title: IBM SystemT

abstract: IBM SystemT is a declarative information extraction system. It was first built in 2005, as a research project at IBM's IBM Almaden Research Center. Its name is partially inspired by System R, a seminal project from the same research center. SystemT comprises the following three main components: (1) AQL, a declarative rule language with a similar syntax to SQL; (2) Optimizer, which accepts AQL statements as input and generates high-performance algebraic execution plans; and (3) Executing engine, which executes the plan generated by the Optimizer and performs information extraction over input documents. SystemT is available as part of IBM BigInsights, and has also been taught in multiple universities around the globe. A version of SystemT was available as a companion to a sequence of online courses in Text Analytics.

text:
# IBM SystemT

**IBM SystemT** is a declarative information extraction system. It was first built in 2005, as a research project at IBM's IBM Almaden Research Center. Its name is partially inspired by System R, a seminal project from the same research center.

SystemT comprises the following three main components: (1) AQL, a declarative rule language with a similar syntax to SQL; (2) Optimizer, which accepts AQL statements as input and generates high-performance algebraic execution plans; and (3) Executing engine, which executes the plan generated by the Optimizer and performs information extraction over input documents.

SystemT is available as part of IBM BigInsights, and has also been taught in multiple universities around the globe. A version of SystemT was available (starting in September 2016) as a companion to a sequence of online courses in Text Analytics.

## InfoBox

IBM SystemT
| Developer(s) | IBM |
| --- | --- |
| Written in | AQL, Java |
| Operating system | Linux, macOS, Windows |
| Type | Information Extraction, Text mining |
| Website | SystemT |


title: O. W. Wolters

abstract: Oliver William Wolters was a British academic, historian and author. He was also a Malayan civil servant and administrator. At his death, he was the Goldwin Smith Professor of Southeast Asian History Emeritus at Cornell University.

text:
# O. W. Wolters

**Oliver William Wolters** OBE (8 June 1915 – 5 December 2000) was a British academic, historian and author. He was also a Malayan civil servant and administrator. At his death, he was the Goldwin Smith Professor of Southeast Asian History Emeritus at Cornell University.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about O. W. Wolters, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 20+ works in 90+ publications in 4 languages and 2,200+ library holdings.

* *The Khmer King at Basan (1371-1373) and the Restoration of the Cambodian Chronology during the 14th and 15th Centuries* (1965)
* *Early Indonesian Commerce: a Study of the Origins of Srĭvijaya.* (1962)
* *Some Reflections on the Subject of Ayudhyā and the World* (1967)
* *Southeast Asian History and Historiography: Essays Presented to D.G.E. Hall* (1976)
* *History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives* (1982)
* *The Fall of Śrīvijaya in Malay History* (1970)
* *Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives* (1982)
* *Two essays on Đại-Việt in the Fourteenth Century* (1988)
* *Perdagangan awal Indonesia: satu kajian asal usul kerajaan Srivijaya* (1989)
* *Early Southeast Asia: Selected Essays* (2008)
* *Monologue, Dialogue, and Tran Vietnam* (2009)

## Honors

## InfoBox

| Oliver William Wolters | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1915-06-08)8 June 1915
Reading, England |
| Died | 5 December 2000(2000-12-05) (aged 85) |
| Citizenship | British |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford (BA, 1937)
SOAS (PhD, 1961) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | History |
| Institutions | Cornell University |
| Doctoral advisor | D.G.E. Hall |
| Notable students | Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Andaya, Reynaldo Ileto, Charnvit Kasetsiri, Anthony Milner, Craig Reynolds, M. C. Ricklefs, Shiraishi Takashi |
|  | |


title: I Just Fall in Love Again

abstract: "I Just Fall in Love Again" is a song written by Larry Herbstritt, with co-writers Steve Dorff, Harry Lloyd, and Gloria Sklerov. Herbstritt had composed the melody and chords for the chorus and a chord progression for the verse, which he took to his friend Steve Dorff. Harry Lloyd and Gloria Sklerov completed the lyrics. The song was originally recorded by the Carpenters and later covered by Dusty Springfield, and Anne Murray, who was unaware Springfield had recorded it just 6 months prior.

text:
# I Just Fall in Love Again

"**I Just Fall in Love Again**" is a song written by Larry Herbstritt, with co-writers Steve Dorff, Harry Lloyd, and Gloria Sklerov. Herbstritt had composed the melody and chords for the chorus and a chord progression for the verse, which he took to his friend Steve Dorff. Harry Lloyd and Gloria Sklerov completed the lyrics. The song was originally recorded by the Carpenters and later covered by Dusty Springfield, and Anne Murray, who was unaware Springfield had recorded it just 6 months prior.

## The Carpenters version

The Carpenters' version was included on the duo's 1977 album *Passage*. On the Carpenters' official website, Richard Carpenter notes that he felt the song was perfect for his sister Karen's voice and felt their version had hit-single potential. However, A&M Records decided not to release it because it was considered too long for Top 40 radio stations to play at the time (just over 4 minutes) and could not be abridged.

In 2004, Richard Carpenter added a remixed "I Just Fall in Love Again" to the Carpenters' 2-disc compilation, *Gold: 35th Anniversary Edition.*

### Personnel

## Dusty Springfield version

Recorded in summer 1978 and released in early 1979 on Springfield's *Living Without Your Love* album the same week her record label, United Artists Records, was sold, the track was subsequently never released as a single and went largely unnoticed by the listening public due to the success of Anne Murray's recording of the song, released not long after.

## Anne Murray version

| "I Just Fall in Love Again" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Anne Murray | |
| from the album  *New Kind of Feeling* | |
| B-side | "Just to Feel This Love from You" |
| Released | January 1979 |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Genre | Country pop |
| Length | 2:47 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Songwriter(s) | * Steve Dorff, Larry Herbstritt (music) * Gloria Sklerov, Harry Lloyd (lyrics) |
| Producer(s) | Jim Ed Norman |
| Anne Murray singles chronology | |
| "You Needed Me"
(1978) "**I Just Fall in Love Again**"
(1979) "Shadows in the Moonlight"
(1979) | |

Canadian country singer Anne Murray was unaware Dusty Springfield had recorded "I Just Fall in Love Again" just 6 months prior. Springfield was one of Murray's favourite singers, and she has said "If I had known (Springfield) had released it as a single, I never would have recorded it" as Murray's version of the song largely overshadowed Springfield's. She released it in early 1979, on her platinum-selling album *New Kind of Feeling*.

Murray released her version as a single, and it topped *Billboard*'s Country and Adult Contemporary charts for three weeks, while reaching number 11 on the *Cash Box* Top 100 and number 12 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart.

It was the first of three successive number one Country hits and four consecutive number one Adult Contemporary hits during 1979 and 1980. Though Murray loves the song, she is quoted in *The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits* as saying she was surprised at its success on the Country charts, as she didn't feel the song sounded very "country". Nevertheless, *Billboard* ranked it as the number one Country hit of 1979. Murray included the song as a posthumous duet with Dusty Springfield on her own 2007 album *Duets: Friends & Legends*.

### Personnel

* Anne Murray  vocals
* Pat Riccio Jr., Brian Gatto  keyboards
* Jorn Anderson  drums
* Peter Cardinali  bass
* Aidan Mason, Brian Russell, Bob Mann  guitars
* Bob Lucier  steel guitar
* Rick Wilkins & Peter Cardinali  string arrangement

### Chart performance

## InfoBox

| "I Just Fall in Love Again" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by The Carpenters | |
| from the album  *Passage* | |
| A-side | "Honolulu City Lights" |
| Released | September 23, 1977 |
| Recorded | 1977 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 4:05 |
| Label | A&M |
| Composer(s) | Steve Dorff, Larry Herbstritt |
| Lyricist(s) | Gloria Sklerov, Harry Lloyd |
| Producer(s) | Richard Carpenter, Karen Carpenter |


title: IC 1166

abstract: IC 1166 are a pair of galaxies in the Corona Borealis constellation comprising IC 1166 NED01 and IC 1166 NED02. They are located 977 million light-years from the Solar System and were discovered on July 28, 1892, by Stephane Javelle.

text:
# IC 1166

**IC 1166** are a pair of galaxies in the Corona Borealis constellation comprising **IC 1166 NED01** and **IC 1166 NED02**. They are located 977 million light-years from the Solar System and were discovered on July 28, 1892, by Stephane Javelle.

## Galaxies

**IC 1166 NED01**

IC 1166 NED01 or PGC 56771 is a type E elliptical galaxy. Located above IC 1166 NED02, it has a diameter of approximately 110,000 light-years. PGC 56771 has an active nucleus and it is classified as a Seyfert type 1 galaxy. It has a quasar-like appearance, but its host clearly seen and presents two sets of emission lines which are superimposed on each other. PGC 56771 is classified a Markarian galaxy (designated Mrk 867), because compared to other galaxies its nucleus emits excessive amounts of ultraviolet rays. It has a surface brightness of 23.2 magnitude and, located at right ascension (16:02:08.92) and declination (26:19:45.60) respectively.

**IC 1166 NED02**

IC 1166 NED02 or PGC 1771884 is a type SBbc spiral galaxy. Located below IC 1166 NED01, it has an approximate diameter of 160,000 light-years making it slightly larger compared to the other galaxy and does not have an active galactic nucleus. PGC 1771884 has a surface brightness of 23.4 magnitude and, a right ascension of (16:02:08.83) and declination (26:19:31.20).

1. Astronomy, Go. "IC 1166 | galaxy pair in Corona Borealis | IC List | GO ASTRONOMY". *Go-Astronomy.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
2. "IC 1166 NED01 - Elliptical Galaxy in Corona Borealis | TheSkyLive.com". *theskylive.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
3. "IC 1166 NED02 - Barred Spiral Galaxy in Corona Borealis | TheSkyLive.com". *theskylive.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
4. "Your NED Search Results". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
5. "Index Catalog Objects: IC 1150 - 1199". *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
6. "NED Search Results for IC 1166 NED01". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
7. "HyperLeda -object description for PGC 56771". *atlas.obs-hp.fr*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
8. Astronomy, Go. "IC 1166 NED01 | galaxy in Corona Borealis | IC List | GO ASTRONOMY". *Go-Astronomy.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
9. "Astronomical Glossary". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
10. Mazzarella, Joseph M.; Balzano, Vicki A. (1986). "1986ApJS...62..751M Page 751". *The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series*. **62**: 751. Bibcode:1986ApJS...62..751M. doi:10.1086/191155. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
11. "NED Search Results for IC 1166 NED02". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
12. "HyperLeda -object description for PGC 1771884". *atlas.obs-hp.fr*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
13. Astronomy, Go. "IC 1166 NED02 | galaxy in Corona Borealis | IC List | GO ASTRONOMY". *Go-Astronomy.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.

