title: Jamestown, Western Cape

abstract: Jamestown, also known as Webersvallei plus Mountain View, is a quiet rural settlement on the southern outskirts of Stellenbosch in the Cape Winelands District of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated next to Blaauwklippen Vineyards, on the eastern side of route R44 from Stellenbosch to Somerset West and the Strand coastal resort. The main access from the R44 is via Webersvallei Road, the main road in Jamestown with watererven – long, narrow agricultural plots on the south bank of Blouklip River – on the north side of the road and residential plots on the south side of the road.

text:
# Jamestown, Western Cape

**Jamestown**, also known as **Webersvallei** ("Weber's Valley") plus **Mountain View**, is a quiet rural settlement on the southern outskirts of Stellenbosch in the Cape Winelands District of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated next to Blaauwklippen Vineyards, on the eastern side of route R44 from Stellenbosch to Somerset West and the Strand coastal resort. The main access from the R44 is via Webersvallei Road, the main road in Jamestown with *watererven* – long, narrow agricultural plots on the south bank of Blouklip River – on the north side of the road and residential plots on the south side of the road.

## History

Over time, Jamestown has transformed from a subsistence farming village into a primarily residential area as residents have sought work elsewhere in order to survive. A heritage committee was established in 2010 to document the history of Jamestown for the benefit of future generations, to restore old buildings and to facilitate increased involvement in local festivals and commemorative events.

The village was named after James Rattray (1859–1938), a Stellenbosch businessman who owned a butchery in Dorp Street. He was the grandson of Scottish teacher James Rattray (c. 1795–1864) who immigrated to the Cape Colony in 1822, one of several British people recruited to the colony by Scottish missionary George Thom at the request of the governor Lord Charles Somerset. In 1902 Rattray and Rhenish missionary Jacob Weber (1856–1937), who was born in Lennep in Germany and sent to Stellenbosch in 1882, acquired a portion of the Blaauwklippen farm. The land was divided into plots and sold to coloured families, and most of the associated debt was paid off within twenty years. Street names such as Everbearing, Festival, Nared, Pajaro, Rolinda, Tiobelle, Titan, Torrey, Tribute and Whiteheart in the residential area are based on strawberry varieties, after the main crop grown there since 1902. Other crops grown there include beans, lettuce, potatoes and tomatoes.

Despite Weber's role in the establishment of Jamestown, it is not a mission station per se. The Rhenish Mission Church built in 1823 is situated next to *Die Braak*, the common in the Stellenbosch town centre. A small church was inaugurated in Jamestown in 1923, which initially also served as a school for the area. Some of the villagers served in the Second World War. In 1946 JGC Williams opened the General Dealer in Webersvallei Road, which closed its doors in 2012 when his sons retired. Jamestown was designated a coloured area under apartheid segregation laws, and the majority of the residents were not subjected to forced removals. The 1970s saw the first tarred road and the arrival of electricity for those who could afford it. Dominoes were traditionally played by the men in the village. The Burnley soccer club established in 1932 and the Young Gardens soccer club in 1940 merged in 1973 to form Jamestown Aurora Athletic Football Club. Jamestown has a long musical tradition which is a source of community pride. Christmas is a particularly busy time for the Jamestown Christian string orchestra established in 1967, which was preceded by the Jamestown tickey band.

## Further development

Jamestown was incorporated into the greater Stellenbosch Municipality in 1994.

Post apartheid the area experienced considerable rezoning and property development, targeted primarily at the luxury real estate market and not well integrated with the original residential area.

The area has also seen the growth of informal settlements inhabited by agricultural labourers who work on surrounding farms and their families.

## Notable people from Jamestown

* Keenan Davidse – professional golfer
* Joyene Isaacs – head of the Western Cape Department of Agriculture (appointed January 2002)
* Marie Stander – figurative and portrait artist

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Jamestown | |
| --- | --- |
| View over Jamestown towards Stellenbosch | |
| JamestownJamestown | |
| Coordinates: 33°58′44″S 18°50′53″E / 33.979°S 18.848°E / -33.979; 18.848 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| District | Cape Winelands |
| Municipality | Stellenbosch |
| Established | 1902 |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.62 km2 (0.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,840 |
| Density | 1,800/km2 (4,500/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 3.3% |
| Coloured | 84.8% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.5% |
| White | 10.9% |
| Other | 0.5% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 89.8% |
| English | 7.5% |
| Other | 2.7% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | Jamestown 7600 |
| PO box | Webersvallei 7614 |
| Area code | 021 |


title: James Watt (actuary)

abstract: James Watt WS FRSE FRSGS LLD was a 19th/20th-century Scottish lawyer, actuary and geographer.

text:
# James Watt (actuary)

**James Watt** WS FRSE FRSGS LLD (21 March 18633 December 1945) was a 19th/20th-century Scottish lawyer, actuary and geographer.

## Life

Watt was born in Edinburgh on 21 March 1863. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh. He did not attend university but was apprenticed as a lawyer at the offices of Ebenezer Mill at 51 Princes Street (later known as Mill & Bonar).

In 1891 he became personal clerk to John Blair of Davidson & Syme WS based at 22 Castle Street in Edinburgh's New Town. He trained as a Writer to the Signet qualifying in 1896 and becoming senior partner of Davidson & Syme in 1912. A successful firm by this stage it was based at 28 Charlotte Square, and Watt was living at 24 Rothesay Terrace in the West End, a duplex flat overlooking Dean Village.

In 1911 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Campbell Dewar, Charles Scott Dickson, Lord Dickson, Sir James Dewar and Alexander Crum Brown. He served as treasurer of the society from 1926 to 1937 and as vice president from 1937 to 1940 and from 1941 to 1944.

In 1925 the University of Edinburgh awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) for his work with Edinburgh University Settlement.

He was a Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries (FFA) a Fellow of the Scottish Meteorological Society and Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (FRSGS) also serving as its vice president. He was also a Member of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. He was on the management board for the Edinburgh Hospital for Diseases of Women and became its vice president in 1925. He became chairman of the board in 1939.

He died in Edinburgh on 3 December 1945.

## Family

In 1899 he married Menie Jamieson (d.1957, daughter Rev W.C.E. Jamieson, minister of the Tron Kirk on the Royal Mile. Together they had one daughter and four sons.


title: James Watson Webb II

abstract: James Watson Webb II was an American polo champion and insurance executive. He was a grandson of William Henry Vanderbilt and James Watson Webb.

text:
# James Watson Webb II

**James Watson Webb II** (known as James Sr.) (July 1, 1884 – March 4, 1960) was an American polo champion and insurance executive. He was a grandson of William Henry Vanderbilt and James Watson Webb.

## Early life

Webb was born on July 1, 1884, in Burlington, Vermont to Eliza Osgood Vanderbilt (1860–1936) of the Vanderbilt family and William Seward Webb. His siblings included Frederica Vanderbilt Webb, William Seward Webb Jr., and Vanderbilt Webb.

His paternal grandparents were James Watson Webb, the United States Ambassador to Brazil during Abraham Lincoln's administration, and Laura Virginia Cram. His paternal uncles included H. Walter Webb, a noteworthy railway executives, and Alexander Stewart Webb, a noted Civil War general. His maternal grandparents were William Henry Vanderbilt and Maria (née Kissam) Vanderbilt. His maternal aunts and uncles included Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1843–1899), Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard (1843–1924), William Kissam Vanderbilt (1849–1920), Frederick William Vanderbilt (1856–1938), Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly (1854–1952), Emily Thorn Vanderbilt (1852–1946) and George Washington Vanderbilt II (1862–1914).

Webb attended and graduated from the Groton School and received an A.B. from Yale University in 1907.

## Career

After graduating from Yale, Webb started his career with the Chicago and Northwest Railway before joining Marsh & McLennan, the New York insurance brokerage house in 1911. In 1929, he became a partner in Vanderpoel, Pausner & Webb.

In 1933, Webb founded Webb & Lynch, a general insurance brokerage firm, located at 99 John Street in New York, of which he later served as chairman.

### Polo career

In 1921, and, again in 1924 and 1927, he played on the American polo team that won the International Polo Cup from England at the Meadowbrook Polo Club. His teammates in 1921 were Louis Ezekiel Stoddard, Thomas Hitchcock, Jr., and Devereaux Milburn. His teammates in 1924 were Hitchcock, Malcolm Stevenson, Robert Early Strawbridge, Jr. and Milburn, and in 1927, they were Hitchcock, Stevenson and Milburn. The Cup was the most anticipated event on the sporting calendar in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s.

Webb, a left hander, was named America's all-time all-star polo team in 1934 by Louis E. Stoddard, chairman of the United States Polo Association.

### Public service

During World War I, Webb served in France as a captain of the 311th Field Artillery, 79th Infantry Division, which saw action during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. His wife drove an ambulance in New York City, and was named Assistant Director of the Motor Corps during the War, and in 1942, during World War II she joined the Civilian Defense Volunteer Organization, and directed the Pershing Square Civil Defense Center and its blood bank.

A Republican, Webb served a term in the Vermont House of Representatives in 1921.

## Personal life

In 1910, he was married to Electra Havemeyer (1888–1960), daughter of Henry Osborne Havemeyer and Louisine Waldron Elder. Together, they were the parents of five children:

* Electra Webb (1910–1982), who married Dunbar Bostwick, son of Albert Carlton Bostwick, in 1932.
* Samuel Blatchley Webb (1912–1988), who married Elizabeth Richey Fisk Johnson (1914–1993) in 1935. They divorced and he later married Martha Trinkle (1910–1990).
* Lila Vanderbilt Webb (1913–1961), who married John Currie Wilmerding (1911–1965), son of Henry A. Wilmerding, in 1935.
* J. Watson Webb Jr. (1916–2000), who never married.
* Harry Havemeyer Webb (1922–1975), who married Kate deForest Jennings, a daughter of Brewster Jennings.

James died at his home, 740 Park Avenue in New York City on March 4, 1960. His widow died a little over eight months later on November 19, 1960.

### Legacy

Along with his wife, he was a co-founder of the Shelburne Museum. The museum was a showcase of his wife's "collection of collections" of early American homes and public buildings, including a general store, meeting house, log cabin, and a steamship.

