title: Nobushige Kumakubo

abstract: Nobushige Kumakubo is a drifting driver from Japan who competes in the D1 Grand Prix series and racetrack and land owner. Nicknamed Kuma, he is commonly referred to as one of the pioneers of drifting.

text:
# Nobushige Kumakubo

**Nobushige Kumakubo** (熊久保信重, *Kumakubo Nobushige*, born February 10, 1970, Fukushima Prefecture) is a drifting driver from Japan who competes in the D1 Grand Prix series and racetrack and land owner. Nicknamed *Kuma*, he is commonly referred to as one of the pioneers of drifting.

## Biography

Born to a wealthy family who owned a large portion of land in the Fukushima countryside, with the easy accessibility of the family plot, Kumakubo was able to use some of it to build and develop the Ebisu Circuit.

Kumakubo also used the circuit to host numerous drifting events as well as various motorsport events. As the lead driver of Team Orange, as his car has always been orange, he started at the D1GP series in a Nissan Silvia, in 2005, whilst stumbling through the numerous rallying magazines in his office and considering that the Subaru Impreza was the car to have as many rear wheel drive cars were considered not suitable for drifting or in need of development to be considered suitable, also in a way to bring Impreza owners to his track, Kumakubo commissioned tuning company JUN Auto to build an Impreza WRX STI Impreza, significantly with a radiator on the rear passenger side.

The car debuted at the Odaiba round, unlike others who switched to newer models, his performance would pay off when he was runner up at the Silverstone exhibition round and for the 2006 season, he had beaten Ken Nomura by just 1 point. Midway through the 2007 D1 series Kumakubo switched from the Impreza to an Evo 9 (built also by JUN Auto) during round 5 at Ebisu.

He has also built a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X in the Team Orange livery which was shown at the Tokyo Auto Salon.

He also runs the **Big X** the invitation only outdoor show that combines drifting, FMX, supermoto, car stunts and other extreme sports featuring the experts from each field.

Big X's drifting squad is called DriftXtreme, which the well known drivers of the D1GP are invited to join including team mate Kazuhiro Tanaka and Naoto Suenaga.

Kumakubo competed in the European Drift Championship during the 2008 season alongside his Team Orange teammate Kazuhiro Tanaka in his Subaru Impreza WRX STI.

## Complete Drifting Results

| Colour | Result |
| --- | --- |
| Gold | Winner |
| Silver | 2nd place |
| Bronze | 3rd place |
| Green | Last 4 \[Semi-final\] |
| Blue | Last 8 \[Quarter-final\] |
| Purple | Last 16 (16) \[1st Tsuiou Round OR Tandem Battle\]
(Numbers are given to indicate Top 10 finish) |
| Black | Disqualified (DSQ)
(Given to indicate that the driver has been stripped of their position through disqualification) |
| White | First Round (TAN) \[Tansou OR Qualifying Single Runs\] |
| Red | Did not qualify (DNQ) |

* When driver's position are highlighted in **blue**, this indicates either the driver earned 100pt or 100pt tansou (solo run) bonus has been awarded, with the latter being in use for Pre-2005.