## InfoBox

| IC 1166 | |
| --- | --- |
| Sloan Digital Sky Survey image of galaxy pair IC 1166 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Corona Borealis |
| Right ascension | 16h 02m 08.90s |
| Declination | +26d 19m 38.0s |
| Redshift | 0.072080 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 20,818 km/s |
| Distance | 977 Mly (299.54 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 16.77 and 19.08 |
| Surface brightness | 23 and 23.4 mag/arcsec |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E and SBb |
| Size | 110,000 ly and 160,000 ly |
| Notable features | Interacting galaxy and Seyfert galaxy |
| Other designations | |
| IC 1166 NED01: PGC 56771, Mrk 867, 2MASX J16020888+2619456, SDSS J160208.91+261945.5, NVSS J160208+261942, KUG 1600+264, CGCG 137-018, IRAS 16000+2628, PGC 1772024, Mrk 867N IC 1166 NED02: PGC 1771884, UZC J160208.9+261929, 2MASX J16020881+2619316, SDSS J160208.82+261931.1, Mrk 867S | |


title: Murder of Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah

abstract: On 2 September 2018, four-year-old Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah, also known as Sabrina, died from blunt force trauma to the abdomen after her stepfather physically assaulted her by pushing her and kicking her in the stomach twice, which resulted in extensive intra-abdominal bleeding that caused the girl to die a day after the assault, despite her parents' attempt to resuscitate her. Sabrina's stepfather, 25-year-old Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail, was later arrested and charged with murder, a crime that warrants the death penalty in Singapore. Salihin was also charged with having inflicted physical abuse on the girl twice between July 2017 and April 2018. During his 2021 murder trial, Salihin admitted to the assault but stated that he never intended to kill Sabrina or kick Sabrina to result in her death, recounting that after his and his wife's unsuccessful attempts to toilet-train Sabrina in preparation for school, he was so enraged that he kicked at Sabrina twice but never intended for the blows to specifically hit his stepdaughter's stomach and cause severe injury to lead to her death. Despite the prosecution's arguments that Salihin had committed murder by intentionally causing the fatal abdominal injuries on Sabrina during his kicking, the judge found that Salihin never intended to cause his stepdaughter's death through the fatal injuries despite the deliberateness of the assault. Therefore, Salihin was convicted of voluntarily causing grievous hurt, and sentenced to nine years' imprisonment with 12 strokes of the cane. In April 2024, the Court of Appeal allowed the prosecution's appeal against the murder acquittal. The court found Salihin guilty of the original charge of murder and re-sentenced him to life in prison with 12 strokes of the cane after they concluded that his deliberate actions of kicking Sabrina constituted an act of murder, since his intentional actions led to the injuries that caused Sabrina to die, even if he had no intent to cause her death.

text:
# Murder of Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah

On 2 September 2018, four-year-old **Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah** (2014 – 2 September 2018), also known as **Sabrina**, died from blunt force trauma to the abdomen after her stepfather physically assaulted her by pushing her and kicking her in the stomach twice, which resulted in extensive intra-abdominal bleeding that caused the girl to die a day after the assault, despite her parents' attempt to resuscitate her. Sabrina's stepfather, 25-year-old **Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail**, was later arrested and charged with murder, a crime that warrants the death penalty in Singapore. Salihin was also charged with having inflicted physical abuse on the girl twice between July 2017 and April 2018.

During his 2021 murder trial, Salihin admitted to the assault but stated that he never intended to kill Sabrina or kick Sabrina to result in her death, recounting that after his and his wife's unsuccessful attempts to toilet-train Sabrina in preparation for school, he was so enraged that he kicked at Sabrina twice but never intended for the blows to specifically hit his stepdaughter's stomach and cause severe injury to lead to her death. Despite the prosecution's arguments that Salihin had committed murder by intentionally causing the fatal abdominal injuries on Sabrina during his kicking, the judge found that Salihin never intended to cause his stepdaughter's death through the fatal injuries despite the deliberateness of the assault. Therefore, Salihin was convicted of voluntarily causing grievous hurt, and sentenced to nine years' imprisonment with 12 strokes of the cane.

In April 2024, the Court of Appeal allowed the prosecution's appeal against the murder acquittal. The court found Salihin guilty of the original charge of murder and re-sentenced him to life in prison with 12 strokes of the cane after they concluded that his deliberate actions of kicking Sabrina constituted an act of murder, since his intentional actions led to the injuries that caused Sabrina to die, even if he had no intent to cause her death.

## Background

Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah, also addressed as Sabrina, was born in Singapore in 2014, and her mother Syabilla Syamien Riyadi, who was 17 when she gave birth to Sabrina, was an Indonesian-born Singapore permanent resident born in 1996. The identity of Sabrina's biological father, who was Syabilla's former partner, was unknown.

When Sabrina was two years old, her mother married a Singaporean citizen named Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail (born in 1993) on 31 August 2016. They had twin sons on 29 November 2016, and lived at a rented flat in Bukit Batok. From 2006 to 2016, Salihin had been sentenced to probation, reformative training and military detention (during his National Service) for various offences, ranging from theft, robbery to drug consumption. For his latest offence before the death of Sabrina, Salihin was released from the Singapore Armed Forces detention barracks in February 2017.

According to Salihin's sisters, father and stepmother, Salihin was a quiet man who never lost his temper, had a normal relationship with his wife, and treated Sabrina as his own daughter, treating her and the twins equally. Even so, Salihin's sisters confirmed that he once nearly punched their youngest brother over a minor dispute, and court documents showed that Salihin had inflicted physical violence on Sabrina on two occasions; once in July 2017 when he scalded her for five seconds using hot water while showering her, and another instance between January and April 2018 when Salihin slammed Sabrina's head on the floor. According to the defence, regarding the incident with the shower, Salihin was allegedly angry at Sabrina for not wanting to shower with cold water due to his need to save electricity costs and he thus turned on the maximum temperature to scald the girl in a fit of anger. In the second incident, Salihin was trying to feed Sabrina, who instead hid under her bed, which purportedly upset him, provoking him into hitting Sabrina's head.

## Sabrina's death

When Sabrina turned four in 2018, her parents planned to send her to kindergarten in late September 2018, and therefore tried to toilet-train her to prepare for pre-school, but Sabrina still urinated outside the toilet despite the efforts to educate her.

On the morning of 1 September 2018, Salihin was alone at home with Sabrina and her brothers after his wife left for work. According to court documents, Salihin witnessed a puddle of urine left by Sabrina and out of anger, he brought Sabrina to the toilet, where he placed Sabrina on the toilet bowl and used his fist to hold her in place, although the prosecution would allege that Salihin did so to punch his stepdaughter. Later that afternoon, Sabrina told her stepfather she wanted to go to the toilet, but Salihin told her to go by herself. Shortly after, when he checked on Sabrina, he spotted a puddle of urine in front of the toilet bowl, and Salihin angrily asked Sabrina about this discovery. Out of rage, Salihin pushed Sabrina down and kicked his leg forward twice, which hit Sabrina's stomach, and once again, he placed Sabrina on the toilet bowl.

Later that evening, during dinner, Sabrina did not have an appetite due to stomach pain after eating a few mouthfuls of chicken rice, and she vomited on the sofa. Salihin and his wife, who by then had returned home, both applied ointment on her stomach. The next day, between 1am and 8am, Sabrina continued to vomit periodically. During the last occasion, Salihin took the girl to the toilet and used his index finger to induce her to vomit as she had trouble doing so. After this, Sabrina fell unconscious. Salihin carried her out of the toilet and told his wife to call for an ambulance while he tried to use CPR to resuscitate his stepdaughter.

Despite Salihin's efforts, Sabrina was unresponsive to resuscitation efforts, and paramedics noted she did not have a pulse and had stopped breathing. Four-year-old Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah was later pronounced dead in Ng Teng Fong General Hospital at about 10am. An autopsy by forensic pathologist Dr Gilbert Lau revealed that Sabrina died as a result of blunt force trauma to the abdomen, which caused internal bleeding. According to Dr Lau (who retired in July 2020), he found that there were over 300 millilitres of blood inside the abdominal area, which was equivalent to the victim losing 30% of her blood; this was considered fatal from a forensic perspective.

## Murder trial and acquittal

### Arrest and court proceedings

A day after his stepdaughter died, 25-year-old Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail was arrested after the hospital authorities made a police report regarding Sabrina's death. Salihin was charged with murder, a crime that warrants the death penalty in Singapore. Salihin, who confessed to assaulting Sabrina by kicking her, also faced two counts of physically mistreating Sabrina back in 2017 and early 2018 before the fatal assault, although these two other charges were stood down after the defence successfully argued that Salihin should not be tried for all charges simultaneously to avoid any prejudice in Salihin's defence for the capital charge.

On 2 February 2021, Salihin stood trial for the murder of his stepdaughter. Salihin's charge of murder was slated under Section 300(c) of the Penal Code, which carries either a death sentence or life imprisonment with caning if found guilty. Salihin was originally represented by Syazana Yahya, before his case was taken over by notable criminal lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam (the founder of Syazana's law firm) in the midst of his trial, while Senthilkumaran Sabapathy was the trial prosecutor of the case.

During the trial, it was alleged by the prosecution that Salihin had punched Sabrina on the stomach several times during the two occasions to toilet-train her, and intentionally kicked her twice on the second occasion, and the accumulative effects of these assaults had resulted into abdominal injuries that caused Sabrina's death. Salihin's defence counsel sought to dispute the prosecution's case during his trial, stating that Salihin used his fist not to punch Sabrina, but to prevent Sabrina from getting off the toilet, and that both Salihin's error in applying CPR on Sabrina and her twin brothers' playful act of bouncing on Sabrina's stomach on the day of the assault could have also contributed significantly to the severity of the injuries on Sabrina's abdomen.