He was also a trustee of the New York Zoological Society and Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont, where he received an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1955.

## InfoBox

| James Watson Webb | |
| --- | --- |
| Webb during World War I service | |
|  | |
| Member of the Vermont House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1921–1923 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1884-07-01)July 1, 1884
Burlington, Vermont, U.S. |
| Died | March 4, 1960(1960-03-04) (aged 75)
New York City, U.S. |
| Spouse | Electra Havemeyer (m. 1910) |
| Children | 5 |
| Parent(s) | William Seward Webb
Eliza Osgood Vanderbilt Webb |
| Relatives | See Vanderbilt family |
| Education | Groton School |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Occupation | Chairman of Webb & Lynch |
|  | |


title: James Runcie

abstract: James Robert Runcie is a British novelist, documentary filmmaker, television producer and playwright. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a visiting professor at Bath Spa University and was Commissioning Editor for Arts on BBC Radio 4 from 2016 - 2020.

text:
# James Runcie

**James Robert Runcie** (born 7 May 1959) is a British novelist, documentary filmmaker, television producer and playwright. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a visiting professor at Bath Spa University and was Commissioning Editor for Arts on BBC Radio 4 from 2016 - 2020.

## Early life and education

Runcie was born in Cambridge, the son of Robert Runcie, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, and Rosalind Runcie, a classical pianist. He was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, Marlborough College, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

In 1981, he earned a first-class English degree from Cambridge University. After Cambridge, Runcie went on to attend Bristol Old Vic Theatre School briefly.

## Writing

Runcie has written the novels *The Discovery of Chocolate* (2001), *The Colour of Heaven* (2003), *Canvey Island* (2006), *East Fortune* (2009) and *The Great Passion* (2022).

In 2012, the publication of *Sidney Chambers and the Shadow of Death* drew a favourable critical reception. The book, which consists of six short stand-alone mysteries, is the first in a series of six works of detective fiction, entitled *The Grantchester Mysteries*. The second, *Sidney Chambers and the Perils of the Night*, was published in 2013. The third, *Sidney Chambers and the Problem of Evil*, was published in 2014, followed by *Sidney Chambers and the Forgiveness of Sins* in 2015 and then *Sidney Chambers and the Dangers of Temptation* in 2016. The series concluded with *Sidney Chambers and the Persistence of Love* in 2017, but a prequel, *The Road to Grantchester*, was published in 2019.

Runcie's prequel to *The Grantchester Mysteries, The Road to Grantchester* is set in the years from 1943-1951 and features Sidney Chambers' war-service with the Scots Guards in Italy, his first main love, his decision to become a clergyman, and his curacy amidst the ruins of post-war Coventry. It was published in March 2019.

Runcie is published by Bloomsbury Publishing. His sleuth novels have been adapted as an ITV drama titled *Grantchester*. Filmed on location in Grantchester, Cambridge and London, the initial six-part series was shown in the UK in the autumn of 2014. The second to fifth series were broadcast in 2016, 2017, 2019, and 2020 respectively.

Runcie also writes lifestyle pieces about family and literature for major UK newspapers.

## Work in media

From 1983 to 1985, Runcie worked in radio drama for BBC Scotland as a writer and director. His work included *Miss Julie*, *The White Devil*, *Roderick Hudson*, *Men Should Weep*, and *A Private Grief*.

More recently, Runcie has produced Arts, Music, and History programmes for the BBC. He is a freelance director of documentary films, and has produced documentaries featuring the writers Hilary Mantel, J. K. Rowling and J. G. Ballard, as well as making *My Father*, filmed a week before Robert Runcie's death, and the six-part series *How Buildings Learn*. He works freelance for the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4. He has worked with presenters including David Starkey, Griff Rhys Jones, Andrew Motion, Alain de Botton, and Simon Schama.

In 2009, Runcie was appointed Artistic Director of the Bath Literature Festival. He left the post in 2013 to take up a position as Head of Literature and Spoken Word at the Southbank Centre in London.

*J.K. Rowling: A Year in the Life*

From October 2006 to October 2007, Runcie spent a year filming *J.K. Rowling: A Year in the Life* for ITV, as the author was completing the final novel in the Harry Potter cycle, *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows*. The programme featured intimate access to Rowling's daily life, and included deeply personal interviews by Runcie with Rowling. Runcie narrated the film; when it was shown in the United States, additional commentary was provided by Elizabeth Vargas. This film was transmitted on 30 December 2007 by ITV and included in the *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince* DVD as a supplement.

## Awards

Runcie won a Royal Television Society award for his film *Miss Pym's Day Out* in 1992, starring Patricia Routledge as the novelist Barbara Pym, and he has also received Royal Television Society nominations for *How Buildings Learn* and *The Gentle Art of Making Enemies*. *Miss Pym's Day Out* was also nominated for a BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for the Best Arts Programme in 1992.

He won two BAFTA Scotland Radio Drama Awards for *Watching Waiters* and *Mrs Lynch's Maggot*, and he was nominated for a BAFTA award for the film *Great Composers – Bach*.

## Personal life

In 1985 Runcie married the theatre director and radio drama producer Marilyn Imrie, who died in 2020. They had one daughter together, Charlotte Runcie (born 1989), who currently writes as a literary, television and radio critic for the *Daily Telegraph*.

He is also stepfather to Imrie's daughter Rosie Kellagher (born 1978), who is a freelance theatre director.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableJames Runcie | |
| --- | --- |
| James Runcie | |
| Born | (1959-05-07) 7 May 1959
Cambridge, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Dragon School
Marlborough College |
| Alma mater | Trinity Hall, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | Novelist, documentary filmmaker, television producer, theatre director |
| Spouse | Marilyn Imrie  (m. 1985; died 2020) |
| Children | 1 daughter, 1 stepdaughter |
| Parent(s) | Robert Runcie
Rosalind Runcie |


title: James Rush

abstract: James Rush (1786–1869) was an American physician and writer.

text:
# James Rush

**James Rush** (1786–1869) was an American physician and writer.

## Life

Dr. James Rush, son of doctor Benjamin Rush, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 1, 1786. He graduated from Princeton in 1805, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1809. He subsequently studied in Edinburgh, and, returning to Philadelphia, practised for several years, but afterward relinquished the active duties of his profession to devote himself to scientific and literary pursuits. He married his wife, Phoebe Ann Rush, in 1819. Phoebe Ann was one of the daughters of Jacob Ridgeway, and the two of them lived together in their large Philadelphia mansion which he built. This large mansion played host to numerous large balls and parties, as Phoebe Ann was very outgoing and social. He died in Philadelphia on May 26, 1869. He left $1,000,000 for the Philadelphia Library Company for the erection of the Ridgeway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, banning every-day novels, mind-tainting reviews, controversial politics and newspapers in the hope to keep the library from becoming too urban.

## Time as a Physician

At an early age, James Rush was pressured by his father, Benjamin Rush, to become a physician and eventually take over the family practice. After graduating from Princeton in 1805, Rush studied under his father at the University of Pennsylvania, learning and adopting many of his medical practices, the most notable of which was the practice of bloodletting. After studying under his father, James Rush travelled to Edinburgh, Scotland to begin his post-doctoral studies at the University of Edinburgh, where Rush's practices of bloodletting were challenged. After a year of studies in Edinburgh, Rush moved to London to continue his studies. While in London, James Rush spent much of his time experiencing various fine arts such as music and art. He enjoyed aristocratic life in England, but otherwise wished to return to the United States. Upon returning, James Rush took over his father's practice without losing any significant amount of patients. After the death of his father, Rush began to lose interest in his practice as a physician and began exploring other avenues of life. Rush found that democratic life was incapable of studying basic science and decided to spend his time researching science rather than running his family's practice.

## Works

His publications include:

1. *Philosophy of the Human Voice* (Philadelphia, 1827);
2. *Hamlet, a Dramatic Prelude in Five Acts* (1834);
3. *Analysis of the Human Intellect* (2 vols., 1865);
4. *Rhymes of Contrast on Wisdom and Folly* (1869).

## *Philosophy of the Human Voice*

Credited as Rush's most important work, *Philosophy of the Human Voice* was published in 1827 and considered one of the most important work behind the science of speech at its time. In his book, he discusses his thoughts on human speech, discussing his idea on how speech of one could be controlled and improved instead of pre-determined. The main concept Rush wanted to establish was how the "voice must have distinct meanings or signs for declaring our thoughts and actions". Rush determined the most efficient way to observe speech and research one's articulation was solely through observation. He argued that the thought of speech should be expanded into five separate sectors: vocality, time, pitch, force, and abruptness. This system of sectors of speech would later come to be known as the concept of personal magnetism. Rush also introduced the idea and concepts of phonemes, writing how there were thirty-five different speech sounds, and dividing these into three categories: tonic, subtonic, and atonic. Rush also first introduced the concept of four tones representing how one speaks, stating the four tones of speaking are natural, falsetto, whispering, and orotund. These were all groundbreaking concepts at the time, as no one had ever looked into speech through the psychological view Rush did. His writings on the improvement of speech, looking into how tone, pronunciation, emphasis, and using emotion on one's voice predated the common school of suprasegmental phonetic by around fifty years, and Rush is commonly considered the most important figure towards studying the nineteenth century elocution movement.

## *Analysis of the Human Intellect*

Following his wife's passing in 1857, Rush began work on his next most important piece of writing, *Analysis of the Human Intellect*. Rush was inspired to write this as many others had looked towards connecting the mind and its functions to Rush's work in *Philosophy of the Human Voice*, but he was unsatisfied with their conclusions and decided to work towards this connection himself. This work looked to focus on the connection of the mind and the voice, stating "when we shall have a clear physical history of the mind as we now have of the voice, the two subjects will form the first and second parts, but not the whole of the physiology of the senses and the brain". Rush coined the term mentivity as a definition towards how one thinks, and looked into how the brain functions as a physical embodiment of the mind and ones senses. Rush's work in the Human Intellect is stated as one of the primary formations of the behavioristic school of psychology, as he targeted the motor system as a key towards one's behavior, including concepts such as personality, free association, and the effects of social aspects on one's psychology, all of which predated his peers in this field of work. Rush establishes that ones mental process is intertwined to ones psychology and their expression, and that speech connects to ones physiological being and wellness, arguing speech itself is one entity in the brain. This work of the connection of speech directly to ones psychology is important as he was the first writer to make this connection and opened the gateway for more branches of investigation on inner psychology and how it affects ones interactions.

