title: Palaeochiropteryx

abstract: Palaeochiropteryx is an extinct genus of bat from the Middle Eocene of Europe and North America. It contains three very similar species – Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon and Palaeochiropteryx spiegeli, both from the famous Messel Pit of Germany, as well as Palaeochiropteryx sambuceus from the Sheep Pass Formation. They are usually found complete and exceptionally preserved, even retaining the outlines of their fur, ears, and wing membranes. They are one of the oldest bats known, existing around 48 million years ago. Despite this, they were already quite advanced, showing evidence of the ability to hunt by echolocation like modern insect-eating bats. Palaeochiropteryx were small bats, with a wingspan between 25 and 30 cm. Their wings were short but broad, indicating an adaptation for slow but highly maneuverable flight beneath forest canopies and among dense vegetation. They preyed mostly on moths and caddisflies and were probably nocturnal. Along with the contemporary Hassianycteris, Palaeochiropteryx is among the first fossil mammals to have its coloration determined through analysis of melanosomes.

text:
# Palaeochiropteryx

***Palaeochiropteryx*** (/ˌpælikˈrɒptərɪks/ *PAL-ee-oh-ky-ROP-tər-iks*) is an extinct genus of bat from the Middle Eocene of Europe and North America. It contains three very similar species***Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon*** and ***Palaeochiropteryx spiegeli***, both from the famous Messel Pit of Germany, as well as ***Palaeochiropteryx sambuceus*** from the Sheep Pass Formation (Nevada, United States). They are usually found complete and exceptionally preserved, even retaining the outlines of their fur, ears, and wing membranes.

They are one of the oldest bats known, existing around 48 million years ago. Despite this, they were already quite advanced, showing evidence of the ability to hunt by echolocation like modern insect-eating bats.

*Palaeochiropteryx* were small bats, with a wingspan between 25 and 30 cm (9.8 and 11.8 in). Their wings were short but broad, indicating an adaptation for slow but highly maneuverable flight beneath forest canopies and among dense vegetation. They preyed mostly on moths and caddisflies and were probably nocturnal.

Along with the contemporary *Hassianycteris*, *Palaeochiropteryx* is among the first fossil mammals to have its coloration determined through analysis of melanosomes.

## Discovery and classification

Fossils of both species of *Palaeochiropteryx* were first recovered from the Messel Pit, near the village of Messel, Germany in 1917. They were described and named by the Swiss naturalist Pierre Revilliod. He placed them under their own familyPalaeochiropterygidae. The name *Palaeochiropteryx* means "Ancient hand-wing", from Greek παλαιός (*palaios*, "old"), χείρ (*kheir*, "hand"), and πτέρυξ (*pteruks*, "wing"). There are two major reasons as to why the discovery of these fossils is of importance and value; (1) this discover alters perceived relationships among extant forms at a few poorly supported nodes; and (2) the newly found fossils affect some character polarities (slightly changing tree topology), and also changes the levels at which transformations appear to apply (altering perceived support for some clades).

The two species have only been found at Messel. They are quite common and account for three quarters of all bat fossils found there, with *Archaeonycteris*, *Hassianycetris*, and *Tachypteron* making up the rest. Like other fossils from the locality, they are often found in remarkable states of preservation, retaining traces of fur, stomach contents, wing membranes, and even ears. The two species belonging to the genus are the following:

* *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon* Revilliod, 1917
* *Palaeochiropteryx spiegeli* Revilliod, 1917

In 1980, their parent taxon, Palaeochiropterygidae, was merged with Archaeonycteridae by the paleontologists Björn Kurtén and Elaine Anderson. Authorities specializing in bat fossils, however, maintain the distinction between the two families.

The Messel Pit formation dates from the Lutetian age of the Middle Eocene. Between 48.6 ± 0.2 and 40.4 ± 0.2 million years ago.

Along with *Onychonycteris*, *Icaronycteris*, *Hassianycetris*, and *Archaeonycteris*; members of *Palaeochiropteryx* are among the oldest known bats. All are identifiable by more or less complete skeletons. While there are fossils of other older bats such as *Australonycteris*, these are only recognisable from fragmented examples. Close relatives of *Palaeochiropteryx* include the Middle Eocene *Cecilionycteris*, *Lapichiropteryx* and *Microchiropteryx*, all recovered from partial remains from Germany, China, and India, respectively.

## Description

*Palaeochiropteryx* differed little from modern bats, a surprising fact given their relative age. *Palaeochiropteryx* had wings formed from enlarged hands, even though their wings were less advanced than the modern bats. For example, they still possessed a claw in the index finger.

Both *P. tupaiodon* and *P. spiegeli* were small bats. *P. spiegeli* is slightly larger than *P. tupaiodon*. *P. tupaiodon* had an estimated body mass of 7 to 10 g (0.015 to 0.022 lb) and a forearm length of 39 to 46 mm (1.5 to 1.8 in). *P. spiegeli* was slightly larger and heavier, with an estimated body mass of 10 to 13 g (0.022 to 0.029 lb) and a forearm length of 43 to 49 mm (1.7 to 1.9 in). They had wingspans between 25 and 30 cm (9.8 and 11.8 in) in length.

The complete dentition of *Palaeochiropteryx* is known. They had 38 teeth, composed of four upper and six lower incisors, four canine teeth, twelve premolars, and twelve molars. Their dental formula is the same as at least three living families of bats, such as bats from the genus *Myotis*.

Analysis of melanosomes preserved in the hairs of *Palaeochiropteryx* specimens suggests that they contained phaeomelanin, which would have given it a brown colour in life like many living bat species.

## Paleobiology and paleoecology

Messel Pit (known in German as *Grube Messel*) is one of the most famous and richest fossil sites of the world. The site is renowned for the quality of preservation in the fossils found. Preserved in very fragile bituminous shale, they often retain exquisite details of the soft parts of animals and plants. As its name suggests, the pit is a dry depression about 60 m (200 ft) deep; the surface is around 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. It covers an area approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) by 700 m (2,300 ft).

48 million years ago, the pit was a small but very deep lake, originally at least 190 m (620 ft) deep. It was located around 10° south of its current location in a tropical and subtropical Eocene Europe. Messel Pit was volcanic in origin, probably a caldera created by a massive volcanic eruption. It remained geologically and tectonically active during the Eocene, intermittently releasing puffs of poisonous volcanic gases. A virtually stagnant lake, its low oxygen levels enabled the types of preservation found in its fossils.

Messel pit was surrounded by a lush tropical jungle ecosystem teeming with wildlife. Among these were several bat species, including *Palaeochiropteryx*. Fossils of *Palaeochiropteryx* (particularly *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon*) occur in great abundance in the pit. They account for three-fourths of all recovered bat fossils in the area.

The fossils recovered are usually of healthy adults with full stomachs, making the reasons why they ended up at the bottom of a lake a bit of a mystery. They may have been snagged or poisoned by thick algal mats on the surface of the lake as they swooped down to drink. Or they may have been knocked out midair by poisonous fumes rising from the lake and subsequently drowned.

The small bodies of *Palaeochiropteryx* coupled with their relatively broad wingspan indicate that they may have been low level flyers, much like some modern bats with the same body structure. They specialized in hunting close to the ground, beneath the jungle canopy and among vegetation unlike other bats found in Messel Pit which flew at higher altitudes (an early evidence of niche partitioning). They had low wing loading and low aspect ratios, suggesting that they were relatively slow flyers but were able to maneuver in midair quickly – essential for avoiding collisions with the numerous obstacles near the forest floor. This fact may have made them especially vulnerable to the poisonous gases of the former Messel lake, explaining the abundance of their fossils.

The shape of their teeth and the stomach contents of the numerous extremely well preserved fossils of the Messel Pit indicate that *Palaeochiropteryx* were insectivorous. *P. tupaiodon* fed almost exclusively on (presumably slow-moving) moths of the primitive Microlepidoptera family. *P. spiegeli*, on the other hand, also consumed caddisflies (Trichoptera) in addition to moths. Most members of those insect families are active at night, giving a strong indication that *Palaeochiropteryx* were also nocturnal, or at best, active during twilight (crepuscular).

### Echolocation

From the results of radiographic analysis, *Palaeochiropteryx* (as well as *Archaeonycteris* and *Icaronycteris*) all have enlarged cochleae relative to the size of their skulls. They are still smaller than that of modern echolocating insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera) but they are already larger than that of modern non-echolocating fruit-eating bats (Megachiroptera). Along with their known diets and habits, this is a clear evidence that *Palaeochiropteryx* was very much capable of echolocation like modern microchiropterans.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

The fossil record of bats extends back at least to the early Eocene, and chiropteran fossils are known from all continents except Antarctica. *Icaronycteris*, *Archaeonycteris*, *Hassianycetris*, and *Palaeochiropteryx*, unlike most other fossil bats, have not been referred to any extant family or superfamily. These Eocene taxa are known from exceptionally well-preserved fossils, and they have long formed a basis for reconstructing the early evolutionary history of Chiroptera.

Smith (1977) suggested that these taxa represent an extinct clade of early microchiropterans which he dubbed Palaeochiropterygoidea. In contrast, Van Valen (1979) argued that these fossil forms are representatives of Eochiroptera, a primitive grade ancestral to both Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera; modern researchers, however, consider this clade to be obsolete. Novacek (1987) reanalyzed morphology of *Icaronycteris* and *Palaeochiropteryx* and concluded that they are more closely related to Microchroptera than to Megachiroptera. Most recently, Simmons and Geisler (1998) found that *Icaronycteris*, *Archaeonycteris*, *Hassianycteris*, and *Palaeochiropteryx* represent a series of consecutive sister-taxa to extant microchiropteran bats.

Below is the phylogenetic tree from Simmons and Geisler (1998) showing the proposed relationships of *Palaeochiropteryx* (in bold) with other extinct genera and with extant bats.

