title: Urola furvicornis

abstract: Urola furvicornis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1877. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Urola furvicornis

***Urola furvicornis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1877. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Urola furvicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Argyriini |
| Genus: | *Urola* |
| Species: | ***U. furvicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urola furvicornis***<br>(Zeller, 1877) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Argyria furvicornis* Zeller, 1877 | |


title: Ursula Yovich

abstract: Ursula Yovich is an Aboriginal Australian actress and singer. She is known for numerous stage appearances, for co-writing and appearing in the rock musical Barbara and the Camp Dogs (2017), and several film and TV appearances.

text:
# Ursula Yovich

**Ursula Yovich** is an Aboriginal Australian actress and singer. She is known for numerous stage appearances, for co-writing and appearing in the rock musical *Barbara and the Camp Dogs* (2017), and several film and TV appearances.

## Early life and education

Yovich was born and grew up in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Her father, Slobodan Jović, was a Serbian immigrant who anglicised his name to Stan Yovich. Her mother is an Aboriginal woman from north-west Arnhem Land near the Blyth River, with the closest community being Maningrida.

## Career

Yovich has appeared in more than 20 theatre and musical theatre productions, including *Capricornia*, *Mother Courage and her Children*, *The Sapphires*, *Natural Life*, *Nailed*, *The Sunshine Club*, *Jerry Springer the Opera*, *Nathaniel Storm*, and *The Adventures of Snugglepot & Cuddlepie and Little Ragged Blossom*.

She co-wrote the libretto and songs for rock musical *Barbara and the Camp Dogs* with Alana Valentine, and appeared in the show alongside Elaine Crombie.

Her film credits include *Jindabyne,* *Australia and Goldstone*. Television credits include *Redfern Now*, series 2 of the crime drama series *Mystery Road*, and the comedy series *Preppers*.

She was the subject of an episode of the SBS documentary series *Blaktrax*.

## Awards and nominations

### Wins

In 2002, at the Tudawali Awards, Yovich was the recipient of the inaugural Bob Maza Memorial Award from the Australian Film Commission, which recognised emerging acting talent and support professional development for Indigenous actors.

In 2016 she was awarded the Sidney Myer individual award as a recognition of her outstanding body of work in theatre. She also received the Balnaves Foundation's Indigenous playwrights award later in the same year.

Yovich has won three Helpmann Awards: for Best Female Actor in a Play in 2007 for her performance in *Capricornia* and for Best Female Actor in a Musical and Best Original Score in 2019 for *Barbara and the Camp Dogs*.

The 2021 Ensemble Theatre Sandra Bates Director's Award was awarded to Yovich.

### Nominations

In 2019 Yovich was nominated for the Nick Enright Prize for Playwriting for her original rock musical comedy, *Barbara and the Camp Dogs*, co-written with playwright Alana Valentine. The play had its premiere performance at Belvoir St. Theatre in Sydney in 2017, and in the 2017 Sydney Theatre Awards, Yovich was nominated for Best New Australian Work, Best Original Score and Best Female Actor. The work also received a Music Theatre AWGIE nomination.

She has also been nominated multiple times for lead and supporting roles in plays and musicals, and as Best Cabaret Performer in 2010 for *Magpie Blues*.

## Personal life

As of 2009 Yovich was married to Stewart O'Connell, a lawyer, and the couple has one daughter.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Jindabyne* | Alice |  |
| 2008 | *$9.99* | Camille (voice) |  |
| | *Australia* | Daisy |  |
| 2010 | *Aesop's Way* | Adrian's Wife | Short |
| 2013 | *Destiny in the Dirt* | Danni | Short |
| | *Around the Block* | Chrissie |  |
| 2014 | *Spirit Stones* | Eva | Short |
| 2016 | *Goldstone* | Maria |  |
| 2019 | *Top End Wedding* | Daffy Ford |  |
| | *Totem and Ore* | Testimonies reader | Documentary |
| 2023 | *The Royal Hotel* | Carol |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Blue Heelers* | Elvira Cook | Episode: "Reflection" |
| 2012 | *Devil's Dust* | Pauline Gordon | TV miniseries |
| 2012–2013 | *Redfern Now* | Nic Shields | Episodes: "Stand Up", "Pokies" |
| 2014 | *Rake* | Holly | Episodes: "3.4", "3.5" |
| | *The Gods of Wheat Street* | Eden Freeburn | Regular role |
| | *The Code* | Kitty Boyd | Recurring role |
| 2017–2021 | *Little J & Big Cuz* | Levi | 37 episodes |
| 2018 | *Wanted* | Shirley | Episode: "3.3" |
| 2020 | *Mystery Road* | Pansy | 6 episodes |
| 2021 | *The Moth Effect* | Megan | 1 episode |
| | *Preppers* | Kelly | 6 episodes |
| | *Doctor Doctor* | Magistrate | 1 episode |
| | *Wakefield* | Maria | 1 episode |
| 2022 | *The Twelve* | Hope Saunders | 4 episodes |
| | *Irreverent* | Grace | 6 episodes |
| 2023 | *Home and Away* | Victoria Hudson | 2 episodes |
| 2024 | *Total Control* | Robin | 1 episode |

## Discography

* *Sketches* EP (2004)
* *Magpie Blues Live*
* *Well-Behaved Women*(2023, contributing vocalist)

## InfoBox

| Ursula Yovich | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer |


title: Unsworth Cricket Club

abstract: Unsworth Cricket Club are an English cricket team based in Unsworth, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, currently playing in the Central Lancashire League.

text:
# Unsworth Cricket Club

**Unsworth Cricket Club** are an English cricket team based in Unsworth, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, currently playing in the Central Lancashire League.

## Introduction

| **Unsworth** | |
| --- | --- |
| **League** | Central Lancashire League |
| **Ground** | Pole Lane, Unsworth, Bury, Greater Manchester |
| **Professional** | Jonathan Fowler (South Africa) |
| **Overseas Amateur** | Not yet arrived |
| **CLL History** | Joined circa 1988 |

The ground is situated at the end of Pole Lane which leads down from the centre of Unsworth Village. It is bordered by the M66 but there is no exit from this. This is the new ground of Unsworth CC built in 2002–2003 after the sale of the old pitch to a property developer. The new ground is much larger and it is possible to extend the boundaries to Test playing size. the club have already played host to two separate Lancashire 2nd XI games with another planned for this year. The low-rise pavilion hosts a function room with capacity for 120 and a members' bar.

## Teams

Unsworth Cricket Club fields 1st 2nd and 3rd XI teams in the Central Lancashire League (see below) as well as U15, U13 and U11 junior sides in the same league. The U-17s play in the Lancashire County League.

## Honours

Major honours in recent times have seen the 1st XI finish 2nd in the league in 2004.


title: Unsworth ministry

abstract: The Unsworth ministry was the 79th ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 36th Premier of New South Wales, Barrie Unsworth, representing the Labor Party. After the surprise announcement in June 1986 that Neville Wran would retire as Premier, NSW Labor Leader, and from Parliament with effect from 4 July 1986, Unsworth, then a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, was elected as the leader of the NSW Labor Party and thus became Premier. However, by parliamentary convention, Premiers are members of the Legislative Assembly. In order for Unsworth to move from the Legislative Council to the Legislative Assembly, Brian Bannon, the member for Rockdale, resigned to accept a role as Chairman of the Homebush States Sport Centre Trust, and Unsworth contested the resulting by-election held on 2 August 1986. He narrowly won the seat, with a 17.1% decline in the primary vote and independent preferences giving him a margin of just 54 votes. A by-election for Wran's safe Labor seat of Bass Hill was even worse, with a 22.2 per cent decline in the primary vote delivering a 103–vote victory to the Liberal candidate. The ministry covers the period from 4 July 1986 when Unsworth was elected by Labor caucus as the NSW Labor Leader until 21 March 1988 when Labor suffered a landslide defeat at the state election by the Liberal–National coalition, led by Nick Greiner and Wal Murray. Unsworth did not contest the 1991 election.

text:
# Unsworth ministry

The **Unsworth ministry** was the 79th ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 36th Premier of New South Wales, Barrie Unsworth, representing the Labor Party.

After the surprise announcement in June 1986 that Neville Wran MP would retire as Premier, NSW Labor Leader, and from Parliament with effect from 4 July 1986, Unsworth, then a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, was elected as the leader of the NSW Labor Party and thus became Premier. However, by parliamentary convention, Premiers are members of the Legislative Assembly. In order for Unsworth to move from the Legislative Council to the Legislative Assembly, Brian Bannon, the member for Rockdale, resigned to accept a role as Chairman of the Homebush States Sport Centre Trust, and Unsworth contested the resulting by-election held on 2 August 1986. He narrowly won the seat, with a 17.1% decline in the primary vote and independent preferences giving him a margin of just 54 votes. A by-election for Wran's safe Labor seat of Bass Hill was even worse, with a 22.2 per cent decline in the primary vote delivering a 103vote victory to the Liberal candidate.

The ministry covers the period from 4 July 1986 when Unsworth was elected by Labor caucus as the NSW Labor Leader until 21 March 1988 when Labor suffered a landslide defeat at the state election by the LiberalNational coalition, led by Nick Greiner and Wal Murray. Unsworth did not contest the 1991 election.

