title: Hans Christian Hagedorn

abstract: Hans Christian Hagedorn was the creator of NPH insulin and the founder of Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, which is known today as Novo Nordisk.

text:
# Hans Christian Hagedorn

**Hans Christian Hagedorn** (6 March 1888 – 6 October 1971) was the creator of NPH insulin and the founder of Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, which is known today as Novo Nordisk.

## Early life and education

Hagedorn was born in Copenhagen. His father was the captain of a coaster adapted for use as a folk high school ship where aspiring sailors received training in navigation as well as other subjects. Hagedorn attended Hesselager Latin School on Funen. In 1916, he began to study medicine at the University of Copenhagen. During his studies, he worked as an assistant for Carl Julius Salomonsen. He also assisted Christian Bohr.

## Career

Hagedorn and August Krogh (1874–1949) obtained the rights for insulin from Frederick Banting and Charles Best of Toronto. In 1923 they formed Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, and in 1926 with August Krogh he obtained a Danish royal charter as a non-profit foundation.

In the 1930s he became interested in modifying the absorption rate of insulin. He was aware that contaminating proteins slowed the absorption of insulin into the bloodstream, but these caused irritation and side effects. Thus he searched for a protein that would not cause any irritation. He came upon protamine, a protein isolated from fish sperm. Hagedorn discovered that the addition of protamine to insulin caused the insulin to form microscopic clumps. These clumps took longer to dissolve into the bloodstream. This complex of protamine and insulin is known as NPH (neutral protamine Hagedorn) insulin. It is one of the earliest example of engineering drug delivery.

## Legacy

### The Hagedorn Prize

The Hagedorn Prize, named after Hans Christian Hagedorn, celebrates achievements in the understanding and treatment of diabetes. Hagedorn's work significantly advanced the quality of insulin production and diabetes care, making this award a tribute to his legacy in the field. The Hagedorn Prize is recognised as the most prestigious award in Internal Medicine in Denmark.


title: Thomas McCawley

abstract: Thomas William McCawley was an Australian lawyer and Chief Justice of Queensland.

text:
# Thomas McCawley

**Thomas William McCawley** (24 July 1881  16 April 1925) was an Australian lawyer and Chief Justice of Queensland.

## Biography

McCawley was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. He was of Irish-Catholic background, his father having been born in County Leitrim, Ireland. On his mother's side he had German ancestry, his mother coming from Darmstadt, Germany. He was educated at the Sisters of Mercy's Hibernian Hall and a state school in Toowoomba. At the age of 14 he took a job for three years as a clerk in the Toowoomba firm of solicitors, Hamilton & Wonderley. Later, McCawley was employed by the Queensland Government Savings Bank, and was successively transferred to the offices of the public service board and the Department of Justice. Studying after hours, he passed the prescribed examinations and was admitted to the Queensland bar on 7 May 1907. In November 1910, at the age of 29 he was appointed crown solicitor, an appointment which was controversial at the time.

McCawley was a staunch Catholic. This, and his links with the Labor Party in Queensland, attracted criticism from some parts of the legal profession in Queensland when he was appointed to a number of senior legal positions in the state There were objections from some quarters, both on political grounds and on the grounds of his lack of experience as practising barrister, when he was appointed as the first president of the Queensland Court of Industrial Arbitration in January 1917, and then puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland in October 1917. Challenges to his appointment in the Supreme Court of Queensland, and in the High Court of Australia, were successful but were overturned by the Privy Council in London. During the next few years, until his premature death, he made a significant contribution to industrial relations law.

McCawley made contributions to industrial law and relations, and framed an award for railway employees. McCawley was made chief justice of Queensland on the retirement of Sir Pope Cooper on 1 April 1922 when, aged 41, he became the youngest chief justice in the British Empire. McCawley held office until 16 April 1925 when he died suddenly of a heart attack at Roma Street railway station in Brisbane while running to catch a train to Ipswich to attend to legal affairs. He was survived by his wife, four sons and one daughter.

McCawley was given a State funeral at St Stephen's Cathedral and buried at Toowong Cemetery.

## Legacy

On 13 December 1927 a bronze bust of McCawley was unveiled at the Board of Arbitration in Brisbane.

McCawley Street in the Brisbane suburb of Stafford is named after him. In September 1961, McCawley Street in the suburb of Watson in Canberra was named after him in recognition, among other things, of his contributions in the field of industrial law and industrial arbitration.

On 22 November 2018, Professor Nicholas Aroney from the University of Queensland delivered the fifth lecture in the 2018 Selden Society lecture series on *Law and politics in McCawley's case* in the Banco Court in the Supreme Court of Queensland.

* Serle, Percival (1949). "McCawley, Thomas". *Dictionary of Australian Biography*. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
* Murphy, D.J (1975). *T. J. Ryan: A political biography*. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
* M. Cope (1976). "The Political Appointment of T.W. McCawley as President of the Court of Industrial Arbitration, Justice of the Supreme Court and Chief Justice of Queensland", *The University of Queensland Law Journal*, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1976), pp 224–242.
* Malcolm Cope (1986). 'McCawley, Thomas William (1881 - 1925)', *Australian Dictionary of Biography*, Volume 10.
* Nicholas Aroney (2006). 'Politics, Law and the Constitution in McCawley's Case', 30(3), *Melbourne University Law Review*, 605.
* Nicolas Aroney (2018). Fifth lecture in the 2018 Selden Society lecture series on *Law and politics in McCawley's case*, 22 November 2018.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableThomas McCawley | |
| --- | --- |
| Judge Thomas McCawley | |
|  | |
| 5th Chief Justice of Queensland | |
| **In office**
1 April 1922  24 April 1925 | |
| Preceded by | Pope Cooper |
| Succeeded by | James Blair |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1881-07-24)24 July 1881
Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia |
| Died | 16 April 1925(1925-04-16) (aged 43)
Brisbane, Australia |
| Resting place | Toowong cemetery, Brisbane |
| Spouse | Margaret Mary O'Hagan |
| Children | Five (four sons and a daughter) |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Known for | Role as a leading judge in Queensland |
|  | |


title: HMOX1

abstract: HMOX1 is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1. Heme oxygenase mediates the first step of heme catabolism, it cleaves heme to form biliverdin. The HMOX gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.3, from base pair 34,101,636 to base pair 34,114,748.

text:
# HMOX1

***HMOX1*** (**heme oxygenase 1 gene**) is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (EC 1.14.99.3). Heme oxygenase (abbreviated HMOX or HO) mediates the first step of heme catabolism, it cleaves heme to form biliverdin.

The *HMOX* gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.3, from base pair 34,101,636 to base pair 34,114,748.

## Heme oxygenase

Heme oxygenase, an essential enzyme in heme catabolism, cleaves heme to form biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron. The biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Heme oxygenase activity is induced by its substrate heme and by various nonheme substances. Heme oxygenase occurs as 2 isozymes, an inducible heme oxygenase-1 and a constitutive heme oxygenase-2. HMOX1 and HMOX2 belong to the heme oxygenase family.

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *P09601* (Heme oxygenase 1) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| HMOX1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | HMOX1, HMOX1D, HO-1, HSP32, bK286B10, heme oxygenase 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 141250; MGI: 96163; HomoloGene: 31075; GeneCards: HMOX1; OMA:HMOX1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002133   NM\_010442   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002124   NP\_034572   Location (UCSC) Chr 22: 35.38 – 35.39 Mb Chr 8: 75.82 – 75.83 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Vuk Isaković

abstract: Vuk Isaković was a Serb military commander in Austrian service during the Austrian-Ottoman Wars. He was the inspiration for the main character, Vuk Isakovič, in the Seobe. Vuk's family originated from Sredska, Serbia, then under Ottoman rule. His brother was Trifun Isaković, also a commander. The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians. The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups. In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were Vuk Isaković from Crna Bara, Mlatišuma from Kragujevac and Kosta Dimitrijević from Paraćin. With his brother Trifun he commanded the Hajduks who devastated Lešnica. After the war he had the rank of captain. His brother became major in Syrmia, then lieutenant colonel of the Petrovaradin regiment. He and his brother were among the main contributors for the new church and tower-bell of the Šišatovac monastery. Isaković participated in the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39). He died in 1759, at the age of 65, in Mitrovica. He was buried at Šišatovac, which at the time was some type of mausoleum for notable Serbs.

text:
# Vuk Isaković

**Vuk Isaković** (Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Исаковић; fl. 1696–1759) was a Serb military commander in Austrian service during the Austrian-Ottoman Wars. He was the inspiration for the main character, Vuk Isakovič (Вук Исакович), in the *Seobe* (novel by Miloš Crnjanski).

Vuk's family originated from Sredska, Serbia, then under Ottoman rule. His brother was Trifun Isaković, also a commander.

The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians. The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups. In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were Vuk Isaković from Crna Bara, Mlatišuma from Kragujevac and Kosta Dimitrijević from Paraćin. With his brother Trifun he commanded the Hajduks who devastated Lešnica. After the war he had the rank of *captain*. His brother became *major* in Syrmia, then lieutenant colonel of the Petrovaradin regiment. He and his brother were among the main contributors for the new church and tower-bell of the Šišatovac monastery. Isaković participated in the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39).

He died in 1759, at the age of 65, in Mitrovica. He was buried at Šišatovac, which at the time was some type of mausoleum for notable Serbs.

### Sources

Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (2004). *History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries*. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 134, 215–217. ISBN 978-90-272-3458-2.


title: WATH

abstract: WATH is a radio station broadcasting a adult contemporary format. Licensed to Athens, Ohio, United States, the station is currently owned by Alan Stockmeister, through licensee Jackson County Broadcasting, Inc., and features programming from CBS News Radio, Fox Sports Radio and Westwood One.

text:
# WATH

**WATH** (970 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a adult contemporary format. Licensed to Athens, Ohio, United States, the station is currently owned by Alan Stockmeister, through licensee Jackson County Broadcasting, Inc., and features programming from CBS News Radio, Fox Sports Radio and Westwood One.

