title: Olin Pierre Louis

abstract: Olin Pierre Louis is a Haitian Roman Catholic priest in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Louis was named the parish priest of la iglesia Nuestra Señora de la Providencia in San Juan by Roberto González Nieves, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico. Pierre Louis is known for providing support and advocating for Haitian and Dominican immigrants in Puerto Rico.

text:
# Olin Pierre Louis

**Olin Pierre Louis** is a Haitian Roman Catholic priest in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Louis was named the parish priest of la iglesia Nuestra Señora de la Providencia in San Juan by Roberto González Nieves, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico. Pierre Louis is known for providing support and advocating for Haitian and Dominican immigrants in Puerto Rico.

## Early life

Olin Pierre Louis Noelsaint is originally from Haiti.

## Career

Pierre Louis arrived in Puerto Rico in 2000. He was ordained by archbishop Roberto González Nieves on 24 March 2009. Pierre Louis is the pastor of Church of San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce in Santurce, Puerto Rico for 15 years.

In 2014, he reported that his church received approximately 600 Haitian immigrants as they were en route to the United States and Francophone regions of Canada. He is an advocate for the Dominican immigrant population in Puerto Rico. He houses Haitian migrants and raises money uses his congregation to raise money to purchase tickets to Miami and New York. In July 2015, Pierre Louis was named the parish priest of la iglesia Nuestra Señora de la Providencia in San Juan.

## Personal life

Pierre Louis' first language is Haitian Creole.


title: Meatmen (comics)

abstract:
Meatmen: An Anthology of Gay Male Comics is a series of paperback books collecting short comics featuring gay and bisexual male characters. The comics included a mixture of explicit erotica and humor. Between 1986 and 2004, 26 black-and-white volumes of the series were published by Leyland Publications, making it the longest-running anthology of gay male pornographic comics. During its run, the series was said to feature "every gay male cartoonist of note who has worked since the 1970s". Cartoonists whose work was featured include:
  - Al Shapiro
  - Tim Barela
  - Belasco
  - Bruce Billings
  - John Blackburn
  - Howard Cruse
  - Donelan
  - Kurt Erichsen
  - Patrick Fillion
  - Oliver Frey (Zack)
  - M. J. Goldberg
  - Joe Johnson
  - Rupert Kinnard
  - Jeff Krell
  - Mike Kuchar
  - Touko Laaksonen
  - Jon Macy
  - Jerry Mills
  - Nico
  - Dom Orejudos
  - Brad Parker
  - Sean
  - Bill Schmeling
  - Robert Triptow
  - Vaughn
  - Bill Ward

text:
# Meatmen (comics)

***Meatmen: An Anthology of Gay Male Comics*** is a series of paperback books collecting short comics featuring gay and bisexual male characters. The comics included a mixture of explicit erotica and humor. Between 1986 and 2004, 26 black-and-white volumes of the series (160–200 pages each) were published by Leyland Publications, making it the longest-running anthology of gay male pornographic comics.

During its run, the series was said to feature "every gay male cartoonist of note who has worked since the 1970s". Cartoonists whose work was featured include:

## Controversy

In 2001, copies of *Meatmen* vol. 18 and 24 imported by Little Sister's bookstore of Vancouver, British Columbia were classified as "obscene" and seized by Canada Customs. This led to the case *Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada*, which was eventually decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2007.

## InfoBox

| *Meatmen* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Meatmen* volume 1 (1986). | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Leyland Publications |
| Schedule | irregular |
| Format | anthology |
| Genre | erotic, humor |
| Publication date | 1986 – 2004 |
| No. of issues | 26 |
| Editor(s) | Winston Leyland |


title: Triclonella trachyxyla

abstract: Triclonella trachyxyla is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Triclonella trachyxyla

***Triclonella trachyxyla*** is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Triclonella trachyxyla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Genus: | *Triclonella* |
| Species: | ***T. trachyxyla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triclonella trachyxyla***<br>Meyrick, 1920 | |
|


title: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

abstract:
United States v. Susan B. Anthony was the criminal trial of Susan B. Anthony in a U.S. federal court in 1873. The defendant was a leader of the women's suffrage movement who was arrested for voting in Rochester, New York in the 1872 elections in violation of state laws that allowed only men to vote. Anthony argued that she had the right to vote because of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, part of which reads, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." The judge, Ward Hunt, was a recently appointed U.S. Supreme Court Justice who had responsibility for the federal circuit court in which the trial was held. He did not allow the jurors to discuss this case but instead directed them to find Anthony guilty. On the final day of the trial, Hunt asked Anthony if she had anything to say. Anthony, who had not previously been permitted to speak, responded with what one historian of the women's movement has called "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage".
Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to stop talking and sit down, she protested what she called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights".
She also protested the injustice of denying women the right to vote. When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she defiantly said that she would never do so. Hunt then announced that Anthony would not be jailed for failure to pay the fine, a move that had the effect of preventing her from taking her case to the Supreme Court. Fourteen other Rochester women who lived in Anthony's ward also voted in that election and were arrested, but the government never took them to trial. The election inspectors who allowed the women to vote were arrested, tried and found guilty. They were pardoned by President Ulysses S. Grant after being jailed for refusing to pay the fines imposed by the court. The trial, which was closely followed by the national press, helped make women's suffrage a national issue. It was a major step in the transition of the women's rights movement from one that encompassed a number of issues into one that focused primarily on women's suffrage. Judge Hunt's directed verdict created a controversy within the legal community that lasted for years. In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that a federal judge could not direct a jury to return a guilty verdict in a criminal trial.

text:
# Trial of Susan B. Anthony

***United States v. Susan B. Anthony*** was the criminal trial of Susan B. Anthony in a U.S. federal court in 1873. The defendant was a leader of the women's suffrage movement who was arrested for voting in Rochester, New York in the 1872 elections in violation of state laws that allowed only men to vote. Anthony argued that she had the right to vote because of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, part of which reads, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States."

The judge, Ward Hunt, was a recently appointed U.S. Supreme Court Justice who had responsibility for the federal circuit court in which the trial was held. He did not allow the jurors to discuss this case but instead directed them to find Anthony guilty. On the final day of the trial, Hunt asked Anthony if she had anything to say. Anthony, who had not previously been permitted to speak, responded with what one historian of the women's movement has called "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage". Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to stop talking and sit down, she protested what she called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights". She also protested the injustice of denying women the right to vote. When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she defiantly said that she would never do so. Hunt then announced that Anthony would *not* be jailed for failure to pay the fine, a move that had the effect of preventing her from taking her case to the Supreme Court.

Fourteen other Rochester women who lived in Anthony's ward also voted in that election and were arrested, but the government never took them to trial. The election inspectors who allowed the women to vote were arrested, tried and found guilty. They were pardoned by President Ulysses S. Grant after being jailed for refusing to pay the fines imposed by the court.

The trial, which was closely followed by the national press, helped make women's suffrage a national issue. It was a major step in the transition of the women's rights movement from one that encompassed a number of issues into one that focused primarily on women's suffrage. Judge Hunt's directed verdict created a controversy within the legal community that lasted for years. In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that a federal judge could not direct a jury to return a guilty verdict in a criminal trial.

## Background

### Early demands for women's suffrage

The demand for women's suffrage grew out of the broader movement for women's rights, which began to emerge in the U.S. in the early 1800s. There was little demand for the right to vote in the movement's early days, when the focus was on such issues as the right of women to speak in public settings and on property rights for married women. At the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention held in western New York in 1848, the only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the one that called for women's suffrage. Originated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who was just beginning her career as a suffrage leader, the resolution was adopted only after Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist leader and a former slave, gave it his strong support. That convention helped to popularize the idea of women suffrage, and by the time of the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1850, suffrage was becoming a generally accepted part of the movement's goals.

Women began to attempt to vote. In Vineland, New Jersey, a center for radical spiritualists, nearly 200 women placed their ballots into a separate box and attempted to have them counted during the 1868 elections, but without success. Lucy Stone, a leader of the women's rights movement who lived nearby, attempted to vote soon afterwards, also without success.

### New Departure strategy

In 1869, Francis and Virginia Minor, husband and wife suffragists from Missouri, developed a strategy that became known as the New Departure, which engaged the suffrage movement for several years. This strategy was based on the belief that the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, together with the pending Fifteenth Amendment, implicitly enfranchised women. The primary purpose of these amendments was to establish the newly freed slaves as citizens with voting rights. In the process of doing so, these amendments defined citizenship in a way that clearly included women, prohibited the states from abridging "the privileges or immunities of citizens", and transferred partial control over voting rights from the state to the federal level. The Minors cited *Corfield v. Coryell*, a case in 1823 in which a federal circuit court ruled that voting rights were included in the privileges and immunities of citizens. They also cited the preamble to the Constitution to support their assertion that the basic rights of citizens were natural rights that provided the foundation for constitutional authority. According to the New Departure strategy, the main task of the suffrage movement was to establish through court action that these principles taken together implied that women had the right to vote.

In 1871 Victoria Woodhull, a stockbroker with little previous connection to the women's movement, presented a modified version of the New Departure strategy to a committee of Congress. Instead of asking the courts to rule that the Constitution implicitly enfranchised women, she asked Congress to pass a declaratory act to accomplish the same goal. The committee rejected her proposal.

In early 1871, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) officially adopted the New Departure strategy. It encouraged women to attempt to vote and to file federal lawsuits if denied that right. The NWSA, organized by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869, was the first national women's rights organization. A rival organization called the American Woman Suffrage Association, which was created a few months later, did not adopt the New Departure strategy but instead campaigned for state laws that would enable women to vote.