## Sources


title: James W. Patterson

abstract: James Willis Patterson was an American politician and a United States representative and Senator from New Hampshire.

text:
# James W. Patterson

**James Willis Patterson** (July 2, 1823  May 4, 1893) was an American politician and a United States representative and Senator from New Hampshire.

## Early life, education and family

Born in Henniker, Merrimack County, New Hampshire, he was the son of William and Frances M. Shepard Patterson.

Patterson pursued classical studies, graduated from Dartmouth College in 1848, and was principal of the Woodstock Academy in Connecticut for two years. He attended the Theological Seminary at New Haven, Connecticut, where he studied law.

He married Sarah Parker Wilder and they had two children, George Willis Patterson and Arthur Hubert Patterson.

## Early career

Patterson was a professor of mathematics, astronomy, and meteorology at Dartmouth College from 1854 to 1865.

Patterson was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1862.

## U.S. Representative

Elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses Patterson was a United States Representative for the third district of New Hampshire from (March 4, 1863 - March 3, 1867). He was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1867, to March 3, 1873.

In the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills during the Forty-first Congress and a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia during the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses.

### Expulsion case

On September 4, 1872, The Sun reported that Patterson and many other politicians was found to have been bribed by the Union Pacific Railroad, and Crédit Mobilier. Later, the House of Representatives created the Poland Committee to investigate these accusations. In December 1872, the Poland Committee found out that many high tier Republican officials were involved with the scandal. On February 4, 1873, Patterson tried to convince the senate to appoint a specific committee.

The committee found out that Patterson gave Crédit Mobilier official Oakes Ames 7,000 dollars to invest for him. Patterson claimed that since Ames gave him no written receipt, he was unaware that he owned some of the stock. A report to the Senate said that Patterson gave a false testimony to both the House and Senate committees. by this time both the house and the senate were recommending that he be expelled. Pattersons term ended before congress could’ve taken further action.

## Later career

Patterson was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution and in 1877-1878 was again a member of the State house of representatives. He was State superintendent of public instruction from 1881 to 1893, and president of American Institute of Instruction.

## Death

Patterson died in Hanover, Grafton County, New Hampshire, on May 4, 1893 (age 69 years, 306 days). He is interred at Dartmouth College Cemetery, Hanover, New Hampshire.

The Patterson School, which was merged with the Garnett school in 1929 and then became Shaw Middle School at Garnett-Patterson, in Washington, DC was named in his honor because he sponsored the legislation creating a public school system for black students in Washington, DC. It was closed in 2013.

## InfoBox

| James Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from New Hampshire | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1867  March 3, 1873 | |
| Preceded by | George G. Fogg |
| Succeeded by | Bainbridge Wadleigh |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Hampshire's 3rd district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1863  March 3, 1867 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas M. Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Benton |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1862 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Willis Patterson
(1823-07-02)July 2, 1823
Henniker, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | May 4, 1893(1893-05-04) (aged 69)
Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sarah Parker Wilder |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Dartmouth College (BA) |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Jamides limes

abstract: Jamides limes is a butterfly of the lycaenids or blues family. It is found on Borneo.

text:
# Jamides limes

***Jamides limes*** is a butterfly of the lycaenids or blues family. It is found on Borneo.

* Druce, H. H. (1895). A monograph of the Bornean Lycaenidae, *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London*. **1895**: 556-567, 4 pls.
* Hirowatari, T. (1992). A generic classification of the tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and Australian regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). *Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture*, Series **B**, Vol. 44, Suppl.
* Takanami, Y. (1989). On some type specimens of Lycaenidae from South East Asia. *Tyô to Ga* **40**(1): 23-80.

## InfoBox

| *Jamides limes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Jamides* |
| Species: | ***J. limes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Jamides limes***<br>(H. H. Druce, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lampides limes* H. H. Druce, 1895 | |


title: James McManus

abstract: James "Jim" McManus is an American teacher, writer and poker player living in Kenilworth, Illinois. He is a professor in the Master of Fine Arts program for writers at the Art Institute of Chicago.

text:
# James McManus

**James "Jim" McManus** (born March 22, 1951) is an American teacher, writer and poker player living in Kenilworth, Illinois. He is a professor in the Master of Fine Arts program for writers at the Art Institute of Chicago.

## Poker and *Positively Fifth Street*

McManus is best known as the author of the book *Positively Fifth Street: Murderers, Cheetahs, and Binion's World Series of Poker* (ISBN 0-374-23648-8). The book is dedicated to his son, James McManus (1979–2001). The book is based on his trip to Las Vegas to cover the progress of women in the 2000 World Series of Poker (WSOP) and the death of Ted Binion.

He used his advance to enter a satellite tournament for entry into the main event, defeating the likes of Hasan Habib to qualify for the seat. He made the final table of the Main Event, finishing in 5th place and winning $247,760. He credited his success in the tournament to the book *Championship No-Limit & Pot-Limit Hold'em* (ISBN 1-58042-127-X) by T. J. Cloutier and Tom McEvoy. Cloutier, Habib and Chris Ferguson were also at the same final table.

McManus made the quarter-finals of the 2006 National Heads-Up Poker Championship, where he was eliminated by Ferguson. McManus continues to play live poker when not teaching and raising two young daughters with his second wife, Jennifer Arra.

As of 2012, his total live tournament winnings exceed $760,000.

## Other works

### Fiction

* *Going to the Sun* (winner of the Carl Sandburg Award)
* *Ghost Waves*
* *Curtains*
* *Chin Music*
* *Out of the Blue*

### Non-fiction

* *Positively Fifth Street: Murderers, Cheetahs, and Binion's World Series of Poker* (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003)
* *Physical: An American Checkup* (2006)
* *Cowboys Full: The Story of Poker* (October 2009) serialized in *Card Player* magazine

### Poetry

* *Great America*
* *Antonio Salazar Is Dead*

### Journalism

He has also written for *The New York Times*, *The Boston Globe*, *Harper's Magazine*, and *The New Yorker* among others.

His *Esquire* article on stem cell research was featured in *The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2005* and was a finalist for the National Magazine Award.

He has been the poker columnist of the *New York Times* and currently writes the history column for *Card Player*. He has spoken about the game at Yale, Harvard, Google, Goldman Sachs, and on numerous media outlets.

His work has also appeared in *The Best American Poetry*, *Best American Magazine Writing*, *Best American Sports Writing*, *Best American Political Writing*, *Best Erotic Writing in Modern Fiction*, *The New Kings of Nonfiction*, *Richter 858*, *The Book of Irish American Poetry*, and other anthologies. He has received the Peter Lisagor Award for Sports Journalism, fellowships from the Guggenheim and Rockefeller foundations, and other awards.

## Personal life

He was born to Kevin Joseph McManus (1927-1989) and Mary Agnes (née Madden) (1928-2016), both of Irish descent.

McManus pursued undergraduate degrees from Loyola University Chicago and University of Illinois Chicago. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 and a Master of Arts degree in 1977, both from UIC. He teaches at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, as well as the history section of Harvard's new online poker university.

1. "2006 National Heads-Up Poker Championship, Heads Up No Limit Hold'em". *The Hendon Mob*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
2. "James McManus' profile on The Hendon Mob". *The Hendon Mob Poker Database*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
3. McManus, James (October 5, 2009). "What Poker Can Teach Us". The Chronicle Review. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
4. Fussman, Cal. "Please Stand By While the Age of Miracles Is Briefly Suspended". *Esquire.com*. Archived from the original on March 31, 2006.

## InfoBox

| James McManus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nickname(s) | Jimbo Sweetness |
| Residence | Kenilworth, Illinois |
| Born | (1951-03-22) March 22, 1951
Manhattan, New York |
| World Series of Poker | |
| Bracelet(s) | *None* |
| Final table(s) | 3 |
| Money finish(es) | 10 |
| Highest ITM
Main Event finish | 5th, 2000 |
| World Poker Tour | |
| Title(s) | *None* |
| Final table(s) | *None* |
| Money finish(es) | 4 |


title: Paul Martin (director)

abstract: Paul Martin was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter who worked for many years in the German film industry. He directed 60 films between 1932 and 1967. He was romantically involved with the film star Lilian Harvey and directed her in a number of films until he left her in 1938 for the actress Frauke Lauterbach. They made one final film Woman at the Wheel together during the filming of which their relationship remained cold.

text:
# Paul Martin (director)

**Paul Martin** (8 February 1899 – 26 January 1967) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter who worked for many years in the German film industry. He directed 60 films between 1932 and 1967. He was romantically involved with the film star Lilian Harvey and directed her in a number of films until he left her in 1938 for the actress Frauke Lauterbach. They made one final film *Woman at the Wheel* together during the filming of which their relationship remained cold.

## Selected filmography

### Screenwriter

### Director

**Film**

**Television**

## Bibliography

* Ascheid, Antje (2003). *Hitler's Heroines: Stardom and Womanhood in Nazi Cinema*. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-984-5.

## InfoBox

| Paul Martin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1899-02-08)8 February 1899
Kolozsvár, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) |
| Died | 26 January 1967(1967-01-26) (aged 67)
West Berlin, West Germany (now Berlin, Germany) |
| Occupations | * Film director * Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1932–1967 |


title: Paul Martin (baseball)

abstract: Paul Charles Martin was an American professional baseball player. Martin was a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m), 230 lb (100 kg) right-handed pitcher who appeared in seven Major League games for the 1955 Pittsburgh Pirates. He was born at Brownstown, Pennsylvania. Martin was a 1950s bonus baby who joined the Pirates' MLB roster immediately after signing his first pro contract in 1955. In his debut, he hurled two scoreless innings in relief against that season's eventual world champions, the Brooklyn Dodgers. In his second appearance, on July 5, he started against the defending world champions, the New York Giants. But Martin walked Alvin Dark, Willie Mays and Dusty Rhodes and hit Don Mueller with a pitch in the first inning, failed to record an out, and was tagged with the loss, his only Major League decision. Martin sustained a career-ending arm injury that season. After an August 16 outing as a reliever, he never pitched in another professional game. In seven Major League innings, Martin gave up 11 earned runs and 13 hits. Plagued by wildness, he issued 17 bases on balls, with one wild pitch and one hit batsman, while striking out three. Martin died in 2011 in San Diego, California, at the age of 79.

text:
# Paul Martin (baseball)

**Paul Charles Martin** (March 9, 1932 – October 11, 2011) was an American professional baseball player. Martin was a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m), 230 lb (100 kg) right-handed pitcher who appeared in seven Major League games for the 1955 Pittsburgh Pirates. He was born at Brownstown, Pennsylvania.

