title: Mudafar Syah I

abstract: Sultan Mudafar Syah I, also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of Ternate who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the Dutch East India Company gained ascendency in the Maluku Islands and began to regulate the commerce in spices. This was the beginning of the colonial subordination of Maluku that would accelerate during his successors.

text:
# Mudafar Syah I

**Sultan Mudafar Syah I** (Jawi: سلطان مدفر شاه ١; b. c. 1595–d. 16 June 1627), also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of Ternate who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the Dutch East India Company gained ascendency in the Maluku Islands and began to regulate the commerce in spices. This was the beginning of the colonial subordination of Maluku that would accelerate during his successors.

## Sultan in opposition

Mudafar was born around 1595 to Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583–1606). It is unclear if his mother was Saidi's main consort Ainal-ma-lamo or a co-wife from *soa* Jika. At his birth, the spice empire of Ternate was still intact, and invasion attempts by Spanish-Portuguese forces were regularly thwarted. Ternate had vassals in North Sulawesi, the Sangihe Islands, Halmahera, Buru Island, Ceram and the Banda Islands. However, the arrival of the Dutch, political and commercial rivals of the Spanish-Portuguese empire, alerted the Spanish authorities in the Philippines. Dutch seafarers entered negotiations with Saidi in 1599 and onwards and conquered the Iberian fortification on nearby Tidore in 1605. A large Spanish armada invaded Ternate in 1606 and reduced the kingdom to vassalage. Sultan Saidi and most of his family was brought to Manila as prisoners. However, the young Prince Modafar with a number of supporters hid in Halmahera where they found protection with his brother-in-law, King Doa of Jailolo. He was now proclaimed new Sultan of Ternate, though he was not universally recognized.

## Contract with the VOC

Now Mudafar's party became the natural allies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge arrived to North Maluku in 1607 and made contact with the pretender-Sultan. He concluded a contract with the VOC on 26 May 1607, where the Dutch were acknowledged as protectors and they would all unite to fight the Iberian powers. There was an important commercial aspect with the contract, since Mudafar undertook to only sell cloves produced on the island to the VOC for a fixed price. Defying the Portuguese garrisons on Ternate and Tidore, the Dutch built a fort at Malayu on the eastern side of Ternate. In the following years a series of forts were constructed in North Maluku: four in Ternate, three on Makian, and one each on Moti, Bacan and Jailolo (Halmahera). Ternatans and other allied peoples moved to live under VOC protection close to fortresses.

The new contract was initially seen by the Ternatans as a pact for support, with due commercial advantages for the part that provided assistance. At length, however, the regulations of the spice trade had bad effects for the regional economy. Although the price that the VOC paid for the spices was reasonable, the Ternatans were paid in goods more than in money. The Dutch fixed the prices for the imported goods at an overly high level, so that the producers in practice received less for their cloves than before. As all visits by other European and Asian trading vessels were forbidden, the VOC were not able to bring in sufficient foodstuff (such as rice) and other necessities to meet the needs of the locals. The system therefore led to a comprehensive smuggling from the outside, where Javanese, Malays and Makassarese seafarers braved the European restrictions and paid much higher prices for the spices than the VOC did.

## New Spanish efforts

The Spaniards tried to strike back against the VOC alliance using their traditional friends (and rivals of Ternate), the Tidorese. In spite of initial successes against the Ternatan vassal Jailolo in 1608, the efforts could not be sustained, however, since the Tidorese feared Dutch retaliation. The Governor of the Philippines, Juan de Silva, brought Mudafar's exiled father Saidi with him on an expedition in 1611, trying to reconcile with the Ternatans. As this failed, the Spanish fleet attacked and captured a few sites in Halmahera, though they soon reverted to Ternate and the VOC. A new diplomatic foray in 1623 also failed. The Spanish nevertheless kept the Gamalama fortress in Ternate and several forts in Tidore until the 1660s.

## Under Company protection

A number of startling events took place in Maluku during the time of Mudafar Syah. These included the genocidal Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands, a traditional vassal of Ternate, in 1621, which secured VOC exploitation of the valuable nutmeg that grew on the islands. Furthermore, the Dutch strengthened their grip on Ambon, parts of which were also Ternatan dependencies, through the equally notorious Amboyna massacre that eliminated English influence. Though Mudafar Syah presided over a formally independent realm, the Dutch and Spanish regarded their respective Ternatan and Tidorese allies as mere auxiliaries whose wishes were subordinated to those of the Europeans. Mudafar was, moreover, no forceful figure and was far from popular with the Dutch. He was considered a lethargic youth sometimes capable of fits of cruelty. His first wife was a daughter of the *Sangaji* (sub-ruler) of Sahu in Halmahera, but she somehow displeased him, and he killed her with his kris and had her body thrown into the sea. He also asked for the daughter of the Tidorese crown prince Ngarolamo in marriage, but this was opposed by his kinsman Kapita Laut Ali, who wanted her for himself. Kapita Laut Ali was the Ternatan sea lord and was remembered by historical tradition as a forceful figure who maintained the wide influence of the Ternate kingdom. Mudafar Syah eventually fell sick and died on 16 June 1627, only 32 years old. Though he left a number of sons, his successor was Hamza, a cousin of his father.

## Family

Sultan Mudafar Syah had several wives and co-wives:

* A daughter of the Sangaji of Sahu, Halmahera, married in 1612
* A sister of Kapita Laut Ali, married in 1612 as co-wife
* A daughter of a Ternate chief
* A daughter of the Sangaji of Sarangani, South Mindanao, fled to the Spanish in 1616
* A daughter of the Sangaji of Gamkonara, married in 1623
* A daughter of the Sangaji of Ngofakiaha, married in 1626
* Bida, from *soa* Toboleo, mother of Mandar Syah
* Woman from *soa* Kalamata, mother of Kaicili Kalamata
* Woman from *soa* Kulaba, mother of Kaicili Manilha

His sons were:

* Mandar Syah, sultan of Ternate
* Kaicili Kalamata
* Kaicili Manilha

## InfoBox

| Mudafar Syah I | |
| --- | --- |
| Sultan of Ternate | |
| Reign | 1606–1627 |
| Predecessor | Saidi Berkat |
| Successor | Hamza |
|  | |
| Born | c. 1595 |
| Died | 16 June 1627 |
| Father | Saidi Berkat |
| Religion | Islam |


title: Gillellus inescatus

abstract: Gillellus inescatus, the flagfin stargazer, is a species of tropical sand stargazer native to the Caribbean Sea.

text:
# Gillellus inescatus

***Gillellus inescatus***, the **flagfin stargazer**, is a species of tropical sand stargazer native to the Caribbean Sea.

## Etymology

The specific epithet "*inescatus*" is derived from the Latin word "*inescare*" (to bait). It refers to the structure at the back of the head and front of the spine, shaped like an anglerfish's esca, which Williams theorizes may be used as bait for luring prey, in a style similar to anglerfish, or as a means to attract potential mates. The species' common name, "flagfin stargazer" refers to the structure's resemblance to a small flag atop the blenny's spine.

## Description

Based on the single known specimen, *Gillellus inescatus* can reach a length of 2.35 centimetres (0.93 in). Its body is elongate and compressed, primarily creamy-white, with eight reddish-brown saddles and blue chromatophores on the head. The esca-like structure is at the tip of the elongated spine on the first dorsal fin and is reddish brown. Williams describes *G. inescatus* as being similar to *G. uranidea*, *G. healae*, and *G. jacksoni*, with the esca being a noticeable distinguishing trait.

## Distribution

The full extent of the distribution of *Gillellus inescatus* is uncertain, as it is only known from the holotype specimen, found between Northwest Point and Lulu Bay, Navassa Island. This single specimen was collected from a depth range of 27 to 30 metres (89 to 98 ft).

## InfoBox

| *Gillellus inescatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Dactyloscopidae |
| Genus: | *Gillellus* |
| Species: | ***G. inescatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gillellus inescatus***
J. T. Williams, 2002 | |
|


title: Mütter

abstract: Mütter is the third studio album released by Maria Doyle Kennedy on Mermaid Records in 2007. It was produced and recorded by Kieran Kennedy and all songs were written by both Maria Doyle Kennedy and Kieran Kennedy. Other songwriters credited on the album include Dave Clarke, Peter O'Toole and Fergus O’Farrell. Maria Doyle Kennedy also illustrated the album's artwork.

text:
# Mütter

***Mütter*** is the third studio album released by Maria Doyle Kennedy on Mermaid Records in 2007. It was produced and recorded by Kieran Kennedy and all songs were written by both Maria Doyle Kennedy and Kieran Kennedy. Other songwriters credited on the album include Dave Clarke, Peter O'Toole and Fergus O’Farrell. Maria Doyle Kennedy also illustrated the album's artwork.

## Background

According to Kennedy, *Mütter* focuses on patterns of behavior and relationships. In a 2007 interview for the *Sunday Tribune Review*, she said, “I just find human beings and the way they relate in groups of two or more endlessly astonishing." The album was recorded as a follow-up to her 2004 album, *Skullcover*.

Much of the album’s music was inspired by Chuck Palahniuk’s 2003 novel, *Diary*. Kennedy explained that the book, which tells the story of a woman named Misty, who is on the verge of a nervous breakdown.

“I would keep going back to the book, to *Diary*, for the atmospheric map,” Kennedy told the *Sunday Business Post*. ‘‘The album is not the kind of thing that would grab you and then be gone. It’d creep up on you, but stay longer and make you think. It’s slow-release and provocative in that way."

“The idea that our attention spans have shrunk to nothing and we should be making art to fill that is not acceptable to me,” she continued. “I think people are smarter than that and want more and deserve more. It doesn’t have to be all incredibly immediate."