Soon hundreds of women attempted to vote in dozens of localities. Accompanied by Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist leader and a supporter of women's rights, sixty-four women unsuccessfully tried to register in Washington, D.C. in the spring of 1871, and more than seventy attempted to vote. In November 1871, the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia ruled against lawsuits brought by these women. It ruled that citizenship did not imply the right to vote, saying that "the legal vindication of the natural right of all citizens to vote would, at this stage of popular intelligence, involve the destruction of civil government" and that "The fact that the practical working of the assumed right would be destructive of civilization is decisive that the right does not exist."

## Arrest and conviction for voting

### Vote in 1872 election

The reaction of the authorities was muted in these unsuccessful attempts to vote. The reaction was sharply different when Susan B. Anthony succeeded in voting in the presidential election of 1872 in Rochester, New York. Anthony was a nationally known figure. She and Stanton had founded the Women's Loyal National League, the first national women's political organization in the U.S., in 1863 during the American Civil War. Anthony was the chief organizer of the League's petition drive against slavery, which collected nearly 400,000 signatures in the largest petition drive in U.S. history up to that time. She and Stanton were the leaders of National Woman Suffrage Association. At the time when she cast her ballot, Anthony was the nation's best-known advocate of the right of women to vote.

On November 1, 1872, Anthony walked with her sisters Guelma, Hannah, and Mary to a voter registration office in a nearby barber shop and demanded to be registered. Anthony quoted the Fourteenth Amendment to the election inspectors to justify their demand and threatened to sue the inspectors personally if they refused. The inspectors consulted a prominent local lawyer, John Van Voorhis (a strong supporter of women's suffrage), who advised them to register the women after they took the standard oaths of registry, which, he said, "would put the entire onus of the affair on them".

A skilled publicist, Anthony then went to a newspaper office to provide an interview about what had just happened. News of the women's registration appeared in the afternoon newspapers, with some of them calling for the arrest of the inspectors who had registered the women. Anthony returned to the voter registration office to ask the inspectors to stand firm and to assure them that she would cover any legal costs they might incur. Other women in Rochester began to register, bringing the total to nearly fifty.

On election day, November 5, Anthony and fourteen other women from her ward went to the polling place to cast their ballots. Sylvester Lewis, a poll watcher, challenged their right to vote, thereby triggering a requirement that they take an oath stating that they were qualified to vote, which they did. The election inspectors were now in a difficult position. They were at risk of violating state law if they turned the women away because state law did not give them the authority to refuse the ballot to anyone who took the required oath. Federal law, however, made it illegal to receive the ballot of an ineligible voter. Moreover, federal law prescribed the same punishments for accepting the ballot of an ineligible voter as for refusing the ballot of an eligible voter. The inspectors decided to allow the women to vote. The negative publicity of the previous days had influenced the officials in the other wards, who turned the other registered women away.

### Arrest

Anthony had not expected to vote, according to Ann D. Gordon, a historian of the women's movement. Instead, she had expected to be turned away from the polls, after which she planned to file a suit in federal court in pursuit of her right to vote. She didn't expect to be arrested either.

On November 14, warrants for the arrest of the women who had voted and the election inspectors who had allowed them to do so were drawn up and shown to the press. William C. Storrs, one of the commissioners for the U.S. Circuit Court for the Rochester area, sent word to Anthony asking her to meet him in his office. Anthony replied that she "had no social acquaintance with him and didn't wish to call on him".

On November 18, a deputy U.S. Marshal came to her house and said that Commissioner Storrs wished to see her in his office. When Anthony asked why, the officer replied that Storrs wanted to arrest her. Anthony said that men weren't arrested that way and demanded to be arrested properly. The deputy then produced the warrant and arrested her. Told that she was required to go with him, Anthony replied that she wasn't prepared to go immediately. The deputy said he would go on ahead, and she could follow when she was ready. Anthony said she would refuse to take herself to court, so the deputy waited while she changed her dress. Anthony then held out her wrists to be handcuffed, but the officer declined, saying he did not think that would be necessary.

The other fourteen women who had voted and were subsequently arrested were: Charlotte ("Lottie") B. Anthony, Mary S. Anthony, Ellen S. Baker, Nancy M. Chapman, Hannah M. Chatfield, Jane M. Cogswell, Rhoda DeGarmo, Mary S. Hebard, Susan M. Hough, Margaret Garrigues Leyden, Guelma Anthony McLean, Hannah Anthony Mosher, Mary E. Pulver, and Sarah Cole Truesdale. The election inspectors who had allowed them to vote were arrested also. Their names were Beverly Waugh Jones, Edwin T. Marsh and William B. Hall. Several of the women were involved in various types of reform activity. DeGarmo had been the recording secretary for the Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848, the second such convention in the country, held two weeks after the Seneca Falls Convention.

As her attorney, Anthony chose Henry R. Selden, a respected local lawyer who had previously served as lieutenant governor of New York and as a judge on the New York Court of Appeals. The New York *Commercial Advertiser* said that Anthony's trial had taken on new importance now that Selden had agreed to take her case, and it suggested that men might need to reconsider their opinion on women's suffrage. Anthony also frequently consulted the lawyer for the election inspectors, John Van Voorhis, who had previously served as Rochester City Attorney.

The women who were arrested were held to $500 bail. Everyone posted bail except Anthony, who refused. Storrs issued a commitment authorizing the U.S. marshal to place her in the Albany County jail, but she was never actually held there.

### Pre-trial speaking tour

Anthony's arrest generated national news, which she turned into an opportunity to generate publicity for the suffrage movement. She spoke in 29 towns and villages of Monroe County, New York, where her trial was to be held and which would provide the jurors for her trial. Her speech was entitled "Is it a Crime for a U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She said the Fourteenth Amendment gave her that right, proclaiming, "We no longer petition Legislature or Congress to give us the right to vote. We appeal to women everywhere to exercise their too long neglected 'citizen's right to vote'". She quoted to her audiences the first section of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment, which reads:

> All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Anthony then argued that,

> The only question left to be settled now, is: Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being persons, then, women are citizens; and no State has a right to make any new law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities."

Her speech was printed in its entirety in one of the Rochester daily newspapers, which further spread her message to potential jurors.

She drew attention to the inconsistent way that gendered words were used in the law. She pointed out that the New York tax laws referred only to "he", "him" and "his", yet taxes were collected from women. The federal Enforcement Act of 1870, which she was accused of violating, similarly used male pronouns only. Her official record of commitment was written with masculine pronouns, but the Clerk of the Court had inserted an "s" above "he" in the printed form to make it into "she", and similarly had altered to "his" to "her". She said, "I insist if government officials may thus manipulate the pronouns to tax, fine, imprison and hang women, women may take the same liberty with them to secure to themselves their right to a voice in the government."

### Other pre-trial activity

On January 21, 1873, at a hearing before the U.S. District Court in Albany, the capital of New York state, Selden presented detailed arguments in support of Anthony's case. He said the question of the right of women to vote had not been settled in the courts and therefore the government had no basis for holding Anthony as a criminal defendant. Without giving U.S. Attorney Richard Crowley a chance to make the government's case, Judge Nathan K. Hall ruled that Anthony would remain in custody.

Anthony published Selden's arguments before this court as a pamphlet and distributed 3000 copies, some of which she mailed to newspaper editors in several states with requests to reprint them. In the letter that accompanied her request to the publisher of the *Rochester Evening Express*, she asked for help in convincing people that her vote was not a crime, saying, "We must get the men of Rochester so enlightened that no jury of twelve can be found to convict us."

On January 24, Crowley presented the proposed indictments to the grand jury at the District Court in Albany, which indicted the women voters. Anthony again pleaded not guilty and was held on bail for $1000. Selden posted Anthony's bail over her protest.

On March 4, Anthony voted once again at an election in Rochester. This time, however, she was the only woman to do so.

At an arraignment on May 22, Crowley requested the transfer of the case from the federal district court to the federal circuit court for the Northern New York District, which had concurrent jurisdiction. A session of this circuit court would meet in June in Canandaigua, the county seat of Ontario County, which borders on Monroe County. No reason for the move was given, but observers noted that U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ward Hunt was assigned to that circuit and would be available in June to try the case. Federal circuit courts often held important cases until the arrival of the assigned Supreme Court justice, whose participation would give the verdict greater weight. The transfer also meant that jurors would not be drawn from Monroe County, which Anthony had thoroughly covered with her recent speaking tour on women's right to vote. Anthony responded by speaking throughout Ontario County before the trial began with the assistance of her colleague Matilda Joslyn Gage.

### Trial

The trial had several complications. Anthony was accused of violating a state law that prohibited women from voting, but she was not tried in a state court. Instead she was tried in federal courts for violating the Enforcement Act of 1870, which made it a federal crime to vote in congressional elections if the voter was not qualified to vote under state law. Her case was handled by two overlapping arms of the federal court system: the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York and the U.S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of New York. (This circuit court system was abolished in 1912.)

Justice Ward Hunt, who had recently been appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court, had responsibility for that circuit and was the judge in this trial. Hunt had never served as a trial judge. Originally a politician, he had begun his judicial career by being elected to the New York Court of Appeals.

The trial, *United States v. Susan B. Anthony*, began on June 17, 1873, in Canandaigua, New York, and was closely followed by the national press. The case was being viewed as having some farcical aspects, and the press was ready for more. The *New York Times* reported that, "It was conceded that the defendant was, on the 5th November, 1872, a woman."

Justice Hunt presided alone, which was contrary to established practice. Federal criminal trials at that time normally had two judges, and a case could not be forwarded to the Supreme Court unless the judges disagreed about the verdict. District Court Judge Nathan K. Hall, who had already been involved with Anthony's case in earlier court actions, served beside Judge Hunt during trials earlier that day, and he was on the bench with Hunt when Anthony's case was called. He did not remain there during Anthony's trial, however, but instead sat in the audience. Also in the audience was former president Millard Fillmore.

