title: Vengeance (Queen of Swords)

abstract: "Vengeance" is the fourth episode of the syndicated television series Queen of Swords, airing October 28, 2000. A Don is killed by an assassin and his son, Tessa's childhood friend Ramon, seeks vengeance, but the Queen soon realises Dr Helm was the real target for the assassin's vengeance and Colonel Montoya is prepared to sacrifice the Doctor to kill the Queen. The Queen's first kill, to save Ramon, unbeknown to Dr Helm. Dr Helm flirts with The Queen.

text:
# Vengeance (Queen of Swords)

"**Vengeance**" is the fourth episode of the syndicated television series *Queen of Swords*, airing October 28, 2000.

A Don is killed by an assassin and his son, Tessa's childhood friend Ramon, seeks vengeance, but the Queen soon realises Dr Helm was the real target for the assassin's vengeance and Colonel Montoya is prepared to sacrifice the Doctor to kill the Queen. The Queen's first kill, to save Ramon, unbeknown to Dr Helm. Dr Helm flirts with The Queen.

## Credited cast

Cast as listed at the beginning and end of episode.

* Tessie Santiago as Tessa Alvarado/The Queen
* Anthony Lemke as Captain Marcus Grisham (does not appear in this episode)
* Elsa Pataky as Vera Hidalgo (does not appear in this episode)
* Peter Wingfield as Dr. Robert Helm
* Paulina Galvez as Marta the gipsy
* Valentine Pelka as Colonel Luis Ramirez Montoya
* James Innes-Smith as Latham
* Freddy Douglas as Ramon Aguilera
* Javier S. Alverez as Don Fuentes
* Julio M. Merino as Don Aguilera
* Edward Hughes as Ian Latham
* George Bulloch as Ranchero

## Plot

The harvest festival is in full swing in Santa Helena and Tessa is happily dancing with Ramon and remembering when they were children. Elsewhere in the square an argument between Ramon's father, Don Aguilera, and Don Fuentes develops with Aguilera walking off leaving Fuentes seething. Dr Helm is walking across the square and meets and converses with Don Aguilera when from a rooftop a crossbow bolt is fired hitting Aguilera in the chest. Dr Helm decides to take Aguilera to the closest building, the church, to treat him while a stunned Ramon, looking for the culprit, spies Don Fuentes watching. Treating Aguilera the doctor removes the bolt with Ramon and Tessa looking on, but Dr Helm cannot say if he will survive. Ramon storms out of the church to the rose garden and Colonel Montoya. Accusing Don Fuentes, Ramon is disappointed with Montoya's reply and makes threats against Fuentes if his father should die. Back at the church Dr Helm tells Tessa the crossbow is an assassin's weapon and outside the church, Tessa confides to Marta she must help Ramon as the assassin will return to finish the job.

Don Fuentes assures Montoya he had nothing to do with the assassination attempt but Montoya is unconvinced and has men searching the town for the assassin. At the hotel a soldier enters to search the room of a stranger and is killed. That night the stranger is afoot knocking out a soldier guarding the church and climbs to the roof and a window overlooking Dr Helm watching over his patient. The Queen is also about and spots the stranger taking aim with his crossbow. Preventing him firing she engages the assassin on the roof, both of them falling to the ground then engaging at close quarters with daggers, and in the fight the Queen grabs part of a document the man is carrying. The fight is stopped as soldiers approach and the assassin escapes and the Queen hides in the shadows. The paper has a drawing of Dr Helm and she realises the assassin's real target. When Montoya arrives at the church he finds Ramon outside with his men on guard. Dr Helm emerges from the church and announces Don Aguilera's death.

Returning to his office Dr Helm is confronted by the Queen with the document but he denies it is him, but the plans on the back of the document remind him of a past life in the Napoleonic wars. The Queen admonishes him, and the fact Ramon believes Don Fuentes is responsible, but the doctor rebukes her telling her to stay out of his business. Even later into the night, Ramon enters the Fuentes hacienda but Fuentes is waiting and with two men overpower Ramon. Fuentes swears to Ramon he had nothing to do with his father's death but Ramon is unconvinced leaving Fuentes no choice but to have his men kill Ramon, as he is a family man fearing he has too much to lose if he lets a vengeful foe live. But away from the hacienda so no link can be made. Dr Helm has gone to the hotel room where the assassin had been staying and searches the room. Colonel Montoya having observed a light at the hotel confronts the doctor, and realises Helm is involved somehow. The assassin overhears the conversation from outside the window.

Dawn, and Ramon has been taken to a cliff top by Fuentes' men who intend to throw him off. The Queen appears on her horse and saves Ramon but in doing so kills one of the men, the first time she has killed. She takes Ramon aside and tells him Fuentes had nothing to do with his father's death but he wants proof. She tells him "Today I killed a man to save your life. I won't do it again."

Tessa goes to Dr Helm's office feigning illness to pick his conscience about Ramon's intentions regarding Don Fuentes and it works because the doctor arranges a meeting between Ramon and Don Fuentes in the church, and without explaining why convinces them he was the target. He then leaves them in the church, proceeds to his office, packs his saddlebags and leaves town. On the trail he senses someone following and dismounts letting his horse go. He climbs some rocks so he can jump on his follower. He does but it turns out to be the Queen and she gains the upper hand but he has lost his horse and she has to give him a ride.

The assassin has gone to Montoya's office and struck a bargain that he would kill the Queen and Montoya would give him Dr Helm. A bargain Montoya would renege on when he killed the Queen. Soon the assassin, Montoya and his lancers are in pursuit of the Queen and Dr Helm, not wanting the Queen involved, jumps from the horse causing it to rear up and the doctor falls down a steep hill out of reach. The queen decides to lead Montoya and his lancers away but the assassin remains to pursue Dr Helm. The Queen's plan works as Montoya follows her, but the assassin catches Dr Helm and reveals he is Ian Latham's brother whom Helm had killed in the war and he had come for vengeance. Helm remembers Ian Latham was a spy for the French and that he killed him in self-defence. Montoya's pursuit comes to a halt when he realises the horse tracks he is following are from a riderless horse and makes his way back, but sends his men following the horse tracks.

The assassin now identified as Ian Latham's older brother raises his crossbow to kill the unarmed doctor when the crossbow is forced from his grip by the Queen's whip. Latham and the Queen take their swords, ready to fight, but Dr Helm pleads on behalf of the surprised Queen and she gives the doctor her sword, and Latham and Helm square up to a fight to the death with the Queen looking on. Montoya arrives and engages the Queen, disarming her of the whip with his sword, leaving her with only her dagger, but she overcomes him and they are distracted by the ongoing duel watching Helm knock out Latham. The good Doctor is unable to kill as he had sworn to take no more life. In the distraction Montoya recovers the loaded crossbow but is prevented from shooting the Queen by Dr Helm and she makes her escape. Latham recovers and charges Dr Helm sword in hand and Montoya kills him with the crossbow.

That evening the doctor has returned to his office unpacking to stay and the Queen is waiting for him for an explanation. He will not explain but is pleased to see her, pleasantly surprising her, so he can return her sword!

## Production notes

* "Vengeance" was the second episode to be filmed and flashback Napoleonic battle scenes were filmed by director Brian Grant and director Jon Cassar utilised the same time for his battle scenes in episode two "Death to the Queen".
* The whip sequence disarming Latham of his crossbow was done by Tessie Santiago herself and appears every week in the title sequence.
* Anthony De Longis was the swordmaster and stunt co-ordinator for this episode but twelve rolls of undeveloped film of the last fight scenes were lost en route to Toronto for post-production and had to be reshot by French swordmaster Albert Goldberg who was credited with the entire episode.

## InfoBox

| "**Vengeance**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Queen of Swords* episode | |
| Dr Helm tends the fatally wounded Don Aguilera watched by his son Ramon and Tessa. | |
| Episode no. | Season 1<br>Episode 4 |
| Directed by | Brian Grant |
| Written by | James Thorpe |
| Cinematography by | Alwyn Kumst |
| Production code | 104 |
| Original air date | October 28, 2000 (2000-10-28) |
| Running time | 44 minutes |
|
|


title: Venice in Peril Fund

abstract: Venice in Peril Fund CIO is a British registered charity. It raises funds to restore and conserve the art and architecture of Venice, and to investigate ways to protect them against future risks, particularly rising sea levels. Although it focuses on the conservation of specific sites, Venice in Peril maintains its concern for the wider environmental issues affecting the city and the lagoon. In support of its conservation work, Venice in Peril Fund also promotes a deeper understanding of Venice, its history, the contribution it has made to world culture and its modern challenges, so as to encourage responsible and informed engagement with the city. As part of this educational mission, it organises regular lecture series in the UK and occasional visits to Venice itself. It also provides annual bursaries for students of conservation at City & Guilds of London Art School. Venice in Peril Fund is a member of the Association of International Private Committees for the Safeguarding of Venice.

text:
# Venice in Peril Fund

**Venice in Peril Fund CIO** is a British registered charity. It raises funds to restore and conserve the art and architecture of Venice, and to investigate ways to protect them against future risks, particularly rising sea levels. Although it focuses on the conservation of specific sites, Venice in Peril maintains its concern for the wider environmental issues affecting the city and the lagoon. In support of its conservation work, Venice in Peril Fund also promotes a deeper understanding of Venice, its history, the contribution it has made to world culture and its modern challenges, so as to encourage responsible and informed engagement with the city. As part of this educational mission, it organises regular lecture series in the UK and occasional visits to Venice itself. It also provides annual bursaries for students of conservation at City & Guilds of London Art School. Venice in Peril Fund is a member of the Association of International Private Committees for the Safeguarding of Venice.

