title: Finney (TV series)

abstract: Finney is a six-part British television crime drama series, written and created by David Kane and directed by David Hayman, that first broadcast on ITV on 17 November 1994. A television spin-off from the 1988 film Stormy Monday, Finney stars David Morrissey in the title role, taking over from Sting. The series was produced by Zenith Entertainment in association with Tyne Tees Television. The series was produced by Nigel Stafford-Clark, who also acted as producer on Stormy Monday. Finney co-starred Christopher Fairbank, Lynn Farleigh, Melanie Hill, Pooky Quesnel, Clive Russell, Andy Serkis and John Woodvine in supporting roles, and follows the struggle for power between two rival crime families - the Finneys and the Simpsons. The series received critical acclaim, including The Times, who commented: "It's the real thing. The acting is terrific." and the Daily Star, who called the series "addictive viewing" and commented that it was "nail-bitingly good." The complete series was released on Region 1 DVD in the United States on 28 August 2007; but remains unreleased on Region 2.

text:
# Finney (TV series)

***Finney*** is a six-part British television crime drama series, written and created by David Kane and directed by David Hayman, that first broadcast on ITV on 17 November 1994. A television spin-off from the 1988 film *Stormy Monday*, *Finney* stars David Morrissey in the title role, taking over from Sting. The series was produced by Zenith Entertainment in association with Tyne Tees Television. The series was produced by Nigel Stafford-Clark, who also acted as producer on *Stormy Monday*.

*Finney* co-starred Christopher Fairbank, Lynn Farleigh, Melanie Hill, Pooky Quesnel, Clive Russell, Andy Serkis and John Woodvine in supporting roles, and follows the struggle for power between two rival crime families - the Finneys and the Simpsons. The series received critical acclaim, including *The Times*, who commented: "It's the real thing. The acting is terrific." and the *Daily Star*, who called the series "addictive viewing" and commented that it was "nail-bitingly good." The complete series was released on Region 1 DVD in the United States on 28 August 2007; but remains unreleased on Region 2.

## Reception

Allison Pearson of *The Independent* reviewed the first episode of the series, writing: "*Finney*... is an everyday story of disorganised crime in which the Corleone family has quit Long Island for Whitley Bay, changed its name to Tucker and been issued with Geordie accents that deliver lines of untold menace... With its designer violence, *Finney* is just what the network director ordered. Its main problem is perennial and insoluble: British villains are just not up to speed."

## Cast

## Episodes

| Episode | Title | Written by | Directed by | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Episode 1" | David Kane | David Hayman | 17 November 1994 (1994-11-17) |
| Patrick "Tucker" Finney, the patriarch of a criminal family, is murdered. His son Tom, a compulsive gambler and drug addict, and Bobo Simpson, a local businessman and head of a rival crime family, are among the suspects. Tucker's eldest son, Steven, having escaped the powerful, violent world in which his family operate, returns home following the murder, but his siblings are astounded by his lack of empathy. As a sick joke, Tucker leaves Steven a derelict cinema in his will which sits slap bang in the middle of Simpson territory. Determined to open his own jazz club, Steven tries to turn his back on the family crime business, and finally pull his life together. Meanwhile, his older sister Lena, who has inherited both Tucker's shady empire and his hard personality, decides to find out who murdered her father. | | | | | |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | David Kane | David Hayman | 24 November 1994 (1994-11-24) |
| Steven discovers that his father's legacy is more entrenched than he openly cares to admit. Lena's demand for vengeance leads Tom to mastermind a murderous hit on Simpson, which places Finney in the crosshairs of a revenge-fuelled gang war threatening to explode with deadly ferocity. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | David Kane | David Hayman | 1 December 1994 (1994-12-01) |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | David Kane | David Hayman | 8 December 1994 (1994-12-08) |
| 5 | "Episode 5" | David Kane | David Hayman | 15 December 1994 (1994-12-15) |
| 6 | "Episode 6" | David Kane | David Hayman | 22 December 1994 (1994-12-22) |

## InfoBox

| *Finney* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Crime drama |
| Written by | David Kane |
| Directed by | David Hayman |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | John Lunn |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producer | Nigel Stafford-Clark |
| Production locations | Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England, UK |
| Cinematography | Kevin Rowley |
| Editor | Martin Sharpe |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 17 November (1994-11-17) <br>22 December 1994 (1994-12-22) |


title: Mihail Sokolov

abstract: Mihail Eduardovich Sokolov is a Russian scientist and surgeon who is Deputy director of the Institute for Mathematical Studies of Complex Systems of Moscow State University, Adviser to the rector of Moscow State University.

text:
# Mihail Sokolov

**Mihail Eduardovich Sokolov** (born 1959) is a Russian scientist and surgeon who is Deputy director of the Institute for Mathematical Studies of Complex Systems of Moscow State University, Adviser to the rector of Moscow State University.

## Biography

Mihail Sokolov was born July 11, 1959, in Tula. He graduated from the Russian National Research Medical University. He defended (1996) the dissertation *«System approach and control processes in obliterating diseases of limb arteries: An experimental clinical study»* for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences.

Received the title of Professor. Surgeon of the highest category. Medical Robot Developer.

He has been working at Moscow State University since 1997: Associate professor, Professor at the MSU Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Head of the department at the MSU Faculty of Public Administration, Vice Rector, Advisor to the Rector of Moscow State University, Director of the MSU Branch in Sevastopol (2012-2015).

**Scientific interests**: development of technologies and the creation of prototypes of artificial tactile mechanoreceptors for endoscopy; organization of the production of an automated diagnostic and medical complex for maintaining human life; medical robotization.

The author of 6 monographs and more than 100 publications. Sokolov has more than 20 patents and 18 certificates of registration of software rights. Head of 7 Ph.D. dissertations and a Dr.Sc. dissertation consultant.

Honorary Doctor of Sōka University (2008).

## Literature

* Viktor Sadovnichiy, Mihail Sokolov (2012). "From the impossible to the possible: mathematics defeats diseases". *V Mire Nauki* (in Russian) (6) (In the world of science ed.): 34–39. ISSN 0208-0621.
* Mihail Sokolov (2012). "The art of conveying sensations". *V Mire Nauki* (in Russian) (6) (In the world of science ed.): 40–43. ISSN 0208-0621.
* Mihail Sokolov (2015). "Sevastopol route MSU". *V Mire Nauki* (in Russian) (3) (In the world of science ed.): 44–49. ISSN 0208-0621.

## InfoBox

| Mihail Eduardovich Sokolov | |
| --- | --- |
| 2023 by Eraevsky | |
| Born | (1959-07-11)July 11, 1959
Tula, USSR |
| Citizenship | Soviet Union
Russia |
| Education | Dr.Sc., Professor |
| Alma mater | Russian National Research Medical University |
| Known for | Medical Robot Developer |
| Awards | Honorary Doctor of Sōka University (2008) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Medicine, Surgery, Robotics |
| Institutions | MSU |
|  | |


title: Middle-class squeeze

abstract: The middle-class squeeze refers to negative trends in the standard of living and other conditions of the middle class of the population. Increases in wages fail to keep up with inflation for middle-income earners, leading to a relative decline in real wages, while at the same time, the phenomenon fails to have a similar effect on the top wage earners. People belonging to the middle class find that inflation in consumer goods and the housing market prevent them from maintaining a middle-class lifestyle, undermining aspirations of upward mobility.

text:
# Middle-class squeeze

The **middle-class squeeze** refers to negative trends in the standard of living and other conditions of the middle class of the population. Increases in wages fail to keep up with inflation for middle-income earners, leading to a relative decline in real wages, while at the same time, the phenomenon fails to have a similar effect on the top wage earners. People belonging to the middle class find that inflation in consumer goods and the housing market prevent them from maintaining a middle-class lifestyle, undermining aspirations of upward mobility.

## Overview

### Origin of the term

Former U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi used the term in November 2006 to provide context to the domestic agenda of the U.S. Democratic Party. The Center for American Progress (CAP) issued a report of the same title in September 2014. As well as this, the term was further propelled into the public consciousness when it was used by former UK Labour Party leader Ed Miliband, who promised to come to the defense of the group in 2010.

### Definitions

The term "squeeze" in this instance refers to rising costs of key products and services coupled with stagnant or declining real (inflation-adjusted) wages. The CAP defines the term "middle class" as referring to the middle three quintiles in the income distribution, or households earning between the 20th to 80th percentiles. CAP reported in 2014: "The reality is that the middle class is being squeezed. As this report will show, for a married couple with two children, the costs of key elements of middle-class security—child care, higher education, health care, housing, and retirement—rose by more than $10,000 in the 12 years from 2000 to 2012, at a time when this family’s income was stagnant." Further, CAP argued that when the middle class is struggling financially, the economy struggles from a shortfall in overall demand, which reduces economic growth (GDP) relative to its potential. The goal of addressing the middle-class squeeze includes: "Having more workers in good jobs—who have access to good education; affordable child care, health care, and housing; and the ability to retire with dignity."

Charles Weston summarizes the middle-class squeeze in this way: "Being middle class used to mean having a reliable job with fair pay; access to health care; a safe and stable home; the opportunity to provide a good education for one’s children, including a college education; time off work for vacations and major life events; and the security of looking forward to a dignified retirement. But today this standard of living is increasingly precarious. The existing middle class is squeezed and many of those striving to attain the middle-class standard find it persistently out of reach." This squeeze is also characterized by the fact that, since the early 1980s, when European integration got into full swing, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom have experienced strong real wage growth, while real wage growth in the United States has remained sluggish for the most part.

## Causes

Causes include factors related to income as well as costs. The costs of important goods and services such as healthcare, college tuition, child care, and housing (utilities, rent, or mortgages) have increased considerably faster than the rate of inflation. This does not consider that all incomes were increasing, but only that higher incomes were increasing faster. Income is not a zero-sum game. Increasing demand for labor (lower income or skills) would increase incomes.

### Income changes

Another narrative described by Paul Krugman is that a resurgence of movement conservatism since the 1970s, embodied by Reaganomics in the United States during the 1980s, resulted in a variety of policies that favored owners of capital and natural resources over laborers. Many developed countries did not have an increase in inequality similar to the United States over the 1980-2006 period, though they were subjected to the same market forces by globalization. This indicates U.S. policy was a major factor in widening inequality.

