title: Raft guide

abstract: A raft guide is a trained professional capable of leading commercial whitewater rafting trips. Most raft guides are employed by commercial outfitters who run either single or multi-day trips.

text:
# Raft guide

A **raft guide** is a trained professional capable of leading commercial whitewater rafting trips. Most raft guides are employed by commercial outfitters who run either single or multi-day trips.

## Training

Typically, first year raft guides are required to undergo a training program often run by the company or a professional guide training school, before beginning to guide commercial trips. This training utilizes classroom and on-river experience to train students in rigging and maneuvering vessels; river flow and hazards; scouting and running rapids; and river rescue and emergency procedures. Trainees are generally required to have a minimum of basic first aid and CPR certifications. Professional river guides often have additional advanced certifications such as International Rafting Federation-GTE, Wilderness First Aid, Wilderness First Responder, Swift Water Rescue, White Water Rescue or Emergency Medical Technician.

## Description

The majority of raft guides are seasonal employees and work during the spring and summer months when rivers are flowing at their best levels. However, during the seasonal winter months some raft guides will continue to work by traveling to countries with warmer climates where commercial rafting exists.

A raft guide's primary job is to navigate an inflatable raft with passengers down a river in a safe and enjoyable manner. This requires that they continually assess and manage risks during the trip. A skilled raft guide is able to recognize river features and understand their effects on a raft, and what is required to navigate among or around these features with passengers. On rapids where the potential risk of injury is high, it is the guides' responsibility to keep the raft from overturning and the passengers from falling overboard.

### Types of guiding

**Oar Guiding** is where the guide maneuvers the raft with oars from either the stern or middle of the raft. On multi-day trips it is common to have a center oar rig where clients do not paddle, and where gear is stored. Guides oar guiding will use techniques such as 'walking the oars' through flat sections or 'holding a star' when stern rigged through large waves. Oar Guides generally have more control over their raft than paddle guides, but oar rigged rafts are dangerous when flipping and hard to re-right, making them less versatile in big water rafting. Oar boats are often rigged to carry all of the gear for a trip. Oars are typically made of wood, but sometimes of plastic.

**Paddle Guiding** is the most common type of high adventure guiding where the guide sits in the stern of the boat with a one bladed guide stick (paddle). Using draws, the guide can influence the direction of the boat, along with using different paddling commands for their crew. Guests often enjoy paddle guiding the most as they feel like they have control over what is going on in the boat.

**Bow Guiding** is where two guides are in the boat: one in the stern and one in the bow. This can be done in a stern rigged boat, or a raft where both guides are paddle guiding. Bow guiding is usually only done over short stretches of whitewater that require a lot of maneuvering for safe passage. Bow guides use techniques such as 'spearing' through large waves, and bow draws to quickly change the direction of the boat. Unlike stern guides, the bow guide will never pry with their paddle; instead they will change the orientation of their hands to maintain a power grip in both directions.

## Compensation

Guide compensation can vary a great deal by type and length of the trip. In North America, guides are typically paid by the day and may receive gratuities from their clients.


title: Maylee Atthin-Johnson

abstract: Maylee Atthin-Johnson is a Trinidadian footballer who played as a forward for the Trinidad and Tobago women's national team and has served as its captain.

text:
# Maylee Atthin-Johnson

**Maylee Atthin-Johnson** (born 5 September 1986) is a Trinidadian footballer who played as a forward for the Trinidad and Tobago women's national team and has served as its captain.

## International goals

*Scores and results list Trinidad and Tobago' goal tally first.*

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 July 2002 | Trinidad and Tobago | Dominica | **?**–? | 13–0 | 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup qualification |
| 2 | | | | **?**–? | | |
| 3 | | | | **?**–? | | |
| 4 | 6 July 2002 | | | **?**–? | 9–0 | |
| 5 | 13 August 2002 | Paramaribo, Suriname | Suriname | **?**–? | 3–1 | |
| 6 | | | | **?**–? | | |
| 7 | 15 August 2002 | | | **?**–? | 2–1 | |
| 8 | 27 October 2002 | Pasadena, United States | Panama | **1**–2 | 2–4 | 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup |
| 9 | 12 November 2003 | André Kamperveen Stadion, Paramaribo, Suriname | Suriname | **1**–0 | 4–2 | 2004 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualification |
| 10 | | | | **4**–2 | | |
| 11 | 29 February 2004 | Estadio Nacional, San José, Costa Rica | Haiti | **2**–0 | 6–2 | 2004 CONCACAF Women's Pre-Olympic Tournament |
| 12 | 4 April 2008 | Estadio Olímpico Benito Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico | Costa Rica | **2**–1 | 2–2 | 2008 CONCACAF Women's Pre-Olympic Tournament |
| 13 | 30 July 2010 | Estadio Metropolitano, Mérida, Venezuela | Guatemala | **3**–2 | 3–2 | 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games |
| 14 | 20 October 2011 | Estadio Omnilife, Guadalajara, Mexico | Mexico | **1**–0 | 1–1 | 2011 Pan American Games |
| 15 | 20 August 2014 | Hasely Crawford Stadium, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago | Saint Kitts and Nevis | **5**–0 | 10–0 | 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship |
| 16 | 20 October 2014 | RFK Stadium, Washington, United States | Guatemala | **2**–0 | 2–1 | 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship |
| 17 | 11 July 2015 | Hamilton Pan Am Soccer Stadium, Hamilton, Canada | Argentina | **2**–2 | 2–2 | 2015 Pan American Games |

## InfoBox

Maylee Atthin-Johnson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1986-09-05) 5 September 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago | | |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005 | Cumberland Bulldogs | 1+ | (1+) |
| 2006–2009 | Kennesaw State Owls | 29+ | (8+) |
| International career | | | |
| 2001–2004 | Trinidad and Tobago U-19 | 8+ | (17) |
| 2005–2006 | Trinidad and Tobago U-20 | 2+ | (5) |
| 2002– | Trinidad and Tobago | 16+ | (17) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 06:37, 18 July 2015 (UTC) | | | |


title: Walt Whitman High School (Maryland)

abstract: Walt Whitman High School is a public high school located in Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is named after the 19th-century American poet Walt Whitman. The school serves grades 9-12 for the Montgomery County Public Schools system.

text:
# Walt Whitman High School (Maryland)

**Walt Whitman High School** is a public high school located in Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is named after the 19th-century American poet Walt Whitman. The school serves grades 9-12 for the Montgomery County Public Schools system.

## History

The school opened in the fall of 1962 with 1,418 students. Designed by local architectural firm McLeod, Ferrara & Ensign, it was built on 17 levels, with a central courtyard and a geodesic dome for its gymnasium. A Ford Foundation grant underwrote the design and construction of the dome.

In 1981, the school added a 1,176-seat auditorium. In 1992, the school demolished the geodesic dome and all other buildings except the auditorium, and constructed a new school building, which opened in the fall of 1993.

In 2021, the school completed a 75,000 sq ft (7,000 m2) addition, including 18 new classrooms, which opened with the start of the 2021-22 school year.

## Academics

Whitman students average a score of 1312 on the SAT, averaging 654 on the verbal section and 659 on the math section.

As of 2024, Whitman is the 2nd-ranked high school in Maryland and the 139th-ranked nationwide, according to U.S News and World Report.

## Extracurricular activities

The school has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team.

### Publications

*The Black & White* is the school's student-run newspaper. The National Scholastic Press Association Hall of Fame inducted the paper in 1991. Whitman is also notable for having the country's only student-run psychology journal. The journal circulates to over 1,000 psych teachers around the country.

### Athletics

Whitman fields sports teams in the fall, winter, and spring. The school competes as the Vikings and is part of Montgomery County public school sports. The football field is named after long-time principal Jerome Marco.

The school has won 11 soccer state championships, including two back-to-back titles in 2018-2019. In 2021, the girls' soccer team won the state championship.

In 2006, the boys' basketball team defeated Eleanor Roosevelt 39-38 to win the school's only state title. That season, Whitman leading scorer Michael Gruner was named co-gazette player of the year alongside NBA superstar Kevin Durant.

The boys' tennis team has also won state titles in 2009, 2014, and 2019.

The girls' basketball team won the state title in 2016, their second overall.

The school also has a rowing crew team that has made honorable wins in Regattas.

#### Rivalries

Whitman maintains rivalries with many of its neighboring schools. Its fiercest rival is Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, but Whitman is also rivals with Churchill and Walter Johnson.

## Areas Served

Walt Whitman High School primarily serves students in Bethesda, but also small portions of students in Potomac and Glen Echo.

Whitman is fed by one middle school and five elementary schools:

* Thomas W. Pyle MS
    + Bannockburn ES
    + Bradley Hills ES
    + Burning Tree ES
    + Carderock Springs ES
    + Wood Acres ES