Media related to *Palaeochiropteryx* at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to *Palaeochiropteryx* at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Palaeochiropteryx*
Temporal range: Lutetian,
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist's reconstruction of *Palaeochiropteryx* in life. Now inaccurate due to reddish colouration. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| (unranked): | Microchiropteramorpha |
| Family: | Palaeochiropterygidae |
| Genus: | *Palaeochiropteryx*
Revilliod, 1917 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon*
Revilliod, 1917 | |
| Species | |
| * *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon*
Revilliod, 1917 * *Palaeochiropteryx sambuceus*
Czaplewski *et al.*, 2022 * *Palaeochiropteryx spiegeli*
Revilliod, 1917 | |
|  | |
| Fossils of *Palaeochiropteryx* are only known from Messel Pit, Germany. | |


title: Thunderstruck (2012 film)

abstract: Thunderstruck is a 2012 American sports comedy film directed by John Whitesell and starring professional NBA player Kevin Durant and Taylor Gray as well as Brandon T. Jackson, Doc Shaw and Jim Belushi. The plot follows a boy who magically gets Durant's basketball skills and the duo must figure out how to return them. It was released on August 24, 2012.

text:
# Thunderstruck (2012 film)

***Thunderstruck*** is a 2012 American sports comedy film directed by John Whitesell and starring professional NBA player Kevin Durant and Taylor Gray as well as Brandon T. Jackson, Doc Shaw and Jim Belushi. The plot follows a boy who magically gets Durant's basketball skills and the duo must figure out how to return them. It was released on August 24, 2012.

## Plot

Brian Newall is a 16-year-old living in Oklahoma. Though he has tried out for the school basketball team, the Eagles, he has never made it, relegated to being water boy for the team. While practicing at home, Brian's sister makes a video of him injuring himself. She shows the video around school, and it is eventually seen by Connor, the star player of the basketball team. Brian takes a liking to Isabelle, a new girl at school, but is embarrassed when Connor shows the video of him to the whole school. In order to cheer him up, Brian's dad takes him to a Oklahoma City Thunder game against the Detroit Pistons at Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City.

At halftime, Brian is chosen to shoot a half-court shot which he misses and hits Rumble in the process. Later on, he meets Kevin Durant and expresses his desire to play just like him. When Durant signs the special edition Oklahoma City Thunder basketball that Brian got to shoot the half-court shot with, a surge of energy causes Durant's talent to transfer to Brian when he hands it over. The Thunder lose the game, with Durant shooting 0–13 in the 2nd half.

The next morning, Brian learns that Connor, who was at the game, recorded him missing the half-court shot and posted it online. Later that night he goes out to a carnival and sees Connor fail to hit shots to win a prize for Isabelle. Connor challenges Brian to "do better", which Brian is able to do, winning a prize which he then gives to Isabelle. This infuriates Connor. Meanwhile, Durant's performance declines at practices, but insists he's only in a slump.

After making several impressive shots at home, Brian decides to try out for the Eagles again. The coach, impressed by Brian's new skill, has Brian replace Connor as the team captain, and they win several games. Durant's agent Alan learns of Brian and realizes that he is the same kid who missed the half-court shot. He tracks him down and explains that he believes Brian stole Durant's talent. He arranges for Durant and Brian to practice together to try to reverse it, but all attempts fail.

Shortly before the final game, Brian and Isabelle begin fighting about how Brian has changed. Eventually, Brian goes to apologize and, while watching the video of him missing the half-court shot at her house, realizes what has to be done to give Durant his talent back. He rides his bike all the way to Chesapeake Arena and finds Durant. He explains that he hit Rumble before the transfer, and theorized that was what had to happen to reverse it. Brian hits Rumble with exactly the same ball he used to shoot the half-court shot, and then repeats the conversation that he had with Durant at their first meeting. Durant gets his talent back, and the Thunder qualify for the playoffs.

At the final game for the Eagles, Brian is nervous about playing because he no longer has the talent. Though he plays rather poorly, with help from the other team members, including Connor, he still manages to lead his team to a close game and taking the final shot himself, makes the game-winning shot which sends the Eagles to the state playoffs for the first time in 32 years. Brian, who is gradually getting better at basketball, is later seen playing with Durant.

## Cast

## Production

While shooting the film, Durant said that the hardest part was not the acting, but rather that he had to miss jump shots on purpose for the film, to indicate that he no longer had the ability to play basketball as well as he used to.

## Reception

### Box office

*Thunderstruck* received a limited theatrical release in the United States. During its only weekend of release, the film grossed $587,211 from 250 theaters, finishing 25th for the weekend.

### Critical reception

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 27% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 4.38/10.

## InfoBox

| Thunderstruck | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | John Whitesell |
| Written by | * Eric Champnella * Jeff Farley * Dominic Allen |
| Produced by | Mike Karz |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Shawn Maurer |
| Edited by | Tony Lombardo |
| Music by | Ali Dee Theodore |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * August 24, 2012 (2012-08-24) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $7 million |
| Box office | $587,211 |


title: Western Canadian Place

abstract: Western Canadian Place is an office tower complex located in the downtown core of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It consists of two buildings, the taller North Tower and the shorter South Tower. It was designed by the architectural firm, Cohos Evamy in late modernist style. The office complex was purchased in 2004 for $230,675,000 by bcIMC and is run for them by GWL Realty Advisors, one of the firms involved in building the structure. It was the headquarters of Husky Energy and also has offices of APA Corporation.

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# Western Canadian Place

**Western Canadian Place** is an office tower complex located in the downtown core of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It consists of two buildings, the taller North Tower and the shorter South Tower.

It was designed by the architectural firm, Cohos Evamy (the same firm who designed Bankers Hall - East and Bankers Hall - West in Calgary) in late modernist style. The office complex was purchased in 2004 for 230,675,000 by bcIMC and is run for them by *GWL Realty Advisors*, one of the firms involved in building the structure.

It was the headquarters of Husky Energy and also has offices of APA Corporation.

## Towers

The north tower is located at 707 8th Avenue SW, it stands at 164 m (538 ft) or 40 storeys. The south tower is shorter, standing only 30 storeys for a height of 128 meters (420 feet). The ensemble was completed in 1983.

| Tower | Height | Storeys | Built | Address |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Tower | 164 m (538 ft) | 41 | 1983 | 707 - 8th Avenue SW |
| South Tower | 128 m (420 ft) | 31 | 1983 | 700 - 9th Avenue SW |
|

## InfoBox

| Western Canadian Place | |
| --- | --- |
| Western Canada Place, with north tower on the left hand side | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office |
| Location | 801 6 Street SW
Calgary, Alberta
T2P 3V8 |
| Coordinates | 51°02′43″N 114°04′37″W / 51.04528°N 114.07694°W / 51.04528; -114.07694 |
| Completed | 1983 |
| Owner | GWL Realty |
| Height | |
| Roof | 164 m (538 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 41 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Cohos Evamy |
| Main contractor | PCL Construction Management Inc. |
| Website | |
| www.westerncanadianplace.com | |


abstract: Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems is a competitive research grants program authorized in the Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 and reauthorized in the 2002 farm bill. The law allows mandatory funds available from savings in food stamp program administration to be used to support the program. Grants were awarded in FY2000 and FY2001; in all other years congressional appropriators have prohibited USDA from spending funds on personnel to operate the program except for oversight of existing grants.

text:
# Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems

**Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems** is a competitive research grants program authorized in the Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-185) and reauthorized in the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 7205). The law allows mandatory funds available from savings in food stamp program administration to be used to support the program. Grants were awarded in FY2000 and FY2001; in all other years congressional appropriators have prohibited USDA from spending funds on personnel to operate the program except for oversight of existing grants.

* This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. *Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition*. Congressional Research Service.


title: Jack Chaseling

abstract: Jack Chaseling (1880–1942) was a pioneer Australian rugby league administrator.

text:
# Jack Chaseling

**Jack Chaseling** (18801942) was a pioneer Australian rugby league administrator.

## Administrative career

Born William John Chaseling at Newtown, New South Wales in 1880, he became a legendary figure in the creation and administration of the Newtown Jets from the club's inception. He became the honorary-secretary of Newtown in 1910, and retained that capacity for 32 years until his death in 1942. In his younger days, Jack Chaseling played as a wing three-quarter in the Newtown rugby and rugby league competitions, but it was as a Rugby League administrator that he was best known and remembered. He played a big part in the code of Rugby League through his ties with the Newtown, and he was a member of the NSWRFL management committee for many years as the delegate from the Newtown club. Jack Chaseling was also the manager of the 1935 Kangaroo tour of New Zealand.

## Death

Jack Chaseling became ill, suddenly on the Saturday evening of 16 May 1942, after returning home from watching a Newtown v's Canterbury-Bankstown match at Henson Park. He died at Sydney Hospital the following night. His death was very widely mourned amongst the Sydney rugby league community, especially at the Newtown Rugby League Football Club, his funeral and his cremation was held on 19 May 1942 at Rookwood Crematorium.

## Coaching career

As a part of his many and varied duties at the Newtown club over the years, he coached the first grade side on many occasions, which included the whole of the 1929 NSWRFL season. Jack Chaseling died at Sydney Hospital on 17 May 1942, aged 62.

## Accolades

The street entrance to Henson Park in Marrickville, New South Wales was named **Jack Chaseling Drive** in his honour.

## InfoBox

Jack Chaseling
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jack Chaseling |
| Born | 1880
Newtown, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 1942 (aged 6162)
Sydney, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing, Centre |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  Newtown | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  1929 Newtown 16 10 0 6 63 | |
| As of 11 April 2021 | |


title: Morley Vernon King

abstract: Morley Vernon King was an American murderer who was the second person to be listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. King murdered his wife Helen in 1947 and was sought as a fugitive since that year. At their inceptions in 1949 and 1950, King was among the first to be listed on the Most Wanted Fugitives list and Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

text:
# Morley Vernon King

**Morley Vernon King** (October 20, 1901  September 5, 1954) was an American murderer who was the second person to be listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. King murdered his wife Helen in 1947 and was sought as a fugitive since that year. At their inceptions in 1949 and 1950, King was among the first to be listed on the Most Wanted Fugitives list and Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

## Background

Morley Vernon King was born in West Virginia on October 20, 1901, and ran away from home at age 15. King traveled extensively throughout Europe for several years and lived in Casablanca, Morocco, where he, an accomplished chef and restaurateur, owned and operated a hotel and bar and met and married his wife Helen in 1929. The Kings returned to the United States in 1934 and lived in New Orleans, where they operated another restaurant. At the time of Helen's murder, King was working at the dining room at a hotel in San Luis Obispo, California.

## Murder of Helen King

On July 9, 1947, the dead body of Helen King was found in a trunk under the back porch of the hotel where her husband worked. She had apparently been strangled to death, and further investigation showed that she had been killed on July 1. Morley King had not been at his job at the hotel the day prior to the discovery, having left California at about three in the morning that day. The car which King had been seen driving was recovered in Montana roughly a year later. King was formally charged with Helen's murder on July 12, 1947, and on July 18, a warrant was issued for his arrest.

