title: New Jersey's 40th legislative district

abstract: New Jersey's 40th legislative district is one of 40 districts that make up the map for the New Jersey Legislature. It covers the Bergen County municipalities of Franklin Lakes, Ridgewood, and Wyckoff; the Essex County municipalities of Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell, Verona, and West Caldwell; and the Passaic County municipalities of Little Falls, Hawthorne, Totowa, Wayne and Woodland Park.

text:
# New Jersey's 40th legislative district

New Jersey's **40th legislative district** is one of 40 districts that make up the map for the New Jersey Legislature. It covers the Bergen County municipalities of Franklin Lakes, Ridgewood, and Wyckoff; the Essex County municipalities of Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell, Verona, and West Caldwell; and the Passaic County municipalities of Little Falls, Hawthorne, Totowa, Wayne and Woodland Park.

## Demographic information

As of the 2020 United States census, the district had a population of 218,353, of whom 172,104 (78.8%) were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 166,763 (76.4%) White, 5,141 (2.4%) African American, 455 (0.2%) Native American, 18,320 (8.4%) Asian, 39 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 9,672 (4.4%) from some other race, and 17,963 (8.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27,178 (12.4%) of the population.

The district had 184,507 registered voters as of December 1, 2023, of whom 69,280 (37.5%) were registered as unaffiliated, 56,934 (30.9%) were registered as Republicans, 56,843 (30.8%) were registered as Democrats and 1,450 (0.8%) were registered to other parties.

## Political representation

For the 2024-2025 session, the 40th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Kristin Corrado (, Totowa) and in the General Assembly by Al Barlas (R, Cedar Grove) and Christopher DePhillips (R, Wyckoff).

The legislative district overlaps with New Jersey's 5th, New Jersey's 9th, New Jersey's 10th, and 11th congressional districts.

## Apportionment history

Upon the creation of the 40-district legislative map in 1973, the 40th district consisted of western Bergen County running from Elmwood Park north along the county line to Ridgewood, then in addition to Ho-Ho-Kus and Midland Park, consisted of the larger municipalities in the northwest corner of the county. Following the 1981 redistricting, the 40th lost Elmwood Park, Ho-Ho-Kus, and Allendale, but picked up Upper Saddle River and the Passaic County boroughs of North Haledon, Pompton Lakes, Bloomingdale, and Wanaque. In the 1991 redistricting, Ramsey, Upper Saddle River, North Haledon, Pompton Lakes, and Bloomingdale were shifted to other districts, but Washington Township, Waldwick, Ringwood, and West Milford became a part of the district. Under the 2001 redistricting, the Bergen County portion of the 40th district became smaller only running along the county border from Ridgewood to Mahwah (plus Midland Park), but in addition to Ringwood and Wanaque, passed through the center of the county picking up Wayne and Little Falls and for the first time included Essex County by encompassing Cedar Grove and Verona. Mahwah and Oakland were eliminated from the Bergen County portion in the 2011 redistricting but Allendale, Ho-Ho-Kus, and Waldwick were added, more of central Passaic County was added including Totowa and Woodland Park, and Morris County's Pequannock were included within the district.

Since 1973, the district has always leaned Republican, never electing a Democrat through the 2023 general election. It is one of only nine state legislative districts statewide that has never elected more than one political party to Trenton, and with the election of a Democrat to the 16th in 2015, the only district to have elected only Republicans.

Senator Corrado has served the district since October 2017. Previously the Clerk of Passaic County, she was appointed to replace three-term incumbent Kevin J. O'Toole of Cedar Grove, after his appointment to the Board of Commissioners of The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

Assemblyman Rooney has served the district since December 2016, the longest serving of the three in the district. The former mayor of Wyckoff, New Jersey was appointed to replace multi-term incumbent Scott Rumana of Wayne after his appointment to the bench of the Superior Court of New Jersey.

Assemblyman DePhillips, a former mayor of Wyckoff, is the newest of the three in office, serving in the district since January 2018. First elected in 2017, DePhillips replaced David C. Russo of Ridgewood, who was first elected in 1989 and served until he left office in 2018 after his fourteenth term. New Jersey's 40th has gone longer without electing a Democrat than any other legislative district in the state, having never chosen one under the new district-organization system (in place since 1973) and being one of four districts in New Jersey to elect all Republicans (at the state level) in the 1974 Watergate Democratic wave.

## Election history

### 2023

In 2023, the Republican ticket of incumbent Chris DePhillips (seeking his fourth two-year term) and Essex County GOP chairman Al Barlas ran against the Democratic team of Giovanna Irizarry (the Woodland Park school district's director of special education) and Wyckoff small business owner Jennifer Marrinan for two seats in the general assembly; meanwhile, Hawthorne school board member Jennifer Ehrentraut ran as a Democrat for state senate against Republican incumbent Kristin Corrado. In New Jersey all state legislature seats were up for re-election in the 2023 cycle.

Following Al Barlas making public his intention to run, Wyckoff's Kevin Rooney decided against seeking re-election to his position representing the 40th district in New Jersey's general assembly; the New Jersey Globe asserted that Rooney's decision was due to redistricting including six more Essex County towns in the 40th than previously (a process that Barlas co-chaired), thus meriting a representative from the county. In January 2023, just two months after announcing his candidacy, Barlas, "...raised a mammoth $112,844...making the first-time candidate one of the top GOP fundraisers in the state"; meanwhile, Corrado had amassed $117,457 and DePhillips had $145,095 (including, in both latter cases, leftover funds from previous campaigns). If Barlas is elected, he would be the first South Asian Republican in New Jersey's legislature.

In July 2023, the New Jersey Building and Construction Trades Council (a representative body for, "...13 Local Building Trades Councils, more than 100 local unions and over 150,000 rank and file members,") revoked its endorsement of the Democratic assembly candidates, with its president, Bill Mullen, composing a letter that stated, “...we appreciate your support for New Jersey’s...union construction and allied trades...\[but\] the NJBCTC executive board met...and \[unanimously\] voted to endorse your Republican opponents in this year’s election...Please consider this communication a formal withdrawal of the NJBCTC’s endorsement". Democratic Bergen County commissioner Tom Sullivan (who was, at the time, also an IBEW union president) fought for Irizarry and Marrinan being endorsed whereas former Democratic Senate President Steve Sweeney (who was also, at the time, head of the state’s Ironworkers union) advocated for the Republicans being endorsed. Local media called the representative body's flip "a highly unusual move" and a "devastating blow for the two newcomers".

In October 2023, the Corrado-DePhillips-Barlas slate released a mailer where they boasted that, "...Corrado has led the charge to expose Murphy's deadly policies that cost thousands of...lives during the pandemic," that, "...DePhillips is pushing legislation to slash the state's oppressive tax on businesses," and that, "...Barlas is running to restore commonsense values to our local schools and empower parents to be at the center of their child's education"; later the mailer tied president Joe Biden to rising inflation (via a Fox News headline) and Phil Murphy to New Jersey schools not, "...tell\[ing\] parents about student gender choices," (by way of a northjersey.com headline), calling them "radical Democrats" under whose leadership, "Our economy is tanking, and our values are under attack".

### 2021

In the November 2021 election, Republican senator Kristin Corrado (with 47,230 votes) won re-election to her second four-year term, fending off a challenge from Democratic Ridgewood deputy mayor Michael Sedon (who earned 30,237), while the slate of Republican assemblymen Kevin Rooney (with 46,004 votes) and Chris DePhillips (with 45,246) won re-election to their third full terms, defeating the Democratic team of Waldwick councilwoman Nicole McNamara (who earned 31,066 votes) and former assistant Bergen County prosecutor Genny Allard (who earned 30,606).

For 2021, The New Jersey State FMBA (a union representing career firefighters, EMTs, and dispatchers) backed the three Republicans in a slate of mixed Republican and Democrat endorsements, and the New Jersey Fraternal Order of Police (also in a politically-heterogenous round of endorsements) chose to support the three Republicans as well. Meanwhile, the three Democrats were endorsed by the New Jersey Democratic State Committee LGBTQ Caucus (to which the candidates responded that they were "humbly honored" as Democrats, "...who value equality for all Americans of every race, sexual orientation, and gender identity"); the Progressive Turnout Project endorsed the three Democrats along with 54 other New Jersey state-level progressives; and after, "Challengers...respon\[ded\] to \[their\] application and demonstrated support for women’s issues in their official campaign platform," the National Organization for Women of New Jersey PAC endorsed Democrat Genny Allard individually.

### 2019

In the November 2019 election, Republican assemblymen Kevin Rooney (with 22,562 votes) and Chris DePhillips (with 21,955) won re-election to their second full terms, defeating the Democratic slate of former Bergen County Freeholder Julie O'Brien (who earned 17,557 votes) and Little Falls councilwoman Maria Martini Cordonnier (who earned 17,332).

