abstract: United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (RSLC) is a 29-day school designed on mastering reconnaissance fundamentals of officers and non-commissioned officers eligible for assignments to those units whose primary mission is to conduct reconnaissance and surveillance, target acquisition, and combat assessment operations. RSLC is taught by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion, Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade. The school is open to Soldiers, Marines, Sailors and Airmen to train them to expert levels in reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, battle damage assessment, communications, planning, foreign vehicle identification, and other skills. The school was originally created to serve leaders from Long Range Surveillance Units (LRSU's), but now provides the specific reconnaissance training needed to ensure the effectiveness of small unit reconnaissance elements for the U.S. Army and joint force. Given the training focus and difficulty of the RSLC, the school is still commonly attended by operators from U.S. Army Special Forces, the 75th Ranger Regiment's Regimental Reconnaissance Company, U.S. Army Civil Affairs, Navy SEALs, and Marine reconnaissance units; today's students also come from more conventional infantry, Stryker and armored Brigade Combat Teams (BCT). Following the US Army decision to disband US Army LRS companies, the reconnaissance fundamentals taught in the course also provides U.S. military commanders the ability to preserve key LRS skills and abilities within the conventional force. Given the importance of timely, accurate and relevant battlefield information, U.S. Military commanders require reconnaissance professionals be well-trained, highly skilled and disciplined, and capable of operating forward of BCTs. The course curriculum is primarily designed to train small unit leaders assigned to reconnaissance formations to include infantry, Stryker and armored BCT cavalry squadrons; infantry, Stryker, and Combined Arms Battalion (CAB) scout platoons; and special operations forces. The RSLC program of Instruction (PoI) is continuously assessed and refined to ensure it meets these needs, the needs of reconnaissance units, and those of a U.S. Joint force at war.

text:
# United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course

**United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course** (RSLC) (formerly known as the Long Range Surveillance Leaders Course, or LRSLC) is a 29-day (four weeks and one day) school designed on mastering reconnaissance fundamentals of officers and non-commissioned officers eligible for assignments to those units whose primary mission is to conduct reconnaissance and surveillance, target acquisition, and combat assessment operations. RSLC is taught by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion, Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade. The school is open to Soldiers, Marines, Sailors and Airmen to train them to expert levels in reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, battle damage assessment, communications, planning, foreign vehicle identification, and other skills. The school was originally created to serve leaders from Long Range Surveillance Units (LRSU's), but now provides the specific reconnaissance training needed to ensure the effectiveness of small unit reconnaissance elements (teams and squads) for the U.S. Army and joint force. Given the training focus and difficulty of the RSLC, the school is still commonly attended by operators from U.S. Army Special Forces, the 75th Ranger Regiment's Regimental Reconnaissance Company, U.S. Army Civil Affairs (95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne) and 83d Civil Affairs Battalion), Navy SEALs, and Marine reconnaissance units; today's students also come from more conventional infantry, Stryker and armored Brigade Combat Teams (BCT). Following the US Army decision to disband US Army LRS companies, the reconnaissance fundamentals taught in the course also provides U.S. military commanders the ability to preserve key LRS skills and abilities within the conventional force.

Given the importance of timely, accurate and relevant battlefield information, U.S. Military commanders require reconnaissance professionals be well-trained, highly skilled and disciplined, and capable of operating forward of BCTs. The course curriculum is primarily designed to train small unit leaders assigned to reconnaissance formations to include infantry, Stryker and armored BCT cavalry squadrons; infantry, Stryker, and Combined Arms Battalion (CAB) scout platoons; and special operations forces. The RSLC program of Instruction (PoI) is continuously assessed and refined to ensure it meets these needs, the needs of reconnaissance units, and those of a U.S. Joint force at war.

## History

In 1958, the commanding general of the 101st Airborne Division, Major General William Westmoreland, noticed a failing of proficiency and initiative in squad, fireteam, and patrol leaders during an exercise code named White Cloud. General (GEN) Westmoreland was a veteran of the Invasion of Normandy and realized the importance of small unit leaders and individuals who had been separated from their parent units to take action against superior enemy forces. GEN Westmoreland decided that his division needed relevant training to rectify their deficiencies before their deployment.

The U.S. Army sent many of their officers and senior non-commissioned officers to Ranger School. However, not every unit leader could be sent to the course. Second Lieutenant Donald Bernstein suggested that some of the 101st Airborne's Ranger trained personnel start a school for the entire division in small unit tactics. When the idea was brought to GEN Westmoreland he recommended that Major Lewis L. Millett command the two-week school.

The course was named the **Recondo School**, a combination of the words "**recon**naissance" and "**do**ughboy" or "comman**do**." From the early 1960s through the mid-1980s, there was more than one Recondo School in the U.S. Army. The U.S. Military Academy, the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), the 5th Infantry Division, the 25th Infantry Division, the 82nd Airborne Division, the 101st Airborne Division, and the XVIII Airborne Corps all had their own Recondo Schools with their own course of instruction.

MACV's Recondo School was a three-week course conducted in Vietnam and was taught by members of the 5th Special Forces Group. The first week of training focused on classroom instruction, the second week on air operations, and the third week used real reconnaissance missions to teach students the critical skills needed to successfully infiltrate, observer, report, evade, and extract using small unit tactics in a jungle environment. This real-world training endeared the MACV Recondo School with the nickname, "The deadliest school on Earth." The other U.S. Army Recondo Schools had a two or three week curriculum conducted at the home garrison of the perspective unit and focused on training students in the fundamentals of:

The insignia of the Recondo Schools, which was also worn as a patch on the right pocket of Recondo graduates, was an arrowhead pointing downwards to symbolize assault from the sky to the ground in the colors of black and white to signify operations by day and night. Although each Recondo School had its own insignia and patch, the downward-facing arrowhead and black and white theme remained the same.

The MACV Recondo School officially closed on 31 December 1970. The other U.S. Army division and corps Recondo Schools either carried-on with their curriculum or disbanded throughout the 1970s and '80s.

In 1986, the Long Range Surveillance Leaders Course was established to fill a void that existed in Ranger training when LRSUs were reactivated that same year. To fulfill this requirement, the course was initially designed to emphasize the mission essential tasks drawn from lessons learned from previous long-range reconnaissance patrol operations in the jungles of Southeast Asia. In 2002, the course was renamed the **Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course** (RSLC) and was taught by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion prior to unit reorganization at the Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning. In 2019, the US Army Training and Doctrine Command decided to move RSLC back under the control of the 4th Ranger Training Battalion.

## Training

The RSLC is designed to provide instruction to students through resident instruction at Fort Moore, Georgia. Located on Camp Cornett at Fort Benning's Harmony Church cantonment area, the RSLC PoI is tailored to train and test the fundamentals of reconnaissance operations for Soldiers and leaders assigned to reconnaissance teams and squads. Therefore, priority for training is to team leaders and above (pay grades of E-4s and above) assigned oversight of small unit reconnaissance operations without prior reconnaissance training and experience. In addition to resident course instruction, the RSLC PoI provides opportunities to deliver menu-based training through mobile training teams at a requesting unit's home station location. Menu-based training enables unit commanders to meet specific reconnaissance focused training priorities without sacrificing other training needs in support of a unit's operational mission requirements. While resident course instruction has priority over menu-based MTT instruction, the RSLC cadre will work to meet every unit's training needs.

### Phase 1

During the first week, students execute a seven-hour land navigation course in which they move under load, cross-country, during daylight and limited visibility, covering approximately 15 kilometers. They receive an introduction to the fundamentals of reconnaissance and surveillance and are taught how to maximize the capabilities of the equipment in the Army's inventory such as optics, thermals, and cameras. Students learn how to camouflage themselves and equipment, stalking, and selection, occupation, and concealment of surveillance sites. The first week ends with an airborne operation that can accommodate both static line and Military Free-Fall qualified paratroopers.

### Phase 2

Week two begins with a two-day communications class that teaches students how to send messages and data across the frequency spectrum, utilizing High Frequency (HF), Very High Frequency (VHF), and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios. This skill enables students to send reports and pictures to their maneuver commander in near real time. Building on the training from the previous week, students conduct area and zone reconnaissance practical exercises to hone their field craft and improve their reporting formats. Students are also introduced to insertion and extraction techniques by conducting Fast Rope Insertion/Extraction System (FRIES) and Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction System (SPIES) training.

### Phase 3

The final two weeks are spent with students learning how to plan an operation using the Troop Leading Procedures (TLPs) and incorporating air movement, fires, and evasion and recovery planning. Following the orders process, students conduct a 48-hour non-graded Situational Training Exercise (STX) where they will execute the mission they just planned under the watchful eye of RSLC instructors, allowing the students to ask questions and receive assistance along the way. Once this mission is complete and After-Action Reviews (AARs) are conducted, the students go into isolation planning for their graded culminating Field Training Exercise (FTX). Throughout the FTX, students will execute and be graded on all the skills they learned from planning, reconnaissance and surveillance operations, intelligence reporting techniques, communications, fires, evasion and recovery, and small unit tactics to name a few.

The result is a graduate with the skill to plan and conduct a myriad of reconnaissance and surveillance operations, enhancing the ability of any brigade combat team. Upon successful completion of the RSLC course, U.S. Army graduates are awarded the Six Bravo (6B) additional skill identifier.

1. Course History, Long Range Surveillance Leaders Course, benning.army.mil, last accessed 28 November 2017
2. U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course, Facebook, last accessed 5 July 2019
3. U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (official website), benning.army.mil, last accessed 28 November 2017
4. Recondo School - Vietnam, Office of the Chief of Information, U.S. Army Pictorial Center, Joe Doakes' YouTube Channel, posted 22 January 2015, last accessed 28 November 2017
5. Special Ops, Recondo School, The History Channel, via алексей фисенко YouTube Channel, posted 18 April 2013, last accessed 9 December 2017
6. 25th Infantry Division Vietnam CRIPS Recon, 25thinfantrycrips.com, last accessed 10 December 2017
7. 82nd/XVIII Airborne Recondo School, Facebook, last accessed 10 December 2017
8. Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course, Executive Summary, 4th Ranger Training Battalion, last accessed 28 November 2017

## InfoBox

| U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (RSLC) | |
| --- | --- |
| An instructor goes over the equipment packing list for surface and sub-surface surveillance with students | |
| Active | 1986—present |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Type | Military training |
| Role | Special skills training |
| Part of | Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade, U.S. Army Infantry School |
| Garrison/HQ | Fort Moore, Georgia |
| Motto(s) | "In Orbe Terrum Non Visi" |
| Insignia | |
| Beret flash of the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade and its 4th, 5th, and 6th Ranger Training Battalions |  |
| Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade |  |


abstract: The National Horticultural Society of France is a horticultural society founded in 1827 by Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury. Headquartered in Paris, it comprises specialized departments which organize conferences, themed journeys and garden visits, and exhibitions.

text:
# National Horticultural Society of France

The **National Horticultural Society of France** (French: ***Société nationale d'horticulture de France***, or **SNHF**) is a horticultural society founded in 1827 by Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury. Headquartered in Paris, it comprises specialized departments which organize conferences, themed journeys and garden visits, and exhibitions.