Either way, the shift is visible when comparing productivity and wages. From 1950 to 1970, improvement in real compensation per hour tracked improvement in productivity. This was part of the implied contract between workers and owners.

#### Historical perspective

In 1995, 60% of American workers were laboring for real wages below previous peaks, while at the median, “real wages for nonsupervisory workers were down 13% from peak 1973 levels.”

The other way in which income affects the middle class is through increases in income disparity. Findings on this issue show that the top 1% of wage earners continue to increase the share of income they bring home, while the middle-class wage earner loses purchasing power as his or her wages fail to keep up with inflation and taxation. Between 2002 and 2006, the average inflation-adjusted income of the top 1% of earners increased by 42%, whereas the bottom 90% only saw an increase of 4.7%.

A 2001 article from “Time Magazine” highlighted the development of the middle-class squeeze. The middle class was defined in that article as those families with incomes between the Census Bureau brackets of $15,000 and $49,999. According to the census, the proportion of American families in that category, after adjustment for inflation, fell from 65.1% in 1970 to 58.2% in 1985. As noted in the article, the heyday of the American middle class, and its high expectations, came in the Fifties and Sixties, when the median U.S. family income (adjusted to 2001 price levels) went up from $14,832 in 1950 to $27,338 in 1970. The rising prosperity was, however, halted by the inflation of the Seventies, which carried prices aloft more rapidly than wages and thus caused real income levels to stagnate for more than a decade. The median in 2000 was only $27,735, barely an improvement from 1970.

### Costs of key goods and services

While overall inflation has generally remained low since 2000, the costs of certain categories of "big ticket" expenses have grown faster than the overall inflation rate, such as healthcare, higher education, rent, and child care. These goods and services are considered essential to a middle-class lifestyle yet are increasingly unaffordable as household income stagnates.

#### Health care

The Center for American Progress reported in September 2014 that the real (inflation adjusted) cost of healthcare for middle-class families had risen by 21% between 2000 and 2012, versus an 8% decline in real median household income. Insurance and health care is an important factor regarding the middle-class squeeze because increases in these prices can put an added strain on middle income families. This situation is exactly what the House of Representatives survey shows regarding health care prices. In 2000, workers paid an average of $153 per month for health insurance coverage for their families, however, by 2005 these numbers had increased to $226 per month. The effects of the price change in health care can be seen in many ways regarding the middle class. The number of people who are uninsured has also increased since 2000, with 45.7 million Americans now without health insurance, compared to 38.7 million at the start of the millennium. Also, 18% of middle income Americans, making between 40,000 and 59,999 dollars were without health insurance during 2007 and more than 40% of the 2.4 million newly uninsured Americans were middle class in 2003.
The rise in prices also causes a harm to working middle-class Americans because it makes it more costly for employers to cover their employees, as shown by the fact that in 2007 60% of companies offered their workers health insurance down from 69% in 2000. Also the number of Americans who reported skipping treatment due to its cost has increased from 17% to 24% during the same time period.

#### Education

The Center for American Progress reported in September 2014 that the real (inflation adjusted) cost of higher education for middle-class families had risen by 62% between 2000 and 2012. Two out of three college graduates begin their careers with student loan debt, amounting to $19,300 for the median borrower. These debts have a long-term effect on middle-class Americans, as 25% of Americans who have college debt claim it caused them to delay a medical or dental procedure and 14% report it caused them to delay their marriage.

#### Rent and property

The Center for American Progress reported in September 2014 that the real (inflation adjusted) cost of rent for middle-class families had risen by 7% between 2000 and 2012. Home-ownership is often seen as an arrival to the middle class, but recent trends are making it more difficult to continue to own a home or purchase a home.

### Other factors

#### Job security changes

More than 92% of the 1.6 million Americans, who filed for bankruptcy in 2003, were middle class. Along with this, manufacturing jobs have decreased by 22% between 1998 and 2008 largely due to American businesses offshoring production (colloquially known as outsourcing).

#### Retirement security changes

The squeeze on the middle class is also causing difficulties when it comes to saving money for retirement because of decreased real incomes and increases in consumer prices. In 2007, 1 in 3 American workers said they hadn't saved at all for their retirement and of those who have started saving, more than half claim to have saved less than $25,000. There has also been a shift in employer retirement plans, with a shift from traditional defined benefit pension plans to 401k plans, in which there is no individual guarantee about the amount of retirement income that will be available.

## Solutions

The CAP's 2014 report titled "The Middle Class Squeeze" suggested a variety of solutions:

* Increasing the number of jobs through policies that stimulate economic demand, raising the minimum wage, strengthening the labor movement (including unions), and using tax incentives to encourage more redistribution of corporate profits to workers.
* Reducing the cost of healthcare, childcare, college tuition, and rent by either directly reducing the costs of these services or helping middle-class families pay for them, including education grants, debt forgiveness, more generous family leave, and free (subsidized) pre-school.

## Polls and perceptions

According to a Survey on the Middle Class and Public Policy, just 38% of middle-class Americans say they live comfortably, and 77% believe that the country is headed in the wrong direction. Another 2008 report entitled "Inside the Middle Class: Bad Times Hit the Good Life" states that 78% of the middle class say it is more difficult now than it was five years ago. The middle class also responded that 72% believe they are economically less secure than ten years ago and almost twice the number of Americans claimed they were concerned about their personal economic stability. Showing that, overwhelmingly, the American people believe the middle class is being squeezed and are in a worse economic position than they were even 5 years ago.

## Criticism

In a 2012 Brookings Institution article, economist Richard Burkhauser blames a misleading and narrow focus on the 1 percent as well as a dishonestly narrow definition of “income” that ignores the value of non-monetary work benefits and government transfer payments for propagating the myth. He argues that if the value of government benefits and payments to low-income Americans is included, the problem of income inequality comes into question. Burkhauser calculates the impact of government transfers, the value of health insurance not paid for by households and the decline in household size to find that the bottom 20 percent had about 25 percent more income in 2007 than 1979 thus it could be seen that the bottom is in fact moving up.

When comparing household incomes over time, critics of the middle-class squeeze emphasise the need to look at identical households. The U.S. Census Bureau defines a household as one or more persons living in the same abode. Fifty years ago, only 15% of all U.S. households had a single occupant however by 2017 that percentage had nearly doubled, to 28% percent. Thus, the typical household today is much smaller which could be causing a perceived shrinkage.


title: George Dockrell (swimmer)

abstract: George Shannon Dockrell, OBE was an Olympic swimmer, best known for competing at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the men's 100 metre freestyle event for Great Britain. He had a lengthy swimming, and military career, until his death in 1924.

text:
# George Dockrell (swimmer)

**George Shannon Dockrell**, OBE (22 October 1886  23 December 1924) was an Olympic swimmer, best known for competing at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the men's 100 metre freestyle event for Great Britain. He had a lengthy swimming, and military career, until his death in 1924.

## Early and family life

He was born William Robert to Maurice Edward Dockrell and Margaret Dockrell on 22 October 1886 in Dublin, Ireland but he was later baptised George Shannon Dockrell. He came from a prominent political family in Dublin. Sir Maurice Edward Dockrell was a Unionist Politician and was one of the few members who took his seat in the British House of Commons after the 1918 Irish General Election. His mother, Lady Margaret Dockrell (née Shannon) was a suffragette, who actively campaigned for women's rights, and was a member of Dublin City Council. They were married in 1875 and eventually both his parents worked in the family business of Thomas Dockrell, Sons and Co. Ltd.

Growing up he lived Blackrock, County Dublin with six siblings, a sister named Anna and five brothers Thomas, Kenneth, Maurice, Henry and James. His family was raised Protestant, within the Church of Ireland. His family was also heavily involved in the Dublin Swimming Club, where George won 21 out of the 38 titles won by the Dockrell family. Dockrell spent his school years, from 1899 to 1903 in Trent College, Nottingham where he excelled at swimming. He received his education at Trinity College Dublin.

Several of Dockrell's siblings went to work alongside their parents at Thomas Dockrell, Sons and Co. Ltd. While his brother Henry became a Fine Gael T.D. Meanwhile, Dockrell became more actively involved in his own swimming career. His niece, Marguerite Dockrell, and nephew, Hayes Dockrell, also went on to compete in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Like Dockrell, his niece competed in swimming, while his nephew took part in the water polo section.

## Swimming career

In 1904 he sailed from Liverpool to New York aboard the ship *Celtic* under the name Geo. S Dockrell. Upon his arrival in New York, he joined the New York Athletic Club, and began to train with American Olympic swimmer, C.M. Daniels. He lived in America for two years and competed in the US 440 and 880 yards championships, coming in third place. When he returned to Ireland in 1906, he had success winning all of the major swimming championships in that same year. At the 1908 Summer Olympics, he was the only member of Great Britain's team that advanced to the semifinals of the men's 100 metre freestyle. He placed first in heat 8 with a winning time of 1:13.2, which earned him an advancement to the semifinals, where he placed third in semifinal 2, with a time of 1:11.4. However, he didn't advance to the finals and ended up being 5th place overall.

## War Service

In 1914 he joined the army in the Rifle Brigade, 9th Battalion. He was wounded in France in 1915. He was promoted to Staff Captain in 1917 and to Major in 1919 on completing his service. He was appointed OBE in the 1919 Birthday Honours.

He died from lingering shrapnel wounds to his back on 23 December 1924 at the Officers' Hospital, Richmond, Surrey and was buried at St Andrew's Church, Ham.

