title: Jonathan Brown (Australian footballer)

abstract: Jonathan Brown is a former Australian rules footballer and radio presenter. He is the former captain of the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League. Regarded during his playing days as one of the premier players in the competition, Brown is a three-time club Best and Fairest winner, two-time All Australian, one-time Coleman Medallist and three-time AFL premiership player.

text:
# Jonathan Brown (Australian footballer)

**Jonathan Brown** (born 29 October 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer and radio presenter. He is the former captain of the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League.

Regarded during his playing days as one of the premier players in the competition, Brown is a three-time club Best and Fairest winner, two-time All Australian (2007 and 2009), one-time Coleman Medallist and three-time AFL premiership player.

## Early life

Brown was born in Port Fairy, in Victoria's south west, to mother Mary and father Brian (a former Fitzroy and Essendon player). He is the eldest of three brothers.

Brown grew up on his family's property and attended school at Emmanuel College Warrnambool. He grew up a Fitzroy fan and began playing Australian rules at an early age, playing school football and cricket with the Emmanuel College Hawks. Brown began playing senior football with the South Warrnambool Football Club at the age of 15. He began senior cricket at about the same time and was a stand-out left-arm fast bowler. He played A-Grade cricket with Wesley CBC where he was Cricketer of the Year two years in a row and played in a senior premiership. He was also invited to play in the Victorian under-17 squad. However, he focused on Australian rules, pursuing a dream of following Ted Whitten to represent Victoria in State of Origin. Brown drew the attention of AFL recruiters while playing under-18 representative football for the Geelong Falcons in 1999 at the national carnival in Brisbane when he was named as an All-Australian.

## AFL career

### Drafting and first year: 1999–2000

Brown was selected by the Brisbane Lions in the 1999 AFL Draft under the father–son rule. His father considered Brisbane a good option when Leigh Matthews became the senior coach, despite Hawthorn showing interest in recruiting him. Upon moving to Brisbane, he was immediately groomed as the club's next centre half-forward. The next year, in Round 5, he played his first senior game for the Lions as an 18-year-old against the Adelaide Crows. His best game in his opening year came against Fremantle in the final round of the season when he had 23 disposals and scored two goals.

### Four consecutive Grand Finals: 2001–2004

Playing in a team which included three Brownlow Medalists (Michael Voss, Jason Akermanis and Simon Black), Brown participated in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals and was a part of three consecutive premierships in 2001, 2002 and 2003.

Touted as the next Wayne Carey early in his career, Brown was an unspectacular but consistent contributor during his first few seasons and, at 195 cm and 105 kg, was an imposing target across half-forward. In Round 6 of 2001, Brown kicked seven goals and amassed nine marks and 19 disposals in his first dominant performance in front of goals. For the season, he averaged six marks, 14 disposals and 1.5 goals per game. His season tally of 157 marks was a team-high, and his total of 38 goals was third-best of Brisbane players.

Brown was well renowned for his bravery, often putting himself in reckless situations that put the mission of the team before his own physical well-being. An example of this was when he took the 2002 Mark of the Year by running with the flight of the ball and launching into the oncoming Hawthorn player Jade Rawlings. In an interview with Mike Sheehan for *Open Mike*, Brown acknowledged he was running towards the pack blindly (i.e. with his eyes only on the ball, not the players converging on the pack) and committed fully to the attempt. Such efforts earned him numerous titles for courage during his career, including three Robert Rose Awards for being voted the most courageous player of the league in 2007, 2008 and 2011. Such acts of courage caused recurring injuries, especially during the past few years of his career, including four facial injuries between 2011 and 2014.

Plagued by injury and regular meetings with the AFL Tribunal during the next three seasons, Brown's development was hampered until 2004, when he had the best season of his career to that point, averaging an impressive eight marks, 16 disposals, and 2.3 goals per game. Despite missing eight games through injury and suspension, Brown kicked a career-high 39 goals and again led the Lions in marks, with 140. His progress was punctuated in the Qualifying Final against St Kilda when he achieved a best-afield six-goal performance. The season, however, ended on a sour note for Brown, as he was reported for striking Port Adelaide's Josh Carr during the Lions 40-point Grand Final loss. The report saw Brown suspended for the first five games of the 2005 season.

### Reaching peak form: 2005–2006

In 2005, Brown was promoted to the Lions' leadership group. He made his return from suspension in Round 6 of 2005 against Essendon and immediately had a significant impact, taking 14 marks and kicking eight goals on then-Essendon defender and future Sydney Swans premiership player Ted Richards, in what was arguably the best game of his career to that point. Richards was dropped from the Essendon team as a result. The following week, Brown kicked another five goals, and in Round 10 against the Kangaroos Brown had 12 marks, 27 disposals and five goals, followed by a career-high 29 disposals in round 11. Injury again cut his season short, but 2005 was clearly Brown's best individual season as he averaged eight marks, 18 disposals and 2.8 goals per game during the 12 games he played prior to Round 17, before a severe bout of osteitis pubis prevented him from having any influence in his last two games.

In May 2005, Brown was targeted by Collingwood in a deal reportedly worth $6 million over the next four seasons, but he was quick to announce that he had no plans to leave Brisbane. Two months later he officially signed a contract committing himself to the Brisbane Lions until the end of the 2008 season in a deal reportedly worth $2 million over three years.

2006 was the year in which Brown first stamped his authority on the AFL competition. Midway through the season, Brown seemed certain to claim almost every individual award on offer at the end of the year, as he dominated in the air and in front of goals on a weekly basis. Brown's form hit a peak between rounds 7 and 10, when over four games he averaged 11 marks, 20 disposals and 6.5 goals per game, including performances of seven or more goals in three successive games. Injury, however, ended his season prematurely yet again, as Brown played his last game of the season in Round 10. In the 2006 Brownlow Medal count, Brown polled 13 votes, enough to secure a top 10 finish despite only playing 10 games out of a possible 22. He was leading the count easily before he suffered the injury.

### Vintage form: 2007–2009

Following the retirement of long-time captain Michael Voss in 2006, Brown was strongly favoured to replace Voss as captain. Nevertheless, when the captaincy was announced on 20 March 2007, Brown was named as co-captain alongside Simon Black, Chris Johnson, Nigel Lappin, and Luke Power. Brown had previously acted as co-captain for the Lions in the 2007 NAB Cup Grand Final, alongside Black, Johnson, and Power, with Lappin out injured. Desperate for an injury-free season, 2007 delivered just that for Brown, and what resulted was the best season of his career. He averaged nine marks and 16 disposals per game, and kicked 77 goals at 3.5 per game in 2007. In round 16 against Carlton, he became the first Brisbane player to kick 10 goals in a game, and he finished the year with seven goals against Geelong to secure the Coleman Medal as the season's leading goal kicker. That year Brown took the most contested marks in the competition to go with his first Coleman. He also won his first Merrett–Murray Medal (the Lions best and fairest), the AFL Players Association Best Captain Award, the Robert Rose Award for Most Courageous Player, was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy as League MVP and was named vice-captain of the All Australian team. At season's end, Brown was regarded by many, including AFL guru Mike Sheahan, as the number-one player in the competition.

Brown started the 2008 season slowly compared to his 2007 form, and was rested for one game in round seven due to minor injury concerns. He then returned to his best with three consecutive six-goal performances and combined with Daniel Bradshaw to be one of the most formidable forward duos in the league in the second half of the season. In the 15 games after his week off, Brown averaged nine marks, 16 disposals and 3.7 goals per game, although his season stats were inferior to the previous year. Brown captained Victoria in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match against the Dream Team, and a spectacular mark taken over Matthew Richardson in that game is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting *The Game That Made Australia*, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. He was named the AFLPA Most courageous player at the end of the 2008 season by his peers for the second consecutive year in a row, but missed out on a second All-Australian selection. Brown's 2008 season was capped off by winning his second Merrett–Murray Medal.

At the completion of Round 22 of the 2008 season, Brown announced he had signed a four-year contract that would see him remain a Lion until he is at least 31. On 27 October 2008, Lions coach Michael Voss announced Brown's appointment as sole captain of the club.

2009 was Brown's most consistent year to date, being kept goalless just once and kicking two or more goals in a club record 17 consecutive games. In round 6, Brown had 13 marks, 24 disposals and five goals against Essendon, and in Round 17, he kicked eight goals against North Melbourne, including his 400th career goal. He also had 21 disposals and 12 marks. He placed second in the Coleman Medal at season's end, eight goals behind winner Brendan Fevola, and took the most contested marks in the league. He finished the year with a career-high, and Brisbane Lions record, 85 goals and averaged 8.5 marks and 16 disposals per game. His 19 Brownlow Medal votes placed him fourth overall and he concluded the year with his third consecutive best and fairest medal, second All-Australian selection and the AFLPA Best Captain Award.

### Battling injuries and retirement: 2010–2014

Brown was hampered by injury throughout the 2010 season, causing him to miss six games for the Lions. After a promising start to 2010, Brown and other key Brisbane players were struck by injury, and the team finished the season in 13th position on the ladder. Despite missing six games and the controversial introduction of Coleman Medallist Brendan Fevola to the team, Brown was again the Lions leading goalkicker, with 53 for the season, and he came third in Brisbane's best and fairest, behind Michael Rischitelli and Simon Black. Brown was named the Members' Player of the Year and polled almost half of his best-and-fairest votes in the first four rounds.

