title: House at 20 Lawrence Street

abstract: The House at 20 Lawrence Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a complex residential structure with elements of Queen Anne, Stick style, and Colonial Revival style. Built about 1880, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# House at 20 Lawrence Street

The **House at 20 Lawrence Street** in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a complex residential structure with elements of Queen Anne, Stick style, and Colonial Revival style. Built about 1880, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## Description and history

Lawrence Street is located north of downtown Wakefield, extending east from Main Street toward Vernon Street at the southern end of Lake Quannapowitt. This house stands on the south side of the westernmost block. It is a 2+12-story wood frames structure, with an L plan, cross-gabled roof, and exterior finished in a combination of wooden clapboards and decorative cut shingles. Portions of the exterior have applied Stick style decorative woodwork. The wraparound porch, Colonial Revival in style, has been partially enclosed. The main gable is filled with two-slope wooden shingles, a common feature of area 1880s houses.

Lawrence Street was laid out in 1857, but was not platted for development until 1874, a boom period of development in Wakefield. James Emerson, owner of one of the city's largest shoe factories, partnered with another businessman to build out the street's lots. Emerson's family homestead (now demolished) stood at the corner of Lawrence and Main Streets, as did its first shoe factory. This house was probably built about 1879 or 1880 by Edwin Miller, the son of Henry F. Miller, a local piano manufacturer. The younger Miller continued in his father's business, and was active in local politics, serving in the state legislature for one term.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 20 Lawrence Street | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| House at 20 Lawrence Street | |
|  | |
| Location | 20 Lawrence St., Wakefield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 42°30′36″N 71°4′11″W / 42.51000°N 71.06972°W / 42.51000; -71.06972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1880 (1880) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| MPS | Wakefield MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89000680 |
| Added to NRHP | July 06, 1989 |


title: Muralto

abstract: Muralto is a municipality in the district of Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

text:
# Muralto

**Muralto** is a municipality in the district of Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Geography

Muralto has an area, as of 1997, of 0.6 square kilometers (0.23 sq mi). Of this area, 0.43 km2 (0.17 sq mi) or 71.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.02 km2 (0.0077 sq mi) or 3.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.56 km2 (0.22 sq mi) or 93.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 1.7% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 68.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 18.3%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 6.7%. Out of the forested land, 1.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.7% is used for growing crops, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops and 68.3% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located in the Locarno district, in the agglomeration of Locarno. It lies along Lake Maggiore and is bordered by the Ramogna and Rabissale streams. It was created in 1881, when it separated from Orselina.

## Demographics

Muralto has a population (as of December 2020) of 2,604. As of 2008, 26.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -1.1%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (68.4%), with German being second most common (19.9%) and Macedonian being third (2.8%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 533 speak German, 55 people speak French, 1,830 people speak Italian, and 6 people speak Romansh. The remainder (252 people) speak another language.

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 45.8% male and 54.2% female. The population was made up of 903 Swiss men (32.3% of the population), and 378 (13.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,171 Swiss women (41.8%), and 347 (12.4%) non-Swiss women.

In 2008 there were 12 live births to Swiss citizens and 8 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 36 deaths of Swiss citizens and 10 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 24 while the foreign population decreased by 2. There were 2 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 24 non-Swiss men and 20 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 4 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 25 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.7%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Muralto is; 177 children or 6.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 185 teenagers or 6.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 289 people or 10.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 332 people or 11.9% are between 30 and 39, 395 people or 14.1% are between 40 and 49, and 375 people or 13.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 406 people or 14.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 312 people or 11.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 328 people or 11.7% who are over 80.

As of 2000, there were 1,448 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household. In 2000 there were 92 single family homes (or 22.9% of the total) out of a total of 402 inhabited buildings. There were 49 two family buildings (12.2%) and 167 multi-family buildings (41.5%). There were also 94 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 0.37%. In 2000 there were 2,106 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 3 room apartment of which there were 659. There were 247 single room apartments and 221 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,435 apartments (68.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 612 apartments (29.1%) were seasonally occupied and 59 apartments (2.8%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 4.3 new units per 1000 residents.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1850 | 782 |
| 1888 | 1,019 |
| 1900 | 1,502 |
| 1910 | 1,950 |
| 1950 | 2,673 |
| 1970 | 3,090 |
| 2017 | 2,861 |
|

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Collegiata Di S. Vittore, the Grand Hotel and the Vicus at via della Collegiata/via del Municipio are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.

## Transportation

The Locarno railway station is located within the Muralto municipality.

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 30.17% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (26.92%), the SP (14.75%) and the SVP (11.98%). In the federal election, a total of 834 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.0%.

In the 2007 *Gran Consiglio* election, there were a total of 1,897 registered voters in Muralto, of which 998 or 52.6% voted. 22 blank ballots and 4 null ballots were cast, leaving 972 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 291 or 29.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 183 or 18.8%), the SSI (with 176 or 18.1%) and the PS (with 119 or 12.2%).

In the 2007 *Consiglio di Stato* election, 15 blank ballots and 7 null ballots were cast, leaving 976 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD which received 280 or 28.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 165 or 16.9%), the PLRT (with 160 or 16.4%) and the SSI (with 159 or 16.3%).

## Economy

As of  2007, Muralto had an unemployment rate of 6.52%. As of 2005, there were 2 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 business involved in this sector. 53 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 15 businesses in this sector. 1,199 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 215 businesses in this sector. There were 1,123 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce.

In 2000, there were 1,162 workers who commuted into the municipality and 738 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.6 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 5.3% of the workforce coming into Muralto are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 12.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 42.2% used a private car.

As of 2009, there were 18 hotels in Muralto with a total of 463 rooms and 824 beds.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,713 or 64.0% were Roman Catholic, while 365 or 13.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 464 individuals (or about 17.34% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 134 individuals (or about 5.01% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Muralto about 61.1% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

In Muralto there were a total of 314 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Muralto there were 39 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the village, 104 students attended the standard primary schools and 5 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 79 students in the two-year middle school and 2 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 40 students were in the four-year advanced program.

The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 15 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 25 who attend part-time.

The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 5 students in the professional program.

As of 2000, there were 5 students in Muralto who came from another municipality, while 219 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Muralto | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Muralto | |
| MuraltoMuralto | |
| Coordinates: 46°10′N 8°48′E / 46.167°N 8.800°E / 46.167; 8.800 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Ticino |
| District | Locarno |
| Government | |
| Mayor | *Sindaco* |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.6 km2 (0.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 207 m (679 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 2,683 |
| Density | 4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 6600 |
| SFOS number | 5120 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TI |
| Surrounded by | Locarno, Minusio, Orselina, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro |
| Website | muralto.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Jhohan Sanguino

abstract: Jhohan David Sanguino Matamoros is a Venezuelan weightlifter. He won the silver medal in the men's 109 kg event at the 2022 Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Bogotá, Colombia. He won the gold medal in his event at the 2022 South American Games held in Asunción, Paraguay. Sanguino won two silver medals at the 2022 Bolivarian Games held in Valledupar, Colombia. He won the bronze medal in the men's 102 kg event at the 2023 Pan American Games held in Santiago, Chile. In 2024, he won the bronze medal in his event at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Caracas, Venezuela.

text:
# Jhohan Sanguino

**Jhohan David Sanguino Matamoros** (born 1 December 1998) is a Venezuelan weightlifter. He won the silver medal in the men's 109 kg event at the 2022 Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Bogotá, Colombia. He won the gold medal in his event at the 2022 South American Games held in Asunción, Paraguay.

Sanguino won two silver medals at the 2022 Bolivarian Games held in Valledupar, Colombia. He won the bronze medal in the men's 102 kg event at the 2023 Pan American Games held in Santiago, Chile.

In 2024, he won the bronze medal in his event at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Caracas, Venezuela.

## Achievements

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | | |
| World Championships | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2023 | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 102 kg | ~~165~~ | ~~165~~ | ~~165~~ |  | 195 | 201 | **207** | 15 |  |  |
| Pan American Championships | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | Guayaquil, Ecuador | 102 kg | **146** | ~~151~~ | ~~151~~ | 9 | 175 | **182** | ~~191~~ | 8 | **328** | 9 |
| 2022 | Bogotá, Colombia | 109 kg | 155 | 162 | **167** |  | 185 | **194** | ~~202~~ |  | **361** |  |
| 2023 | Bariloche, Argentina | 102 kg | **150** | ~~157~~ | ~~157~~ | 5 | 181 | 187 | **189** |  | **339** | 5 |
| South American Games | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | Asunción, Paraguay | 109 kg | ~~163~~ | 163 | **168** |  | **195** | ~~200~~ | ~~202~~ |  | **363** |  |
| Bolivarian Games | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | Valledupar, Colombia | 109 kg | 155 | ~~163~~ | **166** |  | 185 | **196** | ~~203~~ |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

Jhohan Sanguino
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jhohan David Sanguino Matamoros |
| Born | (1998-12-01) 1 December 1998 |
| Sport | |
| Country | Venezuela |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Weight class | 109 kg |
| Medal record      Men's weightlifting  Representing   Venezuela   Pan American Games   2023 Santiago  102 kg  Pan American Championships   2022 Bogotá  109 kg  2024 Caracas 102 kg  South American Games   2022 Asunción  109 kg  Bolivarian Games   2022 Valledupar  109 kg S  2022 Valledupar  109 kg CJ | |


title: Van der Waerden's theorem

abstract: Van der Waerden's theorem is a theorem in the branch of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any given positive integers r and k, there is some number N such that if the integers {1, 2,..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers in arithmetic progression whose elements are of the same color. The least such N is the Van der Waerden number W(r, k), named after the Dutch mathematician B. L. van der Waerden. This was conjectured by Pierre Joseph Henry Baudet in 1921. Waerden heard of it in 1926 and published his proof in 1927, titled Beweis einer Baudetschen Vermutung [Proof of Baudet's conjecture].

text:
# Van der Waerden's theorem

**Van der Waerden's theorem** is a theorem in the branch of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any given positive integers *r* and *k*, there is some number *N* such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., *N*} are colored, each with one of *r* different colors, then there are at least *k* integers in arithmetic progression whose elements are of the same color. The least such *N* is the Van der Waerden number *W*(*r*, *k*), named after the Dutch mathematician B. L. van der Waerden.

This was conjectured by Pierre Joseph Henry Baudet in 1921. Waerden heard of it in 1926 and published his proof in 1927, titled *Beweis einer Baudetschen Vermutung \[Proof of Baudet's conjecture\]*.