## Notable alumni

1. "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Montgomery County Public Schools". *National Center for Education Statistics*. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
2. "Search for Public Schools - Walt Whitman High (240048000941)". *National Center for Education Statistics*. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
3. "Walt Whitman High School". *U.S. News High School Rankings*. U.S. News & World Report L.P. 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
4. Eighty-Ninth Congress; Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives; General Subcommittee on Education (August 5, 1965). *School Construction, 1965: Hearings on H.R. 9948, H.R. 10080, H.R. 10105, Bills to Increase Educational Opportunities Throughout the Nation by Providing Grants for the Construction of Elementary and Secondary Schools and Supplemental Educational Centers and for Other Purposes* (1966 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 200–201.
5. Meszoly, Joane (September 23, 2015). "Walt Whitman High School Reunion". *Bethesda Magazine*.
6. McCormick, Gabriele (August 22, 2013). "High School Forever". *Bethesda Magazine*.
7. Beyers, Dan (February 6, 1995). "Montgomery Parents Draw the Line at School Boundary". *The Washington Post*.
8. "Whitman High School Puts Final Touches on New Addition | Montgomery Community Media". August 29, 2021.
9. Montgomery County Public Schools. Schools at a Glance - Walt Whitman High School. Accessed 6 June 2024
10. "Walt Whitman High School". *U.S. News and World Report*. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
11. "Team 1389 - The Body Electric". *The Blue Alliance*. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
12. "All-American Hall of Fame Inductees". *studentpress.org*. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
13. Herscowitz, Eva. "Psyched about psych journal: student-run publication opens doors for aspiring psychologists". *The Black and White*. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
14. "Walt Whitman Athletics". *Home page*. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
15. "Whitman Pays Tribute to Dr. Jerome Marco". *The Connection To Your Community*. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
16. Errigo, Michael. "Md. 4A soccer final: Whitman repeats, totals 11 championships for program". *Washington Post*. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
17. Michael, Errigo (November 20, 2021). "Whitman girls' soccer completes its surge, tops unbeaten Broadneck for Maryland 4A championship". *WashingtonPost.com*.
18. Kraut, Aaron (March 11, 2014). "Once Again, Underdog Whitman Makes Trip To Basketball Semifinals". *Bethesda Beat*. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
19. Sandys, Tony. "2006 All-Mets go for NCAA glory". *D.C. Sports Bog*. Archived from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
20. "2020 MPSSAA Spring Record Book" (PDF). Maryland Athletic Association. pp. 26, 29. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
21. Beekman, Jennifer (March 13, 2016). "Whitman Wins First Girls Basketball State Championship in 21 Years". *Bethesda Beat*. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
22. O’Halloran, Grace. "Brawls erupt between Whitman, B-CC students after rivalry football game despite new security measures". *The Black and White*. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
23. Barke, Joey (December 22, 2023). "MoCo High School Sports: Whitman gets hard-fought win against Churchill". *MoCo360*. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
24. Storer, Ned. "WJ sports rivalries heating up". *The Pitch*. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
25. Division of Capital Planning, Montgomery County Public Schools. Superintendent's Recommended FY 2025 Capital Budget and the FY 2025–2030 Capital Improvements Program - Chapter 4: Walt Whitman Cluster. Accessed 31 May 2024.
26. "Graduations Begin June 1". *Montgomery County Public Schools*. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
27. Harrington, Richard (July 25, 1982). "The Comedy of Bliss". *The Washington Post*. p. L3.
28. "Andrea Carroll". *From the Top*. January 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
29. Allen, Scott (February 22, 2019). "Alex Chappell will make her MASN debut as Nats' on-field reporter Saturday". *The Washington Post*.
30. Basler, Patrick (May 15, 2017). "Meet the Bethesda Native Who Earned an Oscar Nomination". *Bethesda Magazine*.
31. Brennan, Christine (September 16, 1990). "For Dilweg, the Waiting's Been the Hardest Part". *The Washington Post*. p. C1.
32. Frey, Jennifer (May 16, 2004). "A Filmmaker's D.C. Close-Up". *The Washington Post*. p. N1.
33. van Bastelaer, Matthew. "Whitman alum makes NFL practice squad". *The Black & White*.
34. Eisen, Michael. "Biography". *it is NOT junk*. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
35. Feinberg, Andrew (March 1, 1999). "Linux in a Public High School". *Linux Journal*.
36. Guthrie, Marisa (January 14, 2016). "Showtime's New Political 'Circus' Has "a Certain Kind of Danger"". *The Hollywood Reporter*.
37. Suzanne Monyak; Kshithij Shrinath (July 30, 2014). "Senate Confirms Law Professor to US Court of Appeals". *The Hoya*.
38. Wartofsky, Alona (October 24, 1999). "A Jonze for Inventiveness". *The Washington Post*. p. G1.
39. Cole, Wendy (June 23, 1982). "Pursuing the Possible Dream". *The Washington Post*.
40. Justice, Richard (September 10, 1997). "From Whitman to the Redskins". *The Washington Post*. p. D1.
41. "Brooke E. Lierman, Maryland Comptroller". *Maryland Manual On-Line*. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
42. Intrater, Zachary (March 23, 2023). "Former Walt Whitman High School and Princeton hoops star comes home to Maryland". *The Sentinel*. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
43. Steinberg, Dan (July 3, 2014). "Jon Miller went from Whitman High to the top of NBC Sports". *The Washington Post*.
44. "Melika Mohammadi". Retrieved February 9, 2024.
45. "David Moon, Maryland State Delegate". *Maryland Manual On-Line*. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
46. McCarthy, Ellen (December 13, 2011). "On 'Homeland,' Showtime's David Nevins seeks to get his native D.C. right". *The Washington Post*. p. C1.
47. Tallman, Douglas (November 21, 2019). "Democratic Debate Moderator is a Whitman Grad". *Montgomery Community Media*.
48. Corrigan, Ned (October 27, 1984). "Working in Movies and TV, and Beating the Odds". *The Washington Post*.
49. "Class of '81". *bethesdamagazine.com*. April 12, 2010.
50. Heath, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "New act for billionaire brothers". *The Washington Post*. p. F1.
51. Sweeney, Paul (October 15, 1998). "Brothers Come of Age With New Bid". *The New York Times*. p. 41.
52. Whiting, Amanda (September 19, 2016). "Fashion Police's Giuliana Rancic Used to Cut Class at Walt Whitman to Hang at White Flint Mall". *Washingtonian Magazine*.
53. Abruzzese, Sarah (September 10, 2006). "Author Alexandra Robbins". *The Washington Post*. p. M3.
54. van Bastelaer, Matthew (December 10, 2017). "Boys Basketball game to be live streamed on Monumental Sports Network". *The Black & White*.
55. Kaiman, Beth (May 8, 1986). "Rock Benefit". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
56. "Jackass 4.5 is Now Streaming on Netflix; Two of the Show's Creators are From MoCo". *The MoCoShow*. May 21, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Walt Whitman High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 7100 Whittier Boulevard
Bethesda, Maryland 20817
United States | |
| Coordinates | 38°58′53″N 77°07′33″W / 38.981447°N 77.12574°W / 38.981447; -77.12574 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Established | 1962 (1962) |
| School district | Montgomery County Public Schools |
| NCES District ID | 2400480 |
| CEEB code | 210271 |
| NCES School ID | 240048000941 |
| Principal | Gregory Miller |
| Teaching staff | 116.80 FTE (2021-22) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrollment | 2,018 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 17.28 (2022-23) |
| Campus type | Small city |
| Color(s) | Black, white, and Columbia blue
 |
| Mascot | Vikings |
| USNWR ranking | 104 (2021) |
| Newspaper | *The Black & White* |
| Yearbook | *Saga* |
| Website | www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/whitmanhs/ |
|  | |


title: West Piney Creek

abstract: West Piney Creek also known as the Little Piney River is a stream in Texas County in the Ozarks of south central Missouri. It is a tributary to the Big Piney River. The stream headwaters arise at 37°11′12″N 92°10′22″W at an elevation of 1460 feet approximately four miles northwest of Cabool. The stream flows generally to the northeast past the communities of Bado and Clara to its confluence with the Big Piney River two miles west of Houston at 37°19′38″N 92°00′22″W and an elevation of 997 feet. The confluence is within the Piney River Narrows State Natural Area. The stream was named "West Piney" due to the fact that it enters the west side of the Big Piney.

text:
# West Piney Creek

**West Piney Creek** also known as the **Little Piney River** is a stream in Texas County in the Ozarks of south central Missouri. It is a tributary to the Big Piney River.

The stream headwaters arise at 37°11′12″N 92°10′22″W / 37.18667°N 92.17278°W / 37.18667; -92.17278 at an elevation of 1460 feet approximately four miles northwest of Cabool. The stream flows generally to the northeast past the communities of Bado and Clara to its confluence with the Big Piney River two miles west of Houston at 37°19′38″N 92°00′22″W / 37.32722°N 92.00611°W / 37.32722; -92.00611 and an elevation of 997 feet. The confluence is within the *Piney River Narrows State Natural Area*.

The stream was named "West Piney" due to the fact that it enters the west side of the Big Piney.


title: Harambee Park

abstract: Harambee Park is a park located in Dorchester and Mattapan, Boston. Originally known as Franklin Field, it was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in order to give Bostonians a place to play sports, as well as prevent them from doing it at nearby Franklin Park. During its operation, it has hosted baseball, cricket, and a speedway. Today, the park operates as Harambee Park, and part of the grounds have been turned into a housing project.

text:
# Harambee Park

**Harambee Park** is a park located in Dorchester and Mattapan, Boston. Originally known as Franklin Field, it was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in order to give Bostonians a place to play sports, as well as prevent them from doing it at nearby Franklin Park. During its operation, it has hosted baseball, cricket, and a speedway. Today, the park operates as Harambee Park, and part of the grounds have been turned into a housing project.

42°17′32″N 71°05′06″W / 42.2923°N 71.0851°W / 42.2923; -71.0851

## InfoBox

| Harambee Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Boston, Massachuttes, U.S. |
| Designer | Frederick Law Olmsted |


title: Origins of the labor movement in Spain

abstract: The origins of the labor movement in Spain are located in Catalonia in the 1830s and 1840s, since it was the only place in Spain where there was a modern industry: the textile industry. There the first conflicts between workers and employers took place and there the first trade union — called "resistance societies" at the time — in the history of Spain, the Barcelona Weavers Association, was founded in 1840. The first general strike took place during the progressive biennium - a period of extension of the movement to other areas of Spain. By 1865, the first Workers' Congress was held in Barcelona. After the triumph of the Glorious Revolution, the right to freedom of association was recognized for the first time, which put an end, at least momentarily, to the persecutions and prohibitions that the incipient labor movement had suffered during the previous forty years. With the formation in Spain of the first two groups of the International Workingmen's Association in 1869, one in Madrid and the other in Barcelona, a new stage in the history of the labor movement in Spain began, during which, as Manuel Tuñón de Lara said: "for the first time class consciousness was expressed at a level where the entire system of relations of production, institutions and values was called into question."

text:
# Origins of the labor movement in Spain

Workers of a Catalan textile factory.

The **origins of the labor movement in Spain** are located in Catalonia in the 1830s and 1840s, since it was the only place in Spain where there was a modern industry: the textile industry. There the first conflicts between workers and employers took place and there the first trade union — called "resistance societies" at the time — in the history of Spain, the Barcelona Weavers Association, was founded in 1840. The first general strike took place during the progressive biennium \- a period of extension of the movement to other areas of Spain. By 1865, the first Workers' Congress was held in Barcelona. After the triumph of the Glorious Revolution, the right to freedom of association was recognized for the first time, which put an end, at least momentarily, to the persecutions and prohibitions that the incipient labor movement had suffered during the previous forty years.

With the formation in Spain of the first two groups of the International Workingmen's Association in 1869, one in Madrid and the other in Barcelona, a new stage in the history of the labor movement in Spain began, during which, as Manuel Tuñón de Lara said: "for the first time class consciousness was expressed at a level where the entire system of relations of production, institutions and values was called into question."