Martin was a 1950s bonus baby who joined the Pirates' MLB roster immediately after signing his first pro contract in 1955. In his debut, he hurled two scoreless innings in relief against that season's eventual world champions, the Brooklyn Dodgers. In his second appearance, on July 5, he started against the defending world champions, the New York Giants. But Martin walked Alvin Dark, Willie Mays and Dusty Rhodes and hit Don Mueller with a pitch in the first inning, failed to record an out, and was tagged with the loss, his only Major League decision.

Martin sustained a career-ending arm injury that season. After an August 16 outing as a reliever, he never pitched in another professional game.

In seven Major League innings, Martin gave up 11 earned runs and 13 hits. Plagued by wildness, he issued 17 bases on balls, with one wild pitch and one hit batsman, while striking out three.

Martin died in 2011 in San Diego, California, at the age of 79.

## InfoBox

| Paul Martin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1932-03-09)March 9, 1932
Brownstown, Pennsylvania | |
| **Died:** October 11, 2011(2011-10-11) (aged 79)
San Diego, California | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 2, 1955, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 16, 1955, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–1 |
| Earned run average | 14.14 |
| Innings pitched | 7 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: James Simon (art collector)

abstract: (Henri) James Simon was a German-Jewish entrepreneur, art collector, philanthropist and patron of the arts during the Wilhelmine period. He donated most of his significant collections to the Berlin State Museums, including the famous Nefertiti bust.

text:
# James Simon (art collector)

**(Henri) James Simon** (17 September 1851  23 May 1932) was a German-Jewish entrepreneur, art collector, philanthropist and patron of the arts during the Wilhelmine period. He donated most of his significant collections to the Berlin State Museums, including the famous Nefertiti bust.

## Biography

Henri James Simon was born in Berlin, the son of a well-off Jewish cotton merchant. He attended the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and received a six-month traineeship at Bradford, then a centre of textile manufacture, before he became a partner with his father in 1876. Though a reserved man, he played an influential role in the German society, especially by his participation at a regular roundtable with Emperor Wilhelm II. Simon and other invitees like Albert Ballin and Carl Fürstenberg as well as Emil and Walther Rathenau discussed economic life and tried to give the emperor an understanding of a Jewish perspective on social issues. Their close relationship with the erratic ruler was criticized by Zionist contemporaries and they were later mocked as the "Emperor's Jews" (*Kaiserjuden*) by Chaim Weizmann.

James Simon died in Berlin and is buried at the Jewish cemetery on Schönhauser Allee in Prenzlauer Berg. Wilhelm II sent a wreath from his Dutch exile. Parts of his collection that were not donated to the state museums were auctioned.

## Art collecting

Simon shared an interest for archaeology with Wilhelm II. In 1898, he was one of the founders of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft in collaboration with Wilhelm von Bode. In 1911, Simon provided the financing of Ludwig Borchardt's excavations at Pharaoh Akhenaten's city in Amarna, and many of the found artefacts, which included the sculpted busts of Nefertiti and Tiye from a court sculptor's workshop outside the main tomb area, became his property. This acquisition, which was according to a 1913 partition treaty with the Egyptian Département des antiquités under Gaston Maspero, is still disputed. They were taken to his villa on Tiergartenstraße No. 15a with the intention of creating a public collection. In his later years, he placed various parts of his collection on permanent loan, first to the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, which opened in 1904, and then to the Egyptian Museum in 1920.

A new building designed by David Chipperfield was added and named for him on Museum Island in Berlin, Germany.

## Philanthropy

Simon was one of early donors to the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. He helped to underwrite Jewish German societies, and funded Germany's first public swimming pool.


title: James Settelmeyer

abstract: James Settelmeyer is an American politician, formerly serving in the Nevada Senate. He represented Churchill, Douglas, Lyon County, and Storey County in Senate District 17.

text:
# James Settelmeyer

**James Settelmeyer** (born March 6, 1971) is an American politician, formerly serving in the Nevada Senate. He represented Churchill, Douglas, Lyon County, and Storey County in Senate District 17.

## Early life and education

Settelmeyer was born in Carson City, a third generation Nevada rancher. His great-grandfather migrated to Gardnerville, Nevada in 1880 from Westphalia, Germany.

Settelmeyer is an agriculturalist and was educated at the California Polytechnic State University. He also took law courses at Concord Law School, but did not earn a degree.

## Career

Settelmeyer was first elected in 2006, and his first session was in 2007 where he was placed on the Commerce and Labor, Governmental Affairs, and Election Procedures & Constitutional Amendments committees. In the Interim James has been appointed to serve on the Senior and Veterans study committee.

Before being an elected representative he was the chairman of the Carson Valley Conservation District, as well as chairman of the Nevada State Conservation Commission.

Settelmeyer was appointed Chairman of District Nine of the Office of the National Ombudsman, Small Business Administration in October 2008. District Nine includes California, Nevada, Arizona, Hawaii and Guam.

He was appointed as natural resources director by the governor.

## Personal life

Settelmeyer lives and works on his family ranch in Douglas County, Nevada. He was married to Sherese from 2002-2021, he filed for divorce in 2020. James and Sherese have one child. He also has an older daughter from a previous relationship. He was termed out of the senate, and did not run for higher office as he did not want the details of his high-conflict divorce to go public.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| James Settelmeyer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minority Leader of the Nevada Senate | |
| **In office**
November 7, 2018  November 9, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Roberson |
| Succeeded by | Heidi Gansert |
| Member of the Nevada Senate
from the 17th district | |
| **In office**
November 3, 2010  November 9, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Mark Amodei |
| Succeeded by | Robin L. Titus |
| Member of the Nevada Assembly
from the 39th district | |
| **In office**
November 8, 2006  November 3, 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Lynn Hettrick |
| Succeeded by | Kite Kelly |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-03-06) March 6, 1971
Carson City, Nevada, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sherese (2002-2021) |
| Education | California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (BS)
Concord Law School |
|  | |


title: Jan Daněk

abstract: Jan Daněk is a Czech former footballer who played as a defender. He played in the Czech First League for Baník Ostrava. He is the son of Václav Daněk, who played football for Czechoslovakia as a striker.

text:
# Jan Daněk

**Jan Daněk** (born 22 November 1982) is a Czech former footballer who played as a defender. He played in the Czech First League for Baník Ostrava. He is the son of Václav Daněk, who played football for Czechoslovakia as a striker.

## InfoBox

Jan Daněk
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Jan Daněk | | |
| Date of birth | (1982-11-22) 22 November 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005 | FC Baník Ostrava | 1 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | FK Viktoria Žižkov (loan) |  |  |
| 2006–2007 | Jakubčovice Fotbal |  |  |
| 2007–? | FK Dukla Prague |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jan Davidsen

abstract: Jan Davidsen is a Norwegian trade unionist. He is a firefighter by vocation and worked as such in Bergen. He was elected to the leadership in the Norwegian Union of Municipal Employees in 1985, became deputy leader in 1990 and leader in 1994. When this union merged to form the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees in 2003, Davidsen served as leader until 2013. He was also a central board member of the Labour Party and secretariat member of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.

text:
# Jan Davidsen

**Jan Davidsen** (born 24 July 1950) is a Norwegian trade unionist.

He is a firefighter by vocation and worked as such in Bergen. He was elected to the leadership in the Norwegian Union of Municipal Employees in 1985, became deputy leader in 1990 and leader in 1994. When this union merged to form the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees in 2003, Davidsen served as leader until 2013. He was also a central board member of the Labour Party and secretariat member of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.


title: Paul Schmidtberger

abstract: Paul Schmidtberger is an American author based in Paris, France.

text:
# Paul Schmidtberger

**Paul Schmidtberger** is an American author based in Paris, France.

## Biography

He is the author of *Design Flaws of the Human Condition*, an urban comedy of adultery published by Random House in 2007.

Originally from Schooley's Mountain in Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, Schmidtberger attended the Lawrenceville School and is a graduate of Yale College and Stanford Law School.

Schmidtberger was a practicing lawyer specialized in intellectual property and international arbitration, but now writes full-time. He has written articles for numerous US publications, including *The New York Times*, and is working on a new novel. He has lived in Paris for over twelve years.


title: James Smith (writer)

abstract: James Smith was an English writer. He is best known as co-author of the Rejected Addresses, with his younger brother Horace.

text:
# James Smith (writer)

**James Smith** (10 February 1775  24 December 1839) was an English writer. He is best known as co-author of the *Rejected Addresses*, with his younger brother Horace.

## Life

Born in London, he was the second of the eight children of Robert Smith F.R.S., a solicitor, and his wife Mary Bogle; his sister Maria was the mother of Maria Abdy. He received his education at Chigwell School, New College, Hackney, Nicolas Wanostrocht's academy Alfred House in Camberwell, and a commercial school.

Smith entered his father's office and succeeded him as solicitor to the Board of Ordnance in 1812. He died, unmarried, at his house in Craven Street, Strand, London, and was buried in the vaults of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.

## *Rejected Addresses*

The occasion of this *jeu d'esprit* was the rebuilding of Drury Lane theatre in 1812, after a fire in which it had been burnt down. The managers had offered a prize of £50 for an address to be recited at the reopening in October. Six weeks before that date it occurred to the brothers Smith to feign that popular poets of the time had been among the competitors; and they issued a volume of unsuccessful addresses in parody of their various styles. James took on William Wordsworth, Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and George Crabbe, while George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, Thomas Moore, Walter Scott and Bowles were written by Horace.

