title: Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts

abstract: Highland Park is a neighborhood in Holyoke, Massachusetts located to the northwest of the city center, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from downtown, on the banks of the Connecticut River. The neighborhood features Jones Park, originally itself known as Highland Park, which was designed by the influential Olmsted Brothers firm. The residential neighborhood was initially developed as a streetcar suburb by the Highland Park Improvement Association, which underwent several iterations between 1893 and 1930. Today the neighborhood contains numerous Victorian and early 20th century housing and about 219 acres (89 ha) of residential zoning, as well as the Edward Nelson White School.

text:
# Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts

**Highland Park** is a neighborhood in Holyoke, Massachusetts located to the northwest of the city center, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from downtown, on the banks of the Connecticut River. The neighborhood features Jones Park, originally itself known as Highland Park, which was designed by the influential Olmsted Brothers firm. The residential neighborhood was initially developed as a streetcar suburb by the Highland Park Improvement Association, which underwent several iterations between 1893 and 1930. Today the neighborhood contains numerous Victorian and early 20th century housing and about 219 acres (89 ha) of residential zoning, as well as the Edward Nelson White School.

## History

### Early development plans

The first Highland Park Improvement Association, comprising Watson Whittlesey, W. H. Brooks, E. H. Cummings, and Ashley B. Tower gave the area its name and devised the first street plans and building lots around February 1893 as an upscale housing development. Within a year of their first meetings, ultimately their plans, including a bridge across the river decades before the Muller Bridge, would fall apart, and Whittlesey would see litigation taken against him by his associates.

The Highland Park Improvement Association dissolved shortly after the splitting of its associates, and in 1896 the land was deeded to the firm Whitcomb & Pearsons, who laid out the initial plots and tentative roads, keeping with the idea that the suburb was one for mill management and an upper-middle class. In 1909, Whitcomb would leave the project and the firm Plimpton, Pearsons, and Richards would assume the development role. That same year, Samuel Osborne Hoyt arrived in the city. A developer himself, he would work under the new firm until in 1914 he bought out the shares of his associates and made it his own contracting firm. Although the neighborhood began with a more turbulent history, within ten years Hoyt would become known as the "father of Highland Park" in the way that other streetcar suburbs like Oakdale and Springdale had their own respective developer-founder figures.

### Community club and culture

The Olmsted Brothers' 1909 plans for Jones Point Park, and the former Highland Park Community House, also known as the Lovering School, a private residence today

Highland Park would largely be shaped after 1909, as in that same year the city would purchase Smith's Ferry to the north, from Northampton, and the Olmsted Brothers were commissioned to design Jones Point Park, previously identified on maps as Highland Park or "Monte Vista". In 1909, Pleasant Street was opened as a public thoroughfare north of the dingle, as the "Ivy League" streets were gradually built out with more residences. In 1910, the remaining undeveloped tracts to the north would host a grand exhibition for the aviation stunts of Charles F. Willard. In the history of aviation, Willard was the first barnstormer, first person to fly 3 passengers in the United States, and first person to be shot out of the sky by a bullet— that of an annoyed farmer. Willard's feats would attract a crowd of more than 7,000 for the YMCA benefit exhibition, and thousands more would view his escapades from South Hadley and boats on the Connecticut River. It was reported that 24 streetcars were dedicated to moving out the crowd at the show's conclusion. By 1911, the Holyoke Street Railway was being extended through the neighborhood along Pleasant street toward Northampton Street and Mountain Park. Although not well documented, at some point leading up to 1911, the neighborhood was also considered as a railway stop for the Boston and Maine Railroad, whose former tracks run between its homes and the Connecticut River.

In 1913 the new neighborhood's residents began to organize, hosting banquets and plays, forming the Highland Park Club. Seeking a clubhouse and amphitheater, Hoyt and his associates would donate a plot of land at 250 Pleasant Street to the club for these purposes, and before 1919 a club house in the Tudor Revival style was constructed on that spot.

Up through the mid 1920s the community house would serve as a social space for neighborhood dances, mayoral political campaigns, and even received Second Lady Grace Coolidge for a reception after her husband had become Warren G. Harding's Vice-President.

In 1923, the community house began functioning as a private school, known as the Lovering School, and was partially reconstructed after a fire that same year. It would continue to be used in this capacity until its last class graduated in 1939, and was converted to a private residence thereafter.

1. HLY.1233, Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS).
2. HLY.1233, Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS).
3. Spatial analysis of "Holyoke Neighborhoods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 3 Jun 2016.
4. "Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
5. "Holyoke". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. February 21, 1893. p. 6. The Highland park improvement association will have a hearing at the state-house this week on a petition for articles of incorporation. The capital stock of the company will be $15,000.
6. "Holyoke; A Land Boom Falls Flat". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. September 27, 1893. p. 6.
7. "How Holyoke Has Spread Out; Absorption of the Suburbs; Many Outlying Districts That Were Developed and are Now Considered "In the City"". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. July 8, 1906. p. 14. This property passed into the hands of Whitcomb & Pearsons, who have laid plans to make a territory nearly ideal in all that a fine suburb should be.
8. "Holyoke; New Realty Trust Formed; G. A. Plimpton, G. T. Pearsons, and E. G. Richards to Develop Highland Park Section". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. May 28, 1909. p. 12.
9. "Holyoke Deaths; Samuel O. Hoyt, Contractor, Dead". *Springfield Union*. Springfield, Mass. November 2, 1954. p. 45. Mr. Hoyt came to this city in 1909 and immediately began the development of the Highland Park section while he was associated with the Plinton & Richards firm, becoming a partner in the business when it was renamed the Highland Park Building Company in 1912, and purchasing the remaining shares by 1914. He was the constructor of the Holyoke Masonic Temple, and also...several schools, hospitals and libraries in the western part of the state. Prominent in the Masonic order, he was a past master of Mount Nonotuck Lodge...
10. "Holyoke". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. November 15, 1919. p. 9. Another section has been struck by the building boom in Holyoke, Samuel O. Hoyt, 'father' of Highland park, to-day filed plans with the city engineer for five new residences in that section of Holyoke. Two are to be built on contract and the other three for rent.
11. "Holyoke". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, MA. August 3, 1912. p. 14. George A. Plimpton and Ellis G. Richards, both of New York city, and Samuel O. Hoyt of Holyoke have filed a declaration of trust making themselves trustees of a company to be known as the Highland Park building company. The intention of the trust is to develop Highland park in Holyoke.
12. "\[Holyoke Anniversary Edition\]". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. September 2, 1923. p. 63. The Highland park community house...
13. DiCarlo, Ella Merkel (1982). *Holyoke–Chicopee, a Perspective; 1882-1982*. Transcript-Telegram Co. pp. 238–239. OCLC 9299261.
14. Richards, Harold H (1911). *Richards Standard Atlas of the City of Holyoke, Massachusetts*. Springfield, Mass.: Richards Map Company.
15. *Map of the City of Holyoke, Mass*. Holyoke, Mass.: James L. Tighe, C. E. 1903.
16. "Meeting of the Aldermen; Petition on Old County Road Question Received". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. November 4, 1909. p. 10. The Highland park association petitioned for the making of Pleasant street a public street from the dingle to the point north of Princeton street.
17. "3 Passengers in Aeroplane; Charles F. Willard Establishes Record For America". *The Sun*. Baltimore, Md. August 15, 1910. p. 1. New York. Aug. 14 —Charles F. Willard in a Curtiss aeroplane, flew with three passengers and himself for 500 yards at Mineola, L. I. this evening. This is the first three passenger flight recorded in America. With his brother, W. H. Willard, R. F. Patterson and Archibald Albin aboard he ascended prettily and skimmed the distance at a height of 20 feet.
    * "Charles F. Willard, Who is Trying to Perfect the Monoplane; Bullet Hit Airship of Boston Aviator; Charles F. Willard of Hull Has Become Prominent in Aeronautics". *Boston Journal*. Boston, Mass. June 2, 1910. p. 3. It was a Boston man who figured in the first case recorded of an aeroplane brought to earth by a bullet...Charles F. Willard, whose machine was wrecked in Joplin, Mo., during a cross-country flight
    * AP News (February 2, 1977). "Charles F. Willard Is Dead". *The New York Times*. New York. p. 17.
    * Willard, Charles F. (February 1956). Frank H. Ellis (ed.). *Frail were my Wings*. pp. 31, 70. `{{cite book}}`: `|magazine=` ignored (help)
    * "\[Advertisement\] Curtiss Aviation Meet; Highland Park, Holyoke; Charles F. Willard, Aviator; Saturday, September 17, 3:30 PM". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. September 15, 1910. p. 1.
    * "Holyoke Aviation Meet; Willard Makes Two Flights; Crowd of 7000 in Attendance; Many Others Get a Free View—Event Successful in Every Way". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. September 18, 1910. p. 12.
18. "Holyoke Aldermen Meet". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. April 5, 1911. p. 11. S. A. Hoyt of the Highland park association asked that a committee of three be appointed from the board to confer with C. C. Hastings and the street railway relative to the extension of North Pleasant street...
19. "For Highland Park Clubhouse". *Springfield Union*. Springfield, Mass. July 15, 1913. p. 13. As a result of the meeting tonight of the Highland Park club, the Highland Park association will be asked to donate a piece of land in Highland park at the foot of Cleveland street to be used by the club
20. HLY.1233, Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS).
21. "Clubhouse for Highland Park; to Overlook Grounds on Which Pageant Was Presented July 4; Plan for Dramatics; Proposal to Give Series of Shaksperean \[sic\] Plays Outdoors". *Springfield Union*. Springfield, Mass. July 8, 1913. p. 12. It has been decided to build the proposed Highland Park clubhouse in North Pleasant street on the eminence overlooking the splendid amphitheater like grounds which the Fourth of July pageant was presented by the residents of Highland park last Friday afternoon. In connection with the clubhouse the Highland park associates will give the grounds directly in front of the building and adjacent to the Jones point public park to the new club...the Highland Park club was formed a few months ago and is already one of the social institutions of the city.
22. "Holyoke Social News; Many Events During Thanksgiving Season — Personal Mention". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. December 2, 1923. p. 3. The Highland Park club gave their first dance of the season Tuesday night at the Highland Park community house.
23. "Mayor Cronin Speaks at Community House; Holyoke Candidate For Re-election Defends His Administration". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. December 4, 1921. p. 15. Mayor Cronin spoke at 7.45 tonight to about 100 residents of the Highland park district at the Highland Park community park.
24. "Mrs Coolidge A Guest at Holyoke; Attends Wheaton College Card Party at Highland Park Community House". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. May 8, 1921. p. 2. Mrs Calvin Coolidge, wife of Vice-President Coolidge was the guest of honor at the Wheaton college card party this afternoon at the Highland Park Community house. It was Mrs. Coolidge's first appearance in this city since her husband was inaugurated into his present office.
25. "Fire in Private School; Former Highland Park Community House Badly Damaged". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. April 10, 1923. p. 3. The former Highland park community house, recently used as the home of the Lovering private school, on upper Pleasant street, was considerably damaged by fire about 2:45 this morning
26. "Lovering School Holds Graduation". *Springfield Republican*. Springfield, Mass. June 7, 1939. p. 10. The last class graduation following a school history over the past 35 years, took place this morning in the Lovering school on North Pleasant street. The school will be discontinued this year.