## History

The *Société d’Horticulture de Paris* was founded on 11 June 1827 on the initiative of Vicomte Héricart de Thury to unite enthusiasts who wanted to exchange ideas and cultivate exotic species. In 1835 the organization received royal recognition and became the *Société Royale d’Horticulture*. A second, similar organizations was formed, and was named *Société Nationale d’Horticulture de la Seine*.

Under the presidency of the Duc de Morny the two merged in 1854, taking the name *Société Impériale Centrale d’Horticulture*, with its headquarters on 84 Rue de Grenelle, in Paris's 7th arrondissement of Paris since 1860; the organization took the current name in 1885.

## Library and holdings

The SNHF maintains a library and documentation center which in 2009 contained over 10,000 documents, including over 7,000 books (the oldest from 1541). In addition, it holds 1,102 periodicals and 2,492 horticultural catalogs. The SNHF also publishes a journal, *Jardins de France*.

## Associated organizations

The SNHF unites more than 220 horticultural societies and associations from all over France.

Media related to Journal de la Société nationale d'horticulture de France at Wikimedia Commons


title: Ijurin

abstract: Ijurin Ekiti is a town in Ijero local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. It is one of the towns in the old Ijero kingdom which migrated from Ile Ife settling at different locations, before settling at this present location.

text:
# Ijurin

**Ijurin Ekiti** is a town in Ijero local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. It is one of the towns in the old Ijero kingdom which migrated from Ile Ife settling at different locations, before settling at this present location.

## InfoBox

| Ijurin Ijurin Ekiti | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| IjurinLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 7°53′20″N 5°06′31″E / 7.88889°N 5.10861°E / 7.88889; 5.10861 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Ekiti |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Idaho State Highway 75

abstract: State Highway 75 is a two-lane highway in the western United States that travels through the Sawtooth Valley of central Idaho. The highway's southern terminus is in Shoshone, and its northern is near Challis. It is designated as one of Idaho's scenic byways and provides access to Sawtooth National Recreation Area and primarily follows the Big Wood River in the south and the main Salmon River in the north, divided by Galena Summit.

text:
# Idaho State Highway 75

**State Highway 75** is a two-lane highway in the western United States that travels through the Sawtooth Valley of central Idaho. The highway's southern terminus is in Shoshone, and its northern is near Challis. It is designated as one of Idaho's scenic byways and provides access to Sawtooth National Recreation Area and primarily follows the Big Wood River in the south and the main Salmon River in the north, divided by Galena Summit.

## Route description

State Highway 75 begins in Lincoln County at Shoshone at a junction with US-93 on Greenwood Street at an elevation of just under 4,000 feet (1,220 m) above sea level. The highway heads northward, and ascends the Big Wood River valley, into Blaine County, past the Magic Reservoir to the west and crosses US-20 at Timmerman Junction at 4,884 feet (1,490 m).

It continues northward as the *Sawtooth Scenic Byway* to pass through the Big Wood River communities of Bellevue, Hailey, and Ketchum. Sun Valley is accessible via a spur route junction in Ketchum at Third Street, which becomes Sun Valley Road.

Seven miles (11 km) north of Ketchum, the highway passes by the headquarters of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area at 6,250 feet (1,905 m) and the Boulder Mountains to the north, with peaks over 11,000 feet (3,350 m). SH-75 climbs past the Galena Lodge to the Galena Summit at 8,701 feet (2,652 m), then descends to the scenic viewpoint about a mile later at 8,400 feet (2,560 m), overlooking the Sawtooth Mountains to the west and headwaters of the Salmon River in the Sawtooth Valley.

Highway 75 descends the grade and reaches the upper end of the valley floor at new Sawtooth City at 7,190 feet (2,190 m), and then enters Custer County. It runs northward down the valley with the Salmon River to Obsidian and Stanley, with the Sawtooths to the immediate west and the White Cloud Mountains to the slightly more distant east. The turnoff to picturesque Redfish Lake is about five miles (8 km) south of Stanley.

At Stanley, the highway intersects with the northern terminus of State Highway 21, the *Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway* from Boise, through Idaho City and Lowman. The junction is at 6,250 feet (1,905 m) and Highway 75 northbound becomes the *Salmon River Scenic Byway,* continuing north for a mile, then veering east and descending with the twisty river towards Clayton. Both then head north towards Challis, where the route terminates and rejoins US-93 just south of the city limits, at an elevation of 5,004 feet (1,525 m).

## History

In 1824, while searching the mountain wilderness of present-day Idaho, known then as Columbia District, for beaver, Alexander Ross came up the Wood River and discovered Galena Summit on September 18. Leading a large brigade of Hudson's Bay Company trappers, he wondered if he could get through unknown mountains and rocky defiles that obstructed his passage back to his base of operations at present Challis. Unwilling to turn back he pressed on to explore Stanley Basin and the difficult canyon beyond. When he reached Challis on October 5, 1824, he had traveled the route now followed by State Highway 75 from Bellevue to Salmon through mostly unexplored land.

The road itself dates back to at least 1926, when it was designated U.S. Route 93. The former U.S. Route 93 Alternate, running through Arco, was redesignated 47 years ago in 1977 as U.S. Route 93, and this route was given its current state highway designation.

## Spur route

SH-75 has a spur route connecting Ketchum to Sun Valley, running northeast for 3.6 miles (5.8 km), as Third Street in Ketchum and then Sun Valley Road. In 2020, the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) proposed abandoning the spur route, transferring ownership at the request of Blaine County due to urban growth along the corridor.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lincoln | Shoshone | 73.659 | 118.543 | US 93 / US 26 Twin Falls, Boise, Richfield | Southern terminus of SH-75/Sawtooth Scenic Byway; highway continues as US 93 south/US 26 west |
| Blaine | Timmerman Junction | 102.124 | 164.353 |
US 20 west Fairfield, Carey, Boise |  |
| | Ketchum | 128.363 | 206.580 | SH-75 Spur (Sun Valley Road) |  |
| | Galena Summit | 157.954 | 254.202 | Elevation 8,701 feet (2,652 m) | |
| Custer | Stanley | 189.378 | 304.774 |
SH-21 west (Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway) Boise | Northern terminus of the Sawtooth Scenic Byway; southern terminus of the Salmon River Scenic Byway |
| |  | 244.325 | 393.203 | US 93 (Idaho Byway) Challis, Salmon, Arco | Northern terminus of SH-75/Salmon River Scenic Byway |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Idaho State Highway 75KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 75 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ITD | |
| Length | 170.666 mi (274.660 km) |
| Tourist
routes | Sawtooth Scenic Byway
(Shoshone to Stanley)
Salmon River Scenic Byway
(Stanley to Challis) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 93 / US 26 in Shoshone |
| Major intersections | US 20 near Stanton Crossing
SH-21 at Stanley |
| North end | US 93 near Challis |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| Counties | Lincoln, Blaine, Custer |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Idaho State Highway System** | |
| SH-74   SH-77 | |


title: Hurlbut–Yates House

abstract: The Hurlbut–Yates House is a historic house in Lincoln, Nebraska. It was built in 1891 for Aeneas Hurlbut, who had served in the American Civil War of 1861–1865 before moving to Nebraska. It was designed in the Queen Anne and Stick/Eastlake styles by architect Ferdinand C. Fiske. In 1893, it was purchased by Charles Yates, who lived here with his wife Ruth, their two sons and two daughters. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1999 as Aeneas Hurlbut–Charles Yates House. It is termed the "Hurlbut–Yates House" by the City of Lincoln, which designated the house to be a Local Landmark. In its 1987 Local Landmark application, the property was deemed "one of the finest Queen Anne style houses in Nebraska, with a high degree of integrity, reinforced by an exemplary rehabilitation and restoration." It also noted that "Charles Yates was a leading businessman in Lincoln and his sons and grandsons continued to make significant and positive impact on the community."

text:
# Hurlbut–Yates House

The **Hurlbut–Yates House** is a historic house in Lincoln, Nebraska. It was built in 1891 for Aeneas Hurlbut, who had served in the American Civil War of 1861–1865 before moving to Nebraska. It was designed in the Queen Anne and Stick/Eastlake styles by architect Ferdinand C. Fiske. In 1893, it was purchased by Charles Yates, who lived here with his wife Ruth, their two sons and two daughters. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1999 as **Aeneas Hurlbut–Charles Yates House**.

It is termed the "Hurlbut–Yates House" by the City of Lincoln, which designated the house to be a Local Landmark. In its 1987 Local Landmark application, the property was deemed "one of the finest Queen Anne style houses in Nebraska, with a high degree of integrity, reinforced by an exemplary rehabilitation and restoration." It also noted that "Charles Yates was a leading businessman in Lincoln and his sons and grandsons continued to make significant and positive impact on the community."

1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
2. Lilly A. Blase (November 12, 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Hurlbut, Aeneas / Yates, Charles, House – Yates House, Historic Eastlake Manor / LC13:D7-1". National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2019. With accompanying seven photos from 1989 to 1998
3. "Historic Preservation / Historic Sites and Districts: Hurlbut-Yates House". Retrieved February 15, 2022.
4. Lilly A. Blase; Ed Zimmer (September 18, 1987). Application for Landmark or Landmark District Designation / Addendum to Petition to Amend the Zoning Ordinance: Charles Yates House / Eastlake Manor / LC13:D07-001 (PDF).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Aeneas Hurlbut–Charles Yates House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The house in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 720 South 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°48′24″N 96°41′46″W / 40.80667°N 96.69611°W / 40.80667; -96.69611 (Aeneas--Yates Hurlbut Charles) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1891 |
| Architect | Ferdinand C. Fiske |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne, Stick/Eastlake |
| NRHP reference No. | 99001167 |
| Added to NRHP | September 17, 1999 |


title: USSR International

abstract: The USSR International in badminton was an international open held in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics since 1973, and finished in 1992 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in its place. The Russian International is the continuation of this tournament.

text:
# USSR International

The **USSR International** in badminton was an international open held in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics since 1973, and finished in 1992 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in its place.

The Russian International is the continuation of this tournament.