## InfoBox

George Dockrell
| Dockrell circa 1900s | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | George Shannon Dockrell |
| National team | United Kingdom |
| Born | (1886-10-22)22 October 1886
Rathdown, County Dublin |
| Died | 23 December 1924(1924-12-23) (aged 38)
Richmond, London, England |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | 100 metre freestyle |
| Club |  |
|  | |
| Men's 100 metre freestyle
at the Games of the IV Olympiad  Venue White City Stadium  Dates July 13, 1908 (1908-07-13)
July 25, 1908 (1908-07-25)  Winning time 1:13.2 (heats)
1:11.4 (semifinals)
1st place in Heat 8
3rd place in Semifinal 2
5th place overall | |


title: Ts'ao Yung-ho

abstract: Ts'ao Yung-ho was a Taiwanese historian known for his work on the early history of Taiwan. An autodidact and polyglot who failed his university entrance examinations, Ts'ao went on to become the preeminent Taiwanese expert on the Dutch and Spanish colonial eras in Taiwan.

text:
# Ts'ao Yung-ho

**Ts'ao Yung-ho** (Chinese: 曹永和; pinyin: *Cáo Yǒnghé*; Wade–Giles: *Ts'ao2 Yung3-ho2*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Chô Éng-hô*; 27 October 1920 – 12 September 2014) was a Taiwanese historian known for his work on the early history of Taiwan. An autodidact and polyglot who failed his university entrance examinations, Ts'ao went on to become the preeminent Taiwanese expert on the Dutch and Spanish colonial eras in Taiwan.

## Early life

Ts'ao was born in modern-day Taipei City's Shilin District in 1920, to a family that had produced several generations of educators. In 1939 he graduated from Taihoku Prefecture Second Junior High School, but failed his university entrance exams. Undaunted, he sought out Iwao Seiichi of Taihoku Imperial University, who had spent time in England and the Netherlands learning the languages. Iwao taught Ts'ao Dutch, which was essential for Ts'ao to read the archived material from the Dutch Formosa era. In 1947, Yang Yun-ping hired Ts'ao as a librarian at the university. The position gave Ts'ao access to a huge range of materials he would otherwise have been unable to see.

## Academic career

Ts'ao studied a number of languages in pursuit of his understanding of early Taiwanese history, meaning he could make use of ten languages: Taiwanese, Japanese, English, German, Mandarin Chinese, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin. The long-running historical journal, the Taiwan Bank Periodical (Chinese: 台灣銀行季刊; pinyin: *Táiwān Yínháng Jìkān*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tâi-oân Gîn-hâng Kùi-khan*) was masterminded by Ts'ao, while he was also heavily involved in the monumental series of Chinese source material on Taiwan and Fujian history, the Taiwan Documents Collection (Chinese: 台灣文獻叢刊; pinyin: *Táiwān Wénxiàn Cóngkān*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tâi-oân Bûn-hiàn Chông-khan*). Ts'ao retired from National Taiwan University in 1985. Over the course of his life, Ts'ao assembled a 20,000 volume library, classed as one of the finest collections on the Dutch East India Company in the world. Ts'ao was named a research fellow at Academia Sinica in 1998, becoming the institution's oldest research fellow and the fourth to obtain the position without completing a university degree. In 2002 Ts'ao was made an Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau for his contributions in documenting the history of Dutch Formosa. Ts'ao died of multiple organ failure in Taipei on 12 September 2014, aged 93. In September 2024, National Taiwan University demolished houses on Lane 52 of Wenzhou Street in Taipei, including Ts'ao's former residence.

## Works

* Ts'ao, Yung-ho (1979). *Taiwan zaoqi lishi yanjiu (Research into Early Taiwan History)* (in Chinese). Taipei: Lianjing. ISBN 978-957-08-0698-4.
* Ts'ao, Yung-ho (2000). *Taiwan zaoqi lishi yanjiu xuji (Research into Early Taiwan History: Continued)* (in Chinese). Taipei: Lianjing. ISBN 957-08-2153-1.

## InfoBox

| Ts'ao Yung-ho
曹永和 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-10-27)27 October 1920
Shirin Town, Shichisei District, Taihoku Prefecture, Taiwan, Empire of Japan |
| Died | 12 September 2014(2014-09-12) (aged 93)
Taipei, Taiwan |
| Nationality | Taiwanese |
| Relatives | Nymphia Wind (grand-nephew) |
| Awards | Order of Orange-Nassau |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Taiwanese history |
| Institutions | National Taiwan University
Academia Sinica |
|  | |


title: Trọng Tấn

abstract: Trọng Tấn is a Vietnamese singer and vocal music lecturer from Thanh Hóa. He specializes in traditional Vietnamese music and Vietnamese Red music. Trọng Tấn started participating in arts performance and activities when he was still a student of Đào Duy Từ High School. After finishing his high school studying, Trọng Tấn went to Hà Nội to apply for the entrance exam of Vietnam National Academy of Music. He passed the exam with the help of People's Artist Trần Hiếu, since the People's Artist discovered Tấn's talent. Trọng Tấn became well known after he received the First Prize of Good Singing Voice of Hanoi in 1997 and First Prize of National Good Singing Voice of Television in 1999. It is said that the audience was stingingly surprised when they heard the song "Tiếng đàn bầu"; some commented that Trọng Tấn is the best performer of "Tiếng đàn bầu" since the era of Kiều Hưng. Trọng Tấn is known to be a resolute person who has a strong standpoint. He does not easily indulge the taste of the masses, but patiently clings to the classical music, especially the Vietnamese Red music, which makes him earn the title "Hoàng tử nhạc đỏ". Tấn, together with his partners Đăng Dương and Việt Hoàn, perservingly built up their fame and position with their particular genre and without any sponsor, private CD or flashy appearances. Trọng Tấn is also considered to be a diligent music student and singer; he does not pay most of his attention to get fame and reputation through singing but spends a lot of effort to forge his skills and standards. Tấn's diligence is greatly admired by many of his students.

text:
# Trọng Tấn

**Trọng Tấn** (born 1976) is a Vietnamese singer and vocal music lecturer from Thanh Hóa. He specializes in traditional Vietnamese music and Vietnamese Red music.

Trọng Tấn started participating in arts performance and activities when he was still a student of Đào Duy Từ High School (Thanh Hóa). After finishing his high school studying, Trọng Tấn went to Hà Nội to apply for the entrance exam of Vietnam National Academy of Music. He passed the exam with the help of People's Artist Trần Hiếu, since the People's Artist discovered Tấn's talent. Trọng Tấn became well known after he received the First Prize of Good Singing Voice of Hanoi in 1997 and First Prize of National Good Singing Voice of Television in 1999. It is said that the audience was stingingly surprised when they heard the song "Tiếng đàn bầu"; some commented that Trọng Tấn is the best performer of "Tiếng đàn bầu" since the era of Kiều Hưng.

Trọng Tấn is known to be a resolute person who has a strong standpoint. He does not easily indulge the taste of the masses, but patiently clings to the classical music, especially the Vietnamese Red music, which makes him earn the title **"Hoàng tử nhạc đỏ"** (*Prince of Red Music*). Tấn, together with his partners Đăng Dương and Việt Hoàn, perservingly built up their fame and position with their particular genre and without any sponsor, private CD or flashy appearances.

Trọng Tấn is also considered to be a diligent music student and singer; he does not pay most of his attention to get fame and reputation through singing but spends a lot of effort to forge his skills and standards. Tấn's diligence is greatly admired by many of his students.

## Notable albums

* Một Chặng Đường
* Rặng Trâm Bầu
* Tình Yêu Trên Dòng Sông Quan Họ


title: Mieroszewski Manor House in Sosnowiec

abstract: The Mieroszewski Manor House in Sosnowiec-Zagórze was erected in 1777 by count Józef Mieroszewski in place of a wooden larch court on the top of the Zagórze Hill. It is one of the two palaces that were located here. Preserved in the form of the remnant park formerly surrounded the court from all sides. The park is currently occupied by Hospital No. 3. Initially it was a single-storey brick mansion covered with a beveled roof with an axle and a balcony. The construction of the structure of the building, especially the scaffolding of the roof, used beams from the dismantled wooden manor house. During the reconstruction in 1876, the building was elevated to about one floor and the front elevation was finished with two peaks. At the beginning of the 1970s, before the site of the Conservation of Monuments was placed here, an outbuilding from the eastern side was removed, whereby the body of the palace was symmetric. Currently, this classicist building is five-axial, with a three-axial central projection. On the north (front) side, on the axis, there is a porch with a massive balcony supported by columns. The whole is covered by hip roof, passing from the north to the two peaks. Since the 1970s there is a workshop for the preservation of works of art in the manor house.

text:
# Mieroszewski Manor House in Sosnowiec

**The Mieroszewski Manor House** in Sosnowiec-Zagórze was erected in 1777 by count Józef Mieroszewski in place of a wooden larch court on the top of the Zagórze Hill. It is one of the two palaces that were located here. Preserved in the form of the remnant park formerly surrounded the court from all sides. The park is currently occupied by Hospital No. 3.

Initially it was a single-storey brick mansion covered with a beveled roof with an axle and a balcony. The construction of the structure of the building, especially the scaffolding of the roof, used beams from the dismantled wooden manor house.

During the reconstruction in 1876, the building was elevated to about one floor and the front elevation was finished with two peaks. At the beginning of the 1970s, before the site of the Conservation of Monuments was placed here, an outbuilding from the eastern side was removed, whereby the body of the palace was symmetric. Currently, this classicist building is five-axial, with a three-axial central projection. On the north (front) side, on the axis, there is a porch with a massive balcony supported by columns. The whole is covered by hip roof, passing from the north to the two peaks. Since the 1970s there is a workshop for the preservation of works of art in the manor house.

1. "Dwór Mieroszewskich w Sosnowcu". *www.polskieszlaki.pl* (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-10-25.
2. "Dworek, dwór, pałac, pałacyk…". *Kurier Miejski* (in Polish). 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
3. "Pałacyk Mieroszewskich w Sosnowcu - Platforma e-Usług Kulturalnych". *www.peuk.fiiz.pl*. Retrieved 2020-10-25.