Brown suffered a horrific facial injury in the first game of the 2011 season against Fremantle after he was kneed in the head by opposition defender Luke McPharlin in a marking attempt.

Brown suffered a second facial injury in round 17 of the 2011 season.

Brown suffered a third facial injury in less than three years in a 2012 intraclub match when teammate Matt Maguire kneed him in the head in a marking contest. Doubts started to surface over his career after such consistent damages to his skull.

In 2013, Jed Adcock was named as the Lions' co-captain alongside Brown, and, in 2014, Adcock was named as the sole captain, meaning that the Lions were not captained or co-captained by Brown for the first time since 2007.

Brown was the victim of a fourth facial injury in the Round 13, 2014 clash between the Lions and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. He collided with Tomas Bugg's knee and was removed from the ground. He suffered a concussion, causing his retirement from football.

## Statistics

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

|  | Led the league after season and finals |
| --- | --- |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | |
| 2000 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 82 | 41 | 123 | 47 | 11 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 6.3 | 3.2 | 9.5 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 2001 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 25 | 38 | 22 | 217 | 130 | 347 | 157 | 31 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 8.7 | 5.2 | 13.9 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 5 |
| 2002 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 143 | 87 | 230 | 97 | 20 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 12.1 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
| 2003 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 19 | 27 | 15 | 173 | 113 | 286 | 126 | 31 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 15.1 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 8 |
| 2004 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 17 | 39 | 21 | 173 | 101 | 274 | 140 | 27 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 16.1 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 8 |
| 2005 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 14 | 33 | 19 | 142 | 96 | 238 | 103 | 19 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 10.1 | 6.9 | 17.0 | 7.4 | 1.4 | 11 |
| 2006 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 10 | 35 | 18 | 133 | 56 | 189 | 103 | 13 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 13.3 | 5.6 | 18.9 | **10.3** | 1.3 | 13 |
| 2007 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 22 | **77** | 38 | 239 | 114 | 353 | 195 | 22 | **3.5** | 1.7 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 1.0 | 17 |
| 2008 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 21 | 70 | 47 | 223 | 84 | 307 | 167 | 18 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 10.6 | 4.0 | 14.6 | 8.0 | 0.9 | 10 |
| 2009 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 24 | 85 | 52 | 281 | 104 | 385 | 204 | 25 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 11.7 | 4.3 | 16.0 | 8.5 | 1.0 | 19 |
| 2010 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 16 | 53 | 24 | 168 | 73 | 241 | 126 | 14 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 15.1 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 12 |
| 2011 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 10 | 22 | 11 | 89 | 35 | 124 | 64 | 7 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 12.4 | 6.4 | 0.7 | 3 |
| 2012 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 20 | 47 | 20 | 189 | 108 | 297 | 143 | 20 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 9.5 | 5.4 | 14.9 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 4 |
| 2013 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 15 | 28 | 15 | 128 | 56 | 184 | 94 | 14 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 12.3 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 2 |
| 2014 | Brisbane Lions | 16 | 10 | 19 | 7 | 64 | 46 | 110 | 44 | 19 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 0 |
| Career | | | 255 | 592 | 325 | 2444 | 1244 | 3688 | 1810 | 291 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 14.5 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 112 |

## Honours and achievements

| **Brownlow Medal votes** | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | Votes |
| 2000 | 0 |
| 2001 | 5 |
| 2002 | 0 |
| 2003 | 8 |
| 2004 | 8 |
| 2005 | 11 |
| 2006 | 13 |
| 2007 | 17 |
| 2008 | 10 |
| 2009 | 19 |
| 2010 | 12 |
| 2011 | 3 |
| 2012 | 4 |
| 2013 | 2 |
| 2014 | 0 |
| **Total** | **112** |

## Media career

In 2009, Brown appeared alongside other AFL footballers in an AFL television advertisement titled "AFL: In a League of its Own", which featured prominent AFL players playing Australian rules football at famous sporting venues around the world, and in the middle of other sports being played, including basketball, Association football and American football. In the advertisement, Brown is running with the ball on an American football field evading and fending off defenders before running into Chad Cornes. The contact between the players results in the scene changing to a boxing ring, where after evading a boxer, he attempts to kick the ball, with Cornes smothering his kick.

Brown was a regular guest panellist on *The AFL Footy Show* throughout his playing career and was regularly heard on *Ash, Kip and Luttsy* on Nova 106.9.

In 2009, Brown featured in an official advertisement for the AFL, playing Australian rules with opponent Chad Cornes in a boxing ring and breaking the tackles of American football players.

In February 2015, Brown joined Fox Footy's commentary team and began featuring on *On the Couch*.

In November 2015, Brown was announced as a co-host of Nova 100's new breakfast show *Chrissie, Sam & Browny*, alongside Chrissie Swan and Sam Pang.

## Personal life

Brown's father, Brian Brown, played football with Fitzroy and Jonathan was recruited to the Lions under the father–son rule. He is also the nephew of former Fitzroy player Noel Mugavin and former Collingwood player Billy Picken, and cousin of Western Bulldogs player Liam Picken.

On 25 October 2008 Brown married Kylie Adams. They have three children, two girls and a boy. He resides in the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell.

## InfoBox

| Jonathan Brown | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brown in September 2012 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Nickname(s) | Brown, Browny, Jon, Jono, JB | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-10-29) 29 October 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | Port Fairy, Victoria, Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | Geelong Falcons (TAC Cup) | | |
| Draft | #30 (F/S), 1999 National Draft, Brisbane Lions | | |
| Height | 195 cm (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Weight | 103 kg (227 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre half-forward | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2000–2014 | Brisbane Lions | 256 (594) |
| Representative team honours | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2008 | Victoria | 1 (3) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2014.2 State and international statistics correct as of 2008. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Johnny, Johnny

abstract: "Johnny, Johnny" is a 1985 song recorded by the French singer Jeanne Mas. It was her second single from her debut album, Jeanne Mas, on which it features as the second track. Released in February 1985, the song became a hit in France, topping the singles chart for about one month.

text:
# Johnny, Johnny

"**Johnny, Johnny**" is a 1985 song recorded by the French singer Jeanne Mas. It was her second single from her debut album, *Jeanne Mas*, on which it features as the second track. Released in February 1985, the song became a hit in France, topping the singles chart for about one month.

## Background and writing

"Johnny, Johnny" was written and produced by Romano Musumarra, who also composed successful songs in the 1980s for many artists such as Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, Elsa Lunghini, Demis Roussos and Céline Dion.

The song, which deals with a man named Johnny who bears very badly a break-up, was recorded in French-language, but also in English-language and Spanish-language.

The song is characterized by "melodious and sweet synthetic notes, with a rhythmical bass and lively percussion". Its structure is similar to that of Jeanne Mas' previous hit, "Toute première fois". The song was re-issued in 2005 in a remixed version, but passed unnoticed.

## Critical reception

A review in Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* deemed "Johnny, Johnny" a "based disco track \[which\] deserves to chart elsewhere".

## Chart performance

On the French SNEP Singles Chart, "Johnny, Johnny" debuted at number eight on the chart edition of 2 March 1985, climbed to number one in its fifth week and stayed at the top for four weeks, alternating with Al Corley's "Square Rooms". After that, it dropped to number six and almost kept on falling. It remained for 14 weeks in the top ten and 23 weeks on the chart (top 50). Mas thus became the first female artist to reach number one on the new SNEP French Singles Chart. "Johnny, Johnny" was also much played on French radios, topping both the FM and the AM stations charts. As for Mas' previous single "Toute première fois", it achieved Gold status awarded by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique, the French certifier, for over 500,000 units. The 2005 version failed to reach the top 100.

On the European Hot 100, "Johnny, Johnny" entered at number 34 on 11 March 1985 and reached a peak of number 25 four weeks later. On the European Airplay Top 50, it debuted at number 30 on 4 February 1985, peaked at number 13 in its 13th week and charted for a total of 19 weeks.

## Official versions

* Single version – 4:05
* Album version – 4:25
* English version – 4:21
* Spanish version – 4:11
* Extended version – 6:30
* New club mix – 6:22
* Radio edit (2005) – 3:26
* Bounce mix edit (2005) – 3:15
* Remix 2 edit (2005) – 3:19
* Club mix (2005) – 5:18
* Bounce mix (2005) – 6:18

## Track listings

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | Gold | 500,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Europe (European Airplay Top 50) | 13 |
| Europe (European Hot 100) | 25 |
| France (Airplay Chart \[AM Stations\]) | 1 |
| France (Airplay Chart \[FM Stations\]) | 1 |
| France (SNEP) | 1 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Johnny, Johnny" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jeanne Mas | |
| from the album  *Jeanne Mas* | |
| B-side | "Lisa" |
| Released | February 1985 (original version)
2005 (remix) |
| Recorded | France |
| Genre | Synthpop, pop rock |
| Length | 4:05 |
| Label | EMI, Pathé Marconi |
| Songwriter(s) | Romano Musumarra
Jeanne Mas |
| Producer(s) | Romano Musumarra |
| Jeanne Mas singles chronology | |
| "Toute première fois"
(1984) "**Johnny, Johnny**"
(1985) "Cœur en stéréo"
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| 2005 remix | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Polish–Prussian alliance

abstract: The Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian Alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia. It was signed in the brief period when Prussia was seeking an ally against either Austria or Russia, and the Commonwealth was seeking guarantees that it would be able to carry out significant governmental reforms without foreign intervention. From the beginning, the alliance was much more valuable to the Commonwealth than to Prussia. Soon after the treaty was signed, the international situation, and changes within the Commonwealth, made the treaty much less valuable to the Prussian side. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth embarked on a series of major internal reforms, seeing the alliance as a guarantee that it had the backing of a powerful neighbour in the process, but in fact, Prussia felt that those reforms were not in its best interest and felt threatened by them. When Russia invaded the Commonwealth in May 1792, Prussia refused a request to honour the alliance and intervene, arguing that it was not consulted with regard to the 3 May Constitution, which invalidated the alliance. A few months later, in 1793, Prussia aided Russia in the suppression of the Kościuszko Uprising.

text:
# Polish–Prussian alliance

The **Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian Alliance** was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia. It was signed in the brief period when Prussia was seeking an ally against either Austria or Russia, and the Commonwealth was seeking guarantees that it would be able to carry out significant governmental reforms without foreign intervention.

