title: SS Uganda (1952)

abstract: SS Uganda was a British steamship that had a varied and notable career. She was built in 1952 as a passenger liner, and successively served as a cruise ship, hospital ship, troop ship and stores ship. She was laid up in 1985 and scrapped in 1992.

text:
# SS Uganda (1952)

**SS *Uganda*** was a British steamship that had a varied and notable career. She was built in 1952 as a passenger liner, and successively served as a cruise ship, hospital ship, troop ship and stores ship. She was laid up in 1985 and scrapped in 1992.

## Passenger liner

Barclay Curle and Company of Whiteinch, Glasgow built *Uganda* for the British-India Steam Navigation Company (BI). She was a passenger and cargo liner with capacity for 167 first class and 133 tourist class passengers and 388,250 cubic feet (10,994 m3) of cargo. Her original tonnages were 14,430 GRT, 8,034 NRT and 9,630 DWT. Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company built her two Parsons steam turbines, which between them developed 12,300 shp.

*Uganda* was launched on 15 January 1952, completed six months later and made her sea trials on 16 July. On trial she achieved a top speed of 19.52 knots (36.15 km/h), but in service she normally cruised at 16 knots (30 km/h). Her route was between London and East Africa, calling at Gibraltar, Naples, Port Said, Aden, Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanga and Beira.

Increasing competition from civil aviation reduced the market for passenger sailings between Britain and East Africa, leading BI to withdraw *Uganda* from the route in 1967.

## Cruise ship

BI had Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Hamburg refit *Uganda* as an educational cruise ship. Decks were inserted in her former cargo holds, which were converted into dormitory cabins with a total of 920 berths. The conversion raised her passenger capacity from 300 to 1,226 and cost £2.8 million. It increased her gross and net tonnages to 16,907 GRT 8,827 NRT but the loss of cargo capacity reduced her deadweight tonnage to 5,695 DWT.

In her new rôle *Uganda* sailed her first voyage on 27 February 1968. On 21 October 1969 while she was cruising in the North Atlantic in international waters off Cape Trafalgar a Spanish shore battery opened fire. Several shells landed within 12 nautical mile (1 km) of the ship.

*Uganda* continued for 14 years cruising mainly in Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, together with her company consort *Nevasa*. In 1971 *Uganda*'s management and operation were transferred to P&O's Passenger Division. In 1972 P&O absorbed its BI subsidiary and *Uganda*'s ownership. However, uniquely within the P&O fleet, *Uganda* retained her BI livery of white hull with a black band and black funnel with two white bands. *Nevasa* was larger and more modern than *Uganda* but also more expensive to run. In 1974 she was withdrawn and scrapped, leaving *Uganda* as the fleet's only educational cruise ship.

## Falklands service

In 1982 *Uganda* was a hospital ship in the Falklands War with the call sign of "Mother Hen". She was called up for military duty while on cruise 276 and discharged her 315 cabin passengers and 940 school children, who were on an educational cruise, in Naples. When *Uganda* docked in Naples, reporters turned up their microphones to hear a ship full of school children singing *Rule, Britannia!*

*Uganda* had a three-day refit in Gibraltar where a helicopter platform, fittings for replenishment at sea, satellite communications and wards and operating theatres were installed. Two additional water distillers were fitted on the sports deck. In accordance with the Geneva Convention she was painted white and eight red crosses were painted, two on each side of the hull, one facing forward on the bridge superstructure, one on the upper deck visible from the air, and one on either side of her funnel. A team of 136 medical staff including 12 doctors, operating theatre staff and 40 members of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, left Portsmouth to join her taking large quantities of medical supplies with them.

The survey vessels HMS *Hecla*, *Hydra* and *Herald* were converted to ambulance ships to work with *Uganda*. She received her first casualties on 12 May: wounded men from the Type 42 destroyer HMS *Sheffield*. *Uganda* sailed to and fro between "Red Cross Box 2" – at position 50°50′S 58°40′W / 50.833°S 58.667°W / -50.833; -58.667 and Middle Bay, taking on casualties, both British and Argentine, transferring those who were well enough to the converted survey ships for passage to Montevideo. On 28 May 1982 the land battles started and Uganda anchored in Grantham Sound, 11 miles northwest of Goose Green, where casualties from both sides arrived by helicopter and were treated. By 31 May 1982 she had 132 casualties aboard.

*Uganda* co-ordinated the movements of the three British and three Argentine ambulance ships *Almirante Irízar*, *Bahía Paraíso* and *Puerto Deseado*. She conducted 504 surgical operations, treated 730 casualties including 150 Argentinians, and made four rendezvous with the Argentine ships. In deference to the TV series *M\*A\*S\*H* she was nicknamed NOSH - Naval Ocean-going Surgical Hospital.

By 10 July 1982 her role as a hospital ship was over and the crew held a party for 92 Falkland children more in keeping with her peacetime role. On 13 July 1982 *Uganda* was deregistered as a hospital ship and the red crosses were painted out. Two days later she went back to Grantham Sound, to embark the men of the 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and their equipment, before sailing for the UK on 18 July 1982. She arrived at Southampton on 9 August 1982, 113 days after she had sailed to join the Task Force. In this time she had sailed 26,150 miles, consumed 4,700 tons of fuel, received more than 1,000 helicopter landings on her flight deck and 3,111 personnel had been transferred to or from her.

## Post war

Smiths Shiprepairers of North Shields extensively refitted *Uganda*, but her games deck windows never did close properly again after having Sea King helicopters landing on her quoits court. She returned to educational cruising on 25 September 1982, but in November she was chartered for two years to serve as a store ship between Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands. She was fitted with a new helicopter deck and on 14 January 1983 left Southampton for the Falklands again.

*Uganda* was refitted again at Falmouth in November 1983. She completed her charter in 1985, reached Falmouth on 25 April 1985 and was laid up in the River Fal on 4 May 1985.

## *Triton*

On 29 April 1986 the Triton Shipping Company of St Vincent bought *Uganda* and renamed her *Triton*. With a crew of 21 she left the Fal on 20 May and anchored off Kaohsiung in Taiwan on 15 July to await breaking. On 22 August Typhoon Wayne drove her ashore. She was still ashore on her side in March 1992, but has since been broken up.

In 1970 *Uganda* was used in the Children's Film Foundation film *All at Sea*.

## InfoBox

| *Uganda* in Helsinki's South Harbour in the early 1980s | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | * *Uganda* (1952–1986) * *Triton* (1986–1992) |
| Namesake | Uganda |
| Owner |  |
| Operator | * British-India SN Co (1952–71) * P&O (1971–82) * Royal Navy (1982, 1983–85) |
| Port of registry | London |
| Route |  |
| Builder | Barclay Curle & Co, Glasgow |
| Yard number | 720 |
| Launched | 15 January 1952 |
| Maiden voyage | 2 August 1952 |
| Out of service | 25 April 1985 |
| Identification |  |
| Honours and
awards | Falkland Islands, 1982 |
| Fate | Scrapped in 1992 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type |  |
| Tonnage | * **1952–67:** 14,430 GRT * 8,034 NRT * 9,630 DWT * **1968–82:** 16,907 GRT * 8,827 NRT * 5,695 DWT |
| Length | * 516.7 feet (157.5 m) p/p * 539.8 feet (164.5 m) o/a |
| Beam | 71.4 feet (21.8 m) |
| Draught | 25 feet 3+12 inches (7.709 m) |
| Depth | 35.0 feet (10.7 m) |
| Installed power | 12,300 shp |
| Propulsion | 2 × steam turbines, twin propellers |
| Speed | * 19.52 knots (36.15 km/h; 22.46 mph) maximum * 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) cruising |
| Capacity | * **1952–67:** 167 first class passengers * 133 tourist class passengers * 388,250 cubic feet (10,994 m3) cargo * **1967–82:** 306 cabin berths * 920 dormitory berths |
| Crew | 287 |


title: SS U.S.S.R. Victory

abstract: The SS U.S.S.R. Victory was the third Victory ship built during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding program. She was launched by the California Shipbuilding Company on February 26, 1944. The ship was completed and delivered to the wartime operator of all United States oceangoing shipping, the War Shipping Administration (WSA), on April 26, 1944. U.S.S.R. Victory, official number 245247, was assigned to Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., under a standard WSA operating agreement at that time. That agreement continued until the ship's sale on March 7, 1947. The ship’s United States Maritime Commission designation was VC2-S-AP3, hull number 3 (V-3). U.S.S.R. Victory served in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II. U.S.S.R. Victory was one of the new 10,500-ton class ship to be known as Victory ships. Victory ships were designed to replace the earlier Liberty Ships. Liberty ships were designed to be used just for World War II. Victory ships were designed to last longer and serve the US Navy after the war. The Victory ship differed from a Liberty ship in that they were faster, longer and wider, taller, had a thinner stack set farther toward the superstructure and had a long raised forecastle. U.S.S.R. Victory was christened by Mrs. Inna Pastoev, wife of the Soviet vice-consul. The Soviet vice-consul said at the christening: "another link in the chain of blows that will defeat our enemy," The launching of The U.S.S.R. Victory splashed into the water of Wilmington, Los Angeles.

text:
# SS U.S.S.R. Victory

The **SS *U.S.S.R. Victory*** was the third Victory ship built during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding program. She was launched by the California Shipbuilding Company on February 26, 1944. The ship was completed and delivered to the wartime operator of all United States oceangoing shipping, the War Shipping Administration (WSA), on April 26, 1944. *U.S.S.R. Victory*, official number 245247, was assigned to Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., under a standard WSA operating agreement at that time. That agreement continued until the ship's sale on March 7, 1947. The ship’s United States Maritime Commission designation was VC2-S-AP3, hull number 3 (V-3). *U.S.S.R. Victory* served in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II.

*U.S.S.R. Victory* was one of the new 10,500-ton class ship to be known as Victory ships. Victory ships were designed to replace the earlier Liberty Ships. Liberty ships were designed to be used just for World War II. Victory ships were designed to last longer and serve the US Navy after the war. The Victory ship differed from a Liberty ship in that they were faster, longer and wider, taller, had a thinner stack set farther toward the superstructure and had a long raised forecastle.

*U.S.S.R. Victory* was christened by Mrs. Inna Pastoev, wife of the Soviet vice-consul. The Soviet vice-consul said at the christening: "another link in the chain of blows that will defeat our enemy," The launching of The *U.S.S.R. Victory* splashed into the water of Wilmington, Los Angeles.