Distinguishing U.S Constitution from state law
> The right of voting, or the privilege of voting, is a right or privilege arising under the constitution of the state, and not under the constitution of the United States. ... If the state of New York should provide that no person should vote until he had reached the age of thirty years, or after he had reached the age of fifty, or that no person having gray hair, or who had not the use of all his limbs, should be entitled to vote, I do not see how it could be held to be a violation of any right derived or held under the constitution of the United States. ...
> If the fifteenth amendment had contained the word ‘sex,’ the argument of the defendant would have been potent. ... The amendment, however, does not contain that word. It is limited to race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Judge Hunt's judicial opinion, June 18, 1873

Arguing for the defense, Selden said the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment made it clear that women were citizens and that states were prohibited from making laws that abridge "the privileges and immunities of citizens". Therefore, he said, women were entitled to all the rights of citizens, including the right to vote, the right that gives meaning to the other political rights. He cited examples of wrongs suffered by women in cultures all over the world partly because they had no voice in government. He said that Anthony voted in the sincere belief that she was voting legally and therefore could not be accused of knowingly violating a law.

Arguing for the prosecution, Crowley said the "privileges and immunities" protected by the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to such rights as life, liberty and property, not the right to vote. He said that children were citizens, but no one would claim they had the right to vote. He cited recent state and federal court decisions that had upheld the right of states to restrict suffrage to males. He pointed out that the second section of the Fourteenth Amendment specifically referred to male voters when it stipulated reduced representation in Congress for states that restricted male suffrage.

Through her attorney, Anthony requested permission to testify on her own behalf, but Hunt denied her request. Instead he followed a rule of common law at that time which prevented criminal defendants in federal courts from testifying.

#### Directed verdict

After both sides had presented their cases on the second day of the trial, Justice Hunt delivered his written opinion. He had written it beforehand, he said, to ensure that, "there would be no misapprehension about my views". He said the Constitution allowed states to prohibit women from voting and that Anthony was guilty of violating a New York law to that effect. He cited the *Slaughter-House Cases* and *Bradwell v. Illinois*, Supreme Court rulings made only weeks earlier that had narrowly defined the rights of U.S. citizenship. Furthermore, he said, the right to a trial by jury exists only when there is a disputed fact, not when there is an issue of law. In the most controversial aspect of the trial, Hunt ruled that the defense had conceded the facts of the case, and he directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict. He denied Selden's request to poll the jury to get their opinions on what the verdict should be. These moves were controversial because the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution begins with the words, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury".

N. E. H. Hull, a law professor who wrote a book-length study of this trial, commented on Justice Hunt's delivery of an opinion that Hunt said he had prepared earlier. Hull said, "Whether that meant he had written out his opinion before the trial commenced or whether he waited to hear if any arguments or evidence on that first day might influence his decision, one will never know." After the trial, Anthony was outspoken in her belief that Hunt had written his verdict before the trial had begun. Van Voorhis, an attorney who had assisted Anthony, agreed, saying that Hunt had, "unquestionably prepared his opinion beforehand".

The participants later voiced disagreement about what the jury's verdict would have been had there not been a directed verdict. U.S. Attorney Crowley said the jury had informally agreed to Hunt's verdict. Anthony told a different story. The *History of Woman Suffrage*, which she co-edited, reported that one of the jurors said, "The verdict of guilty would not have been mine, could I have spoken, nor should I have been alone. There were others who thought as I did, but we could not speak."

#### Anthony's speech to the court

Male prosecutors, judges and jurors;
impossibility of jury by her peers
> All of my prosecutors—from the 8th ward corner grocery politician, who entered the complaint, to the United States Marshal, Commissioner, District Attorney, District Judge, your honor on the bench—not one is my peer, but each and all are my political sovereigns;
> and had your honor submitted my case to the jury, as was clearly your duty, even then I should have had just cause of protest for not one of those men was my peer; but, native or foreign born, white or black, rich or poor, educated or ignorant, awake or asleep, sober or drunk, each and every man of them was my political superior; hence, in no sense, my peer.

Anthony's address to court after directed verdict

On the second day and final day of the trial, in what is ordinarily a routine move, Hunt asked Anthony if she had anything to say. She responded with "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage", according to Ann D. Gordon, a historian of the women's movement.

Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to stop talking and sit down, Anthony protested what she called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights", saying "you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored." She castigated Justice Hunt for denying her a trial by jury. She also declared that even if he had allowed the jury to discuss the case, she still would have been denied her right to a trial by a jury of her peers because women were not allowed to be jurors. She said that in the same way that slaves obtained their freedom by taking it "over, or under, or through the unjust forms of law", now for women to get their right to a voice in government, they must "take it; as I have taken mine, and mean to take it at every possible opportunity."

#### Blocked path to Supreme Court

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she responded, "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty" and she never did. If Hunt had ordered her to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have filed a writ of *habeas corpus* to gain a hearing before the Supreme Court. Hunt instead announced he would not order her taken into custody, closing off that legal avenue. Because appeals to the Supreme Court in criminal court cases were not permitted at that time, Anthony was blocked from taking her case any further.

### Attempt to collect Anthony's fine

A month after the trial, a deputy federal marshal was dispatched to collect Anthony's fine. He reported that a careful search had failed to find any property that could be seized to pay the fine. The court took no further action.

#### Election inspectors' trial

The trial of the election inspectors who had allowed Anthony and the other fourteen women to vote was held immediately after Anthony's trial. The inspectors were found guilty of violating the Enforcement Act of 1870 and fined. They refused to pay their fines and were eventually jailed.

There was public sympathy for the inspectors, who had been in a no-win situation, facing adverse legal action if they allowed the women to vote and also if they turned them away. The *Rochester Evening Express* said on February 26, 1874, "The arrest and imprisonment in our city jail of the Election Inspectors who received the votes of Susan B. Anthony and the other ladies, at the polls of the Eight Ward, some months ago, is a petty but malicious act of tyranny." The jailed inspectors received food, coffee and a steady stream of visits from their supporters, including the women whom they allowed to vote. Anthony appealed to her friends in Congress for their release, and they in turn appealed to President Ulysses S. Grant, who pardoned the men on March 3, 1874. The inspectors were reelected to their offices in elections that were held on that same day.

#### Women voter codefendants

The fourteen women who had been arrested with Anthony were indicted in January, 1873. On May 22, they were released on their own recognizance after U.S. Attorney Crowley announced that Anthony's case would be made into a test case. They were informed that they did not need to appear at Anthony's upcoming trial. On June 21, 1873, after Anthony's trial, the prosecutor entered motions of *nolle prosequi* in the circuit court to signal that the government would not pursue their case any further.

### Press coverage

The Associated Press provided daily reports of the trial that were printed in newspapers across the country. In some cases, newspapers filled several columns with the arguments prepared by the lawyers and with the judge's rulings. Some newspapers were harshly critical of the women voters. The *Rochester Union and Advertiser* said their action, "goes to show the progress of female lawlessness instead of the principle of female suffrage" and that "the efforts of Susan B. Anthony & Co. to unsex themselves and vote as men will be so far as they are successful both criminal and ridiculous." The primary topic of interest was Judge Hunt's refusal to allow the jury to deliberate and vote on a verdict. The *New York Sun* called for Hunt's impeachment, saying that he had overthrown civil liberty. The *Trenton State Sentinel and Capital* asked, "Why have juries at all if Judges can find verdicts—or direct them to be found, and then refuse to poll the jury?"

Shortly before the trial began, the *New York Daily Graphic* ran a full-page caricature of Anthony on its front cover with the title "The Woman Who Dared". It depicted Anthony with a grim expression and wearing men's boots with spurs. In the background was a woman in a police uniform and men carrying groceries and babies. The accompanying story said that if Anthony were acquitted at the trial, the world would come to resemble the cartoon, and women would "acknowledge in the person of Miss Anthony the pioneer who first pursued the way they sought".

## Aftermath

### Petition for remission of fine

In January 1874, Anthony petitioned Congress to remit her fine on the grounds that Judge Hunt's ruling had been unjust. The judiciary committees of both the Senate and the House debated the question. Senator Matthew Carpenter condemned Justice Hunt's ruling, saying that it was "altogether a departure from, and a most dangerous innovation upon, the well-settled method of jury-trial in criminal cases. Such a doctrine renders the trial by jury a farce. \[Anthony\] had no jury-trial, within the meaning of the Constitution, and her conviction was, therefore, erroneous." Benjamin Butler brought a bill to remit Anthony's fine to the floor of the House, but it did not pass.

### Effect on the women's movement

The trial of Susan B. Anthony helped make women's suffrage a national issue. It was a major step in the transition of the women's rights movement from one that encompassed a number of issues into one that focused primarily on women's suffrage.

The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) continued to pursue the New Departure strategy even though Anthony had been blocked in her attempt to bring her voting rights case before the Supreme Court. Virginia Minor, one of the originators of the New Departure strategy, succeeded in that effort. When Minor was prevented from registering to vote in Missouri in 1872, she took her case first to a state circuit court, then to the Supreme Court of Missouri, and finally to the U.S. Supreme Court. Unfortunately for the suffrage movement, in 1875 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Minor v. Happersett* that the Constitution did not implicitly support women's suffrage, stating that "the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone".

The Happersett decision put an end to the New Departure strategy of trying to achieve women's suffrage through the courts. The NWSA decided to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would ensure voting rights for women. That struggle lasted for 45 years, until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920. Supreme Court rulings did not establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights until the mid-twentieth century, with such decisions as *Reynolds v. Sims* and *Wesberry v. Sanders*, both in 1964.

