title: Susan Musgrave

abstract: Susan Musgrave is a Canadian poet and children's writer. She was born in Santa Cruz, California, to Canadian parents, and lives in British Columbia, dividing her time between Sidney and Haida Gwaii. She has been nominated several times for Canada's Governor General literary awards. Musgrave left school at 14, and had her first works published at 16. In 1986, at a wedding held in prison, she married Stephen Reid, a writer, convicted bank robber and former member of the infamous band of thieves known as the Stopwatch Gang. Their relationship was chronicled in 1999 in the CBC series The Fifth Estate. Musgrave defended Al Purdy's collection of poetry, Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems, 1962–1996, in Canada Reads 2006, a nationally broadcast radio "battle of the books" competition. She teaches creative writing in the University of British Columbia's optional residency Master of Fine Arts program. Musgrave's archives are held by the William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections at McMaster University. Her book Exculpatory Lilies was shortlisted for the 2023 Griffin Poetry Prize.

text:
# Susan Musgrave

**Susan Musgrave** (born March 12, 1951) is a Canadian poet and children's writer. She was born in Santa Cruz, California, to Canadian parents, and lives in British Columbia, dividing her time between Sidney and Haida Gwaii. She has been nominated several times for Canada's Governor General literary awards.

Musgrave left school at 14, and had her first works published at 16. In 1986, at a wedding held in prison, she married Stephen Reid, a writer, convicted bank robber and former member of the infamous band of thieves known as the Stopwatch Gang. Their relationship was chronicled in 1999 in the CBC series *The Fifth Estate*.

Musgrave defended Al Purdy's collection of poetry, *Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems, 1962–1996*, in *Canada Reads 2006*, a nationally broadcast radio "battle of the books" competition.

She teaches creative writing in the University of British Columbia's optional residency Master of Fine Arts program.

Musgrave's archives are held by the William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections at McMaster University.

Her book *Exculpatory Lilies* was shortlisted for the 2023 Griffin Poetry Prize.

## Bibliography

### Poetry

* *Songs of the Sea-Witch* — 1970
* *Entrance of the Celebrant* — 1972
* *Grave-Dirt and Selected Strawberries* — 1973
* *Gullband Thought Measles was a Happy Ending* — 1974
* *The Impstone* — 1976
* *Selected Strawberries and Other Poems* — 1977
* *Kiskatinaw Songs* — 1978
* *Becky Swan's Book* — 1978
* *A Man to Marry, A Man to Bury* — 1979 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
* *Tarts and Muggers* — 1982
* *Right through the Heart* — 1982
* *Cocktails at the Mausoleum* — 1985
* *The Embalmer's Art* — 1991
* *Forcing the Narcissus* — 1994
* *Things That Keep and Do Not Change* — 1999
* *What the Small Day Cannot Hold: Collected Poems 1970-1985* — 2000
* *When the World Is Not Our Home: Selected Poems 1985-2000* — 2009
* *Obituary of Light: the Sangan River Meditations* — 2009
* *Origami Dove* — 2011
* *Exculpatory Lilies* \- 2022

### Fiction

* *The Charcoal Burners* — 1980 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
* *The Dancing Chicken* — 1987
* *Cargo of Orchids* — 2000
* *Given* — 2012

### Non-fiction

* *Great Musgrave* — 1989
* *Musgrave Landing: Musings on the Writing Life* — 1994
* *You're in Canada Now... Motherfucker: A Memoir of Sorts* — 2005
* *A Taste of Haida Gwaii: Food Gathering and Feasting at the Edge of the World — 2015*

### Children's literature

* *Gullband* — 1980
* *Hag Head* — 1980
* *Kestrel and Leonardo* — 1990
* *Dreams Are More Real than Bathtubs* — 1998
* *Kiss, Tickle, Cuddle, Hug" — 2012*
* *Love You More* — 2012

### Compiled or edited by Musgrave

* *Because You Loved Being a Stranger: 55 Poets Celebrate Patrick Lane* — 1994
* *Nerves Out Loud: Critical Moments in the Lives of Seven Teen Girls* — 2001
* *You Be Me: Friendship in the Lives of Teen Girls* — 2002
* *The Fed Anthology* — 2003
* *Certain Things About My Mother: Daughters Speak* — 2003
* *Perfectly Secret: The Hidden Lives of Seven Teen Girls* — 2004

### Song lyrics

* "Ode to the missing but not forgotten" — 2006 (performed by the guitarist Brad Prevedoros and singer Amber Smith)

## InfoBox

| Susan Musgrave | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-03-12) March 12, 1951<br>Santa Cruz, California |
| Occupation | Author, poet |
| Genre | Poetry, fiction, children's literature |
| Spouse | Stephen Reid  (m. 1986; died 2018) |


title: Ontario Forest Research Institute

abstract: Ontario Forest Research Institute (OFRI) is a division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) located in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. This institute is composed of research scientists, specialists, statisticians, technicians, management, and administrative staff. OFRI research helps provide sustainable management of Ontario Forests and Natural Resources.

text:
# Ontario Forest Research Institute

**Ontario Forest Research Institute** (**OFRI**) is a division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) located in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. This institute is composed of research scientists, specialists, statisticians, technicians, management, and administrative staff. OFRI research helps provide sustainable management of Ontario Forests and Natural Resources.

## InfoBox

Ontario Forest Research Institute
| Ontario Forest Research Institute | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Headquarters | 1235 Queen Street East
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
P6A 2E5 |
| Parent agency | Ministry of Natural Resources |
| Website | mnr.gov.on.ca |


title: Swainsona rostrata

abstract: Swainsona rostrata is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Central Australia. It is a prostrate or low-growing annual or perennial plant with imparipinnate leaves with 7 to 9 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of usually up to 5 purple or cream-coloured flowers.

text:
# Swainsona rostrata

***Swainsona rostrata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Central Australia. It is a prostrate or low-growing annual or perennial plant with imparipinnate leaves with 7 to 9 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of usually up to 5 purple or cream-coloured flowers.

## Description

*Swainsona rostrata* is prostrate or low-growing annual or perennial plant that typically grows to a height of up to about 10 cm (3.9 in). Its leaves are imparipinnate, mostly 10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in) long on a variably-sized petiole, with 7 to 9 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, the side leaflets mostly 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long and 2–6 mm (0.079–0.236 in) wide. There is a stipule 1.5–4 mm (0.059–0.157 in) long at the base of the petiole. The flowers are arranged in racemes 30–120 mm (1.2–4.7 in) long with up to 5 flowers on a peduncle up to 1 mm (0.039 in) wide, each flower about 8 mm (0.31 in) long on a pedicel about 2 mm (0.079 in) long. The sepals are joined at the base, forming a tube about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long, the sepal lobes usually twice, to three times as long as the tube. The petals are purple and/or cream-coloured, the standard petal 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long and 9–12 mm (0.35–0.47 in) wide, the wings about 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) long, and the keel about 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) deep. The fruit is 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Swainsona rostrata* was first formally described in 1993 by Joy Thompson in the journal *Telopea* from specimens collected on the Burt Plain by Desmond Nelson in 1962. The specific epithet (*rostrata*) means "beaked", referring to the shape of the keel.

## Distribution and habitat

This species of pea grows in heavy red soil on stony plains, mainly in the south of the Northern Territory, with some occurrences in adjacent areas of South Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Swainsona rostrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Swainsona* |
| Species: | ***S. rostrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Swainsona rostrata***<br>Joy Thomps. | |
|


title: Șerban Țițeica

abstract: Șerban Țițeica was a Romanian quantum physicist. He is regarded as the founder of the Romanian school of theoretical physics. The third and last child of mathematician Gheorghe Țițeica, he was born in Bucharest, where he attended Mihai Viteazul High School. He then went to the University of Bucharest, graduating in 1929 with a degree in Physics and Chemistry and another in Mathematics. That year, he met Enrico Fermi, who gave three talks at his alma mater; upon Fermi's recommendation, he pursued his studies at Leipzig University from 1930 to 1934 under Werner Heisenberg, earning a doctorate in 1935, with thesis "On the behaviour of electrical resistance of metals in magnetic field". Țițeica taught at Politehnica University of Bucharest from 1935 to 1941 as assistant professor, and was then a professor at the University of Iași (1941–1948) and the University of Bucharest (1949–1977). He became a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1955, and served as its vice president from 1963 until his death in his native city. Țițeica was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig. He was also the Vice-Director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (1962–1964), and a member of the Council of the European Physical Society (1970–1975). In 1971 he was awarded the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, 2rd class. He is buried at Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest.

text:
# Șerban Țițeica

**Șerban Țițeica** (March 27 \[O.S. March 14\] 1908 – May 28, 1985) was a Romanian quantum physicist. He is regarded as the founder of the Romanian school of theoretical physics.

The third and last child of mathematician Gheorghe Țițeica, he was born in Bucharest, where he attended Mihai Viteazul High School. He then went to the University of Bucharest, graduating in 1929 with a degree in Physics and Chemistry and another in Mathematics. That year, he met Enrico Fermi, who gave three talks at his alma mater; upon Fermi's recommendation, he pursued his studies at Leipzig University from 1930 to 1934 under Werner Heisenberg, earning a doctorate in 1935, with thesis "On the behaviour of electrical resistance of metals in magnetic field".

Țițeica taught at Politehnica University of Bucharest from 1935 to 1941 as assistant professor, and was then a professor at the University of Iași (1941–1948) and the University of Bucharest (1949–1977). He became a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1955, and served as its vice president from 1963 until his death in his native city.

Țițeica was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig. He was also the Vice-Director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (1962–1964), and a member of the Council of the European Physical Society (1970–1975). In 1971 he was awarded the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, 2rd class.

He is buried at Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest.