## History

970 WATH first hit the airwaves in Athens, Ohio, on October 25, 1950. In late 2022, it switched FM translator frequencies from 97.1 FM to 97.3 FM. On October 30, 2023, WATH changed their format from classic hits to adult contemporary, branded as "Mix 97.3".

## Notable alumni

(WATH's logo under previous 97.1 translator frequency)

## InfoBox

WATH
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Southeastern Ohio |
| Frequency | 970 kHz |
| Branding | Mix 97.3 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult contemporary, talk |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Alan Stockmeister * (Jackson County Broadcasting, Inc.) |
| Sister stations | WXTQ |
| History | |
| First air date | October 25, 1950 (1950-10-25) |
| Call sign meaning | Athens |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 71096 |
| Class | D |
| Power | * 1,000 watts day * 26 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°20′40.00″N 82°6′21.00″W / 39.3444444°N 82.1058333°W / 39.3444444; -82.1058333 |
| Translator(s) | 97.3 W247DR (Athens) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: NASCAR Unleashed

abstract: NASCAR Unleashed is a racing video game developed by Firebrand Games and published by Activision. It was released on November 1, 2011 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS.

text:
# NASCAR Unleashed

***NASCAR Unleashed*** is a racing video game developed by Firebrand Games and published by Activision. It was released on November 1, 2011 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS.

## Features

*NASCAR Unleashed* is an arcade racing game, allowing players to play as 15 different drivers in NASCAR Sprint Cup racing series, and race around six locations, including Chicagoland Speedway, Daytona International Speedway, Homestead-Miami Speedway, Martinsville Speedway, Talladega Superspeedway, and a fictional track named Unleashed Speedway. Each location has multiple layouts, which accounts for 12 different track layouts.

As with the previous two Wii NASCAR games, *Kart Racing* and *The Game: 2011*, the Wii version of *Unleashed* leverages the Wii Remote's versatility and motion controls to offer multiple control schemes, but unlike them, it does not support the GameCube controller.

## Drivers

15 real life NASCAR drivers are featured in the game, followed by 3 fictional drivers. Each driver has one paint scheme available when one starts the game, and the more one progresses through the championships, the more bonus paint schemes one will unlock. There are 20 cars in a race for the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions, while the Wii and 3DS versions only had 12 cars in a race.

## Reception

The game has received mixed reviews. *Operation Sports* rated it 4.5/10, praising the spin on the tracks, but criticizing the repetitiveness and lack of online multiplayer. *PlayStation: The Official Magazine* gave the game a 60/100 score: "It may not be a game for racing purists, but if you're looking to introduce stock car racing to a child, look no further". *Game Informer* gave the game a rating of 7/10, saying that "*NASCAR Unleashed* may be just another kart racer, but it's also not as foreign of a concept to the sport as you may think. Its drafting, rivalries, and car contact are certainly key aspects of the sport represented here – just not enough".

## InfoBox

| NASCAR Unleashed | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art featuring the cars of Kyle Busch and Dale Earnhardt Jr. | |
| Developer(s) | Firebrand Games |
| Publisher(s) | Activision |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 |
| Release | * NA: November 1, 2011 |
| Genre(s) | Auto racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: W. A. C. Bennett Dam

abstract: The W. A. C. Bennett Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Peace River in northern British Columbia, Canada. At 186 metres (610 ft) high, it is one of the world's highest earth fill dams. Construction of the dam began in 1961 and culminated in 1968. At the dam, the Finlay, the Parsnip and the Peace rivers feed into Williston Lake, also referred to as Williston Reservoir. It is the third largest artificial lake in North America as well as the largest body of fresh water in British Columbia. Williston Lake runs 250 kilometres north–south and 150 kilometres east–west. The construction of the dam cost $750 million, making it the largest project of its kind in the province of BC. The dam was named after Premier W. A. C. Bennett because his vision played a major role in the project initiation, development, and realization; the reservoir was named after the premier's trusted cabinet colleague: Ray Williston. The Gordon M. Shrum Generation Station at the W. A. C. Bennett Dam has the capacity to generate more than 13,000 GWh annually, at times supplying over a third of B.C's power demand. At the time of its construction the powerhouse was the largest of its kind worldwide; it continues to be the largest power station in B.C and it is the third largest hydroelectric development in Canada after Robert-Bourassa and Churchill Falls. In addition to the benefits related to the clean energy generated, the construction of the dam and the reservoir also provided economic opportunities for the province of British Columbia, for the newly founded provincially owned electric utility BC Hydro, and for the large number of workers. These workers were involved in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of the project. Considerable costs were involved in the government funded project, the clearing of the area for the reservoir, called the Trench, alone cost $5 million. The building of the dam and the reservoir were not without controversy. One controversy was caused by the significant negative environmental effects the project had on the immediate environment. In the process of creating Williston Lake, 350,000 acres of former forest land was flooded. This caused the loss of plant and wildlife biodiversity as well as risking mineral and timber rights. A second controversy related to the fact that the land had been inhabited prior to its flooding, therefore the flooding resulted in the displacement of the forty or fifty residents located in the Trench. Among them were members of the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation, then known as Ingenika. The displacement had negative social impacts on the inhabitants as the loss of the land that had previously supported them meant loss of autonomy and resulted in isolation, alienation, and "social disorganization". A BC Hydro consultant admitted in 1977 that the 'isolation imposed by the reservoir had severe impacts on Ingenika society and culture".

text:
# W. A. C. Bennett Dam

The **W. A. C. Bennett Dam** is a large hydroelectric dam on the Peace River in northern British Columbia, Canada. At 186 metres (610 ft) high, it is one of the world's highest earth fill dams. Construction of the dam began in 1961 and culminated in 1968. At the dam, the Finlay, the Parsnip and the Peace rivers feed into Williston Lake, also referred to as Williston Reservoir. It is the third largest artificial lake in North America (after Smallwood Reservoir and Manicouagan Reservoir) as well as the largest body of fresh water in British Columbia. Williston Lake runs 250 kilometres north–south and 150 kilometres east–west.

The construction of the dam cost $750 million, making it the largest project of its kind in the province of BC. The dam was named after Premier W. A. C. Bennett because his vision played a major role in the project initiation, development, and realization; the reservoir was named after the premier's trusted cabinet colleague: Ray Williston. The **Gordon M. Shrum Generation Station** at the W. A. C. Bennett Dam has the capacity to generate more than 13,000 GWh annually, at times supplying over a third of B.C's power demand. At the time of its construction the powerhouse was the largest of its kind worldwide; it continues to be the largest power station in B.C and it is the third largest hydroelectric development in Canada after Robert-Bourassa and Churchill Falls.

In addition to the benefits related to the clean energy generated, the construction of the dam and the reservoir also provided economic opportunities for the province of British Columbia, for the newly founded provincially owned electric utility BC Hydro, and for the large number of workers. These workers were involved in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of the project. Considerable costs were involved in the government funded project, the clearing of the area for the reservoir, called the Trench, alone cost $5 million.

The building of the dam and the reservoir were not without controversy. One controversy was caused by the significant negative environmental effects the project had on the immediate environment. In the process of creating Williston Lake, 350,000 acres of former forest land was flooded. This caused the loss of plant and wildlife biodiversity as well as risking mineral and timber rights.

A second controversy related to the fact that the land had been inhabited prior to its flooding, therefore the flooding resulted in the displacement of the forty or fifty residents located in the Trench. Among them were members of the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation, then known as Ingenika. The displacement had negative social impacts on the inhabitants as the loss of the land that had previously supported them meant loss of autonomy and resulted in isolation, alienation, and "social disorganization". A BC Hydro consultant admitted in 1977 that the 'isolation imposed by the reservoir had severe impacts on Ingenika society and culture".

## History

### W. A. C. Bennett and high modernism

W. A. C. Bennett was the Premier of British Columbia from 1952 to 1972. Bennett was committed to the large-scale, state-directed development of British Columbia and promoted the continued development of natural resources. Large hydroelectric projects, such as the W. A. C. Bennett Dam, were part of the resource development for which Bennett was advocating. In his opinion, harnessing nature would make British Columbia wealthy and support the emergence of an industrial economy as well as a society that was, "connected, institutionally anchored, urban, wealthy, and domestic.".

Bennett's convictions, and therefore the policies of his government, concerning hydroelectric development have been regarded as a manifestation of the ideology high modernity, also known as high modernism. Along with the benefits that high modernist development could bring, there were also consequences. High modernism, along with the administrative ordering of nature and society, authoritarian state, and a "prostrate civil society which would be unable to resist high modernist plans", can be a recipe for disaster. It is debatable whether or not all of these elements were present in British Columbia at the time, but regardless, the development of the Peace River led to environmental changes that caused a minority of people to live in isolation, dependence, alienation, and illness. On the other hand, the hydroelectric projects realized by Bennett's Two Rivers policy created a large supply of less expensive energy in British Columbia, which provided industrial growth and therefore employment.

### Two Rivers policy

W. A. C. Bennett's Two Rivers policy aimed to develop the hydroelectric potential of both the Peace and Columbia Rivers simultaneously. The policy stemmed from Bennett's desire to wrest control of resources away from the federal government in regards to power development in the province. Bennett and the American company Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation of the United States had agreed that in return for a fifty-year water license, the Kaiser Corporation would construct a large dam on the upper Columbia River. Not only would they pay for the construction, they would also return 20% of the electricity generated to British Columbia and pay the provincial taxes as well as water license fees. Much to Bennett's dismay, the federal government of Canada dissolved the deal by asserting its right of control over international waterways and took over negotiations with the United States. It would appear that British Columbia was not to be allowed to sell electricity to America for provincial profit.