Sabrina's birth mother, who was arrested by the Central Narcotics Bureau in June 2020 for consuming methamphetamine, was called as a witness while she was remanded for trial. She testified that Sabrina showed a fist (in addition to saying her brothers had been sitting on her abdomen) when she complained of stomach pain, but Sabrina told her mother that Salihin never punched her. Subsequently, Sabrina's mother was sentenced to one year of imprisonment in June 2021, after she pleaded guilty to both drug consumption and drug possession.

### Salihin's conviction

On 1 March 2022, after a trial lasting 12 days, Justice Pang Khang Chau, the trial judge hearing Salihin's case, delivered his verdict on conviction. In his judgement, Justice Pang stated that he found Salihin not guilty of murder, and therefore granted him an acquittal.

Explaining why he acquitted Salihin of murder, Justice Pang first touched on the four basic elements required to prove a charge of murder under Section 300(c) of the Penal Code:

1. A bodily injury must be present and objectively proved;
2. The nature of the injury must be objectively proved;
3. It must be established that the injury was intentionally inflicted; and
4. The injury must be sufficient to cause death in the ordinary cause of nature.

Justice Pang stated that after carefully scrunitizing Salihin's case with these four principles, he found that the third element was not proven by the prosecution, because the evidence showed that despite the deliberateness of the assault, Salihin had kicked the girl not out of intention, but rather out of a spontaneous angry reaction, and did not aim at any particular part of her body. Salihin had stated that in a fit of anger, he simply kicked what was in front of him, and it happened to be Sabrina's abdomen. Salihin's subsequent acts of applying ointment on her stomach corroborated his lack of intention to cause the fatal injuries and lack of knowledge of the severity of her injuries.

Justice Pang also noted that the fatal injuries on Sabrina's abdomen cannot be solely attributed to Salihin's kicks based on the medical report, though he pointed out the contributory effect of Sabrina's brothers jumping on her stomach and Salihin's excessive force in applying CPR were negligible. Justice Pang also accepted that Salihin never punched his stepdaughter, and had used his knuckles and fist to hold Sabrina in place on the toilet bowl. In summary, 29-year-old Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail was acquitted of murder, but he was found guilty of a lesser charge of voluntarily inflicting grievous hurt, an offence that warranted a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment, in addition to a fine or caning.

Sentencing was adjourned to a later date after Salihin's conviction. The prosecution filed submissions to seek the maximum of ten years' imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane for Salihin while the defence sought a sentence of seven years and six months' imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane.

### Salihin's sentence

On 9 May 2022, two months after Salihin's conviction for fatally assaulting Sabrina, Justice Pang delivered his verdict on Salihin's sentence.

In his judgement, Justice Pang found that the manner of Salihin's attack, his criminal record, and the vulnerability of the victim were the aggravating factors that weighed against Salihin and were sufficient to call for a severe sentence. He disagreed with the prosecution's stand that Salihin's delay in seeking medical attention for Nursabrina was also an aggravating factor, because in Salihin's position, the absence of visible external injuries on Sabrina and her repetitive vomiting and abdominal discomfort "may not have sufficiently alerted the accused (Salihin) that she sustained significant injuries" and that was not relevant to determine his culpability during the offence.

Despite his acceptance of most of the prosecution's arguments, Justice Pang also accepted the defence's arguments that Salihin was remorseful and had fully cooperated with the authorities from the beginning of investigations. Therefore, the judge sentenced 29-year-old Muhammad Salihin bin Ismail to nine years' imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane, and the jail term was backdated to the date of his arrest. The other two charges of causing hurt to Sabrina were also taken into consideration during sentencing.

## Prosecution's appeal and murder conviction

Shortly after the sentencing of Salihin for causing grievous hurt in May 2022, the Attorney-General's Chambers announced that the prosecution would appeal against Salihin's murder acquittal, as well as Salihin's sentence for voluntarily causing serious injury. Salihin's counsel also appealed his sentence.

On 2 April 2024, the Court of Appeal heard the appeals. From the prosecution's side, with regards to Salihin's conviction, they argued that it did not matter whether or not Salihin had intended to strike Sabrina on any specific part of the body, as he already confessed to having kicked his stepdaughter forcefully and on purpose, and his actions in turn had caused the death of Sabrina. They thus sought to have Salihin found guilty of the original charge of murder, finding that his acquittal should be revoked.

On the same date, after deliberating the arguments on both sides, the three-judge panel - consisting of Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon and two Judges of Appeal, Debbie Ong Siew Ling and Tay Yong Kwang \- released their decision, ruling that 31-year-old Muhammad Salihin Ismail should be convicted of murder under Section 300(c) of the Penal Code, and therefore increased his initial jail term of nine years to life imprisonment, the minimum punishment allowed for murder in Singapore. The appellate court, however, upheld the 12 strokes of the cane imposed by the original trial judge back in May 2022.

In their grounds of decision, the appellate court stated that the law did not require the prosecution to prove that a defendant accused of murder had the intention to cause the medical consequences of his actions. Chief Justice Menon, who read out the verdict in court, pointed out that even if Salihin genuinely never meant to specifically kick Sabrina so as to cause her fatal abdominal injuries but did so in a moment of impulse and anger, it did not discount the fact that he deliberately and intentionally kicked Sabrina in order to teach her a lesson, which resulted in the abdominal injuries on Sabrina, such that the injuries were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The defence had admitted that the force used by Salihin to kick Sabrina was sufficient to cause her death. Based on these findings, the appellate court agreed that the trial judge had erred in acquitting Salihin due to wrongful interpretation of the law, and Salihin should assume the fullest responsibility for having unlawfully caused Sabrina's death as a consequence of his actions.

The three judges unanimously allowed the prosecution's appeal, and upgraded Salihin's conviction to murder. They therefore re-imposed a life sentence but upheld the 12 strokes of the cane, after the appellate court agreed with both the prosecution and defence that the death penalty was not appropriate in light of the various factors surrounding the death of Sabrina, and noted that both sides concurred on sentence. The life sentence passed upon Salihin was backdated to the date of his arrest on 3 September 2018.

## InfoBox

| Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nursabrina Agustiani Abdullah
2014
Singapore |
| Died | 2 September 2018 (aged 4)
Bukit Batok, Singapore |
| Cause of death | Blunt force trauma to the abdomen |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Other names | Sabrina |
| Known for | Possible murder victim |
| Parent(s) | Syabilla Syamien Riyadi (mother)
Muhammad Salihin Ismail (stepfather) |


title: Virginia Little Eight Conference

abstract: The Virginia Little Eight Conference was an intercollegiate athletic conference with members located in the state of Virginia. It was known as the Virginia Little Six Conference prior to 1953 and the Virginia Little Seven Conference from 1953 to 1955. Many of its members now complete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC). The members of the Virginia Little Six were Bridgewater College, Emory and Henry College, Hampden–Sydney College, Lynchburg College—now known as the University of Lynchburg, Randolph–Macon College, and Roanoke College. Richmond Professional Institute (RPI) joined the circuit as the seventh member in 1953. Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary—now known as Old Dominion University—became the eight member in 1955.

text:
# Virginia Little Eight Conference

The **Virginia Little Eight Conference** was an intercollegiate athletic conference with members located in the state of Virginia. It was known as the **Virginia Little Six Conference** prior to 1953 and the **Virginia Little Seven Conference** from 1953 to 1955. Many of its members now complete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC).

The members of the Virginia Little Six were Bridgewater College, Emory and Henry College, Hampden–Sydney College, Lynchburg College—now known as the University of Lynchburg, Randolph–Macon College, and Roanoke College. Richmond Professional Institute (RPI) joined the circuit as the seventh member in 1953. Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary—now known as Old Dominion University—became the eight member in 1955.

## Football champions


title: IC 1459

abstract: IC 1459 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Grus. It is located at a distance of circa 85 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that IC 1459 is about 130,000 light-years across. It was discovered by Edward Emerson Barnard in 1892.

text:
# IC 1459

**IC 1459** (also catalogued as *IC 5265*) is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Grus. It is located at a distance of circa 85 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that IC 1459 is about 130,000 light-years across. It was discovered by Edward Emerson Barnard in 1892.

## Characteristics

IC 1459 is a giant elliptical galaxy. In its core has been observed a fast counter-rotating stellar component, with an estimated total mass of 3×109 *M*. The stars of this component have circular orbits on a flat disk with a radius of less than two arcseconds. It has been suggested that the stars of the counterrotating disk are of external origin, either by the accretion of a stellar satellite or of a dense molecular cloud from which the stars were created. The galaxy also features multiple shells and disturbed isophotes, which indicate that it has accreted material, probably by the merger of smaller galaxies with the elliptical galaxy. Enhanced photography revealed the presence of a diffuse spiral pattern at the outer regions of IC 1459.

It has been suggested that a merger started a starburst event in IC 1459. The total duration of this event has not been well constrained, but it is estimated it lasted less than 80 million years. Young stars make up approximately 3% of the total stellar population of the galaxy. They have an average age of 400 million years. Metallicity has been found to decrease as the radial distance from the center increases.

The nucleus of IC 1459 is active and has been characterised as a LINER based on its optical spectrum. The most accepted theory for the power source of active galactic nuclei is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. In the centre of IC 1459 lies a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass (2.6±1.0)×109 *M* based on stellar velocities. Estimates of the mass of the black hole based on gas kinematics are lower, from (1-4) × 108 to 109 M, although the presence of non-gravitational forces acting on the circumnuclear gas renders them less accurate. The disturbed kinematics of the circumnuclear gas may be caused by an outflow. In the circumnuclear region there is also dust with irregular distribution, indicating nonequilibrium motions.

The galaxy is characterised as low-power radio loud, with gigahertz-peaked spectrum, and has two symmetrical radio jets. In a 3.5 year observation period, the galaxy showed little variability. The galaxy also has weak X-ray emission. The nucleus appears unabsorbed in lower energy X-ray, with X-ray luminosity 7.9×1040 ergs s-1, while the Fe-Kα fluorescence line, is not strong. The infrared emission of the nucleus is also less than the one expected by an AGN hidden by a dust torus. This indicates that the AGN is seen unobstructed. The galaxy possess an X-ray halo, whose modelling indicated the presence of dark matter at a distance larger than 3 effective radii.