## InfoBox

| Highland Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Holyoke | |
| Houses adjacent to the Highland Dingle, including that of a prominent developer of the neighborhood, Samuel O. Hoyt (*left-foreground*) | |
| Highland ParkHighland ParkHighland Park | |
| Coordinates: 42°13′20″N 72°37′13″W / 42.22222°N 72.62028°W / 42.22222; -72.62028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Massachusetts |
| City | Holyoke |
| Wards | 7 |
| Precincts | 7A, 7B |
| Established | February 1893 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.85 sq mi (2.2 km2) |
| Elevation | 230 ft (70 m) |
| ZIP code | 01040 |
| Area code | 413 |
| GNIS feature ID | 609018 |
| MACRIS ID | HLY.F |


title: North Okanagan

abstract: North Okanagan was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia beginning with the election of 1916. Following the 1975 election boundary revisions accompanied the riding's renaming to Okanagan North. The riding was originally part of the Yale riding until 1890, and when first that riding was broken up the Okanagan was in Yale-East (1894–1900), and then in Okanagan (1903–1912). Both North Okanagan and South Okanagan were created in advance of the 1916 election.

text:
# North Okanagan

**North Okanagan** was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia beginning with the election of 1916. Following the 1975 election boundary revisions accompanied the riding's renaming to Okanagan North. The riding was originally part of the Yale riding until 1890, and when first that riding was broken up the Okanagan was in Yale-East (1894–1900), and then in Okanagan (1903–1912). Both North Okanagan and South Okanagan were created in advance of the 1916 election.

## Notable MLAs

## Political geography

## Election results

*Note: Winners of each election are in **bold**.*

14th British Columbia election, 1916
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Price Ellison | 948 | 42.92% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** | **1,261** | **57.08%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,209 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

| 1920 British Columbia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald | 2,037 | 53.51 |
|  | United Farmers | William Frederick Laidman | 1,770 | 46.49 |
| Total valid votes | | | 3,807 | 100.00 |

16th British Columbia election, 1924
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Provincial | Richard John Coltart | 1,070 | 26.08% |
|  | Independent Conservative | Price Ellison | 764 | 18.62% |
|  | Conservative | Arthur Thomas Howe | 907 | 22.11% |
|  | **Liberal** | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** | **1,362** | **33.20%** |
| Total valid votes | | | 4,103 | 100.00% |

| 1928 British Columbia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Independent Farmer | Arthur Thomas Howe | 128 | 2.93% |
|  | Conservative | **William Farris Kennedy** | 2,361 | 54.03% |
|  | Liberal | Peter Douglas Van Kleeck | 1,881 | 43.04% |
| Total valid votes | | | 4,370 | 100.00% |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 57 |

18th British Columbia election, 1933
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Stephen Freeman | 868 | 17.95% |  | unknown |
|  | Non-Partisan Independent Group | Matthew Hassen | 1,646 | 34.04% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** | **2,322** | **48.01%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 4,836 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 46 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

19th British Columbia election, 1937
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Stephen Freeman | 700 | 13.70% |  | unknown |
|  | Conservative | Gordon Lindsay | 1,719 | 33.65% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** | **2,689** | **52.64%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,108 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 81 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

20th British Columbia election, 1941
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Gordon Daniel Herbert | 1,071 | 18.16% |  | unknown |
|  | Conservative | Lindsay Gordon | 2,320 | 39.33% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** | **2,508** | **42.52%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,899 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 79 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

21st British Columbia election, 1945
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Coalition* | **Kenneth Cattanach MacDonald** 7 | **2,990** | **59.78%** |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit Alliance | Oswald Scheir | 430 | 8.60% |  | unknown |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Leonard Warner Wood | 1,582 | 31.63% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,002 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 102 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |
| 7 Died after the election and before the opening of the new legislature. | | | | | | |

22nd British Columbia election, 1949
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | William Alfred Monk | 2,657 | 32.61% |  | unknown |
|  | *Coalition* | **Charles William Morrow** | **4,966** | **60.95%** |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | Lorne Shantz | 525 | 6.44% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 8,148 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 190 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

| 23rd British Columbia election, 19528 | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes
1st count | % | Votes
final count | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | David Fremont Buell Kinloch | 1,240 | 13.08% | - | -.- % |  | unknown |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | William Alfred Monk | 1,786 | 18.85% | - | -.- % |  | unknown |
|  | Liberal | Charles William Morrow | 2,104 | 22.20% | 3,063 | 35.99% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit League | **Lorne Shantz** | **4,347** | **45.87%** | **5,447** | **64.01%** |
| Total valid votes | | | 9,477 | 100.00% | 8,510 | % |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 392 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |
| 8 Preferential ballot; final count is between top two candidates from first count; first and final of three (3) counts shown only. | | | | | | | | |

| 24th British Columbia election, 1953 9 | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes
1st count | % | Votes
final count | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Neville Ross Patrick Duke | 700 | 7.77% | - | -.- % |  | unknown |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Bruce Edward Emerson | 1,749 | 19.42% | 1,868 | 21.10% |  | unknown |
|  | Labor-Progressive | Nicholas (Nick) Klim | 90 | 1.00% | - | -.-% |  |
|  | Social Credit | **Lorne Shantz** | **4,398** | **48.82%** | **4,578** | **51.71%** |
|  | Liberal | Franklyn Valair | 2,071 | 22.99% | 2,407 | 27.19% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 9,008 | 100.00% | 8,853 | % |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 477 |  |  |  |  |
| Total Registered Voters | | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |  |  |
| 9 Preferential ballot; final count is between top two candidates from first count; intermediary counts (of 3) not shown. | | | | | | | | |

25th British Columbia election, 1956
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | John A. Davis | 2,272 | 27.14% |  | unknown |
|  | Labor-Progressive | Nicholas (Nick) Klim | 88 | 1.05% |  | unknown |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | William Alfred Monk | 1,429 | 17.07% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **Lorne Shantz** | **4,583** | **54.74%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 8,372 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 184 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

26th British Columbia election, 1960
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | John A. Davis | 1,817 | 17.16% |  | unknown |
|  | Labor-Progressive | Nicholas (Nick) Klim | 91 | 0.86% |  | unknown |
|  | Progressive Conservative | John M. Kosty | 1,098 | 10.37% |  | unknown |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth Fed. | Isabella Pothecary 10 | 3,028 | 28.60% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **Lorne Shantz** | **4,553** | **43.01%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 10,587 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 118 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |
| 10 In 1963 Statement of Votes listed as Isobel. | | | | | | |

27th British Columbia election, 1963
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Frank F. Becker | 2,076 | 20.75% |  | unknown |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Harry W. Byatt | 1,765 | 17.64% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **George William McLeod** | **4,157** | **41.55%** |  | unknown |
|  | New Democratic | Isobel Pothecary | 2,008 | 20.07% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 10,006 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 69 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

28th British Columbia election, 1966
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Frank F. Becker | 2,408 | 30.46% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **Patricia Jordan** | **3,841** | **48.59%** |  | unknown |
|  | New Democratic | James McAnulty | 1,535 | 19.42% |  | unknown |
|  | Independent | Ellwood Charles Rice | 121 | 19.42% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 7,905 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 63 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

29th British Columbia election, 1969
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Social Credit | **Patricia Jordan** | **6,610** | **60.01%** |  | unknown |
|  | Liberal | Robert Richard Neil | 2,127 | 19.31% |  | unknown |
|  | New Democratic | Colleen Wilhelmina Pringle | 2,278 | 20.68% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 11,015 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 103 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

30th British Columbia election, 1972
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Kenneth Leyden Christensen | 2,960 | 20.81% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **Patricia Jordan** | **5,323** | **37.43%** |  | unknown |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Brian George Usher | 2,080 | 14.63% |  | unknown |
|  | New Democratic | Jerry Winters | 3,859 | 27.13% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 14,222 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 118 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

31st British Columbia election, 1975
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Daniel Gaetano DeGirolamo | 2,305 | 12.32% |  | unknown |
|  | New Democratic | James Arthur Foord | 6,510 | 34.78% |  | unknown |
|  | Social Credit | **Patricia Jordan** | **9,900** | **52.90%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 18,715 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 165 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

Redistribution of the riding following the 1975 election saw adjustments of its boundaries and a new name, Okanagan North.


title: La Javanaise

abstract: "La Javanaise" is a song written and composed by Serge Gainsbourg originally for Juliette Gréco, and interpreted by both her and Gainsbourg in 1963. The first recordings of both artists constituted the B-sides of each of the two 45s. The title is a pun playing on the Parisian java dance and the javanais argot. The song heavily employs unaltered French words that naturally have an ⟨av⟩ sequence; thus the lyrics resemble the argot.

text:
# La Javanaise

**"La Javanaise"** is a song written and composed by Serge Gainsbourg originally for Juliette Gréco, and interpreted by both her and Gainsbourg in 1963. The first recordings of both artists constituted the B-sides of each of the two 45s. The title is a pun playing on the Parisian java dance and the javanais argot. The song heavily employs unaltered French words that naturally have an av sequence; thus the lyrics resemble the argot.

