title: Founding of Talca

text:
# Founding of Talca

The San Agustín de Talca Foundation was on May 12, 1742, who ordered its foundation was the Royal Governor of Chile, José Antonio Manso de Velasco and later named City of Talca on June 6, 1796, a real identity document of Carlos IV of Spain, the Royal Governor of Chile, Ambrosio O'Higgins and the Corregidor of Talca, Vicente de la Cruz y Bahamonde.

## Origin

The 14-year period that separates the Curalaba disaster (December 23, 1598) and the *defensive war* (May 26, 1612) is the most violent that records the history of Chile and, in some way, the most momentous of the Spanish colonies In five years, the seven cities located south of the Biobío: Santa Cruz de Oñez, Arauco, Angol, La Imperial, Valdivia, Osorno and Villarrica disappeared from the Mapuche or were abandoned by the Spaniards. The extensive area designed by Pedro de Valdivia, and which had formed as the national nucleus of the new country; These Chilean lands were lost as an active element in their development for more than two centuries. Thousands of Spaniards perished in this company and more than four hundred women, Spanish and mestizo children, captured by the victors, propped up with their blood the growing vitality of the Mapuche people and the other half of the separated territory went through a long moral crisis. That came with increasing misery to test the feeling of survival.

.

Of these Spanish troops under the command of Governor Alonso de Ribera (he arrived at February 11, 1601 to the Arauco War and died in Concepcion in 1617), Captain Don Gil de Vilches y Aragón served. This young man came to the Arauco war in 1598 at 17 years of age, is a native of the city of Baeza, born in 1581, was the son of Juan de Vilches y Collados and Doña María de Aragón, both with proven nobility.

The historian Don Diego de Rosales quotes him:

> That, as principal assistant of the army, send field marshal Pedro Cortés, to find out the author of certain robberies made to an assistant of Arauco, in a letter published with the death penalty for the one who stole in the square, and that the author discovered, proceeded to hang up. The diligence was practiced, the accomplice denied the truth, assuming that soldier Alonso Ranquel, who has no excuses in his form, sent him to the gallows; but the Blessed Virgin Our Lady freed him from the rope and when they picked him up they found him healthy, and upon entering as a Jesuit he was a saint, in my opinion he died.

In 1609, when he was 28, he had a good situation for his services as captain, and he was awarded the following grant dated August 18, 1609, where he says:

> In the place called Talcamo, on the Claro River, between the farms called Arroyo and Don Jorge; where the "Ahumada" Indians used to be, Don Gil built their houses there, to which he gave all the necessary comforts. This house had several pieces, with a main room and a chapel with rich ornaments. This house had good furniture inside and a rich silver service. In the main room his portrait was placed, which, according to documents of the time, It was placed next to that of Our Lady of the Visitation. Numerous servants, slaves and Yanaconas Indians, were in charge of housework, giving their mansion all the decorum and opulence of a successful and distinguished conqueror.

He married Mrs. Isabel de Mendoza y Valdivia, of which he had no succession, but continued his last name with natural children. He held the position of corregidor of the Maule party from 1632 to 1634. In 1641, at the age of 60, he authorized his wife to carry out tests, appointed his universal heiress and that after his days, they passed their properties to the Augustinian community, with the following condition:

> That the necessary land be given for when your majesty wishes to found a city, town or place

Captain Don Gil de Vilches y Aragón is considered the first Spanish settled with all the properties in the lands of Talcamo, later called Talca. His widow Doña Isabel de Mendoza y Valdivia, in his last years of life was a nun in the convent of Las Agustinas de Santiago. On July 3, 1651, as a novice nun, the secretary appeared and ordered an Augustinian convent founded in his stay in Talca. After the general uprising of February 1655 in the Arauco War, the Spaniards sought refuge on the north bank of the Maule River, where camps and moats were built in these lands of the Order of San Agustín. This fact could be considered as the first attempt at foundation. Successive attempts of foundation were made as a refuge for the Spaniards of the Arauco war, without any results.

It is considered that the first attempt of foundation is of the governor Tomás Marín González de Poveda in 1692, at the confluence of the Baeza and Piduco rivers, where he drew streets and squares. Inadequate and agriculturally poor land, so their settlement disappeared.

## Foundation of San Agustín de Talca

In the house and place that belonged to the widow Isabel de Mendoza y Valdivia, it was the center of a large part of the Maule district. The farmers of Cauquenes, Purapel, Loncomilla and Putagán, Rauquén, Huenchullami, Vichuquén, went there to their religious practices. The Augustinian Order had been installed since 1651. This formed the political and development center of the Maule party, where militias and good government gathered there.

José Antonio Manso de Velasco was instructed to found between the city of Quillota and the Biobío River, a city at the headquarters of Talcamo. This was the third time that the royal authority was going to work on this task, after the failed attempts of 1655 and 1692.

The Governor of the Kingdom José Antonio Manso de Velasco arrived in Maule on May 12, 1742, the date of his founding act.

> Law of the San Agustín de Talca Foundation
>
> Talca, May 12, 1742
>
> In Talca, do del Maule, on twelve days of the month of May 1742 years. Mr. José Antonio Manso de Velasco, lord of the order of Santiago, of the Council of his majesty, field marshal of his royal armies, governor and captain general of this kingdom and president of his royal audience, said: as much as he has come to this place of Talca to have the population of Spaniards that it has decided to do, and that the place that has seemed more appropriate in these neighborhoods has already been chosen, to please the neighborhood and many of the settlers, and with effect it is to be in it All the good qualities that can be desired. Therefore, in accordance with the repeated orders of his majesty and for giving in his royal service, the luster of this kingdom, the general utility and the spiritual and temporal good of the growing number of inhabitants that exist in this feast; He agreed that in the chosen place, which is located in the southern part of the convent of Mr. San Agustín at a distance of four blocks, the population of Spaniards with a formal neighborhood merges and stops, and of course putting the name of their majesty (may God keep) the erije and found more honor and glory of God Our Lord with the name of San Agustín de Talca, who must be its owner; and grants to all the settlers who in that population approached with home and formal neighborhood, all the privileged and frank freedoms and immunities that by law and laws of the kingdom should enjoy as such settlers, and grant them merits of some lands of those that would have Cows in this game of this band of the Maule River, which will run after they are populated and consist of the vacant land. And I reserve to extend these subsidies and franknesses to the proportion of their faculties, and to erect the population in a town or city according to the state that it has in future and what grows and the application that in its advancement is recognized in The neighborhood and the settlers. ; At that time, he makes sure to make his majesty the consultations offered to grant them greater privileges. And I order the commission conferred on the corregidor of this party that runs in the car of the seventeenth of January to delineate the population with the usual square, streets and other competent footprints, both in its latitude and in its longitude, putting everything in good willingness, as it is for a population that is expected to increase according to the fervor that is recognized in the neighborhood and its need and fertility and abundance of the place, and distribute lots to those who have to populate, so it reproduces the power granted. And I order that by virtue of that, the mentioned corregidor Don Juan Cornelio de Baeza proceed to make the delineation leaving competent lands for ejidos and pastures, and in the contour of the population some lots not distributed for his. And setting reference points and fixed limits so that at all times it is about the lands that belong to said population; and assign the lots to the inhabitants according to the sphere, the merit and the quality of each one, their family and state; giving effective measures to build all their houses as soon as possible and assigning them a certain term; with warning of declining mercy and incurring the penalties that the king imposes for his true identity card to those who refuse to live in sociability and in the city without having a justified excuse. And that because they could offer to said corregidor some precise occupations of his trade that for some times embarrass him the attention to the greater advance of the population; so that it does not stop under any pretext, he appointed as a commissioner of her, in absence, diseases and precise pregnancies of the corregidor to Don Mauricio Morales, with the same faculties; and one and the other by their order will exercise, giving each of the villagers an instrument that serves as the title of the lot assigned to them, putting in the conditions contained in the instruction. And then he provided, ordered and signed his honor, that I give faith to this common role for lack of sealing. Don José Manso Lord last Manuel Lumbier, public notary of Cabildo and government actuary.

This place should be the center of the new foundation, its main square, where its streets would be.

## Final settlement in the villa

Governor Manso de Velasco appointed Mr. Mauricio de Morales as an advisor to the corrector of Baeza, with the power to replace him. The governor gave Baeza the instructions that he should stick to the new foundation, these were:

> Donate the lots in proportion "to the sphere, the merits and the families" of each resident and that their location be given so that the most distinguished are closer to the square. "That they build their houses under penalty of losing their places," he added, and "that the priest transfers the parish church to the new population" and the party secretary should do the same.

In October 1743, Manso de Velasco returned to Talca to inspect the work of the new population. He observed his prosperous state, his streets well delineated, although poor houses, since the landowners had not done theirs. This performance of the rich neighbors had a reason. The landowners, considering themselves noble, when descending from the conquerors, having lands and Indians, were reluctant to make their homes, because the fact of coming to a city placed them in the same condition as the commoners, who also acquired the status of noble by be the first founders of a city.

This attitude led Governor Manso de Velasco to dictate in Talca, on October 12, 1743, a side on which serious fines were applied to those who would not come. These measures had a fast and favorable result. Since the end of 1743, they began to approach their directors and also saw their quality guaranteed by the so-called "Constitutions of the Villa de Talca".