## Reviews

*Mütter* was critically acclaimed, with the majority of critics praising it for its musicality, emotion and production. Commercially, the album’s debut single, "Fuckability," received little airplay because of its title. Both Today FM and RTÉ had issues with playing the song; Today FM would not play it during daytime hours and, upon the single’s release, RTÉ did not immediately include it on its playlist. In terms of the entire album, *Mütter* was listed as the “best thing she’s ever done by a mile” and Kennedy was hailed as one of Ireland’s best voices.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Unbelievable" | Maria Doyle Kennedy | 2:21 |
| 2. | "Mother" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 5:29 |
| 3. | "Fuckability" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Ghost Guitar" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 1:19 |
| 5. | "Skin" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 3:29 |
| 6. | "Call Me" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Fergus O’Farrell | 3:58 |
| 7. | "Here You Come" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Peter O’Toole, Kieran Kennedy, Dave Clarke | 2:11 |
| 8. | "Seven More Times" | Kieran Kennedy | 4:35 |
| 9. | "Pattern" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy, Dave Clarke, Peter O’Toole | 2:36 |
| 10. | "Forty Days" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 3:47 |
| 11. | "Stuck" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 3:56 |
| 12. | "Opera" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Dave Clarke, Kieran Kennedy | 3:37 |
| 13. | "Swoon" | Maria Doyle Kennedy, Kieran Kennedy | 5:34 |

## Personnel and production

* Maria Doyle Kennedy – vocals
* Kieran Kennedy – record producer, mixer
* Herbie Macken – producer, mixer
* Redman AKA – design

## InfoBox

| Mütter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Maria Doyle Kennedy | |
| Released | 2007 |
| Label | Mermaid |
| Maria Doyle Kennedy chronology | |
| *Skullcover*
(2004) ***Mütter***
(2007) *The Storms Are on the Ocean*
(2011) | |


title: Fore language

abstract: Fore or Foré is a Kainantu-Goroka language spoken in the Goroka District of Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Fore language

**Fore** or **Foré** /ˈfɔːr/ *FOR-ay* is a Kainantu-Goroka language spoken in the Goroka District of Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Phonology

The consonants of Fore are as follows:

|  | | Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stops | Plain |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Prenasalized | mp | n̪t̪~nt |  | ŋk |  |
| Nasals | |  | n̪~n |  |  |  |
| Fricative | |  | s̪~s |  |  |  |
| Approximants | |  |  |  |  |  |

All the dental consonants can vary to alveolar, except /t̪/ which is always dental. /p/, /t̪/, and /k/ are pronounced as /b/, /ɾ/, and /g/ between vowels. Velar consonants are labialized after rounded vowels. /j/ is often pronounced as a fricative /ʝ/.

Fore has six vowels:

|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close |  |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |  |
| Open |  |  |  |

It also has four diphthongs: ae, ao, ai, and au.

Fore has a pitch accent system. Each syllable is either accented or unaccented. Multiple accented syllables can occur in the same word, but they cannot be adjacent to each other.

## InfoBox

| Fore | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Goroka District, Eastern Highlands Province |
| Ethnicity | Fore |
| Native speakers | 30,000 (2000) |
| Language family | Trans–New Guinea |
| Dialects | * Pamusa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `for` |
| *Glottolog* | `fore1270` |


title: Genevieve Gaunt

abstract: Genevieve Wilhelmina Gaunt is an English actress and voice over artist known for portraying Pansy Parkinson in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Wilhelmina "Willow" Moreno Henstridge in The Royals.

text:
# Genevieve Gaunt

**Genevieve Wilhelmina Gaunt** (born 13 January 1991) is an English actress and voice over artist known for portraying Pansy Parkinson in *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* and Wilhelmina "Willow" Moreno Henstridge in *The Royals*.

## Early life

Gaunt was born and raised in London, England, the daughter of Dutch actor Frederik de Groot and British actress Fiona Gaunt. Gaunt attended the Godolphin and Latymer School in London. She graduated with a double first in English from Newnham College, Cambridge.

## Acting and Audio

Gaunt portrays young Diane Keaton in Sky Cinema's 2024 film *Arthur's Whiskey* starring Diane Keaton, Patricia Hodge, Lulu, Boy George, David Harewood, Bill Patterson and Lawrence Chaney.

In 2023 Gaunt wrapped on film *Strictly Confidential* directed by Damian Hurley.

Gaunt portrayed Pansy Parkinson in *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* and Jessica Fuller in *The Face of an Angel*. She portrayed Princess Isabella in *Knightfall* in 2019 and Wilhelmina "Willow" Moreno on *The Royals* from 2015 to 2018.

In 2022 she led new play *Ghosts of the Titanic* by Ron Hutchinson at The Park Theatre and Lyric Theatre, Belfast.

In October 2022 Dame Harriet Walter and Gaunt performed a staged reading of *The Dame and the Showgirl* by Simon Berry at The Criterion Theatre, Piccadilly. The play is about the meeting between Dame Edith Sitwell and Marilyn Monroe. The play was previously produced as an audiodrama in 2021 for Audible with Emma Thompson and Sinead Matthews.

In 2020 Gaunt narrated *The Discomfort of Evening* (Winner of the Booker Prize International) and played the lead little boy in *Code Name Bananas* by David Walliams. Genevieve is the voice of Lady Penelope and Grandma Tracy in *Thunderbirds* with Jon Culshaw as Parker.

In October 2022 she narrated Maggie O'Farrell's novel *The Marriage Portrait* for which she won the AudioFile Magazine Earphones Award. Her narration of *The Memory of Animals* by Clare Fuller won the AudioFile Magazine Earphones Award in 2023.

## Writing and Broadcasting

In 2021, Gaunt produced podcast *The Cupid Couch* where she interviewed Rose McGowan, Buck Angel and Kathy Lette. It was listed by The Radio Times in their '34 Best Podcasts of 2021'.

In October 2022 Gaunt co-curated The Braemar Literary Festival at The Fife Arms in Scotland with HM the Queen Consort's 'Reading Room', St Margaret's, local cultural partners and Tom Parker Bowles. Guests included Sebastian Faulks, Jeremy Lee, Angela Hartnett, Jackie Kay, Ian Rankin, Sam Leith, Dr Frank Tallis, Justine Picardie, Stephen Page and Kate Mosse.

Gaunt interviewed writer Amor Towles for magazine *A Rabbit's Foot,* published 9 December 2023.

Gaunt adapted *Thunderbirds* comic 'Mr Steelman' (original comic by Alan Fennell) for audiodrama as part of the series 'Danger and Deception' for release in January 2024. Cast includes Jon Culshaw, Genevieve Gaunt, Wayne Forester, Justin T. Lee, Anna Leong Brophy and Joe Jameson.

Gaunt writes book reviews for *The Spectator*.

## Filmography

### Theatre

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Assassins* by Stephen Sondheim | Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme | Maria Montague | Edinburgh Festival |
| 2015 | *French Without Tears* by Terence Rattigan | Diana Lake | Paul Miller | Orange Tree Theatre |
| 2018 | *Monogamy* by Torben Betts | Amanda | Alastair Whatley | Park Theatre |
| 2022 | *Ghosts of the Titanic* by Ron Hutchinson | Emma Hinton | Eoin O'Callaghan | Park Theatre |
| 2022 | *The Dame and the Showgirl* by Simon Berry, with Dame Harriet Walter (reading) | Marilyn Monroe | Harry Burton | The Criterion, West End |
| 2022 | *Thunderbirds Concert: Stand by for Action* | Lady Penelope | Jamie Anderson | Birmingham Symphony Hall |
| 2023 | *House of the Wicked* by Torben Betts (reading) | Marilyn Monroe | Sir Trevor Nunn | National Theatre |
| 2024 | *The Marilyn Conspiracy* by Vicki McKellar | Marilyn Monroe | Guy Masterson | Park Theatre |

### Radio

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *The USA Trilogy* by John Dos Passos | BBC R4 |
| 2021 | *The Magic Mountain* by Thomas Mann | BBC R4 |
| 2022 | *Macbeth* (With David Tennant) | BBC R4 |
| 2022 | *Pretty Vacant* (With Tim McInnerny) | BBC R4 |
| 2022 | *Ghosts of the Titanic* by Ron Hutchinson | BBC R4 |
| 2022 | *The Painted Hall* (With Hugh Bonneville) | BBC R4 |
| 2022 | *The Age of Anxiety* by W.H Auden | BBC R3 |
| 2022 | *A Town Called Solace* by Mary Lawson | BBC R4 |
| 2023 | *Macbeth* with David Tennant | BBC R4 |
| 2023 | *Twelfth Night* with Toby Jones | BBC R4 |

### Audiobooks

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Code Name Bananas* by David Walliams |
| 2020 | *The Discomfort of Evening* (Winner of the Booker Prize International 2020) |
| 2021 | *Lampie* by Annet Schaap |
| 2021 | *Magma* by Thora Hjörleifsdóttir |
| 2022 | *The Kiss* by Santa Montefiore |
| 2022 | *An Italian Girl in Brooklyn* by Santa Montefiore |
| 2021 | *The Heights* by Louise Candlish |
| 2022 | *The Marriage Portrait* by Maggie O'Farrell (WINNER of the AudioFile Earphones Award for Best Narration) |
| 2023 | *Cursed Bread* by Sophie Mackintosh |
| 2023 | *The Memory of Animals* by Claire Fuller |
| 2023 | *The Black Feathers* by Rebecca Netley |
| 2023 | *Code Name Kingfisher* by Liz Kessler |
| 2023 | *Maude Horton's Glorious Revenge* by Lizzie Pook |
| 2023 | *Fervour* by Toby Lloyd |

### Audiodrama

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Ask Arizona* Children's Series (Audible) |
| 2021 | *Soft Voice* (QCode) |
| 2022 | *Medea* by Euripides (Open University) |
| 2021 | *Ajax* by Sophocles (Open University) |
| 2021–2022 | *Thunderbirds: Terror from the Stars, Operation Asteroids, Peril in Peru, The Space Mirror, The Vanishing Ray, Brains is Dead, Blazing Danger* |
| 2017–2022 | *Doctor Who: The Silent City, Warlock's Cross, The Helliax Rift, Red Planets* (Big Finish) |
| 2021 | *Fireball XL5* (Big Finish) |
| 2020 | *First Action Bureau (Big Finish)* |
| 2019 | *The Prisoner* (Big Finish) |
| 2019 | *The Human Frontier* (Big Finish) |
| 2018 | *The Waringham Chronicles* (Audible) |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* | Pansy Parkinson | Alfonso Cuaron |
| 2010 | *Between You & Me* | Eleanor |  |
| | *Hippie Hippie Shake* | Trudi | Beeban Kidron |
| 2011 | *There I Am* | Ruth |  |
| 2012 | *The End* | Madeleine | |
| 2014 | *The Face of an Angel* | Jessica Fuller | Michael Winterbottom |
| | *Falcon* | Martine |  |
| 2015 | *Dusty and Me* | Chrissie | Betsan Morris Evans |
| 2016 | *Kids in Love* | Issie | Chris Foggin |
| | *The Last Dragonslayer* | Hermione Twizzle | Jamie Stone |
| 2018 | *The Mercy* | Miss Teignmouth | James Marsh |
| 2024 | *Strictly Confidential* | Jemma | Damian Hurley |
| | *Arthur's Whiskey* | Young Linda |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Heartbeat* | Vivienne Middleton | Episode: "Hey Hey LBJ" |
| | *Lost in Austen* | Georgiana | Episode #1.3 |
| 2009 | *Land Girls* | Susan Sykes | Episode: "Destinies" |
| 2015 | *Father Brown* | Young Evelyn | Episode: "The Curse of Amenhotep" |
| 2015–2018 | *The Royals* | Wilhelmina "Willow" Moreno Henstridge | Recurring role (season 2); main role (seasons 3–4) |
| 2019 | *Knightfall* | Princess Isabella | Main role (season 2) |

## Awards

* Sylvia Kristel Award (2015)
* Earphones Award for Audiobook Narration 2023, *The Memory of Animals* by Clare Fuller.
* Earphones Award for Audiobook Narration 2022, *The Marriage Portrait* by Maggie O'Farrell.