Seven editions were called for within three months, and none of the poets took offence. Byron and Scott were recorded to have said that they could hardly believe they had not written the addresses ascribed to them.

## Other works

The other joint undertaking of the two brothers was *Horace in London* (1813). James Smith made another hit in writing *Country Cousins, A Trip to Paris, A Trip to America*, and other skits for Charles Mathews, who said he was "the only man who can write clever nonsense."

**Attribution:**


title: James Smith Candlish

abstract: James Smith Candlish (1835–1897) was a Scottish minister of the Free Church of Scotland who was a professor of theology in Glasgow.

text:
# James Smith Candlish

**James Smith Candlish** (18351897) was a Scottish minister of the Free Church of Scotland who was a professor of theology in Glasgow.

## Life

He was born on 14 December 1835 at 9 Castle Street in Edinburgh's New Town the son of Jessie Brock and her husband, Rev Robert Smith Candlish. He was named after a recently deceased uncle, James Smith Candlish. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy. He then took a general degree at the University of Edinburgh graduating with an MA in 1858 then studied divinity at New College, Edinburgh. He spent some time in Europe studying at Berlin and Erlangen University.

At the Disruption of 1843, his father was one of the leading figures in the creation of the Free Church of Scotland.

James was ordained as a Free Church of Scotland minister at Logiealmond in 1863. He was translated to Aberdeen East in 1868.

In 1872, he became Professor of Systematic Theology at the Free Church College in Glasgow. He lived at 5 Royal Circus.

The University of Glasgow awarded him an honorary doctorate (DD) in 1874. He famously defended the controversial views of Prof Robertson Smith.

He died on 7 March 1897 at the Free Church manse in Tarbolton.

## Family

In 1872, he married Ann Elizabeth Simpson, daughter of Dr Simpson of Kintore, at Old Machar in Aberdeen.

## Publications

* *The Kingdom of God: Biblically and Historically Considered*
* *The Christian Sacraments*
* *The Christian Doctrine of God*
* *The Work of the Holy Spirit*
* *The Biblical Doctrine of Sin*
* *The Epistle to the Ephesians*
* *The Christian Salvation: Lectures on the Work of Christ*


title: Jan Parys

abstract: Jan Stanisław Parys was the minister of national defence for Poland from 1991 to 1992. He was the president of the Jagiellonian College, and is currently a board member at the Polish Institute of International Affairs. He holds a doctorate in sociology from the University of Warsaw.

text:
# Jan Parys

**Jan Stanisław Parys** (born 23 December 1950 in Warsaw) was the minister of national defence for Poland from 1991 to 1992. He was the president of the Jagiellonian College, and is currently a board member at the Polish Institute of International Affairs. He holds a doctorate in sociology from the University of Warsaw.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Jan Parys | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Defense | |
| **In office**
23 December 1991  23 May 1992 | |
| Prime Minister | Jan Olszewski |
| Preceded by | Piotr Kołodziejczyk |
| Succeeded by | Romuald Szeremietiew |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-12-23)23 December 1950
Warsaw, Poland |
| Political party | Third Republic Movement (1992-1995) |
|  | |


abstract: James Wilson was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire, father of James Wilson (1797-1881). Born in Peterborough, New Hampshire, Wilson attended Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in 1789. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1792, commencing practice in Peterborough. He served as member of the State House of Representatives between 1803–1808 and 1812–1814. Wilson was elected as a Federalist to the Eleventh Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1810 and resumed the practice of law, moving to Keene, New Hampshire, in 1815. He died in Keene, January 4, 1839, and was interred in Woodland Cemetery.

text:
# James Wilson I (New Hampshire politician)

**James Wilson** (August 16, 1766  January 4, 1839) was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire, father of James Wilson (1797-1881).

Born in Peterborough, New Hampshire, Wilson attended Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in 1789. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1792, commencing practice in Peterborough. He served as member of the State House of Representatives between 1803–1808 and 1812–1814.

Wilson was elected as a Federalist to the Eleventh Congress (March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1811). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1810 and resumed the practice of law, moving to Keene, New Hampshire, in 1815.

He died in Keene, January 4, 1839, and was interred in Woodland Cemetery.

* United States Congress. "James Wilson I (id: W000592)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

## InfoBox

| James Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Hampshire's At-large district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1809  March 3, 1811 | |
| Preceded by | Clement Storer |
| Succeeded by | George Sullivan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1766-08-15)August 15, 1766
Peterborough, New Hampshire |
| Died | January 4, 1839(1839-01-04) (aged 72)
Keene, New Hampshire, U.S. |
|  | |


title: Universa Investments

abstract: Universa Investments ("Universa") is an American investment management firm headquartered in Miami, Florida. It is known as a Black Swan fund that focuses on risk mitigation to protect investors from sharp market downturns.

text:
# Universa Investments

**Universa Investments** ("Universa") is an American investment management firm headquartered in Miami, Florida. It is known as a Black Swan fund that focuses on risk mitigation to protect investors from sharp market downturns.

## Background

Universa Investments was founded in January 2007 by Mark Spitznagel with Nassim Nicholas Taleb acting as its advisor. The two of them previously ran Empirica Capital, a hedge fund that closed in 2004 due to subpar returns. Universa was launched with $300 million under management and traded out of a small office in Santa Monica, California. Software programs were developed to search the options markets for deals.

Universa and Empirica followed the Black swan theory which was about unexpected extreme events that have significant impact on the world and the financial markets. The strategy would be to buy out-of-the-money put options at low prices during periods the financial markets are good to protect the firm's position when there is a market downturn. While this strategy did not work with Empirica due to a period of low volatility, it worked well for Universa due to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Universa purchased puts related to the S&P 500 Index and financial companies such as Goldman Sachs and American International Group which the firm sold for a significant profit after the prices fell. In 2008, Universa had returns over 100% and its assets grew to $6 billion under management in 2009 as more investors approached Universa to provide protection to their investments.

There was speculation that Universa purchasing large amount of puts options on the S&P 500 Index may have been one of the primary causes of the 2010 flash crash.

In September 2011, Universa was stated to be raising $1 billion to start a Macro fund.

On March 1, 2014, Universa moved its headquarters from Santa Monica, California to Miami, Florida to take advantage of the city's business and tax policies.

During the 2015–2016 stock market selloff, Universa had a return on 20% in August 2015 which resulted in a $1 billion gain.

In 2017, CalPERS hired Universa to provide tail risk hedging protection to its investments. In 2020, CalPERS terminated Universa's role citing it had found cheaper and better alternatives.

In 2018, *The Wall Street Journal* reported that "a strategy consisting of just a 3.3% position in Universa with the rest invested passively in the S&P 500 index had a compound annual return of 12.3% in the 10 years through February (2018), far better than the S&P 500 itself" (and portfolios with "more traditional hedges").

In March 2020, Universa, in a letter to investors, estimated it had a return of 3,612% on invested capital in its strategy due to effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

## InfoBox

Universa Investments L.P.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Investment Management |
| Founded | January 2007 (2007-01) |
| Founder | Mark Spitznagel |
| Headquarters | Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Key people | Mark Spitznagel (President)
Nassim Nicholas Taleb (Scientific Advisor) |
| Products | Hedge funds
Alternative investments |
| AUM | US$19.1 billion (June 30, 2022) |
| Number of employees | 18 (2022) |
| Website | universa.net |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: Henry Muhlenberg

abstract: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, was a German-born Lutheran clergyman and missionary. Born in Einbeck, Muhlenberg immigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania in response to demands from Lutherans for missionary work in the colony. Muhlenberg was integral to the founding of the first Lutheran church body or denomination in North America, and is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States. Muhlenberg and his wife Anna Maria had a large family, and they and their descendants had a significant impact on colonial life in North America as pastors, military officers, and politicians. He and Anna Maria's descendants continued to be active in Pennsylvania and national political life.

text:
# Henry Muhlenberg

**Henry Melchior Muhlenberg** (born **Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg**; September 6, 1711 – October 7, 1787), was a German-born Lutheran clergyman and missionary. Born in Einbeck, Muhlenberg immigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania in response to demands from Lutherans for missionary work in the colony. Muhlenberg was integral to the founding of the first Lutheran church body or denomination in North America, and is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States.

Muhlenberg and his wife Anna Maria had a large family, and they and their descendants had a significant impact on colonial life in North America as pastors, military officers, and politicians. He and Anna Maria's descendants continued to be active in Pennsylvania and national political life.

## Early life and education

Muhlenberg was born on September 6, 1711, in Einbeck in the Electorate of Hanover, Germany, to Nicolaus Melchior Mühlenberg and Anna Maria Kleinschmid. He studied theology at the University of Göttingen. As a student, Muhlenberg came under the influence of the Pietist movement through fellow students from Einbeck who had worked at the Francke Foundations in Halle, an important Pietist institution. With two other men, Muhlenberg started a charity school in Göttingen that eventually became an orphanage.

## Career

After completing his studies in the spring 1738, Muhlenberg secured a teaching position at the Francke Foundation's Historic Orphanage. Its director, the theologian Gotthilf August Francke was the son and successor of the Foundation's founder, August Hermann Francke and a professor at the University of Halle.

Muhlenberg was ordained in Leipzig in 1739, and served as assistant minister and director of the orphanage at Grosshennersdorf from 1739 to 1741. In 1741, Gotthilf August Francke encouraged Muhlenberg to accept a call from German-speaking Lutherans in Pennsylvania. Accordingly, in 1742 Muhlenberg emigrated across the Atlantic Ocean, where he essentially organized the Lutheran Church as an institution in North America.

### Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania and New Jersey

The Lutheran churches in Pennsylvania had largely been founded by lay ministers. After Nicolaus Zinzendorf was successful in winning a number of converts to the Moravian Church, the Lutherans asked German churches for formally trained clergy.

In 1742, Muhlenberg immigrated to Philadelphia, responding to the 1732 request by Pennsylvania Lutherans. He took charge Augustus Lutheran Church in present-day Trappe, Pennsylvania. He also provided leadership to a series of congregations elsewhere, including those from Maryland to New York, where he worked to secure control over less qualified pastors and started new congregations among the settlers of the region.