### Continuing debate over directed verdicts

The controversy within the legal community over Justice Hunt's directed verdict continued for years. In 1882, a month after Justice Hunt's retirement from the Supreme Court, a circuit court judge ruled that it was wrong for a judge to direct a jury to deliver a verdict of guilty. In 1895, in *Sparf v. United States*, the Supreme Court ruled that a federal judge could not direct a jury to return a guilty verdict in a criminal trial.

### Other outcomes

In April 1874, Anthony published a book of more than 200 pages called *An Account of the Proceedings on the Trial of Susan B. Anthony, on the Charge of Illegal Voting, at the Presidential Election in Nov., 1872, and on the Trial of Beverly W. Jones, Edwin T. Marsh, and William B. Hall, the Inspectors of Election by Whom Her Vote was Received.* It contained documents from the trial, including the indictments, her speech to potential jurors, the attorneys' arguments and motions, the trial transcripts, and the judge's ruling. It did not include the argument of U.S. Attorney Crowley because he refused to provide it. Instead, Crowley published his own pamphlet that contained his argument together with the judge's ruling. Anthony's book also contained an essay written after the trial by John Hooker, the reporter for Connecticut's Supreme Court of Errors, which said that Hunt's actions were "contrary to all rules of law" and "subversive of the system of jury trials in criminal cases".

Helen Potter, a popular entertainer, performed reenactments of Anthony castigating the judge for years after the trial. A skilled impersonator of famous people, Potter performed across the country. Anthony traveled to see Potter on stage in Illinois in 1877. After the performance (which did not include Anthony's speech), Potter signaled her support for Anthony's work by paying her hotel bill and donating $100 to her.

The arrested women and some of their supporters formed the Women Taxpayers' Association of Monroe County in May 1873 to protest their situation of taxation without representation.

The place where the arrested women voted now has a bronze sculpture of a locked ballot box flanked by two pillars, which is called the 1872 Monument, and was dedicated in August 2009, on the 89th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment. Leading away from the 1872 Monument there is the Susan B. Anthony Trail, which runs beside the 1872 Café, named for the year of Anthony's vote.

On August 18, 2020, President Donald Trump symbolically pardoned Susan B. Anthony on the 100th Anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment. The pardon was symbolic because there was no-one to accept it on Anthony's behalf; and it was publicly rejected by at least one of the late feminist's contemporary representatives, the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House.

In the summer of 1874, the *Albany Law Journal*, the leading legal journal in New York state, criticized Judge Hunt's actions, saying, "Miss Anthony had no trial by jury. She had only a trial by Judge Hunt. This is not what the constitution guarantees."

In 2001, the *New York University Law Review* published an article called "A Revolution Too Soon: Woman Suffragists and the 'Living Constitution'", which included a section on Anthony's trial. Its author, Adam Winkler, said the dominant mode of constitutional interpretation in the twentieth century, sometimes known as "Living Constitutionalism", is generally said to have originated around 1900 with such legal thinkers as Oliver Wendell Holmes, who believed that the constitution should be interpreted in ways that meet the present needs of society. Winkler points out, however, that the suffragists' New Departure strategy preceded those thinkers by urging the courts to declare that women's right to vote was a newly recognized natural right that was inherent in the constitution.

"10 Trials that Changed the World", a group of articles published in 2013 in the *ABA Journal* (an organ of the American Bar Association), included an article called "Susan B. Anthony is Convicted for Casting a Ballot". Its author, Deborah Enix-Ross, chair of the ABA's Center for Human Rights, said the trial touched on many issues other than women's suffrage, "including the laws that supported Reconstruction, the competing authority of federal and state governments and courts, criminal proceedings in federal courts, the right to trial by jury and the lack of provisions to appeal criminal convictions." She said that, "Justice Hunt's decision to direct the jury to find Anthony guilty—without allowing the jurors to deliberate and without polling them—was so egregious that lawyers, politicians and the press spoke out against his violation of the constitutional guarantee of trial by jury." She also said, "Anthony's role in providing impetus for protecting a defendant's rights in jury trials should not be overlooked."

## Bibliography

### Articles published around the time of the trial

## InfoBox

| United States v. Susan B. Anthony | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York and the U.S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of New York |
| Full case name | *United States v. Susan B. Anthony* |
| Argued | June 17, 1873 |
| Holding | |
| Susan B. Anthony was found guilty of violating the Enforcement Act of 1870 and New York law by illegally voting, and fined $100. The right to a jury trial exists only when there is a disputed fact, not when there is an issue of law. | |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Justice Ward Hunt |
| Laws applied | |
| Enforcement Act of 1870, U.S. Const. amend. XIV | |
| Superseded by | |
| *Sparf v. United States* (1895) | |


title: Tribes of Jharkhand

abstract:
The tribes of Jharkhand consist of 32 scheduled tribes inhabiting the Jharkhand state in India. In 1872, only 18 tribes were counted among the scheduled tribes from which Banjara, Bhatudi, Chik Baraik, and Mahli were marked as semi-Hindu aboriginal and Kora as proletariat Hindu. In the 1931 census, including the above four semi-Hindu aboriginal and Kora, a proletariat Hindu, the number was raised to 26 from 18. They were Birajia, Godait, Karmali and Paharia, but Kisan was excluded from the list. In the 1941 census, Baga, Bedia and Lohra were included again taking Kisan in the annexure and the number came to 30 which prevailed till June 2003.
Kanwar and Kol were added on 8 June 2003 in the annexure and the number of Schedule Tribes came to 32.

text:
# Tribes of Jharkhand

The **tribes of Jharkhand**  consist of 32 scheduled tribes inhabiting the Jharkhand state in India. In 1872, only 18 tribes were counted among the scheduled tribes from which Banjara, Bhatudi, Chik Baraik, and Mahli were marked as semi-Hindu aboriginal and Kora as proletariat Hindu. In the 1931 census, including the above four semi-Hindu aboriginal and Kora, a proletariat Hindu, the number was raised to 26 from 18. They were Birajia, Godait, Karmali and Paharia, but Kisan was excluded from the list. In the 1941 census, Baga, Bedia and Lohra were included again taking Kisan in the annexure and the number came to 30 which prevailed till June 2003. Kanwar and Kol were added on 8 June 2003 in the annexure and the number of Schedule Tribes came to 32.

## Classification

The tribes in Jharkhand were originally classified based on their cultural types by the Indian anthropologist, Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi. His classification was as follows:

## List of Scheduled Tribes

List of Scheduled Tribes.

1. Asur
2. Baiga
3. Banjara
4. Bathudi
5. Bedia
6. Bhumij
7. Binjhia
8. Birhor
9. Birjia
10. Chero
11. Chik Baraik
12. Gond
13. Gorait
14. Ho
15. Kanwar
16. Karmali
17. Kharia
18. Kharwar
19. Khond
20. Kisan
21. Kora
22. Kol
23. Korwa
24. Lohra
25. Mahli
26. Mal Pahariya
27. Munda
28. Oraon
29. Parhaiya
30. Santhal
31. Sauria Paharia
32. Savar

## Demography

According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled Tribe population of Jharkhand is 8,645,042, which constitutes 26.21 percent of the state's total population. Among all States and UTs, Jharkhand holds 6th and 10th rank terms of the ST population and the percentage share of the ST population to the total population of the State respectively. The growth of the ST population has been 17.3 percent, which is lower by 6 percentage points if compared with the growth of the State's total population (23.3 percent) during 1991–2001. The state has thirty Scheduled Tribes and all of them have been enumerated at the 2001 census. The Scheduled Tribes are primarily rural as 91.7 percent of them reside in villages. District-wise distribution of ST population shows that Gumla district has the highest proportion of STs (68.94 percent). The STs constitute more than half of the total population in Lohardaga (56.89 per cent) and Pashchimi Singhbhum (67.31 percent) districts whereas Ranchi has 35.76 percent and Pakur district has 42.1 percent tribal population. Koderma district (0.96 percent) preceded by Chatra (4.37 percent) has the lowest proportion of the STs Population.

Scheduled Tribes population in Jharkhand, 2011 census
| Scheduled Tribe | Population | % of state's ST population |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Asur, Agaria | 22,459 | 0.26 |
| Baiga | 3,582 | 0.04 |
| Banjara | 487 | 0.01 |
| Bathudi | 3,464 | 0.04 |
| Bedia | 100,161 | 1.16 |
| Bhumij | 209,448 | 2.42 |
| Binjhia | 14,404 | 0.17 |
| Birhor | 10,726 | 0.12 |
| Birjia | 6,276 | 0.07 |
| Chero | 95,575 | 1.11 |
| Chik Baraik | 54,163 | 0.63 |
| Gond | 53,676 | 0.62 |
| Gorait | 4,973 | 0.06 |
| Ho | 928,289 | 10.74 |
| Karmali | 64,154 | 0.74 |
| Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Hill Kharia | 196,135 | 2.27 |
| Kharwar | 248,974 | 2.88 |
| Khond | 221 | 0 |
| Kisan, Nagesia | 37,265 | 0.43 |
| Kora, Mudi -Kora | 32,786 | 0.38 |
| Korwa | 35,606 | 0.41 |
| Lohra | 216,226 | 2.5 |
| Mahli | 152,663 | 1.77 |
| Mal Paharia, Kumarbhag Paharia | 135,797 | 1.57 |
| Munda, Patar | 1,229,221 | 14.22 |
| Oraon, Dhangar (Oraon) | 1,716,618 | 19.86 |
| Parhaiya | 25,585 | 0.3 |
| Santal | 2,754,723 | 31.86 |
| Sauria Paharia | 46,222 | 0.53 |
| Savar | 9,688 | 0.11 |
| Kawar | 8,145 | 0.09 |
| Kol | 53,584 | 0.62 |
| Total | 8,645,042 | 100 |

### Religion

Religions of Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand, 2011 census

Sarna (45.23%)  Hinduism (37.55%)  Christianity (15.48%)  Addi Bassi (0.48%)  Bidin (0.33%)  *Other religions* (0.63%)  *Religion not stated* (0.3%)

As per 2011 census, the Scheduled Tribes population in Jharkhand totals 8,645,042. Among them, the largest group follows the Sarna religion, with 3,910,313 adherents. Hindus comprise 3,245,856, and Christians number 1,338,175. Other notable groups include Adi Bassi with 41,680, Bidin with 28,954, and Muslims with 18,107. Smaller communities consist of Adi (8,989), Buddhists (2,946), Sumra Sandhi (2,723), Birsa (2,339), Gond/Gondi (2,292), Tana Bhagat (1,068), Sikhs (984), Santals (938), Sarnam (740), Oraon (709), Munda (696), Ho (695), Paharia (518), Sarvdharm (432), Kharwar (385), Jains (381), Achinthar (273), Saranath (153), Krupa (133), Dupub (122), Malla (111), Marangboro (87), Kuir (69), Loco Bohra (64), and Nature Religion (311). Those whose religion is not stated number 25,971, and other unclassified religions account for 7,828 individuals.