These were the provisions contained in the dictation of May 29, 1743, issued in accordance with the Royal Decree of April 5, 1744. This document was delivered to the Cabildo and rigorously preserved by him.

In these Constitutions the status of the nobles, the neighbors and those who were not were regulated, and their rights and prerogatives were fixed. They said the neighbors would have free trade in their assets. “Landowners who can afford the privilege. Those who enjoy it, their children and descendants, only by condition that they contribute to public works. They were exempt from the obligation, the neighbors did all kinds of personal services, such as military, judicial, prisoners and couriers, to which they were obliged as mere neighbors. These landowners should only go in defense of the kingdom and the ordinances of a good government. Traded merchants, only they could sell in the nascent Villa. Those who established grocery stores would not pay real rights for ten years. They were authorized for three days, and three times a year, to hold fairs, free of the true right. Only the villagers could be lobbyists. These provisions left the neighborhood happy to have seen their privileges protected and without the burdens of war.

The material advance had advanced rapidly from the inauguration of the defense of the Kingdom and the ordinances of May 12, 1742, until this date of the year 1745. The Corregidor Baeza had dedicated a lot of activity: he published the orders, notified the neighbors and told them that promised them honors and privileges. I order the priest and the employee. Thus, on April 18, 1744, he was able to make the first general registry of the nascent city and direct a relationship of his state with Governor Manso de Velasco and said:

> Which was formed by four blocks in a contour one for each side and following the instructions six streets were delineated, all square, each one in its latitude, it consists up to the present of six blocks, all well arranged so that the lots are distributed to the neighbors "and" that has four wooden bridges to pass the estuary. "
>
> The plots of the Plaza, the main ones according to Baeza's relationship, were distributed as follows:
>
> 1. Plot of the church of Matriz, one block from the Plaza. There he built in 1744 his house, the first priest of Talca, Don Antonio de Molina y Cabello, and in the southern part of the site, in the place of the Church, says Baeza, he has placed "the Elders of heaven and earth, put a big cross and bell tower.
>
> 2. On the second side, half a block from the Plaza, half of the plot. The house of Don Cornelio de Baeza.
>
> 3. Solar, on the second side, half a block from the Plaza, half of the lot, adjacent to the previous one, house of Commissioner Don Francisco de Silva Borque.
>
> 4. Solar, third side, square through the middle block before the square. Houses of Commissioner Juan de Sepúlveda.
>
> 5. Solar, third side, next to the previous one. Houses of Captain Manuel de Toledo.
>
> 6. Solar, fourth side, all its front for house of the town hall of Corregidor and Jail.

After this distribution, Juan Cornelio de Baeza continues, listing the other neighbors, without expressing their proximity or location within the plan of the new city. Their number reaches eighty-three, including all, whether noble or commoners, landowners or masters in minor arts, to the Indian executioner, Juan.

This small population of 83 families, which had been grouped around the Plaza Mayor, site of the Perales, four blocks from the Agustino convent, that is, "site and houses inhabited by Gil de Vilches y Aragón", formed a population, mainly composed of landowners and poor neighbors. The landowners of the north and south of the Maule brought their families and built their houses. Thus, we see in this primitive group of families, the Silva, Sepúlveda, Martínez de Vergara, de la Fuente, Besoain, Nieto de Silva, Rojas Vilches, Molina, Aguirre, de la Torre, Aliaga, Henríquez, Verdugo, Olave, Velasco, Oróstegui , Albuerna, Arellano, Olivares, Toledo and Morales.

The number of neighbors was increasing. Faced with such a good result, Manso de Velasco thought of giving him a Cabildo of his own, by virtue of the powers conferred on them by the royal bonds, a determination that would attract more the well-off neighbors and force them to settle in the nascent village, where the honors and prerogatives they could raise them "to the noble state" constant concern of that time.

By decree of December 9, 1744, Manso de Velasco appointed the first Cabildo of the city of San Agustín de Talca, with functions for the entire year of 1745. The members of this first cabildo were: Francisco de Silva, for the position of Ordinary. Mayor of first vote; José de Aguirre for mayor of second vote; to José Joaquín de Oróstegui, by Ensign Royal, and councilors Mr. José Besoain and Mr. José Hilarío de Velasco; Provincial Mayor of Bernardo de Azocar Hurtado de Mendoza and San Martín. All were rich landowners and neighbors of the town.

The new population continued with its growth and material progress, new families and new public and private buildings were still arriving. On March 8, 1745, the corregidor Baeza returned to report on the state of the city, a report in which he says: 124 families live, of which 100 live in their homes; 24 with lots, of these 14 cemented and 10 with possession. In the same report, he adds, that the city has four bridges, two churches and the jail building under construction, since its walls are in a state of completion. The two churches were the Augustinian convent and the parish church, built by the priest Antonio de Molina y Cabello. On September 12, 1746, the priest Molina received from the neighbors the sum of 15,000 pesos. In 1750 the Franciscans began to build a chapel.

From 1742 to 1760 more families were registered. In the census conducted by the corregidor Francisco de Echague, on October 16, 1760, the town presents 143 families, 20 were new, among which we can write Cruz, Vergara, Opazo, Gajardo Guerrero and Bravo Denaveda.

## The Augustinian Order

The economic improvement, produced mainly by foreign trade, aroused the ambition of the Order, which saw its poor lands, converted into fertile and productive hands of working colonists. The Order planned to recover the lands and for this they made a plan. The residents of the convent of Talca, met on November 5, 1744, under the presidency of R. P. Lorenzo Guerrero, superior of the convent; of the brilliant reader R. P., Fray Luis Caldera, former provincial of the Province; and RR. PP José Solís, Alonso Soto, Justo Vélez, etc. The provincial of the Order said that although the donation had been made without establishing the number of blocks and without consulting the convent, they now came to express the number of blocks donated. They agreed to give only "six blocks on each side of the square. The officers of the order subsequently met without finding any accusation against the neighboring landowners.

In 1749, he came to take charge of the Order, Fray Nicolás Gajardo Guerrero, of a strong and reckless character. With the agreement of his convent, he learned that his brothers had not enforced their rights. Unable to contain himself, he rode a horse and headed to neighboring farms to destroy his fields and works. He attacked the weak incredibly. The neighbors suffered their threats and had to suffer many men who feared to defend themselves. At first, he tried to charge them the rent of the occupied lands and when the villagers resisted, he attacked them. The attitude of the Cabildo put an end to these activities of the Order. The Augustinians had had their supremacy for a century and a half, from the arrival of Gil de Aragón until the date of the founding of Talca.

## Company of Jesus in the Villa

Governor Manso de Velasco gave all the facilities to the new order of the Jesuits to settle throughout the kingdom of Chile. In Talca, donations of land for their respective settlement. The decree of June 10, 1748, which authorized its establishment, imposed on them the obligation to found schools. The Order was very well received and its first superior, Fray José Guzmán. Thus they made rich lands that exceeded 1,000 (cuadras) blocks of extension.

The richest people in the city led by the Genoese Juan de la Cruz y Bernardotte and his wife Silveria Bahamonde y Herrera, who were the great protectors of the Jesuits. Mrs. Francisca González Bruna, widow of Don Agustín de Molina y Narveja, was also a great devotee of the order, in whose bosom her son Juan Ignacio Molina, the famous naturalist and historian, professed.

They built their church, whose work was helped by Juan de la Cruz y Bernardotte, who had some knowledge of architecture, and had arrived in the new city brought from Concepción by Governor Manso de Velasco, who found him among the crew of the squadron of *El Admiral Pizarro*, to teach Talca's neighbors how to build their houses. The Genoese helped with 500 pesos for the expenses and with architectural works to the Jesuits. The order had to suffer the misfortune of seeing the recent construction surrounded by the flames, but indefatigable and encouraged by the cooperation of the Genoese, they raised it again, more splendid, full of images and with rich ornamentation

The children of the richest neighbors were educated in this first school, they were called the College of Nobles, for the quality of the students. The children of his protectors, Juan, Vicente, Juan Manuel, Anselmo and Isidoro Cruz y Bahamonde, were his first students, and the brothers José Antonio and Juan Ignacio Molina, the famous naturalist and historian, also studied there.

There the future Abate Molina received his first lessons from these religious. As he was of a privileged intelligence, he could soon, at an early age, with the authorization of his teachers, also teach the first letters. He had a group of students among whom were Don Vicente de la Cruz y Bahamonde, his brothers Faustino, Jacinto, Juan Esteban, Juan Manuel, Ignacio, Anselmo de la Cruz y Bahamonde, Juan and Nicolás, Bernardo O'Higgins, Ignacio and Dionisio . Brisio de Opazo y Castro, Francisco Olivares y Rojas, Ramón Ramírez, Pedro Nolasco Vergara Albano, Juan Diego, Casimiro, Nicolás and Carlos Manuel Albano Cruz. All these young people received lessons, from the age of seven. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Kingdom and, therefore, from Talca, education was in charge of the Cabildo, which paid a master of first letters 150 pesos annually.

On April 8, 1793, this corporation agreed to lease a house for a seminar where to educate young people. This establishment had been running for years, since Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, who visited Talca in that year, says that in them, he taught the first letters and Latinity, where young people attend.

