title: Urs Schwarzenbach

abstract: Urs Ernst Schwarzenbach, CStJ is a Swiss billionaire, financier and art collector. He is the founder of Interexchange, the largest foreign exchange agency, in Switzerland. His fortune is estimated between 1.5 to 2 billion Swiss Francs as of 2022 by Handelszeitung. Schwarzenbach was a long-time resident of Aston, Berkshire, where he owned Culham Court. He moved back to Switzerland, where he currently resides in Küsnacht on Lake Zurich. Most recently he was sentenced by Swiss courts for importing 83 art pieces without customs clearance into Switzerland. He was fined 6 million Swiss Francs. In 2022, he was ordered by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland to pay 160 million Swiss Francs in back taxes. Early life and education Schwarzenbach was born 17 September 1948 in Thalwil on Lake Zürich, to Heinrich Ernst Schwarzenbach (1916-2013), a print shop owner, who was known by his second first name Ernst. He had a modest upbringing in a working class family. He is very distantly related to the silk manufacturing branch of the Schwarzenbach family.

text:
# Urs Schwarzenbach

**Urs Ernst Schwarzenbach**, CStJ (born 17 September 1948) is a Swiss billionaire, financier and art collector. He is the founder of *Interexchange*, the largest foreign exchange agency, in Switzerland. His fortune is estimated between 1.5 to 2 billion Swiss Francs as of 2022 by Handelszeitung.

Schwarzenbach was a long-time resident of Aston, Berkshire, where he owned Culham Court. He moved back to Switzerland, where he currently resides in Küsnacht on Lake Zurich.

Most recently he was sentenced by Swiss courts for importing 83 art pieces without customs clearance into Switzerland. He was fined 6 million Swiss Francs. In 2022, he was ordered by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland to pay 160 million Swiss Francs in back taxes. Early life and education

Schwarzenbach was born 17 September 1948 in Thalwil on Lake Zürich, to Heinrich Ernst Schwarzenbach (1916-2013), a print shop owner, who was known by his second first name Ernst. He had a modest upbringing in a working class family. He is very distantly related to the silk manufacturing branch of the Schwarzenbach family.

## Career

Schwarzenbach set up Interexchange, the largest foreign exchange dealership in Switzerland. Through its success, he has bought well over £300m of property in the UK, 123,000 acres (500 km2) in Australia, a palace in Morocco, £17m of assets in the aviation field and the Grand Hotel Dolder in Zürich. He has his own polo team, the Black Bears, which has some 600 ponies, with 350 in Australia and 250 in the UK.

He backed the racing-themed restaurant Café Grand Prix in Mayfair, London, but this went into liquidation in 2004. In 2005, Schwarzenbach was estimated to be worth around £900m but, according to The Sunday Times Rich List 2012, he was ranked 87th with an estimated worth of circa £850m.

In 2007, Schwarzenbach outbid other foreign buyers to acquire Culham Court, a 650-acre (2.6 km2) riverside estate downstream of Henley-on-Thames on the Berkshire bank. Schwarzenbach bought the estate from Paddy and Annabel Nicoll for £35 million. Mrs Nicoll's father is Sir Martyn Arbib, former head of the Perpetual fund management company, who bought the estate as a wedding present for her in 1997 for £12 million. Coincidentally, Culham's connections with the world of finance run deeper still; Arbib acquired the property from Felicity Behrens, wife of the banker Michael Behrens, who lived there for nearly half a century from 1949 to 1996.

Schwarzenbach's development of the Culham Court estate still continues with the extension of the existing 90-acre (36 ha) deer park with over 4 kilometres of wrought iron deer fencing, a mile long "London" drive through beech woodland to the main road, the 2010 £8 million acquisition of three cottages and the original walled gardens which will be reinstated to provide fresh fruit and vegetables for the main house, a new ha-ha, and a security system including a "hard" room.

The latest creation is a maze requiring the planting of 20,000 mature yew bushes; this part of the 20-year plan that has been devised for the gardens and grounds. Another property acquired for £2m in 2010, and situated on raised ground that overlooks Culham Court, has been demolished and Culham Chapel was built in its place. Symm, the Oxford-based building company undertaking all the work on the Culham estate, now sponsors the Hambleden Horse Trials.

In 2008, it was reported in the press that Schwarzenbach had bought nearby Fawley Court for £22 million. Another substantial riverside property on the outskirts of Henley-on-Thames and once owned in the nineteenth century by a Scottish banker, it was sold in controversial circumstances by the Congregation of Marian Fathers, a Polish religious community which had no further use for it. During 2012, extensive building works continue on the main house yet again with Symms continuing to be the main beneficiary of the contract and work at the two lodges adjacent to the A4130 at the main entrance to the "London drive" are being completed after well over a year and some interesting underground developments. In 2012 the Schwarzenbachs revoked their consent for the permissive footpath that had run alongside the Thames in front of Culham Court as part of the Thames Path for many years.

Schwarzenbach has paid for the high and low voltage overhead electricity network within the boundaries of Culham estate to be placed underground.

## VAT fraud and art trafficking with Galerie Gmurzynska

In 2013/14, Schwarzenbach was investigated by the FCA (Federal Customs Administration) for alleged VAT fraud totalling some ten million Swiss francs and art trafficking. Under Swiss law, owners of artworks do not have to pay import charges until works of art are formally brought into the country, i.e. they come out of storage and are officially transferred. On Tuesday 16 April 2013, Schwarzenbach's Hotel Dolder in Zurich, which had been displaying a lavish art collection, was raided by Swiss customs officials. This action was simultaneous with a raid on nearby Galerie Gmurzynska on the suspicion of supplying the five-star Hotel Dolder with imported artworks valuing 75M Swiss Francs without paying duty.

The Swiss authorities seized a large number of documents during their raid. Gmurzynska filed a complaint to prevent their inspection, but the Federal Court has ruled that in a criminal investigation of this kind where there is reasonable suspicion, the prosecuting FCA can demand to see papers it considers relevant to the case.

The case has been covered in several international outlets including 'Die Welt'.

In October 2016 the Swiss Customs Directorate finalised a compelling case that Schwarzenbach in effect had legally exported artefacts for a value of at least 130 million CHF and smuggled them back into Switzerland. Schwarzenbach eventually admitted the charge and also accepted to pay the VAT amounting to ten million CHF. However, by October 2016 he was still objecting to pay the fine of 4 million Swiss francs.

## Real estate holdings

### Switzerland

Schwarzenbach owns the Dolder Grand, a 5-star Zurich hotel, which cost him SFr 440 million in 2001. In 2017, Swiss customs officials entered the hotel and seized around 30 paintings, worth approximately $50 million, in a dispute over Schwarzenbach's back taxes and VAT evasion.

### Australia

Schwarzenbach owns about 50,000 hectares of farmland in New South Wales, Australia, through his Romani Pastoral Company. Most of this is between Harden and Jugiong, and includes the polo estate Garangula, as well as Redbank, a house once owned by the impresario Robert Stigwood.

### Morocco

He bought part of Palais Layadi, a 19th-century palace set in a 4,000 square meter compound in Marrakech, since at least 2008. The main parts of Palais Layadi (Palais Soleiman) which include the reception area still belong to the moroccan Segueni's family.

## Philanthropy

Schwarzenbach has supported the internal and external refurbishment of the Venerable English College in Rome, as well as its engagement of a research fellow and project archivist.

## Personal life

Schwarzenbach is married to Francesca Schwarzenbach (née Mulhall), a former Miss Australia, born in Sydney. She is a godmother of Lady Louise Windsor, the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh. They have two children:

Schwarzenbach was a long-time resident Culham Court near Henley-on-Thames and sponsored the rowing gallery of the River and Rowing Museum in Henley which is named after him. He owns other estates and farms in England, a 10,000 acre sporting estate in Scotland and the largest country estate on the Isle of Wight. In 2017, he permanently relocated back to Küsnacht, Switzerland.

## InfoBox

| Urs SchwarzenbachCStJ | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Urs Ernst Schwarzenbach
(1948-09-17) 17 September 1948
Thalwil, Zürich, Switzerland |
| Occupations | * Businessman * trader * financier * art collector |
| Spouse | Francesca Mulhall |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Clifton Wrottesley, 6th Baron Wrottesley (son-in-law) |


title: Moonpools & Caterpillars

abstract: Moonpools & Caterpillars were a Filipino American alternative rock band based in California. They released three albums commercially, The Pink Album (self-released), Lucky Dumpling, and 12 Songs (self-released). Lucky Dumpling was produced by Richard Gottehrer. Their first album, The Pink Album, was a recording of a live show at Los Angeles's Whisky a Go Go, where many of their early shows were played. The band's music was featured in the movies The Baby-Sitters Club (1995), Wish Upon a Star (1996), and Frozen Stars (2003). Their song "Hear" was used in a 1995 VW Drivers Wanted commercial. The "moonpools" portion of their name is in reference to Sealab 2020. Lead singer Kimi Ward Encarnacion is known for being very energetic on stage. Jay Jay Encarnacion gave Moonpools & Caterpillars their distinct guitar sounds, which varied from ethereal chorusing to large, wall-of-sound distortion. Bassist Tim DePala and drummer Gugut Salgado were the other two members of the band. In part because three of the members of the band were Filipino, the band always had a presence on the Pinoy rock scene. In 2014, after a return to Whisky a Go Go, the band returned to the Philippines after a seventeen-year absence and were met by enthusiastic crowds.

text:
# Moonpools & Caterpillars

**Moonpools & Caterpillars** were a Filipino American alternative rock band based in California. They released three albums commercially, *The Pink Album* (self-released), *Lucky Dumpling* (1995, Elektra Records), and *12 Songs* (self-released). *Lucky Dumpling* was produced by Richard Gottehrer. Their first album, *The Pink Album*, was a recording of a live show at Los Angeles's Whisky a Go Go, where many of their early shows were played. The band's music was featured in the movies *The Baby-Sitters Club* (1995), *Wish Upon a Star* (1996), and *Frozen Stars* (2003). Their song "Hear" was used in a 1995 VW Drivers Wanted commercial.

The "moonpools" portion of their name is in reference to *Sealab 2020*.

Lead singer Kimi Ward Encarnacion is known for being very energetic on stage. Jay Jay Encarnacion gave Moonpools & Caterpillars their distinct guitar sounds, which varied from ethereal chorusing to large, wall-of-sound distortion. Bassist Tim DePala and drummer Gugut Salgado were the other two members of the band. In part because three of the members of the band were Filipino, the band always had a presence on the Pinoy rock scene. In 2014, after a return to Whisky a Go Go, the band returned to the Philippines after a seventeen-year absence and were met by enthusiastic crowds.