## Composition of ministry

Fifteen of the twenty ministers retained some or all of their portfolios from the eighth Wran ministry. There were two minor rearrangements of the ministry, in November 1986 with a new portfolio of Forests and in November 1987, when Laurie Brereton resigned from the ministry, triggering a reshuffle.

| Portfolio | Minister | Party | | Term commence | Term end | Term of office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Premier | Barrie Unsworth |  | Labor | 4 July 1986 | 21 March 1988 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for State Development | | | | | | |
| Minister for Ethnic Affairs | | | | | | |
| Deputy Premier | Ron Mulock | | | | | |
| Minister for Transport | | | | | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| | Terry Sheahan | | | 26 November 1987 | 21 March 1988 | 116 days |
| Attorney General | Terry Sheahan | | | 4 July 1986 | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| | Ron Mulock | | | 26 November 1987 | 21 March 1988 | 116 days |
| Minister Assisting the Premier | Terry Sheahan | | | 4 July 1986 | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| Minister for Housing | Frank Walker | | | 4 July 1986 | 21 March 1988 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for the Arts | | | | |
| Minister for Public Works and Ports | Laurie Brereton | | | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| Minister for Roads | | | |
| Minister for Public Works | Peter Cox | | | 26 November 1987 | 21 March 1988 | 116 days |
| Minister Assisting the Premier | | | | |
| Minister for Industrial Relations | Pat Hills | | | 4 July 1986 | 21 March 1988 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for Employment | | | | |
| Minister for Health
Minister for the Drug Offensive | Peter Anderson | | | |
| Treasurer | Ken Booth | | | |
| Minister for Industry and Small Business | Peter Cox | | | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| Minister for Energy and Technology | | | |
| Minister for Agriculture | Jack Hallam, MLC | | | 21 March 1988 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for Lands | | | |
| Vice-President of the Executive Council
Leader of the Government in Legislative Council | | | |
| Minister for Forests | | | | 5 November 1986 | 1 year, 137 days |
| Minister for Education | Rodney Cavalier | | | 4 July 1986 | 21 March 1988 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for Sport and Recreation | Michael Cleary | | | |
| Minister for Racing | | | | |
| Minister for Tourism | | | | |
| Minister for Police and Emergency Services | George Paciullo | | | |
| Minister for Local Government | Janice Crosio | | | |
| Minister for Water Resources | | | | |
| Minister for Finance | Bob Debus | | | |
| Minister for Co-operative Societies | | | | |
| Assistant Minister for Education | | | | |
| Minister for Corrective Services | John Akister | | | |
| Assistant Minister for Transport | | | | |  |
| | Janice Crosio |  | | 26 November 1987 | 116 days |
| Minister for Planning and Environment | | Bob Carr | | 4 July 1986 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for Heritage | | | |
| Minister for Youth and Community Services | | | | John Aquilina |
| Assistant Minister for Ethnic Affairs | | | |
| Minister for Mineral Resources | | | | Ken Gabb | 26 November 1987 | 1 year, 145 days |
| Minister for Minerals and Energy | | 26 November 1987 | | 21 March 1988 | 116 days |
| Minister for Aboriginal Affairs | | | | 4 July 1986 | 1 year, 261 days |
| Minister for Consumer Affairs | | | | Deirdre Grusovin, MLC |
| Minister for Small Business | | 26 November 1987 | | 21 March 1988 | 116 days |
| Assistant Minister for Health | | | |

Ministers are members of the Legislative Assembly unless otherwise noted.

1. "After Wran, the Unsworth push". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. Google. 9 June 1986. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
2. Green, Antony. "Rockdale by-election 1986". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
3. "*By-election bloodbaths*". *Crikey*. 27 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
4. Boylen, Louise (26 November 1987). "Brereton quits in demotion protest". *Australian Financial Review*. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
5. "Part 6 Ministries since 1856" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 March 2022.

## InfoBox

| Unsworth ministry | |
| --- | --- |
|
79th Cabinet of Government of New South Wales | |
| Premier Barrie Unsworth | |
| Date formed | 4 July 1986 (1986-07-04) |
| Date dissolved | 21 March 1988 (1988-03-21) |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Queen Elizabeth II |
| Governor | Sir James Rowland |
| Premier | Barrie Unsworth |
| Deputy Premier | Ron Mulock |
| No. of ministers | 20 |
| Member party | Labor |
| Status in legislature | Majority Labor Government |
| Opposition parties | LiberalNational coalition |
| Opposition leader | Nick Greiner |
| History | |
| Outgoing election | 1988 New South Wales state election |
| Predecessor | Eighth Wran ministry |
| Successor | First Greiner–Murray ministry |


title: Usnic acid

abstract: Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).

text:
# Usnic acid

**Usnic acid** is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including *Usnea*, *Cladonia*, *Hypotrachyna*, *Lecanora*, *Ramalina*, *Evernia*, *Parmelia* and *Alectoria*. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).

## Biological role in lichens

Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid protects the lichen from adverse effects of sunlight exposure and deters grazing animals with its bitter taste.

## Biosynthesis

Usnic acid is a polyketide biosynthesized via methylphloroacetophenone as an intermediate.

## Safety

Usnic acid and its salts are idiosyncratically associated with severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure. Daily oral intake of 300–1350 mg over a period of weeks has led to severe hepatotoxicity in a number of persons.

Sodium usnate was one ingredient in a product called "Lipokinetix" that was claimed to induce weight loss via an increase in metabolic rate. Lipokinetix has been the topic of an FDA warning in the USA due to potential hepatotoxicity, although it is unclear yet if any toxicity would be attributable to the aforementioned salt. Lipokinetix also contained norephedrine (PPA), caffeine, yohimbine and 3,5-diiodothyronine.

## Pharmacology

Usnic acid has been found to have adrenergic activity in both frog and earthworm nerve junction models in preliminary research.

## Analytics

It is possible to determine the content of usnic acid in lichen extract using reversed-polarity capillary zone electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography analysis.

1. O'Neil, Maryadele J.; Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, eds. (2001). *The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals* (13th ed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck. p. 1762. ISBN 978-0-911910-13-1.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
2. Knop, W (1844). "Chemisch-physiologische Untersuchung uber die Flechten". *Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie*. **49** (2): 103–124. doi:10.1002/jlac.18440490202.
3. Robertson, A.; Curd, F. H. (1933). "277. Usnic acid. Part III. Usnetol, usnetic acid, and pyrousnic acid". *Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)*: 1173. doi:10.1039/jr9330001173.
4. Cocchietto, Moreno; Skert, Nicola; Nimis, Pier; Sava, Gianni (2002). "A review on usnic acid, an interesting natural compound". *Naturwissenschaften*. **89** (4): 137–146. Bibcode:2002NW.....89..137C. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0305-3. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 12061397. S2CID 11481018.
5. Blanc, Philippe J. (1996). "Characterization of the tea fungus metabolites". *Biotechnology Letters*. **18** (2): 139–142. doi:10.1007/BF00128667. ISSN 0141-5492. S2CID 34822312.
6. Michael Ash; Irene Ash (2004). *Handbook of preservatives*. Synapse Info Resources. p. 5856. ISBN 978-1-890595-66-1. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
7. Taguchi, Heihachiro; Sankawa, Ushio; Shibata, Shoji (1969). "Biosynthesis of Natural Products. VI. Biosynthesis of Usnic Acid in Lichens. (1). A General Scheme of Biosynthesis of Usnic Acid". *Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin*. **17** (10): 2054–2060. doi:10.1248/cpb.17.2054. PMID 5353559.
8. Chitturi, Shivakumar; Farrell, Geoffrey C. (2008). "Hepatotoxic slimming aids and other herbal hepatotoxins". *Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology*. **23** (3): 366–373. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05310.x. PMID 18318821. S2CID 23840983.
9. Yellapu RK, Mittal V, Grewal P, Fiel M, Schiano T (2011). "Acute liver failure caused by 'fat burners' and dietary supplements: a case report and literature review". *Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology*. **25** (3): 157–60. doi:10.1155/2011/174978. PMC 3076034. PMID 21499580.
10. Hsu, LM; Huang, YS; Chang, FY; Lee, SD (Jul 2005). "'Fat burner' herb, usnic acid, induced acute hepatitis in a family". *Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology*. **20** (7): 1138–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03855.x. PMID 15955234. S2CID 6717430.
11. Sanchez, William; Maple, John T.; Burgart, Lawrence J.; Kamath, Patrick S. (2006). "Severe Hepatotoxicity Associated with Use of a Dietary Supplement Containing Usnic Acid". *Mayo Clinic Proceedings*. **81** (4): 541–544. doi:10.4065/81.4.541. PMID 16610575.
12. "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products \> Lipokinetix". *MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program*. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. November 20, 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2012. FDA has received multiple reports of persons who developed liver injury or liver failure while using Lipokinetix. The product contains norephedrine (also known as phenylpropanolamine or PPA), caffeine, yohimbine, diiodothyronine, and sodium usniate.
13. Harris N. J. (1961), Honors Thesis, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
14. Kreft, Samo; Štrukelj, Borut (2001). "Reversed-polarity capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of usnic acid". *Electrophoresis*. **22** (13): 2755–2757. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200108)22:13\<2755::AID-ELPS2755\>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 11545403. S2CID 24341350.

## InfoBox

Usnic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 2,6-Diacetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyldibenzo\[*b*,*d*\]furan-1,3(2*H*,9b*H*)-dione | |
| Other names * Usneine * Usninic acid * Usniacin | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.310 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C18H16O7/c1-6-14(22)12(8(3)20)16-13(15(6)23)18(4)10(25-16)5-9(21)11(7(2)19)17(18)24/h5,11,22-23H,1-4H3 YKey: CUCUKLJLRRAKFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C18H16O7/c1-6-14(22)12(8(3)20)16-13(15(6)23)18(4)10(25-16)5-9(21)11(7(2)19)17(18)24/h5,11,22-23H,1-4H3Key: CUCUKLJLRRAKFN-UHFFFAOYAS | |
| SMILES * CC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1O)C3(C(=CC(=O)C(C3=O)C(=O)C)O2)C)C(=O)C)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H16O7 |
| Molar mass | 344.319 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 204 °C (399 °F; 477 K) |
| Solubility in water | \<0.001 g/L (25°C) |
| Solubility in acetone | 0.077 g/L |
| Solubility in ethyl acetate | 0.088 g/L |
| Solubility in furfural | 0.732 g/L |
| Solubility in furfuryl alcohol | 0.121 g/L |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Usnija Redžepova

abstract: Usnija Redžepova was a Serbian and Macedonian singer of Romani and Turkish origin. She was born in Skopje but spent much of her life in Belgrade where she died. At the beginning of her career, she used Usnija Jašarova as a stage name in order not to be confused with Esma Redžepova, another Romani singer from Macedonia. The two did not have any family connection. Usnija Redžepova started her singing career in the 1960s and released 15 singles and EPs and 9 albums. Her prolific repertoire mainly includes folk songs from Southern Serbia and Macedonia, sung in Serbian and in Romani, but also in Turkish. Redžepova enjoyed through her career a large popularity in the whole Yugoslavia and its successor states. Apart from her songs, she is also known for her rendition of the leading role in Koštana, a Serbian play by Borisav Stanković. She performed it 150 times on stage at the National Theatre in Belgrade where she worked for 25 years.

text:
# Usnija Redžepova

**Usnija Redžepova** (Serbian Cyrillic: Уснија Реџепова, pronounced \[ˈusnija reˈd͡ʒepova\]; 4 February 1946 – 1 October 2015) was a Serbian and Macedonian singer of Romani and Turkish origin. She was born in Skopje but spent much of her life in Belgrade where she died.

At the beginning of her career, she used **Usnija Jašarova** (Serbian Cyrillic: Уснија Јашарова) as a stage name in order not to be confused with Esma Redžepova, another Romani singer from Macedonia. The two did not have any family connection.

Usnija Redžepova started her singing career in the 1960s and released 15 singles and EPs and 9 albums. Her prolific repertoire mainly includes folk songs from Southern Serbia and Macedonia, sung in Serbian and in Romani, but also in Turkish.

Redžepova enjoyed through her career a large popularity in the whole Yugoslavia and its successor states. Apart from her songs, she is also known for her rendition of the leading role in *Koštana*, a Serbian play by Borisav Stanković. She performed it 150 times on stage at the National Theatre in Belgrade where she worked for 25 years.