## Last years of the reign of Fernando VII and regency of María Cristina (1821-1840)

On March 2, 1821, there was a mutiny at Alcoy, during which 17 wool carding and spinning machines were burned. The rebels, some 1,200 men, also demanded that the remaining machines be dismantled. It was the first sample of Luddism in Spain, one of the first in continental Europe, and marked the first conflict of the new "industrial era". In 1823, several spinning and carding machines were destroyed in Camprodon, which led to the promulgation the following year of a Royal Order to prevent actions of this type.

The first modern labor disputes took place in Catalonia, as it was the only place where a modern industry existed: the textile industry. As early as 1827, workers complained that their employers lengthened the fixed length of the pieces to be woven, which forced the authorities to intervene. The same complaints were repeated in 1831, to which the employers replied that the workers did not have a day off on Mondays and thus they would earn more per week. Again the authority intervened, which set the maximum length of each piece at 35 canas.

In 1834 the workers in the textile sector complained again to the captain general of Catalonia about the employers' practice of lengthening the length of the pieces or reducing their wages. The Factory Commission responded that the workers "loaf", waste time eating sandwiches and drinking wine, in addition to denying that the bosses were cutting wages "at least in general." The captain general brought together two representatives from the Factory Commission and two from the Board of Commerce to recommend that instead of lengthening the length of the pieces when there was a crisis, they reduce the working days per week. The same demand was repeated in 1835 although this time the Board of Trade, after insisting on the principle of "freedom of contract" between the "manufacturer" and the "operator", recognized the low wages and that "indeed, a few manufacturers have demanded greater draft of the current to the fabrics". During the Burning of the Monasteries in July and August, the Bonaplata Factory was burned by the rioters, "convinced that the mechanical looms decreased the production of manual labor," according to the governor, General Pastor. Four workers were shot as alleged perpetrators and many others were sentenced to prison terms. In addition, the civil governor established work bases that included a factory inspection commission to which the workers should direct their complaints, suffering "the penalty of eight days of arrest" for workers who instead of going to it "moved a question in the field, factory or outside of it on the pretext that the manufacturer does not comply with what was ordered" in the work bases, and that if they repeated "they will be expelled from this city as a wayward man and harmful to society, notice will be circulated to all manufacturers so that they do not admit them to their factories, and if their actions give rise to a riot or riot, they will be handed over to the competent court as a disruptor of public order." After the fire at the Bonaplata factory, there were other cases of machine destruction, such as in Sabadell in 1836.

In those years the first attempts to form workers societies took place, as evidenced by the repeated complaints to the Factory Commission by employers against "unruly workers" or "ungrateful workers" and against "a kind of plot to ask for a wage hike" — a reference to what will later be called a strike \- which showed according to Manuel Tuñón de Lara, "a new state of consciousness, characterized in that the worker feels the need to associate in order to achieve their labor or salary goals." At first they were temporary in nature with a specific purpose, but the workers' commissions formed to discuss demands with the employers asked the captain general of Catalonia to authorize them to become permanent associations. They also addressed the trustees of the Barcelona City Council. Thus, a commission made up of three workers interviewed them: "They spoke of the ease that the main manufacturers have of being able to join together in a banquet at the inn in Gràcia or elsewhere, due to their small number, dragging their opinion that of others, while the day laborers only needed the largest amount of publicity to understand each other."

## Regency of Espartero (1840-1843)

In February 1839 a Royal Order was promulgated authorizing the formation of mutual aid societies and charities and subsequently the Barcelona Weavers Association was established, the first union in Spain.

The Weavers Association spread outside Barcelona, reaching 15,000 members, 7,000 from the capital and 8,000 from the towns of the province, and served as an example for the constitution of companies in other trades, such as spinners and dyers. As Josep Termes has pointed out, from the foundation of the Weavers Association "a social labor movement was born, based on the so-called societies of resistance, which trace the structure of the old trade guilds, but reject their organizational form based on the existence of teachers, officers and apprentices, all of them replaced by the new category of factory and trade worker, who is a salaried worker."

However, the government of Baldomero Espartero prohibited the Association on December 9, 1841 however it was reauthorised "on condition that it was apolitical and local." On January 16, 1843, it was again declared dissolved following the Barcelona uprising in November 1842 and the bombardment of the city but continued to operate clandestinely.

## Moderate Decade (1844-1854)

In the following years years some mutual aid societies appeared outside of Catalonia, such as so-called "Workshop" of Valencia or the "Mutual Aid Society among Weavers of Béjar". Likewise, workers' cultural associations were founded, such as "La Velada de Artistas, Artesanos, Jornaleros y Labradores", established in Madrid in 1847, which later adopted the name of "Fomento de las Artes" or the popular orfeón composed of workers founded in Barcelona by Anselmo Clavé in 1850. Adult schools were also organized, such as the one founded in Madrid by Antonio Ignacio Rivera, which had 400 students and published a newspaper, *El Trabajador* — where they published works by Francesc Pi i Margall and Sixto Cámara.

## Progressive biennium (1854-1856)

On June 30, 1854, the pronouncement known as the *Vicalvarada* broke out, which began the progressive biennium. The first city to join was Barcelona, where on July 14 an uprising began in which the workers played a prominent role, who for the first time did so by declaring a strike. The outcomes was that the spinners got half an hour more time in the lunch break, which meant reducing the weekly hours from 75 to 72.

There was also an important labor participation in the uprising in Malaga, forcing the civil and military governors to leave the city. A Board elected by universal suffrage was then formed, and the workers went on strike for several days until they achieved the wage increases they were asking for.

The following year, labor unrest grew. On April 30, the civil governor of Barcelona prohibited both the closures of factories by employers and the "collective abandonment of work" by workers, in addition to establishing the requirement of government authorization so that workers' associations could continue to function. Three weeks later, on May 21, a Royal Order on "freedom of contract" annulled what the workers had achieved in the agreements of the previous summer. In this context, on June 6, took place the trial and execution of José Barceló \- head of the Barcelona Spinners Association \- as "instigator" of a crime committed at Mas de Sant Jaume, near Olesa de Montserrat, the court counting only on the evidence of a last minute statement of one of the perpetrators of the robbery and murder, when he was awaiting execution. On June 21, the captain general Juan Zapatero took the final step in the offensive against the workers' associations by prohibiting them. Eleven days later the first general strike in the history of Spain was declared in Barcelona. As the workers' delegate Juan Alsina said months later: "If Zapatero had not given the order to prohibit associations, the working class would have remained calm in their workshops awaiting the decision of the exhibition that dated May 11 of 1855 he had raised the Government asking for a remedy for his ills."

The strike began at lunchtime on July 2, when workers from Barcelona, Gràcia, Badalona, Sants and other towns in the periphery - like Igualada \- left the factories. Even the bishop of Vich joined in the calls made by the authorities to return to work: "If in your laborious life you have to subject yourself to some deprivation, religion teaches us resignation and suffering, religion consoles us, promising us more abundant happiness for a life to come, the greater the privations in the present." But the strike continued under the slogan written on a banner: "Long live Espartero! Association or death! Bread and work!"

On July 5, two commissions left for Madrid to meet with the president of the government, Baldomero Espartero, from whom they were going to ask for the recognition of the right of association, the ten-hour day, and the constitution of a jury made up of workers and employers. Espartero received them coldly saying to "the sons of the people, my favorites" that their demands would be met if they put an end to the strike. On July 8, Barcelona began to regain normalcy, by opening part of the business and resuming work in offices and courts. By then the repression had already begun: the frigate "Julia" left for Havana with seventy arrested workers on board. On July 9 there were demonstrations on the Ramblas and Army units took up positions in the working-class neighborhoods. The factories opened but almost no worker returned to work.

Then Colonel Saravia arrived in Barcelona, envoy of General Espartero, who maintained the support of the popular classes, who finally succeeded in bringing the strike to an end on July 11 by making vague promises and setting up a mixed jury. "Sarabia in his office to the Government, boasted that the principle of authority was unscathed, that the prisoners would serve their sentences and if they had not made concessions."

On September 7, an "Exhibition presented by the working class to the Constituent Cortes" was made public in Madrid, which was accompanied by an "Address to the Spanish workers" in which it was asked to support it - the fundamental request was the recognition of freedom of association \- and instructions were given for collecting signatures. According to Manuel Tuñón de Lara, "it was probably the first great movement at the national level, which made workers leave their local casuistry and become aware of problems at the class level, in the category of what we have agreed to call the society's objectives." The presentation to the Cortes of the "Exhibition", drawn up by Francesc Pi i Margall and backed by 33,000 signatures, most of them collected in Catalonia, took place at the end of December.

At the time the "Exhibition" was delivered, the Congress of Deputies had already been discussing the bill presented on October 8 by the Minister of Public Works, Manuel Alonso Martínez, on "exercise, police, companies, jurisdiction and inspection of the manufacturing industry" which in principle responded to the promises made by Espartero's envoy to Barcelona to end the general strike, but which set aside the most important workers' demands. Two delegates of the Catalan workers, who were able to speak before the parliamentary commission to demand the right of association, responded to the argument that "you are already associated ... you are part of a nation", by saying: "This association does not guarantee, however, the value of our faculties against the demands of capital, nor does it assure our life from hunger." But both the bill and the "Exhibition" came to nothing because in July 1856 the Espartero government fell and the experience of the progressive biennium ended.

According to Tuñón de Lara, during this period there was a shift from some worker associations where "a simple mutualist spirit" prevailed to others where what was characteristic was "the spirit of the resistance society, what today we usually call a trade union." "The objective of a professional and solidarity nature were beginning to be fundamental; to achieve them there was already a trend towards a permanent organization. Around this associative structure, and partly thanks to it, movements were already taking place in which non-associates participated; major strikes, the signature campaign for the "Exhibition" ...".