## InfoBox

| The Mieroszewski Manor House in Sosnowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| *Dwór Mieroszewskich w Sosnowcu* | |
|  | |
| Location within Poland | |
| General information | |
| Location | Sosnowiec, Poland |
| Country | Poland |
| Coordinates | 50°17′54.60″N 19°10′49.69″E / 50.2985000°N 19.1804694°E / 50.2985000; 19.1804694 |
| Completed | 1777 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 3 |


title: TruVista Communications

abstract: TruVista is an American company that provides broadband Internet, long-distance telephone, and cable TV services to customers in the South Carolina counties of Chester County, Fairfield County, Kershaw County and a small portion of Richland County. Truvista Communications Offers Basic, Standard, and Digital Cable to Customers. In May 2012, TruVista bought cable systems serving Franklin, Hart, Rabun and Stephens counties in Georgia from Northland Communications, a Seattle, WA based company, and Depot Street Communications, a GA based company. The first acquisition outside South Carolina.

text:
# TruVista Communications

**TruVista** is an American company that provides broadband Internet, long-distance telephone, and cable TV services to customers in the South Carolina counties of Chester County, Fairfield County, Kershaw County and a small portion of Richland County. Truvista Communications Offers Basic, Standard, and Digital Cable to Customers. In May 2012, TruVista bought cable systems serving Franklin, Hart, Rabun and Stephens counties in Georgia from Northland Communications, a Seattle, WA based company, and Depot Street Communications, a GA based company. The first acquisition outside South Carolina.

## Service areas

TruVista has offices in the following service areas:

1. Customer contact numbers, by city Archived February 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

TruVista
|
|  |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 1897 |
| Headquarters | Chester, SC |
| Products | Fiber Optic, cable television, broadband, telephone service Security, wireless |
| Website | https://www.truvista.net/ |


title: Mika Kares

abstract: Mika Kares is a Finnish operatic bass in opera and concert who made an international career. He was first based at the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe, and went on to the Savonlinna Opera Festival, the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in Valencia, and the Seattle Opera, among others.

text:
# Mika Kares

**Mika Kares** (born 1 November 1978) is a Finnish operatic bass in opera and concert who made an international career. He was first based at the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe, and went on to the Savonlinna Opera Festival, the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in Valencia, and the Seattle Opera, among others.

## Life

Born in Laitila, Kares studied singing with Roland Hermann at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki. He made his operatic debut in the title role of *Le nozze di Figaro* and started an international career. His roles include Philip II in Verdi's *Don Carlos*, Sarastro in Mozart's *The Magic Flute*, Colline in Puccini's *La Bohème*, Raimondo in Donizetti's *Lucia di Lammermoor*, Massimiliano Moor in Verdi's *I masnadieri*, the Commendatore in Mozart's *Don Giovanni*, and as his first Wagner roles Fafner in *Das Rheingold* and *Siegfried*, and Hunding in *Die Walküre*. From 2005 to 2010 he was a member of the ensemble at the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe.

In 2008, he performed at the Savonlinna Opera Festival for the first time, as Boito's Mefistofele. He appeared as the King in Verdi' *Aida* at the Finnish National Opera in Helsinki in 2010, and as Polyphemus in Lully's *Acis et Galatée* at the Salzburger Mozartwoche in 2011. The same year, Kares made guest appearances in Helsinki (as Teller in John Adams' *Doctor Atomic*), in Oviedo (as Sarastro) and at the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in Valencia, as Angelotti in Puccini's *Tosca*, second prisoner and Don Fernando in Beethoven's *Fidelio* and Truffaldino in *Ariadne auf Naxos* by Richard Strauss. In January 2012, he performed the title role of Verdi's *Attila* for the first time, at the Seattle Opera. He appeared as Landgrave in Wagner's *Tannhäuser* in Tampere and as Ramfis in *Aida* and Sarastro in Savonlinna. In 2013, he first performed at the Royal Opera of Versailles, as Daland in Wagner's *Der fliegende Holländer* with Les Musiciens du Louvre conducted by Marc Minkowski. In Savonlinna, he appeared as King Heinrich in *Lohengrin*. In March 2014, he sang both the Commendatore and Masetto in *Don Giovanni*, in Nikolaus Harnoncourt's concert Da Ponte cycle at the Theater an der Wien.

His concert repertoire includes many key works, among them Bach's *St Matthew Passion*, Mozart's Requiem, Haydn's *Die Jahreszeiten*, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Missa solemnis, Rossini's Stabat Mater, Verdi's *Messa da Requiem*, Mahler's Eighth Symphony, Shostakovich's 13th and 14th symphonies, Ralph Vaughan Williams' *Songs of Travel*, and Berlioz' *Roméo et Juliette*.

Kares has also made guest appearances in Hong Kong, Vienna, Paris, and Rome, sang with conductors such as Lorin Maazel and Zubin Mehta, and was a cover at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. He is artistic director of a festival for chamber music.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Mika Kares | |
| --- | --- |
| Kares sings in the Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository in 2016 | |
| Born | (1978-11-01) 1 November 1978<br>Laitila, Finland |
| Education | Sibelius Academy |
| Occupation |  |
| Organizations |  |


title: Mike Palmer

abstract: Major O. "Mike" Palmer was a player in the National Football League. He played with the Minneapolis Marines during the 1921 NFL season.

text:
# Mike Palmer

**Major O.** "**Mike**" **Palmer** (February 2, 1890 – March 16, 1972) was a player in the National Football League. He played with the Minneapolis Marines during the 1921 NFL season.

## InfoBox

Mike Palmer
| Date of birth | (1890-02-02)February 2, 1890 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Columbia County, Wisconsin |
| Date of death | March 16, 1972(1972-03-16) (aged 82) |
| Career information | |
| US college | None |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 1921 | Minneapolis Marines |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Haplogroup I-BY316 / I-Y7626

abstract: Haplogroup I-BY316, also known as I-Y7626 or I1a3a1a2a1b1 per the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ('ISOGG), is a Y chromosome haplogroup. It is correlated with a DYF406S1 value of 8 and a DYS617 value of 12. I-BY316 may be classed as a Nordic haplogroup and it is most common in Finland. Its progenitor is assumed to have lived in Fenno-Scandinavia at around 300 BC.

text:
# Haplogroup I-BY316 / I-Y7626

**Haplogroup I-BY316**, also known as **I-Y7626** or **I1a3a1a2a1b1** per the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ('ISOGG), is a Y chromosome haplogroup. It is correlated with a DYF406S1 value of 8 and a DYS617 value of 12.

I-BY316 may be classed as a Nordic haplogroup and it is most common in Finland. Its progenitor is assumed to have lived in Fenno-Scandinavia at around 300 BC.

## Origins

On the basis of analysing samples of volunteers in YDNA sequencing, the YDNA analysis company YFull estimated that I-BY316 formed 2,300 years ago (500 BC) (95% CI 3,100 \<-\> 1,950 ybp) with a TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) of 2,400 years (95% CI 2,800 \<-\> 2,100 ybp) before present.

Geographically I-BY316 is believed to have arisen in or near what is now Finland (based in part on the current distribution of this haplogroup).The current distribution of I-BY316 shows that there is a very high concentration in the regions bordering the Baltic Sea. Due to the distinct distribution pattern around the Baltic sea it would appear that the progenitor of I-BY316 may have been immersed in a seafaring culture. In a historical context the distribution patterns fits well with the historical region of Kvenland and the associated tribe of the Kvens.

At the time when haplogroup I-BY316 came into existence, the Celts were beginning to expand from their traditional territory in southern Germany. The Germanic peoples were then presumed to be occupying a possible original homeland in southern Sweden and the Jutland peninsula (i.e. the presumed homeland of parent haplogroup I-Z63). There were surrounded on three sides by Kvens. They appear to have gone through a period in which they were conquered by the western Celts and remained subject to them (especially in Jutland). Triggered by the Gallic invasion, the Germanic peoples began expanding south-westwards along the North Sea coast and eastwards along the shores of the Baltic Sea. The push eastward along the Baltic Sea deep into Kven territory is assumed to coincide with the migration pattern of I-BY316. Historical records from the time of haplogroup origin are extremely sparse. The mythological king Fornjót of the Orkneyinga saga was said to have ruled over Kvenland roughly around the time of haplogroup origin. Interestingly some academic sources transcribe the name Fornjót as "the old Jute" which is significant because of the suspected origin of parent haplogroup I-Z63 in Jutland. Fornjót was eventually followed by the dynasty of "sea kings" starting with Heiti Gorsson. Even though mythology may be very far removed from historical truth, it nevertheless paints a picture of a strong seafaring tradition in the area of interest and can therefore help to explain the subsequent expansion of the haplogroup.

## Archeological Record

The earliest archeological sample of I-BY316 is CGG106524 at the Hestehavens Mose site near Hjørring in Denmark whereby C14 dating revealed the sample to be approximately 2,275 years old. The haplogroup was determined as I1a3a1a2a1b1a (PH3482/Y7627). The PH3482 haplogroup is estimated to have formed 2,800 ybp by YFull and as 700 BCE by FamilyTreeDNA.

I-BY316/I-Y7626 was also found in a late 6th Century cemetery in Collegno, Italy, near the city of Torino. The Collegno burial site is associated with Gothic and Lombard remains and dated to the late 6th Century. The remains of sample CL63 belong to subclade I-FT104588. Sample CL63 was also remarkable from an autosomal point of view because CL63 was an individual of predominant central/northern ancestry who did not genetically belong to the major kindred unit. This discovery adds another historical connection of I-Z63 to the Gothic migrations of the early Medieval Period.

Another archeological sample is sample Zeytinliada 14832 which is possibly tied to the Kievan Rus. It belongs to an 25 to 35 year old adult who lived between 600 and 1000 CE during the Medieval Age and was found in the region now known as Zeytinliada, Erdek, Turkey. The genetic profile of this individual does not resemble northern Europeans, so he might be the descendant of a northern European (e.g. part of the Varangian guard of Byzantium) who intermarried with the local population, although a more proximal origin is also possible, as this lineage was found also in Langobards from Hungary. The Rus' provided the earliest members of the Varangian Guard. They were in Byzantine service from as early as 874.