## Royal cedula of his majesty the king of Spain, who grants the title of the city

Don Carlos IV, on behalf of June 14, 1794, accompanied by a testimony, said that the president of the Royal Auxiliary of Chile, Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, so hereafter referred to the Villa of San Agustín de Talca mentioned above, can be called City, being placed in all the Letters, Provisions and Privileges issued by this king and by my successors. Given in Aranjuez on June 6, 1796. City title of the Villa of San Agustín de Talca in the district of the Kingdom of Chile.

Juan Manuel de la Cruz y Bahamonde were responsible for bringing and making known the Royal Decree of June 6, 1796, which states in their letter:

Lord eximio

> Don Juan Manuel de la Cruz, Captain of the Cavalry of the Prince's Regiment, with my greatest performance I suffer before V. Exelencia and I say: after many clean and expensive procedures to justify the state of the population, its quality, goods and other territorial proportions of the Villa of San Agustín de Talca, in an attempt to reach the Sovereign Thank you in Honorific Title of City, which my brothers and I desire for our country, we have deserved in summary, that the King Our Lord, may God keep, with dignity Send the Title of the City, corresponding to the Villa mentioned above, since it consists of your real identification date of Aranjuez on the sixth day of last June that you duly submitted: in whose attention to V. Excellence I ask and I pray that it has been Presented with dignity this Royal Decree, it is useful to send a reason, denounce it and comply accordingly, which is Justice.
>
> Juan Manuel de la Cruz
>
> Santiago, November 21, 1796
>
> View of the Fiscal Minister with the Royal Title presented

## InfoBox

| Founding of Talca San Agustín of Talca | |
| --- | --- |
| City and Commune | |
| Montage of San Agustín de Talca, capital city of Maule Region, Republic of Chile | |
| <br><br>Founding of TalcaLocation in Chile | |
| Coordinates: 35°26′0″S 71°40′0″W / 35.43333°S 71.66667°W / -35.43333; -71.66667 | |
| Region | Maule Region |
| Province | Talca Province |
| Area | |
| Total | 231.5 km<sup>2</sup> (89.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 102 m (335 ft) |
| Demonym | Talquino |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (CLT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−3 (CLST) |
| Postal code | 3460000 |
| Area code | 56 (country) + 71 (Talca Province) |
| Climate | Csb |


title: Mason–Tillett House

abstract: Mason–Tillett House, also known as Rock Hill, Mason's, Long's Farm, and Brunswick Plantation, is a historic plantation house at Valentines, Brunswick County, Virginia. Built about 1780, it is a T-shaped, two-story frame structure with a 1+1⁄2-story addition added about 1832. The front facade features a two-story pedimented porch. The interior features exceptional surviving grained and marbleized woodwork. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

text:
# Mason–Tillett House

**Mason–Tillett House**, also known as Rock Hill, Mason's, Long's Farm, and Brunswick Plantation, is a historic plantation house at Valentines, Brunswick County, Virginia. Built about 1780, it is a T-shaped, two-story frame structure with a 1+12-story addition added about 1832. The front facade features a two-story pedimented porch. The interior features exceptional surviving grained and marbleized woodwork. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mason–Tillett House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1050 Christanna Highway, Valentines, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°33′39″N 77°48′13″W / 36.56083°N 77.80361°W / 36.56083; -77.80361 |
| Area | 4.4 acres (1.8 ha) |
| Built | 1780 (1780) |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 03001443 |
| VLR No. | 012-0093 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | January 16, 2004 |
| Designated VLR | September 10, 2003 |


abstract: The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong is a 2019 non-fiction collection of essays about the Umbrella Movement, edited by Ngok Ma and Edmund W. Cheng and published by Amsterdam University Press. Ben Bland of The Lowy Institute stated that the book counters disinformation from the Chinese central government and pro-Beijing entities which govern Hong Kong. Bland also stated that the book explains why Hong Kong people participated in the movement.

text:
# The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong

***The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong*** is a 2019 non-fiction collection of essays about the Umbrella Movement, edited by Ngok Ma and Edmund W. Cheng and published by Amsterdam University Press.

Ben Bland of The Lowy Institute stated that the book counters disinformation from the Chinese central government and pro-Beijing entities which govern Hong Kong. Bland also stated that the book explains why Hong Kong people participated in the movement.

## Background

A total of 15 people wrote articles for this publication, with some being sole authors and others teaming with other authors, with the majority being located in Hong Kong. Field work was done by those located in Hong Kong.

## Contents

Part 1 describes how the movement was created. The history of political movements in favor of a democratic form of government in the territory are described in the initial chapter of the book. Part 2 includes information on what tactics were used in the movement. Part 3 describes the reactions taken by Hong Kong people and the Hong Kong government. Comparisons to other movements in Chinese speaking areas are in the final part.

## Reception

Bland stated that "is a valiant effort" to examine the protests, and that it is "a valuable addition to the literature." Bland argued that the authors of the essays should have added more exploration of how a Hong Kong identity was built.

Agnes S Ku of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology argued that the book reads with "considerable cohesion" despite having a diverse authorship and subject coverage.

Eva PW Hung of Hang Seng University of Hong Kong described it as a "must-read".

Lev Nachman of University of California, Irvine wrote that the authors of the work "accomplish the difficult task of" keeping focus on a single topic whilst taking many essays from different fields of study and "combining" them "in a comprehensive and meaningful way". He added that the essays were difficult to compare as they had so many disparate "approaches and topics" and that he wished the authors focused on their respective areas of education.

Stephan Ortmann of City University of Hong Kong stated the book was "highly recommended and should be essential reading for anyone interested in Hong Kong." He had some criticism of part 4.

* Bland, Ben (December 2020). "THE UMBRELLA MOVEMENT: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong. Global Asia". *Pacific Affairs*. **93** (4): 807–809.
* Hung, Eva PW (2020-10-10). "Book review: The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong". *China Information*. **34** (3): 436–. doi:10.1177/0920203X20953040f. S2CID 222278654.
* Ku, Agnes S (2021-01-01). "The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong, edited by Ngok Ma and Edmund W. Cheng. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. 355 pp. €105.00 (cloth)". *The China Journal*. **85**. Canberra, A.C.T.: 247–249. doi:10.1086/711549. S2CID 234276881.
* Nachman, Lev (2020). "The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong, by Ngok Ma and Edmund W. Cheng (eds.)". *Asian Journal of Social Science*. **48** (3/4): 406–408. doi:10.1163/15685314-04803014. S2CID 225249952.
* Ortmann, Stephan (March 2020). "The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong Ngok Ma and Edmund W. Cheng Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019 335 pp. €109.00 ISBN 978-94-6298-456-1". *The China Quarterly*. **241**. London: 268–270. doi:10.1017/S0305741020000077. S2CID 213317458.


title: The Umbrella Academy season 1

abstract: The first season of the superhero comedy drama television series The Umbrella Academy was released on Netflix on February 15, 2019 and consisted of 10 episodes. Created for television by Steve Blackman and developed Jeremy Slater, the series is an adaptation of the comic book series of the same name written by Gerard Way and illustrated by Gabriel Bá, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series. The first season adapts the first story arc of the comics, Apocalypse Suite, and revolves around the titular Academy reuniting after years apart to investigate the mystery of their father’s death and the threat of a looming apocalypse. The first season features Elliot Page, Tom Hopper, David Castañeda, Emmy Raver-Lampman, Robert Sheehan, Aidan Gallagher, Cameron Britton, Mary J. Blige, John Magaro, Adam Godley, Colm Feore as the main cast, while Sheila McCarthy, Justin H. Min, Jordan Claire Robbins, Kate Walsh, and Ashley Madekwe appear in recurring roles. This season received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike, with many praising its humor, character dynamics, Sheehan and Gallagher's performances, and use of licensed music.

text:
# The Umbrella Academy season 1

The first season of the superhero comedy drama television series *The Umbrella Academy* was released on Netflix on February 15, 2019 and consisted of 10 episodes. Created for television by Steve Blackman and developed Jeremy Slater, the series is an adaptation of the comic book series of the same name written by Gerard Way and illustrated by Gabriel Bá, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series. The first season adapts the first story arc of the comics, *Apocalypse Suite*, and revolves around the titular Academy (a group of adopted superhero siblings) reuniting after years apart to investigate the mystery of their father’s death and the threat of a looming apocalypse.

The first season features Elliot Page, Tom Hopper, David Castañeda, Emmy Raver-Lampman, Robert Sheehan, Aidan Gallagher, Cameron Britton, Mary J. Blige, John Magaro, Adam Godley, Colm Feore as the main cast, while Sheila McCarthy, Justin H. Min, Jordan Claire Robbins, Kate Walsh, and Ashley Madekwe appear in recurring roles. This season received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike, with many praising its humor, character dynamics, Sheehan and Gallagher's performances, and use of licensed music.