## InfoBox

| Șerban Țițeica | |
| --- | --- |
| Șerban Țițeica, c. 1980 | |
| Born | (1908-03-27)March 27, 1908
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania |
| Died | May 28, 1985(1985-05-28) (aged 77)
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania |
| Resting place | Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest |
| Alma mater | University of Bucharest
Leipzig University |
| Father | Gheorghe Țițeica |
| Awards | Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, 2rd class |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Politehnica University of Bucharest
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
University of Bucharest |
| Thesis | *On the behaviour of electrical resistance of metals in magnetic field* (1935) |
| Doctoral advisor | Werner Heisenberg |
|  | |


title: Gathering of Developers

abstract: Gathering of Developers, Inc. was an American video game publisher based in New York City. Founded by Mike Wilson and associates in January 1998 and originally based in Dallas, the company was acquired by Take-Two Interactive in May 2000. Between May 2000 and March 2001, Gathering of Developers also operated a division, On Deck Interactive, which acted as their mass market label. In August 2001, Take-Two Interactive closed Gathering of Developers' Dallas headquarters and moved the label in-house, to New York City. The label was shut down in September 2004, with all assets consumed by Global Star Software.

text:
# Gathering of Developers

**Gathering of Developers, Inc.** (shortened as **G.O.D.** or **GodGames**, and branded as **Gathering** between 2003 and 2004) was an American video game publisher based in New York City. Founded by Mike Wilson and associates in January 1998 and originally based in Dallas, the company was acquired by Take-Two Interactive in May 2000. Between May 2000 and March 2001, Gathering of Developers also operated a division, On Deck Interactive, which acted as their mass market label. In August 2001, Take-Two Interactive closed Gathering of Developers' Dallas headquarters and moved the label in-house, to New York City. The label was shut down in September 2004, with all assets consumed by Global Star Software.

## History

Gathering of Developers was announced by Mike Wilson in 1997, with the official opening scheduled for January 1998. Wilson had previously been the CEO of Ion Storm, a video game developer. Wilson's stated vision for the company was to have a video games publisher run by experienced developers rather than marketeers and conventional businessmen. Gathering of Developers was initially an alliance of eight development companies, with each of the founding companies having an equity in the publisher and a representative on the board of directors.

The opening of the company took place on January 13, 1998. Co-founders included Harry Miller, Jim Bloom, Rick Stults and Doug Myres. The same month, video game developer Terminal Reality became an equity partner of Gathering of Developers, through which their vice-president, Brett Combs, took a seat on the publisher's board of directors. Other founding partners included Edge of Reality, 3D Realms, Epic Games, PopTop Software, and Ritual Entertainment. By February 1998, the company had struck an investment deal with Pennsylvania Merchants Group. On June 1, 1998, video game publisher Take-Two Interactive announced a "subsistantial non-equity investment" in Gathering of Developers, wherein Take-Two Interactive would distribute games published by Gathering of Developers. Take-Two Interactive later went on to acquire a 20% stake in the company by February 1999. Also in February 1999, Gathering of Developers co-founded the Independent Games Festival, which was to premier Game Developers Conference, and also co-hosted and funded the 1999 edition of it. In May 1999, Gathering of Developers signed an agreement with Sega to distribute eight of their games on the Heat.net platform.

During the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade shows, Gathering of Developers offered free barbecue, live music and beer to the nearly 10,000 attendees that would cross the street into their parking lot, dubbed the "Promised Lot". At the 2001 edition of the event, Gathering of Developers' booth displayed booth babes dressed up as schoolgirls to promote their adult content.

On May 1, 2000, Take-Two Interactive announced that they had acquired Gathering of Developers. The deal was signed mainly due to Gathering of Developers' financial instability. On May 4, 2000, Take-Two Interactive and Gathering of Developers launched On Deck Interactive as a publishing label for games with "a consumer friendly price point and a mass market appeal". Following the departure of On Deck Interactive's CEO Robert Westmoreland, the label was shut down again on March 5, 2001, with all of its upcoming games shifted to Gathering of Developers. On May 3, 2001, Gathering of Developers co-founder Myres unexpectedly died of an asthma attack. In his honor, Gathering of Developers announced the "Doug Myres Substance Award" in June that year, which would be handed out at the July 2001 edition of the Cyberathlete Professional League, with a donation to the Dallas Children's Advocacy Center made in the recipient's name. Gathering of Developers' Dallas offices were closed down by Take-Two Interactive in August 2001, with all operations relocated to Take-Two Interactive's headquarters in New York City. All staff were laid off or left the company, most of which were then hired by SubstanceTV, a new venture previously launched by Wilson and Myres. By February 2003, Gathering of Developers had been shortened to Gathering. On September 9, 2004, following poor financial results in Take-Two Interactive's Q3 2004 fiscal quarter, Gathering of Developers was folded into Global Star Software, Take-Two Interactive's budget range publishing label.

## Games published

| Title | Platform(s) | Release date | Developer | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Jazz Jackrabbit 2* | Microsoft Windows | August 12, 1998 | Epic MegaGames / Orange Games |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon II* | Microsoft Windows | November 2, 1998 | PopTop Software |  |
| *Jazz Jackrabbit 2: Holiday Hare '98* | Microsoft Windows | November 6, 1998 | Epic MegaGames |  |
| *Jazz Jackrabbit 2* | Mac OS | February 9, 1999 | Logicware |  |
| *Jazz Jackrabbit 2: The Secret Files* | Microsoft Windows | March 15, 1999 | Epic MegaGames |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon II: The Second Century* | Microsoft Windows | April 30, 1999 | PopTop Software |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon II* | Mac OS | June 18, 1999 | Westlake Interactive |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon II: The Second Century* | Mac OS | June 18, 1999 | Westlake Interactive |  |
| *Darkstone* | Microsoft Windows | July 26, 1999 | Delphine Software International |  |
| *Fly!* | Mac OS | July 28, 1999 | Terminal Reality |  |
| | Microsoft Windows | | |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon II* | Linux | October 15, 1999 | Loki Entertainment Software |  |
| *Nocturne* | Microsoft Windows | October 28, 1999 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *Age of Wonders* | Microsoft Windows | November 11, 1999 | Triumph Studios / Epic Games |  |
| *Fly! 2K* | Microsoft Windows | April 26, 2000 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *KISS: Psycho Circus – The Nightmare Child* | Microsoft Windows | July 17, 2000 | Third Law Interactive |  |
| *Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.²* | Mac OS | August 4, 2000 | Ritual Entertainment |  |
| | Microsoft Windows | | |  |
| *Blair Witch Volume I: Rustin Parr* | Microsoft Windows | October 4, 2000 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *4x4 Evolution* | Mac OS | October 30, 2000 | Terminal Reality |  |
| | Microsoft Windows | | |  |
| *Rune* | Microsoft Windows | October 30, 2000 | Human Head Studios |  |
| *4x4 Evolution* | Dreamcast | October 31, 2000 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *Blair Witch Volume II: The Legend of Coffin Rock* | Microsoft Windows | October 31, 2000 | Human Head Studios |  |
| *Blair Witch Volume III: The Elly Kedward Tale* | Microsoft Windows | November 22, 2000 | Ritual Entertainment |  |
| *Rune* | Mac OS | December 12, 2000 | Human Head Studios |  |
| *Kingdom Under Fire: A War of Heroes* | Microsoft Windows | January 18, 2001 | Phantagram |  |
| *Oni* | Mac OS | January 29, 2001 | Bungie |  |
| | Microsoft Windows | | |  |
| *4x4 Evolution* | PlayStation 2 | February 27, 2001 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *Serious Sam: The First Encounter* | Microsoft Windows | March 23, 2001 | Croteam |  |
| *Tropico* | Microsoft Windows | April 24, 2001 | PopTop Software |  |
| *Fly! II* | Mac OS | April 26, 2001 | Terminal Reality |  |
| | Microsoft Windows | | |  |
| *Rune: Halls of Valhalla* | Microsoft Windows | April 26, 2001 | Human Head Studios |  |
| *Rune* | Linux | June 21, 2001 | Loki Entertainment Software |  |
| *Max Payne* | Microsoft Windows | July 23, 2001 | Remedy Entertainment / 3D Realms |  |
| *Tropico* | Mac OS | August 23, 2001 | Feral Interactive |  |
| *Rune: Halls of Valhalla* | Mac OS | August 24, 2001 | Westlake Interactive |  |
| | Linux | | Loki Entertainment Software |  |
| *Stronghold* | Microsoft Windows | October 22, 2001 | Firefly Studios |  |
| *4x4 EVO 2* | Microsoft Windows | October 30, 2001 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.²* | Linux | November 14, 2001 | Loki Entertainment Software |  |
| *4x4 EVO 2* | Xbox | November 15, 2001 | Terminal Reality |  |
| *Myth III: The Wolf Age* | Microsoft Windows | November 26, 2001 | MumboJumbo |  |
| | Mac OS | January 15, 2002 | MacSoft |  |
| *Tropico: Paradise Island* | Microsoft Windows | February 4, 2002 | BreakAway Games |  |
| *Serious Sam: The Second Encounter* | Microsoft Windows | February 5, 2002 | Croteam |  |
| *4x4 EVO 2* | Mac OS | March 20, 2002 | Aspyr |  |
| *Stronghold* | macOS | May 17, 2002 | MacSoft |  |
| *Age of Wonders II: The Wizard's Throne* | Microsoft Windows | June 12, 2002 | Triumph Studios / PopTop Software |  |
| *Max Payne* | macOS | July 16, 2002 | Feral Interactive |  |
| *Mafia* | Microsoft Windows | August 28, 2002 | Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Stronghold: Crusader* | Microsoft Windows | September 27, 2002 | Firefly Studios |  |
| *Vietcong* | Microsoft Windows | March 27, 2003 | Pterodon / Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Tropico 2: Pirate Cove* | Microsoft Windows | April 11, 2003 | Frog City Software / PopTop Software |  |
| *Age of Wonders: Shadow Magic* | Microsoft Windows | July 25, 2003 | Triumph Studios |  |
| *Space Colony* | Microsoft Windows | October 14, 2003 | Firefly Studios |  |
| *Hidden & Dangerous 2* | Microsoft Windows | October 21, 2003 | Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon 3* | Microsoft Windows | October 27, 2003 | PopTop Software |  |
| *Mafia* | PlayStation 2 | January 28, 2004 | Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Vietcong: Fist Alpha* | Microsoft Windows | February 4, 2004 | Pterodon / Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Mafia* | Xbox | March 8, 2004 | Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Destruction Derby: Arenas* | PlayStation 2 | June 7, 2004 | Studio 33 |  |
| *Space Colony* | macOS | June 22, 2004 | Aspyr |  |
| *Gotcha! Extreme Paintball* | Microsoft Windows, Xbox | July 30, 2004 | Sixteen Tons Entertainment |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon 3: Coast to Coast* | Microsoft Windows | August 20, 2004 | PopTop Software |  |
| *The Guy Game* | Xbox | August 30, 2004 | Topheavy Studios |  |
| | PlayStation 2 | August 31, 2004 | Atomic Planet Entertainment |  |
| *Wings of War* | Microsoft Windows | September 1, 2004 | Silver Wish Games |  |
| | Xbox | | |  |
| *Railroad Tycoon 3* | macOS | September 13, 2004 | MacSoft |  |
| *Vietcong: Purple Haze* | PlayStation 2 | September 15, 2004 | Coyote Developments |  |
| | Xbox | | |  |
| *The Guy Game* | Microsoft Windows | December 22, 2004 | Topheavy Studios |  |
| *Vietcong: Red Dawn* | Microsoft Windows | March 21, 2005 | Pterodon / Illusion Softworks |  |
| *Tropico 2: Pirate Cove* | macOS | May 17, 2005 | MacSoft |  |