In response, Bennett turned his attention towards developing the Peace River's hydroelectric potential at the previously identified site of Portage Mountain by constructing a massive storage dam that would later be named the W. A. C. Bennett dam. Bennett hoped that the economic independence British Columbia would gain by developing the Peace River would provide the leverage necessary for the federal government of Canada to allow British Columbia to sell electricity that could be created by damming the Columbia River to the Americans. This 'Two Rivers' policy faced opposition from people who thought that if the Columbia were developed, the electricity generated should be for Canada's sole use as opposed to America's.

The Two Rivers policy led to the development of the WAC Bennett Dam on the Peace River and the Keenleyside Dam and Mica Dam on the Columbia River together with Duncan Dam at the top of Kootenay Lake. In 1964 the policy was formally realized with ratification of the Columbia River Treaty by the Government of Canada and the United States of America. Because of his Two Rivers policy, Bennett was successful in pressuring the federal government of Canada to allow British Columbia to 'sell electricity' to the Americans for a thirty-year period for the lump sum of US$275 million. The nationalization of BC Electric (1961), which was rolled over into the BC Power Commission to form BC Hydro, can also be seen as a part of this strategy.

### Site selection

Ray Williston, the minister of land and forests for the provincial government at the time, proposed turning sections of the Peace and Columbia River basins known as the Rocky Mountain Trench into a source of power generation. The "Power Trench", as it was known, would provide not only electricity, but give the ability to control water flow for flood prevention and agricultural purposes in the U.S. and Canada. In 1957 twelve locations along the Peace River were identified by the Wenner-Gren British Columbia Development Company as potential sites to build a dam. One of the sites, located 22 kilometres from Hudson's Hope, was judged to be the best location due to its geography. Gordon Shrum, a physics professor at the University of British Columbia, was chosen to conduct a study on the cost effectiveness of developing dams on the Peace and Columbia rivers. The study led to the conclusion that it would be cheaper to build on the Peace River, but only if a public company was used due to lower interest rates available to crown corporations.

### Construction

When plans for construction were given the green light on the W. A. C. Bennett Dam (known as the Portage Mountain Dam during construction), clearing the soon to be reservoir was the first step in the process. It was a massive undertaking which was completed on the shoestring budget of five million dollars by the Forest Service Branch. When the water rose, hundreds of thousands of acres of cut trees floated on the lake surface The initial stages of construction required building a coffer dam, preparing the foundations and injecting grout into the ground to create a watertight seal, building a drainage system, and excavating to create a solid base for building. Over the course of construction, 55 million cubic yards (42 million cubic metres) of rock and dirt were taken from the nearby glacial moraine by conveyor belt to create the dam relying primarily on gravity to hold it together. Upon completion, the W. A. C. Bennett Dam became one of the biggest earth-filled dams in the world stretching 183 metres tall, 800 metres wide, by two kilometres long (200 × 875 × 2,187 yd). When finished, the dam incorporated one of the largest hydroelectric generating stations. Components are located as far as 150 m (490 ft) below ground and includes 10 generating units located deep underground in the powerhouse. The Main powerhouse structure is named the G.M. Shrum generating station. It was designed to resemble a giant transformer to reflect its function and modern design of the 1960s.

The project was widely seen as a success, especially considering its remote location far from civilization. The construction project was managed by Gordon Shrum, the appointed head of the newly created BC Hydro crown corporation. The provincial government had specifically created BC Hydro as a way of financing the project through lower interest rates available to crown corporations and to control the development of provincial energy resources. When Shrum took over the project in 1961 it was already a year behind schedule meeting the 1968 deadline to generate power. Through a 'hands on', 'cost conscious' and a 'design as you go' strategy, the project was officially completed in the fall of 1967 with the first generators going online in 1968. The project was completed on time and on budget; however, additional construction would continue through the 1970s with final completion in 1980 when the last generator was installed.

The construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam involved over twenty unions that were bound by ten-year contracts guaranteeing BC Hydro no lockouts or strike action. This contract allowed the project to be built without labour delays. The men involved on the project were international, coming from around North America, Europe, and as far as Japan. The workers onsite lived in temporary camps built around the Portage Mountain site with more workers in the summer and fewer in the winter. Much of the construction occurred inside the dam which was claustrophobic, full of exhaust fumes, and occasionally subject to cave-ins. In total, 16 men have lost their lives working on the dam.

During the construction process, the Portage Mountain lookout was one of the first buildings built so that tourists could view the progress on the dam.

### Upgrading and refurbishment

From 2009 to 2012, units 6 to 8 were refurbished to increase the plant capacity by 90 megawatts. The last unit of them, unit 7, was put into service on November 29, 2012.

Units 1 to 5 have undergone complete refurbishment and upgrades, increasing the reliability and capacity of the first units installed at G.M. Shrum. The upgrades increase the generating capacity of each unit by as much as 17%.

## Economic investment and opportunity

### Province of British Columbia

In the 1950s, as well as the decades before and after, the economy of British Columbia had largely been based on the extraction of natural resources and had therefore been susceptible to fluctuations in the world's demand for the respective resources. Despite the potentially unreliable economy resulting from this susceptibility, British Columbia was considered to be one of the most sought-out Canadian provinces to live in. This was due to the fact that British Columbia had the country's highest real per capita income which resulted in high standards of living for its residents. It was not until W. A. C. Bennett's premiership and vision for his province though that British Columbia saw the realization of its hydroelectric energy potential. Bennett believed that any natural resource that was not used was wasted and pushed for the development of ways to harness the enormous unrealized hydroelectric energy power potential of the Peace River. Today, the W. A. C. Bennett and Peace Canyon facilities produce about 35% of British Columbia's total electricity.

### BC Hydro

The British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority Act, introduced by Premier W. A. C. Bennett in March 1962, laid out the plan in which he would pursue his Two Rivers Policy. BC Electric had refused to commit to buying the power that would be harnessed from the Peace River development as cheaper power was available elsewhere. Hence, the BC Hydro and Power Authority Act merged BC Electric with another crown corporation, the BC Power Commission, into a newly formed BC Hydro which was co-chaired by Gordon Shrum of BC Electric and Hugh Keenleyside of BC Power Commission. BC Hydro became responsible for the building of the dam, powerhouse and associated infrastructure.

### Local community and workers

The building of the dam and the powerhouse and the creation of Williston Lake provided economic opportunities to the high number of workers who found employment with BC Hydro or one of the subcontractors; these workers included members of the local First Nations, non-native residents, non-residents, and immigrants. One of the subcontractors was the Forest Service Branch of the Department of Lands and Forests to whom BC Hydro paid $5 million to clear the area that would become Williston Lake—an area that was covered in timber to 80%. At the peak of project, 3,500 workers were employed. Many of them had moved to the area for the job and settled down, at least temporarily, in close proximity to the dam project. Hudson's Hope, a frontier town, was one of the communities in which many of the non-resident workers found a home; during the project, the population of Hudson's Hope rose from 800 to over 5,000 in 1968 and dropped to less than 1,500 by the early 1980s. In addition, about 2,000 workers lived at a camp in close proximity to the dam.

## Social impacts

### Aboriginal communities

For a minority of people, many of whom were Aboriginal, environmental changes caused by the damming of the Peace River meant dependence, isolation, alienation, and illness. When it became clear that the environmental impacts of the dam would render land unlivable to local Aboriginal groups who were dependent on the hereditary sites, the British Columbia government offered a settlement. For $1.7 million the British Columbia government purchased fourteen thousand acres of land, including timber and mineral rights, and bought out approximately one hundred and fifty individuals and families securing the rights to the land. Of those one hundred and fifty, roughly one third were members of the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation. Outside of relocation, Aboriginal hunting and fishing grounds around the Fort Grahame and Finlay Forks areas were severely impacted by ecological change. Many species of fish as well as mountain caribou and muskrats were no longer available for Aboriginal consumption or traditional use. These changes to First Nations independence through fur trade and the relocation of many Aboriginals to new reserves caused an influx in demand for government assistance through welfare. Between 1965 and 1970, social assistance provided by the Provincial government to Aboriginal groups in the areas surrounding the Bennett Dam increased by 300 percent. The devastating impact of the dam is documented in detail in a doctoral dissertation by Daniel Sims, a Tsay Keh Dene First Nation member.

As recently as October 2008, the Kwadacha First Nation, another Aboriginal group residing in the Fort Ware area located at the north end of the Finlay Reach of Lake Williston, reached a settlement with the British Columbia government and BC Hydro over damages suffered during construction and operation of the dam and Williston Lake. The settlement included a $15 million lump-sum payment and annual payments of $1.6 million adjusted for inflation.

The effects of the project on the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation were profiled in *The Scattering of Man (DƏNE YI’INJETL)*, a 2021 documentary film by Luke Gleeson.

### Local residents

When the government, controlled by the Social Credit Party of British Columbia, dammed the Peace River to generate hydroelectricity it had already set into motion a series of social changes in the surrounding communities. These social changes had positive effects for workers who flocked to the area to secure jobs and economic opportunities unavailable elsewhere. It also had negative effects for residents who lived in the surrounding areas prior to the dam's construction. British Columbia Premier W. A. C. Bennett saw growing communities when he envisioned the damming of the Peace River in 1952. In 1964, his vision would be validated as a result of the "instant town" of Mackenzie, where thousands of individuals would find employment with BC Forest Products. The company spent $60 million on a "forestry complex" to process timber resulting from clearing land for the construction of the dam. For residents who had lived in the surrounding areas prior to the dams planned construction, development caused many to be pushed off homesteads for small monetary settlements. One resident who owned a thousand acres of land, much of which was used for farming, was offered only twenty-eight thousand dollars by BC Hydro to secure the property. However, for local residents of Anglo ethnicity, full-time waged work was more easily accessible due to the employment opportunities produced directly and indirectly by the damming project.