## Manhunt and capture

The FBI reported that King walked with a limp due to one leg being slightly shorter than the other, and spoke Spanish, French, and Italian. The FBI additionally reported that due to his experience as an accomplished chef and restaurateur, and his extensive travel outside the United States, he could possibly be working at a restaurant specializing in foreign food. On March 15, 1950, King became the second person to be listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Prior to that, King had been listed on the non-sequential Most Wanted List at its inception in 1949.

King was traced to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania through an order for a shoe specially made to accommodate his limp, and was arrested without incident on October 31, 1951, in the kitchen of a Philadelphia seafood restaurant where he had been working under an assumed identity. Upon his arrest, King had been shucking oysters and reportedly said, "I wondered when the FBI would get me." After his arrest, King's bail was set at $100,000 and he was detained to await extradition to California.

## Aftermath

Shortly after King's arrest, he was succeeded on the Ten Most Wanted List by escaped convict Raymond Edward Young. While in custody, King refused to discuss details of his wife's murder, but cooperated with the authorities. On November 13, 1951, King was extradited to California to face legal action for the murder. King's preliminary hearing began on December 3. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later changed his plea to guilty to a second-degree murder charge. On March 13, 1952, King was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of five years and was transferred to the California Institution for Men in Chino to serve his sentence. King died of heart failure at San Quentin State Prison on September 5, 1954, at age 52.

## InfoBox

| Morley Vernon King | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph taken 1947 | |
| FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive | |
| Charges | Murder |
| Alias | * Stanislaus E. Ludwig * Alfred Edwin Morgan * Nathaniel Goldman * William G. Wilson |
| Description | |
| Born | (1901-10-20)October 20, 1901
Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | September 5, 1954(1954-09-05) (aged 52)
San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Race | White |
| Gender | Male |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) |
| Weight | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Occupation | * cook * sailor * salesman |
| Spouse | Helen King (deceased) |
| Status | |
| Penalty | Life imprisonment |
| Status | Deceased |
| Added | March 15, 1950 |
| Caught | October 31, 1951 |
| Number | 2 |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Captured** | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Proprioseiopsis

abstract: Proprioseiopsis is a genus of mites in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Proprioseiopsis

***Proprioseiopsis*** is a genus of mites in the family Phytoseiidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Proprioseiopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Superorder: | Parasitiformes |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Subfamily: | Amblyseiinae |
| Genus: | ***Proprioseiopsis***<br>Muma, 1961 |
|


title: Ichneumon rubriornatus

abstract: Ichneumon rubriornatus is a species of wasp in the genus Ichneumon. It was described by Peter Cameron in 1904. The species is concentrated in the southernmost part of the African continent, being observed primarily in Southern Africa.

text:
# Ichneumon rubriornatus

***Ichneumon rubriornatus*** is a species of wasp in the genus *Ichneumon*. It was described by Peter Cameron in 1904.

The species is concentrated in the southernmost part of the African continent, being observed primarily in Southern Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Ichneumon rubriornatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Ichneumonidae |
| Genus: | *Ichneumon* |
| Species: | ***I. rubriornatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ichneumon rubriornatus***<br>Cameron, 1904 | |
|


title: Palaeochiropterygidae

abstract: Palaeochiropterygidae is a family of extinct bats. It was originally erected by the Swiss naturalist Pierre Revilliod in 1917 after discoveries of Palaeochiropteryx fossils from the Messel Pit of Germany. Palaeochiropterygidae was merged into Archaeonycteridae by Kurten and Anderson in 1980, but modern authorities specializing in bat fossils maintain the distinction between the two. It was classified to the unranked clade Microchiropteramorpha by Smith et al. in 2007. They existed from the Ypresian to the Lutetian ages of the Middle Eocene epoch.

text:
# Palaeochiropterygidae

**Palaeochiropterygidae** is a family of extinct bats. It was originally erected by the Swiss naturalist Pierre Revilliod in 1917 after discoveries of *Palaeochiropteryx* fossils from the Messel Pit of Germany. Palaeochiropterygidae was merged into Archaeonycteridae by Kurten and Anderson in 1980, but modern authorities specializing in bat fossils maintain the distinction between the two. It was classified to the unranked clade Microchiropteramorpha by Smith *et al.* in 2007.

They existed from the Ypresian to the Lutetian ages of the Middle Eocene epoch (55.8 to 40.4 million years ago).

## Paleobiology

Two species of Palaeochiropterygidae, *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon* and *P. spiegeli*, are known from complete skeletons from the famous Messel Pit fossil deposits in Germany. *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon* is the most common mammal found at Messel. An additional species of *Palaeochiropteryx*, *P. sambuceus*, has been described from the middle Eocene of North America. All other species belonging to Palaeochiropterygidae are known only from isolated teeth and jaw fragments from Europe, India, Turkey, and possibly North America.

At Messel, the two species of *Palaeochiropteryx* are hypothesized to have occupied similar niches to living hipposiderids and rhinolophids that forage close to the ground and among vegetation. Wings with low aspect ratio and wing loading and preserved stomach contents of small moths and caddisflies support the idea that these palaeochiropterygids were slow but maneuverable fliers. The widespread distribution of Palaeochiropterygidae among the northern continents in the early and middle Eocene conflicts with the known morphology of *P. tupaiodon* and *P. spiegeli*, however, suggesting that other species of palaeochiropterygids had body plans much more suitable to long distance dispersal.

## Evolutionary relationships

Palaeochiropterygidae are generally considered to be the most advanced of the early bat families. Phylogenetic analyses have consistently shown Palaeochiropterygidae to be the closest relatives of the living, or crown, groups of bats. Most phylogenetic analyses only include species of fossil bats known from complete skeletons, so relationships of species within Palaeochiropterygidae are currently unknown.

Both *Matthesia* and *Cecilionycteris* may be junior synonyms of *Palaeochiropteryx*. *Stehlinia* has been previously considered to be a member of the superfamily Vespertilionoidea, possibly aligned with Natalidae or Kerivoulidae, but is now more commonly recognized as a palaeochiropterygid. *Stehlinia*, along with *Lapichiropteryx* and *Anatolianycteris*, possesses a very simple lower fourth premolar compared to other palaeochiropterygids and a close relationship between those three species has been proposed.

## Genera

It contains the following genera. The list may be incomplete or inaccurate:

## InfoBox

| Palaeochiropterygidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon* from the Jura Museum of Eichstätt, Germany. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| (unranked): | Microchiropteramorpha |
| Family: | Palaeochiropterygidae
Revilliod, 1917 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Palaeochiropteryx*
Revilliod, 1917 | |
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Happy (Alexia song)

abstract: "Happy" is the ninth single released by the Italian singer Alexia released in 1999 and is the title track and final single from her third album Happy. The single reached the Italian top 10. The track was released in Italy on CD and 12" in October 1999. Like "Keep On Movin'", there was no 2 track CD release. "Happy" was also released in Brazil where it received good radio play and was released in Finland in January 2000. It was the third Alexia single to have a remix by Almighty, but despite the CD having a '12" Almighty Mix' there was no 7"/Radio Edit.

text:
# Happy (Alexia song)

"**Happy**" is the ninth single released by the Italian singer Alexia released in 1999 and is the title track and final single from her third album *Happy*. The single reached the Italian top 10.

The track was released in Italy on CD and 12" (Sony Code 667996) in October 1999. Like "Keep On Movin'", there was no 2 track CD release. "Happy" was also released in Brazil where it received good radio play and was released in Finland in January 2000. It was the third Alexia single to have a remix by Almighty, but despite the CD having a '12" Almighty Mix' there was no 7"/Radio Edit.

## Official versions

* Album/ Radio Version 3:13
* 2K Noki Short Edit 3:10
* 2K Noki Mix 5:57
* 12" Almighty Mix 6:40
* Pierre J's Remix 6:17
* Pierre J's Dubaholic Mix 7:24

## Chart performance

| Country | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy | 5 |

## InfoBox

| "Happy" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Alexia | |
| from the album  *Happy* | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Genre | Europop |
| Length | 3:13 |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Roberto Zanetti & Alessia Aquilani |
| Producer(s) | Roberto Zanetti |
| Alexia singles chronology | |
| "Goodbye"
(1999) "**Happy**"
(1999) "Ti amo ti amo"
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Audio video | |
| "Happy" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: The women's 48 kilograms event at the 2002 Asian Games took place on September 30, 2002 at Pukyong National University Gymnasium, South Korea.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg

The **women's 48 kilograms** event at the 2002 Asian Games took place on September 30, 2002 at Pukyong National University Gymnasium, South Korea.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monday, 30 September 2002 | 15:00 | Group A |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows.

| **World Record** | Snatch | Wang Mingjuan (CHN) | **90.0 kg** | Havířov, Czech Republic | 30 May 2002 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Clean & Jerk | Li Zhuo (CHN) | **115.0 kg** | İzmir, Turkey | 28 June 2002 |
| | Total | Wang Mingjuan (CHN) | **200.0 kg** | Havířov, Czech Republic | 30 May 2002 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Asian Record** | Snatch | Wang Mingjuan (CHN) | **90.0 kg** | Havířov, Czech Republic | 30 May 2002 |
| | Clean & Jerk | Li Zhuo (CHN) | **115.0 kg** | İzmir, Turkey | 28 June 2002 |
| | Total | Wang Mingjuan (CHN) | **200.0 kg** | Havířov, Czech Republic | 30 May 2002 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Games Record** | Snatch | Liu Xiuhua (CHN) | **83.5 kg** | Bangkok, Thailand | 7 December 1998 |
| | Clean & Jerk | Liu Xiuhua (CHN) | **105.0 kg** | Bangkok, Thailand | 7 December 1998 |
| | Total | Liu Xiuhua (CHN) | **187.5 kg** | Bangkok, Thailand | 7 December 1998 |

