title: Timeline of Cassini–Huygens

abstract: This article provides a timeline of the Cassini–Huygens mission. Cassini was a collaboration between the United States' NASA, the European Space Agency ("ESA"), and the Italian Space Agency ("ASI") to send a probe to study the Saturnian system, including the planet, its rings, and its natural satellites. The Flagship-class uncrewed robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's Cassini probe, and ESA's Huygens lander which was designed to land on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Cassini was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit. The craft were named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on 15 October 1997, Cassini had a nearly 20-year life span, with 13 of these years spent orbiting Saturn. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus, Earth, the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter. The probes entered orbit on 1 July 2004, and the mission ended on 15 September 2017, when Cassini flew into Saturn's upper atmosphere in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, some of which have active environments that could potentially bear life. The mission is widely perceived to have succeeded beyond expectations. Cassini-Huygens has been described by NASA's Planetary Science Division Director as a "mission of firsts", that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturnian system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System. Cassini's primary mission lasted for four years, from June 2004 to May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until September 2010, under the name of Cassini Equinox Mission. The mission was extended a second and final time with the Cassini Solstice Mission, lasting until the spacecraft's destruction in September 2017. The Huygens module traveled with Cassini until its separation from the probe on 25 December 2004; it was successfully landed by parachute on Titan on 14 January 2005. It successfully returned data to Earth for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the first landing on a moon other than our own. At the end of its mission, the Cassini spacecraft executed the "Grand Finale" of its mission: several risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings. The purpose of this phase was to maximize Cassini's scientific outcome before the spacecraft was destroyed. The atmospheric entry of Cassini effectively ended the mission, although data analysis and production is still ongoing.

text:
# Timeline of Cassini–Huygens

This article provides a timeline of the *Cassini–Huygens* mission (commonly called *Cassini*). *Cassini* was a collaboration between the United States' NASA, the European Space Agency ("ESA"), and the Italian Space Agency ("ASI") to send a probe to study the Saturnian system, including the planet, its rings, and its natural satellites. The Flagship-class uncrewed robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's *Cassini* probe, and ESA's *Huygens* lander which was designed to land on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. *Cassini* was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit. The craft were named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens.

Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on 15 October 1997, *Cassini* had a nearly 20-year life span, with 13 of these years spent orbiting Saturn. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and June 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The probes entered orbit on 1 July 2004, and the mission ended on 15 September 2017, when *Cassini* flew into Saturn's upper atmosphere in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, some of which have active environments that could potentially bear life. The mission is widely perceived to have succeeded beyond expectations. *Cassini-Huygens* has been described by NASA's Planetary Science Division Director as a "mission of firsts", that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturnian system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System.

*Cassini*'s primary mission lasted for four years, from June 2004 to May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until September 2010, under the name of *Cassini Equinox Mission*. The mission was extended a second and final time with the *Cassini Solstice Mission*, lasting until the spacecraft's destruction in September 2017.

The *Huygens* module traveled with *Cassini* until its separation from the probe on 25 December 2004; it was successfully landed by parachute on Titan on 14 January 2005. It successfully returned data to Earth for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the first landing on a moon other than our own.

At the end of its mission, the *Cassini* spacecraft executed the "Grand Finale" of its mission: several risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings. The purpose of this phase was to maximize *Cassini*'s scientific outcome before the spacecraft was destroyed. The atmospheric entry of *Cassini* effectively ended the mission, although data analysis and production is still ongoing.

## Launch and cruise phase (1997–2003)

**15 October 1997** 01:43 Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) – *Cassini* launched at 08:43 UTC inside Titan IVB/Centaur rocket at Cape Canaveral.

**26 April 1998** 06:52 PDT – Gravity-assisted flyby of Venus at 284 km, receiving a boost in speed of about 7 kilometers per second.

**3 December 1998** 22:06 PST – *Cassini* fired its main rocket engine for 90 minutes, setting the spacecraft on course for its second Venus flyby in 1999. The engine burn slowed the spacecraft by close to 450 meters per second (about 1,006 miles per hour) relative to the Sun. *Cassini*'s speed went from 67,860 kilometers per hour (42,168 miles per hour) at the start of the maneuver to 66,240 kilometers per hour (41,161 miles per hour) at the end of the engine firing.

**24 June 1999** 13:30 PDT – Gravity-assisted flyby of Venus at 623 km.

**18 August 1999** 03:28 UTC − Gravity-assisted flyby of Earth. An hour 20 minutes before closest approach, *Cassini* made the closest approach to the Moon at 377,000 km, and took a series of calibration images. The spacecraft flew past Earth at a distance of 1,171 kilometers (728 mi), passing most closely above the eastern South Pacific at 23°30′S 128°30′W / 23.5°S 128.5°W / -23.5; -128.5. *Cassini* received a 5.5-kilometer-per-second (about 12,000-mile-per-hour) boost in velocity.

**23 January 2000** – flyby of Asteroid 2685 Masursky around 10:00 UTC. *Cassini* took images 5 to 7 hours before at 1.6 million km distance and estimated a diameter of 15 to 20 km.

**30 December 2000** 10:05 UTC − Gravity-assisted flyby of Jupiter. *Cassini* was at its closest point (9.7 million kilometres, 137 Jovian radii) to Jupiter at this date, and performed many scientific measurements. It also produced the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever produced (seen on the right); the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km (37 mi) across.

**30 May 2001** – During the coast phase between Jupiter and Saturn, it was noticed that "haze" became visible in the pictures taken by the narrow-angle camera of *Cassini*. This was first seen when a picture of the star Maia in the Pleiades was taken after a routine heating period.

**23 July 2002** – In late January, a test was performed to remove the "haze" from the narrow-angle camera lens by heating it. Warming the camera to 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) for eight days produced positive results. Later, the heating was extended to 60 days, and a picture of the star Spica showed an improvement of more than 90 percent compared to before the heating period. On 9 July, a picture showed that the removal procedure was completed successfully, which was announced on 23 July.

**10 October 2003** – The *Cassini* science team announced the results of a test of Einstein's theory of gravity, using radio signals from the *Cassini* probe. The researchers observed a frequency shift in the radio waves to and from the space craft, as those signals traveled close to the Sun. Past tests were in agreement with the theoretical predictions with an accuracy of one part in one thousand. The *Cassini* experiment improved this to about 20 parts in a million, with the data still supporting Einstein's theory.

## Primary mission (2004–2008)

**27 February 2004** – A new, high-resolution picture of Saturn taken by *Cassini* on 9 February was released, and it was noted that mission scientists were puzzled by the fact that no "spokes" in Saturn's ring are visible. These dark structures in the "B" section of the ring had been discovered in pictures taken by the Voyager probe in 1981. Another picture, in infrared light, taken on 16 February shows cloud height differences and the same disturbance visible throughout the 1990s in Hubble Space Telescope images.

**12 March 2004** – Pictures taken on 23 February do show a feature discovered by Voyager: Clumps in the outer "F"-ring. What could not be ascertained at the time was the exact lifetime of these clumps, and it is hoped that *Cassini* will provide conclusive data about this question. The first set of pictures shows a set of "clumps" moving along the "F" ring.

**26 March 2004** – The *Cassini* science team published the first sequence of pictures of Saturn showing clouds moving at high speed around the planet. Using a filter to better see water haze on top of the dense cloud cover, motions in the equatorial and southern regions are clearly visible. The pictures were taken during the days from 15 to 19 February.

**8 April 2004** – The first "long-term" observation of cloud dynamics in Saturn's atmosphere were published by mission scientists. A set of pictures shows two storms in the southern latitudes merge during a period from 19 to 20 March. Both storms had a diameter of about 1,000 km (620 mi) before they merged.

**15 April 2004** – NASA announced that two moons discovered by Voyager 1 were sighted again by *Cassini* in pictures taken on 10 March: Prometheus and Pandora. These are no ordinary moons, but their gravitational effects on the "F" ring led scientists to call them "shepherd moons". They fascinate all researchers interested in the dynamics of the ring system, because their orbits are close enough that they interact with each other in a chaotic manner. They have a history of defying predictions of their orbits. One of *Cassini's* missions will be to monitor the movements of these bodies closely.

**18 May 2004***Cassini* entered the Saturn system. The gravitational pull of Saturn began to overtake the influence of the Sun.

**20 May 2004** – The first picture of Titan with better resolution than any Earth-based observation was released. It was taken 5 May from a distance of 29.3 million kilometers (18.2 million miles).

**27 May 2004** – TCM-20, the Phoebe approach TCM (Trajectory Correction Maneuver) was executed at 22:26:00 UTC. This was a 5-minute and 56 second burn of the main engine, which was not used since December 1998. It therefore doubled as a "dress rehearsal" for the 96 minute burn during "Saturn Orbit Insertion" (SOI). However, TCM-20 was mainly designed to change Cassini's velocity by 34.7 m/s (78 mph), setting up a flyby of the moon Phoebe 11 June.

**11 June 2004***Cassini* flew by the moon Phoebe at 19:33 UT in Spacecraft Event Time at 2068 kilometers distance. All of the eleven onboard instruments operated as expected and all data was acquired. Scientists plan to use the data to create global maps of the cratered moon, and to determine Phoebe's composition, mass and density. It took scientists several days to pore over the data to make more concrete conclusions.

**16 June 2004** – TCM-21 took place with a 38-second main engine burn. It was planned as the last correction of the trajectory of *Cassini* before SOI. A few days later the final TCM-22 tentatively scheduled for 21 June was canceled.

**1 July 2004** – The Saturn Orbit Insertion burn was successfully executed. At 7:11 p.m. PDT (10:11 p.m. EDT), *Cassini* crossed the ring plane between Saturn's F and G rings. Its antenna was oriented forward acting as a shield against small ring particles. At 7:36 p.m. PDT (10:36 p.m. EDT), the spacecraft began a critical 96-minute main engine burn to cut its velocity by 626 meters per second and permit a 0.02 x 9 million kilometer Saturn orbit. Right after that burn, pictures of the rings were taken and sent back to mission scientist as the spacecraft approached within 19,980 kilometers (12,400 miles) from the cloud tops. Scientists were surprised by the clarity and detail of the pictures and will be poring over them for quite some time. "We won't see the whole puzzle, only pieces, but what we are seeing is dramatic," said Dr. Carolyn Porco, *Cassini* imaging team leader, Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. "The images are mind-boggling, just mind-boggling. I've been working on this mission for 14 years and I shouldn't be surprised, but it is remarkable how startling it is to see these images for the first time."

**2 July 2004***Cassini*'s first flyby of Titan was executed and first close up pictures were sent back to Earth. Due to the planning of the initial orbit, *Cassini* was passing over the south pole of the moon and from a larger distance than in later flybys. Regardless, during a press conference on 3 June, mission scientists presented pictures that were already causing them to rethink previous theories. It now seems that the darker and brighter albedo features on the surface do represent different materials. But in contrast to expectation, the icy regions seem to be darker than the areas where other (possibly organic) matter is mixed in with the ice.

**16 August 2004** – Mission scientists announce the discovery of two new moons of Saturn, and with it the successful start of one of the programs of *Cassini*: Locating small and yet unknown moons. Later named "Methone" (S/2004 S 1) and "Pallene" (S/2004 S 2), these objects are small compared to other moons and they orbit between Mimas and Enceladus.