## Second half of the reign of Elizabeth II (1856-1868)

After the progressive biennium, workers' societies were banned, although they continued to function in hiding, as demonstrated by the 1858 strike of "Industrial Spain" in Sants, which cannot be explained without the existence of some kind of organization. On June 10, 1861, the government of the Liberal Union chaired by Leopoldo O'Donnell approved a Royal Order allowing the formation of mutual aid societies called Montepíos, although with numerous restrictions — they could not have more than 1,000 members; a maximum quota was established; surplus funds were to be deposited in the capital's savings bank. In the Ordinance applied by the Royal Order in Barcelona, it was expressly forbidden that its directors may hold meetings or establish relationships for the settlement of any matter that affects the workers, and the infringement or non-compliance with the bases that are prescribed will cause the dissolution of Montepío alone, which the authority will have to order, on the spot, as a dangerous association for the preservation of public order, handing over the guilty to the courts so that they also suffer the punishment they deserve. Some fifteen thousand workers from Barcelona presented a document in the Cortes in which they requested "freedom of association to fight capital in a noble and peaceful way," but their request was rejected. There was some initiative to address the social issue by members and supporters of the Progressive Party in Catalonia such as the foundation in 1862 of the Catalan Athenaeum of the Working Class.

The situation changed in 1864 when the Captain General of Catalonia, Domingo Dulce y Garay, allowed the workers' societies to function in fact, which opened a period of freedom, during which two newspapers of some importance appeared, *El Obrero* and *La Asociación*, and the first Barcelona Workers' Congress could be held, all of them with the objective of achieving freedom of association. As Tuñón de Lara points out, "the essence of the process of social awareness was translated into the conviction that it was necessary to associate precisely as workers and to "resist capital", that is, with a social-professional purpose. On the other hand, there was a great demarcation between this socio-professional activity and politics, the latter charged with Democrats and Republicans, who were still influencing some workers' nuclei."

The first issue of *El Obrero* appeared on September 4, 1864, directed by Antoni Gusart i Vila, with the aim of defending "the interests of the proletariat" and obtaining the right of workers' association, both for "resistance to capital" and to form "workers' societies applied to production and consumption," that is, to form cooperatives, a movement that gained strength in those years and also provided legal coverage to resistance societies. *El Obrero* was published until its suspension in June 1866 by government order within the repression unleashed after the failed San Gil Barracks uprising in Madrid. The newspaper *La Asociación*, directed by Josep Roca i Galès, a great defender of cooperativism, was also a victim of repression and on July 8, 1866, it was closed, so it only published fourteen issues since it was released on April 1 of that same year.

*El Obrero* was the main promoter of the Workers' Congress that was held on September 25 and 26, 1865 in the *Salón Universal* in Barcelona and was attended by delegates from forty companies. The first important agreement that was reached was the formation of a federation of workers 'societies and workers' centers in those places where there was more than one society, of which *El Obrero* would be its official organ, and one of its objectives would be to propagate "the practice of cooperative societies." The second was to send a petition to the Government to recognize freedom of association, "since how many exhibitions have been addressed to the Cortes have been as many stones thrown into deep chasm." The exhibition was published in "El Obrero" on January 7, 1866, with Gusart as the first signer.

Two years earlier, Father Antonio Vicent had founded the Catholic Workers' Circles in order to "remedy the apostasy of the masses, the individual and the nations" — the first circle was organized in Manresa. Employers also participated in them, as "protective partners." As Tuñón de Lara pointed out, it was "an organization *for* workers, created from abroad, in which religious, mutualistic and "conciliation" purposes concurred."

In those years, there was knowledge of the existence of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) founded in London in September 1864. From the Conference that met the following year to prepare its first Congress - to be held in Geneva from September 3 to 8, 1866 - echoed *El Obrero* in its issue of November 1, 1865 - on March 18, 1866 Gusart wrote an article on the International. At the 2nd Congress of the IWA held in Lausanne from September 2 to 7, 1867, a message was read sent from Barcelona by a so-called "Social-Republican League" and Paul Lafargue, appointed by the council as secretary for Spain, read a letter sent from Madrid. The 3rd Congress, held in Brussels between September 6 and 13, 1868, was attended by a Spanish delegate, "Sarro Magallán", as a representative of the so-called "Iberian Labor Legion" and of "the workers' associations of Catalonia." His real name was Antonio Marsal Anglora, a worker from Barcelona. "Sarro Magallán" reported on the second day of the Congress of the existence of clandestine organizations in Catalonia and Andalusia. However, as Tuñón de Lara has pointed out, "the International's contacts with Spain, before the 1868 revolution, were as slight as they were ephemeral and nothing allows us to speak of a Spanish labor movement related to the IWA."

## Beginning of the Democratic Sexennium (1868-1870)

The Revolution of September 1868 opened a period of freedom in which workers' societies - in their two variants of mutual aid societies and of resistance societies \- were able to emerge from the secrecy in which they had lived for most of the reign of Isabella II. In October the Provisional Government decreed freedom of association and that same month the "Central Directorate of the Barcelona Workers' Societies" was founded, integrating those societies that had subsisted in hiding and new ones that were created then. The "Central Directorate" was formed by societies of hand weavers and mechanical weavers, bakers, stonemasons, locksmiths, printers, cabinetmakers, tailors, etc. The "Central Directorate" issued an appeal "To the workers of Catalonia" in which it summoned them to hold a Congress, because "in all countries where the institutions give enough guarantee for this, the working class meets, holds congresses, not only local but international."

In December 1868 the Second Barcelona Workers' Congress was held in which 61 societies were represented. There it was agreed to support the establishment of the Federal Republic and the participation of the working class in the elections and the publication of the weekly *La Federación* \- which would become the most important internationalist newspaper. Cooperativism was also supported as a way to achieve social emancipation — in February 1869, the Central Directorate would be renamed the Federal Center of the Barcelona Workers' Societies. Among its leaders were men who would later become prominent figures of the FRE-AIT: Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antonio Marsal Anglora, appointed secretaries of the organization; and Juan Nuet, Jaime Balasch, Clement Bové and Juan Fargas. It was also agreed to form mixed commissions of employers and workers in which they would discuss their demands. One proof of the close relationship between the Catalan social movement and federal republicanism was the fact that the worker Alsina, a member of the Veil Weavers Society, was elected by Barcelona in the federal republican candidacy during the 1869 Spanish general election. Baldomer Lostau i Prats, who would later join the Barcelona section of the International, was also elected.

Although the AIT founded in London in 1864 was already known, direct contact with it came through the Italian Giuseppe Fanelli, sent by Mikhail Bakunin, who arrived in Barcelona at the end of October 1868 where he met with the leaders of the Central Directorate. After passing through Tarragona, Tortosa and Valencia, accompanied by Elie Reclus, Arístides Rey, Fernando Garrido and José María Orense, Fanelli went to Madrid where he arrived on November 4. There he held a first meeting at the home of the lithographer Julián Rubao Donadeu with the group of workers who frequented the cultural group "Fomento de las Artes". From there the initial nucleus of the International would emerge in Madrid, made up of twenty-one people: five construction painters, four typographers — one of them Anselmo Lorenzo, two tailors, two engravers — one of them Tomás González Morago, two shoemakers, a carpenter, a gilder, a lithographer, a rope maker, a horseman and a journalist. The group was formed on January 24, 1869, but it would not officially become the Madrid section of the AIT until December of that year.

Fanelli provided them with official documents from the International but also from the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy, the secret anarchist organization created in September 1868 by Bakunin, which, according to Tuñón de Lara, "was going to influence the subsequent development of the International in Spain already engender a far-reaching misunderstanding" — however Josep Termes considers that its importance has been magnified. In December the Alliance had seen his request for admission to the IWA denied but Fanelli was unaware of it when he formed the International group. Eight members of the Madrid group also joined the Alliance, unaware that what it was advocating was contrary to what was approved by the International, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. While the International had agreed at its 2nd Congress "that the social emancipation of the workers is inseparable from their political emancipation" and "that the establishment of political freedoms is a principal measure of absolute necessity", the Alliance rejected "all revolutionary action that does not have as an immediate and direct objective the triumph of the cause of the workers against capital" and advocated the disappearance of the State, replaced by the "universal union of free associations."

At the beginning of 1869 Fanelli arrived in Barcelona where he gathered a group of more than twenty workers in the workshop of the painter José Luis Pellicer, uncle of the typographer Rafael Farga Pellicer, general secretary of the Federal Center for Workers' Societies and the Catalan Athenaeum of the Working Class. This group, as Tuñón de Lara has pointed out, "was going to act in a favorable "field of cultivation" facilitated by the plurality of workers' societies in the Barcelona city and the experience of corporate action that existed there." The group became the Barcelona section of the IWA in May 1869, seven months before the Madrid section. In both cases with the same confusion between the International and the Alliance, as if they were the same thing. "Thus, the first Spanish affiliates to the AIT believed that the program of the Bakuninist secret society (suppression of the State, rejection of parliamentary politics, abolition of social classes and collectivization of property) coincided with the principles of the First International."

This "sui generis combination of Alliance principles and the International" "would mark a particular course for anarchist socialism in Spain, providing it with an ideological amalgam that, strictly speaking, was not that of the International Workingmen's Association." In addition, these first groups were endowed with a double organizational level: one public and the other secret.

In September 1869, two representatives of the Barcelona nucleus, Rafael Farga Pellicer and the doctor Gaspar Sentiñón, attended the 4th Congress of the IWA that was held in Basel. The first was as representative of the Federal Center of Workers' Societies, and the second of the section of the International and the Alliance. The Madrid group only sent a greeting, as they did not have enough money to pay for the trip. In the Farga and Sentiñón Congress they proposed that the next one be held in Barcelona, "the industrial capital of the Iberian federative Republic." They also presented a report on the situation in Spain after the triumph of the Revolution of September 1868 in which they said:

> Taking advantage of a military movement, the people have overthrown the throne, which always oppresses the living forces of labor. The beneficial effects of freedom have given great solidarity and great strength to the few societies that have been able to resist this long period of oppression. First, all kinds of societies were formed, not only in the large labor centers, but also in the localities of small industries. \[…\]
> The organization of the country is such that, acting intelligently, it can give extraordinary results in a short time. the International. Barcelona is one of the most important cities for this, because the number of organized corporations is already 38, with 8,080 members ... The Federal Center for Workers' Societies, established after the "evolution" of September–October 1868, has managed to organize and federate some of the workers' societies in many places in Spain. Thirty-four Barcelona societies work in the Iberian labor organization… Many of these labor societies have come together to cooperate with the same purpose. It is enough to verify that in Spain we know of the existence of 195 companies with more than 25,000 members.

In Basel, Farga Pellicer and Sentiñón established a close relationship with Mikhail Bakunin, with whom they had already contacted by letter, which led to a change in their conceptions that would later be transferred to the Catalan labor movement.