## InfoBox

Gathering of Developers, Inc.
|
|  |
| Trade name | Gathering (2003–2004) |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | January 13, 1998 (1998-01-13) in Dallas, US |
| Founder |  |
| Defunct | September 9, 2004 (2004-09-09) |
| Fate | Folded into Global Star Software |
| Headquarters | New York City, US |
| Parent | Take-Two Interactive (2000–2004) |


title: Gathering of Eagles Program

abstract: The Gathering of Eagles Program is an annual aviation event that traces its origin back to 1980, when retired Brig. Gen. Paul Tibbets was invited to visit the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base to share some of his experiences with the students. Tibbetts' visit became the genesis for Gathering of Eagles. The first official Gathering of Eagles, known at the time as, "Great Moments in Aviation History," was held in 1982 when a small faculty and student group was chartered to develop an aviation heritage program. This initial cadre designed a program encouraging the study of aviation history, and the contributions of aviation pioneers. The Gathering of Eagles program at ACSC at Maxwell AFB, Alabama was started by Lt. Col. David L. McFarland in 1982, and he was the principal advisor of this program from 1982 through 2000. Each academic year, students could apply and be selected to help plan this annual project, under the guidance of Lt. Col. McFarland and other faculty members. Dave McFarland personally traveled all over the world to meet and invite famous aviators to participate and be honored in the program, and his name is referenced in the annual booklet that was published for each gathering.

text:
# Gathering of Eagles Program

The **Gathering of Eagles Program** is an annual aviation event that traces its origin back to 1980, when retired Brig. Gen. Paul Tibbets was invited to visit the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base to share some of his experiences with the students. Tibbetts' visit became the genesis for Gathering of Eagles. The first official Gathering of Eagles, known at the time as, "Great Moments in Aviation History," was held in 1982 when a small faculty and student group was chartered to develop an aviation heritage program. This initial cadre designed a program encouraging the study of aviation history, and the contributions of aviation pioneers. The Gathering of Eagles program at ACSC at Maxwell AFB, Alabama was started by Lt. Col. David L. McFarland in 1982, and he was the principal advisor of this program from 1982 through 2000. Each academic year, students (with rank of major) could apply and be selected to help plan this annual project, under the guidance of Lt. Col. McFarland and other faculty members. Dave McFarland personally traveled all over the world to meet and invite famous aviators to participate and be honored in the program, and his name is referenced in the annual booklet that was published for each gathering.

## Mission

The Gathering of Eagles (GOE) is a year-long program that capstones the ACSC curriculum. Each year, people who have made a significant contribution to Airpower receive invitations to a week-long event to share their personal stories of courage, perseverance, and innovation to the ACSC class and local community. GOE has been an annual event since 1982 and has honored over 450 Eagles including Neil Armstrong, Jimmy Doolittle, Bea Haydu, John Glenn, Curtis LeMay, and Chuck Yeager.

## Current Eagles

In Academic Year 2019, the Gathering of Eagles team selected 9 legends in Air, Space, and Cyberpower. The lineup for 2019 includes: General (ret) Kevin P. Chilton, Lt Gen (ret) Frank Klotz, Col (ret) Carlyle Smitty Harris, Col (ret) William 'Hawk' Mol, Col (ret) Walter Watson Jr., Col (ret) Merryl Tengesdal, CMSgt Don A. Beasley, SMSgt Thomas Case, and Mr. Abe Karem. From 28-30 May 2019, each of these Eagles are being honored at Air University. On May 29, 3 Eagles will present their story at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival.

## History

The first official Gathering of Eagles (then known as "Great Moments in Aviation History") was held in 1982 when a small faculty and student group were selected to develop an aviation heritage program. This initial cadre designed a program encouraging the study of aviation history and the contributions of aviation pioneers. Fifteen distinguished aviators were invited to share their unique personal experiences through a series of teaching interviews and social events with members of the class. They were a diverse group from many nations and services. The first "Eagles"  George Vaughn, Leigh Wade, Jimmy Doolittle, Curtis LeMay, George Gay, Joe Foss, John Mitchell, "Chuck" Yeager, Gail Halvorsen, Paul Tibbets, "Gabby" Gabreski, Robin Olds, Mike Novosel, "Pete" Knight and Neil Armstrong spanned aviation history from World War I to the Space Age. The Eagles who followed included Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., "Robbie" Risner, George Bush, John Glenn, Joe Engle, Jeremiah Denton, "Bud" Day, Dolphin D. Overton III, Ramon Colon-Lopez.

1. "History of Gathering of Eagles \> Maxwell Air Force Base \> Display". *www.maxwell.af.mil*. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
2. "About Us - Aviation Autographs". *aviationautographs.com*. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
3. The article is based on the "Air Command and Staff College: Gathering of Eagles" page, which is in public domain, being public work of the United States Military


title: Methylornithine synthase

abstract: Methylornithine synthase is an enzyme with systematic name L-lysine carboxy-aminomethylmutase. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of L-lysine into (3R)-3-methyl-D-ornithine. The enzyme is a member of the superfamily of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent radical enzymes.

text:
# Methylornithine synthase

**Methylornithine synthase** (EC 5.4.99.58, *PylB*) is an enzyme with systematic name *L-lysine carboxy-aminomethylmutase*. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of L-lysine into (3*R*)-3-methyl-D-ornithine.

The enzyme is a member of the superfamily of *S*-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent radical enzymes.

## InfoBox

| Methylornithine synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 5.4.99.58 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!

abstract: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special! was a special episode of Impact! produced by professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling. The special was taped on March 6, 2020 at the Coca-Cola Roxy in Cumberland, Georgia and aired on AXS TV on March 31, 2020.

text:
# Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!

**Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!** was a special episode of *Impact!* produced by professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling. The special was taped on March 6, 2020 at the Coca-Cola Roxy in Cumberland, Georgia and aired on AXS TV on March 31, 2020.

## Background

The special was originally a set up leading to the TNA: There's No Place Like Home PPV event, but the event was ultimately cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hernandez defeated Chase Stevens | Singles match | 2:06 |
| 2 | Manik and Suicide defeated Johnny Swinger and Kid Kash | Tag Team match | 6:00 |
| 3 | Rhino defeated Madman Fulton by DQ | Singles match | 3:52 |

## InfoBox

| Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special! | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotion | Impact Wrestling |
| Date | March 6, 2020
(aired March 31, 2020) |
| City | Cumberland, Georgia |
| Venue | Coca-Cola Roxy |
| *Impact!* special episodes chronology | |
| **Previous**
Against All Odds **Next**
Rebellion | |


title: Toyota Progrès

abstract: The Toyota Progrès is a mid-size luxury sedan which was sold in Japan from May 1998 to June 2007, replacing the Toyota Corona EXiV. The Progrès included 2.5 L or 3.0 L JZ inline 6-cylinder engines with VVT-i. Since April 2001, the Progrès used 1JZ-FSE and 2JZ-FSE direct injection (D4) engines. The versions with a 1JZ engine were called NC250, and those with a 2JZ engine NC300. It was exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships Toyopet Store, while its twin the Brevis was exclusive to Toyota Store locations, and shared a marketing approach used on the Toyota Vista Store alternative, called the Toyota Verossa. The width and engine displacement exceed Japanese Government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, and therefore it classified in the larger "passenger car" tax bracket. Two engine sizes were offered to allow Japanese buyers which annual road tax they were willing to pay; the larger engine did offer higher levels of standard equipment and luxury features. The name "progrès" is French for "progress". The Progrès was available with 6 airbags, voice activated GPS system called G-Book, NAVI AI-SHIFT world first GPS-guided car transmission (mechanics), full wood and leather trim, gilt or silver analogue clock and full soft touch plastic interior, dual zone air conditioning and automatic head lights and wipers. Interior size was also generous, offering the best cu. ft. of space in its class, despite its Lexus IS underpinnings – yet, unlike the Lexus IS, the ride was "willing and ready" rather than the sort of ride expected from a sport sedan, as it was installed with double wishbone suspension at both the front and rear wheels. The Progrès was discontinued in Japan in June 2007, while the slightly smaller Toyota Premio continued as an affordable luxury car offering.

text:
# Toyota Progrès

The **Toyota Progrès** (pronounced "Prog-Ray") is a mid-size luxury sedan which was sold in Japan from May 1998 to June 2007, replacing the Toyota Corona EXiV. The Progrès included 2.5 L or 3.0 L JZ inline 6-cylinder engines with VVT-i. Since April 2001, the Progrès used 1JZ-FSE (2.5 L) and 2JZ-FSE (3.0 L) direct injection (D4) engines. The versions with a 1JZ engine were called **NC250**, and those with a 2JZ engine **NC300**. It was exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships *Toyopet Store*, while its twin the Brevis was exclusive to *Toyota Store* locations, and shared a marketing approach used on the *Toyota Vista Store* alternative, called the Toyota Verossa. The width and engine displacement exceed Japanese Government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, and therefore it classified in the larger "passenger car" tax bracket. Two engine sizes were offered to allow Japanese buyers which annual road tax they were willing to pay; the larger engine did offer higher levels of standard equipment and luxury features.