## Early life and background

Usnija Redžepova was born on 4 February 1946 in Skopje, then in the People's Republic of Macedonia, part of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Today the city of Skopje is the capital of North Macedonia. Her parents were both from ethnic minorities: her father Jašar was Romani and her mother Sabrina Turkish. Her father had already been married once, but as his wife could not have children, he remarried Usnija's mother. Sabrina already had two children from a previous marriage and she had four other children with Jašar, including Usnija. Both her parents were Muslims. At the start of her career, Usnija Redžepova put an emphasis on her Turkish heritage to minimise her Romani roots, although she never hid them as many Roma artists did at that time to avoid racism.

Redžepova's family was very poor, living in a slum, but Usnija remembered her childhood as happy. Her mother was strict and cold-tempered, but her father was joyful and caring. He was from the Džambaz community, known for its horse traders, but worked as a plumber. As a child, Usnija Redžepova was very shy, a personality trait she kept her all life. She soon discovered however that she enjoyed being on stage during folk performances. Around 1963, she took part in a karaoke contest organised by Radio Skopje. She sang and danced *Ajde da igramo tvist* ("Let's Dance Twist"), a pop song by Radmila Karaklajić. Her performance was acclaimed and officials from the radio station tried to convince her father to let her become a professional singer. At that time, singing was not considered as a reputable career in the Romani community, especially for women. Her father wanted his daughter to finish her secondary studies and become a good wife. Even after she had become famous, he would still be critical of the way his daughter dressed and acted on stage.

## Music career

### Debut

Usnija Redžepova started performing soon after completing her secondary studies. Although she made come true her father's old dream to study Arabic at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology, she had to sing in cafés to get enough money to live. Most of her friends in Belgrade were from Macedonia and she met Nasko Džorlev, a Macedonian musician who had his own ensemble. She joined them and toured Yugoslavia for 5 years.

In 1966, she released her first disks, two EPs produced by Jugoton, one of the largest Yugoslav labels. As Esma Redžepova, another singer from Macedonia, had already signed with Jugoton, the label decided to rename the singer "Usnija Jašarova" to avoid any confusion. "Jašarova" was made up with the forename of Usnija's father, Jašar. The first EP was recorded in duet with another folk singer, Ivanka Jovanovska, while the second only contained songs by Usnija. The main title, *Džulo, Džulo*, quickly became a hit in Yugoslavia. The two disks were recorded in Serbian but the singer released a third EP in 1968 containing only Romani songs. Together with Vaska Ilieva and Anđelka Govedarović, two other folk singers, Usnija was sent to Australia in 1969 to perform for the Yugoslav diaspora. She also sang for the army in Croatia in 1971.

### *Koštana*

By 1973, Usnija Redžepova had experienced success and had started a promising career. However, she was still studying at the university and was feeling very tired. She had not realised that her success was exceptional and had an unassuming approach to it. That year, Žarko Jovanović, a prominent Serbian-Romani artist, wanted her to play in his new adaptation of *Koštana*, a popular play in Serbia telling the story of a Gypsy girl. As she had almost withdrawn from the scene, he was not able to find her until another Macedonian-Romani singer, Muharem Serbezovski, introduced Redžepova to him.

Although Redžepova was worried about having to play and sing in an academic setting, she joined the National Theatre in Belgrade to perform *Koštana*. She stayed there for 26 years until 1999. The play was a large success and Usnija Redžepova described her time there as euphoric. Although she had to give up her studies, she had the opportunity to visit some Arabic countries, including Sudan where she performed for Yugoslav workers. President Josip Broz Tito is said to have been an admirer and she performed for him and Fidel Castro when he was on a visit in the Brionian Islands. The cultural organisation responsible for her tours abroad, "Beogradska estrada", also permitted her to perform in Western countries. Throughout the 1970s, she released many singles and EPs, including some in Turkish. Her first album was released in 1977.

### Later years

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Usnija Redžepova considered putting an end to her career because she was devastated by the death of her country. Nonetheless, she continued to release albums until 2007 but she ended up in a difficult financial situation after her husband's death in 2005. She received a national pension from the Serbian government on 29 December 2011.

Redžepova died on 1 October 2015 in Belgrade after a three-year long battle with lung cancer. She was 69. Her funeral took place at the Bajrakli Mosque in central Belgrade on 4 October and she was buried in Skopje at the Butel cemetery.

## Personal life

Usnija Redžepova met her husband, Svetomir Šešić aka Sele, in 1978 during a tour in Germany. They never had any children together. Sele was an accordionist and also one of the administrators of the prominent Serbian label PGP-RTB, which helped his wife in her career. He died in 2005 from pancreatic cancer.

Usnija Redžepova is not related to Esma Redžepova, another prominent Macedonian-Romani singer, but the two were close friends and released an album together in 1994, *Songs of a Macedonian Gypsy*, which gathers their main successes.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Usnija*, PGP-RTB, 1977.
* *Usnija*, PGP-RTB, 1982.
* *Dajte mi dajre*, PGP-RTB, 1984.
* *Šta hočeš*, Jugoton, 1987.
* *Usnija*, PGP-RTB, 1988.
* *Usnija i Orkestar Dragana Stojkovića Bosanca*, PGP-RTB, 1992.
* *Usnija*, PGP-RTS, 1994.
* *Ja sa juga, ti sa severa*, PGP-RTS, 1998.
* *Oko Niša kiša*, Grand Production, 2007.

### Extended plays

* *Usnija Jašarova i Jovanka Ivanovska*, Jugoton, 1966.
* *Džulo, Džulo*, Jugoton, 1966.
* *Ciganske pjesme pjeva Usnija*, Jugoton, 1968.

### Singles

* *Ne pitaj za moje ime*, PGP-RTB, 1971.
* *Da ima ljubov, da ima sreka*, PGP-RTB, 1972.
* *Hej cigani*, PGP-RTB, 1974.
* *Šta je život kad ljubavi nema*, Suzy, 1975.
* *Što me ostavi*, Suzy, 1976.
* *Kavusan sevgililer*, PGP-RTB, 1976.
* *Ne gledaj me*, Suzy, 1976.
* *Šta da radim sa tobom*, PGP-RTB, 1978.
* *Mani, Mani*, PGP-RTB, 1978.
* *Hočeš ljubav kćeri roma*, PGP-RTB, 1979.
* *Čaj ljelja rome*, PGP-RTB, 1981.
* *Kazuj, krčmo džerimo*, PGP-RTB, 1983.

### Compilations

* *Zbog tebe*, Jugoton, 1982.
* *Songs of a Macedonian Gypsy*, Monitor Records, 1994.
* *Romske pesme*, PGP-RTS, 2002.
* *O pesmo moja*, Tioli, 2003.
* *The Best Of*, PGP-RTS, 2003.
* *30 godina sa trubom*, PGP-RTS, 2007.

### Filmography

## InfoBox

| Usnija RedžepovaУснија Реџепова | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Usnija Jašarova |
| Born | (1946-02-04)4 February 1946
Skopje, PR Macedonia, FPR Yugoslavia (present-day North Macedonia) |
| Died | 1 October 2015(2015-10-01) (aged 69)
Belgrade, Serbia |
| Genres | Romani music |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | vocals |
| Years active | 1966–2007 |
| Labels |  |


title: Upton-by-Chester railway station

abstract: Upton-by-Chester is a former station situated on the Chester–Birkenhead line which was built by the Chester and Birkenhead Railway. It was located by the Liverpool Road road bridge where it crossed the railway near Upton and not far from Moston.

text:
# Upton-by-Chester railway station

**Upton-by-Chester** is a former station situated on the Chester–Birkenhead line which was built by the *Chester and Birkenhead Railway*. It was located by the Liverpool Road road bridge where it crossed the railway near Upton and not far from Moston.

## History

It was opened on 17 July 1939 as Upton-by-Chester Halt by the Birkenhead Railway, which was jointly owned by the GWR and LMS railway companies. The station had two adjacent side platforms with a ticket office.

The station was established to serve the growing village of Upton and the surrounding area. During the Second World War, it also served Moston Military Hospital (now Dale Barracks, Chester).

On 6 May 1968 the word "Halt" was dropped from the station name.

In 1983, work started at the site of a former coalyard 700 metres (2,300 ft) south of this station and next to where a new supermarket was under development. Bache opened the same day Upton-by-Chester closed on 9 January 1984. Its former side platforms are overgrown but they can still seen from passing trains and Liverpool Road bridge (A5116).

## Services

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chester General
Line and station open |  | GWR & LNWR
Chester and Birkenhead Railway |  | Mollington
Line open, station closed |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Upton-by-Chester | |
| --- | --- |
| Site of the station (2014) seen from Liverpool Road bridge | |
| General information | |
| Location | Upton-by-Chester, Cheshire West and Chester
England |
| Coordinates | 53°12′53.08″N 2°53′43.52″W / 53.2147444°N 2.8954222°W / 53.2147444; -2.8954222 |
| Grid reference | SJ403689 |
| Platforms | Two |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Birkenhead Joint Railway |
| Post-grouping | Birkenhead Joint Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 17 July 1939 (1939-07-17) | Station opened as *Upton-by-Chester Halt* |
| 6 May 1968 | Renamed *Upton-by-Chester* |
| 9 January 1984 (1984-01-09) | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Upton-upon-Severn

abstract: Upton-upon-Severn is a town and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District of Worcestershire, England. Lying on the A4104, the 2021 census recorded a population of 2,903 for the town. Upton is situated on the west bank of the River Severn and is located 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Malvern. The town has a distinctive tower and copper-clad cupola – known locally as the "Pepperpot" – the only surviving remnant of the former church. Its replacement, also dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield.

text:
# Upton-upon-Severn

**Upton-upon-Severn** (or **Upton on Severn**, etc. and locally simply **Upton**) is a town and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District of Worcestershire, England. Lying on the A4104 (formerly A440), the 2021 census recorded a population of 2,903 for the town.

Upton is situated on the west bank of the River Severn and is located 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Malvern. The town has a distinctive tower and copper-clad cupola – known locally as the "Pepperpot" – the only surviving remnant of the former church. Its replacement, also dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield.

## History

Until the later half of the 20th century, the bridge at Upton was the only one across the River Severn between Worcester and Tewkesbury; the present bridge was built in 1940. Oliver Cromwell's soldiers crossed the Severn here to win the battle of Upton before the main Battle of Worcester in the English Civil War. The Upton-upon-Severn Memorial Hall was completed in 1832.

## Today

The population of the civil parish in 2021 was recorded at 2,903- an increase from 2,881 in 2011. The parish extends westward from the town, including the settlement at Tunnel Hill, but does not include the village of Ryall located close to the town, on the other side of the river. Upton is in the West Worcestershire parliamentary constituency.

