title: Internalized racism

abstract: Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression, defined by sociologist Karen D. Pyke as the "internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated." In her study The Psychology of Racism, Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both "conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which a presumed superior race are consistently ranked above other races. These definitions encompass a wide range of instances, including, but not limited to, belief in negative stereotypes, adaptations to cultural standards, and thinking that supports the status quo. Internalized racism as a phenomenon is a direct product of a racial classification system, and is found across different racial groups and regions around the world where race exists as a social construct. In these places, internalized racism can have adverse effects on those who experience it. For example, high internalized racism scores have been linked to poor health outcomes among Caribbean black women, higher propensity for violence among African American young males, and increased domestic violence among Native American populations in the US. Responses to internalized racism have been varied. Many of the approaches focus on dispelling false narratives learned from racial oppression. An example of opposition to internalized racism is the "Black is beautiful" cultural movement in the US, which sought to "directly attack [the] ideology" that blackness was ugly.

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# Internalized racism

**Internalized racism** is a form of internalized oppression, defined by sociologist Karen D. Pyke as the "internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated." In her study *The Psychology of Racism,*  Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both "conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which a presumed superior race are consistently ranked above other races. These definitions encompass a wide range of instances, including, but not limited to, belief in negative stereotypes, adaptations to cultural standards, and thinking that supports the status quo (i.e. denying that racism exists).

Internalized racism as a phenomenon is a direct product of a racial classification system, and is found across different racial groups and regions around the world where race exists as a social construct. In these places, internalized racism can have adverse effects on those who experience it. For example, high internalized racism scores have been linked to poor health outcomes among Caribbean black women, higher propensity for violence among African American young males, and increased domestic violence among Native American populations in the US.

Responses to internalized racism have been varied. Many of the approaches focus on dispelling false narratives learned from racial oppression. An example of opposition to internalized racism is the "Black is beautiful" cultural movement in the US, which sought to "directly attack \[the\] ideology" that blackness was ugly.

## Terminology and categorization

Scholarship addressing internalized racism has existed long before the emergence of the terminology itself. In 1903, African American civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote about the existence of "double-consciousness", or "this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity," to explain American racial minorities' self-perception as heavily influenced by the white majority's perception of them.

Sociologists Karen and Tran Dang wrote: "Due to the discomfort, confusion, and embarrassment the subject raises, an intellectual taboo surrounds the study of internalized racism. A major concern is that because internalized racism reveals dynamics by which oppression is reproduced, it will lead to blaming the victims and move attention away from the racist institutions and practices that privilege whites at the expense of people of color. Internalized racism also causes discomfort because it suggests that the effects of racism are deeper and broader than many would like to admit. As a result, it remains one of the least explained features of racism."

Although some definitions of internalized racism only include when racial stereotypes are internalized by the racial marginalized groups, internalized racism has been used to discuss much more than this. The creators of the Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale (AROS) note that perhaps a more accurate phrase would be "appropriated racial oppression", because this distances the usage away from potentially "victim blaming" implications that the internalization of racist ideals and attitudes is due to some failure of the oppressed. Additionally, the term "appropriation" indicates that internalized racism is learned from context, and therefore a product of socialization in a racialized society.

Alternatively, Bianchi, Zea, Belgrave, and Echeverry propose that internalized racism is a "state of racial self-conceptualization", conforming to racial oppression, as opposed to dissonance, resistance or the internalization of a positive racial identity.

Internalized racism has also been referred to as indoctrination and mental colonization. These phrases draw attention to the historical context of colonialism being used to create and maintain a system of white superiority.

Internalized racism is also explored in the Nigrescence model, introduced by William E. Cross in 1971. It explains how internalized racism in African Americans involves the belief that white cultural values are superior than their own. Cross writes, "The driving force behind this need requires Afro-Americans to seek approval from whites in all activities, to use white expectations as the yardstick for determining what is good, desirable or necessary." This conviction can be corrected when black individuals self-determine their identities apart from the influence of their white counterparts.

### Dimensions

Scholars have picked different dimensions to categorize internalized racism. Psychologists David and Okazaki proposed that examples of internalized racism could be divided into the following: "internalized inferiority, feelings of shame and embarrassment, physical characteristics, within-group discrimination, and minimization or acceptance of oppression." Alternatively, Campón and Carter use this list: "appropriations of negative stereotypes, thinking that maintains status quo (denying racism), adaptation to white cultural standards, devaluation of own group, and emotional reactions." These categories influence how scholars organize their measurements of internalized racism.

### Measures

Academics have attempted to create reliable measures of internalized racism, in order to test its correlation to health outcomes and other variables of interest. Some examples of existing scales are the Nadanolitization (NAD) and Internalized Racial Oppression Scales (used for African Americans), the Colonial Mentality scale (used for Filipinos), and the Mochichua Tepehuani Scale (used for Chicano/Latino populations). The Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale (AROS) is designed as measure for all racial minorities. In the AROS, Campón and Carter use items such as "There have been times when I have been embarrassed to be a member of my race", "I would like for my children to have light skin", and "People take racial jokes too seriously" to assess an individual's level of internalized racism.

## Manifestations

To explore the dimensions of internalized racism mentioned above, here are some of the ways in which scholars have observed the effects of internalized racism.

### Self-image/beauty standards

An empirical example of internalized racism is Kenneth and Mamie Clark's doll experiment, which was done in America in 1939 and 1940 at a time when black and white children were segregated. It involved an African-American child being presented with two dolls that were identical apart from skin and hair color, one doll being white with yellow hair and the other being brown with black hair. The child was asked which doll they would prefer to play with and why. All children in the study expressed a clear preference for the white doll.

In 2006 Kiri Davis recreated the experiment with 21 African-American preschool children for her documentary *A Girl Like Me*. Davis found that 15 of the children chose white dolls over black dolls, giving similar reasons as the original study subjects that associated white with "pretty" or "good" and black with "ugly" or "bad".

There is also an industry behind skin whitening products, which can be found from India to China to the United States. Because lighter skin is associated with desirable characteristics, people purchase such products in order to become lighter skinned. A similar industry exists behind hair straightening products such as chemical relaxers, hair irons and hot combs. This is because straight hair is considered by some who accept Western standards of beauty to be better than coiled, curly or kinky hair textures.

### Stereotype threat

Stereotype threat is a phenomenon studied in psychology in which members of a stigmatized group risk conforming to negative stereotypes through internalization of their validity. In a 2018 study from Taylor, Garcia, Shelton and Yantis, note that both stereotype threat and a "black sheep effect" are products of internalized racism. Through being reminded of negative stereotypes associated with their race, participants responded with increased uncertainty, lower performance on tasks, and emotional reactions of anger and shame. They also sought to distance themselves from ingroup, stereotype confirming members, so as to avoid being targeted with negative generalizations.

Stereotype threat from internalized racism goes beyond the individual. Those who experience internalized racism may end up projecting internalized negative attitudes onto others in their racial group. For example, teachers of color in the United States risk seeing their students through the lens of internalized racism. Because a teacher's expectations for a student's success can have empirical impacts on their educational outcomes, this puts students of color at an increased risk for impaired educational development.

Todd Platts and Kim Hoosier professors of sociology at Piedmont Virginia Community College examined ways to reduce stereotype threats in the classroom. These ways include task reframing, by implementing a change in the grading system, that will keep students anonymous by assigning students a number or a codename, to eliminate known or unknown biases that the instructor might have, positive affirmation, recognizing positive traits students possess to enhance self-worth and ambitions, constructive feedback, by providing feedback in areas that students are struggling in and how they can improve the in those areas. Platts and Hoosier also stated that stereotype threat needs to be faced head on, needs to be discussed early in the semester, along with expectations of the students and the time should be spent reviewing material, that way students known that it is achievable to pass the class.

### Intra/Interracial discrimination

Internalized racism manifests itself in both intraracial and interracial discrimination. As an example of the intraracial case, Karen Pyke uses the term "defensive othering" to describe an individual or collective act of distancing oneself from members within one's own race that have a closer proximity to negative stereotypes. Defensive othering includes the use of the derogatory term "FOB" (short for "Fresh Off the Boat") among Asian Americans. Although the racism towards newly arrived immigrants of Asian origin is neither the fault of the immigrants themselves or other Asian Americans, immigrants are often socially ostracized by members of their shared race because of internalized racism.

In terms of interracial discrimination among the non-dominant racial groups, Robert E. Washington discusses "brown racism", his term for prejudice among non-black people of color towards black people, worldwide. With examples from Egypt, China, India and other regions, Washington notes that, through internalized racism, non-black people of color are reproducing white desirability and a devaluation of blackness. Internalized racism goes beyond negative attitudes and beliefs about one's own group: one can internalize racism directed towards other races as well.

A comprehensive and systematic study by Heberle et al. (2020) reviewed and analyzed literature on critical consciousness. They evaluated the impact of critical consciousness on children and adolescents up to 18 years of age. The study found that adolescents who are marginalized based on characteristics of their identity such as their race, social class, income, and gender can benefit from being critically conscious. To be critically conscious, an individual must be more than aware of the oppressive systemic forces in society. Individuals must also have "a sense of efficacy to work against oppression, and engagement in individual or collective action against oppression". According to Heberle et al. (2020), being critically conscious is a developmental asset that promotes empowerment and fosters thriving in individuals or adolescents who are marginalized.

### In education

The educational environment students are surrounded in can result in the development of internalized racism. Racial disparities projected onto minority students can lead to a decline in their academic performance that can in turn affect students throughout their academic career. When students from a minority group are placed in a school where the teachers and/or peers are majority white, the lack of diverse representation can produce feelings of inferiority. The perception of the majority group as superior can compel minority students to take on the cultural norms of that group in order to prevent alienation. Furthermore, the predominately white curriculum incorporated into the education system can give minority students the impression that only Eurocentric history is important. This further makes underrepresented students internalize that the history of their origins are insignificant.

## Examples by region

Although much of the literature that has been produced on internalized racism has been confined to the African American experience in the United States, internalized racism is characteristic of systemic racism. The following is a look at internalized racism in different geographical regions around the world.

### United States

#### Native Americans

In order to create the nation of the United States on land that was already inhabited, a narrative of native inferiority was often employed to justify their subjugation. As a result of an overgeneralized picture of native peoples as being defeated and white invaders as victors, internalized racism continues to present itself in Native American communities. Julian Rice notes that apathy towards cultural traditions, self-centeredness, and materialistic obsession could all be seen as an adoption of narratives from the US government or missionaries that emphasized the superior mindset of whiteness. Lisa Poupart adds to these assertions, saying that Native Americans are forced into a "double consciousness", of being simultaneously deprived of past traditions and constantly reminded that those traditions were taken from them. Although she does not seek to use internalized racism to dismiss blame in cases of alcoholism, family violence, and sexual assault, she describes how the combination of stereotypes about the stoic and savage native, the introduction of physical violence to native communities through requiring children to go to boarding schools, and the adoption of white notions of patriarchy combined to create these types of violence and abuses in American Indian communities, where they had been virtually nonexistent before European contact. In the case of alcoholism especially, internalized racism about native inferiority created conditions of dependency on European superiority, leading to the creation of negative stereotypes.