## Results

Legend * **NM** — No mark

| Rank | Athlete | Group | Body weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | |
|  | Li Zhuo (CHN) | A | 47.70 | 85.0 | 87.5 | 90.0 | 90.0 | ~~110.0~~ | 110.0 | ~~115.5~~ | 110.0 | **200.0** |
|  | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | A | 47.95 | ~~85.0~~ | 85.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | 107.5 | 110.0 | ~~115.0~~ | 110.0 | **200.0** |
|  | Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) | A | 47.90 | 80.0 | 85.0 | ~~90.0~~ | 85.0 | 105.0 | 110.0 | ~~115.0~~ | 110.0 | **195.0** |
| 4 | Chen Han-tung (TPE) | A | 47.65 | 77.5 | 80.0 | ~~82.5~~ | 80.0 | 102.5 | ~~105.0~~ | 105.0 | 105.0 | **185.0** |
| 5 | Choe Un-sim (PRK) | A | 47.90 | 80.0 | ~~85.0~~ | 85.0 | 85.0 | 97.5 | ~~100.0~~ | ~~100.0~~ | 97.5 | **182.5** |
| 6 | Rosmainar (INA) | A | 47.60 | ~~77.5~~ | 77.5 | ~~82.5~~ | 77.5 | ~~100.0~~ | ~~100.0~~ | 100.0 | 100.0 | **177.5** |
| 7 | Kunjarani Devi (IND) | A | 47.75 | ~~75.0~~ | 75.0 | ~~80.0~~ | 75.0 | 97.5 | ~~102.5~~ | ~~102.5~~ | 97.5 | **172.5** |
| 8 | Masumi Imaoka (JPN) | A | 47.50 | ~~72.5~~ | 72.5 | ~~75.0~~ | 72.5 | 92.5 | ~~97.5~~ | ~~97.5~~ | 92.5 | **165.0** |
| 9 | Diwa Alegada (PHI) | A | 46.25 | 60.0 | 65.0 | ~~67.5~~ | 65.0 | 80.0 | 85.0 | ~~90.0~~ | 85.0 | **150.0** |
|  | Kyi Kyi Than (MYA) | A | 47.85 | 82.5 | ~~85.0~~ | ~~85.0~~ | 82.5 | ~~105.0~~ | ~~105.0~~ | ~~105.0~~ |  | **NM** |
|  | Aree Wiratthaworn (THA) | A | 47.90 | ~~77.5~~ | ~~77.5~~ | 77.5 | 77.5 | ~~105.0~~ | ~~105.0~~ | ~~105.0~~ |  | **NM** |
|  | Sanamacha Chanu (IND) | A | 48.00 | 77.5 | ~~80.0~~ | ~~80.0~~ | 77.5 |  |  |  |  | **NM** |

## New records

The following records were established during the competition.

| Snatch | 85.0 | Li Zhuo (CHN) | **GR** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 87.5 | Li Zhuo (CHN) | **GR** |
| | 90.0 | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | **GR** |
| Clean & Jerk | 107.5 | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | **GR** |
| | 110.0 | Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) | **GR** |
| Total | 190.0 | Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) | **GR** |
| | 197.5 | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | **GR** |
| | 200.0 | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | **GR** |

## InfoBox

| Women's 48 kg <br>at the 2002 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Pukyong National University Gymnasium |
| Date | 30 September |
| Competitors | 12 from 9 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  Myanmar  Indonesia | |
|


title: Initiative Measure 124 (Seattle)

abstract: Initiative Measure 124 was a ballot measure in Seattle, Washington, regulating labor relations in the hotel industry, that was passed by popular vote on November 8, 2016. The initiative was placed on the ballot by UNITE HERE Local 8, a union that represents workers in the hospitality industry. Supporters of the measure see it as bringing a measure of justice to exploited workers. Opponents say the new law is unfair to guests, too expensive to implement, and unfairly advantages unions. In 2019, the Seattle City Council repealed the original initiative, and replaced it with four separate laws, re-written and modified with the intent to survive the pending and anticipated lawsuits concerning a single subject for the initiative, and changing the employer healthcare mandate to avoid interfering with federal laws concerning employee benefits, which pre-empt state or local laws.

text:
# Initiative Measure 124 (Seattle)

**Initiative Measure 124** was a ballot measure in Seattle, Washington, regulating labor relations in the hotel industry, that was passed by popular vote on November 8, 2016. The initiative was placed on the ballot by UNITE HERE Local 8, a union that represents workers in the hospitality industry. Supporters of the measure see it as bringing a measure of justice to exploited workers. Opponents say the new law is unfair to guests, too expensive to implement, and unfairly advantages unions.

In 2019, the Seattle City Council repealed the original initiative, and replaced it with four separate laws, re-written and modified with the intent to survive the pending and anticipated lawsuits concerning a single subject for the initiative, and changing the employer healthcare mandate to avoid interfering with federal laws concerning employee benefits, which pre-empt state or local laws.

## Legislative history

Initiative Measure 124 was sponsored by UNITE HERE Local 8. Stefan Moritz, a union official, filed the initial text of the initiative with Seattle's city clerk on April 5, 2016. The union began collecting signatures to get the measure on the November ballot in May 2016. The final text of the initiative was filed on May 6. The union submitted its petition signatures on June 22 and King County Elections issued a Letter of Sufficiency on July 15. The final text of the ballot title was issued on July 28. The measure passed on November 8, 2016 and became a city ordinance with full effect on November 30 after a proclamation by Mayor Ed Murray.

## Provisions

The initiative requires hotels with 60 or more rooms to issue "panic buttons" to employees that work alone in guest rooms. Hotels are required to keep lists of guests accused of assault or harassment for five years from the date of the last accusation involving any given guest. All relevant documents must be retained for the same period. Any guest accused of assault, sexual assault, or sexual harassment must be banned from the hotel for a minimum of three years. A mere accusation is sufficient to require a ban. No investigation is required. There is no provision for appeals. Workers must be given paid time to make a police report and be given the option to work in a different area of the hotel. Police may only be contacted with the permission of the worker. Hotels are required to warn guests about these rules with a placard written in a large font placed on the interior side of their room doors.

Under the initiative, when a hotel is sold the new owners are required to offer employees of the previous owner work before hiring replacement staff. This requirement applies from the day of sale until six months after the hotel is open to the public while under the management of the new employer. If during the first 90 days of operations the new owner finds that it needs fewer workers, staff must be retained by order of seniority. During this 90 day period staff may not be otherwise dismissed except for cause. Workers must be provided with a written performance evaluation at the end of this period; these records must be retained for at least three years. Conspicuous public notice of change of ownership, including contact information for the new owners, must be posted within five days after a sale is agreed to and must remain posted for six months after the hotel has been open to the public under new management. This provision applies to hotels with 60 rooms or more.

The initiative requires large hotels to limit the workload of cleaning staff to 5,000 square feet per eight-hour shift and regulates the handling of cleaning chemicals. Cleaners assigned space over this limit would be paid at time-and-a-half wage. This provision applies to hotels with 100 rooms or more.

The initiative requires large hotels that don't offer health benefits to pay staff a monthly stipend to help them buy insurance. Qualifying workers would receive an amount based on their income, family size, the federal poverty line, and the lowest premium offered on the Washington Health Benefits Exchange for a gold-level policy. This provision applies to hotels with 100 or more rooms.

Workers can enforce these rights by filing a complaint with the City of Seattle or filing suit in King County Superior Court. Penalties issued against hotels go to the complainant, affected workers, and the city Office of Civil Rights. The measure prohibits employer retaliation for exercising any of these rights. The law has a rebuttable presumption that any adverse action taken against an employee within 90 days of exercising any of these rights is an act of illegal retaliation.

### Union-shop exemption

Except for the provisions relating to assault, sexual assault, and sexual harassment, every part of this measure can be waived in a union-shop through collective bargaining.

## Debate

### Opposition

*The Seattle Times* editorial board opposed the initiative. They wrote, "If the safety of Seattle hotel employees is a problem, the laws that protect them should be strengthened. Seattle ballot Initiative 124 is a sloppy, possibly illegal first draft that should be rejected by voters."

### Support

*Seattle Weekly* endorsed the initiative. They wrote, "Critics of the initiative—largely hotel-industry representatives—call the measure's stipulations overreaching and Draconian. They say many hotels already have these kinds of protections in place. They also point to I-124's union-exemption clause: If workers belong to a union, their hotel will not be subject to some of the measure's stipulations, to allow for freer collective bargaining. We ourselves recognize that the union exemption may be faintly disguised self-interest; employers might find the law onerous, leading them to encourage unionization in hopes of a better deal. But if the byproduct of passing I-124 is a stronger local union, so be it. We believe the result is a step toward justice for a long-exploited class of workers, union-backed or no."

## Litigation

The American Hotel & Lodging Association, its Washington state chapter, and its Seattle chapter all filed suit in Washington state court to block Initiative Measure 124 in December 2016.

On December 24, 2018, a Washington State Court of Appeals threw out I-124 in its entirety, holding that it unconstitutionally contains multiple unrelated topics.

After a King County Superior Court ruled in favor of the initiative, the state Supreme Court last January declined to hear a direct appeal and sent it to the Court of Appeals for further review.

The Appeals Court found that I-124 contains multiple separate parts, including:

* protecting workers who must enter guests’ hotel rooms from sexual harassment and assault by providing panic buttons and requiring hotels to maintain a list of guests who have been accused of sexual assault or harassment;
* requiring hotel employers to provide and use safety devices and safeguards, and prohibiting large hotels from requiring hotel workers to clean more than 5000 square feet per 8-hour day without time-and-a-half pay;
* requiring large hotel employers to provide healthcare subsidies to hotel workers or the equivalent of a gold-level healthcare policy;
* when a hotel changes ownership, requiring the new owner to hire from the list of employees prior to the sale for the first six months.

The statement for and against Initiative 124 is here.


title: Palpita monomaculalis

abstract: Palpita monomaculalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1997. It is found in Indonesia (Sumatra).

text:
# Palpita monomaculalis

***Palpita monomaculalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1997. It is found in Indonesia (Sumatra).

## InfoBox

| *Palpita monomaculalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Palpita* |
| Species: | ***P. monomaculalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palpita monomaculalis***<br>Inoue, 1997 | |
|


title: Proprioseiopsis amotus

abstract: Proprioseiopsis amotus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Proprioseiopsis amotus

***Proprioseiopsis amotus*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Proprioseiopsis amotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Proprioseiopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. amotus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proprioseiopsis amotus***<br>(Zack, 1969) | |
|


title: Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi

abstract: ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Amir Ibn Yazid Ibn Tamim Ibn Rabi‘ah al-Yahsibi, better known as Ibn Amir, was one of the seven canonical transmitters of the Qira'at, or methods of reciting the Qur'an. Of the seven most famous transmitters of Qur'anic recitation, Ibn Amir was the oldest while Al-Kisa'i was the youngest. Like Ibn Kathir al-Makki, Ibn Amir was one generation removed from the primary students who spread his method of recitation to the masses. The two primary students of his method of recitation were Hisham ibn Ammar and Ibn Dhakwan. He was from Damascus, Syria. He died in the year 736CE, corresponding to the year 118AH.

text:
# Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi

**‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Amir Ibn Yazid Ibn Tamim Ibn Rabi‘ah al-Yahsibi**, better known as **Ibn Amir** (118 AH - 736 CE), was one of the seven canonical transmitters of the Qira'at, or methods of reciting the Qur'an.