## Background

In 1962, Gréco and Gainsbourg spent a summer's evening listening to records and drinking champagne in the huge lounge at 33, rue de Verneuil. The next day, he sent her *La Javanaise*. Gréco had debuted it in March 1963 by placing it at the beginning of her cabaret tour *La Tête de l'art*.

## Recording information

* Gainsbourg recording:
    + Recording date: January 1963 at Studio Fontana (London)
    + Arrangements and conducting: Harry Robinson
    + Producer: Jacques Plait
    + Format: 45 rpm EP Philips 432-862 (Title: "Vilaine fille mauvais garçon")
    + Duration: 2:29
    + Release date: March 1963
* Gréco recording:
* Publishers: Warner Chappell Music Publishing, Melody Nelson Publishing

## In films

## InfoBox

| "La Javanaise" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by
Serge Gainsbourg or
Juliette Gréco | |
| Released | 1963 |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Genre | Chanson |
| Label | Philips |
| Songwriter(s) | Serge Gainsbourg |


title: Trechus coelestis

abstract: Trechus coelestis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Sciaky & Pavesi in 1994.

text:
# Trechus coelestis

***Trechus coelestis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Sciaky & Pavesi in 1994.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus coelestis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. coelestis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus coelestis***<br>Sciaky & Pavesi, 1994 | |
|


title: Ana Iris Simón

abstract: Ana Iris Simón is a Spanish writer, best known for her autobiographical novel Feria.

text:
# Ana Iris Simón

**Ana Iris Simón** (Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real, 2 June 1991) is a Spanish writer, best known for her autobiographical novel *Feria*.

## Biography

Simón was born in Campo de Criptana before moving to Noblejas and growing up in Ontígola after her parents moved there for work. She maintained a connection with Campo de Criptana because her four grandparents lived there.

She studied at Virgen del Rosario in Ontígola, Vicente Aleixandre in Aranjuez, and IES Alpajés before attending King Juan Carlos University to study audiovisual communications and journalism.

After living in Madrid and Ávila, she moved to Aranjuez, where she has two children with her partner, the political scientist Hasel-Paris Álvarez.

## Professional life

She served as editor of *Telva* and *Vice España*, where she wrote about politics, social rights, music, and gender, and was a screenwriter for Playz.

In October 2020, she published *Feria*, which became a bestseller.

On 22 May 2021, she was invited as a speaker at Palace of Moncloa where she delivered a strongly critical speech about the depopulation of rural Spain in front of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, which went viral.

Since September 2021, she has worked as a columnist for *El País*. In September 2023, she published a children's book titled *¿Y si fuera feria cada día?*, illustrated by Coco Dávez.

She has been a critic of liberalism and progressivism, describing them as a part of "forward flight", and has opposed Spain's relationship with the European Union.

## Works

* *Feria* (2020)
* *¿Y si fuera feria cada día?* (2023), illustrated by Coco Dávez

## InfoBox

| Ana Iris Simón | |
| --- | --- |
| Ana Iris Simón | |
| Born | (1991-06-02) 2 June 1991<br>Campo de Criptana, Spain |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Education | King Juan Carlos University |
| Notable works | *Feria* |


title: Violeta Ivković

abstract: Violeta Ivković is a Serbian journalist and writer.

text:
# Violeta Ivković

**Violeta Ivković** (Serbian-Cyrillic: Виолета Ивковић; born 1957 in Belgrade) is a Serbian journalist and writer.

## Biography

Violeta Ivković studied at the Faculty of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford and is the mother of three children. After completing her studies, she pursued a career in journalism with a focus on information and communications technologies. She wrote articles for magazines such as *Mikro PC World*, *SciTech* and *Com&GSM*, and is the author of contributions to Zoran Modli’s radio shows *Modulacije* and *Zair*. Although she is retired, she continues lecturing at the annual *Workshop for Creative Writing* (Radionica za kreativnog pisanja „PričArt”) initiated by Zoran Zivković and first held in 2011.

Her first work *Friends* is an email diary set in the period March to June 1999 during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and its prologue states: *Its format is an electronic diary that deals with thoughts, fears, feelings, events that cannot be shared even with those closest to us, for many understandable reasons*. Her most recent novel *The Blogger* talks about the teenager Anna, who writes a blog expressing her feelings, desires and dreams. Anna lives with her mother and sister. Her parents are divorced, but Dad visits them often. The teen misses the time when they all still lived together. An English version of *Friends* was published by herself on Scribd and an English excerpt from the novel *The Island* is available on the website of the magazine *Words Without Borders*. A Serbian selection of her articles of the magazine Mikro PC World can be read online on the website of Zoran Modli. Ivković's latest book *The Blogger* is her most successful book to date with two editions.

## Awards

Ivković is laureate of the Mali Nemo Award 2009 for her novel *Dining Room*.

## Works

* *Moji su drugovi* (Friends), self-publication, Todra printing, Belgrade 1999.
* *Život u ljubičastom: internet priče* (Life in Purple: stories from the internet), self-publication, Todra, Belgrade 2001.
* *Trpezarija* (Dining Room), Mali Nemo, Pančevo 2009, ISBN 978-86-7972-044-3.
* *Ogrizak noći* (The Scrap of the Night), Udruženje građanja Čekić, Belgrade 2010, ISBN 978-86-88463-04-1.
* *Ostrvo* (The Island), Polaris, Belgrade 2013, ISBN 978-86-83741-34-2.
* *Blogerka* (The Blogger), Klett, Belgrade 2018, ISBN 978-86-533-0016-6.
* *Beton* (Concrete), Psychological thriller, Makart, Belgrade 2019, ISBN 978-86-87115-19-4.

## InfoBox

| Violeta Ivković | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1957<br>Belgrade, Serbia |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford |
| Occupation(s) | Serbian journalist, writer |
| Children | 3 |


title: Hudson Armerding

abstract: Hudson Taylor Armerding was President of Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, from 1965 to 1982. He was also president of the National Association of Evangelicals from 1970 to 1972.

text:
# Hudson Armerding

**Hudson Taylor Armerding** (June 21, 1918 – December 1, 2009) was President of Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, from 1965 to 1982. He was also president of the National Association of Evangelicals from 1970 to 1972.

## Biography

Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Armerding was the son of an itinerant preacher and grew up in a variety of places in the Southwest U.S. His high school graduation in San Diego, California was in 1935. For two years after his high school graduation, he lived in Wellington, New Zealand, working on a farm.

Armerding earned an undergraduate degree in history from Wheaton in 1941, where he was a classmate and good friend of Billy Graham (who had transferred in to Wheaton from Bob Jones University via the Florida Bible Institute), and received a master's degree in international affairs from Clark University in 1942.

In World War II, Armerding served as a line officer in the Pacific Ocean aboard the heavy cruiser USS Wichita, which participated in 11 naval engagements, including the invasion of Okinawa. After the war, Armerding helped liberate a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp near Nagasaki.

In 1948, Armerding earned a doctorate (PhD) in history at the University of Chicago.

From 1949 until 1961, Armerding taught and served as a dean and eventually acting president at Gordon College and Gordon Seminary in Wenham, Mass. In 1961, he was appointed Professor of History at Wheaton and a year later, in 1962, became Provost.

In 1965, Armerding succeeded the retiring V. Raymond Edman as Wheaton's president and Edman became Chancellor.

During Armerding's Presidency, Wheaton College constructed a new library and a new science building, eventually renamed Armerding Hall. Armerding retired from Wheaton in 1982.

Armerding served as a vice president of the Quarryville Presbyterian Retirement Community in Quarryville, Pennsylvania from 1985 until 1999.

In 2007, he was moved to Windsor Park Manor in Carol Stream, Illinois, where he battled with dementia until his death (in his home) in 2009.

## InfoBox

| Hudson Taylor Armerding | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | June 21, 1918
Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |
| Died | December 1, 2009(2009-12-01) (aged 91)
Carol Stream, Illinois |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, historian, professor, college president |
| Known for | President of Wheaton College (1965–1982), President of National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) (1970–1972), major building program at Wheaton College, steering a small liberal arts college through anti-war protests in Vietnam Era |


title: Geographical Bulletin

abstract: The Geographical Bulletin is a biannual open-access peer-reviewed academic journal published by the international geographic honor society Gamma Theta Upsilon. It covers all aspects of geography and focuses on student-written and student-led research. While the journal focuses on student research, being a student is not a requirement for consideration. Since 2023, the editors-in-chief are Nancy Hoalst Pullen and Mark Patterson.

text:
# Geographical Bulletin

The ***Geographical Bulletin*** is a biannual open-access peer-reviewed academic journal published by the international geographic honor society Gamma Theta Upsilon (ΓΘΥ or GTU). It covers all aspects of geography and focuses on student-written and student-led research. While the journal focuses on student research, being a student is not a requirement for consideration. Since 2023, the editors-in-chief are Nancy Hoalst Pullen and Mark Patterson (Kennesaw State University).