#### Asian Americans

A 1993 study on Asian American students at predominately white colleges found that "the students relied heavily on the negative images that the dominant group had of Asians in forming their own everyday sense of self. They worried about how others saw them and took special efforts to distance themselves from the negative stereotypes by not appearing too Asian." The study also found that, "in attempting to gain acceptance among whites, some Asian American students avoided and expressed disgust toward coethnics, to whom they applied the negative stereotypes." A 2000 study found that, due to racially derogatory images of Asians in the mainstream, "Asian Americans learned at a young age that fitting into the larger dominant white society means disassociating from co-ethnics possessing undesirable qualities."

A 2001 study of third-generation-plus Chinese and Japanese Americans found that respondents "developed various strategies to cope with their own identities in reaction to their racialization as 'perpetual foreigners' and 'model minorities.' These strategies include self-mockery or diversion from one's Asianness and disassociation from other Asians." These behaviors are performed "in an effort to 'get on the good side of their white peers' and to appear less threatening." A 2003 study of second-generation Korean and Vietnamese Americans stated: "Whether they are first or later generation Americans, Asian Americans can face distrust, hostility, and derision for their assumed disloyalty and lack of assimilation to the white mainstream." The study found that respondents internalized these sentiments and "genuinely felt a sense of shame, embarrassment, disgust, and discomfort toward those" to whom they referred as "FOBs" (short for "fresh off the boat"). A significant segment of respondents identified themselves as "whitewashed" or as people who are "ashamed of their race and ethnicity" and "try to fit into Euro-American culture in order to appear 'cool' and improve their social status," with one respondent stating, "I'm not saying that Koreans are bad but it seems that to be white is to be the best."

A 2018 study of first- and second-generation Asian Americans found that "respondents displayed (and reproduced) IRO \[internalized racial oppression\] as a reactionary response ... to their experiences with stigma and discrimination for being Asian. Furthermore, for many respondents, experiencing racism went hand in hand with possessing the desire for whiteness. ... Their statements of desiring blonde hair and blue eyes or not viewing 'whitewashed' as problematic, along with any association with 'Asian' as foreign and undesirable, reflects their socialization to view whites as normative and the default Americans. In their young eyes, to be white was to be a 'normal American.'"

### China

It's popular among Chinese dissidents and critics of the Chinese government to engage in internalized racism, such as celebrating Japanese atrocities committed during World War II, promoting the usage of pejorative slurs (such as *shina* or *locust*), or displaying hatred toward Chinese language, people, and culture. The "self-hating" racism is intended to subvert patriotism message of the Chinese government. In 2021, to combat discrimination caused by xenophobia, localism and political dissent, Equal Opportunities Commission of Hong Kong planned to legislate against "chauvinism", "internalized racism", and "intra-racial discrimination" between Hong Kong and mainland Chinese people.

The case of China is of interest because some have argued that racism and race itself do not exist in China. Dutch Historian Frank Dikötter argued the 1988 Nanjing anti-African protests show that race is recognized in China. The context of race and racism in China is heavily affected by the fact that the large majority of the country is identified as Han Chinese (90.56% of the reported population in 2005). 55 minority ethnic groups are recognized by the government, giving the government the power to dictate different groups as legitimate (and therefore eligible for less taxes, more subsidies and less restrictions) or illegitimate. One author argued that the policing of rural migrant workers in some cities was affected by their status as recognized or unrecognized minority groups.

### Brazil

Because Brazilians have many different ethnic origins, race in Brazil is often conceptualized as a racial democracy: a system that involves so much interracial marriage and interaction that systemic racism is not a national problem. However, many scholars actually contest this definition, referring to this idea as "the myth of racial democracy", because prejudice and discrimination based on race is still prevalent. Nonetheless, it is important to note that race, as a social construct, has a unique conceptualization in Brazil. As opposed to the "one-drop" rule employed in the US (i.e. "one-drop" of black blood constitutes a person's blackness), Brazilians recognize a spectrum of race and color-based identities.

The first major instance of internalized racism in Brazil comes out of this spectrum. A 1976 national survey found that there were over 100 colloquial terms in use to describe race-related phenotypes. Examples of these terms include "black (preto, negro), white (branco), brown or mixed (moreno, mulato), dark (escuro), light (claro), closed (fechado), freckled (sarard), and others." The use of various terms for color and race often serves as evidence of the following notions, among others: whiteness is beauty, whiteness is clean, whiteness is successful and blackness is dirty. Anthropologist Elizabeth Hordge-Freeman found this especially apparent when working with and around pregnant women in a poor and working-class neighborhood in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Women expressed a clear desire and preferential treatment for children that were "whiter" in appearance, even engaging in practices of pinching an infant's nose to try to make it smaller. Many of the women she worked with were racially black, or mixed race.

Additionally, race in Brazil is not confined to physical indicators. Individuals who are black can gain higher economic status and gain recognition as "white" or "whitened" by both black and white Brazilians alike. This conflates economic success with whiteness and poverty with blackness, as well as incentivizing the idea of "whitening", whether through "money whiteness" or interracial mixture. This furthers the incidence of internalized racism by getting Brazilians of all race to have largely positive associations with whiteness and largely negative associations with blackness.

### Zimbabwe and Eswatini

In a study designed to compare the incidence of internalized racism in a country that underwent direct European colonization (Zimbabwe) and a country that has maintained its pre-colonial monarchy to date (Eswatini), social science researchers investigated the role of historical context and education in internalized racism. A major motivating factor for this study was the fact that internalized racism has largely gone unstudied in the African continent. The study found that, despite the scholars' hypothesis that Zimbabwe would have more internalized racism, there was no significant difference in internalized racism incidence between the countries. They believe that this is due to the widespread nature of racism systems, which still came into contact with Eswatini through trade relations. They also found increased education had a significant negative correlation with internalized racism.

## Implications

This section discusses the implications of internalized racism, and why the topic is significant. Examples of psychological harm related to internalized racism are not given in attempt to describe internalized racism as product of the psyche of the oppressed. Internalized racism is not defined as a weakness in the minds of the oppressed.

### Health

High scores on internalized racism have been repeatedly correlated with a variety of poor psychological and physical health outcomes among sample populations including African Americans, US-Born Caribbean Blacks, foreign-born Caribbean Blacks, Filipino Americans, non-American Pacific Islanders and multiracial samples of Americans.

A study conducted by researchers Mouzon and McLean found that there is a positive correlation between internalized racism in black individuals and the state of their mental health, specifically depression and psychological distress. The results showed that African-Americans and US-born Caribbean Blacks embodied more internal racism, and thus experienced poorer mental health than foreign born Caribbean Blacks. A similar study by researchers Graham and West discovered that anxiety is also correlational to internalized racism in black individuals. This conclusion is significant considering that, "anxiety disorders have been found to be more persistent in Black American populations as compared to other racial groups." The same study goes on to describe the methods therapists can take to mitigate the anxiety in black individuals caused by internalized racism, such as rationalizing negative thoughts.

Asian Americans are also subject to internalized racism, and the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS) was created by researchers to determine the extent in which Asian Americans accepted the negative stereotypes about themselves. This results revealed that there is a correlation between mental health and the degree in which Asian Americans subscribe to the adverse racial stereotypes. These effects include lower self esteem, symptoms of depression, and general psychological distress.

For more examples of studies that show significant relations of internalized racism to increased incidence of anxiety and depression, low individual and collective self-esteem, low sense of ethnic identity, lower levels of life satisfaction, higher body fat measures and other measures of psychological distress. These studies imply that internalized racism subjects the racially oppressed to a wide range of adverse mental and physical health outcomes.

### Contributing to systemic racism

In her book, *What Does It Mean to Be White? Developing White Racial Literacy*, Robin DiAngelo describes the cycle of racism as a feedback loop that uses power, control, and economics to go from (1) systematic mistreatment of a group to creation of misinformation to, (2) societal acceptance of misinformation to, (3) internalized oppression and internalized dominance to, (4) racism perpetuated and enforced by institutions, leading to, (5) justification for further mistreatment. In other words, internalized racism is involved in reinforcing racism, and ensuring that it continues. It creates a justification for continued mistreatment of the racially subjugated. Additionally, it can create an acceptance of the status quo, leading some to conclude that racism is not an issue that needs to be addressed. If members of racially oppressed groups internalize the validity of their own oppression, they have no reason to contest the system. Internalized racism can also be seen as a means of "dividing and conquering" racially subordinate groups to create conflicts between them and suppress united efforts to contest racism.

## Responses

Many have offered approaches to address internalized racism. Ron Chisom, the co-founder and executive director of The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond in New Orleans, suggests a six-point approach for those who experience internalized racism:

1. Analyze internalized racial oppression in its historical and cultural context
2. Recognize negative messages, and have programs to undo/unlearn them
3. Learn about how internalized racial superiority spreads among the racially dominant
4. Organize with members of other racially oppressed groups
5. Celebrate community and culture
6. Support community organizing and leadership development

David W. Concepción notes that because confronting internalized oppression often creates a paradox for people having to see themselves as both a victim and perpetrator of that oppression, a major factor in addressing internalized oppression is being able to confront false narratives while at the same time employing self-forgiveness.

Marc Weinblatt and Cheryl Harrison emphasize that one must acknowledge that race is a social category with real implications while at the same time reject the falsehoods behind racist attitudes. Because finding this balance can be difficult, it is often helpful to have separate spaces for those who experience internalized oppression and those who experience internalized privilege. Additionally, Weinblatt makes it clear that there is a need for those with privilege to risk it in order to seek the end of racism.

An example of a movement that considers some of the above considerations is the "Black is Beautiful" movement. These efforts began during the Black Power movement in the 1960s in the United States. In order to contest the narratives that blackness was something ugly, inferior and less valuable, members of the Black community began fighting back with advertising and other media campaigns. The idea behind the movement has persisted to the present day, with social media based movements such as "Black Girl Magic" and "Black Boy Joy" that aim to celebrate blackness.

## Potential healing for African Americans

Dr. Watts-Jones indicates in her study that there is a possible method in which African Americans can overcome their internalized racism. By finding sanctuary within the African American community, members are able to achieve mental and physical security from their racist environment. Watts-Jones states that the collective experience of pain in African Americans work in tandem to heal together. However, the process of healing can be extended outside the African American community, by allowing other racial groups to perceive African Americans’ internalized racism as well. In doing so, White people can be utilized as an ally rather than another force of oppression.