However, the majority of the workers' movement continued to support federal republicanism, although the failure of the insurrection of September and October 1869, as well as the failure to fulfill the promises of the Provisional Government to suppress consumption and the fifths increased the "anti-political" sentiment, which led the internationalists to intensify their propaganda campaign against the Republican Party and against workers' participation in the elections. The harsh police repression that was unleashed on the occasion of the "mutiny against the quintas" in Barcelona in April 1870 also helped to spread *antipoliticism*. "In this environment, it was possible for the Barcelonian Bakuninist leadership nucleus to make some of its proposals triumph in the first Spanish workers' congress, which took place in Barcelona in June of that year."

In January 1870, the Madrid group, which already had 23 office sections, brought out the newspaper *La Solidaridad*, whose writers included Vicente López, Hipólito Pauly, Máximo Ambau, Juan Alcázar, Anselmo Lorenzo, Francisco Mora and Tomás González Morago. In its February 12 issue, *La Solidaridad* proposed holding a workers' congress in Madrid on the first Sunday of May, but the Barcelona section claimed that the capital had few workers' societies, and the newspaper *La Federación* proposed that federal centers be consulted, organizing a vote in which affiliates from 26 towns throughout Spain participated. Barcelona won, which obtained 10,030 votes, while Madrid obtained 3,370, with Zaragoza (694 votes), Valencia (648), Reus (20) and Alcázar de San Juan (8) far behind. Barcelona was therefore designated to celebrate the first workers' congress at a state level in the history of the labor movement in Spain and the date set was June 19. A few days before the Congress, the Madrid IWA Section approved the following resolution, clearly Bakuninist: "it is advised that the International completely separate itself from everything that could have a middle class political character."

## Bibliography

* Lida, Clara E. (1973). *Antecedentes y desarrollo del movimiento obrero español (1835-1888). Textos y documentos* (in Spanish). Madrid: Siglo XXI. ISBN 84-323-0098-5.
* Termes, Josep (1977). *Anarquismo y sindicalismo en España. La Primera Internacional (1864-1881)* (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. ISBN 84-7423-023-3.
* Termes, Josep (2011). *Historia del anarquismo en España (1870-1980)* (in Spanish). Barcelona: RBA. ISBN 978-84-9006-017-9.
* Tuñón de Lara, Manuel (1977) \[1972\]. *El movimiento obrero en la historia de España. I.1832-1899* (in Spanish) (2ª ed.). Barcelona: Laia. ISBN 84-7222-331-0.


title: Laurent-Michel Vacher

abstract: Laurent-Michel Vacher was a French-born, French Canadian philosopher, writer, journalist and teacher. He was a proponent of scientism, rationalism, positivism, pragmatism and materialism, a critic of mainstream schools of today's philosophy and the usual history-centered pedagogy in the field of philosophy. He was one of the few contemporary philosophers who possessed sufficient scientific knowledge to fairly assess the unique role of modern science and scientific method as a knowledge-acquiring mechanism; in his opinion, all recent or less recent scientific knowledge should be considered by philosophers in any of their philosophical approaches as the necessary starting point to avoid the mythical speech and the metaphysical empty talk. He often criticised the attitude of some French philosophers concerning what in Francophone literature is labelled somewhat pejoratively as Anglo-Saxon philosophy, considering it as a damaging "aristocratic" remnant of continental philosophy. He was a 1990 Governor General's Awards winner (non-fiction) for his L'Empire du moderne. From the political point of view he was a left-leaning intellectual, considered to be an anti-elitist; concerning the Canadian and Quebec's political issues, he was an anti-nationalist and against the sovereignty of provinces in the (Canadian) federation.

text:
# Laurent-Michel Vacher

**Laurent-Michel Vacher** (26 May 1944  8 July 2005) was a French-born, French Canadian philosopher, writer, journalist (*Le Devoir, Hobo-Québec, Chroniques, Spirale*) and teacher (Ahuntsic College, Montreal).

He was a proponent of scientism, rationalism, positivism, pragmatism and materialism, a critic of mainstream schools of today's philosophy and the usual history-centered pedagogy in the field of philosophy.

He was one of the few contemporary philosophers who possessed sufficient scientific knowledge to fairly assess the unique role of modern science and scientific method as a knowledge-acquiring mechanism; in his opinion, all recent or less recent scientific knowledge should be considered by philosophers in any of their philosophical approaches as the necessary starting point to avoid the mythical speech and the metaphysical empty talk.

He often criticised the attitude of some French philosophers concerning what in Francophone literature is labelled somewhat pejoratively as Anglo-Saxon philosophy (perceived as too *pragmatist*, *empiricist* and *materialist*), considering it as a damaging "aristocratic" remnant of continental philosophy. He was a 1990 Governor General's Awards winner (non-fiction) for his *L'Empire du moderne*.

From the political point of view he was a left-leaning intellectual, considered to be an anti-elitist; concerning the Canadian and Quebec's political issues, he was an anti-nationalist and against the sovereignty of provinces in the (Canadian) federation.

## Writings

* *La passion du réel - La philosophie devant les sciences* (Liber, 2006)
* *Histoire d'idées* (Liber, 1994)
* *La science par ceux qui la font* (Liber, 1998)
* *Le crépuscule d'une idole - Nietzsche et la pensée fasciste* (Liber, 2003)
* *L'empire du moderne - Actualité de la philosophie américaine* (Herbes rouges, 1990)
* *Débats philosophiques, Entretiens avec Mario Bunge* (Liber, 1993)
* *Pour un matérialisme vulgaire* (Herbes rouges, 1984)
* *Dialogues en ruine* (Liber, 1996)
* *Une triste histoire* (Liber, 2001),
* *Une petite fin du monde* (Liber, 2005)
* *Pratiques de la pensée - Philosophie et enseignement de la philosophie au cégep* (Liber, 2002)
* *Cinq intellectuels sur la place publique, Découvrons la philosophie* (with François Hertel)


title: Mississippi Highway 370

abstract: Mississippi Highway 370 is a state highway in northeastern Mississippi. It is split into three distinct sections, with the first running from Ashland at MS 5 to MS 15 at Falkner, the second running from MS 4 in Ripley to MS 30 in Pleasant Ridge, and the third and final section running from MS 9 and MS 30 near Jericho to Kirkville at MS 371.

text:
# Mississippi Highway 370

**Mississippi Highway 370** (**MS 370**) is a state highway in northeastern Mississippi. It is split into three distinct sections, with the first running from Ashland at MS 5 to MS 15 at Falkner, the second running from MS 4 in Ripley to MS 30 in Pleasant Ridge, and the third and final section running from MS 9 and MS 30 near Jericho to Kirkville at MS 371.

## Route description

### Western segment

MS 370 begins in Benton County in Ashland at a large intersection with MS 5. It heads straight through downtown along Ripley Avenue before leaving Ashland and winding its way east through wooded hilly terrain for several miles to cross into Tippah County. The highway now enters farmland for a few miles before entering Falkner, where it comes to an end at an intersection with MS 15 just south of downtown.

### Central segment

MS 370 begins again in Tippah County in the eastern outskirts of Ripley at an intersection with MS 4. It travels southeast through rural hilly areas to pass through Dumas before entering Union County and ending up at Pleasant Ridge, where it comes to an end Aton intersection with MS 30.

### Eastern segment

MS 370 begins again in Union County just south of Graham at an intersection with MS 30 and MS 9. While the middle and eastern sections of the highway are not connected, there is signage along MS 30 pointing to MS 4 south stating "To MS 370" but signage along the MS 4 concurrency itself indicating that it's part of mainline MS 370. MS 4 and MS 370 head south along Naaman Branyan Memorial Highway through a wooded/brush-lined area. MS 4 breaks off the concurrency leaving MS 370 to continue south as an unsigned highway, though signage along the road indicates that it is maintained by the county as **Union County Route 170** (**CR 170**). The road winds its way through wooded terrain to pass through Jericho.

In Jericho, MS 370 briefly travels southwest along CR 171 before the road turns due east onto a state-maintained road where signage for MS 370 resumes. It briefly crosses into Prentiss County before crossing into Lee County to pass through Bethany. The highway now straddles the county line with Prentiss County for three miles (4.8 km) to enter Baldwyn. Inside the city limits, a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 45 (US 45) is present. MS 370 now enters downtown, curves slightly to the south to fully reenter Lee County, and has a short concurrency with MS 145 (4th Street). Along the concurrency, the two roads travel northeast into Prentiss County.

The highway now leaves Baldwyn along East Clayton Street. At first, the highway is city-maintained and travels southeast, then heads east along the Prentiss-Lee county line again. At East Street, state maintenance resumes. Continuing east, it has an intersection with MS 366, where MS 370 turns southeast and later crosses into Itawamba County. MS 370 now enters Kirkville, where it comes to an end at an intersection with MS 371, near that highway's intersection with the Natchez Trace Parkway.

None of Mississippi Highway 370 is included in the National Highway System.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Benton | Ashland | 0.000 | 0.000 | MS 5 (Boundary Drive) | Western terminus of western segment |
| Tippah | Cross Roads | 11.394 | 18.337 |

MS 369 north / CR 327 north / CR 400 south Little Hope | Southern terminus of unsigned MS 369 |
| | Falkner | 15.245 | 24.534 | MS 15 Walnut, Ripley | Eastern terminus of western segment |
| Gap in route | | | | | | | |
| Tippah | Ripley | 15.245 | 24.534 | MS 4 (East Walnut Street) / Hazel Road Ripley, Booneville | Western terminus of central segment |
| Union | Pleasant Ridge | 29.367 | 47.262 | MS 30 New Albany, Booneville | Eastern terminus of central segment |
| Gap in route | | | | | | | |
| Union |  | 29.367 | 47.262 |
MS 30 / MS 9 begins New Albany, Booneville | Western terminus of eastern segment; western end of MS 4 concurrency |
| |  | 30.652 | 49.330 |
MS 9 south Ellistown, Alpine, Blue Springs | Eastern end of MS 4 concurrency |
| Prentiss
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Lee | Baldwyn | 39.408–
39.673 | 63.421–
63.848 | US 45 Tupelo, Booneville, Corinth | Diamond interchange |
| | | 40.962 | 65.922 |
MS 145 south (South 4th Street) Guntown | Western end of MS 145 concurrency |
| Prentiss | | 41.262 | 66.405 |
MS 145 north (North 4th Street) / Clayton Street | Eastern end of MS 145 concurrency |
| LeePrentiss
county line |  | 43.559 | 70.101 |
MS 366 east Marietta | Western terminus of Prentiss County section of MS 366 |
| Itawamba | Kirkville | 52.008 | 83.699 | MS 371 Marietta, Kirkville, Mantachie | Eastern terminus of eastern segment |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Mississippi Highway 370KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Mississippi Highway 370 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT, Union County, City of Baldwyn | |
| Length | 52.008 mi (83.699 km) |
| Western segment | |
| Length | 15.245 mi (24.534 km) |
| West end | MS 5 in Ashland |
| East end | MS 15 in Falkner |
| Central segment | |
| Length | 14.122 mi (22.727 km) |
| West end | MS 4 in Ripley |
| East end | MS 30 in Pleasant Ridge |
| Eastern segment | |
| Length | 22.641 mi (36.437 km) |
| West end | MS 9 near Jericho |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | MS 371 in Kirkville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| Counties | Benton, Tippah, Union, Prentiss, Lee, Itawamba |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MS 369   MS 371 | |


title: Maylene, Alabama

abstract: Maylene is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. While the community was once unincorporated, it is now part of southern Alabaster. Maylene has a post office with ZIP code 35114. One site in Maylene, the Meredith-McLaughlin House, is listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage.

