title: J. Sidney Bernstein

abstract: Jacob Sidney Bernstein was a Russian-born Jewish-American lawyer, politician, and judge from New York.

text:
# J. Sidney Bernstein

**Jacob Sidney Bernstein** (May 9, 1877 – December 9, 1943) was a Russian-born Jewish-American lawyer, politician, and judge from New York.

## Early life and education

Bernstein was born on May 9, 1877, the son of Joseph and Jeanette Bernstein, in Russia. He moved to Montreal, Quebec with his parents when he was an infant. He attended public schools there and the Collegiate Institute in London, Ontario. He then went to Queen's University at Kingston, graduating from there with an A.M. in 1898. He then went to New York University School of Law, graduating from there with an LL.B. in 1900. He immigrated to America in 1897 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1902. He was admitted to the bar in 1902 and practiced law in New York City, New York.

## Career

In 1904, Bernstein unsuccessfully ran for the New York State Assembly as a Democrat in the New York County 31st District, losing to Republican Joseph Beihilf. He identified with the Democratic Party from a young age, serving as an active member of the Harlem Democratic Club and vice-chairman of the Tammany Hall General Committee of the 31st Assembly District. In 1905, he was elected to the Assembly in the 31st District, defeating Beihilf in a three-way election. He served in the Assembly in 1906. He lost the 1906 re-election to the Assembly to Republican candidate Philip Reece. In December 1906, New York State Comptroller-elect Martin H. Glynn appointed him Transfer Tax Appraiser of New York County. He held that office from 1907 to 1908. He was a delegate to the 1915 New York State Constitutional Convention.

Bernstein became associated with the law firm Hillquit & Hillquit as trial counsel when he was admitted to the bar. In 1907, he joined Stroock & Stroock and took charge of the firm's real estate firm. A year later, he opened his own law office. In 1932, he formed a partnership with Lester W. Patterson. The partnership ended when Patterson became judge of the Bronx County Court in 1934, at which point he formed a partnership with his son Arthur H. Bernstein. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 1938 New York State Constitutional Convention. He was elected to the New York Supreme Court in 1938 and served as Justice until his death.

Bernstein was on the board of directors of the Jewish Memorial Hospital and a member of B'nai B'rith, the Manhattan Club, the Metropolitan Vigilant Club, the Tichnor Society, and the Grand Street Boys.

## Personal life

He was married to Ida Rosenblum of Chicago. Their children were Arthur H. (who served as a captain in the Army Chemical Warfare Service during World War II) and Mrs. Samuel Smith of Durham, New Hampshire. Bernstein died at home following a heart attack on December 9, 1943. Rabbi Louis I. Newman officiated his funeral at the Riverside Memorial Chapel. 700 people attended the funeral, including Representative Sol Bloom, Secretary of State and New York County Republican leader Thomas J. Curran, Tammany Hall secretary Bert Stand, City Clerk H. Warren Hubbard, Lieutenant Commander Jack Dempsey, Bronx County Judge Lester W. Patterson, General Sessions judges Jonah J. Goldstein, Owen W. Bohan, and Saul S. Streit, Supreme Court justices-elect Thomas A. Aurelio and Joseph A. Gavagan, and Supreme Court justices Ferdinand Pecora, Bernard L. Shientag, William T. Collins, Felix C. Benvenga, Bernard Botein, Aaron J. Levy, John E. McGeehan, Denis O'Leary Cohalan, Kenneth O'Brien, Morris Eder, William C. Hecht, Samuel Null, Edward Koch, Alfred H. Townley, and Edward J. Glennon. He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Westchester County.

## InfoBox

| J. Sidney Bernstein | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| New York Supreme Court Justice | |
| **In office**
1938–1943 | |
| Member of the 129th New York State Legislature | |
| **In office**
1906–1906 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1877-05-09)May 9, 1877
Russia |
| Died | December 9, 1943(1943-12-09) (aged 66)
New York, USA |
| Spouse | Ida Rosenblum |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Queen's University at Kingston (A.M.)
New York University School of Law (LL.B.) |
|  | |


title: Tim McIlrath

abstract: Timothy James McIlrath is an American rock musician. He is the lead singer, rhythm guitarist, songwriter and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is vegan and straight edge.

text:
# Tim McIlrath

**Timothy James McIlrath** (born November 3, 1978) is an American rock musician. He is the lead singer, rhythm guitarist, songwriter and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is vegan and straight edge.

## Early and personal life

McIlrath was born in 1978 to Jim and Michelle McIlrath. He attended Rolling Meadows High School in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. In college (Northeastern Illinois University), McIlrath majored in English and Sociology. In his junior year, he met Joe Principe at a Sick of It All concert. Principe asked McIlrath to sing over a few tracks that he and Dan Wleklinski had recorded. It was at this time that Transistor Revolt was formed.McIlrath left college after Transistor Revolt was signed onto Fat Wreck Chords in 1999. In Fall of 2020, McIlrath returned to college to finish his Sociology degree.

McIlrath has a condition called heterochromia, where his left eye is blue and his right eye is hazel.

## Music career

### Baxter (1995–1999)

McIlrath began his musical career in his teens and was active in the Chicago local punk rock scene. His first band was the post-hardcore band Baxter, formed in 1995 along with future The Lawrence Arms drummer Neil Hennessy and future Killing Tree and Holy Roman Empire bassist Geoff Reu. Their first release was a full length, self-released, cassette, *Troy's Bucket*, which was released in 1996. Troy's Bucket was met with warm reception from the scene, and Baxter became a popular band in the Chicago underground scene.

In 1997 they released a 7-inch EP *Lost Voices* on Static Station Records. After some local touring, the band split up.

McIlrath played bass and sang backup in the first incarnation of The Honor System. He sang one song on their demo. He and drummer Neil Hennesy were also in a brief lineup of the grindcore band Yellow Road Priest, whose members went on to form Pelican. The band broke up in 1999.

### Arma Angelus (1998–1999)

McIlrath joined the band Arma Angelus, a Chicago metalcore band fronted by Pete Wentz, who would later be bassist in the pop punk band Fall Out Boy. McIlrath played bass in the band until 1999 when he quit to form Transistor Revolt, which became Rise Against, and The Killing Tree.

### Rise Against (1999–present)

In 1999, Tim McIlrath formed the band that would become Rise Against with former 88 Fingers Louie bassist, Joe Principe, guitarist Dan Precision (A.K.A. Mr. Precision), and drummer Toni Tintari under the name 'Transistor Revolt'. Drummer Brandon Barnes did not join until 2001; it was at the same time the band was renamed Rise Against. They officially recorded their debut album *The Unraveling* on Fat Wreck Chords in 2001.

In 2002 guitarist Mr. Precision left due to arguments with the band, and Todd Mohney filled his role. Later that year they released their second album *Revolutions per Minute* which was greeted with warm success. They toured the U.S. steadily that year, though by the end of it, Mohney left. In order to replace him, former Reach the Sky guitarist Chris Chasse joined in 2004 and they released their Geffen debut *Siren Song of the Counter Culture*.

With the release of the singles "Give It All", "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening", Rise Against became more popular with mainstream fans, but still kept their underground sensibility. After more touring (including a European tour and spots on the Vans Warped tour), the band went back to the studio and recorded their fourth album *The Sufferer & the Witness*, which included four singles ("Ready to Fall, "Prayer of the Refugee", "The Good Left Undone", and "Behind Closed Doors".)

As of 2021, McIlrath has recorded nine studio albums with Rise Against (*The Unraveling*, *Revolutions per Minute*, *Siren Song of the Counter Culture*, *The Sufferer & the Witness*, *Appeal to Reason*, *Endgame*, *The Black Market*, *Wolves* and *Nowhere Generation*), as well as a compilation album (*The Ghost Note Symphonies, Vol. 1*) and EP (*Nowhere Generation II*), and has remained as the main lyricist of the band.

### The Killing Tree (1999–2006)

McIlrath has played in his metalcore side project The Killing Tree along with former Rise Against guitarist Todd Mohney and former Baxter and Holy Roman Empire bassist, Geoff Reu. During the early years of the band, all members used pseudonyms (Tim's being James Kaspar) out of concern for it. The Killing Tree has not produced any music or toured since 2004, but contributed their previously unreleased song "Dressed to Fuck" on the 2006 Thick Records compilation album *Hair: Chicago Punk Cuts*, which featured Emily Schambra (of Holy Roman Empire) as guest vocals on the song. Schambra also contributed backing vocals on Rise Against's album *The Sufferer & the Witness* for the songs "The Approaching Curve", "Roadside", and the b-side "But Tonight We Dance".

## Activism

When the band first began, McIlrath stated how they weren't seeking to gather such a large audience in their pursuit for originality and social justice that defined them as the "black sheep" of punk rock. The original goal of the band was only to create music, never seen as a long-term group until the band came to a realization of similar activist beliefs that led McIlrath to describe music as a vessel for change. These beliefs started to get integrated into the music most prominently after the release of *The Sufferer & The Witness,* when McIlrath said that he sought to make a difference in the world he lives in as opposed to being one of the bands in the punk/hardcore scene today that are\[n't\] saying anything important".

### Political lyrics

Having not grown up in a political family, McIlrath says that he was never particularly involved until he began playing punk rock. After entering the music scene, though, he began to feel a strong connection towards his convictions, specifically animal and human rights. While not all of Rise Against's material is political, songs such as "Swing Life Away" and "Make It Stop" have risen to prominence as McIlrath seeks to speak to a generation that he believes is lacking conviction towards their world, as explained throughout the storytelling narrative of the band's albums. The band has begun to seek after more politically and socially challenging lyrics as time progresses, responding to current events such as the song "Help Is On The Way" and its use of support for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

### PETA

McIlrath became a vegetarian at the age of eighteen as a result of his own understanding of the meat-industry as opposed to having it "shoved \[...\] down my throat". The realization of PETA, an animal rights support group, came through the music scene and McIlrath's own realization of the events that occur within meat-processing and inhumane conditions that animals are forced to live in. As time went on, these beliefs got integrated into his lyric writing such as Rise Against video for the single "Ready to Fall" contains footage of factory farming, rodeos, and sport hunting, as well as deforestation, melting ice-caps, and forest fires. The group has called the video the most important video they have ever made. In February 2012 the band released a cover of the Bob Dylan song "Ballad of Hollis Brown" as part of a benefit for Amnesty International. After the release of the film *Black Fish*, McIlrath worked with PETA to create a video in support of releasing animals in captivity, exclaiming how "I make a choice every time I go out on stage, I choose to perform. Animals in captivity don't get to make that choice".