**23 August 2004** – At a distance of 9 million kilometers from Saturn, the last major firing of the main engine took place to adjust the next closest approach and avoid the particles in the ring system. The 51 minute burn increased the velocity of the probe by 325 meters per second, moving the orbital periapsis point about 300,000 km farther away from Saturn than its smallest distance during SOI. At the same time, the new course will bring *Cassini* very close to Titan on its next flyby.

**14 September 2004** – Final checks of the *Huygens* lander were completed successfully.

**26 October 2004** – The second flyby of Titan (called "Titan-A") was successfully executed. Data started to arrive at the JPL mission center at 01:30 UTC, 27 October, and included the highest resolution pictures ever taken of the surface of that moon. Additionally, first high-resolution infra-red spectra and pictures were taken from the atmosphere and surface. The spacecraft successfully skimmed the hazy, smoggy atmosphere of Titan, coming within 1,176 kilometers of Titan's surface. The flyby was the closest that any spacecraft has ever come to Titan. The pictures, spectra, and radar data revealed a complex, puzzling surface. The only glitch during the "Titan-A" event involved the CIRS instrument. During playback, the instrument team observed corrupted data. A decision was made to power the instrument off to reboot it. CIRS was powered back on within 24 hours and returned to its nominal state.

**23 November 2004** – The last in-flight checks of the *Huygens* probe before separation were completed successfully.

**13 December 2004** – The "Titan-B" flyby was executed successfully.

**25 December 2004***Huygens* probe separated from *Cassini* orbiter at 02:00 UTC.

**27 December** – NASA published a picture of *Huygens* taken from *Cassini* two days after its release. It reported that the analysis of that picture shows that the probe is on the correct course within the expected error range. These checks were necessary in order to place *Cassini* in the correct orientation to receive the data from *Huygens* when it entered Titan's atmosphere.

**28 December 2004** – OTM-10 was executed at 03:00 UTC in Spacecraft Event Time. This maneuver, also called the Orbit Deflection Maneuver (ODM), took *Cassini* off of a Titan-impacting trajectory and on to a flyby trajectory with the required altitude to receive data from the *Huygens* probe as it plunged into Titan's thick atmosphere.

**31 December 2004***Cassini*'s flyby of Iapetus occurred at 18:45:37 UTC at an altitude of 122645 kilometers. First raw pictures were available the next day.

**14 January 2005***Huygens* entered Titan's atmosphere at 09:06 UTC and landed softly on its surface about two hours later. This was confirmed by the reception of the carrier wave emitted by the probe during its descent and touchdown. At 16:19 UTC, the *Cassini* orbiter started to relay the scientific data received from the probe to Earth. The first picture was released at 19:45 UTC, showing a view from about 16 km above the surface. A second picture taken from the probe at rest on the surface was released a short time later.

**15 February 2005***Cassini* executed a successful Titan flyby, with new regions of its surface scanned by radar. *Cassini*'s mapping radar acquired a picture that shows a large crater on Titan, with an estimated diameter of 440 km (270 mi).

**17 February 2005** – The first close flyby of Enceladus was executed and the first closeup images were sent back to Earth. The flyby distance was about 1,180 km (730 mi).

**17 March 2005** – The *Cassini* probe revealed that Saturn's moon Enceladus has an atmosphere. It has been described as "substantial" by its discoverers.

**16 April 2005** – The fifth planned flyby of Titan with a minimum distance of about 1,025 kilometers was executed at 19:12 UTC. This was the closest flyby up to this date, and provided the opportunity to obtain more detailed data on the constituents in the upper atmosphere of Titan. The first analysis of that data showed a large range of complex carbon molecules. On 25 April a mass plot was published that demonstrates the existence of these molecules.

**3 May 2005***Cassini* begins Radio occultation experiments on Saturn's Rings, to determine ring particle size distribution, on the scale of centimeters.

**10 May 2005** – At the beginning of a period of focussed observation of the ring system of Saturn, slated to take until September, mission scientists announced the discovery of a new moon in the "Keeler gap" inside the "A" ring. Provisionally named S/2005 S 1 and later named Daphnis, it was first seen in a time-lapse sequence of images taken on 1 May. Imaging scientists had predicted the new moon's presence and its orbital distance from Saturn after last July's sighting of a set of peculiar spiky and wispy features in the Keeler gap's outer edge.

**14 July 2005** – The closest flyby of Enceladus with a distance of 175 km (109 mi) was executed successfully. First raw pictures were published.

**7 September 2005** – Flyby of Titan at a distance of 1,075 km (668 mi), data gathered partially lost due to software problem.

**26 September 2005** – Flyby of Hyperion at a distance of 1,010 km (630 mi), the closest flyby and only visit to the moon during the primary mission.

**27 July 2006** – NASA confirms the presence of hydrocarbon lakes in Titan's northern polar region.

**28 May 2008***Cassini* completed its 43rd flyby of Titan, ending its primary mission. Renamed *Cassini* Equinox mission, *Cassini* observed Saturn during its equinox crossing, or summertime.

## *Cassini* Equinox mission (2008–2010)

**9 August, 11 August, 9 October, and 31 October 2008** – With closest approach at 50, 25, and 200 km, respectively, *Cassini*'s last three Enceladus flybys of 2008 utilized a new imaging technique named "skeet shooting" to successfully acquire very high resolution images. The flybys also allowed *Cassini* to directly sample Enceladus's cryovolcanic plumes.

**3 November, 14 November, 5 December, and 21 December 2009** – Titan flybys 46 through 49 concentrated on radar, VIMS, and INMS sampling of Titan and its thick atmosphere. T47 involved high-resolution VIMS coverage of the Huygens landing site, while the other three flybys made use of radar and RSS. T49 allowed radar coverage of Ontario Lacus, one of the largest methane lakes on Titan.

**June - October 2009***Cassini* observed Saturn during its equinox, or the time of Saturn's year where the sun is directly over its equator.

**2 November 2010***Cassini* was triggered into a protective standby mode, or "safe mode", after a bit flip caused it to miss an important instruction. NASA announced the interruption in scientific processes on 8 November. However, by 8 November some of the craft's functionality had already been partly restored. Nominal scientific instrument sequencing events were successfully started on 10 November. *Cassini* was reactivated as scheduled on 24 November and has returned to perfect working order, in time for two scheduled close fly-bys with Enceladus. At this point there has been no public disclosure as to the data loss impact of the 11 November (T-73) flyby. However, no images were acquired on the 11 November polar flyby.

## *Cassini* Solstice Mission (2010–2017)

On 3 February 2010, NASA announced that a second mission extension until May 2017, a few months past Saturn's summer solstice, had been funded. The schedule included an additional 155 orbits, with 54 flybys of Titan, 11 of Enceladus, 2 of Rhea, and 3 of Dione. One of the flybys of Titan dipped below the ionosphere.

## Grand Finale (2017)

On 15 September 2017, *Cassini* was deliberately disposed of by a controlled fall into Saturn's atmosphere, ending its nearly two-decade-long mission. The last signal was received at 11:55:46 UTC.

## *Cassini* orbiter travel milestones

| Date (UTC) | Distance from Saturn |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 March 22, 07:42:14 | 50,000,000 kilometers |
| 2004 April 12, 19:35:12 | 40,000,000 kilometers |
| 2004 May 04, 02:59:09 | 30,000,000 kilometers |
| 2004 May 25, 02:40:06 | 20,000,000 kilometers |
| 2004 June 14, 11:15:22 | 10,000,000 kilometers |

## Detailed timeline of *Huygens* mission

All times given after 2005-Jan-14 09:11 UTC are expected event times and may differ from actual event times. This page will be updated after descent has occurred with corrections if they are necessary.

The data used in this section has been slightly **out of date**, an updated version of ephemeris from ESA was available 2005 January 6.

### Timeline of *Huygens* landing process

| Date (UTC) | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 December 25, 02:00 | *Huygens* separates from *Cassini*. Its flight path initially takes it away from Titan. |
| 2005 January 03, 20:01 | *Huygens* reaches a maximum distance of 4,658,661 kilometers from Titan. |
| 2005 January 11, 12:00 | *Cassini* rise in the east (azimuth = 93 degrees) as seen from the landing site |
| 2005 January 12, 11:20 | *Huygens* is 1,000,000 kilometers from Titan. |
| 2005 January 13, 09:21 | *Huygens* is 500,000 kilometers from Titan. |
| 2005 January 14, 04:23 | *Huygens* is 100,000 kilometers from Titan. |
| 2005 January 14, 06:50 | *Cassini* turns on probe radio link receivers. *Huygens* is 50,000 km from Titan. |
| 2005 January 14, 07:02 | *Cassini* begins to turn radio dish toward Titan |
| 2005 January 14, 07:14 | *Cassini* turn to Titan complete; 3 minutes later orbiter X-band downlink disabled |
| 2005 January 14, 08:29 | Saturn occulted by Titan as seen from *Huygens* |
| 2005 January 14, 08:38 | Saturn's rings occulted by Titan as seen from *Huygens* |
| 2005 January 14, 08:44 | Probe turns transmitters on; low power mode |
| 2005 January 14, 08:48 | *Huygens* is 10,000 kilometers from Titan. |
| 2005 January 14, 09:06 | *Huygens* enters the atmosphere of Titan |
| 2005 January 14, 09:09 | *Huygens* feels maximum deceleration |
| 2005 January 14, 09:10 | *Huygens* deploys its pilot chute, followed closely by the main chute. |
| 2005 January 14, 09:11 | *Huygens* begins data transmission to *Cassini.* |
| 2005 January 14, 09:18 | Release front shield; transmitters switch to high power mode; instruments configured for descent and measurements commence |
| 2005 January 14, 09:25 | Main parachute separates; deploy stabilizing drogue chute |
| 2005 January 14, 09:49 | *Huygens* activates its surface proximity sensor, allowing it to measure its altitude and spin rate. |
| 2005 January 14, 09:57 | The Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, the last instrument to be activated, begins to sample the atmosphere. |
| 2005 January 14, 11:12 | *Cassini* makes its closest flyby of Titan (Titan-C) at an altitude of 59,996 kilometers at a speed of 5,401 meters per second and 93 degree phase angle (azimuth = 278 degrees, elevation = 33 degrees as seen from the landing site) |
| 2005 January 14, 11:30 | *Huygens* turns on its descent imager lamp. |
| 2005 January 14, 11:37 | *Huygens* lands on the surface of Titan |
| 2005 January 14, 13:11 | *Cassini* sets in the west (azimuth = 272 degrees) as seen from the landing site |
| 2005 January 14, 13:47 | *Cassini* stops probe data collection |
| 2005 January 14, 18:14 | *Cassini* sends the first of *Huygens'* data back to Earth. |

## Fly-bys

Following is a list of close fly-bys of Saturn's moons (at less than 5000 km). The closest approach for each moon is bolded.

