title: OSN Movies

abstract: OSN Movies is a series of premium movie channels provided by OSN for the Middle East and North African market. The channels include content such as the latest Hollywood films of various genres from major companies such as Disney, 20th Century Studios, Warner Bros., Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and DreamWorks Animation.

text:
# OSN Movies

**OSN Movies** is a series of premium movie channels provided by OSN for the Middle East and North African market. The channels include content such as the latest Hollywood films of various genres from major companies such as Disney, 20th Century Studios, Warner Bros., Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and DreamWorks Animation.

## List of OSN Movie channels

* OSN TV Movies Hollywood HD
* OSN TV Movies ActionHD
* OSN TV Movies Horror HD
* OSN TV Movies Premiere HD
* OSN TV Movies Comedy HD
* OSN TV Kids HD
* OSN TV Movies Family HD

## InfoBox

OSN Movies
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Dubai, United Arab Emirates |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | OSN Network |
| Sister channels | OSN News<br>OSN Sports |
| History | |
| Launched | 1996 |
| Links | |
| Website | osn.com |


abstract: Open water swimming competition at the 2014 Asian Beach Games was held in Phuket, Thailand from 15 to 17 November 2014 at Karon Beach.

text:
# Open water swimming at the 2014 Asian Beach Games

**Open water swimming** competition at the 2014 Asian Beach Games was held in Phuket, Thailand from 15 to 17 November 2014 at Karon Beach.

## Medalists

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Vitaliy Khudyakov
Kazakhstan | Qiao Zhongyi
China | Saleh Mohammad
Syria |
| 10 km | Zu Lijun
China | Vitaliy Khudyakov
Kazakhstan | Saleh Mohammad
Syria |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Shi Yu
China | Benjaporn Sriphanomthorn
Thailand | Fang Yanqiao
China |
| 10 km | Fang Yanqiao
China | Cao Shiyue
China | Fiona Chan
Hong Kong |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | China (CHN) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Syria (SYR) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 5 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |

## Results

### Men

#### 5 km

15 November

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vitaliy Khudyakov (KAZ) | 58:39.5 |
|  | Qiao Zhongyi (CHN) | 58:41.2 |
|  | Saleh Mohammad (SYR) | 58:49.6 |
| 4 | Lang Yuanpeng (CHN) | 59:43.7 |
| 5 | Khalid Al-Kulaibi (OMA) | 59:47.0 |
| 6 | Vladimir Tolikin (KAZ) | 1:00:07.9 |
| 7 | Aflah Fadlan Prawira (INA) | 1:02:44.6 |
| 8 | Peerapat Lertsathapornsuk (THA) | 1:02:47.0 |
| 9 | Châu Bá Anh Tư (VIE) | 1:02:47.4 |
| 10 | Winson Lee (HKG) | 1:05:38.4 |
| 11 | Musallam Al-Khadhuri (OMA) | 1:07:17.5 |
| 12 | Li Chun Hong (HKG) | 1:07:19.1 |
| 13 | Farhan Saleh Farhan (BRN) | 1:11:47.7 |
| 14 | Khaled Ismaeel (BRN) | 1:11:48.4 |
| 15 | Mahmudun Nabi (BAN) | 1:18:09.2 |
| 16 | Hassan Ashraf (MDV) | 1:32:16.8 |
|  | Hussain Anwar (MDV) | DNF |
|  | Jiarapong Sangkhawat (THA) | DNF |
|  | Marzouq Al-Salem (KUW) | DNS |
|  | Abdullah Al-Bader (KUW) | DNS |

#### 10 km

17 November

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Zu Lijun (CHN) | 2:01:43.1 |
|  | Vitaliy Khudyakov (KAZ) | 2:02:13.3 |
|  | Saleh Mohammad (SYR) | 2:02:14.3 |
| 4 | Zhang Zibin (CHN) | 2:07:07.0 |
| 5 | Trần Tấn Triệu (VIE) | 2:10:24.0 |
| 6 | Thanath Jesdakham (THA) | 2:10:27.0 |
| 7 | Vladimir Tolikin (KAZ) | 2:10:36.7 |
| 8 | Ricky Anggawijaya (INA) | 2:19:15.6 |
| 9 | Hui Chun Hin (HKG) | 2:19:16.6 |
| 10 | Aiman Al-Qasimi (OMA) | 2:21:50.9 |
| 11 | Mohammed Al-Habsi (OMA) | 2:24:38.0 |
| 12 | Singha Chau (HKG) | 2:27:47.2 |
|  | Faraj Saleh Farhan (BRN) | DNF |
|  | Khaled Ismaeel (BRN) | DNF |
|  | Peerapat Lertsathapornsuk (THA) | DNF |
|  | Ahmad Al-Bader (KUW) | DNS |
|  | Mohammad Al-Khandari (KUW) | DNS |

### Women

#### 5 km

15 November

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shi Yu (CHN) | 59:49.3 |
|  | Benjaporn Sriphanomthorn (THA) | 59:52.5 |
|  | Fang Yanqiao (CHN) | 59:52.7 |
| 4 | Sarisa Suwannachet (THA) | 1:00:04.0 |
| 5 | Xeniya Romanchuk (KAZ) | 1:00:50.1 |
| 6 | Lê Thị Mỹ Thảo (VIE) | 1:01:10.8 |
| 7 | Fiona Chan (HKG) | 1:06:18.8 |
| 8 | Claudia Wong (HKG) | 1:06:39.1 |
| 9 | Raina Saumi Grahana (INA) | 1:06:43.2 |
| 10 | Yessy Yosaputra (INA) | 1:06:51.2 |
| 11 | Anna Gakhokidze (KAZ) | 1:12:02.6 |
|  | Bayan Jumah (SYR) | DNF |

#### 10 km

17 November

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fang Yanqiao (CHN) | 2:16:12.1 |
|  | Cao Shiyue (CHN) | 2:16:40.3 |
|  | Fiona Chan (HKG) | 2:17:45.7 |
| 4 | Xeniya Romanchuk (KAZ) | 2:17:56.3 |
| 5 | Ammiga Himathongkom (THA) | 2:21:50.3 |
| 6 | Tiffany Lee (HKG) | 2:28:32.7 |
| 7 | Diana Shum (KAZ) | 2:33:32.9 |
|  | Pornsuda Viniyompong (THA) | DNF |
|  | Lê Thị Mỹ Thảo (VIE) | DNF |
|  | Ressa Kania Dewi (INA) | DSQ |
|  | Trần Thị Hồng Cẩm (VIE) | DSQ |

## InfoBox

| Open water swimming
at the 2014 Asian Beach Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Karon Beach |
| Dates | 15–17 November 2014 |
|


title: Sabulina stolonifera

abstract: Sabulina stolonifera is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names Scott Mountain sandwort and stolon sandwort. It is endemic to Siskiyou County, California, where it is known from only two occurrences in the Scott Mountains of the Klamath Range. It is a member of the serpentine soils flora in the area, growing amidst Jeffrey Pines with other rare local plants such as the Mt. Eddy lupine.

text:
# Sabulina stolonifera

***Sabulina stolonifera*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names **Scott Mountain sandwort** and **stolon sandwort**.

It is endemic to Siskiyou County, California, where it is known from only two occurrences in the Scott Mountains of the Klamath Range.

It is a member of the serpentine soils flora in the area, growing amidst Jeffrey Pines with other rare local plants such as the Mt. Eddy lupine (*Lupinus lapidicola*).

## Description

*Sabulina stolonifera* is a stoloniferous perennial herb forming a low mat of hairless herbage 10 to 20 centimeters high with thin, erect flowering stems. The tiny rigid needle-like leaves are under a centimeter long and a millimeter wide.

The hairy, glandular inflorescence bears flowers with five white petals each under a centimeter long.

## InfoBox

| *Sabulina stolonifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Sabulina* |
| Species: | ***S. stolonifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sabulina stolonifera***
(T.W.Nelson & J.P.Nelson) Dillenb. & Kadereit (2014) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Minuartia stolonifera* T.W.Nelson & J.P.Nelson (1991) | |


title: Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings

abstract: Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings (ATED) is a tax in the United Kingdom. It is payable by companies that own a UK residential property valued at more than £500,000. The tax was introduced on 1 April 2013 by Part 3 of the Finance Act 2013. There are certain reliefs and exemptions available. Revenue peaked at £178m in 2015-2016, but has since declined. In 2019-2020, about 86% of ATED receipts were from London. The London boroughs of Westminster, followed by Kensington & Chelsea, dominate the receipts by location.

text:
# Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings

**Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings** (ATED) is a tax in the United Kingdom. It is payable by companies that own a UK residential property valued at more than £500,000.

The tax was introduced on 1 April 2013 by Part 3 of the Finance Act 2013. There are certain reliefs and exemptions available.

Revenue peaked at £178m in 2015-2016, but has since declined. In 2019-2020, about 86% of ATED receipts were from London. The London boroughs of Westminster, followed by Kensington & Chelsea, dominate the receipts by location.


title: Negative number

abstract: In mathematics, a negative number is the opposite (mathematics) of a positive real number. Equivalently, a negative number is a real number that is less than zero. Negative numbers are often used to represent the magnitude of a loss or deficiency. A debt that is owed may be thought of as a negative asset. If a quantity, such as the charge on an electron, may have either of two opposite senses, then one may choose to distinguish between those senses—perhaps arbitrarily—as positive and negative. Negative numbers are used to describe values on a scale that goes below zero, such as the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales for temperature. The laws of arithmetic for negative numbers ensure that the common-sense idea of an opposite is reflected in arithmetic. For example, −(−3) = 3 because the opposite of an opposite is the original value. Negative numbers are usually written with a minus sign in front. For example, −3 represents a negative quantity with a magnitude of three, and is pronounced "minus three" or "negative three". Conversely, a number that is greater than zero is called positive; zero is usually thought of as neither positive nor negative. The positivity of a number may be emphasized by placing a plus sign before it, e.g. +3. In general, the negativity or positivity of a number is referred to as its sign. Every real number other than zero is either positive or negative. The non-negative whole numbers are referred to as natural numbers, while the positive and negative whole numbers are referred to as integers. In bookkeeping, amounts owed are often represented by red numbers, or a number in parentheses, as an alternative notation to represent negative numbers. Negative numbers were used in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, which in its present form dates from the period of the Chinese Han dynasty, but may well contain much older material. Liu Hui established rules for adding and subtracting negative numbers. By the 7th century, Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta were describing the use of negative numbers. Islamic mathematicians further developed the rules of subtracting and multiplying negative numbers and solved problems with negative coefficients. Prior to the concept of negative numbers, mathematicians such as Diophantus considered negative solutions to problems "false" and equations requiring negative solutions were described as absurd. Western mathematicians like Leibniz held that negative numbers were invalid, but still used them in calculations.

text:
# Negative number

In mathematics, a **negative number** is the opposite (mathematics) of a positive real number. Equivalently, a negative number is a real number that is less than zero. Negative numbers are often used to represent the magnitude of a loss or deficiency. A debt that is owed may be thought of as a negative asset. If a quantity, such as the charge on an electron, may have either of two opposite senses, then one may choose to distinguish between those senses—perhaps arbitrarily—as *positive* and *negative*. Negative numbers are used to describe values on a scale that goes below zero, such as the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales for temperature. The laws of arithmetic for negative numbers ensure that the common-sense idea of an opposite is reflected in arithmetic. For example, −(−3) = 3 because the opposite of an opposite is the original value.