From the beginning, the alliance was much more valuable to the Commonwealth than to Prussia. Soon after the treaty was signed, the international situation, and changes within the Commonwealth, made the treaty much less valuable to the Prussian side. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth embarked on a series of major internal reforms, seeing the alliance as a guarantee that it had the backing of a powerful neighbour in the process, but in fact, Prussia felt that those reforms were not in its best interest and felt threatened by them. When Russia invaded the Commonwealth in May 1792, Prussia refused a request to honour the alliance and intervene, arguing that it was not consulted with regard to the 3 May Constitution, which invalidated the alliance. A few months later, in 1793, Prussia aided Russia in the suppression of the Kościuszko Uprising.

## Background

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (also known as the Poland) had been a major European power since its formation in the late 16th century and was still one of the largest states in Europe in the latter part of the 18th century. Over time, its state machinery had become increasingly dysfunctional. By the early 17th century, the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state or rather managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the so-called "Golden Freedoms").

Tentative reforms began in the late 18th century; however, any idea of reforming the Commonwealth was viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighbouring countries, which were content with the state of the Commonwealth's affairs and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders. With an army numbering around only 16,000, Poland found that its neighbours could easily intervene directly: the Imperial Russian Army numbered 300,000, the Prussian Army and the Imperial Austrian Army 200,000. All of those powers had already annexed about a third of the Commonwealth territory and population (211,000 square kilometers (81,000 sq mi) and four to five million people) in the First Partition of Poland in 1772–1773.

However, events in the world appeared to play into the reformers' hands. Poland's neighbours were too occupied with wars to intervene forcibly in Poland, with Russia and Austria engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) and the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)). The Russians also found themselves fighting Sweden (the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)).

In the context of the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire, Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski, attempted to draw Poland into the Austro-Russian alliance since he saw a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth. Internal Russian politics prevented that plan from being implemented. Spurned by Russia, Poland turned to another potential ally, the Triple Alliance, represented on the Polish diplomatic scene primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia. That line of reasoning gained support from Polish politicians such as Ignacy Potocki and Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski.

Within the Triple Alliance, Prussia was hoping for some territorial gains in the Baltic region through war (with Russia), diplomacy (from the Commonwealth) or a combination. With regard to the Balkans, the Triple Alliance aimed at restraining Russia, as well as its ally, Austria, and there were expectations of a war between the Alliance and Russia (and possibly Austria) around 1791.

## Negotiations

Prussia tried to take the opportunity of the Russia's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden to move the weak Commonwealth into its sphere of influence. Some factions in the Commonwealth deemed that as an opportunity to shake free from decades of Russian control. However, Prussia did not expect much from the alliance or even that it would pass. When the treaty was first proposed to the Great Sejm by Prussian Ambassador Ludwig Heinrich Buchholtz on 13 October 1788, Prussians expected that it would cause long and fruitless debate which the only outcome would be to ensure the weakening of the position of Russia and, to a lesser degree, Austria in Poland. Overall, for Prussia, the alliance with Poland was only one of several potential options, but for some Polish politicians it became a new and increasingly the only available strategy. The reception of Prussian proposal by the Sejm exceeded expectations, which has significantly strengthened the Patriotic Party. For the next year or so, the Prussians decided to delay taking any clear action, keeping their options open. Buchholtz was also reprimanded for allowing things to go too far, and another Prussian diplomat, Girolamo Lucchesini, was sent to Warsaw to aid him.

One of the Prussian requests to play for time to the Patriotic Party was that before the treaty was signed, more reforms within the Commonwealth government had to be seen. In October 1789, the changing international situation, primarily the military defeats of the Ottoman Empire, suddenly and temporarily increased the value of an alliance with Poland for Prussia. In the meantime, the previously antiroyalist Patriotic Party has begun drifting closer to the king. In February and March 1790, concrete proposals were exchanged between Warsaw and Berlin. Some difficulties were centred on Prussian demands for the cession of Gdańsk and Toruń and on tariffs, but the threat of a Polish-Austrian alliance, recently brought forward by Austria, caused Prussia to withdraw most of the demands that the Polish side found difficult to accept.

## Signing

The treaty was finally signed on 29 March 1790, and ratified on 23 April. It was a defensive treaty, as each country promised to aid the other in case of an invasion.

## Unravelling

Several factors, however, soon reduced the value of the treaty for Prussia. The Treaty of Reichenbach on July 27, 1790, meant that Prussia was no longer considering a war with Austria; the Polish–Prussian alliance was now only anti-Russian. Then, on September 9, the Great Sejm, despite some opposition, declared that Commonwealth territories could not be divided. As Prussia was expecting to receive Gdańsk and Toruń from the Commonwealth as compensation in a subsequent treaty, with the Commonwealth being compensated through territorial gains from another neighbour, the Sejm declaration, which meant that no territory could be traded to another state, made the Commonwealth a much less valuable party for Prussian long-term goals. Already, in the fall and the winter of 1790, Prussian diplomacy had begun negotiations with Russians and hinted at abandoning Poland.

Potocki attempted to offer another deal to Prussia, namely, to support Prince Louis Charles of Prussia for the Polish throne, but Frederick William II of Prussia, advised by Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg, refused that offer, as it did not seem profitable enough to Prussia, which was interested more in territorial gains than in a potentially-strengthened Commonwealth, which could ask for the return of the territories lost in the First Partition. The passing of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, although officially applauded by Frederick Wilhelm II, who sent a congratulatory note to Warsaw, caused further worry in Prussia. The Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the *coup de grâce* to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands that Prussia acquired in the First Partition. Finally, Prussian-Russian relations stabilised with the end of the Triple Alliance, which was cemented by the British-Netherlands-Prussian-Russian treaty of 26 July 1791 in which the Triple Alliance *de facto* capitulated to all Russian demands. In the meantime, similar negotiations of a never-realised Polish–Swedish alliance fell through as well.

## Aftermath

The Treaty of Jassy in January 1792 ended the Russian war with the Ottomans, and in April, the First Coalition wars began, forcing Prussia to move the bulk of its forces west to deal with Revolutionary France. Russia, angered by Poland's attempt to move out of its influence, invaded Poland in May. Around then, Prussian policy was already set against Poland. Rather than discussing how to aid it, Frederic Wilhelm and his ministers were discussing how to convince Austria and Prussia to a new partition. Lucchesini has already made several declarations that Prussia could not aid the Commonwealth, and in June that year, Potocki's mission to Berlin received a confirmation, motivated on the grounds that the 3 May Constitution changed Poland so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding. Prussian Foreign Minister Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg-Kehnert clearly and with rare candor told Potocki that Prussia did not support the constitution but could not say so initially to avoid any Polish-Russian reconciliation and would not help even as a mediator, as it is not in Prussian's interest of the state to see Poland so strengthened that it could later threaten Prussia.

In January 1793 a Prussian corps entered Greater Poland, it was not as a Commonwealth ally but instead to guarantee Prussia's share of spoils in the Second Partition of Poland. Prussian forces were acting in support of the Prussian-Russian Treaty on the partition that month. Prussian forces later assisted Russians in several key battles of the Kościuszko Uprising, such as in the defeat of Tadeusz Kościuszko's forces at the Battle of Szczekociny. By 1795, Commonwealth would cease to exist, with Prussia acquiring Gdańsk, Toruń and other territories that it had desired (see Prussian partition).

## Historiography

The issue of the Polish–Prussian alliance was subject to a comprehensive study as early as the 1890s, when Polish historian Szymon Askenazy published his work on the subject (*Przymierze polsko-pruskie*, 1900) focusing on the diplomatic and international aspects. Askenazy argued that the alliance fell more by inept Polish diplomacy than the Prussian agenda of realpolitik, but that view is not supported by majority of historians, and noted by Jerzy Łojek, who admitted, in his *Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja* (1986), that he shared Askenazy's minority viewpoint. The question of to what degree the alliance was realistic and to what degree it represented a Prussian diplomatic feint to mislead Commonwealth politicians is still debated by modern historians. Similarly, as Piotr Wandycz has noted, the advantages and disadvantages of the alliance have been debated by the historians for over a century.


title: Guðmundur Þorsteinsson

abstract: Guðmundur Þorsteinsson was an Icelandic basketball player and coach. Playing the center position, he was considered one of the best Icelandic basketball players of his generation and was a key player in ÍR's domination of the Icelandic championship in the early sixties. He was forced to retire from basketball at the age of 22 due to a serious illness.

text:
# Guðmundur Þorsteinsson

**Guðmundur Þorsteinsson** (1 October 1942 – 16 January 2011) was an Icelandic basketball player and coach. Playing the center position, he was considered one of the best Icelandic basketball players of his generation and was a key player in ÍR's domination of the Icelandic championship in the early sixties. He was forced to retire from basketball at the age of 22 due to a serious illness.