## InfoBox

| Moonpools & Caterpillars | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Glendale, California, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1987–1997 |
|  | |
| Members | * Jay Jay Encarnacion * Kimi Ward Encarnacion * Tim DePala * Gugut Salgado |


title: Mordellistena syrites

abstract: Mordellistena syrites is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ermisch in 1977.

text:
# Mordellistena syrites

***Mordellistena syrites*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ermisch in 1977.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena syrites* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. syrites*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena syrites***<br>Ermisch, 1977 | |
|


title: Mordellistena suturalis

abstract: Mordellistena suturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ray in 1947.

text:
# Mordellistena suturalis

***Mordellistena suturalis*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ray in 1947.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena suturalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. suturalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena suturalis***<br>Ray, 1947 | |
|


title: V-League 1st Season 2nd Conference

abstract: The V-League 1st Season, 2nd Conference was a tournament of the Shakey's V-League. The tournament was held from November 28, 2004 until the final game on February 14, 2005.

text:
# V-League 1st Season 2nd Conference

The **V-League 1st Season, 2nd Conference** was a tournament of the Shakey's V-League. The tournament was held from November 28, 2004 until the final game on February 14, 2005.

## Tournament Format

* Double Round Robin Tournament
* Top four teams will compete in the semi-finals
* Semi-Finals is a best of three series with the format, 1 vs 4 and 2 vs 3
* Best of Three Championship series

### Eliminations

| **1ST ROUND** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **TIME** | **November 28 - Philsports Arena** | | | | | | |
| | **Team** | *1st* | *2nd* | *3rd* | *4th* | *5th* | *Best Player* |
| **1 PM** | **UST Tigresses** | 23 | **25** | **29** | 30 | **15** | Roxanne Pimentel of UST |
| | La Salle Lady Archers | **25** | 22 | 27 | **32** | 13 | |
| **3 PM** | **PSC Lady Legends** | **25** | **26** | **25** | - | - | Theresa de la Rosa of PSC |
| | Lyceum Lady Pirates | 21 | 24 | 17 | - | - | |
|
| **TIME** | **November 30 - Philsports Arena** | | | | | | |
| | **Team** | *1st* | *2nd* | *3rd* | *4th* | *5th* | *Best Player* |
| **3 PM** | **PSC Lady Legends** | **25** | **25** | **25** | - | - | Amelia Guanco of PSC |
| | San Sebastian Lady Stags | 17 | 16 | 19 | - | - | |
| **5 PM** | **Letran Lady Knights** | **25** | 21 | **25** | **25** | - | Cherry Rose Macatangay of Letran |
| | FEU Lady Tamaraws | 20 | **25** | 17 | 19 | - | |
|
| **TIME** | **December 2 - Ninoy Aquino Stadium** | | | | | | |
| | **Team** | *1st* | *2nd* | *3rd* | *4th* | *5th* | *Best Player* |
| **3 PM** | **Lyceum Lady Pirates** | **25** | 22 | **25** | **25** | - | Michelle Laborte of Lyceum |
| | FEU Lady Tamaraws | 19 | **25** | 23 | 22 | - | |
| **5 PM** | **UST Tigresses** | **25** | 19 | **25** | 21 | **15** | Kaye Co Yu Kang of UST |
| | PSC Lady Legends | 22 | **25** | 21 | **25** | 9 | |

### Final standings

| Rank | Team | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | De La Salle University |  |
|  | UST Tigresses | |
|  | Letran Lady Knights | |
| 4 | PSC Lady Legends | |
| 5 | Lyceum Lady Pirates | |
| 6 | FEU Lady Tamaraws | |
| 7 | San Sebastian Lady Stags | |

### Individual awards

| Award | Name | Team | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Most Valuable Player | Michelle Carolino | De La Salle Lady Archers |  |
| Best Scorer | Cherry Rose Macatangay | Letran Lady Knights | |
| Best Attacker | Roxanne Pimentel | UST Tigresses | |
| Best Blocker | Maureen Penetrante | De La Salle Lady Archers | |
| Best Server | Rubie De Leon | UST Tigresses | |
| Best Setter | Relea Ferina Saet | De La Salle Lady Archers | |
| Best Digger | Sharmaine Miles Peñano | De La Salle Lady Archers | |
| Best Receiver | Mary Jean Balse | UST Tigresses | |

## InfoBox

| 1st Season 2nd Conference | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Shakey's V-League |
| Sport | Volleyball |
| Duration | Nov. 28, 2004 – Feb. 14, 2005 |
| Number of teams | 7 |
| Season MVP | Michelle Carolino |
| Top scorer | Cherry Rose Macatangay |
| Finals champions | De La Salle Lady Archers |
| Runners-up | UST Tigresses |


title: Mordellistena tenuis

abstract: Mordellistena tenuis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1892.

text:
# Mordellistena tenuis

***Mordellistena tenuis*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1892.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena tenuis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. tenuis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena tenuis***<br>Fairmaire, 1892 | |
|


title: Mordellistena testaceimembris

abstract: Mordellistena testaceimembris is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Píc in 1926.

text:
# Mordellistena testaceimembris

***Mordellistena testaceimembris*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Píc in 1926.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena testaceimembris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. testaceimembris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena testaceimembris***<br>Píc, 1926 | |
|


title: Mordellaria zenchii

abstract: Mordellaria zenchii is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellaria of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1953.

text:
# Mordellaria zenchii

***Mordellaria zenchii*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellaria* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1953.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellaria zenchii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellaria* |
| Species: | ***M. zenchii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellaria zenchii***<br>Tokeji, 1953 | |
|


title: Mordellina ainonia

abstract: Mordellina ainonia is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellina. It was described in 1957.

text:
# Mordellina ainonia

***Mordellina ainonia*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellina*. It was described in 1957.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellina ainonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellina* |
| Species: | ***M. ainonia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellina ainonia***<br>Chûjô, 1957 | |
|


title: Montrésor

abstract: Montrésor is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France Association.

text:
# Montrésor

**Montrésor** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃tʁezɔʁ\] ) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Association.

## Geography

The village lies on the right bank of the Indrois, which flows northwest through the middle of the commune.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 512 |  |
| 1975 | 465 | −1.37% |
| 1982 | 460 | −0.15% |
| 1990 | 362 | −2.95% |
| 1999 | 395 | +0.97% |
| 2007 | 363 | −1.05% |
| 2012 | 341 | −1.24% |
| 2017 | 341 | +0.00% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Montrésor | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Château de Montrésor | |
|  | |
| Location of Montrésor | |
| MontrésorMontrésor | |
| Coordinates: 47°09′24″N 1°12′06″E / 47.1567°N 1.2017°E / 47.1567; 1.2017 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Indre-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Loches |
| Canton | Loches |
| Intercommunality | CC Loches Sud Touraine |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Frederic Gaultier |
| Area**1** | 0.98 km2 (0.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 313 |
| Density | 320/km2 (830/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 37157 /37460 |
| Elevation | 87–121 m (285–397 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: VMF-472

abstract: Marine Fighting Squadron 472 (VMF-472) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps during World War II. Known as "The Flying Seahorses", the squadron flew the Grumman F6F Hellcat during its short time in existence. The squadron was slated to support the invasion of Japan in late 1945 however the Japanese surrender meant it did not get further than Hawaii and did not participate in combat action during the war. VMF-472 was decommissioned on 24 December 1945 and no other Marine Corps squadron has carried its lineage and honors since.

text:
# VMF-472

**Marine Fighting Squadron 472** (VMF-472) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps during World War II. Known as "The Flying Seahorses", the squadron flew the Grumman F6F Hellcat during its short time in existence. The squadron was slated to support the invasion of Japan in late 1945 however the Japanese surrender meant it did not get further than Hawaii and did not participate in combat action during the war. VMF-472 was decommissioned on 24 December 1945 and no other Marine Corps squadron has carried its lineage and honors since.

## History

**Marine Fighting Squadron 472** was commissioned on 1 June 1944 at Marine Corps Air Station El Centro, California. The squadron trained in the California desert for four months before being decommissioned on 1 October 1944 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro. After decommissioning the squadron's assets were redistributed to VMF-461. VMF-472 was reactivated on 1 March 1945 at Marine Corps Air Station Mojave, CA, under the command of Marine Air Support Group 51 (MASG-51), this time tasked with training for operations on Navy escort carriers. This was part of a larger program to have eight Marine air groups trained and ready to operate from escort carriers in support of the invasion of Japan in late 1945. In May 1945 the squadron was briefly re-designated at VMF(CVS)-472 however by 1 June it had reverted to its original moniker.

VMF-472 departed the West Coast of the United States in July 1945 reaching Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Hawaii that same month. The squadron remained in Hawaii after the end of the war and was eventually decommissioned on 24 December 1945 at MCAS Ewa.

## Commanding Officers

The following naval aviators served as commanding officers of VMF-472 during its existence:

* Lt Charles M. Jackson - 1 June 1944
* Capt George C. Hays - 2 June 1944 – 12 June 1944
* Maj John A. Reeder - 13 June 1944 – 25 June 1944
* Maj Richard F. Harrison - 26 June 1944 – 6 July 1944
* Maj Hamilton Lawrence - 7 July 1944 – 1 October 1944
* Maj Robert L. Bryson - 1 March 1945 - Unknown

## Unit awards

A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMF-472 was presented with the following awards:

| **Ribbon** | **Unit Award** |
| --- | --- |
|  | World War II Victory Medal |

## Citations

Bibliography  * Condon, John Pomeroy (1998). *Corsairs and Flattops – Marine Carrier Air Warfare, 1944–45*. Annapolis Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-127-0.
* Crowder, Michael J. (2000). *United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons*. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-926-9.
* Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). *U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939-1945*. Greenwood.
* Sherrod, Robert (1952). *History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II*. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press.
* Shettle, M. L. (2001). *United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II*. Bowersville, Georgia: Schaertel Publishing Co. ISBN 0-9643388-2-3.

## InfoBox

| Marine Fighting Squadron 472 | |
| --- | --- |
| VMF-472 Insignia | |
| Active | 1 Jun 1944 - 10 Oct 1944
1 Mar 1945 – 24 Dec 1945 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Fighter squadron |
| Role | Air interdiction
Close air support |
| Part of | Inactive |
| Nickname(s) | "The Flying Seahorses" |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | F6F Hellcat |


title: VMF-512

abstract: Marine Fighting Squadron 512 (VMF-512) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps during World War II. The squadron was aircraft carrier based during the last year of the war and supported combat operations during the Battle of Okinawa and the Battle of Balikpapan (1945). Following the end of World War II they were deactivated on 10 March 1946 and remain in an inactive status today.

text:
# VMF-512

**Marine Fighting Squadron 512** (VMF-512) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps during World War II. The squadron was aircraft carrier based during the last year of the war and supported combat operations during the Battle of Okinawa and the Battle of Balikpapan (1945). Following the end of World War II they were deactivated on 10 March 1946 and remain in an inactive status today.