## *U.S.S.R* namesake

*U.S.S.R Victory* namesake is for the country Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly termed the Soviet Union. In 1941, Nazi Germany began *Operation Barbarossa* and invaded the Soviet Union. Thus the Soviet Union and the USA became Allies against Nazi Germany. Iran had declared neutrality in World War II, but now found it to be part of World War II, many of Allies supplies to the Soviet Union passed through Iran. In 1941 after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Iran became a major conduit for British and American aid to the Soviet Union throughout the war. So important to the war effort was Iran that in 1943 the leaser of the Allies, "Big Three", (Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill) held the Tehran Conference in Iran.

## World War II

*U.S.S.R. Victory* served as a troop ship to take troops to and from Europe. *U.S.S.R. Victory* and 96 other Victory ships were converted to troop ships to take troops to Europe. She was later used to bring US soldiers back home as part of Operation Magic Carpet from port cities known as Cigarette Camps. She was able to transport up to 1,500 troops to and from Europe. Her cargo holds were converted to bunk beds and hammocks that stacked three high for hot bunking. In the cargo hold, Mess halls and gyms were also added. On October 31, 1945 she steamed in to Newport News, Virginia, bringing troop home from Europe.

## Korean War

*U.S.S.R. Victory* served as merchant marine ship supplying goods for the Korean War. She helped move the 140th Medium Tank Battalion. About 75 percent of the personnel taken to Korea for the Korean War came by the merchant marine ships. *U.S.S.R. Victory* transported goods, mail, food and other supplies. About 90 percent of the cargo was moved by merchant marine naval to the war zone. *U.S.S.R. Victory* made trips between 18 November 1950 and 23 December 1952, helping American forces engaged against Communist aggression in South Korea.

## SS *Indian Navigator*

On March 7, 1947 the ship was sold to the India Steamship Company of Calcutta, India and renamed the **SS *Indian Navigator***. The *Indian Navigator* was steaming from Hamburg to Calcutta with a cargo of sulphur. On 31 December 1960 she had a cargo hold explosion and fire when she was off the south western tip of Cornwall, United Kingdom, near the Isles of Scilly. The crew abandoned ship into the lifeboats after the explosion. She was towed by SS *Indian Success*, but with another cargo explosion she foundered and sank on 2 January 1961, with loss of life of some marine salvage personal. She is now about 129 meters under water.

1. Babcock & Wilcox (April 1944). "Victory Ships". *Marine Engineering and Shipping Review*.
2. Maritime Administration. "USSR Victory". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
3. National parks, Reading 2: Victory Ships
4. San Bernardino Sun, Volume 50, 27 February 1944
5. Long Beach Independent from Long Beach, California, February 4, 1944, page 3
6. /shipbuildinghistory.com, Victory ships
7. Glenn E. Curtis; Eric Hooglund (2008). *Iran: A Country Study*. Government Printing Office. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
8. David S. Sorenson (2013). *An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics*. Avalon Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8133-4922-0.
9. Usa Ibp (2009). *Iran: Foreign Policy & Government Guide*. Int'l Business Publications. p. 53. ISBN 978-0739793541.
10. T.H. Vail Motter; United States Army Center of Military History (1952). *United States Army in World War II the Middle East Theater the Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia*. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
11. Louise Fawcett, "Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?." *Iranian Studies* 47#3 (2014): 379–399.
12. Gary R. Hess, "the Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War." *Political Science Quarterly* 89#1 (1974): 117–146. online
13. Democrat and Chronicle from Rochester, New York · Page 29, October 31, 1945
14. Armed-guard, troop ships
15. marad.dot.gov, Troop s ships
16. Democrat and Chronicle from Rochester, New York · Page 15 October 31, 1945
17. ww2troopships.com crossings in 1945
18. "Troop Ship of World War II, April 1947, Page 356-357" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
19. Our Troop Ships
20. Milford W. Crumplar, Corporal
21. Lud Lekson Collection
22. Korean War Educator, Merchant Marine, Accounts of the Korean War
23. Small United States and United Nations Warships in the Korean War, By Paul M. Edwards
24. Mariners, The Website Of The Mariners Mailing List. Victory Ships
25. Wreck site, U.S.S.R. Victory (1944~1947) Indian Navigator

## Sources

* Sawyer, L.A. and W.H. Mitchell. *Victory ships and tankers: The history of the ‘Victory’ type cargo ships and of the tankers built in the United States of America during World War II*, Cornell Maritime Press, 1974, 0-87033-182-5.
* United States Maritime Commission:
* Victory Cargo Ships  Archived 2005-09-22 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| The front ship, with V-3 on the hull, is the SS *U.S.S.R. Victory*. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *U.S.S.R. Victory* |
| Namesake | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) |
| Owner | War Shipping Administration |
| Operator | Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc. |
| Builder | California Shipbuilding Company, Los Angeles |
| Laid down | January 3, 1944 |
| Launched | February 26, 1944 |
| Completed | April 26, 1944 |
| Identification | Official number: 245247 |
| Fate | Sold March 7, 1947 |
| India | |
| Name | SS *Indian Navigator* |
| Namesake | India |
| Owner | India Steamship Co, Calcutta |
| Operator | India Steamship Company |
| Fate | Sank 2 January 1961 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | VC2-S-AP3 Victory ship |
| Tonnage | 7612 GRT, 4,553 NRT |
| Displacement | 15,200 tons |
| Length | 455 ft (139 m) |
| Beam | 62 ft (19 m) |
| Draught | 28 ft (8.5 m) |
| Installed power | 8,500 shp (6,300 kW) |
| Propulsion | HP & LP turbines geared to a single 20.5-foot (6.2 m) propeller, by Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Essington |
| Speed | 16.5 knots |
| Boats & landing <br>craft carried | 4 Lifeboats |
| Complement | 62 Merchant Marine and 28 US Naval Armed Guards |
| Armament |  |
| Notes |  |


title: SS Tynwald (1947)

abstract: TSS (RMS) Tynwald (V), No. 165248, was a passenger vessel operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from 1947 to 1974, and was the fifth vessel in the history of the line to bear the name.

text:
# SS Tynwald (1947)

**TSS (RMS) *Tynwald* (V)**, No. 165248, was a passenger vessel operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from 1947 to 1974, and was the fifth vessel in the history of the line to bear the name.

## History

*Tynwald* was built by Cammell Laird at Birkenhead in 1947, at a cost of £461,859 (equivalent to £22,800,000 in 2023).

The third of the six sisters, *Tynwald* was virtually identical to her two predecessors *King Orry* and *Mona's Queen* except for her tonnage, which was 2490. Her dimensions, speed and horsepower, also crew accommodation, matched the *Snaefell* and *Mona's Isle*.

## Incidents

There was one accident in her history when she sank the barge *Elanor* in the Mersey on 25 February 1952.

## Service life and disposal

She was popular and considered to have done a very sound job for the company, and she continued to give service until August 1974, when she was withdrawn from the fleet. By then, the company's newer car ferries were taking the bulk of the passenger traffic, and therefore it was viable to reduce the number of passenger vessels from seven to six.

*Tynwald* was sold to John Cashmore of Newport, Mons. for £57,000 (equivalent to £604,000 in 2023), and resold to Spanish breakers who demolished her at Avtles in February 1975.

Her ship's whistle was retained by the company, and to the delight of lovers of Manx ships, was fitted to the car ferry *Ben-my-Chree* during her winter overhaul in 1978.

Bibliography  * Chappell, Connery (1980). *Island Lifeline* T.Stephenson & Sons Ltd ISBN 0-901314-20-X

## InfoBox

| *Tynwald* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
|  | |
| Name | *Tynwald* |
| Owner | 1947–1974: IOMSPCo. |
| Operator | 1947–1974: IOMSPCo. |
| Port of registry | Douglas, Isle of Man. |
| Builder | Cammell Laird |
| Cost | £461,859 (equivalent to £22,800,000 in 2023). |
| Yard number | 1184 |
| Way number | 165284 |
| Launched | 24 July 1947 |
| Maiden voyage | 31 July 1947 |
| Out of service | August 1974 |
| Identification | IMO number: 165284 |
| Fate | Scrapped at Avtles, Spain, 1975 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | King Orry Class Passenger Steamer. |
| Tonnage | 2,490 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 345 feet (105 m) |
| Beam | 47 feet (14 m) |
| Depth | 18 feet (5.5 m) |
| Installed power | 8,500 shp (6,300 kW) |
| Propulsion | Twin Parsons single reduction turbines; developing 8,500 shp (6,300 kW) |
| Speed | 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) |
| Capacity | 2393 passengers |
| Crew | 68 |


title: Saddle (artwork)

abstract: Saddle is a 1993 surrealist sculpture by Irish artist Dorothy Cross. It is in the collection of the Irish Museum of Modern Art having been acquired in 1994. It is created by the combination of found objects - specifically a metal frame, a horse's saddle and an upturned cow's udder. Virgin's Shroud, another work by Cross from 1993, also features cow's udders and is in the collection of the Tate. It was perhaps no surprise to soon come upon the Freudian play of Dorothy Cross’ Saddle...There is something doubly unsettling about udders. On the one hand they remind me of large elongated nipples, which they are, and on the other they have a resemblance of a small thick penis. The Saddle also has a reference to the arse and so, all in all, the piece has a fascinating desire to confuse and unsettle, to engage and perturb.

text:
# Saddle (artwork)

***Saddle*** is a 1993 surrealist sculpture by Irish artist Dorothy Cross. It is in the collection of the Irish Museum of Modern Art having been acquired in 1994. It is created by the combination of found objects \- specifically a metal frame, a horse's saddle and an upturned cow's udder. *Virgin's Shroud,* another work by Cross from 1993, also features cow's udders and is in the collection of the Tate.

> It was perhaps no surprise to soon come upon the Freudian play of Dorothy Cross’ *Saddle*...There is something doubly unsettling about udders. On the one hand they remind me of large elongated nipples, which they are, and on the other they have a resemblance of a small thick penis. The Saddle also has a reference to the arse and so, all in all, the piece has a fascinating desire to confuse and unsettle, to engage and perturb.
>
> Steffan Jones-Hughes,

1. "The surreal in Irish art". *The Irish Times*. May 27, 2011. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
2. "Saddle". *www.europeana.eu*. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
3. "Saddle". *www.imma.ie*. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
4. "Captivating Brightness: IMMA in Connemara for the 35th anniversary of the Clifden Arts Festival". *www.imma.ie*. Irish Museum of Modern Art. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
5. "Dorothy Cross, 'Virgin Shroud' 1993". *Tate*. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
6. "Exquisite Corpse: Display from the Collection". 2009.