## Winners

| Year | Men's singles | Women's singles | Men's doubles | Women's doubles | Mixed doubles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | Wolfgang Bochow | Lene Køppen | Thomas Kihlström
Bengt Fröman | Lene Køppen
Karin Lindquist | Elo Hansen
Lene Køppen |
| 1974 | *No competition* | | | | |
| 1975 | Anatoliy Skripko | Alena Poboráková | Anatoliy Skripko
Viktor Schwatschko | Alena Poboráková
Éva Cserni | Ladislav Šrámek
Alena Poboráková |
| 1976 | Nikolaj Nikitin | Alla Zvonareva | Anatoliy Skripko
Vitaliy Shmakov | Alla Zvonareva
Ljudmila Markova | Anatoliy Skripko
Alla Zvonareva |
| 1977 | Morten Frost | Lonny Bostofte | Morten Frost
Steen Skovgaard | Eva-Maria Kranz
Vera Martini | Steen Skovgaard
Pia Nielsen |
| 1978 | Anatoliy Skripko | Monika Cassens | Konstantin Wawilow
Nikolay Peshekhonov | Monika Cassens
Angela Michalowski | Mogens Neergaard
Jette Boyer |
| 1979 | Anatoliy Skripko | Svetlana Belyasova | Bandid Jaiyen
Preecha Sopajaree | Monika Cassens
Angela Michalowski | Anatoliy Skripko
Svetlana Belyasova |
| 1980 | *No competition* | | | | |
| 1981 | Anatoliy Skripko | Christine Magnusson | Bengt Svenningsen
Henrik Svarrer | Christine Magnusson
Maria Bengtsson | Duncan Bridge
Jill Pringle |
| 1982 | Anatoliy Skripko | Svetlana Belyasova | Vitaly Shmakov
Anatoliy Skripko | Wendy Massam
Gillian Gowers | Vitaliy Shmakov
Svetlana Belyasova |
| 1983 | Harald Klauer | Svetlana Belyasova | Thomas Künstler
Harald Klauer | Svetlana Belyasova
Ljudmila Okuneva | Vitaliy Shmakov
Svetlana Belyasova |
| 1984 | Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen | Tatyana Litvinenko | Pär-Gunnar Jönsson
Jan-Eric Antonsson | Tatyana Litvinenko
Viktoria Pron | Ulf Persson
Charlotta Wihlborg |
| 1985 | Syed Modi | Tatyana Litvinenko | Thomas Künstler
Stefan Frey | Svetlana Belyasova
Elena Rybkina | Sergey Sevryukov
Svetlana Belyasova |
| 1986 | Claus Thomsen | Svetlana Belyasova | Peter Axelsson
Jens Olsson | Tatyana Litvinenko
Viktoria Pron | Andrey Antropov
Viktoria Pron |
| 1987 | Jens Olsson | Vlada Belyutina | Andrey Antropov
Sergey Sevryukov | Svetlana Belyasova
Elena Rybkina | Jon Holst-Christensen
Charlotte Madsen |
| 1988 | Andrey Antropov | Catrine Bengtsson | Andrey Antropov
Sergey Sevryukov | Elena Rybkina
Irina Serova | Vitaliy Shmakov
Viktoria Pron |
| 1989 | Andrey Antropov | Elena Rybkina | Andrey Antropov
Sergey Sevryukov | Svetlana Belyasova
Irina Serova | Vitaliy Shmakov
Vlada Cherniavskaya |
| 1990 | Andrey Antropov | Elena Rybkina | Andrey Antropov
Sergey Sevryukov | Elena Rybkina
Vlada Cherniavskaya | Michail Korshuk
Vlada Cherniavskaya |
| 1991 | Park Sung-woo | Elena Rybkina | Park Joo-bong
Kim Moon-soo | Natalia Ivanova
Julia Martinenko | Vitaliy Shmakov
Vlada Cherniavskaya |
| 1992 | Andrey Antropov | Marina Yakusheva | Andrey Antropov
Nikolay Zuev | Marina Andrievskaia
Marina Yakusheva | Nikolay Zuev
Marina Yakusheva |


title: John Deary

abstract: John Steele Deary is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder. Deary began his career with Alan Ball's young Blackpool team in 1980. Unlike the rest, however, he went on to appear in over 300 games for the club. He started as an apprentice, signing for the Seasiders in March 1980. He made his debut on 5 September 1980, in a 2–1 victory at Fulham. The management seemed uncertain whether to play Deary in the heart of defence or deep in midfield, but he eventually established himself in the latter position. Deary scored his first league goal on 29 September 1982, in a 2–1 victory at Chester City. The following season, 1983–84, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 victory over Hereford United at Bloomfield Road on 28 April 1984. A tough tackler who enjoyed pushing forwards, Deary was Blackpool's top scorer during their 1984–85 promotion season, with fifteen goals in all competitions. At the end of the 1988–89 season, Deary decided to move on, his place now coming under pressure. Blackpool's neighbours, Burnley, snapped him up for £30,000. After six years at Turf Moor, Deary spent two years with Rochdale, before finishing his career with a short spell at Southport. He scored a goal in each of his first four games for Southport, but was sent off in his fifth and final game for the club, before injury forced him to retire.

text:
# John Deary

**John Steele Deary** (born 18 October 1962) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder.

Deary began his career with Alan Ball's young Blackpool team in 1980. Unlike the rest, however, he went on to appear in over 300 games for the club. He started as an apprentice, signing for the Seasiders in March 1980. He made his debut on 5 September 1980, in a 2–1 victory at Fulham. The management seemed uncertain whether to play Deary in the heart of defence or deep in midfield, but he eventually established himself in the latter position.

Deary scored his first league goal on 29 September 1982, in a 2–1 victory at Chester City. The following season, 1983–84, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 victory over Hereford United at Bloomfield Road on 28 April 1984.

A tough tackler who enjoyed pushing forwards, Deary was Blackpool's top scorer during their 1984–85 promotion season, with fifteen goals in all competitions.

At the end of the 1988–89 season, Deary decided to move on, his place now coming under pressure. Blackpool's neighbours, Burnley, snapped him up for £30,000.

After six years at Turf Moor, Deary spent two years with Rochdale, before finishing his career with a short spell at Southport. He scored a goal in each of his first four games for Southport, but was sent off in his fifth and final game for the club, before injury forced him to retire.

## Personal life

Deary was previously married, now divorced. He has one daughter. He currently owns a large double glazing firm in Southport.

He also had twins to his second wife, Alex, and is currently captain of the Vintage Clarets (former Burnley players), who play around the region raising money for various clubs and charities

## InfoBox

John Deary
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | John Steele Deary | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-10-18) 18 October 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | Ormskirk, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1980–1989 | Blackpool | 285 | (18) |
| 1989–1995 | Burnley | 209 | (23) |
| 1995–1997 | Rochdale | 87 | (1) |
| 1997 | Southport | 5 | (0) |
| Total |  | **586** | **(25)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Anke Vondung

abstract: Anke Vondung, is a German mezzo-soprano. She was a member of the Semperoper Dresden from 2003 to 2006.

text:
# Anke Vondung

**Anke Vondung** (born in Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate in 1972), is a German mezzo-soprano. She was a member of the Semperoper Dresden from 2003 to 2006.

## Career

She won third prize in the 1998 ARD International Music Competition in Munich.

She has sung the roles of Dorabella in *Così fan tutte*, Octavian in *Der Rosenkavalier*, and the title role in *Carmen*. Vondung has sung at German State Operas such as the Semperoper in Dresden, the Berlin State Opera, the Bavarian State Opera in Munich, at the Metropolitan Opera, the Théâtre du Châtelet, as well as at the Salzburg and Glyndebourne Festivals She also sings Bach's sacred music.

At the 2011 Rheingau Musik Festival, she performed the *Liebesliederwalzer* by Brahms and *Spanische Liebeslieder*, op. 138, by Schumann with Ruth Ziesak, Werner Güra and Konrad Jarnot at Schloss Johannisberg.

## Discography

Vondung's discography includes some 15 recordings, mostly with BBC / Opus Arte, Harmonia Mundi and Farao, among which are:


abstract: The United States Nordic Combined Championships 2011 took place on August 1, 2010 in Park City, Utah. Brett Camerota won the race.

text:
# United States Nordic Combined Championships 2011

The **United States Nordic Combined Championships 2011** took place on August 1, 2010 in Park City, Utah. Brett Camerota won the race.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | **Brett Camerota** |
| 2 | Todd Lodwick |
| 3 | Bill Demong |
| 4 | Eric Camerota |
| 5 | Bryan Fletcher |
|

## InfoBox

U.S. National Championship
| **2011** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tournament information | |
| Sport | Nordic combined |
| Location | Park City, Utah |
| Date | August 1, 2010 |
| Established | 1932 |
| Administrator | USSA |
| Final positions | |
| Champion | Brett Camerota |
| 1st runner-up | Todd Lodwick |
| 2nd runner-up | Bill Demong |
|  | |


title: Gyula Germanus

abstract: Gyula Germanus, alias Julius Abdulkerim Germanus, was a professor of oriental studies, a Hungarian writer and Islamologist, member of the Hungarian Parliament and member of multiple Arabic academies of science, who made significant contributions to the study of the Arabic language, history of language and cultural history. He was a follower of the famous orientalist, Sir Ármin Vámbéry and became a scholar of world repute. Germanus was a language professor at the Hungarian Royal Eastern Academy from 1912, and a teacher of Turkish and Arabic from 1915. During World War I he made several secret missions to Turkey. In 1915 he was there as member of the Turkish Red Crescent and also joined the battle at the Dardanelles.

text:
# Gyula Germanus

**Gyula Germanus** (6 November 1884, in Budapest – 7 November 1979, in Budapest), alias **Julius Abdulkerim Germanus**, was a professor of oriental studies, a Hungarian writer and Islamologist, member of the Hungarian Parliament and member of multiple Arabic academies of science, who made significant contributions to the study of the Arabic language, history of language and cultural history. He was a follower of the famous orientalist, Sir Ármin Vámbéry and became a scholar of world repute.

Germanus was a language professor at the Hungarian Royal Eastern Academy from 1912, and a teacher of Turkish and Arabic from 1915. During World War I he made several secret missions to Turkey. In 1915 he was there as member of the Turkish Red Crescent and also joined the battle at the Dardanelles.

## Youth and studies

Julius Germanus was born in Budapest on 6 November 1884 into an assimilated Jewish middle-class family. Both of his grandfathers were soldiers in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49 His father, Alexander Germanus (1852–1940), was leather merchant and shoemaker; his mother, Rosalia Zobel, was of Zipszer German origin. Julius had a brother, Francis and a sister, Johanna.