## Distribution

Based on the public YDNA database FTDNA in December 2019 the I-BY316 haplogroup is showing the following distribution:

Distribution by Country
| Country | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Finland | 22.86% |
| Germany | 14.29% |
| Sweden | 8.57% |
| Ukraine | 5.71% |
| England | 5.71% |
| Estonia | 5.71% |
| Russian Federation | 5.71% |
| Poland | 5.71% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.71% |
| Slovenia | 5.71% |
| Iceland | 2.86% |
| Norway | 2.86% |
| Albania | 2.86% |
| Hungary | 2.86% |
| France | 2.86% |

The breakdown by countries as above can be condensed into regions:

Distribution by Regions
| Country | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Scandinavia/Baltics | 42.85% |
| Eastern Europe | 34.27% |
| Western Europe | 22.86% |


title: Mojave Ranch Estates, Arizona

abstract: Mojave Ranch Estates is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. The population was 53 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Mojave Ranch Estates, Arizona

**Mojave Ranch Estates** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. The population was 53 as of the 2020 census.

## Geography

Mojave Ranch Estates is in western Mohave County at 34°56′59″N 114°35′37″W / 34.94972°N 114.59361°W / 34.94972; -114.59361 (34.949652, -114.593489). It is bordered to the south by the CDP of Mohave Valley. Arizona State Route 95 forms the western edge of the CDP; it leads north 15 miles (24 km) to Bullhead City and south 7 miles (11 km) to Needles, California, across the Colorado River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 28 |  |  |
| 2010 | 52 |  | 85.7% |
| 2020 | 53 |  | 1.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 28 people, 6 households, and 6 families living in the CDP. The population density was 37.7 inhabitants per square mile (14.6/km2). There were 6 housing units at an average density of 8.1 per square mile (3.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 46% White, 25% Native American, 15% from other races, and 14% from two or more races. 79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6 households, out of which 100% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83% were married couples living together, and 17% had a female householder with no husband present. No households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.7 and the average family size was 4.7.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43% under the age of 18, 11% from 18 to 24, 25% from 25 to 44, and 21% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 64.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,917, and the median income for a family was $42,917. Males had a median income of $11,786 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,359. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

1. "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
2. "P1. Race – Mojave Ranch Estates CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
3. "Mojave Ranch Estates AZ ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
6. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mojave Ranch Estates | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location in Mohave County and the state of Arizona | |
| Mojave Ranch EstatesMojave Ranch Estates | |
| Coordinates: 34°56′59″N 114°35′37″W / 34.94972°N 114.59361°W / 34.94972; -114.59361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Mohave |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.75 sq mi (1.94 km2) |
| Land | 0.75 sq mi (1.94 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 473 ft (144 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 53 |
| Density | 70.86/sq mi (27.35/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| ZIP code | 86440 |
| Area code | 928 |
| FIPS code | 04-47495 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1853163 |


title: Three Women (book)

abstract: Three Women is a 2019 non-fiction book by Lisa Taddeo. It is her debut book and was published on July 9, 2019, by Avid Reader Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. It covers the sexual and emotional lives of three women from different backgrounds and regions of the United States. It debuted at number one on The New York Times non-fiction best sellers list and received mostly positive reviews from critics.

text:
# Three Women (book)

***Three Women*** is a 2019 non-fiction book by Lisa Taddeo. It is her debut book and was published on July 9, 2019, by Avid Reader Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. It covers the sexual and emotional lives of three women from different backgrounds and regions of the United States. It debuted at number one on *The New York Times* non-fiction best sellers list and received mostly positive reviews from critics.

## Summary

The book covers the sexuality of three women: Lina, a suburban Indiana mother whose teenage rape disrupts the course of her life; Maggie, a seventeen-year-old high school student in North Dakota who becomes entangled in an illegal affair with her married English teacher; and Sloane, a successful restaurant owner in the Northeast whose husband watches her have sex with other men and women at her request. Taddeo spent eight years writing the book, driving across the country six times to embed herself in the lives of the three women.

## Publication

*Three Women* was published on July 9, 2019, by Avid Reader Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster.

*Three Women* debuted at number one on *The New York Times* Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction best-sellers list on July 28, 2019. It spent eleven weeks on the list.

The book also debuted at number two on *The New York Times* Hardcover Nonfiction best-sellers list on July 28, 2019. It spent eleven weeks on the list.

## Reception

At the review aggregator website Book Marks, which assigns individual ratings to book reviews from mainstream literary critics, the book received a cumulative "Positive" rating based on 29 reviews: 12 "Rave" reviews, 6 "Positive" reviews, 9 "Mixed" reviews, and 2 "Pan" reviews.

In June 2020 it won the narrative non-fiction book of the year at the British Book Awards.

## Television series

In July 2019, Showtime gave a series commitment to a television adaptation of the book. In July 2021, the project gave production a series order with Shailene Woodley starring and Taddeo as executive producer. In February 2023, the series was moved to Starz.

## InfoBox

Three Women
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lisa Taddeo |
| Audio read by | Tara Lynne Barr
Marin Ireland
Mena Suvari
Lisa Taddeo |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Human female sexuality |
| Publisher | Avid Reader Press |
| Publication date | July 9, 2019 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 978-1-4516-4229-2 |
| Dewey Decimal | 306.7082 |
| LC Class | HQ801 .T2233 2019 |


title: Osvaldo Borsani

abstract: Osvaldo Borsani (1911-1985) was an Italian architect and furniture designer. Borsani and his twin brother Fulgenzio founded the Italian designer furniture company Tecno S.p.A. in 1953. Works by Borsani are held by the Museum of Modern Art and the Brooklyn Museum in New York, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Centre Pompidou in Paris, Die Neue Sammlung in Munich, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam, Musée des arts décoratifs de Montréal, and the Triennale di Milano museum.

text:
# Osvaldo Borsani

**Osvaldo Borsani** (1911-1985) was an Italian architect and furniture designer.

Borsani and his twin brother Fulgenzio founded the Italian designer furniture company Tecno S.p.A. in 1953.

Works by Borsani are held by the Museum of Modern Art and the Brooklyn Museum in New York, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Centre Pompidou in Paris, Die Neue Sammlung in Munich, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam*,* Musée des arts décoratifs de Montréal, and the Triennale di Milano museum.

## Further reading

* Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). *Design of the 20th Century* (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 123. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.

## InfoBox

| Osvaldo Borsani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 17 August 1911
Varedo, Varedo |
| Died | 1985 (aged 73–74)
Milan |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Architect, furniture designer |
| Website | https://www.osvaldoborsani.com/ |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Oswego, Montana

abstract: Oswego is an unincorporated community in Valley County, Montana, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 2 between the cities of Frazer and Wolf Point. Oswego is located on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation.

text:
# Oswego, Montana

**Oswego** /ɒsˈwɡ/ is an unincorporated community in Valley County, Montana, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 2 between the cities of Frazer and Wolf Point. Oswego is located on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation.

## History

Settled sometime in the 1890s, the village was named after Oswego, New York, the hometown of some early-day settlers. A post office was located there from 1896 until 1971. On September 11,1971 one of the worst prairie fires in northeastern Montana destroyed much of Oswego, leaving only 4 homes untouched. The entire population of Oswego was forced to evacuate, and of those 75 residents only about 40 of them returned to live and rebuild.Recently a day ago Wildfires started again but more farther south

## Transportation

Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the small town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Wolf Point, 12 miles (19 km) to the east.Its located on US Route 2

## InfoBox

| Oswego, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Abandoned house in Owsego Montana | |
| Oswego, MontanaLocation within the state of Montana | |
| Coordinates: 48°3′31″N 105°52′52″W / 48.05861°N 105.88111°W / 48.05861; -105.88111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Valley |
| Elevation | 2,028 ft (618 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 774988 |


title: Oswego, South Carolina

abstract: Oswego is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 95 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sumter, South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Oswego, South Carolina

**Oswego** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 95 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sumter, South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Oswego is located at 34°0′30″N 80°17′14″W / 34.00833°N 80.28722°W / 34.00833; -80.28722 (34.008444, -80.287256).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.3 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 86 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 95 people, 42 households, and 34 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 57.7 inhabitants per square mile (22.3/km2). There were 42 housing units at an average density of 25.5/sq mi (9.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.47% White, 9.47% African American and 1.05% Native American.

There were 42 households, out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.49.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.8% under the age of 18, 2.1% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 32.6% from 45 to 64, and 29.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,714, and the median income for a family was $52,500. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $25,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,379. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

## InfoBox

| Oswego, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Oswego, South CarolinaLocation within the state of South Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 34°0′30″N 80°17′14″W / 34.00833°N 80.28722°W / 34.00833; -80.28722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Sumter |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.21 sq mi (3.12 km2) |
| Land | 1.21 sq mi (3.12 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 154 ft (47 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 86 |
| Density | 71.37/sq mi (27.55/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29150 |
| Area code(s) | 803, 839 |
| FIPS code | 45-53485 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1231619 |


title: Oswego, Mississippi

abstract: Oswego is an extinct town in Holmes County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.

text:
# Oswego, Mississippi

**Oswego** is an extinct town in Holmes County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.

## History

The community's name is a transfer from Oswego, New York. A variant name was "Lacey".

## InfoBox

| Oswego, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| OswegoOswego | |
| Coordinates: 33°13′01″N 90°13′28″W / 33.21694°N 90.22444°W / 33.21694; -90.22444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Holmes |
| Elevation | 121 ft (37 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 662 |
| GNIS feature ID | 684316 |


title: Ismaël Alassane

abstract: Ismaël Eragae Alassane is a Nigerien footballer. He plays as a centre back.

text:
# Ismaël Alassane

**Ismaël Eragae Alassane** (born 3 April 1984) is a Nigerien footballer. He plays as a centre back.

## Career

The defender has played for JS du Ténéré, Sahel SC ASFA Yennega and Enyimba International F.C.

While playing for ASFA Yennega, Alassane scored a penalty as the club lost in the 2007 CAF Champions League preliminary round.

## International career

He was a member of the Niger national football team.