53°20′24″N 6°17′59″W / 53.3400°N 6.2997°W / 53.3400; -6.2997


title: Saddle-billed stork

abstract: The saddle-billed stork or saddlebill is a large wading bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub-Saharan Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya south to South Africa, and in The Gambia, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad in west Africa. It is considered endangered in South Africa. It is a close relative of the widespread Asian and Australian black-necked stork, the only other member of the genus Ephippiorhynchus.

text:
# Saddle-billed stork

The **saddle-billed stork** or **saddlebill** (***Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis***) is a large wading bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub-Saharan Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya south to South Africa, and in The Gambia, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad in west Africa. It is considered endangered in South Africa.

It is a close relative of the widespread Asian and Australian black-necked stork, the only other member of the genus *Ephippiorhynchus*.

## Description

This is a huge bird that regularly attains a height of 145 to 150 cm (4 ft 9 in to 4 ft 11 in), a length of 142 cm (4 ft 8 in) and a 2.4 to 2.7 m (7 ft 10 in to 8 ft 10 in) wingspan. While heights published have been in the aforementioned narrow range, reportedly adult saddle-billed storks in captivity can attain a height of up to 150 to 180 cm (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in). The male is larger and heavier than the female, with a range of 5.1–7.52 kg (11.2–16.6 lb), with a mean mass of 6.38 kg (14.1 lb). The female is usually between 5 and 6.84 kg (11.0 and 15.1 lb), with a mean mass of 5.95 kg (13.1 lb). Among the large storks, the saddle-billed broadly overlap in size with the two larger *Leptoptilos* and the Jabiru stork but possesses a longer, more slender neck and slightly longer legs than the other largest storks, so the saddle-billed is likely to be the tallest extant species of the family. Its extremely long legs measure up to 36.5 cm (14.4 in)) in tarsus length. The long bill measures from 27.3 to 36 cm (10.7 to 14.2 in). The sexes can be readily distinguished by the golden yellow irises of the female and the brown irises and dangling yellow wattles of the male. It is therefore one of the few storks to display sexual dimorphism in colour.

It is spectacularly plumaged; both the female and male appear identical when perched but the female shows much more white in the primaries in flight. The head, neck, back, wings, and tail are iridescent black, with the rest of the body and the primary flight feathers being white. Juveniles are browner grey in plumage. The massive bill is red with a black band and a yellow frontal shield (the "saddle"). The legs and feet are black with pink hocks. On the chest is a bare red patch of skin, whose colour darkens during breeding season.

## Behaviour

They are silent except for bill-clattering at the nest. Like most storks, they fly with the neck outstretched, not retracted like a heron; in flight, the large heavy bill is kept drooping somewhat below belly height, giving these birds a distinctive appearance. This makes them easily recognizable, even if seen from a distance. It has been suggested that due to the large size and unusual appearance in flight, this species is the basis for the "big bird" and kongamato cryptids.

### Habitat

At the continental scale, saddle-billed storks preferred protected areas that have a higher extent of open water compared to areas without other storks. Some of these trends may, however, be due to a bias in coverage by ornithologists of safer areas such as national parks and protected swamps that afford easier accessibility and comforts.

### Breeding

The saddle-billed storks are solitary nesters, building massive nest platforms that are used repeatedly in successive seasons. Unlike many other storks, these species are often seen in pairs in the nonbreeding season suggesting a lifelong pair bond. They breed in forested wetlands and other floodplains in tropical lowlands. It builds a large, deep stick nest in a tree, laying one to five (typically two or three) white eggs weighing about 146 g (5.1 oz) each. The incubation period is 30–35 days, with another 70–100 days before the chicks fledge, with the young often remaining in the parents' territory until the next breeding season.

### Food and feeding

Fishing in BotswanaMale trying to swallow a Catfish, Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa

The saddle-billed stork searches for prey by stabbing the bill into the water, catching prey by contact, and in the same way into mud and vegetation.It also hunts by visual detection. In one study with 255 minutes of observation, 71% of successful catches were due to visual foraging, and 29% due to tactile foraging. They usually feed on aquatic prey such as fish lungfish (Protopterus spp.) and catfish (*Clarias* spp.), up to 1.3 kg (2.9 lb) in weight. It swallows the fish head first and then drinks some water. In the case of large fish prey, they are often taken to the shore where pectoral fins may be clipped off before the fish is swallowed head first. Saddle-billed storks opportunistically catch other prey such as frogs, snails, small mammals, birds, snakes, and insects such as grasshoppers, termites, and water beetles. In an unusual case, the saddle-billed stork killed and consumed a red-billed Duck (*Anas erythrorhyncha*) and a spitting cobra (*Naja mossambica*). An unsuccessful attack on the slender mongoose (*Galerella sanguinea*) has been reported.

## Relation to Ancient Egyptian culture

This bird is represented in an Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph (Gardiner G29) that had the phonetic value "bꜣ":

Its description is often erroneously given as "jabiru", which is a South American relative. The Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba incorporated this hieroglyph in his name (Jiménez Serrano 2002). The first depictions of the species come from depictions during the Late Predynastic Period (pre-3150 B.C.), and trends in depictions have been useful to deduce a decline in the species' range from ancient Egypt likely due to intensifying urbanisation and an increasingly arid climate (c. 2686–2181 BC).

## Further reading

* Barlow, Clive (1997): *A field guide to birds of the Gambia and Senegal*. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
* Jiménez Serrano, Alejandro (2002): Royal Festivals in the Late Predynastic Period and the First Dynasty. *British Archaeological Reports* (International Series) **1076**. ISBN 1-84171-455-0

## InfoBox

| Saddle-billed stork | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult male in Kruger National Park, South Africa | |
|  | |
| Female in Masai Mara, Kenya – irises are yellow | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Ciconiiformes |
| Family: | Ciconiidae |
| Genus: | *Ephippiorhynchus* |
| Species: | ***E. senegalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis***
(Shaw, 1800) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Mycteria senegalensis* Shaw, 1800 | |


title: Saelices el Chico

abstract: Saelices el Chico is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 152 inhabitants.

text:
# Saelices el Chico

**Saelices el Chico** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 152 inhabitants.

List of municipalities in Salamanca

## InfoBox

| Saelices el Chico | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Coordinates: 40°40′6″N 6°38′3″W / 40.66833°N 6.63417°W / 40.66833; -6.63417 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo |
| Subcomarca | Campo de Argañán |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Juan Antonio Moro Martín (People's Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 26 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 651 m (2,136 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 147 |
| Density | 5.7/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37592 |


title: Saga

abstract: Sagas are prose stories and histories, composed in Iceland and to a lesser extent elsewhere in Scandinavia. The most famous saga-genre is the Íslendingasögur, which feature Viking voyages, migration to Iceland, and feuds between Icelandic families. However, sagas' subject matter is diverse, including pre-Christian Scandinavian legends; saints and bishops both from Scandinavia and elsewhere; Scandinavian kings and contemporary Icelandic politics; and chivalric romances either translated from Continental European languages or composed locally. Sagas originated in the Middle Ages, but continued to be composed in the ensuing centuries. Whereas the dominant language of history-writing in medieval Europe was Latin, sagas were composed in the vernacular: Old Norse and its later descendants, primarily Icelandic. While sagas are written in prose, they share some similarities with epic poetry, and often include stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text.

text:
# Saga

**Sagas** are prose stories and histories, composed in Iceland and to a lesser extent elsewhere in Scandinavia.

The most famous saga-genre is the *Íslendingasögur* (sagas concerning Icelanders), which feature Viking voyages, migration to Iceland, and feuds between Icelandic families. However, sagas' subject matter is diverse, including pre-Christian Scandinavian legends; saints and bishops both from Scandinavia and elsewhere; Scandinavian kings and contemporary Icelandic politics; and chivalric romances either translated from Continental European languages or composed locally.

Sagas originated in the Middle Ages, but continued to be composed in the ensuing centuries. Whereas the dominant language of history-writing in medieval Europe was Latin, sagas were composed in the vernacular: Old Norse and its later descendants, primarily Icelandic.

While sagas are written in prose, they share some similarities with epic poetry, and often include stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text.

## Etymology and meaning of *saga*

The main meanings of the Old Norse word *saga* (plural *sǫgur*) are 'what is said, utterance, oral account, notification' and the sense used in this article: '(structured) narrative, story (about somebody)'. It is cognate with the English words *say* and *saw* (in the sense 'a saying', as in *old saw*), and the German *Sage*; but the modern English term *saga* was borrowed directly into English from Old Norse by scholars in the eighteenth century to refer to Old Norse prose narratives.

The word continues to be used in this sense in the modern Scandinavian languages: Icelandic *saga* (plural *sögur*), Faroese *søga* (plural *søgur*), Norwegian *soge* (plural *soger*), Danish *saga* (plural *sagaer*), and Swedish *saga* (plural *sagor*). It usually also has wider meanings such as 'history', 'tale', and 'story'. It can also be used of a genre of novels telling stories spanning multiple generations, or to refer to saga-inspired fantasy fiction. Swedish *folksaga* means folk tale or fairy tale, while *konstsaga* is the Swedish term for a fairy tale by a known author, such as Hans Christian Andersen. In Swedish historiography, the term *sagokung*, "saga king", is intended to be ambiguous, as it describes the semi-legendary kings of Sweden, who are known only from unreliable sources.

## Genres

Norse sagas are generally classified as follows.

### Kings' sagas

Kings' sagas (*konungasögur*) are of the lives of Scandinavian kings. They were composed in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. A pre-eminent example is *Heimskringla*, probably compiled and composed by Snorri Sturluson. These sagas frequently quote verse, invariably occasional and praise poetry in the form of skaldic verse.

### Sagas of Icelanders and short tales of Icelanders

The Icelanders' sagas (*Íslendingasögur*), sometimes also called "family sagas" in English, are purportedly (and sometimes actually) stories of real events, which usually take place from around the settlement of Iceland in the 870s to the generation or two following the conversion of Iceland to Christianity in 1000. They are noted for frequently exhibiting a realistic style. It seems that stories from these times were passed on in oral form until they eventually were recorded in writing as *Íslendingasögur*, whose form was influenced both by these oral stories and by literary models in both Old Norse and other languages. The majority — perhaps two thirds of the medieval corpus — seem to have been composed in the thirteenth century, with the remainder in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. These sagas usually span multiple generations and often feature everyday people (e.g. *Bandamanna saga*) and larger-than-life characters (e.g. *Egils saga*). Key works of this genre have been viewed in modern scholarship as the highest-quality saga-writing. While primarily set in Iceland, the sagas follow their characters' adventures abroad, for example in other Nordic countries, the British Isles, northern France and North America. Some well-known examples include *Njáls saga*, *Laxdæla saga* and *Grettis saga*.