## Environmental and ecological impacts

### Downstream

The W. A. C. Bennett Dam held tremendous economic potential, but for its surrounding environment the experience was not so positive. Since its construction a number of environmental changes have taken place. The dam has been responsible for less drastic fluctuations in the water levels of the downstream portions of the Peace River, creating modifications to both the plants and animals in the region. In addition, it has also been blamed for creating changes in the landscapes of the Athabasca Lake and Peace River, known as the Athabasca Delta. This part of the river faced significant water loss.

Downstream of the dam the flood plains of Peace-Athabasca Delta were drying up after the floods that had occurred every two or three years came to a halt and no longer revitalized the wetland biodiversity alongside the delta. For this reason, the delta experienced lower water levels, affecting both the landscape of the delta and its aquatic life. Following the completion of the Williston Lake reservoir in 1971, water coverage in the delta was reduced by 38 percent and twenty years later, the amount of wetlands had declined by 47 percent. A reduction in the amount of discharge resulted in the accumulation of toxins and sediments downstream, decreasing the quality of the water. Fish also experienced changes as a result of the low water levels: fewer channels were accessible for walleye to reach spawning grounds and for juvenile fish to reach nursery areas therefore jeopardizing their ability to reproduce. Dinosaur Lake was created directly downstream of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam when the Peace Canyon Dam was completed. The Peace Canyon Dam was built to produce hydro-electricity for a second time with the water coming from W. A. C. Bennett Dam and its huge reservoir. Today, it is a popular destination for camping in British Columbia. The Site C dam was proposed as a downstream duplicate of the Peace Canyon Dam.

### Upstream and Williston Reservoir

The area upstream of the dam experienced a number of environmental changes as a result of the flooding of the land. The creation of the lake flooded a vast area of former forest land, drowning a significant amount of wildlife and creating drastic changes to the landscape. It created a reservoir that measured 250 kilometres from north to south and another 150 kilometres from east to west. Two farmers asked for compensation from BC Hydro due to higher humidity compromising their ability to grow crops. Because the water was no longer flowing, rather, it was standing still following the creation of the dam; there were cooler temperatures and an increase in fog.

Not only did changes occur in the atmosphere, they also occurred in the water. The creation of the reservoir compromised the livelihood of aquatic life, which before the dam lived peacefully in the river. Rivers and lakes support different species therefore some fish were able to thrive in the lake but others could not be supported by its different environment. Mountain whitefish, rainbow trout and Arctic grayling were primarily the species that faced decline. A number of species were known to have thrived and it is estimated that there are more fish in the basin today than before the reservoir, but possessing levels of mercury indicating they are not entirely healthy. High levels of mercury have been measured in the lake, as a result of decaying matter from the plants and trees that drowned. Mercury is released into the lake, is ingested by tiny organisms and eventually makes its way up the food chain. In 2000 British Columbia issued a Fish Consumption Advisory for bull trout and dolly varden warning people about the high content of mercury in these fish.

The creation of the reservoir resulted in the severing of a caribou migration route. This, along with other industrial development in Peace River Country, devastated the southern mountain populations of woodland caribou, drove the Burnt Pine herd to local extinction by 2013, and had put five out of six other herds at risk of local extinction by 2016. In the Klinse-Za herd, only 16 animals remained by 2014.

## Visitor centre

The W. A. C. Bennett Dam Visitor Centre is located near the dam, overlooking Williston Lake Reservoir. The centre features exhibits on the dam, hydroelectricity, and the area's natural and cultural history.

## Works cited

## InfoBox

| W. A. C. Bennett Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| The W. A. C. Bennett Dam, taken from the viewpoint | |
| Location within British Columbia | |
| Location | Hudson's Hope,<br>British Columbia, Canada |
| Coordinates | 56°01′00″N 122°12′02″W / 56.01667°N 122.20056°W / 56.01667; -122.20056 |
| Construction began | 1963 |
| Opening date | 1968 |
| Owner(s) | BC Hydro |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Embankment dam |
| Impounds | Peace River |
| Height | 186 m (610 ft) |
| Length | 2,068 m (6,785 ft) |
| Spillway capacity | 9,205 m<sup>3</sup>/s (325,100 cu ft/s) |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Williston Lake |
| Total capacity | 74 km<sup>3</sup> (60,000,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface area | 1,761 km<sup>2</sup> (680 sq mi) |
| Power Station | |
| Turbines | 10 |
| Installed capacity | 2,907 MW |
| Capacity factor | 58.9% |
| Annual generation | 15 TWh (54 PJ) |


title: Vyatskaya Peak

abstract: Vyatskaya Peak is a peak, 2,455 m, on the north part of Skavlrimen Ridge in the Weyprecht Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Discovered and plotted from air photos by German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. Mapped from air photos and surveys by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60; remapped by Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61, and named presumedly after the Vyatka River. This name originates from United States of America. It is part of the United States Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Vyatskaya Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Vyatskaya Peak

**Vyatskaya Peak** (71°57′S 13°32′E / 71.950°S 13.533°E / -71.950; 13.533) is a peak, 2,455 m, on the north part of Skavlrimen Ridge in the Weyprecht Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Discovered and plotted from air photos by German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. Mapped from air photos and surveys by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60; remapped by Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61, and named presumedly after the Vyatka River. This name originates from United States of America. It is part of the United States Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Vyatskaya Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Guerrant House (Pilot, Virginia)

abstract: Guerrant House, also known as Pilot House, is a historic home located at Pilot, Montgomery County, Virginia. It was built in the mid- to late-19th century, and is a two-story frame double-pile center-passage dwelling with a hipped roof and two massive brick chimneys. Also on the property are a contributing meat house and spring house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# Guerrant House (Pilot, Virginia)

**Guerrant House**, also known as Pilot House, is a historic home located at Pilot, Montgomery County, Virginia. It was built in the mid- to late-19th century, and is a two-story frame double-pile center-passage dwelling with a hipped roof and two massive brick chimneys. Also on the property are a contributing meat house and spring house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Guerrant House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Guerrant House, October 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | VA 612 at VA 615, Pilot, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°3′14″N 80°21′30″W / 37.05389°N 80.35833°W / 37.05389; -80.35833 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Architectural style | Double-pile center passage |
| MPS | Montgomery County MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001815 |
| VLR No. | 060-0007 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 13, 1989 |
| Designated VLR | June 20, 1989 |


abstract: The NCAA Division II women's swimming and diving championships are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of women's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division II members in the United States and Canada. The event consists of individual and team championships in a range of events, all held in a 25-yard pool. Nova Southeastern are the two-time reigning national champions, winning their second title in 2024.

text:
# NCAA Division II women's swimming and diving championships

The **NCAA Division II women's swimming and diving championships** are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of women's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division II members in the United States and Canada.

The event consists of individual and team championships in a range of events, all held in a 25-yard pool.

Nova Southeastern are the two-time reigning national champions, winning their second title in 2024.

## History

Swimming was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership.

## Results

| Year | Team Champion | Score | Team Runner-Up | Score | Location | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982
*Details* | Cal State Northridge | 391 | Vanderbilt | 324 | Clarion, Pennsylvania |  |
| 1983 | Clarion | 308 | Air Force | 299 | Long Beach, California | Belmont Plaza Olympic Pool |
| 1984 | Clarion | 345 | Cal State Northridge | 260 | Hempstead, New York |  |
| 1985 | South Florida | 492 | Cal State Northridge | 380½ | Orlando, Florida | YMCA Aquatic Center |
| 1986 | Clarion | 433 | Tampa | 343 | Orlando, Florida | YMCA Aquatic Center |
| 1987 | Cal State Northridge | 349 | Clarion | 274 | Long Beach, California | Belmont Plaza Olympic Pool |
| 1988 | Cal State Northridge | 441 | Tampa | 285 | Buffalo, New York |  |
| 1989 | Cal State Northridge | 397 | North Dakota | 280 | Buffalo, New York |  |
| 1990 | Oakland | 423 | Cal State Northridge | 419 | Buffalo, New York |  |
| 1991 | Oakland | 566½ | Florida Atlantic | 404 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin |  |
| 1992 | Oakland | 621½ | Northern Michigan | 475 | Grand Forks, North Dakota |  |
| 1993 | Oakland | 609 | Clarion | 406 | Canton, Ohio |  |
| 1994 | Oakland | 630 | Air Force | 454½ | Canton, Ohio |  |
| 1995 | Air Force | 690 | Oakland | 563 | Canton, Ohio |  |
| 1996 | Air Force | 697½ | Oakland | 625 | Grand Forks, North Dakota |  |
| 1997 | Drury | 690½ | Oakland | 460 | San Antonio, Texas |  |
| 1998 | Drury | 578½ | Cal State Bakersfield | 386 | Ashland, Ohio |  |
| 1999 | Drury | 613 | North Dakota | 603½ | Buffalo, New York | Flickinger Aquatic Center |
| 2000 | Drury | 663 | Truman | 556 | Buffalo, New York | Flickinger Aquatic Center |
| 2001 | Truman | 656 | Drury | 610½ | Canton, Ohio | Branin Natatorium |
| 2002 | Truman | 733 | Drury | 548 | Orlando, Florida | YMCA Aquatic Center |
| 2003 | Truman | 682 | Drury | 410 | Grand Forks, North Dakota |  |
| 2004 | Truman | 641 | Drury | 561 | Buffalo, New York | Flickinger Aquatic Center |
| 2005 | Truman | 579½ | Drury | 530 | Orlando, Florida | YMCA Aquatic Center |
| 2006 | Truman | 664 | Drury | 505 | Indianapolis, Indiana | Indiana University Natatorium |
| 2007 | Drury | 646½ | Truman | 518 | Buffalo, New York | Flickinger Aquatic Center |
| 2008 | Truman | 461½ | Drury | 449 | Columbia, Missouri | Mizzou Aquatic Center |
| 2009 | Drury | 618½ | Wayne State | 453½ | Houston, Texas | University of Houston Aquatic Center |
| 2010 | Drury | 657 | Wayne State | 531 | Canton, Ohio | Branin Natatorium |
| 2011 | Drury | 483½ | Wayne State | 388 | San Antonio, Texas |  |
| 2012 | Wayne State | 497 | Drury | 496 | Mansfield, Texas |  |
| 2013 | Drury | 432½ | Wayne State | 388 | Birmingham, Alabama |  |
| 2014 | Drury | 486 | Wayne State | 419 | Geneva, Ohio |  |
| 2015 | Queens | 540½ | Drury | 489.5 | Indianapolis, Indiana | Indiana University Natatorium |
| 2016 | Queens | 567 | Wingate | 364½ | Indianapolis, Indiana | Indiana University Natatorium |
| 2017 | Queens | 467 | Drury | 385 | Birmingham, Alabama | CrossPlex Natatorium |
| 2018 | Queens | 574.5 | Drury | 401 | Greensboro, North Carolina | Greensboro Aquatic Center |
| 2019 | Queens | 707.5 | Drury | 345 | Indianapolis, Indiana | Indiana University Natatorium |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic* | | | | | |
| 2021 | Queens | 695 | Drury | 441 | Birmingham, Alabama | CrossPlex Natatorium |
| 2022 | Queens | 536.5 | Indy | 423 | Greensboro, North Carolina | Greensboro Aquatic Center |
| 2023 | Nova Southeastern | 536.5 | Indy | 488.5 | Indianapolis, Indiana | Indiana University Natatorium |
| 2024 | Nova Southeastern | 487 | Colorado Mesa | 461.5 | Geneva, Ohio | SPIRE Institute |
|