Of the seven most famous transmitters of Qur'anic recitation, Ibn Amir was the oldest while Al-Kisa'i was the youngest. Like Ibn Kathir al-Makki, Ibn Amir was one generation removed from the primary students who spread his method of recitation to the masses. The two primary students of his method of recitation were Hisham ibn Ammar (d. 245AH/859CE) and Ibn Dhakwan (d. 242AH/857CE).

He was from Damascus, Syria. He died in the year 736CE, corresponding to the year 118AH.

## InfoBox

| Ibn ‘AmirAd-Dimashqi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Damascus, Syria |
| Died | 736CE<br>118AH |
| Other names | ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Amir Ibn Yazid Ibn Tamim Ibn Rabi‘ah al-Yahsibi |


title: Tim Crothers

abstract: Tim Crothers is an American author. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, writing for the school paper, The Daily Tar Heel. He was the former senior writer at Sports Illustrated. He has authored The Queen of Katwe, a book about the Ugandan junior woman chess master Phiona Mutesi. This book was selected by Dave Eggers for Best American Nonrequired Reading and favorably reviewed by The Washington Post. He also co-authored Hard Work: A Life On and Off the Court, which rose to #15 on The New York Times Best Seller list. This book is a biography of Roy Williams. Williams was the North Carolina Tar Heels basketball coach and became the highest winning percentage among all active college coaches.

text:
# Tim Crothers

**Tim Crothers** is an American author. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, writing for the school paper, *The Daily Tar Heel*. He was the former senior writer at *Sports Illustrated*. He has authored *The Queen of Katwe*, a book about the Ugandan junior woman chess master Phiona Mutesi. This book was selected by Dave Eggers for Best American Nonrequired Reading and favorably reviewed by *The Washington Post*.

He also co-authored *Hard Work: A Life On and Off the Court*, which rose to #15 on *The New York Times* Best Seller list. This book is a biography of Roy Williams (who also co-authored the book). Williams was the North Carolina Tar Heels basketball coach and became the highest winning percentage among all active college coaches.


title: Harald Paulsen

abstract: Harald Paulsen was a German stage and film actor and director. He appeared in 125 films between 1920 and 1954.

text:
# Harald Paulsen

**Harald Paulsen** (26 August 1895 – 4 August 1954) was a German stage and film actor and director. He appeared in 125 films between 1920 and 1954.

## Career

Paulsen first appeared on stage at age sixteen. He then studied under Leopold Jessner, who was then senior director at Hamburg's Thalia Theater. He made his debut at the Hamburg Stadttheater in 1913. From 1915 until 1917, he served in the German Army during World War I. in 1917–18 he played at the Fronttheater in Mitau. In 1919 he was brought to the Deutsches Theater in Berlin by Max Reinhardt.

From his extensive theatrical work, his role as "Mackie Messer" ("Mack the Knife") in the world premiere of Bertolt Brecht's *The Threepenny Opera* is particularly noteworthy. This performance took place on 31 August 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. At that time, Paulsen was considered a Brecht admirer. In 1938 Harald Paulsen became director of the Theater am Nollendorfplatz in Berlin, where mainly operettas were performed at that time. He also directed and performed in singing roles. He was forced to resign his position in 1945, following the End of World War II in Europe. Paulsen also appeared as an actor in over twenty silent films. His acting career continued into the sound film era and he appeared in approximately ninety sound films.

Shortly after Adolf Hitler seized power, he became a fervent National Socialist and carried the Flag of Nazi Germany for the student representatives at the May Day rally in Tempelhof. He also participated as an actor in several Nazi propaganda films, such as *Ohm Krüger* and the pro-euthanasia film *Ich klage an*, both released in 1941. The Viennese actor Rolf Kutschera reported in his memoirs that Paulsen was notorious among his colleagues as an informant to Nazi authorities.

## Death

Harald Paulsen died on 4 August 1954, aged 58, in the general hospital in the Hamburg borough of Altona after suffering from a stroke. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery in Elmshorn. His son Uwe Paulsen (1944–2014) was a stage and film actor, cabaret artist, and prolific voice actor, who dubbed foreign language film and television into German.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Harald Paulsen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Harald Johannes David Paulsen
(1895-08-26)26 August 1895
Elmshorn, German Empire |
| Died | 4 August 1954(1954-08-04) (aged 58)
Altona, Hamburg, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, theatre director |
| Years active | 1913–1954 |


abstract: Web of Make Believe: Death, Lies and the Internet is an anthology true crime docuseries, directed by Brian Knappenberger, released on Netflix on June 15, 2022. The series explores instances of digital misinformation and its consequences.

text:
# Web of Make Believe: Death, Lies and the Internet

**Web of Make Believe: Death, Lies and the Internet** is an anthology true crime docuseries, directed by Brian Knappenberger, released on Netflix on June 15, 2022. The series explores instances of digital misinformation and its consequences.

## Summary

Each episode presents an example of how the internet is used to cause harm and commit crimes. The people involved in the cases tell their struggles, mistakes and efforts to catch the perpetrators, and also how it affected their lives. After introducing the key characters in the case the episodes explain how the internet was used to commit the crimes.

## Episodes

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 6 | | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) | |

### Season 1 (2021)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Death by SWAT" | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| An online gamer makes a series of fraudulent 9-1-1 phone calls to lure police SWAT teams to innocent people's homes, known as swatting.
Presented case: 2017 Wichita swatting in Wichita, Kansas | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "A Murder in D.C." | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| The murder of a political staffer spawns several right-wing conspiracy theories.
Presented case: Murder of Seth Rich in Washington, D.C. | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "I'm Not a Nazi" | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| A woman tells the story of how she became a mouthpiece for a white nationalist hate speech group. | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Sextortion" | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| Several women recall their experiences of virtual blackmail, aimed at obtaining sensitive sexual material, known as sextortion. | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "The Stingray, Part 1" | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| Two hackers revisit their tax fraud schemes that caught law enforcement's attention. | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "The Stingray, Part 2" | June 15, 2022 (2022-06-15) |
| The FBI hunts the hacker, but he quickly turns the tables by contesting the legitimacy of a crucial instrument in their investigation, the Stingray phone tracker.
Presented case: Daniel Rigmaiden tax fraud | | | | |

## Reception

On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an 83% "Fresh" rating with an average rating of 6 out of 10 based on 6 reviews.

## InfoBox

| *Web of Make Believe: Death, Lies and the Internet* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Docuseries |
| Created by | Brian Knappenberger |
| Directed by | Brian Knappenberger |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production companies | Imagine Documentaries
Luminant Media |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | 15 June 2022 (2022-06-15) |


title: Ingun Bjørnsgaard

abstract: Ingun Bjørnsgaard is a Norwegian choreographer.

text:
# Ingun Bjørnsgaard

**Ingun Bjørnsgaard** is a Norwegian choreographer.

## Career

In 1992, Ingun Bjørnsgaard established her own dance company, Ingun Bjørnsgaard Prosjekt (IBP). With this company she has created more than 10 ballets, touring throughout Norway and a variety of European venues and cities. While developing her art as a choreographer with IBP, Bjørnsgaard has also worked on a regular basis as a visiting choreographer with companies such as the Royal Ballet (Kungliga National Baletten) in Stockholm, Sweden; Skånes Dance Theatre (Skånes Dansteater) in Malmö, Sweden; Carte Blanche in Bergen, Norway; the Norwegian National Theatre (Nationaltheatret) in Oslo; Komische Oper in Berlin; the Norwegian National Ballet (Nasjonalballetten) – among other projects, she created a full-length commissioned ballet for the inauguration of Oslo's new opera house in 2008 − and recently with Nordwest Tanzcompagnie in Bremen and Oldenburg. IBP's characteristic style has evolved gradually over the years in close collaboration with the different dancers that make up the company.


title: Jack Feller

abstract: Jack Leland Feller is a retired American professional baseball player. A catcher, he played five years professionally (1955–1959) and appeared in one inning of one Major League Baseball game with the 1958 Detroit Tigers. He batted and threw right-handed, stood 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84 kg). Feller was 21 years old and in his fourth pro season when he was summoned from the Tigers' Class A Augusta affiliate in the Sally League when the rosters expanded to 40 men in September 1958. He caught the top half of the ninth inning in a 13–2 rout of the Baltimore Orioles on September 13, with one putout and no errors. Feller never recorded a Major League plate appearance. However, he did have the distinction of catching a future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher and United States Senator, Jim Bunning, who won his 12th game of the season that day. Feller batted.272 in 474 minor league games before leaving baseball. His scouting report in the March 1959 issue of Baseball Digest read: "Good arm and glove. Hitting problematical."

text:
# Jack Feller

**Jack Leland Feller** (born December 10, 1936) is a retired American professional baseball player. A catcher, he played five years professionally (1955–1959) and appeared in one inning of one Major League Baseball game with the 1958 Detroit Tigers. He batted and threw right-handed, stood 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84 kg).

Feller was 21 years old and in his fourth pro season when he was summoned from the Tigers' Class A Augusta affiliate in the Sally League when the rosters expanded to 40 men in September 1958. He caught the top half of the ninth inning (in relief of Red Wilson) in a 13–2 rout of the Baltimore Orioles on September 13, with one putout and no errors. Feller never recorded a Major League plate appearance. However, he did have the distinction of catching a future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher and United States Senator, Jim Bunning, who won his 12th game of the season that day.

Feller batted .272 in 474 minor league games before leaving baseball.

His scouting report in the March 1959 issue of *Baseball Digest* read: "Good arm and glove. Hitting problematical."