Negative numbers are usually written with a minus sign in front. For example, −3 represents a negative quantity with a magnitude of three, and is pronounced "minus three" or "negative three". Conversely, a number that is greater than zero is called *positive*; zero is usually (but not always) thought of as neither positive nor negative. The positivity of a number may be emphasized by placing a plus sign before it, e.g. +3. In general, the negativity or positivity of a number is referred to as its sign.

Every real number other than zero is either positive or negative. The non-negative whole numbers are referred to as natural numbers (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3...), while the positive and negative whole numbers (together with zero) are referred to as integers. (Some definitions of the natural numbers exclude zero.)

In bookkeeping, amounts owed are often represented by red numbers, or a number in parentheses, as an alternative notation to represent negative numbers.

Negative numbers were used in the *Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art*, which in its present form dates from the period of the Chinese Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220), but may well contain much older material. Liu Hui (c. 3rd century) established rules for adding and subtracting negative numbers. By the 7th century, Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta were describing the use of negative numbers. Islamic mathematicians further developed the rules of subtracting and multiplying negative numbers and solved problems with negative coefficients. Prior to the concept of negative numbers, mathematicians such as Diophantus considered negative solutions to problems "false" and equations requiring negative solutions were described as absurd. Western mathematicians like Leibniz held that negative numbers were invalid, but still used them in calculations.

## Introduction

### The number line

The relationship between negative numbers, positive numbers, and zero is often expressed in the form of a **number line**:

Numbers appearing farther to the right on this line are greater, while numbers appearing farther to the left are lesser. Thus zero appears in the middle, with the positive numbers to the right and the negative numbers to the left.

Note that a negative number with greater magnitude is considered less. For example, even though (positive) 8 is greater than (positive) 5, written

8 \> 5

negative 8 is considered to be less than negative 5:

−8 \< −5.

### Signed numbers

In the context of negative numbers, a number that is greater than zero is referred to as **positive**. Thus every real number other than zero is either positive or negative, while zero itself is not considered to have a sign. Positive numbers are sometimes written with a plus sign in front, e.g. +3 denotes a positive three.

Because zero is neither positive nor negative, the term **nonnegative** is sometimes used to refer to a number that is either positive or zero, while **nonpositive** is used to refer to a number that is either negative or zero. Zero is a neutral number.

### As the result of subtraction

Negative numbers can be thought of as resulting from the subtraction of a larger number from a smaller. For example, negative three is the result of subtracting three from zero:

0 − 3 = −3.

In general, the subtraction of a larger number from a smaller yields a negative result, with the magnitude of the result being the difference between the two numbers. For example,

5 − 8 = −3

since 8 − 5 = 3.

## Everyday uses of negative numbers

### Sport

Negative golf scores relative to par.

### Science

### Finance

* Financial statements can include negative balances, indicated either by a minus sign or by enclosing the balance in parentheses. Examples include bank account overdrafts and business losses (negative earnings).
* The annual percentage growth in a country's GDP might be negative, which is one indicator of being in a recession.
* Occasionally, a rate of inflation may be negative (deflation), indicating a fall in average prices.
* The daily change in a share price or stock market index, such as the FTSE 100 or the Dow Jones.
* A negative number in financing is synonymous with "debt" and "deficit" which are also known as "being in the red".
* Interest rates can be negative, when the lender is charged to deposit their money.

### Other

* The numbering of stories in a building below the ground floor.
* When playing an audio file on a portable media player, such as an iPod, the screen display may show the time remaining as a negative number, which increases up to zero time remaining at the same rate as the time already played increases from zero.
* Television game shows:
    + Participants on *QI* often finish with a negative points score.
    + Teams on *University Challenge* have a negative score if their first answers are incorrect and interrupt the question.
    + *Jeopardy!* has a negative money score – contestants play for an amount of money and any incorrect answer that costs them more than what they have now can result in a negative score.
    + In *The Price Is Right'*s pricing game Buy or Sell, if an amount of money is lost that is more than the amount currently in the bank, it incurs a negative score.
* The change in support for a political party between elections, known as swing.
* A politician's approval rating.
* In video games, a negative number indicates loss of life, damage, a score penalty, or consumption of a resource, depending on the genre of the simulation.
* Employees with flexible working hours may have a negative balance on their timesheet if they have worked fewer total hours than contracted to that point. Employees may be able to take more than their annual holiday allowance in a year, and carry forward a negative balance to the next year.
* Transposing notes on an electronic keyboard are shown on the display with positive numbers for increases and negative numbers for decreases, e.g. "−1" for one semitone down.

## Arithmetic involving negative numbers

The minus sign "−" signifies the operator for both the binary (two-operand) operation of subtraction (as in *y**z*) and the unary (one-operand) operation of negation (as in *x*, or twice in −(−*x*)). A special case of unary negation occurs when it operates on a positive number, in which case the result is a negative number (as in −5).

The ambiguity of the "−" symbol does not generally lead to ambiguity in arithmetical expressions, because the order of operations makes only one interpretation or the other possible for each "−". However, it can lead to confusion and be difficult for a person to understand an expression when operator symbols appear adjacent to one another. A solution can be to parenthesize the unary "−" along with its operand.

For example, the expression 7 + −5 may be clearer if written 7 + (−5) (even though they mean exactly the same thing formally). The subtraction expression 7 – 5 is a different expression that doesn't represent the same operations, but it evaluates to the same result.

Sometimes in elementary schools a number may be prefixed by a superscript minus sign or plus sign to explicitly distinguish negative and positive numbers as in

2 + 5  gives 7.

### Addition

Addition of two negative numbers is very similar to addition of two positive numbers. For example,

(−3) + (−5) = −8.

The idea is that two debts can be combined into a single debt of greater magnitude.

When adding together a mixture of positive and negative numbers, one can think of the negative numbers as positive quantities being subtracted. For example:

8 + (−3) = 8 − 3 = 5  and (−2) + 7 = 7 − 2 = 5.

In the first example, a credit of 8 is combined with a debt of 3, which yields a total credit of 5. If the negative number has greater magnitude, then the result is negative:

(−8) + 3 = 3 − 8 = −5  and 2 + (−7) = 2 − 7 = −5.

Here the credit is less than the debt, so the net result is a debt.

### Subtraction

As discussed above, it is possible for the subtraction of two non-negative numbers to yield a negative answer:

5 − 8 = −3

In general, subtraction of a positive number yields the same result as the addition of a negative number of equal magnitude. Thus

5 − 8 = 5 + (−8) = −3

and

(−3) − 5 = (−3) + (−5) = −8

On the other hand, subtracting a negative number yields the same result as the addition a positive number of equal magnitude. (The idea is that *losing* a debt is the same thing as *gaining* a credit.) Thus

3 − (−5) = 3 + 5 = 8

and

(−5) − (−8) = (−5) + 8 = 3.

### Multiplication

When multiplying numbers, the magnitude of the product is always just the product of the two magnitudes. The sign of the product is determined by the following rules:

* The product of one positive number and one negative number is negative.
* The product of two negative numbers is positive.

Thus

(−2) × 3 = −6

and

(−2) × (−3) = 6.

The reason behind the first example is simple: adding three −2's together yields −6:

(−2) × 3 = (−2) + (−2) + (−2) = −6.

The reasoning behind the second example is more complicated. The idea again is that losing a debt is the same thing as gaining a credit. In this case, losing two debts of three each is the same as gaining a credit of six:

(−2 debts ) × (−3 each) = +6 credit.

The convention that a product of two negative numbers is positive is also necessary for multiplication to follow the distributive law. In this case, we know that

(−2) × (−3) + 2 × (−3) = (−2 + 2) × (−3) = 0 × (−3) = 0.

Since 2 × (−3) = −6, the product (−2) × (−3) must equal 6.

These rules lead to another (equivalent) rule—the sign of any product *a* × *b* depends on the sign of *a* as follows:

* if *a* is positive, then the sign of *a* × *b* is the same as the sign of *b*, and
* if *a* is negative, then the sign of *a* × *b* is the opposite of the sign of *b*.

The justification for why the product of two negative numbers is a positive number can be observed in the analysis of complex numbers.

### Division

The sign rules for division are the same as for multiplication. For example,

8 ÷ (−2) = −4, (−8) ÷ 2 = −4,

and

(−8) ÷ (−2) = 4.

If dividend and divisor have the same sign, the result is positive, if they have different signs the result is negative.

## Negation

The negative version of a positive number is referred to as its negation. For example, −3 is the negation of the positive number 3. The sum of a number and its negation is equal to zero:

3 + (−3) = 0.

That is, the negation of a positive number is the additive inverse of the number.

Using algebra, we may write this principle as an algebraic identity:

*x* \+ (−*x*) = 0.

This identity holds for any positive number *x*. It can be made to hold for all real numbers by extending the definition of negation to include zero and negative numbers. Specifically:

* The negation of 0 is 0, and
* The negation of a negative number is the corresponding positive number.

For example, the negation of −3 is +3. In general,

−(−*x*) = *x*.

The absolute value of a number is the non-negative number with the same magnitude. For example, the absolute value of −3 and the absolute value of 3 are both equal to 3, and the absolute value of 0 is 0.

## Formal construction of negative integers

In a similar manner to rational numbers, we can extend the natural numbers **N** to the integers **Z** by defining integers as an ordered pair of natural numbers (*a*, *b*). We can extend addition and multiplication to these pairs with the following rules:

(*a*, *b*) + (*c*, *d*) = (*a* \+ *c*, *b* \+ *d*) (*a*, *b*) × (*c*, *d*) = (*a* × *c* \+ *b* × *d*, *a* × *d* \+ *b* × *c*)

We define an equivalence relation ~ upon these pairs with the following rule:

(*a*, *b*) ~ (*c*, *d*) if and only if *a* \+ *d* = *b* \+ *c*.

