title: Helmbach (Speyerbach)

abstract: The Helmbach is an 11 km (6.8 mi) long tributary of the Speyerbach stream in the Palatine Forest in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

text:
# Helmbach (Speyerbach)

The **Helmbach** is an 11 km (6.8 mi) long tributary of the Speyerbach stream in the Palatine Forest in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

## Course

The stream rises northwest of the Taubensuhl Forester's Lodge (*Forsthauses Taubensuhl*) and flows initially 4 km (2.5 mi) in a northeasterly direction to the *Geiswiese* meadow. There it is joined on the left by the Blattbach, which rises on the north slopes of the 551 m above NN high Blattberg hill, and then heads in an easterly to northeasterly direction. After another 2 km the Helmbach passes the woodland hotel at Hornesselwiese, which was burnt down in November 2002 and, after being rebuilt in 2010, has been opened again as a woodland restaurant since January 2011 . There the stream is joined by the *Grobsbach* and, 2.5 km (1.6 mi) further on, the Iggelbach empties into it from the left. After a total of 10 km (6.2 mi) the Helmbach reaches another forester's lodge, the *Forsthaus Helmbach*. Here it is joined on the right by the *Kohlbach*, which has been impounded to create the reservoir of Helmbachweiher a little to the east. The Helmbach itself discharges into the Speyerbach at the eponymous village of Helmbach after about 11 km (6.8 mi). Here there is a halt on the Kuckucksbähnel heritage railway.

## Tributaries

* Trockendeichbach (*left*), 1.49 km (0.93 mi)
* Blattbach (*left*), 3.06 km (1.90 mi)
* Grobsbach (*right*), 4.35 km (2.70 mi)
* Hunzelbach (*right*), 1.51 km (0.94 mi)
* Frechenbach (*right*), 0.62 km (0.39 mi)
* Iggelbach (*left*), 5.08 km (3.16 mi)
* Kohlbach (*right*), 4.98 km (3.09 mi)

1. Topografische Karte 1:25.000
2. Wasserwirtschaftsverwaltung Rheinland
3. Allgemeine Hotel- und Gastronomie-Zeitung, Ausgabe 2011/08 (2011-02-19). "Neuanfang nach knapp neun Jahren". p. 26. Retrieved 2011-04-11.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

| Helmbach | |
| --- | --- |
| The Helmbachweiher | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| Region | Palatine Forest |
| Reference no. | DE: 23782 |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | near Forsthaus Taubensuhl |
| coordinates | 49°17′40″N 7°54′05″E / 49.2943500°N 7.9012806°E / 49.2943500; 7.9012806 |
| elevation | ca. 394 m above sea level (NN) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Near Helmbach into the Speyerbach |
| coordinates | 49°20′36″N 7°59′09″E / 49.3432000°N 7.9858167°E / 49.3432000; 7.9858167 |
| elevation | ca. 201 m above sea level (NN) |
| Length | 11.05 km (6.87 mi) |
| Basin size | 53.569 km2 (20.683 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | SpeyerbachRhineNorth Sea |
| Landmarks | Large towns: Exclave of Landau in der Pfalz |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Blattbach, Iggelbach |
| right | *Grobsbach*, *Kohlbach* |


title: Venetian Blinds (video game)

abstract: Venetian Blinds is a simulation video game developed by Activision co-founders David Crane and Bob Whitehead for the Atari 2600. The game simulates the raising and lowering of Venetian blinds on a window, and was facetiously presented as a technology demonstration of Whitehead's graphical programming technique of the same name, although it does not use the technique. Venetian Blinds was created as a tongue-in-cheek in-joke in 1982 relating to a then-ongoing lawsuit between Activision and Atari, Inc. about use of Whitehead's Venetian blinds technique. It was not released publicly until 2003, as part of Activision Anthology for Windows, macOS, and Game Boy Advance. It was later released in 2010 through the Game Room retrogaming service for Windows, Xbox 360, and Windows Phone 7.

text:
# Venetian Blinds (video game)

***Venetian Blinds*** is a simulation video game developed by Activision co-founders David Crane and Bob Whitehead for the Atari 2600. The game simulates the raising and lowering of Venetian blinds on a window, and was facetiously presented as a technology demonstration of Whitehead's graphical programming technique of the same name, although it does not use the technique.

*Venetian Blinds* was created as a tongue-in-cheek in-joke in 1982 relating to a then-ongoing lawsuit between Activision and Atari, Inc. about use of Whitehead's Venetian blinds technique. It was not released publicly until 2003, as part of *Activision Anthology* for Windows, macOS, and Game Boy Advance. It was later released in 2010 through the Game Room retrogaming service for Windows, Xbox 360, and Windows Phone 7.

## Gameplay

The player controls grey Venetian blinds on an olive window in a brown room. The blinds can be raised and lowered by pressing the joystick up and down. When the blinds are raised, they reveal a detailed sunset behind a green valley. In the bottom left corner of the screen is the Activision logo, a feature of most Activision games of the era.

## Development

The Venetian blinds technique was created by American video game developer Bob Whitehead while working for Atari, Inc., for the 1979 chess video game *Video Chess*. The technique was created to circumvent the Atari 2600's hardware limitations, which prevented it from rendering more than six unique sprites simultaneously on a single horizontal scan line. Though some Atari 2600 games used techniques such as alternating sprite flickering or hiding different sprites per frame to create the illusion of multiple moving sprites at once, they were not perfect solutions and often irritated players or displayed improperly in videos with certain frame rates. The Venetian blinds technique drew every other horizontal line of a sprite, which "left you with sprites that looked like they had stripes". This allowed developers to get around the limitation by offsetting every second sprite vertically, lining up rows of pixels with rows of empty space. Its name comes from its resemblance to the type of window blinds. In *Video Chess*, which simulates an eight-space chessboard, the Venetian blinds technique is used to simulate up to eight chess pieces on the same row.

Activision was formed in 1979 by Whitehead, David Crane, Larry Kaplan, and Alan Miller. These developers had left Atari over low pay, lack of recognition and respect, and Atari's policy of not crediting game developers to ensure they did not get scouted by rival companies and to reduce their leverage in contract negotiations. The releases of several successful Atari 2600 games by Activision in 1980 such as *Boxing*, *Bridge*, *Checkers*, *Dragster*, and *Fishing Derby* prompted Atari to attempt to tarnish Activision's reputation, first through attack ads and then, by the end of 1980, a lawsuit alleging Whitehead, Crane, Kaplan, and Miller had violated non-disclosure agreements and stolen trade secrets, including the Venetian blinds technique, despite Activision having then not published any games using said technique. Atari was reportedly not expecting to win the lawsuit, but was merely using it as a scare tactic to pressure Activision into leaving the video game industry, dissuade others from doing business with them, or otherwise hinder them with red tape and costly legal trouble.

Though the Activision team members were aware they had not actually stolen anything from Atari, morale still plummeted as a result of the lawsuit. Seeking to improve morale and lighten the mood, Crane and Whitehead developed *Venetian Blinds* as an in-joke relating to the lawsuit. Crane said that the sunset in the window was a new and unique innovation.

*Venetian Blinds* was brought by Activision to the 1982 Consumer Electronics Show at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, but it was not on public display. Crane privately displayed the demo to people familiar with the lawsuit, and asked them, "Is this what Atari means by the Venetian Blind Technique?" It is often claimed that these people were Atari's lawyers, who had approached Crane about the Venetian blinds technique; however, this is a rumor stemming from a misreporting of events by the Atari history fansite *AtariProtos*, which had first revealed the existence of *Venetian Blinds* on the internet on October 18, 2002, per information from an Activision employee to *AtariProtos* site owner Matt Reichert.

Atari and Activision eventually dropped the lawsuit in 1982 under unclear circumstances, most likely an out-of-court settlement, with Activision agreeing to pay royalties to Atari but otherwise legitimizing the third-party development model.

## Release

*Venetian Blinds* was not intended for public release and, aside from private displays of the game at the 1982 Consumer Electronics Show, was otherwise unknown to the public. The sunset technique used in *Venetian Blinds* was eventually reused in *Barnstorming*.

*Venetian Blinds* was first officially released to the public in late 2003, when it was included as part of the Windows, macOS, and Game Boy Advance ports of *Activision Anthology*. These ports include Crane's information on the game's background.

On January 2, 2005, Thomas Jentzsch and Matt Reichert released the binary for *Venetian Blinds* online as a free download through Atari fansite *AtariAge*. The release included an early prototype of *Freeway*, titled *Bloody Human Freeway*, featuring a human character instead of the final game's chicken, and two prototypes for unnamed, unreleased games.

On December 22, 2010, *Venetian Blinds* was released through the Game Room service for Windows, the Xbox 360, and Windows Phone 7, as part of Game Pack 013.

## Reception

*Bad Game Hall of Fame*, in an article about *Venetian Blinds*, stated "\[i\]t's honestly something of a stretch to even call it a 'game'", but noted its historical importance. The article also criticized its inclusion on Game Room, and highlighted Activision allowing it to be sold for money as a sign the company "became the very soulless husk they sought to spite so long ago".

Likewise, *GameRevolution* deemed *Venetian Blinds* "one of gaming's greatest moments of pettiness" and categorized it as a "diss game", commending its historical importance and rarity but calling its inclusion on Game Room "ridiculous".

1. Cassidy (April 1, 2018). "Venetian Blinds". *Bad Game Hall of Fame*. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
2. "Venetian Blinds Demo". *AtariProtos*. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
3. Treese, Tyler (January 11, 2019). "Revisiting Venetian Blinds, one of gaming's greatest moments of pettiness". *GameRevolution*. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
4. Reeves, Ben. "Activisionaries: How Four Programmers Changed The Game Industry". *Game Informer*. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
5. Flemming, Jeffrey. "The History Of Activision". *Gamasutra*. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
6. Beller, Peter (January 15, 2009). "Activision's Unlikely Hero". *Forbes*. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
7. "Activision Prototypes Released!". *AtariAge*. January 2, 2005. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
8. "AtariAge - Activision Prototypes Revealed". *AtariAge*. Retrieved September 24, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Venetian Blinds | |
| --- | --- |
| In-game screenshot | |
| Developer(s) | David Crane
Bob Whitehead |
| Publisher(s) | Activision |
| Platform(s) | Atari 2600 (initial)
Windows, macOS, Game Boy Advance, Xbox 360, Windows Phone 7 (later ports) |
| Release | 2003 (2003) (public release) |
| Genre(s) | Simulation |


title: SMK tank

abstract: The SMK was an armored vehicle prototype developed by the Soviet Union prior to the Second World War. It was named after Sergei Mironovich Kirov, a Communist Party official assassinated in 1934. The SMK was discovered and classified by German intelligence as the T-35C, leading to the misunderstanding that the T-35 took part in the Winter War. Only one was built and after a trial showing the downsides of its weight and size against the KV tank and brief use in the war with Finland, the project was dropped.

text:
# SMK tank

The **SMK** was an armored vehicle prototype developed by the Soviet Union prior to the Second World War. It was named after Sergei Mironovich Kirov, a Communist Party official assassinated in 1934. The SMK was discovered and classified by German intelligence as the T-35C, leading to the misunderstanding that the T-35 took part in the Winter War.