## InfoBox

| Genevieve Gaunt | |
| --- | --- |
| Gaunt in 2022 | |
| Born | Genevieve Wilhelmina Gaunt
(1991-01-13) 13 January 1991
London, England |
| Alma mater | Newnham College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2004–present |
| Website | genevievegaunt.com |


title: Gelevera

abstract: Gelevara Deresi is one of two main streams of Espiye, a district of Giresun province in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Its two main tributaries arise in the highlands of Espiye district of Giresun and Torul district of Gümüşhane. In the west its shorter arm originates from Çekümbeli highland near Tohumluk village. Its longer arm starts in Tekçam-Kürünbeli spring in Hanzara Obası and Ayıbeli Deresi in Ayıbeli Obası. The springs of its arms are close enough to each other to be reached in less than an hour by foot. The source of the longer arm looks like a triangular area which is used as the borders of three districts: Espiye, Alucra and Torul. Firstly it goes to northeast direction passing through Beytarla and Sapmaz villages of Kürtün district of Gümüşhane province, then enters into Giresun borders again. After the two arms of the stream flow parallel for nearly 40-50 kilometers they aggregate as Gelevara after Arpacık village in Güce district adjacent to Espiye district. Gelevara flows down to Black Sea in the east end of Espiye town like Yağlıdere stream, its sister. On its mouth to Black Sea there is a ferroconcrete bridge on D010 Highway connecting Giresun and Trabzon provinces. Gelevara stream has a high voluminous flow because the mountainous and forestry area of its headwaters and because it receives much rain during almost all seasons. The stream is mainly utilized as a sands deposit in building concrete constructions locally. In its valley along the Espiye-Ericek-Çakıl route, there are hills covered by rich forests consisting of thousands of species of wild trees, flowers and animals.

text:
# Gelevera

**Gelevara Deresi** is one of two main streams of Espiye, a district of Giresun province in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Its two main tributaries arise in the highlands of Espiye district of Giresun and Torul district of Gümüşhane.

In the west its shorter arm originates from Çekümbeli highland near Tohumluk village. Its longer arm starts in Tekçam-Kürünbeli spring in Hanzara Obası and Ayıbeli Deresi in Ayıbeli Obası. The springs of its arms are close enough to each other to be reached in less than an hour by foot. The source of the longer arm looks like a triangular area which is used as the borders of three districts: Espiye, Alucra and Torul. Firstly it goes to northeast direction passing through Beytarla and Sapmaz villages of Kürtün district of Gümüşhane province, then enters into Giresun borders again. After the two arms of the stream flow parallel for nearly 40-50 kilometers they aggregate as Gelevara after Arpacık village in Güce district adjacent to Espiye district. Gelevara flows down to Black Sea in the east end of Espiye town like Yağlıdere stream, its sister. On its mouth to Black Sea there is a ferroconcrete bridge on D010 Highway connecting Giresun and Trabzon provinces.

Gelevara stream has a high voluminous flow because the mountainous and forestry area of its headwaters and because it receives much rain during almost all seasons. The stream is mainly utilized as a sands deposit in building concrete constructions locally. In its valley along the Espiye-Ericek-Çakıl route, there are hills covered by rich forests consisting of thousands of species of wild trees, flowers and animals.

## Etymology

"Gelevara" (pronounced as ghe-lee-va-ra) is a Turkish derivative word consists of two verbs, "**gel**mek (to come in English)" and "**var**mak (to arrive in English"). It is officially and mostly called as Gelevera Deresi in Turkish maps and documentaries there are some other local forms of its name like Özlüce, and some forms of folk dialects such as Gelivera, Gelivar, Gelevera, Gelevar, Gelava, and Gelenvar.

Although Dr. Z. Cebeci interprets that it carries a meaning like "come and arrive in the sea" that was used by local people living in mountainous area in order to express their deep wishes to see beauties of the sea there are two other logical hypothesis about the origin of Gelevera.

In the article titled "Gelivera, Kürtün" in Turkish Wikipedia, it is supposed that its name originates from "Gelivera", an old Greek village settlement (Sapmaz in present time) in Kürtün district of Gümüşhane. In this article it is stated that "gelivera" is a joint word formed with "gali" and "vera" meaning "beautiful" and "ring" in modern Greek, respectively. According to the second hypothesis its name originates from daily movements of villagers on it. Since the longer arm of the stream passes through "Gelivera" village the inhabitants had frequently to go and come back between two parts of the village over it. Every day they were going and coming back between the sides of the stream. And then they defined the stream as the waterflow that must be stepped to go and come back. So in order to define their routinely go-come movement they used "gel" and "var" verbs of Turkish, and its name became "Gelevara" in the time.

## Issues with Gelevara

The stream is being polluted with solid wastes of Espiye town. This serious environmental problem should be immediately solved with aid of some protection projects which will be operated by the Espiye Municipality. But any project needs the aid from international environmental organizations because the cost of recycling daily wastes of the town exceeds the income of the town municipality. At the same time the sand processing and excavations from the bed of the stream create sound pollution that fears the waterbirds and causes many other ecological problems. The existing freshwater flora and fauna is danger of extinction in the bed of the stream near Black Sea day to day. Also the sand excavation must be stopped to prevent the changes of natural scene and structure of the stream.

## Gelevara Song

Gelevara Deresi is also the title of a famous Turkish folk song. This song carrying the typical characteristics of Black Sea variety of Turkic regional folks is about melancholic love story that has been lived somewhere along Gelevara stream valley. Originally it is performed with kemençe (kemenche in English, pronounced as kae-man-che), a local music instrument of Black Sea region of Turkey. This song with romantic notes about a dramatic love is recently remixed and performed by Kazım Koyuncu, and became more popular due to his duet with Şevval Sam. He performs the song on his album *Hayde!*.

40°57′N 38°43′E / 40.950°N 38.717°E / 40.950; 38.717


title: Trafic (2004 film)

abstract: Trafic is a 2004 Romanian short film directed by Cătălin Mitulescu. It depicts a brief moment in the mundanities of urban life and family life, and a man's quick decision to escape them, if only just for a moment. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. It is said to have been the "instigating" film of the Romanian New Wave.

text:
# Trafic (2004 film)

***Trafic*** is a 2004 Romanian short film directed by Cătălin Mitulescu. It depicts a brief moment in the mundanities of urban life and family life, and a man's quick decision to escape them, if only just for a moment. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. It is said to have been the "instigating" film of the Romanian New Wave.

## InfoBox

| Trafic | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Cătălin Mitulescu |
| Screenplay by | Cătălin Mitulescu
Andreea Valean |
| Produced by | Cătălin Mitulescu |
| Starring | Bogdan Dumitrache
Maria Dinulescu |
| Cinematography | Marius Panduru |
| Edited by | Ion Ioachim Stroe |
| Music by | Mihai Bogos
Calin Potcoava |
| Production
company | Strada Film |
| Release date | * October 15, 2004 (2004-10-15) (US) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Country | Romania |
| Language | Romanian |


title: Trafic (album)

abstract: Trafic is the third studio album by French singer-songwriter and guitarist Gaëtan Roussel, released on 29 September 2018 by Barclay and Universal Music France. The album was supported by the lead single "Hope", which tells the story of a florist with Alzheimer's disease who forgets the names of his flowers. It also features a duet with Vanessa Paradis on the track "Tu me manques". Upon release, Trafic debuted in the top 20 of the French albums chart.

text:
# Trafic (album)

***Trafic*** is the third studio album by French singer-songwriter and guitarist Gaëtan Roussel, released on 29 September 2018 by Barclay and Universal Music France. The album was supported by the lead single "Hope", which tells the story of a florist with Alzheimer's disease who forgets the names of his flowers. It also features a duet with Vanessa Paradis on the track "Tu me manques (Pourtant tu es là)". Upon release, *Trafic* debuted in the top 20 of the French albums chart.

## Writing and recording

The album was written and recorded between Paris and various writing workshops in Los Angeles with several producers and songwriters based in each city; the "finishing touches" were put on the album in Los Angeles. Roussel acknowledged that the differences between the songwriters resulted in unique songs. He also stated that compared to *Orpailleur* (2013), he wanted an album with more clearly defined melodies and stories in the lyrics. This resulted in a "Franco–American alloy" of musical sensibilities, which was called an "unclassifiable" neo-pop album. It was also compared to the works of Nick Cave, who Roussel is a fan of, particularly his duet with Vanessa Paradis on "Tu me manques (Pourtant tu es là)".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Ici Musique* | Positive |
| *Télérama* | 2/5 |

François Marchesseault of *Ici Musique* complimented the album's 11 songs as "smart, melodious", as well as catchy and danceable, especially where contrasted with the darker and more serious content of the lyrics, as on "Hope", which addresses Alzheimer's disease. Although acknowledging that there were no songs as big as "Help Myself" from Roussel's album *Ginger* (2010), Marchesseault called it "so well done, so enjoyable compared to other productions of the moment".

Valérie Lehoux of *Télérama* pointed out that the album contains several elements characteristic of Roussel's style, such as his alternation between French and English in certain songs, prominent use of choruses, and mixing litany and excitement, that Roussel also utilises in his work with the band Louise Attaque. Lehoux felt that although the album contains singles with "radio potential" ("Hope" and the Paradis duet), it lacks strength because more serious themes on the album (like Roussel singing about death and oblivion) are not fully realised and that the more "polished and proper production \[...\] trivialises" Roussel's nasal voice. Lehoux concluded that despite this, Roussel will recover.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Le jour et la nuit" | 3:11 |
| 2. | "Hope" | 2:58 |
| 3. | "Je veux bien, je ne sais pas" | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Tu me manques (Pourtant tu es là)" (with Vanessa Paradis) | 4:13 |
| 5. | "J'entends des voix" | 3:06 |
| 6. | "N'être personne" | 3:11 |
| 7. | "Dedans il y a de l'or" | 2:37 |
| 8. | "Ne tombe pas" | 3:33 |
| 9. | "Tellement peur" | 2:41 |
| 10. | "La question" | 3:31 |
| 11. | "Début" | 3:50 |
| Total length: | | 35:39 |

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 25 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 18 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 57 |

## InfoBox

| Trafic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gaëtan Roussel | |
| Released | 29 September 2018 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 35:39 |
| Language | French |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Gaëtan Roussel chronology | |
| *Orpailleur*
(2013) ***Trafic***
(2018) | |


title: Gazmend Oketa

abstract: Gazmend Oketa is an Albanian politician. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of Albania, as well as Minister of Defence.

text:
# Gazmend Oketa

**Gazmend Oketa** (born 14 December 1968 in Durrës District, Albania) is an Albanian politician. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of Albania, as well as Minister of Defence.