### Primary mission

| Body | Date (UTC) | Altitude (kilometer) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Phoebe** | 2004 June 11, 19:33 | **1,997** |
| *Passage through rings* | 2004 June 30, (twice) | **0** |
| *Orbital insertion* | 2004 July 1, 02:48 | **0** |
| Titan | 2004 October 26, 15:30 | 1,200 |
| Tethys | 2004 October 28 | 256,000 |
| Titan | 2004 December 13, 11:38 | 1,200 |
| *Probe Release* | 2004 December 25, 02:00 |  |
| Titan | 2005 January 14, 11:12 | 59,996 |
| Titan | 2005 February 15, 06:58 | 1,577 |
| Enceladus | 2005 February 17, 03:30 | 1,176 |
| **Polydeuces** | 2005 February 17, 08:48 | **6,447** |
| Enceladus | 2005 March 9, 09:08 | 500 |
| Titan | 2005 March 31, 20:05 | 2,402 |
| Titan | 2005 April 16, 19:12 | 1,025 |
| **Enceladus** | 2005 July 14, 19:58 | **175** |
| Titan | 2005 August 22, 08:53 | 3,758 |
| Titan | 2005 September 7, 08:01 | 1,025 |
| **Tethys** | 2005 September 24, 01:36 | **1,500** |
| **Hyperion** | 2005 September 26, 01:46 | **500** |
| **Dione** | 2005 October 11, 17:59 | **500** |
| Titan | 2005 October 28, 04:04 | 1,451 |
| **Rhea** | 2005 November 26, 22:37 | **500** |
| Titan | 2006 January 15, 11:41 | 2,043 |
| Titan | 2006 February 27, 08:25 | 1,813 |
| Titan | 2006 March 19, 00:06 | 1,951 |
| Titan | 2006 April 30, 20:58 | 1,855 |
| Titan | 2006 May 20, 12:18 | 1,879 |
| Titan | 2006 July 2, 09:21 | 1,906 |
| Titan | 2006 July 22, 00:25 | 950 |
| Titan | 2006 September 7, 20:13 | 950 |
| Methone | 2006 September 9, 19:17 | 15,100 |
| Titan | 2006 September 23, 18:54 | 950 |
| Titan | 2006 October 9, 17:25 | 950 |
| Titan | 2006 October 25, 15:53 | 950 |
| Titan | 2006 December 12, 11:37 | 950 |
| Titan | 2006 December 28, 10:02 | 1,500 |
| Titan | 2007 January 13, 08:36 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 January 29, 07:13 | 2,726 |
| Titan | 2007 February 22, 03:10 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 March 10, 01:47 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 March 26, 00:21 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 April 10, 22:57 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 April 26, 21:31 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 May 12, 20:08 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 May 28, 18:51 | 2,426 |
| Titan | 2007 June 13, 17:46 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 June 29, 17:02 | 1,944 |
| Titan | 2007 July 19, 00:37 | 1,300 |
| Titan | 2007 August 31, 06:35 | 3,212 |
| **Iapetus** | 2007 September 10, 12:34 | **1,227** |
| Titan | 2007 October 2, 04:54 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 November 19, 00:58 | 950 |
| Titan | 2007 December 5, 00:06 | 1,300 |
| Titan | 2007 December 20, 22:53 | 950 |
| Titan | 2008 January 5, 21:25 | 950 |
| Methone | 2008 January 15, 21:11 | 15,600 |
| Titan | 2008 February 22, 17:39 | 950 |
| Enceladus | 2008 March 12, 19:07 | 1,000 |
| Titan | 2008 March 25, 14:35 | 950 |
| Titan | 2008 May 12, 10:10 | 950 |
| **Pallene** | 2008 May 25, 22:06 | **28,000** |
| Titan | 2008 May 28, 08:33 | 1,348 |
| **Janus** | 2008 June 30, 08:58 | **30,000** |

### Extended (Equinox) mission

| Body | Date (UTC) | Altitude (kilometers) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Titan | 2008 July 31, 02:13 | 1,613 |
| Enceladus | 2008 August 11, 21:06 | 54 |
| **Enceladus** | 2008 October 9, 19:07 | **25** |
| **Pallene** | 2008 October 17, 02:58 | **29,000** |
| Enceladus | 2008 October 31, 17:15 | 197 |
| Titan | 2008 November 3, 17:35 | 1,100 |
| Titan | 2008 November 19, 15:56 | 1,023 |
| Titan | 2008 December 5, 14:26 | 960 |
| Titan | 2008 December 21, 13:00 | 970 |
| Titan | 2009 February 7, 08:51 | 960 |
| Titan | 2009 March 27, 04:44 | 960 |
| Titan | 2009 April 4, 01:48 | 4,150 |
| Titan | 2009 April 20, 00:21 | 3,600 |
| Titan | 2009 May 5, 22:54 | 3,244 |
| Titan | 2009 May 21, 21:27 | 965 |
| Titan | 2009 June 6, 20:00 | 965 |
| Titan | 2009 June 22, 18:33 | 955 |
| Titan | 2009 July 8, 17:04 | 965 |
| Titan | 2009 July 24, 15:34 | 955 |
| Titan | 2009 August 9, 14:04 | 970 |
| *(Equinox)* | *2009 August 11* | *(Sun illuminates north<br>side of rings)* |
| Titan | 2009 August 25, 12:52 | 970 |
| Titan | 2009 October 12, 08:36 | 1,300 |
| Enceladus | 2009 November 2, 07:42 | 99 |
| Enceladus | 2009 November 21, 02:10 | 1,603 |
| Titan | 2009 December 12, 01:03 | 4,850 |
| Titan | 2009 December 28, 00:17 | 955 |
| Titan | 2010 January 12, 23:11 | 1,073 |
| **Calypso** | 2010 February 13, 11:45 | **21,000** |
| **Mimas** | 2010 February 13 | **9,500** |
| **Rhea** | 2010 March 2, 17:41 | **101** |
| **Helene** | 2010 March 3, 13:41 | **1,823** |
| Dione | 2010 April 7, 05:16 | 503 |
| Enceladus | 2010 April 28, 00:11 | 99 |
| Enceladus | 2010 April 28, 00:11 | 198 |
| Titan | 2010 May 20 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2010 June 5, 02:26 | 2,044 |
| **Titan** | 2010 June 21, 01:27 | **880** (below the ionosphere) |
| Titan | 2010 July 7 | 1,005 |
| Kiviuq (light-curve data) | 2010 July 15 | 9.3 million |
| Albiorix (light-curve data) | 2010 July 31 | ?? million |
| Enceladus | 2010 August 13 | 2,554 |

### Solstice mission

The second extended mission was scheduled from 2010 October 12 through the Saturnian summer solstice in May 2017, followed by two dozen proximal orbits of Saturn and the rings. *Cassini*'s final optical navigation image of the mission was taken on 20 September 2016. The *Cassini* mission ended on 15 September 2017, when the craft disintegrated in Saturn's atmosphere.

| Body | Date (UTC) | Altitude (kilometers) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Enceladus** | 2010 November 30 | **48** |
| **Enceladus** | 2010 December 21, 01:08 | **48** |
| **Rhea** | 2011 January 11, 04:53 | **76** |
| Titan | 2011 February 18, 16:04 | 3,651 |
| **Telesto** | 2011 March 20 | **10,000** |
| Titan | 2011 May 8, 22:54 | 1,873 |
| Helene | 2011 June 18 | 6,900 |
| Titan | 2011 June 20 | 1,359 |
| **Hyperion** | 2011 August 25 | **25,000** |
| **Pallene** | 2011 September 14 | **26,000** |
| Hyperion | 2011 September 16 | 58,000 |
| Enceladus | 2011 October 1 | 99 |
| Enceladus | 2011 October 19 | 1,231 |
| Enceladus | 2011 November 6 | 496 |
| **Dione** | 2011 December 12, 09:39 | **99** |
| Titan | 2011 December 13 | 3,586 |
| Titan | 2012 February 19 | 3,803 |
| Enceladus | 2012 March 27 | 74 |
| Enceladus | 2012 April 14 | 74 |
| Enceladus | 2012 May 2 | 74 |
| **Telesto** | 2012 May 20 | **11,000** |
| **Methone** | 2012 May 20–21 | **1900** |
| Titan | 2012 May 22 | 955 |
| Titan | 2012 June 7 | 959 |
| Titan | 2012 July 24 | 1,012 |
| Titan | 2012 September 26, 14:36 | 956 |
| Titan | 2012 November 13, 10:22 | 973 |
| Titan | 2012 November 29, 08:57 | 1,014 |
| Titan | 2013 February 17, 01:57 | 1,978 |
| Rhea | 2013 March 9, 18:17 | 997 |
| Titan | 2013 April 5, 21:44 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2013 May 23, 17:33 | 970 |
| Titan | 2013 July 10, 13:22 | 964 |
| Titan | 2013 July 26, 11:56 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2013 September 12, 07:44 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2013 October 14, 04:56 | 961 |
| Titan | 2013 December 1, 00:41 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2014 January 1, 22:00 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2014 February 2, 19:13 | 1,236 |
| Titan | 2014 March 6, 16:27 | 1,500 |
| Titan | 2014 April 7, 13:41 | 963 |
| Titan | 2014 May 17, 16:12 | 2,994 |
| Titan | 2014 June 18, 13:28 | 3,659 |
| Titan | 2014 August 21, 08:09 | 964 |
| Titan | 2014 September 22, 05:23 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2014 October 24, 02:41 | 1,013 |
| Titan | 2014 December 10, 22:27 | 980 |
| Titan | 2015 February 12, 17:08 | 1,200 |
| Titan | 2015 February 12, 17:08 | 1,200 |
| Titan | 2015 March 16, 14:30 | 2,274 |
| Titan | 2015 May 7, 22:50 | 2,722 |
| Hyperion | 2015 May 31 | 34,000 |
| Dione | 2015 June 16, 20:12 | 516 |
| Dione | 2015 August 17, 18:33 | 474 |
| Titan | 2015 September 28, 21:37 | 1,036 |
| Enceladus | 2015 October 14, 10:42 | 1,839 |
| **Enceladus** | 2015 October 28, 15:23 | **49** |
| Titan | 2015 November 13 | 11,919 |
| **Epimetheus** | 2015 December 6 | **2,616** |
| **Prometheus** | 2015 December 6 | **21,000** |
| **Aegaeon** | 2015 December 19 | **2,556** |
| Enceladus | 2015 December 19, 17:49 | 5,000 |
| Titan | 2016 February 1, 01:01 | 1,400 |
| Titan | 2016 February 16, 23:52 | 1,018 |
| Titan | 2016 April 4, 19:48 | 990 |
| Titan | 2016 May 6, 17:01 | 971 |
| Titan | 2016 June 7, 14:13 | 975 |
| Titan | 2016 July 25, 10:05 | 976 |
| Titan | 2016 September 27, 04:23 | 1,736 |
| Titan | 2016 November 14, 00:02 | 1,582 |

Proximal orbits

| Body | Date (UTC) | Altitude (kilometers) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Titan | 2016 November 29 | 3,223 |
| **Pandora** | 2016 December 18 | **13,800** |
| **Daphnis** | 2017 January 16 | **17,800** |
| **Mimas** | 2017 January 30 | **41,230** |
| **Pan** | 2017 March 7 | **25,000** |
| **Atlas** | 2017 April 12 | **14,800** |
| **Titan** | 2017 April 22, 02:08 | **979** |
| *Passage between Saturn and rings* | 2017 April 26 | **0** |
| Titan | 2017 September 11, 12:04 | 119,049 |
| *End of mission* | 2017 September 15, 06:58 | **0** |
|


title: Planisticus

abstract: Planisticus is a genus in the longhorn beetle family Cerambycidae. There are at least three described species in Planisticus, found in Madagascar.

text:
# Planisticus

***Planisticus*** is a genus in the longhorn beetle family Cerambycidae. There are at least three described species in *Planisticus*, found in Madagascar.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus *Planisticus*:

## InfoBox

| *Planisticus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Apatophyseinae |
| Tribe: | Apatophyseini |
| Genus: | *Planisticus*<br>Vives, 2004 |
|


title: HTC Desire 610

abstract: The HTC Desire 610 is an Android-based smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC. It is an affordable smartphone part of the Desire range of mid-range handsets, and was aimed at the same market sector with devices such as the Motorola Moto G, Sony Xperia M2 and Nokia Lumia 735. It was announced on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress 2014 in Barcelona, Spain. It was released in China in March 2014, in Europe starting April 2014 and in Australia on 5 August 2014. It was rumored that the HTC Desire 610 was also going to be sold by the American carrier AT&T. On 16 July 2014, HTC Desire 610 was listed as 'coming soon" on AT&T's website and the company unveiled that the phone will be put on sale on 25 July 2014. The AT&T model of the device was released on 25 July 2014.

text:
# HTC Desire 610

The **HTC Desire 610** is an Android-based smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC. It is an affordable smartphone part of the Desire range of mid-range handsets, and was aimed at the same market sector with devices such as the Motorola Moto G, Sony Xperia M2 and Nokia Lumia 735. It was announced on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress 2014 in Barcelona, Spain. It was released in China in March 2014, in Europe starting April 2014 and in Australia on 5 August 2014.