## History

### Art & Archives Rescue Fund (1967–1971)

The predecessor to the Venice in Peril Fund was the Art & Archives Rescue Fund (AARF), which was created as the British response to the 1966 Venice flood. Sir Ashley Clarke, former British Ambassador to Rome and at that time chairman of the British Italian Society, was asked to chair a committee to raise funds to help rescue artworks and buildings in Venice and Florence, which had also flooded. Besides Clarke, the trustees were Sir Kenneth Clarke, the Earl of Drogheda, Sir Frank Francis, Lionel Robbins and A. W. Tuke. The AARF continued its conservation work until it was reconstituted as the Venice in Peril Fund in 1971.

### Venice in Peril Fund

In 1971, UNESCO appealed to its member states to collaborate in helping to save the entirety of Venice. In response, Clarke re-founded the AARF as the Venice in Peril Fund. He set up a board of trustees whose stated objective was to help save and maintain the world-famous artistic and architectural treasures of Venice. John Julius, Viscount Norwich, joined as Chairman the same year, with Clarke serving as the Vice Chair.

Under the chairmanship of John Julius Norwich, who was supported by the efforts of trustees such as Clarke, Carla Thorneycroft, Sir John Pope-Hennessy and Nathalie Brooke, Venice in Peril became a leading force in the city's conservation. Venice in Peril established itself at the forefront of the Venice conservation movement.

To boost the funding efforts in 1977, Peter Boizot, the founder of Pizza Express, created the Pizza Veneziana. Until 2019 a percentage of the sale price of every Pizza Veneziana sold was donated to Venice in Peril. £2 million were donated between 1977 and 2015.

### The Twenty-First Century

In 2003 Venice in Peril Fund organised a ‘state of knowledge’ conference on the lagoon of Venice, with the collaboration of Churchill College, Cambridge and Corila. The aim of the project was to gather together the work of scholars and experts in a cross-disciplinary effort to exchange knowledge and assess the challenges facing Venice and its lagoon. This resulted in two books, both commissioned by Venice in Peril. A scholarly and technical volume, *Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoons: State of Knowledge*, was published in 2005 by Cambridge University Press, and a more accessible book, *The Science of Saving Venice*, was published in 2004. In 2009, another book commissioned by Venice in Peril was published: *The Venice Report, Demography, Tourism, Financing and Change of Use of Buildings*.

In 2011, during the Venice Biennale, Venice in Peril mounted an exhibition of photographs of Venice by prominent photographers, including Candida Höfer, to raise awareness and funds. It was entitled *Real Venice* and received critical acclaim.

### 2019 Flood

In November 2019, Venice suffered its worst flooding since the foundation of the fund in 1966. A 2020 Venice in Peril appeal funded conservation efforts to restore and protect several public buildings that had been particularly badly affected by the flood.

By Venice in Peril's 50th anniversary in 2021, the Fund had completed over 75 conservation and restoration projects in Venice. The work continues, with recent major projects including the conservation of Canova's memorial in the Frari church and the Iconostasis in Torcello Cathedral in memory of John Julius Norwich. Venice in Peril's representatives continue to draw attention to the evolving challenges facing the city.

Guy Elliott took up the post of Chair in April 2022 and Anthony Roberts became Vice Chair.

## Major Projects

## List of Chairs

* 1967-1971: Sir Ashley Clarke
* 1971-1999: John Julius Norwich (Viscount Norwich)
* 1999-2012: the Hon. Anna Somers Cocks OBE
* 2013-2022: Jonathan Keates FRSL
* 2022–present: Guy Elliott

## InfoBox

Venice in Peril Fund
| Formation | 1971 (1971) |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Sir Ashley Clarke |
| Type | NGO |
| Legal status | Charity |
| Purpose | Art and architecture conservation |
| Region | Venice |
| Chairman | Guy Elliott |
| Website | Official website |
| Formerly called | Art & Archives Rescue Fund (AARF) |


title: Vatangi

abstract: Vatangi is a village in Rajavommangi Mandal, Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

text:
# Vatangi

**Vatangi** is a village in Rajavommangi Mandal, Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Geography

Vatangi is located at 17°25′52″N 82°14′49″E / 17.4310°N 82.2469°E / 17.4310; 82.2469.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Vatangi had a population of 715, out of which 346 were male and 369 were female. The population of children below 6 years of age was 8%. The literacy rate of the village was 52%.

## InfoBox

| Vatangi | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| VatangiLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaVatangiVatangi (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°25′52″N 82°14′49″E / 17.4310°N 82.2469°E / 17.4310; 82.2469 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Alluri Sitharama Raju |
| Area | |
| Total | 5 km2 (2 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 715 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Verlon Thompson

abstract: Verlon Thompson is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and troubadour from Binger, Oklahoma. He has long partnered with Guy Clark as a producer, guitarist, and song co-writer.

text:
# Verlon Thompson

**Verlon Thompson** is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and troubadour from Binger, Oklahoma. He has long partnered with Guy Clark as a producer, guitarist, and song co-writer.

## Biography

Thompson has released a compilation CD called *Works*.

Thompson's original songs have been covered by many notable musicians, including:

In addition, Thompson has recorded guitar parts for Restless Heart, Pam Tillis, and Guy Clark, among others. Thompson was the original lead vocalist of Restless Heart, but was replaced by Larry Stewart before the band released any singles.

Thompson is married to broadcaster Demetria Kalodimos. Together, they created the television series *Barnegie Hall* in 2017.

## Discography

### Solo recordings

* 1990: *Verlon Thompson* (Capitol Nashville)
* 2009: *Live at the Ivey's* (Victor Tango Records)
* 2011: *Works* (Victor Tango Records)

### With Guy Clark

### Suzi Ragsdale and Verlon Thompson

* 1993: *Anything Goes* (VNS Records)
* 1995: *Out of Our Hands* (VNS Records)

### Sue Cunningham and Verlon Thompson

### As composer

### Also appears on

## InfoBox

| Verlon Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-01-05) January 5, 1954<br>Binger, Oklahoma |
| Genres | Folk music, Americana music |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, vocals |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Labels | VNS Records |
| Formerly of | Restless Heart |
|  | |
| Website | verlonthompson.com |


title: Verla De Peiza

abstract: Verla A. De Peiza is a Barbadian politician and lawyer. She was the leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) from 12 August 2018 to 21 January 2022, and was the first woman to hold this position. She also previously served as a Senator for the DLP from 2010 to 2018.

text:
# Verla De Peiza

**Verla A. De Peiza** (born 7 October 1971) is a Barbadian politician and lawyer. She was the leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) from 12 August 2018 to 21 January 2022, and was the first woman to hold this position. She also previously served as a Senator for the DLP from 2010 to 2018.

## Early life

Verla De Peiza was born on 7 October 1971 in the parish of Saint James, Barbados. She studied at Erdiston Primary School and Harrison College, winning a Barbados Exhibition university scholarship in 1991. She attended the University of Southampton, graduating with a 2:1 BSc in the fields of Politics and Law. She then entered Queen Mary University of London and completed a Master of Laws with Merit, specialising in Criminology and Criminal Justice. In 1996, De Peiza became qualified to practise law in England and Wales. Upon returning to Barbados, she joined the law firm Charlton Chambers and was called to the bar in 2000.

## Political career

In 1996, De Peiza joined the Democratic Labour Party (DLP). In the 2008 general election, she was nominated as one of the DLP's campaign managers. In 2010, De Peiza was appointed as a Senator, then reappointed after the 2013 Barbadian general election. She served until 2018. In the 2018 general election, she ran in the Christ Church West constituency, a Barbados Labour Party stronghold, but was unsuccessful . On 12 August 2018, she was elected unopposed as the new DLP president after former Prime Minister and DLP president Freundel Stuart stepped down, making her the party's first female leader. In August 2021, she was challenged by fellow DLP member Guy Hewitt for the party leadership, but prevailed in an internal vote. After losing the 2022 Barbadian general election which resulted in the DLP not regaining any seats in the House of Assembly, she resigned on 21 January 2022.

## InfoBox

| Verla De Peiza | |
| --- | --- |
| De Peiza in 2020 | |
|  | |
| Leader of the Democratic Labour Party | |
| **In office**
12 August 2018  21 January 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Freundel Stuart |
| Succeeded by | Ronnie Yearwood |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-10-07) 7 October 1971
Saint James, Barbados |
| Political party | Democratic Labour Party |
| Occupation | * Politician * Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Verla

abstract: Verla at Jaala, Kouvola, Finland, is a well-preserved 19th-century mill village. Situated along the northern Kymi River, the mill, nearby power plants, and residential houses were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 due to its testimony to the lumber industry in the 19th century and the lives of the industrial workers of that time.

text:
# Verla

**Verla** at Jaala, Kouvola, Finland, is a well-preserved 19th-century mill village. Situated along the northern Kymi River, the mill, nearby power plants, and residential houses were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 due to its testimony to the lumber industry in the 19th century and the lives of the industrial workers of that time.

## Description

Verla is a typical example of a late-19th-century wood-processing mill village. The mill owner's residence, made out of wood, and the surrounding park are located on the western side of the river along with the factory buildings, and the workers' houses are arranged in a regular pattern on the eastern side. Most of the factory buildings are made out of red brick, and despite their somewhat outdated Neo Gothic style, they were technologically advanced for the time. These include the mill, the drying-plant, a flour mill and a few storehouses. Along the river, there are three power plants, constructed in the 1920s, 1954 and 1995. Prehistoric rock art (roughly 6,000 years old) was found on the eastern side of the river, depicting elk, humans and geometric patterns in red ink.

## History

The first groundwood mill at Verla was founded in 1872 by Hugo Neuman but was destroyed in a fire in 1876. A larger groundwood and board mill, founded in 1882 by Gottlieb Kreidl and Louis Haenel, continued to operate until 18 July 1964, when the last of the old workers retired. In 1908, the mill was acquired by the Kymmene Corporation. Most of the buildings in the mill village date to the turn of the 20th century (1885–1902).

## Museum

After closing operations, the historical paper mill was converted into a museum of board mill technology that opened in 1972. The historical machines were preserved in their places (except for several pieces brought from other buildings). A guided tour to the mill follows the technological process from timber cutting and pulp production to board drying, sorting, and packing.