### Straight edge ideals

McIlrath, along with most of the rest of Rise Against, follows the subculture ideology of "straight edge", a belief that promotes refraining from using alcohol, tobacco and other recreational drugs, in a reaction to the excesses of punk subculture.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Tim McIlrath | |
| --- | --- |
| McIlrath performing in 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Timothy James McIlrath |
| Also known as | James Kaspar |
| Born | (1978-11-03) November 3, 1978<br>Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Origin | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Musician * singer * songwriter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar * bass |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Member of |  |
| Formerly of |  |


title: Harold D. Toomey

abstract: Harold Dean Toomey was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

text:
# Harold D. Toomey

**Harold Dean Toomey** (January 20, 1898 – March 11, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on January 20, 1898, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of J. D. Toomey (1868–1932). The family removed to Mount Vernon, New York where Harold attended the public schools and A. B. Davis High School. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, attaining the rank of lieutenant in the field artillery. He graduated from Yale University and Fordham Law School. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Mount Vernon in partnership with his father.

Toomey was a member of the Board of Supervisors of Westchester County. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Westchester Co., 3rd D.) from 1948 until his death in 1953, sitting in the 166th, 167th, 168th and 169th New York State Legislatures.

He died during the legislative session on March 11, 1953, in his hotel room in Albany, New York, of a heart attack.

## Sources


title: Osiedle Antoniuk, Białystok

abstract: Antoniuk is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok, located in the central part of the city.

text:
# Osiedle Antoniuk, Białystok

**Antoniuk** is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok, located in the central part of the city.

## History

Antoniuk is named after a man called Antoniuk from the nearby former village of Wysokie. The district is built on what was one of the two mill settlements in today's Białystok, located on the Biała River. The dam damming the pond (which no longer exists) was located near the bridge through which today runs Antoniukowska Street. Mention of a pond Antoniukowski contains Teka Glinki. At the bottom of a drained pond there was a stadium and a training ground for the "Włókniarz" sports club. Later, an apartment building was built here.

Antoniuk settlement was located parallel to the fields of the village of Białostoczek, from the border with Pietrasze to Antoniukowska Street. The shape of the settlement was similar to a rectangle and bordered on from the east with the village of Białostoczek, from the north with Dziesięciny, from the west with today's street Dębowa and to the south from Antoniukowska Street. The Antoniuk mill settlement boundaries also included the area of today's Technical School of Water Melioration, where originally a mill with associated buildings owned by Antoniuk was located. The Wysokostockie hill was connected with the high elevation of the area, called Łysa Góra. In the years 1960 - 1965 construction of housing estates in the areas newly connected to the city began.

## Sights

A monument to soldiers of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army who died in the Battle of Białystok (1920) during the Polish–Soviet War is located in the district.

Media related to Osiedle Antoniuk, Białystok at Wikimedia Commons

53°08′37″N 23°08′19″E / 53.143706°N 23.138741°E / 53.143706; 23.138741

## InfoBox

| Antoniuk | |
| --- | --- |
| District (*osiedle*) of Białystok | |
| Broniewskiego Street in Antoniuk, August 2018 | |
| Location of Antoniuk within Białystok | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| City | Białystok |
| Incorporated | 10 May 1919 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.259 km2 (0.872 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 85 |
| Vehicle registration | BI |


title: Uvaria concava

abstract: Uvaria concava, commonly known as calabao, is a plant in the custard apple family Annonaceae found throughout tropical Asia, from India to the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. It is a tall vine with a stem diameter up to 5 cm.

text:
# Uvaria concava

***Uvaria concava***, commonly known as **calabao**, is a plant in the custard apple family Annonaceae found throughout tropical Asia, from India to the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. It is a tall vine with a stem diameter up to 5 cm.

## Conservation

This species is listed as least concern under the Queensland Government's Nature Conservation Act. As of 23 June 2024, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## InfoBox

| Calabao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flower | |
| Conservation status | |
| Least Concern (NCA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | *Uvaria* |
| Species: | ***U. concava*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uvaria concava***<br>Teijsm. & Binn. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| 18 synonyms * *Uva concava* (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kuntze * *Unona leytensis* Elmer * *Uva lurida* (Hook.f. & Thomson) Kuntze * *Uva membranacea* (Benth.) Kuntze * *Uvaria celebica* Scheff. * *Uvaria eucincta* Bedd. ex Dunn * *Uvaria hookeri* King * *Uvaria lauterbachiana* Diels * *Uvaria leytensis* (Elmer) Merr. * *Uvaria lurida* Hook.f. & Thomson * *Uvaria lurida* var. *macrophylla* Hook.f. & Thomson * *Uvaria lurida* var. *sikkimensis* King * *Uvaria membranacea* Benth. * *Uvaria narum* var. *macrophylla* (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson * *Uvaria nudistellata* Elmer * *Uvaria sessiliflora* Rchb.f. & Zoll. * *Uvaria stellata* Merr. * *Uvaria sympetala* Merr. | |


title: Propachlor

abstract: Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) is an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto. It was registered for use in the United States during 1965. The preparation acts on annual grasses and on some broadleaf weeds and was briefly sold in the UK as a germination inhibitor under the name Murphy Covershield. Between 1987 and 1996, about 2.1 million pounds of its active ingredient were used in the United States. 75% was applied to sorghum crops and 24% to maize. Monsanto voluntarily discontinued its manufacture in 1998. It is currently listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory. In 2008, the European Commission issued a decision withdrawing its approval for use as of March 18, 2009, citing the presence of its metabolites in groundwater. Propachlor was added to California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen in 2001.

text:
# Propachlor

**Propachlor** (2-chloro-*N*-isopropylacetanilide) is an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto. It was registered for use in the United States during 1965.

The preparation acts on annual grasses and on some broadleaf weeds and was briefly sold in the UK as a germination inhibitor under the name Murphy Covershield.

Between 1987 and 1996, about 2.1 million pounds of its active ingredient were used in the United States. 75% was applied to sorghum crops and 24% to maize.

Monsanto voluntarily discontinued its manufacture in 1998. It is currently listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory. In 2008, the European Commission issued a decision withdrawing its approval for use as of March 18, 2009, citing the presence of its metabolites in groundwater. Propachlor was added to California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen in 2001.

## Current manufacturers

It is currently being produced by Makhteshim Agan Group and Shenzhen Qinfeng Pesticides Co., Ltd.

* *Propachlor* in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)

## InfoBox

Propachlor
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Chloro-*N*-phenyl-*N*-(propan-2-yl)acetamide | |
| Other names 2-Chloro-*N*-isopropylacetanilide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.036 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C11H14ClNO/c1-9(2)13(11(14)8-12)10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9H,8H2,1-2H3Key: MFOUDYKPLGXPGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1/C11H14ClNO/c1-9(2)13(11(14)8-12)10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9H,8H2,1-2H3Key: MFOUDYKPLGXPGO-UHFFFAOYAZ | |
| SMILES * CC(C)N(c1ccccc1)C(=O)CCl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C11H14ClNO |
| Molar mass | 211.69 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | light tan solid |
| Density | 1.139 g/mL |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


abstract: The United States Air Force's Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting System (REACT) is a modification of the LGM-30 Minuteman launch control centers (LCC's) that provides continual monitoring and rapid retargeting of Minuteman ICBMs. It integrates communication systems and weapon systems into a single console. There is now 1 launch key and three cooperative switches that must be turned simultaneously by the two missile combat crew members to initiate a launch vote. Prior to REACT, there were two keys.

text:
# Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting System

The United States Air Force's **Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting System** (**REACT**) is a modification of the LGM-30 Minuteman launch control centers (LCC's) that provides continual monitoring and rapid retargeting of Minuteman ICBMs. It integrates communication systems and weapon systems into a single console.

There is now 1 launch key and three cooperative switches that must be turned simultaneously by the two missile combat crew members to initiate a launch vote. Prior to REACT, there were two keys.

## History

The previous Minuteman III command and control system, designated Command Data Buffer or CDB, required over 20 hours to retarget the entire Minuteman force and 30 minutes to retarget a single ICBM. REACT system needs less than 10 hours to retarget all missiles, while individual missiles can be retargeted in matter of minutes.

REACT was previously known as the *ICBM integrated Electronics Upgrade* (I2EU)

REACT incorporates a secure communication link between LCC and Higher Authority (SACCS) to receive configuration and targeting data without any need for manual data input.

Automatic processing and decoding of Emergency War Orders is another feature which reduces missile crews' workload.

The REACT upgrades began around 1994. All Minuteman LCC's were upgraded.


title: Tim McIntosh (cricketer)

abstract: Timothy Gavin McIntosh is a New Zealand former international cricketer who played for the Auckland cricket team. He had one unsuccessful season for the Canterbury cricket team averaging only 4.90. He was born in Auckland. He has also played for Scottish side, Greenock for season 2007–2008 performing admirably with five centuries.

text:
# Tim McIntosh (cricketer)

**Timothy Gavin McIntosh** (born 4 December 1979) is a New Zealand former international cricketer who played for the Auckland cricket team. He had one unsuccessful season for the Canterbury cricket team averaging only 4.90.

He was born in Auckland. He has also played for Scottish side, Greenock for season 20072008 performing admirably with five centuries.

## International career

On his New Zealand debut, it took McIntosh 38 deliveries to score his first runs in Tests. However, he impressed in his second Test, scoring a patient 136, his maiden Test century, to help New Zealand secure a draw against the West Indies.

The 2010 tour of India started disastrously for McIntosh, when he scored a pair in the first Test at Ahmedabad. However, he bounced back and scored a patient 102 in the next Test at Hyderabad, becoming only the 11th batsman in the game to score a century after getting a pair in the previous match.