Young Julius did not do well in the early years of high school and sometimes got very low marks. Despite that he graduated with brilliant results in 1902. His mother spoke German more than Hungarian. Despite this, Hungarian became his mother tongue. Maybe this confusion led him to studying languages, and accompanied with his great strength of mind, to multilingualism as well: just after finishing high school he sat for exams in Greek and Latin, both widespread in the intellectual class in the region, at that time. Beside reading classical and foreign languages and writing books on history, literature and the history of music became his other spare time activities. Germanus devoured historical books in the original French and German. His own first work entitled, *The Artillery Lieutenant* (A tüzérhadnagy), which discussed the 1870–1871 siege of Strasbourg, carried off the first prize of 20 Hungarian Crowns.

From early childhood he played the violin diligently, but at the same time he felt an irresistible attraction to the piano. His parents could not afford to acquire even a pianino, and of course they didn't want to see their son wasting his time with another hobby instead of improving as a musician. Julius adapted himself to the situation and began to practice in secrecy on a keyboard made of straw-board. He was not very talented in music, but the great effort had its effect, and at 13 with his sister, he interpreted some pieces of Bach and Mozart.

The young Germanus loved nature and, while staying in the country, couldn't help going into the stable to pat the horses. "Once, out on the pasture, \[a farm worker\] sat me on the back of a steer at my request. I was only five and scarcely weighed anything. My mother caught her breath and turned pale when she saw the herd of cattle coming into the village with the bull at its head and me sitting on the bull."

## Following a great predecessor

As an adult Germanus' interest turned to history, and the arts and literature of the East. His first deep impression of the East came from reading a German paper called Gartenlaube. There was a wood-print with a magical view of an unreachable eastern town. "The picture presented small, flat-roofed houses rising among them, here and there, some dome shaped cupola. The light of the half-moon, twinkling in the dark sky, lengthened the shadows of the figures squatting on the roofs". This was the moment when his affection for the East was born.

Soon after this, Julius started to learn the Turkish language himself, without any help. As he wrote in his great work, *Allah Akbar*, languages had been the medium of transmission of eastern culture, art and literature, so he acquired several languages—not just out of affection for foreign tongues—he was seeking the Muslim mind, the "soul of the East". How Turkish writers of history viewed the Turkish dominance over Hungary, interested him from the beginning. But he soon found that many sources could not be used without knowing Persian and Arabic. He decided to be master of both, but had difficulties with Persian.

One of the best acknowledged orientalists and linguists of that time, Sir Ármin Vámbéry came to his aid. "Several periodicals, like Mesveret and some other shorter or longer reviews of similar subjects, with complimentary copies of books, were arriving for Vámbery in Pest. Those in which the Professor wasn’t interested were thrown into a bathtub for me, from where I could fish out the papers and books that I preferred". Father Alexander Germanus frowned on his sons dreaming; he was worried that Julius might get into evil ways. But Vámbéry stood up for his beloved acolyte. "Mr Germanus, your son shows great promise. Don’t obstruct his career; let him study. Don’t consider his need for books as foolishness! Please, help him; I warrant that you won’t be disappointed".

## Bosnia, his first journey

Having graduated from high school, Germanus decided to spend time in Bosnia, the nearest Islamic country to Hungary. This was his first encounter with Muslims. The visit to Bosnia reinforced his decision to pursue oriental studies.

His parents preferred him to become an engineer. But after coming home, Germanus enrolled at the University of Sciences in Budapest to read Latin and History. Among his professors were Ignác Goldziher, considered one of the founders of modern Islamic studies; Bálint Kuzsinszky, professor of Ancient History; Ignác Kúnos, an authority on Turkish languages; István Hegedűs, professor of Greek and Henrik Marczali, lecturer in Hungarian History.

"Germanus was always speaking about Goldziher with the deepest fondness and respect. It was however Vámbery who stood much nearer to him personally. Germanus considered him as a real mentor and supporter". In 1903, through the Eastern Academy, he won a scholarship to better his knowledge of Turkey in Constantinople. He stayed with an Armenian family and read law at the University of Constantinople.

## The Young Turks

While staying in the Ottoman Empire, Julius Germanus got involved in the Young Turks movement, a coalition of various groups favouring reforms in national administration. The movement intended to overthrow the monarchy of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Because of his involvement, Germanus was accused of espionage and imprisoned. After a trial he was condemned to death by the regime. Just at the last moment, the Austrian consul took him off the gallows and got him out of the jailhouse.

After the incident Germanus cut himself adrift from the movement, and started a journey to roam the Empire. What he saw and felt on his trip, fulfilled the dreams of his youth. After he got back home, his first scientific work was published in 1905, in a publication of his Turkish teacher, Ignác Kúnos, under the chapter "Arabic and Persian Elements in Turkish". His path led him not only towards East; he was also attending lectures balkanology, archeology and German literature in Leipzig and Vienna.

## Doctor of Philosophy

In 1906 his study titled *Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst* (The History of Ottoman Poetry) was published. In 1907 he obtained his degree as Doctor of Philosophy, summa cum laude, in Turkish and Arabic language and literature, literature and world history.

With his work *Evlija Cselebi*, about Turkish trade guilds in the 18th century, Germanus obtained a scholarship to Great Britain, where he spent three years between 1908 and 1911 in the Oriental Department of the British Museum. The recommendatory letter from his teacher, Ármin Vámbery, the greatest expert on Islamic studies at that time, benefited him greatly. His skill in the English language was helpful, not only for his work and study, but he edited English course books and dictionaries too.

Germanus was fencing and swimming competitively from childhood. In England he tried boxing as well, but his favourite sport was riding. He won prizes at it. It was in England, too, where he first found love. His relationship to his beloved Gwendolyn Percyfull remained long-lasting, even though after a few years not in a romantic form. They were exchanging letters more than 50 years later.

## In Turkey after the Revolution of the Young Turks

During the war years, between 1914 and 1919 he obtained a position in the Prime Ministers Office to monitor the foreign press. As soon as the war started, Germanus had to use his extraordinary knowledge of languages in secret missions in Turkey, then allied with Hungary. He had to escort special ambassadorial carriages, as a deputy of the Hungarian department of the Red Crescent. He was doing this, in July 1915, when a train to Anatolia was found to contain weapons and explosives hidden among medicines and bandages.

At that time the Sultanate was already over, and a parliamentary state had been established. However, conflicts among the minorities of this multinational country were inflamed, and there were power struggles. Seeing the government debt, the war casualties and consequent enormous levels of poverty, filled his heart with sorrow. Germanus was deeply disappointed in the men he had known in his scholarship years spent in Constantinople. They now filled high positions in the state, and played a determining role in the Armenian Genocide, among other things.

### Recognition and illness

Germanus served with the Red Crescent, in the Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. After his release he became acquainted with the commander of the 19th Division, attached to the Fifth Army, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who later, known as Atatürk, founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

In Turkey, Germanus contacted the Sultan Mehmed V. (1909–18) in 1915, and the heir of the throne Abdul Medsid, son of Mehmed VI. (1918–22) in 1918. Germanus was given a 'Mecidiye order' from the first and an 'Osmanie order' from the later. During that sojourn in Turkey he became sick with malaria. His illness was detected much later, which led to a prolonged recovery of more than two years. In the same year, 1918, he married Rózsa Hajnóczy (1892–1944) from Upper Hungary. She was his faithful and fond partner during the Indian years.

### Textbook published

His book on the Turkish language was published in 1925. Hungarian readers welcomed it with great interest. He became the secretary of the Hungarian PEN Club, on the recommendation of John Galsworthy, the English novelist and playwright. Germanus was one of the individuals that inspired the organization of the Bulgarian PEN Club in the fall of 1926 (on this way to Turkey), and the Egyptian PEN Club in 1936.

### A record of change

Germanus saw how the dreams of his youth, about positive changes in Turkey, had gone sour as the years passed. Getting out of financial crisis and poverty, this former country of sultans was faced with increasing Europeanization, leading to the loss of the ancient national dress. At the same time, the intrusive power of capital, and the rush to westernization, was destroying the Eastern soul and mentality. Wherever he looked, he could see only European traditions: western clothes, the Latin alphabet in recently published books, and mechanization. The former bazaars and lifestyle, the eastern feeling and mindset, that was all in the past now.

The era between the two World Wars brought raging change to the young Republic of Turkey. Events spurred him to write two works. Germanus wrote two essays about the Turkish cultural transformation in French: *La civilisation turque moderne* ("The modern Turkish Civilisation") and *Pensées sur la révolution turque* ("Thinking about the Turkish Revolution", about the role of Kemal Atatürk in the revolution).

As a result, the new Turkish government invited him to Turkey in 1928. Travelling there he could see the transformation of Muslim Turkey into a new European country. He was disappointed, stopped the trip, and visited Bulgaria, Macedonia, Sofia and Belgrade instead. Here he met Nikola Vaptsarov and other national leaders and writers.

## India

His knowledge of the history, cultural history, politics and literature of the Muslim world, gave Germanus an unusual opportunity. In 1928 Rabindranath Tagore invited him to India to organize, and then lead as first professor, the Department of the History of Islam (now the Department of Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Islamic Studies) at his university Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan.

Germanus gave lectures in Lucknow, Lahore and Dhaka. In December 1930 he was invited to Delhi. He met Dr. Zakir Husain, later the third President of Republic of India, and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, later the first Vice President and the second President of the Republic of India. He spent three years in Bengal, with his wife Hajnóczy Rózsa, and taught an always a growing group of Islamic pupils under an open sky.

In parallel, he dedicated much time to improving himself, for example he began to study Sanskrit, and to work on other smaller projects. During these years Pál Teleki, the Hungarian Prime Minister, asked him to study the Maori and Munda languages from a linguistic point of view.

He and his wife spent the muggy Indian summers traveling. They visited the tomb of Sándor Kőrösi Csoma, the famous Hungarian orientalist, in Darjeeling. They traveled through Kashmir.

In December 1930 he was welcomed in Delhi to work at the Aligarh Muslim University, where he became acquainted with Zakir Hussain, President of the University (the third President of India in 1967), and with Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (the second President of India in 1962).

This period of his life was enormously rich in experience and the development of his notions and emotions on being Muslim. He increased his knowledge of Islamic culture and history. By this time he was living the Qur'an and took part in the Friday prayers in Jama Masjid, Delhi. Once he gave a speech to 5,000 people about the new blossoming of Islam. It was so popular that he had to escape from the thankful listeners, and possible death from the crush.

News of Germanus' speech spread round the Muslim world. Leading articles were published in newspapers about him and hundreds of believers went on pilgrimage to his humble flat to get advice. The proceedings made a great impression on him. He chose a Muslim name, Abdul-Karim ("servant of the gracious God").