Upton lies on the banks of the River Severn and is known for its regular flooding. Low-lying areas of Upton suffered serious flooding in 2000. In the 2007 floods, levels exceeded those in 2000, and the town was inaccessible by road. The town's main built up area lies on slightly higher ground than the surrounding countryside, and in the past became an island during severe floods. A connecting causeway now carries the A4104 above the floods to the west, and a viaduct on the other side of the bridge to the east.

The town has three major music festivals, with the spring folk festival, and the summer jazz and blues festivals.

Upton is the home of The White Lion Hotel, a 16th-century coaching inn, where parts of the building date back to 1510. The building has undergone many transformations over the centuries and is easily found on the high street due to its distinctive portico, adorned with its very own lion. Reputed to have played a part in the English Civil War, where soldiers from both sides are alleged to have enjoyed the hospitality of this popular local hostelry prior to the Battle of Worcester. Guests of the hotel can stay in rooms referred to in books VII and VIII of Henry Fielding's classic 1749 novel *Tom Jones* in which he refers to the hotel as "A house of exceeding good repute"; these rooms retain many of their original features.

## Education

Primary education is provided by Upton-upon-Severn CofE Primary School with approximately 194 (in 2019) pupils on its roll. Hanley Castle High School, located in a nearby village, provides secondary education for the region.

## People

## Transport

Upton used to be served by Upton-on-Severn railway station, on a branch line Tewkesbury and Malvern Railway from Ashchurch to Malvern, with the intermediate stations Tewkesbury, Ripple, Worcestershire, Upton upon Severn and Malvern Wells (Hanley Road). The Upton to Malvern section closed in December 1952 and the rest in August 1961, before the Beeching Axe.

Bus services 332 and 363 link Upton to Worcester a total of six times per day (Mon-Fri), with four per day on Saturdays.

Although the M5 motorway is close by, the nearest motorway junction is Junction 1 of the M50 (which is 2 miles or 3.2 km from J8 of the M5).

Upton Marina is home to Mercia Inshore Search and Rescue.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Upton-upon-Severn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Upton-upon-SevernLocation within Worcestershire | |
| Population | 2,881 *(2011)* |
| OS grid reference | SO852405 |
| London | 114 miles (183 km) |
| Civil parish | * Upton-upon-Severn |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Worcester |
| Postcode district | WR8 |
| Dialling code | 01684 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Hereford and Worcester |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Utpala Sen

abstract: Utpala Sen was a prominent Indian Bengali playback singer. She was a very popular playback singer of her time in the 1950s alongside Sandhya Mukherjee, Pratima Banderjee, Alpana Banerjee, etc. She has sung numerous duets with prominent male singers such as Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey and also her husband, Satinath Mukherjee.

text:
# Utpala Sen

**Utpala Sen** (12 March 1924 – 13 May 2005) was a prominent Indian Bengali playback singer. She was a very popular playback singer of her time in the 1950s alongside Sandhya Mukherjee, Pratima Banderjee, Alpana Banerjee, etc. She has sung numerous duets with prominent male singers such as Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey and also her husband, Satinath Mukherjee.

## Career

Utpala Sen was born on 12 March 1924 in Dhaka, British India (now in Bangladesh) in a Hindu family. She took her initial lessons in music from Hiranbala Devi and then from Ustad Gul Mohammad Khan. She first sang publicly at the age of 11 in Dhaka Radio in 1935. She recorded her first song in 1939. In 1941, she got immense popularity with the devotional song "Ek Hate Mor Pujar Thala" which was composed by Sudhirlal Chakraborty. The song "Mahishasur Mardinir Shanti Dile Bhari" added her popularity. During the early 1940s, she moved to Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India) and since then became associated with Radio Akashvani. In 1944, she made her debut with the film *Meri Bahen*. Then she played back in a few Hindi films till 1954. She sang a total of 17 songs in 11 Hindi films. She usually sang Tagore songs in films such as "Amar Mallika Bone" in *Bicharak* (1959). The song "Prantateri Gaan Amar" in a 1953 film composed by Salil Chowdhury gave her eternity and is considered to be her best work to date. She also sang some Adhunik Geet songs, most of them with Satinath Mukherjee. She sang "Saptaranger Khela" with Shyamal Mitra in 1957.

## Personal life

She was married to Benu Sen and after his death, her mother-in-law insisted her to marry co-singer Satinath Mukherjee. Satinath died on 13 December 1992. Utpala was suffering from cancer for five years and finally died on 13 May 2005 leaving behind her only son.

## InfoBox

| Utpala Sen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1924-03-12)12 March 1924
Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh) |
| Died | 13 May 2005(2005-05-13) (aged 81)
Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Occupation | Playback singer |
| Years active | 1935–2005 |
| Spouse(s) | Benu Sen, After his death married to Satinath Mukherjee |
| Family | Ashish Sen (son)
Surya Sen (Grandson) |


title: Uzbekistan at the 2018 Asian Para Games

abstract: Uzbekistan participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018. Uzbekistani delegation was composed of 53 athletes who competed in 5 sports, namely powerlifting, judo, shooting, swimming and athletics. In July 2019, Uzbekistan was stripped from 2 gold medals due to doping violation.

text:
# Uzbekistan at the 2018 Asian Para Games

Uzbekistan participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018. Uzbekistani delegation was composed of 53 athletes who competed in 5 sports, namely powerlifting, judo, shooting, swimming and athletics. In July 2019, Uzbekistan was stripped from 2 gold medals (one from judo and one from athletics) due to doping violation.

## Medals by sport

| **Medals by sport** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sport** |  |  |  | **Total** |
| Athletics | 13 | 6 | 7 | **26** |
| Judo | 4 | 5 | 5 | **14** |
| Powerlifting | 1 | 0 | 0 | **1** |
| Swimming | 15 | 13 | 6 | **34** |
| **Total** | **35** | **24** | **18** | **77** |

## Medals by day

| **Medals by day** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Day** | **Date** |  |  |  | **Total** |
| 1 | October 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | **4** |
| 2 | October 8 | 11 | 3 | 3 | **17** |
| 3 | October 9 | 5 | 4 | 2 | **11** |
| 4 | October 10 | 7 | 3 | 5 | **15** |
| 5 | October 11 | 6 | 8 | 6 | **20** |
| 6 | October 12 | 4 | 4 | 2 | **10** |
| 7 | October 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |
| Total | | 35 | 24 | 18 | 77 |

## InfoBox

| Uzbekistan at the
2018 Asian Para Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | UZB |
| NPC | Uzbekistan National Paralympic Association |
| in Jakarta
6–13 October 2018 | |
| Competitors | 53 in 5 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 6th | Gold 33 Silver 24 Bronze 18 Total 75 |
| Asian Para Games appearances | |
|  | |


abstract: Uzbekistan will compete at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, Great Britain, from 4–13 August 2017.

text:
# Uzbekistan at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics

**Uzbekistan** will compete at the **2017 World Championships in Athletics** in London, Great Britain, from 4–13 August 2017.

## Results

(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

### Women

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank |
| Sitora Hamidova | 10,000 metres | 31:57.42 NR | 18 |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Nadiya Dusanova | High jump | 1.85 | =21 | Did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Uzbekistan at the<br>2017 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | UZB |
| in London | |
| Competitors | 2 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Utricularia brachiata

abstract: Utricularia brachiata is a small perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. Its native distribution ranges from the Eastern Himalaya region to Yunnan. U. brachiata grows as a lithophyte among bryophytes on rocks at altitudes from 2,600 m (8,530 ft) to 4,200 m (13,780 ft). It was originally described by Daniel Oliver in 1859.

text:
# Utricularia brachiata

***Utricularia brachiata*** is a small perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. Its native distribution ranges from the Eastern Himalaya region to Yunnan. *U. brachiata* grows as a lithophyte among bryophytes on rocks at altitudes from 2,600 m (8,530 ft) to 4,200 m (13,780 ft). It was originally described by Daniel Oliver in 1859.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia brachiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Bivalvaria* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Phyllaria* |
| Species: | ***U. brachiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia brachiata***<br>Oliv. | |
|


title: Uzi Island

abstract: Uzi Island is an island in the south of Zanzibar, connected by causeway to the main island of Unguja. It is located immediately to the south of the main island's Unguja Ukuu ruins. The island is undeveloped and contains few occupants who temporarily dwell there for fishing. Uzi island is six kilometres in length, making it the second largest of the smaller islands which surround Unguja.

text:
# Uzi Island

**Uzi Island** is an island in the south of Zanzibar, connected by causeway to the main island of Unguja. It is located immediately to the south of the main island's Unguja Ukuu ruins. The island is undeveloped and contains few occupants who temporarily dwell there for fishing. Uzi island is six kilometres (3.7 miles) in length, making it the second largest of the smaller islands which surround Unguja (after Tumbatu in the north).

* Finke, J. (2006) *The Rough Guide to Zanzibar (2nd edition).* New York: Rough Guides.

6°22′S 39°24′E / 6.367°S 39.400°E / -6.367; 39.400


title: Uzi Does It

abstract: Uzi Does It is the debut album from Get Busy Committee, which was released on October 27, 2009 through Tokyo Sex Whale Records. It consists of vocals and production by Ryu and Apathy of Demigodz, and Scoop DeVille.

text:
# Uzi Does It

***Uzi Does It*** is the debut album from Get Busy Committee, which was released on October 27, 2009 through Tokyo Sex Whale Records. It consists of vocals and production by Ryu and Apathy of Demigodz, and Scoop DeVille.

## Release model

The album was released in several different formats, including:

* Half of the album for free, if fans e-mailed, Tweeted, or posted a link on Facebook to promote the album
* Traditional CD
* Traditional digital download, in MP3, FLAC, and Apple Lossless
* Digitally, via being housed in a limited edition Uzi-shaped 2GB USB stick

For an additional charge, purchasers could also receive a limited edition Uzi Does It T-shirt, custom made by TrueLove&FalseIdols clothing. There was also an extremely limited edition version made available exclusively at Suru L.A., which is currently owned by Linkin Park turntablist Joe Hahn.