## Cast and characters

### Main

### Recurring

### Notable guests

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Teleplay by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "We Only See Each Other at Weddings and Funerals" | Peter Hoar | Jeremy Slater | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| In 1989, forty-three women simultaneously give birth, despite showing no prior signs of pregnancy. Seven of the children are found and adopted by eccentric billionaire Sir Reginald Hargreeves, who raises them as a superhero team. Hargreeves calls the children by number, one through seven, but Grace, their android mother, gives them names. Years later the surviving children are grown, and reluctantly reunite for Hargreeves' funeral. The monocle that he always wore is missing after his death, leading Luther (Number One) to suspect foul play. Number Five, who disappeared 17 years before, appears in a ball of blue energy, claiming to have returned from the future. He has his 13-year-old body but claims that he is fifty-eight years old. Tensions emerge among the siblings, and Diego (Number Two) gets into a fight with Luther that destroys a statue of their dead brother, Ben (Number Six). Later, Five is visiting a doughnut shop when several armed men enter and open fire. After killing the men, he removes a tracker embedded in his arm. It is revealed that Diego has the monocle and that Klaus (Number Four) can talk to Ben's ghost. Five warns his estranged sister Vanya (Number Seven) that the world will end in eight days. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Run Boy Run" | Andrew Bernstein | Steve Blackman | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| Vanya thinks Five's mind has been corrupted by time travel, and that the world will not really end. Agents Cha-Cha and Hazel arrive at a motel and begin to track their target. Luther learns that Diego had a boxing match at the time of their father's death, which rules him out as a suspect, and Vanya meets her latest violin student, Leonard. Partly assisted by Klaus, Number Five tries to find out the origin of a prosthetic eye he found in the future, knowing that its owner will soon destroy the world. The brothers learn, however, that the eye has yet to be manufactured in the present. Five visits a department store to see "Dolores", a store mannequin who was his companion for thirty years, and is attacked by Cha-Cha and Hazel. Diego's former friend, Detective Eudora Patch, investigates the deaths at the doughnut shop, but her only witness has already been interrogated by Diego. As Allison (Number Three) watches old surveillance videos of her childhood to cheer herself up, she finds a disturbing tape of her father. It is revealed that in the apocalyptic future, Five found his siblings dead and removes the prosthetic eye from Luther's clutch. | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Extra Ordinary" | Andrew Bernstein | Ben Nedivi & Matt Wolpert | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| After Allison shows Luther the videotape of what looks like Grace, the siblings' android "mother", serving poisoned tea to their father, the two ask their mother about the incident. The android claims to remember nothing about it, but the siblings suspect that she is hiding something. Vanya struggles with her violin skill and she and Leonard get to know each other better. Number Five starts an observation of the manufacturer of the prosthetic eye. Agnes, the waitress at the doughnut cafe, describes the umbrella tattoo of Number Five to Cha-Cha and Hazel, leading them to the Hargreeves's house. As Luther and Allison gather the rest of their siblings to watch the footage, Diego reveals he took the monocle from Grace after the funeral and threw it away. The siblings disagree on whether to turn off Grace or not. Cha-Cha and Hazel break into the Hargreeves's house and attack Luther, Diego, Allison, and Vanya, but flee and kidnap Klaus when the siblings fight back. Diego finally turns off Grace, as she is totally oblivious of the fight and shows other malfunctions. | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Man on the Moon" | Ellen Kuras | Lauren Schmidt Hissrich | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| Seven years ago, Hargreeves sends Luther on a mission that goes severely wrong. To save his life, Hargreeves injects Luther with a serum that also transforms his body into that of an ape. In the present, Allison and Luther find the deactivated Grace and assume the hit-men shut her off. Leonard and Vanya bond and agree to go to dinner. Meanwhile, Cha-Cha and Hazel torture Klaus to get information about Five. When they begin to destroy Klaus's drugs, he gives up information, and after sobering up, he begins to see their dead victims. Five threatens the man from Meritech to get more information about the prosthetic eye. Cha-Cha and Hazel, now aware of Five's investigation, go to the lab and set it aflame. Diego and Luther find Five passed out drunk. Patch goes to the motel to search for the two hit-men and frees Klaus but gets killed by Cha-Cha. Klaus escapes through the vents with the briefcase. As he opens the briefcase, he time travels. | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "Number Five" | Ellen Kuras | Bob DeLaurentis | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| A flashback shows Number Five's life in the apocalyptic future. He is eventually approached by the Handler, representing an organization called the Commission. She offers him a job. He works some time for them by killing people throughout history until he finds a way to return to the present day. Allison suspects that Leonard is hiding something and makes inquiries, but Vanya dismisses her concerns and becomes angry with her. Vanya stops taking her pills. When she auditions for the first chair in her orchestra, she gets it, but at the same time, a mysterious power within her appears. Klaus destroys the briefcase after returning from his time travel. He fought in the Vietnam War, lost someone close to him, and is heavily traumatized. Luther and Number Five trick the hit-men into setting up a meeting with the Handler in exchange for a different briefcase. She offers Number Five a new job, which he accepts under the condition that his family survives. Vanya gets first chair and tells Leonard. Unbeknownst to her, he killed the former first chair violinist. Pogo reactivates Grace and asks her to keep a secret from the kids. | | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "The Day That Wasn't" | Stephen Surjik | Sneha Koorse | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| Klaus's time jump lands him in the Vietnam War, where he falls in love with a soldier named Dave. Cha-Cha is sent orders to terminate Hazel, and the Handler takes Five to the Commission's headquarters. Luther informs the Academy about the impending apocalypse but fails to inspire the group to fight. Vanya is angry at being excluded - she unknowingly causes a rainstorm and bends several streetlamps with her emerging powers. Klaus asks Diego to help him sober up, hoping to see Dave's ghost before the world ends. Luther feels betrayed when he discovers his Moon research was pointless. Diego is shocked to discover that Grace has been reactivated. Luther and Allison confess their romantic feelings. Five intercepts orders to protect a man named Harold Jenkins and sends orders to Cha-Cha and Hazel, telling each to kill the other. Vanya discovers her father's notebook at Leonard's house, reads it, and learns her father knew about her powers and suppressed them. Five steals a time-traveling briefcase and flees the Commission. He arrives at the beginning of the episode, altering the timeline, and rallies his siblings to stop the apocalypse. | | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "The Day That Was" | Stephen Surjik | Ben Nedivi & Matt Wolpert | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| In 1989, Harold Jenkins is born from a normal pregnancy although his mother dies in labor. Harold idolizes the Umbrella Academy and believes he is like them; Reginald rejects Harold, telling him there is nothing special about him. Harold murders his abusive and alcoholic father and is sentenced to 12 years in prison. Five reveals they must locate Harold and stop him from causing the apocalypse. Diego learns that he is the prime suspect for Detective Patch's murder and Allison recognizes Harold as Leonard from a police file. Diego, Allison, and Five break into Leonard's house, discovering destroyed Umbrella Academy memorabilia, but their hunt is cut short after Five passes out from a shrapnel wound. Luther becomes depressed upon learning the truth behind his mission to the Moon. He goes to a rave where he gets intoxicated. Klaus follows him and is knocked unconscious in a fight. He sees Reginald, who tells him that Klaus has not fully seen the potential of his powers, and that he orchestrated his own death in order to bring the six children together. Hazel receives orders to kill Cha-Cha but instead incapacitates her. Leonard and Vanya are harassed by a trio of thugs. They beat up Leonard, causing Vanya's powers to burst, killing two of them. Leonard recovers in the hospital, having lost his right eye in the event, while Allison goes looking for Vanya, and Diego is arrested. | | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "I Heard a Rumor" | Jeremy Webb | Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Sneha Koorse | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| Unable to find Vanya, Allison accompanies a police officer investigating the attack on Leonard and Vanya under the guise that she is researching an acting role. As Leonard and Vanya leave the hospital, they learn that the third assailant survived. Allison and the officer question the assailant and learn that Leonard paid the thugs to attack him. Detective Beaman helps Diego break out of prison. Hazel runs away with Agnes, going on the trip she had always planned. Upon arriving at their first stop, he leaves her to take care of an issue but promises to return. Cha-Cha goes to Agnes' donut shop and discovers where they are heading. Leonard and Vanya go to the woods to train Vanya to develop her abilities, which grow stronger as she flashes back to her childhood training with Reginald. Reginald feared her powers were too great, so he isolated her and began medicating her to stabilize her emotions. Allison finally finds Vanya at the cabin and confesses that Reginald asked her to use her powers to convince Vanya she was ordinary. Vanya lashes out with her violin bow, slicing Allison's throat with her power. Leonard takes Vanya away and they leave Allison unconscious and bleeding. | | | | | | |
| 9 | 9 | "Changes" | Jeremy Webb | Bob DeLaurentis & Eric W. Phillips | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| A young Vanya uses her powers to attack several nannies before Reginald ultimately builds Grace. Leonard takes Vanya back to his home, where she is riddled with guilt. Allison is rescued by her brothers and survives. However, she is unable to speak. Klaus tries to get high again, prompting Ben to punch Klaus in the face and revealing that Ben was able to make physical contact thanks to Klaus' powers. At Leonard's, Vanya discovers Reginald's diary. Realizing Leonard's manipulation, she kills him in a fit of rage. His body is discovered by Vanya's siblings and Five matches the glass eye to Leonard. Hazel arrives at the Umbrella Academy to volunteer to help stop the apocalypse but learns from Five that with Jenkins dead, it is done. Hazel reveals Cha-Cha to be Patch's killer and leaves their guns to help exonerate Diego. Hazel returns to Agnes, only to find Cha-Cha has taken her hostage. Their fight is interrupted by the Handler. Allison awakes and reveals that Vanya has powers. Vanya returns to the house and Luther incapacitates her before locking her in an isolation chamber. The others protest but Luther refuses to release her. Heartbroken and furious, Vanya gives in to her dark powers and breaks out. | | | | | | |
| 10 | 10 | "The White Violin" | Peter Hoar | Steve Blackman | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| The opening sequence establishes “Reggie”'s origin on another planet. In the present, Vanya destroys the mansion, killing Pogo after he admits to knowing the truth about her. Ben manifests physically, saving Diego from falling debris. Grace is destroyed when the building collapses. Five realizes that Vanya is the Apocalypse; the siblings regroup at a bowling alley. The Handler orders Hazel and Cha-Cha to protect Vanya, promising Hazel a life with Agnes. Realizing it's a lie, he incapacitates Cha-Cha, shoots the Handler and embraces Agnes. Luther calls Claire for Allison, who cannot talk, speaking words of love to Allison. Commission troops attack the bowling alley and follow the siblings to the Icarus Theatre, where Vanya's concert is underway. The siblings have failed to stop her. Ben manifests through Klaus and defeats the gunmen, but Vanya traps the brothers in her energy. Allison breaks her concentration with the sound of a gunshot. Vanya's accumulated energy is redirected out into space, shattering the moon and causing the Apocalypse. Five suggests that they all travel back in time and try again, this time “fixing” Vanya. As the world is consumed, Hazel and Agnes—and the Umbrella Academy—escape into the past, while the world burns. | | | | | | |