## InfoBox

| Jack Feller | |
| --- | --- |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1936-12-10) December 10, 1936<br>Adrian, Michigan | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 13, 1958, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 13, 1958, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Games played | 1 |
| Total chances | 1 |
| Errors | 0 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Morice River

abstract: The Morice River is the outflow of Morice Lake southwest of Houston, British Columbia, Canada. Morice Lake and Morice River are named after Father Adrien-Gabriel Morice. The Morice has many small creeks joining it along its length, but retains the clear glacial hue for its length. The Morice River continues on to the town of Houston, at which point the river is joined by a small tributary river called the Little Bulkley River, and the two rivers joined become the Bulkley River. They become the Bulkley, not the Morice, despite the fact that the Morice is larger. This was done by Poudrier, a government cartographer who, it is rumoured, never saw the region.

text:
# Morice River

The **Morice River** (Babine-Witsuwitʼen: *Wedzin Kwa*) is the outflow of Morice Lake southwest of Houston, British Columbia, Canada. Morice Lake and Morice River are named after Father Adrien-Gabriel Morice. The Morice has many small creeks joining it along its length, but retains the clear glacial hue for its length. The Morice River continues on to the town of Houston, at which point the river is joined by a small tributary river called the Little Bulkley River, and the two rivers joined become the Bulkley River. They become the Bulkley, not the Morice, despite the fact that the Morice is larger. This was done by Poudrier, a government cartographer who, it is rumoured, never saw the region.

## Status

The Morice River was listed as the 6th most endangered river in British Columbia due to the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines which would have carried diluted bitumen. The report was issued by the Outdoor Recreation Council of British Columbia.

The Northern Gateway Pipeline did not make substantial progress following approval with 209 conditions. Subsequently the approval was quashed by the courts.

The Morice River is also crossed by the approved Coastal GasLink Pipeline which will carry natural gas. Some hereditary chiefs of the Wetʼsuwetʼen oppose the pipeline on the grounds that it will disrupt salmon populations and decrease water quality. The crossing of the Morice is planned to be accomplished by trenchless crossing, though crossing of tributaries are not using this method, leading to concern of increased turbidity. The Wet'suwet'en name for the Morice river is Wet-zuhn-kwa.

The Coastal Gaslink company reported two spills of clay lubricant while tunneling on April 12 2023, one on land and the other in a small tributary west of the Morice River. Coastal Gaslink later said in an email that the size of the spills and what caused them were still being investigated, and that the clay was non-toxic with no expected impact on fish or waterways.

54°24′38″N 126°44′47″W / 54.4106°N 126.7464°W / 54.4106; -126.7464

## InfoBox

| Morice River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of mouth | |
| Native name | *Wedzin Kwa* (Babine) |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Provinces | British Columbia |


title: Jun-ichi Nishizawa

abstract: Jun-ichi Nishizawa Jun-ichi Nishizawa was a Japanese engineer and inventor. He is known for his electronic inventions since the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, static induction thyristor, SIT/SITh. His inventions contributed to the development of internet technology and the Information Age. He was a professor at Sophia University. He is considered the "Father of Japanese Microelectronics".

text:
# Jun-ichi Nishizawa

**Jun-ichi Nishizawa** (西澤 潤一, *Nishizawa Jun'ichi*, September 12, 1926  October 21, 2018) was a Japanese engineer and inventor. He is known for his electronic inventions since the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, static induction thyristor, SIT/SITh. His inventions contributed to the development of internet technology and the Information Age.

He was a professor at Sophia University. He is considered the "Father of Japanese Microelectronics".

## Biography

Nishizawa was born in Sendai, Japan, on September 12, 1926. He earned a B.S. in 1948, and a Doctor of Engineering degree in 1960, from Tohoku University.

In 1953, he joined the Research Institute of Electrical Communication at Tohoku University. He became a professor there and was appointed director to two research institutes. From 1990 to 1996, Nishizawa served as the President of Tohoku University.

He became the president of Iwate Prefectural University in 1998.

### Research

In 1950, the static induction transistor was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe. The PIN photodiode was also invented by Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.

In 1952, he invented the avalanche photodiode. He then invented a solid-state maser in 1955. This was followed by his proposal for a semiconductor optical maser in 1957, a year before Schawlow and Townes's first paper on optical masers.

While working at Tohoku University, he proposed fiber-optic communication, the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963. Nishizawa invented other technologies in the 1960s that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers. He patented the graded-index optical fiber in 1964.

In 1971, he invented the static induction thyristor.

## Recognition

Nishizawa was a Life Fellow of the IEEE. He is a Fellow of several other institutions, including the Physical Society, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Polish Academy of Sciences. Nishizawa was decorated with Order of Culture by the emperor of Japan in 1989. He also received the Japan Academy Prize (1974), IEEE Jack A. Morton Award (1983), the Honda Prize and the Laudise Prize of the International Organization for Crystal Growth (1989). IEEE conferred the Edison Medal on him in 2000, and introduced the IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal in 2002. He has more than a thousand patents registered under his name.

## InfoBox

| Jun-ichi Nishizawa
**西澤 潤一** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | September 12, 1926
Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | October 21, 2018(2018-10-21) (aged 92)
Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan |
| Alma mater | Tohoku University |
| Awards | IEEE Edison Medal (2000)
Order of Culture |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Tohoku University
Iwate Prefectural University
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Sophia University |
|  | |


title: Hollis Sigler

abstract: Hollis Sigler was an American artist. She received several Arts Lifetime Achievement awards as both an artist and an educator, including the Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement from the College Art Association in 2001.

text:
# Hollis Sigler

**Hollis Sigler** (March 2, 1948 – March 29, 2001) was an American artist. She received several Arts Lifetime Achievement awards as both an artist and an educator, including the Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement from the College Art Association in 2001.

## Early life and education

Sigler was born Suzanne Hollis Sigler in Gary, Indiana to Philip Sigler and Marilyn Ryan Sigler. Her family moved to Cranbury, New Jersey when she was eleven. She completed grade school and high school there, receiving her diploma from Hightstown High School in 1966.

Sigler was interested in art as a child and began painting in elementary school. She went on to study art at Moore College of Art in Philadelphia, where she was awarded the Bachelor of Arts in 1970; she completed graduate studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where she received the Master of Fine Arts in 1973. She had early success with a series of photo realist paintings that depicted underwater swimmers but by 1976, in a gesture meant to repudiate what she considered a male-dominated style, she abandoned realism entirely in favor of a faux-naïve approach. Her subject matter, presented in a way that suggested the work of an untutored or naïve artist, focused on a woman's world-view. A tendency toward autobiographical content was evident even at the early stages of what would become her signature style.

## Artistic career

Sigler's mature artistic style was faux-naïve, featuring paintings whose subjects, furniture, and clothing set in doll-house type interiors and suburban landscapes were stand-ins for the implicitly female figure. *You Can't Always Get What You Want* (1978), in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of the artist's doll-house interiors painted in a faux-naïve style. She always names her works with a weighty title, like *She Always Thought She Was Wrong* (1982) and *Good Times Just Passing Through* (1983).

### Feminist Art

In the late 1970s to the early 80s, Sigler's early works were focused on the personal struggle of a woman, and works focused on her lesbian identity. Then in 1985, after Sigler was diagnosed with breast cancer, the subject matter began to change. She began to reflect on what was happening in her life by including quotations or phrases on the painting, showing her emotions and some facts about her disease. Her faux-naïve style remained the same; the bright-colored illustrations framed by her script seem to be pleasant, but looking up close to the paintings, there are houses ablaze, angels ascending to heaven, things that reflected her life experience living with cancer.

Sigler received several Arts Lifetime Achievement awards.

### *Let Me Love You in Fleshy Colors*

Sigler's paintings from the 1970s reflect the prominence of Chicago Imagist figuration, which influenced by Expressionism, Surrealism, Pop Art, and California Funk. Like many other feminist artists, Sigler creates works that explored the female bodies, sexualities, and identities. *Let Me Love You in Fleshy Colors* painted in 1977 is the domestic scene of a bathroom with two ambiguous figures in a shower. It is illustrated with bright colors, and the sex ambiguous figures embrace in the warmth created by the colors that represents their love. The painting provides a new reference to create art from the female artist's perspective, and not by the white, heterosexual male gaze. Sigler often identifies the obscure figures as "She" and "The Lady" in the titles of her paintings and drawings.

### *Breast Cancer Journal*

In 1999 Sigler published *Breast Cancer Journal*, a pictorial journal with a series of sixty paintings tracing her struggles with breast cancer. The brightly colored interiors and vividly imaged natural scenes seldom contain human figures. The paintings represent illness through the depiction of rooms, houses, and landscapes that are almost always unoccupied. Elements like fire and flood are common in her paintings as the metaphor for her pains. For example, in *Maybe It Was in Something I Ate?*, a chair is placed in the center of an empty room, and the wall is charred by flames. Sigler incorporated the facts she had learned about breast cancer, as well as a range of emotions from women experience diagnosis, treatment, surgery, and recovery, into her art.

Many works in this series had been shown in exhibits across the country, and some reproductions have been hung on numerous hospital walls through a program sponsored by the Society for the Arts in Healthcare.

## Effect of cancer diagnosis and illness on art

In August 1985, Sigler diagnosed with breast cancer at 37 and the cancer returned in 1991. The artist underwent a mastectomy and chemotherapy, but by 1993 the cancer had spread to her bones, pelvis and spine. Breast cancer ran in Sigler's family; her great-grandmother, Sarah Anna Truitt Ryan, died of the disease and Sigler's own mother, diagnosed with breast cancer in 1983, succumbed to it in April 1995.

After her cancer diagnosis, Sigler produced a series of five vitreograph prints in the fall of 1985 at Littleton Studios in North Carolina, as the first art works dealing with her illness. The prints titled *When Choice isn't Possible*, *Forever Unobtainable*, *Needing to Make a Change*, *She still Dreams of Flying*, and *There is Healing to be Done*, introduced a darker side to the artist's woman-oriented works. Almost a decade after those works were produced, Sigler noted in a 1994 interview that she thought the images in her paintings would change as she changed; instead, while the content of her work changed, her imagery remained the same.

In an interview published in Chicago's *New Art Examiner*, Sigler said that she realized that she would eventually die of breast cancer, and this knowledge had changed the way she approached her art. In 1992 she began her series of paintings *Breast Cancer Journal: Walking with the Ghosts of My Grandmothers*. Intensely personal, the vividly colored works portray unpeopled scenes where women's clothing (dresses, aprons, corsets, gloves and stockings), furniture (including chairs, beds and vanities) and antique sculptures (including the Nike of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo) are surrogates for the artist. Embued with a life of their own, they enact the emotional responses of the artist to her illness. These paintings could be shockingly forthright. In a review of the 1993 exhibition "The Breast Cancer Journal: Walking with the Ghosts of my Grandmothers" at the National Museum of Women in the Arts, journalist Lee Fleming wrote of the content of one painting in particular:

> The glorious Nike of Samothrace, "Winged Victory," stands in armless profile atop a shallow fiery-hued tumulus not unlike a breast. Red rain falls; a bloodied, paving-stone path encirles the mound like a scar. The ground inside and outside this red-gray line is littered with discarded contemporary and antique clothes, all of which share a bleeding cutout where one breast would be...