The material of the short tales of Icelanders (*þættir* or *Íslendingaþættir*) is similar to *Íslendinga sögur*, in shorter form, often preserved as episodes about Icelanders in the kings' sagas.

Like kings' sagas, when sagas of Icelanders quote verse, as they often do, it is almost invariably skaldic verse.

### Contemporary sagas

Contemporary sagas (*samtíðarsögur* or *samtímasögur*) are set in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, and were written soon after the events they describe. Most are preserved in the compilation *Sturlunga saga*, from around 1270–80, though some, such as *Arons saga Hjörleifssonar* are preserved separately. The verse quoted in contemporary sagas is skaldic verse.

According to historian Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, "Scholars generally agree that the contemporary sagas are rather reliable sources, based on the short time between the events and the recording of the sagas, normally twenty to seventy years... The main argument for this view on the reliability of these sources is that the audience would have noticed if the saga authors were slandering and not faithfully portraying the past."

### Legendary sagas

Legendary sagas (*fornaldarsögur*) blend remote history, set on the Continent before the settlement of Iceland, with myth or legend. Their aim is usually to offer a lively narrative and entertainment. They often portray Scandinavia's pagan past as a proud and heroic history. Some legendary sagas quote verse — particularly *Vǫlsunga saga* and *Heiðreks saga* — and when they do it is invariably Eddaic verse.

Some legendary sagas overlap generically with the next category, chivalric sagas.

### Chivalric sagas

Chivalric sagas (*riddarasögur*) are translations of Latin pseudo-historical works and French chansons de geste as well as Icelandic compositions in the same style. Norse translations of Continental romances seem to have begun in the first half of the thirteenth century; Icelandic writers seem to have begun producing their own romances in the late thirteenth century, with production peaking in the fourteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth.

While often translated from verse, sagas in this genre almost never quote verse, and when they do it is often unusual in form: for example, *Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns* contains the first recorded quotation of a refrain from an Icelandic dance-song, and a metrically irregular riddle in *Þjalar-Jóns saga*.

### Saints' and bishops' sagas

Saints' sagas (*heilagra manna sögur*) and bishops' sagas (*biskupa sögur*) are vernacular Icelandic translations and compositions, to a greater or lesser extent influenced by saga-style, in the widespread genres of hagiography and episcopal biographies. The genre seems to have begun in the mid-twelfth century.

## History

Icelandic sagas are based on oral traditions and much research has focused on what is real and what is fiction within each tale. The accuracy of the sagas is often hotly disputed.

Most of the medieval manuscripts which are the earliest surviving witnesses to the sagas were taken to Denmark and Sweden in the seventeenth century, but later returned to Iceland. Classical sagas were composed in the thirteenth century. Scholars once believed that these sagas were transmitted orally from generation to generation until scribes wrote them down in the thirteenth century. However, most scholars now believe the sagas were conscious artistic creations, based on both oral and written tradition. A study focusing on the description of the items of clothing mentioned in the sagas concludes that the authors attempted to create a historic "feel" to the story, by dressing the characters in what was at the time thought to be "old fashioned clothing". However, this clothing is not contemporary with the events of the saga as it is a closer match to the clothing worn in the 12th century. It was only recently (start of 20th century) that the tales of the voyages to North America (modern day Canada) were authenticated.

Most sagas of Icelanders take place in the period 930–1030, which is called *söguöld* (Age of the Sagas) in Icelandic history. The sagas of kings, bishops, contemporary sagas have their own time frame. Most were written down between 1190 and 1320, sometimes existing as oral traditions long before, others are pure fiction, and for some we do know the sources: the author of King Sverrir's saga had met the king and used him as a source.

While sagas are generally anonymous, a distinctive literary movement in the 14th century involves sagas, mostly on religious topics, with identifiable authors and a distinctive Latinate style. Associated with Iceland's northern diocese of Hólar, this movement is known as the North Icelandic Benedictine School (*Norðlenski Benediktskólinn*).

The vast majority of texts referred to today as "sagas" were composed in Iceland. One exception is *Þiðreks saga*, translated/composed in Norway; another is *Hjalmars och Hramers saga*, a post-medieval forgery composed in Sweden. While the term *saga* is usually associated with medieval texts, sagas — particularly in the legendary and chivalric saga genres — continued to be composed in Iceland on the pattern of medieval texts into the nineteenth century.

### Explanations for saga writing

Icelanders produced a high volume of literature relative to the size of the population. Historians have proposed various theories for the high volume of saga writing.

Early, nationalist historians argued that the ethnic characteristics of the Icelanders were conducive to a literary culture, but these types of explanations have fallen out of favor with academics in modern times. It has also been proposed that the Icelandic settlers were so prolific at writing in order to capture their settler history. Historian Gunnar Karlsson does not find that explanation reasonable though, given that other settler communities have not been as prolific as the early Icelanders were.

Pragmatic explanations were once also favoured: it has been argued that a combination of readily available parchment (due to extensive cattle farming and the necessity of culling before winter) and long winters encouraged Icelanders to take up writing.

More recently, Icelandic saga-production has been seen as motivated more by social and political factors.

The unique nature of the political system of the Icelandic Commonwealth created incentives for aristocrats to produce literature, offering a way for chieftains to create and maintain social differentiation between them and the rest of the population. Gunnar Karlsson and Jesse Byock argued that the Icelanders wrote the Sagas as a way to establish commonly agreed norms and rules in the decentralized Icelandic Commonwealth by documenting past feuds, while Iceland's peripheral location put it out of reach of the continental kings of Europe and that those kings could therefore not ban subversive forms of literature. Because new principalities lacked internal cohesion, a leader typically produced Sagas "to create or enhance amongst his subjects or followers a feeling of solidarity and common identity by emphasizing their common history and legends". Leaders from old and established principalities did not produce any Sagas, as they were already cohesive political units.

Later (late thirteenth- and fourteenth-century) saga-writing was motivated by the desire of the Icelandic aristocracy to maintain or reconnect links with the Nordic countries by tracing the ancestry of Icelandic aristocrats to well-known kings and heroes to which the contemporary Nordic kings could also trace their origins.

## Editions and translations

The corpus of Old Norse sagas is gradually being edited in the Íslenzk fornrit series, which covers all the *Íslendingasögur* and a growing range of other ones. Where available, the Íslenzk fornrit edition is usually the standard one. The standard edition of most of the chivalric sagas composed in Iceland is by Agnete Loth.

A list, intended to be comprehensive, of translations of Icelandic sagas is provided by the National Library of Iceland's Bibliography of Saga Translations.

Many modern artists working in different creative fields have drawn inspiration from the sagas. Among some well-known writers, for example, who adapted saga narratives in their works are Poul Anderson, Laurent Binet, Margaret Elphinstone, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Gunnar Gunnarsson, Henrik Ibsen, Halldór Laxness, Ottilie Liljencrantz, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, George Mackay Brown, William Morris, Adam Oehlenschläger, Robert Louis Stevenson, August Strindberg, Rosemary Sutcliff, Esaias Tegnér, J.R.R. Tolkien, and William T. Vollmann.

## References and notes

## Sources

Primary:

Other:

* Clover, Carol J. et al. *Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A critical guide* (University of Toronto Press, 2005) ISBN 978-0802038234
* Gade, Kari Ellen (ed.) *Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 2 From c. 1035 to c. 1300* (Brepols Publishers. 2009) ISBN 978-2-503-51897-8
* Gordon, E. V. (ed) *An Introduction to Old Norse* (Oxford University Press; 2nd ed. 1981) ISBN 978-0-19-811184-9
* Jakobsson, Armann; Fredrik Heinemann (trans) *A Sense of Belonging: Morkinskinna and Icelandic Identity, c. 1220* (Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2014) ISBN 978-8776748456
* Jakobsson, Ármann *Icelandic sagas* (The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2nd Ed. Robert E. Bjork. 2010) ISBN 9780199574834
* McTurk, Rory (ed) *A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture* (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005) ISBN 978-0631235026
* Ross, Margaret Clunies *The Cambridge Introduction to the Old Norse-Icelandic Saga* (Cambridge University Press, 2010) ISBN 978-0-521-73520-9
* Thorsson, Örnólfur *The Sagas of Icelanders* (Penguin. 2001) ISBN 978-0141000039
* Whaley, Diana (ed.) *Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1 From Mythical Times to c. 1035* (Brepols Publishers. 2012) ISBN 978-2-503-51896-1

## Further reading

In Norwegian:


title: Sag resistance test

text:
# Sag resistance test

Paint and other coatings that are on slanted or vertical surfaces tend to sag when first applied. The thickness of the coating as well as the composition and viscosity will affect the overall sagging and conversely the sag resistance. In order to find the sag resistance of a coating a simple test is used. A metal applicator bar is used along with a Drawdown card.

The applicator is U-shaped and is manufactured with a set of 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) wide notches. The notches are spaced 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) apart. The applicator bar is 5 inches (127 mm) wide and leaves 3 3/8 inches (86 mm) of applied coating behind after use. After the bar is drawn down the card with the coating, a series of parallel stripes with varying film thickness will be formed. The card is then placed on a vertical surface with the thickest of the stripes at the bottom. The coating will then sag downward and the clearance of the gap that produces the thickest film stripe, not sagging completely to the stripe below, is the anti-sag index of the coating.

https://www.tqc.eu/en/product/filmapplicator-for-sag-and-levelling-en/


title: Sabrina Thompson

abstract: Sabrina Nicole Thompson is an American aerospace engineer. As a Flight Dynamics Lead Analyst at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, Thompson has developed orbits and trajectories for various NASA missions and mission concepts. She founded a Baltimore-based fashion brand, Girl in Space Club, which garnered press coverage in 2022 on its projects to develop flight suits and space suits for female astronauts.

text:
# Sabrina Thompson

**Sabrina Nicole Thompson** (born April 9, 1985) is an American aerospace engineer. As a Flight Dynamics Lead Analyst at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, Thompson has developed orbits and trajectories for various NASA missions and mission concepts. She founded a Baltimore-based fashion brand, Girl in Space Club, which garnered press coverage in 2022 on its projects to develop flight suits and space suits for female astronauts.