In late October 2019, DePhillips and Rooney skipped a debate hosted by the League of Women Voters, claiming that the question-selection process was "broken" and "unfair" because an earlier debate sponsored by the Wayne League of Women Voters had allowed, "...a local Democratic candidate to be part of a group that was screening questions and determining what questions would be asked". DePhillips and Rooney claimed they had spoken to the League following the Wayne debate and that, "The LWV...agreed to not allow questions from elected officials from either party," but that the organization rejected other structural requests they had made — pushing the two candidates to back down. Cordonnier and O'Brien criticized the Republicans' absence, arguing that, “...refusing to engage with \[us\] shows a lack of respect for their constituents and their office...As an elected official, you need to answer for your record even if you don’t like the questions".

Ridgewood Councilman Micheal Sedon (alongside Cordonnier) won the Democratic primary to challenge DePhillips and Rooney in the general election, but Sedon dropped out of the race between June and September 2019; in September, Democratic County Committee members selected O'Brien to replace Sedon on the ballot.

### 2017

In the November 2017 election, Republican state senator Kristin Corrado (with 33,495) defeated Democrat and Garfield city manager Thomas Duch (who earned 26,060) in a race for her first full four-year term in New Jersey's upper chamber; meanwhile, Republican assemblyman Kevin Rooney (with 31,170 votes) won election to his first full two-year term as his running-mate, a former Wyckoff mayor, Chris DePhillips (with 30,610) won a seat for the first time, defeating the Democratic team of Christine Ordway (who earned 27,092 votes) and Ridgewood-restaurant-owner Paul Vagianos (who earned 26,737). Following Election Day (on which he became governor-elect), Democrat Phil Murphy named Ordway to his transition team's healthcare board — a role which involved, "...policy analysis and \[making\] recommendations on...state issues and initiatives as the new administration prepare\[d\] to take office".

In October 2017, the three Republicans faced off against the three Democratic candidates in a forum hosted by the Bergen County League of Women Voters in Ridgewood. At the forum, the Republicans argued that, "...affordable-housing obligations should be left up to local governments...\[and cited\] the lack of vacant land as a hurdle to increasing affordable-housing stock," whereas Vagianos claimed affordable housing requirements should be handled by state courts and Duch said that such housing, "is not evil" while touting the presence of affordable units in Garfield, the city he managed; Rooney supported extending the two-percent yearly salary increase cap on police and firefighters to manage municipal expenses while the Democrats blamed New Jersey's public-salary/pension crisis on, "...Chris Christie, who they said underfunded the state pension system"; Vagianos and Ordway brought up funding, "...the Hudson Tunnel Project...a new commuter tunnel between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan," arguing it, "...would be a boon to local real estate values and the economy"; and the Democrats said they were committed to, "...fully funding Planned Parenthood in the state of New Jersey," in part in an effort to make more accessible, "...preventive care services for low-income women across the state," — which DePhillips contended (while supporting preventative care) was a distortion of the situation, as, "...the issue 'is about abortion'," while Corrado pointed out that Planned Parenthood is not the only institution offering preventative care in the state.

In July 2017, Republican county committee representatives from 40th district towns selected Passaic County clerk Kristin Corrado to fill the remaining several months of what had been Kevin O'Toole's senate term until he resigned earlier in the month. Corrado's appointment came after she won a contentious primary in June (to be the Republican nominee for state senate in the general election), in which she and Paul DiGaetano (a former seven-term assemblyman and, at the time, the Bergen County Republican party chairman) were each supported by divergent segments of the district's Republican leadership.

In October 2016, Assemblyman Scott Rumana resigned with a year remaining in his term after being confirmed as a judge on New Jersey's Superior Court. In November, Wyckoff mayor Kevin Rooney was appointed (in a 104-96 vote against Mike Marotta) to fill the remainder of the unexpired term; according to The Record, Rooney’s appointment was, "clearly a blow" to local GOP leadership, as the contest, "...was seen as a proxy fight between rival GOP camps \[considering that\] Marotta had the backing of three county chairmen...\[and was\] a longtime Rumana ally \[whereas\] Rooney had the political blessing of \[40th district state senator\] O’Toole and the backing of Peter Murphy, the maverick GOP leader from Totowa...\[and\] enemy of Rumana".

### Table

| Session | Senate | General Assembly | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974–1975 | Garrett W. Hagedorn (R) | C. Gus Rys (R) | John A. Spizziri (R) |
| 1976–1977 | | C. Gus Rys (R) | John A. Spizziri (R) |
| 1978–1979 | Garrett W. Hagedorn (R) | W. Cary Edwards (R) | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| 1980–1981 | | W. Cary Edwards (R) | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| 1982–1983 | Garrett W. Hagedorn (R) | Seat vacant | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| | | Nicholas Felice (R) | |
| 1984–1985 | Garrett W. Hagedorn (R) | Nicholas Felice (R) | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| | Henry McNamara (R) | | |
| | 1986–1987 | Nicholas Felice (R) | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| 1988–1989 | Henry McNamara (R) | Nicholas Felice (R) | Walter M. D. Kern (R) |
| 1990–1991 | | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 1992–1993 | Henry McNamara (R) | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 1994–1995 | Henry McNamara (R) | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 1996–1997 | | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 1998–1999 | Henry McNamara (R) | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2000–2001 | | Nicholas Felice (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2002–2003 | Henry McNamara (R) | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2004–2005 | Henry McNamara (R) | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2006–2007 | | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2008–2009 | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | Scott Rumana (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2010–2011 | | Scott Rumana (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2012–2013 | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | Scott Rumana (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2014–2015 | Kevin J. O'Toole (R) | Scott Rumana (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| 2016–2017 | | Scott Rumana (R) | David C. Russo (R) |
| | Kristin Corrado (R) | | Kevin J. Rooney (R) |
| 2018–2019 | Kristin Corrado (R) | Kevin J. Rooney (R) | Christopher DePhillips (R) |
| 2020–2021 | | Kevin J. Rooney (R) | Christopher DePhillips (R) |
| 2022–2023 | Kristin Corrado (R) | Kevin J. Rooney (R) | Christopher DePhillips (R) |
| 2024–2025 | Kristin Corrado (R) | Al Barlas (R) | Christopher DePhillips (R) |

## Election results

### Senate

2021 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kristin M. Corrado** | **47,230** | **61.0** | **4.8** |
|  | Democratic | Michael A. Sedon | 30,237 | 39.0 | 4.8 |
| Total votes | | | **77,467** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kristin M. Corrado** | **33,495** | **56.2** | **9.7** |
|  | Democratic | Thomas Duch | 26,060 | 43.8 | 9.7 |
| Total votes | | | **59,555** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2013
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **37,565** | **65.9** | **3.5** |
|  | Democratic | William Meredith Ashley | 19,401 | 34.1 | 3.5 |
| Total votes | | | **56,966** | **100.0** |  |

2011 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **22,821** | **62.4** |
|  | Democratic | John Zunic | 13,733 | 37.6 |
| Total votes | | | **36,554** | **100.0** |

2007 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **26,214** | **66.2** | **1.7** |
|  | Democratic | John Zunic | 13,395 | 33.8 | 1.7 |
| Total votes | | | **39,609** | **100.0** |  |

2003 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **24,478** | **64.5** | **2.2** |
|  | Democratic | Matt Rogers | 13,493 | 35.5 | 2.2 |
| Total votes | | | **37,971** | **100.0** |  |

2001 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **39,815** | **62.3** |
|  | Democratic | John "Jack" Nigro | 24,122 | 37.7 |
| Total votes | | | **63,937** | **100.0** |

1997 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **42,751** | **67.5** | **0.2** |
|  | Democratic | Michael Greenspan | 20,537 | 32.5 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **63,288** | **100.0** |  |

1993 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **49,041** | **67.7** | **7.8** |
|  | Democratic | Bea O’ Rourke | 23,380 | 32.3 | 7.8 |
| Total votes | | | **72,421** | **100.0** |  |

1991 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **36,666** | **75.5** |
|  | Democratic | Frank R. Lucas | 11,884 | 24.5 |
| Total votes | | | **48,550** | **100.0** |

1987 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **29,365** | **71.9** | **3.2** |
|  | Democratic | Terry R. Driller | 11,453 | 28.1 | 3.2 |
| Total votes | | | **40,818** | **100.0** |  |

Special election, November 5, 1985
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry P. McNamara** | **34,998** | **68.7** | **3.2** |
|  | Democratic | Charles F. Ryan | 15,923 | 31.3 | 3.2 |
| Total votes | | | **50,921** | **100.0** |  |

1983 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Garrett W. Hagedorn** | **28,755** | **65.5** | **1.3** |
|  | Democratic | Charles F. Ryan | 15,152 | 34.5 | 1.3 |
| Total votes | | | **43,907** | **100.0** |  |