In images by the Hubble Space Telescope, 199 globular clusters were recognised, with an indication of a decrease of their number near the core and statistically non-significant evidence of dimodial color distribution.

## Nearby galaxies

IC 1459 is the brightest galaxy in a galaxy group known as the IC 1459 group. It is a loose group centred at IC 1459 with a large number of spiral galaxies. Other members include NGC 7418, NGC 7418A, NGC 7421, IC 5264, IC 5269, IC 5269B, IC 5270, and IC 5273. IC 5264 lies 6.5 arcminutes south of IC 1459. This group, along with the NGC 7582 group form the Grus cloud, a region of elevated galaxy density. The Grus cloud, along with the nearby Pavo-Indus cloud, lies between the Local Supercluster and Pavo–Indus Supercluster.

The group features both diffuse X-ray emission from the intergalactic medium and HI emission. Based on the presence of both it has been suggested that the group is in its early stages of assembling from different subgroups. Three HI clouds have been found to be associated with the group, two located near IC 5270 and one near NGC 7418. These HI clouds are believed to have formed from gas stripped from the galaxies as a result of interactions.

## InfoBox

| IC 1459 | |
| --- | --- |
| IC 1459 by Hubble Space Telescope | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Grus |
| Right ascension | 22h 57m 10.6s |
| Declination | −36° 27 44 |
| Redshift | 0.006011 ± 0.000039 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 1,802 ± 12 km/s |
| Distance | 85 ± 27 Mly (26.2 ± 8.5 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.0 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E3 |
| Apparent size (V) | 5.2 × 3.8 |
| Notable features | Radio galaxy |
| Other designations | |
| IC 5265, ESO 406- G030, AM 2254-364, MCG -06-50-016, PKS 2254-367, PGC 070090 | |


title: Traffic contract

abstract: If a network service wishes to use a broadband network to transport a particular kind of traffic, it must first inform the network about what kind of traffic is to be transported, and the performance requirements of that traffic. The application presents this information to the network in the form of a traffic contract.

text:
# Traffic contract

If a network service (or application) wishes to use a broadband network (an ATM network in particular) to transport a particular kind of traffic, it must first inform the network about what kind of traffic is to be transported, and the performance requirements of that traffic. The application presents this information to the network in the form of a **traffic contract**.

## The Traffic descriptor

When a connection is requested by an application, the application indicates to the network:

* The Type of Service required.
* The Traffic Parameters of each data flow in both directions.
* The quality of service (QoS) Parameters requested in each direction.

These parameters form the *traffic descriptor* for the connection.

## Type of Service

Currently, five ATM Forum-defined service categories exist (see Table 1). The basic differences among these service categories are described in the following sub-sections. These service categories provide a method to relate traffic characteristics and QoS requirements to network behaviour. The service categories are characterised as being real-time or non-real-time. CBR and rt-VBR are the real-time service categories. The remaining three service categories (nrt-VBR, UBR and ABR) are considered non-real-time service categories.

Table 1: ATM Forum Traffic Services
| ATM Forum Traffic Management 4.0 ATM Service Category | ITU-T I.371 ATM Transfer Capability | Typical Use |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Constant Bit Rate (CBR) | Deterministic Bit Rate (DBR) | Real-time, QoS guarantees |
| Real-Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR) | (for further study) | Statistical mux, real time |
| Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate (nrt-VBR) | Statistical Bit Rate (SBR) | Statistical mux |
| Available Bit Rate (ABR) | Available Bit Rate (ABR) | Resource exploitations, feedback control |
| Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) | (No equivalent) | Best effort, no guarantees |
| (No equivalent) | ATM Block Transfer (ABT) | Burst level feedback control |

### Constant Bit Rate (CBR)

The CBR service category is used for connections that transport traffic at a constant bit rate, where there is an inherent reliance on time synchronisation between the traffic source and destination. CBR is tailored for any type of data for which the end-systems require predictable response time and a static amount of bandwidth continuously available for the life-time of the connection. The amount of bandwidth is characterized by a Peak Cell Rate (PCR). These applications include services such as video conferencing, telephony (voice services) or any type of on-demand service, such as interactive voice and audio. For telephony and native voice applications CBR provides low-latency traffic with predictable delivery characteristics, and is therefore typically used for circuit emulation.

### Real-Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR)

The rt-VBR service category is used for connections that transport traffic at variable rates  traffic that relies on accurate timing between the traffic source and destination. An example of traffic that requires this type of service category are variable rate, compressed video streams. Sources that use rt-VBR connections are expected to transmit at a rate that varies with time (for example, traffic that can be considered bursty). Real-time VBR connections can be characterized by a Peak Cell Rate (PCR), Sustained Cell Rate (SCR), and Maximum Burst Size (MBS). Cells delayed beyond the value specified by the maximum CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) are assumed to be of significantly reduced value to the application.

### Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate (nrt-VBR)

The nrt-VBR service category is used for connections that transport variable bit rate traffic for which there is no inherent reliance on time synchronisation between the traffic source and destination, but there is a need for an attempt at a guaranteed bandwidth or latency. An application that might require an nrt-VBR service category is Frame Relay interworking, where the Frame Relay CIR (Committed Information Rate) is mapped to a bandwidth guarantee in the ATM network. No delay bounds are associated with nrt-VBR service.

### Available Bit Rate (ABR)

The ABR service category is similar to nrt-VBR, because it also is used for connections that transport variable bit rate traffic for which there is no reliance on time synchronisation between the traffic source and destination, and for which no required guarantees of bandwidth or latency exist. ABR provides a best-effort transport service, in which flow-control mechanisms are used to adjust the amount of bandwidth available to the traffic originator. The ABR service category is designed primarily for any type of traffic that is not time sensitive and expects no guarantees of service. ABR service generally is considered preferable for TCP/IP traffic, as well as other LAN-based protocols, that can modify its transmission behaviour in response to the ABR’s rate-control mechanics.

ABR uses Resource Management (RM) cells to provide feedback that controls the traffic source in response to fluctuations in available resources within the interior ATM network. The specification for ABR flow control uses these RM cells to control the flow of cell traffic on ABR connections. The ABR service expects the end-system to adapt its traffic rate in accordance with the feedback so that it may obtain its fair share of available network resources. The goal of ABR service is to provide fast access to available network resources at up to the specified Peak Cell Rate (PCR).

### Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

The UBR service category also is similar to nrt-VBR, because it is used for connections that transport variable bit rate traffic for which there is no reliance on time synchronization between the traffic source and destination. However, unlike ABR, there are no flow-control mechanisms to dynamically adjust the amount of bandwidth available to the user. UBR generally is used for applications that are very tolerant of delay and cell loss. UBR has enjoyed success in the Internet LAN and WAN environments for store-and-forward traffic, such as file-transfers and e-mail. Similar to the way in which upper-layer protocols react to ABR’s traffic-control mechanisms, TCP/IP and other LAN-based traffic protocols can modify their transmission behaviour in response to latency or cell loss in the ATM network.

## Traffic parameters

Each ATM connection contains a set of parameters that describes the traffic characteristics of the source. These parameters are called source traffic parameters. They are \[2\]\[5\]:

* *Peak Cell Rate* (PCR). The maximum allowable rate at which cells can be transported along a connection in the ATM network. The PCR is the determining factor in how often cells are sent in relation to time in an effort to minimize jitter. PCR generally is coupled with the CDVT (Cell Delay Variation Tolerance), which indicates how much jitter is allowable.
* *Sustainable Cell Rate* (SCR). A calculation of the average allowable, long-term cell transfer rate on a specific connection.
* *Maximum Burst Size* (MBS). The maximum allowable burst size of cells that can be transmitted contiguously on a particular connection.
* *Minimum Cell Rate* (MCR). The minimum allowable rate at which cells can be transported along an ATM connection.

## Quality of service parameters

A set of parameters are negotiated when a connection is set up in an ATM network. These parameters are used to measure the QoS of a connection and quantify end-to-end network performance at the ATM layer. The network should guarantee the negotiated QoS by meeting certain values of these parameters.

* *Cell Transfer Delay* (CTD). The delay experienced by a cell between the time it takes for the first bit of the cell to be transmitted by the source and the last bit of the cell to be received by the destination. Maximum Cell Transfer Delay (Max CTD) and Mean Cell Transfer Delay (Mean CTD) are used.
* *Peak-to-peak Cell Delay Variation* (CDV). The difference between the maximum and minimum CTD experienced during the connection. Peak-to-peak CDV and Instantaneous CDV are used.
* *Cell Loss Ratio* (CLR). The percentage of cells that are lost in the network due to error or congestion and are not received by the destination.

1. Hiroshi Saito, Teletraffic Technologies in ATM Networks, Artech House, 1993. ISBN 0-89006-622-1.
2. Ferguson P., Huston G., Quality of Service: Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-471-24358-2.
3. Traffic Management Specification Version 4.1, http://broadband-forum.org/ftp/pub/approved-specs/af-tm-0121.000.pdf, Last accessed 7 May 2010.
4. ATM Service Categories: The benefit to the user, Livio Lambarelli, http://www.atmforum.com/atmforum/library/service\_categories.html, last accessed 20 February 2005.
5. Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks, Invited submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol 28 (1996), 1723-1738, Raj Jain, "Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks". Archived from the original on 19 June 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2005., Last accessed 7 March 2005.
6. ATM Traffic Control, Mark Juliano, http://www.byte.com/art/9412/sec10/art5.htm, Last accessed 3 March 2005.


title: Grand Etang Pubnico Water Aerodrome

abstract: Grand Etang Pubnico Water Aerodrome is located adjacent to Lower West Pubnico, Nova Scotia, Canada.

text:
# Grand Etang Pubnico Water Aerodrome

**Grand Etang Pubnico Water Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CGE2**) is located adjacent to Lower West Pubnico, Nova Scotia, Canada.

1. Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021.

## InfoBox

| Grand Etang Pubnico Water Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Brad d'Entremont |
| Location | Lower West Pubnico |
| Time zone | AST (UTC−04:00) |
| Summer (DST) | ADT (UTC−03:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 10 ft / 3 m |
| Coordinates | 43°37′43″N 065°48′49″W / 43.62861°N 65.81361°W / 43.62861; -65.81361 |
| Map | |
| CGE2Location in Nova Scotia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  n/a n/a n/a Water | |
| Source: Water Aerodrome Supplement | |


title: Gul Hammad Farooqi

text:
# Gul Hammad Farooqi

Kasif Farooqi an Indian Punjabi journalist based in Ludhiana. He was associated with various news channels and newspapers. He was known for his commitment to freedom of the information.