## Example

For example, when *r* = 2, you have two colors, say red and blue. *W*(2, 3) is bigger than 8, because you can color the integers from {1, ..., 8} like this:

| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **B** | **R** | **R** | **B** | **B** | **R** | **R** | **B** |

and no three integers of the same color form an arithmetic progression. But you can't add a ninth integer to the end without creating such a progression. If you add a red 9, then the red 3, 6, and 9 are in arithmetic progression. Alternatively, if you add a blue 9, then the blue 1, 5, and 9 are in arithmetic progression.

In fact, there is no way of coloring 1 through 9 without creating such a progression (it can be proved by considering examples). Therefore, *W*(2, 3) is 9.

## Open problem

It is an open problem to determine the values of *W*(*r*, *k*) for most values of *r* and *k*. The proof of the theorem provides only an upper bound. For the case of *r* = 2 and *k* = 3, for example, the argument given below shows that it is sufficient to color the integers {1, ..., 325} with two colors to guarantee there will be a single-colored arithmetic progression of length 3. But in fact, the bound of 325 is very loose; the minimum required number of integers is only 9. Any coloring of the integers {1, ..., 9} will have three evenly spaced integers of one color.

For *r* = 3 and *k* = 3, the bound given by the theorem is 7(2·37 + 1)(2·37·(2·37 + 1) + 1), or approximately 4.22·1014616. But actually, you don't need that many integers to guarantee a single-colored progression of length 3; you only need 27. (And it is possible to color {1, ..., 26} with three colors so that there is no single-colored arithmetic progression of length 3; for example:

| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **R** | **R** | **G** | **G** | **R** | **R** | **G** | **B** | **G** | **B** | **B** | **R** | **B** | **R** | **R** | **G** | **R** | **G** | **G** | **B** | **R** | **B** | **B** | **G** | **B** | **G** |

An open problem is the attempt to reduce the general upper bound to any 'reasonable' function. Ronald Graham offered a prize of US$1000 for showing *W*(2, *k*) \< 2*k*2. In addition, he offered a US$250 prize for a proof of his conjecture involving more general *off-diagonal* van der Waerden numbers, stating *W*(2; 3, *k*) ≤ *k**O(1)*, while mentioning numerical evidence suggests *W*(2; 3, *k*) = *k*2 + *o(1)*. Ben Green disproved this latter conjecture and proved super-polynomial counterexamples to *W*(2; 3, *k*) \< *k*r for any *r*. The best upper bound currently known is due to Timothy Gowers, who establishes

$$W(r,k)\leq 2^{2^{r^{2^{2^{k+9},}}}}$$

by first establishing a similar result for Szemerédi's theorem, which is a stronger version of Van der Waerden's theorem. The previously best-known bound was due to Saharon Shelah and proceeded via first proving a result for the Hales–Jewett theorem, which is another strengthening of Van der Waerden's theorem.

The best lower bound currently known for $W(2,k)$ is that for all positive $\varepsilon $ we have $W(2,k)\>2^{k}/k^{\varepsilon }$, for all sufficiently large $k$.

## Proof of Van der Waerden's theorem (in a special case)

The following proof is due to Ron Graham, B.L. Rothschild, and Joel Spencer. Khinchin gives a fairly simple proof of the theorem without estimating *W*(*r*, *k*).

### Proof in the case of *W*(2, 3)

*W*(2, 3) table
| *b* | *c*(*n*): color of integers | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| | **R** | **R** | **B** | **R** | **B** |
| 1 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| | **B** | **R** | **R** | **B** | **R** |
|  |  | | | | |
| 64 | 321 | 322 | 323 | 324 | 325 |
| | **R** | **B** | **R** | **B** | **R** |

We will prove the special case mentioned above, that *W*(2, 3) ≤ 325. Let *c*(*n*) be a coloring of the integers {1, ..., 325}. We will find three elements of {1, ..., 325} in arithmetic progression that are the same color.

Divide {1, ..., 325} into the 65 blocks {1, ..., 5}, {6, ..., 10}, ... {321, ..., 325}, thus each block is of the form {5*b* \+ 1, ..., 5*b* \+ 5} for some *b* in {0, ..., 64}. Since each integer is colored either red or blue, each block is colored in one of 32 different ways. By the pigeonhole principle, there are two blocks among the first 33 blocks that are colored identically. That is, there are two integers *b*1 and *b*2, both in {0,...,32}, such that

*c*(5*b*1 \+ *k*) = *c*(5*b*2 \+ *k*)

for all *k* in {1, ..., 5}. Among the three integers 5*b*1 \+ 1, 5*b*1 \+ 2, 5*b*1 \+ 3, there must be at least two that are of the same color. (The pigeonhole principle again.) Call these 5*b*1 \+ *a*1 and 5*b*1 \+ *a*2, where the *a**i* are in {1,2,3} and *a*1 \< *a*2. Suppose (without loss of generality) that these two integers are both red. (If they are both blue, just exchange 'red' and 'blue' in what follows.)

Let *a*3 = 2*a*2  *a*1. If 5*b*1 \+ *a*3 is red, then we have found our arithmetic progression: 5*b*1 + *a**i* are all red.

Otherwise, 5*b*1 \+ *a*3 is blue. Since *a*3 ≤ 5, 5*b*1 \+ *a*3 is in the *b*1 block, and since the *b*2 block is colored identically, 5*b*2 \+ *a*3 is also blue.

Now let *b*3 = 2*b*2  *b*1. Then *b*3 ≤ 64. Consider the integer 5*b*3 \+ *a*3, which must be ≤ 325. What color is it?

If it is red, then 5*b*1 \+ *a*1, 5*b*2 \+ *a*2, and 5*b*3 \+ *a*3 form a red arithmetic progression. But if it is blue, then 5*b*1 \+ *a*3, 5*b*2 \+ *a*3, and 5*b*3 \+ *a*3 form a blue arithmetic progression. Either way, we are done.

### Proof in the case of *W*(3, 3)

W(3, 3) table
*g*=2·37·(2·37 + 1) ,
*m*=7(2·37 + 1)
| *b* | *c*(*n*): color of integers | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |  | *m* |
| | **G** | **R** | **R** |  | **B** |
| 1 | *m* \+ 1 | *m* \+ 2 | *m* \+ 3 |  | 2*m* |
| | **B** | **R** | **G** |  | **R** |
|  |  | | | | |
| *g* | *gm* \+ 1 | *gm* \+ 2 | *gm* \+ 3 |  | (*g* \+ 1)*m* |
| | **B** | **R** | **B** |  | **G** |

A similar argument can be advanced to show that *W*(3, 3) ≤ 7(2·37+1)(2·37·(2·37+1)+1). One begins by dividing the integers into 2·37·(2·37 + 1) + 1 groups of 7(2·37 + 1) integers each; of the first 37·(2·37 + 1) + 1 groups, two must be colored identically.

Divide each of these two groups into 2·37+1 subgroups of 7 integers each; of the first 37 + 1 subgroups in each group, two of the subgroups must be colored identically. Within each of these identical subgroups, two of the first four integers must be the same color, say red; this implies either a red progression or an element of a different color, say blue, in the same subgroup.

Since we have two identically-colored subgroups, there is a third subgroup, still in the same group that contains an element which, if either red or blue, would complete a red or blue progression, by a construction analogous to the one for *W*(2, 3). Suppose that this element is green. Since there is a group that is colored identically, it must contain copies of the red, blue, and green elements we have identified; we can now find a pair of red elements, a pair of blue elements, and a pair of green elements that 'focus' on the same integer, so that whatever color it is, it must complete a progression.

### Proof in general case

The proof for *W*(2, 3) depends essentially on proving that *W*(32, 2) ≤ 33. We divide the integers {1,...,325} into 65 'blocks', each of which can be colored in 32 different ways, and then show that two blocks of the first 33 must be the same color, and there is a block colored the opposite way. Similarly, the proof for *W*(3, 3) depends on proving that

$$W(3^{7(2\cdot 3^{7}+1)},2)\leq 3^{7(2\cdot 3^{7}+1)}+1.$$

By a double induction on the number of colors and the length of the progression, the theorem is proved in general.

## Proof

A *D-dimensional arithmetic progression* (AP) consists of numbers of the form:

$$a+i\_{1}s\_{1}+i\_{2}s\_{2}+\cdots +i\_{D}s\_{D}$$

where *a* is the basepoint, the *s*'s are positive step-sizes, and the *i*'s range from 0 to *L*  1. A *d*-dimensional AP is *homogeneous* for some coloring when it is all the same color.

A *D-dimensional arithmetic progression with benefits* is all numbers of the form above, but where you add on some of the "boundary" of the arithmetic progression, i.e. some of the indices *i*'s can be equal to *L*. The sides you tack on are ones where the first *k* *i*'s are equal to *L*, and the remaining *i*'s are less than *L*.

The boundaries of a D-dimensional AP with benefits are these additional arithmetic progressions of dimension $d-1,d-2,d-3,d-4$, down to 0. The 0-dimensional arithmetic progression is the single point at index value $(L,L,L,L,\ldots ,L)$. A D-dimensional AP with benefits is *homogeneous* when each of the boundaries are individually homogeneous, but different boundaries do not have to necessarily have the same color.

Next define the quantity MinN(*L*, *D*, *N*) to be the least integer so that any assignment of N colors to an interval of length MinN or more necessarily contains a homogeneous D-dimensional arithmetical progression with benefits.

The goal is to bound the size of MinN. Note that MinN(*L*,1,*N*) is an upper bound for Van der Waerden's number. There are two inductions steps, as follows:

**Lemma 1**  Assume MinN is known for a given lengths *L* for all dimensions of arithmetic progressions with benefits up to *D*. This formula gives a bound on MinN when you increase the dimension to *D* + 1:

let $M=\operatorname {MinN} (L,D,n)$, then

$$\operatorname {MinN} (L,D+1,n)\leq M\cdot \operatorname {MinN} (L,1,n^{M})$$

**Proof**

First, if you have an *n*-coloring of the interval 1...*I*, you can define a *block coloring* of *k*-size blocks. Just consider each sequence of *k* colors in each *k* block to define a unique color. Call this *k-blocking* an *n*-coloring. *k*-blocking an *n* coloring of length *l* produces an *n**k* coloring of length l/*k*.

So given a *n*-coloring of an interval *I* of size $M\cdot \operatorname {MinN} (L,1,n^{M}))$ you can *M*-block it into an *n**M* coloring of length $\operatorname {MinN} (L,1,n^{M})$. But that means, by the definition of MinN, that you can find a 1-dimensional arithmetic sequence (with benefits) of length *L* in the block coloring, which is a sequence of blocks equally spaced, which are all the same block-color, i.e. you have a bunch of blocks of length *M* in the original sequence, which are equally spaced, which have exactly the same sequence of colors inside.