Source:

## Champions

**Drury****Truman****Clarion****Nova Southeastern****Wayne State**class=notpageimage|**Team national championships, by active programs:  10,  7,  3,  2,  1**

### Active programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Drury | 10 | 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 |
| Truman | 7 | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008 |
| Clarion | 3 | 1983, 1984, 1986 |
| Nova Southeastern | 2 | 2023, 2024 |
| Wayne State | 1 | 2012 |

### Former programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Queens (NC)* | 7 | 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 |
| *Oakland* | 5 | 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 |
| *Cal State Northridge* | 4 | 1982, 1987, 1988, 1989 |
| *Air Force* | 2 | 1995, 1996 |
| *South Florida* | 1 | 1985 |

## Championship records

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50y freestyle | 22.08 |  | Kirabo Namutebi | Indy | March 13, 2024 | Geneva, Ohio |  |
| 100y freestyle | 48.16 |  | Polina Lapshina | Queens | March 16, 2019 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 200y freestyle | 1:45.27 |  | Patricia Castro | Queens | March 12, 2015 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 500y freestyle | 4:39.28 |  | Patricia Castro | Queens | March 11, 2016 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 1000y freestyle | 9:38.98 |  | Emily Trieschmann | Nova S'Eastern | March 13, 2024 | Geneva, Ohio |  |
| 1650y freestyle | 16:17.66 |  | Kristen Frost | Southern Connecticut | March 15, 2008 | Columbia, Missouri |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y backstroke | 52.07 | r | Polina Lapshina | Queens | March 14, 2019 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 200y backstroke | 1:54.48 |  | Hannah Peiffer | Queens | March 11, 2017 | Birmingham, Alabama |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y breaststroke | 59.51 |  | Theresa Michalak | West Florida | March 10, 2017 | Birmingham, Alabama |  |
| 200y breaststroke | 2:09.12 |  | Bailee Nunn | Drury | March 11, 2017 | Birmingham, Alabama |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y butterfly | 52.06 | h | Ann Carozza | West Chester | March 10, 2022 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 200y butterfly | 1:55.98 |  | Ann Carozza | West Chester | March 11, 2022 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 200y individual medley | 1:55.63 |  | Patricia Castro | Queens | March 9, 2016 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 400y individual medley | 4:08.56 |  | Patricia Castro | Queens | March 10, 2016 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 4×50y
freestyle relay | 1:30.05 |  |  | Queens | March 15, 2018 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 4×100y
freestyle relay | 3:18.04 |  |  | Queens | March 17, 2018 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 4×100y
freestyle relay | 3:18.04 |  |  | Queens | March 16, 2019 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 4×200y
freestyle relay | 7:08.50 |  |  | Nova S'Eastern | March 12, 2024 | Geneva, Ohio |  |
| 4×50y
medley relay | 1:38.65 |  |  | Queens | March 14, 2018 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 4×100y
medley relay | 3:35.70 |  |  | Queens | March 14, 2019 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 1m Springboard | 511.55 |  | Kayla Kelosky | Clarion | March 10, 2011 | San Antonio, Texas |  |
| 3m Springboard | 555.70 |  | Elizabeth Rawlings | Queens | March 14, 2015 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by NCAA;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial

## InfoBox

NCAA Division II women's swimming and diving championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1982 |
| Region | United States
Canada |
| Current champions | Nova Southeastern (2nd) |
| Most successful team(s) | Drury (10) |
| Television broadcasters | ESPNU |
| Website | NCAA.com |


title: W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt

abstract: The W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter, produced as a kit by War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. for amateur construction.

text:
# W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt

The **W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt** is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter, produced as a kit by War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. for amateur construction.

## Design

All WAR replicas share a common wooden primary structure. A secondary foam and fiberglass structure shape the aircraft to roughly match the aircraft it is replicating. The P-47 uses uni-directional fiberglass layup on the fuselage, and bi-directional layup on the elliptical wings. A bisected mockup was first presented at the EAA airshow in 1976.

## Specifications (W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt)

**General characteristics**

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 143 kn (165 mph, 266 km/h)
* **Cruise speed:** 117 kn (135 mph, 217 km/h)
* **Stall speed:** 48 kn (55 mph, 89 km/h)
* **Range:** 350 nmi (400 mi, 640 km)
* **Wing loading:** 12 lb/sq ft (59 kg/m2)

## InfoBox

| W.A.R. P-47 Thunderbolt | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. |


title: Gustav Elfving

abstract: Erik Gustav Elfving was a Finnish mathematician and statistician. He wrote pioneering works in mathematical statistics, especially on the design of experiments.

text:
# Gustav Elfving

**Erik Gustav Elfving** (25 June 1908 – 25 March 1984) was a Finnish mathematician and statistician. He wrote pioneering works in mathematical statistics, especially on the design of experiments.

## Early life

Erik Gustav Elfving was son of Fredrik Elfving (1854–1942), a professor of botany at the University of Helsinki, and Thyra Elfving (née Ingman). He was the youngest of four children. Gustav Elfving earned excellent grades at the *Svenska normallyceum i Helsingfors*, a Helsinki gymnasium for Swedish-speaking boys, from which he graduated in 1926. In the same year he enrolled at the University of Helsinki, planning to major in astronomy. He switched to mathematics, graduating in 1930 in mathematics, with astronomy and physics as minor subjects. From 1927 to 1929, he worked as a computational assistant at the astronomical observatory of the University of Helsinki. He studied probability theory under J. W. Lindeberg, who is now known for Lindeberg's condition for the central limit theorem. He wrote his (1934) dissertation under the supervision of Rolf Nevanlinna; his thesis studied Riemann surfaces and their uniformization. In the Nevanlinna theory of the values of meromorphic functions, Elfving's results were praised by Drasin.

### Fiancée's death and his 1935 expedition to Greenland

Elfving was engaged to a young woman, who died in 1935, probably from tuberculosis. The grieving parents of his fiancée helped Elfving contact the Danish Geodetic Institute, which hired him as the mathematician for a cartographic expedition to Western Greenland in the summer of 1935. Elfving was photographed while he made theodolite measurements and peered from a tent. Heavy rains forced the expedition to remain sheltered in their tents for three days, during which Elfving started to think about the best locations to take measurements for least squares estimation.

## Statistical research

In statistics, Elfving did research in the design of experiments, probability theory, and statistical inference, as well as applications.

### Optimal design of experiments

In statistics, Elfving is known as one of the founders of the modern theory of the optimal design of experiments. While accompanying a surveying expedition to western Greenland, extended and intense rains left Elving with three days in his tent, during which time he considered the best locations of observations to estimate parameters of linear models. Elfving's ideas appeared in his paper on the optimal design of experiments for estimating linear models. This paper also introduced concepts from convex geometry, including "Elfving sets" and Elfving's theorem. Being symmetric, *Elfving sets* are formed by the union of a set and its reflection through the origin, −*S*  *S*. According to Chernoff (1999, p. 204), Elfving was generous in crediting others' results: His paper in the Cramér-festschrift acknowledged unpublished notes of L. J. Savage; Elfving was a referee for the fundamental paper on optimal designs by Kiefer and Wolfowitz.

### Other statistical contributions

As a Professor at the University of Helsinki, Elfving was responsible for writing Finnish language texts, which were used for decades. In his texts and reviews, Elfving emphasized the decision-theoretic foundations of statistics, following Neyman, Pearson, and Wald, and recognized the value of Bayesian methods in statistics and also in operations research. Elfving introduced the statistical symbol for probabilistic independence ⊥⊥, which is a stronger condition than orthogonality ⊥, by the 1950s.