## InfoBox

Verla Groundwood and Board Mill
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
| *Left:* the hydroelectric power station with canal
*Front centre:* the locks (the wood mill is partly hidden behind the trees)
*Right:* the manor house | |
| Location | Jaala, Kymenlaakso, Finland |
| Criteria | Cultural: (iv) |
| Reference | 751 |
| Inscription | 1996 (20th Session) |
| Area | 22.778 ha (56.29 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 88.03 ha (217.5 acres) |
| Website | http://www.verla.fi/ |
| Coordinates | 61°3′43″N 26°38′27″E / 61.06194°N 26.64083°E / 61.06194; 26.64083 |
| Location of Verla in Finland | |


title: Vehicle safety technology

abstract: Vehicle safety technology (VST) in the automotive industry refers to the special technology developed to ensure the safety and security of automobiles and their passengers. The term encompasses a broad umbrella of projects and devices within the automotive world. Notable examples of VST include geo-fencing capabilities, remote speed sensing, theft deterrence, damage mitigation, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and car-to-computer communication devices which use GPS tracking. Examples of VST were first implemented in the 20th century, when they were introduced by the automobile industry in response to legislators' efforts to reduce the number of road accidents. Early examples of VST included safety glass, four-wheel hydraulic brakes, seat belts, and padded dashboards. In 1934, General Motors began a scientific approach to vehicle safety by conducting the first crash barrier test. Gradually, existing systems were stabilized, followed by the introduction of disc brakes and anti-lock braking systems. High-tech safety systems were first introduced in 1995 with Electronic Stability Control (ESC). Lane departure warning systems were introduced in the year 1999, and radar assisted adaptive cruise control was introduced in 2005. However, these technologies are not standard inclusions in all vehicles.

text:
# Vehicle safety technology

**Vehicle safety technology** (**VST**) in the automotive industry refers to the special technology developed to ensure the safety and security of automobiles and their passengers. The term encompasses a broad umbrella of projects and devices within the automotive world. Notable examples of VST include geo-fencing capabilities, remote speed sensing, theft deterrence, damage mitigation, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and car-to-computer communication devices which use GPS tracking.

Examples of VST were first implemented in the 20th century, when they were introduced by the automobile industry in response to legislators' efforts to reduce the number of road accidents. Early examples of VST included safety glass, four-wheel hydraulic brakes, seat belts, and padded dashboards. In 1934, General Motors began a scientific approach to vehicle safety by conducting the first crash barrier test. Gradually, existing systems were stabilized, followed by the introduction of disc brakes and anti-lock braking systems. High-tech safety systems were first introduced in 1995 with Electronic Stability Control (ESC). Lane departure warning systems were introduced in the year 1999, and radar assisted adaptive cruise control was introduced in 2005. However, these technologies are not standard inclusions in all vehicles.

## Continued development of vehicle safety technology

In 2017, fatalities of vehicle accidents totaled 37,133, with 3,166 of those resulting from distraction-related vehicle crashes. Research has shown that a majority of these crashes were due to human error. Because of this, the government-funded National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA) recommends that consumers now look for VST features when purchasing a vehicle. The NHTSA takes part in the research, development, and implementation of vehicle safety technologies, including forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, pedestrian automatic emergency braking, and adaptive lighting, among others. The potential amount lives that VST will save is vast, and the NHTSA is committed to making driving safer through the continued creation of new technologies and expansion of existing ones. The United States Department of Transportation is also continuously seeking new methods of VST to combat the annual vehicular related deaths of over 30,000 people. New safety technology is implemented with the manufacture of each new vehicle model, introducing better means of combating human error and creating a safer space on roads. This constant advancement is backed by a 3.9 billion US dollar governmental investment over a ten-year period into VSTs. In addition, the NHTSA continues to issue new regulations and exemptions in an effort to continue innovation in VSTs. The regulations also include guidelines for vehicle manufactures in order to ensure that the various VSTs work in many different environments. The NHTSA has a goal that these guidelines work with state and federal policies to create uniform regulation across the US.

## Preventative technologies for driver drowsiness

To prevent or account for drowsiness while driving, many companies have researched technologies to either detect drowsiness and protect the driver or keep the driver awake. One technology that aims to keep drivers awake is blue light. Blue light strains the eyes, making it difficult to fall asleep while driving, and it may be contained in all interior lights, touchscreens, clocks, and lights illuminating the speedometer and gas meter. Another preventative technology, designed to detect drowsiness, works by using data from lane departure sensors to identify jerky movements or swerving in and out of lanes. Once received, a coffee symbol on the dashboard will illuminate or a verbal response will sound to alert the driver that they should take a break. The driver's seat can also vibrate to startle them in the hopes that they become more alert. Both of these technologies are not yet perfect and are often faulty in detecting drowsiness. Other technologies are also being developed, including the flashing of bright lights containing blue light to keep drivers awake, along with steering technology that can correct for driver error while swerving due to drowsiness. Other technology seeks to prevent accidents from occurring by analyzing driver behavior. Companies such as SafeMode operate by analyzing driver behavior for "safety events", such as hard accelerations or breaking. If a driver decreases the number of times they record a safety event month after month, they earn incentives, ultimately making the road safer for all drivers.

## Electronic stability control (ESC)

Electronic stability control (also known as roll over protection) is a specific technology that helps keep the vehicle balanced. During harsh weather or tough road conditions that would cause vehicle steering to be extreme, this technology allows the drivers to regain control and prevent possible crashes, roll overs, and fishtails. This is the system which allows drivers to exit hydroplanes safely. In combination with automatic emergency braking technologies *(see below)*, ESC controls each wheel individually to allow the driver to steer in the intended direction. To do this, ESC technologies apply singular breaks to all the wheels individually, slowing each one to the intended speed of the rest. Electronic stability control does not give traction to the vehicle; rather, it provides balance and momentary steering control.

## Automatic and emergency braking

There are four different and diverse automatic and emergency braking technologies. They include Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), Crash Imminent Braking, Dynamic Brake Support, and Pedestrian Emergency Braking. These collision avoidance technologies detect vehicles in front of the car and automatically brake if a crash is detected. Before making any decisions on their own, AEB systems alert the driver of the suspected crash and allow a chance for the driver to take action. If the driver does not acknowledge the alert, AEB technology will then apply the brakes in hopes of avoiding or lessening the severity of a crash. Dynamic brake support is a technology which supplements the driver's brake if it is not hard enough already. As for crash imminent braking, this system automatically applies the brakes to avoid a crash. Drivers do not need to apply the brakes for the crash imminent system to engage. Pedestrian emergency braking systems sense pedestrians in front or near the car and will apply the brakes if drivers make no move to do so. This technology uses the front facing radar sensors and cameras to detect pedestrians, then apply the brakes in hopes of avoiding a collision. These systems have been available on a wide range of vehicles since 2006. Due to their growth in popularity, prices to add these systems to new vehicles have dropped and they are inexpensive to install. However they are quite pricey to fix due to the resolution and grade of cameras and sensors.

## Blind spot monitoring

The vehicle blind spot is an area outside the vehicle which cannot be seen by the driver from the driver's seat. Each person will have a different blind spot, and cannot see other cars within that area. To reduce the occurrence of crashes related to blind spots, numerous companies have developed technologies that alert drivers to other cars near their vehicle. These technologies also have the ability to detect which side other vehicles are approaching from. Vehicles with blind spot monitoring employ radar sensors and cameras positioned all around the exterior which warn drivers of the movement and presence of other vehicles in their surroundings. To alert the driver, blind spot monitoring systems will use one or more of warning sounds, seat vibration, and illuminated warning symbols, usually located on the outside of the vehicle's side mirrors on the side where a vehicle is present. Noises may also sound if the driver engages the turn signal when there is a vehicle in the blind spot area. Blind spot monitoring technologies are equipped on most luxury vehicles and in recently produced vehicles. There are packages present to add blind spot monitoring to vehicles at the time of purchase. One inherent weakness of many of these systems is that they struggle to detect fast moving cars, motorcycles, or low riding cars.

## Lane departure warnings

Lane departure warning systems are technologies that employ underside and wheel well cameras to detect when a wheel has unintentionally crossed a lane line without a turn signal. These systems were created in order to prevent lane swerving and possible driver drowsiness accidents. To alert the driver of a lane departure, systems can do employ one or more of a seat vibration, the illumination of a warning signal, and warning sounds (either a small sound or a verbal warning from system technologies. These systems do not alert the driver of a lane departure if a turn signal is used. These systems intend to prevent crashes and drowsiness by reducing the number of times a lane switch occurs without the use of a turn signal. Lane departure systems can be disabled so that no alert will occur, but it is recommended that a dealer make this change to prevent damage to the system.

## Speed monitoring and warning systems

Speed warning systems are designed to alert the driver of the vehicle when they have exceeded the speed limit. To do this, GPS technologies are used to triangulate the vehicle's location; along with a record of speed limits in the area, the system uses built-in speed sensors to notify the driver when they exceed the speed limit. If the list of speed limits is updated, it can also track school and work zone speed limit changes that would otherwise go unnoticed by the driver. When a driver exceeds the speed limit, any of the following can occur: a small ding will sound, the speed reading will turn red if the odometer is digital, an icon will light up and a ding will sound, or the vehicle will give a verbal response alerting the driver of their speed and to slow down. One speed monitoring technology which is undergoing testing in the US and Europe is called intelligent speed adaptation, which would assess the speed of the vehicle, and with the permission from the driver, automatically slow the vehicle down to the proper legal speed. If implemented, though, drivers would be able to override this system or turn it off entirely. However, these technologies keep drivers safe from distractions which would otherwise result in a speeding ticket or a car accident.