## Basketball career

### Club career

Guðmundur was a key member of the ÍR team that did not lose a game in the Icelandic tournament from 1960 to 1964, winning five straight national championships. He was the first Icelander to score in a continental competition when he scored ÍR's first point from a free throw in a 71-17 victory against Collegians from Belfast in the first round of the 1964–65 FIBA European Champions Cup (now called EuroLeague). His last career game came in the first leg of the second round of the Champions Cup against ASVEL on 10 January 1965, where he scored 9 points in a 42-74 loss.

### National team career

Guðmundur played 6 games for the Icelandic national basketball team from 1961 to 1962.

### Coaching career

After his playing career ended, Guðmundur coached Haukar, KR, Njarvík and Valur. He also served as the head coach of the Icelandic men's national basketball team from 1968 to 1969 and again in 1972.

#### Controversies

On March 14, 1971, Njarðvík, which was coached by Guðmundur, met KR in their last game of the season. The game was meaningless for both teams, Njarðvík was already relegated and while KR was in second place, rivals ÍR had already secured the first place and the national championship. Before the game, Njarðvík only had four players ready to play so they turned to player of rival team HSK, Sigurður Valur, to fill the fifth spot. KR on the other hand fielded a former player of theirs named Gunnar Gunnarsson, who was playing for Skallagrímur in the second-tier 2. deild karla. In the last minutes of the game one of the Njarðvík's players fouled out so Guðmundur substituted himself in, finishing the game in his dress pants and scoring two points. After the game, the national newspapers were outraged, calling the game *The travesty game* (Icelandic: Skrípaleikurinn) and lamenting the disrespect by both teams towards the game. In the end the results of the game were nulled and the teams ordered to play it again. In the rematch, KR won a convincing 99-61 victory.

### Titles

## Death

Guðmundur died on 16 January 2011, at the age of 68, after battling an unspecific illness.

## InfoBox

Guðmundur Þorsteinsson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-10-01)1 October 1942<br>Reykjavík, Kingdom of Iceland |
| Died | 16 January 2011(2011-01-16) (aged 68) |
| Nationality | Icelandic |
| Listed height | 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) |
| Career information | |
| Playing career | 1958–1965 |
| Position | Center |
| Number | 22 |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 1958–1965 | ÍR |
| As coach: | |
| 1968–1969 | Iceland |
| 1970 | KR |
| 1971 | Njarðvík |
| 1972 | Iceland |
| 1974–1976 | Valur |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| **As player:** | |
|  | |


title: Recreational diver course referral

abstract: Recreational diver course referral is a system intended to facilitate completion of training for open water recreational scuba diving students who intend to do their training dives at a place different from the venue for the theory and confined water training. Referral systems within a specific training agency were the original format, but as more universally recognised training standard such as those of the recreational Scuba Training Council, and more recently the ISO and EUF standards have been adopted by most training agencies, it has become possible to expand the system to function across agencies. Referrals within a certification agency are relatively uncontroversial as the agency training standards are expected to be fairly uniform. Cross-agency referrals can occasionally raise problems where the standards differ significantly, as the instructor completing the training may not be entirely familiar with the relevant s requirements. Equipment rental and where appropriate, boat dives may be included in the package. Not all diver training agencies, schools and instructors participate in inter-agency referrals.

text:
# Recreational diver course referral

**Recreational diver course referral** is a system intended to facilitate completion of training for open water recreational scuba diving students who intend to do their training dives at a place different from the venue for the theory and confined water training. Referral systems within a specific training agency were the original format, but as more universally recognised training standard such as those of the recreational Scuba Training Council, and more recently the ISO and EUF standards have been adopted by most training agencies, it has become possible to expand the system to function across agencies. Referrals within a certification agency are relatively uncontroversial as the agency training standards are expected to be fairly uniform. Cross-agency referrals can occasionally raise problems where the standards differ significantly, as the instructor completing the training may not be entirely familiar with the relevant s requirements.

Equipment rental and where appropriate, boat dives may be included in the package. Not all diver training agencies, schools and instructors participate in inter-agency referrals.

## Universal Referral Program

The Universal Referral Program (URP) is a system intended to facilitate completion of training for open water recreational scuba diving students who intend to do their training dives at a place different from the venue for the theory and confined water training. More specifically, it allows inter agency referral - the referral instructor is not necessarily a member of the same certification agency as the initiating instructor.

The program was developed in 1998 by educators, risk managers and attorneys for the diver certification agencies International Diving Educators Association (IDEA), National Association of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS), National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC), Scuba Schools International (SSI) and YMCA SCUBA Program based on industry training standards. The system established referral paperwork, procedures and a minimum list of skills to be performed. The URP enrollment procedures and instructor qualifications are managed by each training agency for their members. The referral instructor must review and verify that the candidate's medical history form has been completed, conduct the required open water skills exercises, and assess the diver on the specified diving skills, then complete the paperwork. If performance was satisfactory a temporary certification may be issued. The completed form is returned to the initiating instructor to issue the certification.

PADI instructors can also accept students for certification dives using the Universal Referral Program form, but cannot refer their learners to other certification agencies' instructors for branding and liability reasons.

### Avantages

The advantages of referral are that the learner diver can complete the theory and confined water training near home, which should be more economical in time and cost, and there is a longer time available for learning the information, with less time pressure and vacation activity distraction, then get the open water training in a vacation environment, where the water conditions are likely to be more pleasant, and can be followed by further recreational dives. The hometown study environment is found to be more conducive to learning than the vacation environment, and referral students tend to have a better grasp of the theoretical side of the training. Completing the theory and pool training at the local dive shop saves on vacation time and allows the learner more time to practice and develop skills as the time pressure is reduced. They also have the opportunity to become involved in the local diving community.

### Disadvantages

Disadvantages of the Referral Program are that there may be a delay between the initial part of the course and the open water dives. The time allowed varies from 6 months to a year, depending on the certification agency, and this is long enough to forget some skills and knowledge, so a refresher may be required. It is preferable to do both parts within a short period, and this may be logistically complicated, and the weather conditions may not be conducive to this schedule. The change between instructors may not be helpful, as they may differ in style and personality, and there may be small differences in technique which could cause confusion, but could also provide a better range of experience. It is also likely that rented equipment will be unfamiliar at the referral site, and may have significantly different buoyancy characteristics at the time in the diver's career when this can be most distracting and have the most influence on their ability to cope with change. An unfamiliar set of equipment should be tested in benign conditions where adjustments can be made in comfort and safety, which requires more time. There may also be an increased cost because of the split between two service providers, the additional paperwork and other overheads and sometimes the necessity to repeat training of forgotten skills. The cost may be unpredictable, and is likely to be more than for a continuous course with a single instructor. PADI does not allow referral to instructors from other agencies (unless they are also registered with PADI) for reasons of liability and branding. Their legal advisors consider that defending a lawsuit could be complicated by having different standards apply. However it is not usually difficult to find a PADI dive school in most areas, so this restriction is unlikely to affect the number of PADI certifications significantly, or make much difference to collected revenue.

The use of the term "checkout dives" to refer to the open water training dives in the referral component has been challenged as inappropriate, as they are an integral and essential part of diver training. There are aspects of training that cannot be emulated in a confined water environment, and suggesting that they can diminishes the perceived importance of these dives, which may reduce the attention given to them.

## PADI open water referral

A PADI open water diver course referral is a standard format document made out by a registered PADI instructor in good standing which authorises the named person to be complete the open water dives of their training by an instructor at any PADI dive centre within 12 months. The theory and confined water skills must have been satisfactorily completed under the referring instructor. This allows the learner diver to do a large part of the training conveniently near to home, and finish it on vacation in more desirable surroundings, and not waste vacation time on the classroom sessions and pool training. PADI schools and instructors can accept referrals through other agencies, but prices may vary, particularly if the number of open water dives required is different.

## SDI referrals

Scuba Diving International (SDI) have a global referral system for their Open Water Scuba Diving course since about 2002, which is valid for 6 months.


title: The Redesign

abstract: The Redesign is an album by American composer Bill Laswell, issued under the moniker Operazone. It was released on May 9, 2000 by Knitting Factory Records.

text:
# The Redesign

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Redesign*** is an album by American composer Bill Laswell, issued under the moniker Operazone. It was released on May 9, 2000 by Knitting Factory Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Opera (date) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Una furtiva lagrima" | Gaetano Donizetti | *L'elisir d'amore* (1832) | 5:55 |
| 2. | "Love Theme" | Giuseppe Verdi | *La traviata* (1853) | 5:53 |
| 3. | "Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix" | Camille Saint-Saëns | *Samson and Delilah* (1877) | 4:33 |
| 4. | "Nessun dorma" | Giacomo Puccini | *Turandot* (1926) | 6:45 |
| 5. | "Prelude" | Giuseppe Verdi | *La traviata* (1853) | 5:30 |
| 6. | "Overture" | Giuseppe Verdi | *La forza del destino* (1862) | 5:02 |
| 7. | "E Lucevan Le Stelle" | Giacomo Puccini | *Tosca* (1900) | 5:29 |
| 8. | "Act 2: Orchestral Background" | Giacomo Puccini | *Tosca* (1900) | 7:04 |
| 9. | "Una furtiva lagrima" (reprise) | Gaetano Donizetti | *L'elisir d'amore* (1832) | 5:09 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the liner notes of *The Redesign*.