#### Sarna

Although Hinduism is the predominant religion of the State (68.6 percent), the tribes constitute 39.8 percent only. As many as 45.1 percent of the tribal population follow 'other religions and persuasions'. Christian tribes are 14.5 percent and less than half percent (0.4 percent) are Muslims. Among the major tribes, more than half of the total population (56.6 percent) of nature worshiping Santals are 'Bedins' who also worship bongas. Oraon and Munda have more than 50 percent of the population follow other religions and persuasions followed by Christianity. Ho tribe has the highest proportion (91 percent) of persons professing 'other religions and persuasions'.

### Language

Languages of Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand, 2011 census

Santali (33.02%)  Sadan/Sadri (14.04%)  Ho (11.11%)  Kurukh (10.82%)  Mundari (10.46%)  Hindi (6.6%)  Khortha/Khotta (3.2%)  Bengali (2.93%)  Pahariya (1.68%)  Kharia (1.59%)  Magadhi/Magahi (1.14%)  Other (3.41%)

According to the 2011 census, Santali is the most prevalent language, spoken by 2,854,878 individuals, followed by Ho with 960,389 speakers, Kurukh/Oraon with 935,458, Mundari with 904,491 speakers, Sadan/Sadri with 885,746 speakers, Hindi with 570,444, Nagpuria with 327,847, Khortha/Khotta with 285,303 speakers, Bengali with 253,434 speakers, and Pahariya with 145,588 speakers. Kharia counts 137,413 speakers, Magadhi/Magahi 98,186, Panch Pargania 81,275, Odia 30,130, and Karmali 27,681. Furthermore, smaller tribal languages include Bhojpuri (20,589), Mahili (18,322), Kol (15,032), Bhumij (8,401), Palmuha (5,733), Koda/Kora (3,301), Munda (2,342), Chhattisgarhi (1,410), Lohara (1,325), Urdu (1,249), and Koli (1,086).

### Literacy

Education level of 47.44% literate Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand, 2011 census

Primary (28.94%)  Below primary (27.67%)  Middle school (17.35%)  Matric/Secondary (10.61%)  Higher Secondary/Intermediate (6.27%)  Literate without Educational level (5.39%)  Graduation (3.52%)  Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree (0.22%)  Non-Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree (0.02%)

According to the 2011 Census, within Jharkhand's Scheduled Tribes population, 47.44% are literate, while 52.56% are illiterate. Of the literate individuals, 28.94% have completed primary education, 27.67% have education below the primary level, 17.35% have reached the middle level, 10.61% have attained matric/secondary education, and 6.27% have completed higher secondary/intermediate. Additionally, 5.39% are literate without any specific educational level, 3.52% hold a graduate degree or above, 0.22% have technical diplomas or certificates not equivalent to a degree, and 0.02% possess non-technical diplomas or certificates not equivalent to a degree.

The overall literacy rate among the STs has increased from 27.5 percent at the 1991 census to 40.7 percent at the 2001 census. Despite this improvement, the literacy rate among the tribes is much below in comparison to that of all STs at the national level (47.1 percent). Among the numerically larger tribes, Oraon and Kharia have more than half of the population in the age of seven years and above are literate while Munda have a literacy rate almost equal to that of all STs at the national level. Among the total tribal literates, 33.6 percent are either without any educational level or have attained education below the primary level. The proportions of literates who have attained education up to primary level and middle level are 28.6 percent and 17.7 percent respectively. Persons educated up to matric / secondary / higher secondary constitute 16.5 percent. This implies that every 6th tribal literate is matriculate. Graduates and above are 3.5 percent while non-technical and technical diploma holders constitute a negligible 0.1 percent. Out of the total 19.8 lakh tribal children in the age group 5–14 years, only 8.5 lakh children have been attending school constituting 43.1 percent. As many as 11.3 lakh (56.9 percent) children in the corresponding age group have not been going to school. The statement below shows that among the major STs, Munda, Oraon and Kharia have more than 50 percent school-going children whereas Santhal, Ho, and Lohra have 36–47 percent of children attending school.

## Culture

### Sarhul

Sarhul is a spring festival celebrated when the Saal trees get new flowers on their branches. It is a worship of the village deity who is considered to be the protector of the tribes. People sing and dance when the new flowers appear. The deities are worshiped with sal flowers. The village priest or Pahan fasts for a couple of days. In the early morning, he takes a bath and puts on new a dhoti made of virgin cotton (*kachha dhaga*). The previous evening, the Pahan takes three new earthen pots and fills them with fresh water; the next morning he observes these earthen pots and the water level inside. If the water level decreases he predicts that there will be famine or less rain, and if the water level is normal, that is the signal of good rain. Before pooja starts, the wife of the Pahan washes his feet and gets blessings from him. At the pooja, Pahan offers three young roosters of different colors to one for the god  the Singbonga or Dharmesh, as the Bhumijs, Mundas, Hos and Oraons respectively address him; another for the village deities; and the third for the ancestors. During this pooja villagers surround the Sarna place. Traditional drum — Dhol, Nagara and Turhi — players keep drumming and playing along with Pahan chanting prayers to deities. When pooja is finished, boys carry Pahan on their shoulders and girls dancing ahead take him to his house where his wife welcomes him by washing his feet. Then Pahan offers Sal flowers to his wife and villagers. These flowers represent the brotherhood and friendship among villagers and Pahan the priest, distributes sal flowers to every villager. He also puts sals flowers on every house's roof which is called "phool khonsi". At the same time Prasad, a rice-made beer called Handia, is distributed among the villagers. And the whole village celebrates with singing and dancing this festival of Sarhul. It goes on for weeks in this region of Chhotanagpur. In the Kolhan region it is called "Baa Porob" meaning Flower Festival.

### Baha Parab

Baha parab is the spring festival of Ho, Munda and Santal people. Baha means flower in Munda languages. People worship Marang buru in jaherthan or sacred grove.

### Sohrai

Sohrai is the harvest festival of Santal people residing in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Sohrai also known as Khuntaw means tie in Santali language. Sohrai is celebrated for five days, where the first day is called Um Maha, second day Dakay Maha or Bonga Maha, third day Khuntaw Maha, fourth day Jale Maha and fifth day Sendra Maha. The celebration if practiced in the month of November. Second and third day are mostly known for entertainment through group dance and music can be seen in all Santal tribes village. Sendra Maha is dedicated for hunting in the jungles. People worship Marang buru in jaherthan or sacred grove before the beging of the Sohrai celebration. The second day is reserved for each Santal individual worshiping Marang Buru in their home as Garh Bonga means Home Deity.

### Mage Porob

**Mage Porob** is the principal festival celebrated among the Ho people of eastern India, and is also celebrated by the Munda people, though followers of Birsa Dharam, a new religion based on traditional Munda spirituality and religion, do not celebrate Mage Porob, although they celebrate other traditional Munda festivals. It is also not celebrated by any other Munda-speaking peoples, and is much less prominent to the Mundas than to the Hos. It is held in the month of Magha in honor of the deity Singbonga who, in the Ho creation myth, created *Luku Kola*, the first man on Earth. It was first described in 1912 by Indian anthropologist Rai Bahadur Sarat Chandra Roy in his *The Mundas and their Country*.

### Hal Punhya

Hal Punhya is a festival the begins with winter. The first day of Magha month, known as "Akhain Jatra" or "Hal Punhya", is considered as the beginning of ploughing season. The farmers, to symbolize this auspicious morning plough two and half circles of their agricultural land. This day is also considered as the symbol of good fortune.

### Sendra festival

Sendra festival, locally known as *Disum Sendra* is an annual hunting festival celebrated on the top of Dalma hills by the tribal people of Chotanagpur region. It is celebrated on the full moon day in the month of Baisakh (usually from April to May) to rejuvenate both the youth of the tribal communities and the wild animals of the forest. On this occasion, hunting games are organized in the dark. The festival is commonly celebrated by the Santal, Bhumij, Munda, Ho, Birhor and Kharia peoples.

## Tribal artwork

* Tribal woodwork – Jharkhand is full of supposedly good quality saal forest and hence wooden artwork in the "should" of tribals. The wood is used for cooking, housing, farming, fishing, arts, etc.
* Tribal Painting – The painting is mainly a source of "livelihood" for the Hyhyh tribe in Jharkhand and practiced in the region of Santhal Pragana and nearby areas.
* Tribal Bamboo Artwork – The bamboo found in this area are different from bamboo of Southeast Asia. There is tourist place, Netarhat, which means a *Bazaar of Bamboo*. The tribal people use bamboo for making baskets, hunting & fishing equipment such as fishing cages.
* Godna – They believe that all ornaments are human made and are mortal. Therefore, they invented tattoos as permanent ornament. Majority of tribal woman have tattoos called Godna, on their bodies. However, tribal man also use Godna. They believe that Godna are the only ornament which goes with them after death.