## Further reading

1. Bloom, Leonard. 1972. *The Social Psychology of Race Relations*. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company.
2. Chambers, Earle C., Eugene Tull, Henry S. Fraser, Nayasha R. Mutuhu, Natasha Sobers, and Elisa Niles. 2004. "The Relationship of Internalized Racism to Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance among African Adolescent Youth." *Journal of the National Medical Association* 96(12):1594–98.
3. David, E. J. R. (2013). *Brown skin, White minds: Filipino-/American postcolonial psychology (with commentaries)*. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
4. David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale construction and psychological implica- tions. *Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53,* 241–252. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.241
5. Joint Commission on Mental Health of Children. 1970. *Crisis in Child Mental Health: Challenge for the 70s*. New York: Harper & Row.
6. Millan, J. B., & Alvarez, A. N. (2014). Asian Americans and internalized oppression: Do we deserve this? In E. J. R. David (Ed.), *Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups* (pp. 163–190). New York, NY: Springer.
7. Salzman, M., & Laenui, P. (2014). Internalized oppression among pacific island peoples. In E. J. R. David (Ed.), *Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups* (pp. 83–108). New York, NY: Springer.


title: In a Different Light (Doug Stone album)

abstract: In a Different Light is the tenth studio album released by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was his first album for Lofton Creek Records. Two re-recordings of his older songs are included here: "In a Different Light" and "Why Didn't I Think of That". Also included are four covers: "Georgia on My Mind", and "Only You". and Crazy Love and tell it like it is

text:
# In a Different Light (Doug Stone album)

***In a Different Light*** is the tenth studio album released by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was his first album for Lofton Creek Records. Two re-recordings of his older songs are included here: "In a Different Light" (originally on his 1990 album *Doug Stone*) and "Why Didn't I Think of That" (originally on his 1992 album *From the Heart*). Also included are four covers: "Georgia on My Mind" (the official state song for the state of Georgia), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (originally recorded by The Platters). and Crazy Love (originally recorded by Van Morrison) and tell it like it is (originally recorded by Aaron Neville)

## Track listing

1. "Georgia on My Mind" (Stuart Gorrell, Hoagy Carmichael) – 4:03
2. "Time" (Steve Nelson, Suzanna Spring) – 3:40
3. "World Goes Round" (Brian Beathard, Jimmy Devine) – 2:50
4. "How Do I Get Off the Moon" (Randy Boudreaux, Donny Kees, Kerry Kurt Phillips) – 3:56
5. "Only You (And You Alone)" (Buck Ram, Ande Rand) – 3:16
6. "The Beginning of the End" (Jeff Jones, Rusty VanSickle) – 3:38
7. "Crazy Love" (Van Morrison) – 3:05
8. "Everything" (J. Jones, VanSickle, Terry Clayton) – 3:52
9. "To Be a Man" (Jeff Dayton, VanSickle) – 3:46
10. "Let the Light Shine on You" (Boudreaux, Blake Mevis) – 3:03
11. "Millionaire" (Devine) – 3:09
12. "Tell It Like It Is" (George Davis, Lee Diamond) – 3:40
13. "In a Different Light" (Bucky Jones, Dickey Lee, Bob McDill) – 3:39
14. "Why Didn't I Think of That" (Paul Harrison, McDill) – 3:12

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| In a Different Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Doug Stone | |
| Released | March 15, 2005 (2005-03-15) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Lofton Creek |
| Producer | Mike Borchetta, John Mills, Doug Stone |
| Doug Stone chronology | |
| *The Long Way*
(2002) ***In a Different Light***
(2005) *My Turn*
(2007) | |


abstract: Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder, also known as Portrait of a Youth with a Medal, is a tempera painting by Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli. The painting features a young man displaying in triangled hands a medal stamped with the likeness of Cosimo de' Medici. The identity of the young man has been a long-enduring mystery. Completed in approximately 1475, it is on display in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence. Central to the painting, seated before a landscape, is a young man with a medal between his hands. The man gazes out into the audience, while the medal displays the profiled likeness of Cosimo de' Medici. The medal is a pastiglia imitation of a real metal medal, made of gilded gesso and inset into the portrait. As the medal is not reversed, evidently Botticelli either had access to the original mold or made a cast from the medal to produce his gesso. The medal appears to be the same as one possibly designed by Donatello and cast in 1465, an example of which is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England, called "Cosimo de' Medici as Pater Patriae".

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# Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder

***Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder***, also known as ***Portrait of a Youth with a Medal***, is a tempera painting by Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli. The painting features a young man displaying in triangled hands a medal stamped with the likeness of Cosimo de' Medici. The identity of the young man has been a long-enduring mystery. Completed in approximately 1475, it is on display in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence.

Central to the painting, seated before a landscape, is a young man with a medal between his hands. The man gazes out into the audience, while the medal displays the profiled likeness of Cosimo de' Medici. The medal is a *pastiglia* imitation of a real metal medal, made of gilded gesso and inset into the portrait. As the medal is not reversed, evidently Botticelli either had access to the original mold or made a cast from the medal to produce his gesso. The medal appears to be the same as one possibly designed by Donatello and cast in 1465, an example of which is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England, called "Cosimo de' Medici as Pater Patriae".

## Identity of the subject

The identity of the young man in the portrait has never been agreed, but there has been considerable speculation. Writing in 1900, art historian George Noble Plunkett colorfully identified whom he believed the youth portrayed:

> one realizes painfully that this is the Piero who has left an indelible stain on the Medici family by his betrayal of Florence. The small covetous eyes, the ignoble nose, the pursed animal mouth, with only the restraint of selfishness on it, the very manner in which he holds up the memorial of his house's founder, as though it were his badge of honor!

Contemporary biographer Guido Cornini notes other theories held by historians: the youth—who wears garments appropriate to the middle class—may be one of the possible designers of the medal (Michelozzo Niccolò Fiorentino, Cristoforo di Geremia), a member of the Medici family (including, possibly, Cosimo de' Medici himself) or, as he personally felt more likely, Antonio Botticelli, Botticelli's brother. This, he asserts, is based on the strength of the likeness of the youth to Botticelli himself, as portrayed in his *Adoration of the Magi*. Antonio Botticelli had also recast and gilded medals, working in the court of the Medicis. He would have been about 40 at the time of the portrait. Conversely, the direct eye contact could be that of the artist looking in the mirror.

Frederick Hartt suggested it might be Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici (*Il Popolano*, 1463–1503), whose two certain portraits, both profiles on medals, vary considerably, though one resembles this. He is also sometimes claimed to be the subject of other Botticelli portraits, with completely different features (e.g. Pitti Palace, wearing a chaperon).

The appearance at an auction in 1982, from the Thomas Merton collection, of a rarely seen painting by Botticelli of a *Portrait of a Young Man Holding a Roundel* identified (with no real evidence) as Giovanni il Popolano in a similar pose, holding up a round medallion cut from a much older painting (albeit of a bearded saint, not Cosimo), has led to speculation that this might be a companion piece, and thus that the young man in this portrait is possibly his brother, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici. (the long dark locks and facial features are not dissimilar from those found on Mercury in Botticelli's *Primavera*, another presumed representation of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco.) The cut-out now in place may not be the original insertion; it may have been another medal of Cosimo. If so, the meaning of the medallion over the heart may simply be a profession of the loyalty of the cadet branch of the Popolani to the branch of Cosimo.

In *Botticelli* (2004), Sean Connolly says that some critics also believe that the young man may have been a Medici follower, but notes that "the subject is almost as mysterious as Leonardo's *Mona Lisa*. Gloria Fossi in *Uffizi Gallery* (2001) calls the subject "one of the most enigmatic models of the Renaissance."

## Provenance

The origin of the painting depends on its model, who remains unknown despite much speculation (see above). It is first recorded with Cardinal Carlo de' Medici. On his death in 1666, it entered the ducal collection in the Uffizi. The painting was restored in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Portrait of a Man with the Medal of Cosimo de' Medici the Elder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Sandro Botticelli |
| Year | c. 1474–1475 |
| Medium | Tempera on panel |
| Dimensions | 57.5 cm × 44 cm (22.6 in × 17 in) |
| Location | Uffizi, Florence |


title: WeMall

abstract: WeMall, formerly iTrueMart, was an ecommerce platform headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand. The platform was owned by Ascend Group Co. Ltd., and primarily sells electronics, appliances, and personal care products.

text:
# WeMall

**WeMall**, formerly **iTrueMart**, was an ecommerce platform headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand. The platform was owned by Ascend Group Co. Ltd., and primarily sells electronics, appliances, and personal care products.

## History

iTrueMart was first launched in 2014 and initially operated in Thailand. A Philippine subsidiary, iTrueMart Philippines, was launched on November 15, 2015; it initially served the Luzon region and later expanded to Visayas and Mindanao on April 23, 2016 before ultimately shutting down on September 9, 2016.

The original Thailand platform remained in operation and was rebranded **WeMall** on July 6, 2016.

As of January 3, 2024, WeMall describes itself as "shut down until further notice\[.\]"

https://m.wemall.com/itruemart

## InfoBox

WeMall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of business | Private, subsidiary |
| Headquarters | Bangkok, Thailand |
| Area served | Southeast Asia |
| Industry | Online retail |
| Services | E-commerce |
| Parent | Ascend Group |
| URL | WeMall Thailand<br>iTrueMart Philippines |


title: The Revealed Sermon

abstract: The Revealed Sermon or was a sermon delivered by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, on April 11, 1900 for the festival of Eid ul-Adha. The hour-long sermon, transcribed by Maulvi Nurud Deen and Maulvi Abdul Karim at Ahmad's request, focused on the philosophy of sacrifice. The sermon is considered a divine revelation to Ahmadi Muslims.

text:
# The Revealed Sermon

**The Revealed Sermon** or (Arabic:**Khutba Ilhamiyya**) was a sermon delivered by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, on April 11, 1900 for the festival of Eid ul-Adha. The hour-long sermon, transcribed by Maulvi Nurud Deen and Maulvi Abdul Karim at Ahmad's request, focused on the philosophy of sacrifice. The sermon is considered a divine revelation to Ahmadi Muslims.

## Background

After the Eid prayers, Hakim Nur-ud-Din and Maulvi Abdul Karim, two of the companions of Ahmad, were asked to sit near Ahmad and were asked to record the speech to be delivered in Arabic word for word. After the Eid sermon was finished, Maulavi ‘Abdul Karim delivered a summary of the sermon in the Urdu language. While the summary was being delivered it is reported that Ahmad performed Sajdah (prostration) in order to show a sudden sense of gratitude to God. This was followed by the gathering. Ahmad saw a vision and after the sajdah told his people that he had just read the word *Mubarak* (congratulations) written in scarlet.