## Future technologies

In addition to those currently available, many technologies are being created which will one day be integrated into our vehicles. One future example of VST is vehicle-to-vehicle communication, which would allow vehicles on busy highways, interstates, and even small country roads to wirelessly communicate. Communication between vehicles would involve the sharing of speed data and positioning of other vehicles with all cars on the road, creating a 360 degree awareness for each driver. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication is being developed in hopes that it will prevent more crashes and ease traffic congestion. Unfortunately the many potential benefits of vehicle-to-vehicle communication can only be achieved when all vehicles can communicate with one another.

Another technology in design is vehicle cyber security. Due to the many electronics installed in cars today, cyber theft is a bigger threat than it has ever been before; without proper security over vehicles' electronics, thieves can access GPS locations and locations to which the vehicle has recently traveled. If the driver connects their phone over Bluetooth, this information can also be stolen when the phone is actively connected to the vehicle. Many electric vehicle systems that control the car can also be hacked. If this occurs, the hacker can then control the vehicle, putting the safety and privacy of the driver and passengers in jeopardy. Many devices are being designed to help protect drivers' private information along with the safety of their vehicle technology, and the NHTSA is working closely with engineers to develop this future technology. Additional preventative technologies for driver drowsiness are also being designed, which could involve cameras monitoring drivers' eye movement. These systems would aim to determine when drivers are getting drowsy based on a lack of eye movement.

## Further reading


title: Vern Paulsen

abstract: Vern Ival Paulsen is an American mathematician, focusing in operator theory, operator algebras, frame theory, C*-algebras, and quantum information theory.

text:
# Vern Paulsen

**Vern Ival Paulsen** (born 1951) is an American mathematician, focusing in operator theory, operator algebras, frame theory, C\*-algebras, and quantum information theory.

## Education and career

Paulsen studied mathematics at Western Michigan University, obtaining a BA in 1973. He then moved to University of Michigan and obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics under Carl Pearcy in 1977. He spent the following two years at University of Kansas as an instructor. Since 1979, he has been a faculty member in the Department of Mathematics at University of Houston. He was since 1996 the John and Rebecca Moores Professor at the University of Houston.

In 2015, Paulsen moved to Canada and became a professor in the department of pure mathematics at the Institute for Quantum Computing and at the University of Waterloo.

## Bibliography

* Douglas, Ronald G.; Paulsen, Vern I. (1989). *Hilbert modules over function algebras*. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 0-470-21478-3. OCLC 19672811.
* Blecher, David P.; Muhly, Paul S.; Paulsen, Vern I. (2000). *Categories of operator modules : Morita equivalence and projective modules*. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-1-4704-0272-3. OCLC 851088821.
* Paulsen, Vern I. (2003). *Completely bounded maps and operator algebras*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-06103-X. OCLC 228110971.
* Gupta, Ved Prakash (2015). *The functional analysis of quantum information theory : a collection of notes based on lectures by Gilles Pisier, K.R. Parthasarathy, Vern Paulsen and Andreas Winter*. Prabha Mandayam, V. S. Sunder. Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-16718-3. OCLC 910663209.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Paulsen, Vern I.; Raghupathi, Mrinal (2016). *An introduction to the theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-10409-9. OCLC 924626167.

## InfoBox

| Vern Ival Paulsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1951 (age 7273) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Western Michigan University
University of Michigan |
| Thesis | *Weak Compalence Invariants for Essentially N-Normal Operators* (1977) |
| Doctoral advisor | Carl Pearcy |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Kansas
University of Houston
University of Waterloo |
|  | |
| Website | uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/profiles/vern-paulsen |


title: Vermillion Creek

abstract: Vermillion Creek is a 67.5-mile-long (108.6 km) tributary of the Green River. It flows south from Sweetwater County, Wyoming to a confluence with the Green River just north of the Gates of Lodore in Moffat County, Colorado.

text:
# Vermillion Creek

**Vermillion Creek** is a 67.5-mile-long (108.6 km) tributary of the Green River. It flows south from Sweetwater County, Wyoming to a confluence with the Green River just north of the Gates of Lodore in Moffat County, Colorado.

## InfoBox

| Vermillion Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Confluence of North Fork Vermillion Creek and Coyote Creek |
| coordinates | 41°05′20″N 108°47′22″W / 41.08889°N 108.78944°W / 41.08889; -108.78944 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Confluence with Green River |
| coordinates | 40°45′44″N 106°53′12″W / 40.76222°N 106.88667°W / 40.76222; -106.88667 |
| elevation | 5,338 ft (1,627 m) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | GreenColorado |


title: Veronica Wagner

abstract: Isabella Minna Veronica Wagner, better known as Veronica, is a gymnast who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics as a member of the Swedish Olympic team. She is coached by Staffan Söderberg. Wagner was born in Stockholm, and started gymnastics at the age of 5. She progressed quickly through the sport's levels, qualifying as an international elite at the age of 12. She is Sweden's most successful gymnast, having won the national title 7 times and represented her country at the Olympics, World Championships and European Championships. She has also been a finalist at several World Cup events and in the 2009 Worlds all-around competition. Wagner is a powerful and innovative gymnast, particularly on the floor exercise. She pioneered the double piked front, which she successfully competed at the 2006 European Championships. She performed well at these championships, with a score that would have been good enough to place her 13th if an all-around competition had been held. She competed with the Swedish team at the 2006 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, and while the team did not qualify for the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, which served as qualifiers to the Olympics, Wagner qualified as an individual. She stated in an interview with International Gymnast magazine that her goals for 2007 were to win a World Cup medal and to qualify to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Wagner achieved both of these goals. At the 2007 World Championships, she qualified to her second Olympic Games as an individual competitor for Sweden. She also had World Cup success in 2007: She won the silver medal on vault at the Maribor World Cup, held in Slovenia, and two gold medals and a bronze (floor) at the Buenos Aires World Cup. After winning the Swedish Championships in June 2008, Wagner was told that the Swedish Olympic Committee would not send her to Beijing to compete in the Olympic Games. A fan-driven petition was created in protest. After this disappointment, Wagner continued to compete in gymnastics. At the 2009 World Championships, she qualified to the all-around final for the first time in her career. For the 2012 Olympics, she was contracted by Swedish national television as a commentator for the gymnastics competition.

text:
# Veronica Wagner

**Isabella Minna Veronica Wagner**, better known as **Veronica** (born July 7, 1987), is a gymnast who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics as a member of the Swedish Olympic team. She is coached by Staffan Söderberg.

Wagner was born in Stockholm, and started gymnastics at the age of 5. She progressed quickly through the sport's levels, qualifying as an international elite at the age of 12. She is Sweden's most successful gymnast, having won the national title 7 times (2002, 2004–2008 and 2011) and represented her country at the Olympics, World Championships and European Championships. She has also been a finalist at several World Cup events and in the 2009 Worlds all-around competition.

Wagner is a powerful and innovative gymnast, particularly on the floor exercise. She pioneered the double piked front, which she successfully competed at the 2006 European Championships. She performed well at these championships, with a score that would have been good enough to place her 13th if an all-around competition had been held. She competed with the Swedish team at the 2006 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, and while the team did not qualify for the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, which served as qualifiers to the Olympics, Wagner qualified as an individual. She stated in an interview with International Gymnast magazine that her goals for 2007 were to win a World Cup medal and to qualify to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Wagner achieved both of these goals. At the 2007 World Championships, she qualified to her second Olympic Games as an individual competitor for Sweden. She also had World Cup success in 2007: She won the silver medal on vault at the Maribor World Cup, held in Slovenia, and two gold medals (vault and balance beam) and a bronze (floor) at the Buenos Aires World Cup.

After winning the Swedish Championships in June 2008, Wagner was told that the Swedish Olympic Committee would not send her to Beijing to compete in the Olympic Games. A fan-driven petition was created in protest.

After this disappointment, Wagner continued to compete in gymnastics. At the 2009 World Championships, she qualified to the all-around final for the first time in her career.

For the 2012 Olympics, she was contracted by Swedish national television as a commentator for the gymnastics competition.

## Results

2002 Swedish Championships - 1st AA
2003 Northern European Championships - 2nd AA, 1st FX, 1st BB, 7th UB, 1st V
2003 Swedish Championships - 2nd AA
2003 Swedish Cup - 1st AA
2004 Swedish Championships - 1st AA, 1st V
2004 Olympic Games - 55th AA
2005 Swedish Championships - 1st AA, 1st FX, 2nd BB, 8th UB, 2nd V
2005 World Championships - 30th AA
2006 Swedish Nationals - 1st AA, 1st FX, 1st BB, 2nd UB, 1st V
2006 Ghent World Cup - 6th V
2006 French International - 6th BB, 5th FX
2006 North European Championships - 1st AA, 3rd UB, 1st BB, 1st FX
2006 World Championships - 62nd AA
2007 Maribor World Cup - 2nd V, 7th BB

## InfoBox

| Veronica Wagner | |
| --- | --- |
| Veronica Wagner in June 2010 | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Isabella Minna Veronica Wagner |
| Country represented | Sweden |
| Born | (1987-07-07) July 7, 1987<br>Stockholm, Sweden |
| Discipline | Women's artistic gymnastics |
| Head coach(es) | Staffan Söderberg |


title: Veronica Wall

abstract: Veronica Wall is an elite New Zealand rower. She participated in the 2016 and the 2017 World Rowing Junior Championships. In 2019/20, she studied at and rowed for Yale University but had to return home to Ashburton shortly before she finished her first academic year because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Wall is currently in her final year at Yale, where she has rowed in successful boats for all racing seasons. Following her first year, she was the recipient of the Yale's "Christine Ernst '76 Novice Award, presented to that novice who best exhibits the qualities of spirit and leadership necessary for a successful rowing experience".

text:
# Veronica Wall

**Veronica Wall** (born 4 January 2000) is an elite New Zealand rower. She participated in the 2016 and the 2017 World Rowing Junior Championships. In 2019/20, she studied at and rowed for Yale University but had to return home to Ashburton shortly before she finished her first academic year because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Wall is currently in her final year at Yale, where she has rowed in successful boats for all racing seasons. Following her first year, she was the recipient of the Yale's "Christine Ernst '76 Novice Award, presented to that novice who best exhibits the qualities of spirit and leadership necessary for a successful rowing experience".