This equivalence relation is compatible with the addition and multiplication defined above, and we may define **Z** to be the quotient set **N**²/~, i.e. we identify two pairs (*a*, *b*) and (*c*, *d*) if they are equivalent in the above sense. Note that **Z**, equipped with these operations of addition and multiplication, is a ring, and is in fact, the prototypical example of a ring.

We can also define a total order on **Z** by writing

(*a*, *b*) ≤ (*c*, *d*) if and only if *a* \+ *d**b* \+ *c*.

This will lead to an *additive zero* of the form (*a*, *a*), an *additive inverse* of (*a*, *b*) of the form (*b*, *a*), a multiplicative unit of the form (*a* \+ 1, *a*), and a definition of subtraction

(*a*, *b*) − (*c*, *d*) = (*a* \+ *d*, *b* \+ *c*).

This construction is a special case of the Grothendieck construction.

### Uniqueness

The additive inverse of a number is unique, as is shown by the following proof. As mentioned above, an additive inverse of a number is defined as a value which when added to the number yields zero.

Let *x* be a number and let *y* be its additive inverse. Suppose *y′* is another additive inverse of *x*. By definition, $x+y'=0,\quad {\text{and}\quad x+y=0.}$

And so, *x* \+ *y′* = *x* \+ *y*. Using the law of cancellation for addition, it is seen that *y′* = *y*. Thus *y* is equal to any other additive inverse of *x*. That is, *y* is the unique additive inverse of *x*.

## History

For a long time, understanding of negative numbers was delayed by the impossibility of having a negative-number amount of a physical object, for example "minus-three apples", and negative solutions to problems were considered "false".

In Hellenistic Egypt, the Greek mathematician Diophantus in the 3rd century AD referred to an equation that was equivalent to $4x+20=4$ (which has a negative solution) in *Arithmetica*, saying that the equation was absurd. For this reason Greek geometers were able to solve geometrically all forms of the quadratic equation which give positive roots; while they could take no account of others.

Negative numbers appear for the first time in history in the *Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art* (九章算術, *Jiǔ zhāng suàn-shù*), which in its present form dates from the Han period, but may well contain much older material. The mathematician Liu Hui (c. 3rd century) established rules for the addition and subtraction of negative numbers. The historian Jean-Claude Martzloff theorized that the importance of duality in Chinese natural philosophy made it easier for the Chinese to accept the idea of negative numbers. The Chinese were able to solve simultaneous equations involving negative numbers. The *Nine Chapters* used red counting rods to denote positive coefficients and black rods for negative. This system is the exact opposite of contemporary printing of positive and negative numbers in the fields of banking, accounting, and commerce, wherein red numbers denote negative values and black numbers signify positive values. Liu Hui writes:

> Now there are two opposite kinds of counting rods for gains and losses, let them be called positive and negative. Red counting rods are positive, black counting rods are negative.

The ancient Indian *Bakhshali Manuscript* carried out calculations with negative numbers, using "+" as a negative sign. The date of the manuscript is uncertain. LV Gurjar dates it no later than the 4th century, Hoernle dates it between the third and fourth centuries, Ayyangar and Pingree dates it to the 8th or 9th centuries, and George Gheverghese Joseph dates it to about AD 400 and no later than the early 7th century,

During the 7th century AD, negative numbers were used in India to represent debts. The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta, in *Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta* (written c. AD 630), discussed the use of negative numbers to produce a general form quadratic formula similar to the one in use today.

In the 9th century, Islamic mathematicians were familiar with negative numbers from the works of Indian mathematicians, but the recognition and use of negative numbers during this period remained timid. Al-Khwarizmi in his *Al-jabr wa'l-muqabala* (from which the word "algebra" derives) did not use negative numbers or negative coefficients. But within fifty years, Abu Kamil illustrated the rules of signs for expanding the multiplication $(a\pm b)(c\pm d)$, and al-Karaji wrote in his *al-Fakhrī* that "negative quantities must be counted as terms". In the 10th century, Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī considered debts as negative numbers in *A Book on What Is Necessary from the Science of Arithmetic for Scribes and Businessmen*.

By the 12th century, al-Karaji's successors were to state the general rules of signs and use them to solve polynomial divisions. As al-Samaw'al writes:

> the product of a negative number—*al-nāqiṣ* (loss)—by a positive number—*al-zāʾid* (gain)—is negative, and by a negative number is positive. If we subtract a negative number from a higher negative number, the remainder is their negative difference. The difference remains positive if we subtract a negative number from a lower negative number. If we subtract a negative number from a positive number, the remainder is their positive sum. If we subtract a positive number from an empty power (*martaba khāliyya*), the remainder is the same negative, and if we subtract a negative number from an empty power, the remainder is the same positive number.

In the 12th century in India, Bhāskara II gave negative roots for quadratic equations but rejected them because they were inappropriate in the context of the problem. He stated that a negative value is "in this case not to be taken, for it is inadequate; people do not approve of negative roots."

Fibonacci allowed negative solutions in financial problems where they could be interpreted as debits (chapter 13 of *Liber Abaci*, 1202) and later as losses (in *Flos*, 1225).

In the 15th century, Nicolas Chuquet, a Frenchman, used negative numbers as exponents but referred to them as "absurd numbers".

Michael Stifel dealt with negative numbers in his 1544 AD *Arithmetica Integra*, where he also called them *numeri absurdi* (absurd numbers).

In 1545, Gerolamo Cardano, in his *Ars Magna*, provided the first satisfactory treatment of negative numbers in Europe. He did not allow negative numbers in his consideration of cubic equations, so he had to treat, for example, $x^{3}+ax=b$ separately from $x^{3}=ax+b$ (with $a,b\>0$ in both cases). In all, Cardano was driven to the study of thirteen types of cubic equations, each with all negative terms moved to the other side of the = sign to make them positive. (Cardano also dealt with complex numbers, but understandably liked them even less.)

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). *Elements of the History of Mathematics*. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-64767-8.
* Struik, Dirk J. (1987). *A Concise History of Mathematics*. New York: Dover Publications.


title: Miss Nobody (1917 film)

abstract: Miss Nobody is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by William Parke and starring Gladys Hulette. A print is preserved in the Cinémathèque Française.

text:
# Miss Nobody (1917 film)

***Miss Nobody*** is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by William Parke and starring Gladys Hulette.

A print is preserved in the Cinémathèque Française.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Miss Nobody | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement | |
| Directed by | William Parke |
| Written by | Howard Irving Young |
| Starring | Gladys Hulette |
| Production<br>company | Astra Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Pathé Exchange |
| Release date | * August 19, 1917 (1917-08-19) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: John Parker (Oswego County, NY)

abstract: John Parker was an American farmer and politician from New York.

text:
# John Parker (Oswego County, NY)

**John Parker** (born December 27, 1810) was an American farmer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on December 27, 1810, in Steuben, Oneida County, New York, the son of John Parker (died 1843) and Louisa (Frisby) Parker (died 1823). On March 15, 1831, he married Polly E. Bonner (died 1873), and they had nine children. In 1834, the family moved to a farm in the Town of Orwell.

Parker was Assessor of the Town of Orwell from 1841 to 1847; Highway Commissioner for four years; and Overseer of the Poor for two years. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Oswego Co., 3rd D.) in 1866 and 1870.

On March 11, 1874, he married Maria (Davis) Loring.

## Sources


title: Individuellos

abstract: Individuellos is the third album by the German band La Düsseldorf. It was shortly before the time Individuellos was released that La Düsseldorf's piano player Andreas Schell committed suicide. This is marked by a cross next to his credit. His credit for piano on "Das Yvonnchen" is the only musician's credit on the album. Writers' credits go to Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger, K+T Dinger (Dampfriemen), and Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger, Hans Lampe and Andreas Schell for "Das Yvonnchen". Musically, "Lieber Honig 1981" has nothing in common with NEU!'s "Lieber Honig"; it is an instrumental version of "Menschen". "Sentimental" and "Flashback" are ambient pieces, featuring "Menschen" played backwards.

text:
# Individuellos

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Individuellos*** is the third album by the German band La Düsseldorf. It was shortly before the time *Individuellos* was released that La Düsseldorf's piano player Andreas Schell committed suicide. This is marked by a cross next to his credit. His credit for piano on "Das Yvonnchen" is the only musician's credit on the album.

Writers' credits go to Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger (Tintarella Di ...), K+T Dinger (Dampfriemen), and Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger, Hans Lampe and Andreas Schell for "Das Yvonnchen".

Musically, "Lieber Honig 1981" has nothing in common with NEU!'s "Lieber Honig"; it is an instrumental version of "Menschen". "Sentimental" and "Flashback" are ambient pieces, featuring "Menschen" played backwards.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Klaus Dinger; except where indicated

1. "Menschen 1" – 5:46
2. "Individuellos" – 3:07
3. "Menschen 2" – 2:58
4. "Sentimental" – 4:24
5. "Lieber Honig 1981" – 5:53
6. "Dampfriemen" (Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger) – 3:33
7. "Tintarella Di ..." (Thomas Dinger) – 4:40
8. "Flashback" – 3:52
9. "Das Yvönnchen" (Klaus Dinger, Thomas Dinger, Hans Lampe, Andreas Schell) – 6:03

## InfoBox

| Individuellos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by La Düsseldorf | |
| Released | 31 December 1980 |
| Studio | La Düsseldorf Studio |
| Length | 40:16 |
| Label | Nova |
| Producer | Klaus Dinger |
| Klaus Dinger chronology | |
| *Viva*
(1978) ***Individuellos***
(1980) *Néondian*
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Individuellos* | |
| 1. "Dampfriemen"
Released: 1980 | |
|  | |


title: Vanzosaura

abstract: Vanzosaura is a genus of lizards in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The genus is endemic to South America.

text:
# Vanzosaura

***Vanzosaura*** is a genus of lizards in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The genus is endemic to South America.

## Etymology

The generic name, *Vanzosaura*, is in honor of Brazilian herpetologist Paulo Vanzolini.

## Species

The genus *Vanzosaura* contains three accepted species.

*Nota bene*: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than *Vanzosaura*.