The name "progrès" is French for "progress".

The Progrès was available with 6 airbags, voice activated GPS system called G-Book, NAVI AI-SHIFT world first GPS-guided car transmission (mechanics), full wood and leather trim, gilt or silver analogue clock and full soft touch plastic interior, dual zone air conditioning and automatic head lights and wipers. Interior size was also generous, offering the best cu. ft. of space in its class, despite its Lexus IS underpinnings – yet, unlike the Lexus IS, the ride was "willing and ready" rather than the sort of ride expected from a sport sedan, as it was installed with double wishbone suspension at both the front and rear wheels.

The Progrès was discontinued in Japan in June 2007, while the slightly smaller Toyota Premio continued as an affordable luxury car offering.

## InfoBox

| Toyota Progrès (XG10) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1998–2007 |
| Assembly | Japan: Toyota City, Aichi (Motomachi plant) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Luxury car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | FR (optional AWD) |
| Related |  |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |  |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,780 mm (109.4 in) |
| Length | * 1st version：4,500 mm (177.2 in) * 2nd version：4,510 mm (177.6 in) |
| Width | 1,700 mm (66.9 in) |
| Height | 1,435 mm (56.5 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,550 kg (3,417 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Toyota Corona EXiV |
| Successor | Toyota Sai (Japan) |


title: Gawler line

abstract: The Gawler line, also known as the Gawler Central line, is a suburban commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. The Gawler Line is the most frequent and heavily patronised line in the Adelaide rail network. It is also the only line to have no other interchange with another line except Adelaide.

text:
# Gawler line

The **Gawler line**, also known as the **Gawler Central line**, is a suburban commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. The Gawler Line is the most frequent and heavily patronised line in the Adelaide rail network. It is also the only line to have no other interchange with another line except Adelaide.

## History

The line was opened in 1857 from Adelaide to Gawler. It was extended to Kapunda in 1860. Branches were later built from Gawler to termini in Angaston, Truro, Morgan, Robertstown, Peterborough, Spalding and Gladstone. Between Adelaide and Salisbury, the two broad gauge lines are paralleled by one standard gauge line on the Adelaide to Port Augusta line. A little north of Salisbury the standard gauge line heads north-west. From Salisbury to Gawler there are two broad gauge tracks, with a single broad gauge track north of Gawler. Today, none of the lines are used beyond Gawler.

### Renewal and electrification

In 2008, the State Government announced a plan to rebuild the Gawler line, in preparation for the line to be electrified with the Federal Government also to provide funding. The track was removed, and the track bed, sleepers and track renewed. Dual gauge sleepers were laid to allow for the line to be converted to standard gauge at a future date. The line was closed between North Adelaide and Mawson Lakes for four months from June 2010 for this work to be performed, and between Mawson Lakes and Gawler Central stations for seven months from September 2011. Following the withdrawal of Federal Government funding by the then newly elected Abbott Liberal-National government, the electrification was postponed in October 2013.

In February 2011, a new Adelaide Metro railcar depot opened to the east of Dry Creek station, to replace the facility behind the new Royal Adelaide Hospital site and Adelaide station. The depot is the major maintenance and re-fuelling facility for the diesel train fleet, with capacity to store 70 railcars with over 11 kilometres of track. The depot has been designed to allow future conversion to support electric rolling stock.

To facilitate work on the Torrens Rail Junction in 2017, the Gawler line between Adelaide and Mawson Lakes was closed from 1–15 October and 18 November to 5 December.

Following a decade of on-again, off-again talks, electrification of the Gawler line was announced in 2018. The announcement only promised Stage 1 electrification as far as Salisbury with works anticipated to commence in 2018. A $220 million grant from the Federal Government allowed for Stage 2 electrification for the remainder of the line to proceed. Works began in November 2019 with completion anticipated in 2021. Contrary to the Seaford line electrification, which saw the line closed completely for 11 months, from October 2020 onward, main construction on the Gawler line was spread out across a rolling schedule of partial and full line closures across 12 months. Early works before October 2020 were spread across smaller closures, typically at nights and on weekends.

The entire line was closed in December 2020. It was intended to reopen in November 2021 but was delayed due to restrictions regarding the COVID-19 lockdown in July. The line was expected to reopen around 30 April 2022, but following the state election in March, the reopening was pushed back to the end of June.

The line was reopened on 12 June 2022. A majority of services on the line are now operated by 4000 class trains, however, 3000/3100 class trains continued to operate select services while the delivery of new 4000 class train sets continued until December 2023 when the last 4000 class set was delivered, effectively replacing the 3000 trains serving Adelaide's north.

#### Torrens Road Overpass

In 2021, the Australian and South Australian governments announced that the Torrens Road level crossing would be removed, at a cost of $196 million. The Torrens Road level crossing was previously identified as one of the most high risk crossings in Adelaide, in part due to it being both a passenger rail, and freight rail crossing. Earlier, in 2020, an investigation was launched after a freight train passed through the level crossing without activating the crossing boomgates.

In 2023, the Torrens Road overpass was officially opened. As part of the project, a new public park was constructed underneath the overpass, and the adjacent Ovingham railway station was rebuilt.

## Former branch lines

## Route

The line runs from Adelaide station north via Prospect, Mawson Lakes, Salisbury, Elizabeth and Smithfield to the town Gawler on the outer northern metropolitan fringe. The line is 42.2 kilometres (26.2 mi) in length and is the longest of the Adelaide suburban railway lines.

Like the rest of the Adelaide suburban passenger rail network, the line is 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge for its entire length. The Australian Rail Track Corporation's standard gauge Adelaide to Port Augusta line runs parallel to the route from the Adelaide Gaol triangle to Salisbury, then turns north west towards Virginia.

### Line guide

| Gawler Line | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Distance from
Adelaide | Year opened | Serving suburbs | Connections |
| **Adelaide** | 0.0 km | 1856 | Adelaide | Belair Flinders Grange
Outer Harbor Port Dock Seaford Bus  Tram |
| **North Adelaide** | 2.5 km | 1857 | North Adelaide |  |
| **Ovingham** | 3.6 km | c.1880 | Ovingham, Renown Park |  |
| **Dudley Park** | 4.9 km | 1915 | Dudley Park, Prospect |  |
| **Islington** | 6.0 km | Unknown | Dudley Park, Prospect |  |
| **Kilburn** | 7.7 km | 1915 | Kilburn |  |
| **Dry Creek** | 10.6 km | 1856 | Dry Creek |  |
| **Mawson Lakes** | 14.3 km | 2006 | Mawson Lakes | Bus Interchange |
| **Greenfields** | 15.1 km | 1969 | Parafield Gardens |  |
| **Parafield Gardens** | 16.6 km | 1968 | Parafield Gardens |  |
| **Parafield** | 17.7 km | 1928 | Parafield, Parafield Gardens |  |
| **Chidda** | 18.6 km | Unknown | Salisbury Downs, Salisbury South |  |
| **Salisbury** | 20.2 km | 1857 | Salisbury | Bus Interchange |
| **Nurlutta** | 21.5 km | 1950 | Elizabeth South, Salisbury |  |
| **Elizabeth South** | 24.0 km | 1955 | Elizabeth South |  |
| **Elizabeth** | 25.8 km | 1960 | Elizabeth | Bus |
| **Womma** | 27.3 km | 1950 | Edinburgh North, Elizabeth North |  |
| **Broadmeadows** | 28.2 km | c.1950 | Davoren Park, Elizabeth North |  |
| **Smithfield** | 30.2 km | 1857 | Smithfield | Bus Interchange |
| **Munno Para** | 32.2 km | 1978 | Munno Para | Bus |
| **Kudla** | 34.1 km | 1959 | Kudla |  |
| **Tambelin** | 37.4 km | 1947 | Evanston Gardens |  |
| **Evanston** | 38.3 km | Unknown | Evanston |  |
| **Gawler Racecourse** | 39.3 km | 1913 | Evanston |  |
| **Gawler** | 39.8 km | 1857 | Gawler South, Gawler West | Bus  Regional Coach |
| **Gawler Oval** | 41.4 km | Unknown | Gawler |  |
| **Gawler Central** | 42.2 km | 1911 | Gawler |  |

## Services

### Commuter

All suburban rail passenger services are operated by Adelaide Metro. In April 2008, new timetables were introduced on the Gawler line in an effort to boost efficiency. Shorter secondary services that terminated at Dry Creek and Salisbury were withdrawn, new limited express services were introduced, and a new Hi-Frequency station policy adopted. Nearly all services either start or terminate their journey at Gawler or Gawler Central stations, apart from a morning peak express service that begins its journey at Salisbury.

Under this policy, the Hi-Frequency stations (Islington, Mawson Lakes, Parafield, Salisbury, Elizabeth, Smithfield, Tambelin and Gawler) have services every 15 minutes from Monday to Friday. All other stations have a 30-minute service, obtained by every other service skipping that station. This is in addition to several peak hour express services that stop only at selected Hi-Frequency stations.

On weekends and public holidays, services operate with a 30-minute frequency at all stations, with the exception of stations between Dry Creek and Adelaide, which are hourly instead.

Until April 2008, most services along the line were operated by 3000 class railcars. With the introduction of the new timetable, 2000 class railcars became more frequent, especially during peak hour. The 2000 class railcars were retired in August 2015.