## Early life and education

Sabrina Nicole Thompson was born on April 9, 1985, in Roosevelt, New York. Thompson was raised in Roosevelt and attended Roosevelt Public Schools from pre-kindergarten through high school. Her mother was a nurse and her father was a charter bus driver; she remembers her parents and grandmother inspired an "I-can-do-anything attitude" in her growing up. A player on the girls' varsity basketball team in high school, Thompson admired the athletes Cynthia Cooper, Teresa Edwards, and Teresa Weatherspoon and desired to become an artist or basketball player when she became older. She did not know what engineers were until her final year in high school. Later, she remarked that although her school district "didn't have the resources like the other schools on Long Island, I learned a lot. My teachers would do everything they could to get me harder work just to prepare me and help me." By the end of high school, Thompson chose to study engineering at university, after her art teacher recommended she study the subject since she excelled in math and science.

Thompson graduated from high school as co-valedictorian of her class in 2003 and chose to attend the State University of New York at Stony Brook to study mechanical engineering. During her undergraduate studies from 2003 to 2007, she completed summer internships at the American Honda Motor Co., Brookhaven National Laboratory, and a local product design firm. From 2007 to 2009, she attended the Georgia Institute of Technology for a master's degree in aerospace engineering and during this time interned at NASA Glenn Research Center in Ohio.

## Career

In 2010, Thompson was hired as a safety engineer at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland, and worked in the facility's Occupational Safety and Health Division. She first met her mentor Piers Sellers, a NASA meteorologist and astronaut, during a leadership development program at NASA Goddard, and he would later inspire her to study atmospheric physics. She later moved to the Navigation and Mission Design Branch at NASA Goddard and worked as a Navigation & Mission Design Engineer. In this position, she worked on trajectories, orbit analysis, and mission design for spaceflight missions using CubeSats; research and development on using CubeSats for deep space missions; and flight dynamics of satellites in the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission. She later earned a second graduate degree from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and has pursued a PhD in atmospheric physics at the institution since 2017.

With UMBC professor Vanderlei Martins, Thompson worked on the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP) CubeSat that launched from the International Space Station in 2020. HARP2, a copy of HARP with updated instrumentation, is set to be launched on the NASA satellite Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) by December 2023 at the earliest. In 2021 and 2022, it was reported that Thompson was developing "swarms" of small satellites that can communicate with one another and obtain data on weather patterns at varied times and points of observation.

Thompson has spoken with students at educational institutions for the occasions of Black History Month and Engineers Week, recruited for her employer at colleges, and spoken at events which aim to educate youth about the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). She was vice president of the local Greenbelt Space Chapter of the National Society of Black Engineers in her initial years at NASA Goddard.

Thompson told *Women's Wear Daily* in 2022 that she had applied to the NASA astronaut program two times, including once in 2020, and that she plans to reapply in 2024.

The game studio Neon, founded in 2020, worked with Thompson to check the accuracy of technical language used in their blockchain game *Shrapnel*.

## Girl in Space Club

In 2018, Thompson created a direct-to-consumer streetwear brand named Girl in Space Club. She founded the fashion brand with the aim of making STEM "fun and fashionable", as she felt the "artist inside of me was internally starving" despite being satisfied with her career. The brand began to be profitable in 2020 through online and pop-up sales and its products in 2022 included jean jackets, T-shirts, and digital prints.

In 2022, its projects to design a flight suit and a pressurized space suit for female astronauts were featured by *Women's Wear Daily* and CNBC. That year Thompson said the space suit was in the "research and design phase" and that she was in the "early stages" of meeting with collaborators and seeking investors and grants for funding. She plans to make the flight suit available for purchase for $600.

The Girl in Space Club hosts workshops for youth in Baltimore which combine STEM topics with fashion.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

## InfoBox

| Sabrina Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
| Thompson with a CubeSat camera, 2017 | |
| Born | Sabrina Nicole Thompson
(1985-04-09) April 9, 1985
Roosevelt, New York, US |
| Education |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (2010–present) |
|  | |


title: Safety pharmacology

abstract:
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology specialising in detecting and investigating potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of new chemical entities (NCEs) on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above. Primary organ systems are:
  - Central Nervous System
  - Cardiovascular System
  - Respiratory System Secondary organ systems of interest are:
  - Gastrointestinal System
  - Renal System Safety pharmacology studies are required to be completed prior to human exposure, and regulatory guidance is provided in ICH S7A and other documents.

text:
# Safety pharmacology

**Safety pharmacology** is a branch of pharmacology specialising in detecting and investigating potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of new chemical entities (NCEs) on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above.

Primary organ systems (so-called core battery systems) are:

Secondary organ systems of interest are:

* Gastrointestinal System
* Renal System

Safety pharmacology studies are required to be completed prior to human exposure (i.e., Phase I clinical trials), and regulatory guidance is provided in ICH S7A and other documents.

## Key aims of safety pharmacology

The aims of nonclinical safety pharmacology evaluations are three-fold:

* To protect Phase I clinical trial volunteers from acute adverse effects of drugs
* To protect patients (including patients participating in Phase II and III clinical trials)
* To minimize risks of failure during drug development and post-marketing phases due to undesirable pharmacodynamic effects

## Key issues

The following key issues have to be considered within safety pharmacology:

* The detection of adverse effects liability (i.e. hazard identification)
* Investigation of the mechanism of effect (risk assessment)
* Calculating a projected safety margin
* Implications for clinical safety monitoring
* Mitigation strategies

## Background

The first appearance of the term ‘safety pharmacology’ in the published literature dates back to 1980. The term was certainly in common usage in the 1980s within the pharmaceutical industry to describe nonclinical pharmacological evaluation of unintended effects of candidate drugs for regulatory submissions. Back then, it was part of a wider ‘general pharmacology’ assessment, which addressed actions of a drug candidate beyond the therapeutically intended effects. The only detailed guidelines indicating the requirements from drug regulatory authorities for general pharmacology studies were from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Nowadays, the term ‘general pharmacology’ is no longer used, and the ICH S7A guidelines distinguish between primary pharmacodynamics (“studies on the mode of action and/or effects of a substance in relation to its desired therapeutic target”), secondary pharmacodynamics (“studies on the mode of action and/or effects of a substance not related to its desired therapeutic target”) and safety pharmacology (“studies that investigate the potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of a substance on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above.”). A major stimulus to the discipline of safety pharmacology was the release in 1996 of a draft ‘Points to Consider’ document on QT prolongation by the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP), issued in final form the following year. This initiative had been prompted by growing concern of sudden death caused by drug-induced torsade de pointes, a potentially lethal cardiac tachyarrhythmia. Later, in 2005, this concern was addressed by issue of the ICH S7B guidelines.

## Preclinical safety pharmacology

Preclinical safety pharmacology integrates *in silico*, *in vitro,* and *in vivo* approaches. *In vitro* safety pharmacology studies are focused on early hazard identification and subsequent compound profiling in order to guide preclinical *in vivo* safety and toxicity studies. Early compound profiling can flag for receptor-, enzyme-, transporter-, and ion channel-related liabilities of NCEs (e.g., inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go related gene protein (hERG)). Classically, *in vivo* investigations comprise the use of young adult conscious animals.

## Study design

Safety pharmacology studies have to be designed for defining the dose-response relationship of the adverse effect observed. Justification should be provided for the selection of the particular animal model or test system. The time course (e.g., onset and duration of response) of the adverse effect is investigated through selected time points for the measurements based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations. Generally, the doses eliciting the adverse effect have to be compared to the doses eliciting the primary pharmacodynamic effect in the test species or the proposed therapeutic effect in humans.

## Regulatory guidance documents (current versions)

The primary reference document for safety pharmacology is ICH S7A, followed by many key regulatory documents which either focus on or mention safety pharmacology:

* ICH S7A: Safety pharmacology studies for human pharmaceuticals. .
* ICH S7B: Nonclinical evaluation of the potential for delayed ventricular repolarization (QT interval prolongation) by human pharmaceuticals. .
* ICH S6(R1): Preclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. .
* ICH S9: Nonclinical evaluation for anticancer pharmaceuticals. .
* ICH M3(R2): Guidance on nonclinical safety studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorisation for pharmaceuticals. .
* ICH E14: Clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs. .
* EMEA/CHMP/SWP/94227/2004. Adopted by CHMP. Guideline on the Non-Clinical Investigation of the Dependence Potential of Medicinal Products. .
* FDA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Guidance for Industry. Assessment of abuse potential of drugs. Final Guidance. .
* FDA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Guidance for Industry. Exploratory IND studies. .

* SPS: There is a global scientific society fostering best practice within the discipline of safety pharmacology. This Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) promotes knowledge, development, application, and training in safety pharmacology.
* CiPA: Comprehensive *in vitro* Proarrhythmia Assay (2013): In the coming years, the FDA plans to update the current regulatory documents for preclinical and clinical safety evaluation of proarrhythmic risk in human (i.e. ICH-S7B and ICH-E14). The Comprehensive *in vitro* Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) is a novel safety pharmacology paradigm intending to provide a more accurate assessment of cardiac safety testing for potential proarrhythmic events in human. This initiative is driven by a steering team including partners from US FDA, HESI, CSRC, SPS, EMA, Health Canada, Japan NIHS, and PMDA. The CiPA includes in vitro assays coupled to in silico reconstructions of cellular cardiac electrophysiological activity with verification of relevance through comparison of drug effects in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. If these evaluation efforts succeed, CiPA will become a Safety Pharmacology screening tool for drug research and development purposes. The CiPA Steering Committee and the ICH-S7B and ICH-E14 Working Groups will position the CiPA paradigm within the upcoming revisions of the a forementioned regulatory documents.