## Political career

On 12 March 2007, Oketa was named Deputy Prime Minister, replacing Ilir Rusmajli. On 22 March 2008, Oketa succeeded Fatmir Mediu as Minister Of Defence following Medihu's resignation. He was replaced on 17 September 2009 by Arben Imami.

On 30 May 2012, Oketa formed a new political party in Albania, New Democratic Spirit, alongside other Democratic Party politicians. Albanian media called it *"The Party of President"* referring to Bamir Topi.

## InfoBox

| Gazmend Oketa | |
| --- | --- |
| Oketa at the Pentagon in 2008 | |
|  | |
| 31st Defence Minister of Albania | |
| **In office**
March 22, 2008 (2008-03-22)  September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17) | |
| President | Bamir Topi |
| Prime Minister | Sali Berisha |
| Preceded by | Fatmir Mediu |
| Succeeded by | Arben Imami |
| Deputy Prime Minister | |
| **In office**
March 12, 2007 (2007-03-12)  2008 | |
| President | Alfred Moisiu
Bamir Topi |
| Prime Minister | Sali Berisha |
| Preceded by | Ilir Rusmajli |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-12-14) 14 December 1968 |
| Nationality | Albanian |
| Political party | Democratic Party (2002-2012,2018-present)
New Democratic Spirit (2012-2018) |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Gazmend Pula

abstract: Gazmend Pula is a Kosovar-Albanian intellectual, human rights campaigner, and is Kosovar ambassador to Albania. He is the founder of the Kosovo Helsinki Committee for Human Rights based in Pristina, and has been active in the struggle for the advancement of political and civil liberties in Kosovo, for which he was awarded the US and EU Democracy and Civil Society Award in 1998. In addition to his civic and political engagements, he holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering, and is the author of two books on electrical engineering. Prior to being appointed ambassador by the President of Kosovo, he held the title of associate professor in the University of Pristina, Cathedra for Production and Transmission of Electrical Energy. He is married and is the father of two children.

text:
# Gazmend Pula

**Gazmend Pula** (born in Pristina, Kosovo) is a Kosovar-Albanian intellectual, human rights campaigner, and is Kosovar ambassador to Albania. He is the founder of the Kosovo Helsinki Committee for Human Rights based in Pristina, and has been active in the struggle for the advancement of political and civil liberties in Kosovo, for which he was awarded the US and EU Democracy and Civil Society Award in 1998. In addition to his civic and political engagements, he holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering, and is the author of two books on electrical engineering. Prior to being appointed ambassador by the President of Kosovo, he held the title of associate professor in the University of Pristina, Cathedra for Production and Transmission of Electrical Energy.

He is married and is the father of two children.


title: Michael Crandon

abstract: Michael John Crandon is an Australian politician. He was first elected for the seat of Coomera to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Liberal National Party of Queensland at the 2009 Queensland Election.

text:
# Michael Crandon

**Michael John Crandon** (born 10 December 1953) is an Australian politician. He was first elected for the seat of Coomera to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Liberal National Party of Queensland at the 2009 Queensland Election.

## InfoBox

| Michael CrandonMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
for Coomera | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 March 2009 | |
| Preceded by | New seat |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-12-10) 10 December 1953
Somerset, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Liberal National Party of Queensland |
| Children | Three |
| Profession | Financial planner |
|  | |


title: Trasharama A-Go-Go

abstract: Trasharama A-Go-Go is an Australian annual short film festival catering to the low-budget/no-budget end of the movie-market, focusing on genre films under 15 minutes in length. The Festival began 1997, providing emerging horror film makers with a competitive environment to develop their craft and showcase films to audiences, effectively acting as a de facto training ground. The Festival was conceived by Dick Dale, frontman of Adelaide bands Gacy's Place and Kamikaze. Although having started in Adelaide, South Australia the festival has gained local and national sponsorship allowing it to grow in size and popularity, featuring both national and international submissions and now tours Australia with screenings in most Australian states. Trasharama A-Go-Go is promoted as "Australia's NASTIEST Short Film FESTERval". Although no festival was held in 2010, the festival returned the following year. Since 2015 the Trasharama agogo film festival has held its annual premiere in conjunction with Melbourne's Monster Fest.

text:
# Trasharama A-Go-Go

**Trasharama A-Go-Go** is an Australian annual short film festival catering to the low-budget/no-budget end of the movie-market, focusing on genre films (Horror & Sci-fi) under 15 minutes in length. The Festival began 1997, providing emerging horror film makers with a competitive environment to develop their craft and showcase films to audiences, effectively acting as a de facto training ground.

The Festival was conceived by Dick Dale, frontman of Adelaide bands Gacy's Place and Kamikaze. Although having started in Adelaide, South Australia the festival has gained local and national sponsorship allowing it to grow in size and popularity, featuring both national and international submissions and now tours Australia with screenings in most Australian states.

Trasharama A-Go-Go is promoted as "Australia's NASTIEST Short Film FESTERval". Although no festival was held in 2010, the festival returned the following year. Since 2015 the Trasharama agogo film festival has held its annual premiere in conjunction with Melbourne's Monster Fest.

## List of films screened sorted by year

**1994** – A taste of what was to become the Trasharama festival, one-off screening held at the Crown and Anchor Hotel.

**1997** – "Trash Film Night" – eleven films from Adelaide and Brisbane, followed by performances by the bands, Blood Sucking Freaks and The Ghouls, screening held at "Mad Love Bar" band venue.
Films screened included:

**1998** – "Trash Film Night 2" – Held in Producers Hotel beer garden. Screening of 11 Australian films followed by live performances by the bands Madonna's Armpits and Fear and Loathing.
Films screened included:

**1999** – Trasharama A-Go-Go is held at Mercury Cinema in Adelaide, Revolver Nightclub in Melbourne and Side on Cafe in Sydney.
Films screened included:

* *Hot Crusty Death*\- Judd Tilyard
* *Blood of a woman*\- Jonathan Sequeria
* *Making a Death Mask*\- Mark Nichols

**2000** – Trasharama A-Go-Go is held at Mercury Cinema in Adelaide, The Zoo in Brisbane, Side on Cafe in Sydney and Revolver in Melbourne.
Films screened included:

**2001**
Films screened included:

**2002** Festival only held in South Australia in 2002, at Mercury Cinema in Adelaide.

* Films shown comprised a "best of" selection from previous years.

**2003** Screenings held in Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth.
Films screened included:

**2004** Screenings held in Adelaide, Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Caloundra, Geelong and Newcastle.
Films screened included:

**2005** Travelled widely around Australia.
Films screened included:

**2006** Travelled widely around Australia.
Films screened included:

**2007** Travelled widely around Australia.
Films screened included:

**2008** Travelled widely around Australia.
Films screened included:

* *Rabbit Rage* (First place)
* *Look to the skies*Liam Jennings & Ben Nichols (Second place)
* *Money Shot*
* *Mooney Street*
* *The Good Ship Morning Dew*
* *Death of the Killer Bikini Vampire Girls*
* *The Life of Piglet*
* *Look to the Skies*
* *Stop The Barbies*
* *Killin' Flies*
* *Heartbreak Motel*
* *Do You Have Protection*
* *Garden of Earthly Delights*
* *Dr. Poo*
* *The Day I Got Sacked*
* *The Box Monster & The Death Bag of Death*
* *My New Ghoul Friends*
* *The Love of Victoria Anus*
* *The Dog Sex Killer*
* *Danny (The Dog Who Farts Fire)*
* *Family Bizness*

**2009**

* *Monster Mash* – Timothy Stewart, SA
* *The Golden Rule* – David Wade, SA
* *Dirtbike Dero's* – Macho Lama, SA
* *Cereal Killer* – Daniel Vink, SA
* *The Decayed* – Josef J Weber, SA
* *Vengeance wears a Tampon* – Frank Daft, SA
* *The Tramp* – Max Miller, Vic
* *Gumbys new Tit* – Alex Machin, Vic
* *Potential Employee* – Andrew Dunstan, Vic
* *The Body Watchers* – Adam Spellicy, Vic
* *Hanging at Picnic Rock*\- Clint Cure, Vic
* *The Fish that Eat People* – Ross Radiation, NSW
* *Attack of the killer bananas* – Karina Libbey, NSW
* *The Bagman Genisus* – Kade Ruckman, NSW
* *Have sex and die!* – James Peniata, NSW
* *Violet is Dead* – Thomas Cruikshank, QLD
* *Cravings* – Jonathon Jahnke, QLD
* *Bound* – Marcus Ditzel, QLD
* *A dark beginning* – Aston Wenham, Simon Gill, Stephen Cass, QLD
* *Duncan Cunningham's Nightmare* – Duncan Cunningham, QLD
* *Revenge of the Gnomes* – Phillip Nelson, WA
* *Trapped* – Matt Penny WA
* *Granny Basher Stinkweed and the Vic Bitter Bandits* – Griff Broham, WA
* *Blood Shed* – Jason Shipley, Canada
* *Mammoth Mammoth* – Mat Govoni, Vic
* *Botched eyeball operation* – Clint Enns, Canada

## InfoBox

| Trasharama agogo Short Film Festival | |
| --- | --- |
| Official 2017 Trasharama poster | |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | Film festival |
| Location(s) | Melbourne Premiere |
| Country | Australia |
| Website | trasharama.com |


title: Trat Airport

abstract: Trat Airport is in Bang Pit subdistrict, Laem Ngop district, Trat province in eastern Thailand. Trat Airport was opened in 2003 and is owned and operated by Bangkok Airways. The airport has one tarmac runway, 1,800 m by 45 m, with a small open-air terminal. The airport has offers customs and immigration services, allowing passengers to check in through to their final destinations without having to do so at Suvarnabhumi Airport. Bangkok Airways operates daily flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport to Trat with its ATR-72 turboprop aircraft.

text:
# Trat Airport

**Trat Airport** (IATA: **TDX**, ICAO: **VTBO**) is in Bang Pit subdistrict, Laem Ngop district, Trat province in eastern Thailand. Trat Airport was opened in 2003 and is owned and operated by Bangkok Airways. The airport has one tarmac runway, 1,800 m by 45 m, with a small open-air terminal. The airport has offers customs and immigration services, allowing passengers to check in through to their final destinations without having to do so at Suvarnabhumi Airport.

Bangkok Airways operates daily flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport to Trat with its ATR-72 turboprop aircraft.