## InfoBox

Ismaël Alassane
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ismaël Eragae Alassane | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-04-03) 3 April 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Niger | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back / Right back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2002 | JS du Ténéré |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Sahel SC |  |  |
| 2004–2008 | ASFA Yennega |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | Enyimba International F.C. |  |  |
| 2009–2011 | Al-Busaiteen |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | Al Sahel |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | AS Mangasport |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2013 | Niger | 38 | (8) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Owen Price (writer)

abstract: Owen Price was a Welsh schoolmaster and writer.

text:
# Owen Price (writer)

**Owen Price** (died 25 November 1671) was a Welsh schoolmaster and writer.

## Life

Price was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales and studied at Jesus College, Oxford for four years. After returning to Wales to teach, he resumed his education at Oxford and obtained his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees by 1656. He became master of Magdalen College School, Oxford in 1657, and was complaining in the following year about the delay in appointing him as master of Westminster School, saying that the delay was dissuading parents from sending their children to him for lessons. He was not appointed to Westminster School, and lost his position at Magdalen College School on the Restoration because of his non-conformist beliefs. He then taught in Devon and Oxfordshire, maintaining his good reputation as a teacher. He died in Oxford, near Magdalen College, on 25 November 1671.

## Works

Price wrote *The Vocal Organ* (1665), containing the first illustrations in an English book of the parts of the body involved in speech. It taught punctuation and pronunciation, amongst other topics. *English Orthography* (1668) was a revised version of his first book, including rules of spelling set out in 'question and answer' format. A later edition, in 1670, added a list of words that were frequently misspelt, although his lists were not original.


title: Isn't It Delicious

abstract: Isn't It Delicious is a 2013 American comedy-drama film starring Kathleen Chalfant and Keir Dullea.

text:
# Isn't It Delicious

***Isn't It Delicious*** is a 2013 American comedy-drama film starring Kathleen Chalfant and Keir Dullea.

## Plot

When Joan Weldon discovers she is dying of lung cancer, she sets out to reconcile her dysfunctional relationships with her three children, her husband, and along the way, her former best friend. The family's destructive ways are offset by messy and somewhat humorous attempts by Joan to set her children on the right course before she dies. In this big dysfunctional mix, they will all learn to connect in their own ways, and realize on their own terms what life is about.

## Cast

## Reception

The film has a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## InfoBox

| Isn't It Delicious | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Michael Patrick Kelly |
| Written by | Michael Patrick Kelly
Kathleen Kiley |
| Produced by | Michael Patrick Kelly |
| Starring | Kathleen Chalfant
Keir Dullea |
| Cinematography | Axel Fischer |
| Edited by | Michael Patrick Kelly
David Charles Pisani |
| Music by | David Amram |
| Production
companies | Empekay Kayjaykay Productions
Skyline-NYC Productions |
| Distributed by | Virgil Films & Entertainment |
| Release date | * May 11, 2013 (2013-05-11) (Rainier Independent Film Festival) |
| Running time | 104 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Islam during the Song dynasty

text:
# Islam during the Song dynasty

The transition from the Tang to the Song dynasty (960–1279) in China did not greatly interrupt the trends of Chinese Muslims established during the Tang rule.

## Islam continues to increase its influence

Many Muslims began to go to China to trade during the Tang dynasty. During the Song dynasty (960–1279), Muslims began to have a greater economic impact and influence on the country. Muslims in China dominated foreign trade and the import/export industry to the south and west. Indeed, the office of Director General of Shipping for China's great seaport of Quanzhou was consistently held by a Muslim during this period.

Meanwhile, Arabic storytellers were narrating fantastical stories of China, which were incorporated into the *One Thousand and One Nights* (*Arabian Nights*) as the "Tale of Qamar al-Zaman and Budur", "The Story of Prince Sayf al-Muluk", and "The Hunchback's Tale" story cycle.

## Migration of Muslims to China

During the Song dynasty, an increasing number of foreign Muslims began permanently settling in China and began intermarrying with the locals.

In 1070, the Emperor Shenzong of Song invited 5,300 Arabs from Bukhara, to settle in the Song dynasty. The emperor used these men in his campaign against the Liao dynasty in the north. Later on these Muslims were settled between the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng and Yenching (Yanjing, modern day Beijing). The object was to create a buffer zone between the Song dynasty and the Liao dynasty. In 1080, 10,000 Arab men and women migrated to the Song dynasty on horseback and settled in all of the provinces of the north and north-east.

The Arabs from Bukhara were under the leadership of Prince Amir Sayyid "So-fei-er" (索菲尔). The prince was later given an honorary title. He is reputed of being the "father" of the Muslim community in China. Prior to him Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as the "law of the Arabs" (**Dàshí fǎ** 大食法; **Dàshí** derived from the Chinese rendering of *Tazi* — the name the Persian people used for the Arabs). Su fei-erh renamed it to "the religion of the Huihui" (**Huíhuí-jiào** 回回教).

Some Chinese officials from the Song era also married women from Dashi (Arabia).

## Notable Muslims

In 1031, a prominent merchant and Abbasid ambassador called Abu Ali arrived to Emperor Renzong's court to give tribute and gifts. In turn, Renzong rewarded Abu Ali 50,000 ounces of silver. He soon settled in Guangzhou and married the daughter of a Chinese general. Ali's descendants (with the surname Pu) would hold high positions later in the Song and Yuan dynasties as bureaucrats, statesmen, military officials, Confucian scholars, and influential merchants.

In the Song period, a Chinese Muslim called Liang Jiegu was famed for his medical abilities. His ancestors arrived from Arabia and settled in Kaifeng. The family were given the surname "Liang" by a Song emperor.

Some of the most distinguished merchants of Guangzhou and Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty included the Muslim traders Pu and Shi Nuowei. Pu arrived to China from Champa while Shi was from Sumatra. Muslim merchants like Pu and Shi played an important role within the trading network between China and Southeast Asia.


title: Isocyanide

abstract: An isocyanide is an organic compound with the functional group –N+≡C−. It is the isomer of the related nitrile (–C≡N), hence the prefix is isocyano. The organic fragment is connected to the isocyanide group through the nitrogen atom, not via the carbon. They are used as building blocks for the synthesis of other compounds.

text:
# Isocyanide

$\left\[{\ce {R}-{\overset {\oplus }{\ce {N}{\ce {#}{\overset {\ominus }{\ce {C}{\ce {:\\,\<-\>R-{\ddot {N}=C{:}\right\]}}}}}}}}}$General resonance structure of an isocyanide

An **isocyanide** (also called **isonitrile** or **carbylamine**) is an organic compound with the functional groupN+≡C. It is the isomer of the related nitrile (–C≡N), hence the prefix is *isocyano*. The organic fragment is connected to the isocyanide group through the nitrogen atom, not via the carbon. They are used as building blocks for the synthesis of other compounds.

## Properties

### Structure and bonding

The C-N distance in isocyanides is 115.8 pm in methyl isocyanide. The C-N-C angles are near 180°.

Akin to carbon monoxide, isocyanides are described by two resonance structures, one with a triple bond between the nitrogen and the carbon and one with a double bond between. The π lone pair of the nitrogen stabilizes the structure and is responsible of the linearity of isocyanides, although the reactivity of isocyanides reflects some carbene character, at least in a formal sense. Thus, both resonance structures are useful representations. They are susceptible to polymerization.

### Spectroscopy

Isocyanides exhibit a strong absorption in their IR spectra in the range of 2165–2110 cm−1.

The electronic symmetry about the isocyanide 14N nucleus results in a slow quadrupolar relaxation so that 13C-14N nuclear spin coupling can be observed, with coupling constants of *ca.* 5 Hz for the isocyanide 13C nucleus and 5–14 Hz for the 13C nucleus which the isocyanide group is attached to.

### Odour

Isocyanides have a very disagreeable odour. Lieke remarked that "*Es besitzt einen penetranten, höchst unangenehmen Geruch; das Oeffnen eines Gefässes mit Cyanallyl \[*sic*\] reicht hin, die Luft eines Zimmers mehrere Tage lang zu verpesten* \[It has a penetrating, extremely unpleasant odour; the opening of a flask of allyl cyanide \[*sic*\] is enough to foul up the air in a room for several days\]...." Note that in Lieke's day, the difference between isocyanide and nitrile was not fully appreciated.

Ivar Karl Ugi states that "The development of the chemistry of isocyanides has probably suffered only little delay through the characteristic odor of volatile isonitriles, which has been described by Hofmann and Gautier as 'highly specific, almost overpowering', 'horrible', and 'extremely distressing'. It is true that many potential workers in this field have been turned away by the odour, but this is heavily outweighed by the fact that isonitriles can be detected even in traces, and that most of the routes leading to the formation of isonitriles were discovered through the odor of these compounds." Isocyanides have been investigated as potential non-lethal weapons.

Some isocyanides convey less offensive odours such as malt, natural rubber, creosote, cherry or old wood. Non-volatile derivatives such as tosylmethyl isocyanide do not have an odor.

### Toxicity

While some isocyanides (*e.g.,* cyclohexyl isocyanide) are toxic, others "exhibit no appreciable toxicity for mammals". Referring to ethyl isocyanide, toxicological studies in the 1960s at Bayer showed that "oral and subcutaneous doses of 500-5000 mg/kg can be tolerated by mice".

## Synthesis

Many routes to isocyanides have been developed.

### From formamides

Commonly, isocyanides are synthesized by dehydration of formamides. The formamide can be dehydrated with toluenesulfonyl chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosgene, diphosgene, or the Burgess reagent in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine.

RNHC(O)H + ArSO2Cl + 2 C5H5N → RNC + \[C5H5NH\]+\[ArSO3\] \+ \[C5H5NH\]+Cl

The formamide precursors are, in turn, prepared from amines by formylation with formic acid or formyl acetyl anhydride, or from the Ritter reaction of alkenes (and other sources of carbocations) and hydrogen cyanide.

### From dichlorocarbene

In the carbylamine reaction (also known as the Hofmann isocyanide synthesis) alkali base reacts with chloroform to produce dichlorocarbene. The carbene then converts primary amines to isocyanides. Illustrative is the synthesis of *tert*-butyl isocyanide from *tert*-butylamine in the presence of catalytic amount of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride.

Me3CNH2 \+ CHCl3 \+ 3 NaOH → Me3CNC + 3 NaCl + 3 H2O

As it is only effective for primary amines, this reaction can be used as a chemical test for their presence.