In 1748, he formed the Pennsylvania Ministerium, the first permanent Lutheran synod in the United States. He helped prepare a uniform liturgy the same year and wrote basic tenets for an ecclesiastical constitution, which most of the churches adopted in 1761. He did much work on a hymnal, published by the Ministerium in 1786.

The dedication stone of the Augustus Lutheran Church, above its door, is dedicated to Muhlenberg and its other founders. It reads, in Latin, translated into English: "Under the auspices of Christ, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg with his Council, J.N.Crosman, F.Marsteller, A.Heilman, J.Mueller, H.Haas, and H.Rebner, erected from the very foundation this building dedicated by the Society of the Augsburg Confession. A.D.1743." The name of the first church—Augustus—was adopted in honor of Herman Augustus Francke, founder of the Halle Institutions, whose son, Gotthilf, had persuaded Muhlenberg to accept the call of the three United Congregations in America.

Muhlenberg frequently traveled beyond the three congregations assigned to him. During his 45-year ministry, his journeys reached from New York to Georgia. He ministered to the German language populations he was assigned to, and also to colonists from the Netherlands and Great Britain in their native languages. His colleagues requested his help in arbitrating disputes among Lutherans, or in some cases, with other religious groups.

Muhlenberg worked to recruit new ministers from Europe and to develop more ministers from the colonists. Built in 1774 in Washington Township, New Jersey, the Old Stone Union Church housed a congregation largely organized by Muhlenberg. His eldest son, Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, also served as pastor there and served as a major general in the Continental Army.

Poor health forced him into limited activity and retirement. On October 7, 1787, Muhlenberg died at his home in Trappe, Pennsylvania, at age 76. He is interred in the rear of Augustus Lutheran Church, as are his wife Anna Maria and their son Peter. At his request, he was buried next to the grave of his good friend, sponsor, and Augustus Church co-founder, Frederick Ludwig Marsteller.

## Legacy

Soon after arriving in Pennsylvania in 1745, Muhlenberg married Anna Maria Weiser, the daughter of colonial leader Conrad Weiser. The couple had eleven children and founded the Muhlenberg Family dynasty, generations of which were active in the U.S. military, politics, academia, and ministry.

Among his children, three sons entered the ministry and became prominent in other fields, a fourth, Peter, became a scientist and academic, a Major General in the Continental Army, and later was elected to the United States Congress; Frederick served as the first Speaker of the House in the U.S. Congress after his election to office; Henry, Jr. became pastor of the Zion Lutheran Church at Oldwick, New Jersey; and Henry Ernst was an early scientist and the first president of Franklin College, which is now Franklin & Marshall College.

His daughter Elisabeth married future general Francis Swaine. Maria Salome ("Sally") married the future U.S. Congressman Matthias Richards. Eve married Emmanuel Shulze, and their son John Andrew Schulze was elected Governor of Pennsylvania.

## Legacy and honors

## Other sources

* Mann, William J. *Life and Times of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg*, Philadelphia: G.W. Frederick. 1888
* Wolf, Edmund Jacob. *The Lutherans in America; a story of struggle, progress, influence and marvelous growth*, New York: J.A. Hill. 1889
* Frick, William K. *Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, Patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America*, Lutheran Publication Society, 1902
* Hermann Wellenreuther / Thomas Müller-Bahlke / A. Gregg Roeber: *The Transatlantic World of Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg in the Eighteenth Century.* Publisher: Otto Harrassowitz (January 9, 2013), ISBN 978-3447069632

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| The ReverendHenry Muhlenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| A portrait of Muhlenberg, c.1780 | |
| Born | Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg
(1711-09-06)September 6, 1711
Einbeck, Electorate of Hanover, Germany |
| Died | October 7, 1787(1787-10-07) (aged 76)
Trappe, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Education | University of Halle |
| Children | see Muhlenberg family |
|  | |
| Church | Pennsylvania Ministerium |
| Title | Patriarch of the Lutheran church in America |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Mordella vidua

abstract: Mordella vidua is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1851.

text:
# Mordella vidua

***Mordella vidua*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1851.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella vidua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. vidua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella vidua***<br>Solier, 1851 | |
|


title: Zombie High

abstract: Zombie High is a 1987 American comedy horror film directed by Ron Link. The film was released theatrically on October 2, 1987, and stars Virginia Madsen as a beautiful young teenager who must fight against a boarding school that is intent on turning everyone into a Stepford-esque "perfect" student. In the film, classical music is used for the mental conditioning of the brainwashed victims. By accident, a character finds out that rock music has the opposite effect, restoring human traits to the victims.

text:
# Zombie High

***Zombie High*** (also known as ***The School That Ate My Brain***) is a 1987 American comedy horror film directed by Ron Link. The film was released theatrically on October 2, 1987, and stars Virginia Madsen as a beautiful young teenager who must fight against a boarding school that is intent on turning everyone into a Stepford-esque "perfect" student.

In the film, classical music is used for the mental conditioning of the brainwashed victims. By accident, a character finds out that rock music has the opposite effect, restoring human traits to the victims.

## Plot

Andrea (Virginia Madsen) is a teenage girl who has won a scholarship to Ettinger, a formerly all-male boarding school. She leaves behind her boyfriend Barry (James Wilder) in the hopes of scholastic achievement, but soon discovers that things are not as they seem at Ettinger.

Andrea finds that her friends are slowly changing from regular teenagers into personality-less drones. Some investigation shows that the school's faculty has been harvesting life-sustaining chemicals from the student body, which results in them becoming seemingly perfect students that are only focused on doing well in school and obeying rules.

Andrea is spared from this fate by one of her professors, Philo (Richard Cox), who takes pity on her due to her resemblance to a former lover. Along with her boyfriend, Andrea discovers that the staff uses classical music as a way of stabilizing the students. Philo gives her a tape to play over the loudspeaker system that he claims will stop the faculty and students from capturing her and turning her into a zombie, only for her to lose it while she is chased by the school's students. With nothing to lose, Barry plays a tape of rock music in its place, which accomplishes the desired task of stopping the students and saving their lives.

## Cast

## Reception

Lana Cooper of Brutal as Hell wrote, "For unintentional humor and as an ‘80s genre horror timepiece, Zombie High cannot be beat. Just don’t expect to be scared." The *Chicago Tribune* panned the film in a 1988 review, expressing surprise that Madsen would star in *Zombie High*, as they viewed it as a step down from her previous acting work. Michael Wilmington of the *Los Angeles Times* called it "a student project gone awry". Glenn Kay, who wrote *Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide*, called the film a "nondescript, forgettable flick". Writing in *The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia*, academic Peter Dendle said, "The movie plays the concept more seriously than the title lets on, and, in fact, winds up dragging quite a bit."

## InfoBox

| Zombie High | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Ron Link |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | * Brian Coyne * David Lux |
| Edited by | * Shawn Hardin * James Whitney |
| Music by | Daniel May |
| Production<br>company | Cinema Group |
| Distributed by | Palisades Entertainment Group |
| Release date | * October 2, 1987 (1987-10-02) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: John Townsend (MP for Warwick)

abstract: John Townsend of Warwick was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1597 to 1614. Townsend was the son of Richard Townsend of Warwick and his wife Christian. He was bailiff of Warwick from 1589 to 1590 and then in 1597 and 1901 elected Member of Parliament for the town. After another period as bailiff in 1603–04 he was re-elected MP for Warwick to the Addled Parliament of 1614. He was finally bailiff again from 1621 to 1622. Townsend died after 1622.

text:
# John Townsend (MP for Warwick)

**John Townsend** of Warwick was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1597 to 1614.

Townsend was the son of Richard Townsend of Warwick and his wife Christian.

He was bailiff of Warwick from 1589 to 1590 and then in 1597 and 1901 elected Member of Parliament for the town. After another period as bailiff in 1603–04 he was re-elected MP for Warwick to the Addled Parliament of 1614. He was finally bailiff again from 1621 to 1622.

Townsend died after 1622.


title: Tennessee State Route 386

abstract: State Route 386 (SR 386) is a major east–west state route, signed north-south, located in Davidson and Sumner counties in Tennessee. It is known as Vietnam Veterans Boulevard and serves as a bypass for U.S. Highway 31E and a connector to Hendersonville and Gallatin from Nashville. A majority of the route is a four-lane controlled-access highway.

text:
# Tennessee State Route 386

**State Route 386** (**SR 386**) is a major east–west state route, signed north-south, located in Davidson and Sumner counties in Tennessee. It is known as **Vietnam Veterans Boulevard** and serves as a bypass for U.S. Highway 31E (US 31E) and a connector to Hendersonville and Gallatin from Nashville. A majority of the route is a four-lane controlled-access highway.

## Route description

SR 386 begins at a two-way partial Y interchange with Interstate 65 (I-65) in Davidson County north of Nashville. The route is only accessible from I-65 northbound, and I-65 northbound is not directly accessible from SR 386 westbound. The route begins with a 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) speed limit in Davidson County, which reduces to 65 mph (105 km/h) upon entering Sumner County less than a mile (1.6 km) later. About two miles (3.2 km) later the route has a trumpet interchange with a connector to US 31E, signed as US 31E. The route then curves slightly to the southeast and enters the central part of Hendersonville and has interchanges with SR 258 (New Shackle Island Road), Indian Lake Boulevard, and Saundersville Road, before coming to a partial y interchange with US 31E in what was originally the eastern terminus of the route. As a result, SR 386 curves sharply to the north, crossing US 31E and a CSX railroad again, and curves to the northeast again, and enters a mix of an urban and rural area, coming to an interchange with Big Station Camp Boulevard about three miles (4.8 km) later. SR 386 then has an interchange with Green Lea Boulevard, and about 34 mile (1.2 km) later it reaches an at-grade intersection with SR 174, where SR 386 ends. It is still listed in signs on SR 109 in Gallatin as a route to SR 386, in which travelers are intended to follow SR 174 (Long Hollow Pike) to SR 386.

Some maps list the portions of SR 174 and SR 25 in Gallatin as part of SR 386, although the official eastern terminus of SR 386 is at its intersection with SR 174.