### Freight

Freight is a major factor along this transport corridor, with the Australian Rail Track Corporation's standard gauge Adelaide to Port Augusta line running parallel to the broad gauge track between Adelaide and Salisbury. Since 1984, this line has been standard gauge and had no interface with the suburban lines. Bowmans Rail, One Rail Australia, Pacific National, SCT Logistics, and Journey Beyond operate services via the line. Journey Beyond operates *The Ghan* and the *Indian Pacific* passenger trains along this section. Until 2007, grain trains operated from Roseworthy to Port Adelaide. The last freight service on the Gawler line was the Penrice Stone Train, which operated to Penrice until it ceased operating in June 2014.

## InfoBox

| Gawler line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Gawler railway station | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Adelaide, South Australia |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 27 |
| Service | |
| Type | Commuter rail |
| Operator(s) | Adelaide Metro |
| Rolling stock | 3000/3100 class (1987–2023)
4000 class (2022–) |
| Daily ridership | 21,000 |
| History | |
| Opened | * 1857 (to Gawler) * 1911 (to Gawler Central) |
| Re-sleepered
(concrete) | * June–September 2010 (to Mawson Lakes) * September 2011 – March 2012 (to Gawler Central) |
| Electrified | 2020–2022 |
| Closed | 24 December 2020 |
| Reopened | 12 June 2022 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 42.2 km (26.2 mi) |
| Number of tracks | * (to Gawler) * (to Gawler Central) |
| Track gauge | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz AC from overhead catenary (2022–) |
| Route map | |


title: Toyota Probox

abstract: The Toyota Probox is a 5-door, 2- or 4-seater passenger car and light commercial van produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota since July 2002. It replaced the Corolla/Sprinter van and served as a slightly shorter version of the now-discontinued Toyota Succeed. The Probox has been a commercial success with stable sales for 20 years, despite its design being largely unchanged since 2002.

text:
# Toyota Probox

The **Toyota Probox** is a 5-door, 2- or 4-seater passenger car (Probox Wagon) and light commercial van (Probox Van) produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota since July 2002. It replaced the Corolla/Sprinter van and served as a slightly shorter version of the now-discontinued Toyota Succeed.

The Probox has been a commercial success with stable sales for 20 years, despite its design being largely unchanged since 2002.

## First generation (XP50/XP160; 2002)

The Toyota Probox was created as a new type of commercial van in July 2002.

Until 2008, the Probox and its "brother model" Succeed sold a total of 70,000 to 90,000 units a year. Since 2008, the model has maintained the sales of about 50,000 units per year.

### 2014 facelift

The Probox received a redesign, which was published on August 6, 2014, and the sales began on September 1 of the same year. The redesign was announced alongside the redesign of the Succeed. The new version is powered by a 1NR-FE engine.

Starting in 2018, a rebadged version of the Probox has been offered in Japan as the Mazda Familia Van.

Although the Succeed was discontinued in 2020, the Probox continued stable sales, selling 48,000 units in 2021.

## Taxi use

The Probox is extensively used as a taxi in Peru and Bolivia. Right-hand-drive Proboxes are used in Myanmar despite the country's traffic being oriented on the right.

### Jamaica

The Probox is popular among taxi drivers in Jamaica. In 2020, a single was released by RDX called 'Probox'.

Toyota Probox Mazda Familia Van

## InfoBox

| Toyota Probox (XP50/160) | |
| --- | --- |
| Toyota Probox Van DX (NCP51V) | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Daihatsu |
| Also called |  |
| Production | * 2002–present * \*2002–2014 (XP50) * \*2014–present (XP160) |
| Assembly | Japan: Ōyamazaki, Kyoto (Daihatsu Kyoto plant) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Light commercial vehicle |
| Body style | 5-door station wagon/van |
| Layout |  |
| Platform | Toyota NBC platform (2002–2014)
Toyota B platform (2014–present) |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |  |
| Transmission |  |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,550 mm (100.4 in) (XP50/160) |
| Length | 4,195 mm (165.2 in) (XP50)
4,245 mm (167.1 in) (XP160) |
| Width | 1,690–1,695 mm (66.5–66.7 in) (XP50/160) |
| Height | 1,525–1,530 mm (60.0–60.2 in) (XP50/160) |
| Curb weight | 1,030–1,120 kg (2,270.8–2,469.2 lb) (XP50)
1,090–1,170 kg (2,403.0–2,579.4 lb) (XP160) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Toyota Corolla/Sprinter Van (E100)
Toyota Succeed |
| Successor | Toyota Corolla Fielder (Probox Wagon) |


title: Metius harpaloides

abstract: Metius harpaloides is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by John Curtis in 1839.

text:
# Metius harpaloides

***Metius harpaloides*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by John Curtis in 1839.

## InfoBox

| *Metius harpaloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. harpaloides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius harpaloides***<br>Curtis, 1839 | |
|


title: Metius foveolatus

abstract: Metius foveolatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1875.

text:
# Metius foveolatus

***Metius foveolatus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1875.

## InfoBox

| *Metius foveolatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. foveolatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius foveolatus***<br>(Putzeys, 1875) | |
|


title: Metcalfe's law

abstract: Metcalfe's law states that the financial value or influence of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system. The law is named after Robert Metcalfe and was first proposed in 1980, albeit not in terms of users, but rather of "compatible communicating devices". It later became associated with users on the Ethernet after a September 1993 Forbes article by George Gilder.

text:
# Metcalfe's law

**Metcalfe's law** states that the financial value or influence of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system (n2). The law is named after Robert Metcalfe and was first proposed in 1980, albeit not in terms of users, but rather of "compatible communicating devices" (e.g., fax machines, telephones). It later became associated with users on the Ethernet after a September 1993 *Forbes* article by George Gilder.

## Network effects

Metcalfe's law characterizes many of the network effects of communication technologies and networks such as the Internet, social networking and the World Wide Web. Former Chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Reed Hundt said that this law gives the most understanding to the workings of the present-day Internet. Mathematically, Metcalfe's Law shows that the number of unique possible connections in an $n$-node connection can be expressed as the triangular number $n(n-1)/2$, which is asymptotically proportional to $n^{2}$.

The law has often been illustrated using the example of fax machines: a single fax machine on its own is useless, but the value of every fax machine increases with the total number of fax machines in the network, because the total number of people with whom each user may send and receive documents increases. This is common illustration to explain network effect. Thus, in any social networks, the greater the number of users with the service, the more valuable the service becomes to the community.

## History and derivation

Metcalfe's law was conceived in 1983 in a presentation to the 3Com sales force. It stated V would be proportional to the total number of possible connections, or approximately n-squared.

The original incarnation was careful to delineate between a linear cost (Cn), non-linear growth(n2) and a non-constant proportionality factor affinity (A). The break-even point point where costs are recouped is given by: $C\times n=A\times n(n-1)/2$At some size, the right-hand side of the equation V, value, exceeds the cost, and A describes the relationship between size and net value added. For large n, net network value is then: $\Pi =n(A\times (n-1)/2-C)$Metcalfe properly dimensioned A as "value per user". Affinity is also a function of network size, and Metcalfe correctly asserted that A must decline as n grows large. In a 2006 interview, Metcalfe stated:

> There may be diseconomies of network scale that eventually drive values down with increasing size. So, if *V* = *An*2, it could be that *A* (for “affinity,” value per connection) is also a function of *n* and heads down after some network size, overwhelming *n*2.

### Growth of n

Network size, and hence value, does not grow unbounded but is constrained by practical limitations such as infrastructure, access to technology, and bounded rationality such as Dunbar's number. It is almost always the case that user growth n reaches a saturation point. With technologies, substitutes, competitors and technical obsolescence constrain growth of n. Growth of n is typically assumed to follow a sigmoid function such as a logistic curve or Gompertz curve.

### Density

*A* is also governed by the connectivity or *density* of the network topology. In an undirected network, every *edge* connects two nodes such that there are 2*m* nodes per edge. The proportion of nodes in actual contact are given by $c=2m/n$.

The maximum possible number of edges in a simple network (i.e. one with no multi-edges or self-edges) is $\binom {n}{2}=n(n-1)/2$. Therefore the density *ρ* of a network is the faction of those edges that are actually present is:

$\rho =c/(n-1)$

which for large networks is approximated by $\rho =c/n$.

## Limitations

Metcalfe's law assumes that the value of each node $n$ is of equal benefit. If this is not the case, for example because one fax machine serves 60 workers in a company, the second fax machine serves half of that, the third one third, and so on, then the relative value of an additional connection decreases. Likewise, in social networks, if users that join later use the network less than early adopters, then the benefit of each additional user may lessen, making the overall network less efficient if costs per users are fixed.

## Modified models

Within the context of social networks, many, including Metcalfe himself, have proposed modified models in which the value of the network grows as $n\log n$ rather than $n^{2}$. Reed and Andrew Odlyzko have sought out possible relationships to Metcalfe's Law in terms of describing the relationship of a network and one can read about how those are related. Tongia and Wilson also examine the related question of the costs to those excluded.

## Validation in data

For more than 30 years, there was little concrete evidence in support of the law. Finally, in July 2013, Dutch researchers analyzed European Internet-usage patterns over a long-enough time and found $n^{2}$ proportionality for small values of $n$ and $n\log n$ proportionality for large values of $n$. A few months later, Metcalfe himself provided further proof by using Facebook's data over the past 10 years to show a good fit for Metcalfe's law.