## InfoBox

Tim McIntosh
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Timothy Gavin McIntosh |
| Born | (1979-12-04) 4 December 1979<br>Auckland, Auckland Region, New Zealand |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Role | Batsman |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 242) | 11 December 2008 v West Indies |
| Last Test | 9 January 2011 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1998/99–2003/04 | Auckland |
| 2004/05 | Canterbury |
| 2005/06–2013/14 | Auckland |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test FC LA  Matches 17 131 53  Runs scored 854 7,169 1,545  Batting average 27.54 34.13 30.29  100s/50s 2/4 19/33 3/8  Top score 136 268 161  Balls bowled 0 346 0  Wickets  0   Bowling average     5 wickets in innings     10 wickets in match     Best bowling     Catches/stumpings 10/– 130/– 28/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 4 May 2017 | |


title: Welmer Ramos González

abstract: Jesús Welmer Ramos González is a Costa Rican economist, administrator, and politician. He was the minister of economy, industry and commerce and president of the governing board of the Development Banking System between 2014 and 2017 in the Solís Rivera administration and national deputy during the 2018–2022 period. Ramos obtained a bachelor's degree in economics from the Autonomous University of Central America and two master's degrees, one in business administration with an emphasis in finance from the Inter-American University of Costa Rica in 1992 and another in evaluation of programs and development projects from the University of Costa Rica in 2004. Ramos was an economist for the Central Bank of Costa Rica between 1987 and 2006 in various positions, a parliamentary adviser between 2006 and 2014 for the legislative faction of the Citizens' Action Party and a postgraduate professor at the Fidelitas, Fundepos and Costa Rica universities. He was appointed minister of economy by President Luis Guillermo Solís, a position he held between May 1, 2014, and February 2, 2017, when he resigned to seek the presidential nomination from his party held at the National Citizen Convention 2017, but he lost the primary. He participated again in the National Citizen Convention 2021 and won the presidential nomination from his party on August 30, 2021.

text:
# Welmer Ramos González

**Jesús Welmer Ramos González** (born 13 January 1961) is a Costa Rican economist, administrator, and politician. He was the minister of economy, industry and commerce and president of the governing board of the Development Banking System between 2014 and 2017 in the Solís Rivera administration and national deputy during the 2018–2022 period.

Ramos obtained a bachelor's degree in economics from the Autonomous University of Central America and two master's degrees, one in business administration with an emphasis in finance from the Inter-American University of Costa Rica in 1992 and another in evaluation of programs and development projects from the University of Costa Rica in 2004.

Ramos was an economist for the Central Bank of Costa Rica between 1987 and 2006 in various positions, a parliamentary adviser between 2006 and 2014 for the legislative faction of the Citizens' Action Party and a postgraduate professor at the Fidelitas, Fundepos and Costa Rica universities. He was appointed minister of economy by President Luis Guillermo Solís, a position he held between May 1, 2014, and February 2, 2017, when he resigned to seek the presidential nomination from his party held at the National Citizen Convention 2017, but he lost the primary. He participated again in the National Citizen Convention 2021 and won the presidential nomination from his party on August 30, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Welmer Ramos González | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Jesús Welmer Ramos González
(1961-01-13) 13 January 1961
Costa Rica |
| Occupation(s) | Economist, administrator, politician |


title: Osiedle Bacieczki, Białystok

abstract: Bacieczki is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok. The elevation is 511 feet (156 m).

text:
# Osiedle Bacieczki, Białystok

**Bacieczki** is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok. The elevation is 511 feet (156 m).

## History

The first records about Bacieczki date back to the 16th century. It was founded as a grange around 1533. Records further they say that together with Fasty it belonged to the monastery in Supraśl. Information about the "wooden church in the Bacieczki farm" erected from the foundation of Prince Aleksander Chodkiewicz comes from the same period. This church was called St. Jan Theolog, the heavenly patron of the founder's father, Ivan Chodkiewicz, who died in Turkish captivity. The church in Bacieczki existed until 1773, when for unknown reasons it was demolished and the material obtained from it was used to expand the church in Zawyki (this church has survived to this day and currently functions as a cemetery Roman Catholic church). Papers from the early 19th century mentioning the existence of two villages, Dojlidzkie and Ogrodniczki on the territory of the neighborhood.

In the place where today there is a space neighbourhood (called so because of the street names) was the Bacieczki manor. It is located in the area of Produkcyjna, Saturna and Neptuna streets.

In the 19th century, a German factory colony began in the district's territory, around Produkcyjna Street. It was founded by the Moes family, which ran its business in Choroszcz. The history of the settlement is connected with the fact that the owners of the textile factory in Choroszcz brought twenty-two families of German weavers in the 19th century. Each of them received land, and small wooden weaving factories were created in wooden houses, some of which have survived to this day - they write in the book "Evangelicals in Bialystok. Historical guide ”, the priest of the Białystok Evangelical-Augsburg parish priest Tomasz Wigłasz and Krzysztof Maria Różański.

From these times comes the Evangelical-Augsburg cemetery formerly located outside the settlement (today it is located in the forest at Produkcyjna Street, just behind the Auchan hypermarket). At the turn of the century, Bacieczki and Kolonia Bacieczki had a total of 204 inhabitants. It was the seat of the commune, and there was also a school. In Białystok, Bacieczki did not yet appear in 1919, but only at the next expansion of the city's administrative boundaries in 1954. It happened pursuant to the regulation of October 1953. The following disappeared from the administrative map: clusters of Bacieczki, Kolonia Bacieczki, Korycin (today around Niska Street in Leśna Dolina), as well as the city of Starosielce, whose areas increased Białystok.

The third, much younger, historical site in the area is the "Fasty" Cotton Combine. Its history only begins at the beginning of the 1950s. The combine took up the area between today's Przędzalniana, Produkcyjna streets and the road to Ełk. The factory took its name from the nearby village of Fasty. Its history dates back to 1529. The first settlers were to be the family of peasants – Chwastów (a.k.a. Fastów).

In the Second Polish Republic, the village was the seat of the Białostoczek Gmina.

According to the 1921 census, the village of Bacieczki had 49 houses and was inhabited by 258 people, among whom 210 declared an Orthodox denomination, while the remaining 48 were Roman Catholic. At the same time, all residents of the then Bacieczki declared Polish nationality. During this period, the village was subject to the Orthodox parish of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in nearby Fasty.

In 1929, there was one brickyard in the village, a mill of *Zakłady Przemysłowych S.A.* a confectionery shop, two pubs, two grocery stores and one with cold cuts. There was one midwife, a carpenter, wheelwright, blacksmith, carpenter and shoemaker.

In 1933, 633 people lived in the village.

In 1941–1943 in the forest near Bacieczki, the Germans murdered over 3,000. people. Currently, there is a Monument to the place of a mass execution in the Bacieczki Forest.

In the years 1945–1954 the town was the seat of the Bacieczki Gmina. In 1954 the village was incorporated into the boundaries of Białystok. Currently, it is a residential district consisting of blocks of *Towarzystwo Budownictwa Spółdzielczy (TBS)* and single-family houses.

In a plan issued in 1966 on the occasion of the Millennium of the Polish State, only a few main streets in this area are marked. These are: Szosa Ełcka (today the Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Street), North-Regional Road (today its fragment at the height of the TBS (Kleeberga Street), Przędzalniana, Tkacka and Bacieczka. There was also a road from the Biała River to the outskirts it partly coincides with the course of today's Komisji Edukacji Narodowe Street (on the fragment from the Church of Our Lady Queen of Families to the meadows on the Biała River). On the orthophotomap from 1976, the village buildings of Bacieczki are perfectly visible. There is also a housing estate of semi-detached houses built by the Pionier I Association on the north-west side of Bacieczki Street, as well as erected houses on the side of the school at Strażacka Street. In the place of the TBS there are long fields. In the corner, between the outskirts and the exit to Ełk, there is a farm that somehow survived to this day. On the southern side of the outlet to Warsaw, there is a vast green complex – Bacieczki Forest.

Media related to Bacieczki (district of Białystok) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Bacieczki | |
| --- | --- |
| District (*osiedle*) of Białystok | |
| Komisji Edukacji Narodowej Street in Bacieczki | |
| Location of Bacieczki District within Białystok | |
| Coordinates: 53°09′00″N 23°06′00″E / 53.150°N 23.100°E / 53.150; 23.100 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County/City | Białystok |
| Incorporated | 1954 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.964 km2 (1.144 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 85 |
| Website | http://www.bialystok.pl |


title: PanOULU

abstract: panOULU is a municipal wireless network in Finland. panOULU is operated by City of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University of Applied Sciences and Oulun Puhelin Oyj. The network coveres central Oulu, and the campus areas. In addition, outside of Oulu, the network covers Oulu Airport in Oulunsalo, the ferries to Hailuoto, University of Oulu campus in Kajaani, and the Chydenius Institute campus in Kokkola. The network also covers parts of Ylikiiminki. The network is free to use and requires no passwords; it can be used with any computer, cell phone, PDA or other device that is capable of using Wi-Fi. As of 2007 the network has over 900 wireless access points. Based on coverage and potential number of users, it is currently the largest public wireless network in Finland. Also, it is the first free and open wireless network that operates in an airport in Finland.

text:
# PanOULU

**panOULU** is a municipal wireless network in Finland. panOULU is operated by City of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University of Applied Sciences and Oulun Puhelin Oyj. The network coveres central Oulu (including various buildings, such as the city hall, public libraries, Oulun Energia Areena ice hockey arena, etc.), and the campus areas. In addition, outside of Oulu, the network covers Oulu Airport in Oulunsalo, the ferries to Hailuoto, University of Oulu campus in Kajaani, and the Chydenius Institute campus in Kokkola. The network also covers parts of Ylikiiminki. The network is free to use and requires no passwords; it can be used with any computer, cell phone, PDA or other device that is capable of using Wi-Fi.