1. Bass A; et al. (2004). "Origins, practices and future of safety pharmacology". *Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods*. **49** (3): 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2004.02.007. PMID 15172010.
2. International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
3. "ICH Official web site : ICH".
4. MK, Pugsley; et al. (2008). "Principles of Safety Pharmacology". *Br J Pharmacol*. **154** (7): 1382–1399. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.280. PMC 2492105. PMID 18604233.
5. Sterner W, Korn WD (1980). "Zur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie von Etofyllinclofibrate". *Arzneimittel-Forschung*. **30** (11b): 2023–31. PMID 7194053.
6. Redfern WS, Wakefield, ID (2006) Safety Pharmacology. In Toxicological Testing Handbook: Principles, Applications and Data Interpretation, 2nd edn., pp. 33-78. K Keller & D Jacobson-Kram (eds.), Taylor & Francis Ltd.
7. EMA ICH S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals. ICH Step 5: Note for Guidance on Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals. CPMP/ICH/539/00.
8. Redfern WS, Wakefield ID, Prior H, Pollard, CE, Hammond TG, Valentin J-P. (2002) Safety pharmacology – a progressive approach. Fund Clin Pharmacol 16, 161-173.
9. "ICH Official web site : ICH".
10. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Principles of Safety Pharmacology. Editors: Pugsley, Michael K., Curtis, Michael J. (Eds.), 2015.
11. Sager PT, Gintant G, Turner JR, Pettit S, Stockbridge N (Mar 2014). "Rechanneling the cardiac proarrhythmia safety paradigm: a meeting report from the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium". *Am. Heart J*. **167** (3): 292–300. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.11.004. PMID 24576511.
12. Authier S, Pugsley MK, Koerner JE, Fermini B, Redfern WS, Valentin JP, Vargas HM, Leishman DJ, Correll K, Curtis MJ. Proarrhythmia liability assessment and the comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA): An industry survey on current practice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2017 Feb 20;86:34-43.
13. Cavero; et al. (2016). "Comprehensive *in vitro* Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA): Pending issues for successful validation and implementation" (PDF). *Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods*. **81**: 21–36. doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.012. PMID 27233533. S2CID 33369081.


title: Safety on the London Underground

text:
# Safety on the London Underground

This article is primarily concerned with accidents on the London Underground network, which carries around a billion passengers a year. Statistically, there is just one fatal accident for every 300 million journeys. There are several safety warnings given to passengers, such as the traditional 'mind the gap' announcement and the regular announcements for passengers to keep behind the yellow line. Relatively few accidents are caused by overcrowding on the platforms, and staff monitor platforms and passageways at busy times preventing people entering the system if they become overcrowded.

## Suicide

Most fatalities on the network are suicides. Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits beneath the track, originally constructed to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but they also help prevent death or serious injury when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train and aid access to the casualty. These pits are officially called "anti-suicide pits", colloquially "suicide pits" or "dead man's trenches". A person jumping or falling in front of a train is sometimes referred to by staff as a "one under". London Underground has a specialist therapy unit to deal with drivers' post-traumatic stress resulting from someone jumping under their train.

## Terrorism

Terrorism in the London Underground has been a major concern because the Underground's importance makes it a prime target for attacks. Many warnings and several attacks, some successful, have been made on the Underground. The earliest attack on the network was in 1885, when a bomb exploded on a Metropolitan line train at Euston Square station. The Provisional IRA and its predecessors carried out over ten separate attacks between 1939 and 1993.

By far the deadliest terrorist attack was the 7 July 2005 London bombings, in which 52 people were killed in four coordinated suicide bombings by Islamic militants. The most recent attack causing damage was the Parsons Green bombing on 15 September 2017, when a man detonated a homemade bomb on a District line train at Parsons Green station.

## Tobacco and alcohol

Various regulations aim to improve safety on the Tube. Smoking was allowed in certain carriages in trains until 9 July 1984. In the middle of 1987 smoking was banned for a six-month trial period in all parts of the Underground, and the ban was made permanent after the major King's Cross fire in November 1987.

From 1 June 2008 an alcohol ban was introduced on all TfL services. This change in policy was made by Boris Johnson soon after he was elected Mayor of London in May 2008. He claimed that a public transport drinking ban would reduce crime.

## Fire risk

Following the 1987 King's Cross fire as well as the permanent smoking ban on all London Underground premises, the programme of wooden escalator replacement was sped up, and stricter controls on the storage of materials were introduced.

## Photography

Photography for private use is permitted in public areas of the Underground at the discretion of the station, but the use of tripods and other supports is forbidden as it poses a danger in the often cramped spaces and crowds found underground. Flash photography is also forbidden as it may distract drivers and disrupt fire-detection equipment. For the same reason bright auto-focus assist lights should be switched off or covered when photographing in the Underground.

## Criticism

The Underground's staff safety regimen has drawn criticism. In January 2002 it was fined £225,000 for breaching safety standards for workers. In court, the judge reprimanded the company for *"sacrificing safety"* to keep trains running *"at all costs."* Workers had been instructed to work in the dark with the power rails live, even during rainstorms. Several workers had received electric shocks as a result.

## Staff safety training facility

A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL's Ashfield House, West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of £800,000. Meanwhile, London Mayor, Boris Johnson, decided it should be demolished along with the Earls Court Exhibition Centre as part of Europe's biggest regeneration scheme.

Part or all of this article has been copied from the article on London Underground.


title: Safety Net Records

abstract: Safety Net Records was founded by Miami Herald music critic Bill Ashton, and is co-owned by Jimmy Johnson. Safety Net released South Florida classics such as The Essentials' "Fast Music in a Slow Town" EP and The Chant's "Two Car Mirage." In 1988, Safety Net released "The Wilderness", an album by Charlie Pickett & the MC3. According to Greg Baker, "Safety Net, like so many entities of the early 1980s scene, was a co-op project that put music first and money fourth or fifth. In fact, back then there was little of the enmity and competition so common in today's rock scenes, including Miami's. Wimmer and Ashton each had record labels, yet the two often worked together. If Open didn't have the resources to put out a record everyone knew deserved release, Safety Net would. And vice versa. For instance, when Open couldn't release an EP by The Bobs, Safety Net simply slapped on its own label.. Later, the Bobs's Bob Rupe would produce a number of local records and get signed by national labels as a member of two cutting-edge bands."

text:
# Safety Net Records

**Safety Net Records** was founded by *Miami Herald* music critic Bill Ashton, and is co-owned by Jimmy Johnson. Safety Net released South Florida classics such as The Essentials' "Fast Music in a Slow Town" EP and The Chant's "Two Car Mirage." In 1988, Safety Net released "The Wilderness", an album by Charlie Pickett & the MC3.

According to Greg Baker, "Safety Net, like so many entities of the early 1980s scene, was a co-op project that put music first and money fourth or fifth. In fact, back then there was little of the enmity and competition so common in today's rock scenes, including Miami's. Wimmer and Ashton each had record labels, yet the two often worked together. If Open didn't have the resources to put out a record everyone knew deserved release, Safety Net would. And vice versa. For instance, when Open couldn't release an EP by The Bobs, Safety Net simply slapped on its own label. (The Bobs, with their evocatively clever lyrics and funky arrangements, were a far cry from the better-known soft-rock a cappella group with the same name). Later, the Bobs's Bob Rupe would produce a number of local records and get signed by national labels as a member of two cutting-edge bands."

## Releases

* The Essentials - Fast Music in a Slow Town (EP) - 1982. Fast Music in a Slow Town was recorded at Sync Studios and produced by big daddy Charlie Pickett with engineers Andy Clark and Frank Falestra.
* The Chant - Three Sheets to the Wind - 1985.
* The Bobs - In Public (cassette) - 1985. "Several years ago, local musician and producer Jim Johnson had a hunch. This is the result. This eight-song tape captures the now-defunct Bobs at a 1983 concert at a now-defunct (What else is new?) club. Six of the cuts are not available on any other Bobs recordings. The band played everything from country and punk to reggae. The performance is tough and tight, and the production and recording quality is very good. The Bobs should have been at least as popular as Hüsker Dü."
* Charlie Pickett & the MC3 - The Wilderness - 1988. Produced by Peter Buck.
* The Chant - Two Car Mirage - 1989. Produced by The Chant, John Keane and James Klotz. Executive Producer Bill Ashton. Recorded in Atlanta's Channel One Studio. It was released by Safety Net Records, and bears the cutter NET 12. It is also available in CD format, and also includes their debut album, 1985's Three Sheets to the Wind, sans one track.


title: Safety Jackpot

abstract: Safety Jackpot is a commercially available gamecard based incentive program created in 1991 aimed at reducing workplace accidents. The program works by rewarding gamecards to employees for weekly safe behavior. The scratch off gamecards reveal points which employees collect and redeem for merchandise items in the program catalog. The bottom of each gamecard reveals a letter. When the word 'jackpot' is spelled, the employee receives bonus points and is entered into a series of sweepstakes drawings for cash rewards.

text:
# Safety Jackpot

**Safety Jackpot** is a commercially available gamecard based incentive program created in 1991 aimed at reducing workplace accidents. The program works by rewarding gamecards to employees for weekly safe behavior. The scratch off gamecards reveal points which employees collect and redeem for merchandise items in the program catalog. The bottom of each gamecard reveals a letter. When the word 'jackpot' is spelled, the employee receives bonus points and is entered into a series of sweepstakes drawings for cash rewards.


title: Safety Harbor site

abstract: The Safety Harbor site is an archaeological site in Philippe Park at 2525 Philippe Parkway in Safety Harbor, Florida, United States. It is the type site for the Safety Harbor culture, and includes the largest remaining mound in the Tampa Bay area. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

text:
# Safety Harbor site

The **Safety Harbor site** is an archaeological site in Philippe Park at 2525 Philippe Parkway in Safety Harbor, Florida, United States. It is the type site for the Safety Harbor culture, and includes the largest remaining mound in the Tampa Bay area. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

## Description

The Safety Harbor site is a major feature of Philippe Park. The site consists of the large temple mound, one smaller burial mound and two shell middens. The temple mound is roughly circular, 150 feet (46 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6.1 m) in height, with a summit plateau measuring about 100 by 50 feet (30 m × 15 m). It is built out of a series layers, alternating shells and sand. Archaeologists have uncovered features interpreted as post holes in the summit area, suggestive that a structure once stood there, either a residence or temple structure. There are also layers of clay, which are thought to represent levels that may have also been used in some way.

The site is open to visitors during the daylight hours. In addition to the mounds, the park has walking paths, picnic areas, a boat ramp, fishing, and scenic views.

## Archaeological significance

The site was documented as being occupied by early Spanish explorers of the region, who described it as the capital city of the Tocobaga people. Contact with these explorers probably introduced European diseases, which decimated the population and led to the site's abandonment, probably by 1700. It was first brought to the attention of archaeologists as early as 1880, but the first formal excavations took place only in 1929. Twentieth-century excavations, both sanctioned and illegal, resulted in the complete excavation of a burial mound which stood nearby. The county acquired the property in 1948, and has conducted investigations into the site since then.