Now, by the definition of *M*, you can find a *d*-dimensional arithmetic sequence with benefits in any one of these blocks, and since all of the blocks have the same sequence of colors, the same *d*-dimensional AP with benefits appears in all of the blocks, just by translating it from block to block. This is the definition of a *d* + 1 dimensional arithmetic progression, so you have a homogeneous *d* + 1 dimensional AP. The new stride parameter s*D* + 1 is defined to be the distance between the blocks.

But you need benefits. The boundaries you get now are all old boundaries, plus their translations into identically colored blocks, because iD+1 is always less than L. The only boundary which is not like this is the 0-dimensional point when $i\_{1}=i\_{2}=\cdots =i\_{D+1}=L$. This is a single point, and is automatically homogeneous.

**Lemma 2**  Assume MinN is known for one value of *L* and all possible dimensions *D*. Then you can bound MinN for length *L* + 1.

$$\operatorname {MinN} (L+1,1,n)\leq 2\operatorname {MinN} (L,n,n)$$

**Proof**

Given an n-coloring of an interval of size MinN(*L*,*n*,*n*), by definition, you can find an arithmetic sequence with benefits of dimension n of length L. But now, the number of "benefit" boundaries is equal to the number of colors, so one of the homogeneous boundaries, say of dimension k, has to have the same color as another one of the homogeneous benefit boundaries, say the one of dimension *p* \< *k*. This allows a length *L* + 1 arithmetic sequence (of dimension 1) to be constructed, by going along a line inside the *k*-dimensional boundary which ends right on the *p*-dimensional boundary, and including the terminal point in the *p*-dimensional boundary. In formulas:

if

$a+Ls\_{1}+Ls\_{2}+\cdots +Ls\_{D-k}$ has the same color as

$$a+Ls\_{1}+Ls\_{2}+\cdots +Ls\_{D-p}$$

then

$a+L\cdot (s\_{1}+\cdots +s\_{D-k})+u\cdot (s\_{D-k+1}+\cdots +s\_{p})$ have the same color $u=0,1,2,\cdots ,L-1,L$ i.e. u makes a sequence of length L+1.

This constructs a sequence of dimension 1, and the "benefits" are automatic, just add on another point of whatever color. To include this boundary point, one has to make the interval longer by the maximum possible value of the stride, which is certainly less than the interval size. So doubling the interval size will definitely work, and this is the reason for the factor of two. This completes the induction on *L*.

Base case: MinN(1,*d*,*n*) = 1, i.e. if you want a length 1 homogeneous d-dimensional arithmetic sequence, with or without benefits, you have nothing to do. So this forms the base of the induction. The Van der Waerden theorem itself is the assertion that MinN(*L*,1,*N*) is finite, and it follows from the base case and the induction steps.

## Ergodic theory

Furstenberg and Weiss proved an equivalent form of the theorem in 1978, using ergodic theory.

**multiple Birkhoff recurrence theorem** (Furstenberg and Weiss, 1978)  If $\textstyle X$ is a compact metric space, and $\textstyle T\_{1},\dots ,T\_{N}:X\to X$ are homeomorphisms that commute, then $\textstyle \exists x\in X$, and an increasing sequence $\textstyle n\_{1}\<n\_{2}\<\cdots $, such that $\lim \_{j}d(T\_{i}^{n\_{j}x,x)=0,\quad \forall i\in 1:N}$

The proof of the above theorem is delicate, and the reader is referred to. With this recurrence theorem, the van der Waerden theorem can be proved in the ergodic-theoretic style.

**Theorem** (van der Waerden, 1927)  If $\textstyle \mathbb {Z} $ is partitioned into finitely many subsets $\textstyle S\_{1},\dots ,S\_{n}$, then one of them $\textstyle S\_{k}$ contains infinitely many arithmetic progressions of arbitrarily long length

$\forall N,N',\\;\exists |a|\geq N',\exists r\geq 1:\\{a+ir\\}\_{i\in 1:N}\subset S\_{k}$

**Proof**

It suffices to show that for each length $\textstyle N$, there exist at least one partition that contains at least one arithmetic progression of length $\textstyle N$.

Once this is proved, we can cut out that arithmetic progression into $\textstyle N$ singleton sets, and repeat the process to create another arithmetic progression, and so one of the partitions contain infinitely many arithmetic progressions of length $\textstyle N$.

Once this is proved, we can repeat this process to find that there exists at least one partition that contains infinitely many progressions of length $\textstyle N$, for infinitely many $\textstyle N$, and that is the partition we want.

Consider the state space $\textstyle \Omega :=(1:N)^{\mathbb {Z} }$, with compact metric $d((x\_{n}),(y\_{n}))=\max\\{2^{-|n|}:x\_{n}\neq y\_{n}\\}$ In other words, let $\textstyle n$ be the index closest to $\textstyle 0$ where $\textstyle x,y$ differ, and then their distance is $\textstyle 1/2^{|n|}$. (In fact, this is an ultrametric.)

Since each integer falls in exactly one of the partitions $\textstyle S\_{1},\dots ,S\_{n}$, we can code the partition into a sequence $\textstyle (z\_{n})\_{n}$. Each $\textstyle z\_{n}$ is the name of the partition that $\textstyle n$ falls in. In other words, we can draw the sets $\textstyle S\_{1},\dots ,S\_{n}$ horizontally, and connect the dots, into the sequence $\textstyle (z\_{n})\_{n}$.

Let the map $\textstyle T:\Omega \to \Omega $ be the shift map: $T((x\_{n})\_{n})=(x\_{n+1})\_{n}$ and then, let the closure of all shifts of the sequence $\textstyle (z\_{n})\_{n}$ be $\textstyle X$:
$X:=cl(\\{T^{n}z:n\in \mathbb {Z} \\})$ By the multiple Birkhoff recurrence theorem, there exist some sequence $\textstyle x\in X$, and an integer $\textstyle n\geq 1$, such that $d(T^{n}x,x)\<1/4,\quad d(T^{2n}x,x)\<1/4,\quad \cdots ,\quad d(T^{Nn}x,x)\<1/4$

Since $\textstyle X$ is the closure of shifts of $\textstyle z$, and $\textstyle T$ is continuous, there exists a shift $\textstyle T^{m}z$ such that simultaneously, $\textstyle x$ is very close to $\textstyle T^{m}z$, and $\textstyle T^{n}x$ is very close to $\textstyle T^{n+m}z$, and so on: $d(x,T^{m}z)\<1/4,\quad d(T^{n}x,T^{m+n}z)\<1/4,\quad \cdots ,\quad d(T^{Nn}x,T^{m+Nn}z)\<1/4$

By the triangle inequality, all pairs in the set $\textstyle \\{T^{m}z,T^{m+n}z,\dots ,T^{m+Nn}z\\}$ are close to each other: $d(T^{m+in}z,T^{m+jn}z)\<3/4\quad \forall i,j\in 0:N$ which implies $\textstyle z\_{m}=z\_{m+n}=\dots =z\_{m+Nn}$, meaning that the arithmetic sequence $\textstyle m,m+n,\dots ,m+Nn$ is in the partition $\textstyle S\_{m}$.


title: Vascular access for chemotherapy

abstract: In medicine, vascular access is a means of accessing the bloodstream through the peripheral or central blood vessels in order to obtain blood or deliver medications including chemotherapy. A vascular access procedure involves insertion of a sterile plastic tube called a catheter into a blood vessel. Types of catheters can be either peripherally or centrally located. Peripheral catheters are approximately one inch (25 mm) long and are inserted into the small veins of the forearm. Central catheters are bigger and longer and are inserted into the large veins of the extremities, neck, or chest. Central venous catheters are the primary modality used for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. The duration of central venous catheterization is dependent on the type of treatment given.

text:
# Vascular access for chemotherapy

In medicine, **vascular access** is a means of accessing the bloodstream through the peripheral or central blood vessels in order to obtain blood or deliver medications including chemotherapy. A vascular access procedure involves insertion of a sterile plastic tube called a catheter into a blood vessel. Types of catheters can be either peripherally or centrally located. Peripheral catheters are approximately one inch (25 mm) long and are inserted into the small veins of the forearm. Central catheters are bigger and longer and are inserted into the large veins of the extremities, neck, or chest. Central venous catheters are the primary modality used for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. The duration of central venous catheterization is dependent on the type of treatment given.

## Central venous catheters

Central venous catheters (CVC) are catheters inserted into the large veins of the arm, neck, chest, or groin. CVC's are used for delivery of medications, nutrients, or blood products for a longer periods, usually weeks to months. There are several reasons for the use of central venous access:

* To get more than one drug at a time
* To get continuous infusion chemo (over 24 hours or longer)
* To get nutrition
* To get frequent treatments
* To get treatments at home
* To get long-term therapy (over many months or even longer)
* To get drugs that can cause serious damage to skin and muscle tissue if they leak outside a vein (these drugs are known as vesicants). Getting them through a CVC rather than in a short-term IV reduces the risk that the drug will leak and damage tissues.

Types of CVCs include peripherally inserted central catheters, tunneled catheters, and implanted ports.

### Peripherally-inserted central catheters

Peripherally-inserted central catheters (PICC, pronounced "pick"), is a form of vascular access that is inserted at a peripheral site such as the veins of the arms and extends in the central venous system at the superior vena cava. The catheters in inserted into the veins in the arm such as the cephalic, basilic, or brachial veins and then advanced towards the heart. The line can then be used for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Removal of a PICC is a relatively simple procedure that can be accomplished by a trained nurse even in the outpatient setting. The area is bandaged and allowed to heal.

### Tunneled catheters

A tunneled catheter is a catheter (a thin tube) that is placed in a vein for long-term use. It is most commonly placed in the neck (internal jugular) but may also be placed in the groin (femoral), liver (transhepatic), chest (subclavian) or back (translumbar). The catheter is inserted into the vessel under ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance and tunneled through the skin. Tunneled catheters have multiple channels called lumens which lay exposed on the surface of the skin. These lumens are the access points when the catheter is used. Tunneled catheters can be single, double, or triple lumened. Removal of a tunneled catheter is a simple procedure requiring only local anesthetic. A bandage is applied to the site to heal.

### Implanted port

A port is similar to a tunneled catheter but is left entirely under the skin. Medicines are injected through the skin into the catheter. Some implanted ports contain a small reservoir that can be refilled in the same way. After being filled, the reservoir slowly releases the medicine into the bloodstream. An implanted port is less obvious than a tunneled catheter and requires little daily care. It has less impact on a person's activities than a PICC line or a tunneled catheter. Surgically implanted infusion ports are placed below the clavicle (infraclavicular fossa), with the catheter threaded into the heart (right atrium) through a large vein. Once implanted, the port is accessed via noncoring "Huber" needles inserted through the skin. The health care provider may need to use topical anesthetic before accessing the port. Ports can be used for medications, chemotherapy, and blood. As ports are located completely under the skin, they are easier to maintain and have a lower risk of infection than CVC or PICC catheters. Ports are typically used on patients requiring only occasional venous access over a long duration course of therapy. Since the port must be accessed using a needle, if venous access is required on a frequent basis a catheter having external access is more commonly used

## Central venous catheter complications

Complications associated with central venous catheters include infection, pneumothorax, thrombosis, misplacement, and bleeding.