## Footnotes

1. Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). *Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand*. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178351216.
2. "Tribals". jharkhandobserver.
3. "32 tribes live in Jharkhand, know how much population of tribals live in different state of India". *Prabhat Khabar*.
4. "A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Jharkhand - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
5.
6. "Jharkhand - DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED TRIBES - Census of India 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2021.
7. "ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
8. "ST-08 Appendix: Educational level by age and sex for population age 7 and above (scheduled tribes, Appendix), Jharkhand - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
9. Jha, Amit (2009). *Contemporary Religious Institutions in Tribal India*. Delhi: Lulu.com. p. 72. ISBN 9780557090532.
10. Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1 January 1980). *The Scheduled Tribes of India*. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 267. ISBN 9781412838856.
11. "Maghe Parab in W Singhbhum". *The Avenue Mail*. Vimal Agarwal. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
12. "Mage festival observed". *The Avenue Mail*. Vimal Agarwal. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
13. "Ho Community, Odisha". *Kerai Entertainment*. 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
14. Singh, Ajit K. (1982). *Tribal Festivals of Bihar: A Functional Analysis*. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 18.
15. "hunting festival showcases tribal spirit and culture". *ucanews.com*. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
16. Pioneer, The. "Sendra hunting festival turns into a symbolic affair". *The Pioneer*. Retrieved 1 October 2022.


title: Trichromia flavimargo

abstract: Trichromia flavimargo is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1916. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Trichromia flavimargo

***Trichromia flavimargo*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1916. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia flavimargo* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. flavimargo*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia flavimargo***<br>(Joicey & Talbot, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritos flavimargo* Joicey & Talbot, 1916 | |


title: Tripdavon

abstract: Tripdavon is an American rock band from Santa Barbara, California. The group formed in early 2004 while students at UCSB by vocalist Justin Fox, guitarist Greg Doscher, guitarist Adam Coons, drummer Russ Cummings, and bassist Dave Heer.

text:
# Tripdavon

**Tripdavon** is an American rock band from Santa Barbara, California. The group formed in early 2004 while students at UCSB by vocalist Justin Fox, guitarist Greg Doscher, guitarist Adam Coons, drummer Russ Cummings, and bassist Dave Heer.

## History

### Early days (2004-2006)

Tripdavon originally flourished in Isla Vista, where throngs of wandering revelers allow for a greater variety of musical acts. The band’s first gig had them performing at an apartment complex on Del Playa Drive for 400 I.V. partiers. They called it 25-a-Palooza. “In I.V., you have a captive audience,” guitarist Greg Doscher said. “We had people lying on their roof and listening to our first gig. It was great…. The kind of energy you find in IV — you just can’t match that anywhere else.”

**Tripdavon debut album**
In late 2004, Tripdavon released their self-titled debut album to broad acclaim. Shortly after graduating UCSB, the band moved into a house together in Santa Barbara, where they spent the summer months recording and self-producing the songs that would eventually land on the debut release.

**First world tour**
In 2005 Tripdavon landed a gig to play at Eric Burdon’s 2005 CD release party at the Viper Room in Los Angeles. When the gig fell through, Burdon summoned the band as support for his My Secret Life world tour. The guys found themselves riding a tour bus across Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Hungary with Eric Burdon and The Animals. They were playing to packed venues, and enjoying the greatest exposure their band had gotten to date. Doscher said the experience on the road helped to bond the members of Tripdavon with Burdon, an industry-savvy rocker best known for hits like "House of the Rising Sun", “Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood” and “Spill the Wine”. By the end of the tour, Eric regularly invited the band up on stage for his encores playing songs like “Ring of Fire” before throngs of European fans. "He had enough respect for us to let us play on stage with him.” Vocalist Justin Fox said. The experience with Burdon proved a pivotal event for Tripdavon. “It was a life-changing experience. It’s something I never thought I would get to do in my life,” he said.

### *The Enlightened Operative* (2006-2008)

Tripdavon's second full-length album titled *The Enlightened Operative* was released on November 14, 2006.

Upon returning home from their time on the road with Burdon, Tripdavon migrated up north, to the quiet streets of Weed, California. There they worked with veteran rocker Jim Wood from Dishwalla and legendary producer, Sylvia Massy Shivy, whose credits include platinum albums from Tool, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and System of a Down. The Project was recorded over 40 days in June and July at Radiostar Studios, Massy's multimedia recording complex (which occupies a full city block in the heart of town). The outcome: what the guys estimate is their most mature sound yet. They've got nothing but gratitude for Massey’s influence over the project. “A good thing about Sylvia is that she has this strong engineering background… She has a zen-like mastery when it comes to recording,” Fox said. “She’ll want a certain sound and she’ll know how to get it.” “In my opinion, we developed a more cohesive sound,” Doscher said. “\[Massey\] had concept of how the album would come together — how it would flow and how the songs belonged together.” Fox agreed, “The production was amazing. When we first heard the mixes, we were like, ‘Wow, I can’t believe this is us.’” The guys count the recording experience as a good one.

### Present day

Tripdavon has spent the first half of 2009 in production of their third studio album. Slated to release in the summer of 2009, many details of the project are not known.

## Discography

### Studio albums

2004: *Tripdavon* \- Self-titled debut
2006: *The Enlightened Operative*
2009: *Sketches From Silence*

### "Digital only" releases

2005: "Valentine's Day" - Single
2007: "St. James Infirmary" - Single
2008: *Live at the Royal Albert Hall* \- Bootleg

Their self-titled debut reached number twelve on the UK Albums Chart. In June 2007 they were featured on HBO's hit series: *Entourage*. In August 2007, they won the famecast.com competition to become Season 2 "Rock Fenoms".

In April 2008 they opened for the 37 year reunion of Eric Burdon & War at Royal Albert Hall, London.

## Further reading

Tripdavon: Sketches From Silence Review
Article about Tripdavon's Early Years.

## InfoBox

| Tripdavon | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Santa Barbara, California, United States |
| Genres | Rock
Alternative rock
College rock |
| Years active | 2004–2012 |
| Labels | Oxygen Recording (2004-2010)
Ripple Music (2010-2012) |
|  | |
| Members | Justin Fox
Greg Doscher
Dave Heer
Russ Cummings
Adam Coons |
|  | |
| Website | www.tripdavon.com |


title: Troon (ward)

abstract: Troon is one of the eight electoral wards of South Ayrshire Council. Created in 2007, the ward elects four councillors using the single transferable vote electoral system and covers an area with a population of 14,377 people. The area is a Conservative stronghold with the party holding half the seats at every election.

text:
# Troon (ward)

**Troon** is one of the eight electoral wards of South Ayrshire Council. Created in 2007, the ward elects four councillors using the single transferable vote electoral system and covers an area with a population of 14,377 people.

The area is a Conservative stronghold with the party holding half the seats at every election.

## Boundaries

The ward was created following the Fourth Statutory Reviews of Electoral Arrangements ahead of the 2007 Scottish local elections. As a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, local elections in Scotland would use the single transferable vote electoral system from 2007 onwards so Troon was formed from an amalgamation of several previous first-past-the-post wards.

It contained all of the former Troon East, Troon North, Troon South and Troon West wards as well as the western part of the former Dundonald and Loans ward. The ward includes the northwesternmost part of the council area up to its border with North Ayrshire and includes the town of Troon as well as Barassie and the uninhabited Lady Isle in the Firth of Clyde. The ward's boundaries were unchanged following the Fifth Statutory Reviews of Electoral Arrangements ahead of the 2017 Scottish local elections.

## Councillors

| Election | Councillors | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 |  | Peter Convery
(Conservative) |  | Nan McFarlane
(SNP) |  | Philip Saxton
(Labour) |  | Bill McIntosh
(Conservative) |
| | | | | | | | | 2012 |
| | | | 2017 | | | | Craig Mackay
(SNP) | Bob Pollock
(Conservative) |
| | | | 2022 | | | | Kenneth Bell
(Conservative) |

## Election results

### 2022 election

Troon \- 4 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|  | SNP | **Craig MacKay** (incumbent) | 23.0 | **1,607** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Labour | **Philip Saxton** (incumbent) | 19.2 | 1,342 | 1,352 | **1,405** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Bob Pollock** (incumbent) | 16.2 | 1,131 | 1,134 | 1,146 | 1,147 | 1,209 | **1,463** |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Kenneth Bell** | 14.5 | 1,015 | 1,016 | 1,029 | 1,029 | 1,074 | 1,275 | 1,335 | **1,497** |
|  | SNP | Annie McIndoe | 12.8 | 898 | 1,080 | 1,120 | 1,122 | 1,184 | 1,192 | 1,193 |  |
|  | Conservative | Rose Hall | 6.5 | 459 | 459 | 466 | 466 | 496 |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Judith Godden | 4.7 | 329 | 333 | 373 | 376 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | Linda Lunan | 2.8 | 198 | 200 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 13,025   **Valid:** 6,979   **Spoilt:** 128   **Quota:** 1,396   **Turnout:** 54.6% | | | | | | | | | | | |

Source:

### 2017 election

Troon \- 4 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|  | Conservative | **Peter Convery** (incumbent) | 35.2 | **2,446** |  |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Bob Pollock** | 16.3 | 1,135 | **2,017** |  |  |  |
|  | SNP | **Craig Mackay** | 16.2 | 1,125 | 1,146 | 1,157 | 1,216 | **2,201** |
|  | SNP | Annie McIndoe | 14.5 | 1,005 | 1,016 | 1,025 | 1,117 |  |
|  | Labour | **Philip Saxton** (incumbent) | 13.7 | 951 | 1,011 | 1,194 | 1,304 | **1,385** |
|  | Scottish Green | Boyd Murdoch | 4.2 | 290 | 310 | 371 |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 12,132   **Valid:** 6,952   **Spoilt:** 128   **Quota:** 1,391   **Turnout:** 57.2% | | | | | | | | |