text:
# Maylene, Alabama

**Maylene** is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. While the community was once unincorporated, it is now part of southern Alabaster. Maylene has a post office with ZIP code 35114. One site in Maylene, the Meredith-McLaughlin House (McLaughlin Farm), is listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Maylene, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Maylene, AlabamaMaylene, Alabama | |
| Coordinates: 33°12′12″N 86°51′42″W / 33.20333°N 86.86167°W / 33.20333; -86.86167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Shelby |
| Elevation | 492 ft (150 m) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 35114 |
| Area code(s) | 205, 659 |
| GNIS feature ID | 122423 |


title: Pingliangdajie station

abstract: Pingliangdajie station, is a station of Line S3 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 6 December 2017.

text:
# Pingliangdajie station

**Pingliangdajie station** (Chinese: 平良大街站), is a station of Line S3 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 6 December 2017.

## InfoBox

| Pingliangdajie
平良大街 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Jianye District, Nanjing, Jiangsu
China |
| Operated by | Nanjing Metro Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line S3 |
| History | |
| Opened | 6 December 2017 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Nanjing Metro Following station  Yongchulutowards Nanjing South Railway Station  Line S3  Wuhoujietowards Gaojiachong | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: West Pier (play)

abstract: West Pier is a play by the French dramatist and writer Bernard-Marie Koltès written in 1983 and premiered in 1986. It was published in 1985. It represents, in one critic's view, "the poetry proper to the art of Koltès... cold and pithy... proceeding more from the wanderings of the characters than from their words". A quote from Victor Hugo serves as one of several epitaphs to the text: "He stops to get his bearings. All of a sudden he looks at his feet. His feet have disappeared.". Others come from the Book of Genesis (6:13) and Burning Spear.

text:
# West Pier (play)

***West Pier*** (originally titled *Quai ouest* and known in German as *Quay West*) is a play by the French dramatist and writer Bernard-Marie Koltès written in 1983 and premiered in 1986. It was published in 1985. It represents, in one critic's view, "the poetry proper to the art of Koltès ... cold and pithy ... proceeding more from the wanderings of the characters than from their words".

A quote from Victor Hugo serves as one of several epitaphs to the text: "He stops to get his bearings. All of a sudden he looks at his feet. His feet have disappeared." (*Il s'arrete pour s'orienter. Tout à coup, il regarde à ses pieds. Ses pieds ont disparu.*). Others come from the Book of Genesis (6:13) and Burning Spear.

## Plot

There are eight characters.

* Maurice Koch, 60 years old; Monique Pons, 42.
* Cécile, 60; her daughter Claire, 14; her husband Rodolfe, 58; and their son Charles, 28.
* A boy about 22 with the surname Fak.
* An unnamed man about 30, whom Charles calls Abad a few times.

The setting, a derelict warehouse in an abandoned section of a port city, is a kind of character as well, both space and non-space, empty but real. Plot, wrote one critic, "was never Koltès's strength", yet he essayed a brief summation: "a suicidal financial wizard and his girlfriend, a homeless Latin American family and two creepy opportunists engage in a hellish but often funny battle in which everyone is both predator and prey", concluding with "a couple of spectacular murders that seem so natural they are cathartic". Another offers this precis: "The action tells the story of Maurice Koch, a businessman who jumps into a river after parting from his secretary Monique Pons. He is pulled out by Charles, whose relatives hope to gain from the rescue. The plot is based on exchange and trafficking and plays on the apprehension of the other and of oneself."

The characters come from opposing worlds and never should have met. Their face-to-face encounter forces the conflicts of the modern world to the fore: immigration, social displacement, poverty, the right to dignity. The director is challenged to present this chance meeting "at the crossroads of trivial and poetic" and needs "actors-monsters" with "an exceptional physical and vocal presence" to deliver Koltes' "splendid text", often in the long monologues typical of Koltes.

## Performances and reception

The play premiered at the Publiekstheater in Amsterdam early in 1986. It was next mounted in a production directed by Patrice Chéreau at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers from 24 April to 29 June 1986. The Nanterre cast included María Casarès, Jean-Marc Thibault, Jean-Paul Roussillon, Catherine Hiégel, and Isaach de Bankolé.

*West Pier* was one of four plays by Koltes presented in a tribute festival in New York City in 2003. Those involved produced new translations because, they said, "limp British translations have stymied interest" in Koltes' work. A positive review in *The New York Times* said that "The cast gives these characters the entrancing energy of subtle maniacs" in the course of "a mordant, violently physical exploration of lost people searching for connections", saved by Koltes' "aptitude for dramatic confrontation". It praised the new translation used in 2003: "Koltès now sounds like Dante speaking in the voice of Sam Shepard". It concluded: "How often can you sit through two hours, count them 30 minutes and lament that they've ended?"

## Adaptations

Composer Régis Campo adapted the play for his second opera *Quai Ouest* in 2013–2014. The work received its first performance on 27 September 2014 at the Opéra national du Rhin directed by Kristian Frédric during the festival Musica à Strasbourg. It was repeated during the 2014–2015 season in a German translation at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. The thirty-scene libretto for the opera was adapted from the play by Kristian Frédric et Florence Doublet. Carolyn Sittig produced the German version of the libretto based on a translation of the French libretto by Simon Werle. On the basis of this opera, Campo was nominated for the award of composer of the year at the Victoires de la musique classique for 2015.

1. "Théâtre: Quai ouest, presentation" (in French). Les éditions de minuit. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
2. Dupuy, Emmanuel (1 October 2014). "Strasbourg : Quai Ouest de Campo ou le chant impossible". *Diapason*. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
3. "Théâtre: Quai ouest, extrait" (PDF) (in French). Les éditions de minuit. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
4. Lebrun, Jean-Gullaume. "Quai Ouest de Régis Campo en création à l'Opéra national du Rhin - Fidèle, efficace et un peu clinquant - Compte-rendu". *Concert Classic* (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
5. Darge, Fabienne (3 April 2010). "Dans les brumes de "Quai Ouest"". *Le Monde* (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
6. Bruckner, D.J.R. (21 May 2003). "Lost Souls in Search Of Meaningful Connections". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
7. Serrou, Bruno (26 September 2014). "Régis Campo fait chanter le théâtre de Koltès". *La Croix* (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
8. Soleymat, Manuel Piolat (27 March 2018). "Théâtre Critique: Quai Ouest". *La Terrasse* (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
9. Gyselinx, Isabelle. "Note d'intention". *Theatre-Contemporain* (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
10. Jacobs, Leonard (14 May 2003). "Theatre Groups Mount Month-Long Tribute to Late French Playwright". *Backstage*. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
11. "West Pier". *In Parentheses*. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.


title: Goronwy Daniel

abstract: Sir Goronwy Hopkin Daniel KCVO was a Welsh academic and civil servant. Born at Ystradgynlais, Brecknockshire, Wales, Daniel was educated at Pontardawe Grammar School, Amman Valley County School and University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he gained a first-class degree. He obtained a D.Phil. from Jesus College, Oxford. In 1940 he married Valerie, daughter of Richard Lloyd George. They had one son and two daughters. He joined the civil service in 1943, rising to Chief Statistician in the Ministry of Fuel and Power and eventually to Permanent Under-Secretary at the Welsh Office when it was set up in 1964. In 1969 he returned to Aberystwyth to become Principal of the University College of Wales, and was knighted the same year. He held the post for ten years. In 1977 he was appointed a Lieutenant of Dyfed. In 1982 he was appointed Chairman of the Welsh Fourth Channel Authority, having been one of the prime movers in its creation.

text:
# Goronwy Daniel

**Sir Goronwy Hopkin Daniel** KCVO (21 March 1914  17 January 2003) was a Welsh academic and civil servant.

Born at Ystradgynlais, Brecknockshire, Wales, Daniel was educated at Pontardawe Grammar School, Amman Valley County School and University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he gained a first-class degree. He obtained a D.Phil. from Jesus College, Oxford. In 1940 he married Valerie, daughter of Richard Lloyd George. They had one son and two daughters.

He joined the civil service in 1943, rising to Chief Statistician in the Ministry of Fuel and Power and eventually to Permanent Under-Secretary at the Welsh Office when it was set up in 1964.

In 1969 he returned to Aberystwyth to become Principal of the University College of Wales, and was knighted the same year. He held the post for ten years. In 1977 he was appointed a Lieutenant of Dyfed. In 1982 he was appointed Chairman of the Welsh Fourth Channel Authority, having been one of the prime movers in its creation.

## Offices held


title: UThongathi School

abstract: uThongathi School was a high school near oThongathi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The school opened in January 1986. The school was the first nonracial school established by the New Era Schools Trust (NEST). It opened with 107 pupils of all races. Addressing the first assembly of the school the principal, Mr Richard Thompson, said: "Today we are the only school in South Africa which is truly nonracial. The whole of South Africa will be watching us very carefully because we are doing something completely new. Today we are starting a new era in education in South Africa. A school where the colour of your skin is completely unimportant. We are trying to set an example for South Africa and we want to prove that this is how education must be, if South Africa is ever going to be a peaceful country." The campus was bought by Graeme Crawford in 1997 and a new school named Crawford College, North Coast was established on the site in the same year.

text:
# UThongathi School

**uThongathi School** was a high school near oThongathi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The school opened in January 1986.