### Silver cyanide route

Of historical interest but not often of practical value, the first isocyanide, allyl isocyanide, was prepared by the reaction of allyl iodide and silver cyanide.

RI + AgCN → RNC + AgI

### Other methods

Another route to isocyanides entails deprotonation of oxazoles and benzoxazoles in the 2-position. The resulting organolithium compound exists in chemical equilibrium with the *2-isocyanophenolate*, which can be captured by an electrophile such as an acid chloride.

## Reactions

Isocyanides have diverse reactivity.

Isocyanides are stable to strong base (they are often made under strongly basic conditions), but they are sensitive to acid. In the presence of aqueous acid, isocyanides hydrolyse to the corresponding formamides:

RNC + H2O → RNHC(O)H

This reaction is used to destroy odorous isocyanide mixtures. Some isocyanides can polymerize in the presence of Lewis and Bronsted acids.

Isocyanides participate in many multicomponent reactions of interest in organic synthesis, two of which are: the Ugi reaction and the Passerini reaction.

Isocyanides also participate in cycloaddition reactions, such as the \[4+1\] cycloaddition with tetrazines. Depending on the degree of substitution of the isocyanide, this reaction converts isocyanides into carbonyls or gives stable cycloadducts. They also undergo insertion into the C–Cl bonds of acyl chlorides in the Nef isocyanide reaction, a process that is believed to be concerted and illustrates their carbene character.

Isocyanides have also been shown to be a useful reagent in palladium catalysed reactions with a wide variety of compounds being formed using this method.

The α position of isocyanides have substantial acidity. For example, benzyl isocyanide has a p*K*a of 27.4. In comparison, benzyl cyanide has a p*K*a of 21.9. In the gas phase, CH3NC is 1.8 kcal/mol less acidic than CH3CN.

Chlorination of isocyanides gives isocyanide dichlorides.

### Ligands in coordination chemistry

Isocyanides form coordination complexes with most transition metals. They behave as electron-rich analogues of carbon monoxide. For example tert-butyl isocyanide forms Fe2(tBuNC)9, which is analogous to Fe2(CO)9. Although structurally similar, the analogous carbonyls differ in several ways, mainly because *t*-BuNC is a better donor ligand than CO. Thus, Fe(tBuNC)5 is easily protonated, whereas its counterpart Fe(CO)5 is not.

## Naturally occurring isocyanides

Only few naturally occurring compounds exhibit the isocyanide functionality. The first was discovered in 1957 in an extract of the mold *Penicillium notatum*. The compound xanthocillin later was used as an antibiotic. Since then numerous other isocyanides have been isolated. Most of the marine isocyanides are terpenoid, while some of the terrestrial isocyanides originate from α-aminoacids.

## Nomenclature

IUPAC uses the prefix "isocyano" for the systematic nomenclature of isocyanides: isocyanomethane, isocyanoethane, isocyanopropane, etc.

The sometimes used old term "carbylamine" conflicts with systematic nomenclature. An amine always has three single bonds, whereas an isocyanide has only one single and one multiple bond.

The isocyanamide functional group consists of an amino group attached to an isocyano moiety. The isonitrile suffix or isocyano- prefix is used depending upon priority table.


title: Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies

abstract: The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies (OXCIS) was founded in 1985 as an independent centre affiliated with the University of Oxford, mainly interested in the advanced study of Islam and Muslim societies. Its patron is the Prince of Wales. In 2012 it was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth II. The governance of the Centre is managed by a board of trustees made up of scholars and statesmen from around the world, and representatives of the University of Oxford. The Centre is dedicated to the study, from a multi-disciplinary perspective, of all aspects of Islamic culture and civilization and of contemporary Muslim societies. The Centre's Fellows are active in different departments, faculties and colleges across the university. Many students and senior academics come to Oxford, over the years, through the Centre's Scholarships and Visiting Fellowships programmes. The Centre arranges lectures, seminars, workshops and conferences, exhibitions and other academic events throughout the academic year. Many distinguished statesmen and scholars have lectured at the Centre in a programme that began in 1993 with the Prince of Wales' inaugural lecture, 'Islam and the West'. Lecturers in this series have included heads of state and government; internationally renowned scholars from the Muslim world and beyond; and secretaries general of international organisations, including the UN, OIC, Arab League, UNESCO, and the Commonwealth. The Centre started out in a wooden hut on St Cross Road. It then moved to office accommodation in George Street in 1990. It moved into a new building, designed by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, during the academic year of 2016/2017.

text:
# Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies

The **Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies** (**OXCIS**) was founded in 1985 as an independent centre affiliated with the University of Oxford, mainly interested in the advanced study of Islam and Muslim societies. Its patron is the Prince of Wales. In 2012 it was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth II. The governance of the Centre is managed by a board of trustees made up of scholars and statesmen from around the world, and representatives of the University of Oxford.

The Centre is dedicated to the study, from a multi-disciplinary perspective, of all aspects of Islamic culture and civilization and of contemporary Muslim societies. The Centre's Fellows are active in different departments, faculties and colleges across the university. Many students and senior academics come to Oxford, over the years, through the Centre's Scholarships and Visiting Fellowships programmes. The Centre arranges lectures, seminars, workshops and conferences, exhibitions and other academic events throughout the academic year.

Many distinguished statesmen and scholars have lectured at the Centre in a programme that began in 1993 with the Prince of Wales' inaugural lecture, 'Islam and the West'. Lecturers in this series have included heads of state and government; internationally renowned scholars from the Muslim world and beyond; and secretaries general of international organisations, including the UN, OIC, Arab League, UNESCO, and the Commonwealth.

The Centre started out in a wooden hut on St Cross Road. It then moved to office accommodation in George Street in 1990. It moved into a new building, designed by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, during the academic year of 2016/2017.


title: Ispidina

abstract: Ispidina is a genus of small insectivorous African river kingfishers. The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1848 with the African pygmy kingfisher as the type species. The genus is the sister group to the genus Corythornis containing four small African kingfishers.

text:
# Ispidina

***Ispidina*** is a genus of small insectivorous African river kingfishers.

The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1848 with the African pygmy kingfisher (*Ispidina picta*) as the type species. The genus is the sister group to the genus *Corythornis* containing four small African kingfishers.

## Species

The two species in the genus are:

Genus ***Ispidina***Kaup, 1848 – two species
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| African pygmy kingfisher | *Ispidina picta*
(Boddaert, 1783)

Three subspecies | Africa south of the Sahara | *Size*:

*Habitat*:

*Diet*: | **LC**
 |
| African dwarf kingfisher | *Ispidina lecontei*
Cassin, 1856

Two subspecies | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, and Uganda.
 | *Size*:

*Habitat*:

*Diet*: | **LC**
 |

These similar small kingfishers can be distinguished by the blue crown of the African pigmy kingfisher. They have different habit preferences and have mostly non-overlapping ranges. The slightly smaller African dwarf kingfisher occurs in tropical rainforests while the African pygmy kingfisher occurs in dry grassy woodland.

## InfoBox

| *Ispidina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| African pygmy kingfisher (*Ispidina picta*) | |
|  | |
| African dwarf kingfisher (*Ispidina lecontei*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Coraciiformes |
| Family: | Alcedinidae |
| Subfamily: | Alcedininae |
| Genus: | *Ispidina*
Kaup, 1848 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Todus pictus*
Boddaert, 1783 | |
| Species | |
| see text | |
|  | |
| African pygmy kingfisher range   Extant (resident)   Extant (breeding) | |
|  | |
| African dwarf kingfisher range | |


title: P45 road (Ukraine)

abstract: P45 is a regional Ukraine road (P-highway) in Sumy Oblast and Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, running mainly north-south and connecting Sumy with Bohodukhiv in sloped line. It begins in Sumy at Bandera Street and Illinska Street, and travels straight through central Sumy. It passes through Verkhnya Syrovatka, Stinka, Hlybne, Samotoivka, Krasnopillya, Zemlyane, Mezenivka, Slavhorod, Porozok, Pozhnya, Druzhba, Shurove, Shyrokyi Bereh, Vilne, Velyka Pysarivka, Rozsoshi, Vinnytski Ivany, Leskivka, before terminating in Bohodukhiv at Tretyakivska Street and Kharkivska Street.

text:
# P45 road (Ukraine)

**P45** is a regional Ukraine road (P-highway) in Sumy Oblast and Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, running mainly north-south and connecting Sumy with Bohodukhiv in sloped line. It begins in Sumy at Bandera Street (Highway H07/Highway P61) and Illinska Street, and travels straight through central Sumy. It passes through Verkhnya Syrovatka, Stinka, Hlybne, Samotoivka, Krasnopillya, Zemlyane, Mezenivka, Slavhorod, Porozok, Pozhnya, Druzhba, Shurove, Shyrokyi Bereh, Vilne, Velyka Pysarivka, Rozsoshi, Vinnytski Ivany, Leskivka, before terminating in Bohodukhiv at Tretyakivska Street (Highway P46) and Kharkivska Street.

## Main route

| Province | Municipality | km | mi | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sumy Oblast | Sumy Raion | 0.0 | 0.0 |  | **T-19-01** **T-19-09** **P61**  H 07  H 12 \- Sumy |  |
| | |  |  |  | H 12 \- Verkhnya Syrovatka |  |
| | |  |  |  | Stinka |  |
| | Krasnopillia Raion |  |  |  | **T-19-01** \- Hlybne |  |
| |  |  |  | Samotoivka |  |
| |  |  |  | Krasnopillia |  |
| |  |  |  | Zemlyane |  |
| |  |  |  | **T-19-13** \- Mezenivka |  |
| |  |  |  | Slavhorod |  |
| |  |  |  | Porozok |  |
| | Velyka Pysarivka Raion |  |  |  | Pozhnya |  |
| |  |  |  | Druzhba |  |
| |  |  |  | Shurove |  |
| |  |  |  | Shyrokyi Bereh |  |
| |  |  |  | Vilne |  |
| |  |  |  | **T-17-05** \- Velyka Pysarivka |  |
| |  |  |  | Rozsoshi |  |
| Kharkiv Oblast | Bohodukhiv Raion |  |  |  | Vinnytski Ivany |  |
| | |  |  |  | Dehtyary |  |
| | |  |  |  | Leskivka |  |
| | | 108.3 | 67.3 |  | **T-17-01** **P46** \- Bohodukhiv |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Road P45 | |
| --- | --- |
| Автошлях Р45 | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 108.3 km (67.3 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | H 07 / H 12 in Sumy |
| South end | **P46** in Bohodukhiv |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Oblasts | Sumy, Kharkiv |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| P 44   P 46 | |


title: Islamic Center of Pittsburgh

text:
# Islamic Center of Pittsburgh

The Islamic Center of Pittsburgh is an Islamic educational, social services, and community outreach organization in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1989, it is the largest mosque in the city, attracting 600 to 700 participants for weekly prayers. It provides social services for people of all religious backgrounds and engages in educational outreach and interfaith dialogue to foster community understanding and cooperation.