On February 13, 2010, GBC released an official music video for "I Don't Care About You" via their YouTube channel.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ryan "Ryu" Maginn, Apathy, and Scoop DeVille

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Little Razorblade" | 3:33 |
| 2. | "Runnin' Outta Dough" (featuring Tashina Suzuki) | 2:56 |
| 3. | "Stylish Clothes" | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Shoot Me Up" | 3:10 |
| 5. | "I Don't Care About You" | 3:56 |
| 6. | "Chillin Out Maxin" | 3:07 |
| 7. | "Uzi Does It" (featuring Chevy Jones) | 3:46 |
| 8. | "Say Whaaat" | 4:19 |
| 9. | "Looks Like Magic" | 2:47 |
| 10. | "No Time to Speak" | 3:51 |
| 11. | "Hurting Me So Much" | 2:38 |
| 12. | "Diamonds in Your Eyes" | 3:43 |
| 13. | "Baby Mama" | 3:38 |
| 14. | "Come Talk to Me" | 3:44 |

## Samples

## InfoBox

| Uzi Does It | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Get Busy Committee | |
| Released | October 27, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2008–2009 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 48:06 |
| Label | Tokyo Sex Whale Records |
| Producer |  |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Uzi Does It* | |
| 1. "Chillin Out Maxin" 2. "My Little Razorblade" | |
|  | |


title: VCU School of Dentistry

abstract: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is the dental school of Virginia Commonwealth University. Located in the United States city of Richmond. The school opened in 1893. It is the only dental school in Virginia and is one of five schools within the VCU Medical Center.

text:
# VCU School of Dentistry

37°32′30.7″N 77°25′45.1″W / 37.541861°N 77.429194°W / 37.541861; -77.429194

**Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry** is the dental school of Virginia Commonwealth University. Located in the United States city of Richmond. The school opened in 1893. It is the only dental school in Virginia and is one of five schools within the VCU Medical Center.

## History

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is a part of Virginia Commonwealth University. The school was established in 1893.

## Departments

## Accreditation

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is currently accredited by ADA.

## Notable faculty

* John A. DiBiaggio, dean 1970–1976, later president of the University of Connecticut, Michigan State University and Tufts University
* Daniel M. Laskin, oral and maxillofacial surgeon and educator

## InfoBox

VCU School of Dentistry
| Type | Public university |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1893 |
| Parent institution | Virginia Commonwealth University |
| Dean | Lyndon F. Cooper |
| Location | Richmond, Virginia, United States |
| Campus | MCV Campus |
| Website | dentistry.vcu.edu |


title: V-twin engine

abstract: A V-twin engine, also called a V2 engine, is a two-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders are arranged in a V configuration and share a common crankshaft. The V-twin is widely associated with motorcycles, primarily installed longitudinally, though also transversely. They are also used in a variety of other land, air, and marine vehicles, as well as industrial applications. The V-twin design dates back to the late 1880s.

text:
# V-twin engine

A **V-twin engine**, also called a **V2 engine**, is a two-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders are arranged in a V configuration and share a common crankshaft.

The V-twin is widely associated with motorcycles, primarily installed longitudinally, though also transversely. They are also used in a variety of other land, air, and marine vehicles, as well as industrial applications. The V-twin design dates back to the late 1880s.

## Origins

One of the first V-twin engines was built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1889. It was used as a stationary engine, for boats and in the Daimler Stahlradwagen ("steel-wheeled car"), Daimler's second car. The engine was also manufactured under licence in France by Panhard et Levassor.

An early V-twin engined motorcycle was produced in November 1902 by the Princeps AutoCar Company in the United Kingdom. The following year, V-twin motorcycles were produced by Eclipse Motor & Cycle Co in the United Kingdom (the *XL-ALL* model), Glenn Curtiss in the United States, and NSU Motorenwerke in Germany.

Peugeot, which had used Panhard-built Daimler V-twins in its first cars, began producing its own V-twin engines in the early 20th century. This Peugeot engine powered a Norton motorcycle that won the first Isle of Man TT race in 1907.

## Typical design

### Crankshaft configuration

Most V-twin engines have a single crankpin, which is shared by both connecting rods. The connecting rods may sit side-by-side with offset cylinders, or have fork and blade connecting rods which avoids the twisting forces caused by having offset cylinders.

Some notable exceptions include a 180° crank pin offset used by the 1935 Moto Guzzi 500cc, a dual-crankpin configuration used by the 1983 Honda Shadow 750, and the 75° crank pin offset (45° offset in the United States) used by the 1987 Suzuki VX 800.

### V angle

Although any 'V angle' (the angle between the two banks of cylinders) between zero and 180 degrees is theoretically possible for a V-twin engine, in practice angles smaller than 40 degrees are rarely used. The most common V angle for a V-twin engine is 90 degrees, which can achieve a perfect primary balance (if the correct counterweight is used) like most Ducatis, most Moto Guzzis, the Honda RC51, Suzuki TL1000S and TL1000R. However, this arrangement results in an uneven firing order, with the second cylinder firing 270 degrees after the first cylinder, then a 450 degrees interval until the first cylinder fires again. 90 degree engines are sometimes called L-twin (like the "L" in TL1000R or TL1000S) rather than V-twin.

The alternating longer and shorter gaps between firings produce a characteristic V-twin alternating engine noise "phutphut phutphut phutphut phutphut".

When a V angle of less than 90 degrees is used, perfect primary balance can only be achieved if offset crankpins are used. If not, balance shafts are usually required to reduce the vibration. Vehicles which use engines with V angles of less than 90 degrees include:

Vehicles which use engines with V angles of greater than 90 degrees include the 1934 Moto Guzzi 500cc (120 degrees) and the 1940–1948 Zündapp KS 750 (170 degrees).

## Motorcycles

As per other motor vehicles, the terms longitudinal engine and transverse engine are most often used to refer to the crankshaft orientation relative to the frame. However, some companies use the opposite terminology, stating that a "transverse" V-twin engine has the cylinders mounted on each side of the motorcycle (therefore with the crankshaft running in line with the frame) and that a "longitudinal" V-twin engine has the cylinders at the front and rear. The latter terminology is used by the Italian manufacturer Moto Guzzi.

To avoid such ambiguity, some people use descriptions of "transverse crankshaft engine", "longitudinal crankshaft engine", or "transversely mounted cylinders".

### Transverse engine

The most common arrangement is to mount the engine with the crankshaft oriented transversely to the frame. The advantage of this mounting is that the width of the motorcycle can be smaller than a longitudinally-mounted V-twin. A disadvantage of this configuration for air-cooled engines is that the two cylinders receive different air-flows and cooling of the rear cylinder tends to be restricted (although the uneven cooling isn't as pronounced as a parallel-twin engine, where the inner faces of the cylinders are not exposed to any airflow). Some transverse V-twins use a single carburettor in the middle of the V-angle to feed both cylinders. While this avoids the need for two carburettors, it creates further cooling problems for the rear cylinder by placing its hot exhaust port and pipe at the back of the cylinder, where it may be exposed to less cooling airflow.

Transverse V-twin engines have been used by Harley-Davidson, Ducati and many recent Japanese motorcycles, such as the Suzuki SV650. Some Ducati V-twin engines have been marketed as "L-twin" engines, due to the front cylinder being vertical and the rear cylinder being horizontal, thus forming an "L" shape.

### Longitudinal engine

A less common arrangement is to mount the engine longitudinally. An advantage of this arrangement is that both cylinder heads can protrude into the air stream, so they can each receive the same amount of cooling (for air-cooled engines). Also, the transmission being located behind the engine is easier to fit within a typical motorcycle frame and, for shaft-drive motorcycles, a 90° bevel gear is not needed at the start of the driveshaft.

As per all longitudinal engines, a disadvantage is that the torque reaction will twist the motorcycle to one side (such as on sharp acceleration/deceleration or when opening the throttle in neutral) instead of shifting the weight balance between the front and rear wheels. However, many modern motorcycles reduce this effect by rotating flywheels or alternators in the opposite direction to that of the crankshaft.

Longitudinal V-twin engines have been used by the Honda CX series and several Moto Guzzi motorcycles.

## Automobiles

Most cars are powered by engines with three or more cylinders, however several small cars have been produced with V-twin engines particularly during the period from 1912 to 1920 when cyclecars were made by many companies (due to a favourable tax position). Almost all of these used proprietary engines, either adapting the larger motorcycle engines used for sidecar work (large singles or V-twins), or using engines specifically made for cyclecars such as those made by J. A. Prestwich Industries ('J.A.P.' engines) or F. E. Baker Ltd ('Precision' engines).

In 1912, Humber produced a light car called the Humberette with a Humber-made V-twin side-valve engine of 998cc. The engine had a directly attached clutch, 3-speed gearbox and prop shaft output to a rear differential. A water cooled version of this engine was made available in 1914, but WW1 ended Humberette production in 1915.

From 1911 to 1939, various Morgan 3-wheelers three-wheeled cyclecar models were powered by V-twin engines. Production of three-wheeler models then resumed with the 2012–present Morgan 3-Wheeler. Also in the United Kingdom, Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) produced several cars powered by their V-twin motorcycle engines. These were produced from 1921 to 1926 (four-wheel models) and 1929–1936 (three-wheel and four-wheel models).

Several manufacturers have produced models inspired by the original Morgan three-wheeled car, such as the 1978–present Triking Cyclecar (using a Moto Guzzi engine), the 2006–present Ace Cycle Car (using a Harley-Davidson engine) and the 1990–present JZR Trikes kit car (using engines from several manufacturers).

Mazda's first car, the 1960–1966 Mazda R360 rear-engined kei car, was powered by the 356 cc (21.7 cu in) Mazda V-twin engine. The 1961–1962 Mazda B360 front-engined light commercial vehicle used a 577 cc (35.2 cu in) version of this engine.

## Industrial engines

Various V-twin engines have been produced for industrial uses such as pressure washers, lawn and garden tractors, tillers, generators and water pumps. The engines are usually air-cooled with a 90° V angle. Depending on the application, the engine's orientation can have either a horizontal or vertical crankshaft.

Manufacturers of commercial V-twin engines include Briggs & Stratton with its Vanguard, Professional and Intek V-twin series, Honda with its V-twin series engines, Kawasaki with its FD, FH, FR, FS, and FX series, Subaru with its EH series, Tecumseh with its OV691EA and TVT691 engines, and Kohler.


title: V-u-den

abstract: V-U-den was a Japanese idol girl group associated with Hello! Project. The group was formed in August 2004 and consists of members Rika Ishikawa, Erika Miyoshi, and Yui Okada, with Ishikawa being the leader. The group officially disbanded on June 29, 2008, after their last concert during their v-u-densetsu 5 tour.

text:
# V-u-den

**V-U-den** (美勇伝, *Biyūden*, stylized in lowercase, lit. "beautiful brave legends") was a Japanese idol girl group associated with Hello! Project. The group was formed in August 2004 and consists of members Rika Ishikawa (Morning Musume), Erika Miyoshi, and Yui Okada, with Ishikawa being the leader. The group officially disbanded on June 29, 2008, after their last concert during their *v-u-densetsu 5* tour.

## Members

## Legacy

In 2009, V-U-den was revived as a Hello! Project Shuffle Unit under the name Zoku V-U-den (続・美勇伝). The new line-up consisted of Morning Musume members Sayumi Michishige and Jun Jun; and Berryz Kobo member Risako Sugaya. The group released songs for Hello! Project's compilation album *Champloo 1: Happy Marriage Song Cover Shū*. They also performed as a concert-only unit until 2011. In 2013, Zoku V-U-den reappeared with Rika Ishikawa to perform "Koisuru Angel Heart".