## Middle East

In 1934, with financial support from the state, Germanus travelled through the Middle East, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Travelling through England, he met T. E. Lawrence. After landing in Cairo, he had difficulty entering Al-Azhar University. He was supported by his Egyptian writer friends, who mellowed the rigour of grand sheik Muhammad al-Ahmadi al-Zawahiri, the uncompromising head of the University, who had not wanted Europeans to enter his Institute.

Eventually, Germanus was allowed to be student for some months, and then to be a member of the teaching staff of the thousand year old mosque-university in the heart of Cairo. At that time there was deep poverty among the students of Al-Azhar, but for Germanus it was like Mecca, being able to experience the feeling of being a Muslim student, the inspiration of Quran studies, and the everyday life of the students.

Through friends he could meet the most famous members of contemporary Egyptian literature, like Mahmud Taimur, the most influential 20th-century Egyptian writer Taha Hussein, Muhammed Abdullah Enan, the poet Ibrahim Naji, the drama composer Tawfiq el-Hakim, the novelist and philosopher Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Sauki Amin, the secretary of Academy of Sciences in Cairo and the romantic writer Abbas Mahmud al-Aqqad.

### Mecca and the Hajj

Leaving Egypt Germanus took ship to Saudi Arabia, to stay first in Jeddah and then in Mecca. In 1935 he was the first Hungarian Muslim to perform the Hajj in Mecca. He travelled incognito through the hidden territories of the Arabian Peninsula. It was not without danger, even though he had been living according to Qur'anic law.

Germanus was also hiding his favourite Hungarian flag under his ihram clothing, and a pocket camera—most unusual in that era. Together with photos, he wrote descriptions of wall inscriptions and documents, never before seen in Western Europe. He was even able to investigate the Black Stone, since he was once a leading student of Geology. Germanus considered a great honour when he was invited to the royal tent of King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud during the Hajj.

### A book about the Holy Land

A book about his journeys in the Holy Land came out one year later (1936), first in Hungarian, and after a great success it was translated into German (*Allah Akbar. Im Banne des Islams*) and Italian (*Sulle orme di Maometto*).

Having fulfilled the annual pilgrimage, the Hungarian Hajji went to Medina to visit the tomb of the Prophet. A two-week journey with a caravan under the scorching sun, and the unbearable heat, wore out his health and he succumbed to fever. He had to give up his scientific research work and to return to Europe. He spent several days in Athens recovering from the illness.

Since had to leave Medina so suddenly, forced by illness, Germanus considered his work incomplete. He thought that only he would enter the holy territories of Arabia to finish further studies. Anyway, the return seemed even more circumstantial because of the wartime and Hungary's clogging diplomacy. Finally on 23 September 1939, he embarked on the 'Kassa', later changing to the 'Duna'. after the shipwreck of the former, and went through the Bosphorus to Alexandria, as a crew member.

### Mishap at sea

At this time he completed his 55th year; he wrote about himself: "I’m the oldest sailor in the world". That was not enough; he was awarded a high honor, because, with his fellow sailors, he succeeded in saving the ship from sinking in a terrible storm.

In Egypt Germanus visited his writer and scholar friends again. After some weeks he went to explore all over Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. In Mecca, Medina and in the city of Badr he completed the research work and also his second Hajj.

### Journey through the desert

In the course of his journeys he was the first European to pass through the Wadi Djadak and Ghureir. On the testing 28-day trip the caravan ran out of food and water. They had to eat the camels. After three days without water Germanus lost consciousness. His companions thought that his life was already beyond hope, but his faithful Arab friend was intractable and did not allow the others to leave the European traveller in the desert, or to kill his camel.

Arriving at the Oasis of Hamellie, Germanus came to his senses after five days of unconsciousness. The caravan arrived in Riyadh where King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud received the Hungarian scholar.

## During World War II

In 1941 he became the director of the Eastern Institute. During World War II he was on the streets of Budapest to help family, friends and the university, to hide people and secure them, and to save lives and goods. His library remained miraculously unharmed. His wife, Rozsa Hajnoczy suffered from the attacks, so he decided to find a calm place in a village for her. By the time he returned to Budapest she had committed suicide. She could not live with the thought that her husband's life was in continuous danger under the Nyilas regime. One person helped him through these days. He had met Kajari Kato, at an exhibition in 1939. He found a good student, a helpful colleague and a good wife in her.

## A new life

In 1948 he became director of the professorship of Italian culture and economical policy. His works were published in Italian: the book "Sulle orme di Maometto",1938, Milan, and the translation of "Allah Akbar". The Eastern Institute closed and the teachers were dismissed, with no hope of revival.

He worked at the Turkish philologic professorship in the Péter Pázmány University, Eötvös Loránd University from November 1949, under the leadership of Gyula Németh. In 1955 he succeeded Németh.

During these years he prepared a work about the life and legacy of Arabic poet Ibn al-Rumi.

From 1958 to 1966, he was a member of parliament in Hungary. He was a university delegate and did not join the Party. He continued working at the professorship of Arabic literature and cultural history as a lecturer. Later he became the senior lecturer. He was released from duty only in 1964, at the age of 80.

## Return to the East

Between 1955 and 1965 he traveled again, at the age of 71, accompanied by his wife and follower, Kato Kajari. His book *Eastern Lights* is about these experiences. He accepted invitations from the Scientific Academy of Cairo, other universities in Alexandria, Cairo, Damascus, and eight Indian universities to give lectures about Islamic cultural history in English and Arabic.

On 30 December 1957, he gave an inaugural speech at the Academy of Sciences in Cairo. His Egyptian colleagues organized a special 'Germanus lecture-week' in his honor. He also visited Dina bint 'Abdu'l-Hamid, Queen of Jordan, and Talal ibn Abd al-Aziz, Prince of Saud.

### India

He revisited Indian cities to refresh his memories of Bombay, Delhi, Aligarh, Patna, Agra, Hyderabad, Calcutta, Lucknow and Santiniketan. Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India invited him to visit. Here he witnessed the development and rapid change of Muslim societies.

In February 1961 he gave lectures in Morocco, at the universities of Fez, Rabat, Casablanca. He kept his inauguration at the Academy of Baghdad in 1962. The topic was the history of Islam in Hungary. He was also invited to the 'Festival for the 1200th anniversary of the foundation of Baghdad'.

In February 1964, the government of the United Arabic Republic (the union of Egypt and Syria) asked him to give lectures in the refurbished school of the Al-Azhar Mosque, on the occasion its 1,000-year anniversary.

### Mecca

On 15 March 1965, the Saudi ambassador visited Germanus in Budapest with an invitation from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. He was asked to visit Mecca (for the third time), to take part in the Islamic Conference (see Organisation of the Islamic Conference). The task was enormous, both for the scholar in his 80s and his wife, Aisha, also Muslim by that time. The trip meant walking round the sacred place and running between Safa and Marwa seven times, on a hot surface in a huge crowd. He accepted the invitation.

## Later years

He worked his entire life until his last days. His final wish was to see the third reprint of his book about the history of the Arabic literature. So he could get the quick print of the first pages into his hand. His last words on his death-bed summarize his life:

"I believe that the universe was made by a strong moral power, and unselfish love maintains it. The meaning of life is beauty and kindness. This confidence led me through my life, and the wish to get rest in the shadow of the big spirit. ... There I will get rest. Because power means aesthetic, art and kindness, and not hatred and greed. ... Hungary became lonely. ... He will never come back from the East again. ...".

## Main works

* *Evlija Cselebi* about the Turkish guilds in the 17th century, 1907;
* Schidlof 1000 - world languages on your own - English with \[Dr. Latzkó Hugó\],1911 \[embedded.: 1939\];
* Schidlof Dr. practical method mini vocabulary. Hungarian-English and English-Hungarian, 1913;
* Turan, 1916;
* The impact of field and Species  on history, 1920;
* The forming of the Osman state, 1921;
* Turkish-Osman language book, 1925;
* Thoughts at the tomb of Gül Baba, 1928;
* Pensées sur la révolution turque, 1928;
* Lecture on Turkish Popular Literature, Lahore, 1931;
* Modern Movements in Islam, Calcutta, 1932;
* India today, 1933;
* The Role of Turks in Islam, I–II., Hyderabad, 1933–34;
* The Awakening of Turkish Literature, I–II., Hyderabad, 1933;
* Light of India – Mahatma Gandhi, 1934;
* Allah Akbar!, 1936;
* Discovering and conquering Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia, 1938;
* Sulle orme di Maometto, Milano, 1938;
* The rejuvenation of the Arabic ethos, 1944;
* Mahmoud Teymour and Modern Arab Literature, London, 1950;
* Sources of the Arab Nights, London, 1951
* Unknown Masterpieces of Arabic Literature, Hyderabad, 1952;
* Causes of the Decline of the Islamic Peoples, Lahore, 1953;
* Arabic Geographers, London, 1954;
* Bayna Fikraini, Damascus, 1956;
* Guidance From the Light of the Crescent, 1957;
* Trends of Contemporary Arabic Literature, I-II., London, 1957–58;
* Arabic poets from the pagan time to today, 1961;
* The history of Arabic literature, 1962;
* The Berber-Arab Literature of Morocco, Hyderabad, 1964;
* Lights of the East, 1966;
* Ibn Khaldoun, the Philosopher, Lahore, 1967;
* Arab Poets and Critics, Delhi, 1967;
* New Arabic Novelists, Lahore, 1969;
* The Mystical East, 1975 ; ("Guidance From the Light of the Crescent" and "Lights of the East" together)

## Further reading

* Antall, József, *Germanus Gyula családneve*, Nagyvilág, XXV. 1980. No. 4., Budapest.
* Antall, József, *Gondolatok Gül Baba sírjánál*, Gondolat Kiadó, 1984, Budapest, 368p.
* G. Hajnóczy, Rózsa, *Bengáli tűz*, published by Singer & Wolfner, 1944, Budapest, 888p.
* Hegedűs, Géza, *Germanus Gyula*, Nagyvilág XXV. 1980. No. 2., Budapest.
* Kardos, István, *Sokszemközt-tudósokkal*, MRT-Minerva Kiadó, 1974, Budapest, 223-236p.
* Kubassek, János, *Kelet vándora, az iszlám világ tudós kutatója*, afterword in Germanus Gyula: A félhold fakó fényében, Palatinus Kiadó, 2003, Budapest/Érd, 368p.
* Székely, György, *Germanus Gyula*, Magyar Tudomány, 1980. No. 3., Budapest.