## InfoBox

| *Vanzosaura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Vanzosaura*<br>Rodrigues, 1991 |
|


title: O.T.T. (TV series)

abstract: O.T.T. is a late-night adult version of the anarchic ATV children's show Tiswas, and was made by its ITV franchise successor Central Independent Television. It was broadcast at 11.00pm on Saturday nights for one series from 2 January until 3 April 1982. O.T.T. was created and presented by Chris Tarrant, and also starred Tiswas performers John Gorman, Lenny Henry and Bob Carolgees. Helen Atkinson-Wood was the female sidekick replacement for Sally James, who stayed behind to present the concurrent and final series of Tiswas alone with special appearances from Ellen Thomas.

text:
# O.T.T. (TV series)

***O.T.T.*** ("Over the Top") is a late-night adult version of the anarchic ATV children's show *Tiswas*, and was made by its ITV franchise successor Central Independent Television. It was broadcast at 11.00pm on Saturday nights for one series from 2 January until 3 April 1982. *O.T.T.* was created and presented by Chris Tarrant, and also starred *Tiswas* performers John Gorman, Lenny Henry and Bob Carolgees. Helen Atkinson-Wood was the female sidekick replacement for Sally James, who stayed behind to present the concurrent and final series of *Tiswas* alone with special appearances from Ellen Thomas.

## Origins

The programme's origins can be traced to Tarrant and Gorman discussing the future, accepting they couldn't go on forever doing a kids' programme, and exploring the idea of doing a 'grown-up, late-night *Tiswas'*. Gorman's *The Bucket Of Water Song* getting into the top 30, and a successful nationwide tour with Tarrant, Sally James and Bob Carolgees as The Four Bucketeers, confirmed there was an 'adult' audience out there.

Initially, the aim had been to do *Tiswas* in the morning and *O.T.T.* in the evening; but it was felt this wouldn't work. On 28 March 1981, Tarrant, Carolgees and Gorman left *Tiswas* to start work on *O.T.T.*.

In January 1982, Chris Tarrant told Kenneth Kennaugh: "We know *Tiswas* has enormous potential appeal for adults. Quite what that appeal was remained remarkably ill-defined." The same article stated Lenny Henry "doesn't know what he will be doing in tonight's *O.T.T.*. But one thing is sure. When the show ends he'll be standing under a hot shower - 'just to recover' ... Henry loves the uncontrolled humour where even he never knows what is going to happen next. *Tiswas* was marvellous to work on. It was a new style of lunatic humour, and we got away with murder. When I first started *Tiswas*, my nerves used to go before each show simply because it was live. But now, in *O.T.T.*, I just get on with it."

## Series

Later, in his book *Great Bus Journeys of the World*, Alexei Sayle said of his time on the show: "I was good, Lenny Henry was good, the show was packed with vibrant life... it was happy to come from Birmingham and not tainted with Londoniswhereitsatism... despite being short-lived, it was very popular amongst adults, with 7-8 million viewers."

## The name OTT

An abbreviation of the phrase "over the top". The origin of the name came about when John Gorman, working with Chris on a late-night version of *Tiswas*, compiled a list of possible titles; which included BigTis and OTT. It was Mike Palin who 'voted' for the *O.T.T.* title.

Rick Wakeman told an interview with Tiswas Online he was a member of "an elite showbiz club called 'Over The Top' in the late seventies. I became chairman and the president was a record plugger called Allan James, who also used to supply some of the music acts for *Tiswas*. We would all meet up in restaurants. There were about 20 of us in all, and, whilst the evening meal would start quite normally, it usually ended in ejection or sometimes arrest as things became very similar to that of the *Tiswas* programme. We called ourselves the Over the Top Club. Membership was elite and we were banned eventually from at least nine restaurants, to my knowledge."

## Episode guide

12 regular episodes and two specials (*Russel Hardy* and *The Best of OTT*) were broadcast.

1. "Cage match | Celebrities who appeared on Tiswas as guests..." *Tiswas Online*. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.


title: Indian Takers

abstract: "Indian Takers" is the third episode of the fourth season of the American television satirical sitcom Arrested Development. It is the 56th overall episode of the series, and was written by supervising producer Caroline Williams and co-executive producer Dean Lorey, and directed by Mitchell Hurwitz and executive producer Troy Miller. It originally released on May 26, 2013 with the rest of the season, and was distributed by Netflix. The series, narrated by Ron Howard, follows the Bluths, a formerly wealthy, dysfunctional family, who made their money from property development. The Bluth family consists of Michael, his adopted sister Lindsay, his older brother Gob, his younger brother Buster, their mother Lucille and father George Sr., as well as Michael's son George-Michael, and Lindsay and her husband Tobias' daughter Maeby. Each episode of the season follows a different character, with this episode focusing on Lindsay and her marital problems with Tobias.

text:
# Indian Takers

"**Indian Takers**" is the third episode of the fourth season of the American television satirical sitcom *Arrested Development.* It is the 56th overall episode of the series, and was written by supervising producer Caroline Williams and co-executive producer Dean Lorey, and directed by Mitchell Hurwitz and executive producer Troy Miller. It originally released on May 26, 2013 with the rest of the season, and was distributed by Netflix.

The series, narrated by Ron Howard, follows the Bluths, a formerly wealthy, dysfunctional family, who made their money from property development. The Bluth family consists of Michael, his adopted sister Lindsay, his older brother Gob, his younger brother Buster, their mother Lucille and father George Sr., as well as Michael's son George-Michael, and Lindsay and her husband Tobias' daughter Maeby. Each episode of the season follows a different character, with this episode focusing on Lindsay and her marital problems with Tobias.

## Plot

Many years ago, after the boat party, Lucille (Jessica Walter) insults Lindsay (Portia de Rossi) about her marriage to Tobias (David Cross), which causes Lindsay to view herself as a victim of the Bluth family, rather than a part of it. However, Lindsay tells Tobias that she believes their marriage isn't working out, and that they should get a divorce. After reading the "pray" section of *Eat, Pray, Love*, Lindsay is inspired to go on a spiritual trip to India. Once she arrives, she picks up the wrong luggage bag, causing her to go on a shopping spree, where she unknowingly buys counterfeit goods. Lindsay visits a shaman, who tells her that "love is where you left it". Lindsay returns to her hotel to find out that her credit card has been maxed out, and turns around to see the shaman has disappeared. Lindsay calls Lucille for advice, and she tells Lindsay to reconcile with Tobias and attend her trial.

Back in Lucille's apartment, Lindsay reveals to Michael (Jason Bateman) that she will be testifying at Lucille's trial, and that she has been bribed by Lucille into being a character who has to say positive things about her. Lindsay and Tobias visit a realtor (Ed Helms) to purchase a new home together. They admit that they don't have any incoming revenue, but the realtor, eager to put them in as much debt as possible, offers them a large house, and they buy a mansion. Lucille gives Lindsay a script to read off at her trial, but Lindsay declines, saying the money doesn't matter to her anymore. Lucille convinces her otherwise. After the housing market crashes, Lindsay tells Tobias that Lucille is refusing to pay her unless her testimony is believable. Lindsay and Tobias plan to go to a method acting class to improve her acting skills, but mistakenly attend a methadone clinic.

Lindsay runs into Marky Bark (Chris Diamantopoulos), and she arranges for her and Tobias to go on a double with him and his girlfriend, Debrie Bardeaux (Maria Bamford). Lindsay, Tobias, Marky and Debrie have lunch together at a restaurant. Lindsay and Marky, and Tobias and Debrie respectively bond. Marky tells Lindsay that he feels a strong connection between them, and Lindsay kisses him on the lips. They rush out of the restaurant and go to Marky's caravan to have sex. Marky tells Lindsay that he has face blindness, and doesn't know what she looks like. Lindsay calls Tobias to tell him that their relationship is over, but she still cares about him. After another night of sex, Lindsay wakes up to find herself being attacked by an ostrich at Marky's farm, which he shares with his mother.

### On the next *Arrested Development*...

Lindsay misses Lucille's trial, and cuts her hair to try to look less attractive. Tobias, still thinking the methadone clinic is an acting class, continues to attend.

## Production

"Indian Takers" was directed by series creator Mitchell Hurwitz and executive producer Troy Miller, and written by supervising producer Caroline Williams and co-executive producer Dean Lorey. It was Hurwitz and Miller's third directing credits, Williams' first writing credit and Lorey's second writing credit.

The season's format is different compared to previous seasons, as each of the 15 episodes focus on one individual character, with every episode happening at the same time within the show's universe, showing the character's activities since the conclusion of the third season. "Indian Takers" was the fifth episode of the season to be filmed, and the first of two focusing on Lindsay.

## Reception

Eric Goldman of *IGN* gave the episode a 6.5 out of 10, saying:

> "The second and third episodes of Arrested Development: Season 4 are the weakest of the batch, and unfortunately, I’d say this one “wins” out as my least favorite. In fact, “Indian Takers” is probably the least funny episode this series has ever delivered. There are a few scattered laughs and some amusing moments to be sure, but also a whole lot of “meh.”"

*The Guardian*'s Hadley Freeman commented on the episode, saying that it "felt more *Arrested*, but \[he's\] still not loving the format of focusing on one character at a time." Noel Murray and Erik Adams of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a "B" grade. Adams commented on how "The sensation that \[he\] got from “Indian Takers” and “The B. Team” is one of emptiness". In 2019, Brian Tallerico from *Vulture* ranked the episode 82nd out of the whole series, calling it "One of the worst episodes of *Arrested Development*", and saying "This is one you can truly skip."

1. "Arrested Development". *directories.wga.org*. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
2. Levin, Gary (January 9, 2013). "On Netflix, 'Arrested Development' blazes new trails". *USA Today*. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
3. Goldman, Eric (2013-05-29). "Arrested Development: "Indian Takers" Review". *IGN*. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
4. Freeman, Hadley (2013-05-26). "Arrested Development recap: season four, episodes 1-5". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
5. "Arrested Development: "Indian Takers"/"The B. Team"". *AV Club*. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
6. Tallerico, Brian (2019-03-18). "Every Episode of Arrested Development, Ranked". *Vulture*. Retrieved 2024-07-07.