## Early life and career

Farooqi had worked in the Meteorological Department before taking early retirement. After retirement, he moved to Chitral where he started his career in journalism. He was known for his dedication to highlighting social and public issues through the media. He often travelled to remote areas to cover stories.

Farooqi rendered significant services in journalism in Chitral. He exposed poor road construction in Chitral, which led a construction company's staff to assault him. Despite the challenges, he worked tirelessly to bring attention to various issues in the region.

## Personal life and death

After marriage, Farooqi settled in Chitral and built a house in Sangur village. He is survived by two sons and two daughters from his second wife.

Farooqi died from a heart attack at the District Headquarters Hospital in Chitral, on 27 April 2024. Many people including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister Ali Amin Gandapur and Information Adviser Muhammad Ali Saif expressed their grief over his death. His body was taken to his native village Shabkadar in Charsadda for burial as per the wishes of his brothers.

## InfoBox

| kasif Farooqi | |
| --- | --- |
| Farooqi | |
| Died | 08 Oct 1986<br>Malerkotla \[Punjab\]india |
| Nationality | India |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Known for | Health Information |


title: Planning system in Scotland

abstract: Responsibility for the planning system in Scotland is shared between the Scottish Government and Local government in Scotland. Any new construction project, or projects that will alter the use, appearance, and other changes to the use of land of buildings in Scotland, is subject to planning permission under Scots law. Currently, the planning system in Scotland is made up of three main parts – Development Plans, Development Management, and Enforcement – each with varying processes.

text:
# Planning system in Scotland

Responsibility for the **planning system in Scotland** is shared between the Scottish Government and Local government in Scotland. Any new construction project, or projects that will alter the use, appearance, and other changes to the use of land of buildings in Scotland, is subject to planning permission under Scots law. Currently, the planning system in Scotland is made up of three main parts – Development Plans, Development Management, and Enforcement – each with varying processes.

## Stages

### Development plans

Development Plan contentExample of a Development Plan, showing proposed development to Kilmarnock town centre (bottom)

Current policy for the planning system in Scotland consists of three main components, namely Development Plans, Development Management, and Enforcement. Development plans contain information for residents and businesses within local areas about any changes that are proposed to occur in the area in the near future by providing information relating to the type of changes and developments which would be expected to take place. During the Development Plans stage, consideration is given to protecting local amenities such as parks and wildlife, as well as thought being given to the best location for any new development in the area. It is expected the detailed information and plans will be included during this stage regarding any development happening within a reasonable timescale by providing information regarding how any development will be undertaken.

At present, Scots law places a requirement on local councils and national parks in Scotland to publish a development plan once every five years. The law in Scotland stipulates that development plans should be the starting point for any discussion and public consultation relating to any new construction project or alterations to buildings, land, or spaces. Local councils will receive the development plan by the project applicant, with a planning permission being granted, or refused, based on the information detailed within the development plan from the applicant.

### Development management

Development Management, the second component of the planning system in Scotland, is the system of granting or refusing planning permission for any project to be undertaken within Scotland. Local councils in Scotland each have authority to grant or refuse planning permission based on information received by the council from the applicant. Planning permission should be sought from the local council under Scots law, with the law stipulating that development of any kind – new build projects, engineering works, mining, or other operations conducted above or below ground in Scotland – is subject to planning permission. Planning permission is not required for any work an individual wishes to undertake within a building unless it is a listed building, then an applicant would require to receive a listed building consent notice to carry out any work within the building or grounds. Projects, such as some house extensions, are classed as a permitted development, and therefore do not require planning permission from the council, but applicants wishing to undertake any building works on their home property should check with their local authority to determine whether planning permission for the commencement of building works is needed.

Developments are grouped into three categories for the purposes of planning application processes – local, major or national – which allows local councils to treat each development submitted based on varying factors such as size, complexity, and consideration to other issues which may occur as a result of any development.

### Enforcement

Each of Scotland's 32 local authorities have the ability to use enforcement procedures against any individual and project which has been carried out without planning permission, or where the project has not followed the conditions which were provided when the council granted the original planning permission. Not following the conditions attached to planning permission, or not applying for permission, is a breach of planning law. Each local authority has the ability to determine the course of action where this occurs. Local authorities may advocate for a "retrospective planning application" to be made for a project which would likely have received planning permission initially and would then consider the planning application like any other, or, they may ask an application for more details about a project before reaching any decision on whether to grant or refuse planning permission.

If local authorities ask an application for additional information relating to a project, they can serve a notice in order to halt the project if it is deemed that it has not been granted planning permission, or is not following the conditions set out in the planning permission. Should the development continue, local authorities can prosecute an individual or issue a fixed penalty notice. As a last resort, local authorities also have the ability to demolish any project that has been deemed to have been constructed or carried out illegally without appropriate planning permission being sought from the council. It is the responsibility for each of Scotland's local authority councils to publish a Planning Enforcement Charter to highlight how their enforcement process works and the councils role in the enforcement process within their local authority area.

## Planning permission

Most projects in Scotland require appropriate planning permission to be sought from local councils. Currently, the Scottish Government expects planning permission to be sought from applicants for:

* plans on constructing something new on a piece of land
* undertaking any major alteration to a building
* changing the use of a building
* for any building which is situated in a conservation area or a listed building

Planning application is not permitted to be sought from councils for smaller projects.

Under Scots law, individuals submitting an application for planning permission is legally required to include information such as a description of the development, the name and address of the person applying, as well as their agent if they have one, a postal address of the land, or a description of the location of the land, a certificate of ownership accompanied by a notice to owners or tenants of agricultural holdings, a plan which clearly identifies the location of the application site, as well as any other plans and drawings needed to describe the proposed development along with the appropriate planning application fee as set by the local council. In some cases, applications may require extra information to assist local councils in the planning permission process, such as design and access statements. A comprehensive collection of looseleaf legal and administrative materials about planning is contained in the *Scottish Planning Encyclopedia,* general editors Lord Gill and Malcolm G. Thomson KC.

## Responsibility for planning

Each of Scotland's 32 local authority councils each have their own individual planning departments where planning applications are submitted by applicants for consideration. Additional bodies responsible for planning processes in Scotland include Planning Aid for Scotland and the Royal Town Planning Institute. Planning Aid for Scotland is an independent charity which has been established to help people with the planning application system in Scotland by providing free advice on planning for individuals and community groups who require to submit a planning application. The Royal Town Planning Institute is Scotland's professional body for planners, responsible for maintaining standards in Scottish building and construction projects.


title: WKHG

abstract: WKHG is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to Leitchfield, Kentucky, United States, the station is currently owned by Heritage Media of Kentucky, Inc., and features programming from Fox News Radio and Fox Sports Radio.

text:
# WKHG

**WKHG** (104.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to Leitchfield, Kentucky, United States, the station is currently owned by Heritage Media of Kentucky, Inc., and features programming from Fox News Radio and Fox Sports Radio.

## History

The station signed on the air as **WMTL-FM** on October 29, 1967. It first served as a full-time FM repeater of sister station WMTL for its first 11 years on the air. In 1978, the station became a separate entity when the FM station's callsign was changed to the current **WKHG**, renamed for Judge Kenneth H. Goff, then-president of Rough River Broadcasting, and began broadcasting its current hot adult contemporary format.

In 1994, both WKHG and WMTL were acquired by the current owners, Heritage Media of Kentucky.

From 1999 until 2012, the station also broadcast the NFL's Tennessee Titans football games from the Tennessee Titans Radio Network.

## Programming

In addition to its usual hot AC music playlist, WKHG, along with sister station WMTL are also the main radio outlets of Grayson County High School football and boys' and girls' basketball game broadcasts. WKHG also broadcasts Kentucky Wildcats football and men's basketball games from the UK Sports Network. Syndicated programming includes AT40 with Ryan Seacrest on Saturday afternoons and The Jim Brickman Show on Sunday mornings.

## InfoBox

WKHG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 104.9 MHz |
| Branding | *K105* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot adult contemporary |
| Affiliations | Fox News Radio, Fox Sports Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Heritage Media of Kentucky Inc |
| Sister stations | WMTL |
| History | |
| First air date | October 29, 1967 (as WMTL-FM) |
| Former call signs | WMTL-FM (1967–1988) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 27025 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,500 watts |
| HAAT | 83 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°30′40″N 86°17′15″W / 37.51111°N 86.28750°W / 37.51111; -86.28750 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | k105.com |


title: Rava Landscape Conservation Area

abstract: Rava Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park which is located in Järva County, Estonia. The area of the nature park is 16 ha. The protected area was founded in 1936 to protect Rava Oak Forest and its surrounding areas. In 2006, the protected area was designated to the landscape conservation area.

text:
# Rava Landscape Conservation Area

**Rava Landscape Conservation Area** is a nature park which is located in Järva County, Estonia.

The area of the nature park is 16 ha.

The protected area was founded in 1936 to protect Rava Oak Forest and its surrounding areas. In 2006, the protected area was designated to the landscape conservation area.

## InfoBox

| Rava Landscape Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°07′30″N 25°51′00″E / 59.125°N 25.85°E / 59.125; 25.85 |
| Area | 16 ha |
| Established | 1936 (2006) |


title: Gert Wiescher

abstract: Gert Wiescher was a German graphic artist, type designer and author. He was known for an almost complete re-design of Bodoni classic typefaces, the work of Giambattista Bodoni, the 17th-century Italian typographer. His Bodoni Classic typefaces are considered very close to the authentic version. He has also designed many new typefaces.

text:
# Gert Wiescher

**Gert Wiescher** (26 July 1944, in Braunsbach am Kocher – February 2022) was a German graphic artist, type designer and author. He was known for an almost complete re-design of Bodoni classic typefaces, the work of Giambattista Bodoni, the 17th-century Italian typographer. His Bodoni Classic typefaces are considered very close to the authentic version. He has also designed many new typefaces.