## History

### World War II

VMF-512 was commissioned 15 February 1944 at Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Field Oak Grove, North Carolina. During its first few months the squadron was a part of Project Danny which was a plan for Marine Corps F4U Corsair fighter aircraft to attack German V-1 flying bomb launch sites in northern France. The operation was canceled before departing for the European Theatre of World War II. Shortly thereafter the squadron was transferred along with the rest of Marine Aircraft Group 51 (MAG-51) to Marine Corps Air Station Mojave, California on 5 September 1944.

Training quickly resumed at MCAS Mojave and on 5 November 1944 the squadron was re-designated as Marine Fighting Squadron (Carrier Squadron) (VMF(CVS)-512) denoting that the squadron was now Aircraft carrier based. On 8 December 1944, VMF-512 was transferred to Marine Air Support Group 48 (MASG-48) at Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara, California where it continued training until it went aboard the USS *Gilbert Islands* (CVE-107) in March 1945 for a shakedown cruise and carrier-landing practice. For their initial cruise VMF-512 was paired with VMTB-143 to form *Marine Carrier Group 2* (MCVG-2). After their training cruise the squadron departed San Diego on 12 April 1945 for exercises in Hawaiian waters.

The USS Gilbert Islands arrived off the coast of Okinawa, Japan on 21 May. During the Battle of Okinawa VMF-512 aircraft blasted and strafed concrete dugouts, troop concentrations, ammunition and fuel dumps on Okinawa from 24–31 May. In the following days they helped neutralize outlying Japanese airfields and installations, including the Sakishima Islands with repeated bomb and rocket attacks. Later in June, the USS Gilbert Islands departed for Leyte, in the Philippines. Soon thereafter they sailed to support operations in Borneo.

During the Battle of Balikpapan VMF-512 provided close air support for the Australian 7th Division. The squadron remained carrier based and at the end of World War II was operating at sea near Tokyo. As part of the post-war drawdown of forces, VMF-512 was decommissioned on 10 March 1946.

## Citations

### References

### Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.  * Condon, John P (1998), *Corsairs and Flattops - Marine Carrier Air Warfare, 1944-45*, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-127-0
* Crowder, Michael J., *United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons*, Turner Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-56311-926-2
* Rottman, Gordon (2002), *U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle - Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939 - 1945*, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-31906-5
* Sherrod, Robert, *History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II*, Combat Forces Press, ISBN 978-0-933852-58-7

## InfoBox

| Marine Fighting Squadron 512 | |
| --- | --- |
| VMF-512 Insignia | |
| Active | 15 Feb 1944 – 10 Mar 1946 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Fighter squadron |
| Role | Air interdiction
close air support |
| Part of | Inactive |
| Engagements | **World War II**
* Battle of Okinawa
* Battle of Balikpapan (1945) |


title: Useless Parliament

abstract: The Useless Parliament was the first Parliament of England of the reign of King Charles I, sitting only from June until August 1625. It gained its name because it transacted no significant business, making it 'useless' from the king's point of view. Parliament adjourned to Oxford on 1 August, and was dissolved on 12 August, having offended the king.

text:
# Useless Parliament

The **Useless Parliament** was the first Parliament of England of the reign of King Charles I, sitting only from June until August 1625. It gained its name because it transacted no significant business, making it 'useless' from the king's point of view. Parliament adjourned to Oxford on 1 August, and was dissolved on 12 August, having offended the king.

## Events

Charles acceded to the Throne upon the death of his father, James VI and I, on 27 March 1625. Parliament was summoned by the king on 2 April and convened at Westminster on 18 June, first meeting only a month after Charles's marriage to Henrietta Maria, a daughter of King Henry IV of France.

Thomas Crewe was again elected as Speaker of the House of Commons, having served in that office previously, but this led Sir John Eliot to refer to the position as "frequently filled by nullities, men selected for mere Court convenience".

Charles had asked the parliament to vote him the duties of tonnage and poundage for life, as had been customary at the beginning of each monarch's reign since 1414, but the House of Commons broke with tradition and voted to grant the king these important duties for one year only, together with £140,000 for war with Spain, apparently intending to force him to come back to ask them to vote him money in every future year. The king was greatly troubled and provoked by this, as tonnage and poundage had long provided the Crown's main source of income. Some parliamentarians were anxious about the king's wish to send forces to take part in the Thirty Years' War on the continent of Europe and also about his reputation for extravagance, but it is now argued that their collective intention was to review such duties generally, giving the king tonnage and poundage for a year pending negotiations on reform.

At the end of July, a severe intensification of the bubonic plague in London led to the king's court and Parliament being temporarily moved to Oxford. Although the Commons had passed a bill to grant Charles the duties he wanted for one year, the Duke of Buckingham and others succeeded in blocking this in the House of Lords, with the result that Parliament granted the new king no rights of tonnage and poundage at all. In conjunction with its attempts to impeach Buckingham, this led to the king peremptorily dissolving parliament on 12 August. It was later judged to have bungled an attempt to clip the king's wings.

## Aftermath

After the parliament was dissolved, the king's favourites encouraged his belief in having a divine right to rule his kingdoms as he wished and urged him to do without the constitutional means of raising revenue, instead using arbitrary measures which in some cases were of uncertain lawfulness. This Charles did, which later led to remonstrances against his taking of tonnage and poundage without parliament's authority. The next parliament assembled in February 1626 and declared that the king had acted unlawfully, although it was prepared to indemnify him.

## Notable acts passed by the Parliament


abstract: Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996–2006 is a rarities compilation to celebrate the tenth anniversary of rock band Eels, featuring a live performance DVD from Lollapalooza 2006, behind-the-scenes photos, and commentary by lead singer Mark Oliver Everett. It was released on January 15, 2008 in the United States and on January 21, 2008 in the United Kingdom, where it debuted on the UK Album Chart at #69. It was released in conjunction with the greatest hits collection Meet the Eels: Essential Eels, Vol. 1 (1996–2006).

text:
# Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996–2006

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Crawdaddy!* | favorable |
| Pitchfork Media | 5.5/10 |
| Tiny Mix Tapes |  |

***Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996–2006*** is a rarities compilation to celebrate the tenth anniversary of rock band Eels, featuring a live performance DVD from Lollapalooza 2006, behind-the-scenes photos, and commentary by lead singer Mark Oliver Everett. It was released on January 15, 2008 in the United States and on January 21, 2008 in the United Kingdom, where it debuted on the UK Album Chart at #69.

It was released in conjunction with the greatest hits collection *Meet the Eels: Essential Eels, Vol. 1 (1996–2006)*.

## Track listing

### CDs

All songs written by , except where noted:

CD 1 1. "Novocaine for the Soul" (Live from Hell) (E and Mark Goldenberg) – 3:18
    * Originally from "Rags to Rags" single (1997)
2. "Fucker" – 2:17
    * Originally from "Novocaine for the Soul" single (1996)
3. "My Beloved Monster" (Live from Tennessee) – 2:32
    * Originally from "Novocaine for the Soul" single
4. "Dog's Life" – 3:59
    * Originally from *Welcome to Woop Woop* soundtrack (1998)
5. "Susan's Apartment" (E, Jim Jacobsen, and Jim Weatherly) – 3:29
    * Originally from "Beautiful Freak" single (1997)
6. "Manchester Girl" (Live on the BBC) – 3:21
7. "Flower" (Live on the BBC) – 3:17
    * Originally from *Beautiful Freak* \[Germany exclusive\]
8. "My Beloved Mad Monster Party" (Live on the BBC) – 2:33
    * Originally from *Beautiful Freak* \[Germany exclusive\]
9. "Animal" (E and Jim Lang) – 2:39
    * Originally from "Rags to Rags" single (1996)
10. "Stepmother" – 2:51
    * Originally from "Susan's House" single (1997)
11. "Everything's Gonna Be Cool This Christmas" – 2:51
    * Originally from "Cancer for the Cure" single (1998)
12. "Your Lucky Day in Hell" (Michael Simpson remix) (E and Goldenberg) – 3:57
    * Originally a Promotional single, released 1998
13. "Altar Boy" (Rickie Lee Jones) – 2:14
    * Originally from "Beautiful Freak" single
14. "Novocaine for the Soul" (The Moog Cookbook remix) (E and Goldenberg) – 3:10
    * Originally from "Last Stop: This Town" single (1998)
15. "If I Was Your Girlfriend" (Live) (Prince) – 4:34
    * Previously unreleased
16. "Bad News" (Sally Dworsky and E) – 2:56
    * Originally from *The End of Violence* soundtrack (1997)
17. "Funeral Parlor" – 2:12
    * Originally from "Last Stop: This Town" single
18. "Hospital Food" (Live on the BBC) (Butch, E, and Lang) – 3:24
    * Originally from "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues" single (2000)
19. "Open the Door" (BBC) (Linda Hopper and Ruthie Morris) – 3:04
    * Originally from "Flyswatter" single (2000)
20. "Birdgirl on a Cell Phone" – 3:08
    * Originally from "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues" single
21. "Vice President Fruitley" (Butch, E, and Lisa Germano) – 2:17
    * Originally from "Flyswatter" single
22. "My Beloved Monstrosity" – 2:13
    * Originally from "Souljacker part I" single (2001)
23. "The Dark End of the Street" (Live) (Dan Penn and Chips Moman) – 2:35
    * Previously unreleased
24. "The Cheater's Guide to Your Heart" (Live) – 2:39
    * Previously unreleased
25. "Useless Trinkets" – 2:22
    * Previously unreleased