As of 2007 the network has over 900 wireless access points. Based on coverage and potential number of users, it is currently the largest public wireless network in Finland. Also, it is the first free and open wireless network that operates in an airport in Finland.


title: Uvaria dac

abstract: Uvaria dac is a species of flowering plant in the family Annonaceae, native to Indochina. Anti-austerity agents can be derived from its leaves.

text:
# Uvaria dac

***Uvaria dac*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Annonaceae, native to Indochina. Anti-austerity agents can be derived from its leaves.

## InfoBox

| *Uvaria dac* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | *Uvaria* |
| Species: | ***U. dac*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uvaria dac***<br>Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Uvaria varaigneana* Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep. | |


title: No. 157 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 157 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force Squadron active as a night fighter unit in the Second World War.

text:
# No. 157 Squadron RAF

**No. 157 Squadron RAF** was a Royal Air Force Squadron active as a night fighter unit in the Second World War.

## History

### Formation and First World War

No. 157 Squadron Royal Air Force formed on 14 July 1918 at RAF Upper Heyford and was eventually equipped with Sopwith TF.2 Salamander aircraft for ground support duties, but disbanded on 1 February 1919 without becoming operational.

### Reformation in Second World War

The squadron reformed in December 1941 at RAF Debden as a night fighter unit and was eventually equipped with the latest Mosquito night-fighter aircraft at RAF Castle Camps. The squadron flew patrols over East Anglia and by July 1943, after moving to RAF Hunsdon, began intruder attacks on German fighter bases with its new Mosquito Mk VIs. In November 1943, it moved to RAF Predannack in Cornwall, closer to the German bases. In March 194, it moved to RAF Valley and flew defensive patrols over the Irish Sea. In May 1944, it moved back to East Anglia, receiving Mosquito Mk XIXs and supporting bomber streams as part of No. 100 Group RAF. It disbanded on 16 August 1945 at RAF Swannington.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by No. 157 Squadron RAF
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 1918 | February 1919 | Sopwith Salamander |  |
| January 1942 | June 1944 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.II |
| July 1943 | April 1944 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.VI |
| May 1944 | May 1945 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.XIX |
| February 1945 | August 1945 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.XXX |

## Squadron bases

Bases and airfields used by No. 157 Squadron RAF
| From | To | Base | Remark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 July 1918 | 1 February 1919 | RAF Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire |  |
| 13 December 1941 | 17 December 1941 | RAF Debden, Essex |  |
| 17 December 1941 | 15 March 1943 | RAF Castle Camps, Cambridgeshire |  |
| 15 March 1943 | 13 May 1943 | RAF Bradwell Bay, Essex |  |
| 13 May 1943 | 9 November 1943 | RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire |  |
| 9 November 1943 | 26 March 1944 | RAF Predannack, Cornwall |  |
| 26 March 1944 | 7 May 1944 | RAF Valley, Anglesey, Wales |  |
| 7 May 1944 | 21 July 1944 | RAF Swannington, Norfolk |  |
| 21 July 1944 | 28 August 1944 | RAF West Malling, Kent |  |
| 28 August 1944 | 16 August 1945 | RAF Swannington, Norfolk |  |

## Commanding officers

Officers commanding No. 157 Squadron RAF
| December 1941 | January 1943 | W/Cdr. R.G. Slade |
| --- | --- | --- |
| January 1943 | August 1943 | W/Cdr. V.J. Wheeler, MC, DFC |
| August 1943 | March 1944 | W/Cdr. J.A. Mackie |
| March 1944 | June 1944 | W/Cdr. H.D.U. Denison |
| June 1944 | September 1944 | W/Cdr. W.K. Davison |
| September 1944 | August 1945 | W/Cdr. K.H.P. Beauchamp, DSO, DFC |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Bowyer, Chaz. *Mosquito Squadrons of the Royal Air Force*. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd., 1984. ISBN 0-7110-1425-6.
* Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. *Squadron Codes, 1937-56*. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
* Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. *Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-88*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 2nd edition 1976 (reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.

## InfoBox

| No. 157 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Squadron badge | |
| Active | 14 Jul 1918 – 1 Feb 1919
15 Dec 1941 – 16 Aug 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Motto(s) | *Our cannon speak our thoughts* |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Vashon James 'Pop' Wheeler |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | A lion rampant chequy
"The lion in the squadron's badge denotes fighting power and the black and white check the squadron's day and night capability" |
| Squadron Codes | **RS** (Dec 1941 - Aug 1945) |


title: Ichikawa, Chiba

abstract: Ichikawa is a city in western Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 January 2024, the city had an estimated population of 492,749 in 256,229 households and a population density of 8577 persons per km⁲. The total area of the city is 57.45 square kilometres (22.18 sq mi). The city has good transportation connections to the center of Tokyo, as with many areas of Chiba Prefecture. Major rail routes and roads pass through the city.

text:
# Ichikawa, Chiba

**Ichikawa** (市川市, *Ichikawa-shi*) is a city in western Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 January 2024, the city had an estimated population of 492,749 in 256,229 households and a population density of 8577 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 57.45 square kilometres (22.18 sq mi). The city has good transportation connections to the center of Tokyo, as with many areas of Chiba Prefecture. Major rail routes and roads pass through the city.

## Geography

Ichikawa is located in the northwestern part of Chiba prefecture, about 20 kilometers from the prefectural capital at Chiba and within 10 to 20 kilometers from the center of Tokyo. The western border of the city is separated from Edogawa Ward of Tokyo by the Edogawa River. The southern part of the city is an alluvial plain about two meters above sea level, and the northern part is part of the gentle Shimosa Plateau rising about 20 meters above sea level. The highest point is 30.1 meters in Satomi Park. Parts of the city are on reclaimed land at sea level.

### Surrounding municipalities

Chiba Prefecture

Tokyo Metropolis

### Climate

Ichikawa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ichikawa is 15.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1404 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.9 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Ichikawa has increased fifteen-fold over the past century.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 31,676 |  |
| 1930 | 52,972 | +67.2% |
| 1940 | 75,257 | +42.1% |
| 1950 | 120,565 | +60.2% |
| 1960 | 157,301 | +30.5% |
| 1970 | 261,055 | +66.0% |
| 1980 | 364,244 | +39.5% |
| 1990 | 436,596 | +19.9% |
| 2000 | 448,642 | +2.8% |
| 2010 | 473,919 | +5.6% |
| 2020 | 496,676 | +4.8% |

## History

The area around present-day Ichikawa has been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic period. Archaeologists have found stone tools dating to some 30,000 years ago. Numerous shell middens from the Jōmon period, and hundreds of burial tumuli from the Kofun period have been found in numerous locations around Ichikawa. During the Nara period, Ichikawa was the provincial capital of Shimōsa Province and is mentioned in the *Man'yōshū*. During the Heian period, this area was the center of the rebellion by Taira Masakado. During the Sengoku period, it was the site of a major battles (Battle of Kōnodai) between the Satomi clan and the Later Hōjō clan.

In more recent history, the area was also the site of some minor battles during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration and was promoted as a possible site for the new Diet of Japan by Katsu Kaishu, who envisioned a structure to be built on the Edogawa River similar to the Houses of Parliament in London along the River Thames. Ichikawa Town was organized in 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. On November 3, 1934 Ichikawa merged with the neighboring towns of Yawata, Nakayama and village of Kokubun to form the city of Ichikawa. The city expanded by annexing the village of Okashiwa on November 3, 1949, the town of Gyotoku on March 31, 1955 and town of Minami-Gyotoku on October 1, 1956.

## Government

Ichikawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 42 members. Ichikawa contributes six members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Chiba 5th district and the Chiba 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Ichikawa during the Meiji period was considered a desirable location for politicians, industrialists and many cultural figures, and had the highest assessed land prices in Chiba Prefecture. Many modern writers and poets have either lived in Ichikawa, or had written works set in Ichikawa, including Soseki Natsume, Shiki Masaoka, Akiko Yosano, Yukio Mishima, Nagai Kafu, Hisashi Inoue and Koda Rohan. The area around Ichikawa Station and Motoyawata Station later developed into a commercial area with many high-rise condominiums, commercial facilities, and companies. The area around Motoyawata Station is also an administrative center where many city facilities such as the city hall are located.

The Gyotoku district in the south is an area which once had salt pans in the Edo Period, but was transformed in modern times into new town developments with good access to Tokyo via the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line. The bay area along the Keiyo Line and Japan National Route 357 (Metropolitan Expressway Bayshore Line / Higashi Kanto Expressway) is an industrial area as part of the Tokyo-Chiba industrial zone, and is a distribution base where factories and warehouses of various companies are lined up.

## Transportation

### Railway

JR EastSōbu Line (Rapid)

JR EastChūō-Sōbu Line

JR EastMusashino Line

JR EastKeiyō Line

Keisei Electric Railway \- Keisei Main Line

Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation \- Shinjuku Line

Tokyo Metro \- Tōzai Line

Hokusō Railway \- Hokusō Line

### Highway

## Education

### Universities

#### Primary and secondary schools

* Ichikawa has 39 public elementary schools and three private elementary schools. The city has 27 public junior high schools and five private combined middle/high schools, including Ichikawa Gakuen. The city also has seven public high schools and two private high schools.

## Sister cities

Ichikawa is twinned with:

## Local attractions

* Nakayama Hokekyō-ji: A Buddhist temple with several national important cultural assets, including a gate and a Hokke-dō Hall from the Sengoku period and a Five-story Pagoda built in 1622.
* Katsushika Hachiman Shrine: A Shinto shrine built in the Heian period.
* Osu Disaster Prevention Park: Usually used as a recreation and relaxation site, this park is designated as a temporary evacuation and rescue site in times of disaster.
* Satomi Park: One of Ichikawa's main parks, Satomi Park stands on the hilly part of Konōdai, with the Edo River running below. It is famous for its cherry trees.
* Wild Bird Observatory: This facility is equipped with observation telescopes, and it has an exhibition room which is open to visitors.
* Zoological & Botanical Garden: This garden houses 70 species of animals, mainly small animals such as lesser pandas and orangutans. Nearby is the Natural Museum, Nature Park (Rose Garden), Youth Nature House (Planetarium), and privately managed athletic facilities.
* Teramachi-dori: Formerly called "Narita-michi" ("Narita Road"), this street was once used by pilgrims on their way to Narita-san Temple.
* Guhō-ji and the nearby Mama Well of Kamei-in, mentioned in Takahashi Mushimaro's poem in the Man'yōshū.
* Higashiyama Kaii Memorial Hall: Designed based on Germany, where Higashiyama studied, this two-story building is European in appearance with an octagonal tower.
* Lifelong Learning Center: Nicknamed "Media Park Ichikawa," this center supports learning for everyone from infants to seniors. The center's main attraction is the Central Library, along with the Audio Visual and Children's Hall.
* Clean Spa Ichikawa: Powered by heat from garbage incineration, this facility provides a swimming pool, warm bath, and gymnastic equipment.