1981 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Garrett W. Hagedorn** | **42,014** | **66.8** |
|  | Democratic | Mitchell Kahn | 20,835 | 33.2 |
| Total votes | | | **62,849** | **100.0** |

1977 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Garrett W. Hagedorn** | **29,689** | **57.8** | **1.6** |
|  | Democratic | Anthony D. Andora | 21,009 | 40.9 | 2.9 |
|  | Independent Middle America | Victor E. Virgens | 664 | 1.3 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **51,362** | **100.0** |  |

1973 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Garrett W. Hagedorn** | **32,566** | **56.2** |
|  | Democratic | Robert A. Pennachio | 25,394 | 43.8 |
| Total votes | | | **57,960** | **100.0** |

### General Assembly

2021 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. Rooney** | **46,004** | **30.1** | **1.7** |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher P. DePhillips** | **45,246** | **29.6** | **2.0** |
|  | Democratic | Nicole McNamara | 31,066 | 20.3 | 1.8 |
|  | Democratic | Genevieve Allard | 30,606 | 20.0 | 1.8 |
| Total votes | | | **152,922** | **100.0** |  |

2019 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. Rooney** | **22,562** | **28.4** | **1.6** |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher P. DePhillips** | **21,955** | **27.6** | **1.3** |
|  | Democratic | Julie O’Brien | 17,557 | 22.1 | 1.2 |
|  | Democratic | Maria Martini Cordonnier | 17,332 | 21.8 | 1.2 |
| Total votes | | | **79,406** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. Rooney** | **31,170** | **26.8** | **0.8** |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher P. DePhillips** | **30,610** | **26.3** | **1.7** |
|  | Democratic | Christine Ordway | 27,092 | 23.3 | 1.0 |
|  | Democratic | Paul Vagianos | 26,737 | 23.0 | 0.8 |
|  | You Tell Me | Anthony J. Pellechia | 748 | 0.6 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **116,357** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **19,675** | **28.0** | **4.1** |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott T. Rumana** | **19,357** | **27.6** | **4.5** |
|  | Democratic | Christine Ordway | 15,629 | 22.3 | 3.9 |
|  | Democratic | Paul Vagianos | 15,573 | 22.2 | 4.9 |
| Total votes | | | **70,234** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2013
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott T. Rumana** | **36,174** | **32.1** | **2.4** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **36,143** | **32.1** | **1.8** |
|  | Democratic | Anthony J. Galietti | 20,779 | 18.4 | 2.7 |
|  | Democratic | Leo Arcuri | 19,542 | 17.3 | 1.6 |
| Total votes | | | **112,638** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2011
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **22,125** | **30.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott T. Rumana** | **21,678** | **29.7** |
|  | Democratic | Cassandra Lazzara | 15,412 | 21.1 |
|  | Democratic | William J. Brennan | 13,767 | 18.9 |
| Total votes | | | **72,982** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 2009
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott T. Rumana** | **42,359** | **33.2** | **0.8** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **42,143** | **33.0** | **0.8** |
|  | Democratic | John Agostinelli | 21,737 | 17.0 | 0.6 |
|  | Democratic | Mark Bombace | 21,277 | 16.7 | 1.0 |
| Total votes | | | **127,516** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2007
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott T. Rumana** | **25,372** | **32.4** | **1.8** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **25,208** | **32.2** | **1.7** |
|  | Democratic | Lisa Sciancalepore | 13,751 | 17.6 | 2.4 |
|  | Democratic | Zonie LeSane | 12,339 | 15.7 | 3.1 |
|  | Libertarian | Derek DeMarco | 855 | 1.1 | *N/A* |
|  | Libertarian | Paul Tahan | 819 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **78,344** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2005
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **36,957** | **30.6** | **1.5** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **36,820** | **30.5** | **1.8** |
|  | Democratic | Jane Bidwell | 24,117 | 20.0 | 3.1 |
|  | Democratic | Ronald Beattie | 22,732 | 18.8 | 1.8 |
| Total votes | | | **120,626** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2003
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **23,965** | **32.3** | **1.6** |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **23,865** | **32.1** | **1.9** |
|  | Democratic | Michael Bradley | 12,624 | 17.0 | 2.9 |
|  | Democratic | Jane Bidwell Gaunt | 12,535 | 16.9 | 2.3 |
|  | Green | Philip A. Passantino | 1,256 | 1.7 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **74,245** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **38,627** | **30.7** |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin J. O'Toole** | **38,058** | **30.2** |
|  | Democratic | Frank Delvecchio | 25,027 | 19.9 |
|  | Democratic | Donna Kurdock | 24,201 | 19.2 |
| Total votes | | | **125,913** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 1999
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **21,175** | **30.6** | **3.1** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **20,897** | **30.2** | **2.8** |
|  | Democratic | Frank Del Vecchio | 13,528 | 19.6 | 3.6 |
|  | Democratic | Joshua Levine | 12,820 | 18.5 | 2.8 |
|  | Conservative | Robert I. Unanue | 705 | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **69,125** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **42,207** | **33.7** | **0.0** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **41,261** | **33.0** | **1.1** |
|  | Democratic | Dawn Savarese | 20,013 | 16.0 | 1.2 |
|  | Democratic | Peter Goetz | 19,680 | 15.7 | 0.6 |
|  | Conservative | Mike Best | 1,088 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
|  | Conservative | Walter Renninghoff | 961 | 0.8 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **125,210** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1995
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **22,518** | **33.7** | **1.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **21,312** | **31.9** | **2.3** |
|  | Democratic | Joan P. Larkin | 11,464 | 17.2 | 1.5 |
|  | Democratic | Martin Etler | 10,112 | 15.1 | 0.0 |
|  | Conservative | Michael A. Best | 1,426 | 2.1 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **66,832** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1993
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **49,340** | **35.0** | **3.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **48,200** | **34.2** | **3.2** |
|  | Democratic | Jack Dabney | 22,167 | 15.7 | 3.4 |
|  | Democratic | Barry Winston | 21,316 | 15.1 | 3.1 |
| Total votes | | | **141,023** | **100.0** |  |

1991 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **36,573** | **38.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **35,650** | **37.4** |
|  | Democratic | William J. Branagh | 11,741 | 12.3 |
|  | Democratic | Martin Etler | 11,459 | 12.0 |
| Total votes | | | **95,423** | **100.0** |

1989 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **33,746** | **28.9** | **4.7** |
|  | **Republican** | **David C. Russo** | **33,432** | **28.6** | **6.0** |
|  | Democratic | Paul Lief Rosengren | 25,106 | 21.5 | 5.9 |
|  | Democratic | Linda Villano | 24,438 | 20.9 | 5.5 |
| Total votes | | | **116,722** | **100.0** |  |

1987 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M. D. Kern, Jr.** | **27,767** | **34.6** | **1.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **26,980** | **33.6** | **2.2** |
|  | Democratic | Michael S. Taaffe | 12,535 | 15.6 | 1.2 |
|  | Democratic | Edward F. Seavers, Jr. | 12,366 | 15.4 | 1.6 |
|  | Michael Harris Libertarian | Michael Harris | 538 | 0.7 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **80,186** | **100.0** |  |

1985 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M. D. Kern, Jr.** | **36,476** | **35.9** | **1.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **36,369** | **35.8** | **1.9** |
|  | Democratic | Judy Miller | 14,590 | 14.4 | 1.6 |
|  | Democratic | Carmine J. Cicchino | 14,050 | 13.8 | 1.7 |
| Total votes | | | **101,485** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1983
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M. D. Kern, Jr.** | **29,878** | **34.6** | **0.8** |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **29,241** | **33.9** | **2.1** |
|  | Democratic | Thomas J. Barrett | 13,769 | 16.0 | 1.6 |
|  | Democratic | Douglas J. Stiles | 13,405 | 15.5 | 1.3 |
| Total votes | | | **86,293** | **100.0** |  |