## Production

### Development

A film version of the comic book series *The Umbrella Academy* was optioned by Universal Studios. Originally, screenwriter Mark Bomback was hired to write the screenplay; Rawson Marshall Thurber reportedly replaced him in 2010. There had been little talk of the film from that time. In an interview with Newsarama at the 2012 New York Comic Con, Way mentioned that there have been "good talks" and a "really good script", but that it was "kind of up to the universe".

On July 7, 2015, it was announced that *The Umbrella Academy* would be developed into a television series, rather than an original film, produced by Universal Cable Productions. On July 11, 2017, it was officially announced that Netflix had greenlit a live-action series adaptation of *The Umbrella Academy* premiering in 2019, with Way and Bá acting as executive producers. Jeremy Slater wrote the script for the pilot episode, and Steve Blackman serves as showrunner. The first season of *The Umbrella Academy* was released on Netflix on February 15, 2019.

### Casting

On November 9, 2017, Netflix confirmed that Elliot Page had joined the cast and that he would play Vanya Hargreeves, also known as the White Violin. On November 30, 2017, it was revealed that Tom Hopper, David Castañeda, Emmy Raver-Lampman, Robert Sheehan and Aidan Gallagher had joined the cast as the rest of the Hargreeves siblings. On February 12, 2018, Netflix announced that Academy Award nominee Mary J. Blige would appear in the series as the sadistic time-travel assassin Cha-Cha. Colm Feore joined the cast as Sir Reginald Hargreeves, the adoptive father of the siblings, on February 16, 2018, alongside Cameron Britton, Adam Godley and Ashley Madekwe. On February 28, 2018, it was announced that John Magaro has been cast as a series regular character.

### Filming

Principal photography for the first season began on January 15, 2018, in Toronto. Gerard Way posted on his Instagram account an illustration by Fabio Moon of the cast and crew doing the first table read of the script in Toronto. He also revealed a picture of the first day on the set. Additional filming took place in Hamilton, Ontario.

For the theatre where Vanya performed with her violin, the crew used the Elgin Theatre, alongside the Winter Garden Theatre. Mazzoleni Concert Hall was used to represent the theatre's exterior. The exterior of the mansion was filmed at a building in Hamilton, while the interiors were filmed in studio. The Joey & Toby Tanenbaum Opera Centre was filmed for an outside scene and LIUNA Station was used for a bank robbery scene. A laboratory at the University of Toronto was filmed to represent the Meritech Prosthetics building. The filming concluded on July 18, 2018.

### Visual effects

Visual effects for the series are handled by SpinVFX, Weta Digital, Folks VFX, Soho VFX, Pixomondo, Deluxe VFX, Digital Film Tree, BOT VFX, Studio 8, Exceptional Minds and MARZ

VFX supervisor Everet Burrell confirmed that he used traditional art techniques for early concept art and referenced great actors with iconic faces. Burrell called Weta Digital, who previously worked for the rebooted *Planet of the Apes* series, to develop the visual effects for the character of Pogo. Ken Hall provided the motion capture for Pogo using a gray suit to later make additions to his captures to create the CGI of the chimpanzee, with Adam Godley making the facial expressions and voice acting of the character.

SpinVFX confirmed that they delivered at least 563 shots for the series. To make the effects of the show, the team required a series of complex effect simulations, creature development, and massive destructions.

For the effects of Number Five jumping through time and space, Burrell wanted to make the effects look organic, and liquidy, representing how much time and the world bends around him when he jumps, and how quick it should be. For these effects, he used more than 30 frames in the first episodes, however with the progress of the series, this reduced to only 10 frames. To that footage, the team iterated on several kinds of spatial jump effects, all the way from heavy distortion to subtler images. The visual effects team started with some R&D tests. At the end, the final effect, called the "jelly vision", was used to make the series, with Burrell expressing: "as if you're pushing your hand through a jelly membrane, just for a few seconds, and then it pops. It's really, really subtle, but you get a little bit of texture, you get a little bit of striations, almost like the universe is bending as he does his spatial jumps."

In an interview with Burrell he confirmed that to develop the sequences where time is frozen, they took several background shots on location before returning to their stage to shoot the dialogue between Five and The Handler in front of a green screen. They called this effect "Three-Strip" in honor of the Technicolor process used in the 1930s.

### Music

The show’s score album, composed by Jeff Russo, was released on February 15, 2019, consecutively with the first season’s release. During an interview he revealed that the crew needed to use a subtle hand with the score and that he wanted the score to be thematic, by not trying to push too much on the weird and too much on the horrific aspect of the show and the story.

All music is composed by Jeff Russo except where noted

*The Umbrella Academy (Original Series Soundtrack)*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Russia 1989" | 1:22 |
| 2. | "Sudden Birth" | 1:36 |
| 3. | "Hazel and Cha Cha" | 1:38 |
| 4. | "The Umbrella Academy" | 5:17 |
| 5. | "Homecoming" | 1:50 |
| 6. | "Klaus" | 2:21 |
| 7. | "Hazel and Agnes" | 2:01 |
| 8. | "Goodbye Dolores" | 1:46 |
| 9. | "The Day That Wasn't" | 3:23 |
| 10. | "Vanya Locked Up" | 6:10 |
| 11. | "Vanya Orchestra" | 1:48 |
| 12. | "Vanya Orchestra" | 1:12 |
| 13. | "Apocalypse" | 6:27 |
| 14. | "Dancing" | 2:40 |
| 15. | "Vanya" | 3:11 |

*The Umbrella Academy (Original Series Soundtrack) \[Deluxe Edition\]*
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Stormy Weather" | Emmy Raver-Lampman | 3:24 |
| 17. | "Stay with Me" | Mary J. Blige | 3:26 |

## Reception

### Audience viewership

On April 16, 2019, Netflix announced that the series had been streamed by over 45 million viewers on its service within its first month of release, with people at least having watched 70% percent of one episode of the series. It was the third most popular TV series on Netflix in 2019, falling behind *The Witcher* and the third season of *Stranger Things*.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 77% of 94 critic reviews are positive for the first season, with an average rating of 7.2/10. Critics' consensus on the website reads, "*The Umbrella Academy* unfurls an imaginative yarn with furtive emotion and an exceptionally compelling ensemble, but the series' dour sensibility often clashes with its splashy genre trappings." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 61 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Merrill Barr from *Forbes* praised the series, and wrote, "If you're looking for a pulpy show with lots of action, melodramatic plotting and eccentric characters then *The Umbrella Academy* is your ticket." Lorraine Ali from *Los Angeles Times* in a positive review wrote, "*The Umbrella Academy* stands out among the countless other superhero series splashed across billboards and your viewing queues." Catherine Gee from the *Daily Telegraph* gave the series a positive response and commented, "If it does return for a second run, it would be nice to see some more genuinely fresh ideas - without the over-reliance on tried, tested and tired tropes from years past." Adam Graham from *The Detroit News* commented the series is a worthy enrollment, praising the series for its themes about a dysfunctional family and the characters. Kambole Campbell from *Little White Lies* considered the series as something to enjoy with a plenty of surprises for someone who has not read the comics, and praised the way that the series interpreted the abusive parental childhood relationship and how at the end this affects the children in their adulthood.

Some critics pointed out similarities between *The Umbrella Academy*, DC Universe's *Doom Patrol* and Marvel Comics's *X-Men* series, both positively and negatively.