Ahmad wrote later:

> It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth and I did not know whether it was I who was speaking or an angel was speaking through my tongue. The sentences were just being uttered and every sentence was a sign of God for me.
>
> Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Haqeeqatul-Wahi

## Contents

The book comprises two parts. The first part is the actual sermon and the second part which was written later by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad discusses the philosophy of sacrifice and the advent of the promised messiah in the light of the Qur'an and the Hadith.


title: WAT Stadlau

abstract: WAT Stadlau is a sport club in Vienna Donaustadt, Austria. The club celebrated his biggest success in ice hockey and judo.

text:
# WAT Stadlau

**WAT Stadlau** (short for Wiener ASKÖ Team Stadlau) is a sport club in Vienna Donaustadt, Austria. The club celebrated his biggest success in ice hockey and judo.

## Judo

### Achievements

* 1983: 8th place Austrian National League (men)
* 1988: 8th place Austrian National League (men)
* 2013: 2nd place Austrian League (women)
* 2015: 3rd place Austrian League (women)

## Ice Hockey

The ice hockey team played in the Austrian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Austria, and the Austrian National League, the second level Austrian league. The ice hockey division folded in 1991.

### Achievements

* 1971-72: 3rd place in Austrian Hockey League

* 1979-80: 1st place in Austrian National League

## InfoBox

| WAT Stadlau | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Vienna, Austria |
| League | Austrian Hockey League |
| Founded | 1914 (1914) |
| Dissolved | 1991 (1991) |
| Website | www.wat-stadlau.at |


title: Hesperonyx

abstract: Hesperonyx is an extinct genus of dryomorphan ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal. The genus contains a single species, Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum, known from bones of the fore- and hindlimbs.

text:
# Hesperonyx

***Hesperonyx*** (meaning "western claw") is an extinct genus of dryomorphan ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal. The genus contains a single species, ***Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum***, known from bones of the fore- and hindlimbs.

## Discovery and naming

The *Hesperonyx* holotype specimen, ML 2700, was discovered in 2021 in sediments of the Lourinhã Formation (Porto Novo Member) along the beach at Porto Dinheiro. The specimen consists of bones from the left forelimb (a hand claw, ulnare, and partial metacarpal) and hindlimb (the tibia, fibula, most of metatarsals I–IV, remains of five phalanges, and three toe claws).

In 2024, Rotatori et al. described *Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum* as a new genus and species of ornithopod dinosaurs based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "*Hesperonyx*", combines "Hesperus" (or the "Evening Star"), after the Greek god whose name also references the western direction—referencing the holotype locality in the west region of Portugal—with the Greek suffix "-onyx", meaning "claw". The specific name, "*martinhotomasorum*", combines the last names of Micael Martinho and Carla Alexandra Tomás, honoring their efforts in fossil curation and preparation at the Museu da Lourinhã.

## Description

*Hesperonyx* is estimated as being 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft) long.

## Classification

Rotatori et al. (2024) included *Hesperonyx* in two phylogenetic analyses, recovering it in contrasting locations within the Dryomorpha. In their parsimony analyses (both with equal and implied weighting), *Hesperonyx* was placed as a basal member of the clade of non-dryosaurid dryomorphans. However, in their Bayesian analysis, *Hesperonyx* was recovered as a basal member of the Dryosauridae. More precise affinities could not be concluded due to the paucity of remains. Their results are displayed in the cladograms below:

## Paleoenvironment

The Lourinhã Formation is one of the major fossiliferous formations of Portugal, preserving many species of dinosaurs, some of which are also known from the contemporaneous Morrison Formation of North America. *Hesperonyx* is the third named iguanodontian known from this formation, after *Draconyx* and *Eousdryosaurus*.

## InfoBox

| *Hesperonyx*
Temporal range: Late Jurassic,
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skeletal reconstruction | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Ornithischia |
| *Clade*: | Neornithischia |
| *Clade*: | Ornithopoda |
| *Clade*: | Dryomorpha |
| Genus: | *Hesperonyx*
Rotatori et al., 2024 |
| Species: | ***H. martinhotomasorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum***
Rotatori et al., 2024 | |
|


title: Momen Naji

abstract: Momen Naji is a Syrian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Syrian club Al-Shorta and the Syrian national football team. He made his debut for the national team in a friendly against Lebanon on 24 May 2015.

text:
# Momen Naji

**Momen Naji** (born 9 October 1996) is a Syrian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Syrian club Al-Shorta and the Syrian national football team. He made his debut for the national team in a friendly against Lebanon on 24 May 2015.

## InfoBox

Momen Naji
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Momen Naji | | |
| Date of birth | (1996-10-09) 9 October 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | Damascus, Syria | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Al-Shorta | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2014–2017 | Al-Shorta |  |  |
| 2017 | Al-Fotuwa |  |  |
| 2017–2021 | Al-Jaish |  |  |
| 2021– | Al-Shorta |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2015– | Syria | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 25 March 2021 | | | |


title: ISOCELL

abstract: The ISOCELL CMOS camera sensors are a family of sensors produced by Samsung and available for purchase by other companies. They are used in a wide variety of products including mobile phones, computers and digital cameras.

text:
# ISOCELL

The **ISOCELL** CMOS camera sensors are a family of sensors produced by Samsung and available for purchase by other companies. They are used in a wide variety of products including mobile phones, computers and digital cameras.

## Design

These sensors use one of the following pixel type technologies:

* **FSI**: frontside-illuminated. The light that reaches the photosensitive area is reduced because it needs to pass through multiple metal and dielectric layers.
* **BSI**: backside-illuminated.The metal wiring shifted to backside of photosensitive area(photodiode). The light reaches the photosensitive area directly.
* **ISOCELL**: ISOCELL combines 3D-BSI with Front-side, Full-depth, Deep-Trench Isolation (F-DTI) and Vertical Transfer Gate (VTG). This provides increased light sensitivity and higher color fidelity even in poor lighting conditions.
* **ISOCELL Plus**: ISOCELL Plus replaces ISOCELL's metal grid barriers with an innovative new material developed by Fujifilm. This minimizes optical loss and light reflection, providing higher color fidelity and up to a 15% enhancement in light sensitivity compared to ISOCELL.
* **ISOCELL 2.0**: ISOCELL 2.0 builds on ISOCELL Plus technology by additionally replacing the lower portion of the color filter barriers with a more reflective material. It further reduces optical loss in each pixel and drastically improves light sensitivity producing even more vivid pictures with reduced noise.

These sensors can be configured with one of the following chroma technologies:

* **BW** also known as Monochrome. No color filter array.
* **RGB** also known as Bayer filter or RGGB. Features a repeating 2×2 pattern with 1 red, 2 green and 1 blue pixels.
* **Tetracell** also known as Quad Bayer or 4-cell. For darker scenes, signal processing can combine data from 2x2 pixel groups to essentially act like a larger pixel with a repeating 4×4 subpixel pattern with 4 red, 8 green and 4 blue subpixels. For brighter scenes, signal processing can convert the Tetracell into a conventional RGB filter to achieve 4x higher resolution. Resolution & pixel size listed below is after re-mosaic signal processing.
* **Nonacell** is similar to Tetracell, but with 3x3 pixel groups and a 6×6 pattern with 9 red, 18 green and 9 blue subpixels.
* **ChameleonCell** is similar to Tetracell and Nonacell, but with 4x4 pixel groups and a 8x8 pattern with 16 red, 32 green and 16 blue subpixels.