## InfoBox

Veronica Wall
| Wall in 2018 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| National team | New Zealand |
| Born | (2000-01-04) 4 January 2000 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Updated on 14 September 2017 | |


title: Veronica Willaway

abstract: Veronica Therese Willaway OSB also known as Sister Veronica, is a Yued Noongar woman from New Norcia in Western Australia. She spent her childhood at St Joseph's school and orphanage, an institution for Aboriginal girls in New Norcia, before deciding to become a Benedictine sister herself.

text:
# Veronica Willaway

**Veronica Therese Willaway** OSB (born 9 December c.1944) also known as Sister Veronica, is a Yued Noongar woman from New Norcia in Western Australia. She spent her childhood at St Joseph's school and orphanage, an institution for Aboriginal girls in New Norcia, before deciding to become a Benedictine sister herself.

## Early life and education

Willaway grew up in New Norcia, Australia's only monastic town, which is located 130 km north of Perth, Western Australia. She was one of six children of Philomena and Harold Willaway. When she was six years of age her parents placed her at St Joseph's Orphanage under the care of the Spanish Benedictine Missionary Sisters. It was common practice at the time that many Aboriginal children from the New Norcia area came to live at the orphanage. Willaway's five siblings also came to live there.

## Religious life

Influenced by the sisters and monks at New Norcia, in 1958, at the age of 14, Willaway decided to become a Benedictine sister herself. After a year as a postulant Willaway entered the novitiate on 23 January 1960. Her profession date was 21 January 1962 and she took her final vows on 12 March 1966 when she was 21. Willaway was the second Aboriginal sister to join the congregation; Sister Cecilia Farrell had been the first. Most of Willaway's early religious life was spent time working in St Joseph's Orphanage in New Norcia, which later became a school. In 1974 Willaway moved to Girrawheen, a suburb of Perth, where she ran a childcare centre.

After a year in this role, the Benedictine Sisters made the decision to leave Australia and return to Spain, and invited Willaway to join them. On 24 March 1975, Willaway embarked from Fremantle on the ship *Galileo*, on a six-week voyage to Barcelona. After her arrival she worked once again in a childcare centre, caring for young children and learning Spanish while living in Barcelona. After three years Willaway returned to Australia and spent time at the Kalumburu mission in the north of Western Australia, remaining there until 1982. She then returned to New Norcia to help the Filipino Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing, who had come to Australia at the invitation of the monks at New Norcia. Over the next few years Willaway moved geographically but also into another branch of her order. In October 1984 some of the sisters from the Spanish Congregation were integrated into the Congregation of the Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing and four years later, that community left New Norcia to work with Aboriginal students at the Pallottine Centre at Rossmoyne, in Perth. In 1987 Willaway returned to Kalumburu.

In 1989 she was asked to go to the United States of America to assist at the Norfolk Priory. She was then sent to Winnebago Indian Reservation for two years to help the community in the school and convent. Willaway has noted that "I could identify with the Native Americans' sad past of having their culture suppressed and their children placed in white boarding schools to be integrated into white American culture."

In mid-1991 Willaway was transferred back to the Norfolk Priory in Nebraska. She has remained living in Norfolk since then, apart from a year spent working at the Aboriginal Catholic Ministry of Western Australia in 2015–2016. When she was in Bendigo in Victoria in May 2021 she was present when the Director of Aboriginal Catholic Ministry presented a message stick to student leaders as a sacred symbol to empower them to be a voice for mission.

Willaway contributed to an episode of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) *Compass* program, Series 30 - Episode 10, hosted by Geraldine Doogue. The episode, titled "Salvado's letters", was about Rosendo Salvado, the Spanish Benedictine monk who founded the religious community in New Norcia in 1847.

An episode of the ABC's *Soul Search* program, hosted by Meredith Lake, also discusses the history of the Benedictine religious sisters from New Norcia, focusing particularly on Willaway's story.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SisterVeronica WillawayOSB | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal | |
| Born | Veronica Therese Willaway<br>New Norcia, Western Australia |
| Religion | Catholic |
| Nationality | Aboriginal Australian |
| Parents | * Harold Willaway (father) * Philomena Willaway (mother) |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Organization | |
| Order | Benedictines |


title: Vern Hughes (baseball)

abstract: Vernon Alexander "Lefty" Hughes was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League in 1914.

text:
# Vern Hughes (baseball)

**Vernon Alexander "Lefty" Hughes** (April 15, 1893 – September 26, 1961) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League in 1914.

## InfoBox

| Vern Hughes | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1893-04-15)April 15, 1893
Etna, Pennsylvania | |
| **Died:** September 26, 1961(1961-09-26) (aged 68)
Sewickley, Pennsylvania | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 6, 1914, for the Baltimore Terrapins | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 10, 1914, for the Baltimore Terrapins | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–0 |
| Earned run average | 3.18 |
| Strikeouts | 0 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Vern Huffman

abstract: Richard Vernon Huffman was an American football and basketball player. He was born in Mooreland, Indiana and was raised in and around New Castle, Indiana. He played basketball for the New Castle High School team that won the Indiana state basketball championship in 1932. He enrolled at Indiana University in 1932 and played both football and basketball there. He was an All-American in both basketball and football at Indiana and won the 1936 Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the best football player in the Big Ten Conference. He was drafted in the third round of the 1937 NFL Draft. He played two seasons of professional football in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions in 1937 and 1938. Huffman later managed a dairy and worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was inducted into the Indiana Hoosiers Hall of Fame in 1982. Huffman died in 1995 at age 80 in Bloomington, Indiana. Huffman's brother Marv was also an All-American basketball player at Indiana and later played professionally with the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots of the National Basketball League.

text:
# Vern Huffman

**Richard Vernon Huffman** (December 18, 1914  March 18, 1995) was an American football and basketball player. He was born in Mooreland, Indiana and was raised in and around New Castle, Indiana.

He played basketball for the New Castle High School team that won the Indiana state basketball championship in 1932. He enrolled at Indiana University in 1932 and played both football and basketball there. He was an All-American in both basketball and football at Indiana and won the 1936 *Chicago Tribune* Silver Football as the best football player in the Big Ten Conference.

He was drafted in the third round of the 1937 NFL Draft. He played two seasons of professional football in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions in 1937 and 1938. Huffman later managed a dairy and worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was inducted into the Indiana Hoosiers Hall of Fame in 1982. Huffman died in 1995 at age 80 in Bloomington, Indiana.

Huffman's brother Marv was also an All-American basketball player at Indiana and later played professionally with the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots of the National Basketball League.

## InfoBox

Vern Huffman
| Huffman in his Indiana basketball uniform, circa 1936 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 6 | |
| Position: | Halfback, Quarterback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1914-12-18)December 18, 1914
Mooreland, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died: | March 18, 1995(1995-03-18) (aged 80)
Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 215 lb (98 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | New Castle
(New Castle, Indiana) |
| College: | Indiana |
| NFL draft: | 1937 / round: 3 / pick: 27 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 22  Games started: 15  Rushing attempts-yards: 104–368  Receptions-yards: 9–121  Touchdowns: 2 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


abstract: Verticordia densiflora var. stelluligera is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small leaves and small clusters of yellowish or pink and cream flowers. It is one of 5 varieties of the species Verticordia densiflora.

text:
# Verticordia densiflora var. stelluligera

***Verticordia densiflora* var. *stelluligera*** is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small leaves and small clusters of yellowish or pink and cream flowers. It is one of 5 varieties of the species *Verticordia densiflora*.

## Description

*Verticordia densiflora* var. *stelluligera* is an openly branched shrub which grows to a height of 0.4–2 m (1–7 ft). The leaves vary in shape from linear to egg-shaped and those near the flowers are egg-shaped, dished and 2.0–2.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide.

The flowers are scented and arranged in many small groups on erect stalks from 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in), sometimes 4 mm (0.2 in) long. The flowers are white to cream and lemon-coloured, or bright yellow, or pink and cream-coloured. The floral cup is shaped like half a sphere, about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long, smooth but hairy near its base. The sepals are 2.4–2.6 mm (0.09–0.1 in) long, with 3 lobes which have a fringe of coarse hairs. The petals are a similar colour to the sepals, 1.4–1.7 mm (0.06–0.07 in) long, egg-shaped with many filaments on their ends. The style is 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, extending beyond the petals and is curved and hairy. Flowering occurs from September to December.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Verticordia densiflora* was first formally described by John Lindley in 1839 and the description was published in *A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony*. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus *Verticordia* and described five varieties of *Verticordia densiflora* including this variety.

## Distribution and habitat

This variety of *V. densiflora* usually grows in sand, sometimes with gravel or loam, often with other species of *Verticordia* in heath and shrubland. It occurs between Kalbarri and Eneabba near the coast and as far inland as Morawa and Mullewa in the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

*Verticordia densiflora* var. *stelluligera* is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

This variety has been propagated from cuttings but the young plants have been susceptible to fungus attacks. Plants treated with fungicide have grown well in sand topped with gravel. Cultivated plants have flowered well producing blooms that are attractive in floral arrangements and which, when dried retain their colour for a few months.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia densiflora var. stelluligera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Species: | *V. densiflora* |
| Variety: | ***V. d.* var. *stelluligera*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Verticordia densiflora* var. *stelluligera***<br>A.S.George | |


title: Vespasiano Colonna

abstract: Vespasiano Colonna was an Italian nobleman and condottiero, a member of the Colonna family.

text:
# Vespasiano Colonna

**Vespasiano Colonna** (c. 1485  13 March 1528) was an Italian nobleman and condottiero, a member of the Colonna family.

## Biography

He was the son of Prospero Colonna, duke of Traetto (modern Minturno) and count of Fondi, and Covella di Sanseverino.