Musicians Technical personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 2000 | Knitting Factory | CD | KFW 267 |

## InfoBox

| The Redesign | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Operazone | |
| Released | May 9, 2000 (2000-05-09) |
| Recorded | Orange Music, West Orange, NJ |
| Genre | Modern classical, electronic |
| Length | 51:20 |
| Label | Knitting Factory |
| Producer | Alan Douglas, Bill Laswell |
| Bill Laswell chronology | |
| *Dub Chamber 3*
(2000) ***The Redesign***
(2000) *Lo. Def Pressure*
(2000) | |


title: Music Channel (Romania)

abstract: Music Channel is a Romanian music television channel, opened on May 28, 2008. On January 1, 2010 was launched a version in Hungary. Music Channel came to prominence as the first Romanian TV station to host Live streaming on the internet. The TV station is known for hosting the yearly Romanian Music Awards Unlikely to MTV Romania and Kiss TV, the station is more genre-broadcasting, dividing its airplay into the four most prominent music genres — pop, rock, urban and dance, much in the likes of UTV. Noteworthy, Music Channel is known for also airing Latin pop, adult contemporary, J-pop and K-pop among other genres that don't receive significant airplay from other music stations. Compared by many to VH1, the TV station conceived many Top-Tens and Top-100s and starting late-November they start playing Christmas music. Its sister channel, H!t Music Channel was launched on September 1, 2011. Its closure in Hungary was announced on 27 June 2022, citing loss-making operations as the reason for the decision, along with its other sister channels. Since 2024, Music Channel broadcasts only Romanian music and adverts.

text:
# Music Channel (Romania)

**Music Channel** is a Romanian music television channel, opened on May 28, 2008. On January 1, 2010 was launched a version in Hungary. Music Channel came to prominence as the first Romanian TV station to host Live streaming on the internet. The TV station is known for hosting the yearly Romanian Music Awards Unlikely to MTV Romania and Kiss TV, the station is more genre-broadcasting, dividing its airplay into the four most prominent music genres — pop, rock, urban and dance, much in the likes of UTV. Noteworthy, Music Channel is known for also airing Latin pop, adult contemporary, J-pop and K-pop among other genres that don't receive significant airplay from other music stations. Compared by many to VH1, the TV station conceived many Top-Tens and Top-100s and starting late-November they start playing Christmas music.

Its sister channel, H!t Music Channel was launched on September 1, 2011. Its closure in Hungary was announced on 27 June 2022, citing loss-making operations as the reason for the decision, along with its other sister channels.

Since 2024, Music Channel broadcasts only Romanian music and adverts.

## InfoBox

Music Channel
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Romania |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | RCS & RDS |
| Sister channels | Digi 24
Digi Animal World
Digi Life
Digi Sport
Digi World
Digi 4K
Film Now
H!T Music Channel
Hora TV
U TV |
| History | |
| Launched | May 28, 2008 (2008-05-28) |
| Links | |
| Website | 1music.ro |


title: Nīcgale Station

abstract: Nīcgale Station is a railway station serving the settlement of Nīcgale in the Latgale region of Latvia. It is located on the Riga–Daugavpils Railway.

text:
# Nīcgale Station

**Nīcgale Station** is a railway station serving the settlement of Nīcgale in the Latgale region of Latvia. It is located on the Riga–Daugavpils Railway.

## InfoBox

| Nīcgale Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nīcgale, Nīcgale Parish, Augšdaugava Municipality |
| Coordinates | 56°8′7.49″N 26°22′17.46″E / 56.1354139°N 26.3715167°E / 56.1354139; 26.3715167 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1861 |
| Previous names | Nitzgal |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Nīcgale StationLocation within Latvia | |


title: Tottington, Norfolk

abstract: Tottington is a deserted village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated some 6.2 miles (10.0 km) north of the town of Thetford and 25 miles (40 km) south-west of the city of Norwich. Any population at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Thompson.

text:
# Tottington, Norfolk

**Tottington** is a deserted village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated some 6.2 miles (10.0 km) north of the town of Thetford and 25 miles (40 km) south-west of the city of Norwich. Any population at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Thompson.

## Name

Tottington means "farm/settlement of Tota's people" or perhaps, "farm/settlement connected with Tota".

## History

Tottington has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the great book Tottington is recorded by the name of *Totintuna*, meaning "the town or settlement of Tota's people". The main land holder was Ralph FitzHelwin. The survey also states there are fifteen mares. Samson of Tottington was Abbot of Bury St Edmunds from 1182 to 1211, and Thomas of Tottington filled the same role from 1302 to 1311.

### Evacuation

During the Second World War, the village was taken over by the British Army when it was incorporated into the Stanford Battle Area. The military ranges were needed to prepare Allied infantry for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy in 1944. Though some villagers were said to be happy to give up their homes to help the British war effort, the majority were less than enthusiastic with a number of heated village meetings and some refusing to leave the area. This was the subject of a book written by Lucilla Reeve, one such person who refused to leave, under the pseudonym 'A Norfolk Woman' called *Farming, on a Battle Ground*.

However, after the war, the former villagers were not allowed to return to their homes by the War Office. Most of the inhabitants of Tottington rented their houses and farmed the land belonging to the Walsingham estates. Though they had been promised that they could return to their homes after the war, the government later reneged on the promise and bought the land, threatening Walsingham with a compulsory purchase order. As the majority of the inhabitants were not landowners, they received very little in compensation, were put into council housing and many lost their livelihoods. They continued to fight for many years to return to their homes and farmland but the beginnings of the Cold War and the need for dedicated training areas removed all chances of a return.

Since the evacuation, the village and its parish remain within the Ministry of Defence's Stanford Training Area. Access is not permitted without special permission.

## The Parish Church of St Andrew

The church is situated at the northern end of the village. The roof of the church is clad in blast-proof sheeting which was installed to protect the structure of the church. The original pantiles are stored inside the church ready to be restored if the village is given back to the public. The churchyard is surrounded by wire fencing to protect the church from the military manoeuvres.

In October 2009, a World War II veteran who had been born in the village was buried in St Andrew's churchyard after permission for the interment was granted by the Ministry of Defence. It was the first burial in the churchyard for more than fifty years.

## Governance

The civil parish has an area of 5.07 square miles (13.1 km2) and in the 2001 census had no inhabitants. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.

## InfoBox

| Tottington | |
| --- | --- |
| St Andrew's Church in Tottington | |
| TottingtonLocation within Norfolk | |
| Area | 13.12 km2 (5.07 sq mi) |
| Population | 0 (2001 Census) |
| Density | 0/km2 (0/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TL895955 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | THETFORD |
| Postcode district | IP25 |
|  | |
| Police | Norfolk |
| Fire | Norfolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Grand Lodge of Minnesota

abstract: The Grand Lodge of Minnesota, formally known as "The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Minnesota," is the oldest independent Masonic Grand Lodge established in Minnesota. It was formed in 1853.

text:
# Grand Lodge of Minnesota

**The Grand Lodge of Minnesota,** formally known as "The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Minnesota," is the oldest independent Masonic Grand Lodge established in Minnesota. It was formed in 1853.

## History

Many early settlers from the eastern and southern states brought Freemasonry with them to their new homes in the frontier west. In the growing and thriving villages of Stillwater and Saint Paul these men sought the companionship of other Masons.

The first recorded Masonic meeting in the Territory was held on May 31, 1849 in Saint Paul. A meeting notice had been published in the first newspaper in the Territory, the Minnesota Pioneer. The meeting was held in a room above the newspaper office. No written record exists as to what transpired at this, or at two subsequent meetings; it may be surmised, however, that this group of Masons discussed the varied forms of the masonic work from their home jurisdictions. They would have also made plans for obtaining a dispensation to confer the degrees on willing and deserving candidates. Similarly, other Masons were meeting and talking about the formation of a lodge in Stillwater as early as November 1849. Not until 1851 would a third group of Masons seek to form a lodge in the hamlet of Saint Anthony.

The Grand Lodge of Minnesota was formed by the union of three chartered Lodges: Saint Johns Lodge No. 1, operating under a charter from the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, dispensation granted October 12, 1850; Cataract Lodge No. 2, operating under a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of Illinois, dispensation granted February 5, 1852; and St. Paul Lodge No. 3, operating under a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of Ohio, dispensation granted August 8, 1849.

The creation of the Grand Lodge took place at a convention held on February 23–24, 1853 in Saint Paul, five years before Minnesota was admitted as a state. The Grand Lodge was formally constituted on February 24, 1853, with its headquarters in Saint Paul. It later relocated to Bloomington in 2006, where it remains to this day.

## InfoBox

Grand Lodge of Minnesota
|
|  |
| Location |  |
| Region | Minnesota |
| Website | https://mnfreemasons.org |


title: Patricia Haines

abstract: Patricia Haines was an English actress, best known for her television work. She was married to Michael Caine from 1954 to 1958.

text:
# Patricia Haines

**Patricia Haines** (3 February 1932 – 25 February 1977) was an English actress, best known for her television work. She was married to Michael Caine from 1954 to 1958.