CD 2 1. "Mr. E's Beautiful Remix" (E and Simpson) – 3:54
2. "Souljacker part I" (Alternate version) (Butch, E, and Adam Siegel) – 3:04
    * Previously unreleased
3. "Dog Faced Boy" (Alternate version) (E and John Parish) – 2:54
    * Previously unreleased
4. "Jennifer Eccles" (Allan Clarke and Graham Nash) – 3:20
    * Originally from *Sing Hollies in Reverse* tribute album (1995 – as E) and "Souljacker part I" single (2001)
5. "Rotten World Blues" – 2:45
6. "Can't Help Falling in Love" (Luigi Creatore, Hugo Peretti, and George David Weiss) – 2:08
    * Originally from "Souljacker part I" single
7. "Christmas Is Going to the Dogs" – 2:58
8. "Mighty Fine Blues" – 3:26
9. "Eyes Down" – 3:32
    * Originally from *Holes* soundtrack
10. "Skywriting" – 2:07
11. "Taking a Bath in Rust" – 2:28
    * Originally from *Levity* soundtrack
12. "Estranged Friends" (E and Koool G Murder) – 3:21
    * Previously unreleased
13. "Her" – 2:48
    * Originally from "Saturday Morning" single (2003)
14. "Waltz of the Naked Clowns" – 2:47
    * Originally from "Saturday Morning" single
15. "I Like Birds" (Live) – 2:36
    * Previously unreleased
16. "Sad Foot Sign" – 2:19
    * Originally from "Saturday Morning" single
17. "Living Life" (Daniel Johnston) – 2:49
18. "The Bright Side" (Peter Buck and E) – 3:42
    * Originally from "Hey Man (Now You're Really Living)" single (2005)
19. "After the Operation" – 1:55
    * Originally from "Hey Man (Now You're Really Living)" single
20. "Jelly Dancers" (Bruce Haack and Esther Nelson) – 4:38
    * Originally from *Dimension Mix* compilation (2005)
21. "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" (Live at Town Hall) (Prince) – 3:37
22. "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues" (Live at Town Hall) (E and Simpson) – 3:04
    * Originally from Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall (iTunes exclusive)
23. "I Want to Protect You" – 3:09
    * Originally from "I Want to Protect You" single (2006)
24. "I Put a Spell on You" (Live) (Screamin' Jay Hawkins) – 2:21
    * Previously unreleased
25. "Saw a UFO" – 4:37
    * Previously unreleased

### DVD

1. "Saturday Morning"
2. "Eyes Down"
3. "My Beloved Monster"
4. "From Which I Came/A Magic World"
5. "Not Ready Yet"
6. "Souljacker part I"

Eels attempted to run a one-second edit of their seven-second ad during the television broadcast of the 2008 Super Bowl to promote *Useless Trinkets*, but were denied by the National Football League.

Lead singer  reported: "In the end we were told that the NFL would have to find 29 other advertisers to buy 1 second spots to fill a standard 30 second advertising slot and that they do not sell advertising time by the second. They also noted that a rapid fire 30 second segment of thirty 1 second commercials could cause people with certain medical conditions to have seizures and that it was against network regulations."

## InfoBox

| Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996–2006 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Eels | |
| Released | January 15, 2008 (2008-01-15) |
| Recorded | 1996–2006 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 149:11 |
| Label | DreamWorks/Universal |
| Producer |  |
| Eels chronology | |
| *Blinking Lights and Other Revelations*
(2005) ***Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996–2006***
(2008) *Hombre Lobo*
(2009) | |


title: Moo Free

abstract: Moo Free Ltd. is a British manufacturer of dairy free, gluten free, vegan and organic chocolates. Their head office is located in Holswothy, Devon. The company was established in 2010 by husband and wife team Mike and Andrea Jessop with the intent of making a dairy free chocolate with a taste similar to that of milk chocolate by using rice milk instead of conventional dairy milk. The concept was to ensure that vegan children or those with food allergies or intolerance could have traditional seasonal chocolates such as Easter eggs and Advent calendars. In addition to being vegan, the company's products are also free from dairy, gluten, wheat and soya, and are made from organically certified ingredients. The company's range includes a variety of bars, bags of chocolates and seasonal products, including Advent Calendars and Easter Eggs.

text:
# Moo Free

**Moo Free Ltd.** is a British manufacturer of dairy free, gluten free, vegan and organic chocolates. Their head office is located in Holswothy, Devon. The company was established in 2010 by husband and wife team Mike and Andrea Jessop with the intent of making a dairy free chocolate with a taste similar to that of milk chocolate by using rice milk instead of conventional dairy milk. The concept was to ensure that vegan children or those with food allergies or intolerance could have traditional seasonal chocolates such as Easter eggs and Advent calendars. In addition to being vegan, the company's products are also free from dairy, gluten, wheat and soya, and are made from organically certified ingredients.

The company's range includes a variety of bars, bags of chocolates and seasonal products, including Advent Calendars and Easter Eggs.

## Awards

### Product Awards

The company's products have received a number of awards and commendations, including 'Best Sweets or Cakes' and 'Best Vegan Chocolates' in the Vegfest Awards 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and the FreeFrom Food Awards Ireland 2016 - 'Best Free From Chocolate'.

### Business Awards

Moo Free have received several business awards over the years including the Food & Drink Federation's (FDF) \- 'Growth Business Award' and The Queen's Award For Enterprise: International Trade 2016.

## InfoBox

Moo Free Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private Limited Company |
| Industry | Chocolate |
| Founded | 2010 (2010) |
| Founder | * Mike Jessop * Andrea Jessop |
| Headquarters | Holsworthy, United Kingdom |
| Website | moofreechocolates.com |


title: Moreno Esseboom

abstract: Moreno Esseboom is a Dutch footballer who played for Eerste Divisie club FC Volendam during the 2001–02 football season.

text:
# Moreno Esseboom

**Moreno Esseboom** (born 2 November 1982 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch footballer who played for Eerste Divisie club FC Volendam during the 2001–02 football season.

## Club career

He later played for amateur sides Wherevogels, Purmersteijn, Oosthuizen and FC Purmerend.

## InfoBox

Moreno Esseboom
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Moreno Esseboom | | |
| Date of birth | (1982-11-02) 2 November 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | Amsterdam, Netherlands | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2001 | Telstar |  |  |
| 2001–2002 | Volendam | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: VP-65

abstract: VP-65, nicknamed the Tridents, was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy Reserve. The squadron was established on 16 November 1970 at NAS Los Alamitos, California, and moved on 6 January 1971 to NAS Point Mugu. It was disestablished on 4 March 2006, after 35 years of service. Elements of the squadron made 22 major overseas deployments.

text:
# VP-65

**VP-65**, nicknamed the *Tridents*, was a **Patrol Squadron** of the U.S. Navy Reserve. The squadron was established on 16 November 1970 at NAS Los Alamitos, California, and moved on 6 January 1971 to NAS Point Mugu. It was disestablished on 4 March 2006, after 35 years of service. Elements of the squadron made 22 major overseas deployments.

## Operational history

* 16 Nov 1970: VP-65 was established at NAS Los Alamitos, California, as a result of a major reorganization of the Naval Air Reserve that took place in 1970. The 12 Reserve squadrons formed were structured along the lines of regular Navy squadrons with nearly identical organization and manning levels. The reorganization concept was known as 12/2/1. There were 12 VP squadrons under two commands, Commander Fleet Air Reserve Wings Atlantic and Commander Fleet Air Reserve Wings Pacific, under the control of one central authority, Commander Naval Air Reserve. VP-65 was formed from the personnel and assets of seven smaller units already in existence at NAS Los Alamitos: VP-65L1-L3, VP-22L7, VP-19L4, VP-6L5, and VP-40L6. It came under the operational and administrative control of Fleet Air Reserve Wing, Pacific. The squadron's first assigned aircraft was the SP-2H Neptune.
* 18–30 May 1971: VP-65 participated in Operation Condeca Aguila II with Guatemala to evaluate the joint forces’ ability to detect, identify and thwart seaborne aggressor efforts.
* 1–13 June 1972: VP-65 and VP-67 participated in exercises Halcon Vista VII and Condeca Aguila III with the Nicaraguan military forces.
* 21 Jul–5 Aug 1973: VP-65 deployed to NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii, for mining and antisubmarine warfare (ASW) exercises.
* October 1974: The squadron's last SP-2H was officially transferred to the National Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola, Florida.
* January 1975: VP-65 received its first P-3A Orion.
* August 1975: VP-65 deployed a detachment to NAS Agana, Guam, while operational training in the P-3 airframe continued for the remaining aircrews at NAS Point Mugu.
* June 1978: VP-65 deployed to NAS Agana, Guam, with detachments conducting maritime air patrol flights from NAS Cubi Point, Philippines, and Kadena AFB, Okinawa. One of the Cubi detachment aircraft, flown by PPC Lieutenant Commander F. Kluessendorf, experienced an engine failure during the takeoff roll on rotation. The propeller autofeather feature of the *Orion* aircraft prevented any instability during the takeoff, allowing the crew to safely return to Cubi for an uneventful landing.
* 1980: VP-65 deployed for its active duty training to NAS Agana, Guam and the Philippines, with detachments at Okinawa and Singapore searching for Vietnamese boat people.
* 25 June–29 July 1982: VP-65 deployed to NAS Cubi Point, Philippines, with operations conducted from Singapore, Okinawa, Guam and Thailand.
* 14 May–Jun 1984: VP-65 deployed to NAF Misawa, Japan. The squadron aircrews received real-world training flying missions covering Soviet Bloc submarines transiting the WestPac theater of operations.
* 31 May–30 June 1985: VP-65 deployed to NAF Misawa, Japan. Upon return from deployment the squadron began the ground training necessary for the transition from the P-3A to the P-3B TAC/NAV/MOD airframe. The IRDS/HACLS modifications added infrared detection and Harpoon launch capability to the aircraft.
* November 1986: VP-65 received a letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for the squadron's role in Operation Close, a coordinated operation with the U. S. Coast Guard in support of their drug interdiction efforts.
* July–August 1989: VP-65 conducted active duty training at NAF Misawa, Japan. The squadron participated with fleet squadrons VPs 19 and 46 in support of TF 72. Out of 1,015 hours flown during the deployment, over 52 hours were flown while in direct contact with Soviet Bloc submarines.
* June 1991: VP-65 deployed to NAF Kadena, Okinawa. Upon return from deployment the squadron began the transition from the P-3B MOD airframe to the P-3C Orion. The baseline P-3C incorporated the AN/ASQ-114 computer system for navigation and sensor functions, the first of its kind in a maritime patrol aircraft. It had an AN/AQA-7 Jezebel acoustic processing system with DIFAR and quadruple the number of directional sonobuoys, with a high capacity computer and related displays. Completion of transition training was accomplished by June 1993.
* 13–27 August 1993: Two VP-65 aircrews deployed to Naval Air Facility Adak, Alaska, the last operational detachment to fly from the air station before it went into caretaker status.
* January 1994: VP-65 began transition to the P-3C UII.5 Orion airframe. Update II.5 had improved electronics systems, new Integrated Acoustic Communication System (IACS), improved MAD, standardized wing pylons and improved wing fuel tank venting. Throughout the remainder of the year, detachments from VP-65 deployed to NAF Kadena, Japan; NAS North Island, California; and NAS Barbers Point, as part of the increased integration of reserves into active duty Navy operations and exercises under CTF-72.
* 1995: VP-65 detachments deployed at various times throughout the year to NAS North Island, Calif.; NAF Misawa, Japan; Biggs Army Airfield, El Paso, Texas; NAF Kadena, Okinawa; U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Thailand; and Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico.