The paintings could also embody the artist's vision of the spiritual human being triumphing over the ordeal of breast cancer. Lee Fleming cites *To Kiss the Spirits: Now this is What it is Really Like*, as an example of a painting that "sums up Sigler's struggle in a glorious apotheosis... ."

The lower part of the composition shows a night time village of small houses with glowing windows. A description from the National Museum of Women in the Arts notes that:

> the upper two thirds of the canvas pay homage to Vincent Van Gogh's Starry Night. At the center of the picture, bathed in celestial light the silhouetted "Lady" rises effortlessly along a fluted staircase, changing color from purple through rose to white as her arms slowly lift upward to become an angel's wings.

Sigler's companion of 21 years was the jewelry designer Patricia Locke.

## Teaching career

In 1978, Sigler became a member of the Columbia College Chicago faculty in the department of Art and Design. As a teacher, she was up to date on issues in contemporary art and had a talent for communicating this knowledge to her students. She was also fond of taking her students on field trips to learn first hand about influences in art from the European-based collections at the Art Institute of Chicago to the anthropologically-based exhibits at the Field Museum.

Sigler's teaching awards included the College Art Association's Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in early 2001.

Among the public collections holding work by Hollis Sigler are the American Academy of Arts and Letters (New York), the Art Institute of Chicago, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Contemporary Arts Center (Cincinnati, Ohio), the High Museum of Art (Atlanta, Georgia), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); the National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, DC), the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, the Seattle Art Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art (University of Kansas).

## Exhibitions

* Seattle Art Museum, Washington
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
* National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC
* Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Illinois
* Steven Scott Gallery, Baltimore, Marylabd
* Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York
* Andrew Kreps Gallery, New York
* Carl Hammer Gallery, Chicago, Illinois
* David Barnett Gallery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
* Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Madison, Wisconsin
* American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York
* Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
* Bates College, Lewiston, Maine
* Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana
* Smithsonian American Art, Washington, DC
* Maurine Littleton Gallery, Washington, DC
* Spraightwood Galleries, Upton, Maine
* University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
* Stair Galleries, Hudson, New York
* Minneapolis Institute of Art Collection, Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
* University of Saint James, Anguilla and St. Vincent
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

## Personal life and death

Sigler was openly lesbian.

She died of breast cancer on March 29, 2001, at the age of 53.

* Lyons, Lisa, *Eight Artists. The Anxious Edge. Jonathan Borofsky, Bruce Charlesworth, Chris Burden, Robert Longon, David Salle, Italo Scanga, Cindy Sherman, Hollis Sigler*, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1982 ISBN 9780935640106
* Rhea, Patty, *Hollis Sigler: Expect the Unexpected*, Rockford Art Museum / Chicago Cultural Center, 2009
* Schwabsky, Barry, *Awards in the Visual Arts 6: an exhibition of works by recipients of the sixth annual Awards in the Visual Arts: Ross Bleckner, Christopher Brown, Jill Giegerich, Peter Huttinger, James Michaels, Archie Rand, Bill Seaman, Hollis Sigler, Michael Tracy*, Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art,, Winston-Salem, N.C., 1987 ISBN 9780961156077
* Sigler, Hollis, *Hollis Sigler's Breast Cancer Journal*, Hudson Hills, 2002 ISBN 9781555951764
* Tannenbaum, Barbara, *Hollis Sigler: Paintings, Drawings and Prints 1976-1986*, Akron Art Museum, 1986 ISBN 9780940665002

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Hollis Sigler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Suzanne Hollis Sigler
(1948-03-02)March 2, 1948
Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | March 29, 2001(2001-03-29) (aged 53)
Lincolnshire, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, educator |
| Known for | Autobiographical art works |


title: Arteriovenous nicking

abstract:
Arteriovenous nicking, also known as AV nicking, is the phenomenon where, on examination of the eye, a small artery (arteriole) is seen crossing a small vein (venule), which results in the compression of the vein with bulging on either side of the crossing. This is most commonly seen in eye disease caused by high blood pressure. It is thought that, since the arteriole and venule share a common sheath, the arteriole's thicker walls push against those of the venule forcing the venule to collapse. This makes the venule form an hourglass shape around the arteriole. Other theories suggest that this results not from compression from the arteriole but from sclerotic thickening or glial cell proliferation at the site where the two vessels cross. Signs:
  - Gunn's sign - Tapering of veins
  - Bonnet sign- Banking of veins
  - Salus sign - Deflection of veins

text:
# Arteriovenous nicking

**Arteriovenous nicking**, also known as **AV nicking**, is the phenomenon where, on examination of the eye, a small artery (arteriole) is seen crossing a small vein (venule), which results in the compression of the vein with bulging on either side of the crossing. This is most commonly seen in eye disease caused by high blood pressure (hypertensive retinopathy).

It is thought that, since the arteriole and venule share a common sheath, the arteriole's thicker walls push against those of the venule forcing the venule to collapse. This makes the venule form an hourglass shape around the arteriole. Other theories suggest that this results not from compression from the arteriole but from sclerotic thickening or glial cell proliferation at the site where the two vessels cross.

Signs:

1. Gunn's sign - Tapering of veins
2. Bonnet sign- Banking of veins
3. Salus sign - Deflection of veins

## InfoBox

| AV nicking | |
| --- | --- |
| Hypertensive retinopathy with AV nicking and mild vascular tortuosity | |
| Synonyms | AV nicking |
| Test of | Retina |


title: Pacuí River (Gorutuba River tributary)

abstract: The Pacuí River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Gorutuba River.

text:
# Pacuí River (Gorutuba River tributary)

The **Pacuí River** is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Gorutuba River.

## InfoBox

| Pacuí River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Minas Gerais state |
|  | |
| Mouth | Gorutuba River |
| coordinates | 15°5′S 43°19′W / 15.083°S 43.317°W / -15.083; -43.317 |


title: Thurgarton

abstract: Thurgarton is a small village in rural Nottinghamshire, England. The village is close to Southwell, and Newark-on-Trent and still within commuting distance to Nottingham. It is served by Thurgarton railway station. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 412, increasing to 440 at the 2011 census and marginally to 445 at the 2021 census.

text:
# Thurgarton

**Thurgarton** /ˈθɜːrɡərtən/ is a small village in rural Nottinghamshire, England. The village is close to Southwell, and Newark-on-Trent and still within commuting distance to Nottingham. It is served by Thurgarton railway station. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 412, increasing to 440 at the 2011 census and marginally to 445 at the 2021 census.

## Location

Thurgarton village and parish lie approximately 11 miles (18 km) to the north-east of Nottingham, and around 3 miles (5 km) to the south of Southwell. The River Trent is about a mile away, to the south-east. The parish covers around 2,570 acres (10.40 km2; 4.02 sq mi) of land. Gonalston is to the south-west and Bleasby to the south-east.

The A612 road runs through Thurgarton, heading south out of Southwell. An alternative route is the A6097 trunk road. The ordnance survey grid reference is SK 6949.

Thurgarton is a lesser known place of pilgrimage for Christians wishing to pay respects to the mystical prelate, Walter Hilton. Born in 1343, "Walter Hilton studied Canon Law at Cambridge but after a period as a hermit, he joined the community of Augustinian Canons at Thurgarton in Nottinghamshire in about 1386. Highly regarded in his lifetime as a spiritual guide, he wrote in both Latin and English and translated several Latin devotional works. Controversy with "enthusiasts" and with the Lollard movement gave a sharper definition to his exposition of the aims, methods and disciplines of traditional spirituality. Among his major works, *Ladder of Perfection* (Book Two) declares that contemplation, understood in a profoundly Trinitarian context as awareness of grace and sensitivity to the Spirit, may and should be sought by all serious Christians." He died on 24 March 1396.

## History

The following is adapted from an extract from White's Directory of Nottingham, from the 1853 edition: "Thurgarton is a pleasant village and parish, situated at the foot of a declivity overlooking the vale of the Trent, three miles (5 km) south of Southwell. It contains 385 inhabitants and 2,477 acres (10 km2) of land, enclosed about 80 years ago, when land was allotted for the tithes to Trinity College, Cambridge, which has the patronage of the curacy, and about one third of the lordship. The greater part of the remainder belongs to Richard Milward Esq., who is lord of the manor, and who resides at Thurgarton Priory, a large handsome mansion. The grounds about it rise in gentle swells, and are agreeably diversified with wood and water. The worthy owner has made great improvements since the estate came into his possession.

"The old priory was taken down in the mid-18th century by J. G. Cooper Esq., who erected the present mansion on its site, the cellars of which are the only portions of the religious sanctuary that now remain. The ancient priory was founded in 1130 by Ralph de Ayncourt, for canons of the order of St Augustine. He dedicated it to Saint Peter, and left God's favour to his heirs if they preserved it, but God's anger and curse if they did not. It possessed, at the dissolution, a yearly revenue of £259 15s 10d. (equivalent to £220,000 as of 2023), The antiquary must be allowed to lament the false taste which dictated the destruction of so noble a monument of ancient grandeur. The Rev. Thomas Coates Cane also has an estate here.

"The church, dedicated to St Peter, is situated near the priory, and has been a large magnificent structure, though it now consists only of one aisle. The curacy was certified at £56, and has been augmented with two lots of Queen Anne's Bounty. It is annexed to that of Hoveringham. The two livings have recently been augmented to the value of £450 by Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1850 a large, handsome parsonage house was erected for the present incumbent, the Rev. Henry Lea Guilleband MA, who is now erecting a neat Sunday school. The school has a rent charge of £10 for the education of 20 boys of this parish, and Hoveringham. The poor of Thurgarton have the interest of £110 left by the families of Baker and Matthews. The Midland Company's Railway, Nottingham and Lincoln Branch, pass through this parish, and has a neat station here.

"Bankwood, 2 miles (3 km) west, Thurgarton Hill, half a mile west, Thurgarton Quarters, 2½ miles west, Magsdale, half a mile north of the village, are farms which belong to Richard Milward Esq. At Magsdale, in about 1810, many human bones and spear heads were dug up on the Sheep Close. The spear heads &c. are in the possession of Richard Milward Esq., and also a piece or pig of lead, which is more than one man can lift. This was found in 1849, at Upper Hexgrave, near Southwell."