The site is the southernmost in Florida that exhibits the influence of Mississippian culture. Pottery finds at the site share characteristics with the contemporaneous Fort Walton culture.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Safety Harbor site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Looking down from the top of the site | |
|  | |
| Location | Safety Harbor, Florida |
| Coordinates | 28°00′32″N 82°40′39″W / 28.00889°N 82.67750°W / 28.00889; -82.67750 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000270 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | July 19, 1964 |


title: Saint-Loyer-des-Champs

abstract: Saint-Loyer-des-Champs is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. In 2015 it became part of Boischampré.

text:
# Saint-Loyer-des-Champs

**Saint-Loyer-des-Champs** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ lwaje de ʃɑ̃\] ) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. In 2015 it became part of Boischampré.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Loyer-des-Champs | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Boischampré | |
| Location of Saint-Loyer-des-Champs | |
| Saint-Loyer-des-ChampsSaint-Loyer-des-Champs | |
| Coordinates: 48°42′08″N 0°01′11″E / 48.7022°N 0.0197°E / 48.7022; 0.0197 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Orne |
| Arrondissement | Argentan |
| Canton | Argentan-1 |
| Commune | Boischampré |
| Area**1** | 10.29 km2 (3.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 369 |
| Density | 36/km2 (93/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 61570 |
| Elevation | 157–213 m (515–699 ft)
(avg. 200 m or 660 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Luc, Quebec

abstract: Saint-Luc was a town in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River. In December 1970, the final members of the Front de libération du Québec who were arrested for their roles in the October Crisis were arrested here. On January 24, 2001, the towns of Saint-Luc, Saint-Athanase, Iberville, and L'Acadie merged into the city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Saint-Luc was located in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality. Population: (2001) 20,573.

text:
# Saint-Luc, Quebec

**Saint-Luc** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ lyk\] ) was a town in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River.

In December 1970, the final members of the Front de libération du Québec who were arrested for their roles in the October Crisis were arrested here.

On January 24, 2001, the towns of Saint-Luc, Saint-Athanase, Iberville, and L'Acadie merged into the city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.

Saint-Luc was located in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality. Population: (2001) 20,573.

## Education

The Honore-Mercier School Commission, South Shore Protestant Regional School Board and the Chambly Catholic School Board previously served the municipality.

45°21′41.2″N 73°18′18.6″W / 45.361444°N 73.305167°W / 45.361444; -73.305167 (Saint-Luc, Quebec)


title: Sahiwal Medical College

abstract: Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, SLMC, established in 2010, is a public school of medicine located in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

text:
# Sahiwal Medical College

**Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal** (Urdu:ساہیوال میڈیکل کالج ساہیوال ), SLMC, established in 2010, is a public school of medicine located in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

## Recognized college

This college is recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. District Headquarter Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal (DHQ Hospital) is the attached teaching hospital.

## Inauguration

Sahiwal is a district and division of Punjab. Feeling the need of a medical college in the area, on 27 November 2010, Chief Minister of Punjab laid the foundation stone of Sahiwal Medical College. The government allotted 70 acres near Central Jail Sahiwal for the college, where the campus was completed in 2014 and the college shifted to its new building.

## Academic programs

* Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) – a five-year undergraduate programme

## Departments

## InfoBox

Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal
| ساہیوال میڈیکل کالج ساہیوال | |
| --- | --- |
| Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal | |
| Other name | Sahiwal Teaching Hospital |
| Motto | Knowledge, Service and Excellence |
| Type | Public sector college |
| Established | 2010 (2010) |
| Academic affiliations | University of Health Sciences (Lahore)<br>Pakistan Medical and Dental Council |
| Principal | Professor Dr. Imran Hassan Khan |
| Students | 600 |
| Address | Medical College Road, Farid Town, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Colours | Maroon & green |
| Website | slmc.edu.pk |


title: Saidkheri

abstract: Said Kheri is a village situated in Rajpura Tehsil of Patiala District, India. This village was established by a Muslim saint Said Raju, who was also known as Zinda Pir. The real name of Said Raju was Shah Raju and he was born in Bhor village. He migrated to the place later called as Said Kheri on the insistence of the then Raja of the area. After the death of Said Raju, a mazar was built that attracted people of different religions. As many as 10 generations of Said Raju, who was called Dada Raju in the village, passed their lives in Said Kheri till 1947 partition of the sub-continent.

text:
# Saidkheri

**Said Kheri** is a village situated in Rajpura Tehsil of Patiala District, India. This village was established by a Muslim saint Said Raju, who was also known as Zinda Pir. The real name of Said Raju was Shah Raju and he was born in Bhor village. He migrated to the place later called as Said Kheri on the insistence of the then Raja of the area. After the death of Said Raju, a *mazar* was built that attracted people of different religions. As many as 10 generations of Said Raju, who was called Dada Raju in the village, passed their lives in Said Kheri till 1947 partition of the sub-continent.

Musnad Hussain Asghar authored by Syed Qamar Abbas bin Zainul Abideen Haussaini Tirmizi, pages 287-290

29°25′N 78°26′E / 29.417°N 78.433°E / 29.417; 78.433


title: Saffron Building Society

abstract: The Saffron Building Society is a regional building society which has branches and agencies in the East of England, spanning Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk. It is a member of the Building Societies Association.

text:
# Saffron Building Society

The **Saffron Building Society** is a regional building society which has branches and agencies in the East of England, spanning Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk. It is a member of the Building Societies Association.

## History

Saffron Building Society was established in 1849. It is a UK building society based in Saffron Walden, Essex.

It began life as the **Saffron Walden Second Building Society** and was founded by the Revd John Marten, who became the first Secretary. The first Chairman of the Saffron Building Society was a local builder called Joseph Durrant. Originally established as a 'terminating society' Saffron Walden Second Building Society became a permanent building society in 1857 and changed their name to **The Saffron Walden Second Benefit Building and Investment Society on the Permanent Plan**. In the same year the Society lent £1,730.

In 1873 Henry Hart a printer, was chairman and directors' salaries now stood at £1.

* 1866 - 1905 Fitzroy Ackland, a local solicitor was Secretary.
* 1900 assets stood at £37,000.
* 1905 William Freeman, Ackland's Clerk became Secretary. During this time the role becomes a full-time job.
* 1930 purchases its own premises for the first time.
* 1935 Edward Hughes Freeman (William's son) becomes Secretary. He died in 1947.
* 1947 Philip Sidney Kettieridge becomes Secretary and holds this post for 23 years.
* 1948 assets reached £300,000.
* 1959 assets reached £1,000,000.
* 1968 takes over **The Saffron Walden and Essex Mechanics Permanent Building Society**.
* 1969 the first branch office is opened in Haverhill.
* 1972 takes over the **Royston & District Building Society** and becomes the **Saffron Walden & District Building Society**.
* 1978 assets reached £21,000,000 with four offices.
* 1979 merges with **London and Essex Building Society** (previously North Bow & Manor Park) and becomes the **Saffron Walden & Essex Building Society**.
* 1984 opens in new premises on the old Cattle Market site in Saffron Walden.
* 1989 merges with the **Herts & Essex Building Society** based in Bishop's Stortford and becomes the **Saffron Walden, Herts & Essex Building Society**.
* 2006 changes its name to Saffron Building Society.
* 2019 closes branches in Sawbridgeworth, Great Dunmow and Frinton, reducing network to eight branches in Bishop's Stortford, Brentwood, Colchester, Halstead, Haverhill, Royston, Saffron Walden and Ware.

## InfoBox

Saffron Building Society
|
|  |
| Company type | Building society (mutual) |
| Industry | Banking and financial services |
| Founded | January 1849 |
| Headquarters | Saffron Walden, England, UK |
| Number of locations | 8 |
| Key people | Nick Treble, Chairman Colin Field, Chief Executive Officer |
| Products | Savings, mortgages, investments,<br>loans, insurance |
| Net income | £3.1 million GBP (December 2007), 84.6% on 2006 |
| Total assets | £784 million GBP (December 2007), 10.4% on 2006 |
| Number of employees | 181 |
| Website | www.saffronbs.co.uk |


title: Saffron Beach

abstract: Saffron Beach is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2020 she was unbeaten in two races including the Group 3 Oh So Sharp Stakes. In the following year she ran second in the 1000 Guineas but then lost her form before returning to her best to win the Atalanta Stakes and the Sun Chariot Stakes. As a four-year-old she added further major successes in the Duke of Cambridge Stakes and the Prix Rothschild.

text:
# Saffron Beach

**Saffron Beach** (foaled 14 February 2018) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2020 she was unbeaten in two races including the Group 3 Oh So Sharp Stakes. In the following year she ran second in the 1000 Guineas but then lost her form before returning to her best to win the Atalanta Stakes and the Sun Chariot Stakes. As a four-year-old she added further major successes in the Duke of Cambridge Stakes and the Prix Rothschild.

## Background

Saffron Beach is a chestnut filly with a white star bred in Ireland by China Horse Club International Ltd. As a foal in December 2018 she was entered in the Tattersalls Sale and bought for 55,000 guineas by Norris Bloodstock. She was entered in the Tattersalls sales in October and December 2019 and again in July 2020 but was withdrawn on each occasion. She entered the ownership of James Wigan in partnership with Ben Sangster, whose horses race in the name of his wife, Lucy. The filly was sent into training with Jane Chapple-Hyam at Newmarket, Suffolk. Chapple-Hyam's mother Susan was the second wife of Ben Sangster's father Robert.

She was from the first crop of foals sired by New Bay, who won the Prix du Jockey Club and finished third in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe as a three-year-old in 2012. Saffron Beach's dam Falling Petals showed modest racing ability, winning one minor race from three starts. Her great-grand-dam Hopespringseternal was a half sister to Miswaki and closely related to Tobougg and the Prix de Diane winner Lacovia. She was descended from the American broodmare Lea Lark (foaled 1945) the female-line ancestor of Southern Halo, Lujain and Peter Davies.

## Racing career

### 2020: two-year-old season

Saffron Beach was ridden in both of her races as a two-year-old by Adam Kirby. She began her track career in a maiden race over seven furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse on 26 September when she started at odds of 12/1 and won "readily" by four and a quarter lengths from Wootton Creek after taking the lead a furlong from the finish. Two weeks later, over the same course and distance, the filly was stepped up in class for the Group 3 Oh So Sharp Stakes on soft ground and started the 9/4 favourite in a nine-runner field. After racing in second place, Saffron Beach took the lead a furlong out and kept on well to win by half a length from Thank You Next. After the race Chapple-Hyam said "That was very good and the staff at home have done a wonderful job. She is a quick learner and I’d love to have a crack at the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf at Keeneland, if the owners will allow me. We know she is good." Despite her trainer's comments, Saffron Beach did not race again in 2021.

### 2021: three-year-old season

On her three-year-old debut Saffron Beach contested the Nell Gwyn Stakes (a trial race for the 1000 Guineas) over seven furlongs at Newmarket on 14 April when she started at odds of 4/1 and finished second, beaten three quarters of a length by Sacred. In the 1000 Guineas at the same track on 2 May the filly tracked the leaders before staying on well in the closing stages to finish second to Mother Earth, a length behind the winner. She was then stepped up in distance to contest the Epsom Oaks over one and a half miles on 4 June, but after being in contention, she tired badly in the last quarter mile and came home eighth of the fourteen runners behind Snowfall. A drop back in distance for the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket in July saw little improvement as she finished eleventh of the thirteen runners behind Snow Lantern, beaten twelve lengths by the winner.