Some Jewish writers have criticized *The Umbrella Academy* for its portrayal of the Handler. In particular, her use of a Yiddish idiom and her membership in a secret society that discreetly causes catastrophic events were together perceived as an antisemitic stereotype of Jewish people secretly and malevolently controlling world events. Amanda Bowman, Vice President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, wrote that "The use of a Yiddish saying by the evil boss of an organisation which controls the world's timeline is clearly an anti-Semitic trope."

### Accolades

| Year | Association | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress | Elliot Page | Nominated |  |
| | Saturn Awards | Best Streaming Superhero Television Series | *The Umbrella Academy* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Presentation | Elliot Page | Nominated | |
| | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program (One Hour or More) | Mark Worthington, Mark Steel & Jim Lambie (for "We Only See Each Other at Weddings and Funerals") | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Special Visual Effects | Everett Burrell, Chris White, Jeff Campbell, Sebastien Bergeron, Sean Schur, Steve Dellerson, Libby Hazell, Carrie Richardson & Misato Shinohara (for "The White Violin") | Nominated | |
| | People's Choice Awards | The Bingeworthy Show of 2019 | *The Umbrella Academy* | Nominated |  |
| | The Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show of 2019 | | Nominated | |
| | MTV Movie & TV Awards | | Best Musical Moment | Nominated |  |
| 2020 | Visual Effects Society Awards | Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real-Time Project | Aidan Martin, Craig Young, Olivier Beierlein & Laurent Herveic (for "Pilot; Pogo") | Nominated |  |
| | Casting Society of America | Television Pilot & First Season – Drama | Junie Lowry Johnson, Libby Goldstein, April Webster, Robin D. Cook, Samantha Garrabrant, Josh Ropiequet & Jonathan Oliveira | Nominated |  |
| | Art Directors Guild Awards | One-Hour Contemporary Single-Camera Series | Mark Worthington (for "We Only See Each Other at Weddings and Funerals") | Won |  |

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45. Gee, Catherine (February 15, 2019). "The Umbrella Academy, review: a stylish superhero story that struggles to rise above the clichés". *The Telegraph*. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
46. Graham, Adam. "Review: Angsty superheroes reign in 'Umbrella Academy'". *The Detroit News*. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
47. "Netflix brings an appropriately weird adaptation of The Umbrella Academy to life". *Little White Lies*. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
48. "*Umbrella Academy*, *Doom Patrol*, and the *X-Men* are similar for a good reason". *polygon.com*. Polygon. February 18, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
49. "Netflix's *The Umbrella Academy* feels like a bleak X-Men story". *theverge.com*. The Verge. February 7, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
50. Ellis, Emma Grey. "Netflix's Umbrella Academy Is Your New X-Men—Ugh". *Wired*. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
51. "Netflix's *The Umbrella Academy* a Not-So-Super Fusion of X-Men and Watchmen". *rogerebert.com*. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
52. Corinne Engber. "Why Anti-Semitism in Media Just Won't Go Away". *jewishboston.com*. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
53. "Jewish group pans new Netflix show over Yiddish-speaking villain". *The Times of Israel*. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
54. Moreau, Jordan (June 19, 2019). "'Avengers: Endgame,' 'Riverdale,' 'Aladdin' Top 2019 Teen Choice Award Nominations". *Variety*. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
55. Mancuso, Vinnie (July 16, 2019). "'Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations". *Collider*. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
56. "The Umbrella Academy Awards & Nominations". *Collider*. July 18, 2019. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
57. "2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees". *EOnline*. September 4, 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
58. Tilchen, Jordyn. "From Riverdale To Captain Marvel, Here's How To Vote For Best Musical Moment Of 2019". *MTV News*. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
59. Hipes, Patrick (January 7, 2020). "VES Awards Nominations: 'The Lion King', 'Alita: Battle Angel', 'The Mandalorian' & 'GoT' Top List". *Deadline*. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
60. Lewis, Hillary (September 24, 2019). "Artios Awards: 'Succession,' 'Pose,' 'Dead to Me' Among Casting Society TV, Theater Nominees". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
61. Giardina, Carolyn (February 1, 2019). "'Parasite,' 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Win Art Directors Guild Awards". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.

## InfoBox

| *The Umbrella Academy* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 | |
| Promotional poster | |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Netflix |
| Original release | February 15, 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: The Yes/No People

abstract: Yes/No People were a British band which recorded on London Records, and which featured Luke Cresswell and Steve McNicholas, and now are best known for their dance theatre performance pieces called Stomp.

text:
# The Yes/No People

**Yes/No People** were a British band which recorded on London Records, and which featured Luke Cresswell and Steve McNicholas, and now are best known for their dance theatre performance pieces called *Stomp*.

## Pookiesnackenburger

Yes/No People grew out of another act named **Pookiesnackenburger**, that was formed in Brighton in the early 1980s, and which was named after a character on a compilation album of 1960s American radio recordings. The band released a number of albums that were a mixture of rhythm and blues and comedy, contributed material to the Channel 4 show *Alter Image*, and had an eponymous 1985 Channel 4 television series. Other band members included Sue Bradley, also of the Reward System and the New Objekts.

Pookiesnackenburger were also responsible for the Heineken Pilsener "Bins" commercial, which would be further developed into climactic dustbin dance in the Stomp shows.

Pookiesnackenburger used to open for the band Madness in the 1980s at the Dominion Theatre in London.

## Early career of Yes/No People

In 1986 Yes/No People signed to London Records, and started work on their debut album. A Yes/No People performance can be seen in the Bette Midler HBO special *Mondo Beyondo*.

On 9 September 1986 the band appeared at the Limelight, London.

On 28 March 1987 the band appeared in an episode of Saturday Live aired on Channel 4, in which they performed the track 'Some Things Are True'.

A track from the band appeared on the London Records sampler *Giant in September 1987*, along with tracks by other bands such as Hothouse Flowers and Voice Of The Beehive. In 1987 the band's debut single "Mr Johnson" was released. The single failed to reach the UK Singles Chart, however and, apart from the theme tune to Channel 4's *Wired*, no further music was heard from the band in the 1980s.

At this point, with the traditional band set-up failing to make much headway in the charts, Yes/No People moved into other areas and decided to go back to the musical theatre idea of Pookiesnackenburger.

## *Stomp*

In 1991 the ITV Children's show presented by Andrea Arnold, called *A Beetle Called Derek* appeared and included a number of percussive video shorts by Yes/No People. It was from these parts that "Stomp" was developed as a full-length theatre show. Stomp had a large and varying line-up centred on Cresswell and McNicholas, appearing first at the Edinburgh Fringe, Royal Court Theatre, and for several years on international tour.

In 1994 they recorded the theme tune for the children's television programme *Blue Peter*, which was used from September 1994 until August 1999.


title: The Yes-Men

abstract: The Yes-Men were a high energy rock band from Melbourne Australia formed by Sean Greenway in 1995. Musically the band played a powerful Australian style of rock’n’roll, very close to the pulse of Radio Birdman and Sonic's Rendezvous Band but with a harder edge and more full-on production. Sean Greenway died unexpectedly in January 2001 and with his passing The Yes-Men ceased to exist.

text:
# The Yes-Men

**The Yes-Men** were a high energy rock band from Melbourne Australia formed by Sean Greenway in 1995. Musically the band played a powerful Australian style of rock’n’roll, very close to the pulse of Radio Birdman and Sonic's Rendezvous Band but with a harder edge and more full-on production. Sean Greenway died unexpectedly in January 2001 and with his passing The Yes-Men ceased to exist.

## Background

Greenway was pretty much a mainstay of the burgeoning Melbourne underground rock scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He started his career as a teenager in Foot and Mouth and then formed God with whom he had much success. *God* (often stylized as **GOD**) was a rock 'n' roll band from Melbourne, together from 1986 to 1989 and comprising Joel Silbersher, Tim Hemensley, Sean Greenway and Matthew Whittle. All members were 15-16 at the time of the band's formation. Prior to God's formation, Hemensley had been a member of Royal Flush (with Roman Tucker, later of Rocket Science), Greenway and Whittle were members of Foot and Mouth, and Silbersher had his own radio show on 3RRR.

The debut 7" single *My Pal* by God from 1987 is their best known track. It got very favourable reviews and sold in the thousands (which was a lot then for an independent band). It became an independent classic and cover versions have been recorded by several bands, including Magic Dirt, The Hollowmen, Bored!, A Death In The Family and Bum (from Canada).

Following God, Greenway formed the Freeloaders with ex-members of the peripatetic The Philisteins. This lineup of the Freeloaders released a couple of singles through Dog Meat Records before Greenway left in 1995 and began a new project he would eventually call The Yes-Men.

## History

Greenway wrote most of the first Yes-Men songs and began recording these songs prior to even having a band to perform them. He recruited Sydney based musician Stewart Leadfinger Cunningham as lead guitarist and began rehearsing and arranging the songs with him during visits to Sydney and when Cunningham was in Melbourne (Cunningham was then playing in Asteroid B-612 and Brother Brick and would visit Melbourne every 6 weeks to play gigs). The first recording sessions for The Yes-Men involved Greenway and long time friend Matthew Whittle(ex-God) laying down bass, guitar and drum tracks at Birdland Studios in Prahran whilst Cunningham would lay down his parts when he was in Melbourne. These earlier recordings would eventually surface on the 2005 posthumous self-titled album 'The Yes-Men' (aka El Peligro Ha Comenzado).