## Notable people from Ichikawa

## InfoBox

| Ichikawa 市川市 | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Moto-Yawata Hokekyō-ji  Ichikawa Fireworks High-rise apartments in Yawata  Keisei Electric Railway head office  Shimōsa Kokubun-ji Satomi Park | |
|  | |
| Location of Ichikawa in Chiba Prefecture | |
| Ichikawa | |
| Coordinates: 35°43′18.9″N 139°55′51.8″E / 35.721917°N 139.931056°E / 35.721917; 139.931056 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Chiba |
| First official recorded | 100 AD (official) |
| Town settled | April 1, 1889 |
| City settled | November 3, 1934 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Ko Tanaka (since April 2022) |
| Area | |
| Total | 57.45 km2 (22.18 sq mi) |
| Population (January 31, 2024) | |
| Total | 492,749 |
| Density | 8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| \- Tree | Pinus thunbergii |
| \- Flower | Rose |
| \- Bird | Cettia diphone |
| Phone number | 047-334-1111 |
| Address | 1-1-1 Yawata, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba-ken 272-8501 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Timo Hildebrand

abstract: Timo Hildebrand is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Hildebrand holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes, which he set during the 2003–04 season.

text:
# Timo Hildebrand

**Timo Hildebrand** (born 5 April 1979) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Hildebrand holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes (884 minutes), which he set during the 2003–04 season.

## Club career

### VfB Stuttgart

After starting his career at the little-known FV Hofheim/Ried, Hildebrand joined the Stuttgart youth team in 1994.

In the 1999–2000 season, Hildebrand played in six Bundesliga matches. From the summer of 2000, he was the club's number one goalkeeper and contributed largely to Stuttgart's successes, particularly as part of what became known as "Stuttgart's young wild ones" team under coach Felix Magath. He began the 2000–01 season by playing in eight matches in the Intertoto Cup. He went on making 32 Bundesliga appearances, five German Cup appearances, and eight UEFA Cup. The following season, he made 34 appearances. VfB Stuttgart managed to be Bundesliga runners-up in 2003. He had made 20 Bundesliga appearances, one German Cup appearance, four UEFA Cup appearances, and eight Intertoto Cup matches. He survived the Champions League group stage the following season, before bowing out to Chelsea FC in the second round. He made 43 appearances during the 2003–04 season.

Hildebrand also played a significant role in Stuttgart's victorious 2006–07 Bundesliga campaign, figuring as a backbone for the next generation of "wild ones" like Serdar Tasci or Mario Gómez and helping Stuttgart provide the third-best defence of the season. The 2006–07 campaign remains his greatest domestic success to this day, and his last season with Stuttgart as in December 2006 he did not accept the club's offer to extend his contract. He made 39 appearances during the 2006–07 season.

### Valencia

Hildebrand joined the Spanish club Valencia on a free transfer on 3 July 2007, with Valencia unveiling Hildebrand via a news conference the next day on 4 July 2007. He stated in the news conference that he would "give everything" to the club. Hildebrand was being viewed as a replacement to the club's long-serving goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares. He made his debut for Valencia on 29 August, for the third qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg. He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1.

Hildebrand was Valencia's first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season, collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way. After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman, Hildebrand lost his place in the first team as Koeman's successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito. According to media coverage, Hildebrand refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether. Hildebrand had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008. On 4 December 2008, he left Valencia by mutual consent.

### Hoffenheim

On 10 December 2008, Hildebrand signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim. He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus, being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury. During the 2008–09 season, he made 14 appearances. During the 2009–10 season, he made 32 appearances.

In summer 2010, Hildebrand left Hoffenheim.

### Sporting

Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup.

After Hildebrand left Sporting, he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season, but they did not take up the option to sign him.

### Schalke 04

Hildebrand signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured.

### Eintracht Frankfurt

On 25 September 2014 Hildebrand signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp. He made three appearances. This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for Hildebrand.

## International career

After collecting 18 Under-21-caps, Hildebrand made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down, and eventually lost 1–5.

Hildebrand was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany, Euro 2004, 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup, as Germany's third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn. He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina (final score 2–2). He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament, as Germany came third on home soil.

After Kahn's retirement from international football in 2006, Hildebrand stepped up to become Germany's number two and was Jens Lehmann's natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification. Somewhat surprisingly, Joachim Löw dropped Hildebrand from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him. Although Löw stated that Hildebrand was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future, he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008.

## Career statistics

### Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | Europe | | Other | | Total | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | |
| VfB Stuttgart | 1999–2000 | Bundesliga | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 6 | 0 |  |
| | 2000–01 | Bundesliga | 32 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 0 |  | | 53 | 0 |  |
| | 2001–02 | Bundesliga | 31 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | |  | | 34 | 0 |  |
| | 2002–03 | Bundesliga | 20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 |  | | 33 | 0 |  |
| | 2003–04 | Bundesliga | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 43 | 0 |  |
| | 2004–05 | Bundesliga | 34 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 46 | 0 |  |
| | 2005–06 | Bundesliga | 31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 42 | 0 |  |
| | 2006–07 | Bundesliga | 33 | 0 | 6 | 0 |  | |  | | 39 | 0 |  |
| | Total | | 221 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 296 | 0 |  |
| Valencia | 2007–08 | La Liga | 26 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 37 | 0 |  |
| | 2008–09 | La Liga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  |
| | Total | | 26 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 39 | 0 |  |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | 2008–09 | Bundesliga | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 |  | |  | | 14 | 0 |  |
| | 2009–10 | Bundesliga | 28 | 0 | 4 | 0 |  | |  | | 32 | 0 |  |
| | Total | | 38 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 0 |  |
| Sporting CP | 2010–11 | Primeira Liga | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 |  |
| Schalke 04 | 2011–12 | Bundesliga | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |  | | 11 | 0 |  |
| | 2012–13 | Bundesliga | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 27 | 0 |  |
| | 2013–14 | Bundesliga | 12 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |  | | 20 | 0 |  |
| | Total | | 39 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 0 |  |
| Schalke 04 II | 2011–12 | Regionalliga West | 5 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 5 | 0 |  |
| | 2012–13 | Regionalliga West | 1 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 1 | 0 |  |
| | Total | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |  |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | 2014–15 | Bundesliga | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 3 | 0 |  |
| Career total | | | 333 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 451 | 0 |  |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 2004 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2005 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2006 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2007 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 7 | 0 |

## Honours

**VfB Stuttgart**

**Valencia**

**Germany**

**Individual**

1. "2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: Germany" (PDF). FIFA. 21 March 2014. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2019.
2. "Timo Hildebrand Official Profile". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
3. "Hildebrand aiming to oust Canizares at Valencia". Reuters. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
4. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
5. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
6. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
7. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
8. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
9. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
10. "Timo Hildebrand » Club matches". World Football. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
11. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
12. "Hildebrand – Nuevo Portero del Valencia Cf" (in Spanish). 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
13. "Hildebrand moves to Los Che". ITV Football. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
14. "Hildebrand lays down gauntlet to Canizares". Eurosport. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
15. "David Silva fällt lange aus". *kicker.de*. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
16. "Valencia release keeper Hildebrand from contract". ESPNsoccernet. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
17. "Perfekt: Hildebrand zu 1899". *kicker.de*. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
18. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
19. "Wege von 1899 Hoffenheim und Timo Hildebrand trennen sich am Saisonende". *TSG 1899 Hoffenheim* (in German). 27 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
20. "Summer Tour: Training Day 13". Manchester City C.F. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
21. "Mancini entscheidet sich gegen Hildebrand" (in German). kicker.de. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
22. "Hildebrand to join Schalke". Bundesliga. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
23. "Frankfurt sign ex-Germany keeper Hildebrand". *DW*. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
24. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
25. Arnhold, Matthias (22 January 2020). "Timo Hildebrand – Matches and Goals in Bundesliga". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
26. Arnhold, Matthias (22 January 2020). "Timo Hildebrand – International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
27. "Germany 3-1 Portugal". BBC Sport. 8 July 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
28. "Ich erwarte nicht, dass Löw anruft" (in German). Stuttgarter Nachrichten. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
29. "Hildebrand schöpft wieder Hoffnung". *kicker.de*. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
30. "Timo Hildebrand". *kicker.de* (in German). kicker. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
31. "T. Hildebrand". Soccerway. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
32. "Hildebrand, Timo". national-football-teams.com. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
33. "Stuttgart 1-1 Auxerre (Aggregate: 3 – 1)". UEFA. Archived from the original on 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
34. "Stuttgart 2-0 Lille (Aggregate: 2 – 1)". UEFA. Archived from the original on 21 October 2002. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
35. "Timo Hildebrand" (in German). fussballdaten.de. Retrieved 13 December 2014.

## InfoBox

Timo Hildebrand
| Hildebrand in 2016 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Timo Hildebrand | | |
| Date of birth | (1979-04-05) 5 April 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Worms, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1984–1994 | FV Hofheim/Ried | | |
| 1994–1999 | VfB Stuttgart | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2007 | VfB Stuttgart | 221 | (0) |
| 2007–2008 | Valencia | 26 | (0) |
| 2008–2010 | 1899 Hoffenheim | 38 | (0) |
| 2010–2011 | Sporting CP | 0 | (0) |
| 2011 | Schalke 04 II | 6 | (0) |
| 2011–2014 | Schalke 04 | 39 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 3 | (0) |
| Total |  | **333** | **(0)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1999–2001 | Germany U21 | 18 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Germany Team 2006 | 2 | (0) |
| 2004–2007 | Germany | 7 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Harpalus numidicus

abstract: Harpalus numidicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Bedel in 1893 and is found in Spain, Morocco, and Algeria. It is 9 to 11 mm long and has a series of large, staggered dots on the third interstria of the elytra.

text:
# Harpalus numidicus

***Harpalus numidicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Bedel in 1893 and is found in Spain, Morocco, and Algeria. It is 9 to 11 mm long and has a series of large, staggered dots on the third interstria of the elytra.