He fought for the imperial side in the Italian Wars; in 1524, in reward, he obtained by Charles V the county of Belgioioso, confiscated from the Barbiano family. Sent to defend the Spanish-controlled Kingdom of Naples, he however defected to the French in 1525, gaining Pope Clement V's enmity. After the Colonna had occupied Anagni, the Pope proposed to pardon him in exchange of stopping fighting against the papal lands: Colonna replied assaulting the papal palace in the Vatican City, forcing the pope to take shelter in Castel Sant'Angelo. Vespasiano and all his parents were therefore excommunicated.

In 1527 he was reconciled with the pope thanks to the intercession of imperial ministers.

He died at Paliano in 1528.

## Family

Colonna first married Beatrice Appiani of Piombino, with whom he had a daughter, Isabella Colonna. In 1526 he remarried to Giulia Gonzaga, daughter of Ludovico Gonzaga duke of Sabbioneta.

## Sources

* Litta, Pompeo (1835). *Famiglie celebri d'Italia*. Turin: Colonna di Roma.
* Franca Petrucci: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. XXVII (1982).
* Società Genealogica Italiana: Libro d´oro della nobiltà mediterranea, (2014).


title: Vera Gushee

abstract: Vera Marie Gushee was an American astronomer and a professor at Smith College.

text:
# Vera Gushee

**Vera Marie Gushee** (February 7, 1894 – October 27, 1937) was an American astronomer and a professor at Smith College.

## Early life and education

Gushee was born in Cincinnatus, New York, the daughter of Walter E. Gushee and Helen M. Hatch Gushee. Both of her parents were from Maine; her father was a school superintendent in Massachusetts. She graduated from Smith College, and earned a master's degree at the University of Chicago. She did not pursue a doctoral degree, explaining in 1933 that "The efforts I have made deliberately are towards a greater broadening of my intellectual background than I could get by aiming toward a Ph.D. in Astronomy."

## Career

Gushee was an assistant professor of astronomy at Smith College in the 1920s. She also taught at Wellesley College, and lectured at Harvard University. She attended the American Astronomical Society meeting in 1920. She was part of a team of astronomers who photographed a total solar eclipse in 1918, from Matheson, Colorado.

At Smith College, Gushee played harp with the Phaneian Harp Ensemble. She spent some summers teaching at the Music Box, an arts school in Cummington, Massachusetts, which was founded by her Smith College friend Katherine Frazier. She also raised funds for Frazier's school.

## Publications

* "Simple observations with a small telescope" (1918)
* "A home-made telescope" (1918)
* "A study of proper motions in the cluster NGC 663" (1919)
* "Orbit of β GC 8933" (1925, with Margaret L. Furrey)
* "Thomas Wright of Durham, Astronomer" (1941; published posthumously)

## Personal life

Gushee died in 1937, at the age of 43, in New York City. Her photograph, and a replica of one of her dresses, was part of an exhibit at the University of Chicago Library in 2023, titled "Capturing the Stars: The Untold History of Women at Yerkes Observatory".

## InfoBox

| Vera Gushee | |
| --- | --- |
| Vera Gushee, from the 1916 yearbook of Smith College | |
| Born | February 7, 1894
Cincinnatus, New York, U.S. |
| Died | October 27, 1937 (age 43)
New York, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Astronomer, college professor |


title: Viana do Castelo Football Association

abstract: The Viana do Castelo Football Association is the district governing body for the all football competitions in the Portuguese Viana do Castelo District. It is also the regulator of the clubs registered in the district.

text:
# Viana do Castelo Football Association

The **Viana do Castelo Football Association** (*Associação de Futebol de Viana do Castelo*, frequently shortened to *AF Viana do Castelo*) is the district governing body for the all football competitions in the Portuguese Viana do Castelo District. It is also the regulator of the clubs registered in the district.

## Notable clubs in the Viana do Castelo FA

## Current Divisions - 2017-18 Season

The AF Viana do Castelo runs the following division covering the fourth and fifth tiers of the Portuguese football league system.

### 1ª Divisão

* Associação Desportiva de Campos
* Associação Desportiva de Chafé
* Associação Desportiva de Ponte da Barca
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural da Correlhã
* Associação Desportiva Os Limianos
* Centro Recreativo e Cultural de Távora
* Clube Desportivo de Cerveira
* Desportivo de Monção
* Futebol Clube de Vila Franca
* Grupo Desportivo de Moreira do Lima
* Grupo Desportivo de Vitorino de Piães
* Neves Futebol Clube
* Sport Clube Valenciano
* Sport Clube Vianense
* Sporting Clube Courense
* União Desportiva de Lanheses

### 2ª Divisão

* Anais Futebol Clube
* Associação Cultural e Recreativa de Arcozelo
* Associação Desportiva Darquense
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural Aboim/Sandim
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural Fachense
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural de Perre
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural de Longos Vales
* Associação Recreativa e Cultural de Paçô
* Associação Desportiva e Cultural de Perre
* Centro Cultural e Desportivo Ancorense
* Deucriste Sport Clube
* Grupo Desportivo Castelense
* Grupo Desportivo de Bertiandos
* Lanhelas Futebol Clube
* Sport Clube Melgacense
* Sport União Cardielense
* União Desportiva Moreira
* União Desportiva Os Raianos
* Vila Fria 1980


title: Vianania

abstract: Vianania is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Ricardo N. Orfila in 1954.

text:
# Vianania

***Vianania*** is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Ricardo N. Orfila in 1954.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Vianania* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | ***Vianania***<br>Orfila, 1954 |
|


title: Victor Kamber

abstract: Victor Samuel Kamber is an American labor union activist and political consultant in the United States. A Democrat, he worked for the AFL-CIO in the 1970s before forming The Kamber Group, a public relations firm, in 1980. The Kamber Group worked for Democratic Party candidates and labor unions for 25 years, becoming one of the most well-known "boutique" P.R. firms in Washington, D.C. Kamber sold The Kamber Group in 2005 to Carmen Group Lobbying, where he remains president of its subsidiary, Carmen Group Communications. Kamber is a frequent guest on national and local television and radio programs, newspapers and magazines, and is a published author. He currently is an adjunct professor at The American University.

text:
# Victor Kamber

**Victor Samuel Kamber** (born May 7, 1943) is an American labor union activist and political consultant in the United States. A Democrat, he worked for the AFL-CIO in the 1970s before forming The Kamber Group, a public relations firm, in 1980.

The Kamber Group worked for Democratic Party candidates and labor unions for 25 years, becoming one of the most well-known "boutique" P.R. firms in Washington, D.C. Kamber sold The Kamber Group in 2005 to Carmen Group Lobbying, where he remains president of its subsidiary, Carmen Group Communications.

Kamber is a frequent guest on national and local television and radio programs, newspapers and magazines, and is a published author.

He currently is an adjunct professor at The American University.

## Early life and career

Kamber, an Assyrian-American, was born in 1943 in Chicago, Illinois, and attended public schools there.

Kamber subsequently attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. During his undergraduate schooling, Kamber joined the Phi Gamma Delta collegiate social fraternity. In 1965, he along with Samuel E. Honneger and Joseph Mullins worked tirelessly to establish the Delta Colony of Phi Gamma Delta at the University of New Mexico which later became the Alpha Nu Chapter of Phi Gamma Delta in 1966. He worked on the presidential campaign of United States Senator Barry Goldwater. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1965.

In 1968, Kamber worked on the presidential campaigns of Nelson Rockefeller and Richard Nixon.

Kamber later received a Master of Arts degree from the University of New Mexico, a J.D. from the Washington College of Law at the American University, and a master of laws from George Washington University (he received this last degree in 1972).

Kamber later was an administrative assistant to United States Representative Seymour Halpern (R-New York).

In 1970, Kamber was convicted of forgery while teaching at Prince George's Community College (PGCC). At the time, Kamber was president of the national Young Republicans' leadership training school in Chicago. Federal officials accused him of submitting a forged letter to his draft board in 1968. The letter had ostensibly been signed by the president of PGCC and attested that Kamber was a faculty member there. But PGCC president John Handley testified he had not seen the letter, had not authorized it and had not signed it. Kamber was acquitted of charges that he did not teach at the community college, but convicted of forgery and sentenced to two years in prison.

## AFL-CIO career

After his conviction, Kamber worked as a lobbyist for the Building and Construction Trades Department (BCTD) of the AFL-CIO. Under Robert Georgine, also a Republican, Kamber rose quickly to become the department's chief lobbyist. Kamber's tenure at BCTD was marked by a significant drop in the political power of the AFL-CIO on Capitol Hill. In 1977, Kamber and the BCTD persuaded the Democratic leadership in the House of Representatives to rush a *common situs* picketing bill onto the floor in the hopes of stampeding members of Congress to approve the legislation. Instead, the tactic lead to a major defeat for labor.

After the defeat of the picketing bill, Kamber was tapped by AFL-CIO president George Meany to head a labor law reform task force. Kamber's goal was to prioritize the AFL-CIO's labor law reform goals, strategize a plan for building support for the bill, and winning the legislation's enactment. The effort never got off the ground, as political changes in Congress put the labor federation on the political defensive.

## The Kamber Group years

Kamber left the AFL-CIO in 1980 and founded his own public relations firm, The Kamber Group.

During his first year, his announced goal was to become the "Hill & Knowlton of the left", but his current anniversary press kit observes that the firm is "often referred to as the 'Bob Gray and Company of the left'", a reference to the fast-growing Georgetown concern with strong White House ties.

The Kamber Group quickly known as one of Washington's hottest public relations firms. In time, it became one of the nation's largest independently owned consulting and public relations firms.

Almost immediately, Kamber took on some very high-profile clients. He established a legal defense fund for Rep. Frank Thompson, Jr. (D-New Jersey), who was caught in the federal government's Abscam sting. He also supported a movement to draft Sen. Ted Kennedy for the Democratic presidential nomination.