## Discography

### Albums (first generation)

| # | Title | Release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Suiteroom Number 1* (スイートルームナンバー1) | October 26, 2005 |
|  | *v-u-den Single Best 9 Vol.1 Omaketsuki* (美勇伝シングルベスト9 Vol.1おまけつき) | November 21, 2007 |

### Singles (first generation)

| # | Title | Release date | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Koi no Nukegara"
(恋のヌケガラ, *Cast-Off Love*) | September 23, 2004 |  |
| 2 | "Kacchoiize! Japan"
(カッチョイイゼ! Japan, *Very Cool! Japan*) | May 2, 2005 | Yokoso! Japan campaign song |
| 3 | "Ajisai Ai Ai Monogatari"
(紫陽花アイ愛物語, *Hydrangea Love Story*) | May 25, 2005 | Opening theme of the Kids Station anime "Patalliro Saiyuuki" |
| 4 | "Hitorijime"
(ひとりじめ, *All By Myself*) | August 10, 2005 |  |
| 5 | "Kurenai no Kisetsu"
(クレナイの季節, *Crimson Season*) | October 5, 2005 |  |
| 6 | "Issai Gassai Anata ni Ageru"
(一切合切あなたに𝄞あ・げ・る♪, *I'll Give Any and Every Thing to You*) | May 10, 2006 |
| 7 | "Aisu Cream to My Pudding"
(愛すクリ～ムとMyプリン, *Love Cream and My Pudding **) | November 22, 2006 |  |
| 8 | "Koisuru Angel Heart"
(恋する♡エンジェル♡ハート, *Loving Angel Heart*) | May 23, 2007 |  |
| 9 | "Jaja Uma Paradise"
(じゃじゃ馬パラダイス, *Unmanageable Girl Paradise*) | September 26, 2007 |  |
| 10 | "Nanni mo Iwazu ni I Love You"
(なんにも言わずに I LOVE YOU, *Without Saying A Word, I Love You*) | April 23, 2008 | Cover of Morning Musume song from 4th Ikimasshoi! |

* Though the romanization of this song would imply the translation would be "Ice Cream and My Pudding", "Aisu" is written with the kanji "Ai ()" for "love", thus making it "Love Cream and My Pudding". Also, in the PV for the song, there is a two-second screen that translates it as "Ice Cream and My Pudding", therefore it is a play on words.

### Singles (second generation)

| # | Title | Release date | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Only You" | July 15, 2009 | A cover of BOØWY's "ONLY YOU" |

* "ONLY YOU" is released on the compilation "Champloo 1 ~Happy Marriage Song Cover Shuu~ (チャンプル1 ~ハッピーマリッジソングカバー集~)

### DVDs

| # | Title | Release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Single V Koi no Nukegara* (シングルV・恋のヌケガラ) | October 6, 2004 |
| 2 | *Single V Kacchoiize! Japan* (シングルV・カッチョイイゼ! Japan) | March 9, 2005 |
| 3 | *Single V Ajisai Ai Ai Monogatari* (シングルV・紫陽花アイ愛物語) | June 8, 2005 |
| 4 | *v-u-den First Concert Tour 2005 Haru ~v-u-densetsu~* | June 8, 2005 |
| 5 | *Single V Hitorijime* (シングルV・ひとりじめ) | August 24, 2005 |
| 6 | *Single V Kurenai no Kisetsu* (シングルV・クレナイの季節) | October 13, 2005 |
| 7 | *v-u-den Concert Tour 2005 Aki v-u-densetsu II ~Kurenai no Kisetsu~* | February 15, 2006 |
| 8 | *Single V Issai Gassai Anata ni Ageru* (シングルV・一切合切 あなたに∮あ・げ・る♪) | May 24, 2006 |
| 9 | *Single V Aisu Cream to My Purin* (シングルV・愛すクリ〜ムとＭｙプリン) | December 6, 2006 |
| 10 | *v-u-den Live Tour 2006 Aki v-u-densetsu III ~Aisu Cream to My Purin~* | March 7, 2007 |
| 11 | *Single V Koisuru Angel Heart* (シングルV・恋する♡エンジェル♡ハート) | May 30, 2007 |
| 12 | *v-u-den Concert Tour 2007 Shoka v-u-densetsu IV ~Usagi to Tenshi~* | August 8, 2007 |
| 13 | *Single V Jaja Uma Paradise* (シングルV・じゃじゃ馬パラダイス) | October 10, 2007 |

## InfoBox

| V-U-den美勇伝 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1st gen: Erika Miyoshi, Rika Ishikawa, Yui Okada | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres | J-pop |
| Years active | * 20042008 |
| Labels | Piccolo Town |
| Spinoffs | Zoku V-U-den |
|  | |
| Past members |  |
|  | |
| Website | www.helloproject.com |


title: V-type asteroid

abstract: A V-type (volcanic-type) asteroid, or Vestoid, is an asteroid whose spectral type is that of 4 Vesta. Approximately 6% of main-belt asteroids are vestoids, with Vesta being by far the largest of them. They are relatively bright, and rather similar to the more common S-type asteroid, which are also made up of stony irons and ordinary chondrites, with V-types containing more pyroxene than S-types. A large proportion of vestoids have orbital elements similar to those of Vesta, either close enough to be part of the Vesta family, or having similar eccentricities and inclinations but with a semi-major axis lying between about 2.18 AU and the 3:1 Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU. This suggests that they originated as fragments of Vesta's crust. There seem to be two populations of Vestoids, one created 2 billion years ago and the other 1 billion years ago, coming respectively from the enormous southern-hemisphere craters Veneneia and Rheasilvia. Fragments that ended up in the 3:1 Jupiter resonance were perturbed out of the Kirkwood gap and some fragments eventually hit the earth as HED meteorites. The electromagnetic spectrum has a very strong absorption feature longward of 0.75 μm, another feature around 1 μm and is very red shortwards of 0.7 μm. The visible wavelength spectrum of the V-type asteroids is similar to the spectra of basaltic achondrite HED meteorites. A J-type has been suggested for asteroids having a particularly strong 1 μm absorption band similar to diogenite meteorites, likely being derived from deeper parts of the crust of 4 Vesta.

text:
# V-type asteroid

A **V-type** (volcanic-type) asteroid, or **Vestoid**, is an asteroid whose spectral type is that of 4 Vesta. Approximately 6% of main-belt asteroids are vestoids, with Vesta being by far the largest of them. They are relatively bright, and rather similar to the more common S-type asteroid, which are also made up of stony irons and ordinary chondrites, with V-types containing more pyroxene than S-types.

A large proportion of vestoids have orbital elements similar to those of Vesta, either close enough to be part of the Vesta family, or having similar eccentricities and inclinations but with a semi-major axis lying between about 2.18 AU and the 3:1 Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU. This suggests that they originated as fragments of Vesta's crust. There seem to be two populations of Vestoids, one created 2 billion years ago and the other 1 billion years ago, coming respectively from the enormous southern-hemisphere craters Veneneia and Rheasilvia. Fragments that ended up in the 3:1 Jupiter resonance were perturbed out of the Kirkwood gap and some fragments eventually hit the earth as HED meteorites.

The electromagnetic spectrum has a very strong absorption feature longward of 0.75 μm, another feature around 1 μm and is very red shortwards of 0.7 μm. The visible wavelength spectrum of the V-type asteroids (including 4 Vesta itself) is similar to the spectra of basaltic achondrite HED meteorites.

A J-type has been suggested for asteroids having a particularly strong 1 μm absorption band similar to diogenite meteorites, likely being derived from deeper parts of the crust of 4 Vesta.

## Distribution

The vast majority of V-type asteroids are members of the Vesta family along with Vesta itself. There are some Mars-crossers such as 9969 Braille, and some Near-Earth objects like 3908 Nyx.

There is also a scattered group of objects in the general vicinity of the Vesta family but not part of it. These include:

## V-type near-Earth asteroids

V-type NEAS (or V-NEAs) are near-Earth asteroids with a  spectral type. Impacts of V-NEAs on the Earth, according to the known sample (data taken in 2016), occur once in about 12 million years and have the potential to cause disastrous effects on regional to global scale, producing craters as large as 30 km in diameter and releasing kinetic energy of as much as 3 Mt. This energy is almost 6 million times greater than the energy released during the Chelyabinsk event in 2013. Venus, Mars and the Moon will experience impacts with V-NEAs every 22 Myr, 125 Myr and 168 Myr, respectively. Two craters with confirmed basaltic impactor which fits with the impact rate found from V-type NEAs are the Strangways crater (24 km diameter) in Australia, the Nicholson crater (12.5 km diameter) in Canada. Some V-NEAs have orbits similar to that of the Bunburra Rockhole meteorite.


title: Uru Kusini

abstract: Uru South is a ward located in the Moshi Rural district by the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. In 2016, the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics reported that there were 24,565 people in the ward, from 22,904 in 2012.

text:
# Uru Kusini

**Uru South** is a ward located in the Moshi Rural district by the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania.

In 2016, the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics reported that there were 24,565 people in the ward, from 22,904 in 2012.

## InfoBox

| Uru Kusini Kata ya Uru Kusini | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Uru KusiniLocation of Uru Kusini | |
| Coordinates: 3°17′53″S 37°19′40″E / 3.29809104°S 37.3276561°E / -3.29809104; 37.3276561 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kilimanjaro Region |
| District | Moshi Rural |
| Ward | Uru Kusini |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 24,565 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Uyō-Gakuen College

abstract: Uyo Gakuen College is a private university in Tendo, Yamagata, Japan, established in 1982. The predecessor of the school, a training school for kindergarten teachers, was founded in 1965.

text:
# Uyō-Gakuen College

**Uyo Gakuen College** (羽陽学園短期大学, *Uyō gakuen tanki daigaku*) is a private university in Tendo, Yamagata, Japan, established in 1982. The predecessor of the school, a training school for kindergarten teachers, was founded in 1965.

## Names of Academic department

* Childhood studies

## Advanced course

38°19′49″N 140°21′13″E / 38.330253°N 140.353531°E / 38.330253; 140.353531

## InfoBox

Uyo Gakuen College
| 羽陽学園短期大学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1982 |
| Location | Tendo, Yamagata, Japan |
| Location in Tendo, YamagataUyō-Gakuen College (Yamagata Prefecture)Uyō-Gakuen College (Tohoku, Japan)Uyō-Gakuen College (Japan) | |


title: Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy

abstract: Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy was an Indian freedom fighter leader. Son of a former Telugu Palegaaru Mallareddy and Seethamma, Narasimha Reddy was born in Rupanagudi village, on 24 November 1806. He belonged to the Motati Clan of Reddys. He and his commander-in-chief Vadde Obanna were at the heart of a freedom movement against Company rule in India in 1847, where 5,000 Indian peasants rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in Nandyal district. The rebels were protesting against the changes introduced by the Company authorities to the traditional agrarian system in the first half of the nineteenth century. These changes include the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue through exploiting lower-status cultivators through implementing exploitative working conditions. The revolt took thousands of Company soldiers to suppress, with Reddy's death bringing it to an end.

text:
# Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy

**Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy** was an Indian freedom fighter leader. Son of a former Telugu Palegaaru Mallareddy and Seethamma, Narasimha Reddy was born in Rupanagudi village, on 24 November 1806. He belonged to the Motati Clan of Reddys. He and his commander-in-chief Vadde Obanna were at the heart of a freedom movement against Company rule in India in 1847, where 5,000 Indian peasants rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in Nandyal district.