### Pneumothorax

Penumothorax can occur during insertion of the catheter. The use of ultrasound guidance aids in mitigating the risk of pneumothorax by ensuring proper placement through direct visualization.

### Infection

Catheters can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream which can lead to local infection and possibly sepsis. Risk of infection is mitigated during insertion through use of sterile technique and proper catheter care after insertion which includes keeping the area of the catheter clean, washing of hands prior to use, and application of clean dressings. In the event of a central line infection, the line is removed and appropriate antimicrobial agents are given according to the type of infectious organism and severity of clinical condition.

### Bleeding

Since catheters are placed within blood vessels there is always a risk of bleeding during placement and while the catheter is in place. Bleeding can range from localized hematoma (bruise) to hemorrhage (profuse bleeding).

### Thrombosis

The use of central venous catheters is a risk factor for the formation of blood clots in the upper extremity. The etiology is thought to be due to activation of the clotting cascade by trauma to the vein during placement as well as the presence of a foreign body within the vasculature. For patients with central venous access, a wide variation in the incidence of vein thrombosis (1 to 66 percent) is reported and the incidence depends upon the catheter type and location, criteria for diagnosis, and population studied

### Misplacement

CVC misplacement is more common when the anatomy of the person is different or difficult due to injury or past surgery. CVCs can be mistakenly placed in an artery during insertion (for example, the carotid artery or vertebral artery when placed in the neck or common femoral artery when placed in the groin). During subclavian vein central line placement, the catheter can be accidentally pushed into the internal jugular vein on the same side instead of the superior vena cava. A chest x-ray is performed after insertion to rule out this possibility. The tip of the catheter can also be misdirected into the contralateral (opposite side) subclavian vein in the neck, rather than into the superior vena cava. The risk of misplacement is mitigated through the use of ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance which allows for direct visualization of the catheter during placement. Post procedure x-rays are also obtained to confirm proper positioning.


title: Pan Hannian

abstract: Pan Hannian was a major figure in the Chinese Communist intelligence by the early 1930s and until 1955. He began his work with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1926 as a propagandist with the editorial department of the magazine "Oazo" (Huanzhou) and later with "Crossroads". Pan became a CCP member in February 1927 and was assigned as managing editor of the "Revolutionary Army Daily" in Nanchang. Ordered to Shanghai for the entry of the KMT in April, Pan had barely arrived when the 12 April anti-communist coup forced him underground. This may have been the time when Pan was first assigned intelligence duties. Pan escaped Shanghai with Zhou Enlai to Wuhan, but eventually returned to Shanghai to take up a leadership position with their paramount intelligence organization, the CCP Central Committee Special Branch. He became the head of CCSB's Second Section (intelligence) and later the Third Section, in 1931-33 stayed on in Shanghai as the rest of Central Committee was evacuated under intense pressure from KMT intelligence and police in the Shanghai International Settlement and the Shanghai French Concession. Pan eventually left Shanghai in 1933 and participated in the Long March, but returned to Shanghai and regularly visited Hong Kong after the 1935 Zunyi Conference. In 1949 Pan was made a Deputy Mayor of Shanghai. On 3 April 1955 Pan was accused by the PRC Ministry of Public Security of "secretly seeking the assistance of the Japanese secret service organs and colluding with the major traitor Wang Jingwei". Pan was imprisoned until his death in 1977 but was posthumously rehabilitated.

text:
# Pan Hannian

**Pan Hannian** (Chinese: 潘汉年; 18 January 1906 – 14 April 1977) was a major figure in the Chinese Communist intelligence by the early 1930s and until 1955. He began his work with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1926 as a propagandist with the editorial department of the magazine "Oazo" (*Huanzhou*) and later with "Crossroads" (*Shizi Jietou*). Pan became a CCP member in February 1927 and was assigned as managing editor of the "Revolutionary Army Daily" (*Gemingjun Ribao*) in Nanchang. Ordered to Shanghai for the entry of the KMT in April, Pan had barely arrived when the 12 April anti-communist coup forced him underground. This may have been the time when Pan was first assigned intelligence duties. Pan escaped Shanghai with Zhou Enlai to Wuhan, but eventually returned to Shanghai to take up a leadership position with their paramount intelligence organization, the CCP Central Committee Special Branch (*Zhongyang Teke*, CCSB). He became the head of CCSB's Second Section (intelligence) and later the Third Section (Red Squads), in 1931-33 stayed on in Shanghai as the rest of Central Committee was evacuated under intense pressure from KMT intelligence and police in the Shanghai International Settlement and the Shanghai French Concession. Pan eventually left Shanghai in 1933 and participated in the Long March, but returned to Shanghai and regularly visited Hong Kong after the 1935 Zunyi Conference.

In 1949 Pan was made a Deputy Mayor of Shanghai. On 3 April 1955 Pan was accused by the PRC Ministry of Public Security of "secretly seeking the assistance of the Japanese secret service organs and colluding with the major traitor Wang Jingwei". Pan was imprisoned until his death in 1977 but was posthumously rehabilitated.

* David P. Barnett and Larry Shyu, eds, Chinese Collaboration with Japan: 1932-1945 (Stanford University Press, 2001), pp. 5–6 and p. 9
* Quan Yanchi, *Secrets and Insider Stories of China* (*Zhongguo Miwen Neimu*; Lanzhou: Gansu Wenhua Chubanshe, p. 44)
* Warren Kuo, *Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party*, Book 2 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1969), pp. 285–287.
* 解密:中共高层特工潘汉年究竟有没投靠过汪精卫 (in Chinese)

## InfoBox

| Pan Hainian | |
| --- | --- |
| 潘汉年 | |
|  | |
| Born | (1906-01-18)January 18, 1906 |
| Died | April 14, 1977(1977-04-14) (aged 71) |
| Occupation(s) | Intelligence operative, spy, newspaper editor |
| Organization | Central Special Branch of the Chinese Communist Party |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |


title: Jhojan García

abstract: Jhojan Orlando García Sosa is a Colombian cyclist, who last rode for UCI ProTeam Caja Rural–Seguros RGA. In October 2020, he was named in the startlist for the 2020 Vuelta a España.

text:
# Jhojan García

**Jhojan Orlando García Sosa** (born 10 January 1998) is a Colombian cyclist, who last rode for UCI ProTeam Caja Rural–Seguros RGA. In October 2020, he was named in the startlist for the 2020 Vuelta a España.

## Major results

2016 1st Overall Junior Vuelta a Colombia 2019 1st  Young rider classification Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid National Under–23 Road Championships 2nd Road race 2nd Time trial 8th Overall Tour de l'Avenir 10th Overall Vuelta a Asturias 2021 4th Overall Tour de Hongrie 4th Overall Presidential Tour of Turkey

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2020 |
| --- | --- |
| Giro d'Italia |  |
| Tour de France |  |
| Vuelta a España | 71 |

Legend
|  | Did not compete |
| --- | --- |
| DNF | Did not finish |

## InfoBox

Jhojan García
| García in 2017. | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Jhojan Orlando García Sosa |
| Born | (1998-01-10) 10 January 1998<br>Bogotá, Colombia |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 55 kg (121 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | Climber |
| Professional teams | |
| 2017–2019 | Team Manzana Postobón |
| 2019 | Medellín |
| 2020–2023 | Caja Rural–Seguros RGA |
|  | |


title: Grand Lodge of New Mexico

text:
# Grand Lodge of New Mexico

The Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free And Accepted Masons of New Mexico is the oldest and largest of the two regular Masonic Grand Lodges in the State of New Mexico. It was founded on August 7, 1877, in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

## Freemasonry in early New Mexico

No records exist of any Masonic lodge in the area of the upper Rio Grande before the arrival of military units of the United States in 1846 as the Mexican–American War broke out between Mexico and the U.S. There may have been Masons among the trappers and traders who ventured into the northern territories of Mexico, later to become New Mexico, but no lodges were ever chartered in the area before the arrival of the U.S. Army. Missouri Military Lodge No.86 had been established in Independence, Missouri, and had accompanied its associated military unit throughout the theater of conflict, meeting in Santa Fe, El Paso, and Santa Cruz, Chihuahua, Mexico. When its military unit returned east, No.86 went with it. Hardin Military Lodge No.87 was established by the Grand Lodge of Missouri in October 1847, the first Masonic Lodge formed in what would be New Mexico. Lodge No.87 also traveled place to place with the unit to which it was attached, and held meetings in several locations in New Mexico, including Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Las Vegas. The life of Hardin Lodge was designed to be limited from its founding, allowed to exist only for the duration of the military conflict with Mexico, and to be disbanded within six months after the conclusion of hostilities.

Immediately following the demise of Hardin No.87 in 1848, Freemasons residing in Santa Fe—capital of the territory which had been ceded to the United States that same year in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—petitioned Missouri for a charter to establish a new lodge. On August 12, 1851, Montezuma No.109 was established, and for eleven years was the only active lodge in New Mexico. Some of the early leading men in the New Mexico Territory joined Freemasonry at the new lodge in Santa Fe, including Lafayette Head, prominent merchant, U.S. Marshall, and later to be the first Lieutenant Governor of Colorado; famed trapper and scout Kit Carson; and Ceran St. Vrain, founder of the *Santa Fe Gazette* newspaper.

Two other lodges were later founded at Fort Union. Chapman Lodge No.95 in 1861, named for Lt. Colonel William Chapman, the commanding officer of Fort Union., and Union Lodge No.480 in 1874 were chartered at the fort, and would later move off of the military plat and become permanent, local lodges. Chapman No.95 was relocated to Las Vegas, and Union No.480 relocated from the fort to the nearby village of La Junta (later called Watrous) and is now in Wagon Mound.