In 1982, Kamber founded the Progressive Political Action Committee (ProPAC). ProPAC was a political action committee which sought to counteract political election spending by the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC) by supporting Democratic candidate for federal office. Kamber served as ProPAC's treasurer. ProPAC shut down its operations in 1983.

Kamber did not neglect his labor roots, however. He was counsel for the NFL Players Association during the 1982 National Football League strike. He also served as a public relations consultant and spokesman for the Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA). In April 1983, the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations heard testimony that reputed Chicago mobster Tony Accardo "hand-picked" Edward T. Hanley of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees and Angelo Fosco of LIUNA to be presidents of their respective unions. Kamber helped LIUNA strategize a political and public relations response to the allegations. Kamber pushed his consulting firm to get into labor organizing campaigns as well. In 1984, he sued Ray Rogers, president of Corporate Campaigns, Inc., over Rogers' attempt to patent the term "corporate campaign." He also advised Doris Turner in her unsuccessful re-election bid for president of the Drug, Hospital, and Health Care Employees Union (better known as Local 1199) in 1986.

In 1984, Kamber was a national campaign advisor to Sen. Alan Cranston during his run for the U.S. presidency. However, Kamber eventually resigned as political and public relations consultant to the campaign after complaining that Cranston's personal staff pushed him to the side. The relationship between Kamber and the Cranston campaign deteriorated further when Kamber sought a temporary restraining order freezing the campaign's funds. Kamber claimed the Cranston campaign owned him $150,000, but the funds were unfrozen a short time later.

In 1987, Kamber established Americans Against Government Control of Unions. The outfit was a non-profit company whose goal was to build public opinion against government takeovers of corrupt labor unions. William Olwell, vice president of the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), was the group's treasurer. Kamber formed the group as UFCW, the Teamsters and other unions were under investigation for labor racketeering and domination by organized crime. Although The Kamber Group was working for the Teamsters at the time, Kamber asserted that the formation of his new organization was unrelated to the government's investigation of the Teamsters.

In 1988, Kamber played a key role in helping re-affiliate the Teamsters with the AFL-CIO. The union had been ejected from the labor federation in the 1950s over charges of corruption, but the AFL-CIO had been asking the Teamsters to rejoin the federation throughout the 1980s. William H. Wynn, president of UFCW, and BCTD president Georgine, assisted by Kamber, negotiated the Teamsters' return.

Kamber turned his attention back to politics in 1992. He supported the U.S presidential candidacy of Sen. Tom Harkin. Although he did not become involved in a presidential campaign to the extent that he did in 1984, Kamber nevertheless played a big role in the 1992 election. In July of that year, he established a political action committee called Americans for Change. The group's goal was to raise $1 million to run attack ads against President George H. W. Bush.

In 1993, Kamber led the battle to end a Republican filibuster of the nomination of William B. Gould IV to be chair of the National Labor Relations Board. The Republicans eventually gave up the filibuster, and Gould was confirmed.

In 2002, Kamber became a paid spokesman for the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades, acting as political consultant and public relations expert for the union.

In 2003, Kamber established the Kamber Group Political Action Fund, a political action committee. Kamber became the PAC's treasurer.

### USW/AFT scandal

In 1984, the United Steelworkers hired Kamber to direct several key organizing and collective bargaining campaigns.

Kamber subsequently was forced to take responsibility for a scandal which involved the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), another AFL-CIO affiliate. In February 1985, Albert Shanker, then president of the AFT, announced at a news conference his union had convinced the New York State Teachers Retirement System to withdraw $450 million from Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company because the bank had poorly administered workers' pension funds. Shanker also announced that the union had convinced the Pennsylvania School Employees' Retirement System to withdraw $300 million from the same bank, and that five other state teachers' retirement funds were expected to do the same. AFL-CIO officials said the AFT had convinced the retirement systems to withdraw the funds to protest loans Manufacturers Hanover had made to the Phelps Dodge mining corporation, which was involved in a bitter strike with the steelworkers.

Shanker was later forced to retract his statement. The pension fund deal had never existed, he said a few days later. The state retirement funds had withdrawn only $200 million from the bank. Shanker also admitted the fund withdrawals had been going on since mid-1984, and had nothing to do with the strike at Phelps Dodge.

Shanker angrily said that he had been "taken advantage of" and blamed Kamber. Kamber accepted responsibility, saying, "We're paid to take the blame, so we're at fault."

## Closure of The Kamber Group

On November 11, 1994, The Kamber Group's offices on were badly damaged by fire caused by an electrical short. Kamber is a noted collector of political memorabilia and art. Along with the loss of records, an estimated $300,000 in art—most of it from Kamber's personal collection, on loan to The Kamber Group—was also lost.

In 2003, Kamber resigned as president of The Kamber Group. Thomas J. Mackell, Jr. was named president and chief operating officer of The Kamber Group in his stead. Kamber remained the company's chairman and chief executive officer.

On February 28, 2005, Kamber closed The Kamber Group and joined The Carmen Group as president of Carmen Group Communications. The Carmen Group was founded by David M. Carmen, a friend of Kamber's. A number of Kamber employees took jobs with The Carmen Group as well.

## Other positions and honors

Kamber is also secretary-treasurer of America's Agenda: Health Care for All, a union-led group which lobbies for universal health care. He is a member of the Economic Club of Washington, and treasurer for the National Theatre.

In 2006, Kamber received the PR News Hall of Fame Award.

## Electoral campaign innovations

Kamber is noted as an innovative political campaigner.

In 1979 Kamber purchased the Politicards name, a company that had put out a set of playing cards featuring the image of political candidates and public officials in 1972. He went on to produce his own sets of playing cards under the Politicards name for election years 1980 and 1984. In 1996, the Politicards name was reclaimed by Peter Green, the artist responsible for the original deck in 1972. The cards, known as "Politicards", were widely imitated over the years, especially by the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards.

In 1984, Kamber created "Rappin' Ronnie", a music video which depicted a rapping President Ronald Reagan. The video was broadcast on "Convention Television", a closed-circuit television "magazine program" broadcast to delegates at the Democratic National Convention. The video depicted a stuttering Reagan saying his trademark "W-w-w-w-well well well". The music video eventually aired on MTV, and was featured in "Homer Loves Flanders", a fifth-season episode of *The Simpsons*.

In 1992, Kamber started a PAC, Americans for Change, hoping to be the Democratic party's answer to Floyd Brown, the Republican party's opposition research specialist known for unethical, negative campaign tactics.

### Role in the Reagan assassination attempt

Robert F. Bonitati, an aide to President Reagan, credits Kamber with saving his life during the Reagan assassination attempt. Bonitati, a friend of Kamber's, was leaving the Washington Hilton Hotel with the president. Kamber pulled Bonitati aside for a few seconds. Just then, Reagan exited the hotel and John Hinckley, Jr. shot and wounded him and three others. "Bonitati has often said his brief conversation with Kamber may have saved his life." Bonitati later joined The Kamber Group as a vice president, and set up a "nonpartisan" flower shop with Kamber.

## Published books

* Kamber, Victor. *Giving Up on Democracy: Why Term Limits Are Bad for America* Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-89526-465-X
* Kamber, Victor. *Poison Politics: Are Negative Campaigns Destroying Democracy?* New York City: Basic Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7382-0872-5
* O'Leary, Bradley S. and Kamber, Victor. *Are You a Conservative or a Liberal?* Austin, Tex.: Boru Books, 1996. ISBN 1-887161-22-8