It was rumored that the HTC Desire 610 was also going to be sold by the American carrier AT&T. On 16 July 2014, HTC Desire 610 was listed as 'coming soon" on AT&T's website and the company unveiled that the phone will be put on sale on 25 July 2014. The AT&T model of the device was released on 25 July 2014.

## Specifications

### Design

The HTC Desire has a unibody plastic design.

The phone has a 4.7 inch display with sizable bezels; there is a front-facing camera and a speaker grill at the upper bezel of the display while there is an "HTC" logo and a speaker grill at the lower bezel of the display. On the side frame; there is a SIM card/microSD card tray at the left, there is a volume rocker at the right, there is a power button and a 3.5 mm headphone jack at the top and there is a microUSB port at the bottom. At the back, there is a rear-facing camera and an LED flash right under it along with an "HTC" logo. The back panel is not removable.

The phone measures 143.1 x 70.5 x 9.6 mm and weighs 143.5 grams. It is available in orange, blue, green, white, gray and black.

### Hardware

The HTC Desire 610 is powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 system-on-chip consisting of a 1.2 GHz quad-core Krait CPU and Adreno 305 GPU. It comes with 1 GB RAM and 8 GB internal storage expandable up to 128 GB by using a microSD card. The phone has a 4.7 inch LCD display with 540x940 pixels (qHD) resolution and 234 ppi pixel density; the display on the AT&T model has 480x854 pixels (FWVGA) resolution and 200 ppi pixel density. The device has a 8MP rear-facing camera with f/2.4 aperture coupled with an LED flash and a 1.3 MP front-facing camera; both the front-facing and the rear-facing cameres are capable of 720p video recording. The phone has BoomSound front-facing stereo speakers. It has a 2040 mAh Li-Po non-removable battery.

The HTC Desire 610 has Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS and microUSB. It also has DLNA support, enabling wireless streaming from compatible devices. The phone supports 4G LTE networks.

### Software

The HTC Desire 610 runs on Android 4.4.2 KitKat with HTC's user interface Sense 6. The software includes HTC Blinkfeed that displays social media network notifications and latest news on the homescreen as well as HTC Zoe that highlights recorded videos in the gallery and HTC Sense Voice noise detection for clearer calls.

## Reception

The HTC Desire 610 received mixed reviews.

Andrew Hole from CNET reviewed the device and gave it 6.3 points out of 10. He praised the design, the camera quality and the low price but criticized the display quality, the performance and the outdated Android operating system version. He concluded that there were better phones for cheaper prices.

James Norton from TechRadar reviewed the device and gave it 3 stars out of 5. He praised the software experience, the performance and the connectivity options but criticized the display quality, the camera quality and the speaker quality. He also stated that the phone had bulky bezels and the battery life was average. He concluded that there were better devices at similar prices.

Evan Kypreos from Trusted Reviews reviewed the device and gave it 3.5 stars out of 5. He described the phone as "a solid all-rounder". He stated the camera quality was decent and the performance was adequate, but he criticized the battery life. He concluded that the HTC Desire 610 was a good phone but there were better phones at similar prices.

Lanh Nyugen from Android Authority reviewed the AT&T model of the device. He praised the design and the performance but criticized the camera quality. He stated that the bezels were too big, the BoomSound stereo speakers weren't as good compared to higher-tier HTC devices and the battery life was average.

1. Lai, Richard (24 February 2014). "HTC's Desire 610 joins the affordable LTE smartphone party". *Engadget*. Aol. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
2. "HTC officially announces the Desire 816 and Desire 610". *androidauthority.com*. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
3. "HTC unleashes Desire 816 and Desire 610 in the mid-range". *gsmarena.com*. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
4. "HTC outs the "flagship mid-range" Desire 816 and Desire 610, fresh design in tow". *phonearena.com*. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
5. "HTC Desire 610 to be launched by AT&T?". *phonearena.com*. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
6. "HTC Desire 610 smiles for the camera on its way to AT&T". *gsmarena.com*. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
7. "AT&T-bound HTC Desire 610 shows up, launch date unclear". *phonearena.com*. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
8. "HTC Desire 610 coming to AT&T on July 25". *gsmarena.com*. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
9. "Affordable HTC Desire 610 officially launching at AT&T on July 25". *phonearena.com*. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
10. "HTC Desire 610 also launched by AT&T today". *gsmarena.com*. 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
11. "HTC Desire 610 hands-on". *phonearena.com*. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
12. "HTC Desire 610 coming to Verizon?". *phonearena.com*. 11 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
13. Low, Aloysius. "HTC's Desire 610 comes clad in glossy plastic, has LTE (hands-on)". *CNET*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
14. "HTC Desire 610 Review: a Moto G challenger?". *androidauthority.com*. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
15. "HTC Desire 610 review: A cheap Android KitKat phone, with a fun design and 4G LTE". *CNET*. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
16. "HTC Desire 610 review". *TechRadar*. 1 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
17. "HTC Desire 610 Review". *Trusted Reviews*. May 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2023-02-13.

## InfoBox

HTC Desire 610
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | HTC |
| Series | HTC Desire |
| Predecessor | HTC Desire 601 |
| Successor | HTC Desire 620 |
| Related | HTC One Mini 2, HTC Desire 816 |
| Type | Touchscreen Smartphone |
| Dimensions | 143.1 x 70.5 x 9.6 mm |
| Weight | 143.5 grams \[5.04 oz\] |
| Operating system | Android 4.4.2 KitKat with HTC Sense 6.0 |
| System-on-chip | Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 |
| CPU | 1.2 GHz quad-core Krait |
| GPU | Adreno 305 |
| Memory | 1 GB RAM (815MB available on official Android 4.4.2 build) |
| Storage | 8 GB |
| Removable storage | microSD up to 128 GB |
| Battery | Li-Po 2040 mAh Stand-by up to 650 h (3G) |
| Display | 4.7 in (12 cm)
qHD 540×960 px (EU Version)
4.7 in (12 cm)
FWVGA 480x854 px (AT&T Version) |
| Rear camera | 8 MP BSI sensor; LED Flash 720p, video recording |
| Front camera | 1.3 MP BSI sensor; 720p video recording |
| Connectivity |  |
| Website | http://www.htc.com/us/smartphones/htc-desire-610/ |


title: National Symphony Chorus

abstract: The National Symphony Chorus is an Irish choir, organisationally part of Ireland's National Concert Hall since 2022.

text:
# National Symphony Chorus

The **National Symphony Chorus** (formerly **RTÉ Philharmonic Choir)** is an Irish choir, organisationally part of Ireland's National Concert Hall since 2022.

## Organisation

The choir was part of RTÉ Performing Groups until 2022. The chorus master is Mark Hindley.

The choir members, all of whom commit their services entirely voluntarily, meet each Wednesday from 7.30pm-10.00pm for rehearsals in the RTÉ Radio Centre and once a year gather for a residential training weekend which provides social opportunities alongside intensive workshops on technique, ensemble and repertoire.

## Activities

The choir has been central to choral music in Ireland since its foundation by Colin Mawby in 1985, following the introduction of new choral policy. This 140-strong choir is the country's premier symphonic choral ensemble and has performed more than 52 of the major choral works since its foundation, mostly in conjunction with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra and the National Symphony Orchestra. It has also worked with RTÉ Cór na nÓg and the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet. It broadcasts frequently on RTÉ lyric fm.

## InfoBox

| National Symphony Chorus | |
| --- | --- |
| Choir | |
| Former name | RTÉ Philharmonic Choir |
| Origin | Dublin, Cork |
| Founded | 1985 (1985) |
| Genre | Classical, choral, symphonic, jazz, operatic, contemporary |
| Label | Naxos Records |
| Website | Official website |


title: Harold Edward Dahl

abstract: Harold Edward Dahl was a mercenary American pilot who fought in the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War. He was a member of the "American Patrol" of the Andres Garcia La Calle group. He was nicknamed "Whitey" due to his very blond hair.

text:
# Harold Edward Dahl

**Harold Edward Dahl** (June 29, 1909 – February 14, 1956) was a mercenary American pilot who fought in the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War. He was a member of the "American Patrol" of the Andres Garcia La Calle group. He was nicknamed "Whitey" due to his very blond hair.

## Early life

Born in Champaign, Illinois, Dahl graduated from flying school at Kelly Field on 28 February 1933 and joined the U.S. Army Air Corps as a Second Lieutenant. His commission ended in 1936 due to gambling and subsequent court convictions. He then became a commercial pilot, but again gambling forced him to escape to Mexico.

## Spanish Civil War

Dahl piloted charter and cargo flights carrying material for the Second Spanish Republic, as Mexico was one of the very few distant countries to support the Spanish government. He was told about the good salary paid for mercenary pilots and so he joined Spain under the name of **Hernando Diaz Evans**, Evans being his mother's maiden name. He reported nine kills in this unit, though only five were ever confirmed.

During the reorganization of the Fighter Squadrons in May 1937, Dahl was posted to a squadron with a large variety of nationalities. Frank Glasgow Tinker said that this made it very hard for a pilot to coordinate his place in the group during the fighting. It seems that this was the case on June 13 of that year, where he was surprised by enemy planes and was shot down and taken prisoner.

Initially sentenced to death, there were some diplomatic movements to free Dahl. His alleged first wife Edith Rogers, a known singer of impressive beauty, sent Francisco Franco a signed picture of herself to plead for his life. This story later became the basis of the 1940 movie *Arise, My Love*. He remained in prison until 1940 and then returned to the United States. After he and Edith Rogers separated.

## RCAF and WWII

He accepted another job, this time with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and served during World War II. He trained RCAF pilots for combat in Europe at an airfield near Belleville, Ontario. It was here that he met his wife Eleanor Bone, the daughter of the mayor of Belleville.. After the war, he was accused of stealing decommissioned equipment from the RCAF.