## History

Trat Airport was officially opened on 31 March 2003. However, the first flight, an ATR 72-200, landed on 18 April 2003, from Don Mueang International Airport.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Bangkok Airways | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi |

## InfoBox

| Trat Airport<br>ท่าอากาศยานตราด | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Owner/Operator | Bangkok Airways |
| Serves | Trat / Ko Chang |
| Location | Bang Pit, Laem Ngop, Trat, Thailand |
| Opened | 8 April 2003 (2003-04-08) |
| Elevation AMSL | 105 ft / 32 m |
| Coordinates | 12°16′28.46″N 102°19′08.25″E / 12.2745722°N 102.3189583°E / 12.2745722; 102.3189583 |
| Website | www.tratairport.com |
| Maps | |
|  | |
| **TDX**/VTBOLocation of airport in Thailand | |
|  | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  05/23 5,906 1,800 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2015) | |
| Aircraft movements 3,041  Total passengers 80,987 | |


title: Michael O'Lehane

abstract: Michael O'Lehane (1873–1920) was an Irish trade unionist.

text:
# Michael O'Lehane

**Michael O'Lehane** (1873–1920) was an Irish trade unionist.

## Biography

Born near Macroom in County Cork, O'Lehane studied at the North Monastery before completing an apprenticeship as a draper. He moved to Limerick in 1898 to work for Cannocks, where he contracted typhoid and narrowly escaped death. Following his recovery, he moved to Dublin to work at Arnotts. While there, he founded the Irish Drapers' Assistants Association (IDAA).

In 1902, O'Lehane travelled around Ireland, recruiting members for the IDAA, with a branch being set up in Galway and over the next few years in other towns and cities. The union focused its campaigns on reducing working hours, creating a half-day holiday per week, and setting up agreements to cover overtime pay. The IDAA attracted particular attention for recruiting women. By 1914, 1,400 of its 4,000 members were women.

The IDAA proved successful, and O'Lehane was elected to other positions in the union movement: President of Dublin Trades Council in 1909, and President of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1912. He was also elected to the Dublin Corporation in 1907, representing Kilmainham as an independent labour member.


title: Transform (Rebecca St. James album)

abstract: Transform is the sixth studio album by Christian pop and rock singer Rebecca St. James. It was released on 24 October 2000 and debuted at No. 166 on the Billboard 200. The album spawned two singles, "Wait for Me" and "Reborn".

text:
# Transform (Rebecca St. James album)

***Transform*** is the sixth studio album by Christian pop and rock singer Rebecca St. James. It was released on 24 October 2000 and debuted at No. 166 on the *Billboard* 200. The album spawned two singles, "Wait for Me" and "Reborn".

## Background

### Writing and development

Like her previous albums, Rebecca co-wrote the majority of the album, with the exception of "One" and "In Me". "For the Love of God" was written after Rebecca attended a missions trip to Romania, while the song "Reborn" was written about a friend coming to know Christ. Rebecca stated that "To see the joy and excitement in her new 'reborn' life is beautiful." Rebecca commented on the meaning of "Don't Worry" by saying "I am really quite a dramatic person and this song is a drama, a story, that challenges me to truly give things to God and not 'take them back' by worrying." "Merciful" was inspired by a book titled *The Mitford Years*, while "Universe" was penned after she took a walk by a creek next to her house, in which she was inspired of God's love.

The song "Wait for Me", a track about sexual purity, was solely written by St. James. It has become one of her staple songs, being featured on every compilation album released by the singer to date. Rebecca talked about the song, saying "The idea for this song came from letters that I have written to my future husband, that I will one day give to him. I sing it not just to him but on behalf of young women today, encouraging the future husbands of our generation to stay sexually pure, to wait for us." "Stand" was written in the Pontiac Silverdome, and "Lean On" was penned with the band Earthsuit. Rebecca described "My Hope" as "a worship song that points to Jesus as the Hope for us all."

The album was chiefly produced by Matt Bronleewe, who produced eight out of the thirteen tracks, including "Reborn", "Don't Worry", and "For the Love of God". Frequent Rebecca St. James collaborator Tedd T. produced the songs "Wait for Me" and "Universe". Other producers who worked on the album were Dann Huff and Pete Kipley. The album's strings were performed by The London Session Orchestra and The Love Sponge String Quartet. Rebecca described the process by saying, "Recording the strings with the London Session Orchestra... was a moving experience that I will never forget." A song called "Vision" that was featured on a pre-release of the album was taken off for unknown reasons. It is a very rare song and extremely hard to find.

### Music structure and lyrics

*Transform* has a more electronic drive to the album. Songs such as "For the Love of God" and "Merciful" are rock-driven songs backed by string arrangements, while "Reborn" is a dance-groove track. "One", "Wait for Me", and "All Around Me" all offer different outlooks on the album as well, with funk, pop, and rock respectively. Lyrical content includes topics on salvation, worrying, unity, hope, and sexual purity.

## Release and reception

### Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |
| AllMusic |  |

*Transform* received generally positive reviews from critics. Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying the album "marks yet another step and progression for Rebecca", while *Christianity Today* said "This is easily Rebecca's biggest, most dramatic, and most mature production to date." AllMusic also enjoyed the album saying "*Transform* has textured production, Top 40 resonance and inspiring lyrics".

### Chart performance

*Transform* debuted and peaked at No. 166 on the *Billboard* 200 in October 2000. It also made appearances on the Christian Albums and Heatseekers charts at No. 14 and No. 7 respectively.

* Although never released as a physical single, "Reborn" was released to Christian radio in 2000. It was successful enough that it made an appearance on *WOW Hits 2001*, Christian music's biggest year-end compilation album.
* "Wait for Me" was released to Christian radio in 2001. It made an appearance on *WOW Hits 2002*. The song was released as a double A-side physical single with "Song of Love" (from *Worship God*) on 8 April 2003.
* "Don't Worry" was released as a Christian radio single in the UK and Australia. It charted on the Australia 2001 year-end charts at No. 17, the Australasian 2001 year-end chart at No. 5, and on the UK 2001 year-end charts at No. 36.
* "In Me" was released to Christian radio in Australia as well. It peaked at No. 27 on the year-end 2001 charts, and No. 9 on the year-end 2001 Australasian singles chart.
* "For the Love of God", and "All Around Me" were all released as singles to Christian radio in the UK and made the 2001 year-end list at No. 31, and No. 59 respectively.
* "Stand" was featured on Rebecca's first greatest hits compilation, *Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James*.

## Promotion

Rebecca embarked on a *Transform Tour* in 2001. "Reborn", "Don't Worry", "One", "Wait for Me", "Universe", "For the Love of God", and "Intro" were all featured in the set list. Songs such as "Wait for Me" and "Reborn" have also been performed in the *Worship God Tour*, the *Adoration Tour*, and the *If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something Tour*. Live versions of both songs can be found on Rebecca's 2007 live album, *ALive in Florida*.

## Track listing

1. "Intro" (Instrumental) – 0:52
2. "For the Love of God" (Matt Bronleewe, Rebecca St. James) – 4:37
3. "Reborn" (Bronleewe, St. James) – 3:59
4. "Don't Worry" (Bronleewe, St. James) – 3:37
5. "Merciful" (Bronleewe, St. James, Jeremy Bose, Paul Field) – 5:00
6. "One" (Regie Hamm, Dan Muckala) – 4:37
7. "Universe" (St. James, Joel Smallbone, Michael-Anthony Tyler) – 5:00
8. "Wait For Me" (St. James) – 4:40
9. "In Me" (Jess Cates, Chad Cates, Ricky Jackson, Randy Jackson) – 4:14
10. "Lean On" (St. James, Earthsuit) – 3:38
11. "All Around Me" (St. James, Paul Stewart, Brad Duncan) – 3:41
12. "Stand" (St. James, Hamm) – 4:36
13. "My Hope" (St. James, Field) – 4:29

## Personnel

* Rebecca St. James – vocals, backing vocals
* Matt Bronleewe – programming (1-5, 10-12), additional guitars (2, 4, 12)
* Tedd T – programming (6-9), arrangements (7, 8)
* Damon Riley – programming assistant (6, 9), additional programming (7, 8), arrangements (7, 8)
* Tim Akers – keyboards (6, 9)
* Pete Kipley – programming (13), guitars (13)
* Oran Thornton – guitars (2, 4, 5, 12), additional guitars (11)
* Gary Burnette – guitars (3)
* Dann Huff – guitars (6, 9)
* Jerry McPherson – guitars (6, 9)
* Bob Halligan – acoustic guitar (7, 8)
* Brent Milligan – electric guitars (7, 8), bass (7, 8), additional cello (7)
* Pete Stewart – guitars (11)
* Dave Larring – guitars (13)
* Otto Price – bass (2, 4, 5)
* Jackie Street – bass (6, 9)
* James Gregory – bass (11, 12)
* Dan Needham – drums (2, 4)
* Dale Baker – drums (5)
* Chris McHugh – drums (6, 9)
* Joe Porter – drums (11, 12)
* Dennis Holt – drums (13)
* Jeremy Bose – string arrangements (2, 5, 12), additional keyboards (7)
* The London Session Orchestra – strings (2, 5, 12)
* John Catchings – cello (3, 10), string arrangements (7, 8)
* The Love Sponge Strings – strings (7, 8)
* Jacob Lawson – strings (13)
* Tasia Tjornhom – backing vocals (7, 8)

## Production

* David Bach – executive producer
* Eddie DeGarmo – executive producer
* Steve Hartley – executive producer
* Matt Bronleewe – producer (1–5, 10-12)
* Dann Huff – producer (6, 9)
* Tedd T – producer (7, 8), mixing (7, 8)
* Pete Kipley – producer (13), recording (13)
* Skye McCaskey – recording (1-5, 10-12)
* Jeff Balding – recording (6, 9), mixing (6, 9)
* Jason Scherer – recording assistant (1-5, 10-12)
* Eric Bickel – recording assistant (6, 9), mix assistant (6, 9)
* Shane D. Wilson – mixing (2, 3, 5, 10, 11)
* J.R. McNeely – mixing (4, 12)
* Jeff Balding – mixing (6, 9)
* Paul "Salvo" Salveson – mixing (7, 8)
* Tom Laune – mixing (13)
* Chad Brown – mix assistant (4, 12)
* Shawn Simpson – digital editing (6, 9)
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering at Marcussen Mastering (Hollywood, California)
* Keyboard sample on "One" courtesy of Spectrasonics Distorted Reality 2
* Mike "Frog" Griffith – production coordinator (6, 9)
* Scott McDaniel – creative director
* Susannah Parrish – art direction
* Kristin Barlowe – photography
* Smallbone Management – management

## Charts

Chart performance for *Transform*
| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 166 |
| US Christian Albums (*Billboard*) | 14 |

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 7 |

## InfoBox

| Transform | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rebecca St. James | |
| Released | 24 October 2000 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | CCM |
| Length | 53:00 |
| Label | ForeFront |
| Producer |  |
| Rebecca St. James chronology | |
| *Pray*
(1998) ***Transform***
(2000) *Worship God*
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Transform* | |
| 1. "Reborn"
Released: 2000 2. "Wait For Me"
Released: 2000 | |
|  | |


title: Tres de Mayo, Paraguay

abstract: Tres de Mayo is a municipality of Paraguay located in the outskirts of Caazapá. Formerly it was part of the district of Yuty, but in 2012 it was elevated to the category of municipality. It has a total area of 743,25 km⁲ and a population of 17,928 inhabitants in 2016.

text:
# Tres de Mayo, Paraguay

**Tres de Mayo** is a municipality of Paraguay located in the outskirts of Caazapá. Formerly it was part of the district of Yuty, but in 2012 it was elevated to the category of municipality. It has a total area of 743,25 km2 and a population of 17,928 inhabitants in 2016.