## InfoBox

| "**Indian Takers**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Arrested Development* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 4
Episode 3 |
| Directed by | Mitchell Hurwitz
Troy Miller |
| Written by | Caroline Williams
Dean Lorey |
| Cinematography by | Peter Lyons Collister |
| Editing by | Kabir Akhtar
A.J. Dickerson |
| Production code | 4AJD03 |
| Original air date | May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26) |
| Running time | 28 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


abstract: The SPD party member vote on the 2018 coalition agreement of Germany took place from 20 February to 2 March 2018. The membership of the center-left SPD decided via postal vote whether to accept a coalition agreement with Germany's center-right CDU and CSU. The result, 66.02% in favor of the Yes campaign, was published on 4 March 2018. It was decisive for Angela Merkel's plan to get re-elected as chancellor of Germany on 14 March in the German Bundestag.

text:
# SPD party member vote on the 2018 coalition agreement of Germany

The **SPD party member vote on the 2018 coalition agreement of Germany** took place from 20 February to 2 March 2018. The membership of the center-left SPD decided via postal vote whether to accept a coalition agreement with Germany's center-right CDU and CSU. The result, 66.02% in favor of the Yes campaign, was published on 4 March 2018. It was decisive for Angela Merkel's plan to get re-elected as chancellor of Germany on 14 March in the German Bundestag.

## Background

From 2005, the SPD had been the junior partner in successive coalition governments led by Angela Merkel. After the German Federal elections in 2017 in which the SPD received only 20.5% of the vote, its worst result since the Second World War, SPD leader Martin Schulz ruled out any participation of his party in a new federal government with the CDU party of Angela Merkel. Even after the failed coalition talks between CDU, FDP, and Alliance 90/The Greens, the party board stuck to the decision. But, by late 2017, the attitude of the SPD's leadership had changed with its board voting in favor of exploratory talks in December that year. After the initial discussion's were successfully completed, the SPD entered formal coalition talks with CDU and CSU in January 2018. Martin Schulz had to step down after the coalition talks.

## Procedure

All SPD members received their election documents in the run up to 20 February 2018. All registered members on the 6 February 2018 at 6 p.m., (a total of 463,723) were eligible to vote. The question was: "Soll die Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) den mit der Christlich Demokratischen Union (CDU) und der Christlich-Sozialen Union (CSU) ausgehandelten Koalitionsvertrag vom Februar 2018 abschließen?" ("Should the Social Democratic Party of Germany enter into the coalition treaty agreed with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union of Germany (CSU) in February 2018?")

## Campaign

Several SPD politicians asked the party members to vote Yes, such as Andrea Nahles and Thomas Oppermann. Kevin Kühnert, chairman of the Jusos party youth organisation and the #NoGroKo (*No Grand Coalition*) initiative promoted the No campaign. Some SPD politicians such as SPD vice chairman Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel feared extensive consequences for the party, in the case of a No vote. The Minister President of Lower Saxony, Stephan Weil, warned of a "phase of political instability" in the case of a No victory. Also, the German foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel urged his party "not to retreat into the study rooms". New Federal elections were seen by many observers as a possible result of a No vote, whilst a CDU minority government was considered a possibility by some.

## Result

The result was 66.02% in favor of the coalition agreement.

| Eligible voters | Cast votes | Valid votes | Yes | No |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 463,723 | 378,437 (Turnout: 78.4%) | 362,933 | 239,604 (66.02%) | 123,329 (33.98%) |
|

## InfoBox

SPD membership vote on the 2018 German coalition agreement
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| Should the Social Democratic Party of Germany enter into the coalition treaty agreed with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union of Germany (CSU) in February 2018? | |
| Ballots and other documentation related to the vote | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **239,604** **66.02%**  **No** 123,329 33.98%  Valid votes 362,933 95.90%  Invalid or blank votes 15,504 4.10%  **Total votes** **378,437** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 463,723 81.61% | |


title: I. Robert Lehman

abstract: Israel Robert Lehman is a Lithuanian-born American biochemist. His work primarily focused on the study of DNA replication and repair, as well as the replication of phages and the herpes virus. Notably, he collaborated with Arthur Konrberg in the discovery of DNA polymerase and the reaction responsible for genetic material replication. He also made major contributions in characterizing the process of homologous recombination. He served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1986. Lehman was awarded the Merk Prize by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

text:
# I. Robert Lehman

**Israel Robert Lehman** (born October 5, 1924) is a Lithuanian-born American biochemist. His work primarily focused on the study of DNA replication and repair, as well as the replication of phages and the herpes virus. Notably, he collaborated with Arthur Konrberg in the discovery of DNA polymerase and the reaction responsible for genetic material replication. He also made major contributions in characterizing the process of homologous recombination. He served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1986. Lehman was awarded the Merk Prize by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

## Early life and education

Lehman was born in Tauragė, Lithuania, on October 5, 1924, and emigrated to United States in 1927. After serving as a soldier during World War II, he was educated at Johns Hopkins University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1950 and completing his Ph.D. in 1954.

Lehman was born in Tauragė in 1924 in the Memel territory of Lithuania. Due to the instability of the newly independent Lithuania and the anti-Semitic environment, his father made the decision for the family to emigrate to the United States in search of a better life. At the age of three, in 1927, he arrived in the American continent. He grew up in the city of Baltimore where other members of his family lived, including his uncle Jacob from his maternal side, who was a chemist and whom he greatly admired. As he grew up during the Great Depression, he had to work part-time in a butcher shop while attending Forest Park High School, where he was considered a student with an unremarkable academic record but who enjoyed the field of chemistry.

In 1943, upon turning 18 and completing his graduation, he was drafted into the United States Army and fought during World War II in the Third Infantry Division, participating in the invasion of southern France and later being part of the detachment assigned to the U.S. occupation zone in Bavaria. Due to the traumatic experiences in the war, being one of the 30 survivors out of 200 men in his company, he returned with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from which he would eventually recover. He received the benefits of the G.I. Bill, a benefit granted to war veterans upon leaving active duty, and thanks to this, he decided to enter Johns Hopkins University at the age of 22 to pursue a degree in chemistry and become an industrial chemist, like his uncle. One of the main motivations for his studies was the shared feeling with other veterans of having lost years of their lives to the war.

During his years at Johns Hopkins University, his studies in chemistry were primarily focused on the field of Biochemistry. This was facilitated by the department director, William McElroy, who was also a biochemist and began working in laboratories with cutting-edge equipment for that time, such as pH meters and the Beckman spectrophotometer. As a result, he developed a fascination for the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and energetics, as well as the enzymes responsible for these processes. Due to this interest, he decided to continue his studies by applying to the Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and proceeded to work in the laboratory of Roger Herriott, who became his thesis advisor.

During the completion of his thesis, under the guidance of Roger Herriott, they focused on the metabolic changes in Escherichia Coli during the infection of the T2 phage and its protein coat. It is noteworthy that this was the early 1950s when it was not yet firmly established that the molecule responsible for protein coding and conferring genetic characteristics is DNA. He received his Ph.D. in 1954.

Subsequently, he collaborated with Alvin Nason at the McCollum-Pratt Institute at Johns Hopkins University to study the electron transport process. However, the project faced challenges. In the same year, 1954, he attended the Biochemistry Society meeting in New Jersey and witnessed a lecture by Irving Lieberman, a post-doctoral student of Arthur Kornberg, on nucleotide synthesis—the components of DNA and RNA. The content of this presentation left a lasting impact on him as he finally found the area to dedicate himself to. He decided to write to Kornberg expressing his interest in joining his laboratory as a postdoctoral student, and his request was accepted.

## Career

### Discovery or DNA polymerase

In 1955, Lehman began working in St. Louis at the University of Washington in Arthur Kornberg's laboratory on a project aimed at understanding why the DNA of the T2 phage has hydroxymethylcytosine instead of cytosine. During this time, Kornberg showed him an experiment involving carbon-14-labeled thymidine: when exposing this nucleotide to an E. Coli extract, adding ATP, and allowing the mixture to incubate at 37 degrees for an hour, an acid was added, causing the DNA to precipitate. Upon measuring radioactivity, Kornberg observed that the DNA exhibited radioactivity associated with thymidine, and if deoxyribonuclease, an enzyme that degrades DNA was added, this label disappeared from the precipitate. This experiment motivated Lehman to join Arthur's team to identify the enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA from nucleotides.

During his time in St. Louis, Lehman developed strong bonds of friendship with the rest of the team, including Ernie Simms, Maurice Bessman, and Kornberg. Several scientific publications titled "Enzymatic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" were published in the years 1957 and 1958 in the "Journal of Biological Chemistry". Thanks to this work, Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

It was also during his work in St. Louis that he would meet his future wife, Sandra.

### Investigation at Stanford University

In 1957, Kornberg was offered a position at Stanford University in California. After coordinating the establishment of the Biochemistry department and settling in California in 1959, much of his former team followed him, including Lehman, who had already spent four years as a postdoctoral student. In the same year, he married Sandra, and they moved to California in July 1959.

Lehman was appointed as an associate professor at Stanford, and shortly thereafter, they welcomed their first child. He resumed his research and organized the classes they were to teach at the university, including molecular biology courses. Years later, he would be appointed as the head of the Biochemistry department at Stanford, serving from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1986. He also became a reviewer for scientific journals such as the Journal of Biological Chemistry and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Seeking some distance from Kornberg to work independently and away from DNA polymerase, Lehman shifted his focus to exonuclease 1. He was among the first to identify and purify it, and it would later be widely used in numerous experiments for DNA purification because only degraded single-stranded DNA. Afterward, he redirected his research toward another enzyme, DNA ligase, which is involved in DNA replication, recombination, and repair processes. Lehman was one of the pioneers in studying and purifying this enzyme. During those years, he collaborated with individuals like Paul Modrich, who was his postdoctoral student at the time and later won the Nobel Prize for his work in DNA repair.

Another significant area of active research was the study of DNA replication in eukaryotes, where the first evidence was obtained that eukaryotic DNA polymerase is composed of subunits with specific functions. Lehman also distinguished himself in the investigation of the RecA enzyme, which plays a role in homologous recombination for DNA repair.

Finally, he worked on studying herpes simplex virus type 1, where they were able to artificially reconstruct the virus. His focus was on understanding how the virus replicates its genetic material in the cell and how the state of latency develops in the virus—essentially, what keeps the virus present without causing disease until a specific moment. Lehman continued working on the herpes virus until his retirement. His last project was taken over by his final postdoctoral student but had to be abandoned due to a lack of funding.

When Arthur Kornberg passed away in 2007, Lehman published articles as a dedication expressing his appreciation towards him. Lehman's professional career concluded with the completion of 216 publications, but he remains active. Currently, he is part of the review teams for scientific journals such as the Journal of Biological Chemistry and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He also advises several former students who visit him, sharing their latest data, allowing him to stay updated with the latest publications.