---

### D1 Grand Prix

| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Position | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 |  | Nissan Skyline HCR32 | EBS
DNQ | NIK
DNQ | BHH
 |  |  |  |  |  | NC | 0 |
| |  | | | Toyota Chaser JZX100 |  |  |  | EBS
TAN | NIK
 |  |  |  |
| 2002 | Team Orange | Nissan Silvia S15 | BHH
4 | EBS
TAN | EBS
5 | SGO
9 | TKB
6 | SEK
4 | NIK
10 |  | 4th | 56 |
| 2003 | Team Orange | Nissan Silvia S15 | TKB
1 | BHH
TAN | SGO
1 | FUJ
TAN | EBS
5 | SEK
5 | TKB
4 |  | 2nd | 78 |
| 2004 | Team Orange / Ebisu Circuit | Nissan Silvia S15 | IRW
4 | SGO
5 | EBS
5 | APS
16 | ODB
16 | EBS
9 | TKB
2 |  | 6th | 60 |
| 2005 | Team Orange / Yuke's | Nissan Silvia S15 | IRW
4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4th | 55 |
| | Subaru Impreza GDB | | |  | ODB
TAN | SGO
10 | APS
6 | EBS
11 | FUJ
5 | TKB
3 |  |
| 2006 | Team Orange / Yuke's | Subaru Impreza GDB | IRW
2 | SGO
8 | FUJ
3 | APS
2 | EBS
1 | SUZ
TAN | FUJ
4 | IRW
4 | 1st | 110 |
| 2007 | Team Orange / Yuke's | Subaru Impreza GDB | EBS
1 | FUJ
3 | SUZ
4 | SGO
2 |  |  |  |  | 2nd | 99 |
| | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX CT9A | | |  |  |  |  | | EBS
8 | APS
8 | FUJ
3 |
| 2008 | Team Orange / Yuke's | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX CT9A | EBS
12 | FUJ
TAN | SUZ
8 | OKY
16 | APS
8 | EBS
 | FUJ
 |  | 13th | 28 |
| | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X | | |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Nobushige Kumakubo | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Japan |
| Born | (1970-02-10) February 10, 1970
Fukushima Prefecture |
| D1 Grand Prix career | |
| Debut season | 2001 |
| Current team | Team Orange |
| Wins | 4 |
| Championship titles | |
| 2006 2012 | 2 |


title: Mark Clark (baseball)

abstract: Mark Willard Clark is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He pitched all or parts of ten seasons in the majors. Clark was born in Bath, Illinois, and made his debut on September 6, 1991 for the St. Louis Cardinals. Over the next nine seasons, Clark would develop into a journeyman starting pitcher, being traded from team to team. He pitched in one postseason game in the 1998 National League Division Series for the Chicago Cubs, a game which he lost to John Smoltz and the Atlanta Braves. He was released by the Texas Rangers during the 2000 season, then retired. He and his wife Amy have two children: a son, Brandon and a daughter, Allyson. They now live in Kilbourne, Illinois. He is now a baseball coach for children in the Kilbourne area.

text:
# Mark Clark (baseball)

**Mark Willard Clark** (born May 12, 1968) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He pitched all or parts of ten seasons in the majors.

Clark was born in Bath, Illinois, and made his debut on September 6, 1991 for the St. Louis Cardinals. Over the next nine seasons, Clark would develop into a journeyman starting pitcher, being traded from team to team. He pitched in one postseason game in the 1998 National League Division Series for the Chicago Cubs, a game which he lost to John Smoltz and the Atlanta Braves.

He was released by the Texas Rangers during the 2000 season, then retired. He and his wife Amy have two children: a son, Brandon and a daughter, Allyson. They now live in Kilbourne, Illinois. He is now a baseball coach for children in the Kilbourne area.

## InfoBox

| Mark Clark | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1968-05-12) May 12, 1968<br>Havana, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 6, 1991, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 1, 2000, for the Texas Rangers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 74–71 |
| Earned run average | 4.61 |
| Strikeouts | 728 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Gondershausen

abstract: Gondershausen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

text:
# Gondershausen

**Gondershausen** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies in the northernmost part of the Hunsrück between the Baybach and Ehrbach valleys to the north and south, and the Rhine and the Moselle in the east and west.

## History

Barrows in Schorfeld, Steinmelt, Lampenheck and Scheidwald bear witness to early human habitation in the Gondershausen area in Hallstatt times (1000-400 BC). Vessels and ironware have also been unearthed locally at some of the newer barrows. These date from La Tène times (400-100 BC). By about 50 BC, the most influential culture was the Roman Empire. The Romans built watermains and were the first to use bricks in the region. Eventually, they also brought the first contact with Christianity.

The antiquarian Johann Christian von Stramberg noted that in AD 367, “Roman riders came by way of *Guntershusin* and in a dale found a few cottages, called Pichenbach.” Christianization came between 400 and 600.