## Formation of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico

The distance of New Mexico from Missouri left the lodges in the Territory out of touch with their Grand Lodge for long periods of time. Many days of travel on horseback over 1000 miles of the Santa Fe Trail was necessary to reach the governing Masonic authority. This inevitably resulted in poor communication and frustration for the lodges. A total of eight lodges were chartered in New Mexico by the Grand Lodge of Missouri after the removal or demise of the two purely military lodges associated with regiments active in the Mexican-American War:

| Lodge | Charter date | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Montezuma No.109 | 1851 | Santa Fe |
| Bent Lodge No.204 | 1860 | Taos |
| Chapman No.95 | 1866 | Ft. Union, later Las Vegas |
| Aztec No.108 | 1867 | Las Cruces |
| Kit Carson No.326 | 1869 | Elizabethtown |
| Silver City No.465 | 1873 | Silver City |
| Union No.480 | 1874 | Ft. Union, later La Junta |
| Cimarron No.348 | 1875 | Cimarron |
|

Several of these original lodges quickly faltered. By 1877, when representatives met in Santa Fe to form the Grand Lodge of New Mexico, Kit Carson and Bent Lodges had folded, and Cimarron was only a few months away from a similar fate. Of the remaining five lodges, Silver City No.465 opposed the idea of breaking with Missouri, reflecting a standing regional conflict which pitted the powerful, landed class of the Santa Fe Ring against dusty backwater hamlets like Silver City. The other four lodges in the Territory: Montezuma, Chapman, Aztec, and Union all voted in favor of forming the new Grand Lodge.

Eight men, William W. Griffin, Gustave Elsberg, A.Z. Huggins, George W. Stebbins, W.B. Stapp, William L. Rynerson, John S Crouch, and S.B. Newcomb, convened on the 6th of August in the second-floor rooms of Montezuma Lodge on the Santa Fe Plaza, above the offices of the *Santa Fe New Mexican*, the first newspaper published in the Territory. Over ensuing four days, a Constitution and set of by-laws were adopted, officers were elected, and the ritual of the Grand Lodge of Missouri was adopted. The Grand Lodge of New Mexico officially came into being on the 7th of August, with the installation of the Grand Officers, accomplished with the help of Masonic representatives from Colorado and Ohio.

The four lodges which voted to form the new Grand Lodge were given new numbers in anticipation of their new charters from the emerging jurisdiction. The lodges' numbers were ordered according to the dates of their original chartering by Missouri, resulting in Montezuma No.1, Chapman No.2, Aztec No.3, and Union No.4. The defiant lodge at Silver City eventually relented (only after the Territorial Legislature moved to provide public schools in Silver City), joining the Grand Lodge of New Mexico in 1882. Their new charter was at that time given No.8, regardless of their historical precedence of origin, predating the lodges which were numbered 5-7.

## Expansion of Freemasonry in New Mexico

### Railroad lodges

Freemasonry was established early in New Mexico's time as a territory of the United States, and Masonic lodges began to spring up in many areas where American immigrants increasingly settled. This phenomenon was highly accelerated by the extension of railroads into the Territory, starting in 1879. In 1880 the railroad reached Albuquerque, and in 1881 Temple Lodge No.6 was chartered. Gate City Lodge No.11 was established in Raton, where the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway first crossed the pass into New Mexico three years prior. The Southern Pacific Railroad joined two lines coming from the east and west at Deming in 1881, and in 1883 Deming Lodge No.12 was formed. When the Santa Fe Railroad built shops at San Marcial in 1880, a community began to grow up around them, and in 1885 there were enough Masons living there to found Hiram Lodge No.13, which became known as one of the "railroad Lodges." Logging and grazing in the area of Chama, New Mexico led to the extension of a line into the valley in the late 1880s, and Chama Lodge No.17 was chartered in 1889. The trend continued for as long as the railroad boom was maintained, well into the 20th century. Many Lodges in New Mexico, including Bethlehem, Chama, Tucumcari, and Hiram still display images of Gilded Age locomotives on their banners in homage to their history.

### Mining lodges

Another industry which drove the chartering of new lodges in New Mexico was mining. Several lodges were founded in the Territory, and later the State, shoulder to shoulder with operations and towns as the mineral-rich area was parceled out for mining. Silver City Lodge No.8 (chartered as No.465 by the Grand Lodge of Missouri), took its name from the mining town in which it was built in 1873. Other lodges were later chartered in the same area as mining boomed, including Mimbres No.10, which was tied to silver mining at Georgetown. Hurley, New Mexico was founded as a town to house and serve the workers of the open pit copper mine started by the Chino Copper Mine Company at Santa Rita in 1910, and Hurley Lodge No. 55 was started as a "Masonic Club" in 1911, receiving its charter in 1919. Not far away to the northeast of the lodges around Silver City, Kingston Lodge No.16 was founded in 1889 in Kingston, NM, but soon moved east to Hillsboro as the mines declined in the area of the original location, and the population moved to live near new ones opened about 10 miles away.

### Cowboy lodges

As farming and ranching expanded and new towns were settled, Masonic lodges followed. Animas Lodge No.15 in Farmington was founded in 1887 as settlers from Colorado arrived to pursue agriculture in the rich valley. The lodge itself first met the same year that the county was organized, and fourteen years before the town was incorporated. San Juan Lodge No.25 was founded in nearby Aztec, New Mexico in 1905. Portales Lodge No.26 was established by homesteaders in 1903, five years after the area was irrigated. Elida Lodge No.31 was erected by homesteaders turned ranchers in 1907. Cimarron Lodge No.37 had been chartered in 1875 by the Grand Lodge of Missouri but quickly folded. The lodge was revived in 1908, and included some members from the original lodge.

## Freemasonry and New Mexico statehood

Freemasons figure heavily in the establishment of New Mexico as a state. 25 of the 99 delegates who attended the 1910 Constitutional Convention were Freemasons, according to the biographical notes in the convention yearbook. Far from constituting a voting block, the Freemason delegates at the convention came from across the state, and across the socio-economic and political spectra. Nine were Republicans (who dominated the convention with about two thirds of the delegates), fifteen were Democrats, and one was a Socialist. Three of the delegates who were Freemasons were Past Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge, namely Elias S. Stover (1900), Arthur H. Harllee (1901), and James G. Fitch (1905). The most influential Mason at the Convention, however, was Thomas B. Catron, a leading member of the so-called Santa Fe Ring and one of the largest landowners in the United States.

## Ritual and Masonic lineage

The Grand Lodge of New Mexico descends directly from the Grand Lodge of Missouri, and elected to remain an "Ancient" Masonic jurisdiction, in deference to that Mother Grand Lodge. The Masonic ritual of Missouri was adopted at the institution of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico, and was practiced without significant alteration for over half a century. The adopted ritualㅡthe same ritual which had already been in use by lodges in the Territory for decadesㅡwas immediately put to use by the newly-formed Grand Lodge, as its officers conferred the Masonic Third Degree on two gentlemen over the ensuing two evenings. The second of these men was Max Frost, who would be elected as the eighth Grand Master of the State, in 1885.

The Masonic designation styled as "Ancient" for the Grand Lodge of New Mexico is derived from its lineage tracing back to the Grand Lodge of North Carolina (via the Grand Lodges of Missouri and Tennessee), which was founded as a Grand Lodge of Ancient York Masons in 1787.

## Mutual Recognition with Prince Hall Masonry in New Mexico

The Grand Lodge of New Mexico was the fifteenth state Grand Lodge to formally and fully recognize its sister Prince Hall Grand Lodge. On November 16, 1996, an agreement referred to as the "Compact" was signed by Omer E. Horn, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico, and Harold H. Bendaw, Grand Master of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of New Mexico. The Compact extended "full and complete fraternal recognition" between the two Grand Lodges, and extended "to the respective members of each, all of the rights of a Master Mason \[...\]"

## Appendant Masonic bodies in New Mexico

The Grand Lodge of New Mexico recognizes several appendant bodies operating in its jurisdiction, including the York Rite, the Scottish Rite, and the Shrine.

### York Rite

The first Chapter of Royal Arch Masons was organized as Santa Fe Chapter No.1 in 1865. A Commandery of Knights Templars, Santa Fe Commandery No.1 was established in 1871. Deming Council No.1, chartered in 1889, was the first Council of Royal and Select Masters.

### Scottish Rite

The chartering of Santa Fe Lodge of Perfection No.1 established Scottish Rite Masonry in the Territory in 1886. Local chapters of the remaining three Scottish Rite bodies (Aztlan Chapter of Rose Croix, Coronado Council of Kadosh, and New Mexico Consistory) completed the Scottish Rite system of Masonry in Santa Fe. In 1912, the Scottish Rite Temple was completed in Santa Fe, and remains the most important Masonic building in the state.

### Shriners

The Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine organized Ballut Abyad Temple in Albuquerque in 1889.

### Other appendant bodies

The Order of the Eastern Star established its first Chapter in New Mexico, Queen Esther Chapter No.1, in 1902. New Mexico also maintains bodies of Societas Rosicruciana and Order of the Amaranth, as well as Councils of the Allied Masonic Degrees and Chapters of National Sojourners.

## Notable Freemasons in New Mexico

## Sources

* Langston, LaMoine (1977). *A History of Masonry in New Mexico*. Hall-Poorbaugh Press, Inc.

## InfoBox

Grand Lodge of New Mexico
A.F. & A.M.
|
|  |
| Formation | August 7, 1877 |
| Location |  |
| Region | New Mexico |
| Website | nmmasons.org |


title: Jim Sullivan (Wisconsin politician)

abstract: James Owen "Jim" Sullivan is an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 5th Senate district during the 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 sessions.

text:
# Jim Sullivan (Wisconsin politician)

**James Owen "Jim" Sullivan** (born December 26, 1967) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 5th Senate district during the 20072008 and 20092010 sessions.

## Political campaigns

Sullivan entered politics in 1996 by running unsuccessfully for a seat on the Milwaukee County Board. In April 2000, Sullivan won a seat on the Wauwatosa Common Council. He was re-elected as alderman in 2004.

In 2006, he defeated Senator Thomas G. Reynolds (R-West Allis) by 3.5 percent of the vote. In 2010, Republican State Representative Leah Vukmir (R-Wauwatosa) defeated Sullivan by 4.5 percent of the vote.

Shortly after losing his Senate seat, Sullivan ran in the 2011 primary election to succeed Scott Walker as Milwaukee County Executive. However, he placed third in the February primary, thus failing to advance to the April general election between the top two vote-getters.