## InfoBox

| *Harpalus numidicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Harpalus* |
| Species: | ***H. numidicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harpalus numidicus***<br>Bedel, 1893 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Harpalus melinomerus* Antoine, 1959 * *Harpalus myops* Antoine, 1959 * *Harpalus plastographus* Antoine, 1941 | |


title: Wendy Lawson

abstract: Wendy Julia Lawson is a New Zealand glaciology academic. She is currently a full professor at the University of Canterbury.

text:
# Wendy Lawson

**Wendy Julia Lawson** is a New Zealand glaciology academic. She is currently a full professor at the University of Canterbury.

## Academic career

After an undergraduate at the University of Manchester and a 1990 PhD titled  *'The structural evolution of Variegated Glacier, Alaska.'*  at the University of Cambridge, she moved to the University of Canterbury, rising to full professor and Pro-Vice Chancellor of Science.

## Selected works

* Arnold, N. S., I. C. Willis, M. J. Sharp, K. S. Richards, and W. J. Lawson. "A distributed surface energy-balance model for a small valley glacier. I. Development and testing for Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Valais, Switzerland." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 140 (1996): 77–89.
* Lawson, Wendy J., Martin J. Sharp, and Michael J. Hambrey. "The structural geology of a surge-type glacier." Journal of Structural Geology 16, no. 10 (1994): 1447–1462.
* Anderson, Brian M., Richard CA Hindmarsh, and Wendy J. Lawson. "A modelling study of the response of Hatherton Glacier to Ross Ice Sheet grounding line retreat." Global and Planetary Change 42, no. 1-4 (2004): 143–153.
* Hubbard, Bryn, Martin Sharp, and Wendy J. Lawson. "On the sedimentological character of Alpine basal ice facies." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 187–193.

## InfoBox

| Wendy Julia Lawson | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | physical geography of claciers |
| Institutions | University of Canterbury |
| Thesis |  |
|  | |


title: Origins of the papal tiara

abstract: The origins of the papal tiara remain somewhat nebulous and clouded in mystery, first appearing in the Early Middle Ages, but developing a recognizable form in the High Middle Ages, after the Great Schism of 1054. The word tiara itself occurs in the classical annals to denote a Persian headdress, particularly that of the "great king". A camelaucum which was similar in shape to papal tiaras, was part of court dress in Byzantium; it was also inspired by the Phrygian cap, or frigium. Given that other rituals associated with the papal coronation, notably the use of the sedia gestatoria, were copied from Byzantine and eastern imperial ceremonial, it is likely that the tiara is also of Byzantine origin.

text:
# Origins of the papal tiara

The **origins of the papal tiara** remain somewhat nebulous and clouded in mystery, first appearing in the Early Middle Ages, but developing a recognizable form in the High Middle Ages, after the Great Schism of 1054. The word *tiara* itself occurs in the classical annals to denote a Persian headdress, particularly that of the "great king". A *camelaucum* which was similar in shape to papal tiaras, was part of court dress in Byzantium; it was also inspired by the Phrygian cap, or *frigium*. Given that other rituals associated with the papal coronation, notably the use of the sedia gestatoria, were copied from Byzantine and eastern imperial ceremonial, it is likely that the tiara is also of Byzantine origin.

## *Camelauca*

A form of papal crown is first mentioned in the *vita* of Pope Constantine (8th century) contained in the *Liber Pontificalis*; there it is called a *camelaucum*, a folded cap of white linen that was part of Byzantine court dress. A contemporary depiction of Gregory the Great (died 604) shows such a cap. Coins of Pope Sergius III (904–11) and Pope Benedict VII (974–983) depict these popes wearing such a helmet-like-cap augmented at the base with a single coronet-like fillet.

It subsequently was mentioned (using the word *phrygium)* in the supposed Donation of Constantine which is a forgery embedded among the forged decretals in the early 9th century:

> ... the diadem, that is, the crown of our head, and at the same time the tiara and also the shoulder-band – that is, the strap that usually surrounds our imperial neck ...

The first use of the word *tiara* to indicate the papal headgear is in the life of Paschal II in the *Liber Pontificalis* and dates to the 12th century.

## Early tiara

Popes since ancient times had worn some sort of head covering. By the 9th century it would appear that this took the form of a helmet-shaped white head-cap. Pope Gregory the Great (r.590–604) is shown in contemporary artwork wearing such a headpiece. When exactly it developed its first lower tiara is unclear, though the *Catholic Encyclopaedia* speculates that it was in or around the 10th century, perhaps to distinguish the ceremonial papal head covering from the ecclesiastical one, the mitre, which appeared around this era. The first explicit mention of the word *tiara* associated with the papacy appears in the account of the life of Pope Paschal II (r.1099–1118) in the *Liber Pontificalis*.

A decorated *circlet* or ornamental band which may be the origins of the first tier of the tiara, is shown on coins of Pope Sergius III (r.904–911) and Pope Benedict VII (r.974–983).

The Extultet Barberini, dated around 1087, shows an early version of the tiara, with lower band and a crosshatch pattern on the conical tiara. A similar tiara is shown on Innocent III in a fresco at Sacro Speco from about 1219 and on a mosaic from Old Saint Peter's, now in the Museo di Roma. A similar tiara, conical and with only one crown at the base, is seen worn by pope Clement IV in frescoes from the 13th century in Pernes-les-Fontaines, France and at his tomb in Viterbo. Also in Viterbo is the tomb of Hadrian V by Arnolfo di Cambio, with a similar tiara. The tomb of Honorius IV in Santa Maria in Ara Coeli also presents the tiara with one crown with gems at the bottom and topped with a large gem. The tomb of Gregory X (1271–1276) shows him wearing a similar tiara, with the base a full crown and a textured and decorated conical body. A fresco by Buffalmacco in the Arezzo cathedral depicts Gregory X wearing a similar tiara with black lappets.

## Second tier

Pope Nicholas I is thought to have been the first to unite the princely crown with the white headcovering. However the common belief that Pope Boniface VIII (r.1294–1303) around 1300 added the second crown, is disputed. While an inventory of the papal treasures in 1295 suggests that the tiara had at that stage only one tier, Pope Innocent III (r.1198–1216) is represented wearing a two-tiered crown in a painting that predates Boniface. Innocent III is represented with an early tiara (with only one crown) in a fresco at Sacro Speco and on a mosaic from Old Saint Peter's, now in the Museo di Roma. What is certain, from statues of Boniface made during his lifetime, is that he wore a two-tiered tiara, so the two-tiered tiara originated no later than his reign. Two of these statues of Pope Boniface are in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica. Why the second tiara was added is not formally stated in any documents, but historians such as James-Charles Noonan suggest that it may have been symbolic of growing papal claims to both temporal and spiritual power, the two tiers in the papal crown contrasting with the single tier of standard monarchical crowns.

## Third tier

The first notice of three crowns appears in an inventory of the papal treasures of the year 1315 or 1316. An effigy of Pope Benedict XII, which is on display in Avignon shows him wearing a two-tiered tiara. The tomb of Clement VI, built 1342–1346, shows his tiara with three tiers.

The lappets (two decorated strips of cloth which hang at the back of a tiara) are shown in paintings from the 13th century but may well have existed before then.

1. Braun, J. (1912). Tiara. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021
2. "PAPA in "Enciclopedia dell' Arte Medievale"". *www.treccani.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-13.
3. "Manuscript – Barb.lat.592, folio 5r". *Vatican Library*.
4. "PAPA in "Enciclopedia dell' Arte Medievale"". *www.treccani.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-12.
5. "Innocenzo III". *Museo di Roma* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-12.
6. P. Cellini, Di Fra' Guglielmo e di Arnolfo, BArte Archived 2021-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, s. IV, 40, 1955, pp. 215–229
7. "Arezzo – Cattedrale – Dettaglio del Monumento di Gregorio X (negativo) by Agostino di Giovanni, Agnolo di Ventura, Gabinetto fotografico del Polo Museale Fiorentino (laboratorio) (XX, inizio)".

## Sources


title: Paradise (Sade song)

abstract: "Paradise" is a song by English band Sade from their third studio album, Stronger Than Pride (1988). It was released in May 1988 by Epic as the album's second single. It is Sade's most successful track on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number one for one week. The single also reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 21 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. Its music video was directed by Alex McDowell. "Paradise" is often considered one of the band's signature songs, alongside "Smooth Operator" (1984), "The Sweetest Taboo" (1985), and "No Ordinary Love" (1992).

text:
# Paradise (Sade song)

"**Paradise**" is a song by English band Sade from their third studio album, *Stronger Than Pride* (1988). It was released in May 1988 by Epic as the album's second single. It is Sade's most successful track on the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number one for one week. The single also reached number 16 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number 21 on the *Billboard* Dance Club Songs chart. Its music video was directed by Alex McDowell. "Paradise" is often considered one of the band's signature songs, alongside "Smooth Operator" (1984), "The Sweetest Taboo" (1985), and "No Ordinary Love" (1992).

## Composition

"Paradise" is written in the key of F minor in common time with a tempo of 102 beats per minute. Adu's vocals span from F3 to A♭4.

## Critical reception

The song was described as "swaggering" and "sinewy" by Lloyd Bradley of BBC Music. Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* viewed it as a "brooding, percussion-orientated, summery track. Highly swinging through its persistent, up-tempo, although at the same time somehow restrained, groove." John Tague from *NME* said, "...well, 'Paradise' is no different to any other song she's done in the last four years, as cooly sculpted as her features and about as engaging as an average *Daily Telegraph* leader." Frank Guan of Vulture commented, "Any song titled 'Paradise' had better sound like it, and her version doesn't disappoint – in fact, no song better expresses the phase of love where disappointment is impossible."