## Aircraft assignment

The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:

* SP-2H *Neptune* – November 1970
* P-3A *Orion* – January 1975
* P-3B TAC/NAV MOD *Orion* – December 1985
* P-3C *Orion* – May 1991
* P-3C UII.5 *Orion* – January 1994

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons*.*

## InfoBox

| Patrol Squadron 65 | |
| --- | --- |
| VP-65 patch | |
| Active | 1 November 1970-4 March 2006 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Navy Reserve |
| Type | squadron |
| Role | Maritime patrol |
| Nickname(s) | Tridents |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Patrol | SP-2H Neptune<br>P-3A/B/C Orion |


title: Moorings 295

abstract: The Moorings 335 is an American sailboat that was designed by the Hunter Design Team for Moorings Yacht Charter and first built in 1994. The Moorings 335 is a development of the Hunter 29.5 specially for the charter market.

text:
# Moorings 295

The **Moorings 335** is an American sailboat that was designed by the Hunter Design Team for Moorings Yacht Charter and first built in 1994.

The Moorings 335 is a development of the Hunter 29.5 specially for the charter market.

## Production

The design was built for Moorings by Hunter Marine in the United States, but it is now out of production. The design is no longer in service with Moorings and the fleet has been sold for private use.

## Design

The Moorings 295 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig, an internally-mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 7,500 lb (3,402 kg) and carries 2,680 lb (1,216 kg) of ballast.

The boat has a draft of 4.00 ft (1.22 m) with the standard keel fitted.

The design has a hull speed of 6.96 kn (12.89 km/h).

**Related development**

**Similar sailboats**

## InfoBox

Moorings 295
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1994 |
| Design | Hunter Design Team |
| Builder(s) | Hunter Marine |
| Name | Moorings 295 |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 7,500 lb (3,402 kg) |
| Draft | 4.00 ft (1.22 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | Monohull |
| Construction | Fiberglass |
| LOA | 29.50 ft (8.99 m) |
| LWL | 27.00 ft (8.23 m) |
| Beam | 10.50 ft (3.20 m) |
| Engine type | Yanmar diesel inboard motor |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | fin keel |
| Ballast | 2,680 lb (1,216 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | internally-mounted spade-type rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | fractional sloop |
| Total sail area | 400.00 sq ft (37.161 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Mooring Cove Formation

abstract: The Mooring Cove Formation is a formation of volcanic rock exposed in outcrops in Newfoundland.

text:
# Mooring Cove Formation

The **Mooring Cove Formation** is a formation of volcanic rock exposed in outcrops in Newfoundland.

## InfoBox

| Mooring Cove Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Long Harbour Group |
| Underlies | Rencontre Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Non-marine felsic volcanics |
| Location | |
| Region | Newfoundland |
| Country | Canada |
| <br>Occurrence of the Mooring Cove Formation in southeastern Newfoundland | |


title: V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai

abstract: V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai was an Indian politician, belonging to the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).

text:
# V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai

**V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai** (12 November 1931 – 8 November 2016) was an Indian politician, belonging to the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).

## RSP leader

V. P. Krishna Pillai is the son of Parameswaran Pillai. He hailed from Kollam. He was active in student movement and joined the Kerala Socialist Party. Later he became a RSP member. V. P. Krishna Pillai held the post as Kollam District Committee secretary of RSP. He has served as member of the National Committee and Kerala State Secretariat of RSP, and edited the party fortnightly *Pravaham*. Other posts held by him include director of the Kerala State Co-operative Bank, the Kerala State Warehousing Corporation and the Kerala State Coir Marketing Federation. He has led different trade unions affiliated to the United Trade Union Congress.

## Legislator

He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in the 1987 election, standing as the RSP candidate in the Eravipuram constituency. He obtained 53,318 votes (49.80%). He lost the seat in 1991, standing as an independent candidate. He finished in second place with 55,350 votes (47.67%). He regained the Eravipuram seat in 1996, standing as a RSP candidate again. He obtained 53,344 votes (46.42%).

## Minister

He served as Minister of Irrigation and Labour of the Kerala state government between 7 January 1998 and 13 May 2001. He contested the Chavara seat in the 2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, but lost to Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik) candidate Shibu Baby John. V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai finished in second place, with 48,206 votes (42.64%).

## RSP Kerala Secretary

He was elected secretary of the RSP Kerala State Committee in January 2008, defeating the incumbent T.J. Chandrachoodan.

In April 2010 he was internally criticized in the RSP following a television interview in which he had stated that the Left Democratic Front would not be able to win the upcoming assembly elections. The state secretariat of the party decided to impose a ban on him interacting with news media. V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai stepped down as RSP Kerala State Committee secretary in March 2012, following the meagre result for RSP in the 2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and the failure of the party to obtain a Rajya Sabha seat from Kerala. Initially V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai had hinted that he was not ready to step down, but in the end he decided not to contest and A.A. Aziz was elected unanimously as the new party state secretary.


title: Vada, Palghar

abstract: Vada or Wada is one of the eight talukas of the Palghar district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra state in India. Centuries ago Wada taluka known as kamalpur It is one of the most industrialised talukas in Palghar district.

text:
# Vada, Palghar

**Vada** or **Wada** is one of the eight talukas of the Palghar district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra state in India. Centuries ago Wada taluka known as kamalpur It is one of the most industrialised talukas in Palghar district.

## Geography

Wada is located at 19°39′N 73°08′E / 19.65°N 73.13°E / 19.65; 73.13. It has an average elevation of 38 metres (124 feet). It was formerly in Thane district.

### Rivers, fort and lakes

The main rivers flowing through Wada are the Vaitarna and Pinjal. There are three main lakes in Wada town. Kohoj Killa is a fort near Kanchad Village at Vaghote.

Temples:- Lord Shiva temple which is at Tilase village in Wada tehsil is very famous,people comes from different areas during Mahashivaratri.

**Towns:**

* Gohre
* Khanivali
* Kanchad
* Kudus (City)
* Vada (City)

## Castes

There are many castes living in Wada taluka, mainly Kunbi, Nhavi, Agri, Koli, Bhanushali, Vaishya Vani, Chambhar, Muslims, Buddhist and Sonar. Tribes in Wada taluka include Katkari, Varli, Malhar Koli, Konkana, Ka Thakur etc.

## Education

This city has schools and colleges:

* Sarswati Vidya Mandir, Kanchad
* True Light English Medium School
* Little Angel's English medium school
* Pandurang Javji high school
* Swami Vivekanand Vidyamandir & Jr College
* Sharda Vidyalaya
* Wada College of Management & science
* Anand Laxman College of Science, Art & Commerce
* Ideal CBSE School
* Ideal Group of Colleges, Posheri
* National Education Society's, Kudus
* HVPV Vidhyalay, Kudus
* ZA Memon CBSE School, Kudus
* LRS Bed College, Kudus
* Kilbil Vidhya Mandir, Kudus
* MS Group Of College, Devghar, Kudus
* Education City, Devghar, Kudus

## Computer Institute

* YCC

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Wada had a population of 75,291. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Wada has an average literacy rate of 92%, higher than the national average of 72.5%. In Wada, 12% of the population is under six years of age.

As of 2011 India census, Wada taluka has a population of 142,753, with 52.33% males and 47.66% females. Of the total population, 128,467 persons live in rural areas and 14,286 in urban areas; at the 2011 Census the population had risen to 178,370. Wada is emerging as a new industrial hub with several industrial undertakings and foundries being established recently.

## InfoBox

| Vada | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Wada | |
| VadaLocation in Maharashtra, India | |
| Coordinates: 19°23′N 73°05′E / 19.39°N 73.08°E / 19.39; 73.08 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Palghar |
| Government | |
| Type | Nagarpanchayat |
| Elevation | 38 m (125 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 178,370 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 421303 |
| Telephone code | 02526 |
| Vehicle registration | MH-48 |
| Nearest city | Palghar, Bhiwandi, Vasai-Virar, Thane |


title: Google Code-in

abstract: Google Code-in (GCI) was an international annual programming competition hosted by Google LLC that allowed pre-university students to complete tasks specified by various, partnering open source organizations. The contest was originally the Google Highly Open Participation Contest, but in 2010, the format was modified into its current state. Students that completed tasks won certificates and T-shirts. Each organization also selected two grand prize award winners who would earn a free trip to Google's Headquarters located in Mountain View, California. In 2020, Google announced cancellation of the contest.

text:
# Google Code-in

**Google Code-in** (**GCI**) was an international annual programming competition hosted by Google LLC that allowed pre-university students to complete tasks specified by various, partnering open source organizations. The contest was originally the Google Highly Open Participation Contest, but in 2010, the format was modified into its current state. Students that completed tasks won certificates and T-shirts. Each organization also selected two grand prize award winners who would earn a free trip to Google's Headquarters located in Mountain View, California. In 2020, Google announced cancellation of the contest.

## History

The program began as Google Highly Open Participation Contest during 2007–2008 aimed at high school students. The contest was designed to encourage high school students to participate in open source projects. In 2010, the program was modified into Google Code-in. After the 2014 edition, the Google Melange was replaced by a separate website for Google Code-in. Mauritius, an African country, participated for the first time in 2016, and was noticed for its strong debut and in 2017, produced its first Grand Prize winner.

The contest was open to students thirteen years of age or older who were then enrolled in high school (or equivalent pre-university or secondary school program). Prizes offered by Google included a contest T-shirt and a participation certificate for completing at least one task and US$100 for every three tasks completed to a maximum of US$500. There was a grand prize of a trip to the Google headquarters for an award ceremony. Each participating open source project selected one contestant to receive the grand prize, for a total of 10 grand prize winners.

## Statistics

| Year | Number of organizations | Number of participants | Total tasks completed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 20 | 326 | 2,167 |
| 2011 | 18 | 542 | 3,054 |
| 2012 | 10 | 334 | 1,925 |
| 2013 | 10 | 337 | 2,113 |
| 2014 | 12 | 658 | 3,236 |
| 2015 | 14 | 980 | 4,776 |
| 2016 | 17 | 1,340 | 6,418 |
| 2017 | 25 | 3,555 | 16,468 |
| 2018 | 27 | 3,124 | 15,323 |
| 2019 | 29 | 3,566 | 20,840 |

## Eligibility

Students must be between 13 and 17 years old (inclusive) to participate. In addition, students must upload parental consent forms as well as some documentation proving enrollment in a pre-university program.

## Program

Google partners with certain open source organizations, all of which have had previous experience working with Google open source programs like Google Summer of Code. These organizations come up with "bite-sized" tasks that are self-contained, designed for pre-university students to complete. When the contest begins, students can register and claim tasks. Once claimed, students will have a set period of time to complete the task and can receive help from the mentor and the organization's community. Students may ask for deadline extensions if needed.