## Career

Haines was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. She is best known for her television work. Her credits include: *Dixon of Dock Green*, *Steptoe and Son*, *The Avengers* (in which she appeared in four episodes: "Girl on the Trapeze" \[uncredited\], "The Nutshell", "The Master Minds", and "Who's Who???"), *Danger Man*, *Public Eye*, *The Baron*, *Softly, Softly*, *Adam Adamant Lives!*, *The Champions*, *The Saint*, *Department S*, *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)*, *Up Pompeii!* (as 'Pussius Galoria' in an episode titled "Jamus Bondus"), *Emmerdale Farm*, *Special Branch*, *The Protectors*, and *Within These Walls*. Her film roles include: *The Shakedown* (1959), *The Night Caller* (1965), *The Last Shot You Hear*, *Walk a Crooked Path* (both 1969), *The Fast Kill*, and *Virgin Witch* (both 1972).

Patricia starred in the final ever episode of *The Saint*, (S6, E20 'The World Beater') in 1969 as Kay Collingwood a scheming businesswoman (and rally co-driver) who had previous history and a love hate relationship with Simon Templar.

## Personal life

She met actor Michael Caine in repertory theatre in Lowestoft, Suffolk, at the Arcadia Theatre (now the East Coast Cinema in London Road South) with Jackson Stanley's 'Standard Players'. They married on 3 April 1954 at Lothingland Register Office before moving on to London. They had a daughter, Dominique (b. 14 August 1957), before divorcing in 1958. Haines married actor Bernard Kay in October 1963.

Haines died of lung cancer, on 25 February 1977, aged 45.

## Theatre

* Week commencing 22 May 1953 as Lottie Clegg in *Bed, Board & Romance*
* W/c 5 October 1953 as Mrs Titterton in *Artificial Silk*
* W/c 23 November 1953 as Mrs Gulch in *The House on the Moor* by Jonty Dewhurst
* W/c 30 November 1953 as Lydia Waring in *The Loving Elms*
* W/c 7 December 1953 as Matron in *This Is My Life*
* W/c 14 December 1953 as Lola Salvani in *Piccadilly Alibi* by Guy Paxton & Edward V. Hoille
* W/c 21 December 1953 as Olivier Meldon in *But Once a Year*
* W/c 28 December 1953 as Bubbles Merton in *Charley's Uncle* by Dennis Staveley
* W/c 4 January 1954 as Diana Wayne in *Peril on the Pier*
* W/c 18 January 1954 as Joanna Cooper in *The Feminine Touch* by Wilfred Massey
* W/c 1 February 1954 as Dr Harrington in *The 10.5 Never Stops* by John Essex
* W/c 22 February 1954 as Fenella in *This Was a Woman* by Joan Morgan

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Patricia Haines | |
| --- | --- |
| Haines in the *Avengers* episode "Who's Who???" (1967) | |
| Born | (1932-02-03)3 February 1932
Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 25 February 1977(1977-02-25) (aged 45)
Northampton, Northamptonshire, England |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1959–1976 |
| Spouses | * Michael Caine  (m. 1954; div. 1958) * Bernard Kay (m. 1963) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Folinic acid

abstract: Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, may be used to treat folate deficiency that results in anemia, and methanol poisoning. It is taken by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein. Side effects may include trouble sleeping, allergic reactions, or fever. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally regarded as safe. When used for anemia it is recommended that pernicious anemia as a cause be ruled out first. Folinic acid is a form of folic acid that does not require activation by dihydrofolate reductase to be useful to the body. Folinic acid was first made in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

text:
# Folinic acid

**Folinic acid**, also known as **leucovorin**, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, may be used to treat folate deficiency that results in anemia, and methanol poisoning. It is taken by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein.

Side effects may include trouble sleeping, allergic reactions, or fever. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally regarded as safe. When used for anemia it is recommended that pernicious anemia as a cause be ruled out first. Folinic acid is a form of folic acid that does not require activation by dihydrofolate reductase to be useful to the body.

Folinic acid was first made in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## Medical use

Folinic acid is given following methotrexate as part of a total chemotherapeutic plan, where it may protect against bone marrow suppression or gastrointestinal mucosa inflammation. No apparent effect is seen on pre-existing methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Folinic acid can be taken as a pill (orally) or injected into a vein (intravenously) or muscle (intramuscularly).

While not specifically an antidote for methotrexate, folinic acid may also be useful in the treatment of acute methotrexate overdose. Different dosing protocols are used, but folinic acid should be redosed until the methotrexate level is less than 5 x 10−8 M.

Additionally, folinic acid is sometimes used to reduce the side effects of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients. This includes reductions in nausea, abdominal pain, abnormal liver blood tests, and mouth sores.

Folinic acid is also used in combination with the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil in treating colon cancer. In this case, folinic acid is not used for "rescue" purposes; rather, it enhances the effect of 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting thymidylate synthase.

Folinic acid is also sometimes used to prevent toxic effects of high doses of antimicrobial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim and pyrimethamine, although its value for this indication has not been clearly established. It may be prescribed in the treatment of toxoplasmosis retinitis, in combination with the folic acid antagonists pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.

Folinic acid is also used in the treatment of cerebral folate deficiency, a syndrome in which the use of folic acid cannot normalize cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-MTHF.

In pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, folinic acid may be used as additional therapy if pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate fails to fully control the seizures.

## Side effects

Folinic acid should not be administered intrathecally. This may produce severe adverse effects or even death.

In cancer patients, rare hypersensitivity reactions to folinic acid have been described.

## Drug interactions

Fluorouracil: Folinic acid may increase the toxicity associated with fluorouracil if the two are administered together. Some adverse effects that have occurred, particularly in elderly patients, include severe enterocolitis, diarrhea, and dehydration.

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim: A potential drug interaction exists with concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and folinic acid. Folinic acid has been shown to decrease the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in the treatment of *Pneumocystis jirovecii* (formerly known as *Pneumocystis carinii*), a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients.

## Mechanism of action

Folinic acid is a 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. It is readily converted to other reduced folic acid derivatives (e.g., 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate), thus has vitamin activity equivalent to that of folic acid. Since it does not require the action of dihydrofolate reductase for its conversion, its function as a vitamin is unaffected by inhibition of this enzyme by drugs such as methotrexate. This is the classical view of folinic acid rescue therapy. In 1980s, however, folinic acid was found to reactivate the dihydrofolate reductase itself even when methotrexate exists.

Although the mechanism is not very clear, the polyglutamylation of methotrexate and dihydrofolate in malignant cells is considered to play an important role in the selective reactivation of dihydrofolate reductase by folinic acid in normal cells.

Folinic acid, therefore, allows for some purine/pyrimidine synthesis to occur in the presence of dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, so some normal DNA replication processes can proceed.

Folinic acid has dextro- and levorotary isomers. Both levoleucovorin (the levorotary isomer) and racemic folinic acid (a mixture of both isomers) have similar efficacy and tolerability. Levoleucovorin was approved by the FDA in 2008.

## History

Folinic acid was discovered as a needed growth factor for the bacterium *Leuconostoc citrovorum* in 1948, by Sauberlich and Baumann. This resulted in it being called "citrovorum factor," meaning citrovorum growth factor. It had an unknown structure, but was found to be a derivative of folate that had to be metabolized in the liver before it could support growth of *L. citrovorum.* The synthesis of citrovorum factor by liver cells in culture was eventually accomplished from pteroylglutamic acid in the presence of suitable concentrations of ascorbic acid. The simultaneous addition of sodium formate to such systems resulted in increased citrovorum factor activity in the cell-free supernatants (producing, as now known, the 5-formyl derivative), and from this method of preparation of large amounts of the factor, its structure as levo-folinic acid (5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid) was eventually deduced.

## Names

Folinic acid should be distinguished from folic acid (vitamin B9). However, folinic acid is a vitamer for folic acid and has the full vitamin activity of this vitamin. Levofolinic acid and its salts are the 2S-form of the molecule. They are the only forms of the molecule that are known to be biologically active.

It is generally administered as the calcium or sodium salt (calcium folinate (INN), sodium folinate, leucovorin calcium, leucovorin sodium).

## InfoBox

Folinic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | Leucovorin /ˌljkˈvɔːrɪn/ |
| Trade names | Many |
| Other names | citrovorum factor, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a608038 |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: A |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous, IM, by mouth |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Dose dependent |
| Protein binding | ~15% |
| Elimination half-life | 6.2 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (*2S*)-2-{\[4-\[(2-amino-5-formyl-4-oxo-5,6,7,8-
tetrahydro-1*H*-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino\]
benzoyl\]amino}pentanedioic acid | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.328 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H23N7O7 |
| Molar mass | 473.446 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Melting point | 245 °C (473 °F) decomp |
| Solubility in water | ~0.3 mg/mL (20 °C) |
| SMILES * O=C(O)\[C@@H\](NC(=O)c1ccc(cc1)NCC3N(/C2=C(/N/C(=N\C2=O)N)NC3)C=O)CCC(=O)O | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H23N7O7/c21-20-25-16-15(18(32)26-20)27(9-28)12(8-23-16)7-22-11-3-1-10(2-4-11)17(31)24-13(19(33)34)5-6-14(29)30/h1-4,9,12-13,22H,5-8H2,(H,24,31)(H,29,30)(H,33,34)(H4,21,23,25,26,32)/t12?,13-/m0/s1 Y * Key:VVIAGPKUTFNRDU-ABLWVSNPSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: WSYY-FM

abstract: WSYY-FM is a radio station broadcasting a full-service adult hits format. Licensed to Millinocket, Maine, United States, the station's broadcast signal serves Central Penobscot County, Eastern Piscataquis County, and Southern Aroostook County, from its tower site in Millinocket. The station is owned by Katahdin Communications, Inc. WSYY-FM plays a mix of oldies/classic hits, adult contemporary, rock music, and some country crossovers. The station also features programming from CBS News Radio. WSYY-FM also airs When Radio Was.

text:
# WSYY-FM

**WSYY-FM** (94.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a full-service adult hits format. Licensed to Millinocket, Maine, United States, the station's broadcast signal serves Central Penobscot County, Eastern Piscataquis County, and Southern Aroostook County, from its tower site in Millinocket. The station is owned by Katahdin Communications, Inc.