## InfoBox

| I. Robert Lehman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1924-10-05) October 5, 1924<br>Tauragė, Lithuania |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | biochemist |


title: Hemlock Society (film)

abstract: Hemlock Society is an Indian Bengali romantic dark comedy released on 22 June 2012, directed by Srijit Mukherji, who is also the director of Autograph and Baishe Srabon. The film's cast consists of Parambrata Chatterjee, Koel Mallick, and Soumitra Chatterjee. The name is inspired by the erstwhile Hemlock Society, a society which was based in Santa Monica, US. The primary missions of this society included providing information to dying persons and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. The movie was remade in Marathi in 2015 as Welcome Zindagi. A box-office success.

text:
# Hemlock Society (film)

***Hemlock Society*** is an Indian Bengali romantic dark comedy released on 22 June 2012, directed by Srijit Mukherji, who is also the director of *Autograph* and *Baishe Srabon*. The film's cast consists of Parambrata Chatterjee, Koel Mallick, and Soumitra Chatterjee. The name is inspired by the erstwhile Hemlock Society, a society which was based in Santa Monica, US. The primary missions of this society included providing information to dying persons and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. The movie was remade in Marathi in 2015 as *Welcome Zindagi*. A box-office success.

## Plot

The movie is a very strong insight into psychological dilemma about the primal existence of life. It reiterates the fact that you can 'shock someone by letting them know that death is impending and inescapable.’ It is a dark comedy which successfully evokes an awareness of life. The comic element is used dexterously to bring out the fear of death. The protagonist Meghna (Koel Mallick), misses her mother, hums the songs of her favorite Sidhartha Roy numbers, blames the new lady in her father’s life, shaken by the dejection by her fiancé. Yet, as an escape route from the world of pain and suffering she goes to her father doctor to get prescribed sleeping pills. Ananda Kar (Parambrata) as the name suggests ‘make merry’ refrains her from ending her life. He comes with an unusual proposal of imparting her technical know how about committing suicide. He adds 'the training will save you from embarrassment if suicide becomes a vain attempt'. Ananda Kar is the founder of the Hemlock Society, that teaches aspirants how to successfully commit suicide. The names of the professors are also significant of the tricks they will teach to execute the end. The society is a film studio. Meghna assembles with all other suicide aspirants being addressed by the over-enthusiastic professors, *trainlet, jhulan, dhamani, raktim, shikha*, all specialists in different suicide methods. Meghna goes with him, leaving a goodbye message for her parents at her apartment door. Dr. Basu comes in search of his daughter, finds the note and shatters in grievance. Dr. Basu and Niharika start their search for Meghna and almost leave no stone unturned. Meanwhile, at Hemlock Society, Meghna encounters with miscellaneous experiences related to humans lives and death. The three-day workshop at the society makes her understand the importance of life and what difference her loss would mean to her near and dear ones. The metamorphosis of Meghna occurs when she realizes the miseries of other inmates and considers herself lucky. On the final day, Meghna confesses to Ananda that she wants to live and a vital reason which worked behind her changing of mind is that she had fallen in love with Ananda. Ananda informs her that he is suffering from 'Lymphocytopenia' a medical condition for which he would survive only for two more years. Meghna leaves Hemlock Society, sobbing and returns to her father. The very thought that someone near the cradle of death can ‘drink life to the lees’ in spite of complain and regret, surprises her. She learns from Ananda, that Hemlock society is an institute that refrains people from ending their life by making them aware of the importance of life. Six months later, Meghna reconciles with Ananda while he is on a nursing home bed, after having a blood-transfusion. The film ends with a witty note where Meghna's fiancé (Saheb Chatterjee), now a dejected soul and undoubtedly suicide aspirant, being taken to 'Hemlock Society'.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Hemlock Society | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Anupam Roy and Indraadip Dasgupta | |
| Released | 2 September 2018 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 29:59 |
| Language | Bengali |
| Label | SVF Music |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| Hemlock Society on YouTube | |
|  | |

The soundtrack is composed Anupam Roy and Indraadip Dasgupta. All the lyrics are written by Anupam Roy.

Track list
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Amar Mawte (Female)" | Lopamudra Mitra | 5:30 |
| 2. | "Ekhon Anek Raat" | Anupam Roy | 3:46 |
| 3. | "Ei To Ami Chai" | Shreya Ghoshal & Anupam Roy | 4:30 |
| 4. | "Jawl Phoring" | Silajit Majumder | 3:28 |
| 5. | "Amar Mawte (Male)" | Rupankar Bagchi | 3:44 |
| 6. | "Phiriye Dewar Gaan" | Rupam Islam | 5:52 |
| 7. | "Hemlock Society Theme" | Composed by Indrajit Dasgupta | 3:28 |
| Total length: | | | 29:59 |

## Reception and awards

The film received generally positive reviews by critics. Parambrata Chatterjee's performance was critically applauded, as was Koel Mullik's. It has received 21 awards till now. Srijit Mukherji and Koel Mallick got the Shoilojanando Mukherjee Memorial Awards for Direction and Acting respectively. Parambrata Chatterjee received the Anandalok Award for Best Actor, while Anupam Roy got the Anandalok Award for the Best Song (Ekhon Onek Raat). At the Mirchi Music Awards 2013, it got the Best Album and Best Song (Ekhon Onek Raat) in the Listener's Choice category as well as the Best Male Playback for Rupankar Bagchi for Aamar Mawte. At the 13th Telecine Awards, it got Parambrata Chatterjee the Special Jury Award for acting, and Anupam Roy, the Best Lyricist Award. It also got the Best Movie Poster at the Srijon Shawmman 2013. At the Bengal Youth Awards 2013, Srijit Mukherji and Anupam Roy got the Best Director and the Best Music Director Awards respectively. Anupam Roy also got the Best Male Playback for Ekhon Onek Raat in the ETV Shongeet Shawmman 2013. It also got the prestigious BFJA award, the oldest film award in India, for Best Actress, Best Actor (Jury's choice), Best Male Playback, Best Female Playback (Female) and Best Art Direction. It also fetched the Zee Banglar Gourab Samman for Anupam Roy for Best Lyricist and Male Playback for Ekhon Onek Raat and Best Actress for Koel Mullick.

## Remake

Umesh Ghadge, who has previously worked as an associate director on films like *Dhoom* and *Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai*, remade the film as *Welcome Zindagi* in Marathi. Urmila Matondkar had been approached for Koel's role, and Atul Kulkarni, was offered Parambrata's role, however he turned down the project despite taking an immense liking to the script. The titular roles are finally being played by Amruta Khanvilkar and Swapnil Joshi.

## InfoBox

| Hemlock Society | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Srijit Mukherji |
| Written by | Srijit Mukherji |
| Produced by | Shrikant Mohta
Mahendra Soni |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Soumik Halder |
| Edited by | Bodhaditya Banerjee. Saikat Sengupta |
| Music by | Anupam Roy
Indraadip Dasgupta |
| Release date | * 22 June 2012 (2012-06-22) |
| Running time | 141 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Bengali |
| Box office | 6.5 cr(50 days) |


title: Ultragotha

abstract: Ultragotha was a Frankish queen of the Merovingian dynasty via her marriage to Childebert I, reigning from c. 541 to 558. They had two daughters, possibly named Chrodoberge and Chrodesinde. When Childebert died in 558, his brother Clotaire I seized his kingdom and took control of the Palais de la Cité in Paris, where the royal treasures and the family of the deceased were. According to Gregory of Tours, he then condemned Ultragotha and the two daughters to prison. Upon reuniting the kingdom of Clovis, Clotaire I freed them; the daughters likely became nuns. She died in around 567 and was buried in the St-Germain-des-Prés along with Childebert. The two daughters are also buried there. In 580, again according to Gregory of Tours, Ultragotha's former Chancellor, Ursicinus, was chosen by Maurilio, bishop of Cahors, as his successor.

text:
# Ultragotha

**Ultragotha** (or **Ultrogothe**, c. 496 – after 566/567) was a Frankish queen of the Merovingian dynasty via her marriage to Childebert I, reigning from c. 541 to 558. They had two daughters, possibly named *Chrodoberge* and *Chrodesinde*.

When Childebert died in 558, his brother Clotaire I seized his kingdom and took control of the Palais de la Cité in Paris, where the royal treasures and the family of the deceased were. According to Gregory of Tours, he then condemned Ultragotha and the two daughters to prison. Upon reuniting the kingdom of Clovis, Clotaire I freed them; the daughters likely became nuns. She died in around 567 and was buried in the St-Germain-des-Prés along with Childebert. The two daughters are also buried there.

In 580, again according to Gregory of Tours, Ultragotha's former Chancellor, Ursicinus, was chosen by Maurilio, bishop of Cahors, as his successor.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ultragotha | |
| --- | --- |
| Drawing of the statue of the queen Ultrogothe on the portal of the church Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois | |
| Queen of the Franks | |
| Tenure | 27 November 511–23 December 558 |
|  | |
| Born | c. 496 |
| Died | after 566
Paris |
| Burial | Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés |
| Spouse | Childebert I |
| Issue | Chrodoberge
Chrodesinde |
| Dynasty | Merovingian |
| Religion | Nicene Christianity |


title: John Strachey (geologist)

abstract: John Strachey FRS was a British geologist and topographer. He was born in Chew Magna, England. He inherited estates including Sutton Court from his father at three years of age. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford and was admitted at Middle Temple, London, in 1688. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1719. He introduced a theory of rock formations known as Stratum, based on a pictorial cross-section of the geology under his estate at Bishop Sutton and Stowey in the Chew Valley and coal seams in nearby coal works of the Somerset coalfield, projecting them according to their measured thicknesses and attitudes into unknown areas between the coal workings. The purpose was to enhance the value of his grant of a coal-lease on parts of his estate. This work was later developed by William Smith. In addition to his map making and geological interests he had several other publications including An Alphabetical List of the Religious Houses in Somersetshire (1731). He had married twice; firstly Elizabeth Elletson, with whom he had 18 children and secondly Christina Staveley, with whom he had a further one child. Strachey died in Greenwich, London.

text:
# John Strachey (geologist)

**John Strachey** FRS (10 May 1671 – 11 June 1743) was a British geologist and topographer.

He was born in Chew Magna, England. He inherited estates including Sutton Court from his father at three years of age. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford and was admitted at Middle Temple, London, in 1688. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1719.

He introduced a theory of rock formations known as Stratum, based on a pictorial cross-section of the geology under his estate at Bishop Sutton and Stowey in the Chew Valley and coal seams in nearby coal works of the Somerset coalfield, projecting them according to their measured thicknesses and attitudes into unknown areas between the coal workings. The purpose was to enhance the value of his grant of a coal-lease on parts of his estate. This work was later developed by William Smith.