## Post-war and death

Around 1951, Dahl joined the airline Swissair and lived in Switzerland. In 1953 he was caught stealing £11,000-worth of gold with his mistress and was sentenced to two years. He was expelled from the country, an event that compelled his wife to leave him. Back in Canada, he became a cargo pilot flying DC-3s when on 14 February 1956 he was killed during a crash in bad weather. Dahl was survived by his estranged wife Eleanor and their three children: Jim Dahl; Stevie Cameron and Chris Dahl.

## InfoBox

| Harold Edward Dahl | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Whitey |
| Born | June 29, 1909
Champaign, Illinois |
| Died | February 14, 1956(1956-02-14) (aged 46)
Canada |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | U.S. Army Air Corps
Spanish Republican Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1933-1936
World War II |
| Battles/wars | Spanish Civil War
World War II |


title: Le Sers Airfield

abstract: Le Sers Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia, about 3 km of As Sars, 130 km southwest of Tunis. It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway, parking and dispersal areas. It was not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use. The prevailing temperatures in the area are some of the hottest in the world, making steel planking unsuitable for airfield use. Its last known use was by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force in 1943 during the North African Campaign. The 31st Fighter Group flew Supermarine Spitfires from the airfield between 12 April and 15 May; the 52d Fighter Group flew P-40 Warhawks between 14 April and 21 May. The fighter units moved out after the Tunisian Campaign ended to airfields closer to the coast and the airfield was closed and the airfield was dismantled. Today, there are no remaining traces of the airfield as the area around the town of As Sars consists largely of agricultural fields, which has obliterated much of the airfield. Today the remains of a runway are visible from satellite imagery.

text:
# Le Sers Airfield

Le Sers Airfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of Le Sers Airfield, Tunisia

**Le Sers Airfield** is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia, about 3 km of As Sars, 130 km southwest of Tunis. It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway, parking and dispersal areas. It was not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use. The prevailing temperatures in the area are some of the hottest in the world, making steel planking unsuitable for airfield use.

Its last known use was by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force in 1943 during the North African Campaign. The 31st Fighter Group flew Supermarine Spitfires from the airfield between 12 April and 15 May; the 52d Fighter Group flew P-40 Warhawks between 14 April and 21 May.

The fighter units moved out after the Tunisian Campaign ended to airfields closer to the coast and the airfield was closed and the airfield was dismantled. Today, there are no remaining traces of the airfield as the area around the town of As Sars consists largely of agricultural fields, which has obliterated much of the airfield. Today the remains of a runway are visible from satellite imagery.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Maurer, Maurer. *Air Force Combat Units of World War II*. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.

## InfoBox

| Le Sers Airfield<br> | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Twelfth Air Force | |
| Coordinates | 36°03′21.15″N 009°00′57.53″E / 36.0558750°N 9.0159806°E / 36.0558750; 9.0159806 |
| Type | Military airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Army Air Forces |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1943 |
| In use | 1943 |


title: Interpolative decomposition

abstract: In numerical analysis, interpolative decomposition (ID) factors a matrix as the product of two matrices, one of which contains selected columns from the original matrix, and the other of which has a subset of columns consisting of the identity matrix and all its values are no greater than 2 in absolute value.

text:
# Interpolative decomposition

In numerical analysis, **interpolative decomposition (ID)** factors a matrix as the product of two matrices, one of which contains selected columns from the original matrix, and the other of which has a subset of columns consisting of the identity matrix and all its values are no greater than 2 in absolute value.

## Definition

Let $A$ be an $m\times n$ matrix of rank $r$. The matrix $A$ can be written as

$$A=A\_{(:,J)}X,\\,$$

where

* $J$ is a subset of $r$ indices from $\\{1,\ldots ,n\\};$
* The $m\times r$ matrix $A\_{(:,J)}$ represents $J$'s columns of $A;$
* $X$ is an $r\times n$ matrix, all of whose values are less than 2 in magnitude. $X$ has an $r\times r$ identity submatrix.

Note that a similar decomposition can be done using the rows of $A$ instead of its columns.

## Example

Let $A$ be the $3\times 3$ matrix of rank 2:

$$A={\begin{bmatrix}34&58&52\\59&89&80\\17&29&26\end{bmatrix}.}$$

If

$$J={\begin{bmatrix}2&1\end{bmatrix},}$$

then

$$A={\begin{bmatrix}58&34\\89&59\\29&17\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}0&1&{\frac {29}{33}\\1&0&{\frac {1}{33}\end{bmatrix}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}58&34\\89&59\\29&17\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}0&1&0.8788\\1&0&0.0303\end{bmatrix}.}}}}}}$$


title: Grange, South Australia

abstract: Grange is a coastal suburb of the City of Charles Sturt, in Adelaide, South Australia, located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the Adelaide city centre. The suburb is named after Captain Charles Sturt's cottage, built in 1840–41, which still stands and is now a museum. In addition to Grange Beach, the suburb has several parks and reserves, as well as the Grange Hotel, which was originally licensed in 1881.

text:
# Grange, South Australia

**Grange** is a coastal suburb of the City of Charles Sturt, in Adelaide, South Australia, located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the Adelaide city centre. The suburb is named after Captain Charles Sturt's cottage, built in 1840–41, which still stands and is now a museum. In addition to Grange Beach, the suburb has several parks and reserves, as well as the Grange Hotel, which was originally licensed in 1881.

## Geography

Grange is a suburb with partial frontage to Gulf St Vincent located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of the Adelaide city centre. It has a land area of 3.7 square kilometres (910 acres). Its land boundaries (in clockwise order from the north-west) are Fort Street, Military Road, Trimmer Parade, Sportsmans Drive, Brebner Drive, Frederick Road and Grange Road.

## History

Originally called The Grange, the suburb is named after Captain Charles Sturt's cottage, which originally stood on 500 acres (200 ha) of farmland. Sturt's farm was subdivided in 1878 by a private company intending to establish a beach resort. The cottage still stands and is now a museum.

The name was adopted in 1945 by the local government area of the Town of Henley and Grange following agreement between it and the state's Nomenclature Committee and other government agencies. Boundaries were also established in 1945 over that portion of the Town of Henley and Grange located north of Kirkcaldy Beach Road.

On 30 September 1976, its boundaries were revised along with adjoining suburbs including Tennyson and the new suburb of West Lakes.

On 19 November 2009, land bounded by Trimmer Parade, Sportsmans Drive, Brebner Drive and Frederick Road was removed from the adjoining suburb of Seaton and added to the northern side of Grange following a proposal put forward by a resident group associated with the "Grange Golf Course Estate" and sponsored by the City of Charles Sturt.

## Demographics

The 2006 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 5,238 persons in Grange on census night. Of these, 47.1% were male and 52.9% were female. The majority of residents (77.1%) are of Australian birth, with an additional 5.9% naming England as their country of birth.

The age distribution of Grange residents is skewed slightly higher than the greater Australian population. 72% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66.5%; and 28% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 33.5%.

In 2019 the population had decreased to 4542.

The 2021 Census counted a total of 6143 persons. Of these 48% were male and 52% were female.

## Governance

Grange is part of Grange Ward in the City of Charles Sturt local government area, being represented in that council by Tom Scheffler and Rachel Tullio.

Grange is in the state electoral district of Lee and the federal electoral division of Hindmarsh.

## Community

The local newspaper is the *Weekly Times Messenger*.

### Community groups

A community centre is located on Charles Sturt Avenue.

### Schools

Grange Primary School is located on Jetty Street.

## Facilities and attractions

Grange Jetty, built in 1879, lies midway along Grange Beach.

### Shopping and dining

The Grange Hotel, located on the esplanade overlooking Grange Beach, was originally licensed in 1881.

### Parks

In addition to Grange Beach, the suburb has several parks and reserves. Grange Recreation Reserve is located in the northwest of the suburb and offers a playing field and playground. Playgrounds are also located in Lines Reserve, on Lines Street, and Kirkcaldy Park, on Kirkcaldy Avenue. The greenspace in the centre of the suburb is notable as being the location of Charles Sturt's still-extant cottage.

### Sport

The Grange Golf Club is a private golf club in Grange featuring two internationally rated 18 hole golf courses. Grange has previously held major professional events including the West Lakes Classic and the South Australian Open and PGA events. The Club has also hosted all major Australian Amateur events including the Australian Amateur and Interstate Team Australian Junior as well as Australian Lady Amateur events.

### Museum

The Charles Sturt Museum is based in Sturt's former home The Grange, which was saved from demolition by being bought by the council in 1956. The museum illustrates his story with "not only ... displays of relics, but interpretive and multimedia displays".

## Transportation

### Roads

Grange is serviced by Grange Road, connecting the suburb to Adelaide city centre. Seaview Road and Military Road link Grange to several of Adelaide's other coastal suburbs. Frederick Road, on the suburb's eastern boundary, connects the suburb with the shopping and entertainment facilities in West Lakes.

### Public transport

Grange is serviced by public transport buses and trains run by the Adelaide Metro. Both Grange and East Grange railway stations on the Grange railway line are in the suburb of Grange. Until 1957, the line continued further to terminate at Henley Beach but it closed due to the line being too close to public roads.

## InfoBox

| Grange
Adelaide, South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Grange Jetty | |
| Grange | |
| Coordinates | 34°54′08″S 138°29′45″E / 34.902204°S 138.495824°E / -34.902204; 138.495824 |
| Population | 6,143 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1878 |
| Postcode(s) | 5022 |
| Area | 3.7 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACST (UTC+10:30) |
| Location | 11 km (7 mi) W of Adelaide city centre |
| LGA(s) | City of Charles Sturt |
| State electorate(s) | Lee |
| Federal division(s) | Hindmarsh |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  21.6 °C
71 °F 11.5 °C
53 °F 439.9 mm
17.3 in | |
| **Suburbs around Grange:**  Tennyson
West Lakes Seaton  West Lakes
Tennyson
*Gulf St Vincent* Grange Seaton  *Gulf St Vincent* Henley Beach
Fulham Gardens Fulham Gardens | |
| Footnotes | Adjoining suburbs |


title: Mizumoto Park

abstract: Mizumoto Park is a park in Katsushika ward, Tokyo, Japan. It is the biggest park within the 23 special wards of Tokyo. It is known for its diverse plants and wild birds, and as an attraction spot during the Hanami season. Locals have said that it is home to a haunted phone booth.

text:
# Mizumoto Park

**Mizumoto Park** (水元公園, *Mizumoto Kōen*) is a park in Katsushika ward, Tokyo, Japan. It is the biggest park within the 23 special wards of Tokyo. It is known for its diverse plants and wild birds, and as an attraction spot during the Hanami season. Locals have said that it is home to a haunted phone booth.

## Data

* Date opened: April 1, 1965
* Area: 921,539 m2 (227.717 acres)
* Nearest station: About 2 km (1.2 mi) from Kanamachi Station (JR Jōban Line); a bus service to the park is available.

## Transportation

When Katsushika Shōbu Festival is held, **Mizumoto Katsushika Shōbu Meguri Bus** are run by Keisei Bus on holidays in June. And, the bus is bound for Horikiri-Shobuen Station via Kanamachi Station and Shibamata Taishakuten. It takes 220 yen to ride on the bus.