Eventually Mark Hurst (ex- Guttersnipes) was recruited as permanent drummer and Tas Blizzard (Seaweed Gorillas. The Meanies) became the band's first genuine bass player. The addition of these two seasoned musicians solidified the band into a genuine and powerful live band for the first time. This line up recorded the bulk of the Prosody album in fits and spurts through 1997 and 1998 at Birdland studios. Due to the other commitments of the band's members and the fact that Cunningham was based in Sydney the band played live sporadically but managed three trips to Sydney/NSW and regular spots with the Powder Monkeys(who were very generous in their support of the band). The Yes-Men supported The Hellacopters at The Tote Hotel in 1999 with singer Nicke Royale becoming a big fan of The Yes-Men's music. This support led to The Yes-Men's first album Prosody being released in Europe through The Hellacopters White Jazz record label. It is probably fair to say that The Yes-Men are more widely known and loved among European rock fans than in their home country because of this European release and The Hellacopters support.

In late 1998 Jay Curley (ex-The Proton Energy Pills, Tumbleweed) replaced Tas Blizzard on bass and the final tracks (Fawlty Rocks, Fratricide, I Won't Run and Casting Stones) were recorded. The album, titled Prosody was finally finished after almost 4 years of lead up work and sporadic recording. Greenway agreed to have Melbourne record label Stolen Records release the album in Australia on vinyl and CD. White Jazz Records in Sweden would release the album in Europe with the band slated to support the Hellacopters on a Euro tour down the track. The album Prosody was and still is critically acclaimed but fate would step in to thwart the band moving further forward in two ways. The White Jazz label got into legal difficulties and failed to fully support and promote the album. Then on 21 January 2001, the band's leader and founder Sean Greenway died from an accidental heroin dose. It was mocking destiny. Shortly before, the band had begun to collect their first international appreciation thanks to an album, "Prosody" that showed their great skills in writing rough and soulful songs and then it was all over.

A memorial gig was organised for 4 February at the Tote Hotel in Melbourne and the following bands played...The Mystaken, Joel Silbersher and Charlie Owen, The Onyas, The Seminal Rats, The Powder Monkeys, Rocket Science, The Casanovas and The Yes Men with Simon Faulkner of Splatterheads on vocals and Matthew Whittle on guitar. The proceeds of the memorial gig were used to finish off some leftover recordings and eventually a second posthumous album of material was released in 2005 as El Peligro Ha Comenzado on vinyl through Bang! Records and as a self-titled CD album through Butcher's Hook Records.

In 2013 Bang! Records re-issued the now very sought after Prosody album.

## Personnel

Sean Greenway - Vocals/Guitar

Stewart ‘Leadfinger’ Cunningham - Guitar/Backing Vocals

Mark Hurst - Drums

Tasman Blizzard \- Bass Guitar (1995-1988)

Jay Curley \- Bass Guitar (1998-2000)

Matthew Whittle - Drums/Bass (filled in at various gigs and recording sessions during the band's existence)

## Discography

*Compilations*

* Anglo Girl Desire, Flattery Radio Birdman Tribute Vol 2, 2000 Get Hip Records

Songs originally written and recorded by The Yes-Men have been covered by Swedish band The Hellacopters who included a version of Acid Reign as part of the digital only version of their last album Head off in 2008. Australian band Leadfinger recorded Swept Back (By the Tide) in 2008 and Leaving was included on their 2011 album, We Make the Music.

### General

* McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". *Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2013. Note: Archived \[on-line\] copy has limited functionality.

### Specific

* *Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977-1991*, Clinton Walker, Pan MacMillan, 1996, ISBN 0-7329-0883-3.

## InfoBox

| The Yes-Men | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Melbourne, Australia |
| Genres | Rock, Detroit, punk rock |
| Years active | 1996–2000 |
| Labels | Stolen Records Bang! Records White Jazz |
|  | |
| Members |  |


abstract: Fort Russell Township is located in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 9,146 and it contained 3,903 housing units. With Moro, Meadowbrook, and Holiday Shores being notable communities within the Township.

text:
# Fort Russell Township, Madison County, Illinois

**Fort Russell Township** is located in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 9,146 and it contained 3,903 housing units. With Moro, Meadowbrook, and Holiday Shores being notable communities within the Township.

## History

Fort Russell Township takes its name from Fort Russell (est. 1812), which was named for Col. William Russell.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 37.16 square miles (96.2 km2), of which 36.69 square miles (95.0 km2) (or 98.74%) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.2 km2) (or 1.26%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 (est.) | 9,025 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
3. Norton, William T. (1912). *Centennial History of Madison County, Illinois, and Its People, 1812 to 1912*. The Lewis Publishing Co. pp. 507.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Fort Russell Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Location of Illinois in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 38°52′33″N 89°59′22″W / 38.87583°N 89.98944°W / 38.87583; -89.98944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Madison |
| Settled | November 2, 1875 |
| Area | |
| Total | 37.16 sq mi (96.2 km2) |
| Land | 36.69 sq mi (95.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.47 sq mi (1.2 km2) |
| Elevation | 492 ft (150 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Estimate (2016) | 9,025 |
| Density | 249.3/sq mi (96.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 17-119-27130 |


title: Four-acceleration

abstract: In the theory of relativity, four-acceleration is a four-vector that is analogous to classical acceleration. Four-acceleration has applications in areas such as the annihilation of antiprotons, resonance of strange particles and radiation of an accelerated charge.

text:
# Four-acceleration

In the theory of relativity, **four-acceleration** is a four-vector (vector in four-dimensional spacetime) that is analogous to classical acceleration (a three-dimensional vector, see three-acceleration in special relativity). Four-acceleration has applications in areas such as the annihilation of antiprotons, resonance of strange particles and radiation of an accelerated charge.

## Four-acceleration in inertial coordinates

In inertial coordinates in special relativity, four-acceleration $\mathbf {A} $ is defined as the rate of change in four-velocity $\mathbf {U} $ with respect to the particle's proper time along its worldline. We can say: $\begin{aligned}\mathbf {A} ={\frac {d\mathbf {U} }{d\tau }&=\left(\gamma \_{u}{\dot {\gamma }\_{u}c,\\,\gamma \_{u}^{2}\mathbf {a} +\gamma \_{u}{\dot {\gamma }\_{u}\mathbf {u} \right)\\\&=\left(\gamma \_{u}^{4}{\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {u} }{c},\\,\gamma \_{u}^{2}\mathbf {a} +\gamma \_{u}^{4}{\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {u} }{c^{2}\mathbf {u} \right)\\\&=\left(\gamma \_{u}^{4}{\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {u} }{c},\\,\gamma \_{u}^{4}\left(\mathbf {a} +{\frac {\mathbf {u} \times \left(\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {a} \right)}{c^{2}\right)\right),\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}$ where

* $\mathbf {a} ={\frac {d\mathbf {u} }{dt}}$ , with $\mathbf {a} $ the three-acceleration and $\mathbf {u} $ the three-velocity, and
* $\dot {\gamma }\_{u}={\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {u} }{c^{2}\gamma \_{u}^{3}={\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {u} }{c^{2}{\frac {1}{\left(1-{\frac {u^{2}{c^{2}\right)^{3/2},}}}}}}}}}$ and
* $\gamma \_{u}$ is the Lorentz factor for the speed $u$ (with $|\mathbf {u} |=u$). A dot above a variable indicates a derivative with respect to the coordinate time in a given reference frame, not the proper time $\tau $ (in other terms, $\textstyle {\dot {\gamma }\_{u}={\frac {d\gamma \_{u}{dt}}}}$).

In an instantaneously co-moving inertial reference frame $\mathbf {u} =0$, $\gamma \_{u}=1$ and $\dot {\gamma }\_{u}=0$, i.e. in such a reference frame $\mathbf {A} =\left(0,\mathbf {a} \right).$

Geometrically, four-acceleration is a curvature vector of a worldline.

Therefore, the magnitude of the four-acceleration (which is an invariant scalar) is equal to the proper acceleration that a moving particle "feels" moving along a worldline. A worldline having constant four-acceleration is a Minkowski-circle i.e. hyperbola (see *hyperbolic motion*)

The scalar product of a particle's four-velocity and its four-acceleration is always 0.

Even at relativistic speeds four-acceleration is related to the four-force: $F^{\mu }=mA^{\mu },$ where m is the invariant mass of a particle.

When the four-force is zero, only gravitation affects the trajectory of a particle, and the four-vector equivalent of Newton's second law above reduces to the geodesic equation. The four-acceleration of a particle executing geodesic motion is zero. This corresponds to gravity not being a force. Four-acceleration is different from what we understand by acceleration as defined in Newtonian physics, where gravity is treated as a force.

## Four-acceleration in non-inertial coordinates

In non-inertial coordinates, which include accelerated coordinates in special relativity and all coordinates in general relativity, the acceleration four-vector is related to the four-velocity through an absolute derivative with respect to proper time.