## Prizes

Students who complete one task earn a certificate. Students who complete three tasks earn a T-shirt in addition to the certificate. There is a maximum of one T-shirt and one certificate per student. At the end of the competition, each organization will choose two students as the grand prize award winners and they will visit Google's Mountain View, California, USA headquarters for a four-day trip with an awards ceremony, an opportunity to meet with Google engineers, and a day of sightseeing in San Francisco.

## InfoBox

| Google Code-in | |
| --- | --- |
| Google Code-in logo for 2016 | |
| Inaugurated | 2010 (2010) |
| Most recent | 2019 (2019) |
| Participants | ~3000 |
| Organised by | Google LLC |
| Website | codein.withgoogle.com |


title: Gots ta Be

abstract: "Gots ta Be" is the second single by R&B group B2K off their self-titled debut album. The song was released in February 26, 2002 and it peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

text:
# Gots ta Be

"**Gots ta Be**" is the second single by R&B group B2K off their self-titled debut album. The song was released in February 26, 2002 and it peaked at number 17 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

## Music video

The video was directed by Dave Meyers. It was released on iTunes on April 28, 2003.

## Formats and track listing

* US 12"
    + A1. "Gots Ta Be" (Radio Edit) – 4:17
    + A2. "Gots Ta Be" (Instrumental) – 5:22
    + A3. "Gots Ta Be" (Acappella) – 5:03
    + B1. "Gots Ta Be" (Remix) (featuring Nazkar) – :56
    + B2. "Gots Ta Be" (Album Version) – 5:21
    + B3. "Gots Ta Be" (Instrumental) – 5:22
* US 12" promo (remixes)
    + A1. "Gots Ta Be" (Clue/Duro Remix) – 4:17
    + A2. "Gots Ta Be" (Platinum Status Remix) – 2:57
    + A3. "Gots Ta Be" (Allegro Love Remix) – 3:44
    + B1. "Gots Ta Be" (Clue/Duro Remix Instrumental) – 4:17
    + B2. "Gots Ta Be" (Platinum Status Remix Instrumental) – 2:57
    + B3. "Gots Ta Be" (Allegro Love Remix Instrumental) – 3:44
* US promo CD
    + 1. "Gots Ta Be" (Radio Edit) – 4:17
    + 2. "Gots Ta Be" (Instrumental) – 5:22
    + 3. "Gots Ta Be" (Acappella) – 5:03
    + 4. "Gots Ta Be" (Call Out Hook) – 0:15

## Weekly charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 17 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Rhythmic (*Billboard*) | 14 |

Year-end charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 56 |

## InfoBox

| "Gots ta Be" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by B2K | |
| from the album  *B2K* | |
| Released | February 26, 2002 |
| Recorded | 2001 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 4:21 (Radio Edit)
5:22 (Album Edit) |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Harvey Mason, Jr., Damon Thomas, Steven Russell, Mischke Butler |
| Producer(s) | The Underdogs |
| B2K singles chronology | |
| "Uh Huh"
(2001) "**Gots ta Be**"
(2002) "Why I Love You"
(2002) | |


title: Gotovuša, Montenegro

abstract: Gotovuša is a village in the municipality of Pljevlja, Montenegro.

text:
# Gotovuša, Montenegro

**Gotovuša** (Serbian Cyrillic: Готовуша) is a village in the municipality of Pljevlja, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 150 people.

According to the 2011 census, its population was 147.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serbs | 132 | 89.8% |
| Montenegrins | 10 | 6.8% |
| other/undeclared | 5 | 3.4% |
| **Total** | **147** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Gotovuša Готовуша | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Pljevlja |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 147 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Morice Town

abstract: Morice Town is a suburb of Plymouth in the English county of Devon. It named after Sir William Morice who owned the land at the time that it was being developed for housing for the employees in the Dockyard. It was originally a part of the town of Devonport, but since the amalgamation of the Three Towns in 1914, it is now a part of Plymouth.

text:
# Morice Town

**Morice Town** is a suburb of Plymouth in the English county of Devon.

It named after Sir William Morice who owned the land at the time that it was being developed for housing for the employees in the Dockyard.

It was originally a part of the town of Devonport, but since the amalgamation of the Three Towns in 1914, it is now a part of Plymouth.

## InfoBox

| Morice Town | |
| --- | --- |
| Morice TownLocation within Devon | |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PLYMOUTH |
| Postcode district | PL2 1xx |
| Dialling code | 01752 |
|  | |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
|


title: V4650 Sagittarii

abstract: V4650 Sagittarii (qF362) is a luminous blue variable star (LBV) in the constellation of Sagittarius. Located some 25,000 light years away, the star is positioned on the edge of a starburst cluster known as the Quintuplet cluster.

text:
# V4650 Sagittarii

**V4650 Sagittarii** (**qF362**) is a luminous blue variable star (LBV) in the constellation of Sagittarius. Located some 25,000 light years away, the star is positioned on the edge of a starburst cluster known as the Quintuplet cluster.

## Discovery

V4650 Sgr was first catalogued in 1996 as star 362 in a list of stars in the galactic centre region near the Quintuplet Cluster. The acronym qF is used for stars in the list and so the star name is qF 362. The acronym FMM is also used, hence FMM 362. The LBV nature of qF 362 was not recognised until 1999. It is one of three LBVs close to the Quintuplet Cluster, all highly luminous stars.

V4650 was discovered using infrared telescopes. It is extremely faint at optical wavelengths due to interstellar extinction. The 2MASS survey recorded it at 17th magnitude in red light and 19th magnitude in blue light, while it is a 7th magnitude object in K band infrared.

## Properties

V4650 Sgr is calculated to be one of the most luminous stars known, at 1,700,000 L to 7,943,000 L. It is considered to be a bona-fide luminous blue variable, although it has not been observed to change temperature from the S Doradus minimum strip to a cooler outburst state. The infrared brightness has varied between magnitude 7.0 and 7.9. It is calculated to have a temperature of 11,300 K and a radius of 350 R. Unlike both the two nearby LBVs, V4650 Sgr has no detectable associated nebulosity.

## InfoBox

V4650 Sagittarii
|
V4650 Sgr is the very bright object just off the left edge of this image of the Quintuplet Cluster, with only its diffraction spikes visible.
**Credit**: *HST\NIMCOS (WFC3)* | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Sagittarius |
|
| Right ascension | 17h 46m 17.982s |
| Declination | −28° 49 03.46 |
|
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | LBV |
|
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 19.3 |
| Apparent magnitude (R) | 16.4 |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 12.310 |
| Apparent magnitude (H) | 8.970 |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 7.090 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | LBV |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Distance** | 8,000 pc |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 46 |
| **Radius** | 350 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,770,000 |
| **Temperature** | 11,300 |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| V4650 Sagittarii, qF 362, 2MASS J17461798-2849034, SSTGC 629806 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Gorteria diffusa

abstract: Gorteria diffusa is a highly variable, small annual herbaceous plant or rarely a shrublet that is assigned to the daisy family. Like in almost all Asteraceae, the individual flowers are 5-merous, small and clustered in typical heads, and are surrounded by an involucre, consisting of in this case several whorls of bracts, which are merged at their base. In G. diffusa, the centre of the head is taken by relatively few male and bisexual yellow to orange disc florets, and is surrounded by one complete whorl of 5–14 infertile cream to dark orange ray florets, sometimes with a few ray florets nearer to the centre. None, some or all of them may have darker spots at their base. The fruits remain attached to their common base when ripe, and it is the entire head that breaks free from the plant. One or few seeds germinate inside the flower head which can be found at the foot of plants during their first year. The species flowers between August and October. It is called beetle daisy in English and katoog in Afrikaans. It can be found in Namibia and South Africa.

text:
# Gorteria diffusa

***Gorteria diffusa*** is a highly variable, small annual herbaceous plant or rarely a shrublet that is assigned to the daisy family (Compositae or Asteraceae). Like in almost all Asteraceae, the individual flowers are 5-merous, small and clustered in typical heads, and are surrounded by an involucre, consisting of in this case several whorls of bracts, which are merged at their base. In *G. diffusa*, the centre of the head is taken by relatively few male and bisexual yellow to orange disc florets, and is surrounded by one complete whorl of 5–14 infertile cream to dark orange ray florets, sometimes with a few ray florets nearer to the centre. None, some or all of them may have darker spots at their base. The fruits remain attached to their common base when ripe, and it is the entire head that breaks free from the plant. One or few seeds germinate inside the flower head which can be found at the foot of plants during their first year. The species flowers between August and October. It is called **beetle daisy** in English and **katoog** (cat eye) in Afrikaans. It can be found in Namibia and South Africa.

## Description

*Gorteria diffusa* is initially erect, but quickly develops into a creeping annual of 2–20 cm (0.79–7.87 in) high that may sometimes survive and change into a shrublet. It is very variable in the number, shape, color and spots of the ray florets, and fourteen discrete forms have been distinguished. Its stems are branching at the base and often also more towards the end of the stems. They are reddish or green in color, and are set with long stiff hairs. The leaves near the base are 2½–9 cm (1–3½ in) long and 2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) wide. The leaves on the stems become gradually smaller further toward the tip, and may be ½–5 cm (0.2–2 in) long and 1–10 mm (0.04-0.4 in) wide. They are widest below midlength, mostly entire, but sometimes pinnately incised, with many stiff hairs on the upper surface, and the margins curled downward.

The flower heads are at least 2 cm (0.8 in), but mostly 3–5½ cm (1.2–2.2 in) across. The eighteen to thirty-two green or reddish bracts have red or blackish tips and together compose a pitcher-shaped involucre, which later becomes more inflated and woody. The free tips of the involucral bracts cover at least the upper two-third, are initially more or less upright but bend out later. This involucre encloses one complete, and sometimes a second incomplete whorl of somewhat overlapping infertile ray florets, in some forms seven to nine, in other forms twelve to fourteen, which may range in base color from almost white, through yellow to orange, with the underside ranging from grayish to dark orange-brown. These may have a darker zone at the base that may be clear yellow or orange-brown. There may also be yellow marking on all ray florets or dark blotches on some or all of them. Ray florets with blotches may be relatively small and brighter colored compared to those without or have the same size and color. These egg-shaped, oval or narrowly oval ray florets reach at least as far out as or more often much further than the involucral bracts, are 10–23 mm (0.39–0.91 in) long and 2–6 mm (0.079–0.236 in) wide, have an pointy or blunt tip with mostly four teeth. The dark blotches are raised or flat, dark green, brown or purple with black, with one to four small white spots, with stripes and sometimes hairy away from the base. Within the whorls of ray florets are thirty to forty yellow or orange disc florets, each star-like with five lobes, the outer circle bisexual, those at the center functionally male. The disc florets have hairs on the outside, sometimes more near the top and few or many very short glandular hairs. The style has two branches, less so in the male florets in the center of the disc.