## InfoBox

| Tres de Mayo | |
| --- | --- |
| Tres de Mayo | |
| Coordinates: 26°28′46″S 56°05′46″W / 26.47944°S 56.09611°W / -26.47944; -56.09611 | |
| Country | Paraguay |
| Department | Caazapá Department |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Area | |
| Total | 74,325 km2 (28,697 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 168 m (551 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 17,928 |


title: Tres citas con el destino

abstract: Tres citas con el destino is a 1954 Mexican film directed by Fernando de Fuentes.

text:
# Tres citas con el destino

***Tres citas con el destino*** ("Three Dates With Destiny") is a 1954 Mexican film directed by Fernando de Fuentes.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Tres citas con el destino | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Fernando de Fuentes |
| Written by | Alejandro Verbitzky
Alberto Girri
Emilio Villalba Welsh
Miguel Mihura |
| Produced by | Gonzalo Elvira (as Gonzalo Elvira R.)
Joaquín Reig
Alberto Soifer |
| Starring | Manuel Arbó
Ricardo Argemí (as Argemí)
Félix Briones
José Castellón |
| Edited by | José W. Bustos
Joaquín Ceballos (assistant editor) |
| Music by | Jesús González Gancy |
| Production
companies | Oro Films
Plus Ultra
Unión Films
Estudios Cinematográficos del Tepeyac
Libertador
Estudios CEA C. Lineal |
| Distributed by | CEA Distribución (Spain)
Unión Films S.A. (Spain) |
| Release date | * 1954 (1954) |
| Running time | 97 min |
| Country | Mexico |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Tres de Diciembre District

abstract: Tres de Diciembre District is one of nine districts of the province Chupaca in Peru.

text:
# Tres de Diciembre District

**Tres de Diciembre District** is one of nine districts of the province Chupaca in Peru.

12°06′47″S 75°14′47″W / 12.1131°S 75.2463°W / -12.1131; -75.2463

## InfoBox

| Tres de Diciembre | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Junín |
| Province | Chupaca |
| Founded | July 14, 1959 |
| Capital | Tres de Diciembre |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Virgilio Aquiles Munive Orrego |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.2 km2 (7.8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,180 m (10,430 ft) |
| Population (2017 census) | |
| Total | 2,665 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 120908 |


title: Tremañes

abstract: Tremañes is a neighbourhood of the municipality of Gijón / Xixón, in Asturias, Spain. Previously to be integrated in Gijón, Roces was one of the historical parishes of the city. Its population was 3,411 in 1994 and decreased to 2,369 in 2012. An important industrial axis, the district included the Natahoyo area until the 20th century,. Due to its recent heavy industrialization, Tremañes itself tends to be considered part of the West area of the city district.

text:
# Tremañes

**Tremañes** is a neighbourhood of the municipality of Gijón / Xixón, in Asturias, Spain. Previously to be integrated in Gijón, Roces was one of the historical parishes of the city.

Its population was 3,411 in 1994 and decreased to 2,369 in 2012.

An important industrial axis, the district included the *Natahoyo* area until the 20th century, (nowadays a coastal barrio of the city district). Due to its recent heavy industrialization, Tremañes itself tends to be considered part of the *West* area of the city district (numbered *7*).

## Neighbourhoods and places

La Braña * Nuevo Gijón / La Peral (between La Braña, Pumarín and Les Maravilles)
* El Parrochu
* La Peral
* El Polígono

Los Campones * El Plano

Lloreda * Porreza

Les Maravilles El Natahoyo * Moreda

La Picota * El Caravacu
* La Muria
* La Quintana

Pumarín * L'Alto Pumarín
* Les Mil Quinientes
* Perchera

Santolaya La Torre * El Mortero
* El Poblao de Santa Bárbara

La Xuvería * Les Cases de Pinón
* El Pontón

* Official Toponyms \- Principality of Asturias website.
* Official Toponyms: Laws \- *BOPA Nº 229 - Martes, 3 de octubre de 2006* & *DECRETO 105/2006, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se determinan los topónimos oficiales del concejo de Gijón.*

## InfoBox

| Tremañes | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood, formerly Parish | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Asturias |
| Province | Asturias |
| Municipality | Gijón |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 2,535 |


title: Treatise on the Resurrection

abstract: The Treatise on the Resurrection is an ancient Gnostic or quasi-Gnostic Christian text which was found at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. It is also sometimes referred to as "The Letter to Rheginos" because it is a letter responding to questions about the resurrection posed by Rheginos, who may have been a non-Gnostic Christian.

text:
# Treatise on the Resurrection

***The Treatise on the Resurrection*** is an ancient Gnostic or quasi-Gnostic Christian text which was found at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. It is also sometimes referred to as "The Letter to Rheginos" because it is a letter responding to questions about the resurrection posed by Rheginos, who may have been a non-Gnostic Christian.

## Background

The main message of the treatise is that Christians should consider themselves already resurrected in a spiritual sense and that the resurrection is real, not just a metaphor. It asserts that Jesus "lived as flesh" and was "both human and divine." These statements imply that the author rejected docetism, an idea frequently found among the Gnostics. The text also says that Jesus "displayed himself as the Son of God."

## The Treatise

Aside from these more orthodox characteristics, the text is otherwise Gnostic since it embraces typical Gnostic themes, such as the restoration of the pleroma, multiple divinities, aeons, predestination, and respect for Paul, whom it calls "The Apostle." As such, the text may have come from a quasi-Gnostic school which retained more orthodox interpretations concerning the nature of Christ.

The text is noticeably Christian in tone and is Jesus-centric to a greater degree than other texts found at Nag Hammadi. It alludes to the account of the Transfiguration found in the Gospel of Mark, saying, "Do you remember reading in the Gospel how Elijah and Moses appeared?" Hence, the text indicates that the author accepted Mark's synoptic gospel narrative as sacred.

Unlike many other texts found at Nag Hammadi, *The Treatise on the Resurrection* is not pseudepigraphical since the author does not pretend to be an apostolic figure who received a special revelation. The text is simply a letter to someone named Rheginos. It belongs to a genre more akin to the New Testament letters than the apocryphon typical of Gnostic pseudepigrapha.

The treatise contains a mix of proto-orthodox and gnostic views. This mixture is apparent in an excerpt regarding who Jesus was and his purpose. The excerpt states: "Now the Son of God, Rheginos, was Son of Man. He embraced them both, possessing the humanity and the divinity, so that on the one hand, he might vanquish death through his being Son of God, and that on the other, through the Son of Man, the restoration to the Pleroma might occur; because he was originally from above, a seed of the Truth because this structure (of the cosmos) had come into being. In this (structure), many dominions and divinities came into existence."

The concept that Jesus was both divine and human was part of the proto-orthodox view. However, the belief in the existence of many divinities and the Pleroma were both gnostic views that proto-orthodox Christians rejected. Accordingly, the idea that Jesus's purpose was to restore the Pleroma was also a gnostic belief.

The author also asserts that this world is an illusion and instructs Rheginos not to "live in conformity with the flesh" because the goal of gnostic Christians is to be "released from this Element" (i.e., released from the material world).

The letter also contains statements that indicate that the author believed in predestination. One excerpt states, "Therefore, we are elected to salvation and redemption since we are predestined from the beginning not to fall into the foolishness of those who are without knowledge, but we shall enter into the wisdom of those who have known the Truth." This excerpt also emphasizes the importance of knowledge for salvation, which is also a gnostic view.

## Dating and authorship

There is general agreement that the extant Coptic text can be dated to the fourth century before it was hidden in response to Athanasius’s 39th festal letter in 367 CE, which defined the scope of the New Testament. The original Greek treatise is usually taken to have been written in the second half of the second century, likely by a leader in the Valentinian movement. There is, however, debate over the date of composition.

Early scholars Puech and Quispel (1963) argued for Valentinus's mid-second-century date (150 CE) and authorship. They reasoned that the abundance of New Testament content in the treatise indicates the author's possession of a collection of materials that became available after the first quarter of the second century. As the Church developed orthodox and heterodox positions during this time, the treatise arose from emerging heretical views. W. C. Van Unnik (1963) supposed an uncertain second-century date but suggested that the early-Church context led to the treatise's more orthodox view of the resurrection than other Gnostic texts. Malcolm Peel (1969) and Bentley Layton (1989) suggest a late second-century date. While not impossible, the suggestion of authorship by Valentinus himself has fallen out of favor.

Arguing for a much later, fourth-century date, Edwards (1995) suggests that the combination of orthodox and heterodox elements in the text reflects a later, more developed Valentinianism that sought unity after the Arian controversy in the mid-fourth century. However, Craig (2012) notes that this fourth-century date leaves little room for the original Greek manuscript to circulate and be translated before being hidden around 367 CE. She finds it is for that reason, given the Pauline tendencies already present in earlier Valentinianism, and the arguments of Puech, Quispel and Van Unnik, that the second-century date is generally preferred.


title: Treatment-resistant depression

abstract: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is major depressive disorder in which an affected person does not respond adequately to at least two different antidepressant medications at an adequate dose and for an adequate duration. Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 25% reduction in depressive symptoms following treatment with an antidepressant. Many clinicians and researchers question the construct validity and clinical utility of treatment-resistant depression as currently conceptualized. Other factors that may contribute to inadequate treatment are: a history of repeated or severe adverse childhood experiences, early discontinuation of treatment, failure to consider psychotherapy and other psychosocial interventions, patient noncompliance, misdiagnosis, cognitive impairment, low income and other social determinants, and concurrent medical conditions, including comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cases of treatment-resistant depression may also be referred to by which medications people are resistant to. Adding further treatments such as aripiprazole or quetiapine is weakly supported as of 2022.

text:
# Treatment-resistant depression

**Treatment-resistant depression** (TRD) is major depressive disorder in which an affected person does not respond adequately to at least two different antidepressant medications at an adequate dose and for an adequate duration. Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 25% reduction in depressive symptoms following treatment with an antidepressant. Many clinicians and researchers question the construct validity and clinical utility of treatment-resistant depression as currently conceptualized.

Other factors that may contribute to inadequate treatment are: a history of repeated or severe adverse childhood experiences, early discontinuation of treatment, failure to consider psychotherapy and other psychosocial interventions, patient noncompliance, misdiagnosis, cognitive impairment, low income and other social determinants, and concurrent medical conditions, including comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cases of treatment-resistant depression may also be referred to by which medications people are resistant to (e.g.: SSRI-resistant). Adding further treatments such as aripiprazole or quetiapine is weakly supported as of 2022.