## List of sensors

| Model (Part Number) Release date | Resolution | ADC accuracy (bits) | Output formats RAW (bits) | Diagonal in Optical format (or mm) | Pixel size (μm) | Pixel type | Color Filter | Auto Focus | Staggered HDR | Dual Conversion Gain | Products used in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ISOCELL HP9 (S5KHP9) 2024.06.27 | 16320 x 12288 200 MP 8K@30 fps 4K@120 fps FHD@480 fps | 10 | 10/12/14 | 1/1.4" | 0.56 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetra2pixel RGB Bayer | Super QPD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro |  |
| ISOCELL GNJ (S5KGNJ) 2024.06.27 | 8192 x 6144 50 MP 8K@30 fps 4K@120 fps FHD@480 fps | 10 | 8/10/12/14 | 1/1.56" | 1.0 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel Pro PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro |  |
| ISOCELL JN5 (S5KJN5) 2024.06.27 | 8192 x 6144 50 MP 4K@60 fps FHD@240 fps | 10 | 10 | 1/2.74" | 0.64 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super QPD | Yes | Dual Slope Gain |  |
| ISOCELL GNK (S5KGNK) | 8160 x 6144 50 MP Video: 8K@30 fps 4K@120 fps FHD@240 fps | 10 | 8/10/12/14 | 1/1.3" | 1.2 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel Pro PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**: Google Pixel 8 Google Pixel 8 Pro Google Pixel 9 Google Pixel 9 Pro Google Pixel 9 Pro XL |
| ISOCELL HP2 (S5KHP2)
2023.01.17 | 16384 x 12288 200 MP
Video: 8K@30 fps
4K@120 fps | 10 | 10/12 | 1/1.3"
(12.31 mm) | 0.6 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetra2pixel RGB Bayer | Super QPD |  | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**: Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra |
| ISOCELL HPX 2022.10.20 | 16320 x 12288 200 MP
Video: 8K@30 fps
4K@120 fps | 10 | 10/12/14 | 1/1.4"
(11.43 mm) | 0.56 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetra2pixel RGB Bayer | Super QPD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**: Xiaomi Redmi Note 12 Pro+ |
| ISOCELL HP3 (S5KHP3) 2022.06.23 | 16320 x 12288 200 MP
Video: 8K@30 fps
4K@120 fps | 10 | 10/12/14 | 1/1.4"
(11.43 mm) | 0.56 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetra2pixel RGB Bayer | Super QPD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**: Honor 90 Pro
Honor 90
Realme 11 Pro+ |
| ISOCELL HP1 (S5KHP1) 2021.09.02 | 16384 x 12288 200 Mp
Video: 8K@30 fps | 10 | 8/10/12 | 1/1.22"
(13.11 mm) | 0.64 | ISOCELL 3.0 | Tetra2pixel RGB Bayer | Double Super PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**:
Motorola Edge 30 Ultra (X30 Pro in China)
Xiaomi 12T Pro
Infinix Zero Ultra |
| ISOCELL HM6 (S5KHM6)2022.03. | 12000 x 9000 108 Mp
Video: 8K@24 fps | 10 | 8/10/12 | 1/1.67"
(9.58 mm) | 0.64 | ISOCELL 2.0 | Nonapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear:**
Infinix Note 12 Pro
Infinix Note 12 VIP
Motorola Moto G72
Oppo A1 Pro
Realme 9 4G
Realme 10 Pro
Realme 10 Pro+
Redmi K50 Ultra
Xiaomi 12T
Samsung Galaxy M53
 |
| ISOCELL HM3 (S5KHM3) 2021.01.14 | 12000 x 9000 108 Mp
Video: 8K@30 fps | 10 | 8/10/12 | 1/1.33"
(12.03 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Nonapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD Plus | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear:** Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra |
| ISOCELL HM2 (S5KHM2) / 2020.09.15 | 12000 x 9000 108 Mp
Video: 8K@24 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.52"
(10.53 mm) | 0.7 | ISOCELL Plus | Nonapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:**  List * Honor 50 SE * Honor 50 * Honor 50 Pro * Honor 60 * Honor 60 Pro * Huawei Nova 9 SE * Infinix Zero X Pro * Motorola Edge 20 Lite * Motorola Edge 20 * Motorola Edge 20 Pro * Motorola Edge (2021) * Motorola Edge S30 * Motorola Moto G60 * Motorola Moto G200 * Samsung Galaxy A73 5G * Xiaomi Poco X4 Pro 5G * Redmi K40 Pro+ * Redmi K50 Pro * Redmi Note 9 Pro 5G * Redmi Note 10/Redmi Note 10 Pro (outside China) * Redmi Note 10 Pro Max * Redmi Note 11 Pro/E Pro/Pro+ (China) * Redmi Note 11 Pro/Pro 5G (international) * Redmi Note 11 S 4G * Realme 8 Pro * Vivo S10 Pro * Vivo S12 * Vivo S12 Pro * Vivo V23 Pro * Xiaomi Mi MIX Fold * Xiaomi Mi 10i * Xiaomi Mi 11i * Xiaomi 11T * Xiaomi 11T Pro * Xiaomi Black Shark 5 Pro * ZTE Axon 40 Pro |
| ISOCELL HMX (S5KHMX) / 2019.08.12 | 12032 x 9024 108 Mp
Video: 6016 x 3384 @ 30 fps | 10 | 10 | 1/1.33"
(12.03 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:**  List |
| ISOCELL HM1 (S5KHM1) / 2020.02.12 | 12000 x 9000 108 Mp
Video: 8K@24 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.33"
(12.03 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Nonapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra |
| ISOCELL GWB (S5KGWB) 2021.12.06 | 9280 x 6944 64 Mp | 10 | 10 | 1/1.7" | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGBW Bayer | Super PD |  |  | **Rear**: Tecno Camon 19 Pro |
| ISOCELL GW3 (S5KGW3) / 2020.09.15 | 9280 x 6944 64 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 10 | 1/1.97"
(8.12 mm) | 0.7 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear**:
List * Meizu 18x * Samsung Galaxy A32 * Samsung Galaxy M52 5G * Xiaomi Black Shark 4 Pro * Xiaomi Black Shark 4S Pro * Xiaomi Black Shark 5 * Xiaomi Black Shark 5 RS * Xiaomi Civi * Xiaomi Civi 1S * Xiaomi Mi 11 Lite * Xiaomi Mi 11 Lite 5G * Xiaomi 11 Lite 5G NE * Redmi Note 10 pro * Vivo iQOO Z3 * Vivo iQOO Z5 * Vivo S9 * Vivo S10e * Vivo T1 * Vivo Y53s 4G * ZTE Nubia Red Magic 6/6 Pro/6S Pro * ZTE Nubia Red Magic 7/7 Pro * ZTE Nubia Red Magic 7S/7S Pro |
| ISOCELL GW2 (S5KGW2) / 2020. | 9280 x 6944 64 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 24 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.72"
(9.21 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | RGB Bayer | Super PD |  |  | **Rear:**
**Telephoto**
Samsung Galaxy S20
Samsung Galaxy S20+
Samsung Galaxy S21
Samsung Galaxy S21+
Samsung Galaxy Note 20 |
| ISOCELL GW1 (S5KGW1) / 2019.05.09 | 9280 x 6944 64 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 24 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.72"
(9.21 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:**
List |
| ISOCELL GN9 (S5KGN9) / 2023 | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp | 10 |  | 1/1.50"
(10.66 mm) | 1.0 |  |  |  |  |  | **Rear**:
Motorola Moto G84 |
| ISOCELL GN5 (S5KGN5) / 2021.09.02 | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 30 fps | 10 | 8/10/12 | 1/1.57"
(10.19 mm) | 1.0 | ISOCELL 2.0 | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel Pro PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**:
Samsung Galaxy S22
Samsung Galaxy S22+
Vivo iQOO 9
Vivo iQOO 9 Pro
Vivo iQOO 10 (iQOO 9T in India)
Vivo iQOO 10 Pro
Vivo X Fold Vivo X Fold+ |
| ISOCELL GN3 (S5KGN3) | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 30 fps | 10 | 8/10/12 | 1/1.57"
(10.19 mm) | 1.0 | ISOCELL 2.0 | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**:
Samsung Galaxy S23
Samsung Galaxy S23+
Samsung Galaxy S24
Samsung Galaxy S24+
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 |
| ISOCELL GN2 (S5KGN2) / 2021.02.23 | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 24 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.12"
(14.28 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL Plus | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel Pro PD | Yes | Smart-ISO Pro | **Rear**: Xiaomi Mi 11 Pro
Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra
Honor Magic4 Ultimate |
| ISOCELL GN1 (S5KGN1) / 2020.05.19 | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 30 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/1.31"
(12.21 mm) | 1.2 | ISOCELL Plus | Dual Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Dual PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:** Pixel 6
Pixel 6 Pro
Pixel 7
Pixel 7 Pro
Meizu 18 Pro
Meizu 18s Pro
Tecno Phantom X
Vivo X50 Pro+
Vivo X60 Pro+
Vivo X70 Pro+
Vivo X Note
Vivo iQOO 5
Vivo iQOO 5 Pro |
| ISOCELL JN1 (S5KJN1) / 2021.06.10 | 8160 x 6144 50 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 10 | 1/2.76"
(5.8 mm) | 0.64 | ISOCELL 2.0 | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Double Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear**:  List * Infinix Note 12 * Infinix Note 12 5G * Motorola Moto G31 * Motorola Moto G32 * Motorola Moto G42 * Motorola Moto G51 5G * Motorola Moto G52 * Motorola Moto G62 5G * Motorola Moto G71 5G * Motorola Moto G82 * Motorola Moto G 5G (2022) * Motorola Moto G Power (2022) * Motorola Moto Edge 30 Pro/X30 (ultrawide) * Motorola Edge 30 Ultra/X30 Pro (ultrawide) * Xiaomi 12 Pro (ultrawide) * Xiaomi 12S Pro (ultrawide) * Xiaomi Pad 5 Pro 12.4 * Nokia G21 * Nokia G60 5G * Nothing Phone (1) (ultrawide) * Nothing Phone (2) (ultrawide) * Nubia Z40 Pro (ultrawide) * Nubia Z40S Pro (ultrawide) * Realme 8i * Realme 9i * Realme 9 5G * Realme Narzo 50 * Realme Narzo 50A * Realme GT2 Pro (ultrawide) * Realme GT2 Explorer Master (ultrawide) * Samsung Galaxy A13 5G * Samsung Galaxy A23 * Samsung Galaxy M13 5G * Samsung Galaxy M23 * Tecno Pova 3 * TCL 30 SE * TCL 30+ * TCL 30 5G * TCL Stylus 5G * Poco M4 Pro 5G * Redmi 10 * Redmi 10C * Redmi Note 11 4G * Redmi Note 11S 5G * Vivo S15e * Vivo iQOO Neo5 SE * Vivo iQOO 9 Pro (ultrawide) * Vivo iQOO 10 Pro (ultrawide) |
| ISOCELL GM5 (S5KGM5) / 2020.09.15 | 8064 x 6048 48 Mp
Video: 7680 x 4320 @ 30 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 0.7 | ISOCELL 2.0 | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD | Yes | Smart-ISO | **Telephoto**: Google Pixel 7 Pro |
| ISOCELL GM2 (S5KGM2) / 2019.05.09 | 8000 x 6000 48 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.0"
(8 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  | Smart-ISO | **Rear:**
LG Velvet
Vivo S5
Vivo S6
Poco M2 Pro
Redmi Note 9 Pro (India)
Redmi Note 9S
Redmi Note 9T
Redmi Note 10 Lite
Samsung Galaxy A12/F12/M12
Samsung Galaxy A21s
Samsung Galaxy A22 5G
Samsung Galaxy A32 5G
Samsung Galaxy A42 5G/M42 5G Samsung Galaxy M32 5G |
| ISOCELL GM1 (S5KGM1) / 2018.10.30 | 8000 x 6000 48 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.0"
(8 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | PD |  |  | **Rear:** Fairphone 3+
Lenovo Z6 Pro
Meizu 16Xs/Note 9
Motorola One Fusion
Motorola One Vision
OnePlus Nord N300
Oppo A93
Oppo F11/F11 Pro
Oppo F17 Pro
Poco M3
Realme 7 5G
Realme V5 5G
Realme Q2
Realme Q3
Realme Q3i
Realme Q3s
Redmi Note 7
Redmi Note 8
Redmi Note 9
Samsung Galaxy S10 Lite
Samsung Galaxy A90 5G
Samsung Galaxy M30s
Vivo iQOO Neo3
Vivo iQOO Neo5 Lite
Vivo iQOO Z1
Vivo X27 (128GB)
ZTE Axon 10 Pro |
| ISOCELL GH1 (S5KGH1) / 2019.09.24 | 7968 x 5480 43.7 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 10 | 1/2.65"
(6.77 mm) | 0.7 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD |  |  | **Front:**