Special election, March 16, 1982
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nicholas R. Felice** | **7,746** | **57.1** |
|  | Democratic | Emil L. Porfido | 5,814 | 42.9 |
| Total votes | | | **13,560** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 1981
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Cary Edwards** | **44,415** | **36.0** |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M.D. Kern, Jr.** | **43,692** | **35.4** |
|  | Democratic | Arthur R. Carmano, Jr. | 17,761 | 14.4 |
|  | Democratic | C. Charles Christofilis | 17,467 | 14.2 |
| Total votes | | | **123,335** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 1979
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **W. Cary Edwards** | **29,946** | **35.0** | **6.5** |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M.D. Kern, Jr.** | **29,084** | **34.0** | **6.5** |
|  | Democratic | Eleanor M. Rooney | 13,410 | 15.7 | 6.0 |
|  | Democratic | Jane Tremble Baumann | 13,174 | 15.4 | 6.0 |
| Total votes | | | **85,614** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1977
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **W. Cary Edwards** | **28,510** | **28.5** | **1.6** |
|  | **Republican** | **Walter M. D. Kern, Jr.** | **27,536** | **27.5** | **2.4** |
|  | Democratic | Chris Burdick | 21,794 | 21.7 | 1.6 |
|  | Democratic | John M. Henderson | 21,423 | 21.4 | 1.6 |
|  | Libertarian | Susan Raggi | 533 | 0.5 | *N/A* |
|  | Libertarian | Daniel L. Bauch | 413 | 0.4 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **100,209** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1975
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John A. Spizziri** | **31,614** | **30.1** | **5.0** |
|  | **Republican** | **C. Gus Rys** | **31,470** | **29.9** | **3.7** |
|  | Democratic | Rose Brunetto | 21,170 | 20.1 | 4.7 |
|  | Democratic | Paul Lewis | 20,851 | 19.8 | 4.2 |
| Total votes | | | **105,105** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1973
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **C. Gus Rys** | **29,386** | **26.2** |
|  | **Republican** | **John A. Spizziri** | **28,156** | **25.1** |
|  | Democratic | Paul S. Konstadt | 27,793 | 24.8 |
|  | Democratic | Vincent A. Girardy | 26,957 | 24.0 |
| Total votes | | | **112,292** | **100.0** |

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## InfoBox

| New Jersey's 40th legislative district | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator | Kristin Corrado () |
| Assembly members | Al Barlas (R)<br>Christopher DePhillips (R) |
| Registration |  |
| Demographics |  |
| Population | 218,353 |
| Voting-age population | 172,104 |
| Registered voters | 184,507 |


title: Orbitron

abstract: The Orbitron is a custom car built by Ed Roth. It was feared lost until being rediscovered in Mexico in 2007.

text:
# Orbitron

The **Orbitron** is a custom car built by Ed Roth. It was feared lost until being rediscovered in Mexico in 2007.

## Construction

Built in 1964, the vehicle was powered by a 1955 or 1956 Chevrolet V8 backed by a Powerglide automatic transmission. The body was hand-laid fiberglass, hiding Roth's extensive chrome work to the chassis. The cockpit, set at the extreme rear of the vehicle in the manner of a dragster, was lined with fake fur and featured an 11-inch General Electric "1-Touch" portable television mounted in the console. Topping the cockpit was a custom-made, hydraulically operated Plexiglas bubble top. One of a series of ordinary doorbell push-button switches atop the hood activated the top from the outside.

Other mechanical features included a 1956 Chevrolet rear end, dropped Ford front beam axle, Buick brake drums and early Ford brakes. The frame was handmade of rectangular 2x4 inch steel tubing. The engine was a leftover from one of Roth's 1955 Chevrolets, having been removed to make way for a then-new Mark IV big-block given to him by General Motors. It was one of the very few completed cars Roth deemed to be a "mistake" because he felt the car did not show well because the heavily chromed engine and most of the chassis were hidden. The Orbitron was one of his few customs to have a hood. Reportedly, the hydraulically operated hood did not fit well due to rushed fiberglass work.

The vehicle's most distinctive feature was its asymmetrical front end with red, green and blue tinted headlamps. It was thought that the three beams when combined would produce an intense white light; the idea came from the then-new medium of color television.

## Ownership

Fellow automotive customizer Darryl Starbird purchased the vehicle from Roth in 1967 for US$750.00. Starbird traded the vehicle some years later to an unidentified collector in Texas. From Texas the Orbitron was traded to a carnival owner in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico in or around 1991. By that time the asymmetrical nose had been cut off and discarded, possibly for additional air flow to the radiator for the car's use in and around the carnivals.

Automotive restorer Michael Lightbourn, who heard rumors of the car's existence in Ciudad Juárez, discovered it parked in front of an adult bookstore for use as an advertising aid. The car had been sprayed in faded black primer and was basically complete except for the hood, the tachometer, the television, the fur lining, the long-missing nose and the bubble top, believed destroyed in the early 1970s when it became stuck and trapped the car's then-owner.

The family who owned the bookstore had also owned the carnival in which the car was used. After intense negotiations with the family, who were reluctant to sell the deteriorating vehicle for what they said were sentimental reasons, Lightbourn was finally able to return the Orbitron to the United States. Upon its return, the Orbitron was sold to Beau Boeckmann of "Galpin Auto Sports" fame.

## Restoration

Boeckmann completed the restoration of the car in approximately 100 days. All original parts removed from the car, including the frame which was too rusted to reuse, were retained and archived by Boeckmann. Accuracy of the project was supervised by former Roth designer Ed "Newt" Newton, who assisted in the original 1964 design.

The restoration includes a television of the same type originally installed in the console. A small reel-to-reel tape recorder hidden in the cockpit, which was intended to play a musical recording of the car's features, was discovered along with the original tape during the restoration process and is in working order; the recording was reportedly done by Tex Ritter. Planet Plastics of Chino, California, the original company contracted to create the bubble top, was contracted to create a replacement. Evidence of the car's original "candy blue" color (similar in execution to "candy apple red") was discovered within the interior and was used as a basis for matching the replacement finish. Paint work was overseen by Larry Watson, who painted the car in 1964. Watson was joined by his original assistant, Bill Carter, who applied the new finish. A descendant of the individual responsible for the pin-striping applied the new pin-striping to the vehicle upon its completion. Interior restoration was by Joe Perez, who was responsible for the original upholstery work as well. The original Chevrolet engine with its rare Stromberg 97 triple carburetor setup and Chevrolet Corvette finned aluminum valve covers has been rebuilt and reinstalled.

It is the cover subject of the March 2009 edition of *Hot Rod Deluxe*, a "retro" version of *Hot Rod Magazine*.

## InfoBox

| Orbitron | |
| --- | --- |
| Restored Orbitron in Pomona, California, 2009. | |
| Overview | |
| Designer | Ed Roth, Ed Newton |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Custom car |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | Chevrolet V8 |
| Transmission | Powerglide |


title: The Medicine (Planet Asia album)

abstract: The Medicine is a solo studio album by American rapper Planet Asia. It was released on September 19, 2006, through ABB Records. Recording sessions took place at Soundproof in Venice, Los Angeles and at The Lab in New York City. Production was handled by Evidence, Alchemist, Nucleus and Bravo. It features guest appearances from Auch Dixon, Black Thought, Cali Agents, Defari, Dilated Peoples, Jonell, Killa Ben, Krondon, Kubiq, Phil Da Agony, Prodigy, Shake Da Mayor, Supa Supreme and Turbin. The album serves as the third installment of Planet Asia's "Medicali series", following The Sickness and The Diagnosis. The album's lead single is "Thick Ropes" b/w "On Your Way 93706".

text:
# The Medicine (Planet Asia album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *HipHopDX* | 2.5/5 |
| RapReviews | 8/10 |

***The Medicine*** is a solo studio album by American rapper Planet Asia. It was released on September 19, 2006, through ABB Records. Recording sessions took place at Soundproof in Venice, Los Angeles and at The Lab in New York City. Production was handled by Evidence, Alchemist, Nucleus and Bravo. It features guest appearances from Auch Dixon, Black Thought, Cali Agents, Defari, Dilated Peoples, Jonell, Killa Ben, Krondon, Kubiq, Phil Da Agony, Prodigy, Shake Da Mayor, Supa Supreme and Turbin.

The album serves as the third installment of Planet Asia's "Medicali series", following *The Sickness* and *The Diagnosis*. The album's lead single is "Thick Ropes" b/w "On Your Way 93706".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Da Prescription" |  | Evidence | 2:36 |
| 2. | "Thick Ropes" | * Green * Perretta | * Evidence * Nucleus | 3:51 |
| 3. | "Get Active" (featuring Krondon and Phil Da Agony) |  | Evidence | 4:44 |
| 4. | "All the Names" | * Green * Perretta | Evidence | 4:37 |
| 5. | "Over Your Head" (featuring Black Thought) |  |  | 3:56 |
| 6. | "In Love with You" (featuring Jonell) |  | Evidence | 5:06 |
| 7. | "That's on Me" | * Green * Perretta | Evidence | 4:47 |
| 8. | "On Your Way 93706" | * Green * Perretta | Evidence | 3:53 |
| 9. | "Get Down or Lay Down" (featuring Kubiq and Supa Supreme) | * Green * Cinque D. Webb * Perretta | Evidence | 3:30 |
| 10. | "The Medicine" | * Green * Perretta | Evidence | 3:09 |
| 11. | "Stick & Move" (featuring Prodigy) |  | Evidence | 3:55 |
| 12. | "Ghetto's Thirsty" (featuring Auch Dixon) | * Green * Achaia E. Dixon * Alfie Easkin Dixon * Perretta | Evidence | 5:17 |
| 13. | "The Hustle Pt II" (featuring Shake Da Mayor) | * Green * Chuma Solwazi * Perretta | Evidence | 2:40 |
| 14. | "No Questions Asked" (featuring Killa Ben and Turbin) | * Green * Thomas * Ronnie Sean Real * Perretta | * Evidence * Bravo (co.) | 4:14 |
| 15. | "Old Timer Thoughts" (featuring Defari) | * Green * Duane A. Johnson * Perretta | Evidence | 3:52 |
| 16. | "Dilated Agents" (featuring Rasco, Rakaa and Evidence) |  | Evidence | 3:33 |
| Total length: | | | | 1:03:40 |