## Risk factors

### Comorbid psychiatric disorders

Comorbid psychiatric disorders commonly go undetected in the treatment of depression. If left untreated, the symptoms of these disorders can interfere with both evaluation and treatment. Anxiety disorders are one of the most common disorder types associated with treatment-resistant depression. The two disorders commonly co-exist, and have some similar symptoms. Some studies have shown that patients with both major depressive disorder and panic disorder are the most likely to be nonresponsive to treatment. Substance abuse may also be a predictor of treatment-resistant depression. It may cause depressed patients to be noncompliant in their treatment, and the effects of certain substances can worsen the effects of depression. Other psychiatric disorders that may predict treatment-resistant depression include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

### Comorbid medical disorders

Some people who are diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression may have an underlying undiagnosed health condition that is causing or contributing to their depression. Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, and Addison's disease are among the most commonly identified as contributing to depression. Others include diabetes, coronary artery disease, cancer, HIV, and Parkinson's disease. Another factor is that medications used to treat comorbid medical disorders may lessen the effectiveness of antidepressants or cause depression symptoms.

### Features of depression

People with depression who also display psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations are more likely to be treatment resistant. Another depressive feature that has been associated with poor response to treatment is longer duration of depressive episodes. Finally, people with more severe depression and those who are suicidal are more likely to be nonresponsive to antidepressant treatment.

## Treatment

There are three basic categories of drug treatment that can be used when a medication course is found to be ineffective. One option is to switch the patient to a different medication. Another option is to add a medication to the patient's current treatment. This can include combination therapy: the combination of two different types of antidepressants, or augmentation therapy: the addition of a non-antidepressant medication that may increase the effectiveness of the antidepressant.

### Medication

#### Antidepressants

##### Dose increase

Increasing the dosage of an antidepressant is a common strategy to treat depression that does not respond after adequate treatment duration. Practitioners who use this strategy will usually increase the dose until the person reports intolerable side effects, symptoms are eliminated, or the dose is increased to the limit of what is considered safe.

##### Switching antidepressants

Studies have shown a wide variability in the effectiveness of switching antidepressants, with anywhere from 25 to 70% of people responding to a different antidepressant. There is support for the effectiveness of switching people to a different SSRI; 50% of people that were non-responsive after taking one SSRI were responsive after taking a second type. Switching people with treatment-resistant depression to a different class of antidepressants may also be effective. People who are non-responsive after taking an SSRI may respond to moclobemide or tricyclic antidepressants, bupropion or an MAOI.

Some off label antidepressants are low dose ketamine and highly serotonergic catecholamines (including very controlled use of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD and crippling depression/anxiety). For lethargic syndromes, dysthymia, or caffeine-resistant amotivation, a dopaminergic stimulant such as methylphenidate, or even dextroamphetamine or methamphetamine can be helpful.

Primarily dopaminergic or norepinephrine releasing stimulants, in low doses, have been used especially in the past, or in conjunction with a multidisciplinary therapy approach, although more targeted and "mild" agents, including modafinil and atomoxetine are considered first line for both childhood and adult lethargy and inattention disorders, due to their virtually nonexistent abuse potential (limited to one or two cases per 10 000), and higher selectivity, safety, and thus slightly broader therapeutic index. When depression is related or co-morbid to an inattention disorder, often ADHD, then both can be carefully managed with the same first line stimulant medication, typically both methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine.

#### Other medications

Medications that have been shown to be effective in people with treatment-resistant depression include lithium, liothyronine, benzodiazepines, atypical antipsychotics, and stimulants. Adding lithium may be effective for people taking some types of antidepressants including SSRIs or SNRIs. Lithium augmentation therapy was associated with a 41.2% remission rate of unipolar depression compared to 14.4% with placebo. Liothyronine (synthetic T3) is a type of thyroid hormone and has been associated with improvement in mood and depression symptoms. Benzodiazepines may improve treatment-resistant depression by decreasing the adverse side effects caused by some antidepressants and therefore increasing patient compliance.

Atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole, quetiapine or olanzapine can be added to anti-depressants as part of augmentation of treatment. Eli Lilly, the company that sells both olanzapine and fluoxetine individually, has also released a combination formulation which contains olanzapine and fluoxetine in a single capsule. Some low to moderate quality evidence points to success in the short term (8–12 weeks) using mianserin (or antipsychotics cariprazine, olanzapine, quetiapine or ziprasidone) to augment antidepressant medications. These have shown promise in treating refractory depression but come with serious side effects. Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate have also been tested with positive results but have potential for abuse. However, stimulants have been shown to be effective for the unyielding depressed combined lacking addictive personality traits or heart problems.

Ketamine has been tested as a rapid-acting antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression in bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Spravato, a nasal spray form of esketamine, was approved by the FDA in 2019 for use in treatment-resistant depression when combined with an oral antidepressant.

##### Research

A 2016 placebo randomized controlled trial evaluated the rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression with positive outcome.

In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy designation for psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review published in 2021 found that the use of psilocybin as a pharmaceutical substance was associated with reduced intensity of depression symptoms.

### Physical psychiatric treatments

#### Electroconvulsive therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy is generally only considered as a treatment option in severe cases of treatment-resistant depression. It is used when medication has repeatedly failed to improve symptoms, and usually when the patient's symptoms are so severe that they have been hospitalized. Electroconvulsive therapy has been found to reduce thoughts of suicide and relieve depressive symptoms. It is associated with an increase in glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor.

#### rTMS

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) is gradually becoming recognised as a valuable therapeutic option in treatment-resistant depression. A number of randomised placebo-controlled trials have compared real versus sham rTMS. These trials have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of this treatment against major depression. There have also been a number of meta-analyses of RCTs confirming the efficacy of rTMS in treatment-resistant major depression, as well as naturalistic studies showing its effectiveness in "real world" clinical settings.

#### dTMS

dTMS (deep transcranial magnetic stimulation) is a continuation of the same idea as rTMS, but with the hope that deeper stimulation of subcortical areas of the brain leads to increased effect. A 2015 systematic review and health technology assessment found lacking evidence in order to recommend the method over either ECT or rTMS because so few studies had been published.

#### Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation has also been used for treatment-resistant depression.

#### Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation has been used in a small number of clinical trials to treat people with severe treatment-resistant depression.

#### Magnetic seizure therapy

Magnetic seizure therapy is currently being investigated for treating refractory depression.

#### Transcranial direct-current stimulation

Transcranial direct-current stimulation is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head.

### Psychotherapy

There is sparse evidence on the effectiveness of psychotherapy in cases of treatment-resistant depression. However, a review of the literature suggests that it may be an effective treatment option. Psychotherapy may be effective in people with treatment-resistant depression because it can help relieve stress that may contribute to depressive symptoms.

A Cochrane systematic review has shown that psychological therapies (including cognitive behavioural therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy and intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy) added to usual care (with antidepressants) can be beneficial for depressive symptoms and for response and remission rates over the short term (up to six months) for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Medium- (7–12 months) and long‐term (longer than 12 months) effects seem similarly beneficial. Psychological therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy, added to usual care (antidepressants) seem as acceptable as usual care alone and may be used as a first line treatment for mild to moderate treatment resistant depression.

## Outcomes

Treatment-resistant depression is associated with more instances of relapse than depression that is responsive to treatment. One study showed that as many as 80% of people with treatment-resistant depression who needed more than one course of treatment relapsed within a year. Treatment-resistant depression has also been associated with lower long-term quality of life.

Another study saw just 8 of 124 patients in remission after two years of standard depression treatment.

## InfoBox

| Treatment-resistant depression | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Treatment-refractory depression |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Depressive mood, anhedonia, low energy |
| Complications | Self-harm, suicide |


title: Michael Mandelbaum

abstract: Michael Mandelbaum is a professor and director of the American Foreign Policy program at the Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies. He has written a number of books on American foreign policy and edited a dozen more.

text:
# Michael Mandelbaum

**Michael Mandelbaum** (born 1946) is a professor and director of the American Foreign Policy program at the Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies. He has written a number of books on American foreign policy and edited a dozen more.

## Education

Mandelbaum earned a PhD in political science from Harvard University. He was also educated at Yale University and King's College, Cambridge where he was a Marshall Scholar.

## Career

Mandelbaum was named one of the top 100 Global Thinkers by *Foreign Policy* magazine "for teaching America how to be a hegemon on the cheap." He is on the board of directors of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Mandelbaum worked on security issues at the US Department of State from 1982 to 1983 on a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellowship in the office of Undersecretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger. He later served as an adviser to Bill Clinton.

Speaking on behalf of the United States Information Agency for more than two decades, Mandelbaum has explained American foreign policy to groups throughout Europe, East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, India, and the Middle East.

From 1986 to 2003, he was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, where he was also the director of its Project on East-West Relations. Mandelbaum was then a Carnegie Scholar (2004–2005) of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. From 1984 to 2005, he was the associate director of the Aspen Institute's Congressional Program on Relations with the Former Communist World.

He has taught at Harvard University, Columbia University, and the US Naval Academy. He also taught business executives at the Wharton Advanced Management Program in the Aresty Institute of Executive Education at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania.

Mandelbaum is a frequent commentator on American foreign policy. From 1985 to 2005, he wrote a regular foreign affairs analysis column for *Newsday*. His writing has also appeared in *The New York Times*, *The Wall Street Journal*, *The Washington Post*, *Time*, and the *Los Angeles Times*. He has appeared as a guest on *The Daily Show with Jon Stewart*, *Charlie Rose*, *Nightline*, and *PBS NewsHour*.

## Writing

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| *Booknotes* interview with Mandelbaum on *The Ideas That Conquered the World*, October 20, 2002, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Mandelbaum on *The Ideas That Conquered the World*, January 31, 2003, C-SPAN | |
| *After Words* interview with Mandelbaum on *The Case for Goliath*, April 1, 2006, C-SPAN | |
| Discussion with Mandelbaum on *The Frugal Superpower*, October 7, 2010, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Mandelbaum and Thomas Friedman on *That Used to Be Us*, September 27, 2011, C-SPAN | |
| *Washington Journal* interview with Mandelbaum and Friedman on *That Used to Be Us*, September 28, 2011, C-SPAN | |
| Interview with Mandelbaum and Friedman on *That Used to Be Us*, September 22, 2012, C-SPAN | |
| *Washington Journal* interview with Mandelbaum on *The Road to Global Prosperity*, April 17, 2014, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Mandelbaum on *The Road to Global Prosperity*, May 27, 2014, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Mandelbaum on *Mission Failure*, September 16, 2016, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Mandelbaum on *The Rise and Fall of Peace on Earth*, March 27, 2019, C-SPAN | |

His first book, *The Nuclear Question: The United States and Nuclear Weapons*, was published in 1979. *The Economist* called it "an excellent history of American nuclear policy... a clear, readable book."