Only one was built and after a trial showing the downsides of its weight and size against the KV tank and brief use in the war with Finland, the project was dropped.

## Design and development

The SMK was among the designs competing to replace the unreliable and expensive T-35 multi-turreted heavy tank. A design team under Josef Kotin at the Kirovski Works (formerly the Putilov Works) at Leningrad designed the tank. Competition came from the former OKMO designer N. Barykov at the *Bolshevik* Plant with their T-100 tank.

In spite of the lessons that could have been learned during the Spanish Civil War, the specification drawn up for the "Anti-Tank Gun Destroyer" in 1937 required the ability to withstand 45 mm anti-tank guns at point-blank range and 75 mm artillery fire at 1,200 m (1,300 yd).

Meetings in 1938 reduced the number of turrets in the specification and a move to torsion bar from spring suspension. Kotin and his assistant independently designed a single-turret version of the SMK which received Stalin's approval and the name KV. Production of two prototypes was ordered.

The SMK's armament was a short 76.2 mm gun in the upper centrally placed turret and a 45 mm weapon in the forward turret.

## Service history

The SMK, the two KV-1 prototypes and the two T-100 prototypes were put through proving trials before being tested operationally in combat at the Battle of Summa during the Winter War against Finland. The vehicles formed a company of the 91st Tank Battalion of the 20th Heavy Tank Brigade. The unit was under the command of the son of the Defence Commissar. While the SMK had thick enough armor to protect the crew from Finnish cannons and machine guns, its extremely long hull made turning difficult, especially in the dense forests where the Winter War took place. After being immobilized by a mine, the SMK had to be abandoned and was not recovered for two months.

The KV-1 and KV-2 designs proved superior in both trials in Finland and were accepted.

## Armor

| Location | Front | Side | Rear | Top/bottom |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hull | 60 mm at a 45° angle (nose) 40 mm at a 15° angle (glacis)
60 mm at a 55° angle (driver) | 60 mm at a 75-90° angle | 60 mm round (lower) 60 mm at a 60° angle
20 mm at a 15° angle (engine) | 20–30 mm flat (bottom) 20 mm flat (top) |
| Upper Turret | 60 mm at a 75° angle and round | 60 mm at a 75° angle | 60 mm at an 80° angle | 20 mm at a 0-15° angle |
| Lower Turret | 60 mm at a 75° angle and round | 60 mm at a 75° angle | 60 mm at an 80° angle | 20 mm flat to a 15° angle |

Notes Bibliography

## InfoBox

| SMK | |
| --- | --- |
| The Soviet SMK heavy tank | |
| Type | Heavy tank |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1939 (prototype) |
| Used by | Soviet Union |
| Wars | Winter War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Kirov Plant |
| Produced | 1939 |
| No. built | 1 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 55 t (54 long tons) |
| Length | 8.75 m (28 ft 8 in) |
| Width | 3.36 m (11 ft 0 in) |
| Height | 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in) |
| Crew | 7 |
| --- | |
| Armor | 20-60 mm |
| Main
armament | 45 mm gun M1932 (forward turret), 76.2 mm gun L-11 (main, or rear-most turret) |
| Secondary
armament | 3×7.62 mm DT MG |
| Engine | GAM-34BT
850 hp |
| Power/weight | 15.5 hp/t |
| Suspension | Torsion bar |
| Ground clearance | 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) |
| Fuel capacity | 1,320 l |
| Operational
range | 220 km (140 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 35 km/h (22 mph) |


title: Oława-Stanowice Airport

abstract: Oława-Stanowice Airport is a former military airport in Poland dating from World War II, situated 12 km northwest of Oława, between the village of Stanowice and the river Oława. It was initially used by the Germans as a Luftwaffe airport under the codename "Kopernikus". Bombers flew from here on missions against Polish cities. After 1945, it was occupied by the Soviet army. By then, it was used as a spare airport. It was never utilized as a primary airport due to its lack of paved runways. Helicopters and piston driven aircraft were stationed here. Additionally, parachute landings were executed at the airport. The airport has not been used since the Soviet army departed on 15 October 1992. Attempts to put the estate in working order have been made, such as the localisation of a Bahlsen factory. A string of shelters for flood victims has been erected on the grounds. The airport had a 13/31 grass runway measuring 2,500 x 60 m and is often referred to as Oława-Marcinkowice after a nearby village.

text:
# Oława-Stanowice Airport

**Oława-Stanowice Airport** is a former military airport in Poland dating from World War II, situated 12 km northwest of Oława, between the village of Stanowice and the river Oława. It was initially used by the Germans as a Luftwaffe airport under the codename "Kopernikus". Bombers flew from here on missions against Polish cities.

After 1945, it was occupied by the Soviet army. By then, it was used as a spare airport. It was never utilized as a primary airport due to its lack of paved runways. Helicopters and piston driven aircraft were stationed here. Additionally, parachute landings were executed at the airport.

The airport has not been used since the Soviet army departed on 15 October 1992. Attempts to put the estate in working order have been made, such as the localisation of a Bahlsen factory. A string of shelters for flood victims has been erected on the grounds.

The airport had a 13/31 grass runway measuring 2,500 x 60 m (elevation 128 m) and is often referred to as **Oława-Marcinkowice** after a nearby village.

## InfoBox

| Oława-Stanowice Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Abandoned |
| Location | Oława |
| Elevation AMSL | 420 ft / 128 m |
| Coordinates | 50°58′43″N 17°14′51″E / 50.97861°N 17.24750°E / 50.97861; 17.24750 |
| Map | |
| Oława-Stanowice AirportOława-Stanowice Airport | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  13/31 8,202 2,500 Grass | |


title: Mob Style

abstract: Mob Style was an American hip hop group from Harlem, New York, consisting of rappers A.Z., Pretty Tone Capone, Gangster Lou and Whip Wop. The group were among the first hip hop artists to release full-length albums independently with 1990's The Good, the Bad, the Ugly and 1992's Game of Death, at a time when major labels were the most popular way to release music. Mob Style was one of the first New York gangsta rap groups. In the 1980s, group leader Azie "A.Z." Faison was the largest individual drug dealer in New York City. The group reunited in 2003 to release their final album, Blood on My Money.

text:
# Mob Style

**Mob Style** (or **Mobstyle**) was an American hip hop group from Harlem, New York, consisting of rappers A.Z. (not to be confused with later Brooklyn rapper AZ), Pretty Tone Capone, Gangster Lou and Whip Wop.

The group were among the first hip hop artists to release full-length albums independently with 1990's *The Good, the Bad, the Ugly* and 1992's *Game of Death*, at a time when major labels were the most popular way to release music.

Mob Style was one of the first New York gangsta rap groups. In the 1980s, group leader Azie "A.Z." Faison was the largest individual drug dealer in New York City.

The group reunited in 2003 to release their final album, *Blood on My Money*.

## Discography

* *The Good, the Bad, the Ugly* (1990)
* *Game of Death* (1992)
* *Blood on My Money* (2003)

## InfoBox

| Mob Style | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Harlem, New York, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1990 (1990)-2003 (2003) |
| Labels | * Grove St. * Win Time Records |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: Fátima Choi

abstract:
Fátima Choi Mei Lei MSc, BSc, was a Commissioner of Audit in Macau. Born in Macau, Choi obtained a Master of Science degree in statistics and Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the University of Essex. She was an assistant researcher in Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1986. She joined the statistics and census department of the Macau government. Choi held other positions in the local government:
  - Senior Technician
  - Department Chief of Social Affairs and Accountants 1991–1995
  - Deputy Director 1995–1997
  - Director 1997–1999 Choi was the first Chinese official at the director's level after localization in Macau prior to the handover.

text:
# Fátima Choi

**Fátima Choi Mei Lei** (born 1958) MSc, BSc, was a Commissioner of Audit in Macau.

Born in Macau, Choi obtained a Master of Science degree in statistics and Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the University of Essex.

She was an assistant researcher in Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1986. She joined the statistics and census department of the Macau government. Choi held other positions in the local government:

* Senior Technician
* Department Chief of Social Affairs and Accountants 1991–1995
* Deputy Director 1995–1997
* Director 1997–1999

Choi was the first Chinese official at the director's level after localization in Macau prior to the handover.

## InfoBox

| Fátima Choi
*Choi Mei Lei* | |
| --- | --- |
| 蔡美莉 | |
|  | |
| Commissioner of Audit of Macau | |
| **In office**
20 December 1999  19 December 2009 | |
| Preceded by | post established |
| Succeeded by | Ho Veng On |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1958
Macau |
| Residence | Macau |
| Alma mater | University of Essex, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Occupation | civil servant |
| Profession | auditor, statistician, researcher |
|  | |


title: Kennet Avenue

abstract: Kennet Avenue or West Kennet Avenue is a prehistoric site in the English county of Wiltshire. It was an avenue of two parallel lines of stones 25m wide and 2.5 km in length, which ran between the Neolithic sites of Avebury and The Sanctuary. Excavations by Stuart Piggott and Alexander Keiller in the 1930s indicated that around 100 pairs of standing stones had lined the avenue, dated to around 2200 BC from finds of Beaker burials beneath some of them. Many stones have fallen or are missing, however. A second avenue, called Beckhampton Avenue, led west from Avebury towards Beckhampton Long Barrow. Maud Cunnington righted some of the stones during her work there in the early 20th century. Keiller restored the northern third of the avenue in 1934–1935. The avenue is within the Avebury section of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site. It is in the freehold ownership of the National Trust, and a scheduled monument in English Heritage guardianship. It is managed by the National Trust on behalf of English Heritage, and the two organisations share the cost of managing and maintaining the property.

text:
# Kennet Avenue

**Kennet Avenue** or **West Kennet Avenue** is a prehistoric site in the English county of Wiltshire. It was an avenue of two parallel lines of stones 25m wide and 2.5 km in length, which ran between the Neolithic sites of Avebury and The Sanctuary.