## Personnel

* Jeffrey Babko – keyboards
* Chris "DJ Babu" Oroc – scratches
* Kurt "DJ Revolution" Hoffman – scratches
* Michael "Evidence" Peretta – producer, recording, executive producer
* Alan "The Alchemist" Maman – producer, recording
* West "Nucleus" Plischke – producer
* Tavish "Bravo" Graham – co-producer
* Richard "Segal" Huredia – mixing
* Bernie Grundman – mastering
* Shane "Madchild" Bunting – executive producer
* Walter "Walt Liquor" Taylor – executive producer
* Jason "Planet Asia" Green – executive producer
* Ben "Beni B" Nickleberry Jr. – associate producer

## InfoBox

| The Medicine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Planet Asia | |
| Released | September 19, 2006 (2006-09-19) |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 1:03:40 |
| Label | ABB Records |
| Producer |  |
| Planet Asia chronology | |
| *The Sickness, Part One*
(2006) ***The Medicine***
(2006) *Jewelry Box Sessions: The Album*
(2007) | |


title: Plemyria georgii

abstract: Plemyria georgii, or George's carpet moth, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Plemyria georgii is 7216.

text:
# Plemyria georgii

***Plemyria georgii***, or **George's carpet moth**, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Plemyria georgii* is 7216.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Plemyria georgii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Plemyria* |
| Species: | ***P. georgii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plemyria georgii***<br>Hulst, 1896 | |
|


title: Gladding, McBean

abstract: Gladding, McBean is a ceramics company located in Lincoln, California. It is one of the oldest companies in California, a pioneer in ceramics technology, and a company which has "contributed immeasurably" to the state's industrialization. During the heyday of architectural terra cotta, the company "dominated the industry in California and the Far West."

text:
# Gladding, McBean

**Gladding, McBean** is a ceramics company located in Lincoln, California. It is one of the oldest companies in California, a pioneer in ceramics technology, and a company which has "contributed immeasurably" to the state's industrialization. During the heyday of architectural terra cotta, the company "dominated the industry in California and the Far West."

## History

### Founding

Charles Gladding (1828–1894) was born in Buffalo, New York, served as a first lieutenant in the Union Army during the Civil War, and later moved to Chicago, where he engaged in the clay sewer pipe business. He came to California in 1874 looking for new business opportunities. While in California, he read an article in a San Francisco newspaper about a large clay deposit near the town of Lincoln, California. Investigating, Gladding verified that it was an "unusually fine deposit of white kaolin clay" located close to a railroad line., and selected the spot as the site for a new business. Gladding, along with Peter McGill McBean and George Chambers, established Gladding-McBean in 1875. Its original product was clay sewer pipe. By 1883, the company had grown to 75 employees, and it then evolved into a major manufacturer of architectural terra-cotta. Peter McBean became president of the company after Charles Gladding's death in 1894, and his son Athol McBean later served as chairman of the board.

### Growth, acquisitions, and merger

In June 1923, the company acquired the controlling stock of Tropico Potteries, Inc. of Los Angeles. In 1925, the company purchased all the holdings of the Northern Clay Products Company including the Auburn, Washington terra cotta plant. In 1926, the company merged with the Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company. After this merger, the company had plants in Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Point Richmond, and Alberhill, California. The former Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company's plant at 922 Date Street became Gladding, McBean's Los Angeles plant.

In 1927, the company acquired the holdings of the Denny-Renton Clay and Coal Company which included the terra cotta plant in Renton, Washington, the plant and mines in Taylor and Mica, Washington. The company closed their plant in Van Aselt, Washington in 1927. Tropico Potteries, Inc. filed for dissolution of the corporation in 1928 merging with Gladding, McBean. The former Tropico Potteries's plant at 2901 Los Feliz Boulevard became the company's Glendale plant.

Due to the Great Depression, the Auburn plant closed in 1932. All operations were consolidated with the Renton plant. The Taylor coal and clay mines and the town were condemned by the Seattle Water Department in order to include the area inside an expanded watershed. In 1933, the company bought the "entire holdings on the Pacific Coast of the American Encaustic Tiling Company, Ltd., of New York".

Since the demand for building materials dwindled, the company began to look for new products. The company expanded into tableware. In 1932, experimental work in Dinnerware began at the Glendale plant in Los Angeles. In 1934, Gladding, McBean introduced the Franciscan Pottery line of dinnerware and art ware, named after the Franciscan friars who established missions throughout California in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lines were very successful. In 1937, Gladding, McBean and Co. purchased the Catalina Clay Products Division of Santa Catalina Island Co. The company closed the pottery moving all molds and equipment to the Glendale plant. The company continued to use the tradename of Catalina Pottery on select dinnerware and art ware lines produced in the Glendale plant until 1942. In 1940, the company introduced the hand-painted embossed pattern Franciscan Apple, and in 1941 Desert Rose. Both patterns became the company's most popular patterns. The company introduced fine china dinnerware in 1942 and due to World War II, discontinued all art ware lines.

By 1950, it was considered one of the "world's largest ceramics manufacturers". In 1957, they purchased Washington Brick and Lime and its factories located in Dishman, Washington and Clayton, Washington. The company was described at that time as "the West's largest ceramics firm" with seven plants in California and two in Washington, in addition to those acquired in that purchase.

Because of "the importation of inexpensive Japanese ceramics", Gladding McBean's tableware sales declined in the post World War II period. This was a factor in Gladding-McBean's decision to seek a merger. In 1962, the company merged with the Lock Joint Pipe Company, which resulted in the creation of the International Pipe and Ceramics Corporation, shortened to Interpace Corp. in 1968.

### Decline and revival

In 1976 Interpace Corp. "announced their intention to cease operations at the Lincoln plant" where Gladding, McBean began. Pacific Coast Building Products then purchased the Lincoln factory and restored the historic name of Gladding, McBean, which remains in business today. Interpace Corp. sold its Franciscan Ceramics division to Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd. in 1979. In 1984 production was moved to Wedgwood's Stoke-on-Trent facility in England.

The company now operates as a division of Pacific Coast Building Products Inc under the name Gladding, McBean, LLC. Hard hit by the recession, the company had 110 employees in 2010, "down from an average of 240 workers between 2001 and 2007". The company sponsors an annual "Feats of Clay" ceramic arts festival in Lincoln.

## Products and legacy

From its base in clay sewer pipe and terra cotta, the company expanded into brick production and then branched out to dinnerware in the 1930s, with its Franciscan and Catalina lines.

In 1959, the company was awarded a "subcontract in excess of $500,000 for the production of ceramic radomes." That year, a spokesman for the company "cited research in oxides and other rare earths as providing a solution to the high heat, speed and radiation problems of the space age," and identified the company's best selling products at that time as "dinnerware, tile, refractories, facebrick, clay pipe and conduit, and technical ceramics." The company now identifies its main products as clay roof tile, piazza floor tile, chimney tops and caps, terra cotta, garden pottery and clay sewer pipe.

The California State Library now holds the company's job files from 1888 to 1966, documenting the use of its products to decorate thousands of buildings, including most major structures on the campus of Stanford University. The red roof tiles and architectural terra cotta details helped achieve the distinctive Spanish Colonial Revival style so common to coastal California. While many of the buildings throughout the west coast have been demolished, such as the Richfield Tower in Los Angeles, beautiful examples remain, including San Diego's Spreckels Theater and the Ventura County Courthouse.

## InfoBox

Gladding, McBean LLC.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Ceramic manufacturing |
| Predecessor | Gladding, McBean & Company |
| Founded | 1875 |
| Founder | Charles Gladding, Peter McGill McBean and George Chambers |
| Successor | International Pipe & Ceramics (Interpace) |
| Headquarters | Lincoln, California, United States |
| Key people | Pacific Coast Building Products, President & CEO, Dave Lucchetti |
| Products | Clay sewer pipe, chimney tops, roof tile, and terracotta garden ware |
| Parent | Pacific Coast Building Products, Inc. |
| Website | www.gladdingmcbean.com |


title: Orphulella speciosa

abstract: Orphulella speciosa, commonly known as the slant-faced pasture grasshopper, is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae.

text:
# Orphulella speciosa

***Orphulella speciosa***, commonly known as the **slant-faced pasture grasshopper**, is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae.