In 893, King Arnulf donated holdings to St. Maximin's Benedictine Abbey in Trier. Gondershausen, however, is not mentioned by name, though there is an etching in the document.

On 13 June 897, Gondershausen had its first documentary mention as *Guntereshusen* when King Arnulf's donations were confirmed by his son Zwentibold. *Gunter* here is a personal name while the ending *—husen* was used by the Franks for a settlement in the heights. Sometime between 900 and 1084, the parish of Gondershausen was established. On 4 October 1084, Gondershausen was restored to St. Maximin's Abbey after a certain “Luitoldus” had unlawfully taken ownership. The first known priest in Gondershausen was the one serving in 1153 whose name was “Corardus”. In 1200, St. Maximin's Abbey relinquished its claim to Gondershausen and ownership then passed to the Counts Palatine.

Sometime in the 11th or 12th century, Gondershausen's first church, a Romanesque building, was built. The 12th century also saw two castles built nearby, Castle Waldeck and Castle Schöneck, whose lords wielded influence and rights throughout the area. On 7 May 1285, *Guntirshusen* passed to Conrat zu Schonecke, whereupon the landlords at Waldeck and Schöneck once again divided up their holdings.

In 1332, the robber knight Heinrich von Waldeck, called von Renneberg, endowed the local church. His bequest was 15 *Denare* for the priest at Gondershausen, while the church itself got 2 marks. In 1399, Wynant von Waldeck was mentioned as having been made the village's *Vogt* (roughly “reeve”). The next year, Peter von Schöneck was mentioned as being the fiefholder at Gondershausen, as was Cuno von Schöneck later, in 1462. In 1410, King Ruprecht of the Palatinate bequeathed Gondershausen to the House of Palatinate-Simmern.

In 1443, Saint Anthony's Church (*St. Antonius Kirche*) in Niedergondershausen (“Lower Gondershausen”) was mentioned for the first time. An old Gondershausen court seal from 1466 stands as the earliest reference to Saint Servatius as the parish patron.

In 1508, the House of Schöneck died out with Georg von Schöneck, who bequeathed to the parish priest hunting and fishing rights on the condition that he say Mass in return on an ongoing basis. In 1598, Simmern, and thereby Gondershausen too, passed back to Electoral Palatinate.

The 17th century brought the Thirty Years' War, and along with it a Spanish invasion and the Plague in 1620 and 1621. In 1631 came the Swedes from the Moselle. They reintroduced Calvinism and drove out the Catholic priest, Konrad Blumenthal, who had taken over the parish in 1625.

In 1650 there was widespread hunger in Gondershausen, and the famine was so serious that the villagers were even trading land for bread.

In 1685, there was a school in Gondershausen for the first time. The village's first schoolteacher was Burkhard Ross. This same year also brought freedom of religion. In 1689 there was a feud between the townsmen of Simmern and the peasants of Gondershausen over a sum of money lent the former. The latter group won, and the Simmerners suffered one death among them as a result.

Beginning in 1794, Gondershausen lay under French rule. The French swept the old mediaeval order away. In 1797, they abolished tithes; serfdom, too, was all but banned. In 1815 Gondershausen was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. In the years 1820 to 1830, and again from 1860 to 1870, there were waves of emigration to the United States and the Ruhr area. Between these two periods, the year 1846 was marked by a great crop failure.

The early 20th century brought with it a railway, the *Hunsrückbahn* between Simmern and Boppard. However, it also brought the First World War, in which Gondershausen lost 45 men. The 1930s saw the rise of the Nazis and the Third Reich. This resulted in the construction of the *Hunsrückhöhenstraße* (“Hunsrück Heights Road”, a scenic road across the Hunsrück built originally as a military road on Hermann Göring’s orders), but also in the outbreak of the Second World War. This claimed 76 Gondershausen men’s lives. Also, near the municipality itself, a USAAF bomber was shot down and the crew was forced to make an emergency landing. On 15 March 1945 the Americans marched in from the Moselle, meeting very little resistance from German forces. Most of the villagers had sought shelter in mine galleries in the Baybach valley.