The school was the first nonracial school established by the New Era Schools Trust (NEST). It opened with 107 pupils of all races.

Addressing the first assembly of the school the principal, Mr Richard Thompson, said: "Today we are the only school in South Africa which is truly nonracial. The whole of South Africa will be watching us very carefully because we are doing something completely new. Today we are starting a new era in education in South Africa. A school where the colour of your skin is completely unimportant. We are trying to set an example for South Africa and we want to prove that this is how education must be, if South Africa is ever going to be a peaceful country."

The campus was bought by Graeme Crawford in 1997 and a new school named Crawford College, North Coast was established on the site in the same year.

29°35′31″S 31°09′18″E / 29.592037°S 31.155029°E / -29.592037; 31.155029


title: Ralph Miller (right-handed pitcher)

abstract: Ralph Darwin Miller was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and Baltimore Orioles during the 1898 and 1899 baseball seasons.

text:
# Ralph Miller (right-handed pitcher)

**Ralph Darwin Miller** (March 15, 1873 – May 7, 1973) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and Baltimore Orioles during the 1898 and 1899 baseball seasons.

## Biography

Born in Cincinnati, he died there at age 100; he was the first major league player to live to his 100th birthday. At the time of his death he was believed to be the last surviving 19th century Major Leaguer, a title which he unofficially held until the 1990s when baseball researchers discovered that Charlie Emig, a pitcher who played in one game in 1896 and died in 1975, held that distinction.

## InfoBox

| Ralph Miller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1873-03-15)March 15, 1873
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. | |
| **Died:** May 7, 1973(1973-05-07) (aged 100)
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 6, 1898, for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 26, 1899, for the Baltimore Orioles | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 5–17 |
| Earned run average | 5.18 |
| Strikeouts | 46 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Mayumi Iizuka

abstract: Mayumi Iizuka is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and disc jockey who was born in Tokyo. She is currently affiliated with Across Entertainment and her label is Lantis. She is an instructor at the Stay Luck training school Follow-Up. For her singing activities, she uses the alias Hoshi Mai. Her well-known roles as a voice actress include Kasumi (Misty) in the Pokémon series, Tron Bonne in the Mega Man Legends series and Claiomh Everlasting in the Sorcerous Stabber Orphen series.

text:
# Mayumi Iizuka

**Mayumi Iizuka** (飯塚 雅弓, *Iizuka Mayumi*, born January 3, 1977) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and disc jockey who was born in Tokyo. She is currently affiliated with Across Entertainment and her label is Lantis. She is an instructor at the Stay Luck training school Follow-Up. For her singing activities, she uses the alias **Hoshi Mai** (星 舞).

Her well-known roles as a voice actress include Kasumi (Misty) in the *Pokémon* series, Tron Bonne in the *Mega Man Legends* series and Claiomh Everlasting in the *Sorcerous Stabber Orphen* series.

## Career

In 1980, at the age of three, Iizuka joined Theater Company Wakakusa through an acquaintance of her grandfather. The reason she joined the group was to learn etiquette. The company was stricter about greetings and etiquette than her lessons, and she remembers crying when she was told off. The following year, on January 11, 1981, she made her debut as a child actress playing the role of Tomiko in the TV drama *Haru no Urara no Monogatari* (TBS Television Toshiba Sunday Theater). At Theater Company Wakakusa, she was taught to "keep showing people what only you can do," and even as a child, she spent her days desperately trying to achieve her dreams.

In 1983, due to her father's job transfer, she moved to Taichung City, Taiwan from the first grade to the fifth grade, during which time she took a break from performing. When she returned to Japan in 1989, she resumed her performing career with the same Theater Company Wakakusa. She had always personally wanted to return, and when she was in her fifth year back in Japan, she decided she will think about things in her own way and do her best in this world. In an interview in 2008, she said that she could not have done it alone to come this far, and she wanted to express her gratitude to her parents, grandfather, and family.

When Iizuka first resumed her activities, things did not go as she had hoped, and she often failed at auditions and didn't have any luck in getting roles. In fact, she was one of the last people to audition for the *Wakaokusama wa Udemakuri!* but she was not selected. It was to her chagrin that she was finally selected to play the role of a friend, and she recalls in her blog that it was a fun experience. At that time, Midori Yaegaki, the representative of the company at that time, told her that it was her own power that brought her luck, and she realized that it was no good to be weak and that she had to attract luck herself, and after she started to audition in that way, her appearances in dramas gradually increased.

In 1991, she made her voice acting debut as Tsuneko Tani in the movie *Only Yesterday*. The audition for the film was the first time she auditioned for voice acting, and at that time she had almost no experience with voice acting auditions, causing her anxiety due to not having the know-how, but she was full of desire to try it.

In 1993, Iizuka moved to Yaegaki Office, a directly managed production company of Theater Company Wakakusa. There were no senior members of her office who had debuted as voice actors, and her manager did not know what kind of scenes she would be in, so she often went to dub shows by herself. Although she lacked confidence, she went to the recording sessions with the feeling that her performances would be accepted there. From the age of 19, she began working more and more on TV anime series and OVAs, and from then on, her main activity was as a voice actress, but she still appears on stage and continues to work as an actress.

In 1997, she became widely known for her role as Kasumi in *Pokémon*. When she was in college, she was thinking of quitting if she didn't find a job that satisfied her by the time she graduated, and that is when she came across the role of Kasumi. Since then, she has expanded her activities and made her debut as a singer with the release of her album *Kataomoi* (Pioneer LDC) on August 27. In addition, she became the main personality for her first show "Weekly Animage: Mayumi Iizuka's It's Still Sunday!" which was aired from October 12, and started her career as a radio personality. In an interview in 2008, she commented that her world has expanded and that made her realize that there is more than one dream.

In 1998, Iizuka performed her first concert, "VOICE ANIMAGE Presents Mayumi Iizuka First Concert" at Hall A, Tokyo International Forum. In mid-August 2010, she attended the 2010 Shenyang 2nd Anime and Computer Game Expo in Shenyang, China, and gave a small live performance and a speech in Chinese.

On February 28, 2014, she left Yaegaki Office and moved to Kenyu Office on March 1, 2014. On September 1, 2017, she moved from Kenyu Office to Across Entertainment.

## Filmography

### Television animation

### Original video animations (OVAs)

### Theatrical animation

### Video games

### Dubbing

## Discography (as a singer)

All of her songs were sung in the Japanese language.

### Singles

1. Accele (アクセル / Accele \< Accelerator), 1997
2. Love Letter, 1999
3. Heart no Tsubasa 2000
4. Caress/Place to Be, 2000
5. My Wish, 2000
6. Yasashi Migite (やさしい右手 / A Tender Right Hand), 2002
7. Koi no Iro (恋の色 / Color of Love), 2002
8. Kikaseteyo Kimi no Koe (聴かせてよ君の声 / Give Me the Sound of Your Voice), 2002
9. Pure, 2003
10. TRUST - Kimi to Aruku Mirai \- (TRUST～君と歩く未来～ / TRUST - Future, Walking with You -), 2011 - Online download only

### Albums (full-length)

1. Kataomoi (かたおもい / The Unrequited Love), 1997
2. Mint to Kuchibue (ミントと口笛 / Mint and a Whistle), 1998
3. So Loving, 1999
4. Aeris, 2000
5. Himawari (ひまわり / Sunflowers), 2001
6. Niji no Saku Basho (虹の咲く場所 / A Place in the Bloom of a Rainbow), 2002
7. Smile×Smile, 2003 - Produced by Tore Johansson
8. Infinity, 2004
9. Mine, 2005
10. 10Love, 2006
11. Crystal Days, 2007
12. Stories, 2008
13. Fight!!, 2009
14. Kimi e... (君へ。。。 / To You...), 2009
15. Ichigo. (いちご。 / Strawberry.), 2012

### Mini-albums

1. Fly Ladybird Fly, 1998
2. 23Degrees, 2004
3. Purezento (プレゼント / The Present), 2005

### Best-of albums

1. Berry Best, 2001
2. Bestrawberry, 2005

## InfoBox

| Mayumi Iizuka | |
| --- | --- |
| 飯塚 雅弓 | |
| Born | (1977-01-03) January 3, 1977
Tokyo, Japan |
| Other names | Hoshi Mai (星 舞)
Maitan (まいたん)
Māchan (まーちゃん) |
| Alma mater | Hosei University |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Agent | Across Entertainment |
| Notable credits |  |
| Height | 148 cm (4 ft 10 in) |
| Website | berrysmile.net |


title: HES6

abstract: Transcription cofactor HES-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HES6 gene.

text:
# HES6

**Transcription cofactor HES-6** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *HES6* gene.

## Interactions

HES6 has been shown to interact with TLE1.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| HES6 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | HES6, C-HAIRY1, HES-6, bHLHb41, bHLHc23, hes family bHLH transcription factor 6 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 610331; MGI: 1859852; HomoloGene: 23111; GeneCards: HES6; OMA:HES6 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_018645
NM\_001142853
NM\_001282434   NM\_019479
NM\_001360899
NM\_001360900   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001136325
NP\_001269363
NP\_061115   NP\_062352
NP\_001347828
NP\_001347829   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 238.24 – 238.24 Mb Chr 1: 91.34 – 91.34 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Pingliang–Qingyang railway

abstract: The Pingliang–Qingyang railway, also known as the Pingqing railway, is a railway line in Gansu, China. The line will run between the cities of Pingliang and Qingyang in eastern Gansu, totaling 92 km. Starting from Pingliang South station, the line will run eastwards through Zhenyuan County, ending at Qingyang railway station.

text:
# Pingliang–Qingyang railway

The **Pingliang–Qingyang railway**, also known as the **Pingqing railway**, is a railway line in Gansu, China. The line will run between the cities of Pingliang and Qingyang in eastern Gansu, totaling 92 km.

Starting from Pingliang South station, the line will run eastwards through Zhenyuan County, ending at Qingyang railway station.

## Background

Pingliang and Qingyang are prefecture-level cities in eastern Gansu, bordering each other, with existing railway stations, but no direct connection between them. Pingliang South is a station on the Baoji–Zhongwei railway, which opened in 1995. Qingyang is a station on the Yinchuan–Xi'an high-speed railway, opened in 2020. The new railway will provide a direct connection between the two prefecture level cities, provide Zhenyuan County its first connection to the railway network, and reduce the travel time between Qingyang and Gansu's capital Lanzhou.