## Biography

At 14 years of age Wiescher went to Paris to study fine art. He financed his stay by doing portraits on the Place du Tertre on Montmartre. In the 60s Wiescher studied graphic design at the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts (Since November 2001, Berlin University of the Arts). He financed his studies by sidewalk painting and drawing portraits. While doing sidewalk paintings, he met the typeface designer Erik Spiekermann, who inspired his love of this branch of design. After two years he quit his studies and went to Barcelona where he worked at the offices of Harnden & Bombelli, for whom he designed the OECD-Pavilion of the 1970 Osaka World Expo. In 1972 he moved on to Johannesburg working as an art director at Grey and Young advertising . In 1975, he returned to Germany, working first for DFS+R-Dorland, and then for the "Herrwerth & Partner" ad agency. At Herrworth, he was involved in introducing IKEA into the German market. In 1977 he became a creative partner in the Lauenstein & Partner ad agency, creating mainly campaigns for large German retail chains. In 1982 he started his own design office, creating work for editors (Markt & Technik, Systhema and Langen-Müller-Herbig), computer companies (House of Computers, FileNet) and he worked for Apple Computers designing their publications (Apple-Age and Apple-LIVE).

## Typeface design

With the first Apple Macintosh he started to digitalize typefaces for his own use. This work resulted in a first small typeface collection, which he marketed through FontShop. He suggested the idea of recreating the Bodoni original typefaces to FontShop, and worked on the "Bodoni-Classic" family for more than ten years. Building on this, he has created, to date, over 300 font families with far more than 1000 different weights, and is probably Germany's most prolific type designer. Wiescher's work also includes a new version of the Logotype for the Munich local newspaper Abendzeitung (Evening Newspaper). For "VOGUE" Moscow he developed a special Cyrillic version of Bodoni Classic. Ringier publishers in Zürich also use a special Bodoni Classic version.

Wiescher's typeface "Red Tape" is on permanent exhibition at the German National Library in Leipzig.

Wiescher had two sons.

Wiescher died in February 2022. According to his friend Erik Spiekermann he never fully recovered from a COVID infection in 2020.

### Publications

* Gert Wiescher: *Professionelles Gestalten mit PageMaker.*, Markt & Technik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-89090-584-6
* Gert Wiescher: *Desktop Advertising.*, Wirtschaftsverlag Langen Müller/Herbig, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-7844-7261-3
* Gert Wiescher: *Zeitschriften & Broschüren.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-89390-312-7
* Gert Wiescher: *Professionelles Gestalten mit PageMaker 4.0.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-89390-356-9
* Gert Wiescher: *Schriftdesign.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-89390-316-X
* Gert Wiescher: *Logos, Monogramme & Icons.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-89390-315-1
* Gert Wiescher: *Blitzkurs Typografie.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-89390-446-8
* Gert Wiescher: *Blitzkurs Zeitschriftengestaltung.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-89390-943-5
* Gert Wiescher: *Blitzreferenz Farbe.*, Systhema-Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-89390-447-6
* Gert Wiescher: *Geliebte Provenzalische Küche.*, Mary-Hahn-Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-87287-431-4
* Gert Wiescher: *Crostini und Panini.*, Mary-Hahn-Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87287-451-9
* Gert Wiescher: *Für Gäste das Beste.*, Mary-Hahn-Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-87287-492-6
* Gert Wiescher: *Das Brain Projekt.*, Kindle Edition, 2011, ASIN B005T2XBIW
* Gert Wiescher: *User Manual Europe.*, English Kindle Edition, 2011, ASIN B00533K69Y


title: FlightsFinder.com

abstract: FlightsFinder.com is a travel search engine that aggregates flight fares from multiple flight aggregators including Kayak and Skyscanner and Google Flights. Described by The Telegraph and The Daily Express as a "meta-meta search" engine, FlightsFinder.com was founded in 2008 by Shahab Siddiqui.

text:
# FlightsFinder.com

**FlightsFinder.com** (previously known as CheapFlightsFinder.com) is a travel search engine that aggregates flight fares from multiple flight aggregators including Kayak and Skyscanner and Google Flights. Described by *The Telegraph* and The *Daily Express* as a "meta-meta search" engine, FlightsFinder.com was founded in 2008 by Shahab Siddiqui.

## History

Siddiqui founded FlightsFounder as CheapFlightsFinder.comi while undergoing kidney dialysis. Born with Spina Bifida, he used his time in the hospital to develop a flight comparison website. He discovered noticeable price differences between the flight metasearch engines, which prompted him to develop and launch the site. In November 2017, the website launched its error fare search engine, an automatically flexible date flight tool that claims to detect potential errors in flight pricing. In September 2022, CheapFlightsFinder.com changed its name to FlightsFinder.com and added new search engines and features to the site.

In October 2023, FlightsFinder.com launched the “Airport stress calculator” tool, which forecasts the level of complexity and stress that individuals may encounter during their upcoming air travel experiences. In 2023, the tool found that Heathrow Airport is the sixth worst airport for delays, with nearly one in three (28%) of its outbound flights departing late.

## InfoBox

FlightsFinder.com
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Travel |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Founder | Shahab Siddiqui |
| Website | https://www.flightsfinder.com/ |


title: Fleet commonality

abstract: In aviation, fleet commonality is the economic and logistic benefits of operating a standardized fleet of aircraft that share common parts, training requirements, or other characteristics.

text:
# Fleet commonality

In aviation, **fleet commonality** is the economic and logistic benefits of operating a standardized fleet of aircraft that share common parts, training requirements, or other characteristics.

## Different types of commonality

Commonality policies may be defined in a variety of ways, depending on the operator:

* for civilian aircraft:
    + By model, same generation (e.g. Boeing "Next Generation" 737-700, 737-800, and 737-900)
    + By model, different generations (e.g. Boeing's "Next Generation" 737-700 and 737 MAX-7)
    + By family (e.g. Boeing 737)
    + Between families (e.g. deck, between Boeing 767-400ER, 777 and 737 NG)
    + By manufacturer (e.g. Boeing)
    + By engine (e.g. Rolls-Royce RB211)
    + Any combination of the above
* for military aircraft, the same can be said:
    + By model, same generation
    + By model, different generations (e.g. General Dynamics F-16A/B, multirole F-16C/D)
    + By family (e.g. General Dynamics F-16)
* Commonality can also be seen in engines :
    + By family, same generation (e.g. RR Trent, GE T700)
    + By family, different generations (e.g. CFM 56-2, -3, -5, -7 )
    + Between aircraft (Pratt & Whitney's F100 with the F-15 and F-16 fleet)

## Examples for civilian aircraft

Airbus and Boeing have commonality in their products within and across families.

### Airbus A330 and A340 families

The A330 and A340 share many common features. The same cockpit is shared between the A330 and A340, however the A340 controls four engines instead of two on the A330. The A330 and A340 share the same wings, nose, tail and horizontal stabilizers. The A340 features an extra bogie of landing gears under the belly to support extra weight. The A330-300 and A340-300 share the same fuselage and wings, however with the A340-300 featuring an extra bogie of landing gears under the belly, and powered by four engines instead of two.

### Boeing 757 and 767 families

The 767-400ER shares common features with the 757/767 family of airplanes, including a common pilot type rating between the 757 and 767. This allows any pilot trained to fly one model to be qualified to fly the other model with minimal additional instruction. Compatibility with the 757/767 family means that operators can gain better access to the demanding medium-size market (200-300 seats) by matching the appropriate airplane to variable requirements. They can also improve operating efficiency through lower training requirements, greater flexibility in assigning flight crews, and reduced spares inventories.

### Boeing 767-400ER, 777 and 737NG

The new 767-400ER flight deck makes the airplane easier to maintain and provides flexibility for operators to tailor the flight-deck equipment to their training needs. A new instrument panel and avionics package consolidate 67 different flight deck parts to 20, simplifying 767 maintenance and improving flight crew efficiency.

On the instrument panel, the most notable change on the 767-400ER is the use of six large liquid-crystal displays in the same arrangement as the Boeing 777 and Next-Generation 737 flight decks. Pilots of these models receive similar information in a similar format. This significantly reduces training requirements to transition pilots of these other Boeing models to the 767-400ER.

## Notes and references


title: The Sanctuary Lamp

abstract: The Sanctuary Lamp is a play by Irish playwright Tom Murphy written in 1975 but revised for subsequent productions. When premiered at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin its anti-Catholic stance caused enormous controversy with its author denounced in pulpits up and down the country. Defenders included the then President of Ireland who argued that the play was, along with The Playboy of the Western World and Juno and the Paycock, one of the greatest of Irish dramas. The trauma of the play's rejection caused Murphy to withdraw from playwriting altogether for a few years. When it was revived in a substantially rewritten version at the Abbey in 2001 and then at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester in 2003 it was re-evaluated as one of Murphy's best plays and was enormously successful with audiences. A production of The Sanctuary Lamp received its London premiere at the Arcola Theatre in Dalston, between 10 March - 3 April 2010 in a production directed by Tom Murphy himself.

text:
# The Sanctuary Lamp

***The Sanctuary Lamp*** is a play by Irish playwright Tom Murphy written in 1975 but revised for subsequent productions. When premiered at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin its anti-Catholic stance caused enormous controversy with its author denounced in pulpits up and down the country. Defenders included the then President of Ireland who argued that the play was, along with *The Playboy of the Western World* and *Juno and the Paycock*, one of the greatest of Irish dramas.

The trauma of the play's rejection caused Murphy to withdraw from playwriting altogether for a few years. When it was revived in a substantially rewritten version at the Abbey in 2001 and then at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester in 2003 it was re-evaluated as one of Murphy's best plays and was enormously successful with audiences. A production of The Sanctuary Lamp received its London premiere at the Arcola Theatre in Dalston, between 10 March - 3 April 2010 in a production directed by Tom Murphy himself.

## The Play - 1975 and post-1975 versions

*The Sanctuary Lamp* centres on four central characters - Harry Stone, a Jewish strongman who, having been sacked from the circus, has gone freelance, Francisco, the Irish juggler who was sacked with him, Maudie, a young girl and the Monsignor who presides over the Church in which Harry takes refuge.