* \- GY.G. on the site of the Hungarian Islam Community
* \- Bibliography of Professor Germanus, the basis of this WIKI page

## Books written by Gyula Germanus

(the list contains solely the latest editions of each work)

* Germanus, Gyula, *Turku-i islâm khidmât*; Aurangabad, 1932, 135p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Allah Akbar. Im Banne des Islams*; Holle u. Co., Berlin, 1938, 718p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Sulle orme di Maometto*; Garzanti, Milan, 1938, I. 406p., II. 376p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Az arab szellemiség megújhodása*; Magyar Keleti Társaság Kiadványai 4., Budapest, 1944, 66p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Anwar al-Jundi*; Quissa, Cairo, 1947.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Bayna Fikrayni*; Damascus, 1956, 128p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Musulmân Aqwâmki Zewalki Asbâb*; Karachi, 1958.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Az arab irodalom története*; Gondolat Kiadó (3. ed.), 1979, Budapest, 471p.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Allah Akbar!*; Palatinus Kiadó, 2004, 632p; ISBN 978-963-9578-01-2.
* Germanus, Gyula, *A félhold fakó fényében*; Palatinus Kiadó, 2003, Budapest, 250p; ISBN 978-963-9487-22-2.
* Germanus, Gyula, *Kelet fényei felé*; Palatinus Kiadó, 2003, Budapest, 280p; ISBN 978-963-9487-45-1.

## InfoBox

| Gyula Germanus | |
| --- | --- |
| Germanus in the 1930s | |
| Born | Julius Germanus<br>(1884-11-06)6 November 1884<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Died | 7 November 1979(1979-11-07) (aged 95)<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Resting place | Budapest, Farkasréti cemetery |
| Alma mater | University of Istanbul |
| Known for | Academic |


title: Harrogate (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Harrogate was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. As with all constituencies, the constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency was renamed Harrogate and Knaresborough in 1997.

text:
# Harrogate (UK Parliament constituency)

**Harrogate** (/ˈhærəɡət, -ɡt, -ɡɪt/ *HARR-ə-gət, -gayt, -ghit*) was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. As with all constituencies, the constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency was renamed Harrogate and Knaresborough in 1997.

## Constituency profile

The seat covered an area with little unemployment, a relatively large retired population and large neighbourhoods of high house prices. Until former Chancellor Norman Lamont stood for the first time in the successor seat in the New Labour landslide general election in 1997, it had been part of a Conservative safe seat since 1910. However, Harrogate moved the way of other famous spa towns in England, such as Bath by returning a Liberal Democrat MP.

## Boundaries

**1950–1983**: The Municipal Borough of Harrogate, the Urban District of Knaresborough, and the Rural District of Nidderdale except the parishes of Hessay, Knapton, Moor Monkton, Nether Poppleton, Rufforth, and Upper Poppleton.

**1983–1997**: The Borough of Harrogate wards of Bilton, Claro, Duchy, East Central, Granby, Harlow, Knaresborough East, Knaresborough West, Marston Moor, Nether Poppleton, New Park, Ouseburn, Pannal, Spofforth, Starbeck, Upper Poppleton, Wedderburn, and West Central.

## History

Before 1950 Harrogate had been part of the Ripon constituency. The constituency was created as 'Harrogate' and following boundary changes in 1997 the name was changed to Harrogate and Knaresborough.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | | Member | Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1950 | Christopher York | Conservative | Resigned February 1954 |
|  | 1954 by-election | James Ramsden | Conservative |
|  | Feb 1974 | Robert Banks | Conservative |
|

## Election results

### Elections in the 1950s

General election 1950: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Christopher York** | **28,582** | **68.55** |  |
|  | Labour | Edward J. Parris | 13,114 | 31.45 |  |
| Majority | | | 15,468 | 37.10 |  |
| Turnout | | | 41,696 | 81.24 |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

General election 1951: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Christopher York** | **28,806** | **70.56** |  |
|  | Labour | Christopher William Sewell | 12,021 | 29.44 |  |
| Majority | | | 16,785 | 41.12 |  |
| Turnout | | | 40,827 | 78.74 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

1954 Harrogate by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **20,263** | **70.78** | **+0.22** |
|  | Labour | Ernest Kavanagh | 8,367 | 29.22 | −0.22 |
| Majority | | | 11,896 | 41.56 | +0.44 |
| Turnout | | | 28,630 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1955: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **26,799** | **72.32** |  |
|  | Labour | Thomas Evers | 10,258 | 27.68 |  |
| Majority | | | 16,541 | 44.64 |  |
| Turnout | | | 37,057 | 71.86 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1959: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **29,466** | **74.29** |  |
|  | Labour | Frederick Bernard Singleton | 10,196 | 25.71 |  |
| Majority | | | 19,270 | 48.58 |  |
| Turnout | | | 39,662 | 74.49 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Elections in the 1960s

General election 1964: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **24,474** | **57.64** |  |
|  | Liberal | Barrington Malcolm Black | 9,332 | 21.98 | *New* |
|  | Labour | Edward Lyons | 8,655 | 20.38 |  |
| Majority | | | 15,142 | 35.66 |  |
| Turnout | | | 42,461 | 77.00 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1966: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **22,932** | **54.97** |  |
|  | Liberal | Walter Greaves | 9,518 | 22.82 |  |
|  | Labour | Reginald Ernest Holmes | 9,267 | 22.21 |  |
| Majority | | | 13,414 | 32.15 |  |
| Turnout | | | 41,717 | 74.47 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Elections in the 1970s

General election 1970: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Ramsden** | **26,167** | **59.76** |  |
|  | Liberal | Walter Greaves | 8,825 | 20.15 |  |
|  | Labour | Brian Hellowell | 8,797 | 20.09 |  |
| Majority | | | 17,342 | 39.61 |  |
| Turnout | | | 43,789 | 69.93 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election February 1974: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **27,517** | **53.55** |  |
|  | Liberal | Ian DeCourcey Bayley | 15,728 | 30.61 |  |
|  | Labour | Michael A. Wheaton | 6,084 | 11.84 |  |
|  | National Front | Andrew Brons | 1,186 | 2.31 | *New* |
|  | Democratic Christian | J. E. Stringfellow | 875 | 1.70 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 11,789 | 22.94 |  |
| Turnout | | | 51,390 | 80.05 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election October 1974: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **24,583** | **53.85** |  |
|  | Liberal | Ian DeCourcey Bayley | 11,269 | 24.69 |  |
|  | Labour | Barry Seal | 8,047 | 17.63 |  |
|  | National Front | Andrew Brons | 1,030 | 2.26 |  |
|  | Whig | Cecil Margolis | 719 | 1.58 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 13,314 | 29.17 |  |
| Turnout | | | 45,648 | 70.49 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1979: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **30,551** | **59.46** |  |
|  | Liberal | Rodney Kent | 12,021 | 23.40 |  |
|  | Labour | A. Fleming | 8,221 | 16.00 |  |
|  | National Front | D. Waite | 585 | 1.14 |  |
| Majority | | | 18,530 | 36.06 |  |
| Turnout | | | 51,378 | 74.26 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Elections in the 1980s

General election 1983: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **30,269** | **60.23** |  |
|  | SDP | John Burney | 14,381 | 28.62 |  |
|  | Labour | John Dixon | 5,128 | 10.20 |  |
|  | Reintroduction of Hanging and Corporal Punishment | D. Kelley | 316 | 0.63 | *New* |
|  | National Front | P. Vessey | 163 | 0.32 |  |
| Majority | | | 15,888 | 31.61 |  |
| Turnout | | | 50,257 | 69.02 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1987: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **31,167** | **55.55** |  |
|  | SDP | Jonathan Leach | 19,265 | 34.34 |  |
|  | Labour | Andrew Wright | 5,671 | 10.10 |  |
| Majority | | | 11,902 | 21.21 |  |
| Turnout | | | 56,103 | 74.05 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Elections in the 1990s

General election 1992: Harrogate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Robert Banks** | **32,023** | **53.85** |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | T. J. Hurren | 19,434 | 32.68 |  |
|  | Labour | A. J. Wright | 7,230 | 12.16 |  |
|  | Green | Arnold Warneken | 780 | 1.31 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 12,589 | 21.17 |  |
| Turnout | | | 59,467 | 77.99 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Notes and references

Notes References  1. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). "Harrogate". *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
2. "Harrogate". *Dictionary.com Unabridged* (Online). n.d. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
3. Mouseprice.com heat map
4. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1)
5. "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
6. "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
7. "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| Harrogate | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| County | North Yorkshire |
| Major settlements | Harrogate and Knaresborough |
| 19501997 | |
| Seats | One |
| Created from | Ripon |
| Replaced by | Harrogate and Knaresborough |


title: Ijuí Airport

abstract: João Batista Bos Filho Airport is the airport serving Ijuí, Brazil. It is operated by DAP.

text:
# Ijuí Airport

**João Batista Bos Filho Airport** (IATA: **IJU**, ICAO: **SSIJ**) is the airport serving Ijuí, Brazil.

It is operated by DAP.

## Airlines and destinations

No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

## Access

The airport is located 8 km (5 mi) from downtown Ijuí.

## InfoBox

| João Batista Bos Filho Airport<br>*Aeroporto João Batista Bos Filho* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | DAP |
| Serves | Ijuí |
| Time zone | BRT (UTC−03:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 365 m / 1,197 ft |
| Coordinates | 28°22′07″S 053°50′47″W / 28.36861°S 53.84639°W / -28.36861; -53.84639 |
| Map | |
| IJULocation in BrazilIJUIJU (Brazil) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  18/36 1,280 4,199 Asphalt | |
| Sources: ANAC, DECEA | |


title: Ibra Kébé

abstract: Ali Ibrahim Kébé Baye, commonly known as Ibra Kébé, is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

text:
# Ibra Kébé

**Ali Ibrahim Kébé Baye** (born 24 December 1978), commonly known as **Ibra Kébé**, is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

## Career

In 2002, Kébé signed for Spartak Moscow and made his Champions League debut in the away defeat to FC Basel.

Despite a relatively bright start to his Spartak career, soon Kébé fell out of favour at the Russian club. The Senegalese defender left Spartak after two seasons with the club. He then played for Spartak Nizhny Novgorod and, after their relegation from the Russian First Division, for FC Dila Gori. In January 2009, Kébé was expected to sign for the newly promoted Premier League side FC Rostov, but the deal fell through because of a serious knee injury.

His younger brother Pape Maguette Kebe played for FC Rubin Kazan.