In 1988, he published *The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the 19th and 20th Centuries*. *Publishers Weekly* said, "Mandelbaum's book is brilliant and enjoyable...\[he\] charts how nations find ways of acting together in diplomatically organized groups for defensive purposes, and he analyses certain countries' specific roles and histories. His knowledge of philosophy, politics, history and economics results in a stunning delineation of centuries of military actions, political maneuverings and cultural uprisings." In 1996, he wrote *The Dawn of Peace in Europe*. Walter Russell Mead in *The New York Times Book Review*, called it a "brilliant book that combines the most lucid exposition yet of the post-cold-war order in Europe with a devastating critique of the Clinton Administration's foreign policy."

In 2002, he published *The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy and Free Markets in the Twenty-first Century*. *The New York Times Book Review* said, "A formidable and thought-provoking tour d'horizon. Best of all, it gives readers something to argue about." In 2006, he wrote *The Case for Goliath: How America Acts as the World's Government in the Twenty-First Century*, in which he argued that US dominance in global affairs is better than the alternatives.

In 2010, he wrote *The Frugal Superpower: America's Global Leadership in a Cash-Strapped Era*, in which he argued that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and economic obligations will redraw the boundaries of US foreign policy. Published in 2011, *That Used to Be Us* addresses four major problems faced by America: globalization, the revolution in information technology, US chronic deficits, and its pattern of energy consumption.

## Bibliography

**Books**

* *The Nuclear Question: the United States and Nuclear Weapons, 1946–1976*. Cambridge University Press. 1979.
* *The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima* (1981)
* *The Nuclear Future* (1983)
* *Reagan and Gorbachev* (Co-written with Strobe Talbott 1987)
* *The Global Rivals: The Soviet American Contest for Supremacy* (Co-written with Seweryn Bialer 1988)
* *The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the 19th and 20th Centuries* (Cambridge University Press, 1988) ISBN 9780521355278, OCLC 247933640
* *The Dawn of Peace in Europe* (1996)
* *The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century* (2002)
* *The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Basketball and Football and What They See When They Do* (2005)
* *The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World's Government in the Twenty-First Century* (Public Affairs, 2006) ISBN 9781586484583, OCLC 870414060
* *Democracy’s Good Name: The Rise and Risks of the World's Most Popular Form of Government* (Public Affairs, 2007) ISBN 9781586486648, OCLC 209638111
* *The Frugal Superpower: America's Global Leadership in a Cash-Strapped Era* (2010) ISBN 9781610390545, OCLC 720831376
* *That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back* (Co-written with Thomas Friedman 2011)
* *The Road to Global Prosperity* (2014) ISBN 9781476750019. OCLC 907454893
* *Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era* (Oxford University Press, 2016) ISBN 9781504755634, OCLC 962743515
* *The Rise and Fall of Peace on Earth* (Oxford University Press, 2019) ISBN 9780190935931, OCLC 1044864332
* *The Four Ages of American Foreign Policy: Weak Power, Great Power, Superpower, Hyperpower* (Oxford University Press, 2022), ISBN 9780197621790, OCLC 1298714782
* *The Titans of the Twentieth Century: How They Made History and the History They Made* (Oxford University Press, 2024), ISBN 9780197782477, OCLC 1434746191

**Critical studies and reviews of Mandelbaum's work** ***Mission failure***

## InfoBox

| Michael Mandelbaum | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Harvard University
Yale University
King's College |
| Occupation | Foreign policy expert |
| Awards | Christian A. Herter |


title: Michael Shane and Kazarian

abstract: Michael Shane and Kazarian were a professional wrestling tag team in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling formed by Matt Bentley and Frankie Kazarian, and managed by Traci Brooks. Although the two were largely a failure in the tag team circuit, they did have the distinction of becoming the first two wrestlers to achieve a tie in an Ultimate X match, thus both holding the TNA X Division Championship at the same time.

text:
# Michael Shane and Kazarian

**Michael Shane and Kazarian** were a professional wrestling tag team in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling formed by Matt Bentley (then known as "Michael Shane") and Frankie Kazarian (usually known just by his last name, "Kazarian"), and managed by Traci Brooks.

Although the two were largely a failure in the tag team circuit, they did have the distinction of becoming the first two wrestlers to achieve a tie in an Ultimate X match, thus both holding the TNA X Division Championship at the same time.

## History

### X Division

The team formed in June 2004 as part of a plot by several villainous X Division wrestlers to kick A.J. Styles out of the X Division after coming back from being a two-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Shane and Kazarian made the claim that it was illegal under TNA rules to win the X Division Title if a wrestler had previously won the NWA World Title (if so, the rule has since been stricken because numerous wrestlers, including Styles, Ron Killings and Sabu, have competed in X Division Championship matches after previously being an NWA World Heavyweight Champion).

Shane and Kazarian instigated an Ultimate X match, Ultimate X4, with Styles on the July 28, 2004, weekly pay-per-view. After interference by Kid Kash and his Heavyweight enforcer Dallas, both Shane and Kazarian took the title and fell to the mat at the same time. They were declared co-winners and co-champions, and would go on to defend the belt jointly.

Three weeks later, at the August 11 pay-per-view, the X Division Title was contested in a Gauntlet for the Gold. As per the rules, one co-champion would start the match, while the other would get the final spot in the match. Kazarian was the first entrant, but remained in until the final three. He was ultimately eliminated by the Amazing Red, who was then defeated by "The Canadian Destroyer" Petey Williams who won the belt.

### Tag team

Following their loss of the X Division Title, the two remained together and focused on the tag team division, feuding most memorably with 3Live Kru.

At Against All Odds on February 13, 2005, they faced B.G. James and Fox Sports NASCAR commentator Jeff Hammond in a tag team match. In that match, Shane accidentally superkicked Kazarian, causing them to lose the match.

The duo seemed poised to earn a title shot for the NWA World Tag Team Championship in early 2005, but their run as a team was cut short when the team disbanded. Kazarian disappeared after a match with the same result the next week on *TNA Impact!*, having accepted a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. His TNA contract lapsed in September 2004, but he continued to appear on a per-show basis and left on good terms.

### Split

With the team disbanded, Shane returned to the X Division. In the Spring of 2005 he feuded with Traci, even using her archrival Trinity as a valet for a time. After Hard Justice on May 15, when Traci turned on new partner Chris Sabin after he supposedly hit on Trinity, Shane and Traci reunited. That summer, due to a lawsuit, Shane began wrestling under the name Matt Bentley, his real name. Prior to the Spike TV move, Bentley teamed frequently with Alex Shelley, although he has focused more on singles action since the jump, and had even turned into a fan favorite after spending most of his career to that point as a villain.

Kazarian debuted on *WWE Velocity* on July 14, 2005. Despite going undefeated, however, Kazarian quit WWE on August 13.

### Reformation and Serotonin

Kazarian returned to TNA at Victory Road on July 16, 2006. Bentley (now known as "Maverick" Matt) and Kazarian reunited as a tag team on the July 20 episode of *TNA Impact!*.

Over the course of October and November 2006, Bentley and Kazarian began displaying new gothic looks, with Bentley appearing with bright red hair at Raven's "perch" in the Impact! Zone, while Kazarian (with green hair and a grunge attire) appeared out of nowhere, attacking Rhino during one of his matches with Christian Cage. It was later revealed that Bentley and Kazarian had joined Raven's new flock, called Serotonin, along with Johnny Devine.

On August 15, 2007, Matt Bentley was released from his TNA contract. After a single appearance on WWE in 2008, Bentley left wrestling and formed a rock band that is based in Orlando. Frankie Kazarian currently wrestles on AEW as **Frankie Kazarian**.

## Championships and accomplishments

## InfoBox

| Michael Shane and Kazarian | |
| --- | --- |
| Tag team | |
| Members | Kazarian
Michael Shane |
| Name(s) | Maverick Matt and Kazarian
Michael Shane and Kazarian
Shazarian
Serotonin |
| Billed heights | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) - Kazarian
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) - Shane |
| Combined
billed weight | 436 lb (198 kg) |
| Debut | 2004 |
| Disbanded | 2007 |


title: Michael Shank

abstract:
Michael Shank is an American race car team owner and former race car driver born in Columbus, Ohio. Before leaving driving to concentrate on car ownership, he ran one race in the 1996–97 Indy Racing League season, the 1997 Las Vegas 500K at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. He started racing in 1989, winning SCCA Ohio Valley Region's Novice Driver of the Year. He also won the 1996 Player’s/Toyota Atlantic C2 championship.
As an owner of Meyer Shank Racing, he was car owner for Sam Hornish Jr. when he won the 1999 Formula Atlantic series Rookie of the Year title. In 2006, his car, driven by Justin Wilson, A. J. Allmendinger, Oswaldo Negri and Mark Patterson, finished in 2nd position overall and in the Daytona Prototype class in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona. Shank has been twice named Formula Atlantic Team Owner of the Year. Hélio Castroneves won the 2021 Indy 500 while racing for the team. It was Castroneves' career record-tying 4th Indy 500 victory, and the team's first-ever victory in the IndyCar Series.

text:
# Michael Shank

**Michael Shank** (born September 22, 1966) is an American race car team owner and former race car driver born in Columbus, Ohio. Before leaving driving to concentrate on car ownership, he ran one race in the 1996–97 Indy Racing League season, the 1997 Las Vegas 500K at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. He started racing in 1989, winning SCCA Ohio Valley Region's Novice Driver of the Year. He also won the 1996 Player’s/Toyota Atlantic C2 championship.

As an owner of Meyer Shank Racing, he was car owner for Sam Hornish Jr. when he won the 1999 Formula Atlantic series Rookie of the Year title. In 2006, his car, driven by Justin Wilson, A. J. Allmendinger, Oswaldo Negri and Mark Patterson, finished in 2nd position overall and in the Daytona Prototype class in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona. Shank has been twice named Formula Atlantic Team Owner of the Year.

Hélio Castroneves won the 2021 Indy 500 while racing for the team. It was Castroneves' career record-tying 4th Indy 500 victory, and the team's first-ever victory in the IndyCar Series.

## Meyer Shank Racing

## American open-wheel racing results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position)

### SCCA National Championship Runoffs

| Year | Track | Car | Class | Finish | Start | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | Road Atlanta | Swift DB2 | S2000 | 23 | 3 | Running |
| 1994 | Mid Ohio | Ralt RT5 | Formula Atlantic | 9 | 3 | Running |

### IndyCar

| Year | Team | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Rank | Points | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996–97 | Nienhouse Motorsports | Riley & Scott Mk V | Oldsmobile | NWH | LSV | WDW | PHX | INDY | TXS | PPIR | CLT | NH2 | LV2<br>16 | 46th | 19 |  |