Elfving made notable contributions in many fields. In mathematics, he did research in complex analysis and probability theory (particularly Markov and point processes). In statistical theory, his most influential work was in optimal design, but he also worked in sampling theory, psychometrics, applied statistics, and the decision sciences (including decision theory, game theory, and Bayesian statistics). He also contributed to mathematics education by writing textbooks, book reviews, and popular science. He wrote papers and a book on the history of mathematics.

#### Students

He also supervised many students. Elja Arjas is known for his work on inference on stochastic processes and reliability theory, as well as for his supervision of Esa Nummelin and Hannu Oja. Johann Fellman has studied optimal designs for nonsingular or nondifferentiable information functions as well economic theory, and genetics (particularly the frequency of twin births) and for his supervision of Kenneth Nordström and Katarina Juselius.

## Academic and scientific offices

During 1938–1945, Elfving worked as a lecturer at the Helsinki University of Technology. During the academic year 1946–1947, Elfving served as *locum tenens* professor at Stockholm University. In 1948 Elfving became a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Helsinki succeeding Lars Ahlfors, who had moved to Harvard University. Elfving visited William Feller at Cornell University in 1949 and 1950. He was an invited plenary speaker at the Third Berkeley Symposium on Probability and Mathematical Statistics in 1955. That same year, he visited Columbia University in the Spring, at the invitation of Theodore W. Anderson, Herbert Robbins, and Herbert Solomon. He visited Solomon again at Stanford University during the fall of 1960 and the spring of 1966.

He was elected as a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1955 and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute in 1963. Elfving was elected as a foreign member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1974, the same year that he was elected to the Royal Statistical Society. He served on the editorial boards of three international journals: *Probability Theory and Related Fields* (1962–1975), *The Annals of Mathematical Statistics* (1964–1967), and *Mathematica Scandinavica* (1953–1972). Elfving had a deep sense of honor and propriety: When he resigned from the editorial boards following decades of service, he requested that he not be sent complimentary issues of the journals; when he failed to accomplish high levels of research, he offered to return the funding to the granting agency.

At the University of Helsinki from 1964 to 1975, Elfving acted as the "inspector" of the Åbo Nation, a Swedish-speaking "nation" at the University of Helsinki. In Finnish and Swedish universities, "nations" are student associations with similarities to fraternities or cooperatives; the *inspector* is a highly respected university officer, usually a senior professor, who officiates and delivers addresses at formal functions.

## Bibliography

* Elfving, G. (1952). "Optimum allocation in linear regression theory". *Annals of Mathematical Statistics*. **23** (2): 255–262. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177729442. MR 0047998.
* Elfving, G. (1959). "Design of linear experiments". In Grenander, Ulf (ed.). *Probability and statistics: The Harald Cramér volume*. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm; John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 58–74. MR 0111106.
* Elfving, Gustav (1981). *The history of mathematics in Finland 1828–1918*. Helsinki: Societas Scientarium Fennica.

## InfoBox

| Erik Gustav Elfving | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1908-06-25)25 June 1908
Helsinki, Finland |
| Died | 25 March 1984(1984-03-25) (aged 75)
Helsinki, Finland |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Alma mater | University of Helsinki |
| Known for | Elfving sets, Elfving's theorem in the optimal design of experiments |
| Awards | Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute, Honorary Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Statistics, Probability theory |
| Institutions | Helsinki University of Technology, University of Helsinki |
| Doctoral advisor | Rolf Nevanlinna |
| Doctoral students | Pentti Suomela
Elja Arjas |
|  | |


title: NK Slavija Pleternica

abstract: NK Slavija Pleternica is a Croatian football club based in the town of Pleternica

text:
# NK Slavija Pleternica

**NK Slavija Pleternica** is a Croatian football club based in the town of Pleternica

near Požega in Slavonia. Slavija is currently playing in Treća HNL Istok (Third division east)

## InfoBox

NK Slavija Pleternica
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | NK Slavija Pleternica |
| Founded | 1926 |
| Ground | Stjepan Zdenko Šivo, Pleternica |
| Capacity | 700 |
| Chairman | Marinko Markota |
| Manager | Dalibor Bognar |
| League | Treća HNL East |
| 2017–18 | Treća HNL East, 8th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: ND Bilje

abstract: Nogometno društvo Bilje, commonly referred to as ND Bilje or simply Bilje, is a Slovenian football club from Bilje. As of the 2024–25 season, they compete in the Slovenian Second League, the second-highest football league in Slovenia. The club was founded in 1946.

text:
# ND Bilje

**Nogometno društvo Bilje**, commonly referred to as **ND Bilje** or simply **Bilje**, is a Slovenian football club from Bilje. As of the 2024–25 season, they compete in the Slovenian Second League, the second-highest football league in Slovenia. The club was founded in 1946.

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 7 August 2023*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  SVN Jure Lipičar  3 DF  SVN Stefan Ilić  4 MF  AND Éric Vales  5 DF  SVN Luka Batič  6 DF  MKD Martin Radulović-Veličković  8 MF  SVN Nick Bizjak Batistič  9 FW  SVN Thomas Breganti  10 MF  SVN Nejc Doplihar  11 FW  BIH Luka Marjanac  12 GK  SVN Nik Milenković  14 DF  SVN Tine Koron  15 DF  SVN Matic Slavec  17 FW  SVN Festim Kukaj | No. Pos. Nation Player  18 FW  SVN Eldin Koštić  19 MF  SVN Kevin Humar  20 MF  POR Gonçalo Paulino  22 MF  SVN Žiga Murovec  23 DF  SVN Lev Štekar  25 DF  SVN Luka Tomsič  30 MF  SVN Dejan Žigon  33 DF  SVN Franci Perko  41 GK  SVN Jan Zagomilšek  44 DF  SVN Kristjan Trdin *(on loan from Bravo)*  88 MF  SVN Nik Preradović  99 FW  AND Cucu |
| --- | --- |

## Honours

## InfoBox

Bilje
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nogometno društvo Bilje |
| Founded | 1946 (1946) |
| Ground | Stadion V dolinci |
| Capacity | 300 |
| President | Sebastjan Komel |
| Head coach | Žiga Pahor |
| League | Slovenian Second League |
| 2023–24 | Slovenian Second League, 10th of 16 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: NSU University School

abstract: The NSU University School, commonly known as University School or simply U-School, is a fully accredited, independent, college preparatory school in Davie, Florida, that serves grades pre-K through grade 12. The school is located on the Nova Southeastern University (NSU) campus. It is divided into "Lower", "Middle", and "Upper" schools, respectively representing national elementary, middle and high school divisions. NSU University School also has a preschool that provides early care and education for children 18 months through four years. Over the summer, NSU University School offers Camp Nova, a variety of summer programs for students from preschool through grade 11. In 2015 William J. Kopas became its headmaster, replacing Jerome Chermak who had served in that role for 16 years.

text:
# NSU University School

The **NSU University School**, commonly known as **University School** or simply **U-School**, is a fully accredited, independent, college preparatory school in Davie, Florida, that serves grades pre-K through grade 12. The school is located on the Nova Southeastern University (NSU) campus. It is divided into "Lower", "Middle", and "Upper" schools, respectively representing national elementary, middle and high school divisions. NSU University School also has a preschool that provides early care and education for children 18 months through four years. Over the summer, NSU University School offers Camp Nova, a variety of summer programs for students from preschool through grade 11. In 2015 William J. Kopas became its headmaster, replacing Jerome Chermak who had served in that role for 16 years.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| NSU University School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3375 SW 75 Ave
Davie, Florida
United States | |
| Coordinates | 26°4′43.5″N 80°14′48.6″W / 26.078750°N 80.246833°W / 26.078750; -80.246833 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, college preparatory school |
| Motto | "We Find the Best in U" |
| Established | 1971 |
| Headmaster | William J. Kopas |
| Faculty | 200 |
| Grades | JK-12 |
| Number of students | 1,850 |
| Average class size | 17 |
| Hours in school day | 7 |
| Campus | Suburban, 28 acres (11 ha) |
| Color(s) | Mako blue, silver, and white
 |
| Mascot | Fin |
| Nickname | Sharks |
| Newspaper | *The Shark Sentinel* |
| Yearbook | *Inner Visions* |
| Website | uschool.nova.edu |


title: NSU station

abstract: NSU is a Tide Light Rail station in Norfolk, Virginia. It opened in August 2011 and is situated adjacent to Norfolk State University, just west of Brambleton Avenue. It is the only Tide station that is elevated, and is accessible by stairs and elevator.

text:
# NSU station

**NSU** is a Tide Light Rail station in Norfolk, Virginia. It opened in August 2011 and is situated adjacent to Norfolk State University, just west of Brambleton Avenue. It is the only Tide station that is elevated, and is accessible by stairs and elevator.

36°50′45″N 76°16′09″W / 36.8459°N 76.2693°W / 36.8459; -76.2693

## InfoBox

| NSU | |
| --- | --- |
| The Tide light rail station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Brambleton Avenue at I-264<br>Norfolk, VA |
| Owned by | Hampton Roads Transit |
| Platforms | 1 center platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Hampton Roads Transit Routes 9 and 13 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | August 19, 2011 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Hampton Roads Transit Following station  Harbor Parktoward EVMC/Fort Norfolk  The Tide  Ballentine/Broad Creektoward Newtown Road | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Gustavo Balvorín

abstract: Gustavo Balvorín is an Argentine football forward who plays for Villa San Antonio.

text:
# Gustavo Balvorín

**Gustavo Balvorín** (born 6 September 1977 in San Miguel de Tucumán) is an Argentine football forward who plays for Villa San Antonio.

## Career

Balvorín finished the Apertura 2006 tournament as Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy's top scorer with 7 goals in 17 games, prompting his transfer to Vélez.