The rebels were protesting against the changes introduced by the Company authorities to the traditional agrarian system in the first half of the nineteenth century. These changes include the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue through exploiting lower-status cultivators through implementing exploitative working conditions. The revolt took thousands of Company soldiers to suppress, with Reddy's death bringing it to an end.

## Early life

The father of Narasimha Reddy was related to the Palegar (Jagirdar) family of Uyyalawada in Koilakuntla taluk who had married two daughters of the Palegar of Nossam. He had three sons, of whom Narasimha was the youngest and only son of the younger daughter of the Palegar of Nossam, Seethamma.

## As a movement leader

The British East India Company's introduction to the Chennai Presidency of the 1803 Permanent Settlement, which had first been enacted in Bengal Presidency ten years previously, replaced the agrarian socio-economic status quo with a more egalitarian arrangement where anyone could cultivate provided that they paid a fixed sum to the East India Company for the privilege of doing so.

The Palegars and other higher-status people who preferred the old agrarian system "represented the decadent social order", were in many cases "upstarts" and "were also the heirs of a social system in which various orders of Hindu society were integrated through ages". These people were dispossessed of their lands, which were then redistributed, but the primary purpose of the changes was to increase production rather than to restructure the social order. In some cases, it coincided with a punishment because among the dispossessed were those who had recently been involved in fighting the East India Company in the Palegar Wars. Some received pensions in lieu of the lost lands but at inconsistent rates.

The changes, which included the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue, deprived village headmen and other higher-status people of their role as revenue collectors and position as landholders, while also impacting on lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished. The population came to the view that the East India Company were economically exploiting them and that those who were dependent on the traditional system no longer had a means of making a living. As the old order collapsed into disarray, the once-authoritative Palegars, including Narasimha Reddy, became the focus of attention from sufferers, whose pleas fell on deaf ears. The Palegars saw a chance to mobilize peasant opposition both for genuine social reasons.

Narasimha Reddy's own objections too was based on their outcomes. Compared to the Palegar of Nossam, the pension awarded to his family upon their dispossession was paltry and the authorities refused to increase it by redistributing some of the Nossam monies when that latter family became extinct in 1821. At the same time, some of his relatives were facing proposals for further reductions in their land rights, including by a reform of the village policing system.

## War against the British

Things came to a head in 1846 when the Company authorities assumed land rights previously held by various people who had died in the villages of Goodladurty, Koilakuntla and Nossum. Encouraged by the discontent of others, Reddy became the figurehead for an uprising.

An armed group, initially comprising those dispossessed of inam lands around Koilakuntla, was led by Reddy's Right-hand man Vadde Obanna in July 1846. The Acting Collector for the area Lord Cochrane, believed that Reddy had material support from fellow pensioners in Bhagyanagar and Kurnool, whose land rights had also been appropriated. The group soon attracted support from the peasantry and was reported by Company authorities to have rampaged in Koilkuntla, taking back the looted treasury there and evading the police before killing several officers at Mittapally. They also plundered Rudravaram before moving to an area near Almore, pursued by the East India Company forces who then surrounded them.

A battle between Obanna's 5000-strong band of rebels and a much smaller British contingent then took place, with around 200 of the rebels being killed and others captured before they were able to break out in the direction of Kothakota, Giddalur where Reddy's family were situated. Having collected his family, he and the rest of his contingent moved into the Nallamala Hills. The British offered incentives for information regarding the whereabouts of the rebels, who were again surrounded amidst reports that unrest was now growing in other villages of the area. In a further skirmish between the rebels and the British, who had sent for reinforcements, 40–50 rebels were killed and 90 were captured, including Reddy. Although there was no evidence of Obanna's capture, he most possibly was also a captive along with his leader.

Warrants were issued for the arrest of nearly 1,000 of the rebels, of which 412 were released without charge. A further 273 were bailed and 112 were convicted. Reddy, too, was convicted and in his case received the death penalty. On 22 February 1847, he was executed in Koilkuntla in front of a crowd of over 2000 people.

Reddy's head on the fort wall was in public view until 1877. The East India Company reported in their district manual of 1886 that

> Since 1839 nothing of political importance has occurred, unless we mention the disturbance in 1847 caused by Narasimha Reddy, a pensioned Palegar of Uyyalawada in Koilakuntla Taluk, then part of Kadapa district. He received a pension of ₹11 a month. As a grandson of Jayaram Reddy, the last powerful Zamindar of Nossam, he was sorely disappointed when the Government refused to pay him any portion of the lapsed pension of that family. Just before this time, the question of resuming Kattubadi Inams was brought under the consideration of Government, which made the Kattubadis discontented. Narasimha Reddy collected these men and attacked the Koilakuntla treasury. He moved from place to place and sheltered himself in thepi hill forts of the Erramalas and Nallamalas, and though pursued by troops from Kadapa and Kurnool, he continued to commit his ravages in Koilakuntla and Cumbum. At Giddalur he gave battle to Lieutenant Watson and killed the Tahsildar of Cumbum. He then escaped into the Nallamalas, and after roving about the hills for several months was caught near Perusomala on a hill in Koilakuntla taluk and hanged. His head remained hung on the gibbet in the fort until 1877 when the scaffold finally fell into decay.

## Legacy

The Renati Chandrula Smaraka Samithi is a committee which was formed for preserving the memory of Reddy and the Budda Vengal Reddy, both of whom were born in village of Uyyalawada. In 2015, it published a book in both Telugu and English, titled *Renati Surya Chandrulu* (*The Sun and Moon of Renadu*).

On 25 March 2021, the Kurnool airport at Orvakal has been named as Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy Airport.

A movie based on Narasimha Reddy's inspiring life, *Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy* directed by Surender Reddy and starring Chiranjeevi in the title role, was released in the Telugu film industry on 2 October 2019 on the eve of Gandhi Jayanti.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Reddy | |
| Born | (1806-11-24)24 November 1806
Rupanagudi, Uyyalawada, Koilkuntla, Madras Presidency, British India (Now Rupanagudi, Uyyalawada Mandal, Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh, India) |
| Died | (1847-02-23)23 February 1847 (age 40)
Koilkuntla, Cuddapah district, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Cause of death | Executed by hanging |
| Spouse(s) | 1 Siddamma 2 and 3 not known |
| Children | Uyyalawada Dora Subbayah |


title: VP-40

abstract: VP-40 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 55 (VP-55) on 1 August 1940, redesignated Patrol Squadron 74 (VP-74) on 1 July 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 74 (VPB-74) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 74 (VP-74) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron (Seaplane) 10 (VP-MS-10) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 40 (VP-40) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 25 January 1950.

text:
# VP-40

**VP-40** was a **Patrol Squadron** of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as **Patrol Squadron 55 (VP-55)** on 1 August 1940, redesignated **Patrol Squadron 74 (VP-74)** on 1 July 1941, redesignated **Patrol Bombing Squadron 74 (VPB-74)** on 1 October 1944, redesignated **Patrol Squadron 74 (VP-74)** on 15 May 1946, redesignated **Medium Patrol Squadron (Seaplane) 10 (VP-MS-10)** on 15 November 1946, redesignated **Patrol Squadron 40 (VP-40)** on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 25 January 1950.