In 2015, Zhang, Liu, and Xu parameterized the Metcalfe function in data from Tencent and Facebook. Their work showed that Metcalfe's law held for both, despite differences in audience between the two sites (Facebook serving a worldwide audience and Tencent serving only Chinese users). The functions for the two sites were $V\_{\text{Tencent}=7.39\times 10^{-9}\times n^{2}}$ and $V\_{\text{Facebook}=5.70\times 10^{-9}\times n^{2}}$ respectively. One of the earliest mentions of the Metcalfe Law in the context of Bitcoin was by a Reddit post by Santostasi in 2014. He compared the observed generalized Metcalfe behavior for Bitcoin to the Zipf's Law and the theoretical Metcalfe result. The Metcalfe's Law is a critical component of Santostasi's Bitcoin Power Law Theory. In a working paper, Peterson linked time-value-of-money concepts to Metcalfe value using Bitcoin and Facebook as numerical examples of the proof, and in 2018 applied Metcalfe's law to Bitcoin, showing that over 70% of variance in Bitcoin value was explained by applying Metcalfe's law to increases in Bitcoin network size.

In a 2024 interview, mathematician Terrence Tao emphasized the importance of universality and networking within the mathematics community, for which he cited the Metcalfe's Law. Tao believes that a larger audience leads to more connections, which ultimately results in positive developments within the community. For this, he cited Metcalfe's law to support this perspective. Tao further stated, "my whole career experience has been sort of the more connections equals just better stuff happening".

## Further reading

* A Group Is Its Own Worst Enemy. Clay Shirky's keynote speech on Social Software at the O'Reilly Emerging Technology conference, Santa Clara, April 24, 2003. The fourth of his "Four Things to Design For" is: "And, finally, you have to find a way to spare the group from scale. Scale alone kills conversations, because conversations require dense two-way conversations. In conversational contexts, Metcalfe's law is a drag."


title: Gasparo Cavalieri

abstract: Gasparo Cavalieri (1648–1690) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Gasparo Cavalieri

**Gasparo Cavalieri** (1648–1690) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

On 9 Nov 1687, he was consecrated bishop by Gasparo Carpegna, Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite, with Francesco Casati, Titular Archbishop of *Trapezus*, with Prospero Bottini, Titular Archbishop of *Myra*, serving as co-consecrators.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Gasparo Cavalieri | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria
Archbishop of Capua | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 9 Nov 1687
by Gasparo Carpegna |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1648
Rome, Italy |
| Died | 17 Aug 1690 (age 42) |


title: Gasparo Cecchinelli

abstract: Gasparo Cecchinelli was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone (1630–1666) and Apostolic Nuncio to Savoy (1641–1644).

text:
# Gasparo Cecchinelli

**Gasparo Cecchinelli** (1587 – 7 March 1666) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone (1630–1666) and Apostolic Nuncio to Savoy (1641–1644).

## Biography

Gasparo Cecchinelli was born in Sarzana, Genoa in 1587.

On 13 May 1630, he was appointed by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone. The diocese had previously been held by his uncle, Cardinal Paolo Emilio Zacchia, and then by his uncle Cardinal Laudivio Zacchia (1605–1630). During the tenure of the diocese by Laudivio Zacchia, Cecchinelli served as his Vicar General in diocesan administration. On 20 May 1630, he was consecrated bishop by Laudivio Zacchia, Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli. The two cardinals and their nephew were responsible for the building of the façade of the cathedral of Montefiascone.

On 4 May 1641, he was appointed by Pope Urban VIII as Apostolic Nuncio to Savoy. He resigned as Apostolic Nuncio to Savoy in April 1644.

He served as Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone until his death on 7 March 1666. It is said that he was unsteady in his administration of justice, proceeding arbitrarily and without regard to process.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Gasparo Cecchinelli | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Corneto e Montefiascone |
| In office | 1630 – 7 March 1666 |
| Predecessor | Laudivio Zacchia |
| Successor | Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri Degli Albertoni |
| Previous post(s) | Apostolic Nuncio to Savoy (1641–1644) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 20 May 1630
by Laudivio Zacchia |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1587
Sarzana, Genoa |
| Died | 7 March 1666(1666-03-07) (aged 78–79) |


title: Gasparo Alberti

abstract: Gasparo Alberti was an Italian composer. He was born in Padua, and worked through the ranks at the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, in Bergamo, starting as a cleric in 1503, he becoming choir master in 1508 and magister cappellae by 1525. He was forced to retire in 1550, but was reappointed and worked there until 1559. Alberti was one of the first composers to use a number of new techniques, including the use of cori spezzati and salmi spezzati, especially within the Passion, where he used it for both the turba and the words of Jesus, or vox Christi. Alberti's Passions were the first to set Jesus' words polyphonically. Although he was an early user of these techniques, he is not believed to have originated them or disseminated them significantly. Despite this, he was an important force in Italian sacred music, especially in the period before Palestrina. His book of masses was the first to be published by a single Italian composer. Alberti's works were rediscovered by Danish musicologist Knud Jeppesen in the 1960s.

text:
# Gasparo Alberti

**Gasparo Alberti** (also: **Gaspar de Albertis**; **Gaspare Albertus**; **Gaspar bergomensis**; **Gaspar de padua**; c. 1485 – c. 1560) was an Italian composer.

He was born in Padua, and worked through the ranks at the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, in Bergamo, starting as a cleric in 1503, he becoming choir master in 1508 and *magister cappellae* by 1525. He was forced to retire in 1550, but was reappointed and worked there until 1559. Alberti was one of the first composers to use a number of new techniques, including the use of *cori spezzati* and *salmi spezzati*, especially within the Passion, where he used it for both the *turba* and the words of Jesus, or *vox Christi*. Alberti's Passions were the first to set Jesus' words polyphonically. Although he was an early user of these techniques, he is not believed to have originated them or disseminated them significantly. Despite this, he was an important force in Italian sacred music, especially in the period before Palestrina. His book of masses was the first to be published by a single Italian composer. Alberti's works were rediscovered by Danish musicologist Knud Jeppesen in the 1960s.

* Ravizza, Victor; Towne, Gary. "Gasparo Alberti". *Grove Music Online*.
* Jeppesen, Knud. *"A Forgotten Master of the Early 16th Century, Gaspar de Albertis" (1958)*.

### Notes


title: Methanobrevibacter

abstract: Methanobrevibacter is a genus of archaeans in the family Methanobacteriaceae. The species within Methanobrevibacter are strictly anaerobic archaea that produce methane, for the most part through the reduction of carbon dioxide via hydrogen. Most species live in the intestines of larger organisms, such as termites and are responsible for the large quantities of greenhouse gases that they produce.

text:
# Methanobrevibacter

***Methanobrevibacter*** is a genus of archaeans in the family Methanobacteriaceae. The species within *Methanobrevibacter* are strictly anaerobic archaea that produce methane, for the most part through the reduction of carbon dioxide via hydrogen. Most species live in the intestines of larger organisms, such as termites and are responsible for the large quantities of greenhouse gases that they produce.

## Nomenclature

The name *Methanobrevibacter* has Latin and Greek roots. *Methanum* is Latin for methane, *brevi* is Latin for short, and *bacter* is Greek for bar.

Professional publications use the abbreviations *M.*, *Mbb.*, and *Mbr.*, as in *M. smithii*, *Mbb. smithii*, and *Mbr. smithii*.

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

| 16S rRNA based LTP\_06\_2022 | 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## Further reading

### Scientific journals

Dighe, Abhigit S; Jangid, Kamlesh; Gonzalez, Jose M; Pidiyar, Vyankatesh J; Patole, Milind S; Ranade, Dilip R; Shouche, Yogesh S (May 5, 2004). "Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of genus Methanobrevibacter". *BMC Microbiology*. **4** (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-20. PMC 415545. PMID 15128464.

* Li, Zhi Peng; Liu, Han Lu; Jin, Chun Ai; Cui, Xue Zhe; Jing, Yi; Yang, Fu He; Li, Guang Yu (2013). "Differences in the Methanogen Population Exist in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Fed Different Diets in China". *Microbial Ecology*. **66** (4): 879–888. doi:10.1007/s00248-013-0282-4. PMID 24061342. S2CID 7321916.

## InfoBox

| *Methanobrevibacter* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Kingdom: | Euryarchaeota |
| Class: | Methanobacteria |
| Order: | Methanobacteriales |
| Family: | Methanobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Methanobrevibacter*
Balch and Wolfe 1981 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Methanobrevibacter ruminantium*
(Smith & Hungate 1958) Balch & Wolfe 1981 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: WBRY

abstract: WBRY is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Woodbury, Tennessee, United States, the station is owned by Volunteer Broadcasting, LLC and features programming from Citadel Broadcasting.

text:
# WBRY

**WBRY** (1540 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Woodbury, Tennessee, United States, the station is owned by Volunteer Broadcasting, LLC and features programming from Citadel Broadcasting.

## Translators

WBRY programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the primary station.

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | Class | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W299DD | 107.7 FM FM | Woodbury, Tennessee | 139937 | 10 | D | LMS |

## InfoBox

WBRY
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1540 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | country music |
| Affiliations | Citadel Broadcasting |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Volunteer Broadcasting, LLC |
| History | |
| Call sign meaning | **W**ood**B**u**RY** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 15530 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 500 watts (day) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°49′53.00″N 86°6′42.00″W / 35.8313889°N 86.1116667°W / 35.8313889; -86.1116667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | wbry.com |


title: Friskala

abstract: Friskala is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southeastern part of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coast. The district also includes the small island of Iso-Vihtilä. Friskala is one of the smallest districts in Turku, with a population of only 23. The population is, however, increasing at an annual rate of 13.04%. 13.04% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 13.04% are over 65. 100% of the district's inhabitants speak Finnish as their native language.

text:
# Friskala

**Friskala** is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southeastern part of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coast. The district also includes the small island of Iso-Vihtilä.

Friskala is one of the smallest districts in Turku, with a population of only 23 (as of 2004). The population is, however, increasing at an annual rate of 13.04%. 13.04% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 13.04% are over 65. 100% of the district's inhabitants speak Finnish as their native language.