## History

Gamma Theta Upsilon established the journal in 1970 to provide an outlet for geography-focused student research. In May 2018, the journal began publishing online-only open access, and made the entire archive available for free. In May 2023, the journal migrated to a digital commons platform.

## InfoBox

*Geographical Bulletin*
| Discipline | Geography |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Nancy Hoalst Pullen, Mark Patterson |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1970-present |
| Publisher | Gamma Theta Upsilon (United States) |
| Frequency | Biannually |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Geogr. Bull.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 2163-5900
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Wang Ying (ROC)

abstract: Wang Ying was a Chinese bandit and minor Japanese puppet warlord from western Suiyuan. He was involved in the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army in 1933, commanding a formation called the 1st Route. Following the suppression of the Anti-Japan Allied Army, Wang Ying went over to the Japanese Kwantung Army and persuaded them to let him recruit unemployed Chinese soldiers in Chahar Province. He returned to Japanese-occupied Northern Chahar with enough men to form two Divisions that were trained by Japanese advisors. By 1936 Wang was commander of this Grand Han Righteous Army attached to the Inner Mongolian Army of Teh Wang. Following the failure of their first Suiyuan campaign, the Japanese used the Grand Han Righteous Army to launch another attempt to take eastern Suiyuan in January 1937. Fu Zuoyi routed Wang’s army, and it suffered heavy losses. After 1937 he was able to establish a small puppet army, independent of Mengjiang, in Western Suiyuan under Japanese protection. His Self Government Army of Western Suiyuan in 1943 consisted of over 2300 men in three divisions, in a March 1943 British intelligence report. After the Surrender of Japan, Wang Ying surrendered to Fu Zuoyi, and was appointed Commander of the 1st Cavalry Group. He was then made Commander of the 14th Cavalry Column, the 12th War Area. In 1946 he was appointed senior staff officer of the Beiping Camp for the Chairperson of the Military Committee (軍事委員會委員長北平行營高級參謀). After that, he held the Supreme Commander of the Military for Subjugation Communists, the Route of Ping-Pu (平蒲路剿共軍総司令). After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Wang Ying was arrested. He was convicted of treason and anti-revolution and sentenced to death by the Beijing People's Court on May 23, 1950. He appealed to the Supreme People's court, but the court affirmed the original judgement. He was executed by firing squad in Beijing on November 4, 1950.

text:
# Wang Ying (ROC)

**Wang Ying** (Chinese: 王英; pinyin: *Wáng Yīng*; 1895 – November 4, 1950) was a Chinese bandit and minor Japanese puppet warlord from western Suiyuan. He was involved in the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army in 1933, commanding a formation called the 1st Route. Following the suppression of the Anti-Japan Allied Army, Wang Ying went over to the Japanese Kwantung Army and persuaded them to let him recruit unemployed Chinese soldiers in Chahar Province. He returned to Japanese-occupied Northern Chahar with enough men to form two Divisions that were trained by Japanese advisors. By 1936 Wang was commander of this Grand Han Righteous Army attached to the Inner Mongolian Army of Teh Wang.

Following the failure of their first Suiyuan campaign, the Japanese used the Grand Han Righteous Army to launch another attempt to take eastern Suiyuan in January 1937. Fu Zuoyi routed Wang’s army, and it suffered heavy losses.

After 1937 he was able to establish a small puppet army, independent of Mengjiang, in Western Suiyuan under Japanese protection. His *Self Government Army of Western Suiyuan* in 1943 consisted of over 2300 men in three divisions, in a March 1943 British intelligence report.

After the Surrender of Japan, Wang Ying surrendered to Fu Zuoyi, and was appointed Commander of the 1st Cavalry Group. He was then made Commander of the 14th Cavalry Column, the 12th War Area. In 1946 he was appointed senior staff officer of the Beiping Camp for the Chairperson of the Military Committee (軍事委員會委員長北平行營高級參謀). After that, he held the Supreme Commander of the Military for Subjugation Communists, the Route of Ping-Pu (平蒲路剿共軍総司令).

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Wang Ying was arrested. He was convicted of treason and anti-revolution and sentenced to death by the Beijing People's Court on May 23, 1950. He appealed to the Supreme People's court, but the court affirmed the original judgement. He was executed by firing squad in Beijing on November 4, 1950.

## Sources

* Jowett, Phillip S., *Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931-45, Volume I: China & Manchuria*, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England.
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Chapter 5: Japanese Aggression Against China
* 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
    + Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
    + Jiangsu People's Publishing House
    + Date published : 2005-7-1
    + ISBN 7-214-03034-9
    + Online in Chinese: http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm
* Xu Youchun (徐友春) (main ed.) (2007). *Unabridged Biographical Dictionary of the Republic, Revised and Enlarged Version (民国人物大辞典 增订版)*. Hebei People's Press (Hebei Renmin Chubanshe; 河北人民出版社). ISBN 978-7-202-03014-1.
* Li Taifen (李泰棻) (1961). *History of Wang Ying's Vice (王英罪恶史)*. Chinese Literature and History Press. from *the Special Edition of Literary&Historical Materials* Vol.15 (文史资料选辑 第15辑)

## InfoBox

| Wang Ying | |
| --- | --- |
| Wang Ying | |
| Born | 1895
Qing dynasty |
| Died | November 4, 1950 (aged 55)
Beijing, People's Republic of China |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
|  | |
| Allegiance | China
Manchukuo
Mengjiang |


title: Peter Donlon

abstract: Peter Dwight Donlon was an American rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1928, he was the stroke of the American boat, which won the gold medal in the eights.

text:
# Peter Donlon

**Peter Dwight Donlon** (December 16, 1906 – December 14, 1979) was an American rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.

In 1928, he was the stroke of the American boat, which won the gold medal in the eights.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's rowing | | |
| Representing the  United States | | |
|  | 1928 Amsterdam | Men's eight |


title: La Melpomène-class torpedo boat

abstract: The La Melpomène class was a group of 12 French torpedo boats built from 1933 to 1935.

text:
# La Melpomène-class torpedo boat

The ***La Melpomène* class** was a group of 12 French torpedo boats built from 1933 to 1935.

## Ships in class

After serving with Marine Nationale, the ships of the *La Melpomène* class saw service in World War II with the *Kriegsmarine*, *Marine Nationale de l´Armistice* (Vichy French Navy), *Regia Marina*, Free French Navy, Royal Navy and Royal Netherlands Navy.

| Ship | Builder | Commissioned | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *La Melpomène* | AC de Bretagne, Nantes | 12 November 1936 | Sold and scrapped 15.5.1950 |
| *La Pomone* | AC de la Loire, Nantes | 6 December 1936 | *see below* |
| *La Flore* | AC de Bretagne, Nantes | 17 November 1936 | Sold and scrapped 31.8.1950 |
| *L'Iphigénie* | AC de la Loire, Nantes | 21 November 1936 | *see below* |
| *La Bayonnaise* | C Maritimes du Sud Ouest, Bordeaux | 7 April 1938 | *see below* |
| *Bombarde* | AC de la Loire, Nantes | 1 August 1938 | *see below* |
| *L'Incomprise* | AC Seine Maritime, Le Trait | 12 March 1938 | *see below* |
| *La Poursuivante* | AC de France, Dunkirk | 10 November 1937 | *see below* |
| *La Cordelière* | AC Augustin-Normand, Le Havre | 11 November 1937 | *see below* |
| *Branlebas* | AC Augustin-Normand, Le Havre | 10 March 1938 | Foundered off Eddystone on 14 December 1940 |
| *Baliste* | AC de France, Dunkirk | 14 May 1938 | *see below* |
| *Bouclier* | AC Seine Maritime, Le Trait | 6 August 1938 | *see below* |