The one-seeded, indehiscent fruits (called cypselas) are about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and have an asymmetrical pear shape, flatter facing the center of the flower head, the surface hairless near its foot, but felty hairy near its tip, and without ribs, sometimes with globe-shaped glands and twisted twin hairs. The pappus is absent or consists of a minute fringe.

### Differences with other *Gorteria* species

Forms of *G. diffusa* with thirteen ray florets per head (which always have dark spots) differ from *G. corymbosa*, *G. personata*, *G. parviligulata* (all with eight ray florets per head), and *G. piloselloides* (with either five or eight ray florets), and differ from *G. alienata*, *G. integrifolia* and *G. warmbadica* (all without spots). The form of *G. diffusa* with eight florets per head (which is consistently found only in the Richtersveld, and has 18–31 narrowly triangular involucral bracts) differs from *G. alienata*, *G. integrifolia* and *G. warmbadica* (all with thirteen ray florets), from *G. parviligulata* and *G. personata* (ray florets not reaching beyond the tips of the involucral bracts), from *G. corymbosa* (has bristle-like involucral bracts), and *G. piloselloides* (has five ray florets with 15–20 involucral bracts, or eight ray florets with 35–45 bracts).

## Taxonomy

*Gorteria diffusa* was described in 1798 by Carl Peter Thunberg, a Swedish naturalist who is sometimes referred to as "the father of South African botany". German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel reassigned the species in 1826, creating the new combination *Gazania diffusa*. The famous Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle described in 1838 *Gorteria affinis*, which was in 1865 demoted by William Henry Harvey to *Gorteria diffusa* var. *intermedia*. De Candolle in 1838 also described *Gorteria calendulacea*, which was demoted by H. Roessler in 1959 to a variety of *G. diffusa*, to be raised to subspecies by him in 1973. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer described *Chrysostemma calendulacea* in 1838 in the same book as De Candole. A DNA comparison executed by Frida Stångberg and Arne Anderberg showed that populations from the south that had previously been included in *G. diffusa* belong to the same taxon as *Gorteria personata* subsp. *gracilis*, and have been assigned by them to *Gorteria piloseloides*, an existing available synonym. They also concluded that *G. diffusa* subsp. *parviligulata* represents a species somewhat distanced from the typical *G. diffusa*, and assigned it to the new combination *Gorteria parviligulata*. Finally they established that two different groups of *G. diffusa* subsp. *calendulacea* clustered with more typical *G. diffusa* from central and northern areas respectively, and confirm these forms should be assigned to *G. diffusa*.

## Distribution

The species is endemic to an area between the Orange River on the border with Namibia in the north to Clanwilliam, Western Cape in the south. This area has cool rainy winters and dry hot summers.

## Ecology

The flower heads of *Gorteria diffusa* are visited by several insect species which are not choosy, such as honey bees and monkey beetles, but also by a specialist species of bee fly *Megapalpus capensis* (synonym *M. nitidus*). The raised spots that can often be found on few or all of the ray florets, are strongly reminiscent of the fly's body. The absence of the spots results in fewer visits by *Megapalpus* males, but this does not impact on the setting of the seed. The flies are not attracted to simple black spots. Scientists conclude that the spots are an example of mimicry of the pollinator, that result in more visits by male specimens of the pollinator that are deceived into thinking the spots are females; *G. diffusa* is not unique in doing this, but it is a phenomenon largely restricted to orchids. Like the other species of *Gorteria*, the cypselas do not part from the flower head when ripe, but initially mostly only one germinates while remaining in the flower head. In *G. diffusa*, it has been observed that the other cypselas germinate in later years, thus making it possible to bridge periods of drought, when seed setting may not succeed.

## InfoBox

| *Gorteria diffusa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Gorteria* |
| Species: | ***G. diffusa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gorteria diffusa***<br>Thunb. 1798 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gazania diffusa* * *Chrysostemma calendula*, *Gorteria calendula*, *G. diffusa* subsp. *calendula* * *G. affinis*, *G. diffusa* subsp. *intermedia* | |


title: Gosanke

abstract: Tokugawa The Tokugawa Go-san-ke, also called simply Go-san-ke, or even San-ke, were the most noble three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan: Owari, Kii, and Mito, all of which were descended from clan founder Tokugawa Ieyasu's three youngest sons, Yoshinao, Yorinobu, and Yorifusa, and were allowed to provide a shōgun in case of need. In the Edo period the term gosanke could also refer to various other combinations of Tokugawa houses, including (1) the shogunal, Owari and Kii houses and (2) the Owari, Kii, and Suruga houses. Later, Gosanke were deprived of their role to provide a shōgun by three other branches that are closer to the shogunal house: the Gosankyō. Even after the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the abolition of the Edo-period system of administrative domains (han) the three houses continued to exist in some form, as they do into the 21st century.

text:
# Gosanke

The **Tokugawa** ***Go-san-ke*** (徳川御三家, *"the Three Houses of the Tokugawa"*), also called simply ***Go-san-ke*** (御三家, *"the Noble Three Houses"*), or even ***San-ke*** (三家, *"the three houses"*), were the most noble three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan: Owari, Kii, and Mito, all of which were descended from clan founder Tokugawa Ieyasu's three youngest sons, Yoshinao, Yorinobu, and Yorifusa, and were allowed to provide a shōgun in case of need. In the Edo period the term *gosanke* could also refer to various other combinations of Tokugawa houses, including (1) the shogunal, Owari and Kii houses and (2) the Owari, Kii, and Suruga houses (all with the court position of *dainagon*).

Later, *Gosanke* were deprived of their role to provide a *shōgun* by three other branches that are closer to the shogunal house: the *Gosankyō*.

Even after the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the abolition of the Edo-period system of administrative domains (*han*) the three houses continued to exist in some form, as they do into the 21st century.

## History

After he established his shogunate, Ieyasu proceeded to put members of his family in key positions. Ninth son Yoshinao was nominated *daimyō* of Nagoya (Owari Province), tenth son Yorinobu *daimyō* of Wakayama (Kii Province) and eleventh son Yorifusa *daimyō* of Mito (Hitachi Province). From this allocation of fiefs came the names of the houses they founded, officially called Owari House of Tokugawa (尾張徳川家, *Owari Tokugawa-ke*), Kii House of Tokugawa (紀伊徳川家, *Kii Tokugawa-ke*), and Mito House of Tokugawa (水戸徳川家, *Mito Tokugawa-ke*)). Ieyasu gave them the right to supply a shōgun in order to ensure the presence of successors to the Tokugawa shogunate in case the main line should become extinct. This occurred twice during the Edo period: when the seventh shōgun died heirless in 1716, and when the thirteenth shōgun died heirless in 1858.

The three houses had the highest rank among the *shinpan*, the *daimyōs* who were relatives of the shōgun. After the Meiji Restoration, under the *kazoku* system, the heads of the three houses became marquesses. In 1929 the head of the Mito House was elevated from marquess to duke.

### Owari branch

The senior one was the Owari branch. The first of this line was Tokugawa Yoshinao, ninth son of Ieyasu. He and his heirs were *daimyōs* of the Owari Domain (*Owari Han*), with its headquarters at Nagoya Castle. The fief had a rating of 619,500 *koku*, a *koku* being the quantity of rice necessary to feed one person for a year (about 180 liters), and was the largest of the three. Before the abolition of the shogunate and of the *han* system, the house was headed successively by 17 men. Its seniority notwithstanding, the Owari were the only one not to provide a shōgun.

### Kii branch

Second in seniority was Kii or Kishū House. The founder was Tokugawa Yorinobu, the tenth son of Ieyasu. Yorinobu was *daimyō* of the Kishū Han with its castle at Wakayama and a rating of 555,000 *koku*. He entered Wakayama in 1619 when the previous *daimyō* was transferred. Fourteen members of the Tokugawa clan headed the fief during the Edo Period. It was the only family to directly produce successors to the shōgun, once in 1716 with Tokugawa Yoshimune and again in 1858 with Tokugawa Iemochi.

The fifth Tokugawa *daimyō* of Kii was Yoshimune, who later became shōgun and appointed a relative to head the Kii *Han*. Yoshimune established three new houses, the *gosankyō*, installing two sons and a grandson as their heads. The *gosanke* provided the model for the *gosankyō.* However, while Yoshimune granted lands to the *gosankyō*, the lands were not consolidated into coherent *han*, but instead were scattered in various places; the total holdings were also smaller than those of the *gosanke.* Eventually, one of the *gosankyō* houses, the Hitotsubashi house, produced two shoguns, once in 1787 (Tokugawa Ienari) and again in 1866 (Tokugawa Yoshinobu).

### Mito branch

Third in seniority among the *Gosanke* was the Mito branch. Its founder was Tokugawa Yorifusa, the eleventh son of Ieyasu. Their fief was the Mito Han in Hitachi Province, with its castle in Mito and lands rated initially at 250,000 *koku*, and later (1710) at 350,000. Eleven men headed the house, including Tokugawa (Mito) Mitsukuni. The Mito House was not allowed to provide a shōgun, but only his vice. It did manage however to produce one when one of its sons, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, was adopted by the Hitotsubashi (one of the Kii House's three *Gosankyō*) in 1848 and became the last shōgun as a member of that house.

## Genealogy of the *Gosanke* heads

### Owari branch

1. Yoshinao
2. Mitsutomo
3. Tsunanari
4. Yoshimichi
5. Gorōta
6. Tsugutomo
7. Muneharu
8. Munekatsu
9. Munechika
10. Naritomo
11. Nariharu
12. Naritaka
13. Yoshitsugu
14. Yoshikumi
15. Mochinaga
16. Yoshinori
17. Yoshikatsu
18. Yoshiakira
19. Yoshichika
20. Yoshitomo
21. Yoshinobu
22. Yoshitaka

The 22nd head of the Owari House is Mr. Yoshitaka Tokugawa (徳川 義崇, *Tokugawa Yoshitaka*) (born 1961), who in 2005 succeeded his late father, becoming director of the Tokugawa Art Museum in Nagoya. A Tokyo resident, he commutes to Nagoya during weekends. His main activities are the museum and realty management.