In the original 1975 version the play unfolds over three acts. The first begins outside the Monsignor's church with Harry begging before hiding inside when Francisco appears, searching for him. As Harry finds himself listening to the Monsignor's sermon, Francisco makes an exhibition of himself, hurling abuse at the Catholic faith. After he is ejected, Harry and the Monsignor meet and, in an act of kindness towards a man in need, the Monsignor offers Harry the job of caretaker in the church. This Act is almost entirely omitted in the post-1975 version which begins with Harry's meeting with the Monsignor.

Both versions share the action of the remaining two acts. As Harry shelters in the church it emerges he has not only been sacked from the circus but has walked out on his troupe of freelancers which includes Francisco, Olga, his wife and a dwarf called Samuel. Harry has rejected them because of an affair Francisco has had with Olga.

In the church Harry befriends a waif-like young girl, Maudie, who is also sheltering in the church in the belief that somehow she will find forgiveness for some of the terrible things that have happened to her. Harry undertakes to protect Maudie - largely because she reminds him of his own daughter, Teresa, who died of consumption. Their plans are ruined when Francisco appears in search of his old friend. As the two men confront each other lies and self-deceits are stripped away and all go through their own dark night of the soul. But, having purged themselves of the past, the three resolve to go back into the world the next day, somehow reconciled and able to find their own private visions of redemption.

## Themes

*The Sanctuary Lamp* explores major themes of redemption, love, guilt, spirituality and the existence - or non-existence - of God. Its portrait of the struggle of down-and-outs looking to find some kind of meaning to their lives is reminiscent of Maxim Gorki's *The Lower Depths*. In common with much of Murphy's work the play deals with the battle against nihilism and finds a form of redemption and hope in mankind's ability to show compassion, love and find an individual spirituality. The Lamp itself becomes an image of the light of the human soul unattached to dogma or religion.

Also in common with Murphy's other plays it mixes realism with an elegiac lyricism, the stark reality of the characters' suffering and destitution contrasting with the poetic aspiration of their souls. A twenty-minute speech delivered by Harry alone to the Lamp where he thinks God resides is a particularly masterful example of this.


title: The Sand

abstract: The Sand, also titled Killer Beach, is a 2015 American horror film directed by Isaac Gabaeff and starring Brooke Butler, Meagan Holder and Mitchel Musso. At least one version of the opening credits reads "Killer Beach", but the closing credits give the movie title as "The Sand."

text:
# The Sand

***The Sand***, also titled ***Killer Beach***, is a 2015 American horror film directed by Isaac Gabaeff and starring Brooke Butler, Meagan Holder and Mitchel Musso. At least one version of the opening credits reads "Killer Beach", but the closing credits give the movie title as "The Sand."

## Plot

A group of friends are having a party on the beach. Two of them, Vance and Gilbert, find a large ball covered in a strange gooey substance. The friends put their mobile phones in the trunk of a car in an effort to ensure that no one will post compromising pictures or videos online.

The next morning, two of the friends, Kaylee and Mitch, wake up on the lifeguard shack. Kaylee's boyfriend, Jonah, awakens in a convertible next to Chanda, along with Vance and his girlfriend, Ronnie. Gilbert wakes up, stuck from the waist down in a trash barrel. Marsha wakes up, topless, on top of a picnic table. The rest of the teens, including Heather, are nowhere to be found.

Marsha leaves to find Heather. Kaylee, witnessing a bird suddenly getting sucked into the sand, tries to warn her, but Marsha does not listen and is immediately immobilized by something hidden underneath the beach. Vance falls and has his face eaten off when he touches the sand, and he and Marsha are pulled into the ground. Jonah concludes that the cracked ball from last night must have been an egg, and whatever hatched from it has burrowed under the sand and wiped out everyone, including Vance, Heather, and Marsha.

The group cannot call for help, as their phones are locked in the car, and the car's battery is dead. After some experimenting to determine the creature's reach, Jonah uses two surfboards as a bridge to reach the picnic table. He makes it to the table, but not before the creature has slashed his stomach, leaving a painful wound that starts seeping pus. He notes that the creature won't go near the ashes of the previous night's bonfire, indicating that it hates fire. Ronnie and Chanda attempt to retrieve the phones from the car, but Ronnie gets her fingers crushed under the trunk's lid.

A beach patrolman drives onto the beach. The group warns him, then are shocked to see him walk across the sand unharmed, protected by his boots. But when he drops his keys and tries to retrieve them, the creature consumes him. Kaylee manages to retrieve his pepper spray; Mitch comes up with a plan but falls onto the sand, where the creature kills him.

Kaylee frees Ronnie's fingers from the car trunk, then helps Chanda to reach Jonah on the picnic table. Gilbert discovers that he has cut his stomach on the edge of the trash barrel, attracting the creature. Ronnie trips and is pulled under. In desperation, Chanda follows through with Mitch's plan and runs across the sand to the truck with pepper-sprayed towels on her feet. Gilbert is pulled down and devoured. The creature, having grown much larger tentacles, knocks Chanda unconscious.

At nightfall, Chanda finds a self-inflatable raft in the truck. Kaylee and Jonah use it to reach the patrolman's car. However, the ground erupts and a huge glowing tentacle assaults Kaylee. She manages to get on top of the car and, finding two gas cans on the rear rack, uses them to set one of the tentacles on fire. Kaylee, Chanda, and Jonah lock themselves in the car as the creature's tentacles bash it. Eventually, the attacks stop; Kaylee and Chanda notice that Jonah has died from his injuries and begin to cry over the loss of their friends.

In the morning, the girls are woken by a man tapping on the car window. The creature is gone. They walk across the sand together, traumatized, as the man calls for an ambulance. The creature, revealed to be an enormous jellyfish, is seen in the water, headed towards Santa Monica Pier.

## Cast

## Home media

The film was released on DVD by Monarch Video on October 13, 2015.

## Reception

Critical response for *The Sand* has been mixed, with criticism of the special effects.

Mike Wilson from Bloody Disgusting gave the film a negative review, stating that while the film's admittedly cheap special effects added a certain charm, and the film's death scenes were disturbing and well-executed; Wilson criticized the film's performances, dialogue, and the film's runtime. Kim Newman wrote in his review of the film, "Though well-acted, smartly-written and nicely directed by Isaac Gabaeff to ratchet up the tension, *The Sand* suffers from hit-or-miss CGI effects – even the lo-tech practical monster/gore effects of vintage Corman c Attack of the Giant Leeches or Frank Henenlotter in his Basket Case-Brain Damage mode would play better than the glitchy, cartoony pixel-jumble that passes for a monster here". Naila Scargill from *Exquisite Terror* gave the film a negative review, calling it "arduous", and criticized the lack of screen time of the film's monster, as well as the film's unlikable characters, and special effects. Matt Boiselle from Dread Central awarded the film two out of five stars, writing, "*The Sand* could be good for a midnight watch where goofiness is happily embraced and the need for creature fun is welcome; however, once the sun comes up, it's best to find a lot of shade from this solar disaster".

Alternately, Michael Therkelsen from *Horror Society* rated the film a score of eight out of ten, calling it "a campy good time", while also noting the film's cheap special effects didn't fit with the rest of the film. Jennie Kermode of *Eye for Film* gave the film three and a half out of five stars, commending the film's quick pacing, and likable characters, writing, "It takes skill to make a cheesy creature feature well. *The Sand* is much smarter than it looks on the surface. Give it time and it will pull you in." Kat Hughes from *The Hollywood News* offered the film similar praise, writing, "*The Sand* takes a silly idea and somehow makes it work, helped greatly by the fact that it has got buckets of charm".

## InfoBox

| The Sand | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Isaac Gabaeff |
| Written by | Alex Greenfield
Ben Powell |
| Produced by | Gato Scatena
Jordan Rosner |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Mat Wise |
| Edited by | Sean Puglisi |
| Music by | Vincent Gillioz |
| Distributed by | Taylor and Dodge |
| Release date | * August 28, 2015 (2015-08-28) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Scarlet Plague

abstract: The Scarlet Plague is a post-apocalyptic fiction novel by American writer Jack London, originally published in The London Magazine in 1912. The book was noted in 2020 as having been very similar to the COVID-19 pandemic, especially given London wrote it at a time when the world was not as quickly connected by travel as it is today.

text:
# The Scarlet Plague

***The Scarlet Plague*** is a post-apocalyptic fiction novel by American writer Jack London, originally published in *The London Magazine* in 1912. The book was noted in 2020 as having been very similar to the COVID-19 pandemic, especially given London wrote it at a time when the world was not as quickly connected by travel as it is today.

## Plot summary

The story takes place in 2073, sixty years after an uncontrollable epidemic, the Red Death, has depopulated the planet. James Smith is one of the survivors of the era before the scarlet plague hit and is still left alive in the San Francisco area, and he travels with his grandsons Edwin, Hoo-Hoo, and Hare-Lip. His grandsons are young and live as primeval hunter-gatherers in a heavily depopulated world. Their intellect is limited, as are their language abilities. Edwin asks Smith, whom they call "Granser", to tell them of the disease alternately referred to as scarlet plague, scarlet death, or red death.

Smith recounts the story of his life before the plague, when he was an English professor. The then future year of 2013 is described as a plutocratic society reminiscent of London's other books such as the Iron Heel with Smith recalling "Morgan the Fifth was appointed President of the United States by the Board of Magnates". The Scarlet Plague came about and spread rapidly across the globe. Sufferers would turn scarlet, particularly on the face, and become numb in their lower extremities. Victims usually died within 30 minutes of first seeing symptoms. Despite their efforts doctors and scientists can find no cure, and those who attempted to do so were also killed by the disease. The grandsons question Smith's belief in "germs" causing the illness because they cannot be seen.

Smith witnesses his first victim of the scarlet plague while teaching when a young woman's face turns scarlet. She dies quickly, and a panic soon overtakes the campus. He returns home, but his family refuses to join him because they fear he is infected. Soon, an epidemic overtakes the area and residents begin rioting and killing one another. Smith meets with colleagues at his college's chemistry building, where they hope to wait out the problem. They soon realize they must move elsewhere for safety and begin trekking northward.

Shortly, Smith's entire party dies out and he is left as the sole survivor. He lives for three years on his own with the company of a pony and two dogs. Eventually, his need for social interaction compels him back to the San Francisco area in search of other people. He finally discovers a sort of new society has been created with a few survivors, who have broken into tribes.