## Distribution and habitat

*Orphulella speciosa* occurs east of the Rocky Mountain region all the way to the Coast of the Atlantic. It also occurs in the southern region of Canada and in the northern region of Mexico. *O. speciosa* inhabits areas of tallgrass and mixed grass prairies, often preferring areas of shorter grass that are interspersed throughout the prairie plant matrix, including grasses that have been grazed upon by larger animals. At the southern end of the range (e.g., in Texas), adult *O. speciosa* are most abundant during August to October, with fewer adults present from May to December. In the northern extent of its range (e.g., New England) adult *O. speciosa* are most abundant during the months of July and August.

## Identification

*Orphulella speciosa* has a very slanted face. The margins of the vertex of the head (the top of the head, located between the eyes) are less raised. The foveola (a small dent in the integument) is not distinct. The pronotal disks are found at the top of the first thoracic segment and are almost equivalent in width in the front and back. The principal sulcus on the pronotum, which is a ridge that cuts the middle of the outer integument, cuts the prenatal disk a little past the middle. The tegmina (the leathery, slender forewings extend to the end of the hind femora, and curve in towards the apex. The males' hind femora often vary in size from 1.5 mm to 3mm from the end of the femora. *O. speciosa* are sexually dimorphic; the females are much larger than the males. Female body sizes range from 16-21.5 mm with antennae that are 5-6mm long, tegmina that are 9-16mm long, and hind femora that are 9.5–12 mm long. Males range from 13-14mm in total length with antennae 4.5-6.5mm in length, tegmina, 101–13 mm in length, and hind femora are 8.5–10 mm in length. On lower end of the lateral lobes (the vertical sides of the pronotum of the males, there is a pale curved line. *O. speciosa* individuals exhibit much variation in color, especially combinations of green and brown. Females are often light green with a dark coloration on the vertex of the head. Females are occasionally brown and have a line on the sides of the pronotum. *O. speciosa* looks very similar to a related species in the same genus, *O. pelidna*. These two species can be identified from one another by looking at the fastigium (the part of the head that is located in between the eyes of the grasshoppers and their size. *O.speciosa* has a small median ridge on the fastigium and is much smaller than *O. pelidna*. *O. pelidna* has a semicircular indentation that is set farther back than on *O. speciosa*, and *O. pelidna* has a lateral carinae that is incised twice.

## Nymphal development

Like all grasshoppers, nymphs of *O. speciosa* have incomplete metamorphosis: their nymphs are born looking similar to the adults, and they go through five instar stages (4 different molting events) until they reach the adult stage. First and second instars have patterns of green on their heads; however, the antennae are terminally expanded (they grow from the head outwards) . Second instars have antennae that are flat and are pointed at the end. The hind femora of the first and second instars appear tan and they have a green thorax. Instars II to V have filiform, or threadlike, antennae. Third and fourth instars have tan, brown, green, and gray body color patterns, and their hind femora appear fuscous (brownish-gray) .

* Pfadt, Robert. "Slantfaced Pasture Grasshopper Orphulella speciosa (Scudder)". *Lucidcentral*. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
* Otte, Daniel (1979). "Revisions of the Grasshopper Tribe Orphulellini (Gomphocerinae: Acrididae)". *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia*. **131**: 52–88. JSTOR 4064782.
* Walden, B.H (1911). *Guide to the Insects of Connecticut: General introduction, by W.E. Britton. The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of connecticut* (107 ed.). State Geological and Natural History Survey. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
* Pfadt, Robert (1994). *Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers* (2 ed.). Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. pp. 1–41.
* Evan, Edward (June 1992). "Absence of Interspecific Competition Among Tallgrass Prairie Grasshoppers During a Drought". *Ecology*. **73** (3): 1038–1044. doi:10.2307/1940178. JSTOR 1940178.
* "Orphulella speicosa (Scudder, 1863)". *ITIS Report*. Retrieved 10 November 2015.

## InfoBox

| *Orphulella speciosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Genus: | *Orphulella* |
| Species: | ***O. speciosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orphulella speciosa***<br>(Scudder, S.H., 1862) | |
|


title: Rainawari

abstract: Rainawari is a location in Srinagar, Kashmir. Rainawari lies on NH "Srinagar-Leh" road about 4 km from Lalchowk.Rainawari was known as Rajanavatika in Ancient times an was considered the largest suburbs of Srinagar falling on North side traversed by numerous canals coming from Dal Lake.

text:
# Rainawari

**Rainawari** is a location in Srinagar, Kashmir. Rainawari lies on *NH "Srinagar-Leh"* road about 4 km from Lalchowk.**Rainawari** was known as **Rajanavatika** in Ancient times an was considered the largest suburbs of Srinagar falling on North side traversed by numerous canals coming from Dal Lake.

## Geography

**Rainawari** is located at 34°05′52″N 74°49′23″E / 34.097858°N 74.823088°E / 34.097858; 74.823088 is approx. 5 km (3.1 mi) towards North from district headquarters in Srinagar. The area is bounded by Badamwari and Khanyar from West, Dalgate from South and Dal Lake from North and East.

## Notable places

## InfoBox

| Rainawari | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| RainawariLocation in Jammu & Kashmir, IndiaRainawariRainawari (India) | |
| Coordinates: 34°05′52″N 74°49′22″E / 34.09778°N 74.82278°E / 34.09778; 74.82278 | |
| Country | India |
| Union Territory | Jammu & Kashmir |
| Division | Kashmir |
| District | Srinagar |
| Tehsil | Rainawari |
| Founded by | Abdal Raina |
| Named for | Rajanakavatika (Garden of Rainas) |
| Government | |
| Body | Government of Jammu and Kashmir |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,896 |
| Languages | |
| Spoken | Kashmiri |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Pincode | 190003 |


title: Vigo Park, Texas

abstract: Vigo Park is an unincorporated community in Swisher County, Texas, United States. It is located along FM 146 in northeastern Swisher County, approximately ten miles south of Wayside and 53 miles southeast of Amarillo. Vigo Park had about a population of 10 as of August 2018. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 31 in 2000.

text:
# Vigo Park, Texas

**Vigo Park** is an unincorporated community in Swisher County, Texas, United States. It is located along FM 146 in northeastern Swisher County, approximately ten miles south of Wayside and 53 miles southeast of Amarillo. Vigo Park had about a population of 10 as of August 2018. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 31 in 2000.

## Geology

An interstadial (a warmer period during a glaciation) dated 15,000 BC – penultimate interstadial of the Würm glaciation – was identified in Vigo Park and bears its name. Its European equivalent was determined by paleopalynology pioneer Arlette Leroi-Gourhan who named it "interstade de Lascaux" after the famous Lascaux cave where she first found its traces – she later also found it in the Lagopede shelter, one of the caves in Arcy-sur-Cure; and corroborating studies determined it wherever the corresponding archaeological layers allowed for analysis.

34°39′09″N 101°29′46″W / 34.65250°N 101.49611°W / 34.65250; -101.49611


title: Ignatius of Mariupol

abstract: Ignatius of Mariupol was an 18th-century Greek bishop of Gothia and Caffa in Crimea and later of Mariupol, modern-day Ukraine. He is venerated as a saint by the Orthodox Church.

text:
# Ignatius of Mariupol

**Ignatius of Mariupol** (1716 – 16 October \[O.S. 3 October\] 1786) was an 18th-century Greek bishop of Gothia and Caffa in Crimea and later of Mariupol, modern-day Ukraine. He is venerated as a saint by the Orthodox Church.

## Biography

He was born in 1716 in Kythnos as **Iakovos Kozadinos** or **Gozadinos** and he was member of the Kozadinos or Gozzadinos (Gozzadini) family. Kozadinos were descendants of a noble family emerged in Cyclades during the Frankish rule. Although originally of Catholic rite, they became Orthodox in the course of the centuries. In fact, in 1613 Ignatius' ancestors built the church of Agios Savvas in Chora of Kythnos, where he himself was later baptized.

As a young man Iakovos went to Mount Athos and became a monk in the Monastery of Vatopedi, adopting the ecclesiastical name Ignatius. In 1771 he became the Bishop of Gothia and Caffa in Crimea, where he offered his efforts for the spiritual revival of the Greeks and their Orthodox Christian faith. In 1778, he undertook the task of the exodus of the Orthodox Greeks and Armenians from Crimea, which was under the control of the Tatars, and their settlement in the area of Azov, where Mariupol was built and where he settled with his congregation and served as bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church. He died in Mariupol on 3/16 February 1786.

Ignatius was declared a saint by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. In addition, by decree of the Greek Orthodox bishop of Syros, he is honored as a local saint in his place of birth. On October 1, 2016, part of his relics were transferred from Mariupol to Chora in Kythnos.