## Operational history

* 1 August 1940: VP-55 was established at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, under the administrative control of PatWing-5 as a seaplane patrol squadron destined for duty with the Neutrality Patrol. VP-55 and sister squadron VP-56 were ordered to provide aerial surveillance for the ships of the Support Force on the offshore patrol. The first aircraft flown by the squadron was an XPBM-1, the pre-production version of the Martin Mariner. Training on this aircraft was undertaken at the Glenn L. Martin plant in Baltimore, Martyand, from 1 September through early October 1940. Engineering personnel were sent to the Wright engine plant for instruction. By the end of January 1941 the squadron’s full complement of 12 PBM-1 aircraft had been delivered.
* 1 February 1941: A six-aircraft detachment was sent to NAS Jacksonville, Florida for training. The six remaining aircraft at NAS Norfolk continued training and participated in the Neutrality Patrol.
* 1 March – 5 April 1941: The destroyer units and Patrol Wing of Support Force (Neutrality Patrol) were reorganized as elements of Support Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet under command of Rear Admiral Arthur L. Bristol, designated Task Force 4. The Patrol Wing of Task Force 4 consisted of Patrol Squadrons 51, 52, 55 and 56, with tender support provided by USS *Albemarle* and USS *George E. Badger*. On 5 April 1941, VP-53 joined Support Force. The original offshore patrol wasnow extended to include a northern patrol to strategic islands in the north and east to help ensure the safe passage of war materials to Britain.
* 1 May 1941: VP-55 flew to Gardiners Bay, New York, for 10 days of exercises with USS *Albemarle*. On the conclusion of the exercises, *Albemarle* proceeded on to NAS Argentia, Newfoundland. The squadron returned to NAS Norfolk.
* 1 July 1941: Patrol Wing, Support Force became Patrol Wing 7, remaining a patrol wing of Support Force. Patrol Squadrons 51, 52, 53 and 55 became Patrol Squadrons 71, 72, 73 and 74, respectively.
* 19 July 1941: A three-aircraft detachment was sent to NAS Argentia, based aboard USS *Albemarle* and USS *Pocomoke*.
* 12 August 1941 – January 1942: Six aircraft were dispatched to Reykjavik, Iceland, aboard USS *Goldsborough*. The VP-74 detachment operated from Skerja Fjord conducting convoy coverage patrols out 500 miles (800 km) from base and air patrols from the Denmark Strait to Greenland. The aircraft carried no bombs, but merely reported submarine contacts. That system was abandoned after 15 October 1941 when a new destroyer, USS *Kearney*, was torpedoed near Iceland, from then on, it was "Sink on Sight." On 15 January 1942, two of the Reykjavik detachment aircraft were sunk at their moorings during a storm.
* 2 January – September 1942: The squadron’s Argentia detachment was relieved by VP-82 for return to NAS Norfolk. These aircraft, plus three from the Norfolk detachment, were assigned to duty at Bermuda, based on Darrell's Island, Bermuda, tended by USS *Gannett*. The detachment moved to NAS King’s Point on 1 May 1942, remaining until September conducting Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) patrols and air-sea rescue.
* 3 June 1942: Ensign John Cushman and his entire crew were lost at sea during a mission off Bermuda.
* 30 June 1942: Plane #1, flown by Lieutenant Richard E. Schreder, was credited with sinking *U-158*. The submarine was spotted by the crew during a ferry flight.
* September 1942: The entire squadron was relocated to NAS Norfolk, with a two-aircraft detachment at NS San Juan, Puerto Rico. During this brief refit period, the squadron’s original PBM-1 seaplanes were traded in for newer PBM-3s. After refit, eight squadron aircraft departed Norfolk on 22 September 1942, NAS Trinidad, British West Indies . Upon arrival the squadron began ASW patrols and rescue work. During this assignment VP-74 came under the operational control of PatWing-11.
* 18 December 1942: Orders were received transferring the squadron to NAF Natal, Brazil. Upon arrival, USS *Humboldt* provided tender service, while the squadron conducted ASW patrols and air-sea rescue missions.
* 16 February 1943: The squadron at NAF Natal received new PBM-3Cs.
* 24 February 1943: The squadron experienced its first encounter with the new German U-boat tactic of remaining on the surface to fight. Ensign W. J. Barnard sighted a U-boat torpedoing a ship. During his attack run against the submarine it surfaced and returned unusually heavy and accurate anti-aircraft (AA) fire. Ensign Barnard and his crew escaped injury, but lost track of the submarine on the return run. By this point in the war the German U-boats were being equipped with quad-mount 20-mm AA guns and presented a special hazard to aircrews pressing an attack when the element of surprise had been lost. Lieutenant Carey, Plane #6, was shot down in this manner in July 1943.
* 20 March 1943: A three-aircraft detachment was established at NAF Aratu, Bahia, Brazil.
* 28 April 1943: Ten of the squadron’s PBM-3Cs were sent to NAF Aratu, while one remained at NAF Natal.
* 17 May 1943: Planes #5 and #6, piloted by Lieutenants Howland Davis and Carey, respectively, shared credit with USS *Moffett* and USS *Jouett* for the sinking of *U-128*.
* 25 June 1943: A two-aircraft detachment was established at NAF Galeão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* 19 July 1943: Plane #5, piloted by Lieutenant (jg) Roy S. Whitcomb, was credited with sinking *U-513*. The captain of the U-boat had elected to remain on the surface and fight it out with his AA batteries.
* 31 Jul 1943: Plane #7, piloted by Lieutenant W. F. Smith, shared honors with a Brazilian PBY in sinking *U-199*.
* 27 September 1943: Plane #2, piloted by Lieutenant (jg) Harry B. Patterson, was credited with sinking *U-161*, two crew members were wounded in the attack by return fire from the U-boat.
* 16 October 1943: VP-74 was relieved at NAF Aratu, Brazil, by VPB-211.
* 2 November 1943: The squadron returned to the US and had detachments assigned to NAS Norfolk, with two PBM-3Cs and 1 PBM-3S and nine PBM-3Ss at NAS Floyd Bennett Field, New York.
* 14 December 1943 – March 1944: The entire squadron was reassigned to NAS Elizabeth City, North Carolina, for ASW patrols and coverage of convoy routes. From 8 January to March 1944, the squadron maintained a three-aircraft detachment at NAS Norfolk.
* 15 December 1944: A three-aircraft detachment was sent to NAS Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone, for convoy and ASW operations under FAW-3. The detachment was augmented on 2 January 1945 by three additional aircraft.
* 24–28 January 1945: VPB-74 was transferred to NAS Coco Solo, joining the six-aircraft detachment already stationed at that location. On 28 January 1945, VPB-74 was officially put under the operational control of FAW-3.
* 1–28 February 1945: The squadron relocated to NAF Seymour Island, Galapagos, with a three-aircraft detachment at Corinto, Nicaragua. On 28 February 1945, an additional four-aircraft detachment began operations at Tangus Cove, Galapagos, based aboard USS *Albemarle*.
* 4 April 1945: VPB-74 was relieved for return to home port NAS Norfolk, under the operational control of FAW-9. Shortly thereafter, the squadron was refitted with new PBM-5E Mariners.
* 28 May 1945: A three-aircraft detachment of VPB-74 returned to the Canal Zone for duty under FAW-3 at NAF Seymour Island, aboard USS *Barnegat*. The last detachment arrived by 4 June 1945.
* 15 September 1945: After the Surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, the squadron mission was changed to the peacetime job of guarding the Panama Canal. The administrative elements of the squadron were transferred to NAS Coco Solo on 15 September 1945. Over the next four years, a rotating three-aircraft detachment was maintained at NAS Guantanamo, Cuba, for air-sea rescue missions.
* October 1945: The squadron’s aircraft were replaced by new PBM-5s.
* 9 January 1950: VP-40 was relieved for return to NAS Norfolk where it was formally disestablished on 25 January 1950.

## Aircraft assignments

The squadron was assigned the following aircraft, effective on the dates shown:

* XPBM-1 \- September 1940
* PBM-1 - January 1941
* PBM-3 - September 1942
* PBM-3C - February 1943
* PBM-3S - June 1943
* PBM-5E - April 1945

## Home port assignments

The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons*.*

## InfoBox

| Patrol Squadron 40 | |
| --- | --- |
| VP-55 PBM-1 in 1941 | |
| Active | 1 August 1940 – 25 January 1950 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Type | squadron |
| Role | Maritime patrol |
| Engagements | World War II |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Patrol | XPBM-1/PBM-1/3/3C/3S/5E |


title: VP-41

abstract: VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 (VP-21) on 1 March 1944, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 (VPB-21) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 (VP-21) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron (Seaplane) 11 (VP-MS-11) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 (VP-41) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949.

text:
# VP-41

**VP-41** was a **Patrol Squadron** of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as **Patrol Squadron 21 (VP-21)** on 1 March 1944, redesignated **Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 (VPB-21)** on 1 October 1944, redesignated **Patrol Squadron 21 (VP-21)** on 15 May 1946, redesignated **Medium Patrol Squadron (Seaplane) 11 (VP-MS-11)** on 15 November 1946, redesignated **Patrol Squadron 41 (VP-41)** on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949.

## Operational history

* 1 March 1944: VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner. The next day, the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point, North Carolina, where all of the ground and flight training was given. During this period, the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5.
* 9 May 1944: VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West, Florida, for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare (ASW). The training was completed on 16 June 1944, and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda, California, in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific.
* 22 June 1944: The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, from NAS Alameda. Upon arrival, the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2. The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th. Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately.
* 19 August 1944: VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base, Eniwetok, relieving VP-1. The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2, conducting patrols, searches, and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island.
* 17 October 1944: VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage, Palau. The squadron conducted daily searches, with tender support provided by USS *Chandeleur* and USS *Mackinac*. FAW-1 assumed operational control.
* 24 December 1944: The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17. Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions. Tender support was provided by USS *Chandeleur*.
* 21 January 1945: During the night of the 21st Lieutenant(jg) Richard L. Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon. The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier *I-36*. Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten, sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew.
* 29 January 1945: VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor, Saipan, aboard USS *Chandeleur*, under the operational control of the 5th Fleet (TG 50.5.2). The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group. On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks, remaining until the 27th.
* 28 March 1945: The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa. Tender support continued to be provided by USS *Chandeleur*. While stationed at this location, on 7 April 1945, one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa. The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived, resulting in the sinking of *Yamato* and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group. By the beginning of May, the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands, strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea. These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands, the East China Sea, the southern coast of Korea, and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai. From 1 June 1945, the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa, the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. Dumbo (air-sea rescue) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list.
* 15 July 1945: VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan, Okinawa. Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945, when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok.
* 2 September – 18 November 1945: After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation, the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok, remaining at that location until 11 September 1945, when it was relocated to Ominato, China. By 18 November 1945, VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong.
* 26 Jan 1946: The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo, Japan. Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa.
* 9 July – 3 October 1946: VPB-21 was relocated to Qingdao, China. Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai. On 3 October 1946, the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka, Japan.
* 23 November 1947: The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego.
* 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949: VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego, to Qingdao, China, to relieve VP-MS-3. Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard USS *Pine Island*, and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Qingdao. On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka, Japan. On 1 November 1948, five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay, Okinawa, Japan, for ASW exercises, supported by USS *Suisun*. The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th. On 21 November 1948, the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft. On 21 December 1948, a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Qingdao; there were no casualties to the crew. The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949.
* 23 April 1949: VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego.

## Aircraft assignments

The squadron was assigned the following aircraft, effective on the dates shown: Flew PBY-5's and PBY-5A's from 1940-44

## Home port assignments

The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons*.*

## InfoBox

| Patrol Squadron 41 | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1 March 1944 – 23 April 1949 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Type | squadron |
| Role | Maritime patrol |
| Engagements | World War II |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Patrol | PBY-5 PBY-5A PBM-3D |


title: VH1 (Italian TV channel)

abstract: VH1 Italia was a 24-hour music entertainment channel operated by Paramount Networks EMEAA which launched on 1 July 2016, replacing the Italian version of MTV Music which launched on 1 March 2011 on digital terrestrial television. VH1 Italia was available over-the-air across Italy. The channel used the slogan 'Music 4 Life' on all online and on-air branding. The channel used the existing VH1 branding and idents from VH1's international creative campaign. The channel used a mix of domestic and non-domestic music videos and artists. Italian artists were used in segments in order to promote the new channel - VH1 Italia: Music 4 Life. The network retained the music video direction of the original VH1 format, never moving its focus towards the American channel's reality television focus. The channel ceased broadcasting on 7 January 2024.

text:
# VH1 (Italian TV channel)

**VH1 Italia** was a 24-hour music entertainment channel operated by Paramount Networks EMEAA which launched on 1 July 2016, replacing the Italian version of MTV Music which launched on 1 March 2011 on digital terrestrial television. VH1 Italia was available over-the-air across Italy.

The channel used the slogan 'Music 4 Life' on all online and on-air branding. The channel used the existing VH1 branding and idents from VH1's international creative campaign. The channel used a mix of domestic and non-domestic music videos and artists. Italian artists were used in segments in order to promote the new channel - VH1 Italia: Music 4 Life. The network retained the music video direction of the original VH1 format, never moving its focus towards the American channel's reality television focus.

The channel ceased broadcasting on 7 January 2024.

## Logos

## InfoBox

VH1 Italia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Italy
Switzerland |
| Broadcast area | Italy |
| Headquarters | Italy |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Italian |
| Picture format | 576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Paramount Networks EMEAA |
| Sister channels | MTV
MTV Music
Comedy Central
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr. |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 July 2016 (2016-07-01) |
| Replaced | MTV Music (terrestrial television only) |
| Closed | 7 January 2024 (2024-01-07) |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Mux TIMB 3 | Channels 167 (SD) |
|  | |