### Kii branch

1. Tokugawa Yorinobu (1601–1671, r. 1619–1667)
2. Mitsusada (1626–1705, r. 1667–1698)
3. Tsunanori (1665–1705, r. 1698–1705)
4. Yorimoto (1680–1705, r. 1705)
5. Yoshimune (1684–1751, r. 1705–1716) (later became shōgun with the same name)
6. Munenao (1682–1757, r. 1716–1757)
7. Munemasa (1720–1765, r. 1757–1765)
8. Shigenori (1746–1829, r. 1765–1775)
9. Harusada (1728–1789, r. 1775–1789)
10. Harutomi (1771–1852, r. 1789–1832)
11. Nariyuki (1801–1846, r. 1832–1846)
12. Narikatsu (1820–1849, r. 1846–1849)
13. Yoshitomi (1846–1866, r. 1849–1858) (later became shōgun with the name Iemochi)
14. Mochitsugu (1844–1906, r. 1858–1869)
15. Yorimichi (1872-1925, r. 1869-1925)
16. Yorisada (1892-1954, r. 1925-1954)
17. Yoriaki (1917-1958, r. 1954-1958)
18. Gō (1924-unknown, r. 1958-1965)
19. Kotoko (b.1956, r. 1965-still)

The 19th head of the Kii House is Ms. Kotoko Tokugawa (徳川 宜子, *Tokugawa Kotoko*) (born in 1956). Although she is not married and has no children, she was chosen as head of the clan because there were no other direct descendants. An architect, she owns and operates her own construction company in Ginza, Tokyo. Unlike the other two, the Kii House does not have a museum of its own, and has given its properties of historical value to museums, such as the Wakayama Prefectural Museum. Effectively extinct

### Mito branch

1. Yorifusa
2. Mitsukuni
3. Tsunaeda
4. Munetaka
5. Munemoto
6. Harumori
7. Harutoshi
8. Narinobu
9. Nariaki
10. Yoshiatsu
11. Akitake
12. Atsuyoshi
13. Kuniyuki
14. Kuninari
15. Narimasa

The 15th head of the Mito House is Mr. Narimasa Tokugawa (徳川斉正, *Tokugawa Narimasa*) (born in 1958). From July 2009 he is also the director of Mito's Shōkōkan Tokugawa Museum (彰考館徳川博物館). He presently works for Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. A Tokyo resident, he commutes to Mito on weekends.

## Other uses of the term

In modern Japanese, the word *gosanke* is used to refer to "the strongest three" or "the most famous three" in various contexts. For example, the Imperial Hotel, Hotel Okura, and Hotel New Otani Tokyo are often referred to as one of the three great hotels (御三家, *gosanke*) of Tokyo. The Otani Hotel was built in the Kioi district of Tokyo, where the Tokyo residence of the Kii House was located. The "8-bit *gosanke*", similarly to the "1977 trinity" in America, refers to the leading Japanese machines in the early home computing era.

1. Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten, *Tokugawa Gosanke*, *Tokugawa Owari-ke*, *Tokugawa Kii-ke*, and *Tokugawa Mito-ke*
2. Asahi Simbun
3. Iwanami Kōjien Japanese Dictionary
4. See her page at the site of the Architect Studio Japan,
* *Asahi Shimbun*, October 1, 2009, evening issue, page 1. *Kafū sorezore Tokugawa Gosanke*
* Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
* Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-Rom Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999–2001.
* Papinot, E. (1910). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan". 1972 Printing. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, ISBN 0-8048-0996-8.


title: Morgan County, Colorado

abstract: Morgan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,111. The county seat is Fort Morgan. The county was named after old Fort Morgan, which in turn was named in honor of Colonel Christopher A. Morgan. Morgan County comprises the Fort Morgan, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Morgan County, Colorado

**Morgan County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,111. The county seat is Fort Morgan. The county was named after old Fort Morgan, which in turn was named in honor of Colonel Christopher A. Morgan.

Morgan County comprises the Fort Morgan, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,294 square miles (3,350 km2), of which 1,280 square miles (3,300 km2) is land and 13 square miles (34 km2) (1.0%) is water.

### Adjacent counties

### Major highways

### State protected area

### Trails and byways

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,601 |  |  |
| 1900 | 3,268 |  | 104.1% |
| 1910 | 9,577 |  | 193.1% |
| 1920 | 16,124 |  | 68.4% |
| 1930 | 18,284 |  | 13.4% |
| 1940 | 17,214 |  | −5.9% |
| 1950 | 18,074 |  | 5.0% |
| 1960 | 21,192 |  | 17.3% |
| 1970 | 20,105 |  | −5.1% |
| 1980 | 22,513 |  | 12.0% |
| 1990 | 21,939 |  | −2.5% |
| 2000 | 27,171 |  | 23.8% |
| 2010 | 28,159 |  | 3.6% |
| 2020 | 29,111 |  | 3.4% |
| 2023 (est.) | 29,524 |  | 1.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1790-1960 1900-1990
1990-2000 2010-2020 | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 27,171 people, 9,539 households, and 6,973 families living in the county. The population density was 21 people per square mile (8.1 people/km2). There were 10,410 housing units at an average density of 8 units per square mile (3.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 79.65% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 16.37% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races. 31.18% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 19,539 households 37.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.70% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.90% were non-families. 23.00% of households were one person and 10.90% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.29.

The age distribution was 30.40% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 19.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.00% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 100.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.30 males.

The median household income was $34,568 and the median family income was $39,102. Males had a median income of $27,361 versus $21,524 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,492. About 8.50% of families and 12.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.30% of those under age 18 and 9.50% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities

### Cities

### Towns

### Census-designated places

### Other unincorporated communities

## Politics

Morgan County has long been one of the Republican Party's major strongholds in Colorado. It was one of only three Colorado counties (the others being El Paso County and Larimer County) to vote for the re-election of Herbert Hoover in 1932, and the only Democrat to obtain an absolute majority in the county since 1920 has been Lyndon Johnson in 1964 – although Roosevelt did win a plurality in 1936.

United States presidential election results for Morgan County, Colorado
| Year | Republican | | Democratic | | Third party(ies) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| **2020** | 9,593 | **69.80%** | 3,876 | 28.20% | 275 | 2.00% |
| **2016** | 8,145 | **68.10%** | 3,151 | 26.35% | 664 | 5.55% |
| **2012** | 6,602 | **61.26%** | 3,912 | 36.30% | 263 | 2.44% |
| **2008** | 6,272 | **61.29%** | 3,813 | 37.26% | 149 | 1.46% |
| **2004** | 6,787 | **68.31%** | 3,039 | 30.59% | 110 | 1.11% |
| **2000** | 5,722 | **63.59%** | 2,885 | 32.06% | 391 | 4.35% |
| **1996** | 4,557 | **52.34%** | 3,347 | 38.44% | 803 | 9.22% |
| **1992** | 3,724 | **41.70%** | 2,985 | 33.43% | 2,221 | 24.87% |
| **1988** | 4,795 | **55.24%** | 3,728 | 42.95% | 157 | 1.81% |
| **1984** | 6,097 | **71.26%** | 2,331 | 27.24% | 128 | 1.50% |
| **1980** | 5,209 | **62.50%** | 2,246 | 26.95% | 879 | 10.55% |
| **1976** | 4,603 | **53.34%** | 3,798 | 44.01% | 228 | 2.64% |
| **1972** | 5,365 | **70.40%** | 2,081 | 27.31% | 175 | 2.30% |
| **1968** | 4,598 | **61.21%** | 2,310 | 30.75% | 604 | 8.04% |
| **1964** | 3,228 | 42.93% | 4,271 | **56.80%** | 21 | 0.28% |
| **1960** | 5,092 | **61.65%** | 3,151 | 38.15% | 16 | 0.19% |
| **1956** | 5,325 | **64.17%** | 2,956 | 35.62% | 17 | 0.20% |
| **1952** | 5,371 | **69.63%** | 2,297 | 29.78% | 46 | 0.60% |
| **1948** | 3,417 | **53.54%** | 2,912 | 45.63% | 53 | 0.83% |
| **1944** | 4,166 | **69.13%** | 1,839 | 30.52% | 21 | 0.35% |
| **1940** | 4,654 | **64.30%** | 2,527 | 34.91% | 57 | 0.79% |
| **1936** | 3,058 | 47.18% | 3,146 | **48.54%** | 277 | 4.27% |
| **1932** | 3,370 | **49.82%** | 3,181 | 47.02% | 214 | 3.16% |
| **1928** | 4,197 | **76.10%** | 1,242 | 22.52% | 76 | 1.38% |
| **1924** | 3,321 | **69.99%** | 757 | 15.95% | 667 | 14.06% |
| **1920** | 3,114 | **70.45%** | 1,105 | 25.00% | 201 | 4.55% |
| **1916** | 1,541 | 37.99% | 2,371 | **58.46%** | 144 | 3.55% |
| **1912** | 855 | 28.16% | 1,005 | **33.10%** | 1,176 | 38.74% |
| **1908** | 1,672 | **55.02%** | 1,208 | 39.75% | 159 | 5.23% |
| **1904** | 1,136 | **66.90%** | 406 | 23.91% | 156 | 9.19% |
| **1900** | 723 | **55.32%** | 538 | 41.16% | 46 | 3.52% |
| **1896** | 211 | 25.54% | 602 | **72.88%** | 13 | 1.57% |
| **1892** | 208 | 47.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 229 | **52.40%** |

In other statewide elections, the county also leans strongly Republican, although it was carried by Democrat Roy Romer in 1990 – when he carried all but four counties statewide – by Dick Lamm in 1982 and by Constitution Party candidate Tom Tancredo in 2010.

1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
3. "OMB Bulletin No. 10-02: Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses" (PDF). *Office of Management and Budget*. December 1, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2012  via National Archives.
4. See the Colorado census statistical areas.
5. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
6. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
7. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
8. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
9. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
10. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
11. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
12. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". *uselectionatlas.org*. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
13. Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1990 Gubernatorial General Election Results – Colorado
14. Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1982 Gubernatorial General Election Results – Colorado
15. Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 2010 Gubernatorial General Election Results – Colorado

40°16′N 103°49′W / 40.26°N 103.81°W / 40.26; -103.81

## InfoBox

| Morgan County | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| The Morgan County Justice Center in Fort Morgan | |
| Location within the U.S. state of Colorado | |
| Colorado's location within the U.S. | |
| Coordinates: 40°16′N 103°49′W / 40.26°N 103.81°W / 40.26; -103.81 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| Founded | February 19, 1889 |
| Named for | Christopher A. Morgan |
| Seat | Fort Morgan |
| Largest city | Fort Morgan |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,294 sq mi (3,350 km2) |
| Land | 1,280 sq mi (3,300 km2) |
| Water | 13 sq mi (30 km2)  1.0% |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 29,111 |
| Density | 23/sq mi (9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (Mountain) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| Congressional district | 4th |
| Website | morgancounty.colorado.gov |