In addition to his map making and geological interests he had several other publications including *An Alphabetical List of the Religious Houses in Somersetshire (1731)*.

He had married twice; firstly Elizabeth Elletson, with whom he had 18 children (see picture of 8 of them) and secondly Christina Staveley, with whom he had a further one child. Strachey died in Greenwich, London.

## Homage

Strachey Stump, a flat-topped mountain in Antarctica, is named after him.

## InfoBox

| John Strachey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 10 May 1671
Chew Magna |
| Died | 11 June 1743 (1743-06-12) (aged 72)
Greenwich |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | stratified rock formations |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geology |
|  | |


title: Walk On (Randy Johnston album)

abstract: Walk On is the debut album by guitarist Randy Johnston which was recorded in 1991 and released on the Muse label the following year.

text:
# Walk On (Randy Johnston album)

***Walk On*** is the debut album by guitarist Randy Johnston which was recorded in 1991 and released on the Muse label the following year.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The AllMusic review by Alex Henderson stated "Randy Johnston is a perfect example of a jazzman who has never been innovative or groundbreaking but is darn good at what he does ... *Walk On* never pretended to reinvent the jazz wheel, but it was a decent way for him to start his recording career as a leader".

## Track listing

All compositions by Randy Johnson except where noted

1. "Jumping the Blues (Jumpin' Blues)" (Jay McShann) – 4:14
2. "I Almost Lost My Mind" (Ivory Joe Hunter) – 9:09
3. "Walk On" – 7:07
4. "Crazy He Calls Me" (Carl Sigman, Bob Russell) – 6:32
5. "The Queen´s Samba" – 4:30
6. "My Shining Hour" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 6:03
7. "Please Send Me Someone to Love" (Percy Mayfield) – 7:40
8. "Moanin' (Bobby Timmons) – 7:02

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Walk On | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Randy Johnston | |
| Released | January 1992 |
| Recorded | January 28, 1991 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 52:17 |
| Label | Muse
MCD 5432 |
| Producer | Houston Person |
| Randy Johnston chronology | |
| ***Walk On***
(1992) *Jubilation*
(1992) | |


title: Opal-crowned manakin

abstract: The opal-crowned manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. This is one of the parent species that hybridized to produce the golden-crowned manakin. A hybrid zone between this species and the snow-capped manakin exists where the two species' ranges come into geographic contact in the Cachimbo Range.

text:
# Opal-crowned manakin

The **opal-crowned manakin** (***Lepidothrix iris***) is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is endemic to Brazil.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. This is one of the parent species that hybridized to produce the golden-crowned manakin. A hybrid zone between this species and the snow-capped manakin exists where the two species' ranges come into geographic contact in the Cachimbo Range.

## InfoBox

| Opal-crowned manakin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pipridae |
| Genus: | *Lepidothrix* |
| Species: | ***L. iris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidothrix iris***
(Schinz, 1851) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Pipra iris* Schinz, 1851 | |


title: Vanzosaura multiscutata

abstract: Vanzosaura multiscutata is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is a small lizard endemic to Brazil. It is found in Caatinga and Restinga regions, mostly in sandy or rocky places and feeds on arthropods.

text:
# Vanzosaura multiscutata

***Vanzosaura multiscutata*** (Brazilian common names: Calango-do-Rabo-Vermelho and Piolho-de-Cobra) is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is a small lizard (snout–vent length less than 3.8cm) endemic to Brazil. It is found in Caatinga and Restinga regions, mostly in sandy or rocky places and feeds on arthropods.

## InfoBox

| *Vanzosaura multiscutata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Vanzosaura* |
| Species: | ***V. multiscutata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vanzosaura multiscutata***
(Amaral, 1933) | |
|


title: O. C. Barber Machine Barn

abstract: The O. C. Barber Machine Barn, also called the Implement House. built in 1911, is an historic farm building located on Austin Drive on the Anna-Dean Farm in Barberton, Ohio. It was built by American businessman and industrialist Ohio Columbus Barber, the developer of both Barberton, which he envisioned as a planned industrial community, and the nearby 3,500-acre (14 km⁲) Anna-Dean Farm, which he envisioned as a prototype for modern agricultural enterprise. Barber was called America's Match King because of his controlling interest in the Diamond Match Company. The Machine Barn was the service and storage place for all tractors and other equipment on the Anna-Dean Farm. It also housed the blacksmith shop. On October 9, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# O. C. Barber Machine Barn

The **O. C. Barber Machine Barn**, also called the **Implement House**. built in 1911, is an historic farm building located on Austin Drive on the Anna-Dean Farm in Barberton, Ohio. It was built by American businessman and industrialist Ohio Columbus Barber, the developer of both Barberton, which he envisioned as a planned industrial community, and the nearby 3,500-acre (14 km2) Anna-Dean Farm, which he envisioned as a prototype for modern agricultural enterprise. Barber was called *America's Match King* because of his controlling interest in the Diamond Match Company.

The Machine Barn was the service and storage place for all tractors and other equipment on the Anna-Dean Farm. It also housed the blacksmith shop.

On October 9, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| O. C. Barber Machine Barn | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Barberton, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 41°0′22″N 81°34′42″W / 41.00611°N 81.57833°W / 41.00611; -81.57833 |
| Built | 1911 |
| Architect | O.C. Barber, Michael Alexander |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001627 |
| Added to NRHP | October 9, 1974 |


title: Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka

abstract: Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka or Upcountry Tamil dialect or Estate Tamil (ET) is a Tamil dialect spoken by the descendants of indentured South Indian labourers who were brought to Sri Lanka during British colonization and South Indians who migrated to Sri Lanka for better prospects. ET is often misunderstood as Indian Tamil as the people who speak this dialect can trace their ancestry back to South India but much research has not been done regarding this dialect due to the misunderstanding that there is absolutely no difference between ET and Indian Tamil. However research shows that ET is a dialect that heavily differs from Indian Tamil for multiple reasons.  The ancestors of ET speakers migrated from different parts of South India and they spoke different dialects of Tamil. For example, grandmother for Pallar community was “attay” while for Kudiyar it was “ammay”. In the last century these different dialects of Indian Tamil co-existed in close proximity in the hill country and it evolved into what is currently known as Estate Tamil. Moreover there are dialectal differences within ET due to different types of language contact. Language contact between the different dialects of Indian Tamil and Sinhala after Sinhala labourers also started working in tea and rubber plantations had a considerable impact in the development of ET as a separate dialect from Indian Tamil. The geographical distance between the two dialects of Tamil, ET and Indian Tamil has also impacted the evolution of ET as a separate dialect. ET has been in Sri Lanka for over a century and as mentioned above has come into contact with a different language Sinhala. Moreover, ET has been exposed to different dialects of Tamil within Sri Lanka such as Jaffna Tamil which has also caused changes in ET. This shows that ET is indeed different from Indian Tamil. There are phonological differences between the two dialects. Out of the consonants /b/d /D/ /j /g/ are voiced stops in Indian Tamil while in ET they occasionally occur as voiceless stops in loan words. For example, ‘bayam’ (fear)  in Indian Tamil is “payam” in ET. Studies have identified that there are three distinctive nasals in Indian Tamil but the phonemic differences of these nasals are slowly fading away in ET. For example maɳam (smell) in Indian Tamil is   manam in ET. ‘ɳ’ in ET occurs only in loan words or preceding /c/ and /ɳ/ in Indian Tamil is realized as /n/ in ET. For example ‘koɳjam’ in Indian Tamil is ‘koɳcam’ in ET. Morphological differences can be found between Indian Tamil and ET as well. In Indian Tamil, /ooDa/ /uDaya/ and /kka/ are genitive case markers but in ET these case markers have slights variations such as /ooDa/ is /ooTa/ in ET, /uDaya/ is /uTaya/, /uTTu/ and /atu/ in ET. Thus, it is clear that ET is a different dialect from Indian Tamil as the different dialects of Indian Tamil that evolved into ET due to close proximity with each other and language and dialectal contact between ET, Sinhala and other dialects of Sri Lankan Tamil.

text:
# Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka

**Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka** or **Upcountry Tamil dialect** or **Estate Tamil** (ET) is a Tamil dialect spoken by the descendants of indentured South Indian labourers who were brought to Sri Lanka during British colonization and South Indians who migrated to Sri Lanka for better prospects. ET is often misunderstood as Indian Tamil as the people who speak this dialect can trace their ancestry back to South India but much research has not been done regarding this dialect due to the misunderstanding that there is absolutely no difference between ET and Indian Tamil. However research shows that ET is a dialect that heavily differs from Indian Tamil for multiple reasons.

The ancestors of ET speakers migrated from different parts of South India and they spoke different dialects of Tamil. For example, grandmother for Pallar community was “attay” while for Kudiyar it was “ammay”. In the last century these different dialects of Indian Tamil co-existed in close proximity in the hill country and it evolved into what is currently known as Estate Tamil. Moreover there are dialectal differences within ET due to different types of language contact. Language contact between the different dialects of Indian Tamil and Sinhala after Sinhala labourers also started working in tea and rubber plantations had a considerable impact in the development of ET as a separate dialect from Indian Tamil.

The geographical distance between the two dialects of Tamil, ET and Indian Tamil has also impacted the evolution of ET as a separate dialect. ET has been in Sri Lanka for over a century and as mentioned above has come into contact with a different language Sinhala. Moreover, ET has been exposed to different dialects of Tamil within Sri Lanka such as Jaffna Tamil which has also caused changes in ET. This shows that ET is indeed different from Indian Tamil.

There are phonological differences between the two dialects. Out of the consonants /b/d /D/ /j /g/ are voiced stops in Indian Tamil while in ET they occasionally occur as voiceless stops in loan words. For example, ‘bayam’ (fear) in Indian Tamil is “payam” in ET. Studies have identified that there are three distinctive nasals in Indian Tamil but the phonemic differences of these nasals are slowly fading away in ET. For example maɳam (smell) in Indian Tamil is manam in ET. ‘ɳ’ in ET occurs only in loan words or preceding /c/ and /ɳ/ in Indian Tamil is realized as /n/ in ET. For example ‘koɳjam’ (a little) in Indian Tamil is ‘koɳcam’ in ET. Morphological differences can be found between Indian Tamil and ET as well. In Indian Tamil, /ooDa/ /uDaya/ and /kka/ are genitive case markers but in ET these case markers have slights variations such as /ooDa/ is /ooTa/ in ET, /uDaya/ is /uTaya/, /uTTu/ and /atu/ in ET.