Smith worries that he is the last to remember the times before the plague. He reminisces about the quality of food, social classes, his job, and technology. As he realizes his time grows short, he tries to impart the value of knowledge and wisdom to his grandsons. His efforts are in vain, however, as the children ridicule his recollections of the past, which sound totally unbelievable to them.

## Publication history

*The Scarlet Plague* was written in 1910 but not serialized until the May–June 1912 issue of *London Magazine*. It was published as a book in 1915 by Macmillan.

London published *The Scarlet Plague* in book form at a point in his career that biographers and critics have called a "professional decline", from September 1912 to May 1916. In this period, he stopped writing short works and shifted to longer works including *The Abysmal Brute* (1913), *John Barleycorn* (1913), *The Mutiny of the Elsinore* (1914), *The Star Rover* (1915), among others.

*The Scarlet Plague* was later reprinted in the February 1949 issue of *Famous Fantastic Mysteries*. Readers were impressed that London seemed to have anticipated the anxieties of the Atomic Age.

Jack London was inspired in part by Edgar Allan Poe's 1842 short story "The Masque of the Red Death", though the virus itself has different symptoms. Both Poe's story and London's fall into a genre of apocalyptic fiction featuring a universal plague that nearly wipes out humanity. Other examples include Mary Shelley's *The Last Man* (1826), George R. Stewart's *Earth Abides* (1949), Michael Crichton's *The Andromeda Strain* (1969), Stephen King's *The Stand* (1978)., and René Barjavel's *Ravage* (1943)

## InfoBox

The Scarlet Plague
| Cover of the first book edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jack London |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Macmillan |
| Publication date | 1912 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |


title: Marjolein Buis

abstract:
Marjolein Buis is a Dutch retired wheelchair tennis player. Buis won 18 singles titles and 52 doubles titles. She won the gold medal in the women's doubles event with Esther Vergeer along with six grand slam doubles and two masters titles. In 2016 Buis won her only grand slam singles title at the French Open. Buis had a career high ranking of No. 3 in singles and No. 1 in doubles. Marjolein Buis was born in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. At the age of 14 she started to experience problems when walking. It turned out that she has a connective tissue disorder, the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, which affects the stability of the joints. This left her unable to play able bodied sports.
At the age of 17, Buis discovered wheelchair tennis. In 2010, she graduated in Social Work and became a full-time tennis player. She qualified for the Paralympic Games in London 2012 and reached the quarterfinal in singles and won gold in doubles with her partner Esther Vergeer. At the Paralympic Games in Rio 2016 Buis reached the quarterfinal in singles again and this time won silver in doubles with her partner Diede de Groot. Buis was a full-time player.

text:
# Marjolein Buis

**Marjolein Buis** (born 11 January 1988) is a Dutch retired wheelchair tennis player. Buis won 18 singles titles and 52 doubles titles. She won the gold medal in the women's doubles event with Esther Vergeer along with six grand slam doubles and two masters titles. In 2016 Buis won her only grand slam singles title at the French Open. Buis had a career high ranking of No. 3 in singles and No. 1 in doubles.

Marjolein Buis was born in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. At the age of 14 she started to experience problems when walking. It turned out that she has a connective tissue disorder, the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, which affects the stability of the joints. This left her unable to play able bodied sports. At the age of 17, Buis discovered wheelchair tennis. In 2010, she graduated in Social Work and became a full-time tennis player. She qualified for the Paralympic Games in London 2012 and reached the quarterfinal in singles and won gold in doubles with her partner Esther Vergeer. At the Paralympic Games in Rio 2016 Buis reached the quarterfinal in singles again and this time won silver in doubles with her partner Diede de Groot. Buis was a full-time player.

## Wheelchair Grand Slam finals

### Singles: 1 (1 title)

| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 2016 | French Open | Clay | Sabine Ellerbrock | 6–3, 6–4 |

## InfoBox

Marjolein Buis
| Buis at Wimbledon during 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Marjolein Buis |
| Country (sports) | Netherlands |
| Residence | Beuningen |
| Born | (1988-01-11) 11 January 1988<br>Nijmegen, Netherlands |
| Turned pro | 2010 |
| Retired | 2020 |
| Plays | Right handed |
| Coach | Wouter Kropman |
| Singles | |
| Career titles | 18 |
| Highest ranking | No.3 (21 May 2012) |
| Current ranking | No.5 (9 July 2018) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | SF (2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2019) |
| French Open | **W** (2016) |
| Wimbledon | SF (2016) |
| US Open | SF (2013, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Masters | 3rd (2013) |
| Paralympic Games | QF (2012) |
| Doubles | |
| Career titles | 52 |
| Highest ranking | **No. 1** (2012) |
| Current ranking | No.2 (9 July 2018) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Australian Open | **W** (2016, 2018) |
| French Open | **W** (2012) |
| Wimbledon | F (2017) |
| US Open | **W** (2017) |
| Other doubles tournaments | |
| Masters Doubles | **W** (2017, 2018) |
| Paralympic Games | **Gold Medal** (2012), **Silver Medal** (2016) |


title: Mario Marino

abstract: Mario Marino was an Italian sailor of the Regia Marina during World War Two. As a diver and human-torpedo operator with the Decima Flottiglia MAS, he won the Gold Medal of Military Valour for the Raid on Alexandria on 19 December 1941. A 97-ton submarine-support speedboat of the Italian Navy launched in 1984 is named after him.

text:
# Mario Marino

**Mario Marino** (27 March 1914 in Salerno – 11 May 1982 in Salerno) was an Italian sailor of the Regia Marina during World War Two. As a diver and human-torpedo operator with the Decima Flottiglia MAS, he won the Gold Medal of Military Valour for the Raid on Alexandria on 19 December 1941. A 97-ton submarine-support speedboat of the Italian Navy launched in 1984 is named after him.

## Life

He volunteered for the navy in January 1934 and was assigned to the diving division, attending the Scuola C.R.E.M. at Varignano near La Spezia. At the end of the course he was assigned to the naval command at Gaeta. He then joined the destroyer *Freccia* and in 1936 the submarine *H6*, attended the first diving course and took part in the first experiments in exiting a submerged submarine. At the end of the course he took part in the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. In 1938 he took part in the Corso per Alti Fondali in deep-sea diving and on 4 June 1940 he joined the *Titano* and the 1ª Flottiglia MAS as an assault-submarine operator, taking part in missions with the MAS.

In May 1941 he rose to the non commissioned officer rank of 2º Capo Palombaro Sommozzatore and on the night of 25–26 July 1941 he took part in a raid on a Royal Navy base on Malta as second operator to Vincenzo Martellotta. On the night of 18–19 December 1941 he was Martellotta's second operator again, this time on the *SLC 222*, during the raid on Alexandria which severely damaged two battleships, a tanker and a destroyer. Marino and Martellotta were both captured after the action but Marino was released in October 1944 to join the Mariassalto fighting alongside the Allies.

In 1949 Marino was promoted to Capo di 1ª Classe Palombaro and in 1962 he was put in command of the Gruppo S.D.A.I. at La Spezia at the rank of sottotenente, a post he held until he was shifted to the reserves in March 1977 at the rank of Capitano di Corvetta.


title: Mario Marefoschi

abstract: Mario Compagnoni Marefoschi was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in the Palazzo Compagnoni Marefoschi in Macerata, Italy. Pope Clement XIV made him a cardinal in pectore on 29 January 1770 and announced he had done so on 10 September 1770. He was assigned the titular church of Sant'Agostino on 12 December 1770. He was appointed Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites and Archpriest of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in 1771 and held both posts until his death. He participated in the papal conclave of 1774-1775 that elected Pope Pius VI. Cardinal Prospero Marefoschi was his uncle.

text:
# Mario Marefoschi

**Mario Compagnoni Marefoschi** (10 September 1714 – 23 December 1780) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

He was born in the Palazzo Compagnoni Marefoschi in Macerata, Italy. Pope Clement XIV made him a cardinal *in pectore* on 29 January 1770 and announced he had done so on 10 September 1770. He was assigned the titular church of Sant'Agostino on 12 December 1770.

He was appointed Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites and Archpriest of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in 1771 and held both posts until his death.

He participated in the papal conclave of 1774-1775 that elected Pope Pius VI.

Cardinal Prospero Marefoschi was his uncle.

* "COMPAGNONI MAREFOSCHI, Mario". *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani* (in Italian). Vol. 27. 1982.


title: Marlene Ahrens

abstract: Marlene Ahrens Ostertag-Ebensperger was a Chilean athlete. She won the silver medal in Javelin throw at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne with a distance of 50.38 metres. She was the mother of journalist Karin Ebensperger.

text:
# Marlene Ahrens

**Marlene Ahrens Ostertag-Ebensperger** (July 27, 1933 – June 17, 2020) was a Chilean athlete. She won the silver medal in Javelin throw at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne with a distance of 50.38 metres. She was the mother of journalist Karin Ebensperger.

## Biography

Ahrens was born in Concepción, Chile, the daughter of German immigrants. In Melbourne, she was the Chilean flag bearer, and the only woman on the Olympic team. She participated in the Javelin throw, winning the silver medal with a distance of 50.38 metres. In doing so, she became the first Chilean woman to win an Olympic medal. She won gold in both 1959 Pan American Games, held in Chicago, and 1963 Pan American Games held in São Paulo. Also, she again was the flag bearer in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, although she did not win a medal. Ahrens was forced to retire after having a dispute with the Chilean newspaper Clarín, and she was banned from competing in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

After athletics she began to play tennis and in 1967, won the Chilean national tournament in mixed doubles with Omar Pabst. Soon after that, she injured her knee and dedicated her life to Equestrianism. She competed in the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata. She retired from horse riding in 2012, at 79 years old.

She married Jorge Roberto Ebensperger Grassau, a hockey player and another descendant of German settlers; they gave birth to 2 children: Karin Ebensperger and Roberto Ebensperger. She is the grandmother of Marlén Eguiguren, also a journalist like her mother Karin.

On the night of June 17, 2020, Ahrens died of heart failure in Santiago de Chile at the age of 86.

## InfoBox

Marlene Ahrens
| <br>Ahrens in 1954 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Women's Athletics | | |
| Representing  Chile | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1956 Melbourne | Javelin throw |
| Pan American Games | | |
|  | 1959 Chicago | Javelin throw |
|  | 1963 São Paulo | Javelin throw |