## Service histories

* *La Melpomène* was in a British port in June 1940. After brief service with the Royal Navy, she was transferred into FNFL (Free French) service. In 1950 was sold for scrap.
* *La Pomone* was in Vichy service after June 1940. Seized by the Germans at Bizerte, in December 1942, she became the Italian *FR.42*, and the German *TA.10* in May 1943. In action against HMS *Eclipse* near Rhodes, she was badly damaged, and scuttled on 27 September 1943.
* *La Flore* on the night of 21 May 1940 at the invitation of Admiral Abrial, carried General Weygand, the recently-installed supreme commander of French Forces, from Dunkirk via Dover to Cherbourg in order to reach Paris, having failed to meet up with Lord Gort, commander of the British Expeditionary Force. *Flore* had left Dunkirk harbour at full speed during a German air raid. She was in a British port in June 1940. She was transferred into FNFL (Free French) service. In 1950 was sold for scrap.
* *L'Iphigénie* was in Vichy service after June 1940. Seized by the Germans at Bizerte, in December 1942, she became the Italian *FR.43*, and the German *TA.11* in May 43. She was sunk by Italian MAS motor torpedo boats at Piombino, 10 September 1943.
* *La Bayonnaise* was scuttled in Toulon on November 27, 1942, to avoid her capture. The ship was raised by the Italians and renamed *FR.44*. She was repaired, but was taken over by the Germans after the Italian armistice and were renamed *TA.13*. As *TA.13* she was scuttled on 23 August 1944.
* *Bombarde* was in Vichy service after June 1940. She was seized by the Germans at Bizerte in December 1942, entering into Italian service as *FR.41*. However, she was once again captured by the Germans during the Italian armistice of September 1943, and were renamed *TA.9*. As *TA.9* she was sunk by US aircraft off Toulon, 23 August 1944.
* *L'Incomprise* was seized by the British at Portsmouth after the Fall of France. She served with the Free French Forces. At the war's end she was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1950.
* *La Poursuivante* was in Vichy service after June 1940. She was scuttled in Toulon on November 27, 1942, to avoid her capture, leaving her a total constructive loss.
* *La Cordelière* was seized by the British at Portsmouth on 3 July 1940; she was returned to serve with Free French Forces. At the war's end she was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1950.
* *Branlebas* was seized by the British at Portsmouth on 3 July 1940; The *Branlebas* was retained by the Royal Navy but foundered 25 miles off Eddystone on 14 December 1940.
* *Baliste* was in Vichy service after June 1940. She was scuttled in Toulon on November 27, 1942, to avoid her capture. The ship was raised by the Italians and were renamed *FR45*. She was taken over by the Germans after the Italian armistice and was renamed *TA.12*. As *TA.12* she was sunk by Allied aircraft on 22 August 1943.
* *Bouclier* was seized by the British at Portsmouth on 3 July 1940; She was first transferred to Royal Dutch Navy and renamed as HNLMS *Bouclier*, but was returned to Free French forces in January 1941. At the war's end she was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1950.

## Bibliography

* Campbell, John (1985). *Naval Weapons of World War II*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
* Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben & Bush, Steve (2020). *Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present* (5th revised and updated ed.). Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-9327-0.
* Roberts, John (1980). "France". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 255–279. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
* Saibène, Marc (2004). *Les torpilleurs légers français 1937-1945: les torpilleurs de 610 tonnes du type la Melpomène et les torpilleurs de 1010 tonnes du type le Fier* \[*The French Light Torpedo Boats 1937-1945: The Torpedo Boats of the 610-tonne* La Melpomène *Class and the 1010-tonne* Le Fier *Class*\] (in French). Rennes, France: Marines. ISBN 2-9153-7913-0.
* Salou, Charles (2004). *Les torpilleurs de 600 tW du type "la Melpomène": construits d'après les lois des finances 1931-1932* \[*The 600-tonne Torpedo Boats of the* La Melpomene *Class: Built According to the 1931-1932 Finance Laws*\]. Collection Navires et Histoire des marines du mond; 4 (in French). Outreau, France: Lela Presse. ISBN 2-914017-22-7.
* Whitley, M. J. (2000). *Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia*. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *La Melpomène* class |
| Operators | French Navy |
| Preceded by | *Mistral* class |
| Succeeded by | *Le Fier* class |
| Completed | 12 |
| Lost | 6 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Destroyer |
| Displacement | 610 tons standard, 834 tons full load |
| Length | 80.7 m (264 ft 9 in) o.a. |
| Beam | 7.96 m (26 ft 1 in) |
| Draught | 3.07 m (10 ft 1 in) |
| Installed power | * 2 boilers * 22,000 shp (16,000 kW) |
| Propulsion | Geared turbines, 2 shafts |
| Speed | 34.5 knots (63.9 km/h; 39.7 mph) |
| Complement | 5/8 officers, 94 men |
| Armament |  |


title: Trechus culminicola

abstract: Trechus culminicola is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Jeannel in 1936.

text:
# Trechus culminicola

***Trechus culminicola*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Jeannel in 1936.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus culminicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. culminicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus culminicola***<br>Jeannel, 1936 | |
|


title: Hotel Seville

abstract: The Hotel Seville is a historic hotel building at Vine and Ridge Streets in downtown Harrison, Arkansas. It is an L-shaped three story wood-frame structure, finished in brick and terra cotta veneer with distinctive Spanish Revival (Mission) styling. Its eastern entry porch is supported by polychrome terra cotta pillars, and portions of the exterior are finished in terra cotta tile with inset geometric patterns. Built in 1929, the building is one of the most elaborate examples of Spanish Revival architecture in the state. It was used as a hotel until the mid-1970s, when it was converted to elderly housing. It has since been converted back to a hotel. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

text:
# Hotel Seville

The **Hotel Seville** is a historic hotel building at Vine and Ridge Streets in downtown Harrison, Arkansas. It is an L-shaped three story wood-frame structure, finished in brick and terra cotta veneer with distinctive Spanish Revival (Mission) styling. Its eastern entry porch is supported by polychrome terra cotta pillars, and portions of the exterior are finished in terra cotta tile with inset geometric patterns. Built in 1929, the building is one of the most elaborate examples of Spanish Revival architecture in the state. It was used as a hotel until the mid-1970s, when it was converted to elderly housing. It has since been converted back to a hotel.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hotel Seville | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | NW corner of Vine and Ridge Sts., Harrison, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°13′56″N 93°6′27″W / 36.23222°N 93.10750°W / 36.23222; -93.10750 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1929 (1929) |
| Built by | Eugene Johnson, Will W. Johnson |
| Architectural style | Mission/Spanish Revival |
| Website | www.1929hotelseville.com |
| Part of | Harrison Courthouse Square Historic District (ID99000523) |
| NRHP reference No. | 94000443 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 19, 1994 |
| Designated CP | May 6, 1999 |


title: Violeta Hemsy de Gainza

abstract: Violeta Hemsy de Gainza was an Argentine pianist and music pedagogue. She focused on the music education of children, improvisation and music therapy, considering learning music a human right. Her books were translated into many languages. She served in international organisations, as a board member of the International Society for Music Education from 1985 to 1990, and as president of the Latin American Forum of Musical Education from its foundation in 1995 to 2005.

text:
# Violeta Hemsy de Gainza

**Violeta Hemsy de Gainza** (25 January 1929 – 7 July 2023) was an Argentine pianist and music pedagogue. She focused on the music education of children, improvisation and music therapy, considering learning music a human right. Her books were translated into many languages. She served in international organisations, as a board member of the International Society for Music Education from 1985 to 1990, and as president of the Latin American Forum of Musical Education from its foundation in 1995 to 2005.

## Early life and education

Violeta Hemsy de Gainza was born in Tucumán Province on 25 January 1929, to Turkish Sephardic immigrants. Her mother sang French songs to her, and sent her to the Academy of Fine Arts at age six, with her first instrument the piano. She first studied to be a chemist, graduating in 1950. She worked with Walter Seelmann-Eggebert, the father of Argentina's nuclear program. With music becoming more important, she obtained a scholarship to improve her skills at the Teacher's College at Columbia University in New York City in 1951. She completed her studies at the National University of Tucumán in music, focused on piano, and graduating with a licentiate in 1956. She studied in Paris with Gerda Alexander, creator of the concept of "eutony", in 1976.

## Career

Hemsy served as Director of the Commission of Music Therapy of the International Society for Music Education (ISME) from 1974 to 1986. She was professor of music didactics and improvisation at the University of La Plata, professor of music didactics at the National Conservatory of Music Carlos López Buchardo (1983), and professor at the Municipal Conservatory Manuel de Falla. She was an honorary professor of musical pedagogy at the Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences of Santiago, Chile.

Hemsy was a board member of the International Society for Music Education (ISME) from 1986 to 1990, and co-founder and president of the Argentine Association of Music Therapy from 1987 to 1993. She served as president of the Latin American Forum of Musical Education (FLADEM) from its founding in 1995 until 2005. She was a member of the UNESCO World Council for the Arts in Valencia, Spain. She was also invited as a juror, teacher, and lecturer by universities, conservatories, musical and artistic centers, as well as international organizations such as the Organization of American States, and governments such as France, Germany, Spain's Ministry of Education, and Colombia's Ministry of Culture.

She wrote about 40 publications that have been translated into English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch, ranging from general music pedagogy, piano, and guitar teaching, to children's and youth vocal ensembles, as well as improvisation and music therapy; these are frequently cited in theses and research papers. She wrote a songbook, *Tucumán canta*, featuring the musical heritage of the Tucumán Province. It was honoured by the Municipality of San Miguel de Tucumán on International Women's Day in 2019. She was a founding mentor of the university choir in Tucumán. She noted about pedagogy:

> *Es una aptitud y una actitud. Mucha gente me pregunta si compongo; si quisiera lo haría. Mi tendencia a expresar mi creatividad es la pedagogía. Sé que enseño de una manera que no pasa desapercibida y mis alumnos aprenden rápido. Yo les transmito todos mis conocimientos sin mezquinar nada y de una manera muy natural. Aún sigo enseñando. No quiero pasar mi edad sin hacer nada, yo enseño, descanso y sigo aprendiendo.*
>
> It is an aptitude and an attitude. Many people ask me if I compose; if I wanted to, I would. My tendency to express my creativity is pedagogy. I know that I teach in a way that doesn't go unnoticed and my students learn quickly. I pass on all my knowledge to them in a very natural way. I am still teaching. I don't want to spend my age doing nothing, I teach, I rest and I continue to learn.
>
> "Réquiem para una Violeta que prestigió a Tucumán"

She taught generations of students, including prominent musicians such as Andrés Calamaro, María Teresa Corral, Claudio Gabis, Fito Páez, Ariel Rot, and Leo Sujatovich. She was quoted, "Aprender música es un derecho humano. No se necesita para vivir, pero la vida no es la misma sin ella." ("Learning music is a human right. You don't need it to live, but life is not the same without it.")