Excavations by Stuart Piggott and Alexander Keiller in the 1930s indicated that around 100 pairs of standing stones had lined the avenue, dated to around 2200 BC from finds of Beaker burials beneath some of them. Many stones have fallen or are missing, however. A second avenue, called Beckhampton Avenue, led west from Avebury towards Beckhampton Long Barrow.

Maud Cunnington righted some of the stones during her work there in the early 20th century. Keiller restored the northern third of the avenue in 1934–1935.

The avenue is within the Avebury section of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site. It is in the freehold ownership of the National Trust, and a scheduled monument in English Heritage guardianship. It is managed by the National Trust on behalf of English Heritage, and the two organisations share the cost of managing and maintaining the property.

## Images

Media related to West Kennet Avenue at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Kennet Avenue
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Kennet Avenue in 2014 | |
| Location | Wiltshire, United Kingdom |
| Part of | Avebury Section of Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii) |
| Reference | 373bis-002 |
| Inscription | 1986 (10th Session) |
| Extensions | 2008 |
| Coordinates | 51°25′23″N 1°50′53″W / 51.423°N 1.848°W / 51.423; -1.848 |
| Location of Kennet Avenue in Wiltshire | |


title: Wedge (footwear)

abstract: Wedge boots, wedgies, or lifties are shoes and boots with a sole in the form of a wedge, such that one piece of material, normally rubber, serves as both the sole and the heel. This design dates back to ancient Greece. Greek Actors used to wear these shoes to signify status. These were crucial so the audience can be able to identify who is of importance in stage plays. According to the Kennedy Center, "tragic actors would don shoes called 'buskins', or raised platform shoes, to symbolize their superiority over comic actors, who would wear plain socks."

text:
# Wedge (footwear)

**Wedge boots**, **wedgies**, or **lifties** are shoes and boots with a sole in the form of a wedge, such that one piece of material, normally rubber, serves as both the sole and the heel.

This design dates back to ancient Greece. Greek Actors used to wear these shoes to signify status. These were crucial so the audience can be able to identify who is of importance in stage plays. According to the Kennedy Center, "tragic actors would don shoes called 'buskins', or raised platform shoes, to symbolize their superiority over comic actors, who would wear plain socks."

## Women

Wedges for women are more common and often have a sole that is much thicker at the back than at the front, making them high-heeled boots or shoes. Wedgies for women were popularized by Salvatore Ferragamo, who introduced the design to the Italian market in the late 1930s. The evolution of wedge heels became more and more colorful and outrageous through the 1970s-1990s.

## Men

Men's wedge boots, usually called "wedgies", typically have low heels. Men's boots of this kind became popular during the 1970s.

Some forms of wedge boots, called platform boots, have thick soles throughout.

There are many styles available under the wedges footwear category; the most common styles are low wedge, t-straps wedge, ankle straps wedge, platform wedge, and closed-toe wedge.

## High fashion

In the high fashion world, Ferragamo invented the cork wedge shoe in the 1940s due to the economic sanctions against Italy. Ferragamo could no longer afford to purchase steel for traditional heels. He experimented with pieces of Sardinian cork. It was glued and trimmed until the entire space between the sole and heel was solid.

## Bibliography

* Bergstein, Rachelle (2012). *Women From the Ankle Down - The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us* (Hardback). New York: Harper Collins. pp. 284 pages. ISBN 978-0-06-196961-4.


title: Nealcidion bispinum

abstract: Nealcidion bispinum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

text:
# Nealcidion bispinum

***Nealcidion bispinum*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

## InfoBox

| *Nealcidion bispinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Nealcidion* |
| Species: | ***N. bispinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nealcidion bispinum***<br>(Bates, 1863) | |
|


title: Venomous (album)

abstract: Venomous is the fourth studio album by Indonesian metal band Burgerkill, released in June 2011. Venomous is the first album to feature the vocals of lead vocalist Vicky. The album became a success in the local heavy metal music scene. In the first week of album promo concert at Bandung Berisik, a local metal venue, about 1,000 compact disks were sold. It was listed third after Satu Untuk Berbagi and Jemima as the best studio album release for 2011 by Rolling Stone Indonesia.

text:
# Venomous (album)

***Venomous*** is the fourth studio album by Indonesian metal band Burgerkill, released in June 2011. *Venomous* is the first album to feature the vocals of lead vocalist Vicky.

The album became a success in the local heavy metal music scene. In the first week of album promo concert at Bandung Berisik, a local metal venue, about 1,000 compact disks were sold. It was listed third after *Satu Untuk Berbagi* and *Jemima* as the best studio album release for 2011 by *Rolling Stone Indonesia*.

## Album concept

In an interview, Eben explains to Mahardhika Utama of *Formagz*, an Indonesian online music magazine, the reason behind the chosen name:

> ...So, our main target is not being number one Indonesian metal band, but we just wanna be the most dangerous metal band in Indonesia, that's why we named our latest album Venomous!.

In the same time Vicky explained about musical style and influences:

> Whatever that we listen to this album. We are open minded to it, all of us have their own style and influences, and we commit to make this one real. I myself often listen to some Swedish band such as Meshuggah, I also listen to Slipknot and many more.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Into the Tunnel" (Instrumental intro) | 1:14 |
| 2. | "Age of Versus" | 5:34 |
| 3. | "Under the Scars" | 5:17 |
| 4. | "Through the Shine" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "House of Greed" | 6:57 |
| 6. | "This Coldest Heart" (Instrumental) | 3:37 |
| 7. | "For Victory" | 6:45 |
| 8. | "My Worst Enemy" | 6:32 |
| 9. | "Only the Strong" | 5:46 |
| 10. | "An Elegy" (Bonus track) | 13:38 |
| Total length: | | 59:50 |

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Loud | (90%) |
| The Metal Forge |  |
| Rolling Stone |  |
| Rave Magazine |  |
| Space Ship News | (*Favorable*) |
| Spirit of Metal | (*16/20*) |
| Metal Hammer |  |
| Heavy Magazine | (*Favorable*) |
| Louder |  |

*Venomous* was well received by several critics. Brian Fischer Giffin of "LoudMag", an Australian online music magazine stated that:

> Venomous isn't reinventing the wheel and is not the most original album you'll ever hear  they wear their influences prominently  but at the same time it is also something right out of the box. Ordinarily I would suggest that any band trying a mix of early Sepultura-style thrash, Morbid Angel, commercial metalcore and dashes of electronica would be doomed to fail, but not these guys. Somehow, they've managed to pull it off and do it very well...

Rod Whitfield of "Metal Forge" magazine expressed his surprise reaction to *Venomous*, and wrote:

> Behind this rather comical band name lies a real and pleasant surprise. Indonesia is obviously not a known Mecca for hard rock and metal in the world, but these guys are apparently their biggest and best metal act. Apparently they've also been around for more than 15 years, which is arguably the biggest surprise of all. And it's fantastic to see the global reach of our favourite style of music.

## Personnel

* Eben – guitars
* Ramdan – bass
* Vicky – vocals
* Andris – drums
* Agung – guitars

**Credits**

* Burgerkill – arranger, producer
* Didin Bahe – band photo
* Citra Frolic – consultant
* Begundal Hellclub – choir, chorus
* Ammy Strings Quartet – strings, arranger
* Agung Hellfrog – vocals
* Yayat Ahdiat – producer, mastering, engineer, mixing
* Ramdan Agus – bass, group member, engineer
* Innu Regawa – engineer, digital editing
* Gus Satrianang – guitars

## InfoBox

| Venomous | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Burgerkill | |
| Released | 11 June 2011 |
| Recorded | January – June 2011 |
| Studio | Massive Studio, Bandung |
| Genre | Groove metal, metalcore |
| Length | 59:50 |
| Label | Xenophobic, Revolt! |
| Producer | Burgerkill, Yayat Ahdiat |
| Burgerkill chronology | |
| *Beyond Coma and Despair*
(2006) ***Venomous***
(2011) | |


title: SM U-117

abstract: SM U-117 was a Type UE II long-range minelayer submarine of the Imperial German Navy. She was laid down in 1917, at Hamburg, Germany, by Aktiengesellschaft Vulcan and launched on 10 December 1917. She was commissioned in the Imperial German Navy on 28 March 1918, with Kapitänleutnant Otto Dröscher in command. After shakedown, U-117 was posted to the U-Kreuzer Verband on 1 June 1918. Over the next five weeks, she completed fitting out at Kiel.

text:
# SM U-117

**SM *U-117*** was a Type UE II long-range minelayer submarine of the Imperial German Navy. She was laid down in 1917, at Hamburg, Germany, by Aktiengesellschaft Vulcan and launched on 10 December 1917. She was commissioned in the Imperial German Navy on 28 March 1918, with *Kapitänleutnant* Otto Dröscher in command. After shakedown, *U-117* was posted to the *U-Kreuzer Verband* (submarine cruiser unit) on 1 June 1918. Over the next five weeks, she completed fitting out at Kiel.

## Service history

### Operations off North America

On 11 July, *U-117* departed Kiel and took the eastern route through the Baltic Sea around Denmark and out into the North Sea by way of the Skagerrak. After rounding the Shetland Islands, she set a course for the coast of North America to lay minefields off the coast of the United States and to conduct cruiser warfare. During the voyage across the Atlantic, heavy weather foiled her attempts to attack two lone steamers, two convoys, and a small cruiser.

*U-117* reached the American coastal zone on 8 August 1918, and her fortunes improved soon thereafter. On 10 August, she encountered a fleet of fishing craft and went on a spree, sinking eight of the vessels with explosives and gunfire. On 12 August, she sighted the ballast-laden steamer *Sommerstadt* and, after observing that the Norwegian steamer was armed, made a submerged attack that sank her with a single torpedo. The following day, the U-boat made another submerged torpedo attack and hit the 7,127 gross register tons (GRT) American tanker *Frederic R. Kellogg*, bound from Tampico, Mexico, to Boston, Massachusetts, with 7,500 barrels of crude oil. The action occurred only 12 mi (19 km) north of Barnegat Light, New Jersey; however, *Frederic R. Kellogg* was disabled in such shallow water that the Americans were able to salvage her.

Later that same day, the minelayer submarine began the other half of her duty by laying mines near Barnegat Light. The effort subsequently bore fruit when the Mallory Line steamship *San Saba* struck a mine and sank on 4 October 1918 and the Cuban cargo ship *Chaparra* struck another mine and sank on 27 October. On 14 August, *U-117* took a break from mining operations to resume cruiser warfare when she encountered the American schooner *Dorothy B. Barrett*. The U-boat brought her deck guns to bear on the sailing vessel and sank her. Shortly thereafter, however, the hunter became the hunted when an American seaplane forced the submarine to seek refuge beneath the surface. The aircraft and submarine chaser *SC-71* subjected *U-117* to a brief barrage of bombs, and *SC-71* attacked the submarine with depth charges before losing track of her.