## History

Construction on the 92 km long railway started on 3 January 2024 and is expected to take 4½ years. Between Pingliang South and Baishui, the railway will share the Baoji–Zhongwei railway, which will be doubled in this section, with a maximum speed of 120 km/h. Between Baishui and Qingyang, an entirely new route will be followed, allowing speeds up to 160 km/h.

The line will be fully electrified and for both passenger and freight use.

An extension from Pingliang to Dingxi is planned.

## Stations

* Pingliang south
* Baishui
* Zhenyuan
* Beishiku
* Qingyang

## InfoBox

| Pingliang–Qingyang railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Native name | 平庆铁路 |
| Locale | Gansu, China |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 5 |
| Service | |
| Operator(s) | China Railway |
| History | |
| Commenced | 2024 |
| Planned opening | 2028 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 92 km (57 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Electrification | Overhead catenary |
| Operating speed | 160 km/h (99 mph) |


title: Hans Sturm

abstract: Hans Sturm was a German football player. He was born in Schönau an der Katzbach, Lower Silesia and died in Cologne. The goalscoring inside right midfielder, who won the first Bundesliga trophy with 1. FC Köln in 1964, played just one of his three internationals for West Germany outside a FIFA World Cup. Therefore, he was part at the 1958 FIFA World Cup and at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, playing one match on each occasion. With 1. FC Köln, Sturm also won the West German football championship in 1962. His son Ralf was a striker for 1. FC Köln in the Bundesliga himself, netting 28 goals in 121 games as a striker in between 1988 and 1994.

text:
# Hans Sturm

**Hans Sturm** (3 September 1935 – 20 June 2007) was a German football player. He was born in Schönau an der Katzbach, Lower Silesia and died in Cologne.

The goalscoring inside right midfielder, who won the first Bundesliga trophy with 1. FC Köln in 1964, played just one of his three internationals for West Germany outside a FIFA World Cup. Therefore, he was part at the 1958 FIFA World Cup and at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, playing one match on each occasion.

With 1. FC Köln, Sturm also won the West German football championship in 1962.

His son Ralf (born 18 October 1968) was a striker for 1. FC Köln in the Bundesliga himself, netting 28 goals in 121 games as a striker in between 1988 and 1994.

## InfoBox

Hans Sturm
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Hans Sturm | | |
| Date of birth | (1935-09-03)3 September 1935 | | |
| Place of birth | Schönau an der Katzbach, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 20 June 2007(2007-06-20) (aged 71) | | |
| Place of death | Cologne, Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1951–1952 | 1. FC Köln | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1955–1963 | 1. FC Köln(OL West) | 233 | (66) |
| 1963–1967 | 1. FC Köln(Bundesliga) | 113 | (17) |
| 1967–1971 | Viktoria Köln | 107 | (29) |
| Total |  | **453** | **(112)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1958–1962 | West Germany | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Hardev Singh Kular

abstract: Hardev Singh Kular was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Hardev Singh Kular

**Hardev Singh Kular** (13 December 1930 – 31 December 2013) was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Hardev Singh Kular
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Born | (1930-12-13)13 December 1930
Nakuru, British Kenya |
| Died | 31 December 2013(2013-12-31) (aged 83)
Nairobi, Kenya |
| Sport | |
| Country | Kenya |
| Sport | Field hockey |
| Club | Simba Union, Nairobi |


title: Laticlave

abstract: In ancient Roman regalia, a laticlave or clavus was a broad stripe or band of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators as an emblem of office. The name laticlavia translates to 'broad nail' and figuratively 'broad stripe', in contrast to the 'narrow stripe' (angusticlavia) which appeared on the tunics of lower social ranks. This ornament, according to some, was called clavus ('nail') as being set with little round plates of gold, or silver, like the heads of nails. Cantelius maintained that the clavus consisted of a kind of purple flowers, sewn upon the cloth. The garment is mentioned in Suetonius, as citizens singing songs of disapproval against Julius Caesar for him having offered the opportunity for Gauls to "put on the laticlave" as imposter/foreign members of a traditionally "Roman" Senate.

text:
# Laticlave

In ancient Roman regalia, a ***laticlave*** or ***clavus*** was a broad stripe or band of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators as an emblem of office. The name *laticlavia* translates to 'broad nail' and figuratively 'broad stripe', in contrast to the 'narrow stripe' (*angusticlavia*) which appeared on the tunics of lower social ranks.

This ornament, according to some, was called *clavus* ('nail') as being set with little round plates of gold, or silver, like the heads of nails. Cantelius maintained that the clavus consisted of a kind of purple flowers, sewn upon the cloth.

The garment is mentioned in Suetonius, as citizens singing songs of disapproval against Julius Caesar for him having offered the opportunity for Gauls to "put on the laticlave" as imposter/foreign members of a traditionally "Roman" Senate.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Laticlave". *Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences* (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
* *Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary*, 1913.


title: Motor skill consolidation

abstract: Motor skill consolidation represents the process by which motor skills are transformed from an initial fragile state, in which they are especially prone to being disrupted or lost, to a more solid or permanent state. Any newly formed motor skill, such as learning to play a musical instrument or adjusting one's running stride, is subject to a consolidation period. The time course of this period during which new motor skills are susceptible to disruption appears to be on the order of a few hours.

text:
# Motor skill consolidation

**Motor skill consolidation** represents the process by which motor skills are transformed from an initial fragile state, in which they are especially prone to being disrupted or lost, to a more solid or permanent state. Any newly formed motor skill, such as learning to play a musical instrument or adjusting one's running stride, is subject to a consolidation period. The time course of this period during which new motor skills are susceptible to disruption appears to be on the order of a few hours.

## Distinctions between procedural and declarative memories

Motor skills, also known as procedural memories, are distinct from declarative memories, which involve memories of events, people, places, etc. Both types of memories are, however, subject to a consolidation period, though the neural mechanisms appear to differ. Some of the earliest evidence pointing to a distinction between procedural and declarative memories came from the famous neurology patient HM. As a treatment for severe epilepsy, portions of HM's temporal lobes, including both hippocampi, were removed. This left him unable to form new declarative memories (anterograde amnesia), while his ability to learn novel motor tasks remained intact.

## Motor skills and the internal model

It is believed that motor skill acquisition requires learning a new internal model of limb dynamics. For instance, in order to reach for a cup of coffee, a person must have an implicit understanding of the mass of their own arm, and how specific patterns of muscle activation will change the position of that limb. A common model for studying motor learning and consolidation involves perturbations to reaching tasks using robotic arms to impart forces on the limb during reaches, forcing the subject to learn new internal representations of the limb to take these new external forces into account.

## Role of sleep in motor memory consolidation

A number of recent studies have begun to demonstrate the importance of sleep in the process of consolidation of both procedural and declarative memories. For instance, it was recently shown that even a short 90 minute nap after training in a skilled finger task prevented interference two hours after the task when compared to subjects that did not nap. During night sleep, REM sleep and slow-wave sleep both contribute to the motor memory consolidation process through an increase in neuromodulatory activity, as well as regular field potential oscillations such as sleep spindles (reviewed by Diekelmann and Born, 2010).

## Pathologies and processes affecting motor memory consolidation

While the precise neural basis for motor skill consolidation is not fully understood, many of the structures necessary for the process have been identified. As the process of learning a motor skill requires both initial execution of the skill, as well as long storage of the consolidated memory, a complex network of brain areas are involved, including the primary motor cortex, the cerebellum, the prefrontal cortex, and the basal ganglia. Given that motor skill consolidation is a distributed process, the ability to form new procedural memories is susceptible to the effects of a number of processes and pathologies.

### Cerebellar diseases

The cerebellum, and especially the cerebellar cortex, is critical for coordinating motor outputs during skilled tasks, as well as the process of stabilizing newly formed motor skills. Damage to the cerebellum can occur through a number of causes including trauma, alcoholism, chronic degenerative diseases such as olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and genetic developmental disorders.

### Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease, which affects the basal ganglia, has been shown to cause an impairment in the ability to consolidate new motor skills. For instance, when Parkinsonian patients were tested in force field reaching tasks, they showed significantly less retention of the motor skill than controls during later testing. This points to the importance of the basal ganglia, the primary target of Parkinson's disease, in creating the new sensory/motor mappings that are necessary for the long term retention of a motor skill.

### Stroke

A stroke is the damage of a volume of brain tissue resulting from restricted blood supply, which is often a result of occluded blood vessels leading to the brain. Given the large number of brain areas involved in the motor skill acquisition, strokes affecting any of these areas can lead to deficits in motor skill consolidation. Therapies for stroke have focused on modified practice techniques to allow the reacquisition of important skills after the damage has occurred.

### Aging

Aging has been shown to have an effect on declarative memory consolidation, which appears to be related to disruptions of sleep patterns, as well as hippocampal degeneration. However, aging does not appear to have a direct effect on motor skill consolidation, with subjects up to 95 years of age showing the ability to retain newly formed motor skills up to two years after acquisition.


title: Katrineholms VK

abstract: Katrineholms VK is a volleyball club in Katrineholm, Sweden, established on 30 March 1977 as a breakout out of KFUM Katrineholm's volleyball section. The club won the Swedish women's national championship in 2010, 2011 and 2013

text:
# Katrineholms VK

**Katrineholms VK** is a volleyball club in Katrineholm, Sweden, established on 30 March 1977 as a breakout out of KFUM Katrineholm's volleyball section. The club won the Swedish women's national championship in 2010, 2011 and 2013

## InfoBox

Katrineholms VK
| Full name | Katrineholms volleybollklubb |
| --- | --- |
| Short name | KVK |
| Founded | 30 March 1977 (1977-03-30) |
| Ground | Duveholmshallen, Katrineholm, Sweden |


title: Tilloclytus minutus

abstract: Tilloclytus minutus is a species of longhorn beetle in the Cerambycinae subfamily. It was described by Fisher in 1932. It is known from Puerto Rico.

text:
# Tilloclytus minutus

***Tilloclytus minutus*** is a species of longhorn beetle in the Cerambycinae subfamily. It was described by Fisher in 1932. It is known from Puerto Rico.

## InfoBox

| *Tilloclytus minutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tilloclytus* |
| Species: | ***T. minutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tilloclytus minutus***<br>Fisher, 1932 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tilloclytus puertoricensis* Fisher 1935 | |