Thus, it is clear that ET is a different dialect from Indian Tamil as the different dialects of Indian Tamil that evolved into ET due to close proximity with each other and language and dialectal contact between ET, Sinhala and other dialects of Sri Lankan Tamil.


title: SPEAK campaign

abstract: SPEAK is a British animal rights group working to end animal testing in the UK.

text:
# SPEAK campaign

**SPEAK** (formerly known as **SPEAK campaign**) is a British animal rights group working to end animal testing in the UK.

## History

In the early 2000s, SPEAC (Stop Primate Experiments at Cambridge) was formed by a coalition of animal rights groups to fight the construction of proposed laboratories by the University of Cambridge. In 2004, the university announced they would abandon building their proposed Primate Research Facility due to unacceptable financial risks resulting, in part, from the activities of protestors. The SPEAK campaign was a continuation and expansion of anti-vivisection efforts after the victory against Cambridge. "Migrating from Cambridge, the SPEAK campaign is to continue its role in the animal rights debate within the public and political arena through pro-active campaigning."

## Allegations of violence

SPEAK campaigns have been accompanied by acts of intimidation, incitement, and violence, usually claimed by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). Robert Cogswell, co-founder of SPEAK, has said the campaign neither condones nor condemns the actions of the ALF.

Incidents have included an arson attack on Hertford College boathouse; an attack on Corpus Christi College sports pavilion (which was, apparently, confused with Christ Church property); sending threatening letters to building firms connected with the construction project, the vandalism of other firms connected with the university, and threatening violence against Oxford University staff and students.

In December 2007, SPEAK spokesman Mel Broughton was charged with conspiracy to blackmail, two counts of possessing an explosive substance, and two counts of having an article with intent to damage, in connection with arson attempts at Oxford's Queen's College and Templeton College. At his 2008 trial he was cleared of possessing an explosive substance with intent, but the court was unable to reach a decision on the other charges. In 2009 he was convicted of conspiracy to commit arson and sentenced to 10 years by the Crown Court. After Broughton's conviction it was reported that police had infiltrated the ALF. According to *The Times*, the documents obtained by the infiltrator showed the "ALF drew funding from - and often had the same leaders as - ostensibly peaceful groups such as Shac and Speak, an animal rights body in Oxford led by Broughton."

## Injunctions

In November 2004, Oxford University obtained an injunction against the groups SPEAK Campaigns, SHAC (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty) and ALF (Animal Liberation Front). The injunction limited the size of protests and prohibited protesting or loitering within a certain distance from the university's grounds and the property of any of the contractors, university members, employees and their families, its shareholders, its contractor employees, shareholders and their families, and anyone who visits the research laboratory. It prohibited taking photographs of such people or their vehicles or speaking to them. The injunction followed mounting complaints from students, researchers and workers about the hours-long use of sirens and megaphones by SPEAK on an almost daily basis.

In May 2006, Oxford appealed to the High Court to extend the injunction after threats were made against the university by the ALF. The court ordered that the injunction be widened to extend the exclusion zone, ban the use of megaphones and afford greater protection to individuals supplying goods or service to the university. A request by Oxford to further restrict the number of protesters from 50 to 12 was denied.

In June 2006, Mel Broughton, Robin Webb, and Amanda King were among several animal rights activists who were awarded legal aid to challenge the injunction.

In October 2006, High Court judge Mr. Justice Irwin denied a request by ALF press officer Robin Webb to remove his name from the injunction citing he was not an ALF member but merely a supporter of the group. The judge said Webb was a " pivotal figure" in ALF and should be subject to an injunction, and that Webb was not a journalist but a propagandist who "echoed the threat from the ALF to the university", going "far beyond legitimate self expression".

In October 2006, after allegations were made on the SPEAK website, Oxford University won a further injunction, prohibiting SPEAK from publishing allegations about the identity of contractors.

## Advertising ruling against SPEAK

In 2006, SPEAK produced a brochure claiming that Sir Michael Rawlins, chairman of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence said "The animal testing regime ... is utterly futile." NICE objected that the statement was quoted out of context and misleading. In June, the UK Advertising Standards Authority investigated. SPEAK did not respond, but later told ASA by phone that they planned on distributing the remainder of the brochures. ASA upheld the complaint by NICE and ruled that the testimonial was misleading and that brochure breached CAP Code clauses for non-response, honesty, truthfulness, protection of privacy, testimonials and endorsements.

## Rival group: Pro-Test

In January 2006, a student group called Pro-Test was formed with the aim of countering SPEAK and defending the use of animals in biomedical research. Both groups called demonstrations in Oxford on February 25, 2006, resulting in about 700 Pro-Test supporters opposed by 200-300 from SPEAK.

## InfoBox

SPEAK
|
|  |
| Founded | 2003 (2003) |
| Founder | Mel Broughton |
| Type | Leaderless resistance |
| Focus | Opposition to animal testing |
| Area served | University of Oxford, England |
| Website | speakcampaigns.org |


title: Hyperaspis punctata

abstract: Hyperaspis punctata is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Hyperaspis punctata

***Hyperaspis punctata*** is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Hyperaspis punctata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | *Hyperaspis* |
| Species: | ***H. punctata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyperaspis punctata***<br>LeConte, 1880 | |
|


title: Henricus cuspis

abstract: Henricus cuspis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador. The wingspan is about 12.5 mm.

text:
# Henricus cuspis

***Henricus cuspis*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

The wingspan is about 12.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Henricus cuspis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Henricus* |
| Species: | ***H. cuspis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Henricus cuspis***<br>Razowski & Becker, 2007 | |
|


title: Uamh an Claonaite

abstract: Uamh an Claonaite is the longest cave in Scotland. It consists of a series of dry passages and a series of at least six sumps which have been dived over the years. The attempt by members of the Grampian Speleological Group to excavate a nearby sinkhole, Rana Hole, and connect into the final chambers from above achieved its aim in December 2007. The length of the cave is 2,868 metres and the vertical range is 110 metres (360 ft).

text:
# Uamh an Claonaite

**Uamh an Claonaite** (Scottish Gaelic: Cave of the sloping rock) is the longest cave in Scotland. It consists of a series of dry passages and a series of at least six sumps which have been dived over the years.

The attempt by members of the Grampian Speleological Group to excavate a nearby sinkhole, Rana Hole, and connect into the final chambers from above achieved its aim in December 2007.

The length of the cave is 2,868 metres (9,409 feet) and the vertical range is 110 metres (360 ft).

58°6′16″N 4°56′9″W / 58.10444°N 4.93583°W / 58.10444; -4.93583

## InfoBox

| Uamh an Claonaite | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Assynt |
| Depth | 110 m (361 ft) |
| Length | 2,868 m (9,409 ft) |
| Cave survey | www.darkanddeep.co.uk |


title: Open Virtualization Alliance

abstract: The Open Virtualization Alliance (OVA) was a Linux Foundation Collaborative Project committed to foster the adoption of free and open-source software virtualization solutions including KVM, but also software to manage such, e.g. oVirt. The consortium promoted examples of customer successes, encouraged interoperability and accelerated the expansion of the ecosystem of third party solutions around KVM. The OVA provided education, best practices and technical advice to help businesses understand and evaluate their virtualization options. The consortium complemented the existing open source communities managing the development of the KVM hypervisor and associated management capabilities, which are rapidly driving technology innovations for customers virtualizing both Linux and Windows® applications. The OVA was not a formal standards body and did not influence upstream development, but encouraged interoperability and the development of common interfaces and application programming interfaces (APIs) to ease the adoption of KVM for users. On 21 October 2013, it was announced that the Open Virtualization Alliance will become a Linux Foundation Collaborative Project. Having achieved its original purpose, on 1 December 2016, the OVA was officially dissolved.

text:
# Open Virtualization Alliance

The **Open Virtualization Alliance** (**OVA**) was a Linux Foundation Collaborative Project committed to foster the adoption of free and open-source software virtualization solutions including KVM, but also software to manage such, e.g. oVirt. The consortium promoted examples of customer successes, encouraged interoperability and accelerated the expansion of the ecosystem of third party solutions around KVM.

The OVA provided education, best practices and technical advice to help businesses understand and evaluate their virtualization options. The consortium complemented the existing open source communities managing the development of the KVM hypervisor and associated management capabilities, which are rapidly driving technology innovations for customers virtualizing both Linux and Windows® applications. The OVA was not a formal standards body and did not influence upstream development, but encouraged interoperability and the development of common interfaces and application programming interfaces (APIs) to ease the adoption of KVM for users.

On 21 October 2013, it was announced that the Open Virtualization Alliance will become a Linux Foundation Collaborative Project.

Having achieved its original purpose, on 1 December 2016, the OVA was officially dissolved.

## Software promoted by OVA

## Membership

Initially formed by Red Hat and IBM, the Alliance had over 200 members involved with enterprise virtualization. Participation was open and the OVA encouraged new participants to become members. Membership was tiered, with governing memberships requiring higher dues than general memberships. One of the criteria for joining the Alliance was to produce or use a product or service that is based on KVM.

## InfoBox

Open Virtualization Alliance
|
|  |
| Purpose | Development of free and open-source software |
| Parent organization | Linux Foundation |


title: Walk On By (album)

abstract: Walk On By is an album by organist Jack McDuff recorded in 1966 and released on the Prestige label.

text:
# Walk On By (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Walk On By*** is an album by organist Jack McDuff recorded in 1966 and released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Allmusic rated the album with three stars out of five.

## Track listing

*All compositions by Jack McDuff except as indicated*

1. "Walk On By" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) - 2:38
2. "Around the Corner" - 6:44
3. "Haitian Lady" (Harold Ousley) - 5:43
4. "Talkin' 'Bout My Woman" (Sidney Barnes, J. J. Jackson) - 2:15
5. "Jersey Bounce" (Tiny Bradshaw, Eddie Johnson, Bobby Plater, Buddy Feyne) - 2:30
6. "For Those Who Choose" (Ousley) - 4:09
7. "Too Many Fish in the Sea" (Eddie Holland, Norman Whitfield) - 2:17
8. "There Is No Greater Love" (Isham Jones, Marty Symes) - 5:16
9. "Song of the Soul" (Ousley) - 4:16

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Walk On By | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jack McDuff | |
| Released | 1966 |
| Recorded | February 1966
New York City |
| Genre | Soul jazz |
| Length | 32:03 |
| Label | Prestige
PR 7476 |
| Producer | Lew Futterman |
| Jack McDuff chronology | |
| *Hot Barbeque*
(1965) ***Walk On By***
(1966) *Hallelujah Time!*
(1964-66) | |