WSYY-FM plays a mix of oldies/classic hits, adult contemporary, rock music, and some country crossovers. The station also features programming from CBS News Radio (and has been an affiliate of that network for many decades). WSYY-FM also airs *When Radio Was*.

## History

In 1978, WSYY-FM was founded on 97.7 FM as WKTR, upgrading to its current facilities in 1984 on 94.9. Prior to their *The Mountain 94.9* branding, WSYY-FM used to be referred to as *North Country 95*, airing country music full-time. The current format, branding, and slogan was probably adopted around March 1, 2004, when Katahdin Communications, Inc. assumed control of WSYY-FM & AM from Katahdin Timberlands, LLC as a result of the radio station facing increasing land disputes, initially as a short term lease agreement, but the transfer of ownership became permanent. Those land disputes would lead to a loss of WSYY-FM's 23,500-watt transmitter location (featuring an antenna HAAT of 211 meters). WSYY-FM may have been operating under a Special Temporary Authority License (a 12,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 68 meters via Hammond Ridge on Lake Road), ever since as long ago as late 2007, pending a planned permanent move to a 22,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 198.4 meters (from just off Nicatou Road in Medway, well east of WSYY-FM's old or current transmitter tower location). On November 23, 2016, the construction permit for this proposed move was modified to a 45,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 146.7 meters, the first time this proposed move has ever received official approval from the FCC.

### Former sports offerings

*The Mountain 94.9* carried local high school sports in season until fall 2017. *The Mountain 94.9* also carried the schedule of Red Sox Baseball from 1997 through 2015, when Millinocket's affiliation with the Boston Red Sox Radio Network transferred to co-owned WSYY, concluding the interruptions to the music during Major League Baseball. The transfer was completed on April 2, 2021, when 1240 WSYY returned to the air with translator 102.5 W273DJ debuting with the opening game of the Boston Red Sox.

## Syndicated programming

WSYY-FM is one of two Maine affiliates (the other being WLOB in Portland) of *When Radio Was*, is one of the two Maine affiliates (the other being WWMJ) of The Acoustic Storm, is Maine's only affiliate of the Crook & Chase syndicated country music countdown programming, and is an affiliate of the Blues Deluxe radio show.

## InfoBox

WSYY-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Central Penobscot County, Eastern Piscataquis County and Southern Aroostook County of Maine |
| Branding | *The Mountain 94.9* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Full-service adult hits |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * James Talbott * (Katahdin Communications, Inc.) |
| Sister stations | WSYY, WKTJ-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | 1978 (as WKTR at 97.7) |
| Former call signs | WKTR (1978–1984) |
| Former frequencies | 97.7 MHz (1978–1984) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 33470 |
| Class | C2 |
| ERP | 25,000 watts |
| HAAT | 211 meters (692 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 45°42′58″N 68°47′54″W / 45.71611°N 68.79833°W / 45.71611; -68.79833 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | themountain949.com |


title: Rea Garvey

abstract: Raymond "Rea" Michael Garvey is an Irish singer, songwriter and guitarist based in Germany. In 1998, he formed the band Reamonn. Over the 11 years that Garvey was their frontman, they saw chart-topping success in Europe, with a number of gold and platinum selling albums, Tuesday, Dream No. 7, Beautiful Sky, Wish and Eleven and several sold out European tours. In 2010, after the release of the band's best-of album/DVD "Eleven", and a best-of tour, the band parted ways. Garvey took this time to pursue a solo career, which gave birth to his first solo album "Can't Stand the Silence" in 2011. This album saw Garvey's transition from anthem rock with Reamonn, to alternative electro pop.

text:
# Rea Garvey

**Raymond** "**Rea**" **Michael Garvey** (born 3 May 1973) is an Irish singer, songwriter and guitarist based in Germany. In 1998, he formed the band Reamonn. Over the 11 years that Garvey was their frontman, they saw chart-topping success in Europe, with a number of gold and platinum selling albums, Tuesday, Dream No. 7, Beautiful Sky, Wish and Eleven and several sold out European tours. In 2010, after the release of the band's best-of album/DVD "Eleven", and a best-of tour, the band parted ways. Garvey took this time to pursue a solo career, which gave birth to his first solo album "Can't Stand the Silence" in 2011. This album saw Garvey's transition from anthem rock with Reamonn, to alternative electro pop.

## Early life

Garvey was born on 3 May 1973 in Tralee, Ireland. He is the third of eight children and the only boy. His father works as a police chief, both parents are Catholic and very strict in their upbringing. By his own admission, Rea often went over the top in his youth – taking drugs, occasionally getting into fights, and getting arrested a few times – until he found a more moderate path with music.

## Career

### Frontman

Garvey gained his first musical experience as frontman of the Dublin band *The Reckless Pedestrians*. In 1998, he immigrated to Germany without being able to speak German. In Upper Swabia, Rea Garvey initially stayed with friends. He earned his living as a T-shirt salesman and roadie at music festivals.

At the same time, he placed an ad in the newspaper looking for people to join him in a band. Together with drummer *Mike Gommeringer*, keyboardist and saxophonist *Sebastian Padotzke*, guitarist *Uwe Bossert* and bassist *Philipp Rauenbusch*, he founded the band Reamonn in November of the same year. The band's name is derived from the Irish version of Garvey's first name Réamonn. In June 1999, the band signs its first record deal.

In March 2000, the band Reamonn released their first single: "Supergirl" reached number four in the charts in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the song also makes it into the top ten. The debut album Tuesday follows two months later. It reaches number five in the German album charts. This is followed by over 200 sold-out concerts and two further albums (Dream No. 7, 2001 and Beautiful Sky, 2003), which achieve gold and platinum status.

### Solo work

Garvey began working as a solo artist during his time with Reamonn and since then has written songs for a variety of acts, including Paul van Dyk, Jam and Spoon, Roger Cicero and The BossHoss. Rea has also collaborated with Apocalyptica, In Extremo, Nelly Furtado, Mary J Blige, Jam & Spoon, The BossHoss and ATB. In 2005, Rea collaborated with Nelly Furtado on the track "All Good Things (Come to an End)", for her 2006 album, *Loose*. The two also toured together in France and the Netherlands during 2007.

Garvey first showed his fascination with electronic music in 2001, on the title track "Be Angeled" for the movie *Loveparade*. This was the first of many collaborations with the DJ team Jam and Spoon. The song was performed for the first time in memory of Mark Spoon at the start of the Love Parade in July 2006. In 2007, Rea appeared on a track titled "Let Go" for Paul van Dyk's album *In Between*. Rea has also worked on a solo collaboration with Xavier Naidoo, with whom he recorded Falco's song "Jeanny" in 2002 and "My Child" for his solo debut album *Can't Stand the Silence* in 2011. The latter was a multi-platinum success, following the break-up with his former band Reamonn in early 2011.

Garvey was also one of the four coaches on the German version of *The Voice*, *The Voice of Germany* for season 1-2, 4-5, 9-10 and 12. The winner of the second season was British singer-songwriter Nick Howard, who was on Garvey's team.

In 2005, Garvey together with Xavier Naidoo, Sasha and comedian Michael Mittermeier, paid tribute to the Rat Pack in a live performance called *Alive & Swingin'*, in aid of Garvey's charity organisation, Saving an Angel. Due to its success, the four took to the stage again, in early 2011, to a sold-out tour. As the demand for the German Rat Pack grew, the four continued to tour in 2012 and, with their big band, were set to take another encore in 2014.

Garvey won the 2021 edition of the Free European Song Contest, a spin-off of the Eurovision Song Contest created by the German TV Channel ProSieben to have a version of the original contest when the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world. He represented Ireland with his song 'The One' placing first with 116 points out of 16 songs.