## InfoBox

Ibra Kébé
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ali Ibrahim Kébé Baye | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-12-24) 24 December 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Saint-Louis, Senegal | | |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998 | Dakar UC |  |  |
| 1999–2001 | ASC Jeanne d'Arc |  |  |
| 2001–2004 | Spartak Moscow | 47 | (3) |
| 2005 | Alania Vladikavkaz | 0 | (0) |
| 2006 | Spartak Nizhny Novgorod | 18 | (1) |
| 2006–2011 | Anzhi Makhachkala | 81 | (6) |
| International career | | | |
| 2000–2003 | Senegal | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Hurlements en faveur de Sade

abstract: Hurlements en faveur de Sade is a 1952 French avant-garde film directed by Guy Debord. Devoid of any images, the film was an early work of Lettrist cinema.

text:
# Hurlements en faveur de Sade

***Hurlements en faveur de Sade*** (English: *Howlings for Sade*) is a 1952 French avant-garde film directed by Guy Debord. Devoid of any images, the film was an early work of Lettrist cinema.

## Description

The image track of *Hurlements en faveur de Sade* contains no actual images, only solid white or solid black frames. It follows the sound track such that when there is speech the screen is white, and when there is silence the screen is black.

The sound track uses text détourned from Isidore Isou's book *Esthétique du cinéma*, John Ford's film *Rio Grande*, work by James Joyce, and the French Civil Code. The time between speeches becomes increasingly long throughout the film, and it ends with a 24-minute sequence of silence and darkness.

## Production

Debord wrote the original script for *Hurlements en faveur de Sade* during the winter of 1951–1952. His notes outlined a combination of original scenes and found footage. Debord planned to use newsreel footage, images of himself and other Lettrists, painted film stock, and sequences of solid black. For the film's soundtrack, his notes included Lettrist poetry, text by Guillaume Apollinaire, and music by Antonio Vivaldi. In April 1952 Debord published his original scenario in *Ion* magazine along with a preface titled "Prolégomènes à tout cinéma futur" (English: "Prolegomena to Any Future Cinema").

Debord abandoned most of his original plan for the film and instead used no images at all. He used speeches delivered by himself, Gil J. Wolman, Isidore Isou, Serge Berna, and Barbara Rosenthal.

## Release

*Hurlements en faveur de Sade* premiered 30 June 1952 at the Ciné-Club Avant-Garde 52 in the Musée de l'Homme. The audience became unruly, and the screening was stopped after twenty minutes.

The film had its UK premiere in 1957 at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London.

## InfoBox

| Hurlements en faveur de Sade | |
| --- | --- |
| *Hurlements en faveur de Sade* is a film resolutely devoid of any image at all, the screen remaining totally white, or totally black, depending on the sequence. | |
| Directed by | Guy Debord |
| Written by | Guy Debord |
| Release date | * 30 June 1952 (1952-06-30) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: USSR Women's Chess Championship

abstract: The Women's Soviet Chess Championship was played in the Soviet Union from 1927 through 1991 to determine the women's chess national champion. The championship was not played on a regular basis in the years 1927–1937 and there was a break during World War II. From 1950 onward it was played regularly all years.

text:
# USSR Women's Chess Championship

The **Women's Soviet Chess Championship** was played in the Soviet Union from 1927 through 1991 to determine the women's chess national champion.

The championship was not played on a regular basis in the years 1927–1937 and there was a break during World War II. From 1950 onward it was played regularly all years.

## List of winners

| # | Year | Place | Winner | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1927 | Moscow | Olga Rubtsova | 8½ / 10 |
| 2 | 1931 | Moscow | Olga Rubtsova | 7½ / 9 |
| 3 | 1934 | Leningrad | Olga Semenova Tyan-Shanskaya | 7 / 9 |
| 4 | 1936 | Leningrad | Olga Semenova Tyan-Shanskaya | 9½ / 11 |
| 5 | 1937 | Rostov-on-Don | Olga Rubtsova | 12½ / 15 |
| 6 | 1945 | Moscow | Valentina Borisenko | 7½ / 9 |
| 7 | 1946 | Moscow | Elisaveta Bykova | 14 / 16 |
| 8 | 1947 | Moscow | Elisaveta Bykova | 12 / 15 |
| 9 | 1948 | Moscow | Olga Rubtsova | 13 / 17 |
| 10 | 1950 | Riga | Elisaveta Bykova | 12½ / 15 |
| 11 | 1951 | Kiev | Kira Zvorykina | 11½ / 17 |
| 12 | 1952 | Tbilisi | Lyudmila Rudenko | 13 / 17 |
| 13 | 1953 | Rostov-on-Don | Kira Zvorykina | 13 / 17 |
| 14 | 1954 | Krasnodar | Larissa Volpert | 14 / 19 |
| 15 | 1955 | Sukhumi | Valentina Borisenko | 13½ / 19 |
| 16 | 1956 | Dnepropetrovsk | Kira Zvorykina | 13½ / 17 |
| 17 | 1957 | Vilnius | Valentina Borisenko | 12 / 17 |
| 18 | 1958 | Kharkov | Larissa Volpert | 14 / 21 |
| 19 | 1959 | Lipetsk | Larissa Volpert | 12 / 18 |
| 20 | 1960 | Riga | Valentina Borisenko | 13 / 18 |
| 21 | 1961 | Baku | Valentina Borisenko | 13½ / 19 |
| 22 | 1962 | Riga | Tatiana Zatulovskaya | 13 / 19 |
| 23 | 1963 | Baku | Maaja Ranniku | 14 / 19 |
| 24 | 1964 | Tbilisi | Nona Gaprindashvili | 15 / 19 |
| 25 | 1965 | Beltsy | Valentina Kozlovskaya | 13½ / 19 |
| 26 | 1966 | Kiev | Nana Alexandria | 14 / 19 |
| 27 | 1967 | Sochi | Maaja Ranniku | 11 / 13 |
| 28 | 1968 | Ashkhabad | Nana Alexandria | 13½ / 19 |
| 29 | 1969 | Gori | Nana Alexandria | 15 / 19 |
| 30 | 1970 | Beltsy | Alla Kushnir | 14 / 19 |
| 31 | 1971 | Sochi | Irina Levitina | 14 / 19 |
| 32 | 1972 | Tolyatti | Marta Litinskaya | 12 / 19 |
| 33 | 1973 | Tbilisi | Nona Gaprindashvili | 14 / 19 |
| 34 | 1974 | Tbilisi | Elena Fatalibekova | 14 / 18 |
| 35 | 1975 | Frunze | Liudmila Belavenets | 10 / 16 |
| 36 | 1976 | Tbilisi | Anna Akhsharumova | 12½ / 17 |
| 37 | 1977 | Lvov | Maia Chiburdanidze | 13 / 17 |
| 38 | 1978 | Nikolayevsk | Lidia Semenova | 12½ / 17 |
| 39 | 1979 | Tbilisi | Irina Levitina | 12½ / 17 |
| 40 | 1980 | Alma-Ata | Irina Levitina | 12 / 15 |
| 41 | 1981 | Ivano-Frankivsk | Nona Gaprindashvili
Nana Ioseliani | 12 / 17 |
| 42 | 1982 | Tallinn | Nana Ioseliani | 12 / 17 |
| 43 | 1983 | Vilnius | Nona Gaprindashvili | 12½ / 17 |
| 44 | 1984 | Kiev | Svetlana Matveeva
Anna Akhsharumova | 9½ / 15 |
| 45 | 1985 | Yerevan | Nona Gaprindashvili | 12½ / 17 |
| 46 | 1986 | Frunze | Nana Ioseliani | 11½ / 16 |
| 47 | 1987 | Tbilisi | Nana Ioseliani | 14½ / 19 |
| 48 | 1988 | Alma-Ata | Julia Demina | 12 / 17 |
| 49 | 1989 | Volzhsky | Irina Chelushkina | 12½ / 17 |
| 50 | 1990 | Podolsk | Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant | 13 / 16 |
| 51 | 1991 | Lvov | Svetlana Matveeva | 13½ / 17 |
|

**Winners of more titles**

1. Anatoly Karpov, ed. (1990). *Шахматы. Энциклопедический Словарь* \[*Chess. Encyclopedic Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. pp. 458–459, 613–614. ISBN 5-85270-005-3.
2. Bartelski, Wojciech. "Women's Soviet Chess Championship summary". *OlimpBase*. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
3. Valentina Borisenko won the title after a tiebreak match with Kira Zvorykina (2½ – ½ )
4. Larissa Volpert won the title after a tiebreak match with Kira Zvorykina (2½ – 1½ )
5. Valentina Borisenko won the title after a tiebreak match with Tatiana Zatulovskaya (4½ – 3½ )
6. Maia Ranniku won the title after a tiebreak match with Tatiana Zatulovskaya (4–2)
7. Nana Alexandria won the title after a tiebreak match with Alla Chaikovskaya (3½ – ½)
8. The tiebreak match was not played.
9. The tiebreak match was not played.


title: John Cash (physician)

abstract: John David Cash was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He also served as Medical Director at the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service from 1979 to 1988.

text:
# John Cash (physician)

**John David Cash** CBE (3 April 1936 – 8 December 2020) was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He also served as Medical Director at the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service from 1979 to 1988.

## Career

In 1998 Cash published a Government review into the National Blood Authority following a shortage of blood supplies. The review resulted in the sacking of Sir Colin Walker as the then head of the National Blood Authority, shortly after chief executive John Adey was also fired.

Cash gave evidence to the Penrose Inquiry and has been outspoken about Britain's tainted blood scandal in which thousands of haemophiliacs died. Cash was critical of the Inquiry's Final Report, he said it had failed to get to the truth and allowed the responsible executives to avoid giving evidence.

In May 2017 he appeared in *BBC Panorama*'s "Contaminated Blood: The Search for the Truth", stating "If you look at the difference in England and Scotland in terms of the outcomes, you have to conclude that it was not unavoidable, it was avoidable".

In 1974 he was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh. In 1992 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club.

On the 11 December 2020 the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh announced that Cash had died suddenly.

1. Cash, Prof. John David
2. "Blood authority chief fired". *BBC News*.
3. "National Blood Authority (Hansard, 8 April 1998)". *Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)*. 8 April 1998.
4. "Lords Hansard text for 8 Apr 1998 (180408-07)". *publications.parliament.uk*. Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords, Westminster.
5. "NHS sacks blood boss after "Independent" campaign". *The Independent*. 9 April 1998.
6. "Second blood chief fired". *BBC News*.
7. "WITNESS NAME: Professor John Cash" (PDF). *PENROSE INQUIRY*. 3 March 2011.
8. Caroline Wheeler (6 September 2015). "Six-year inquiry "failed to find full awful truth about scandal of tainted blood"". *Express*.
9. "Panorama – Contaminated Blood: The Search for the Truth". BBC.
10. *Minute Books of the Harveian Society*. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
11. *Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club*. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
12. "In Memoriam – Professor John Cash CBE". *Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh*. 10 December 2020.