### US 31E hidden designation

| U.S. Route 31E Bypass | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Hendersonville to Gallatin, Tennessee |

From exit 2 to exit 9, SR 386 carries a hidden US 31E Bypass designation.

## History

The route that is now SR 386 was originally proposed to provide more convenient means of transportation to Nashville for residents of Hendersonville, which had grown significantly in the 1960s and 1970s. The Hendersonville Transportation Study of 1978 listed 35 priority projects with the section through Hendersonville as number 1 and the connection to I-65 as number 2. A 1980 transportation study conducted for Nashville and Davidson County initiated the project.

Construction began on the first section, located in Hendersonville, in March 1981. This section, located between SR 258 (New Shackle Island Road) and US 31E, was completed in 1983, and the section between the US 31E connector and SR 258 was completed in 1987. These sections were initially referred to as the Hendersonville Bypass. Construction began on the extension to I-65 in 1988. The segment between Two Mile Pike and Conference Drive was opened on April 5, 1990, and the final leg of the original bypass was opened to traffic on October 4, 1990.

Beginning in 2003, the highway was extended east to Gallatin in two separate projects after that city experienced further growth and transportation needs. This was completed on June 15, 2007.

In 2010 TDOT began studying the possibility of extending the route further east into Gallatin. Also that year the speed limit was reduced from 70 to 65 mph in Sumner County and warning signs were installed around the curve near US 31E in an effort to improve safety on the highway that had developed a high rate of traffic accidents. Early into the route's history it began to experience congestion problems during rush hour. Future plans including widening the highway to six lanes.

On December 1, 2011, a 176 vehicle pileup on SR 386 near the easternmost exit with US 31E resulted in two deaths and 16 injuries. Dense fog and black ice were believed to have contributed to the cause of the accident.

In 1987, SR 386 was renamed the Vietnam Veterans Boulevard after the efforts of the Sumner County chapter of the Vietnam Veterans of America. In 2012 the chapter worked with the Tennessee General Assembly to install signs along the highway, located each about a half mile apart, that list the names of the 25 Sumner County residents who died in the Vietnam War.

In the summer of 2023, the signs were changed on all of the roads that SR 386 intersects to be signed as east-west, although signs on SR 386 are still signed as north-south.

TDOT (Tennessee Department of Transportation) has also announced that SR 386 will be widened from its western terminus at I-65 to one of its exits with US 31E.

## Exit list

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Davidson | Goodlettsville | 0.00 | 0.00 |  |
I-65 south Nashville | Northbound exit and southbound entrance; no direct access from southbound I-65 or to I-65 northbound; southern terminus; I-65 exit 95 |
| | Nashville/Goodlettsville line | 1.00 | 1.61 | 1 |

Conference Drive to I-65 north Goodlettsville | Goodlettsville only on southbound signage |
| Sumner | Hendersonville | 2.72 | 4.38 | 2 | Center Point Road | No northbound entrance |
| | | 3.21 | 5.17 | 3 | US 31E (SR 6) Hendersonville |  |
| | | 5.73 | 9.22 | 6 | SR 258 (New Shackle Island Road) White House, Hendersonville |  |
| | | 7.17 | 11.54 | 7 | Indian Lake Boulevard / Drakes Creek Road |  |
| | | 8.89 | 14.31 | 8 |
Saundersville Road to US 31E (SR 6) Hendersonville | No northbound entrance; Hendersonville only on southbound signage |
| | | 9.15 | 14.73 | 9 |
US 31E north (SR 6) Gallatin | No southbound exit |
| | Gallatin | 11.95 | 19.23 | 12 | Big Station Camp Boulevard |  |
| | 14.18 | 22.82 | 14 | Green Lea Boulevard |  |
| | 14.94 | 24.04 |  |
SR 174 west (Long Hollow Pike) Goodlettsville | Southern end of SR 174 concurrency; at-grade intersection with traffic signal; end of divided highway |
| | 15.93 | 25.64 |  | SR 109 Portland, Gallatin, Lebanon | At-grade intersection with traffic signal (via a diamond interchange on SR 109); SR 386 becomes unsigned. |
| | 16.89 | 27.18 |  |
SR 25 west Springfield | Southern end of SR 25 concurrency; at-grade intersection |
| | 17.24 | 27.75 |  |

US 31E (SR 6) / SR 25 east / SR 174 east | Northern end of SR 25 and SR 174 concurrencies; northern terminus; at-grade intersection |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Tennessee State Route 386KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 386 | |
| --- | --- |
| Vietnam Veterans Boulevard | |
| SR 386 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TDOT | |
| Length | 17.24 mi (27.75 km) |
| Existed | 1981–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-65 in Goodlettsville |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | US 31E / SR 25 / SR 174 in Gallatin |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| Counties | Davidson, Sumner |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 385   SR 387 | |


title: Thiruvin Kural

abstract: Thiruvin Kural is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language psychological action thriller film written and directed by Harish Prabhu and produced by Subaskaran under the banner of Lyca Productions. The film stars Bharathiraja, Arulnithi, and Aathmika in the lead roles with Subatra Robert, Monekha Siva, Ashraf, AR Jeeva, Harish Somasundaram, Mahendran and Mullaiarasi portraying supporting roles. In this film, Arulnithi plays the role of a person with hearing and speech disabilities. The film was released on 14 April 2023, coinciding with Tamil New Year. The film received mixed reviews from critics.

text:
# Thiruvin Kural

***Thiruvin Kural*** (transl.Voice of Thiru) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language psychological action thriller film written and directed by Harish Prabhu and produced by Subaskaran under the banner of Lyca Productions. The film stars Bharathiraja, Arulnithi, and Aathmika in the lead roles with Subatra Robert, Monekha Siva, Ashraf, AR Jeeva, Harish Somasundaram, Mahendran and Mullaiarasi portraying supporting roles.

In this film, Arulnithi plays the role of a person with hearing and speech disabilities. The film was released on 14 April 2023, coinciding with Tamil New Year. The film received mixed reviews from critics.

## Plot

Thiru, a person with speech and hearing disabilities who has a degree in civil engineering, works with his father Marimuthu, a building contractor. Thiru is an honest and short-tempered person. He lives a happy life and is engaged to his aunt's daughter, Bhavani. One day, a sack of concrete accidentally fell down from a building, and Marimuthu was admitted to a government hospital. Thiru, his sister Chithra, and Bhavani went to the hospital to take care of Marimuthu. When they have to take Marimuthu upstairs, they use the elevator, where they meet Aarumugam, a liftman. Aarumugam tells Thiru to use the stairs to go to a higher floor, while Chithra and Bhavani use the elevator to take Marimuthu to his room. Aarumugam starts to look at Bhavani and Chithra, and after seeing this, Thiru gets angry, but he controls himself.

The next day, Thiru goes to buy coffee for his father. At the same time, Aarumugam also arrives at the tea stall, and he sees Thiru. Aarumugam pushes Thiru's head back in anger. Enraged, Thiru beats Aarumugam, and Aarumugam loses his teeth. Aarumugam and his colleagues Suresh, Vinoth, and Santhan are robbers who steal money from rich people and also kill people. Another day, Aarumugam and his colleagues try to steal money from a rich man, but Thiru beats them, and their plan is spoiled. To take revenge on Thiru, Aarumugam and his colleagues blackmail Dr. Venugopal to inject a drug into Marimuthu, which Venugopal does. After this, Marimuthu's condition gets worse; he gets stomachaches.

Thiru feels bad about his father's medical condition. Conversely, Aarumugam feels happy to see Thiru's sadness, so he and his colleagues plan to give trouble to Thiru. They send the nurse Mullai to tell Thiru's grandmother to get the doctor's signature. So Thiru takes his father on a wheelchair to him to the next block of the hospital and stands in a queue to get a signature, but the staff informs him that the card he has given is a food token. Then, Marimuthu vomited blood, and Thiru is heartbroken. To make matters worse for Thiru, Aarumugam calls him and says he will kill Thiru's niece Sharmi. Thiru goes to save Sharmi, but Aarumugam pushes her into a tank. Thiru takes her out, but she is admitted to the hospital.

This issue was aired on news channels, and the police also started investigating those criminals in the hospital. The four men hide themselves in their regular place, where they burn the dead bodies. While discussing their problems Aarumugam kicks Vinoth and informs Suresh and Santhan that Vinoth blurted out the truth to Thiru that they injected the drug into Marimuthu's body. Aarumugam also abducted Venugopal's wife because she had seen them and tried to inform the police about her husband's missing case. Thiru finds the place, kills the four men, and saves Venugopal's wife. When Thiru returns to the hospital, his grandmother says that Marimuthu is missing from there and she couldn't find him. Thiru starts to search for him, finally finding him on the roadside sitting on the bench. Marimuthu tells Thiru that the former that he cannot bear the pain, does not need a hospital, and is scared that he might die before Thiru's wedding. Finally, Thiru and Bhavani are married, and they are happy. Marimuthu and Sharmi are also healthy.

## Cast

* Arulnithi as Thiru, Marimuthu's son
* Bharathiraja as Marimuthu
* Aathmika as Bhavani
* Subatra Robert as Chithra, Thiru's sister
* Monekha Siva as Sharmi, Chithra's daughter and Thiru's niece
* Ashraf as Aarumugam, a lift man and the main antagonist
* A. R. Jeeva as Suresh, a ward boy
* Harish Somasundaram as Vinoth, a security guard
* Mahendran as Santhan, a morgue worker
* Vinayagaraj as a Police Inspector
* Mahalakshmi as Lakshmi
* Subaitha as Thiru's grandmother
* Pavan Arjun as Dr. Venugopal
* Mullai Arasi as Mullai, a nurse

## Production

The film was produced by Subaskaran under his production company, Lyca Productions. This film is Lyca's twenty-fourth production. The cinematography was by cinematographer Sinto Poduthas, who has previously worked in the Malayalam film *Ennivar*. The film's editing was handled by Ganesh Siva, who has previously worked on Arulnithi's *D Block*. The film was shot in Chennai, Karaikal, and Pondicherry and completed within forty-two days. Harish Prabhu's directorial debut is with this film. He has previously worked as an assistant director for S. U. Arun Kumar and Ranjit Jeyakodi. The first look poster for the film was released on 16 February 2023. The trailer for the film was released on 3 April 2023. Arulnithi already acted as a deaf person in Radha Mohan's film *Brindavanam*.