## Education

Katsushika City Board of Education operates area public elementary and junior high schools.

2-8-ban are zoned to Higashi-Mizumoto Elementary School (東水元小学校) while 1-ban is zoned to Handa Elementary School (半田小学校).

3-8-ban are zoned to Mizumoto Junior High School (水元中学校) while 1-2-ban are zoned to Higashi Kanamachi Junior High School (東金町中学校).

35°47′10.8″N 139°52′9.3″E / 35.786333°N 139.869250°E / 35.786333; 139.869250

## InfoBox

| Mizumoto Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Katsushika, Tokyo and Misato, Saitama, Japan |
| Area | 921,539 square metres (227.717 acres) |
| Created | April 1, 1965 |


title: Keggin structure

abstract: The Keggin structure is the best known structural form for heteropoly acids. It is the structural form of α-Keggin anions, which have a general formula of [XM12O40]n−, where X is the heteroatom, M is the addendum atom, and O represents oxygen. The structure self-assembles in acidic aqueous solution and is a commonly used type of polyoxometalate catalysts.

text:
# Keggin structure

The **Keggin structure** is the best known structural form for heteropoly acids. It is the structural form of α-Keggin anions, which have a general formula of \[XM12O40\]*n*, where X is the heteroatom (most commonly are pentavalent phosphorus PV, tetravalent silicon SiIV, or trivalent boron BIII), M is the addendum atom (most common are molybdenum Mo and tungsten W), and O represents oxygen. The structure self-assembles in acidic aqueous solution and is a commonly used type of polyoxometalate catalysts.

## History

The first α-Keggin anion, ammonium phosphomolybdate (\[NH4\]3\[PMo12O40\]), was first reported by Berzelius in 1826. In 1892, Blomstrand proposed the structure of phosphomolybdic acid and other poly-acids as a chain or ring configuration. Alfred Werner, using the coordination compounds ideas of Copaux, attempted to explain the structure of silicotungstic acid. He assumed a central group, \[SiO4\]4− ion, enclosed by four \[RW2O6\]+, where R is a unipositive ion. The \[RW2O6\]+ are linked to the central group by primary valences. Two more R2W2O7 groups were linked to the central group by secondary valences. This proposal accounted for the characteristics of most poly-acids, but not all.

In 1928, Linus Pauling proposed a structure for α-Keggin anions consisting of a tetrahedral central ion, \[XO4\]*n*−8, caged by twelve WO6 octahedra. In this proposed structure, three of the oxygen on each of the octahedra shared electrons with three neighboring octahedra. As a result, 18 oxygen atoms were used as bridging atoms between the metal atoms. The remaining oxygen atoms bonded to a proton. This structure explained many characteristics that were observed such as basicities of alkali metal salts and the hydrated form of some of the salts. However the structure could not explain the structure of dehydrated acids.

James Fargher Keggin with the use of X-ray diffraction experimentally determined the structure of α-Keggin anions in 1934. The Keggin structure accounts for both the hydrated and dehydrated α-Keggin anions without the need for significant structural change. The Keggin structure is the widely accepted structure for the α-Keggin anions.

## Structure and physical properties

=  +

The structure has full tetrahedral symmetry and is composed of one heteroatom surrounded by four oxygen atoms to form a tetrahedron. The heteroatom is located centrally and caged by 12 octahedral MO6 units linked to one another by the neighboring oxygen atoms. There are a total of 24 bridging oxygen atoms that link the 12 addenda atoms. The metal centres in the 12 octahedra are arranged on a sphere almost equidistant from each other, in four M3O13 units, giving the complete structure an overall tetrahedral symmetry. The bond length between atoms varies depending on the heteroatom (X) and the addenda atoms (M). For the 12–phosphotungstic acid, Keggin determined the bond length between the heteroatom and each the four central oxygen atoms to be 1.5 . The bond length form the central oxygen to the addenda atoms is 2.43 Å. The bond length between the addenda atoms and each of the bridging oxygen is 1.9 Å. The remaining 12 oxygen atoms that are each double bonded to an addenda atom have a bond length of 1.70 Å. The octahedra are therefore distorted. This structure allows the molecule to hydrate and dehydrate without significant structural changes and the molecule is thermally stable in the solid state for use in vapor phase reactions at high temperatures (400−500 °C).

### Isomerism

Including the original Keggin structure there are 5 isomers, designated by the prefixes α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ε-. The original Keggin structure is designated α. These isomers are sometimes termed Baker, Baker–Figgis or rotational isomers, These involve different rotational orientations of the Mo3O13 units, which lowers the symmetry of the overall structure.

### Lacunary Keggin structures

The term *lacunary* is applied to ions which have a fragment missing, sometimes called defect structures. Examples are the \[XM11O39\]*n* and \[XM9O34\]*n* formed by the removal from the Keggin structure of sufficient Mo and O atoms to eliminate 1 or 3 adjacent MO6 octahedra. The Dawson structure is made up of two Keggin lacunary fragments with 3 missing octahedra.

### Group 13 cations with the Keggin structure

The cluster cation \[Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12\]7+ has the Keggin structure with a tetrahedral Al atom in the centre of the cluster coordinated to 4 oxygen atoms. The formula can be expressed as \[AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12\]7+. This ion is generally called the Al13 ion. A Ga13 analogue is known an unusual ionic compound with an Al13 cation and a Keggin polyoxoanion has been characterised.

### The iron Keggin ion

Due to the similar aqueous chemistries of aluminium and iron, it has been long thought that an analogous iron polycation should be isolatable from water. Moreover, in 2007, the structure of ferrihydrite was determined and shown to be built of iron Keggin ions. This further captured scientists' imagination and drive to isolate the iron Keggin ion. In 2015, the iron Keggin ion was isolated from water, but as a polyanion with a −17 charge; and protecting chemistry was required. Iron-bound water is very acidic; so it is difficult to capture the intermediate Keggin ion form without bulky and nonprotic ligands instead of the water that is found in the aluminum Keggin ion. However, more important in this synthesis was the bismuth (Bi3+) counterions that provided high positive charge to stabilize the high negative charge of the heptadecavalent polyanion.

## Chemical properties

The stability of the Keggin structure allows the metals in the anion to be readily reduced. Depending on the solvent, acidity of the solution and the charge on the α-Keggin anion, it can be reversibly reduced in one- or multiple-electron steps. For example, the silicotungstate anion can be reduced a −20 state. Some anions such as silicotungstic acid are strong enough as an acid as sulfuric acid and can be used in its place as an acid catalyst.

## Preparation

In general α-Keggin anions are synthesized in acidic solutions. For example, 12-phosphotungstic acid is formed by condensing phosphate ion with tungstate ions. The heteropolyacid that is formed has the Keggin structure.

PO3−4 \+ 12 WO2−4 \+ 27 H+ → H3PW12O40 \+ 12 H2O

## Uses

α-Keggin anions have been used as catalyst in the following reactions: hydration, polymerization and oxidation reaction as catalysts. Japanese chemical companies have commercialized the use of the compounds in hydration of propene, oxidation of methacrolein, hydration of isobutene and *n*-butene, and polymerization of THF.

## Suppliers

12-Phosphotungstic acid, the compound James F. Keggin used to determine the structure, can be purchased commercially. Other compounds that contain the α-Keggin anion such as silicotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid are also commercially available at Aldrich Chemicals, Fisher Chemicals, Alfa Aesar, VWR Chemical, American Elements, and others.


title: Meadow River Lumber Building

abstract: Meadow River Lumber Building is a historic building located on the grounds of the State Fair of West Virginia at Fairlea, Greenbrier County, West Virginia. It was built in 1928, to showcase the products of the Meadow River Lumber Company (MERILUCO). It is a one-story, Bungalow-style frame building with a small center front gable rising from the roofline. The front facade features a full length front porch. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Meadow River Lumber Building

**Meadow River Lumber Building** is a historic building located on the grounds of the State Fair of West Virginia at Fairlea, Greenbrier County, West Virginia. It was built in 1928, to showcase the products of the Meadow River Lumber Company (MERILUCO). It is a one-story, Bungalow-style frame building with a small center front gable rising from the roofline. The front facade features a full length front porch.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Meadow River Lumber Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | US 219 S, State Fair of West Virginia, Fairlea, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°46′39″N 80°27′45″W / 37.77750°N 80.46250°W / 37.77750; -80.46250 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1928 |
| Built by | Meadow River Lumber Company |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/American craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001411 |
| Added to NRHP | November 13, 1997 |


title: Planisware

text:
# Planisware

Planisware is a company that develops and provides two Enterprise Project Portfolio Management (PPM) applications, Planisware Enterprise and Planisware Orchestra. These applications are part of its Business Innovation Cloud and are used globally across various industries such as energy, medical devices, high-tech, aerospace and defense, chemicals, government, pharmaceutical, and automotive.

Planisware Enterprise, one of the company's offerings, is a PPM software designed to assist organizations in managing their projects, resources, and budgets. It aims to enhance the efficiency of project planning and execution and to align projects with an organization's strategic goals.

Established in 1996, Planisware has experienced consistent profitability and growth. In 2023, the company reported revenues of $170 million. Planisware serves over 800,000 project portfolio users worldwide.

## Product

Planisware
| Developer(s) | Planisware |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | V7 / 2020 |
|  | |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Project management software |
| License | Proprietary SaaS EULA |
| Website |  |

### Functional scope

Planisware develops Planisware Enterprise as its main software for Strategic Portfolio Management, Project Portfolio Management, and Innovation Management/NPD (New Product Development). Additionally, the company offers Planisware Orchestra as its lead software for Adaptive Project Management and Collaborative PPM.

### Product architecture

Planisware Enterprise provides Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) via a three-tier architecture: a browser on the client side, an application server and a database. On the client side, Planisware supports any mainstream browser on Microsoft Windows, Linux/UNIX, Mac platforms and runs with an Ajax applet. The Planisware application server combines with a classic Web server (IIS and Apache). The database can be either Oracle or SQL Server or PostgreSQL.

Planisware Orchestra provides Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) via a three-tier architecture: a browser on the client side, an application server and a database. On the client side, Planisware Orchestra supports the following browser: Microsoft Edge, Firefox and Google Chrome. The Planisware application server combines with a classic Web server (IIS and Apache). The database is based on PostgreSQL.

### Markets and product reviews

Planisware's customer base encompasses various industries, including energy, medical device, high-tech, aerospace & defense, chemicals, government, pharmaceutical and automotive. Planisware targets more specifically:

* New Product Development
* IT Project & Portfolio Management
* Life Sciences
* Engineering & Construction
* Professional Services Automation
* Earned Value Management

According to several analysts, Planisware strength lies in its highly configurable environment and functional scope breadth.

### Reports from analyst firms

The Info-Tech Research Group ranked Planisware as a "Champion" in their Enterprise Project Portfolio Management Report for 2021. It has been featured in Gartner's Project Portfolio Management Magic Quadrant as a Leader, and in its Strategic Portfolio Management and Enterprise Agile Planning Magic Quadrants as a Challenger. The company was named a Leader in Forrester's Strategic Portfolio Management Wave in 2022.