On 21 August at Sandown Park Saffron Beach was ridden by Hollie Doyle when she started the 4/1 third choice in the betting behind Indigo Girl (May Hill Stakes) and Auria (Coral Distaff) for the Group 3 Atalanta Stakes. After being in contention from the start, she overtook the front-running Auria two furlongs from the finish and "kept on strongly" to win by two and a quarter lengths from the Dick Hern Fillies' Stakes winner Waliyak. Jane Chapple-Hyam said "She tried hard and it was a great ride from Hollie. She really enjoyed coming up the hill the last two furlongs. We had our hiccup in the Oaks and a hiccup in the Falmouth, where she scoped dirty afterwards, and she has come back here as the filly we know she is. It was important today just because we believe in the horse and I had to drop her back to a Group 3, just to get the horse’s confidence back as much as anything."

Saffron Beach returned to Group 1 class for the Sun Chariot Stakes over one mile on 2 October when she was partnered by William Buick and started the 5/1 third favourite behind Mother Earth and Snow Lantern. The other nine runners included Champers Elysees, Shale, No Speak Alexander, Lavender's Blue (Celebration Mile), Epona Plays (Lanwades Stud Stakes), Fev Rover (Prix du Calvados) and Tahlie (Prix de Sandringham). In a change of tactics, Saffron Beach led from the start, broke clear of the field approaching the final furlong and won in "impressive" style by three lengths from Mother Earth. Chapple-Hyam, who was recording her first win at the highest level, said "It's fantastic to finally have our first group 1 winner and especially for it to be at our local track. That is some compensation for being beaten in the 1000 Guineas, but we knew Saffron Beach was in top shape coming into the race today. The last furlong was a hard slog to watch and the whole race felt like it was two miles instead of one, but it's good to get the group 1 win next to her name... You don't mind waiting if they do it in the end."

### 2022: four-year-old season

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Saffron Beach (IRE), chestnut filly, 2018
| Sire
New Bay (GB)
2012 | Dubawi (IRE)
2002 | Dubai Millennium (GB) | Seeking The Gold (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Colorado Dancer (IRE) |
| | Zomaradah (GB) | Deploy |
| | Jawaher (IRE) |
| | Cinnamon Bay (GB)
2004 | Zamindar (USA) | **Gone West** |
| | | Zaizafon |
| | Trellis Bay | Sadler's Wells (USA) |
| | Bahamian (IRE) |
| Dam
Falling Petals (IRE)
2012 | Raven's Pass (USA)
2005 | Elusive Quality | **Gone West** |
| | | Touch of Greatness |
| | Ascutney | Lord At War (ARG) |
| | Right Word |
| | Infinite Spirit (USA)
1999 | Maria's Mon | Wavering Monarch (FR) |
| | | Carlotta Maria |
| | Eternal Reve | Diesis (GB) |
| | Northern Eternity (Family: 16-g) |

* Saffron Beach is inbred 4 × 4 to Gone West, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of her pedigree.

## InfoBox

| Saffron Beach | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | New Bay |
| Grandsire | Dubawi |
| Dam | Falling Petals |
| Damsire | Raven's Pass |
| Sex | Filly |
| Foaled | 14 February 2018 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | China Horse Club International Ltd |
| Owner | Ben Sangster & James Wigan |
| Trainer | Jane Chapple-Hyam |
| Record | 11: 6-2-0 |
| Earnings | £742,108 |
| Major wins | |
| Oh So Sharp Stakes (2020)
Atalanta Stakes (2021)
Sun Chariot Stakes (2021)
Duke of Cambridge Stakes (2022)
Prix Rothschild (2022) | |


title: Saint-Jean-de-Minervois

abstract: Saint-Jean-de-Minervois is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France. When it was created in 1908, this commune's name was Saint-Jean-de-Pardailhan. Its name was changed in 1936 to allow a better marketing of its famous muscat wine, the Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois, recognized since 1949.

text:
# Saint-Jean-de-Minervois

**Saint-Jean-de-Minervois** (Languedocien: *Sant Joan de Menerbés*) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

When it was created in 1908, this commune's name was *Saint-Jean-de-Pardailhan*.

Its name was changed in 1936 to allow a better marketing of its famous muscat wine, the Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois, recognized since 1949.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 182 |  |
| 1975 | 151 | −2.63% |
| 1982 | 146 | −0.48% |
| 1990 | 135 | −0.97% |
| 1999 | 115 | −1.77% |
| 2009 | 141 | +2.06% |
| 2014 | 148 | +0.97% |
| 2020 | 141 | −0.80% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Jean-de-Minervois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Saint-Jean-de-Minervois | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Jean-de-Minervois | |
| Saint-Jean-de-MinervoisSaint-Jean-de-Minervois | |
| Coordinates: 43°23′14″N 2°50′00″E / 43.3872°N 2.8333°E / 43.3872; 2.8333 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Hérault |
| Arrondissement | Béziers |
| Canton | Saint-Pons-de-Thomières |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20212026) | Sylvie Miquel |
| Area**1** | 32.7 km2 (12.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 137 |
| Density | 4.2/km2 (11/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 34269 /34360 |
| Elevation | 159–778 m (522–2,552 ft)
(avg. 280 m or 920 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint Paul (El Greco)

abstract: Saint Paul is a 1610-1614 painting by El Greco, now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. The painting is key to Gregorio Marañón's theory that the painter used mental patients at the Hospital del Nuncio as models. It originally formed part of a series of works produced by the artist for the parish church in Almadrones, Spain, a series which represented a set of variants on a set of paintings of the apostles for Toledo Cathedral. Although not one of the twelve original apostles, Saint Paul, the "Apostle of the Gentiles", replaced the disgraced Judas in both series. The letter in his left hand is addressed to "Titus, ordained first Bishop of the Church of the Cretans", who was at one time Saint Paul's secretary.

text:
# Saint Paul (El Greco)

***Saint Paul*** is a 1610-1614 painting by El Greco, now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. The painting is key to Gregorio Marañón's theory that the painter used mental patients at the Hospital del Nuncio as models.

It originally formed part of a series of works produced by the artist for the parish church in Almadrones, Spain, a series which represented a set of variants on a set of paintings of the apostles for Toledo Cathedral. Although not one of the twelve original apostles, Saint Paul, the "Apostle of the Gentiles", replaced the disgraced Judas in both series.

The letter in his left hand is addressed to "Titus, ordained first Bishop of the Church of the Cretans", who was at one time Saint Paul's secretary.

1. "Saint Paul". Prado Museum. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

## Bibliography (in Spanish)

* ÁLVAREZ LOPERA, José, *El Greco*, Madrid, Arlanza, 2005, Biblioteca «Descubrir el Arte», (colección «Grandes maestros»). ISBN 84-9550-344-1.
* SCHOLZ-HÄNSEL, Michael, *El Greco*, Colonia, Taschen, 2003. ISBN 978-3-8228-3173-1.

## InfoBox

| Saint Paul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | El Greco |
| Year | 1610-1614 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 72 cm × 55 cm (28 in × 22 in) |
| Location | Museo del Prado, Madrid |


title: Saint Paul Capisterre Parish

abstract: Saint Paul Capisterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second smallest parish on St. Kitts, and third smallest in the federation. The parish capital is Saint Paul Capisterre Village.

text:
# Saint Paul Capisterre Parish

**Saint Paul Capisterre** is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second smallest parish on St. Kitts, and third smallest in the federation. The parish capital is Saint Paul Capisterre Village.

## Land

The coastline of Saint Paul Capisterre is riddled with many small bays, with thin strands of stoney black volcanic sand. Sheer cliffs form an immediate backdrop to these beaches, lining the entire coast. The rough Atlantic Ocean pummels the shoreline, and thus all settlements in the parish are inland. Saint Paul Capisterre consists mostly of flat and gently sloping terrain, which is almost completely covered by abandoned sugar estates, with small farm holdings dotting in between. Further inland, where the terrain begins to rise sharply on the slopes of Mount Liamuiga, agricultural dominance gives way to lush tropical rain forests. This coupled with views of neighbouring Statia, Saba, St. Barths and St. Martin make it a very photogenic area.

## Villages

**Capital**St. Paul Capisterre Village (St. Paul's)

**Other Villages**:

* Belmont Estate
* Cranston Estate
* Newton Ground

The parish consists of two large villages, Saint Paul Capisterre (St. Paul's) and Newton Ground, and their two subsidiary villages, Belmont Estate and Cranston Estate respectively. All settlements are inland. The village of St. Paul's is home to the former national leader, Dr. Denzil Llewellyn Douglas, and was also the hometown of the nation's first premier Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw.

## Economy

The parish of Saint Paul Capisterre is the most agricultural in the entire nation, its rich volcanic soils, gentle terrain and high rainfall all owing to its successes. The bulk of the population once toiled on the surrounding sugar cane estates, however, the local sugar industry was shut down in 2005, following plummeting world sugar prices and a growing national deficit. More residents from Saint Paul Capisterre were left unemployed than in any other parish. To ease the burden of unemployment, tracts of land have been leased and sold to former sugar workers and are now used to produce a wide variety of other produce. Tourism is also an industry in the parish. The Rawlin's Plantation Inn, in the parish's eastern interior, employs some local persons. There is a restaurant located at the inn as well as an atelier owned by British artist, carver, sculptor and weaver Kate Spencer. She also owns a display and shop in Basseterre. Her works include still life, watercolor prints St. Kitts/Nevis style, silk pareos and an array of souvenir material adorned with her colorful images. Belmont Estate, whose name graces the local Belmont Estate rum, is of cultural significance; home of the legend of 'The Bull' in local folklore. It is also the start point for hikes by Greg's Safari Tours and other thrill seeking companies.

## Future developments

To ease the burden of unemployment in the parish, major plans are in the future to develop a large hotel / villa complex on the foothills of Mount Liamuiga near the village of Saint Paul's. The project, named 'Kittitian Heights,' will feature an artist's village, state of the art recording facilities, and hotel and villa developments all in the lush tropical setting. Initial construction has already commenced.

17°23′38″N 62°50′08″W / 17.39389°N 62.83556°W / 17.39389; -62.83556

## InfoBox

| Saint Paul Capisterre | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish | |
|  | |
| Country | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| Capital | Saint Paul Capisterre |
| Area | |
| Total | 14 km2 (5 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,432 |
| Density | 174/km2 (450/sq mi) |