60°23′45″N 22°15′00″E / 60.39583°N 22.25000°E / 60.39583; 22.25000


title: International Child Art Foundation

abstract: The International Child Art Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded in 1997 to cultivate creativity and grow mutual empathy—valuable antidotes to many of the struggles our world faces today. ICAF serves American children as their national arts organization and the world's children as their global arts organization.

text:
# International Child Art Foundation

The **International Child Art Foundation** is a nonprofit organization founded in 1997 to cultivate creativity and grow mutual empathy—valuable antidotes to many of the struggles our world faces today. ICAF serves American children as their national arts organization and the world's children as their global arts organization.

## History

Inspired by E. Paul Torrance's longitudinal and cross-cultural studies of the "4th Grade Slump", Dr. Ashfaq Ishaq founded ICAF to help children overcome this slump so that it does not linger into adulthood. On its own, creativity is morally neutral—it can have positive or negative purposes or consequences. It is dangerous to think otherwise. For positive creativity, the development of empathy is essential. Consequently, ICAF fosters creativity and empathy as key attributes of successful learners and leaders.

Since 1999 the ICAF has produced the World Children's Festival every four years on The National Mall in Washington, D.C. to honor the Arts Olympiad winners at an event of children's co-learning and co-creation.

## Arts Olympiad

The ICAF's flagship program is the **Arts Olympiad.** This art and sport program for children ages 8 to 12 is the most prestigious and largest in the world. The Arts Olympiad winners represent their cities at the **World Children's Festival** at the National Mall in Washington, DC. The next World Children's Festival will be held in the summer of 2021.

## Peace Through Art Programs

The **Peace Through Art Programs** tap into the creativity of children so they can visualize with the importance of peace and co-existence. Their goal is to reduce the transmission of trauma and hatred from the current generation to the future one. The program develops empathy through art and imparts leadership skills so children can co-create a peaceful future for their communities. The program also aims to repair trust in humanity of children living in conflict zones.

## Healing Arts Programs

The **Healing Arts Programs** was started in response to the Asian tsunami of December 2004. The organization wanted to transfer the knowledge and experience gained from the treatment of the child survivors of the 9/11 attacks to help the tsunami child survivors. The **Tsunami Healing Arts Program** was extended to the U.S. Gulf Coast as **Katrina Healing Arts Program** after Hurricane Katrina.The ICAF partnered with the World Bank Arts Program in 2005 on its "Destruction, Reconstruction and Prevention" program to broaden the understanding of natural disasters in the international development community.

## Accomplishments

* Approximately 5 million children in 80 countries have produced art under the ICAF programs.
* The ICAF has the distinction of having hosted the first national children's art festival in U.S. history, which took place in Washington D.C. in September 1998.
* The Congressional Arts Caucus has endorsed the Arts Olympiad for "its important national and international implications" while the U.S. Olympic Committee has granted the ICAF a license to use the "Arts Olympiad" mark.

## InfoBox

International Child Art Foundation
| Founded | 1997 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Dr. Ashfaq Ishaq Katty Guerami |
| Type | Educational Charity |
| Focus | Environmentalism, Peace, Children, Creativity, Empathy |
| Area served | International |
| Website |  |


title: Margaret Todd (schooner)

abstract: Margaret Todd is a four-masted schooner sailing out of Bar Harbor, Maine, which was launched in 1998. It is operated as a tourist vessel.

text:
# Margaret Todd (schooner)

***Margaret Todd*** is a four-masted schooner sailing out of Bar Harbor, Maine, which was launched in 1998. It is operated as a tourist vessel.

## History

*Margaret Todd* was designed by her owner, Steven Pagels, and built by Schreiber Boatyard in St. Augustine, Florida. She was launched on April 11, 1998, and replaced her predecessor, *Natalie Todd* (later named *American Pride*) as a tourist vessel based in Bar Harbor, Maine. While the hull and deck are constructed from steel, the topmasts, gaffs and booms are crafted from Maine spruce. Most of the schooner's woodwork was done in Maine. The ship's windlass, the heavy mechanism that lifts and lowers the anchor, was taken from an oyster schooner. The standing rigging was built by Hamilton Seine Loft.

## InfoBox

| *Margaret Todd* sailing in Bar Harbor in 2009. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Margaret Todd* |
| Owner | Steven Pagels |
| Builder | Schreiber Boatyard, St. Augustine, Florida |
| Yard number | 63697 |
| Launched | April 11, 1998 |
| Homeport | Cherryfield, Maine |
| Identification |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Four-masted schooner |
| Displacement | 150 tons |
| Length | * 151 ft (46 m) overall * 121 ft (37 m) on deck |
| Beam | 23 ft (7 m) |
| Draft | * 5 ft 9 in (1.8 m) (centerboards up) * 12 ft (3.7 m) (centerboards down) |
| Notes | Sail area is 4,800 sq ft (450 m2) |


title: Tyler Hilinski

abstract: Tyler Scott Haun Hilinski was an American football quarterback who played college football at Washington State University. He died by suicide following his junior year. An autopsy revealed that he had stage one chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

text:
# Tyler Hilinski

**Tyler Scott Haun Hilinski** (May 26, 1996 – January 16, 2018) was an American football quarterback who played college football at Washington State University. He died by suicide following his junior year. An autopsy revealed that he had stage one chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## Early years

Hilinski was born on May 26, 1996, He was the middle of three children born to Kym and Mark Hilinski. Hilinski and his older brother Kelly grew up playing baseball, but both made the switch to American football before Kelly's freshman year of high school.

Hilinski attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, before he transferred to Upland High School in Upland, California, prior to his junior year. He played as a quarterback on the high school football team. In his junior year, Hilinski passed for 3,067 yards and 36 touchdowns.

## College career

Hilinski enrolled at Washington State University and took a redshirt year in 2015. He became the backup quarterback for the Washington State Cougars in 2016. As a sophomore, Hilinski came off the bench to relieve starting quarterback Luke Falk against the Boise State Broncos, overcoming a 21-point deficit to win the game in triple overtime. He also relieved Falk against the Arizona Wildcats in a loss. Due to an injury to Falk, Hilinski received his first start for the Cougars in the 2017 Holiday Bowl, completing 39 of 50 passes for 272 yards with two touchdowns. He finished the 2017 season completing 130 of 179 passes attempted for 1,176 yards, with seven touchdowns and seven interceptions. He was expected to succeed Falk as the Cougars' starting quarterback in 2018.

## Personal life

Tyler's older brother, Kelly, played as a quarterback for Notre Dame High School, Columbia University, Riverside City College and Weber State University. His younger brother, Ryan, is a quarterback for the Northwestern Wildcats.

## Death

On January 16 2018, after not showing up for practice earlier that day, Hilinski was found dead in his apartment with an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. He was 21 years old. According to police, a rifle, which belonged to one of his teammates, was recovered next to him along with a suicide note. The death was officially ruled a suicide. A memorial service was held for Hilinski on January 27, at Damien High School in La Verne, California; approximately 800 people attended. On June 26, 2018, doctors revealed that Hilinski was found to have Stage 1 chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which caused him to have the 'brain of a 65-year-old'.

## Hilinski's Hope Foundation

Following Hilinski's death, his family started the foundation "Hilinski's Hope", which aims to raise awareness of mental health issues. The charity supports wellness for student athletes and focuses on challenging any stigma that surrounds mental health by providing education and resources.

## InfoBox

Tyler Hilinski
| Hilinski's Washington State portrait photo | |
| --- | --- |
| Washington State Cougars  No. 3 | |
| Position | Quarterback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | May 26, 1996
Claremont, California, U.S. |
| Died: | January 16, 2018(2018-01-16) (aged 21)
Pullman, Washington, U.S. |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight | 215 lb (98 kg) |
| Career history | |
| College |  |
| Bowl games |  |
| High school | Notre Dame
Upland |
|  | |


title: Thom Metzger

abstract: Thom Metzger is an American writer, musician, and historian. The author of both fiction and non-fiction, he is best known for his exploration of the esoteric and little known history of the Burned Over District of western New York State. As Leander Watts, he has published five YA novels. Metzger was born and raised in Rochester, NY, son of Robert G. and Lois M. Metzger. He attended Gates-Chili High School before earning a BA (1978) and MLS (1979) at the State University of New York at Geneseo (where he studied four-dimensional geometry and quantum physics with Rudy Rucker.

text:
# Thom Metzger

**Thom Metzger** (born Sept. 2, 1956) is an American writer, musician, and historian. The author of both fiction and non-fiction, he is best known for his exploration of the esoteric and little known history of the Burned Over District of western New York State. As Leander Watts, he has published five YA novels.

Metzger was born and raised in Rochester, NY, son of Robert G. and Lois M. (nee Mercel) Metzger.

He attended Gates-Chili High School before earning a BA (1978) and MLS (1979) at the State University of New York at Geneseo (where he studied four-dimensional geometry and quantum physics with Rudy Rucker.

## Career

Metzger’s writing career began with the publication of the avant-shock novel *Big Gurl* in 1989. His association with Autonomedia commenced with inclusion of his work in the Semiotext(e) U.S.A. issue, at the invitation of Peter Lamborn Wilson. His work appeared in *Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed* and other journals. *Blood and Volts: Edison, Tesla, and the Electric Chair*, and *This is Your Final Warning* were also published by Autonomedia*.*

By direct transmission from Hakim Bey, Metzger was authorized to found the Ziggurat Lodge of the Moorish Orthodox Church in 1993. During the 1990s, when the subculture of zines flourished, he edited nine issues of *The Moorish Science Monitor*.

From 1999 until 2005, Metzger published over a hundred feature articles in Rochester’s *City Newspaper* as well as 55 installments of his Way Below Radar column. He has been called “The Poet Laureate of the Burned Over District,” by The Poet’s Press. As such, he was a featured speaker in the BBC-4 documentary “Secret History: the Chair” and will be featured in the forthcoming documentary *Burned Over*, produced by East Bend Films.

## Performance

Metzger has been a founding member of various avant garde musical groups, among them: Health and Beauty, the Fabulous Rectotem, Ziggurat Prison Ministries, and the Badenovs. Since 1999, he has been an active participant in the subculture of Sacred Harp singing.

