin Cox |
| Founded | June 17, 1882 |
| Headquarters | 201 North Kentucky Avenue
Corbin, Kentucky 40701
United States |
| Circulation | 6,808 daily |
| Website | thetimestribune.com |


title: Parvathi Puthannaar

abstract: Parvati Puthannar is a manufactured canal that runs through the west coast of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It was named after Rani Parvathi Bai, who was the reigning queen of Travancore during the time it was created. "Puthannar" in Malayalam means "the new river". It was created primarily for connecting the Travancore capital to Kadinamkulam, the Vamanapuram River and finally to Kochi. This canal also has access to the king's boat landing place, Vallakadavu, where the king's boathouse is located. It starts from the Kadinamkulam Lake in the north and flows south-east, parallel to the Trivandrum coast. It finally ends in a small delta near Poonthura and empties into the Arabian Sea. The delta formed by Parvathi Puthannar is known as Poonthura Pozhi. At first, its water was very clear and fresher than any river or other man-made canal in India. At that time Travancore was the only hygienic, clean city in India. However, Parvathi Puthannar is now polluted and most portions are not navigable, due to pollution and weeds. Parvathi Puthannar is part of the West Coast Canal which forms Waterway 3 (NW-III).

text:
# Parvathi Puthannaar

**Parvati Puthannar** (Malayalam: പാർവതി പുത്തനാർ) is a manufactured canal that runs through the west coast of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It was named after Rani Parvathi Bai, who was the reigning queen of Travancore during the time it was created. "Puthannar" in Malayalam means "the new river". It was created primarily for connecting the Travancore capital to Kadinamkulam, the Vamanapuram River and finally to Kochi. This canal also has access to the king's boat landing place, *Vallakadavu*, where the king's boathouse is located.

It starts from the Kadinamkulam Lake in the north and flows south-east, parallel to the Trivandrum coast. It finally ends in a small delta near Poonthura and empties into the Arabian Sea. The delta formed by Parvathi Puthannar is known as Poonthura Pozhi. At first, its water was very clear and fresher than any river or other man-made canal in India. At that time Travancore was the only hygienic, clean city in India. However, Parvathi Puthannar is now polluted and most portions are not navigable, due to pollution and weeds.

Parvathi Puthannar is part of the West Coast Canal which forms Waterway 3 (NW-III).


title: Merkin (disambiguation)

abstract: A merkin is a pubic wig. Merkin may also refer to:

text:
# Merkin (disambiguation)

A **merkin** is a pubic wig.

**Merkin** may also refer to:

## People

* Hermann Merkin (1907–1999), American-Jewish businessman and philanthropist
* Ursula Merkin (1919–2006), German-born, American-Jewish author and philanthropist
* Richard Merkin (1938–2009), American painter and illustrator
* Marvin Merkins, pseudonym for Jacques Scandelari (1943–1999), French film director, screenwriter and producer
* Daphne Merkin (born 1954), American novelist and cultural critic
* J. Ezra Merkin (born 1954), American money manager, financier and philanthropist
* Michele Merkin (born 1975), American model and television host
* Merkin Valdez (born 1981), Dominican Major League Baseball player

## Entertainment

## Other uses


title: Higginsville, West Virginia

abstract: Higginsville is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. Higginsville once served as a stagecoach stop on the old Cumberland Road between Winchester and Cumberland, now known as the Slanesville Pike.

text:
# Higginsville, West Virginia

**Higginsville** is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. Higginsville once served as a stagecoach stop on the old Cumberland Road between Winchester and Cumberland, now known as the Slanesville Pike (West Virginia Secondary Route 3).

## InfoBox

| Higginsville, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HigginsvilleHigginsville | |
| Coordinates: 39°25′5″N 78°34′47″W / 39.41806°N 78.57972°W / 39.41806; -78.57972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Hampshire |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1549740 |


title: Nichols (village), New York

abstract: Nichols is a village located in the Town of Nichols in Tioga County, New York, United States. The population was 512 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name is taken from that of a local benefactor, Colonel Nichols. The Village of Nichols is on the northern border of the town and is in the Southern Tier District of New York. Nichols is halfway between Binghamton and Elmira.

text:
# Nichols (village), New York

**Nichols** is a village located in the Town of Nichols in Tioga County, New York, United States. The population was 512 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name is taken from that of a local benefactor, Colonel Nichols.

The **Village of Nichols** is on the northern border of the town and is in the Southern Tier District of New York. Nichols is halfway between Binghamton and Elmira.

## History

The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 passed through the region.

The village was settled around 1793 and was originally called the "Corners." The community was briefly known as "Rushville," but the name was changed to "Nichols" when the Tioga County was created.

The Nichols High School and Platt-Cady Mansion are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Nichols is located at 42°1′11″N 76°22′6″W / 42.01972°N 76.36833°W / 42.01972; -76.36833 (42.019986, -76.368505).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.5 square mile (1.3 km2), all land.

The Susquehanna River flows past the northern side of the village. Wapasening Creek flows into the river at Nichols village.

The Southern Tier Expressway (New York State Route 17 and future Interstate 86) and New York State Route 282 pass through the village.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 533 |  |  |
| 1920 | 554 |  | 3.9% |
| 1930 | 533 |  | −3.8% |
| 1940 | 541 |  | 1.5% |
| 1950 | 578 |  | 6.8% |
| 1960 | 663 |  | 14.7% |
| 1970 | 638 |  | −3.8% |
| 1980 | 613 |  | −3.9% |
| 1990 | 573 |  | −6.5% |
| 2000 | 574 |  | 0.2% |
| 2010 | 512 |  | −10.8% |
| 2020 | 457 |  | −10.7% |
| US Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 574 people, 213 households, and 152 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,123.9 inhabitants per square mile (433.9/km2). There were 228 housing units at an average density of 446.4 per square mile (172.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.65% White, 0.17% Black or African American and 0.17% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 213 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.4% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,864, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $27,361 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,060. About 10.5% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Nichols, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nichols village on New York State Route 282. | |
| Nichols, New YorkLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°1′12″N 76°22′7″W / 42.02000°N 76.36861°W / 42.02000; -76.36861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Tioga |
| Settled | 1793 (1793) |
| Incorporated | 1903 (1903) |
| Named for | Early landowner |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.52 sq mi (1.34 km2) |
| Land | 0.52 sq mi (1.34 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 791 ft (241 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 457 |
| Density | 882.24/sq mi (340.35/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13812 |
| Area code | 607 |
| FIPS code | 36-51110 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0958556 |
| Website | www.tiogacountyny.com/towns-villages/nichols-village-of.html |