## Personal life

Rea Garvey has been married to the German-Romanian Josephine (née Falticska) since 2002. The couple have one daughter, Aamor (born 2005), and a second child, a boy, but year of birth is unknown. The family lives alternately in Berlin and in the Hessian village of Hadamar.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT
 | GER
 | SWI
 | |
| *Can't Stand the Silence* | * Released: 30 September 2011 * Label: Island * Formats: CD, digital download | 25 | 4 | 23 |  |
| *Pride* | * Released: 2 May 2014 * Label: Island * Formats: CD, digital download | 12 | 5 | 9 | * BVMI: Platinum |
| *Prisma* | * Released: 2 October 2015 * Label: Island * Formats: CD, digital download | 13 | 2 | 18 |  |
| *Neon* | * Released: 23 March 2018 * Label: Island * Formats: CD, digital download | 7 | 2 | 7 |  |
| *Hy Brasil* | * Released: 20 November 2020 * Label: Island * Formats: CD, digital download | 14 | 7 | 7 |  |

### Singles

#### As lead artist

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT
 | GER
 | SWI
 | | |
| 2008 | "Hallelujah" | 58 |  |  |  | *Barfuss* soundtrack |
| 2011 | "Can't Stand the Silence" | 65 | 17 |  |  | *Can't Stand the Silence* |
| 2012 | "Colour Me In" | 28 | 12 | 46 |  | |
| | "Heart of an Enemy" |  | 47 |  |  | |
| | "Wild Love" | 6 | 18 | 60 |  | *Can't Stand the Silence — The Encore* |
| 2014 | "Can't Say No" | 41 | 32 | 49 |  | *Pride* |
| | "Oh My Love"
(featuring Amy Macdonald) | 36 | 35 | 42 |  | |
| 2015 | "It's a Good Life" |  | 43 | 40 |  | |
| | "War" |  |  |  |  | *Prisma* |
| | "Armour" |  | 86 |  | |  |
| | "Stronger Than Ever"
(MarieMarie & Rea Garvey) |  | 85 |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "Fire" |  |  |  |  | *Prisma* |
| 2018 | "Is It Love?"
(featuring Kool Savas) | 18 | 20 | 12 | * BVMI: Gold * IFPI AUT: Gold | *Neon* |
| | "Hometown" |  |  | 94 |  | |
| | "Beautiful Life" |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Kiss Me" |  | 91 | 39 |  | |
| 2019 | "Let's Be Lovers Tonight" |  |  |  |  | |
| 2020 | "Talk to Your Body" |  |  |  |  | *Hy Brasil* |
| | "Hey Hey Hey" |  |  |  |  | |
| | "The One"
(featuring Vize) | 20 | 54 |  | * BVMI: Gold * IFPI AUT: Gold | |
| 2021 | "Rose" |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "Love Makes You Shine"
(with YouNotUs & Kush Kush) |  |  |  |  | |
| 2022 | "Best Bad Friend"
(with Michael Patrick Kelly) |  |  |  |  | |

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT
 | GER
 | SWI
 | | |
| 2001 | "Be Angeled"
(Jam & Spoon featuring Rea Garvey) | 15 | 16 | 53 |  | *be.angeled* soundtrack |
| 2004 | "Set Me Free (Empty Rooms)"
(Jam & Spoon featuring Rea Garvey) | 57 | 22 |  |  | *Tripomatic Fairtales 3003* |
| 2006 | "Liam"
(In Extremo featuring Rea Garvey) |  | 51 |  |  | *Mein rasend Herz* |
| | "All Good Things (Come to an End)"
(Nelly Furtado featuring Rea Garvey) | 1 | 1 | 1 | * BVMI: Platinum | *Loose* |
| 2007 | "Let Go"
(Paul van Dyk featuring Rea Garvey) |  | 21 |  |  | *In Between* |
| 2010 | "Each Tear"
(Mary J. Blige featuring Rea Garvey) |  |  |  |  | *Stronger with Each Tear* |
| 2011 | "Heroes"
(with Nena, Xavier Naidoo & The BossHoss) | 50 | 28 |  |  | *Die Highlights* |

## Awards

* 2010: Echo: In the category *Honour Echo for Social Engagement'*
* 2012: Diva: In the category *Music Artist of the Year*

## InfoBox

| Rea Garvey | |
| --- | --- |
| Rea Garvey during Radio Regenbogen Award 2019 at Europapark | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Raymond Michael Garvey |
| Born | (1973-05-03) 3 May 1973
Tralee, Kerry, Ireland |
| Genres | Pop rock, alternative rock |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, musician |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels | Universal, Island, Virgin |
| Formerly of | Reamonn |
|  | |
| Website | reagarvey.com |


title: Mioara Mandea

abstract: Mioara Mandea is Head "Science Coordination" Department, Strategy Directorate at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. Mioara Mandea’s research has had a broader significance and a huge impact in the community. One of her accomplishments of incalculable importance is the assembling of the geomagnetic time series at Paris, opening the path to other long magnetic series as Munich and Bucharest and dedicated studies. Over her entire career, she has been focused on the geomagnetic field and its variations, using data derived from magnetic observatories and satellites participating in elaborating useful models, such as the IGRF series. With GRACEFUL, a Synergy project of the European Research Council in the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Mioara Mandea continues her precursory work related to the dynamical processes in Earth's fluid core seen by both magnetic and gravity variations. The range of Mioara Mandea scientific accomplishments can best be judged from her more than 190 peer-reviewed publications, accompanied by contributions to more than 20 books or chapters in books and publications in proceedings and reports (https://www.mioara-mandea.eu/publications.html). As her CV notes, Mioara has been recognized with many significant awards, medals, and honors for her research. She is a recipient of the AGU International Award, of the EGU “Petrus Peregrinus” medal, and is an elected member of a few academies. Recently, she was awarded by the French President with the title of “Oficier de l’Ordre National du Merite”, elected correspondent member of the famous French “Bureau des Longitudes”, and awarded with the Emil Wiechert medal – the highest distinction of the DGG. In 2023, Mioara Mandea was elected President-elect of the Internation Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

text:
# Mioara Mandea

**Mioara Mandea** is Head "Science Coordination" Department, Strategy Directorate at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. Mioara Mandea’s research has had a broader significance and a huge impact in the community. One of her accomplishments of incalculable importance is the assembling of the geomagnetic time series at Paris, opening the path to other long magnetic series as Munich and Bucharest and dedicated studies. Over her entire career, she has been focused on the geomagnetic field and its variations, using data derived from magnetic observatories and satellites participating in elaborating useful models, such as the IGRF series. With GRACEFUL (GRavimetry, mAgnetism, rotation and CorE Flow) , a Synergy project of the European Research Council in the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Mioara Mandea continues her precursory work related to the dynamical processes in Earth's fluid core seen by both magnetic and gravity variations.

The range of Mioara Mandea scientific accomplishments can best be judged from her more than 190 peer-reviewed publications, accompanied by contributions to more than 20 books or chapters in books and publications in proceedings and reports (https://www.mioara-mandea.eu/publications.html). As her CV notes, Mioara has been recognized with many significant awards, medals, and honors for her research. She is a recipient of the AGU International Award, of the EGU “Petrus Peregrinus” medal, and is an elected member of a few academies. Recently, she was awarded by the French President with the title of “Oficier de l’Ordre National du Merite”, elected correspondent member of the famous French “Bureau des Longitudes”, and awarded with the Emil Wiechert medal – the highest distinction of the DGG (Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft). In 2023, Mioara Mandea was elected President-elect of the Internation Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

## Early life and education

Mioara Mandea was born in Romania. She started her scientific career in the Socialist Republic of Romania. She eventually studied engineering and geophysics at the University of Bucharest and graduated in 1982. She obtained a doctoral degree at the University of Bucharest in 1993. She moved to the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris for her doctoral degree, completed her PhD in 1996. In 1994 she was made the Head of the French National Magnetic Observatory, and remained in this role until 2004. She earned an additional Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches at the University Paris VII in 2011. She moved to the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris in 2009, and was made deputy director of the Arctic Center of the Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University in 2011. She was appointed Solid Earth programmes manager at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in 2011. Since 2022 Mioara Mandea is Head "Science Coordination" Department, Strategy Directorate at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales.

## Research and career

Mioara Mandea leads the collection and analysis of geomagnetic data. Throughout her career, Mioara Mandea has been indeed involved in some important scientific areas, namely measuring the Earth's magnetic field, from ground to space, modelling the core magnetic field and its temporal variations (with a special emphasis on geomagnetic jerks.), as well as in investigating other field contributions (lithospheric and external fields), determining physical properties of the deep Earth's interior (with special studies on the lower mantle conductivity and fluid motions at the core-mantle boundary), studying Planetary magnetism, mainly for Mars, Moon and Mercury.

Mioara Mandea has designed new data acquisition and analytical platforms to understand geomagnetic data. She pioneered the use of virtual observatories, and contributed significantly to the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map. She has explored the use of gravity data from satellites to understand the core–mantle boundary. She proposed that the gravimetric and magnetic signals at the Earth’s surface can be described by mass redistribution at the core–mantle boundary and secondary flow in the outer core. In 2019 she was awarded together with Veronique Dehant and Anny Cazenave, an ERC Synergy Grant for the project GRACEFUL. The project addresses fundamental shortcomings in the current understanding of the deep interior of our planet – in the fluid core in particular, with a long-term vision to open new frontiers and foster research on Earth’s interior by combining most up-to-date observations of the Earth gravity field, the magnetic field and the Earth rotation, as well as by developing precise modelling of the core flows (https://graceful.oma.be/)

### Academic service

In 2005 Mioara Mandea was made Head of the Geomagnetic section at the GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, where she expanded new geomagnetic observatories. Mandea was made President of the European Geosciences Union Division Earth Magnetism and Rock physics in 2007. In 2012 Mandea was made the General Secretary of the European Geosciences Union. She also serves as President, Geophysical Maps Commission or the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. Over more than 10 years, Mioara Mandea served as secretary general of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, and four years as President. Currently she is President-elect of the Internation Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

### Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| Mioara Mandea | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Romania |
| Alma mater | University of Bucharest
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
University Paris VII |
| Awards | Officer, National Order of Merit (2023) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales |
|  | |