The next day, 15 August 1918, *U-117* resumed her mine laying operations off Fenwick Island Light. That field later claimed two victims, one damaged and the other sunk. On 29 September 1918, *Minnesota* struck one of those mines and suffered extensive damage. The Naval Overseas Transportation Service cargo ship *Saetia* entered the same field on 9 November, struck a mine, and sank. Later that day – still 14 August – the submarine moved farther south and, after laying a third minefield near Winter Quarter Shoals Lightship, halted an American sailing vessel, the 1,613 GRT *Madrugada*, and sank her with gunfire. A patrolling American seaplane foiled a subsequent attempt by the U-boat that day to stop another sailing ship.

On 16 August 1918, *U-117* resumed her mining operations, this time off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, but the approach of the 6,978 GRT British steamer *Mirlo* interrupted her labors. Approaching the target submerged, *U-117* fired a single torpedo that sent the merchantman to the bottom. Following that attack, the submarine again began laying mines, sowing her fourth and final field. At that point, a severe shortage of fuel forced the U-boat to head for Germany.

### Return journey

The return voyage proved to be both more eventful and more successful than the outward-bound cruise. On 17 August 1918, she stopped a Norwegian sailing ship, the 2,846 GRT *Nordhav*, out of Buenos Aires, Argentina, bound for New York laden with linseed. *U-117* sailors placed bombs on board the cargo carrier that sank the prize. Three days later, the U-boat engaged in an unsuccessful surface gun duel with an unidentified, strongly armed steamer. On 26 August, she stopped the 145 GRT *Rush* and sank that American trawler with bombs placed on board. The next day, *U-117* caught sight of the Norwegian freighter *Bergsdalen*, steaming in ballast from La Pallice, France, to Baltimore, Maryland, and sank her quarry with a single torpedo. Three days later, on 30 August, she encountered her final two victims, when she stopped the 136 GRT British fishing trawlers *Elsie Porter* and *Potentate* and sank both with explosive charges.

After an unsuccessful attempt at a torpedo attack on a lone British steamer, *War Ranee*, on 5 September 1918, *U-117* concentrated on making the final run-in toward the Skagerrak and safety. Her critical fuel shortage forced the submarine to make wireless contact with *U-140* on 8 September, to set up a fuel replenishment rendezvous. The two U-boats met on 12 and 13 September, near the Faroe Islands, and *U-117* took on about 6,000 US gal (23,000 L; 5,000 imp gal) of diesel oil before continuing on toward Kiel. The submarine pulled into her destination rather ignominiously on 22 September, having had to call upon a patrolling torpedo boat to tow her the last leg of her journey.

For the rest of the war, *U-117* remained inactive. On 23 October 1918, she was reassigned to the *U-Flotille, Hochseeflotte* (1st Submarine Flotilla, High Seas Fleet); but remained in a shipyard for the duration.

### Turned over to US Navy

The armistice of 11 November 1918, ended hostilities, and required Germany to turn over her submarines to the Allies. *U-117* surrendered at Harwich, England, ten days later. Over the ensuing weeks, the United States Navy expressed an interest in acquiring several former German submarines to serve as exhibits during a Victory Bond campaign. *U-117* became one of the six boats set aside for that purpose. In March 1919, her American crew took over the submarine and placed her in special commission, Lieutenant Commander Aquilla G. Dibrell in command.

After a hectic time preparing for sea, *U-117* stood down the English Channel from Harwich on 3 April, in company with the submarine tender *Sumner*, and *UB-88*, *UB-148*, and *UC-97*. This unlikely American task organization, dubbed the Ex-German Submarine Expeditionary Force, called at the Azores and Bermuda before reaching New York City on 27 April 1919, where the submarines were soon opened to the public. Tourists, photographers, reporters, Navy Department technicians, and civilian submarine manufacturers all flocked in to see the six war trophies. Then orders came for her to begin a series of port visits to sell Victory Bonds. *U-117* drew one of the east coast itineraries during the course of which she stopped at Washington, D.C., and spent a significant period of time at the Washington Navy Yard there. At the conclusion of the bond drive late that summer, the U-boat was laid up at the Philadelphia Navy Yard along with *U-140* and *UB-148*. There, she remained – partially dismantled – until taken out to sea in June 1921, to serve as a target for aerial bombing tests conducted by the Navy and Army.

### Sinking

On 21 June 1921, three Navy Felixstowe F5L flying boats flying at an altitude of 1,200 ft (370 m) bombed and sank *U-117* at anchor in smooth water 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) East of Cape Charles Light Vessel, with twelve 163 lb (74 kg) bombs, each loaded with 117 lb (53 kg) of TNT.

The bombs were dropped in two salvos, one of three bombs and one of nine bombs. Both salvos straddled and fell close to the target, all within 150 ft (46 m) of it, all bombs functioned as designed. The submarine sank within seven minutes after the second salvo. The Board of Observers did not inspect her.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Name | Nationality | Tonnage | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 August 1918 | *Aleda May* | United States | 31 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Cruiser* | United States | 28 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Earl & Nettie* | United States | 24 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Katie L. Palmer* | United States | 31 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Mary E. Sennett* | United States | 26 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Progress* | United States | 34 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *Reliance* | United States | 19 | Sunk |
| 10 August 1918 | *William H. Starbuck* | United States | 53 | Sunk |
| 12 August 1918 | *Sommerstad* | Norway | 3,875 | Sunk |
| 13 August 1918 | *Frederic R. Kellogg* | United States | 7,127 | Damaged |
| 14 August 1918 | *Dorothy B. Barrett* | United States | 2,088 | Sunk |
| 15 August 1918 | *Madrugada* | United States | 1,613 | Sunk |
| 16 August 1918 | *Mirlo* | United Kingdom | 6,978 | Sunk |
| 17 August 1918 | *Nordhav* | Norway | 2,846 | Sunk |
| 20 August 1918 | *Ansaldo III* | Kingdom of Italy | 5,310 | Damaged |
| 24 August 1918 | *Bianca* | United Kingdom | 408 | Damaged |
| 26 August 1918 | *Rush* | United States | 145 | Sunk |
| 27 August 1918 | *Bergsdalen* | Norway | 2,555 | Sunk |
| 30 August 1918 | *Elsie Porter* | United Kingdom | 136 | Sunk |
| 30 August 1918 | *Potentate* | United Kingdom | 136 | Sunk |
| 29 September 1918 | USS *Minnesota* | United States Navy | 18,000 | Damaged |
| 4 October 1918 | *San Saba* | United States | 2,458 | Sunk |
| 27 October 1918 | *Chaparra* | Cuba | 1,510 | Sunk |
| 9 November 1918 | *Saetia* | United States | 2,873 | Sunk |

### Notes

### Citations

1. Gröner 1991, p. 15.
2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U 117". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 30 April 2016.

## Bibliography

* Photo gallery of USS *U-117* at NavSource Naval History
* Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 117". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 30 April 2016.

## InfoBox

| SM *U-117* at Cape Charles | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| German Empire | |
| Name | *U-117* |
| Builder | AG Vulcan Stettin |
| Yard number | 91 |
| Laid down | 1917 |
| Launched | 10 December 1917 |
| Commissioned | 28 March 1918 |
| Homeport | Kiel |
| Fate | * Surrendered, 21 November 1918 * Taken over by the US Navy, 1919 |
| United States | |
| Name | *U-117* |
| Acquired | March 1919 |
| Fate | Sunk as a target, 22 June 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type UE II submarine |
| Type | Coastal minelaying submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,164  (1,146 long tons) surfaced * 1,512 t (1,488 long tons) submerged |
| Length | 81.52 m (267 ft 5 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 7.42 m (24 ft 4 in) |
| Height | 10.16 m (33 ft 4 in) |
| Draught | 4.22 m (13 ft 10 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts, 2 × 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) propellers |
| Speed | * 14.7 knots (27.2 km/h; 16.9 mph) surfaced * 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 13,900 nmi (25,700 km; 16,000 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) surfaced * 35 nmi (65 km; 40 mi) at 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h; 5.2 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 75 m (246 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 36 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Otto Dröscher * 28 March – 11 November 1918 |
| Operations: | 1 patrol |
| Victories: | * 20 merchant ships sunk
(27,459 GRT) * 3 merchant ships damaged
(12,845 GRT) * 1 warship damaged
(18,000 tons) |


title: Out This Week

abstract: Out This Week is a pioneering LGBT+ weekly news programme that ran on BBC Radio 5Live for five years from 2 April 1994 - 1999, with as one of its founder/presenters Nigel Wrench and also featuring Justine Buchanan, Alison Hennegan and latterly Rebecca Sandles. Wrench and producer David Cook won a Sony Radio Award in 1995 for a landmark programme presented live from New York about Stonewall 25. Shortly after the award, the BBC extended their run to a full year.

text:
# Out This Week

***Out This Week*** is a pioneering LGBT+ weekly news programme that ran on BBC Radio 5Live for five years from 2 April 1994 - 1999, with as one of its founder/presenters Nigel Wrench and also featuring Justine Buchanan, Alison Hennegan and latterly Rebecca Sandles. Wrench and producer David Cook won a Sony Radio Award in 1995 for a landmark programme presented live from New York about Stonewall 25. Shortly after the award, the BBC extended their run to a full year.


title: Glossoloma herthae

abstract: Glossoloma herthae is a plant species in the family Gesneriaceae. A recent review has moved it out of the genus Alloplectus. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

text:
# Glossoloma herthae

***Glossoloma herthae*** is a plant species in the family Gesneriaceae. A recent review has moved it out of the genus *Alloplectus*.