In 2008, he joined Lanús and on 1 April 2009 Balvorin and Lanus have mutually agreed to terminate the player's contract. The striker joined Lanus last year.

Balvorin signed with Huracan for the 2010 Clausura tournament. For the 2010–11 season, Balvorín returned to Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy.

## InfoBox

Gustavo Balvorín
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gustavo Alberto Balvorín | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-09-06) September 6, 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | San Miguel Tucumán, Argentina | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Villa San Antonio | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998 | Ñuñorco | 8 | (4) |
| 1998–1999 | Gimnasia (J) | 32 | (5) |
| 2000 | Barcelona SC | 5 | (1) |
| 2000–2002 | Gimnasia (J) | 22 | (3) |
| 2002–2003 | Aldosivi | 17 | (7) |
| 2003 | Atlético Tucumán | 9 | (0) |
| 2003–2006 | Gimnasia (J) | 79 | (28) |
| 2007–2008 | Velez Sarsfield | 43 | (14) |
| 2008–2009 | Lanús | 4 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Levadiakos | 14 | (1) |
| 2010 | Huracán | 17 | (3) |
| 2010–2011 | Gimnasia de Jujuy | 29 | (7) |
| 2011–2013 | San Martín Tucumán | ? | (27) |
| 2013–2014 | Platense | 6 | (0) |
| 2014–2018 | Juventud Antoniana | 95 | (44) |
| 2019– | Villa San Antonio |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21:52, 3 November 2019 (UTC) | | | |


title: Gustavo Badell

abstract: Gustavo Badell, also nicknamed The Freakin' 'Rican, was a Venezuelan-born Puerto Rican International Federation of BodyBuilders professional bodybuilder. With close family members Jessica Rodriguez, Michael Badell, Dina Stephanie Lumley Denoire, Jackson Joyce, Kyla Glasier, Emily Badell, Jb Joyce, Analella Badell, James Lumley and Jizzelle Rudes. He died from a sudden stroke in Venezuela after multiple heart issues.

text:
# Gustavo Badell

**Gustavo Badell** (November 3, 1971 – July 12, 2023), also nicknamed **The Freakin' 'Rican**, was a Venezuelan-born Puerto Rican International Federation of BodyBuilders professional bodybuilder. With close family members Jessica Rodriguez, Michael Badell, Dina Stephanie Lumley Denoire, Jackson Joyce, Kyla Glasier, Emily Badell, Jb Joyce, Analella Badell, James Lumley and Jizzelle Rudes. He died from a sudden stroke in Venezuela after multiple heart issues.

## Background

Badell was born in Venezuela and moved to Puerto Rico when he was around 22 years old. He began lifting weights at the age of fifteen to increase his size for boxing. Gustavo gained muscle incredibly fast, and when he was 19 entered and won his first bodybuilding competition, the 1991 Junior Caribbean Bodybuilding Championships.

After six years of weight training he was able to turn professional by winning the 1997 Caribbean Championships. His first International Federation of BodyBuilders appearance was in 1998 when he competed in the Grand Prix of Germany. He first competed in the International Federation of BodyBuilders Night of Champions (now called the New York Pro) in 1999, where he finished in 14th place. His first Ironman Pro Invitational was in 2000, where he was 18th.

His first Mr. Olympia appearance was in 2002, where he was 24th. His first Arnold Classic was in 2004, where he was 7th. His professional placings were lackluster until 2003 when he started placing higher, in part because of help from fellow professional bodybuilder Milos Sarcev. Badell's jump from 24th place in the 2002 Mr. Olympia to 3rd place in the 2004 Mr. Olympia is the greatest leap from one Olympia appearance to the next of all time. He was 3rd again in the Mr. Olympia in 2005, and he won the "Challenge Round" (judged by previous Mr. Olympia winners) over even Ronnie Coleman and Jay Cutler.

Badell appeared in many fitness and magazine articles as well as on the cover of Flex magazine. He appeared in numerous advertisements for MuscleTech, normally for Nitrotech Hardcore protein powder and Masstech weight-gain powder.

Badell died on July 12, 2023, by stroke, at the age of 51.

## Profile

* **Residence:** Orlando Fl
* **Family:** Wife Mariangel Badell and six children
* **Height:** 5 ft 7.7 in (172 cm)
* **Competition weight:** 245 pounds (111 kg)
* **Offseason weight:** 260–265 pounds (118–120 kg)

## Contest history

Perine, Shawn, "Mucho Gustavo Badell, that is. There's a lot to like about this 240-pounder. Here's how he built his 21½-inch arms", *Muscle & Fitness*, August 2004. Weider Publication. Accessed 6 June 2006.

## InfoBox

| Gustavo Badell | |
| --- | --- |
| Bodybuilder | |
| Gustavo Badell posing | |
| Personal info | |
| Nickname | The Freakin' 'Rican |
| Born | (1971-11-03)November 3, 1971<br>Venezuela |
| Died | July 12, 2023(2023-07-12) (aged 51) |
| Height | 5 ft 7.7 in / 172 cm |
| Weight | Contest: 245lb Off season: 260-265 lb |
| Professional career | |
| Best win | * Ironman Pro Invitational * 2006 |


title: Gussie Davis

abstract: Gussie Lord Davis was an American songwriter born in Dayton, Ohio. Davis was one of America's earliest successful African-American music artists, the first black songwriter to become famous on Tin Pan Alley as a composer of popular music.

text:
# Gussie Davis

**Gussie Lord Davis** (December 3, 1863 – October 18, 1899) was an American songwriter born in Dayton, Ohio. Davis was one of America's earliest successful African-American music artists, the first black songwriter to become famous on Tin Pan Alley as a composer of popular music.

## Early life

Gussie Davis received musical training at the Nelson Musical College in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his application was rejected due to the color of his skin. Instead, he worked as a janitor at a low wage in exchange for private lessons. His first song was published in 1880, "We Sat Beneath the Maple on the Hill"; Davis published it himself, paying a local printer $20, and sold enough copies to make his money back plus a little more. He continued his songwriting efforts with increasing success, publishing many songs and attracting attention, including that of Cincinnati publisher and would-be lyricist, George Propheter.

## Career

In 1886, when Propheter branched out his business to New York and Tin Pan Alley, Davis went with him. He worked steadily, performing as well as writing songs, and making a name for himself. By 1895, he was sufficiently well known to be selected to compete in a contest sponsored by the *New York World* to find the ten best songwriters in the nation; he placed second with his song, "Send Back the Picture and the Ring", and won a prize of $500 in gold. He performed as a pianist in venues such as Bergen Star Concerts and toured with minstrel groups including his own Davis Operatic and Plantation Minstrels.

Davis wrote a variety of musical forms, including sentimental ballads, comic minstrel songs, art songs, and choral music. He was best known in his own time for his "tear-jerkers". One of these was "Fatal Wedding" (1893), his first national hit; Davis composed the music, a waltz, while the words are credited to William H. Windom, a well-known ballad singer. Another tear-jerker was "In the Baggage Coach Ahead", Davis's most commercially successful composition, selling over a million copies. The success of "In the Baggage Coach" was fueled by the popular female vaudeville singer, Imogene Comer, who made it part of her regular repertoire.

## Death

An April 1899 article in *The Freeman* reported that Davis had purchased a home in Whitestone, New York and that he was recovering from a serious illness. In August of that year, press releases indicated he would appear in *A Hot Old Time in Dixie*, going on the road in the coming season; this musical farce was Davis's property with Tom McIntosh. On October 18, 1899, Davis died at home in Whitestone.

At the time of his death, Gussie Davis had published more than three hundred songs and certainly left more in manuscript.

## Selected songs

* "We Sat Beneath The Maple on the Hill" (1880)
* "Light House by the Sea" (1886)
* "Little Footsteps in the Snow" (1886)
* "Wait Till the Tide Comes In" (1887), words by George Propheter
* "Why Does Papa Stay So Late?" (1889)
* "Fatal Wedding" (1893), words by William H. Windom
* "Only a Bowery Boy" (1894), words by Charles B. Ward
* "Down in Poverty Row" (1895), music by Arthur Trevelyan
* "In the Baggage Coach Ahead" (1896)
* "She Waited at the Altar in Vain" (1897)
* "Only a Nigger Baby" (1897)
* "My Creole Sue" (1898)
* "He Is Coming to Us Dead" (1899)

Also notable is Davis's "Irene, Good Night" (1886), which entered the folk song repertoire, albeit significantly altered, as "Goodnight, Irene" in *Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Lead Belly* (1936).

1. Jasen, David A.; Jones, Gene (2013). *Spreadin' Rhythm Around: Black Popular Songwriters, 1880–1930*. Routledge. pp. 17–21. ISBN 978-1-135-50972-9.
2. Davis, Gussie L.; Wright, Josephine R.B.; Lucas, Sam (Autumn 1978). "In Retrospect: Gussie Lord Davis (1863–1899), Tin Pan Alley Tunesmith". *The Black Perspective in Music*. **6** (2): 188–230. doi:10.2307/1214174. JSTOR 1214174.
3. Campbell, Michael (2012). *Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On*. Cengage Learning. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-133-71260-2.
4. Southern, Eileen (1997). *The Music of Black Americans: A History*. W.W. Norton. pp. 221, 242–244, 302. ISBN 978-0-393-03843-9.
5. Sanjek, Russell (1988). *American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years*. Oxford University Press. pp. 282–283. ISBN 978-0-19-504310-5.
6. Foster, William (2013). "Colored Songwriters and Their Songs". In Sampson, Henry T. (ed.). *Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows*. Scarecrow Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2.
7. "Gussie Lord Davis". *Performing Arts Encyclopedia*. Library of Congress. November 14, 2007. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
8. Abbott, Lynn; Seroff, Doug (2003). *Out of Sight: The Rise of African American Popular Music, 1889–1895*. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 48–49, 327. ISBN 978-1-60473-039-5.
9. Cohen, Norm (2000). *Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong*. University of Illinois Press. pp. 304–307. ISBN 978-0-252-06881-2.
10. Brooks, Julay (December 2012). "Footprints in the Snow: The Intercontinental Journey of a Song (Supplement: Songs that Aren't 'Footprints In The Snow')" (PDF). *Old-Time Herald*. **13** (4). Retrieved 2014-12-25.
11. "Only a nigger baby (1897)".
12. Waltz, Robert B.; Engle, David G. (2012). "Express Office, The (He Is Coming to Us Dead)". *Folklore The Traditional Ballad Index: An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World*. California State University, Fresno. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
13. Wolfe, Charles K.; Lornell, Kip (7 May 1999). *The Life And Legend Of Leadbelly*. Da Capo Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-7867-5282-3.


title: Gustaf Munch-Petersen

abstract: Gustaf Munch-Petersen was a Danish writer and painter. He wrote surreal prose poems, considered groundbreaking in his time, which have inspired later writers.

text:
# Gustaf Munch-Petersen

**Gustaf Munch-Petersen** (February 18, 1912 – April 2, 1938) was a Danish writer and painter. He wrote surreal prose poems, considered groundbreaking in his time, which have inspired later writers.