$A^{\lambda }:={\frac {DU^{\lambda }{d\tau }={\frac {dU^{\lambda }{d\tau }+\Gamma ^{\lambda }{}\_{\mu \nu }U^{\mu }U^{\nu }}}}}$

In inertial coordinates the Christoffel symbols $\Gamma ^{\lambda }{}\_{\mu \nu }$ are all zero, so this formula is compatible with the formula given earlier.

In special relativity the coordinates are those of a rectilinear inertial frame, so the Christoffel symbols term vanishes, but sometimes when authors use curved coordinates in order to describe an accelerated frame, the frame of reference isn't inertial, they will still describe the physics as special relativistic because the metric is just a frame transformation of the Minkowski space metric. In that case this is the expression that must be used because the Christoffel symbols are no longer all zero.


title: Themba Mthembu

abstract: Richard Themba Mthembu is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature from 2009 until 2024. He was formerly KwaZulu-Natal's Member of the Executive Council for Agriculture and Rural Development from June 2016 to May 2019. He has also served as Provincial Secretary of the South African Communist Party in KwaZulu-Natal since 2002.

text:
# Themba Mthembu

**Richard Themba Mthembu** (born 1958) is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature from 2009 until 2024. He was formerly KwaZulu-Natal's Member of the Executive Council for Agriculture and Rural Development from June 2016 to May 2019. He has also served as Provincial Secretary of the South African Communist Party in KwaZulu-Natal since 2002.

## Early life and career

Mthembu was born in 1958 in Inanda in present-day KwaZulu-Natal (then Natal province). His mother was a domestic worker and his father was a dock worker. He went to school in KwaMashu and then qualified as a chemical engineering technician at the Mangosuthu University of Technology; while a student, he was active in anti-apartheid youth politics. He became active in the trade union movement through the National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union, which he joined while working in the private sector as an engineering technician. He also became active in the African National Congress (ANC) after it was unbanned in 1990.

## Political career

In 2002, Mthembu was elected Provincial Secretary of the KwaZulu-Natal branch of the South African Communist Party (SACP), the ANC's close ally. Pursuant to the 2009 general election, he was elected to an ANC seat in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature, ranked 33rd on the ANC's provincial party list. He left his private-sector job to take up the seat, which he held in parallel with his SACP office. In the 2014 general election, he was re-elected to his legislative seat, ranked 32nd on the ANC's party list. Over the next two years, he was highly critical of the KwaZulu-Natal ANC, particularly in connection with an ongoing campaign to unseat Senzo Mchunu as Premier of KwaZulu-Natal.

### Executive Council: 2016–2019

When Mchunu was finally removed as Premier in May 2016, he was replaced by Willies Mchunu, who, shortly after taking office, announced a cabinet reshuffle in which Mthembu was appointed to the KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council as Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Agriculture and Rural Development. Although Mthembu's appointment was viewed as an attempt to appease the SACP, the SACP was critical of the move, saying that it had not been consulted before the reshuffle was announced. Mthembu asked to be given 24 hours to consider the promotion, but ultimately, with the SACP's endorsement, accepted; he was sworn in as MEC on 8 June 2016, a day after the other new MECs.

While Mthembu was serving as MEC, his ongoing support for Jacob Zuma, the incumbent President of South Africa, became a source of political tension, especially as the SACP grew increasingly critical of Zuma. In May 2018, Mthembu caused controversy by inviting Zuma to be his special guest during his budget vote speech in the provincial legislature; opposition legislators staged a walkout in protest of Zuma's presence. Mthembu's closeness with Zuma reportedly strained his relationship with Blade Nzimande, the incumbent national General Secretary of the SACP and formerly a key ally of Mthembu's; Nzimande had been fired from Zuma's cabinet in late 2017. It was also reported that Mthembu was likely to face a serious challenge to his incumbency as SACP Provincial Secretary. However, when the SACP's next provincial elective conference was held in Pongola in August 2018, he was re-elected unopposed, as was the incumbent Provincial Chairperson James Nxumalo.

### Presiding officer: 2019–present

In the 2019 general election, Mthembu was re-elected to his seat in the provincial legislature, ranked 38th on the ANC's party list. However, he was not re-appointed to the Executive Council under newly elected Premier Sihle Zikalala. Instead, he was elected Chairperson of Committees in the legislature.

In November 2020, he was elected Deputy Speaker of the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature, serving under Speaker Ntobeko Boyce; he succeeded Mluleki Ndobe, who had died earlier that month, and he was succeeded as Chairperson of Committees by Siboniso Duma. Ahead of the SACP's next provincial elective conference in May 2022, Mthembu's re-election bid was not expected to face any significant opposition.

## InfoBox

| Themba MthembuMPL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature | |
| **In office**
6 May 2009  28 May 2024 | |
| Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council for Agriculture and Rural Development | |
| **In office**
8 June 2016  May 2019 | |
| Premier | Willies Mchunu |
| Preceded by | Cyril Xaba |
| Succeeded by | Bongi Sithole-Moloi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1958 (1958) (age 66)
Inanda, Natal
Union of South Africa |
| Political party | African National Congress |
| Other political
affiliations | South African Communist Party |
|  | |


title: Themba Matanzima

abstract: Lieutenant General Themba Matanzima is a former South African Army officer, serving as Military Ombudsman. He was born on 2 February 1953 in Cofimvaba. He joined the Transkei Defence Force in January 1977.

text:
# Themba Matanzima

Lieutenant General **Themba Matanzima** CCM SM MMM is a former South African Army officer, serving as Military Ombudsman.

He was born on 2 February 1953 in Cofimvaba. He joined the Transkei Defence Force in January 1977.

## Army career

Matanzima transferred to the South African National Defence Force on integration in 1994. After a period on the Joint Military Coordinating Committee that oversaw the integration process, he then became General Officer Commanding Eastern Province Command in 1996. In 1998 he became Chief of Army Personnel.

In 1999 he was appointed Chief of Personnel and promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. In 2000, the SANDF restructured and he was appointed into a newly created post of Chief of Joint Support.

In 2004, he was appointed Chief of Corporate Staff until 2005, when he became Chief Human Resources.

He was appointed Chief of Joint Operations on 1 September 1, 2007 after the death of Lt Gen Sipho Binda in car accident in 2006.

In 2010, he served as acting Secretary for Defence and Acting CSANDF on a number of occasions.

## Honours and awards

Paratrooper Basic
(Qualification)
|  |
| --- |
| Basic, Static Line
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
*Small Black wings* |

He has been awarded the following:

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant General
Themba Templeton Matanzima
CCM, SM, MMM | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-02-02) 2 February 1953
Cofimvaba, Cape Province, Union of South Africa |
| Allegiance | South Africa |
| Service/branch | South African Army |
| Years of service | 1977–2011 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Unit | 1 Transkei Battalion |
| Commands |  |
| Awards |  |
| Other work | Military Ombudsman |


abstract:
The Division of Ecological Restoration (DER) is a division of the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game within the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. DER was created in 2009 with the merger of the Riverways and Wetlands Restoration Programs. DER coordinates ecological restoration to improve ecological condition and to restore important ecosystem services that improve the quality of life for all Massachusetts citizens. The Riverways Program has been maintained within DER and coordinates outreach and technical assistance to support watershed conservation and protection. The Division and partners facilitate capital-based projects including dam removal and culvert replacement with the goal of restoring aquatic habitats
and ecosystems across the state. These projects support commercial and recreational fisheries and provide many other benefits such as reduced flooding, improved water quality, carbon sequestration and increased public safety. Ecological restoration is a core component of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts efforts to build habitat resiliency to better allow fish and wildlife to adapt to climate change – including sea level rise, elevated water temperatures, and increased floods and periods of drought. Beth Lambert currently serves as the Director of the Division of Ecological Restoration. The founding director was Tim Purinton, who served in this role from 2009-2017.

text:
# Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration

The **Division of Ecological Restoration** (DER) is a division of the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game within the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. DER was created in 2009 with the merger of the Riverways and Wetlands Restoration Programs (formally within the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management). DER coordinates ecological restoration to improve ecological condition and to restore important ecosystem services that improve the quality of life for all Massachusetts citizens.

The Riverways Program (MGL Chapter 21A Section 8) has been maintained within DER and coordinates outreach and technical assistance to support watershed conservation and protection.

The Division and partners facilitate capital-based projects including (but not limited to) dam removal and culvert replacement with the goal of restoring aquatic habitats (e.g. salt marshes) and ecosystems across the state. These projects support commercial and recreational fisheries and provide many other benefits such as reduced flooding, improved water quality, carbon sequestration and increased public safety.

Ecological restoration is a core component of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts efforts to build habitat resiliency to better allow fish and wildlife to adapt to climate change – including sea level rise, elevated water temperatures, and increased floods and periods of drought.

Beth Lambert currently serves as the Director of the Division of Ecological Restoration. The founding director was Tim Purinton, who served in this role from 2009-2017.

## Philosophy

* DER espouses a comprehensive, holistic approach to restoration, that prioritizes ecosystems over habitats.
* DER places an emphasis on restoring ecological processes, rather than species specific habitats, focusing on implementation of restoration actions at a watershed scale.
* DER staff identifies the most detrimental stressors in the larger watershed context and coordinates restoration actions to improve conditions in partnership with local organizations.
* DER bases its programs on engaging and working with stakeholders in the communities to maximize impact and stewardship.