It is endemic to Ecuador.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

* Clark, J.L. (2005): A monograph of *Alloplectus* (Gesneriaceae). *Selbyana* **25**(2): 182–209. HTML abstract

## InfoBox

| *Glossoloma herthae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Gesneriaceae |
| Genus: | *Glossoloma* |
| Species: | ***G. herthae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glossoloma herthae***
(Mansf.) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alloplectus herthae* Mansf. * *Besleria horizontalis* C.V.Morton | |


title: Medina Wharf Halt railway station

abstract: Medina Wharf Railway Station was a private halt between Cowes and Newport on the Isle of Wight that provided a way for workers at the nearby wharf to get to work before the road was laid. No shelter for its few passengers was ever provided and it never appeared on a public timetable. Additionally a non-passenger-carrying coal train transported coal from the siding via the halt to Ryde. After the Southern Railway took over from the IWCR the whole complex was extensively rebuilt. After the closure of the passenger station in 1966, freight traffic continued for about a year following which the track was lifted in the early 1970s. The trackway is now part of NCN route 23.

text:
# Medina Wharf Halt railway station

**Medina Wharf Railway Station** was a private halt between Cowes and Newport on the Isle of Wight that provided a way for workers at the nearby wharf to get to work before the road was laid. No shelter for its few passengers was ever provided and it never appeared on a public timetable. Additionally a non-passenger-carrying coal train transported coal from the siding via the halt to Ryde. After the Southern Railway took over from the IWCR the whole complex was extensively rebuilt.

After the closure of the passenger station in 1966, freight traffic continued for about a year following which the track was lifted in the early 1970s. The trackway is now part of NCN route 23.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cement Mills Halt |  | British Rail
Southern Region
IoW CR : Newport to Cowes line |  | Mill Hill |

50°44′48″N 1°17′38″W / 50.7468°N 1.2940°W / 50.7468; -1.2940

## InfoBox

| Medina Wharf | |
| --- | --- |
| A spot near the site of Medina Wharf Halt | |
| General information | |
| Location | Inlet, River Medina, Isle of Wight
England |
| Grid reference | SZ 499943 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Pre-grouping | Isle of Wight Central Railway (1887 to 1923) |
| Post-grouping | Southern Railway (1923 to 1948)
Southern Region of British Railways (1948 to 1966) |
| Key dates | |
| 1896 | Opened |
| 21 February 1966 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ray Saltmarsh

abstract: Ray Saltmarsh is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Ray Saltmarsh

**Ray Saltmarsh** (born 18 October 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Ray Saltmarsh | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ray Saltmarsh | | |
| Date of birth | (1952-10-18) 18 October 1952 | | |
| Original team(s) | Preston | | |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Weight | 81 kg (179 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1975 | Collingwood | 1 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1975. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Naruto, Tokushima

abstract: Naruto is a city located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2022, the city had an estimated population of 54,989 in 26,206 households and a population density of 410 persons per km⁲. The total area of the city is 191.11 square kilometres (73.79 sq mi).

text:
# Naruto, Tokushima

**Naruto** (鳴門市, *Naruto-shi*) is a city located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2022, the city had an estimated population of 54,989 in 26,206 households and a population density of 410 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 191.11 square kilometres (73.79 sq mi).

## Geography

Naruto is located in the northeastern tip of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is bordered by the Seto Inland Sea to the north and the Kii Channel to the east and faces Awaji Island across the Naruto Strait, which is famous for its whirlpools. The city is located in the easternmost part of the Sanuki Mountains.

### Neighbouring municipalities

Kagawa Prefecture

Tokushima Prefecture

### Climate

Naruto has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Naruto is 16.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1637 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 6.3 °C. Due to the Seto Inland Sea climate, rainfall is low despite being in Tokushima Prefecture.On August 6, 1923, a temperature of 42.5 °C, which was the highest recorded temperature in Japan for many decades, was unofficially recorded in Naruto.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Naruto has remained relatively steady over the past 50 years. In the quinquennial census of June 1, 2019, the city had a population of 56,222 (2005: 63,200).

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 50,574 |  |
| 1930 | 53,390 | +5.6% |
| 1940 | 52,084 | −2.4% |
| 1950 | 68,080 | +30.7% |
| 1960 | 62,827 | −7.7% |
| 1970 | 60,634 | −3.5% |
| 1980 | 63,423 | +4.6% |
| 1990 | 64,575 | +1.8% |
| 2000 | 64,620 | +0.1% |
| 2010 | 61,522 | −4.8% |

## History

As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Naruto was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The villages of Seto (瀬戸村), Naruto (鳴門村), Muya (撫養村), and Satoura (里浦村) were established within Itano District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. Seto became a town on November 1, 1938, Naruto on April 1, 1940, and Muya on March 15, 1947. The four municipalities merged on March 15, 1947, to form the city of Narunan (鳴南市), which was renamed Naruto two months later on May 15, 1947.

## Government

Naruto has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. Naruto contributes three members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Naruto has a mixed economy of agriculture, commercial fishing, food processing and pharmaceuticals. In the past, the salt industry was thriving. Naruto was the origin of the Otsuka Pharmaceutical Group and the Naruto Salt Industry, both of which still have a number of facilities in the city.

## Education

Naruto has 13 public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government and two public high schools operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education. The Naruto University of Education is located in the city.

## Transportation

### Railway

Shikoku Railway CompanyKōtoku Line

Shikoku Railway CompanyNaruto Line

### Highways

## Sister cities

## Local attractions

## Sports

Naruto has the home stadium of professional football team Tokushima Vortis and of baseball team Tokushima Indigo Socks.

## Traditional arts

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Naruto 鳴門市 | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Naruto City Montage | |
|  | |
| Location of Naruto in Tokushima Prefecture | |
|  | |
| Naruto | |
| Coordinates: 34°10′N 134°37′E / 34.167°N 134.617°E / 34.167; 134.617 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Shikoku |
| Prefecture | Tokushima |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Michihiko Izumi (from November 2009) |
| Area | |
| Total | 135.66 km2 (52.38 sq mi) |
| Population (June 30, 2022) | |
| Total | 54,989 |
| Density | 410/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| \- Tree | Ilex integra |
| \- Flower | Hamabō (Hibiscus hamabo) |
| Phone number | 088-684-1111 |
| Address | 170 Muyachō Minamihama Higashihama, Naruto-shi, Tokushima-ken
772-8501 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Poetic Justice (Steve Harley album)

abstract: Poetic Justice is the fourth solo studio album by English singer-songwriter Steve Harley, which was released by Transatlantic on 26 August 1996.

text:
# Poetic Justice (Steve Harley album)

***Poetic Justice*** is the fourth solo studio album by English singer-songwriter Steve Harley, which was released by Transatlantic on 26 August 1996.

## Background

Harley wrote much of the new material for *Poetic Justice* while on tour with his band Cockney Rebel, which he reformed and began touring with again in 1989. As his first album since 1992's *Yes You Can*, Harley recorded *Poetic Justice* at Berry House Studios in Ardingly, Sussex, with a number of musicians, including Nick Pynn, Phil Beer, Thomas Arnold, Ian Nice, Andrew Brown and Paul Francis. He told the *Stockport Times* in 1996, "It's my first album for four years so it's like a new beginning. It has blue and dark moments but then so has my life. Some of the songs may appear quite gloomy but I find it optimistic. It's my most confident set of lyrics ever. I've never made a record like this, where I can come away and I genuinely want to sing and play it live."

Speaking of his songwriting during this period of his career, Harley told *The Birmingham Post* in 1998, "In the Cockney Rebel days I was perhaps more detached as a songwriter than I am now. When you've had kids you change, but I'm still a terribly romantic animal. What I'm finding as I get older is that the songs allow me to express my sense of romance. Those who come to the concerts don't seem to mind, in fact many of them say *Poetic Justice* is their favourite album."

In 2002, Harley spoke of songwriting and *Poetic Justice* in an interview with *Perfect Sound Forever*. He said,

> "Songwriting is one of the few jobs even in the world of creative art that we do where you don't get better with age. It's also true perhaps with novelists: that their best work is often left behind in their twenties and up to their mid thirties, when you're truly inspired and think you can rule the world. In '96, I released *Poetic Justice* and I do five or six songs from that most nights on tour and I would say they might just be the best songs I've ever written and they touch people as though they're the best songs I've ever written and they go down as though they were big hits."

In 2003, Harley picked *Poetic Justice* as the "favourite album of my entire career" and one which "reflect\[s\] my age and my experience and all that stuff".

## Song information

*Poetic Justice* features seven new songs, three covers, and a 'live in the studio' re-recording of "Riding the Waves (For Virginia Woolf)", a song which originally appeared on Harley's 1978 debut solo album *Hobo with a Grin*. "That's My Life in Your Hands" was written by Harley and Hugh Nicholson. The song originated as "Starlight Jingles", which was first recorded by Nicholson's band Blue during their sessions at Los Angeles between 1979 and 1982, and later by Radio Heart for their self-titled 1987 album. Harley approached Nicholson to rewrite the lyrics and record his own version of the song.

"The Last Time I Saw You" received its debut live performance on 29 April 1994 at the Mick Ronson Memorial Concert at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. This live version, along with a performance of "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)", later appeared on the 2001 compilation *The Mick Ronson Memorial Concert*. In 2024, Nick Pynn, who played guitar on the track, picked it as his favourite out of all the songs he recorded with Harley. The guitar solo used parts recorded from two separate takes.

The album's three covers include Jimmy Ruffin's "What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted?", Bob Dylan's "Love Minus Zero-No Limit" and Van Morrison's "Crazy Love". In a 1996 interview with *Birmingham Evening Mail*, Harley said, "I didn't need the help of other songwriters. The reason there are three cover versions is because I've reached the stage where I'm genuinely at ease with myself, whatever talent I've got. I've done some covers on stage but I only ever pick ones I wish I'd written myself. 'What Becomes of the Broken Hearted', for example, is a classic piece of writing." In a 1997 interview with *Smiler*, Harley added, "There's a lot of people who are quite unhappy with the covers that I've done on my new album, so I'm thinking I won't bother doing any again. My audience think I've run out of ideas if I only write eight \[songs\] out of eleven."

Harley has described "Two Damn'd Lies" as "reflecting on the human hipocracy" and "how we can't help ourselves" in being "contrary, hypocritical and selfish".

## Release

*Poetic Justice* was released on CD by Transatlantic Records, a division of Castle Communications, on 26 August 1996.

No singles were released from the album, despite Harley's interest in releasing "That's My Life in Your Hands", "What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted?" and "The Last Time I Saw You". In his interview with *Smiler*, Harley commented, "They should have released 'The Last Time I Saw You' or 'That's My Life in Your Hands' – they would have got a lot of airplay – not Radio One – but a good plugger these days gets people like me on all those "gold" stations or Virgin – they'll all play it, and even if it was only a turntable hit, I'd have liked that, but record companies now are run by accountants. It's hard to get anyone to talk sense." In response to Robson & Jerome reaching the UK number one spot in 1996 with their own version of "What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted?", Harley added, "I'd recorded it long before they turned up. We were saying to the record company, I'd done this as a single, and they hadn't got a bloody clue. Three months later it was being played by them."