Oppo Reno3 Pro
Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra
Vivo S7
Vivo S7t
Vivo S9
Vivo V20
Vivo V20 2021
Vivo V20 Pro
Vivo V21e (global)
Vivo V21 |
| ISOCELL JD1 (S5KJD1) / 2020.09.15 | 6560 x 4920 32 Mp | 10 | 10 | 1/3.14"
(5.1 mm) | 0.7 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | Super PD | Yes | Smart-ISO | **Front**: Honor 50 |
| ISOCELL GD2 (S5KGD2) | 6560 x 4928 32 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.8" | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | PD |  |  | **Front**: Tecno Camon 19 Pro |
| ISOCELL GD1 (S5KGD1) / 2018.10.30 | 6560 x 4928 32 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.80"
(6.4 mm) | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetrapixel RGB Bayer | PD |  |  | **Front:**
Infinix S4
LG V50S/G8X ThinQ
Honor 20
Honor 20 Pro
Honor 20S
Huawei P30/P30 Pro
Samsung Galaxy A71 Vivo V15/Vivo V15 Pro
Xiaomi Redmi Y3
**Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy A70
Samsung Galaxy A60 |
| ISOCELL 2L3 (SAK2L3) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy Note 9 |
| ISOCELL 2L1 (S5K2L1) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.6"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S71
Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge1
Samsung Galaxy S7 Active1
Samsung Galaxy Note 7/FE |
| ISOCELL 2L2 (S5K2L2) | 4032 x 3024
12.2 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S84
Samsung Galaxy S8+4
Samsung Galaxy Note 8 |
| ISOCELL 2L3 (S5K2L3) | 4032 x 3024
12.2 Mp Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps |  |  | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL Plus | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S94
Samsung Galaxy S9+4 |
| ISOCELL 2L4 (S5K2L4) | 4032 x 3024
12.2 Mp Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL Plus | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S10
Samsung Galaxy S10+
Samsung Galaxy S10e
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 |
| ISOCELL 2L7 (S5K2L7) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.56"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
BQ Aquaris X PRO
Motorola Moto X4 (Main)
Motorola Moto G6 Plus (Main)
Motorola Moto G6 (Main)
Motorola P30
Nokia 8 Sirocco
Sharp Aquos S2
Xiaomi Mi Note 10 (CC9 Pro) (2x telephoto)
Xiaomi Mi 10 Pro (2x telephoto)
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 (China)
Xiaomi Redmi Note 6 Pro |
| ISOCELL 2L8 (S5K2L8) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.80"
(6.4 mm) | 1.28 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Dual Pixel PD |  |  | **Rear:**
BQ Aquaris X2
BQ Aquaris X2 PRO
Vsmart Active 1
Vsmart Active 1+
**Front:**
Vivo X20
Vivo X20 Plus
Vivo X20 Plus UD
Vivo X21
Vivo X21 UD |
| ISOCELL 2L9 (S5K2L9) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp |  |  | 1/2.55"
(7.06 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Vivo X20
Vivo X20 Plus
Vivo X20 Plus UD
Vivo X21
Vivo X21 UD |
| ISOCELL 2LD (S5K2LD) | 4032 x 3024 12.2 Mp
Video: 3840 x 2160 @ 60 fps |  |  | 1/1.76"
(9.072 mm) | 1.8 | ISOCELL Plus | RGB | Dual PD |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S20
Samsung Galaxy S20+
Samsung Galaxy S20 FE
Samsung Galaxy S2112
Samsung Galaxy S21+
Samsung Galaxy Note 20
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4
 |
| ISOCELL 2M8 (S5K2M8) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp |  |  | 1/2.60"
(6.828 mm) | 1.34 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
ZUK Z2 (Lenovo Z2 Plus)
ZUK Edge |
| ISOCELL 2P2 (S5K2P2) | 5312 x 2988
16 Mp |  |  | 1/2.60"
(6.828 mm) | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S5
Samsung Galaxy S62
Samsung Galaxy S6 edge2
Samsung Galaxy S6 edge+2
Samsung Galaxy Note 4
Samsung Galaxy Note 52
Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016) |
| ISOCELL 2P7 (S5K2P7) | 4640 x 3488 16 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/2.80" | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | Super PD |  |  | **Rear:**
LG V20
Meizu M6S
Oukitel WP2
Umdigi Z2 Special Edition
Umdigi Z2 Pro
Umdigi F1 |
| ISOCELL 2P8 (S5K2P8) | 5336 x 3000 16 Mp |  |  | 1/2.60"
(6.828 mm) | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Lenovo Vibe Shot |
| ISOCELL 2T8 (S5K2T8) | 5976 x 3368
20 Mp |  |  | 1/2.60"
(6.828 mm) | 1.1 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
ZTE Axon 7 |
| ISOCELL 3H1 (S5K3H1) | 3280 x 2464 8 Mp |  |  | 1/3.60" | 1.22 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy S89
Samsung Galaxy S9+
Samsung Galaxy Note 8 |
| ISOCELL 3H2 (S5K3H2) | 3264 x 2448
8 Mp |  |  | 1/3.20"
(5.68 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S2
Samsung Galaxy S3 (some models)
Xiaomi Redmi 1/1S |
| ISOCELL 3J1 (S5K3J1) | 3648 x 2736
10 Mp |  |  | 1/3.20"
(5.57 mm) | 1.22 | ISOCELL Plus | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy S1010
**Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra (3x and 10x telephoto) |
| ISOCELL 3L2 (S5K3L2) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp |  |  | 1/3.06"
(5.867 mm) | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy E7
Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy On Nxt
Xiaomi Redmi Note 3G
Xiaomi Redmi Note 4G
Xiaomi Redmi Note Prime Samsung Galaxy J4
 |
| ISOCELL 3L8 (S5K3L8) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp |  |  | 1/3.06"
(5.867 mm) | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB/BW |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Xiaomi Redmi 3/S/X/Pro
Xiaomi Redmi Note 4/X
Xiaomi Redmi 4/X
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5A (Y1 Lite in India) |
| ISOCELL 3M2 (S5K3M2) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp |  |  | 1/3.06"
(5.867 mm) | 1.12 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
OnePlus X3
Xiaomi Mi 4
Xiaomi Mi 4c3
Xiaomi Mi Note/Pro
Xiaomi Redmi Note 2
Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 (Mediatek) |
| ISOCELL 3M3 (S5K3M3 & S5K3M3+) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/3.4" | 1.0 | ISOCELL | RGB Bayer | PD |  |  | **Secondary rear:**
LG V30
Samsung Galaxy S9+
Samsung Galaxy S10
Samsung Galaxy Note 8
Samsung Galaxy Note 9
Sony Xperia 1(telephoto, ultra-wide)
Sony Xperia 5(telephoto, ultrawide)
Xiaomi Mi 6
Xiaomi Mi 8
Xiaomi Mi 8 Pro
Xiaomi Mi MIX 2s
Xiaomi Mi MIX 3
Xiaomi Mi Note 3
Xiaomi Mi Max 2 (partly)7 |
| ISOCELL 3M5 (S5K3M5) | 4208 x 3120
13 Mp |  |  | 1/3.40" | 1.0 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Third rear:**
LG G8 ThinQ
Xiaomi Mi 9 |
| ISOCELL 3P3 (S5K3P3) | 5312 x 2988
16 Mp |  |  | 1/3.06"
(5.867 mm) | 1.0 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Oukitel K6
Samsung Galaxy C5
Samsung Galaxy C7
Ulefone T1
Ulefone Future
Vernee Apollo Lite,
Xiaomi Mi Max
Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 (Snapdragon)
Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 Pro |
| ISOCELL 3P8 (S5K3P8) | 4640 x 3488
16 Mp |  |  | 1/3.10"
(6.4 mm) | 1.0 | ISOCELL | RGB/Tetracell |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Blackview BV9600
Doogee V
Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017)
Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017)
Samsung Galaxy C5 Pro
Samsung Galaxy C7 Pro
Samsung Galaxy C9 Pro
Umidigi Z2
**Front:**
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5A Prime (Y1 in India)
Xiaomi Redmi S2 (Y2 in India) |
| ISOCELL 3P9 (S5K3P9) | 4608 x 3456
16 Mp |  |  | 1/3.10"
(6.4 mm) | 1.0 | ISOCELL | RGB/Tetracell |  |  |  | **Third rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S10Samsung Galaxy S10+
Samsung Galaxy S10 5G
**Second rear:**
Samsung Galaxy S10e
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 311 |
| ISOCELL 3T1 (S5K3T1SP - Tetrapixel, S5K3T1SX - RGB) | 5184 x 3880 20 Mp | 10 | 8/10 | 1/3.0"
(6.4 mm) | 0.9 | ISOCELL | Tetrapixel/RGB | Contrast |  |  | **Front:**
Xiaomi Mi 8
Xiaomi Mi 8 Pro
Xiaomi Mi 8 Explorer Edition
Xiaomi Mi 8 SE
Xiaomi Redmi Note 6 Pro
Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 Pro
Xiaomi Pocophone F1
Xiaomi Mi 9
Xiaomi Mi 9 SE |
| ISOCELL 3T2 (S5K3T2) | 5184 x 3880 20 Mp |  |  | 1/3.40" | 0.8 | ISOCELL Plus | Tetracell |  |  |  | **Front:**
Xiaomi Mi 10
Xiaomi Mi 10 Pro
Xiaomi Mi 10 Ultra
Xiaomi Mi 11
Xiaomi Poco X3 Pro
**Rear:**
Sony Xperia 1 II (telephoto)
Sony Xperia 5 II (telephoto) |
| ISOCELL 4E6 (S5K4E6) | 2592 x 1944 5 Mp |  |  | 1/4"
(4.5 mm) | 1.34 | ISOCELL | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
HTC 10
Samsung Galaxy S6
Samsung Galaxy S6 edge
Samsung Galaxy S6 edge+
Samsung Galaxy S7
Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge
Samsung Galaxy Note 5
Samsung Galaxy Note 7/FE
Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 |
| ISOCELL 4E8 (S5K4E8) | 2592 x 1944 5 Mp |  |  | 1/4"
(4.5 mm) | 1.4 | ISOCELL Bright | RGB/BW |  |  |  | **Secondary rear:**
Vivo X20 (2nd rear)
Vivo X20 Plus (2nd rear)
Vivo X20 Plus UD (2nd rear)
Vivo X21 (2nd rear)
Vivo X21 UD (2nd rear) |
| ISOCELL 4H5 (S5K4H5) | 3264 x 2448 8 Mp |  |  | 1/4"
(4.5 mm) | 1.12 | BSI(~YB)/ ISOCELL(~YC) | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Blackview A7
Intex Aqua Note 5.5
Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 |
| ISOCELL 4H7 (S5K4H7) | 3264 x 2448 8 Mp |  |  | 1/4"
(4.5 mm) | 1.12 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:** Sony Xperia 1
Sony Xperia 5
Sony Xperia 10/10 Plus
Sony Xperia 1 II
Sony Xperia 5 II
Sony Xperia 10 II
Sony Xperia L3
Sony Xperia L4
**Rear ultrawide:** Meizu 17 |
| S5K5BAF | 1600 x 1200 |  |  | 1/5" | 1.75 | FSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy S2 |
| S5K5E2 | 2560 x 1920 5 Mp |  |  | 1/5"
(5.08 mm) | 1.12 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Rear:**
Motorola Moto E (2015)
**Front:**
HTC One (M8) |
| S5K5E3 | 2576 x 1932
5 Mp |  |  | 1/4"
(4.5 mm) | 1.12 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Huawei Honor 3C
Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)
Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) |
| S5K5E8 | 2592 x 1944 5 Mp |  |  | 1/5"
(5.08 mm) | 1.12 | BSI | RGB/BW |  |  |  | **Front:**
Xiaomi Redmi Note 4/4X
Xiaomi Mi Max 1/2
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5A
**Secondary rear:**
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 AI Dual Camera
Xiaomi Redmi S2 (Y2 in India) |
| S5K6A3 | 1412 x 1412 |  |  | 1/6"
(3 mm) | 1.75 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy S3 |
| S5K6B2 | 1936 x 1036
2 Mp |  |  | 1/6"
(3 mm) | 1.34 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy S4
Samsung Galaxy Note 3
Samsung Galaxy Tab S
Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 |
| S5K6D1 | 2560 x 1440
3.7 Mp |  |  | 1/5"
(3.6 mm) | 1.12 | BSI | RGB |  |  |  | **Front:**
Samsung Galaxy Note 4 |