Hemsy also ventured into the publishing field as director of the Pedagogical Library Musical Collection for the Guadalupe Publishing House, editor of the ISME yearbooks in Spanish, editor of the magazine of the Argentine Association of Music Therapy, and co-director of the Lumen Publishing Group's Body, Art, and Health Collection.

In 1987, Hemsy received the Gold Medal of the Peña El Cardón of Tucumán, and in 1989, the Konex Award diploma of merit for classical music.

During her last years, she had precarious health and turned blind, but kept playing the piano and teaching. Hemsy de Gainza died in Buenos Aires on 7 July 2023, at the age of 94.

## Works

* *Fundamentos, materiales y técnicas de la educación musical* (1984), Editorial Ricordi Americana, ISBN 9789502202167.
* *La iniciación musical del niño* (1984), Editorial Ricordi Americana, ISBN 9789502202037.
* *Método para piano* (1984), Editorial Barry, ISBN 9789505400003.
* *Música para niños compuesta por niños* (1984), Editorial Guadalupe, ISBN 9789505000661.
* *A jugar y cantar con el piano* (1993), Editorial Guadalupe, ISBN 9789505001842.
* *La educación musical frente al futuro* (1993), Editorial Guadalupe, ISBN 9789505003037.
* *La improvisación musical* (1993), Editorial Ricordi Americana, ISBN 9789502202662.
* *El cantar tiene sentido* (1994), Editorial Ricordi Americana, ISBN 9789502202679.
* *Aproximación a la eutonía, conversaciones con Gerda Alexander* (1997), Editorial Paidós, ISBN 9789501244205.
* *Claudio Gabis: sur, blues y educación musical* (2000), Editorial Lumen, ISBN 9789870000242.
* *En música in dependencia educación y crisis social* (2007), Editorial Lumen, ISBN 9789870006893.
* *Conversaciones con Gerda Alexander* (2007), Editorial Lumen, ISBN 9789870006817.

Media related to Violeta Hemsy de Gainza at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Violeta Hemsy de Gainza | |
| --- | --- |
| Hemsy de Gainza in 2015 | |
| Born | (1929-01-25)25 January 1929
Tucumán Province, Argentina |
| Died | 7 July 2023(2023-07-07) (aged 94)
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Education |  |
| Occupations |  |
| Organizations |  |
| Awards | Konex Award (1989) |
| Website | www.violetadegainza.com.ar |


title: Trongate

abstract: Trongate is one of the oldest streets in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Trongate begins at Glasgow Cross, where the steeple of the old Glasgow Tolbooth is situated, being the original centre of medieval Glasgow, and goes westward changing its name to Argyle Street at Glassford Street. In modern times, it forms the notional southern boundary of the Merchant City area.

text:
# Trongate

**Trongate** is one of the oldest streets in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Trongate begins at Glasgow Cross, where the steeple of the old Glasgow Tolbooth is situated, being the original centre of medieval Glasgow, and goes westward changing its name to Argyle Street at Glassford Street. In modern times, it forms the notional southern boundary of the Merchant City area.

## History

Previously known as St Thenew's Gait (the way to the supposed site of St Thenew's burial) it was around the start of the 1500s that the name Trongate first began to be used. The name comes by virtue of a weighbeam erected in the mid-16th century, used for all goods requiring to be weighed for duty reasons, including from early shipping on the Clyde. *Tron* is a Scots word of Norman origin for weighing scales.

The Trongate was one of the areas which was affected by a large fire on 17 June 1652 which destroyed a third of the town and left around 1,000 families homeless. The fire also affected the areas of Saltmarket and Gallowgate.

The Tron church was founded as the Collegiate Church of Our Lady and St Anne in 1525 by James Houston. It became a Protestant church after the Reformation and the tower was added in the late 16th century. The steeple was added in 1628. Most of the building was destroyed by a fire in 1793, only the tower surviving. The current church was built in 1794, separately from the tower. It was substantially redeveloped in the 1980s as the Tron Theatre.

Trongate was used as a route for the trams of Glasgow Corporation Tramways until this system was abandoned in 1962. The tramlines were subsequently removed. Glasgow Cross railway station was situated at the eastern end of the street between 1895 and 1964 (the tracks – part of the extant Argyle Line – and parts of the station are still present below ground). The Trongate remains a major bus corridor for services travelling to and from the east and south-eastern parts of the city (largely along the old tram routes), which use the one-way systems on the Gallowgate and London Road but merge at Glasgow Cross.

55°51′26″N 4°14′45″W / 55.85712°N 4.24577°W / 55.85712; -4.24577


title: Nandagopal Kidambi

abstract: Nandagopal Kidambi is an Indian male badminton player.

text:
# Nandagopal Kidambi

**Nandagopal Kidambi** (born 26 December 1991) is an Indian male badminton player.

## Personal life

He is the elder brother of Srikanth Kidambi, India's badminton player.

## Achievements

### BWF International Challenge/Series

*Men's doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2018 | Iran Fajr International | Alwin Francis | Tarun Kona
Saurabh Sharma | 9–11, 11–6, 7–11, 11–8, 11–9 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | India International Series | Alwin Francis | Arun George
Sanyam Shukla | 19–21, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2017 | Kharkiv International | Rohan Kapoor | Alwin Francis
Tarun Kona | 18–21, 24–22, 21–18 | **Winner** |
|
| 2013 | Bahrain International Challenge | V. Diju | K. T. Rupesh Kumar
Sanave Thomas | Walkover | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2013 | Bahrain International | V. Diju | K. T. Rupesh Kumar
Sanave Thomas | 21–17, 12–21, 21–19 | **Winner** |
|
| 2012 | Bahrain International Challenge | Jishnu Sanyal | K. T. Rupesh Kumar
Sanave Thomas | 18–21, 21–19, 18–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2017 | Kharkiv International | Mahima Aggarwal | Saurabh Sharma
Anoushka Parikh | 21–14, 21–15 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | Malaysia International Series | Mahima Aggarwal | Yantoni Edy Saputra
Marsheilla Gischa Islami | 19–21, 9–21 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2013 | Maldives International | K. Maneesha | Kim Dae-sung
Oh Bo-kyung | 21–16, 23–21 | **Winner** |

BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament   BWF Future Series tournament

## InfoBox

| K. Nandagopal | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Birth name | Nandagopal Kidambi |
| Country | India |
| Born | (1991-12-26) 26 December 1991
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Handedness | Right |
| Men's | |
| Highest ranking | 162 (MS) 3 May 2012
78 (MD) 24 November 2016
97 (XD) 25 January 2018 |
| Current ranking | 145 (MD)
120 (XD) (8 February 2018) |
| BWF profile | |


title: Peter Grathwohl

abstract: Peter Grathwohl is a German geologist and expert in hydrology and environmental processes. 1996 he was appointed a full professor of hydrogeochemistry at the University of Tübingen, Germany. Since 2014, he has been vice-president of research of the University of Tübingen.

text:
# Peter Grathwohl

**Peter Grathwohl** (born 1958) is a German geologist and expert in hydrology and environmental processes. 1996 he was appointed a full professor of hydrogeochemistry at the University of Tübingen, Germany. Since 2014, he has been vice-president of research of the University of Tübingen.

## Life

Grathwohl was born in Sigmaringen, Germany. He studied Geology at the University of Tübingen. After his diploma 1985 he finished his doctorate in 1988. From 1989 to 1990, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University. In 1990 he returned to Germany and built up a research group and laboratories for geochemistry at the Center of Applied Geosciences, Tübingen University, and in 1996 he was appointed to the rank of a full professor of hydrogeochemistry. From 1997 to 2000, he served as secretary of the section “hydrology and chemical processes” of the European Geophysical Union. 1997-2003 he was member of the scientific advisory committee for soil protection of the Federal Government of Germany and since 2005 he has been in the soil protection commission of the German Federal Environmental Protection Agency. From 2006 to 2010 Grathwohl served as dean of the geoscience faculty of Tübingen University, and was vice-dean of the new-created faculty of sciences from 2010 to 2014. Since 2014 he has been vice-president of research of Tübingen University. In 2015, he was elected as a member of the senate of the German Research Foundation (DFG). 2006-2010 he chaired the section of hydrogeology of the German Geological Society. 2000-2010 he was chair of the standardization committee "Leaching Tests" in the Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization, DIN, NAW).

## Research

Grathwohl´s research interests focus on fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants in water, air, soils, and sediments. In applied geosciences he worked on contaminated site assessment and groundwater remediation techniques and developed standards for aqueous leaching of waste materials and the monitoring of atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants. In his career, he managed numerous national and international joint research projects funded by the European Union, the German Federal Government and the German Research Foundation.

## Awards

* Karl Heinrich Heitfeld Prize for Applied Geosciences, 2004

## Publications

* Liu, Y., Beckingham, B., Rügner, H., Li, Z., Ma, L., Schwientek, M., Xie, H., Zhao, J., Grathwohl, P. (2013): Comparison of sedimentary PAHs in the Rivers of Ammer (Germany) and Liangtan (China): Differences between early- and newly industrialized countries. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 701-709
* Grathwohl, P., Susset, B. (2009): Comparison of percolation to batch and sequential leaching tests: Theory and data. Waste Management, 29, 2681-2689
* Gocht, T., Klemm, O., Grathwohl, P. (2007): Long-term atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural areas of Southern Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1315–1327
* Werth, C. J., Cirpka, O. A., Grathwohl, P. (2006): Enhanced mixing and reaction through flow focusing in heterogeneous porous media. Water Resources Research, 42, W12414, doi:10.1029/2005WR004511
* Boving, T, Grathwohl, P. (2001): Matrix diffusion coefficients in sandstones and limestones: Relationship to permeability and porosity. J. Cont. Hydrol., 53, 85-100
* Kleineidam, S., Rügner, H., Ligouis, B., Grathwohl, P. (1999): Organic matter facies and equilibrium sorption of phenanthrene. Environ. Sci. Tech., 33, 10, 1637-1644.
* Grathwohl, P., Reinhard, M. (1993): Desorption of Trichloroethylene in aquifer material: Rate limitation at the grain scale. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 12, 2360-2366.
* Grathwohl, P. (1990): Influence of organic matter from soils and sediments from various origins on the sorption of some chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons: Implications on Koc-correlations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 11, 1687-1693.