## Biography

Gustaf Munch-Petersen grew up in a rich and respectable home; he was one of the four sons of Valfrid Palmgren (1877–1967), a Swedish-born associate professor in Swedish at Copenhagen University and Jon Julius Munch-Petersen (1873–1939), professor in Engineering Research at the Polytechnic School. He graduated from gymnasium in 1930 and thereafter started several academic courses, but none could capture his interest for more than a short period of time. Instead he focused on art while being supported financially by his parents. He made his debut as a writer with "Det nøgne menneske" (1932). His art was displayed at different exhibitions in 1932. In 1935 he moved to the Danish island of Bornholm, where he married Elisabeth "Lisbeth" Accheleie Bruhn (Lisbeth Hjort) (1908–1997). In 1937 he joined the International Brigades and fought in the Spanish Civil War, where he died the next year.

1. "Gustaf Munch-Petersen (1912-1938)". *Dansk Forfatterleksikon*. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
2. "Gustaf Munch-Petersen". *Kunstindeks Danmark/Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon*. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.

## Other sources

* Svend Dahl; Poul Engelstoft: *Dansk skønlitterært forfatterleksikon 1900–1950*, vol. 2, (Copenhagen: Grønholt Pedersen, 1959-64)


title: Gustaf Neumann

abstract: Gustaf Neumann is an Austrian computer scientist who is specialised in information systems. He is a full professor and the chair of the Institute for Information Systems and New Media at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. Neumann is one of the authors of Wirtschaftsinformatik, which is the bestseller book on Information Systems in German speaking countries with more than 500.000 copies.

text:
# Gustaf Neumann

**Gustaf Neumann** is an Austrian computer scientist who is specialised in information systems. He is a full professor and the chair of the Institute for Information Systems and New Media at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU Wien). Neumann is one of the authors of *Wirtschaftsinformatik*, which is the bestseller book on Information Systems in German speaking countries with more than 500.000 copies.

## Personal life

Gustaf Neumann is native of Vienna, Austria, born in 1958. His father, Gustaf Adolf Neumann, was an Austrian investigative journalist and newspaper editor.

## Awards

* 1987 Heinz-Zemanek award of the Austrian Association of Computer Science (OCG)
* 1988 Senator Wilhelm Wilfling Price
* 2010 Tcl Community Service Award

## Publications

Gustaf Neumann has published more than 200 books and papers in the areas of program transformation, data modeling, and information systems technology with a focus on e-learning applications. His book *Wirtschaftsinformatik* is one of the bestsellers in German Speaking countries.

1. "WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business)". *www.wu.ac.at*. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
2. "wi-12". *lehrbuch-wirtschaftsinformatik.org*. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
3. *Wirtschaftsinformatik* (in German). ISBN 9783110587340.
4. "Hall of Fame | OCG Website". *www.ocg.at*. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
5. "nm - Neumann". *nm.wu.ac.at*. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
6. "Gustaf Neumann (WU Research)". *bach.wu-wien.ac.at*. Retrieved 2020-01-28.


title: Gulsum Asfendiyarova

abstract: Gulsum Asfendiyarova was the first Kazakh woman to earn a medical degree. She played a key role in organizing the healthcare system in the Turkestan region and was also a dedicated medical educator.

text:
# Gulsum Asfendiyarova

**Gulsum Asfendiyarova** (November 12 1880, Tashkent – 1937, Tashkent) was the first Kazakh woman to earn a medical degree. She played a key role in organizing the healthcare system in the Turkestan region and was also a dedicated medical educator.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Asfendiyarova was born in 1880 in Tashkent. She was the third daughter of Seitzhafar Asfendiyarov, a descendant of Abu'l Khair Khan of the Junior Jüz, and Gulyandam Asfendiyarova (neé Kasymova). Her father served as a military interpreter under the Turkestan Governor-General and retired in 1916 with the rank of Major-General. It is hypothesized that her maternal ancestry traces back to Ablai Khan of the Middle Jüz. Among her eight siblings was Sanjar Asfendiyarov, a well-known Kazakh scholar and politician.

Like her sisters, Gulsum received her primary education at home. In 1890, at the age of ten, she enrolled in the Tashkent Women's Gymanisum, from which she successfully graduated in 1899.

The Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) opened in St. Petersburg in 1897. It was the first institution in Europe where women could obtain higher medical education. Some officials from the Turkestan Governorate were eager for their daughters to be educated there. However, travelling to the capital was costly, and few could afford it.

In 1902, after two graduates from the Medical Institute began working in Turkestan, the Governorate Council established a scholarship for 10 local girls to study at the institute. That same year, two Turkestani girls, Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeyneb Abdurakhmanova, received scholarship along with eight daughters of Russian officials. Abdurakhmanova was reportedly ethnically Tatar, and, after graduating in 1908, Asfendiyarova became known as the first Kazakh female doctor.

### Career

After graduating, Asfendiyarova filed a petition to Emperor Nicholas II on May 16, 1908, to be appointed as a district doctor in the Turkestan Military District, the village of Temirlanovka, Shymkent district of Syr-Darya. The petition was likely motivated by the desire to be closer to her father in Shymkent. Less than a month later, on June 5, her request was granted, and she officially became a district physician.

Poverty and lack of access to medical care were significant sources of epidemiological problems in the district. Asfendiyarova conducted house-to-house visits, discussing home and personal hygiene with residents. Despite minimal funding, she remained resilient, writing to her father: "I was deeply honored to hold a high position at the hospital, where female doctors had rarely been seen before."

In 1910, Asfendiyarova transferred first to Xonobod and then to the Pop District of Namangan County, where working conditions were slightly better. In late 1911, Asfendiyarova's father conveyed a proposal from the Khiva Khan for her to work at a city hospital, then still under construction. Gulsum agreed, provided that her salary and benefits were not less than those in the Russian medical service. In 1913, she began her duties as an obstetrician-assistant to the chief physician in Khiva. Here, for the first time in the history of the Khanate of Khiva, she performed a Caesarean section.

In 1913 (or 1914), during turbulent times, Asfendiyarova returned to Tashkent and became head of the city maternity hospital. Over time, and with her father’s support, she became actively involved in the region's social and political life. Following the February Revolution she was nominated as a delegate to the All-Russian Congress of Muslim Women, which took place in April 1917 in Kazan. There, Asfendiyarova was elected a member of the Organizing Bureau.

Returning to Tashkent, Asfendiarova continued leading the city maternity hospital and actively participated in the political life of the Turkestan ASSR. She also assisted her brother, Sanjar Asfendiarov, a fellow physician and future Minister of Health of the Kazakh ASSR, in his efforts to organize aid for the hungry and homeless.

In 1918, with the support of the Muslim Bureau of the Turkestan Communist Party and its head, Turar Ryskulov, Asfandiarova organized obstetric courses for women. The courses were later incorporated into the Akhunbaev Medical College in Tashkent. She continued to teach there until her death. Asfendiyarova was also repeatedly elected a member of the Tashkent City Council, publicly advocating for improvements in the social sphere and the protection of motherhood and childhood.

Since 1922, Asfendiyarova combined teaching with work in the Tashkent City Children's Hospital, where her assistant was Akkagaz Dosjanova, the first graduate of the National University of Uzbekistan. Asfendiyarova had known Dosjanova from the All-Russian Congress of Muslim Women. In this way, the pursuit of equal professional rights for women in Central Asia continued.

### Later life

Asfendiyarova's later life is largely unknown. During the Great Purge, Asfendiyarova's brother was arrested in 1937 and later executed, and his wife and daughter were exiled to Siberia. As the daughter of a tsarist military Major-General and the sister of an *enemy of the people*, Asfendiyarova's life hung in the balance. Asfendiyarova died that same year. Her death was announced in a local newspaper on October 25, 1937.

Her burial place was long considered unknown. However, in 2021, local activists found her grave in the Botkin cemetery, Tashkent.

## InfoBox

| Gulsum Asfendiyarova | |
| --- | --- |
| Асфендиярова Гүлсім Жафарқызы | |
| Asfendiyarova in a 1920 illustration | |
| Born | 12 November 1880 (1880-11-12)
Tashkent |
| Died | 1937 (aged 5657)
Tashkent |
| Education | Tashkent Women's Gymnasium (1890)
Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) (1897) |
| Known for | first Kazakh female doctor
medical educator |
| Parents | * Seitzhafar Asfendiyarov (father) * Gulyandam Asfendiyarova (mother) |
| Family | Sanjar Asfendiyarov (brother) |