1. "Planisware Exceeds $100 Million in Global Revenue in 2020".
2. "About Planisware".
3. "About Planisware". *Planisware*. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
4. Light, Matt; Stang, Daniel B. (2008-06-13). "Gartner Magic Quadrant 2008". Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
5. Ahlemann, Frederik (Dec 2008). *Project Management Software Systems - Requirements, Selection Process and Products - 5th Edition* (PDF). European Business School. ISBN 978-3-937818-27-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
6. The Info-Tech Research Group- Vendor Landscape: Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
7. Planisware Press Release- Info-Tech Awards "Champion" Status to Planisware
8. The Forrester Wave™: Strategic Portfolio Management Wave, Q1 2022

## InfoBox

Planisware
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Information technology |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Computer software |
| Services | IT services |
| Revenue | $170M (2023) |
| Number of employees | 700 (2023) |
| Website | https://planisware.com/ |


title: Hackerobrachys

abstract: Hackerobrachys is an Australian genus of planthoppers in the family Eurybrachidae. It has only one species, Hackerobrachys viridiventris, making it a monotypic taxon. This species was originally described as Olonia viridiventris in 1863 by Carl Stål, and was reassigned to the new genus Hackerobrachys in 2006 by Jérôme Constant.

text:
# Hackerobrachys

***Hackerobrachys*** is an Australian genus of planthoppers in the family Eurybrachidae. It has only one species, ***Hackerobrachys viridiventris***, making it a monotypic taxon. This species was originally described as *Olonia viridiventris* in 1863 by Carl Stål, and was reassigned to the new genus *Hackerobrachys* in 2006 by Jérôme Constant.

## Etymology

The genus name takes its first part from Henry Hacker, an entomologist who had studied this and other Australian eurybrachids. The second part is "brachys", a Greek word meaning "short", and is commonly used in names of eurybrachid genera (e.g. *Eurybrachys*, *Platybrachys*). The species name "viridiventris" is Latin for "green belly" and presumably refers to either the colour of the abdomen or the frons.

## Description

The genus can be distinguished from Fletcherobrachys by the frons, which is bulging unlike that of Fletcherobrachys. Additionally, the hind wings are uniform from base to apex.

Adult males of *H. viridiventris* are 8.9–10.9 mm long, while adult females are 9.0–10.8 mm long. Overall they are blackish-brown in colour. The frons is convex and twice as broad as long. It, along with the vertex and the basal half of the clypeus, ranges from greenish-yellow to bright red. The abdomen is bluish-green dorsally and yellowish ventrally. The tegmina (forewings) are flat and brown, while the hindwings are uniformly blackish-brown. There exists a second undescribed species, also from Australia, with a red head instead of a lime green one.

## Ecology

*Hackerobrachys viridiventris* is associated with *Acacia* trees, including *A. cunninghami*, *A. fimbriata* and *A. leiocalyx*. Individuals can be found on leaves, stems and trunks.

## InfoBox

| *Hackerobrachys* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hackerobrachys sp.* in Como, New South Wales | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Eurybrachidae |
| Subfamily: | Platybrachinae |
| Tribe: | Platybrachini |
| Genus: | *Hackerobrachys*
Constant, 2006 |
| Species: | ***H. viridiventris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hackerobrachys viridiventris***
(Stål, 1863) | |
|


title: National Symphony Orchestra (Ireland)

abstract: The National Symphony Orchestra is the largest professional orchestra in Ireland. Housed at the National Concert Hall, Dublin, since January 2022, it used to be the concert and radio orchestra of Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), Ireland's public radio station. It plays an important role in Irish cultural life, also undertaking occasional tours of Ireland.

text:
# National Symphony Orchestra (Ireland)

The **National Symphony Orchestra** (NSO; previously known as **Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra**, **RTÉ Symphony Orchestra** and the **RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra**) is the largest professional orchestra in Ireland. Housed at the National Concert Hall, Dublin, since January 2022, it used to be the concert and radio orchestra of Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), Ireland's public radio station. It plays an important role in Irish cultural life, also undertaking occasional tours of Ireland.

## History

In 1926, a national radio channel, based in Dublin, began broadcasting. To provide music, it hired staff musicians, who often played together on the radio and in concert as a chamber orchestra. Musicians were frequently hired from the Army School of Music and the Dublin Philharmonic Society (1927–1936) under the direction of Colonel Fritz Brase, head of the Army School of Music since 1923. The original group was gradually expanded during the 1930s and 1940s, when it was known as the Radio Éireann Orchestra, and by 1946 had reached 40 musicians. Early conductors included Vincent O'Brien and, from 1941, Michael Bowles, guest conductors included Aloys Fleischmann and Frederick May. Often called the "Station Orchestra", many (albeit not regular) public concerts were given and broadcast live from venues such as the Mansion House, Metropolitan Hall and Capitol Theatre.

In 1948, the broadcasting authority, now called Radio Éireann, expanded the orchestra to symphonic size by opening its membership to musicians from all over Europe. Ireland, as a neutral country during World War II, had been spared damage, so musicians from the wrecked economies of a ruined Europe were easy to attract. The new orchestra was named the Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra (RESO). After Michael Bowles' involuntary retirement (Bowles had objected to recruiting so many foreigners for the 1948 enlargement), the new orchestra worked for a while without a permanent conductor, commissioning major guest conductors instead such as Jean Martinon and Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt. In 1953, the orchestra found a principal conductor in Milan Horvat, who remained until 1956. In 1961, Ireland added television to its broadcasting service. The name of the new organisation was to be Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). The orchestra became known as the RTÉ Symphony Orchestra (RTÉSO). By now it was, de facto, the national orchestra of Ireland. Its new chief conductor from 1961 was Tibor Paul. He was succeeded by Albert Rosen, Colman Pearce, Bryden Thomson, and Janos Fürst.

In 1981, the RTÉSO found a new home when the National Concert Hall opened in Dublin. Also, at about the same time, it expanded its broadcasting activities. Until 1978, RTÉ had only two radio stations and one television channel. In 1978, they established RTÉ2 followed in 1979 by RTÉ Radio 2 (now RTÉ 2fm). Five years later, RTÉ launched an arts radio station called FM3, which shared broadcast space with RTÉ RnaG until 1999 when it rebranded as Lyric FM (now RTÉ lyric fm).

In 1989, the orchestra was again expanded and renamed the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland. George Hurst became principal conductor in 1990. Kasper de Roo succeeded Hurst from 1994 to 1998. Alexander Anisimov became the orchestra's principal guest conductor in 1995 and principal conductor in 1998. Gerhard Markson succeeded Anissimov in 2001 and was principal conductor through 2009. Alan Buribayev was the principal conductor of the orchestra from 2010 to 2016, and Nathalie Stutzmann from 2017 to 2019, with Hannu Lintu as the orchestra's principal guest conductor from 2010 and Finghin Collins the orchestra's first-ever Associate Artist.

In September 2016, Jaime Martín first guest-conducted the RTÉ NSO. Following three subsequent return guest-conducting appearances, in January 2018, the RTÉ NSO announced the appointment of Martín as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2019–2020 season, with an initial contract of three years. Martín is scheduled to conclude his RTÉ NSO tenure at the close of the 2023-2024 season.

## Relocation and new status

Under increasing financial pressure, in 2018, RTÉ commissioned an independent review of their orchestras. The "Boden Report" outlined several options for the future of both the NSO and RTÉ Concert Orchestra, including the closure of one or other of the orchestras and moving one to the National Concert Hall.

In the Budget 2020, it was announced that the NSO would move to the NCH, with a budget of €8 million being provided by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media. This took effect on 24 January 2022.

## Principal conductors

## Bibliography

* Pat O'Kelly: *The National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland 1948–1998, a Selected History* (Dublin: RTÉ, 1998); ISBN 978-0-86029-015-5.
* Patrick Joseph Kehoe: *The Evolution of the Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra, 1926–1954*; Ph.D. thesis, Dublin Institute of Technology Conservatory of Music and Drama, 2017), https://arrow.dit.ie/appadoc/87.

## InfoBox

| National Symphony Orchestra | |
| --- | --- |
| Orchestra | |
| Former name | * Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra (RESO) * RTÉ Symphony Orchestra * RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra |
| Founded | 1948 (1948) |
| Location | Dublin, Ireland |
| Principal conductor | vacant |
| Website | National Symphony Orchestra and Choirs |


title: Hardesty & Hanover

abstract: H&H is an American infrastructure engineering company specializing in the design and management of bridges and other transportation and architecture projects. The firm was founded in 1887 by John Alexander Low Waddell, a structural engineer who pioneered the design of large-scale moveable bridge. Originally incorporated in Kansas City, Missouri as J.A.L. Waddell, Consulting Engineer, the company was renamed throughout the early 20th century as Waddell added junior partners to the organization. In 1920, the firm moved its headquarters to New York City, where it would go on to design many important bridges int the area, such as Newark Bay Bridge (rail), the original Goethals Bridge, and Marine Parkway Bridge. In recent decades the company has expanded its footprint to the fields of highway design and movable architecture, contributing to projects like U.S. Bank Stadium, the New York City Shed, the redevelopment of LaGuardia Airport, and other major interchanges of highways in New York City.

text:
# Hardesty & Hanover

**H&H** is an American infrastructure engineering company specializing in the design and management of bridges and other transportation and architecture projects. The firm was founded in 1887 by John Alexander Low Waddell, a structural engineer who pioneered the design of large-scale moveable bridge. Originally incorporated in Kansas City, Missouri as J.A.L. Waddell, Consulting Engineer, the company was renamed throughout the early 20th century as Waddell added junior partners to the organization. In 1920, the firm moved its headquarters to New York City, where it would go on to design many important bridges int the area, such as Newark Bay Bridge (rail), the original Goethals Bridge, and Marine Parkway Bridge.

In recent decades the company has expanded its footprint to the fields of highway design and movable architecture, contributing to projects like U.S. Bank Stadium, the New York City Shed, the redevelopment of LaGuardia Airport, and other major interchanges of highways in New York City.

## History

### J.A.L. Waddell, Consulting Engineer (1887)

Waddell's private consultancy gained a reputation for "daring and unusual structures" with a modern approach to the bridge design, and construction process. The company's first project, the Illinois Central Missouri River Bridge, was a swing bridge designed by Waddell in 1893 and built across the Missouri River. At the time of its construction, it was the longest swing bridge in the world with a moving span of 520 ft (158.5 m).

A year later in 1894, Waddell designed the South Halsted Street Bridge over the Chicago River. As the world's first major vertical-lift bridge, the project had a significant impact on infrastructure design.

### Waddell and Hedrick, Consulting Engineers (1899)

In 1899 Waddell promoted his chief draftsman Ira G. Hedrick to partner, renaming the firm **Waddell & Hedrick**. This partnership produced what would become the company's oldest design still in operation as of 2021: the New Westminster Bridge.

### Waddell and Harrington (1907)

In 1907 the company became known as **Waddell & Harrington** when Waddell partnered with John L. Harrington, former Chief Engineer of the Locomotive & Machine Company of Montreal. While still headquartered in Kansas City, the firm also maintained offices in Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 1908 Waddell & Harrington patented an improved Bascule bridge. That summer they also filed the first of several patents for improvements to Waddell's earlier vertical-lift bridge designs,

In their time together, Waddell & Harrington designed at least thirty highway and railroad bridges, and four remain in operation as of 2021 (three of them in the iconic vertical-lift style): Hawthorne Bridge (1910), ASB Bridge (1911), Colorado St. (Arroyo Seco) Bridge (1913), and Murray Morgan Bridge (1913).