Source:

### 2012 election

Troon - 4 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|  | Conservative | **Peter Convery** (incumbent) | 22.0 | **1,289** |  |  |  |  |
|  | Labour | **Philip Saxton** (incumbent) | 21.0 | **1,233** |  |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Bill McIntosh** (incumbent) | 17.6 | 1,035 | 1,130 | 1,137 | 1,160 | **1,207** |
|  | SNP | **Nan McFarlane** (incumbent) | 17.5 | 1,026 | 1,033 | 1,043 | **1,495** |  |
|  | Independent | Pat Brown | 12.4 | 730 | 734 | 750 | 801 | 912 |
|  | SNP | Elaine McBean Little | 9.4 | 551 | 553 | 557 |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 12,146   **Valid:** 5,864   **Spoilt:** 59   **Quota:** 1,173   **Turnout:** 48.3% | | | | | | | | |

Source:

### 2007 election

Troon – 4 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 |
|  | Conservative | **Peter Convery** | 27.5 | **2,029** |  |
|  | SNP | **Nan McFarlane** | 23.9 | **1,765** |  |
|  | Labour | **Philip Saxton** | 20.3 | **1,499** |  |
|  | Conservative | **Bill McIntosh** | 14.3 | 1,061 | **1,489** |
|  | Independent | Pat Brown | 13.9 | 1,029 | 1,084 |
| **Valid:** 7,383   **Quota:** 1,477 | | | | | |

Source:

1. Sitting councillor for Ayr West.
1. "Troon". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
2. "Fourth Statutory Review of Electoral Arrangements; South Ayrshire Council Area" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland. May 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
3. "Fifth Statutory Review of Electoral Arrangements; South Ayrshire Council Area" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland. May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
4. "Declaration of Results Report Ward 1 Troon" (PDF). South Ayrshire Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
5. "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report Ward 1 Troon" (PDF). South Ayrshire Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
6. "Declaration of Results Report Ward 1 Troon" (PDF). South Ayrshire Council. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
7. "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report Ward 1 Troon" (PDF). South Ayrshire Council. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
8. Teale, Andrew. "Local Elections Archive Project - 2012 - South Ayrshire". Retrieved 30 January 2024.
9. "Election 2012 for South Ayrshire Council Ward 1 Troon". South Ayrshire Council. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
10. Teale, Andrew. "Local Elections Archive Project - 2007 - South Ayrshire". Retrieved 15 July 2024.

## InfoBox

| Troon | |
| --- | --- |
| South Ayrshire | |
| Boundary of Troon in South Ayrshire  from 2017. | |
| Population | 14,377 (2021) |
| Electorate | 13,025 (2022) |
| Major settlements | Troon |
| Scottish Parliament constituency | Ayr |
| Scottish Parliament region | South Scotland |
| UK Parliament constituency | Central Ayrshire |
| Current ward | |
| Created | 2007 (2007) |
| Number of councillors | 4 |
| Councillor | Craig MacKay (SNP) |
| Councillor | Philip Saxton (Labour) |
| Councillor | Bob Pollock (Conservative) |
| Councillor | Kenneth Bell (Conservative) |
| Created from | Dundonald and Loans
Troon East
Troon North
Troon South
Troon West |


title: Troides darsius

abstract: Troides darsius, the Sri Lankan birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in Sri Lanka. It is the largest butterfly on the island and is also the national butterfly of Sri Lanka. Among the largest and most gaudy of the Ceylon Lepidoptera is the great black and yellow butterfly; the upper wings, of which measure six inches (15 cm) across, are of deep velvet black, the lower, ornamented by large particles of satiny yellow, through which the sunlight passes, and few insects can compare with it in beauty, as it hovers over the flowers of the heliotrope, which furnish the favourite food of the perfect fly, although the caterpillar feeds on the aristolochia and the betel leaf and suspends its chrysalis from its drooping tendrils.

text:
# Troides darsius

***Troides darsius***, the **Sri Lankan birdwing**, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in Sri Lanka. It is the largest butterfly on the island and is also the national butterfly of Sri Lanka.

Among the largest and most gaudy of the Ceylon Lepidoptera is the great black and yellow butterfly (*Ornithoptera darsius*, Gray); the upper wings, of which measure six inches (15 cm) across, are of deep velvet black, the lower, ornamented by large particles of satiny yellow, through which the sunlight passes, and few insects can compare with it in beauty, as it hovers over the flowers of the heliotrope, which furnish the favourite food of the perfect fly, although the caterpillar feeds on the aristolochia and the betel leaf and suspends its chrysalis from its drooping tendrils.

## Description

From *Troides helena cerberus* it differs as follows:

Male forewing: adnervular pale streaks not prominent on the upperside, more distinctly marked on the underside. Hindwing black, with a very broad discal slightly curved silky-yellow band or patch that extends beyond the cell from interspaces 2 to 7, and is composed of elongate outwardly emarginate yellow markings that are divided only by the black veins. In most specimens the inner margin of this band crosses the apex of the cell, but in many the cell is entirely black. Abdomen with some black markings beneath and a lateral row of black spots.

Female: Differs from *cerberus* female in the much greater extent of the black on the hindwing. Interspace 1 with a pale dusky-white patch in the middle; interspace 7 with an inner and an outer yellow spot; cell entirely black or nearly so, sometimes, but rarely, with the yellow extended into the apex.

Wingspan of 165–175 mm.

## Life cycle

### Larva

Cylindrical, dull purple brown, with two dorsal rows and anterior and lateral rows of fleshy tubercles, those on the eighth segment and a streak from its base to lower end of seventh segment being pale pink; between the tubercles are dark brown streaks. Feeds on *Aristolochia* (Moore.)

### Pupa

Pale purplish ochreous, bent backwards anteriorly; thorax conical, the top flattened and its sides angled; wing cases dilated and flattened laterally in the middle, their outer edge acute; two middle segments of abdomen with a dorsal pair of conical prominences. (Moore.)

## Habitat

The primary habitat is thinly wooded mountain forests from sea-level up to an elevation of 2,000 metres. Occasionally observed in gardens but generally rare in lowlands.

## Threats

*Troides darsius* is threatened by deforestation.

*Troides darsius* is a member of the *Troides haliphron* species group. The members of this clade are:

## InfoBox

| Sri Lankan birdwing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | *Troides* |
| Species: | ***T. darsius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Troides darsius***<br>(Gray, 1852) | |
|


title: Troides

abstract: Troides is a genus of birdwing butterflies, comprising species found in the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, and Oceania.

text:
# Troides

***Troides*** is a genus of birdwing butterflies, comprising species found in the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, and Oceania.

## Species

Twenty species are recognized:

**subgenus:** *Ripponia*  **subgenus:** *Troides* **species group:** *Troides aeacus*  **species group:** *Troides amphrysus*  **species group:** *Troides haliphron*  **species group:** *Troides helena*

## InfoBox

| *Troides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Collection of *Troides* butterflies | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Tribe: | Troidini |
| Genus: | *Troides*
Hübner, 1819 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Papilio helena*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Tri-County News (Kiel, Wisconsin)

abstract: The Tri-County News is a weekly newspaper based in Kiel, Wisconsin.

text:
# Tri-County News (Kiel, Wisconsin)

The ***Tri-County News*** is a weekly newspaper based in Kiel, Wisconsin.

## History

The newspaper was founded when the *New Holstein Reporter*, *Kiel Tri-County Record*, and *Chilton Spirit* were combined.

## Distribution

The Tri-County News is primarily distributed in Calumet County, Manitowoc County, Sheboygan and Fond du Lac County. The newspaper is the official publication of the cities of Kiel, New Holstein, Kiel Area Schools, New Holstein Area Schools, and the towns of Schleswig, Russell, Meeme, and New Holstein.

## Memberships

The newspaper is a member of the Wisconsin Newspapers Association, National Newspaper Association, and Inland Press Association.

1. "WNA past president Mike Mathes announces sale of Delta Publications". *Wisconsin Newspaper Association*. 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
2. *2023 Wisconsin Newspaper Directory*. Wisconsin Newspaper Association. 2023.
* Infobox, Page 2, May 28, 2006 "Tri County News"

## InfoBox

Tri-County News
| Type | Weekly newspaper (Thursday) |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | O'Rourke Media Group |
| Publisher | Jim O'Rourke |
| Editor | Mark Sherry |
| Headquarters | 606 Fremont Street
Kiel, WI 53042
United States |
| Circulation | 4,027 (as of 2022) |
| Website | iwantthenews.com |


title: Trophocosta hilarochroma

abstract: Trophocosta hilarochroma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java.

text:
# Trophocosta hilarochroma

***Trophocosta hilarochroma*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java.

## InfoBox

| *Trophocosta hilarochroma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Trophocosta* |
| Species: | ***T. hilarochroma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trophocosta hilarochroma***<br>(Diakonoff, 1951) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spatalistis hilarochroma* Diakonoff, 1951 * *Spatalistis hylarochroma* Diakonoff, 1951 | |


title: Troy Book

abstract: Troy Book is a Middle English poem by John Lydgate relating the history of Troy from its foundation through to the end of the Trojan War. It is in five books, comprising 30,117 lines in ten-syllable couplets. The poem's major source is Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae.

text:
# Troy Book

***Troy Book*** is a Middle English poem by John Lydgate relating the history of Troy from its foundation through to the end of the Trojan War. It is in five books, comprising 30,117 lines in ten-syllable couplets. The poem's major source is Guido delle Colonne's *Historia destructionis Troiae*.