## InfoBox

| John Cash | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | John David Cash<br>(1936-04-03)3 April 1936 |
| Died | 8 December 2020(2020-12-08) (aged 84) |
| Occupation(s) | Professor, physician |


title: Anisopodus acutus

abstract: Anisopodus acutus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae that was described by Thomson in 1865, and is from Brazil.

text:
# Anisopodus acutus

***Anisopodus acutus*** is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae that was described by Thomson in 1865, and is from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Anisopodus acutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Anisopodus* |
| Species: | ***A. acutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anisopodus acutus***<br>Thomson, 1865 | |
|


title: Lawrence Buell (politician)

abstract: Lawrence L. Buell Sr. is an American former politician who was a Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 89th District from 1994 to 2008. He was previously a member of the Indiana House from 1980 to 1992.

text:
# Lawrence Buell (politician)

**Lawrence L. Buell Sr.** (born September 5, 1934) is an American former politician who was a Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 89th District from 1994 to 2008. He was previously a member of the Indiana House from 1980 to 1992.

1. "List of All Offices and Office Holders". 5 March 2015.
2. "List of All Offices and Office Holders". 5 March 2015.
3. "List of All Offices and Office Holders". 5 March 2015.

## InfoBox

| Lawrence Buell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Indiana House of Representatives
from the 89th district | |
| **In office**
November 9, 1994  November 5, 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Jack L. Cottey |
| Succeeded by | John Barnes |
| Member of the Indiana House of Representatives
from the 50th district | |
| **In office**
November 3, 1982  November 4, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Darrell Edward Felling |
| Succeeded by | Daniel Leroy Stephan |
| Member of the Indiana House of Representatives
from the 44th district | |
| **In office**
December 18, 1980  November 3, 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Dan Burton |
| Succeeded by | John Joseph Thomas |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-09-05) September 5, 1934
North Liberty, Indiana |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Janis Buell |
| Residence | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Alma mater | Indiana University |
|  | |


# United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island

These are tables of congressional delegations from Rhode Island to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives.

The current dean of the Rhode Island delegation is Senator Jack Reed, having served in the Senate since 1997 and in Congress since 1991.

## United States Senate

| Current U.S. senators from Rhode Island | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rhode Island

CPVI (2022):  D+8 | Class I senator | Class II senator |
| |
**Sheldon Whitehouse**
(Junior senator)
(Newport) |
**Jack Reed**
(Senior senator)
(Jamestown) |
| Party | Democratic | Democratic |
| Incumbent since | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 1997 |

## U.S. House of Representatives

### Current representatives

| Current U.S. representatives from Rhode Island | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| District | Member
(Residence) | Party | Incumbent since | CPVI
(2022) | District map |
| 1st |
**Gabe Amo**
(Providence) | Democratic | November 7, 2023 | D+12 |  |
| 2nd |
**Seth Magaziner**
(Cranston) | Democratic | January 3, 2023 | D+4 |  |
|

### 1790–1843: At-large seat(s)

When Rhode Island ratified the Constitution in 1790, it had one seat. After the first census, it had two seats, chosen at-large on a general ticket.

| Congress | Elected at-large on a general ticket | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Seat A | Seat B |
| **1st** (1789–1791) | Benjamin Bourne (PA) |
| **2nd** (1791–1793) | |
| **3rd** (1793–1795) | | Francis Malbone (PA) |
| **4th** (1795–1797) | Benjamin Bourne (F) | Francis Malbone (F) |
| | Elisha Reynolds Potter (F) | |
| **5th** (1797–1799) | Thomas Tillinghast (F) | Christopher G. Champlin (F) |
| **6th** (1799–1801) | John Brown (F) | |
| **7th** (1801–1803) | Thomas Tillinghast (DR) | Joseph Stanton Jr. (DR) |
| **8th** (1803–1805) | Nehemiah Knight (DR) | |
| **9th** (1805–1807) | | |
| **10th** (1807–1809) | | Isaac Wilbour (DR) |
| | | Richard Jackson Jr. (F) |
| | **11th** (1809–1811) | Elisha Reynolds Potter (F) |
| | | **12th** (1811–1813) |
| | | **13th** (1813–1815) |
| **14th** (1815–1817) | John Linscom Boss Jr. (F) | James Brown Mason (F) |
| **15th** (1817–1819) | | |
| **16th** (1819–1821) | Samuel Eddy (DR) | Nathaniel Hazard (DR) |
| **17th** (1821–1823) | | Job Durfee (DR) |
| **18th** (1823–1825) | |
| **19th** (1825–1827) | Tristam Burges (NR) | Dutee J. Pearce (NR) |
| **20th** (1827–1829) | | |
| **21st** (1829–1831) | | |
| **22nd** (1831–1833) | | |
| **23rd** (1833–1835) | | Dutee J. Pearce (A-M) |
| **24th** (1835–1837) | | William Sprague III (A-M) |
| **25th** (1837–1839) | Robert B. Cranston (W) | Joseph L. Tillinghast (W) |
| **26th** (1839–1841) | | |
| **27th** (1841–1843) | | |

### 1843 – present

In 1843 the at-large seat was eliminated. Since then, Representatives have been chosen from separate districts.

## Key

| Anti-Administration (AA) |
| --- |
| Anti-Masonic (A-M) |
| Constitutional Union (CU) |
| Democratic (D) |
| Democratic-Republican (DR) |
| Federalist (F)
Pro-Administration (PA) |
| Know Nothing (KN) |
| Law and Order (LO) |
| National Republican (NR) |
| Republican (R) |
| Union (U) |
| Whig (W) |

1. "2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". *Cook Political Report*. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
2. "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". *clerk.house.gov*. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
3. "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.


title: Nadia Essayan

abstract: Nadia Essayan is a French politician representing the Democratic Movement. She was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing Cher's 2nd constituency. She lost her seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.

text:
# Nadia Essayan

**Nadia Essayan** (born 6 June 1957) is a French politician representing the Democratic Movement. She was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing Cher's 2nd constituency.

She lost her seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.

## InfoBox

| Nadia Essayan | |
| --- | --- |
| Nadia Essayan in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly
for Cher's 2nd constituency | |
| **In office**
21 June 2017  June 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Nicolas Sansu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-06-06) 6 June 1957
Dimbokro, Ivory Coast |
| Nationality | French |
| Political party | MoDem |
|  | |


title: Harpalus natalicus

abstract: Harpalus natalicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Peringuey in 1896.

text:
# Harpalus natalicus

***Harpalus natalicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Peringuey in 1896.

## InfoBox

| *Harpalus natalicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Harpalus* |
| Species: | ***H. natalicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harpalus natalicus***<br>Peringuey, 1896 | |
|


title: Ijuizinho River

abstract: The Ijuizinho River is a river of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil.

text:
# Ijuizinho River

The **Ijuizinho River** is a river of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil.

28°20′59″S 54°22′10″W / 28.34972°S 54.36944°W / -28.34972; -54.36944

## InfoBox

| Ijuizinho River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Rio Grande do Sul state |
|  | |


title: I Will Be with You

abstract: "I Will Be With You" is a song by British band T'Pau, released in 1988 from the seventh and final single from their debut studio album, Bridge of Spies (1987). It was written by Carol Decker and Ron Rogers, and produced by Roy Thomas Baker. "I Will Be with You" reached No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the charts for six weeks. The 7" single cover picture is a still of Carol Decker taken from the music video to the track, "Bridge of Spies", which had preceded the release of "I Will Be With You" in some international territories. A music video was filmed to promote the single. The single's B-side, "Still So in Love", was exclusive to the single. The 12" single contained the exclusive track "Thank You For Goodbye Rides Again", which was a re-working of the Bridge of Spies track "Thank You For Goodbye". The CD single bonus track "Walk Away Rene" featured Rogers on lead vocals.

text:
# I Will Be with You

"**I Will Be With You**" is a song by British band T'Pau, released in 1988 from the seventh and final single from their debut studio album, *Bridge of Spies* (1987). It was written by Carol Decker and Ron Rogers, and produced by Roy Thomas Baker. "I Will Be with You" reached No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the charts for six weeks. The 7" single cover picture is a still of Carol Decker taken from the music video to the track, "Bridge of Spies", which had preceded the release of "I Will Be With You" in some international territories.

A music video was filmed to promote the single. The single's B-side, "Still So in Love", was exclusive to the single. The 12" single contained the exclusive track "Thank You For Goodbye Rides Again", which was a re-working of the *Bridge of Spies* track "Thank You For Goodbye". The CD single bonus track "Walk Away Rene" featured Rogers on lead vocals.

## Critical reception

Upon its release as a single, Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* described the song as "a rock ballad that shows off Carol Decker's voice well" and "a big, overblown pop song that will undoubtedly do well". Tim Nicholson of *Record Mirror* was critical of the song and predicated a commercial decline for the band. He wrote, "I am pleased to report that this is even duller than the last T'Pau record".

## Track listing

**7-inch single**

1. "I Will Be with You" - 4:05
2. "Still So in Love" - 3:25

**12-inch single**

1. "I Will Be with You" - 4:05
2. "Thank You For Goodbye Rides Again" - 4:10
3. "Still So in Love" - 3:25

**CD single**

1. "I Will Be with You" - 4:05
2. "Still So in Love" - 3:25
3. "Thank You For Goodbye Rides Again" - 4:10
4. "Walk Away Rene" - 3:45

## Personnel

**T'Pau**

* Carol Decker – lead vocals
* Dean Howard – lead guitar
* Ronnie Rogers – rhythm guitar, vocals on "Walk Away Rene"
* Michael Chetwood – keyboards
* Paul Jackson – bass guitar
* Tim Burgess – drums

**Production**

* Roy Thomas Baker \- producer of "I Will Be with You"
* Jerry Napier - engineer on "I Will Be with You"
* Ronnie Rogers - producer and mixing on "Still So in Love"
* Norman Goodman - engineer and mixing on "Still So in Love"
* Tim Burgess - mixing on "Still So in Love"

**Other**

* Mark Millington - sleeve design
* Simon Fowler \- front cover photography

## Charts

| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 15 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 14 |

## InfoBox

| "I Will Be With You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by T'Pau | |
| from the album  *Bridge Of Spies* | |
| B-side | "Still So in Love" |
| Released | 20 June 1988 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 4:05 |
| Label | Siren Records |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Roy Thomas Baker |
| T'Pau singles chronology | |
| "Sex Talk (Live)"
(1988) "**I Will Be With You**"
(1988) "Secret Garden"
(1988) | |