## Bibliography

### Novels

### Short Fiction Collection

### Non-Fiction

* *Blood and Volts: Edison, Tesla and the Electric Chair* (Autonomedia 1996, Underworld Amusements 2024)
* *The Birth of Heroin and the Demonization of the Dope Fiend* (Loompanics Unlimited 1998)
* *Select Strange and Sacred Sites* (Exit 18 Books 2002)
* *Undercover Mormon: a Spy in the House of the Gods* (Roadswell Editions 2012)
* *Big Noise on the Astral Plane* (Ziggurat 2021)
* *Hakim Bey: Real and Unreal* (mogtus-sanlux 2023)
* *Strong Songs of the Dead: The Pagan Rites of Sacred Harp* (Underworld Amusements 2024)


title: Jackson Browne (album)

abstract: Jackson Browne is the debut album of American singer Jackson Browne, released in 1972. It peaked on the Billboard 200 chart at number 53. Two singles were released with "Doctor, My Eyes", which peaked at number 8 on the Pop Singles chart, and "Rock Me on the Water", which reached number 48.

text:
# Jackson Browne (album)

***Jackson Browne*** (also known, mistakenly, as ***Saturate Before Using***) is the debut album of American singer Jackson Browne, released in 1972. It peaked on the Billboard 200 chart at number 53. Two singles were released with "Doctor, My Eyes", which peaked at number 8 on the Pop Singles chart, and "Rock Me on the Water", which reached number 48.

## History

Browne had found minor success as a songwriter but had not yet obtained his own recording contract. After he sent a demo of "Jamaica Say You Will" to David Geffen in early 1970, Geffen began looking for a record deal for Browne. Geffen ended up founding his own label, Asylum Records, and signed Browne.

The album was certified as a Gold record in 1976 and Platinum in 1997 by the RIAA.

## Title confusion

The album is often mistakenly called ***Saturate Before Using***, because the words appear on the album cover, which was designed to look like a water bag that would require saturation in water in order to cool its contents by evaporation. For this very reason, Asylum Records executives suggested to no avail that the words be removed from the album cover and nearly rejected the cover art outright. However, the initial pressings not only included the text, but the cover carried a burlap-like feel to further the water bag theme.

The confusion over the title returned when the album was converted to CD format, when the words appeared on the spine of the jewel case as the album title.

Browne told the story of the cover's creation and spoke of the title's confusion in an interview with the album designer Gary Burden for his 2002 DVD *Under The Covers*: "I remember being on the phone with Gary... talking about what the album cover should be, and I happened to be in a room that had a water bag on the wall. It was just one of the things that I collected driving around on trips and stuff. And I was looking at this bag as he was saying 'what do you think it ought to be?' I was thinking, 'well, it could be a water bag.' ... it said 'saturate before using' on the front ... 'You know, Gary, on mine, it says this on the back.' And you said, well, so?' And 'if you put it on the front, people are going to think that's the title.' And you said, 'don't be ridiculous. Who would think that was the title?' I said, 'Yeah, you're right.' So, not only does everyone think that's the title of that album, but my record company thinks that's the title of the album."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Retrospective reviews | |
| --- | --- |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *The Great Rock Discography* | 8/10 |
| *MusicHound Rock* | 2/5 |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

*Jackson Browne* received positive reviews from most critics. In his review for Allmusic William Ruhlmann praised the album as "An auspicious debut that doesn't sound like a debut" and "the album has long since come to seem a timeless collection of reflective ballads touching on still-difficult subjects...and all with an amazingly eloquent sense of language. Jackson Browne's greater triumph is that, having perfectly expressed its times, it transcended them as well." *Rolling Stone* rated the album 6 of 10 stars and stated "Browne's debut lays the groundwork for future heart-and-soul excavations. 'Doctor My Eyes,' an early hit single, communicates the subdued, subtle power of his half-spoken melodies, while 'Rock Me on the Water' and 'Song for Adam' foreshadow the free-ranging contemplation to come."

The original 1972 review in *Rolling Stone* stated "Jackson Browne's sensibility is romantic in the best sense of the term: his songs are capable of generating a highly charged, compelling atmosphere throughout, and--just as important--of sustaining that pitch in the listener's mind long after they've ended." Ed Kelleher wrote in *Circus* in 1972: "Though others have done him justice, Browne is his own best interpreter. He just eases back and lets the song come. He has the soul of a poet and the stance of a troubadour. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he has not fallen victim to the trap of over-production--the record has been crafted with care and purity."

Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B grade, however, and was ambivalent about the whole album, writing, "The voice is pleasant, present, and unpretentious, and when I listen assiduously I perceive lyrics crafted with as much intelligence and human decency as any reasonable person could expect. Unfortunately, only critical responsibility induces me to listen assiduously. It's not just the blandness of the music, but of the ideas as well, each reinforcing the other."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jackson Browne.

### Side One

1. "Jamaica Say You Will" – 3:23
2. "A Child in These Hills" – 3:57
3. "Song for Adam" – 5:22
4. "Doctor, My Eyes" – 3:11
5. "From Silver Lake" – 3:49

### Side Two

1. "Something Fine" – 3:47
2. "Under the Falling Sky" – 4:08
3. "Looking into You" – 4:20
4. "Rock Me on the Water" – 4:13
5. "My Opening Farewell" – 4:45

## Personnel

**Production notes:**

## Charts

**Album**Billboard (United States)

| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | Pop Albums | 53 |
|

**Singles** – Billboard (United States)

| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | "Doctor My Eyes" | Pop Singles | 8 |
| 1972 | "Rock Me on the Water" | Pop Singles | 48 |
|

## InfoBox

| Jackson Browne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jackson Browne | |
| Released | January 1972 |
| Recorded | 1971 |
| Studio | Crystal Sound, Hollywood |
| Genre | Rock, folk rock |
| Length | 40:55 |
| Label | Asylum |
| Producer | Richard Sanford Orshoff |
| Jackson Browne chronology | |
| ***Jackson Browne***
(1972) *For Everyman*
(1973) | |


title: Orlando Azinhais

abstract: Orlando Azinhais was a Portuguese épée, foil and sabre fencer. He competed in three events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Orlando Azinhais

**Orlando Azinhais** (9 September 1933  12 March 2005) was a Portuguese épée, foil and sabre fencer. He competed in three events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Orlando Azinhais
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1933-09-09)9 September 1933<br>Marinha Grande, Portugal |
| Died | 12 March 2005(2005-03-12) (aged 71) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |


title: Metoponrhis

abstract: Metoponrhis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Staudinger in 1888.

text:
# Metoponrhis

***Metoponrhis*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Staudinger in 1888.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Metoponrhis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subfamily: | Acontiinae |
| Genus: | ***Metoponrhis***<br>Staudinger, 1888 |
|


title: WCER (AM)

abstract: WCER was an commercial radio station that was licensed to Canton, Ohio at 900 AM, serving the Canton metropolitan area. The station broadcast from 1947 to 2011, ceasing operations when the owners voluntarily allowed their license to expire, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) cancelled it.

text:
# WCER (AM)

**WCER** was an commercial radio station that was licensed to Canton, Ohio at 900 AM, serving the Canton metropolitan area. The station broadcast from 1947 to 2011, ceasing operations when the owners voluntarily allowed their license to expire, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) cancelled it.

## History

The station began in 1947 as WAND. It became WCNS and later WNYN in the 1960s. WNYN, along with sister station WNYN-FM 106.9, was purchased in 1965 by Don Keyes, who had made his mark as a national programmer for legendary station owner Gordon McLendon. He sold the AM station sometime after 1971, when he sold WNYN-FM to Susquehanna Radio. The FM station became WHLQ, then WOOS, and is now WRQK-FM.

After Keyes sold the AM station, it was known as "Country 9" in the early 1980s to North Shore Communications, Inc. an Ohio Corporation created by Stephen Bloomfield, Frank Pintur, both University of Akron graduates, and acolytes of former WNYN station manager, Dr. William B. Sties. It featured a country music format in the 1980s and was affiliated with ABC's "Direction" news network. The station was purchased by Mortenson Broadcasting, then-owners of WTOF-FM (98.1), and accordingly changed call letters to WTOF on March 15, 1985.

After Mortenson sold the AM station, the call sign was changed to WBXT on March 1, 1988 (with a short-lived Urban format), then to WCER on September 29, 1992. The WCER call letters originally stood for "Canton's Entertainment Radio," but have taken on different meanings with the station's Christian and religious-leaning format.

Owned by Melodynamic Broadcasting Corp., whose shareholders include Jack Ambrozic and former Cuyahoga County Judge Leodis Harris, WCER featured programming such as Alex Jones, Christian Teaching/Preaching, Derry Brownfield, Dave Ramsey, Dr. Laura, "The Patriot News Hour", and "The Flip Side" with Robby Noel. It also carried Walsh University football and high school football games.

On March 31, 2011, early reports began to surface that WCER would permanently cease operations by the end of that day. However, such plans were rescinded for undisclosed reasons, and WCER continued broadcasting. A lease agreement with Curtis A. Perry III, former programmer for WINW, took effect on July 8, 2011, and WCER dropped all existing talk programming for a revival of WINW's gospel music format.

WCER filed a "notification of silent operation" on September 27, 2011, stating that the station went off the air thirteen days earlier. Because the owners did not file an application to renew WCER's license, it expired on October 1, 2012, and was cancelled that October 5 by the Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WCER
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Canton metro area |
| Frequency | 900 kHz |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Melodynamic Broadcasting Corp. |
| History | |
| First air date | 1947 |
| Last air date | September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14) |
| Former call signs | WAND (1947–61)
WCNS (1961–67)
WNYN (1967–85)
WTOF (1985–88)
WBXT (1988–92) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**e're **C**hristian **E**ducation **R**adio
**W**here **C**hrist **E**ver **R**eigns |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 41131 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 500 watts (daytime)
75 watts (nighttime) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°49′17″N 81°25′34″W / 40.82139°N 81.42611°W / 40.82139; -81.42611 |