1: The Galaxy S7 family utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K2L1 or the Sony IMX260. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

2: The Galaxy S6 family and Note 5 utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K2P2 or the Sony IMX240. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

3: The Xiaomi Mi 4C and Oneplus X utilize either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K3M2 or the Sony IMX258. They are similar sensors, but the IMX258 is a newer unit.

4: The Galaxy S8 family utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K2L2 or the Sony IMX333. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

5: The Xiaomi Mi 6 has two sensors. One of the two sensors is S5K3M3, another is Sony IMX386.

6: The Meizu Pro 6 family utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K3M3 or the Sony IMX386, They are regarded as nearly identical sensors

7: The Xiaomi Mi Max 2 utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K3M3 or the Sony IMX386. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors

8: The Samsung Galaxy S9 and S9+ utilize either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K2L3 or the Sony IMX345. Both feature stacked LPDDR4 DRAM in the CMOS sensor.

9: The Galaxy S8 family utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K3H1 or the Sony IMX320. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

10: The Galaxy S10 family utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung S5K3J1 or the Sony IMX374. They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

11: The Galaxy Z Flip's ultra-wide camera utilizes the 16 Mp sensor, but images are cropped down to 12 Mp.

12: The Galaxy S21 and S21+ utilizes either one of two sensors: the Samsung 2LD (Exynos variant) or the Sony IMX555 (Snapdragon variant). They are regarded as nearly identical sensors.

13: The backlight sensor is a special photographic sensor. It allows you to take high quality, clear photos in low light. The BSI sensor improves image sharpness during shooting.


title: Osman Jessop

abstract: Osman Jessop was an English cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1901 and 1911.

text:
# Osman Jessop

**Osman Jessop** (3 January 1878  25 May 1941) was an English cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1901 and 1911.

## InfoBox

Osman Jessop
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1878-01-03)3 January 1878
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |
| Died | 25 May 1941(1941-05-25) (aged 63)
Northwood, Middlesex |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1901-1911 | Gloucestershire |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 30 March 2014 | |


title: Ina, Saitama

abstract: Ina is a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2021, the town had an estimated population of 44,928 in 18,907 households and a population density of 3000 persons per km². The total area of the town is 30.03 square kilometres (11.59 sq mi).

text:
# Ina, Saitama

**Ina** (伊奈町, *Ina-machi*) is a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2021, the town had an estimated population of 44,928 in 18,907 households and a population density of 3000 persons per km². The total area of the town is 30.03 square kilometres (11.59 sq mi).

## Geography

Located in central-east Saitama Prefecture, Ina is in the flatlands of the Kantō plains.The Ayase River runs along the eastern border, and the Haraichi Numa River runs along the western border. About 60% of the town area is located on the Omiya plateau, and the rest is the alluvial plain. The highest point in the town area is 19 meters above sea level.

### Surrounding municipalities

Saitama Prefecture

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Ina has increased rapidly since the 1970s.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 5,726 |  |
| 1930 | 5,881 | +2.7% |
| 1940 | 6,091 | +3.6% |
| 1950 | 7,327 | +20.3% |
| 1960 | 6,755 | −7.8% |
| 1970 | 10,112 | +49.7% |
| 1980 | 21,005 | +107.7% |
| 1990 | 27,100 | +29.0% |
| 2000 | 32,216 | +18.9% |
| 2010 | 42,494 | +31.9% |
| 2020 | 44,841 | +5.5% |

## History

During the early Edo period, Ina was home to the short-lived (1590-1619) Komuro Domain founded by Ina Tadatsugu. It was afterward ruled as *hatamoto* territory under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate.

The villages of Komuro and Kobari were created in Kitaadachi District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. They were merged on July 15, 1943 to form the village of Ina. Ina was elevated to town status on November 1, 1970.

## Government

Ina has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Ina, together with the city of Ageo, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

The economy of Ina is primarily agricultural.

## Education

* Nihon Pharmaceutical University
* Ina has four public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government, and one combined public middle/high schools operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education. The town also has one private combined middle/high school and one private high school.

## Transportation

### Railway

Saitama New Urban Transit - New Shuttle

### Highway

Ina is not served by any expressways or public highways

## Local attractions

* Saitama Cancer Center
* Saitama Prefectural Mental Health Center

## InfoBox

| Ina  伊奈町 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Ina Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Ina in Saitama Prefecture | |
| Ina | |
| Coordinates: 36°0′0.3″N 139°37′27″E / 36.000083°N 139.62417°E / 36.000083; 139.62417 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Saitama |
| District | Kitaadachi |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.79 km2 (5.71 sq mi) |
| Population (March 2021) | |
| Total | 44,928 |
| Density | 3,000/km2 (7,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| \- Tree | Osmanthus fragrans |
| \- Flower | Rose |
| Phone number | 048-721-2111 |
| Address | 9493 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama-ken 362-8517 |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania is an 1870 novel by American author Bayard Taylor, a prolific writer in many genres. It presented a special attachment between two men and discussed the nature and significance of such a relationship, romantic but not sexual. Critics are divided in interpreting Taylor's novel as a political argument for homosexual relationships or an idealization of male spirituality.

text:
# Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania

***Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania*** is an 1870 novel by American author Bayard Taylor, a prolific writer in many genres. It presented a special attachment between two men and discussed the nature and significance of such a relationship, romantic but not sexual. Critics are divided in interpreting Taylor's novel as a political argument for homosexual relationships or an idealization of male spirituality.

## Plot

The title page carries a quote from *Shakespeare's sonnets*, Number 144, "Two loves I have of comfort and despair":

> The better angel is a man right fair; The worser spirit a woman colour'd ill.

Joseph Aster is a wealthy young farmer in his twenties, with little experience of the world outside of his rural Pennsylvania community. He meets Julia Blessing, a woman from the city, at a gathering for the young people of his community. Joseph quickly becomes interested in Julia, who seems to reciprocate his feelings. They are engaged within a few months.

While returning from a visit to Julia’s family in the city, Joseph is involved in a train crash. He is cared for by a fellow passenger, Philip Held, who is moving to the countryside to oversee a forge. Philip is worldlier than Joseph, and is charmed by Joseph’s innocence. Joseph and Philip immediately take to each other, and soon develop a strong friendship. The romantic undertones of their relationship is evidenced in Philip’s profession of love and “a man’s perfect friendship.”

After he marries Julia, Joseph quickly discovers that she is manipulative and cold-hearted. Julia pushes Joseph to invest more and more in an oil operation on behalf of her father. Meanwhile, she squanders Joseph’s existing wealth on unnecessary and ostentatious additions to his farmhouse. When Joseph finally visits the oil well he has been investing in on the Blessings’ behalf, he discovers that it has little monetary potential. He returns to the countryside, reveals his imminent losses to Julia, and demands that she give up her scheming and greed. Julia’s excitement and anger at Joseph culminate in a fit; when the doctor is called, he explains that she has died, likely from consuming arsenic.

The community comes to suspect that Joseph was involved in his wife's death. Philip launches an extensive investigation to prove Joseph’s innocence. Over the course of a trial, it is revealed that Julia’s death was accidental, and that she had been regularly consuming arsenic in order to improve her complexion.

After the trial, Joseph leaves his community and travels through the frontier on Philip’s advice. When he returns home, he is worldlier and happier with his farming life. Philip realizes that Joseph has fallen in love with Madeline Held, Philip’s sister. He laments that Joseph and Madeline’s romance will “take Joseph further from \[his\] heart,” but decides that he "must be vicariously happy" for their sake.

## Publication history

*Joseph and His Friend* was the last of Taylor's four novels. It was in the genre then known as the "New England novel". It was the only one to be serialized before publication in book form, with its 33 chapters appearing in *The Atlantic Monthly* beginning in January 1870 and ending in December. The book was reprinted eight times by 1893, while a German translation was published in 1879 and 1900, and once more in England in 1903. Taylor also wrote a large amount of poetry and travel literature, and later turned to translation, particularly that of Goethe's *Faust*.

## Literary significance and criticism

Near the end of the 19th century, poet and critic Richard Henry Stoddard, in a brief biography of Taylor, described *Joseph and His Friend* as "an indictment of rural poverty in Pennsylvania". It has been called "America's first homosexual novel" and was inspired in part by the relationship of earlier poets Fitz-Greene Halleck and Joseph Rodman Drake. Taylor's prefatory note to the reader is opaque:

> To those who prefer quiet pictures of life to startling incidents, the attempt to illustrate the development of character to the mysteries of an elaborate plot, and the presentation of men and women in their mixed strength and weakness to the painting of wholly virtuous ideals and wholly evil examples: who are as interested in seeing moral and intellectual forces at work in a simple country community as on a more conspicuous place of human action: who believe in the truth and tenderness of man's love for man, as of man's love for woman: who recognize the trouble which confused ideals of life and the lack of high and intellect culture bring upon a great portion of our country population,–to all such, no explanation of this volume is necessary. Others will not read it.

The book was not well received and became the author's least successful and most disliked novel. However, a contemporary reviewer in *The Examiner* wrote that "although Mr Taylor travels over familiar ground, and has no notable discovery to disclose, the people who figure in his novel are so interesting in themselves and are so agreeably introduced to our notice, that we cannot grudge them a hearty welcome." The novel's failure in comparison with his work in other genres may have caused Taylor to stop writing novels.

A later critic of Taylor, Albert Smyth, found *Joseph and His Friend* to be "an unpleasant story of mean duplicity and painful mistakes. The characters are shallow and their surroundings mean. There is not a single pleasing situation or incident in the book." According to Robert K. Martin, the novel "is quite explicit in its adoption of a political stance toward homosexuality". As he summarizes the story:

> \[Joseph\] meets Philip Held, with whom he falls in love and who explains to him "the needs" that are often unfulfilled in conventional society. Philip argues for the "rights" of those "who cannot shape themselves according to the common-place pattern of society."

Taylor's biographer Paul C. Wermuth wrote that homosexual themes could not be overlooked in the novel, but "it is by no means certain that the book should be interpreted this way."

Rob Ridinger writes that male friendship was viewed differently in the 1800s than it is today, and the term "homosexual" did not appear in English until twenty years after the publication of *Joseph and His Friend*. He believes the novel belongs to the nineteenth-century genre of non-sexual romantic friendships between men, to which such authors as Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and Henry James also contributed.

## Additional sources

## InfoBox

Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Bayard Taylor |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Gay novel |
| Publisher | G. P. Putnam's Sons |
| Publication date | 1870 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 361 pp |


title: Halechiniscidae

abstract: The Halechiniscidae are a family of tardigrades. The family was named and first described by Gustav Thulin in 1928.

text:
# Halechiniscidae

The **Halechiniscidae** are a family of tardigrades. The family was named and first described by Gustav Thulin in 1928.