## Music video

Released in June 1988 and directed by British narrative designer and creative director Alex McDowell, the accompanying music video for "Paradise" features Sade joining in a celebration in a Mexican village and dancing with a young girl.

## Track listings

* **7-inch single**

A. "Paradise" (remix) – 3:35 B. "Paradise" (instrumental) – 4:00 * **12-inch single**

A. "Paradise" (extended remix) – 5:33 B1. "Paradise" (extended instrumental) – 4:01 B2. "Paradise" (extra beats) – 2:11 * **UK and European CD single**

1. "Paradise" (extended version) – 5:30
2. "Hang On to Your Love" (US remix) – 5:13
3. "Keep Hangin' On" (live) – 2:59
4. "Paradise" (instrumental) – 4:02

* **US mini CD single**

1. "Paradise" (remix) – 3:35
2. "Super Bien Total" – 4:03

* **Japanese mini CD single**

1. "Paradise" (remix) – 3:39
2. "Paradise" (instrumental) – 4:03

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Paradise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sade | |
| from the album  *Stronger Than Pride* | |
| B-side | "Keep Hangin' On" |
| Released | May 1988 |
| Recorded | 1987 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:02 (album version)
3:37 (single version) |
| Label | Epic |
| Composer(s) |  |
| Lyricist(s) | Sade Adu |
| Producer(s) | Sade |
| Sade singles chronology | |
| "Love Is Stronger Than Pride"
(1988) "**Paradise**"
(1988) "Nothing Can Come Between Us"
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Paradise" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Mordellistena heterocolor

abstract: Mordellistena heterocolor is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1946 by Ray.

text:
# Mordellistena heterocolor

***Mordellistena heterocolor*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1946 by Ray.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena heterocolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. heterocolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena heterocolor***<br>Ray, 1946 | |
|


title: Justin Skinner (footballer, born 1969)

abstract: Justin Skinner is an English former footballer who played for Fulham, Bristol Rovers, Walsall, Hibernian, Dunfermline Athletic and Brechin City. He began his career at Fulham and played over 150 games for the club, before moving to Bristol Rovers in 1991 for £130,000—where he remained until 1998. He later played for Scottish clubs Hibernian, Dunfermline and Brechin City before retiring from playing in 2005.

text:
# Justin Skinner (footballer, born 1969)

**Justin Skinner** (born 30 January 1969) is an English former footballer who played for Fulham, Bristol Rovers, Walsall, Hibernian, Dunfermline Athletic and Brechin City.

He began his career at Fulham and played over 150 games for the club, before moving to Bristol Rovers in 1991 for £130,000—where he remained until 1998. He later played for Scottish clubs Hibernian, Dunfermline and Brechin City before retiring from playing in 2005.

## Management

Skinner worked at both Chelsea's and Queens Park Rangers' youth academies before becoming QPR's reserve team manager in June 2006. He then became assistant manager at Lewes, helping them to win the Conference South championship in 2008. Skinner signed a two-year contract to become assistant manager at Farnborough in 2009.

## InfoBox

Justin Skinner
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Justin Skinner | | |
| Date of birth | (1969-01-30) 30 January 1969 | | |
| Place of birth | Chiswick, England | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1986–1991 | Fulham | 135 | (23) |
| 1991–1998 | Bristol Rovers | 187 | (12) |
| 1997 | Walsall (loan) | 10 | (1) |
| 1998–1999 | Hibernian | 32 | (2) |
| 1999–2002 | Dunfermline Athletic | 90 | (0) |
| 2002–2005 | Brechin City | 20 | (0) |
| Total |  | **444** | **(35)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: No. 1586 (Polish Special Duties) Flight

abstract:
No. 1586 Flight was first formed at RAF Derna, in Libya on 4 November 1943, equipped with Handley Page Halifax II configured as transports for special operation missions. The origin of 1586 flight was the remnants of 301 (Polish) Squadron after disbandment on 31 March 1943 by the Polish HQ due to lack of staff and trained crews. Volunteer crews and aircraft formed C Flight of 138 Squadron, on 1 April 1943. Temporarily renamed as 301 Squadron Special Duties Flight RAF it had seven crews and operated three Handley Page Halifax and three Consolidated Liberator special transport bombers. On 4 November 1943, Flight became No. 1586 Flight at RAF Derna Libya. It was still named locally by their ex 301 crews and Polish authorities as No. 301 Squadron Land of Pomerania. On 22 December 1943, the Polish flight was transferred to Campo Cassale near Brindisi, Italy, from where it flew above the occupied Europe with special duties. Missions flown by the flight included partisan supply drops and agent insertion. A special effort was undertaken to supply Polish insurgents after an outbreak of Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. Flights to central Poland were especially difficult, lasting up to eleven hours.
A memorial to a crashed Halifax of the squadron is located in Szentes, Hungary. The machine was flying in support of the supply effort. Both pilots, Lewandowski and Szejnowski, were killed. The tail gunner was known to have survived. The flight was reorganized on 7 November 1944 at RAF Brindisi Italy and reformed as the No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron.

text:
# No. 1586 (Polish Special Duties) Flight

**No. 1586 (Polish Special Duties) Flight** was first formed at RAF Derna, in Libya on 4 November 1943, equipped with Handley Page Halifax II configured as transports for special operation missions.

The origin of 1586 flight was the remnants of 301 (Polish) Squadron after disbandment on 31 March 1943 by the Polish HQ due to lack of staff and trained crews. Volunteer crews and aircraft formed C Flight of 138 Squadron, on 1 April 1943. Temporarily renamed as 301 Squadron Special Duties Flight RAF it had seven crews and operated three Handley Page Halifax and three Consolidated Liberator special transport bombers.

On 4 November 1943, Flight became No. 1586 (Polish Special Duties) Flight at RAF Derna Libya. It was still named locally by their ex 301 crews and Polish authorities as No. 301 Squadron Land of Pomerania. On 22 December 1943, the Polish flight was transferred to Campo Cassale near Brindisi, Italy, from where it flew above the occupied Europe with special duties. Missions flown by the flight included partisan supply drops and agent insertion.

A special effort was undertaken to supply Polish insurgents after an outbreak of Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. Flights to central Poland were especially difficult, lasting up to eleven hours. A memorial to a crashed Halifax of the squadron is located in Szentes, Hungary. The machine was flying in support of the supply effort. Both pilots, Lewandowski and Szejnowski, were killed. The tail gunner was known to have survived. The flight was reorganized on 7 November 1944 at RAF Brindisi Italy and reformed as the No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron.

## InfoBox

| No. 1586 Flight RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| A Halifax similar to those flown by 1586 Flt. | |
| Active | 4 November 1943 – 7 November 1944 |
| Allegiance | Polish Government in exile |
| Role | Special Duties |
| Garrison/HQ | RAF Derna
RAF Brindisi |
| Equipment | Handley Page Halifax II
Consolidated Liberator III
Consolidated Liberator IV HAR.10
Hawker Hurricane IID |
| Insignia | |
| Identification
symbol | GR |


title: Ilex caniensis

abstract: Ilex caniensis is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Peru. Some authorities have it as a synonym of Ilex uniflora.

text:
# Ilex caniensis

***Ilex caniensis*** is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Peru. Some authorities have it as a synonym of *Ilex uniflora*.

## InfoBox

| *Ilex caniensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Aquifoliales |
| Family: | Aquifoliaceae |
| Genus: | *Ilex* |
| Species: | ***I. caniensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ilex caniensis***
J. F. Macbr. | |
|


title: J. Michael Diaz

abstract: J. Michael "Mike" Diaz is an American lawyer who has served as a judge of Washington Court of Appeals since 2022. He served as a judge of the King County Superior Court from 2018 to 2022.

text:
# J. Michael Diaz

**J. Michael "Mike" Diaz** is an American lawyer who has served as a judge of Washington Court of Appeals since 2022. He served as a judge of the King County Superior Court from 2018 to 2022.

## Early life and education

Diaz immigrated from Peru to Seattle as an infant. His family settled eventually in the then-working-class neighborhood of Ballard and, in middle school, moved down to the White Center/Burien area. His family spoke Spanish exclusively at home. He was the first lawyer in his large Latino family.

Diaz received his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, *magna cum laude*, from the University of Notre Dame in 1996. He then was a graduate student at Princeton University, studying classical philosophy for two years. Diaz received his Juris Doctor from Cornell Law School in 2002, where he was a member of the Cornell International Law Journal.

## Career

From 2002 to 2006, Diaz was an associate in the Houston office of the international law firm of Fulbright & Jaworski LLP, litigating complex commercial and white-collar criminal matters. Diaz then returned home and joined the litigation boutique Yarmuth Wilsdon Calfo, litigating the same types of cases.

Diaz was an assistant United States attorney of the United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Washington from 2008 to 2018, where he founded the office’s Civil Rights Program in 2011.

Diaz was on faculty regularly between 2012 and 2017 at the DOJ's National Advocacy (Training) Center, lecturing on civil rights enforcement. Additionally, in 2016, Diaz lectured on the Rule of Law as part of the DOJ and State Department’s Office of Oversees Prosecutorial Training and Development in East Timor.

### Expired nomination to district court

In 2016 President Obama nominated Diaz to be a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. The American Bar Association unanimously rated Diaz "Qualified" for the nomination. The nomination expired at the end of the 114th Congress without Senate action.

### State judicial service

Governor Jay Inslee appointed Diaz to the King County Superior Court in December 2017, effective January 22, 2018.

As a judge, Diaz presided over approximately four dozen trial in all types of criminal, civil and domestic matters.

Governor Inslee appointed Diaz to Division I of the Washington Court of Appeals, effective September 2022. He replaced Judge Jim Verellen, who retired.

## Community involvement

As an attorney, Diaz regularly volunteered at the King County Bar Association's Neighborhood Legal Clinic Program's Spanish Language Legal Clinic, which he later helped merge with the El Centro de La Raza clinic. He served on KCBA's Pro Bono Service Committee, was chair of its Neighborhood Legal Clinic Program's advisory committee, and chair of its Spanish Clinic Subcommittee.