## Music

| Thiruvin Kural | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Sam C. S. | |
| Released | 2023 |
| Recorded | 2022–2023 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 9:35 |
| Language | Tamil |
| Label | Think Music |
| Producer | Sam C. S. |
| Sam C. S. chronology | |
| *Rudhran*
(2023) ***Thiruvin Kural***
(2023) *Thandatti*
(2023) | |

The music for the film was composed by Sam C. S. This film is a third collaboration between actor Arulnithi and music composer Sam C. S. after the thriller films *Iravukku Aayiram Kangal* and *K-13*. All songs were penned by Vairamuthu.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Appa En Appa" | Vairamuthu | Madhu Balakrishnan | 5:37 |
| 2. | "Vaa Tharagaye" | Vairamuthu | Shreya Ghoshal, Abhijith Anilkumar | 3:58 |
| Total length: | | | | 9:35 |

## Release

The film was released on 14 April 2023.

## Reception

The film received mixed reviews from critics. A reviewer from *Dinamalar* gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 and wrote, "The director may be confused in making this film as a realistic one or in the commercial format with illogical scenes." Logesh Balachandran of *The Times of India* gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "A little bit more detailing in the script would have definitely made it an intense thriller similar to Karthi's *Naan Mahaan Alla*."

Srinivasa Ramanujam of *The Hindu* wrote a review stating, "With predictable action fare, Arulnithi’s latest Tamil film doesn’t tap its sole interesting idea to the fullest." A critic from *Samayam* gave it a mixed review. A critic from *Zee News* wrote that "many logical questions arise throughout the film."

Kalyani Pandiyan S of *Hindustan Times* stated that "unnecessary nail for the Tamil New Year." Avinash Ramachandran of *Cinema Express* gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "all that *Thiruvin Kural* needed was a bit more focus, a little more ingenuity, and slightly more strength in its voice."

## InfoBox

| Thiruvin Kural | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Harish Prabhu |
| Written by | Harish Prabhu |
| Produced by | Subaskaran |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Sinto Poduthas |
| Edited by | Ganesh Siva |
| Music by | Sam C. S. |
| Production
company | Lyca Productions |
| Distributed by | Lyca Productions |
| Release date | * 14 April 2023 (2023-04-14) |
| Running time | 119 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Third Enemy Offensive

abstract:
The Third Enemy Offensive forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography. It consisted of two major counter-insurgency operations conducted in occupied Yugoslavia during 1942. These were:
  - Operation Trio, a joint German-Italian counter-insurgency operation in eastern Bosnia from 15 April to 13 May 1942
  - 1942 Montenegro offensive, an Italian-led counter-insurgency operation in the Italian governorate of Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina from mid-May to June 1942

text:
# Third Enemy Offensive

The **Third Enemy Offensive** forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography. It consisted of two major counter-insurgency operations conducted in occupied Yugoslavia during 1942. These were:

* Operation Trio, a joint German-Italian counter-insurgency operation in eastern Bosnia from 15 April to 13 May 1942
* 1942 Montenegro offensive, an Italian-led counter-insurgency operation in the Italian governorate of Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina from mid-May to June 1942


title: Theatre Royal, Cork

abstract: The Theatre Royal was a patent theatre located in Cork City, Ireland.

text:
# Theatre Royal, Cork

The **Theatre Royal** was a patent theatre located in Cork City, Ireland.

## History

The Theatre Royal had already existed in 1750s, but it was moved from its original location near today's Princes Street to the Pembroke Street building by the local actor Spranger Barry in 1760. It was modelled on the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin. In 1766 when he left for London, Barry controversially left his son Thomas Barry as manager of the theatre, but his tenure lasted for less than a year.

The theatre was destroyed by fire on April Fool's Day 1840. In 1853 it was rebuilt, and in the 1860s it was refurbished under the direction of Sir John Benson, and re-opened on 26 December 1867.

In 1875 the theatre was sold to the postal service and Cork's GPO opened on the site in 1877. The last three plays performed were James Sheridan Knowles' *Virginius*; William Shakespeare's *Hamlet*; and John Wilson's *Belphegor*.

## Description

An 1867 description from the *Illustrated London News*:

> The theatre is constructed to hold two thousand persons, and is divided into two tiers of boxes, a capacious pit, stalls, private boxes, and a spacious gallery, from which latter “coign of vantage” an excellent view of the stage is afforded, while the tenants of the boxes are screened from the view of the gods – an important consideration in a town where gallery criticism is often extended unceremoniously to the well-dressed class of visitors.

## InfoBox

Theatre Royal, Cork
| John Mitchel speaking at the Theatre Royal in Cork in early 1875 | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatre Royal, CorkLocation within Cork Central | |
| Address | George's Street (now Oliver Plunkett Street)
Cork
Ireland |
| Coordinates | 51°53′52″N 8°28′14″W / 51.8978°N 8.4705°W / 51.8978; -8.4705 |
| Type | patent theatre |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Current use | General Post Office |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1760 |
| Closed | 1875 |
| Rebuilt | 1853 |
| Years active | 1760–1840; 1867–75 |


title: Francis Bigod

abstract: Sir Francis Bigod was an English nobleman who was the leader of Bigod's Rebellion.

text:
# Francis Bigod

**Sir Francis Bigod** (4 October 1507 – 2 June 1537; also spelled *Bigot, Bygod, Bygott, Bygate*) was an English nobleman who was the leader of Bigod's Rebellion.

## Family

Francis Bigod was descended from the Bigod Earls of Norfolk and from the Barons Mauley of Mulgrave Castle near Whitby, Yorkshire. Born 4 October 1507 at Seaton Manor in Hinderwell, Yorkshire, Francis was the eldest son of Sir John Bigod and Joan Strangways, the daughter of Sir James Strangways. His father was killed by the Scots in 1513, perhaps at the Battle of Flodden. His paternal grandfather, Sir Ralph Bigod, died two years later in 1515, leaving Francis, then seven years of age, as his heir. After the death of Francis' father, his mother, Joan, married Sir William Maleverer.

## Career

On 9 May 1515, Francis' wardship was granted to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, and he may have grown up in Wolsey's household. He attended Oxford, but left without taking a degree, though his letters show that he was a scholar.

In 1527, he was in Wolsey's service. He proved his age on 23 September 1529, and was soon afterwards knighted. According to Hicks, it was likely Wolsey who chose Katherine Conyers (d. 1566), the daughter of William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, as Francis' wife, and it was likely Wolsey to whom her marriage portion was paid.

In his youth he became "a committed Protestant with scholarly theological interests", hearing several sermons daily and corresponding with reformers, including Thomas Garret. At one point he considered taking orders. Under Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey's successor, he was engaged in advancing in Yorkshire Henry VIII's ecclesiastical reforms.

Unlike Cromwell, however, he wished the monasteries to be reformed, not dissolved, and in some cases personally undertook their reformation. He assisted in the compilation of the Valor Ecclesiasticus. In 1533–36, in a *Treatise Concernyng Impropriations of Benefices*, he argued that tithes should be transferred from the monasteries to the support of preachers. He served as a Justice of the Peace from 1532 on, and was a Member of Parliament in 1529 and 1536, although his constituency is unknown.

According to Hicks, Bigod initially opposed the 1535 Catholic uprising (the " Pilgrimage of Grace"), as an ardent Protestant. He fled by sea from Mulgrave Castle, but his ship was forced to land at Hartlepool, where he narrowly escaped lynching by the commons. He returned to Mulgrave, was captured, and, for a time, participated reluctantly in the rising.

At some point, however, Bigod came to realize that his own opposition to the King's erastian intervention in religion was shared by those participating in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Thus, when those involved in the Pilgrimage, under the leadership of Robert Aske, were pardoned and agreed to disperse on 8 December 1536, Bigod, fearing repression by the King, launched an uprising of his own on 16 January 1537, in concert with his tenant, John Hallam, a yeoman of Watton.

His efforts to promulgate his platform attracted little support, either from the aristocracy or the commons. His plan to have George Lumley (father of John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley) seize Scarborough Castle and Hallam Hall on 16 January failed utterly, and his own assault on Kingston upon Hull on 19 January was forestalled by the capture of almost his entire force in a dawn raid at Beverley, Yorkshire. He escaped to Mulgrave, and from thence to Cumberland, where he was captured on 10 February, and sent to Carlisle Castle. He was hanged for treason at Tyburn on 2 June 1537, and buried at the Greyfriars in London.

According to Hicks, Bigod's uprising "enabled Henry VIII to wreak revenge on those implicated in the 1536 revolt, very few of whom rose in 1537".

By his wife Katharine he left a son, Ralph, who was restored in blood by Act of Parliament in 1549/50, but died without issue, and a daughter, Dorothy, his eventual heir, through whom the estates came, through her marriage, into the hands of the Radcliffe family.

Rastell (the chronicler) in a letter to Cromwell, 17 Aug \[1534\] (Cal. Of State Papers Hen. VIII, vol. viii. No. 1070), calls Bigod wise and well learned; and Bale describes him as *homo naturalium splendore nobilis ac doctus et evangelicæ veritatis amator* ('a man of natural splendor, noble and educated and a lover of evangelical truth').

His letters to Cromwell, many of which are preserved in the Public Record Office, show him to have been deeply in debt. He wrote a treatise on 'Impropriations', against the impropriation of parsonages by the monasteries (London, by Tho. Godfray cum privilegio regali, small 8vo). It appears to have been written after the birth of Elizabeth and before Anne Boleyn's disgrace, i.e. between September 1533 and April 1536. Copies are in the British Museum and in Lambeth Palace Library, and the preface is reprinted at the end of Sir Henry Spelman's 'Larger work of Tithes' (1647 edition). Bigod also translated some Latin works, and, during the insurrection, wrote against the royal supremacy.

He owned two residences in Yorkshire, Settrington and Mulgrave Castle.

Aftewr Bigod's death, In 1591, Queen Elizabeth I granted Edmund Sheffield, 3rd Baron Sheffield the Manor of Mulgrave in Yorkshire as part of his forfeited estate.

### Attribution