## Subfamilies and genera

They are divided into the following subfamilies and genera:

## Further reading

* Data related to Halechiniscidae at Wikispecies
* Thulin, *Über die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden* (*On the Phylogeny and the System of Tardigrade*). Hereditas (1928), no. 2/3, p. 207-266

## InfoBox

| Halechiniscidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Paradoxipus orzeliscoides* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Tardigrada |
| Class: | Heterotardigrada |
| Order: | Arthrotardigrada |
| Family: | Halechiniscidae<br>Thulin, 1928 |
|


title: Isabel Stambaugh

abstract: J. Isabel Stambaugh was a United States Army nurse during World War I who served on the front line at a British Causality Clearing Center out of Base Hospital No. 10. Stambaugh was one of four women who received the United States Distinguished Service Cross for her heroism during World War I. In February 1935, she was part of a group of wounded veterans who "received the Purple Heart decoration" from the Purple Heart Association during a celebration of U.S. President George Washington's birthday anniversary in Philadelphia.

text:
# Isabel Stambaugh

**J. Isabel Stambaugh** (August 15, 1879 – May 11, 1969) was a United States Army nurse during World War I who served on the front line at a British Causality Clearing Center out of Base Hospital No. 10.

Stambaugh was one of four women who received the United States Distinguished Service Cross for her heroism during World War I.

In February 1935, she was part of a group of wounded veterans who "received the Purple Heart decoration" from the Purple Heart Association (Chapter No. 4) during a celebration of U.S. President George Washington's birthday anniversary in Philadelphia.

## Early life and education

J. Isabel Stambaugh was born in Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, on August 15, 1879. Stambaugh graduated from Presbyterian Hospital Nursing School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1906.

## Pre-war nursing career

Stambaugh was the head operating room nurse for two years at Presbyterian Hospital.

## World War I

Stambaugh served on the front line at British Causality Clearing Center out of Base Hospital No. 10. on a surgical team. On March 21, 1918, Stambaugh was seriously injured during an air raid when shells dropped on an operating room during a surgery.

She was cited by Field Marshal Douglas Haig for bravery under fire. Initially treated by military surgeons on site, Stambaugh returned to the United States on April 2, 1919, and received further medical treatment at Fort McHenry. According to *The Baltimore Sun*, Stambaugh "saw most of her service in the evacuation hospital at Letre Port \[correct spelling, Le Tréport\], right behind the Somme sector," adding that "her most vivid memories" were "connected with the Amiens 'push' in March, 1918."

> "In the Amiens 'push' Miss Stambaugh was at a clearing station near Peronne. The Germans advanced rapidly, forcing the English back, until on the third day of the battle the English began to file past her station. It seemed to her that all parts of the earth were represented in that almost steady stream, and all the while the wounded were being brought in continually. Finally their station was shelled, and the hospital had to be evacuated. As she was going under the ether to be 'operated' she heard the terrible thundering and crashing all around her."

New headquarters were established at Amiens, France and on March 21, 1918, a piece of boche shrapnel struck her. At first she did not realize that she had been wounded, and ran to the help of the men in the room and worked with them until she was too weak to stand.

After recovering from her injury, Stambaugh returned to her unit.

Stambaugh was one of four women who received the United States Distinguished Service Cross for her heroism during World War I. She was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on June 27, 1919, by the United States Secretary of War Newton Baker.

## Distinguished Service Cross

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Reserve Nurse Isabelle Stambaugh, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with Base Hospital No. 10, Nurse Corps, A.E.F. (Attached), in front of Amiens, France, 21 March 1918, while with a surgical team at a British Casualty Clearing Station during the big German drive of 21 March 1918, in front of Amiens, France. Nurse Stambaugh was seriously wounded by shell fire from German aeroplanes.

## Post-war nursing career

Following her World War I and World War II service, Stambaugh returned to her civilian nursing career. Part of a group of wounded veterans who "received the Purple Heart decoration" from the Purple Heart Association (Chapter No. 4) during a celebration of U.S. President George Washington's birthday anniversary in Philadelphia in February 1935, she was also one of two Philadelphia-area nurses to be honored for their war-time heroism by the Army and Navy Legion of Valor in 1954. She was employed by Presbyterian Hospital.

After working as the acting supervisor of nurses for almost two decades, she retired from Presbyterian Hospital circa 1957.

## Later life, death and interment

Stambaugh resided at 208 North 34th Street in Philadelphia. She died in Philadelphia on May 11, 1969. Her funeral was held in Mifflintown's funeral home on Third Street on May 15. She was then interred in that community's Presbyterian cemetery.

## InfoBox

| J. Isabel Stambaugh | |
| --- | --- |
| J. Isabel Stambaugh, c. 1917 | |
| Born | (1879-08-15)August 15, 1879
Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Died | May 11, 1969(1969-05-11) (aged 89)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Occupation | Head operating room nurse |
| Known for | One of four women awarded the United States Distinguished Service Cross for heroism during World War I |
| **Medical career** | |
| Institutions | Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia |
|  | |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 220A

abstract: Route 220A, also known as Creston Boulevard, is a short 5.3-kilometre-long (3.3 mi) north–south highway located entirely in the town of Marystown on the island of Newfoundland. It connects the Creston neighbourhood of town with the downtown area. Route 220A also represents the former alignment of Route 220 prior to its realignment onto the Creston Causeway.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 220A

**Route 220A**, also known as **Creston Boulevard**, is a short 5.3-kilometre-long (3.3 mi) north–south highway located entirely in the town of Marystown on the island of Newfoundland. It connects the Creston neighbourhood of town with the downtown area. Route 220A also represents the former alignment of Route 220 prior to its realignment onto the Creston Causeway.

## Route description

Route 220A begins at an intersection/partial interchange in Creston with Route 220 (Creston Boulevard/Creston Causeway). It heads northeast through neighbourhoods for a few kilometres, where it has an intersection with Marine Drive (which provides access to Little Bay and Beau Bois), before crossing a bridge over a river into downtown. The highway immediately has an interchange with Ville Marie Drive before passing by a few businesses and coming to an end at an intersection with Route 210 (Columbia Drive/McGettigan Boulevard).

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Marystown.

| km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Route 220 (Creston Causeway/Creston Boulevard) Burin, St. Lawrence, Grand Bank | Southern terminus |
| 4.4 | 2.7 | Marine Drive - Little Bay, Beau Bois |  |
| 4.8–
5.1 | 3.0–
3.2 | Ville Marie Drive | Interchange |
| 5.3 | 3.3 | Route 210 (Columbia Drive/McGettigan Boulevard) to Route 1 (TCH) Grand Bank, Swift Current | Northern terminus; Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 220A | |
| --- | --- |
| Creston Boulevard | |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of Route 220 | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 5.3 km (3.3 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Route 220 in Marystown |
| North end | Route 210 in Marystown |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 220   Route 221 | |


title: Gold: Greatest Hits (video)

abstract: The VHS/Beta Yesterday Once More was released in 1985, shortly after Karen Carpenter's death in 1983. The tape was repackaged as a DVD in 2002 under the name Gold: Greatest Hits, and the DVD contains all the videos from Yesterday Once More.

text:
# Gold: Greatest Hits (video)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Amazon |  |

The VHS/Beta ***Yesterday Once More*** was released in 1985, shortly after Karen Carpenter's death in 1983. The tape was repackaged as a DVD in 2002 under the name ***Gold: Greatest Hits***, and the DVD contains all the videos from ***Yesterday Once More***.

## Track list

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "We've Only Just Begun" |  |
| 2. | "Those Good Old Dreams" |  |
| 3. | "Superstar" |  |
| 4. | "Rainy Days and Mondays" |  |
| 5. | "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" |  |
| 6. | "Top of the World" |  |
| 7. | "Ticket to Ride" |  |
| 8. | "Only Yesterday" |  |
| 9. | "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" |  |
| 10. | "Beechwood 4-5789" |  |
| 11. | "Touch Me When We're Dancing" |  |
| 12. | "Hurting Each Other" |  |
| 13. | "Please Mr. Postman" |  |
| 14. | "There's a Kind of Hush (All Over the World)" |  |
| 15. | "(They Long to Be) Close to You" |  |

## Extra tracks

On a Japanese release of the DVD, the promotional video for "I Need to Be in Love" was included.

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 7,500^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)
*2002 DVD release* | Gold | 25,000* |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

1. Amazon review
2. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
3. "British video certifications – The Carpenters – Gold". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
4. "American video certifications – The Carpenters – Gold". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

## InfoBox

| Gold: Greatest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Carpenters | |
| Released | July 1, 1991 (VHS)
April 30, 2002 (DVD) |
| Recorded | 1970–1982 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 54 minutes |
| Label | A&M Records |
| Producer | Richard Carpenter |
| Carpenters chronology | |
| ***Gold: Greatest Hits***
(1991) *Interpretations*
(1995) | |


title: Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea

abstract: Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea is a developing industry, despite having been first introduced to the country in the 1960s. The only forms of traditional aquaculture in Manus Island and fish culture on Bougainville Island. Numerous attempts to introduce both marine and freshwater aquaculture in Papua New Guinea have been unsuccessful. Currently, the main freshwater facility for aquaculture is the Highlands Aquaculture Development Center in Aiyura.

text:
# Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea

**Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea** is a developing industry, despite having been first introduced to the country in the 1960s. The only forms of traditional aquaculture in Manus Island and fish culture on Bougainville Island. Numerous attempts to introduce both marine and freshwater aquaculture in Papua New Guinea have been unsuccessful. Currently, the main freshwater facility for aquaculture is the Highlands Aquaculture Development Center in Aiyura.


title: Ina-Hongō Station

abstract: Ina-Hongō Station Ina-Hongō Station is a railway station on the Iida Line in the town of Iijma, Kamiina District Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Ina-Hongō Station

**Ina-Hongō Station** (伊那本郷駅, *Ina-Hongō-eki*) is a railway station on the Iida Line in the town of Iijma, Kamiina District Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

## Lines

Ina-Hongō Station is served by the Iida Line and is 155.1 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Toyohashi Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | Iida Line | for Iida and Tenryūkyō |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Iida Line | for Tatsuno |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iida Line | | | | |
| Rapid *Misuzu*: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Nanakubo |  | Local |  | Iijima |

## History

Ina-Hongō Station opened on 23 July 1918. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Central. The present station building was completed in 2009.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 43 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

The station is located in a rural area surrounded by orchards.

## InfoBox

| Ina-Hongō Station
大田切駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ina-Hongō Station in September 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1886 Hongō, Iijima-machi, Kamiina-gun, Nagano-ken 399-3704
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°39′57″N 137°55′58″E / 35.6658°N 137.9328°E / 35.6658; 137.9328} |
| Elevation | 645 meters |
| Operated by | JR Central |
| Line(s) | Iida Line |
| Distance | 155.1 km from Toyohashi |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| History | |
| Opened | 23 July 1918 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2016 | 43 (daily) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Ina-Hongō StationLocation within Nagano PrefectureIna-Hongō StationIna-Hongō Station (Japan) | |