A re-issue of the album was released by Castle Music Ltd on 7 October 2002. Another re-issue, as a digi-pack CD, followed on 20 September 2010 by Repertoire Records, under license from Comeuppance Ltd. In 2010–11, Sanctuary Fontana made the album available as a digital download on sites such as iTunes.

## Promotion

In September and October 1996, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel embarked on the UK 19-date *Poetic Justice Tour*. The album was also advertised in various music magazines, including *Mojo* and . Harley was disappointed in Transatlantic's lack of promotion for *Poetic Justice* and the album's failure to reach a wide audience. He told *The Birmingham Post* in 1998, "You can only do your best. When you are someone like me who spends two years writing the songs and they come from the heart and then you find there's no serious marketing campaign for the product it's pretty depressing. My manager is in the process of discussing buying it back so we can re-release it."

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music* |  |

On its release, *High Fidelity News and Record Review* wrote, "Something about Harley has him classified, historically, with rock's assholes, but this latest solo almost redeems him. His first in five years contains a cluster of originals and three seemingly out-of-place covers which actually work in the context of his own songs." Simon Evans of *The Birmingham Post* noted Harley's voice was "less mannered" and the arrangements "less grandiose" than in his Cockney Rebel days, but felt there are "flashes of the old Harley" in the "aching, regretful" "Two Damn'd Lies" and "All in a Life's Work". He believed Cockney Rebel's "faded bohemianism" was "best captured" on the "sumptuous" version of "Love Minus Zero/No Limit" and described the "lovely" "The Last Time I Saw You" as a song which "ranks alongside Harley's very best". Evans also noted the influence of Bob Dylan across the album, writing, "Dylan's presence hangs heavy, not just in Harley's poetic conceits but also on the *Blonde on Blonde* sound of a song like 'Loveless'. Harley however is too much of an original to get trapped in mere imitation."

Thom Jurek of AllMusic described *Poetic Justice* as "a very solid and subdued set for Harley" and "fine work top to bottom" which "should be owned by any fan, or investigated by the curious". Jurek wrote, "He's in fine voice here, and his own songs are pretty much top of the heap for having been some '20 years past his prime' as some jive Brit journo called him. It's nonsense, of course, since Harley may not have had the hits in the '90s, but certainly had the requisite taste, musicianship and elegance to put a collection of songs together like this one."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Steve Harley except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "That's My Life in Your Hands" | Harley, Hugh Nicholson | 3:50 |
| 2. | "What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted?" | James Dean, Paul Riser, William Weatherspoon | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Two Damn'd Lies" |  | 5:07 |
| 4. | "Loveless" |  | 4:47 |
| 5. | "Strange Communications" |  | 4:06 |
| 6. | "All in a Life's Work" |  | 4:57 |
| 7. | "Love Minus Zero-No Limit" | Bob Dylan | 6:08 |
| 8. | "Safe" |  | 3:43 |
| 9. | "The Last Time I Saw You" |  | 5:12 |
| 10. | "Crazy Love" | Van Morrison | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Riding the Waves (For Virginia Woolf)" |  | 6:08 |

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the *Poetic Justice* CD album booklet.

* Steve Harley – vocals
* Nick Pynn – acoustic guitar, 12-string guitar, dulcimer, mando-cello
* Phil Beer – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bottle-neck guitar, violin, vocals
* Richard Durrant – classical guitar (track 10)
* Thomas Arnold – Hammond organ, piano, honky-tonk, percussion
* Ian Nice – piano, keyboards
* Andrew Brown – bass, double-bass
* Herbie Flowers – double-bass (track 5)
* Paul Francis – drums
* Mark Price – drums (tracks 5, 9)
* Susan Harvey – vocals

**Production**

* Steve Harley – producer
* Curtis Schwartz – engineer

**Other**

* Phil Nicholls – sleeve photography
* Chris Insoll – photo tinting
* Hugh Gilmour at Castle – design
* Steve Blackwell – representation
* James Wyllie – representation
* Paul Charles at Asgard – agency

## InfoBox

| Poetic Justice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Steve Harley | |
| Released | 26 August 1996 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 51:43 |
| Label | Transatlantic |
| Producer | Steve Harley |
| Steve Harley chronology | |
| *Yes You Can*
(1992) ***Poetic Justice***
(1996) *More Than Somewhat – The Very Best of Steve Harley*
(1998) | |


title: Hemilomecopterus alienus

abstract: Hemilomecopterus alienus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Hemilomecopterus. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2004.

text:
# Hemilomecopterus alienus

***Hemilomecopterus alienus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Hemilomecopterus***. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2004.

## InfoBox

| *Hemilomecopterus alienus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Hemilomecopterus*** |
| Species: | ***H. alienus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemilomecopterus alienus***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2004 | |
|


title: Nealcidion costatum

abstract: Nealcidion costatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Martins in 1976.

text:
# Nealcidion costatum

***Nealcidion costatum*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Martins in 1976.

## InfoBox

| *Nealcidion costatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Nealcidion* |
| Species: | ***N. costatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nealcidion costatum***<br>(Monné & Martins, 1976) | |
|


title: Venomous fish

abstract: Venomous fish are species of fish which produce strong mixtures of toxins harmful to humans which they deliberately deliver by means of a bite, sting, or stab, resulting in an envenomation. As a contrast, poisonous fish also produce a strong toxin, but they do not bite, sting, or stab to deliver the toxin, instead being poisonous to eat because the human digestive system does not destroy the toxin they contain in their bodies. Venomous fish do not necessarily cause poisoning if they are eaten, as the digestive system often destroys the venom. There are at least 1200 species of venomous fish, with catfishes alone possibly contributing 250–625 species to that total. The former number accounts for two-thirds of the venomous vertebrate population. There are more venomous fish than venomous snakes and indeed more than the combined total of all other venomous vertebrates. Venomous fish are found in almost all habitats around the world, but mostly in tropical waters. Encounters with these species injure over 50,000 people every year. Venomous fishes carry their venom in venom glands and use various delivery systems, such as spines or sharp fins, barbs, spikes and fangs. The most common venom delivery system is via dorsal spines. Venomous fish tend to be either very visible, using flamboyant colors to discourage predators from attacking them, or skillfully camouflaged and possibly buried in the sand. Apart from the value of improved self defense or capacity to kill prey, venom helps bottom dwelling fish by killing bacteria that could otherwise invade their skin. Few of these venoms have been studied. They are a yet-to-be tapped resource for bioprospecting to find drugs with medical uses.

text:
# Venomous fish

**Venomous fish** are species of fish which produce strong mixtures of toxins harmful to humans (called venom) which they deliberately deliver by means of a bite, sting, or stab, resulting in an envenomation. As a contrast, poisonous fish also produce a strong toxin, but they do not bite, sting, or stab to deliver the toxin, instead being poisonous to eat because the human digestive system does not destroy the toxin they contain in their bodies. Venomous fish do not necessarily cause poisoning if they are eaten, as the digestive system often destroys the venom.

There are at least 1200 species of venomous fish, with catfishes alone possibly contributing 250–625 species to that total. The former number accounts for two-thirds of the venomous vertebrate population. There are more venomous fish than venomous snakes and indeed more than the combined total of all other venomous vertebrates. Venomous fish are found in almost all habitats around the world, but mostly in tropical waters. Encounters with these species injure over 50,000 people every year.

Venomous fishes carry their venom in venom glands and use various delivery systems, such as spines or sharp fins, barbs, spikes and fangs. The most common venom delivery system is via dorsal spines. Venomous fish tend to be either very visible, using flamboyant colors to discourage predators from attacking them, or skillfully camouflaged and possibly buried in the sand. Apart from the value of improved self defense or capacity to kill prey, venom helps bottom dwelling fish by killing bacteria that could otherwise invade their skin. Few of these venoms have been studied. They are a yet-to-be tapped resource for bioprospecting to find drugs with medical uses.

## Examples

* The most venomous known fish is the reef stonefish. It has a remarkable ability to camouflage itself amongst rocks. It is an ambush predator that sits on the bottom waiting for prey to approach. Instead of swimming away if disturbed, it erects 13 venomous spines along its back. For defense it can shoot venom from each or all of these spines. Each spine is like a hypodermic needle, delivering the venom from two sacs attached to the spine. The stonefish has control over whether to shoot its venom, and does so when provoked or frightened. The venom results in severe pain, paralysis and tissue death, and can be fatal if not treated. Despite its formidable defenses, stonefish have predators. Some bottom feeding rays and sharks with crushing teeth feed on them, as does the Stokes' seasnake.

* The lionfish is a venomous coral reef fish. Unlike stonefish, a lionfish can release venom only if something strikes its spines. Although not native to the U.S. coast, lionfish have appeared around Florida and have spread up the coast to New York, possibly due to a hurricane washing captive specimens into natural waters. Lionfish can aggressively dart at scuba divers and attempt to puncture their facemask with their venomous spines.

* The stargazer buries itself and can deliver electric shocks as well as venom. It is a delicacy in some cultures (cooking destroys the venom), and can be found for sale in some fish markets with the electric organ removed. They have been called "the meanest things in creation"

* Stingrays can sting and cause an injury with their stinger, with such envenomations frequently occurring when people wade in shallow water and tread on them. Such encounters can be avoided by shuffling through the sand or stamping on the bottom, as the rays detect this and swim away. The stinger usually breaks off in the wound, and as it is barbed it can easily penetrate the skin but is difficult to remove once lodged into the victim. The stinger causes local trauma from the cut itself, pain and swelling from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria. Occasionally severed arteries or death can result.

* Another very well-known venomous fish is the fang-tooth blenny. They have venom that contains the opioid-like enkephalin, phospholipase, and neuropeptide Y. Enkephalin and phospholipase both produce inflammatory responses and neuropeptide Y induces a severe drop in blood pressure to the effected area. Blennies inject their venom via hollow, mandibular fangs.

## Antivenom

Venomous fish are very often involved in human injury, usually by accident, but few studies have been done to investigate the constituents of fish venom. Even fewer studies have been done to create antivenom.

The only commercially available antivenom is for the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceja trachynis Stonefish Antivenom (SFAV).

## Biological and pharmacological importance of fish venoms

It has been found that the mucous and sting venom of *Potamotrygon cf. henlei,* a species of stingray that is found in Brazil, is toxic to mice that have nociceptive, edematogenic, and proteolysis activities. Two peptides were isolated from the stingray venom, orpotrin, which causes vasoconstriction, and porflan, which causes inflammation. Knowing how these peptides are structured could lead to the development of a neutralization technique that could effectively act as an antivenom.