## Mosque

The Islamic Center of Pittsburgh (ICP) was founded in 1989 in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the largest mosque in the city, regularly attracting 600 to 700 participants for the weekly prayer service. In December 2016, average attendance at Friday prayers was 750 participants.

## Activities

ICP is actively involved in education, social services, and community outreach, extending its services to Muslims and non-Muslims in Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio, and Northern West Virginia. Its educational programs include workshops on Islamic practice, a Muslim youth center, a Sunday school, and a support group for converts to Islam. On the social services front, ICP operates a monthly food pantry in conjunction with the Greater Pittsburgh Food Bank. This service is open to both Muslims and non-Muslims.

In response to anti-Muslim rhetoric and Islamophobia, ICP has engaged in numerous community outreach initiatives. It offers an "Islam 101" course educating non-Muslims about the tenets and practices of Islam, and a course guiding non-Muslims to support and ally with those who practice Islam. It makes itself available to the media and participates in community panels to dispel myths about Islam. Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack in California, ICP hosted a series of interfaith dinners. A local Reform Jewish congregation, Temple Sinai, reciprocates by hosting ICP members for an annual Shabbat service and dinner.

### Interfaith relations

ICP engages in interfaith dialogue with other faith groups and secular organizations. It holds an annual Humanity Day awards ceremony during Ramadan, which honors Pittsburgh citizens who advance interfaith relations. ICP regularly extends invitations to members of other religious congregations, including Jewish and Lutheran, to tour its mosque.

Following the mass shooting at the Tree of Life synagogue in neighboring Squirrel Hill, ICP joined with two Muslim nonprofits to open a LaunchGood crowdfunding page to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by ICP. As of November 1, the page has exceeded $220,000 in contributions.

## InfoBox

| Islamic Center of Pittsburgh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Leadership | Mohcine Eljoufri, Executive Director |
| Location | |
| Location | 4100 Bigelow Blvd.<br>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US |
| Geographic coordinates | 40°26′56″N 79°57′21″W / 40.4488°N 79.9557°W / 40.4488; -79.9557 |
| Website | |
| www.icp-pgh.org | |


title: Ołaczewo

abstract: Ołaczewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Środa Wielkopolska and 40 km (25 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Ołaczewo

**Ołaczewo** \[ɔwaˈt͡ʂɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Środa Wielkopolska and 40 km (25 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Ołaczewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ołaczewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°14′N 17°26′E / 52.233°N 17.433°E / 52.233; 17.433 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Środa Wielkopolska |
| Gmina | Środa Wielkopolska |
| Population | 10 |


title: Oława railway station

abstract: Oława railway station is a station in Oława, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. In 2009, the Oława railway station's renovation was completed, preserving the station's historic attributes originating from 1842. The modernisation included that of the 10 km of rail and electric lines in the station's proximity. The reconstruction also included the reconstruction of the bridge crossing the River Oder and road viaducts. Oława remains the oldest railway station in use in Poland, having been built in 1842, together with the Wrocław-Oława railway line.

text:
# Oława railway station

**Oława railway station** is a station in Oława, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

In 2009, the Oława railway station's renovation was completed, preserving the station's historic attributes originating from 1842. The modernisation included that of the 10 km of rail and electric lines in the station's proximity. The reconstruction also included the reconstruction of the bridge crossing the River Oder and road viaducts.

Oława remains the oldest railway station in use in Poland, having been built in 1842, together with the Wrocław-Oława railway line.

## Connections

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):

* Intercity services (IC) *Ustka - Koszalin - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Bielsko-Biała*
* Intercity services (IC) *Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Leszno - Wrocław - Opole - Rybnik - Bielsko-Biała - Zakopane*
* Regional services (PR) *Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg*
* Regional services (PR) *Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa*
* Regional service (PR) *Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa - Kędzierzyn-Koźle*
* Regional services (PR) *Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne*
* Regional service (PR) *Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle*
* Regional service (PR) *Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Racibórz*
* Regional service (PR) *Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Gliwice*

## InfoBox

| Oława | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Oława, Lower Silesian Voivodeship<br>Poland |
| Coordinates | 50°33′19″N 17°10′30″E / 50.5552°N 17.1749°E / 50.5552; 17.1749 |
| Owned by | Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A. |
| Platforms | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1842 |
| Previous names | Ohlau |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station PKP Intercity Following station  Wrocław Głównytowards Ustka  IC  Brzegtowards Bielsko-Biała Główna  Wrocław Głównytowards Bydgoszcz Główna Brzegtowards Zakopane  Preceding station Polregio Following station  Lizawicetowards Wrocław Główny  PR  Lipkitowards Brzeg, Nysa, Opole Główne, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Racibórz or Gliwice | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  OławaLocation within PolandOławaOława (Lower Silesian Voivodeship) | |


title: P24 protein family

abstract: P24 protein family is a group of transmembrane proteins that are major components of COPI and COPII-coated vesicles. The family is also known as EMP24/GP25L/p24 family and TMP21-like proteins. The latter naming was after transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 10 that was found in the human brain. It was claimed to block the beta-amyloid peptide, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

text:
# P24 protein family

**P24 protein family** is a group of transmembrane proteins that are major components of COPI and COPII-coated vesicles. The family is also known as **EMP24/GP25L/p24 family** and **TMP21-like proteins**. The latter naming was after transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 10 that was found in the human brain. It was claimed to block the beta-amyloid peptide, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

## Function

p24 family proteins localize to the major organelles of the early secretory pathway: the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, where they seem to be involved in trafficking between the two compartments. In yeast, all p24 family proteins can be removed, causing only a mild phenotype. However, in mammals at least some p24 proteins are essential for survival, e.g. removal of p24δ1 is lethal in mice. p24 family members have been implicated in the biogenesis of COPI and COPII-coated vesicles, transporting membrane-bound proteins through the secretory system, and forming the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.

## Distribution

Most p24 family proteins are widely expressed in various tissues. They are highly expressed in secretory cell types.

## Structure

p24 family proteins are type 1 transmembrane proteins with a single transmembrane domain. Most of the protein is in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi save for a 13–20 amino acid cytosolic tail at the protein's C-terminus. The N-terminus has a GOLD domain (for "Golgi Dynamics") which may be involved in cargo recognition, followed by a coiled coil domain involved in the oligomerization of p24 family members. The cytosolic tail is involved in binding COPI and COPII proteins for sorting into vesicles within the secretory system.

## Evolution

p24 family proteins are divided based on their sequence into four families: called α, β, γ, and δ. Most vertebrates have three α family members, one β, five γ, and two δ; while yeast have three α, a β, three γ, and one δ. Plants have only the β and δ subfamilies.

## Family members

Vertebrates have three α family members: p24α1 (Erp1p in yeast), p24α2 (Erp5p), and p24α3 (Erp6p); one β member p24β1 (Emp24p in yeast); five γ members: p24γ1, p24γ2 (Erp2p in yeast), p24γ3 (Erp3p), p24γ4 (Erp4p), and p24γ5; and two δ members: p24δ1 (Erv25p in yeast) and p24δ2.

## History

p24 proteins were originally named based on their apparently molecular weight of around 24 kilodaltons, giving rise to names p23, p24, et al. As further family members were discovered, they were given names that fit the pattern – p26, p27, and p28 – even though they too were around 24 kilodaltons. In 1998, a more systematic nomenclature was proposed with all proteins called "p24", the Greek letter for their sub-family, and then numbered in the order of their discovery.

## InfoBox

| P24 protein family | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TMP21 |
| Pfam | PF01105 |
| InterPro | IPR015720 |
| Membranome | 140 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Islamic Texts Society

abstract: The Islamic Texts Society (ITS) is a peer-reviewed, British publishing house which concentrates on academic and general titles on Islam. It is registered as an educational charity in the UK.

text:
# Islamic Texts Society

The **Islamic Texts Society** (**ITS**) is a peer-reviewed, British publishing house which concentrates on academic and general titles on Islam. It is registered as an educational charity in the UK.

## History

The Islamic Texts Society was founded in Cambridge, United Kingdom, in 1981. Since its inception, ITS has worked in collaboration with scholars including Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad, David Burrell, Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Martin Lings, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Eric Ormsby, and Timothy Winter (Abdal Hakim Murad).

### Imprints

The ITS also had an imprint, Quinta Essentia, focused on symbolism, the arts, and universal spirituality. This has since been transferred to the American publisher Fons Vitae.

## Notable publications

The Islamic Texts Society has published over sixty titles, including the bestselling biography by Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, and key works on Hadith studies, Islamic jurisprudence and Sufism. The long-term aim of the Islamic Texts Society is to provide a comprehensive English library on Islam and its various disciplines.

One project of the ITS is the “Ghazali Series”, aiming to publish in English works of Muhammad Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. Two of its volumes won the British Book Design and Production Award (best general paperback) in 1991 and 1993.

Another ITS project is the “Fundamental Rights and Liberties in Islam Series”, which includes several studies by Mohammad Hashim Kamali.

## InfoBox

Islamic Texts Society
| Founded | 1981 |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Headquarters location | Cambridge |
| Distribution | Worldwide |
| Publication types | Books |
| Nonfiction topics | Islam, Islamic legal studies (fiqh), Sufism |
| Official website | www.its.org.uk |