In 1914, Waddell & Harrington announced the dissolution of their partnership effective in July of the following year. Harrington would continue working with his colleague, draftsman Frank Cortelyou, in new firm known as Harrington, Howard & Ash (which would eventually become HNTB).

### Waddell and Son (1915)

In 1915, Waddell promoted Needham Everett to junior partner, renaming the firm **Waddell & Son**. That same year, they celebrated the opening of the LS&MS Railway Bridge No. 6 in Chicago, IL, and a satellite office in New York City, though the younger Waddell reportedly stayed behind to manage the Kansas City office through at least 1918. In 1916, Shortridge Hardesty (who had previously been hand-picked to join the firm shortly after his 1908 graduation from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) was promoted to Designing Engineer.

The firm did well, receiving many contracts during the post-war economic revival, and the New York office became its headquarters in 1920.

Needham Everett died in 1927.

### Waddell and Hardesty (1927)

After the death of his son, Waddell continued to lead the firm, promoting Hardesty to Partner. They continued to create important bridges; the CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge (1926), original Goethals Bridge and Outerbridge Crossing (1928), and Marine Parkway Bridge (1937). In 1931 Waddell was personally honored with the American Association of Engineers' Clausen Gold Medal award for "distinguished service to the engineering profession", and again in 1937 with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Norman Medal. He died in 1938 at the age of 84, leaving Hardesty to run the company.

### Hardesty & Hanover (1945)

In 1945, Hardesty took on Clinton Hanover (former Chief of the New York City Bureau of Bridge Design) as a partner. The duo's leadership saw completion of the Rainbow Bridge in 1941. Spanning Niagara Falls, the structure was honored with the 1941 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 1st Place "Class A" Prize Bridge Award for beauty.

In the following decades, the company developed many other moveable and fixed bridges across New York State and beyond. One of its earliest forays into moveable architecture was an amusement ride for the 1964 New York World's Fair that took the form of a Ferris wheel, known as the Uniroyal Giant Tire.

Among H&H's first highway projects was the Interstate 80 and Route 19 interchange in Paterson, New Jersey. The company has continued to design roadways, most recently the reconstruction of LaGuardia Airport and Kew Gardens Interchange. The latter project features NEXT Beam technology in one of its 15 bridges. The firm also designed the replacement William Cullen Bryant Viaduct between Flower Hill & Roslyn, New York.

In 2022, Hardesty & Hanover unveiled a new corporate brand & logo that complements recent company growth. Going forward, branding will identify the firm as H&H, with Hardesty & Hanover, LLC remaining the legal name. In 2022, the firm also received notification from the United States Patent and Trademark Office that the firm had been awarded a trademark designation for the key phrase “Designed to Amaze, Engineered to Last®” which had been used across the firm for more than four years. While the firm and our employees have multiple patents, this is the first trademark awarded to H&H. With 600 employees, the firm has 33 offices in the US and the UK.

## Notable projects

Bridges
| Year | Name | Locale | Status | Crossing | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Bridge | Needles, CA | Demolished | Colorado River | Replaced 1948 |
| 1893 | Illinois Central Missouri River Bridge | Council Bluffs, IA & Omaha, NE | Abandoned | Missouri River |  |
| 1894 | South Halstead Street Bridge | Chicago, IL | Demolished | Chicago River | Replaced 1934 |
| 1898 | Waddell "A" Truss Bridge (patent) | Multiple | Extant |  | Two examples surviving |
| 1904 | New Westminster Bridge | New Westminster, BC | In Use | Fraser River |  |
| 1907 | Lewis and Clark Viaduct | Kansas City, KansasKansas City, Missouri | In use (Extensively altered) | Kansas River, West Bottoms, railroad tracks | Reconstructed many times; last 1907 built segment over the Kansas River currently in the planning phases of bring replaced |  |
| 1909 | Keithsburg Rail Bridge | Keithsburg, IL | Abandoned | Mississippi River |  |
| 1910 | Hawthorne Bridge | Portland, OR | In Use | Willamette River |  |
| 1911 | ASB Bridge | Kansas City, MO | In Use | Missouri River |  |
| 1911 | Tehama Lift Bridge | Tehama, CA | Demolished | Sacramento River | Replaced 1977 |
| 1912 | Steel Bridge | Portland, OR | In Use | Willamette River |  |
| 1912 | Fort Smith-Van Buren Free Bridge |  |  | Arkansas River |  |
| 1913 | Colorado Street Bridge | Pasadena, CA | In Use | Arroyo Seco |  |
| 1913 | Murray Morgan (City Waterway) Bridge | Tacoma, WA | In Use | Thea Foss Waterway |  |
| 1914 | South Branch/Canal Street Bridge 458 | Chicago, IL | In Use | Chicago River |  |
| 1914 | Caddo Lake Drawbridge | Mooringsport, LA | In Use | Caddo Lake |  |
| 1914 | LS&MS Railway Bridge No. 6 | Chicago, IL | In Use | Calumet River |  |
| 1917 | Columbia River Interstate Bridge | Portland, OR | In Use | Columbia River |  |
| 1923 | Memorial Bridge | Portsmouth, NH | Demolished | Piscataqua River | Replaced 2013 |
| 1928 | Goethals Bridge (original) | Elizabeth, NJ & Staten Island, NY | Demolished | Arthur Kill | Replaced 2017 |
| 1928 | Outerbridge Crossing | Perth Amboy, NJ & Staten Island, NY | In Use | Arthur Kill |  |
| 1931 | Anthony Wayne Bridge | Toledo, OH | In Use | Maumee River |  |
| 1935 | North Grand Island Bridge | Niagara Falls, NY | In Use | Niagara River |  |
| 1937 | Marine Parkway Bridge | Queens, NY | In Use | Jamaica Bay |  |
| 1940 | Mill Basin Bridge | Brooklyn,NY | Demolished | Mill Basin | Replaced 2017 |
| 1941 | Rainbow Bridge | Niagara Falls, NY & Niagara Falls, ON | In Use | Niagara River |  |
| 1952 | Atlantic Beach Bridge | Atlantic Beach, NY & Lawrence, NY | In Use | Reynolds Channel |  |
| 1962 | Lewiston–Queenston Bridge | Lewiston, NY & Queenston, ON | In Use | Niagara River |  |
| 1963 | Alexander Hamilton Bridge | New York City, NY | In Use | Harlem River |  |
| 1968 | Robert Moses Causeway (northbound) | Islip, New York | In Use | Great South Bay |  |
| 2012 | William Cullen Bryant Viaduct (current) | Flower Hill, NY & Roslyn, NY | In use | Hempstead Harbor |  |

1. Weingardt, P.E., Richard (2007). "John Alexander Low Waddell: Genius of Moveable Bridges" (PDF). *STRUCTURE Magazine*. Feb. 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
2. White, James T., ed. (1904). *The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography*. Vol. 12. New York City: James T. White & Co. p. 468. Retrieved May 30, 2021  via Google Books.
3. "Legacy of Waddell & Harrington Sets Stage for Future Success". *Hardesty & Hanover*.
4. Sheldrake, Arlen; et al. (2012). *Steel Over the Willamette*. Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. pp. 7, 52. ISBN 978-0-9851207-0-2.
5. US 952485, Waddell, John A. L. & Harrington, John Lyle, "Bascule-bridge", issued 1908-07-24
6. US 952486, Waddell, John A. L. & Harrington, John Lyle, "Lift bridge", issued 1908-08-17
7. US 932359, Waddell, John A. L. & Harrington, John Lyle, "Lift bridge", issued 1908-08-31
8. "The Engineers". *The Historic Caddo Lake Drawbridge Perpetuation Committee*. Caddo Parish. 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
9. See list of Waddell & Harrington bridges in Appendix A of Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IL-156, "Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway, Calumet River Bridge", pp. 50–52.
10. "Important Moments in H&H History". *Hardesty & Hanover*. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
11. "Supply Trade News". *Railway Age Gazette*. Vol. 57, no. 20. 1914. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
12. *Frank Morgan Cortelyou (1886–1976)* (PDF). Kansas City, MO: The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Kansas City. May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
13. Leonard, John W. (1922). *Who's Who in Engineering: A biographical dictionary of contemporaries (1922–1923)*. Brooklyn, NY: John W. Leonard Corporation. p. 1314. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
14. Weingardt, P.E., Richard (2007). "John Alexander Low Waddell: Genius of Moveable Bridges" (PDF). *STRUCTURE Magazine*. Feb. 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
15. "Shortridge Hardesty Dies at 72" (PDF). *The New York Times*. October 18, 1956. p. 33. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
16. "WOODS ASKS NATION TO REGULATE BOOMS" (PDF). *The New York Times*. March 12, 1931. p. 36. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
17. "JOHN A. L. WADDELL, A BRIDGE ENGINEER" (PDF). *The New York Times*. March 3, 1938. p. 21. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
18. *Prize Bridges, 1928–1956* (PDF). New York City: American Institute of Steel Construction. 1958. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
19. "Ferris Wheel for World's Fair". *Hardesty & Hanover*. August 28, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
20. Shutt, Craig A. (2011). "Celebrating the Past, Looking to the Future" (PDF). *Aspire Magazine* (Winter 2011): 8–11. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
21. Endo, Emi (December 4, 2011). "Roslyn viaduct construction nearly done". *Newsday*. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
22. "Roslyn Viaduct" (PDF). *Aspirebridge.com*.
23. Condit, Carl W. (1960). *American Building Art: The Nineteenth Century*. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 313. Retrieved June 1, 2021  via Internet Archive.
24. US 529220, Waddell, John A. L., "Truss bridge", published 1894-11-13
25. "Roslyn Viaduct" (PDF). *Aspirebridge.com*.

## InfoBox

H&H
|
|  |
| Formerly | * Hardesty & Hanover * Waddell & Hardesty * Waddell & Son * Waddell & Harrington * Waddell & Hedrick * J.A.L. Waddell, Consulting Engineer |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | Infrastructure engineering |
| Founded | 1887 (1887) in Kansas City, Missouri |
| Founder | John Alexander Low Waddell |
| Headquarters | New York City, United States |
| Key people | CEO Sean A. Bluni, PE |
| Services | * Design & Engineering * Program Management * Planning |
| Website | hardestyhanover.com |


title: Lawrence C. McHenry Jr.

abstract: Lawrence Chester McHenry Jr., was an American professor of neurology at the Wake Forest University, North Carolina. The American Academy of Neurology award a history of neurology prize in his name.

text:
# Lawrence C. McHenry Jr.

**Lawrence Chester McHenry Jr.** (20 March 1929-22 February 1985), was an American professor of neurology at the Wake Forest University, North Carolina. The American Academy of Neurology award a history of neurology prize in his name.

## Selected publications

* McHenry, Lawrence C.; MacKeith, Ronald (October 1966). "Samuel Johnson's childhood illnesses and the King's evil". *Medical History*. **10** (4): 386–399. doi:10.1017/S0025727300011492. ISSN 2048-8343. PMC 1033643. PMID 5331695.
* McHenry, Lawrence C (June 1985). "Neurological Disorders of Dr Samuel Johnson". *Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine*. **78** (6): 485–491. doi:10.1177/014107688507800613. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1289780. PMID 3889335.