Of all the piscine venoms studied, they all produce profound cardiovascular alterations, both in vivo and in vitro. These changes stimulate the release of nitric oxide from the endothelial cells, smooth muscle contractions, and other effects of the atria. Piscine venoms also produce neuromuscular activity effects- depolarization of nerve and muscle cells. In addition, piscine venoms have strong cytolytic activity. In experimental models and in Western immunoblotting analysis, all tested piscine venoms showed structural similarity, which could lead to the advent of an overarching antivenom or other novel uses.


title: SS Ohio (1872)

abstract: SS Ohio was an iron passenger-cargo steamship built by William Cramp & Sons in 1872. The second of a series of four Pennsylvania-class vessels, Ohio and her three sister ships—Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois—were the largest iron ships ever built in the United States at the time of their construction, and amongst the first to be fitted with compound steam engines. They were also the first ships to challenge British dominance of the transatlantic trade since the American Civil War. Ohio spent most of her career on the Liverpool-Philadelphia route she had originally been designed to service. After 25 years of transatlantic crossings, Ohio was sold in 1898 for service in the Alaskan gold rush. She was wrecked in British Columbian waters in 1909.

text:
# SS Ohio (1872)

**SS *Ohio*** was an iron passenger-cargo steamship built by William Cramp & Sons in 1872. The second of a series of four *Pennsylvania*-class vessels, *Ohio* and her three sister ships*Pennsylvania*, *Indiana* and *Illinois*were the largest iron ships ever built in the United States at the time of their construction, and amongst the first to be fitted with compound steam engines. They were also the first ships to challenge British dominance of the transatlantic trade since the American Civil War.

*Ohio* spent most of her career on the Liverpool-Philadelphia route she had originally been designed to service. After 25 years of transatlantic crossings, *Ohio* was sold in 1898 for service in the Alaskan gold rush. She was wrecked in British Columbian waters in 1909.

## Development

The four *Pennsylvania* class liners were constructed at a cost of $520,000 each by William Cramp & Sons on behalf of the American Steamship Company (ASC), a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The Railroad intended to utilize the vessels to bring European immigrants direct to Philadelphia, thus ensuring the company a steady stream of customers. In recognition of this purpose, the four ships - *Pennsylvania*, *Indiana*, *Illinois* and *Ohio* \- were named after the four states serviced by the Railroad. Design of the ships was entrusted to Charles H. Cramp of the Cramp & Sons shipyard, and Barnabas H. Bartol, a director of the ASC.

## Construction

At 3,000 gross tons apiece, the ships were 1,000 tons larger than any iron ship previously constructed in the United States, and Cramp & Sons was forced to undertake a substantial upgrade of its facilities to complete them. The company established an entirely new shipyard for construction of the vessels, serviced by its own blacksmith, engine, boiler and carpentry shops, as well as providing it with a 700-foot (210 m) outfitting wharf. Cost of the real estate alone was in excess of $265,000, and Cramp & Sons was obliged to incorporate as the William Cramp & Sons Engine and Ship Building Company in order to limit the financial risk involved. Fortuitously, Cramp & Sons had only recently built its first compound marine steam engine, and consequently the shipyard was able to install the vessels with the latest in engine technology.

The original contract called for *Ohio* to be completed by November 1, 1872, but the schedule proved optimistic. A short-lived shipbuilding boom in the early 1870s made it difficult for the Cramp shipyard to obtain iron plates and other materials, and the yard was also affected by shortages of skilled labor. The ship's launch consequently did not take place until October 30, and she was not completed for delivery until well into the following year.

## Service history

*Ohio*'s maiden voyage took place on August 7, 1873, on the Philadelphia-Queenstown-Liverpool route. She would continue working this route almost without interruption for the next 22 years.

### 1870s

*Ohio*'s first few months of service proved eventful. The winter of 1873-74 was particularly bad on the Atlantic, and on a late winter voyage to Liverpool, *Ohio* lost two lifeboats, while her after wheelhouse was damaged beyond repair by the waves. During a March crossing to Philadelphia, the ship was so battered by heavy seas that she suffered damage to her bow. In May, some of *Ohio*'s cargo caught fire between Liverpool and Queenstown. After the fire was extinguished, the ship resumed her voyage to Liverpool, but the cargo caught fire a second time, and was only finally extinguished by a combination of battening the hatches to starve the flames of oxygen and the use of steam pumps. In February of the same year, the wooden bridge of *Ohio*'s sister ship *Pennsylvania* was torn from the vessel in a hurricane, and a new iron bridge was subsequently installed on all four of the *Pennsylvania* class vessels.

In 1875, a decision was made to increase the first class complement of all Pennsylvania class vessels from 75 to 100.

#### Failed experimental fruit shipment

With the American Line struggling to turn a profit in the wake of the 1873 financial panic, the company decided to experiment with some novel exports. The first such experiment involved a large shipment of peaches onboard *Ohio*.

Delaware fruit growers had experienced a bumper year in 1875, and a glut of peaches on the local market had depressed the price correspondingly. Seeking to take advantage of the situation, the ASC's management placed advertisements offering to ship the surplus fruit to the United Kingdom in specially ventilated compartments on *Ohio*. The ASC organized a train to pick up the fruit, and the response was overwhelming, with over 4,500 baskets of peaches delivered. *Ohio* sailed for Liverpool with its cargo of peaches in late August.

The ASC had hoped to keep the fruit fresh during the transatlantic crossing by installing steam powered blowers to circulate an air current over the peaches through several tons of ice, but the ice was soon melted by heat from the ship's boilers and the sunny weather. By the time the ship reached Liverpool, the shipment of peaches had completely decomposed and was utterly worthless.

Undeterred by this failure, the ASC next attempted a shipment of fresh meat on board *Illinois*, utilizing much the same technique. This time, the ice held out, and the meat arrived in Liverpool in excellent condition. A second shipment of meat was subsequently made; however, reliable shipments of fresh meat across the Atlantic would have to wait for the invention of refrigeration twenty years later.

### 1880s

In 1882, the wooden pilothouse in the bow of all four Pennsylvania class ships was replaced with an iron one for safety reasons.

In 1883–84, inspections revealed that all four *Pennsylvania* class ships required immediate maintenance to their hulls, which needed strengthening. The repairs were carried out at a cost of $25,000 per vessel, but the additional costs probably contributed to the Pennsylvania Railroad's decision to wind up the American Steamship Company, which because of the after effects of the 1873 panic had always struggled to make a profit. With the demise of the ASC, *Ohio* and her three sister ships were transferred to management of the PRR's other shipping line, the Red Star Line, but *Ohio* continued to service her familiar Liverpool-Philadelphia route.

*Ohio* had a major refit with the installation of a triple-expansion steam engine to replace her original compound steam engine in 1887. The new engine, built and installed by James Howell of Glasgow, was smaller, allowing for more cargo space, and more economical to run. *Ohio*'s first class accommodation was also rebuilt. That same year, *Ohio* was switched from the Liverpool-Philadelphia run to the Liverpool-New York City route. She commenced her first such crossing on August 16, 1887, and made her thirteenth and last voyage on this route commencing February 20, 1889.

### *City of Paris* incident

In 1890, *Ohio* was on her way to the United States when she encountered her fellow Red Star liner *City of Paris* being towed back to Liverpool by the steamship *Aldersgate* and accompanied by the White Star liner *Adriatic*. *City of Paris* had suffered a catastrophic engine failure 200 miles (320 km) out from Liverpool that had shredded her engine and perforated the hull, causing the ship to take water. *Ohio* promptly turned around and joined the two vessels escorting the ship to safe harbor, which was achieved March 29 at Cork, by which time the stern of the stricken vessel was drawing 35 feet (11 m) and her bow was high out the water.

### To 1897

By 1892, *Ohio* was the only remaining vessel of the *Pennsylvania* class to be carrying first class passengers, all three of her sister ships having been downgraded to cabin class. In 1893, she began sailing under the colours of the prestigious Inman Line, which had recently been acquired by the Red Star Line. *Ohio* maintained the Liverpool-Queenstown-Philadelphia service through the early 1890s, commencing her last such crossing on August 25, 1895.

In 1896, *Ohio* was transferred to the New YorkSouthampton route, commencing her first such crossing on June 27 of that year. Her final North Atlantic voyage began when she sailed on August 22, 1897, from Kiel to Southampton and thence to New York.

### Alaskan gold rush

Following the discovery of gold in Alaska in 1896, great demand was created for American-flagged ships to transport gold prospectors to Alaska during the resulting gold rush. Clement Acton Griscom, the executive head of the Inman Line, took advantage of this demand to sell the ageing and outdated *Pennsylvania* class vessels at a premium.

On March 5, 1898, *Ohio* sailed from Philadelphia to San Francisco on the Pacific Coast. There, the vessel was sold to the Alaska Steamship Company, and subsequently commenced servicing the Seattle-Nome route, which she was to maintain to the end.

In 1907, *Ohio* struck an iceberg in the Bering Sea. Although the vessel survived the collision, 75 panicked passengers jumped overboard onto the ice, resulting in the loss of four lives. In 1908, *Ohio*'s captain, mindful of the previous year's accident, infuriated his passengers by refusing to complete the journey before the ice melted.

On August 26, 1909, *Ohio* hit an uncharted rock (which is now named Ohio Rock) at Sarah Island at the South end of Heikish narrows and the North end of Finlayson Channel, British Columbia, but the captain was able to beach the ship before she sank, saving the lives of all but four of the 214 passengers and crew. Michael James Heney died a year later from hypothermia caused from too much time in the frigid waters. *Ohio*'s career thus came to an end after 36 years of service.

## Citations

* Flayhart, William Henry III (2000): *The American Line (1871-1902)*, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-04710-5.
* Heinrich, Thomas R. (1997): *Ships for the Seven Seas: Philadelphia Shipbuilding in the Age of Industrial Capitalism*, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5387-7.
* Tyler, David B. (1958): *The American Clyde: A History of Iron and Steel Shipbuilding on the Delaware from 1840 to World War I*, University of Delaware Press (reprinted 1992, ISBN 978-0-87413-101-7).

## InfoBox

| SS *Ohio* anchored off Nome, Alaska, 1907 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | SS *Ohio* |
| Namesake | Ohio, USA |
| Owner | American Line |
| Operator | American Steamship Company |
| Port of registry | United States |
| Builder | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia |
| Cost | $520,000 |
| Yard number | 181 |
| Launched | October 30, 1872 |
| Maiden voyage | August 7, 1873 |
| Refit | 1887 |
| Fate | Wrecked off the coast of British Columbia, August 26, 1909 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Pennsylvania* class passenger-cargo ship |
| Tonnage | 3,104 gross |
| Length | 343 ft |
| Beam | 43 ft |
| Depth of hold | 32 ft 2 in |
| Propulsion | Compound (later triple expansion) steam engine, single screw, auxiliary sails |
| Speed | 11.5 knots |
| Capacity | 46 x 1st-, 132 2nd class and 789 steerage passengers |


abstract: The Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights is a human rights group.

text:
# Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights

The **Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights** is a human rights group.