## Electoral history

### Wisconsin Assembly (2006, 2010)

Wisconsin Senate, 5th District Election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **General Election, November 7, 2006** | | | | | |
|  | Democratic | Jim Sullivan | 36,148 | 51.68% | +4.96% |
|  | Republican | Tom Reynolds (incumbent) | 33,686 | 48.16% | −4.69% |
|  | N/a | *Scattering* | 109 | 0.16% |  |
| **Plurality** | | | 2,462 | 3.52% | -2.60% |
| Total votes | | | **69,943** | **100.0%** | +16.63% |

Wisconsin Senate, 5th District Election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **General Election, November 2, 2010** | | | | | |
|  | Republican | Leah Vukmir | 36,852 | 52.15% |  |
|  | Democratic | Jim Sullivan (incumbent) | 33,702 | 47.69% | −3.99% |
|  | N/a | *Scattering* | 109 | 0.15% |  |
| **Plurality** | | | 3,150 | 4.46% | +0.94% |
| Total votes | | | **70,663** | **100.0%** | +1.03% |

### Milwaukee County Executive (2011)

Milwaukee County Executive Election, 2011
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Nonpartisan Primary, February 15, 2011** | | | |
| Jeff Stone | | 42,113 | 42.88% |
| Chris Abele | | 24,884 | 25.34% |
| Jim Sullivan | | 21,266 | 21.65% |
| Lee Holloway | | 8,287 | 8.44% |
| Total votes | | **96,550** | **100.0%** |

## InfoBox

| Jim Sullivan | |
| --- | --- |
| Sullivan in 2009 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin Senate
from the 5th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 2007  January 3, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas G. Reynolds |
| Succeeded by | Leah Vukmir |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1967-12-26) December 26, 1967
Astoria, Oregon, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Linda |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Wauwatosa, Wisconsin |
| Education |  |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Navy Reserve |
| Years of service | 19982006 |
|  | |


title: Jim Sullivan (Australian rugby league)

abstract: Jim Sullivan was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in 1950s. He played for Manly-Warringah in the NSWRL competition and was a member of their inaugural grand final team.

text:
# Jim Sullivan (Australian rugby league)

**Jim Sullivan** was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in 1950s. He played for Manly-Warringah in the NSWRL competition and was a member of their inaugural grand final team.

## Playing career

Sullivan made his first grade debut for Manly-Warringah in 1951. During the same season, Manly finished second on the table and reached their first finals campaign. Manly went on to reach the 1951 NSWRL grand final against South Sydney. Sullivan played at five-eighth as Souths comprehensively beat Manly 42–14 in the final which was played at the Sydney Sports Ground. As of the 2019 season, this is the highest scoring grand final in Australian rugby league history.

Following the grand final defeat, Manly missed the finals in 1952. Sullivan retired from rugby league following the conclusion of this season.

## InfoBox

Jim Sullivan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | James Sullivan |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Five-eighth |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1951–52 Manly-Warringah 23 4 0 0 12 | |
| Source: As of 28 March 2019 | |


title: Palmtree, Queensland

abstract: Palmtree is a rural locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Palmtree had a population of 80 people.

text:
# Palmtree, Queensland

**Palmtree** is a rural locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Palmtree had a population of 80 people.

## Geography

Palmtree has the following mountains:

A section of the Ravensbourne National Park is with the east of the locality (27°24′02″S 152°09′34″E / 27.4006°S 152.1595°E / -27.4006; 152.1595 (Ravensbourne National Park (section))).

Most of the east of the locality is undeveloped land. The land use in the rest of the locality is predominantly grazing on native vegetation.

## History

The locality takes its name from State School name first used 1901, for the settlement at the terminus of the Hampton Timber Tramway to the head of Perseverance Creek. The sawmill and tramway closed in 1936.

Palm Tree Provisional School opened in 1901. On 1 January 1909, it became Palm Tree State School. It closed in 1960. It was on the eastern side of Palmtree School Road (27°24′27″S 152°08′39″E / 27.40740°S 152.14426°E / -27.40740; 152.14426 (Palm Tree State School (former))).

In 1924, Gus Beutel received a 1 hectare (2.5 acres) block of land on a special lease. He developed a picnic area and lookout.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Palmtree had a population of 73 people.

In the 2021 census, Palmtree had a population of 80 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Palmtree. The nearest government primary school is Murphy's Creek State School in Murphys Creek to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Crow's Nest State School (to Year 10) in Crows Nest to the north-west, Highfields State Secondary College (to Year 12) in Highfields to the south-west, and Lockyer District State High School (to Year 12) in Gatton to the south-east.

## Attractions

Gus Beutel Lookout is on National Park Road in the north-east of the locality (27°22′22″S 152°10′41″E / 27.3728°S 152.1780°E / -27.3728; 152.1780 (Gus Beutel Lookout)).

## InfoBox

| Palmtree
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Gus Beutel lookout, 2016 | |
| Palmtree | |
| Coordinates | 27°24′24″S 152°08′55″E / 27.4066°S 152.1486°E / -27.4066; 152.1486 (Palmtree (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 80 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1.95/km2 (5.0/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4352 |
| Area | 41.1 km2 (15.9 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Toowoomba Region |
| State electorate(s) | Condamine |
| Federal division(s) | Maranoa |
| **Suburbs around Palmtree:**  Perseverance Ravensbourne Buaraba  Hampton Palmtree Buaraba South  White Mountain Seventeen Mile Seventeen Mile | |


title: Goramansingh

abstract: Goramansingh also known as Gauramansingh is a small village in the Darbhanga district of Bihar, India. It is located approximately 62 kilometers east of Darbhanga and 12 kilometers east from its subdivisional headquarters of Biraul on the bank of the Kamala River in Bihar.

text:
# Goramansingh

**Goramansingh** also known as **Gauramansingh** is a small village in the Darbhanga district of Bihar, India. It is located approximately 62 kilometers east of Darbhanga (the district headquarters) and 12 kilometers east from its subdivisional headquarters of Biraul on the bank of the Kamala River in Bihar.

## Geography

Goramansingh is situated in the Darbhanga district of the state of Bihar in India. The village is located in the Gaura-Bauram block of the Biraul sub-division of Darbhanga.

## Economy

Goramansingh is one of the most underdeveloped areas in India. It does not have good roads. Every year in July floods hit the area and often cause damage. Flooded areas take a long time to dry out which leads to many problems, including financial hardship and human suffering.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. The Supaul Bazar is the main business hub of the village. People from remote areas often visit it in order to purchase goods.

## Politics

| **Panchayat** | Goramansingh |
| --- | --- |
| **Elected MP** | Kirti Jha Azad |
| **Elected MLA** | Dr.Izhar Ahamad |
| **Prakhand Adyaksha** | Manoj Kumar Yadav (B.Com.) |

This village is not a king maker but it has a great number of voters. In every election leaders come here but afterwards they never look back. Villagers are on their own. While some persons are trying to make a difference but without government help they are unable to do any good.

## Language and culture

### Mithila, Maithil and Maithili

The Maithili language is widely spoken in the Mithila region (Darbhanga, Madhubani, Samastipur, Saharsa and Purnia district) of Bihar as well as Terai districts of Nepal. There is a lot of culture associated with this region: songs like "Bhagvati Song", "Batgavni", "Sohar", dances like Jaat-Jatin and Jhumar, festivals such as Chauthchandra, Ghari puja, Joor Sital and others.

"Baat Taakna" means "to wait"; a married girl is waiting for her husband in the dark night, but her husband loves the moonlight. He always comes in the moonlight to meet her. This song is based upon the culture of the Mithila.

### Castes

The majority of people in Goramansingh are of the chaupal caste. They are very gentle and are known for their hospitality. The villages is also the home of other castes such as Kayasth, Dhanuk, Badhay (carpenter), Khatvay, Muslim, Nai, Dhobi, Kumhar, Chamar Dom and a very small percentage of Brahman. Everyone lives here in harmony. OBC and SC/ST have high percentage in this village. They often decide the political game here. But under the influence of fraternity they work along with whole village.

### Festivals

Durga Puja: Durga Puja is one of the most celebrated festival of this village. Every year in Ashwin month people come here from many villages to visit. The temple is made by villagers' contribution. In Dashara whole village contribute money as Chanda to make this festival stunning. Deities are made of Sangmarmar. On the last day of Dashara people gathers in Mandir Parisar for feast.

MakarSankranti: This festival takes place on 14 or 15 January. On the eve of this festival, people of the village take a holy bath in the pond in the winter morning. After that, they light a fire to warm themselves. The children enjoy eating a special breakfast in front of the fire. The morning breakfast on the day of *Makarsankrati* includes sweets made from parched rice, flattened rice, tilkut, sugarcane, dahi (curd or yogurt) and more. Women perform puja in their homes and distribute *Prasaad* among the children and other members of their family. *Khichri* is a very important dish on this day.

Holi: On the eve of the festival people enjoy different colour and gulal. The way of playing Holi in the village is somewhat different from its neighbouring area. Villagers first play Holi only with colour from 8am to 1pm. After 1pm, they play only gulal till 8pm. Villagers shake hands with each other and take blessings from the elders during gulal spraying.

Vaisakhi or Joor Sital: This festival always falls on 14 April just after Amavasaya (New Moon) of the Chaitra month, and it marks the beginning of the new year. The Amavasaya of Chaitra month is the last day of the Hindu year. The next day marks the beginning of the new year according to the Hindu calendar. The festival is known by various names in different parts of India: Vaisakhi in Northern India and Vishu in the Kerala region. People of the Mithila region know this festival as Joor Sital. Villagers of the Mithila region celebrate the festival in different ways. On the day of the Joor Sital, every elder of each family gets up early in the morning. They give blessings to every younger one. The way of blessing is taking water (*Jal*) in a bended palm leaf (*Htheli*) and placing their palm on the head of younger ones at least three or five times. People perform puja at home in a mango garden. They offer Baasi (cooked food in night), Vari and Rice to God. Every child pours water onto the dry land. They irrigate all plants and trees in their own garden.

Chhath: The festival of the Chhath falls on the sixth day of the Hindu month of Kartik (late October or mid-November) in the Hindu lunar calendar every year. The Chhath falls on the month of Kartik, known as Dala Chhath. Another type of Chhath is Chaiti Chhath which falls on the month of Chaitra (late April or mid-May). The Dala Chhath is one of the holier festivals for Biharis. The way of celebrating Chhath in the village Goramansingh is almost the same as celebrating Chhath in the rest of Bihar. There are many songs dedicated to the Chhath festival.

## Wildlife

Many migratory birds land in marshes around the village from December to March. These birds originate from Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Tibet, China, Siberia and Mongolia. Important migratory birds seen in the village include:

Mithila Website

## InfoBox

| Goramansingh | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| A scene of flood | |
| GoramansinghGoramansingh | |
| Coordinates: 25°57′08″N 86°19′32″E / 25.9522°N 86.3256°E / 25.9522; 86.3256 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Maithili, Hindi Urdu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-BR |


title: Jim Durkin

abstract: James Brian Durkin is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003 and again from 2006 to 2023. He served as the Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023.

text:
# Jim Durkin

**James Brian Durkin** (born January 28, 1961) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003 and again from 2006 to 2023. He served as the Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023.