## Religious sites

The Priory Church of St Peter, Thurgarton is adjacent to the Priory. It was restored in 1853. Parish registers exist from 1721, whereas earlier records were lost in 1780. There is also a Methodist chapel in Thurgarton.

## Works by Walter Hilton

* *Scale (or Ladder) of Perfection*
* *Song of Angels*
* *Treatise Written to a Devout Man*

## InfoBox

| Thurgarton | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| Nottingham Road, Thurgarton. | |
| Parish map | |
| ThurgartonLocation within Nottinghamshire | |
| Area | 4.01 sq mi (10.4 km2) |
| Population | 445 (2021) |
| Density | 111/sq mi (43/km2) |
| OS grid reference | SK 69393 49263 |
| London | 110 mi (180 km) SSE |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | NOTTINGHAM |
| Postcode district | NG14 |
| Dialling code | 01636 |
|  | |
| Police | Nottinghamshire |
| Fire | Nottinghamshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | www.thurgarton.org.uk |
|


abstract: The National Museum of African American Music (NMAAM) is a museum in Nashville, Tennessee. The museum showcases the musical genres inspired, created, or influenced by African-Americans. Its location at Fifth + Broadway in Downtown Nashville, as opposed to historically-Black Jefferson Street, has been controversial.

text:
# National Museum of African American Music

The **National Museum of African American Music** (**NMAAM**) is a museum in Nashville, Tennessee. The museum showcases the musical genres inspired, created, or influenced by African-Americans. Its location at Fifth + Broadway in Downtown Nashville, as opposed to historically-Black Jefferson Street, has been controversial.

## Collection

The museum was said to eventually comprise "five permanent themed galleries" as well as "a 200-seat theater and traveling exhibits". Its founding curator, Dr. Dina Bennett, was appointed in May 2018.

The museum showcases more than fifty musical genres that were inspired, created, or influenced by African American culture, ranging from early American religious music to hip-hop and Rhythm and Blues.

Its collection will include up to 1,400 artifacts, including clothes worn by Nat King Cole, Dorothy Dandridge, Whitney Houston, and Lisa Lopes. The first traveling exhibit is expected to be about the Fisk Jubilee Singers.

## History

The museum was proposed by members of the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce in 2002 with the vision to preserve and celebrate African American music, art and culture. After a task force met and conducted research to determine if the project was feasible, the project shifted over the course of ten years to focus on music exclusively. NMAAM's mission is preserving African American music traditions and celebrating the central role African Americans have played in shaping American music.

The museum received $500,000 from the Regions Foundation and $500,000 from the Mike Curb Foundation in February 2019.

In 2015, the City of Nashville announced that NMAAM would be located at the old convention center site.

### Location controversy

The museum was initially supposed to be built at the intersection of Rosa Parks Boulevard and Jefferson Street, the historic center of the city's African-American community. In 2015, the City of Nashville announced that NMAAM would be located at the old convention center site. The staff of the *Tennessee Tribune*, Nashville's African-American newspaper, explained:

> This very city government once destroyed all of the African American Business on Jefferson Street where there was loss of income, businesses, homes and the city turned its back. The city now wants to dictate to the African American Community where it wants the Museum and once again treat African Americans who elected them to office as 2nd class citizens with no rights or input for a project that is the African American Community project. It is the most racist effort this city has had for the last 20 years.
>
> Tribune Staff, The Tennessee Tribune (November 18, 2016)

The museum is located at Fifth + Broadway in Downtown Nashville, where the Nashville Convention Center once stood. The new complex, which was expected to cost $450 million, was developed by OliverMcMillan and Spectrum | Emery, a company owned by businessman Pat Emery.

The new location, close to Broadway and the Ryman Auditorium, was praised by Senator Marsha Blackburn at a fundraising event in February 2019. Mayor David Briley added, "For Nashville to get past its history of racism and to start to move to an era where African-Americans both know and can tell their own history in our city, we have to invest in this museum."

### Grand Opening

The National Museum of African American Music broke ground in April 2017. The grand opening was January 18, 2021.

36°09′38″N 86°46′44″W / 36.16064°N 86.77893°W / 36.16064; -86.77893

## InfoBox

National Museum of African American Music
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2019 |
| Location | Fifth + Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee |
| President | H. Beecher Hicks, III |
| Curator | Dina Bennett |


title: Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song)

abstract: "Welcome to My World" is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock and recorded by many artists, most notably Jim Reeves. The melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler. A traditional love song, the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7:7–8.

text:
# Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song)

"**Welcome to My World**" is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock and recorded by many artists, most notably Jim Reeves. The melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler. A traditional love song, the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7:7–8 ("*Knock and the door will open; seek and you will find; ask and you'll be given* ... ," from the Sermon on the Mount).

## Jim Reeves version

The most famous version was performed by country music singer Jim Reeves, who styled the song in his favoured style of Nashville Sound. Reeves' version was included on his 1962 album *A Touch of Velvet* and was released as a single in the United States in early 1964, reaching No. 2 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart in the spring of that year. It was also occasionally aired on pop radio stations, reaching the No. 2 spot on *Billboard'*s Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. The song became one of Reeves' last major hits in the U.S. during his lifetime, as he was killed in a plane crash on July 31, 1964.

Reeves' version had been a hit single in the United Kingdom prior to its release as a single in the U.S., peaking at No. 6 in July 1963, and reaching No. 60 on the list of the top 100 best-selling singles of 1963 in the UK.

A Dean Martin version of the song also appears on Martin's album of the same title.

### Chart performance

| Chart (1963–1964) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 6 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles | 2 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Bubbling Under Hot 100 | 2 |

## Usage in media

The song was used in a 2008 UK advertisement for Thomson's Holidays.

In 2010, the song was used in Mad Men, Season 4 Episode 11, "Chinese Wall".

In 2020, a cover based on the Dean Martin rendition was used in an advertisement for Apple Arcade.

In 2020, *Better Call Saul* played the song during the opening flash-forward scene of "*Magic Man*", Season 5 Episode 1. An abridged version was also used in the Season 5 trailer of the series.

In 2022, the song was used in the Prime Video series *Night Sky*.

Wickes began using a cover of "Welcome to My World" by British singer-songwriter Remi Nicole in advertisements in 2022, continuing in 2023.

The first trailer for 2024's *Godzilla × Kong: The New Empire* uses an arrangement of the song. It is used in the film's opening scene.

## InfoBox

| "Welcome to My World" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Jim Reeves | |
| from the album  *A Touch of Velvet* | |
| B-side | "Good Morning Self" (U.S.), "My Juanita" (UK) |
| Released | May 1963 (UK), January 1964 (U.S.) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Ray Winkler
John Hathcock |
| Jim Reeves singles chronology | |
| "Guilty"
(1963) "**Welcome to My World**"
(1963) "Love Is No Excuse"
(1964) | |


title: Jack Felder

abstract: Jack Felder was an American biochemist, research, lecturer, activist, educator, historian, and a germ warfare specialist. He was a self published author. He was a United States of America germ warfare specialist from 1962 to 1964 to the 5th Army Regiment in Chicago, Illinois. Felder lectured about HIV and AIDS being man made. Felder has written and researched the origins of the Statue of Liberty, and the history of Thanksgiving. Felder worked for the New York City Public Schools and retired in 2001. Felder lectured about African American oppression and the origin of HIV/AIDS.

text:
# Jack Felder

**Jack Felder** (June 14, 1939 – December 3, 2017) was an American biochemist, research, lecturer, activist, educator, historian, and a germ warfare specialist. He was a self published author. He was a United States of America germ warfare specialist from 1962 to 1964 to the 5th Army Regiment in Chicago, Illinois.

Felder lectured about HIV and AIDS being man made.

Felder has written and researched the origins of the Statue of Liberty, and the history of Thanksgiving.

Felder worked for the New York City Public Schools and retired in 2001.

Felder lectured about African American oppression and the origin of HIV/AIDS.

## Early life

* He was born in Columbia, South Carolina.
* 1966 to 1970 - He received a Masters and a Doctorate degree in biochemistry from New York State University

## Career

* 1964 to 1966 Worked for the Natick Labs near Boston, Massachusetts.
* 1966 to 1970 - He was a research scientist and translator at Siemens Firm in Berlin, Germany.

Self Published Books & Articles

* 1986 - From the Statue of Liberty to the Statue of Bigotry
* 1986 - AIDS–U.S. Germ Warfare at its Best with Documents and Proof
* 1987 - Who Really Assassinated Dr. Martin Luther King"
* 1988 - Who Really Was Behind the Assassination of Malcolm X
* 1990 - Black Origins and Lady Liberty which appeared in the Brooklyn Newspaper the 'Daily Challenge',
* He is also the author of, Should Afrikan People Celebrate Valentine’s Day

## Quotes

"I didn't learn that I was Gullah until I got to New York and started studying my true history. I learned that my people, the Gullah, are the Blackest and most pure Africans in America. I knew that when the slave master raped and impregnated our woman with half-caste children, we threw them babies in the Copper River. That's how we stayed so Black.

## InfoBox

| Jack Felder | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1939-06-14)June 14, 1939<br>Columbia, South Carolina |
| Died | December 3, 2017(2017-12-03) (aged 78) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Masters and Doctorate degree in biochemistry from New York State University |
| Occupation(s) | Biochemist, researcher, lecturer, author |


title: Jun-seo

abstract: Jun-seo, also spelled Joon-seo, or Joon-suh, Jun-suh, is a South Korean masculine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 43 hanja with the reading "joon" and 53 hanja with the reading "seo" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names. Jun-seo was the fourth-most popular name for newborn boys in South Korea in 2008 and 2009.

text:
# Jun-seo

| Jun-seo | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 준서 |
| Hanja | , , , and others |
| Revised Romanization | *Jun-seo* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Chunsŏ* |
| IPA | \[dzunsʌ\] |

**Jun-seo**, also spelled **Joon-seo**, or **Joon-suh**, **Jun-suh**, is a South Korean masculine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 43 hanja with the reading "*joon*" and 53 hanja with the reading "*seo*" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names. *Jun-seo* was the fourth-most popular name for newborn boys in South Korea in 2008 and 2009.

## InfoBox

Jun-seo
| Pronunciation | /un.sʌ/ |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Korean |
| Meaning | Different depending on Hanja |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Joon-seo, Joon-suh, Jun-suh |