## History and leadership

From 1970, this human rights group was chaired by Israel Shahak. It was briefly a member of the International League for Human Rights, but was suspended in 1973. This was related to the organisation's 1972 AGM, on 16 November, which was broken up by some 200 members of the Young Israeli Labor Party assisted by members of the GSS. Both Uri Davis and Felicia Langer have served as vice-chair.

1. Chomsky, Noam, "The Fateful Triangle - The United States, Israel and the Palestinians." 1983. ISBN 0-86104-741-9. Page 142.
2. "The Israeli league for Human and Civil Rights: The Shahak Papers". *cosmos.ucc.ie*. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
3. Raks, Louis, Union of Liberal Students, "Political Prisoners and Human Rights in Israel." Introduction by Peter Hain and Andrew Ellis. Page i.


title: Glyphodes principalis

abstract: Glyphodes principalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found on Sumatra.

text:
# Glyphodes principalis

***Glyphodes principalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found on Sumatra.

## InfoBox

| *Glyphodes principalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Glyphodes* |
| Species: | ***G. principalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glyphodes principalis***<br>Walker, 1865 | |
|


title: Medina Yacine Ba

abstract: Médina Yacine Ba is a village in the rural community of Coubalan, located in Tenghori Arrondissement and Bignona Department, a subdivision of the Ziguinchor Region in the historical region of Casamance in the south-west of the country.

text:
# Medina Yacine Ba

**Médina Yacine Ba** is a village in the rural community of Coubalan, located in Tenghori Arrondissement and Bignona Department, a subdivision of the Ziguinchor Region in the historical region of Casamance in the south-west of the country.

## InfoBox

| Médina Yacine Ba | |
| --- | --- |
| Médina Yacine BaLocation in Senegal | |
| Coordinates: 12°39′N 16°10′W / 12.650°N 16.167°W / 12.650; -16.167 | |
| Country | Senegal |
| Region | Ziguinchor |
| Department | Bignona |
| Arrondissement | Coubalan |
| Elevation | 2 m (7 ft) |


title: Kenneth J. Houghton

abstract: Kenneth John Houghton was a highly decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general.

text:
# Kenneth J. Houghton

**Kenneth John Houghton** (October 17, 1920 – March 27, 2006) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general.

## Early Marine Corps career

Kenneth J. Houghton was born in San Francisco, California, on October 17, 1920. He graduated from Polytechnic High School in 1938 and then attended the University of San Francisco. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in Political Science and Economics, Houghton enlisted in the Marines on April 15, 1942. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on September 26.

Houghton was attached to the 2nd Marine Division and was promoted to first lieutenant, taking part in the battle of Tarawa in November 1943 and later the Battle of Saipan in mid 1944. He was promoted to captain on December 31, 1944.

## Korean War

When the Korean War broke out, Captain Houghton was attached to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade and took part in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter in August 1950. He then took part in the amphibious assault at Inchon in September. On September 19, he led a reconnaissance patrol across the Han River to an enemy held shore line. While the patrol swam to the shore, they came under heavy fire and Houghton was wounded. Despite his wounds, he managed to lead his Marines back across the river while under fire to safety. He was awarded his first Silver Star for his actions that day. He was later wounded again in October and was evacuated from the field. He remained in a hospital until January 1951, when he was also promoted to major.

In 1962, Houghton attended the Army War College and earned a master's degree in Political Science from George Washington University. He was promoted to colonel on July 1, 1964.

## Vietnam War

In February 1967, Colonel Houghton deployed to Vietnam where he took command of the 5th Marines. He then took part in Operation Union, in which the 21st North Vietnamese Regiment was decimated near the Quế Sơn Valley, from April to May of that year. He was awarded his second Silver Star for his actions during Operation Union.

On May 26, 1967, Colonel Houghton led the 5th Marines in a helicopter assault, commencing Operation Union II. The mission was to destroy the remnants of the 21st NVA Regiment. Houghton committed two of his battalions, 1/5 and 3/5, and succeeded in annihilating the enemy despite heavy resistance. When Colonel Houghton was informed another large enemy force was in the area, he ordered 1/5 and 3/5 to sweep the region. On June 2, the two battalions made contact with the 3rd NVA Regiment and came under heavy fire and took heavy casualties. Houghton sent his reserve battalion, 2/5, to attack the enemy's flank. Company F was nearly decimated, and the commanding officer, Captain James A. Graham, was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor. Despite being wounded himself, Houghton led his regiment in destroying the enemy force. For his actions during Operation Union II, he was awarded the Navy Cross.

## Later career

Colonel Houghton left Vietnam in February 1968. On August 21 of that year, he was promoted to brigadier general. In October 1972, he became the commanding officer of 29 Palms, California. He assumed command of the 1st Marine Division in Camp Pendleton, California on May 1, 1973, and was promoted to major general the next day. Houghton relinquished command of the 1st Marine Division on August 12, 1974, subsequently assuming command of the 3rd Marine Division in Okinawa, Japan on August 23.

On August 13, 1975, Houghton was relieved by Major General Herbert L. Wilkerson. Houghton assumed the role of Commanding General of Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California. He served in this position until November 1, 1977, when he retired after 35 years of service.

Houghton continued working with defense contractors until retiring again in 1999. He was also active in the Marine Corps Oral History Program and received a Certificate of Appreciation from the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Paul X. Kelley in June 1986.

Kenneth J. Houghton died on March 27, 2006, in his home in La Jolla, California. He was buried in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.

1. Carl Nolte (April 2006). "Kenneth J. Houghton -- 'a Marine Corps legend'". *SFGATE*.
2. "Kenneth J. Houghton -- 'a Marine Corps legend'". *The San Diego Union Tribune*.
3. "Kenneth J. Houghton". *Military Times*.
4. "Fortitudine 16, Part 1 - Eleven Distinguished Marines Speak for the Record, pages 27-28" (PDF). *marines.mil*. Marines Websites. Retrieved September 12, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Kenneth John Houghton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | October 17, 1920
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | March 27, 2006(2006-03-27) (aged 85)
La Jolla, California, U.S. |
| Buried | Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
San Diego, California |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1942–1977 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | 5th Marine Regiment
1st Marine Division
3rd Marine Division
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego |
| Battles/wars | **World War II** **Korean War**
**Vietnam War** |
| Awards | Navy Cross
Silver Star (2)
Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star Medal (2)
Purple Heart (3) |


title: Warren Williams (American football)

abstract: Warren Williams Jr. is an American former professional football running back. He played college football at the University of Miami.

text:
# Warren Williams (American football)

**Warren Williams Jr.** (born July 29, 1965) is an American former professional football running back. He played college football at the University of Miami.

## College statistics

* 1984: 29 carries for 140 yards. 13 catches for 154 yards and 1 touchdown.
* 1985: 89 carries for 522 yards and 4 touchdowns. 14 catches for 131 yards.
* 1986: 80 carries for 399 yards and 3 touchdowns. 13 catches for 114 yards and 2 touchdowns.
* 1987: 135 carries for 673 yards and 5 touchdowns. 30 catches for 309 yards and 1 touchdown.

## Professional career

Williams played in National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1988 to 1992 and the Indianapolis Colts in 1993. He was selected by the Steelers in the sixth round of the 1988 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

Warren Williams
| No. 42, 44 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1965-07-29) July 29, 1965
Fort Myers, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 202 lb (92 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | North Fort Myers
(North Fort Myers, Florida) |
| College: | Miami (FL) |
| NFL draft: | 1988 / round: 6 / pick: 155 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing yards: 1,191  Rushing average: 4.7  Total touchdowns: 10 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Polar AC

abstract: Polar AC is a compilation album by jazz trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. It was his final album released on Creed Taylor's CTI label and features performances by Hubbard, Hubert Laws, George Benson, Junior Cook, and Ron Carter. It was put together by CTI after Hubbard left the label to go to Columbia, and the tracks were recorded at different sessions, between 1971 and 1973. The album featured pieces: "People Make the World Go Round" and "Betcha, By Golly Wow", recorded both on April 12, 1972, and "Son of Sky Dive" recorded around 1973. "Polar AC" came from First Light sessions, whilst "Naturally" was recorded during Sky Dive sessions, and both can be found on CD reissues of their respective albums.

text:
# Polar AC

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***Polar AC*** is a compilation album by jazz trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. It was his final album released on Creed Taylor's CTI label and features performances by Hubbard, Hubert Laws, George Benson, Junior Cook, and Ron Carter. It was put together by CTI after Hubbard left the label to go to Columbia, and the tracks were recorded at different sessions, between 1971 and 1973. The album featured pieces: "People Make the World Go Round" and "Betcha, By Golly Wow", recorded both on April 12, 1972, and "Son of Sky Dive" recorded around 1973. "Polar AC" (aka "Fantasy in D" and "Ugetsu") came from *First Light* sessions, whilst "Naturally" was recorded during *Sky Dive* sessions, and both can be found on CD reissues of their respective albums.

## Track listing

1. "Polar AC" (Cedar Walton) - 6:56
2. "People Make the World Go Round" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) - 5:54
3. "Betcha by Golly, Wow" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) - 8:14
4. "Naturally" (Nat Adderley) - 5:55
5. "Son of Sky Dive" (Freddie Hubbard) - 13:21

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Polar AC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Freddie Hubbard | |
| Released | April 18, 1975 |
| Recorded | September 16, 1971 (#1)
April 12, 1972 (#2–3)
October 4–5, 1972 (#4)
October 5 or 23, 1973 (#5) |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:20 |
| Label | CTI
CTI 6056 |
| Producer | Creed Taylor |
| Freddie Hubbard chronology | |
| *Keep Your Soul Together*
(1974) ***Polar AC***
(1975) *High Energy*
(1974) | |


title: Hemilophus infuscatus

abstract: Hemilophus infuscatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881. It is known from Brazil.

text:
# Hemilophus infuscatus

***Hemilophus infuscatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881. It is known from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Hemilophus infuscatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Hemilophini |
| Genus: | *Hemilophus* |
| Species: | ***H. infuscatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemilophus infuscatus***<br>Bates, 1881 | |
|