1. Ronald Brownstein (July 2, 1991). "COLUMN ONE : Democrats Search for an Identity : Revisionists say leaders have lost touch with the middle class. Others stick to traditional liberalism. The differences shape the debate on how to regain the White House". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019.
2. *United States of America V. Kamber (1971)*
3. *Community Leaders and Noteworthy Americans*. American Biographical Institute. 1975. p. 456  via Google Books.
4. "Bravo: Victor Kamber", *Zenda*, May 3, 1999.
5. Hartson, "GOP Lawyer Defends Donovan, Advises Bush", *Associated Press*, October 5, 1984.
6. Krebs, "Notes on People", *New York Times*, August 16, 1980.
7. "Young G.O.P. Aide Convicted by U.S. in Draft Fraud Case", *The New York Times*, April 4, 1970: "Former Young G.O.P. Aide Gets Two Years in Forgery", *The New York Times*, June 16, 1970.
8. Dewar, "Carter Wage-Floor Plan Deals Labor New Blow", *The Washington Post*, March 25, 1977; Dobkin, "Organized Labor, Outmaneuvered, Faces Even More Difficulty", *Associated Press*, March 24, 1977.
9. Shabecoff, "Labor Turning From Lobbying to New Political Tactics in Growing Struggle for Influence on Legislation", *The New York Times*, June 23, 1977.
10. Clarity, and Gailey, "Briefing", *The New York Times*, June 15, 1983.
11. "Public Relations: Best of the Best", *The Hill*, May 7, 2003.
12. Mewborn, "Real Estate News for December 2003", *Washington Life Magazine*, December 2003.
13. Sinclair, "Friends in Labor, Arts Set Up Defense Fund for Thompson", *The Washington Post*, April 12, 1980.
14. Gailey, "A Political Action Unit of the Left", *The New York Times*, February 10, 1982.
15. "Washington News Briefs", *United Press International*, May 11, 1981.
16. Serrin, "Garvey Sought Labor Support", *The New York Times*, September 28, 1982.
17. Goeller, "Senate Panel Told Mob Figure Picked Union Leaders", *Associated Press*, April 27, 1983.
18. Keller, "For Union Ally, It's All in the Name", *The New York Times*, May 2, 1984.
19. Fink and Greenberg, *Upheaval in the Quiet Zone*, 1989.
20. Raines, "Cranston Going After Labor Backing", *The New York Times*, February 23, 1983.
21. Condone, "Personalities", *The Washington Post*, October 19, 1983.
22. "Campaign Funds Unfrozen", *Associated Press*, February 27, 1984.
23. Weinstein and Ostrow, "Teamsters Rally Forces to Battle U.S. Takeover", *Los Angeles Times*, September 10, 1987.
24. Noble, "Washington Talk: Labor Union Consultants; Big Winner in Teamsters' Return", *The New York Times*, January 8, 1988.
25. Kramer, "The Political Interest: The Vulture Watch", *Time*, February 10, 1992.
26. Dine, "PR Executive Plans 'Attack Campaign' on Bush", *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, July 21, 1992; Schwartz, "The Democrats' Floyd Brown", *The Washington Post*, July 23, 1992.
27. Kamber, "The GOP Is Smearing A Good Man, and Mr. Clinton Should Fight Back", *Washington Times*, December 13, 1993.
28. Smith, "Endorsement From Union Is Reno's First", *St. Petersburg Times*, February 6, 2002.
29. Serrin, "Organized Labor Is Increasingly Less So", *The New York Times*, November 18, 1984.
30. Noble, "Reporter's Notebook: Shanker 'Clarification,'" *The New York Times*, February 23, 1985.
31. Romano, "The Reliable Source", *The Washington Post*, November 17, 1994; Groer, "The Party Guy's Own Party", *The Washington Post*, May 31, 2001; Koncius, "A Stylish Backdrop For Vic Kamber's Exotic Collections", *The Washington Post*, February 7, 1985.
32. Jones, "GKV to Pilot Airline's Ad Campaign", *The Washington Post*, August 4, 2003.
33. Sarasohn, "Ready to Learn the Ropes of Cable", *The Washington Post*, January 27, 2005.
34. Stumbo, "Politicards Sweeping the Nation" - *LA Times* article Dec 27, 1971
35. Tuttle, "The Kamber Group: Liberal House Thrives, Paradoxically, in Reagan '80s", *Business Review*, May 6, 1985.
36. Howard Kurtz, "The Democrats' Floyd Brown", Washington Post, July 23, 1992.
37. Conconi, "Personalities", *The Washington Post*, April 1, 1986.
* Auerbach, Stuart, "A Booming Business; PR Firms Expanding Staff, Billings", *The Washington Post*, February 18, 1985
* "Bravo: Victor Kamber", *Zenda*, May 3, 1999
* "Campaign Funds Unfrozen", *Associated Press*, February 27, 1984
* Clarity, James F. and Gailey, Phil, "Briefing", *The New York Times*, June 15, 1983
* Conconi, Chuck, "Personalities", *The Washington Post*, October 19, 1983
* Conconi, Chuck, "Personalities", *The Washington Post*, April 1, 1986
* Dewar, Helen, "Carter Wage-Floor Plan Deals Labor New Blow", *The Washington Post*, March 25, 1977
* Dine, Philip, "PR Executive Plans 'Attack Campaign' on Bush", *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, July 21, 1992
* Dobkin, Robert A,. "Organized Labor, Outmaneuvered, Faces Even More Difficulty", *Associated Press*, March 24, 1977
* Fink, Leon and Greenberg, Brian, *Upheaval in the Quiet Zone*. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1989 ISBN 0-252-01545-2
* "Former Young G.O.P. Aide Gets Two Years in Forgery", *The New York Times*. June 16, 1970
* Gailey, Phil, "A Political Action Unit of the Left", *The New York Times*. February 10, 1982
* Groer, Annie, "The Party Guy's Own Party", *The Washington Post*. May 31, 2001
* Hartson, Merrill, "GOP Lawyer Defends Donovan, Advises Bush", *Associated Press*. October 5, 1984
* Jones, Sabrina, "GKV to Pilot Airline's Ad Campaign", *The Washington Post*. August 4, 2003
* Kamber, Victor, "The GOP Is Smearing A Good Man, and Mr. Clinton Should Fight Back", *Washington Times*. December 13, 1993
* Keller, Bill, "For Union Ally, It's All in the Name", *The New York Times*. May 2, 1984
* Koncius, Jura, "A Stylish Backdrop For Vic Kamber's Exotic Collections", *The Washington Post*. February 7, 1985
* Kramer, Michael, "The Political Interest: The Vulture Watch", *Time*. February 10, 1992
* Krebs, Albin, "Notes on People", *New York Times.* August 16, 1980
* Mewborn, Mary K, "Real Estate News for December 2003", *Washington Life Magazine*. December 2003
* Noble, Kenneth B., "Reporter's Notebook: Shanker 'Clarification.'" *The New York Times*. February 23, 1985
* Noble, Kenneth B., "Washington Talk: Labor Union Consultants Big Winner in Teamsters' Return", *The New York Times*. January 8, 1988
* "Public Relations: Best of the Best", *The Hill*. May 7, 2003
* Raines, Howell, "Cranston Going After Labor Backing", *The New York Times*. February 23, 1983
* Romano, Lois, "The Reliable Source", *The Washington Post*. November 17, 1994
* Sarasohn, Judy, "Ready to Learn the Ropes of Cable", *The Washington Post*. January 27, 2005
* Serrin, William, "Garvey Sought Labor Support", *The New York Times*. September 28, 1982
* Serrin, William, "Organized Labor Is Increasingly Less So", *The New York Times*. November 18, 1984
* Shabecoff, Philip, "Labor Turning From Lobbying to New Political Tactics in Growing Struggle for Influence on Legislation", *The New York Times*. June 23, 1977
* Sinclair, Ward, "Friends in Labor, Arts Set Up Defense Fund for Thompson", *The Washington Post*. April 12, 1980
* Schwartz, Maralee, "The Democrats' Floyd Brown", *The Washington Post*. July 23, 1992
* Smith, Adam C., "Endorsement From Union Is Reno's First", *St. Petersburg Times*. February 6, 2002
* Tuttle, Sean, "The Kamber Group: Liberal House Thrives, Paradoxically, in Reagan '80s", *Business Review*. May 6, 1985
* "Washington News Briefs", *United Press International*. May 11, 1981
* Weinstein, Henry and Ostrow, Ronald J., "Teamsters Rally Forces to Battle U.S. Takeover", *Los Angeles Times*. September 10, 1987
* "Young G.O.P. Aide Convicted by U.S. In Draft Fraud Case", *The New York Times*. April 4, 1970

## InfoBox

| Victor Kamber | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Victor Samuel Kamber<br>(1943-05-07) May 7, 1943<br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Education | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (BA)<br>University of New Mexico (MA)<br>American University (JD)<br>George Washington University (LLM) |
| Occupation(s) | political consultant, lawyer, activist |
| Political party | Democratic |


title: Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften

abstract: Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften was a German Nazi trade union centre in Czechoslovakia. The organization was formed in 1929, by eight unions that broke away from the Reichsvereinigung der deutscher Gewerkschaften. At the time of the founding of Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften, its affiliates claimed a combined membership of 46,700. The organization had its headquarters in Ústí nad Labem.

text:
# Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften

***Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften*** ('League of German Trade Unions') was a German Nazi trade union centre in Czechoslovakia. The organization was formed in 1929, by eight unions that broke away from the *Reichsvereinigung der deutscher Gewerkschaften*. At the time of the founding of *Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften*, its affiliates claimed a combined membership of 46,700. The organization had its headquarters in Ústí nad Labem.

## Affiliated unions

| Union | Membership (1930) | Headquarter |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Gewerkschaftsverband deutscher Arbeiter* ('Trade Union of German Workers') | 16,200 | Ústí nad Labem |
| *Gewerkschaft deutscher Eisenbahner* ('Trade Union of German Railwaymen') | 5,551 | Ústí nad Labem |
| *Deutschsozialistische Bergarbeiterverband* ('German Socialist Miners' Union') | 4,200 | Most |
| *Deutscher Handels- und Industrieangestellen-Verband* ('Union of German Trade and Industry Employees') | 21,500 | Ústí nad Labem |
| *Gewerkschaftsverband deutscher Tabakarbeiter und Arbeiterinnen* ('Trade Union of German Tobacco Workers') | 600 | Lanškroun |
| *Verband deutscher weiblicher Angestellter* ('Union of German Female Employees') | 2,000 | Ústí nad Labem |
| *Reichsverband deutscher Zahntechnikergehilfen* ('National Union of German Dental Technician Assistants') | 1,500 | Liberec |
| *Verband der tschechoslowakischen Lotsen auf der Flusstrecke Prag bis zur Statsgrenze*<br>('Union of Czechoslovak Pilots on the River Route Prague to the State Border') | 64 | Ústí nad Labem |
| **Total** | 51,615 | Ústí nad Labem |

## Leadership

The key leaders of the organization were Friedrich Ritter, Rudolf Kasper, Eduard Tischler, Greta Hummelová and Eduard Wenzel (treasurer).

## Growth and fall

At its peak, the organization claimed to have around 120,000 members. However, in November 1933 the German National Socialist Workers Party (DNSAP) and the three most important affiliates of the *Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften* (Gewerkschaftsverband deutscher Arbeiter, Gewerkschaft deutscher Eisenbahner and Deutschsozialistische Bergarbeiterverband) were banned. Verband deutscher Gewerkschaften collapsed soon thereafter.


title: Victor Elementary School District

abstract: Victor Elementary School District (VESD) is a school district headquartered in Victorville, California. It includes sections of Victorville, as well as the census-designated places of Mountain View Acres and Spring Valley Lake. It feeds into the Victor Valley Union High School District.

text:
# Victor Elementary School District

**Victor Elementary School District** (**VESD**) is a school district headquartered in Victorville, California.

It includes sections of Victorville, as well as the census-designated places of Mountain View Acres and Spring Valley Lake. It feeds into the Victor Valley Union High School District.

## Schools

## InfoBox

| Victor Elementary School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 12219 2nd Avenue Victorville, California, 92395<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | K–6 |
| NCES District ID | 0641040 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 12,358 |
| Teachers | 503.0 |
| Staff | 503.14 |
| Student–teacher ratio | 24.57 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.vesd.net |