## InfoBox

| Peter Grathwohl | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1958 (age 6566)<br>Sigmaringen, Germany. |
| Occupation | geologist |
| Employer | University of Tübingen |
| Website | "Personal website at the Center for Applied Geoscience". |


title: Humming Bird (train)

abstract: The Humming Bird was a named train of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N). The train, inaugurated in 1946, originally ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to New Orleans, Louisiana, via Louisville, Nashville, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile and later via a connection at Bowling Green, Kentucky, to Memphis, Tennessee. A connection to Chicago was provided by the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad. The Humming Bird had separate sections in the north and the south. The main northern part originated in Cincinnati; other sections originated in St. Louis and from Chicago. These sections linked with the main part of the train in Nashville. At Bowling Green, Kentucky, a southwest-bound section broke off, bound for Memphis; whereas the main southern route continued south to Nashville and New Orleans. Also, en route to New Orleans, a connecting bus option in Flomaton, Alabama assisted with travel to Pensacola, Florida, while trains were used for the northbound trip. In the mid-1950s, Train 5 departed Louisville at 10:05 pm for New Orleans. Train 6 was the northbound number. The original equipment was part of a 28-car order of four train sets of lightweight stainless steel cars built in 1946 by ACF. Fourteen cars were assigned to the Humming Bird and fourteen to the Georgian. Many of those cars were removed from service in the late 1960s due to severe corrosion problems. The L&N Railroad served the old Union Station in Memphis, until its closure on April 1, 1964. The railroad then used Central Station. Both L&N and Southern Railway were forced to reopen part of Union Station on December 1, 1966, and use it until March 30, 1968. The Humming Bird was canceled on January 9, 1969. At that time, the L&N Railroad earned some unwanted publicity when it terminated the final run of the train en route southbound at Birmingham when a federal judge lifted the order keeping the train running after the Interstate Commerce Commission approved its permanent discontinuance. The passengers were then bused to their destinations. The train inspired the song "Hummingbird" by country artist Ricky Skaggs and was mentioned in the song "Southern Rains" by country artist Mel Tillis.

text:
# Humming Bird (train)

The ***Humming Bird*** was a named train of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N). The train, inaugurated in 1946, originally ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to New Orleans, Louisiana, via Louisville, Nashville, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile and later via a connection at Bowling Green, Kentucky, to Memphis, Tennessee. A connection to Chicago was provided by the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad.

The *Humming Bird* had separate sections in the north and the south. The main northern part originated in Cincinnati; other sections (of the L&N's *Georgian*) originated in St. Louis and from Chicago. These sections linked with the main part of the train in Nashville. At Bowling Green, Kentucky, a southwest-bound section broke off, bound for Memphis; whereas the main southern route continued south to Nashville and New Orleans. Also, en route to New Orleans, a connecting bus option in Flomaton, Alabama assisted with travel to Pensacola, Florida, while trains were used for the northbound trip.

In the mid-1950s, Train 5 departed Louisville at 10:05 pm for New Orleans. Train 6 was the northbound number.

The original equipment was part of a 28-car order of four train sets of lightweight stainless steel cars built in 1946 by ACF. Fourteen cars were assigned to the *Humming Bird* and fourteen to the *Georgian.* Many of those cars were removed from service in the late 1960s due to severe corrosion problems.

The L&N Railroad served the old Union Station in Memphis, until its closure on April 1, 1964. The railroad then used Central Station. Both L&N and Southern Railway were forced to reopen part of Union Station on December 1, 1966, and use it until March 30, 1968.

The *Humming Bird* was canceled on January 9, 1969. At that time, the L&N Railroad earned some unwanted publicity when it terminated the final run of the train en route southbound at Birmingham when a federal judge lifted the order keeping the train running after the Interstate Commerce Commission approved its permanent discontinuance. The passengers were then bused to their destinations.

The train inspired the song "Hummingbird" by country artist Ricky Skaggs and was mentioned in the song "Southern Rains" by country artist Mel Tillis.

## Important stations on the *Humming Bird* route

Throughout its run, the *Humming Bird* had an additional northern-originating section running from Chicago' Dearborn Station, to Terre Haute, to Evansville, then meeting up with the main New Orleans bound train at Nashville. The C&EI ended the Chicago - Nashville branch of the train by February 1968.

The main Cincinnati originating section had a branch that broke off at Bowling Green and headed southwest to Memphis, Tennessee's Union Station.

## InfoBox

*Humming Bird*
| Postcard of the *Humming Bird* circa 1940s-1950s | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Service type | Inter-city rail |
| Status | Discontinued |
| Locale | Midwestern United States
Southeastern United States |
| First service | November 17, 1946 |
| Last service | January 9, 1969 |
| Former operator(s) | Louisville & Nashville |
| Route | |
| Termini | Cincinnati, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri
New Orleans, Louisiana and Memphis, Tennessee |
| Distance travelled | 927 miles (1,492 km) |
| Average journey time | Original schedule, 19 hours in each direction |
| Service frequency | Daily |
| Train number(s) | Southbound: 5; Northbound: 6 |
| On-board services | |
| Seating arrangements | Reclining seat coaches |
| Sleeping arrangements | Open sections, roomettes, double bedrooms |
| Catering facilities | Dining cars, tavern-lounge car |
|  | |


title: La Nef

abstract: La Nef (French: The Nave is a French-Canadian early music performance group founded in Quebec in 1991. The founding members were Sylvain Bergeron, the guitar and musical director; and Claire Gignac, the contralto, recorder, theatrical director; and Viviane LeBlanc, soprano. Their first show was Musiques pour Jeanne la Folle, later recorded as a CD for Dorian Recordings.

text:
# La Nef

**La Nef** (French: The Nave (of a ship or church or a medieval boat) is a French-Canadian early music performance group founded in Quebec in 1991. The founding members were Sylvain Bergeron, the guitar and musical director; and Claire Gignac, the contralto, recorder, theatrical director; and Viviane LeBlanc, soprano.

Their first show was *Musiques pour Jeanne la Folle* ("Music for Joan the Mad"), later recorded as a CD for Dorian Recordings.

## Discography

* *Music for Joan the Mad* (Dorian)
* *Perceval - La quête du Graal* vol.1 La Nef Daniel Taylor (Dorian)
* *Perceval - The Quest For The Grail* Vol.2 La Nef (Dorian)
* *Garden of Earthly Delights* (Dorian)
* *Montségur: La Tragedie Cathare* (Dorian)
* *Musiques des Montagnes* \- Music of Greece. Claire Gignac (Atma)
* *Oikan Ayns Bethlehem* \- Celtic Christmas songs. Meredith Hall (Atma)
* *La traverse miraculeuse* Les Charbonniers de l'enfer & La Nef (Atma)
* *The Battle of Killiecrankie*. Matthew White (Atma)
* *Dowland in Dublin* \- with Michael Slattery, tenor. (Atma)
* *Trobairitz - Poems of Women Troubadours* \- with Shannon Mercer, music by Seán Dagher. (Analekta)


title: Trench (surname)

abstract: Trench is a surname. The Trench family supposedly originated in County Galway, Ireland as descendants of Frederic de la Tranche, a 16th-century Huguenot immigrant from Normandy, and his wife Margaret Sutton, a possible Northumbrian. The peerage titles Baron Ashtown, Baron Kilconnel, Baron Trench, Earl of Clancarty, Marquess of Heusden and Viscount Dunlo have been held by various members.

text:
# Trench (surname)

**Trench** is a surname.

The Trench family supposedly originated in County Galway, Ireland as descendants of Frederic de la Tranche, a 16th-century Huguenot immigrant from Normandy, and his wife Margaret Sutton, a possible Northumbrian. The peerage titles Baron Ashtown, Baron Kilconnel, Baron Trench, Earl of Clancarty, Marquess of Heusden and Viscount Dunlo have been held by various members.