## Background

*Troy Book* was Lydgate's first full-scale work. It was commissioned from Lydgate by the Prince of Wales (later Henry V), who wanted a poem that would show the English language to be as fit for a grand theme as the other major literary languages,

> Ywriten as wel in oure langage
> As in Latyn and in Frensche it is.

Lydgate tells us that he began writing the poem at four o'clock on the afternoon of Monday, 31 October 1412; he completed it in 1420.

It has been argued that Lydgate intended *Troy Book* as an attempt to outdo Chaucer's Trojan romance *Troilus and Criseyde*, and certainly the frequent recurrence of tributes to Chaucer's excellence as a poet is a notable feature of the poem. The poem emphasizes the disastrous results of political discord and militarism, and also presents the conventional medieval themes of the power of Fortune to influence earthly affairs and the vanity of worldly things.

## Publication

*Troy Book* survives in 23 manuscripts, testifying to the popularity of the poem during the 15th century. It was printed first by Richard Pynson in 1513, and second by Thomas Marshe in 1555. A modernized version sometimes attributed to Thomas Heywood, called *The Life and Death of Hector*, appeared in 1614. *Troy Book* exercised an influence on Robert Henryson, Thomas Kyd, and Christopher Marlowe, and was one of Shakespeare's sources for *Troilus and Cressida*.

## Criticism

Modern critics have generally made moderate claims for *Troy Book*’s literary merit. Antony Gibbs judged the poem to be of uneven quality, adding that "its couplet form indulges Lydgate's fatal garrulity." Douglas Gray found some good writing to praise, and particularly singled out the eloquence and pathos of some of Lydgate's rhetorical laments, descriptions, and speeches.

## Reference edition

The reference edition of *Troy Book* is that by Henry Bergen, published as volumes 97, 103, 106 and 126 of the Early English Text Society Extra Series between 1906 and 1935. An excellent, abridged online edition of the "Troy Book" with substantial glosses to aid modern readers is available from the Middle English Texts Series, edited by Robert R. Edwards.

## Modern renditions

Two self-published modernised versions of *Troy Book* are available:

* *John Lydgate's Troy Book: A Middle English Iliad* (The Troy Myth in Medieval Britain Book 1) by D M Smith (2019 Kindle) - complete
* *John Lydgate Troy Book: The Legend of the Trojan War* by D.J. Favager (2019 Kindle) - complete

## Sources


title: Trichilia fasciculata

abstract: Trichilia fasciculata is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Trichilia fasciculata

***Trichilia fasciculata*** is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Trichilia fasciculata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Meliaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichilia* |
| Species: | ***T. fasciculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichilia fasciculata***
Pennington | |
|


title: Trox oustaleti

abstract: Trox oustaleti is an extinct species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae described from a fossil found in the Ypresian age Allenby Formation of British Columbia, Canada. Within the genus Trox, it is placed in the core subgenus Trox.

text:
# Trox oustaleti

***Trox oustaleti*** is an extinct species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae described from a fossil found in the Ypresian age Allenby Formation of British Columbia, Canada. Within the genus *Trox*, it is placed in the core subgenus *Trox*.

## InfoBox

| *Trox oustaleti*
Temporal range: Ypresian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1890 illustration of fossil | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Trogidae |
| Subfamily: | Troginae |
| Genus: | *Trox* |
| Species: | ***T. oustaleti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trox oustaleti***
Scudder, 1879 | |
|


title: Trox robinsoni

abstract: Trox robinsoni is a beetle of the family Trogidae.

text:
# Trox robinsoni

***Trox robinsoni*** is a beetle of the family Trogidae.

1. "Trox robinsoni Vaurie, 1955". *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

Media related to *Trox robinsoni* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Trox robinsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trox species*, adult | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Trogidae |
| Subfamily: | Troginae |
| Genus: | *Trox* |
| Species: | ***T. robinsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trox robinsoni***<br>Vaurie, 1955 | |
|


title: True Brew (EP)

abstract: True Brew is an EP by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 26 February 2015 by De Nihil Records on 12" vinyl, as well as digitally by Epitaph Records. The song "True Brew" was originally featured on Millencolin's eighth studio album, True Brew, which was released in April 2015 via Epitaph. "True Brew is one of our absolute favorite tracks off the album and if you haven't heard the album yet this is a great way to get what the album's about", explained drummer Fredrik Larzon. "This song also sums up exactly what our band is about in the lyrics and to spice it up even more we decided to also do the alternative version in Swedish which turned out great."

text:
# True Brew (EP)

***True Brew*** is an EP by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 26 February 2015 by De Nihil Records on 12" vinyl, as well as digitally by Epitaph Records. The song "True Brew" was originally featured on Millencolin's eighth studio album, *True Brew*, which was released in April 2015 via Epitaph. "True Brew is one of our absolute favorite tracks off the album and if you haven't heard the album yet this is a great way to get what the album's about", explained drummer Fredrik Larzon. "This song also sums up exactly what our band is about in the lyrics and to spice it up even more we decided to also do the alternative version in Swedish which turned out great."

## Track listing

**12" vinyl**

* Side A:

1. "True Brew"
2. "Balanced Boy"

* Side B:

1. "Inte Vara Ägd"
2. "Heart vs Mind"

## Video clip

A new video clip it was filmed during the South American tour in 2015. They release two videos, "True Brew" and "Inte Vara Ägd" (swedish version). The external scenes were recorded in Fortaleza, Brazil. Shot and directed by Adam Holmkvist.

## InfoBox

| True Brew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Millencolin | |
| Released | 26 February 2015 |
| Genre | Punk rock, skate punk |
| Length | 12:27 |
| Label | De Nihil Records (vinyl)
Epitaph (digitally) |
| Producer | Mathias Färm, Nikola Šarčević |
| Millencolin chronology | |
| *True Brew*
(2015) ***True Brew***
(2015) | |


title: Trousdale Turner Correctional Center

abstract:
The Trousdale Turner Correctional Center is a private prison for men, located in Hartsville, Trousdale County, Tennessee, owned and operated by CoreCivic under contract with the Tennessee Department of Correction. The facility opened in 2016, and is located on the site of the canceled Hartsville Nuclear Plant. It holds a maximum of 2672 male inmates at medium security.
There are seven housing units within the facility, each housing different number of inmates. The following, three-pod, housing units each house a maximum of 360 inmates: D, C, F, B and E. Housing unit W contains four pods, each holding a maximum of 128 inmates, for a total of 512. The inmates in this housing unit live in an open bay setting. Which means they are not in cells but sleep side by side in bunks. The segregation unit, A, contains five pods with a maximum capacity of 360.

text:
# Trousdale Turner Correctional Center

The **Trousdale Turner Correctional Center** is a private prison for men, located in Hartsville, Trousdale County, Tennessee, owned and operated by CoreCivic (formerly Corrections Corporation of America) under contract with the Tennessee Department of Correction.

The facility opened in 2016, and is located on the site of the canceled Hartsville Nuclear Plant. It holds a maximum of 2672 male inmates at medium security. There are seven housing units within the facility, each housing different number of inmates. The following, three-pod, housing units each house a maximum of 360 inmates: D, C, F, B and E. Housing unit W contains four pods, each holding a maximum of 128 inmates, for a total of 512. The inmates in this housing unit live in an open bay setting. Which means they are not in cells but sleep side by side in bunks. The segregation unit, A, contains five pods with a maximum capacity of 360.

## History

Between its opening in January 2016 and May, an inmate was stabbed on February 26 when an officer left a housing unit unattended, the facility's newly-appointed warden resigned by early March without explanation, a TDOC official formally complained that CCA officers had no control over the prisoners, the entire facility unexpectedly halted taking new state inmates because of these "growing pains", and an officer was assaulted.

On September 6, 2017 an officer was assaulted in E Unit by an inmate high on methamphetamine. The inmate used a homemade weapon to stab the officer multiple times. The officer was unable to escape the attack, which resulted in the inmates in his pod to come to his aid.

On June 15, 2019 at approximately 3:00 P.M. CDT an inmate was found deceased in his cell during count. Further investigation revealed the inmate had been in an altercation with another inmate.

On August 30, 2019 an inmate in W unit attacked and sexually assaulted a mental health staff member. The staff member was flown to Vanderbilt Medical Center for treatment, however, the attack resulted in a loss of vision for that staff member. The matter is currently under investigation.

On January 25, 2020 a protective custody inmate was fatally stabbed by another inmate in the segregation unit.

on December 17, 2020 an inmate was fatally wounded by his cellmate while being house in the segregation unit.

In 2020, an outbreak of COVID 19 at the Trousdale Turner Correctional Center made Trousdale County the county with the highest per capita infection rate in the United States in early May. As of May 8, 1,284 prisoners at Trousdale had tested positive for the coronavirus, as had 50 employees and contractors at the facility. By August, three infected prisoners had died and a total of 1,379 prisoners had been infected.

With the various issues inside the facility and the recent events of COVID-19, the warden has decided to place the facility under lockdown till further notice.

As of 2016, Tennessee houses state inmates in four private prisons. The state's Private Prison Contracting Act of 1986, however, authorizes one single private prison for state inmates. As of 2016 Tennessee technically contracts directly with CoreCivic for inmates held at South Central Correctional Facility. For Trousdale and the two others, the state circumvents the statute by contracting with the local county. In turn the county signs an agreement with CoreCivic.

36°21′05″N 86°05′29″W / 36.351421°N 86.091514°W / 36.351421; -86.091514

## InfoBox

Trousdale Turner Correctional Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | 140 Macon Way <br>Hartsville, Tennessee |
| Status | open |
| Security class | Medium, few Max. |
| Capacity | 2672 |
| Opened | 2016 |
| Managed by | CoreCivic |
| Warden | Vince Vantell |