1. "ИГНАТИЙ". *www.pravenc.ru*. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
2. Vetochnikov 2001 p. 260.
3. Vasiliev 1936, p. 280.
4. Μαρκουίζο, κ Αλέξανδρο. "ΜΕΓΑΛΕΙΩΔΗ ΥΠΟΔΟΧΗ ΕΠΕΦΥΛΑΞΑΝ ΠΑΝΔΗΜΩΣ ΟΙ ΚΥΘΝΙΟΙ ΣΤΟΝ ΣΥΝΤΟΠΙΤΗ ΤΟΥΣ". *Ιερά Μητρόπολη Σύρου* (in Greek). Retrieved 11 July 2022.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ignatius of Mariupol | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Gothia and Caffa (1771–1778), Bishop of Mariupol (1778–1786) | |
|  | |


title: Nevada holmgrenii

abstract: Nevada holmgrenii is a flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, endemic to Nevada in the United States. It is the only species in the genus Nevada. It was first described as Smelowskia holmgrenii.

text:
# Nevada holmgrenii

***Nevada holmgrenii*** is a flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, endemic to Nevada in the United States. It is the only species in the genus ***Nevada***. It was first described as *Smelowskia holmgrenii*.

## InfoBox

| *Nevada holmgrenii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | *Nevada*
N.H.Holmgren |
| Species: | ***N. holmgrenii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nevada holmgrenii***
(Rollins) N.H.Holmgren | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Smelowskia holmgrenii* Rollins | |


title: Orgalima

abstract: Orgalima was a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It is now considered a synonym of Alex.

text:
# Orgalima

***Orgalima*** was a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It is now considered a synonym of *Alex*.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Orgalima* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Desmobathrinae |
| Genus: | ***Orgalima*** |
|


title: The Medicine Label

abstract: The Medicine Label was a record label founded in New York City in 1992, originally as a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records. The original purpose of the label was to release "new, cutting-edge music", as Irving Azoff put it. During its initial three years, the label issued early singles by Moby, Leftfield and The Prodigy; as well, The Cramps with their critically acclaimed, alternative radio break through album Flamejob. The label achieved platinum certifications for both the initial soundtrack to Dazed and Confused and a second volume of songs, Even More Dazed and Confused. The label also reissued some obscure titles from the Warner Bros. catalogue including Freeway Madness by The Pretty Things. In the fall of 1995, with the departure from Warner Bros. of both Azoff and Mo Ostin, label founder Kevin Patrick joined Columbia Records as VP/A&R, bringing Medicine to Sony's RED Distribution for manufacturing and distribution. Through the Sony relationship, Medicine released Tremble Under Boom Lights by Jonathan Fire*Eater, UFOFU, whose members went on to form Secret Machines, Snowboarding in Argentina and Himawari by Swayzak plus releases from Ken Ishii and Super_Collider.

text:
# The Medicine Label

**The Medicine Label** (sometimes called **Medicine** for short) was a record label founded in New York City in 1992, originally as a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records. The original purpose of the label was to release "new, cutting-edge music", as Irving Azoff put it. During its initial three years, the label issued early singles by Moby, Leftfield and The Prodigy; as well, The Cramps with their critically acclaimed, alternative radio break through album *Flamejob*. The label achieved platinum certifications for both the initial soundtrack to *Dazed and Confused* and a second volume of songs, *Even More Dazed and Confused*. The label also reissued some obscure titles from the Warner Bros. catalogue including *Freeway Madness* by The Pretty Things.

In the fall of 1995, with the departure from Warner Bros. of both Azoff and Mo Ostin, label founder Kevin Patrick joined Columbia Records as VP/A&R, bringing Medicine to Sony's RED Distribution for manufacturing and distribution. Through the Sony relationship, Medicine released *Tremble Under Boom Lights* by Jonathan Fire\*Eater, UFOFU, whose members went on to form Secret Machines, *Snowboarding in Argentina* and *Himawari* by Swayzak plus releases from Ken Ishii and Super\_Collider.

## Notable artists

## InfoBox

| The Medicine Label | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parent company | Warner Bros. |
| Founded | 1992 (1992) |
| Founder | Kevin Patrick |
| Status | Inactive |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | New York City, New York |


title: Wariri

abstract: Wariri is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is located in the Tacna Region, Tarata Province, Susapaya District. Wariri lies between the lake Wilaquta in the north and Ñiq'i Quta in the south.

text:
# Wariri

**Wariri** (Aymara *wari* vicuña, *-(i)ri* a suffix, Hispanicized spelling *Huarire*, also *Huairire*) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is located in the Tacna Region, Tarata Province, Susapaya District. Wariri lies between the lake Wilaquta in the north and Ñiq'i Quta ("mud lake") in the south.

## InfoBox

| Wariri | |
| --- | --- |
| The lake Wilaquta (on the right) and Wariri south of it as seen from above (NASA Landsat7 image) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,800 m (15,700 ft) |
| Coordinates | 17°10′55″S 70°01′25″W / 17.18194°S 70.02361°W / -17.18194; -70.02361 |
| Geography | |
| WaririPeru | |
| Location | Peru, Tacna Region, Tarata Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Polignano a Mare

abstract: Polignano a Mare is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy, located on the Adriatic Sea. The local economy mostly depends on tourism, agriculture and fishing.

text:
# Polignano a Mare

**Polignano a Mare** (Italian: \[poliɲˈɲaːno a mˈmaːre\]; Barese: *Peghegnéne* \[pəɡəɲˈɲeːnə\]) is a town and *comune* in the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy, located on the Adriatic Sea. The local economy mostly depends on tourism, agriculture and fishing.

## History

The area has been settled since prehistoric times, evidenced by archaeological excavations in the locality of Santa Barbara. It is believed to be the site of the ancient Greek city of *Neapolis* of Apulia. Nowadays, some historians suggest that this latter was one of the two colonies founded during the 4th century BC by Dionysius II of Syracuse; other sources, instead, claim Julius Caesar as the father of Polignano a Mare, which might have been a central hub along the well-known Via Traiana. Thanks to its strategic position on the Adriatic Sea, it soon became a trade centre, at least until the introduction of a Greek coin bearing the "NEAII" inscription.

The foreign dominations led the town to a greater development and recognition. The Byzantine Empire, in the 6th century, turned it into a municipal structure; subsequently, it was dominated by the Normans, who, during the 11th century made the local economy thrive by boosting the production of the olive oil. The fortification of the suburb, on the other hand, has plainly to be attributed to the Angioinians, who secured the protection of the land from potential threats including the Turkish army and the different kinds of epidemics.

Under the Aragonese crown, Polignano reached its peak in both economic and cultural terms; this meant business men and merchants coming from different parts of the world meeting there soon afterwards.

## Landmarks

## Transport

Polignano a Mare is served by Polignano a Mare railway station.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Polignano a Mare | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Polignano a Mare | |
| View of Polignano a Mare | |
|  | |
| Location of Polignano a Mare | |
| Polignano a MareLocation of Polignano a Mare in ItalyPolignano a MarePolignano a Mare (Apulia) | |
| Coordinates: 41°00′N 17°13′E / 41.000°N 17.217°E / 41.000; 17.217 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Apulia |
| Metropolitan city | Bari (BA) |
| *Frazioni* | Casello Cavuzzi, Chiesa Nuova, San Vito and a part of Triggianello |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Vito Carrieri |
| Area | |
| Total | 67 km2 (26 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2021) | |
| Total | 17,491 |
| Density | 260/km2 (680/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Polignanesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 70044 |
| Dialing code | 080 |
| Patron saint | St. Vitus |
| Saint day | June 15 |
| Website | Official website |


title: UnionsWA

abstract: UnionsWA is the peak Trades and Labour Council in Western Australia. It represents over 30 affiliated unions, which have over 150,000 members in Western Australia. The council is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Since the 1980s, the UnionsWA International Committee has acted as the ACTU's representative to the Southern Initiative for Global Trade Union Rights (SIGTUR).

text:
# UnionsWA

**UnionsWA** is the peak Trades and Labour Council in Western Australia. It represents over 30 affiliated unions, which have over 150,000 members in Western Australia. The council is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Since the 1980s, the UnionsWA International Committee has acted as the ACTU's representative to the Southern Initiative for Global Trade Union Rights (SIGTUR).

## History

### Early history

The Trades & Labor Council, Perth was formed in 1891 and operated as such until 1907 when it re-emerged as the Western Australian Branch of the Australian Labour Federation. Twenty years later, in 1927, it was operating as the Australian Labor Party (WA). It continued in this guise for another twenty years when, in 1947, the name was changed once more, this time to the Trade Unions Industrial Council (ALP, WA) to more accurately delineate its trade union role from the political motives of the labour movement.