Diaz is on faculty at the DOJ’s National Advocacy Center, the Washington State Judicial Institute, and the Washington State Judicial College. He is currently the chairperson of the Washington State Supreme Court’s Interpreter Commission. For many years Diaz has helped coach/manage his daughters' school soccer team.

## InfoBox

| J. Michael Diaz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the Washington Court of Appeals | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
September 2022 | |
| Appointed by | Jay Inslee |
| Preceded by | Jim Verellen |
| Judge of the King County Superior Court | |
| **In office**
January 22, 2018  September 2022 | |
| Appointed by | Jay Inslee |
| Preceded by | Richard McDermott |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1974-11-15) November 15, 1974
Lima, Peru |
| Alma mater | University of Notre Dame (BA)
Princeton University
Cornell University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Tinus peregrinus

abstract: Tinus peregrinus is a species of nursery web spider in the family Pisauridae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Tinus peregrinus

***Tinus peregrinus*** is a species of nursery web spider in the family Pisauridae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Tinus peregrinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Pisauridae |
| Genus: | *Tinus* |
| Species: | ***T. peregrinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tinus peregrinus***<br>(Bishop, 1924) | |
|


abstract: This is a list of properties and districts in Long County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Long County, Georgia

This is a list of properties and districts in Long County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Long County Courthouse |  | September 18, 1980
(#80001107) | GA 99
31°42′28″N 81°44′29″W / 31.70775°N 81.74151°W / 31.70775; -81.74151 (Long County Courthouse) | Ludowici |  |
| 2 | Ludowici Well Pavilion |  | September 7, 1984
(#84001153) | McQueen St.
31°42′35″N 81°44′43″W / 31.70975°N 81.74541°W / 31.70975; -81.74541 (Ludowici Well Pavilion) | Ludowici |  |
| 3 | Walthourville Presbyterian Church |  | August 6, 1987
(#87001357) | Allenhurst Antioch Rd.
31°45′00″N 81°36′50″W / 31.75011°N 81.61387°W / 31.75011; -81.61387 (Walthourville Presbyterian Church) | near Walthourville |  |


title: Wendy and Richard Pini

abstract: Wendy Pini and Richard Pini are the husband-and-wife team responsible for creating the well-known Elfquest series of comics, graphic novels and prose works. They are also known as WaRP.

text:
# Wendy and Richard Pini

| Richard Pini | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1950-07-19) July 19, 1950
New Haven, Connecticut, United States |
| Area(s) | * Writer * editor * publisher |
| Notable works | *Elfquest* |

**Wendy Pini** (née **Fletcher**; born June 4, 1951) and **Richard Pini** (born July 19, 1950) are the husband-and-wife team responsible for creating the well-known *Elfquest* series of comics, graphic novels and prose works. They are also known as **WaRP** (as in Warp Graphics).

## Early life

Wendy Fletcher was born in San Francisco in 1951, and from an early age demonstrated the talents later to come to fruition as a professional illustrator, and eventually as the creator of *Elfquest*.

Wendy's youthful interest in fantasy was inspired in part by Shakespeare and Kipling. She took artistic inspiration from Victorian illustrators such as Arthur Rackham and Edmund Dulac, designers such as Walt Disney, Doug Wildey, and Erté, as well as comic book greats such as Jack Kirby and Japanese manga artist Osamu Tezuka.

Richard Pini was born in 1950, in New Haven, Connecticut. After an exemplary academic performance at school, he was accepted into the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for an astrophysics degree. Always a fan of science fiction, at college he found a new diversion in comic books.

Wendy Fletcher and Richard Pini met when Pini read a letter of Fletcher's that had been published in issue #5 of the *Silver Surfer* comic book. A correspondence began, spanning a period of four years. The two eventually married in 1972, and Wendy embarked upon a career as an illustrator for sci-fi magazines. A degree in astronomy from MIT led Richard to a position at Boston's Charles Hayden Planetarium as lecturer, photographer, script writer and special effects technician. Later, he taught high school astronomy, then worked for IBM until *Elfquest* became a full-time occupation.

## Career

Fletcher contributed several covers and illustrations to *Galaxy Science Fiction* and *Galileo* magazines in the mid-1970s. Prior to the widespread publication of *Elfquest*, Wendy was also known for dressing up at comic book conventions as Red Sonja.

### *Elfquest*

*Elfquest*, a fantasy story about a community of elves, was launched in 1978 with art and co-writing by Wendy Pini. Richard Pini, who had been working for IBM, is credited as co-writer and editor on *Elfquest*, as well as handling all of the publishing and business aspects of Warp Graphics.

### *Stormbringer*

Wendy Pini wrote a book documenting her attempt to make an animated film project of the *Stormbringer* stories. *Law and Chaos: The "Stormbringer" Animated Film Project* was published by Father Tree Press (an imprint of the Pinis' WaRP Graphics) in 1987. The book contains original artwork, information on the characters, an overview of the plot, and Wendy Pini's personal investment in the project. The film never reached completion. However, the full content of *Law and Chaos* may be found on the Masque of the Red Death web site.

### *Masque of the Red Death*

In 2007, Wendy Pini turned her attention to a new project unrelated to *Elfquest.* Taking the Edgar Allan Poe short story "Masque of the Red Death" as a starting point, she adapted the tale into both graphic novel and web comic formats, giving it a futuristic, dystopic slant.

### Other work

In addition to *Elfquest*, Wendy Pini also created two graphic novels based on the TV series *Beauty and the Beast* and has illustrated occasional stories for both Marvel Comics and DC Comics. She wrote an introduction to the first volume of the *Gargoyles* trade paperback and mentions being a fan of the show.

## Awards and honors

* 1979 Ed Aprill Award (New York Comic Art Convention)  Best Independent Comic (*Elfquest*)
* 1979, 1980 Alley Award (*Elfquest*)
* 1980 Small Press Writers and Artists Organization  Best Artist (Comics), Wendy Pini  Best Editor (Comics), Richard & Wendy Pini
* 1980 San Diego Comic Convention  Inkpot Award (Wendy Pini, Richard Pini)
* 1981 Phantasy Press Comic Art Awards (Woody Awards, in honor of Wally Wood)  Best Alternative Comic (*Elfquest*)
* 1983 Small Press Writers and Artists Organization  Best Comic (*Elfquest*)
* 1983 Heroes Award (Heroes Aren't Hard To Find)  Best Black and White Magazine (*Elfquest*)
* 1984 New York State Jaycees Distinguished Service Award (Wendy & Richard Pini)
* 1985 Balrog Award (Sword and Shield Corp. of Denver, Colorado)  Best Artist (Wendy Pini)
* 1986 Fantasy Festival Comic Book Awards (El Paso Fantasy Festival)  Best Alternative Comic (*Elfquest*)
* 1987, 1988 Skywise (*Elfquest* character) inducted into Massachusetts Institute of Technology freshman class
* 1989 Golden Pen Award (Young Adult Advisory Committee, Spokane, Washington) (Elfquest)
* 2002 Friends of Lulu Women Cartoonists Hall of Fame (Wendy Pini)
* 2019 Inducted into the Eisner Awards Hall of Fame (Comic-Con International)
* 2021 Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA) (2021) (Wendy Pini)

## Appearances in other media

Characters based on Richard and Wendy Pini appear in *Ghost Rider* volume 1, #14 (Oct. 1975), as well as issues #15, #17, #18, and #19, which were written by Tony Isabella. Richard is a special effects technician and props arranger for a Hollywood movie studio, and Wendy is a costume designer.

*Elfquest* and Wendy Pini are both referenced in Marvel's *Uncanny X-Men* #153 (January 1982), "Kitty's Fairy Tale", written by Chris Claremont. In that issue, Kitty Pryde wears an *Elfquest* T-shirt throughout, while a sprite named "Pini" makes an appearance with "Bamf" on p. 16.

In *Fantastic Four* #242 (May 1982), series writer/artist John Byrne portrays an *Elfquest* play staged at a theatre built over the site of the flophouse where the Human Torch found the amnesiac Namor in *Fantastic Four* #4.

Richard Pini is caricatured as a mad scientist in *Charlton Bullseye* #10 (December 1982) in a Thunderbunny story written by Martin Greim.

In Robert Lynn Asprin's MythAdventures series Wendy and Richard appear in the dimension of Limbo as Drahcir and Idnew: the Woof Writers, a husband and wife team of werewolves.

1. Miller, John Jackson (June 10, 2005). "Comics Industry Birthdays". *Comics Buyer's Guide*. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
2. Stated by Richard Pini in Marvel Comics *Elfquest* #1, cover dated August 1985, on the "Quests and Answers" letter page.
3. Cronin, Brian. "Comic Legends: When the Comics Code Declared War on Letter Columns: In a Bonus Comic Book Legends Revealed, find out the strange reason why the Comics Code Authority turned on comic letter columns!", CBR (June 20, 2018).
4. "ElfQuest". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
5. Evanier, Mark. "Notes From Me" Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine POV Online (Dec. 31, 2004). Accessed April 28, 2009.
6. Hegeman, Tom. "CONVENTION REPORTS," *The Comics Journal* #32 (Jan. 1977), p. 23.
7. "Wendy & Richard Pini Biographies". Warp Graphics, Inc. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
8. "Law & Chaos - Wendy Pini". Archived from the original on 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
9. Back cover, *Masque of the Red Death,* by Wendy Pini, Vol. 1, published by Go! Media Entertainment, June 2008
10. MIT Freshman Picture Book, 1987 and 1988
11. "Lulu Award". Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.
12. First Comic News - 2021 INKWELL AWARDS VOTING RESULTS
13. 2021 Winners - Inkwell Awards Official Site

## InfoBox

| Wendy Pini | |
| --- | --- |
| Richard and Wendy Pini at FanimeCon 2010 in San Jose, California | |
| Born | Wendy Fletcher
(1951-06-04) June 4, 1951
San Francisco, California, United States |
| Area(s) | * Writer * penciler * inker |
| Notable works | *Elfquest*, *Wendy Pini's Masque of the Red Death* |
| elfquest.com | |