## People bearing the surname Trench

1. Stirnet: Trench01 (subscription required to view without interruption)


title: Hongze Lake

abstract: Hongze Lake, previously known as Lake Hungtze or Hung-tse, is the fifth-largest freshwater lake in China. Although it is known to have existed from antiquity, it drastically increased in size during the Qing when the Yellow River—then still flowing south of Shandong—merged with the Huai. The increased sediment and flow combined to greatly expand the lake, swallowing the previous regional center of Sizhou and the Ming Zuling tombs. During the imperial and republican periods, the lake formed part of the border between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces but since 1955 the previous borders have been shifted to place it entirely under Jiangsu's administration. It is now encompassed by the counties of Sihong and Siyang in Suqian Prefecture and Xuyi and Hongze in Huai'an Prefecture. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the lake has generally decreased in size as more of its inflow has been diverted for irrigation.

text:
# Hongze Lake

| Hongze Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fishing on Hongze Lake (1962) | |
| Traditional Chinese | 洪澤 |
| Simplified Chinese | 洪泽 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Hóngzé hú  Wade–Giles Hung-tse Hu | |
| Fuling Lakes (antiquity) | |
| Chinese | 富陵 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Fùlíng hú  Wade–Giles Fu-ling Hu | |
| Pofu Pond (Han–Sui) | |
| Chinese | 破釜 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Pòfǔ táng  Wade–Giles P'o-fu T'ang | |
| Hongze Pond (Sui–Tang) | |
| Traditional Chinese | 洪澤 |
| Simplified Chinese | 洪泽 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Hóngzé táng  Wade–Giles Hung-tse T'ang | |
|  | |

**Hongze Lake**, previously known as **Lake Hungtze** or **Hung-tse**, is the fifth-largest freshwater lake in China. Although it is known to have existed from antiquity, it drastically increased in size during the Qing when the Yellow Riverthen still flowing south of Shandongmerged with the Huai. The increased sediment and flow combined to greatly expand the lake, swallowing the previous regional center of Sizhou and the Ming Zuling tombs. During the imperial and republican periods, the lake formed part of the border between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces but since 1955 the previous borders have been shifted to place it entirely under Jiangsu's administration. It is now encompassed by the counties of Sihong and Siyang in Suqian Prefecture and Xuyi and Hongze in Huai'an Prefecture. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the lake has generally decreased in size as more of its inflow has been diverted for irrigation.

## Geography

Hongze Lake reaches an area of about 3 million mu when its depth reaches 12.5 meters (41 ft), making it the second-largest freshwater lake in Jiangsu and the fourth- or fifth-largest in the country, behind lakes Poyang, Dongting, Tai, and Hulun. Hongze Lake's meandering shoreline usually runs around 365 kilometers (227 mi).

## History

The area that now forms Hongze Lake was an inlet of the East China Sea about 2 million year ago before being closed in by sediment from the Huai and other nearby rivers. In Chinese antiquity, the area formed a number of shallow lakes collectively known as Fuling. Other nearby lakes at the time that later merged into Hongze were Nidun and Wanjia. The hegemon Fuchai of Wu constructed the Han or Hangou Canal ( ,  , *Hángōu*), connecting the lake system with Yangzhou and the Yangtze Delta in 486 BC to improve the supply lines of his army in conflicts with Qi.

Under the Han, Fuling was renamed Pofu Pond. Acting as part of Lü Bu's faction, the Guangling administrator Chen Deng completed the first part of the Gaojia Weir (, *Gāojiāyàn*) around the year Jian'an 5 (around AD 200), a massive 30-li embankment intended to protect nearby farmland and the Hangou Canal and nearby settlements and farmland from floods of the Huai.

Under the Sui, the Hangou Canal and lake were connected to other waterways north and south to create the Grand Canal. During an inspection tour in 616, Emperor Yang renamed Pofu Hongze in his delight at the rain that greeted his arrival there, the rest of the countryside having suffered a drought. When it further expanded under the Tang, it became known as Hongze Lake. A massive flood of the Yellow River redirected it south of Shandong in 1128 or 1194, following the course of the Si to join the Huai below Huaiyin. The silt from the Yellow River began to obstruct the flow of the Huai and started to expand Hongze still farther, ultimately quadrupling its original size. During this period, it became an important fishery and center of irrigated cropland. It still forms the origin point of the North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal. Under the Yuan, the course of the Grand Canal in the area was straightened to circumvent the lake.

Under the Hongwu Emperor, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Ming Zuling garment tomb was built near the regional center Sizhou to honor his ancestors, whom he posthumously elevated to imperial status. Under his son the Yongle Emperor, the Gaojia Weir was further expanded, in part to protect the site. In Wanli 7 (c. 1579), Pan Jixun enlarged and reinforced the weir with stone along its then 40 to 42 kilometers (25 to 26 mi) of length. His mismanagement of the area's difficult hydrology allowed Sizhou to flood and threatened the tombs, leading to his demotion and dismissal.

By the Qing, the Yellow River had built up enough silt that it changed course again to merge with earlier tributaries of the Huai. In Kangxi 16 (c.1677), the viceroy of rivers Jin Fu ( ,  , *Jìn Fǔ*, 16331692) extended the embankments from Zhouqiao to Jiangba ( 蔣壩,  蒋坝, *Jiǎngbà*). A few years later in 1680, the increased silting produced enlarged Hongze Lake so much that it entirely consumed Sizhou and the Ming Zuling. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors continued the expansion and reinforcement of the Gaojia Weir, reaching 67–70 kilometers (42–43 mi) and completing the modern Hongze Lake Embankment. Altogether, from Wanli 3 (c.1575) to Xianfeng 5 (c.1855), the Gaojia Weir and Hongze Embankment burst 140 times, involving breaches in 300 different sections. During the worst breaches, the lake level fell as much as 10 meters (33 ft). On one occasion in the 19th century, the Daoguang Emperor held the Jiangnan river supervisor Zhang Wenhao ( ,  文浩, *Zhāng Wénhào*, d. 1836) in chains at the repair site for a month during repairs necessitated by his mismanagement of when the dams need to be closed and opened; he was then dismissed to serve in the Xinjiang border guards. For their part, local people made prayers and offerings to nine dragons (九龍, *jiǔ lóng*) near Zhouqiao for protection; the temple was lost in a flood. In the early 1850s, the massive floods of the Yellow River that occasioned the Taiping Rebellion restored the Yellow River entirely to its northern course, finally removing its inflow and siltation from the lake.

Under the People's Republic of China, counties in Anhui that bordered the lake were ceded to Jiangsu in 1955 to allow unified administration of the lake. By the early 1960s, its water level had dropped enough that the stone statues of the Ming Zuling's sacred way were again visible along the shoreline. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, the provincial and national cultural preservation authorities excavated and restored the tombs, ultimately erecting a new 2,700 meters (1.7 mi) embankment to protect it from any further flooding. In 1966, 1976, and 1985, the Hongze Embankment itself was reinforced and improved with more modern engineering and materials, particularly with additional barriers to break up the force of the rivers' and lake's waves against the levees.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* "General Introduction of Hongze Tourism", Official site, Hongze: People's Government of Hongze county, 2008, archived from the original on 2012-09-10, retrieved 2023-03-02.
* "Historical Evolution", Official site, Huai'an: Huai'an Municipal Government, 30 January 2018.
* "Hongze Lake Scenic Zone", Official site, Huai'an: Huai'an Municipal Government, 5 February 2018.
* "Hongze Lake", Official site, Suqian: Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland Scenic Area, 3 September 2020.
* "Hongze Lake Embankment", Official site, Suqian: Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland Scenic Area, 7 September 2020.
* Danielson, Eric N. (December 2008), "The Ming Ancestor Tomb", *China Heritage Quarterly*, Canberra: Australian National University, archived from the original on 2013-09-27, retrieved 2017-11-06.

## InfoBox

| Hongze Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Hungtze Hu, Hung-tse Hu | |
| A 1955 US Army Map Service map of the area around Hongze Lake ("Hung-tse Hu 洪澤湖") | |
| Hongze Lake | |
| Location | Jiangsu Province |
| Coordinates | 33°18′27″N 118°42′36″E / 33.30750°N 118.71000°E / 33.30750; 118.71000 |
| Primary inflows | Huai River<br>Si River, Yellow River (historically) |
| Primary outflows | Huai River |
| Basin countries | China |


title: Viral plaque

abstract: A viral plaque is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium. The virus will replicate and spread, generating regions of cell destruction known as plaques. For example, Vero cell or other tissue cultures may be used to investigate an influenza virus or coronavirus, while various bacterial cultures would be used for bacteriophages. Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification. These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counters, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted; however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope, or using techniques such as staining or immunofluorescence. Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches. The appearance of the plaque depends on the host strain, virus and the conditions. Highly virulent or lytic strains create plaques that look clear, while strains that only kill a fraction of their hosts, or only reduce the rate of cell growth, give turbid plaques. Some partially lysogenic phages give bull's-eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of clear regions of complete lysis.

text:
# Viral plaque

A **viral plaque** is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium. The virus will replicate and spread, generating regions of cell destruction known as **plaques**. For example, Vero cell or other tissue cultures may be used to investigate an influenza virus or coronavirus, while various bacterial cultures would be used for bacteriophages.

Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification. These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counters, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted; however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope, or using techniques such as staining (e.g. neutral red for eukaryotes or giemsa for bacteria) or immunofluorescence. Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches.

The appearance of the plaque depends on the host strain, virus and the conditions. Highly virulent or lytic strains create plaques that look clear (due to total cell destruction), while strains that only kill a fraction of their hosts (due to partial resistance/lysogeny), or only reduce the rate of cell growth, give turbid plaques. Some partially lysogenic phages give bull's-eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of clear regions of complete lysis.


title: Hudson Architects

abstract: Hudson Architects are a British architecture practice based in Norwich, London and Holt, UK. Hudson Architects have completed buildings in a number of different sectors. Projects include Bavent House, which won a Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Award in 2011, and the Salvation Army Citadel in Chelmsford, which won a RIBA Award in 2010. The practice has also designed Feeringbury Barn – a large converted 16th century barn in Essex, and the OPEN Youth Venue in Norwich.

text:
# Hudson Architects

**Hudson Architects** are a British architecture practice based in Norwich, London and Holt, UK.

Hudson Architects have completed buildings in a number of different sectors. Projects include Bavent House, which won a Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Award in 2011, and the Salvation Army Citadel in Chelmsford, which won a RIBA Award in 2010. The practice has also designed Feeringbury Barn – a large converted 16th century barn in Essex, and the OPEN Youth Venue in Norwich.