### An independent trades and labour council

In 1947, six militant unions came together to form the Western Australian Council of Trade Unions (WACTU) as an independent organisation from the Australian Labor Party. The WACTU quickly gained a membership of 33 unions, representing thousands of unionists. The council sought affiliation with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). However, during the Twentieth State Labor Congress in the same year, the ALP preempted this move by establishing the Western Australian Trades Unions Industrial Council (WATUIC) as its representative body in the state. ALP State Secretary Joe Chamberlain played a key role in this decision, opposing the creation of an independent Trade and Labour Council.

Chamberlain’s objections were primarily political. He was concerned about the growing influence of non-ALP members, especially communists, within the labour movement. Additionally, he recognised that forming a separate industrial body could jeopardise the primary source of party funds, which at that time was the affiliation fees collected from affiliated unions. WATUIC membership was strictly limited to industrial unions affiliated with the ALP and delegates were required to sign the ALP pledge before participating in voting processes.

During the 1950s, there was significant debate among Western Australian unions and the WA branches of federal unions regarding the anomalous situation for the representation of state unions within the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). The ACTU’s Federal Executive faced mounting pressure to address this situation. In 1959, Western Australia’s ACTU affiliation was up for renewal. The ACTU Federal Executive hinted that it might withhold re-affiliation unless an independent Trades and Labor Council (TLC) was established as the state’s affiliated body.

At the 1959 ACTU Congress, Jim Healy, the General Secretary of the Western Workers’ Federation (WWF), proposed that the WA Branch of the ACTU adhere fully to “the democratic principles of affiliation” followed by the ACTU and its other five branches. Healy advocated for making affiliation open to “any bona fide registered trade union or any branch of a Federal Union operating within the State.” Jim White, a delegate from the Painters’ and Decorators’ Union in Western Australia, seconded this motion, which was subsequently approved. The decision was influenced by a letter signed by officials from 12 WA trade unions, expressing support for establishing an independent TLC.

Non-affiliated unions and union representatives who were not ALP members, however, were excluded from a Special Congress of Unions convened in Perth on November 23, 1959. During this congress, a vote was held regarding any structural changes, resulting in 555 against and 206 in favor. However, some critics argued that the officials representing the 27,000 members were “a small group of people who never consulted their membership.”

In February 1960, the TLC Campaign Committee, comprising 16 unions with a combined membership of over 32,000 workers, was formed to implement the decision made by the ACTU Congress. The committee’s manifesto emphasised that every bona fide trade union or branch of a federal union had an inalienable right to membership in a State TLC and the ability to join the ACTU.

In 1961, a Special Affiliated Union Conference passed a motion for the Special General Council to establish a committee. This committee would examine the process of setting up a separate industrial organization. The goal was to structure this organisation to meet the ACTU’s requirements, ensuring that each affiliated union could be represented on the Industrial Council without any political restrictions, as decided in accordance with its rules.

The first federally affiliated independent Western Australian Trades and Labor Council met in Perth Trades Hall in 1963, with the now more politically open Executive Committee including the prominent communist Paddy Troy as Trustee.

### General strike

In November 1963, the newly formed Trades & Labor Council of Western Australia led the state's first general strike. The strike was called in response to industrial relations legislation being introduced by the WA Liberal Government of David Brand, which sought to restrict the power of trade unions, and replace the Court of Arbitration with the Western Australian Industrial Commission and the Western Australian Industrial Appeal Court. The strike was ultimately unable to prevent the passage of the legislation, though it cemented the leadership of the TLC within the union movement.

### Third-wave dispute

In 1997, the Court Liberal Government's introduced a series of reforms aimed at reshaping Western Australia’s industrial relations landscape, including a shift towards individual workplace agreements and a reduction in union influence. On 29 April 1997, the Trades & Labor Council under the leadership of Tony Cooke, organised an estimated 30,000 people to march through the city to the State Parliament House in protest.

The Workers Embassy, in the form of a caravan, was set up on the grounds of Parliament House during the protest. Following the arrest of four union officials for remaining on the premises, the Workers Embassy was relocated to a site across the street. Unions occupied the site for 24 hours a day over 6 months.

In a last-ditched attempt to stop the legislation passing, on 14 and 15 May 1997, union officials occupied the Legislative Council and set up a picket line. To escape this disruption, proceedings were removed to a committee room and the legislation was passed through both Houses of Parliament.

In July 1997, the Workers Embassy was renamed Solidarity Park.

Though unable to stop the reforms being passed, the third wave industrial relations legislation was subsequently overturned following the election of the Gallop Government in 2001.

### Renamed to UnionsWA

Although still acknowledged today as the Trades & Labor Council of Western Australia, an increasing association with "white collar" unions had, by 2000, deemed this old title no longer be reflective of all affiliated unions. In April 2000, the Trades & Labor Council of Western Australia was renamed UnionsWA to more adequately encompass both white and blue collar unions. This renaming coincided with the opening of "Unity House" on 1 May, 2000.

## Structure

UnionsWA is the state's peak union body representing over 30 affiliated unions and their members. Delegates meet monthly to consider issues affecting the working conditions of Western Australians and determine strategies to improve them. The offices of UnionsWA are located at Level 4, 445 Hay Street, Perth. UnionsWA is the supreme governing body of the trade union movement in Western Australia.

The present office holders are:

## Solidarity Park

UnionsWA is responsible for the use, upkeep, and maintenance of Solidarity Park, opposite Parliament House in Perth, Western Australia.

Solidarity Park contains the largest concentration of labour monuments in Western Australia. The Wall of Remembrance at the park commemorates all killed and injured workers. The Mark Allen Memorial, named in honour of a young CFMEU organiser who was killed on a building site while attempting to get workers down from an unsafe roof, features a triple 8 to symbolise the labour movement's historic struggle for the 8-hour day. The People’s Wall that surrounds the park replaced the original sandbag wall around the occupation site, along with other structures such as the Fountain for Youth and the Commemorative Rock.

The International Workers' Memorial Day WA service is held by UnionsWA every year in April at Solidarity Park.

## Further reading

* Layman, Lenore. (and Julian Goddard; with the assistance of Wendy Wise and Robin Ho) (1988) *Organise! : a visual record of the labour movement in Western Australia* East Perth, W.A : Trades and Labor Council of W.A ISBN 0-909791-56-2
* Oliver, Bobbie, (2003) *Unity is strength : a history of the Australian Labor Party and the Trades and Labor Council in Western Australia, 1899–1999* Perth WA : API Network, Australia Research Institute, Curtin University. ISBN 1-920845-01-1

## InfoBox

UnionsWA
|
|  |
| Founded | 1891 (1891) |
| Headquarters | Level 4, 445 Hay Street Perth WA 6000 |
| Location | * Australia |
| Key people | Secretary – Owen Whittle |
| Affiliations | ACTU |
| Website | www.unionswa.com.au |


title: Orphulellini

abstract: Orphulellini is a tribe of grasshoppers of the family Acrididae found in the Americas.

text:
# Orphulellini

**Orphulellini** is a tribe of grasshoppers of the family Acrididae found in the Americas.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Orphulellini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dichromorpha viridis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Gomphocerinae |
| Tribe: | Orphulellini<br>Otte, 1979 |
|
| Genera | |
| 4, see text. | |


title: Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun

abstract: Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun: Being the Tales They Tell about the Time When the Lord Walked the Earth Like a Natural Man is a collection of pseudo-African American folktales written by author Roark Bradford and published in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1928. It was compared to the tales about Uncle Remus and had moderate success, the Chicago Post called it "howlingly funny". Poet Sterling Allen Brown criticized its farcical depiction of African-American culture and religion. The book was soon adapted to a play The Green Pastures by Marc Connelly which won the 1930 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. This was later made into the 1936 movie The Green Pastures. Black actor Mantan Moreland adapted it for Caedmon Records based on material in the book.

text:
# Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun

***Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun: Being the Tales They Tell about the Time When the Lord Walked the Earth Like a Natural Man*** is a collection of pseudo-African American folktales written by author Roark Bradford and published in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1928. It was compared to the tales about Uncle Remus and had moderate success, the *Chicago Post* called it "howlingly funny". Poet Sterling Allen Brown criticized its farcical depiction of African-American culture and religion.

The book was soon adapted to a play *The Green Pastures* by Marc Connelly which won the 1930 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. This was later made into the 1936 movie *The Green Pastures*.

Black actor Mantan Moreland adapted it for Caedmon Records based on material in the book.

## InfoBox

Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun: Being the Tales They Tell about the Time When the Lord Walked the Earth Like a Natural Man
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Roark Bradford |
| Illustrator | A. B. Walker |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Religion, dogma |
| Genre | Drama |
| Publisher | Harper & Brothers |
| Publication date | 1928 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom<br>United States |
| Media type | Print: Hardcover |
| Pages | 264 pp *(first edition)* |
| OCLC | 23314714 |