## Early and personal life

Jim Durkin was raised in Westchester, Illinois, one of eight brothers. He attended Divine Infant grade school and Fenwick High School. He later attended Illinois State University in Bloomington-Normal and graduated in 1984 with a degree in Criminal Justice. He continued his education at John Marshall Law School in Chicago, where he received his Juris Doctor degree in 1989. He served as an assistant Illinois Attorney General and an assistant Cook County State's Attorney where he served as a felony prosecutor and a special prosecutor in the narcotics unit. His brother, Thomas, is a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Durkin is on the board of trustees at the John Marshall Law School, and on the board of trustees for Misercordia Home in Chicago. Durkin lives in Western Springs, Illinois, with his wife Celeste, daughter and three step-daughters.

## Illinois House of Representatives

In 1991, Durkin was elected to the Board of Trustees for Triton Community College District 504. Durkin was appointed to the Illinois House of Representatives on January 6, 1995, and served until 2002. Durkin was appointed to succeed Thomas J. Walsh after Walsh was appointed to the Illinois Senate to replace Judy Baar Topinka upon her election as Illinois Treasurer.

In 2000, he served as state chairman for U.S. Senator John McCain's presidential campaign in Illinois, and then in 2007, Illinois co-chair and national legislative co-chair for McCain's second presidential campaign.

In the 2001 decennial redistricting, Durkin was drawn into the same district as fellow Republican Bob Biggins and opted not to run for reelection.

Eileen Lyons, a Republican, opted not to run for reelection in the 2006 election. Durkin chose to enter the race to succeed her. Lyons opted to resign from the Illinois House of Representatives midway through the 94th General Assembly effective January 5, 2006. Local Republicans leaders opted to appoint Durkin to the seat.

In 2013, Tom Cross stepped down as House Minority Leader to run for the Republican nomination for Illinois Treasurer in the 2014 election. Durkin's chief opponent for the position, Representative Raymond Poe of Springfield, conceded to Durkin prior to the caucus vote.

After his party lost a number of seats in the 2022 Illinois House of Representatives election, he announced that he would not seek re-election to the leadership post. He was succeeded by Tony McCombie. On January 8, 2023, the Chicago Tribune reported that Durkin would retire from the Illinois House effective January 10, 2023, and not serve in the 103rd General Assembly to which he was elected.

### Governor Blagojevich impeachment

Representative Durkin served as ranking Republican on the Illinois House impeachment committee in December 2008–January 2009. U.S. Senator Roland Burris testified in front of the committee, but his testimony was called into question by a later Burris affidavit, in February 2009. Representative Durkin was then quoted as saying "I can't believe anything that comes out of Mr. Burris at this point," and called for Senator Burris' resignation.

Durkin called for a criminal perjury investigation of Senator Burris, and "scoffed at the notion that Mr. Burris had not been granted time to mention such relevant conversations or that lawmakers had moved on." The news report continued that "Republicans also questioned why it had taken Mr. Burris nearly a month to amend his testimony, and why lawmakers had not heard of the amendments until they were revealed on Saturday in *The Chicago Sun-Times* — more than a week after he sent them." Democrat Barbara Flynn Currie, chair of the impeachment committee, was the recipient of the follow-up affidavit. Senator Burris filed it February 5 or so with Currie, so she became one of the objects of Republican questions and criticism over the delayed release of the information.

### Opposition to redistricting

Representative Durkin along with other members of the Illinois Republican Party posed strong opposition to the Democratic Drawn Redistricting Maps passed by the State Legislature May 2021. Durkin along with other Senate Minority Leader Dan McConchie criticized the new maps as drawn up too soon arguing that the population assumptions in the new map are off the total population range by up to 29.88%, more than three times the federal maximum range. Durkin along with other State GOP Leaders filed a federal lawsuit challenging the new maps.

## U.S. Senate campaign

In 2002, Jim Durkin ran for U.S. Senate against incumbent Dick Durbin. Durkin self-identified as a fiscal conservative and a social moderate. Durkin received the Republican nomination with 46%, or 371,000 votes, defeating multi-millionaires Jim Oberweis and John H. Cox in the primary. He lost to Durbin in the general election, with 38%, or 1,302,000 votes.

## Electoral history

Republican primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Jim Durkin** | **378,010** | **45.81%** |
|  | Republican | Jim Oberweis | 259,515 | 31.45% |
|  | Republican | John H. Cox | 187,706 | 22.74% |
| Total votes | | | **825,231** | **100.00%** |

United States Senate election in Illinois, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Dick Durbin (incumbent)** | **2,103,766** | **60.33%** | **+4.25%** |
|  | Republican | Jim Durkin | 1,325,703 | 38.02% | −2.65% |
|  | Libertarian | Steven Burgauer | 57,382 | 1.65% | +0.68% |
| Majority | | | 778,063 | 22.31% | +6.90% |
| Turnout | | | 3,486,851 | 49.50% |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

* **2006 Republican primary for State Rep. 82nd District**
    + Jim Durkin 78.4%
    + William D. "Bill" Seith 21.6%
* **2006 election for State Rep. 82nd District**
    + Jim Durkin (R) 65%
    + Kim Savage (D) 35%

## InfoBox

| Jim Durkin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
August 29, 2013  January 10, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Tom Cross |
| Succeeded by | Tony McCombie |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 82nd district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 2006  January 10, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Eileen Lyons |
| Succeeded by | John Egofske |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 44th district | |
| **In office**
January 1995  January 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Walsh |
| Succeeded by | Terry Parke (redistrcted) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Brian Durkin
(1961-01-28) January 28, 1961
Westchester, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Celeste Durkin |
| Children | 1 daughter; 3 stepdaughters |
| Relatives | Thomas M. Durkin (Brother) |
| Education | Illinois State University (BA)
John Marshall Law School (JD) |
|  | |


title: Grabówko, Słupsk County

abstract: Grabówko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębnica Kaszubska, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Grabówko, Słupsk County

**Grabówko** \[ɡraˈbufkɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębnica Kaszubska, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Grabówko | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Grabówko | |
| Coordinates: 54°15′02″N 17°22′25″E / 54.25056°N 17.37361°E / 54.25056; 17.37361 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Słupsk |
| Gmina | Dębnica Kaszubska |
| Population | 1 |


title: Phalacrus (beetle)

abstract:
Phalacrus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Phalacridae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Phalacrus apicalis Melsheimer, 1845
  - Phalacrus arizonicus Casey

text:
# Phalacrus (beetle)

***Phalacrus*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Phalacridae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Phalacrus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Phalacrus Fimetarius | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Phalacridae |
| Genus: | *Phalacrus*<br>Paykull, 1800 |
|


title: Phaladeepika

abstract: Phaladeepika is a treatise on Hindu astrology written by Mantreswara. The text is written in lyrical Sanskrit verse comprises 865 slokas and 28 chapters. It is one of the more significant works on Hindu astrology, along with Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra of Parashara, Brihat Jataka of Varahamihira, and Jataka Parijata of Vaidyanatha Dikshita. It deals in a most comprehensive and authoritative manner with almost all astrological aspects of human life. Mantreswara has equated a retrograde planet with an exalted planet in strength and effects even though it be in an inimical or its debilitation sign differing with Saravali which states that benefics are powerful when retrograde and cause Raja yoga but malefic when retrograde do not confer favourable results.

text:
# Phaladeepika

***Phaladeepika*** is a treatise on Hindu astrology written by Mantreswara. The text is written in lyrical Sanskrit verse comprises 865 *sloka*s and 28 chapters. It is one of the more significant works on Hindu astrology, along with Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra of Parashara, Brihat Jataka of Varahamihira, and Jataka Parijata of Vaidyanatha Dikshita. It deals in a most comprehensive and authoritative manner with almost all astrological aspects of human life. Mantreswara has equated a retrograde planet with an exalted planet in strength and effects even though it be in an inimical or its debilitation sign differing with Saravali which states that benefics are powerful when retrograde and cause Raja yoga (Hindu astrology) but malefic when retrograde do not confer favourable results.

## Author

Very little is known about its author, Mantreswara, who is believed to have lived in the 13th century CE. He was born Markandeya Bhattathiri in a family of Namboodari Brahmins in Panchgiri village of Tirunelveli in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The exact date of his birth and date of death are not known, some believe that he lived in the 13th century and some believe that he lived in the 16th century.

He was a devotee of Sukuntlambika Devi. He had traveled to far-off places in India in search of knowledge. He had renounced the world and had finally died in Tirunelveli; his date of birth and his date of death are not known.

According to one belief Mantreswara was born in Shalivati in Tamil Nadu and according to another, he was born in Kerala. Whether he lived in the 13th century or in the 16th century remains undecided. His work, Phaladeepika, though very popular in South India and from a very long time in the past available in Southern languages script-versions came to light when its original Sanskrit version was published from Kolkata around 1925. At the very close of this text, Mantreswara confirms that

श्रीशालिवाटिजातेन मया मन्त्रेश्वरेण वै | दैवज्ञेन द्विजाग्रेण सतां ज्योतिर्विदां मुदे || - Sloka XXVIII.5

he indeed lived in Shalivati, in present Tirunelveli, as a Brahmin astrologer.

## Further reading

*Phaladeepika / Malayalam* (For reference to sloka numbers. We have corrected the sloka numbers from 328 to 865) (Revised Second ed.)

## InfoBox

Phaladeepika
| Author | Mantreswara |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| Subject | Astrology |
| Publication place | India |


title: Pami

abstract: Usermaatre Setepenre Pami was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 22nd Dynasty who ruled for 7 years. "Pami" in Egyptian, means "the Cat" or "He who belongs to the Cat [Bastet]".

text:
# Pami

**Usermaatre Setepenre Pami** was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 22nd Dynasty who ruled for 7 years. "Pami" in Egyptian, means "the Cat" or "He who belongs to the Cat \[Bastet\]".

## Identity

Pami's precise relationship with his immediate predecessor Shoshenq IV is unknown. He is attested as the father of Shoshenq V in a stela from the Serapeum of Saqqara, dating to the eleventh year of the latter's reign.

Pami was once assumed to be Pimay, the third son of Shoshenq III who served as the "Great Chief of Ma" under his father. However, the different orthographies of their names (Pami vs. Pimay) prove that they were 2 different individuals.

The name Pami translates as 'The Cat' in Egyptian whereas the name Pimay means 'The Lion.' Pami's name was mistakenly transcribed as Pimay by past historians based upon the identification with Shoshenq III's son. While a previous Dynasty 22 king held the title 'Great Chief of the Ma' before ascending the thronenamely Shoshenq IShoshenq III's son, if Pimay did indeed outlive his father, he should have then succeeded his father as king rather than the obscure Shoshenq IV who is not attested as a son of Shoshenq III. Consequently, it seems certain that Shoshenq III outlived all of his sons through his nearly four-decade-long reign.

While a minority of scholars hold to the traditional view that Pami was Pimay, no archaeological evidence proves that Pami was ever a son of Shoshenq III. Pami may have been a son of his obscure predecessor Shoshenq IV instead.

## Reign length

According to stelae discovered from the Serapeum of Saqqara, an Apis bull was buried in the second year of Pami's reign. Pami's fourth year is known from Brooklyn papyrus ‘16.205.’ A small votive stela (Louvre C 275) presumably from Memphis reports a religious ceremony dated to Year 6 of king Pami's reign.

On a reused stone block from an enclosure wall at Heliopolis, annals were found which document the deeds of various Twenty-second Dynasty pharaohs, however, only the section concerning Pami's reign had survived. It chronicles the king's annual donations to both the gods of the Great Temple of Heliopolis and to other local deities and temples in this city. While the ending of the block is damaged, the donation of the 7th regnal year can be clearly seen for Pami, with an entry for the subsequent year being possible. Pami, therefore, could have reigned for nearly 7 full years.

## InfoBox


title: Peter Mengede

abstract: Peter Mengede is an Australian musician best known as a former guitarist for alternative metal band Helmet. He formed his own group, Handsome, in 1995 with former members of Quicksand, Cro-Mags and Murphy's Law. They released one album in 1997 before disbanding.

text:
# Peter Mengede

**Peter Mengede** (born 1962) is an Australian musician best known as a former guitarist for alternative metal band Helmet. He formed his own group, Handsome, in 1995 with former members of Quicksand, Cro-Mags and Murphy's Law. They released one album in 1997 before disbanding.

## Early life

Mengede was born and raised in Brisbane, Queensland. His mother was of Russian descent. Mengede performed in high school cover bands as a teenager, doing covers of artists such as Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. At the age of 16 he dropped out of high school and started playing in local Brisbane bands. In 1981 he moved to Sydney, continuing to play in local bands. He also spent time in Melbourne working at Monash Records, located in the student union building on the Monash University campus. Mengede saved up enough money to move from Melbourne to Los Angeles in the mid-1980s. He eventually settled in New York City, due to his dislike of the Los Angeles music scene. Shortly after arriving in New York, he supported himself through a series of odd-jobs, including working at a video store. Mengede later got hired to work in distribution for the Dutch East India Trading record label, which led to him meeting Page Hamilton.

## Career

### Helmet (19891993)

Helmet was formed in New York City in 1989 by singer-guitarist Page Hamilton, with the group's lineup being Mengede, bassist Henry Bogdan and drummer John Stanier. They released their debut album, *Strap It On*, in 1990. After signing with Interscope Records, the group released their second album, *Meantime*, in 1992 to chart success. The album peaked at number one on the Billboard Heetseekers Chart while it also peaked at number 68 on the *Billboard* 200. The single "Unsung" also peaked at number 32 and 29 on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock Charts respectively. On 18 February 1993, Mengede left the group.

### Handsome (1994 1998)

Handsome was started by Mengede after departing Helmet. By 1995, Handsome's lineup included former Quicksand guitarist Tom Capone and former Cro-Mags and Murphy's Law drummer Pete Hines as well as bassist Eddie Nappi and Salt Lake City native Jeremy Chatelain. Their debut album, titled *Handsome*, was released on 4 February 1997 through Epic/Sony.

In support of the album, the group toured with Silverchair, Local H and Less Than Jake in the US, while they supported Wu-Tang Clan and Voodoo Glow Skulls in Europe. Following the completion of their 1997 tour, Handsome disbanded.

### Recent years

After living in New York City for fifteen years, he moved back to Brisbane in late 2001, and started playing with a new band called El Gordo. Guitarnerd published a 2010 article on the Les Paul he used to record with Helmet and Handsome. On 23 June 2011 in Brisbane, Peter joined Helmet on stage for the first time in nearly 17 years and played a number of classics from *Strap It On* and *Meantime*.

Mengede currently teaches guitar in Brisbane, and has a daughter, who was born after he moved back to Australia.

## Discography

### with Helmet

#### Studio albums

#### Compilations and live albums

### with Handsome

## InfoBox

| Peter Mengede | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162)
Brisbane, Australia |
| Genres | Alternative metal, post-hardcore |
| Occupation | Guitarist |
| Years active | 1978present |
| Labels | Amphetamine Reptile, Interscope, Epic, Sony |
| Formerly of | Helmet
Handsome |


title: Peter Menne

abstract: Peter Menne is a German production designer, stage designer, painter and musician.

text:
# Peter Menne

**Peter Menne** (born 1960 in Unna, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German production designer, stage designer, painter and musician.

## Career

Menne studied Fine Arts and Stage Design at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Düsseldorf under Tony Cragg and Luise Kimme. He subsequently travelled and worked in many areas of the world, and had art exhibitions in Germany, Netherlands, Austria, and Australia.

His illustrations were published in "Tempo" and "Playboy" magazine.

He began working in stage design and graphic arts at Hoffmanns Comic Teater in 1976, on a production of *Unna*. He has since worked on stage design for more than 45 theatre, musical and opera productions around Germany.

## Filmography

* 1990: *Türmers Traum* – Director: diverse, WDR
* 1996: *Zwei Tage Grau* – Director: Jörg Siepmann – Harry Flöter, Angst Film
* 1997: *Hotel* – Director: Harry Flöter – Jörg Siepmann, Angst Film
* 1998: *Silverstar* – Director: Jörg Siepmann – Harry Flöter, Flöter Siepmann Film
* 1998: *5 Uhr Schatten* – Director: Andreas Wunderlich, September Film
* 1999: *L'Amour, l'Argent, l'Amour* – Director: Philip Gröning, Gröning Film
* 1999: *Pola X* – Director: Leos Carax, Pandora Film, Art Director Germany
* 1999: *Rembrandt* – Director: Charles Matton, Ognon Pictures, Art Director
* 1999: *Luckys grosse Abenteuer* – Director: Sergei Bodrov, Columbia Pictures. Art Director Germany
* 2000: *Wolfsheim* – Director: Nicole Weegmann, SWR
* 2001: *Die Frau, die an Dr. Fabian zweifelte* – Director: Andi Rogenhagen, Lichtblick Film
* 2001: *Fire, Ice and Canned Beer* – Director: Mathias Dinter, Goldkind Film
* 2001: *Do Fish Do It?* – Director: Almut Getto, Icon Film
* 2002: *Besser als Schule* – Director: Simon Rost, Schokolade Film
* 2002: *Sea of Silence* – Director: Stijn Coninx, Isabella Films
* 2003: *Schwer verknallt* – Director: Josh Broecker, Cameo Film
* 2003: *Dear Wendy* – Director: Thomas Vinterberg, Zentropa, Art Director
* 2004: *Rabenkinder* – Director: Nicole Weegmann, zero west
* 2004: *Tatort**Erfroren* – Director: Züli Aladag, Colonia Media Film
* 2005: *Emma's Bliss* – Director: Sven Taddicken, Wüste Film
* 2005: *Rage* – Director: Züli Aladag, Colonia Media Filmp
* 2006: *Vivere* – Director: Angelina Maccarone, Elsani Film
* 2007: *The Calling Game* – Director: Felix Randau, Wüste Film West
* 2007: *Messy Christmas* – Director: Vanessa Jopp, X Filme Creative Pool
* 2007: *Coxless Pair* – Director: Jobst Oetzmann, Lichtblick Film
* 2008: *The Murder Farm* – Director: Bettina Oberli, Wüste Film, Christiane Krumwiede - Peter Menne
* 2008: *12 Meter ohne Kopf* – Director: Sven Taddicken, Wüste Film
* 2010: *Alive and Ticking* – Director: Andi Rogenhagen, Wüste Film
* 2011: *The Rhino and the Dragonfly* – Director: Lola Randl, Coin Film
* 2012: *300 Worte Deutsch* – Director: Züli Aladag, Sperl Productions
* 2014: *Tatort – Schwerelos* – Director: Züli Aladag, Geißendörfer Film und Fernsehproduktion
* 2016: *NSU German History X: Die Opfer – Vergesst mich nicht* – Director: Züli Aladag, Wiedemann & Berg Television
* 2017: *Rock my Heart* – Director: Hanno Olderdissen, Neue Schönhauser Filmproduktion
* 2018: *Harter Brocken**Der Geheimcode* – Director: Markus Sehr, H&V Entertainment
* 2019: *Irish Crime Scene - Forgiveness*  – Director: Züli Aladag, Good friends Filmproduction
* 2019: *Irish Crime Scene - Samhain, The Night of the Dead*  – Director: Züli Aladag, Good friends Filmproduction


title: Jesuit Joe

abstract: Jesuit Joe is a mysterious character who appears in the eponymous story of Italian comics creator Hugo Pratt. This graphic novel was initially serialised in Pilote magazine before it was released as hardcover albums in 1980, in France entitled Jésuite Joe, and in Italy, entitled L'uomo del grande nord, published by Dargaud and CEPIM, respectively. In 2017 the graphic novel was published in English under the name The Man From the Great North by IDW Publishing, in an edition where storyboards made by Pratt for the movie mentioned below have been added to the story.

text:
# Jesuit Joe

**Jesuit Joe** is a mysterious character who appears in the eponymous story of Italian comics creator Hugo Pratt. This graphic novel was initially serialised in *Pilote* magazine before it was released as hardcover albums in 1980, in France entitled *Jésuite Joe*, and in Italy, entitled *L'uomo del grande nord*, published by Dargaud and CEPIM, respectively.

In 2017 the graphic novel was published in English under the name *The Man From the Great North* by IDW Publishing, in an edition where storyboards made by Pratt for the movie mentioned below have been added to the story.

## Plot

The laconic, anti-heroic and unpredictable main character, a Canadian native dressed in the uniform of a Sergeant in the Canadian Mounties, travels the wilderness during late 19th or early 20th century Canada, occasionally assisting those he finds in need of help. He rescues a kidnapped child and frees an imprisoned couple, but also shoots a bird for being too happy and stabs a priest in the hand.

The concerns of famed Italian cartoonist Hugo Pratt included responsibility, humanity, and social justice. Skepticism of European ideals in colonial settings is a common theme in his stories and forms the main thrust of *Jesuit Joe*.

## The Jesuit Joe film

Jesuit Joe has been adapted into a film directed by Olivier Austen and starring French actress Laurence Treil.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Jesuit Joe* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the French edition | |
| Date | 1980 |
| Publisher | Dargaud |
| Creative team | |
| Writers | Hugo Pratt |
| Artists | Hugo Pratt |
| Colorists | Patrizia Zanotti |
| Original publication | |
| Published in | *Pilote* magazine |
| Issues | 1. M74 - #M77 |
| Date of publication | 1980 |
| Language | French |
| ISBN | 2-2033-4405-9 |