Since 1946, Gondershausen has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In 1958, *Flurbereinigung* was undertaken. On 1 April 1969, the municipality of Gondershausen was newly formed out of what had until then been two self-administering municipalities, Niedergondershausen (“Lower Gondershausen”, with 673 inhabitants) and Obergondershausen (“Upper Gondershausen”, with 465 inhabitants).

On 11 April 1973, Gondershausen was officially recognized as a recreation resort (*Erholungsort*) by the State Technical Committee for Spas (*Landesfachausschuß für Kurorte*). In 1979, Gondershausen's new coat of arms was introduced. An official municipal flag followed in January 1996. In 2010, a solar park was brought into service.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The 16 seats on council are shared between two voters’ groups. The 2004 election was based on majority vote.

### Mayor

Gondershausen's mayor is Markus Landsrath.

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: **In gespaltenem Schild vorne in Schwarz ein rotbewehrter, -gezungter und -gekrönter goldener Löwe, hinten in Silber ein schwarzer Bischofsstab belegt mit einer roten Mitra.**

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per pale sable a lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned gules, and argent a bishop's staff of the first surmounted by a mitre of the third.

The charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side, the Palatine Lion, stands for the village's former allegiance to the Counts Palatine, while the charges on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, a bishop's staff and a mitre, are a holy bishop's attributes, as shown on a court seal on a 1466 document from *Gontershusen*.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:

* Saint Anthony the Abbot's Catholic Church (branch church; *Filialkirche St. Antonius Abbas*), Rhein-Mosel-Straße – Romanesque Revival quarrystone aisleless church, 1842–1844, tower expansion 1869, rebuilt in 1950 after war damage
* Saint Servatius’s Catholic Parish Church (*Pfarrkirche St. Servatius*), Rhein-Mosel-Straße – three-naved brick pseudobasilica, 1863–1865, mediaeval west tower, raised about 1740; churchyard, tomb slab, marked 1786; sandstone cross from a Crucifixion group, marked 1784; whole complex of buildings with parish hall
* Schulstraße/corner of Friedhofsweg – Baroque crucifix at Saint Anthony's Chapel (*St.-Antonius-Kapelle*)
* Hübelstraße 17 – timber-frame *Quereinhaus* (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), half-hipped roof, early 19th century
* Rhein-Mosel-Straße 89 – estate complex along the street; timber-frame building, partly solid, marked 1763
* Schulstraße 44 – timber-frame *Quereinhaus*, partly solid and slated, 19th century
* Jagdhaus Mäuseberg (hunting lodge) – not open to the public
* Chapel, near the Schultheisser Mühle (mill) – Baroque aisleless church, 18th century, wooden cross marked 1774

### Clubs

There has been a music club since 1970 (*Musikverein Gondershausen*), and the fire brigade was founded in 1930.

## InfoBox

| Gondershausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Gondershausen within Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis district | |
| Gondershausen Gondershausen | |
| Coordinates: 50°09′38″N 7°29′29″E / 50.16059°N 7.49142°E / 50.16059; 7.49142 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Hunsrück-Mittelrhein |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Markus Landsrath |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.45 km2 (5.19 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,302 |
| Density | 97/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56283 |
| Dialling codes | 06745 |
| Vehicle registration | SIM |
| Website | www.ortsgemeinde-gondershausen.de |


title: GOLGA8H

abstract: Golgin subfamily A member 8H, also known as GOLGA8H, is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the GOLGA8H gene. Function of the GOLGA8H involves a process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.

text:
# GOLGA8H

**Golgin subfamily A member 8H**, also known as **GOLGA8H**, is a protein that in *Homo sapiens* is encoded by the GOLGA8H gene. Function of the GOLGA8H involves a process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.

## Gene

### Aliases

The most common aliases for GOLGA8H are the following:

* Golgin A8 Family Member H 2 3 5 or Member H 2
* Golgi Autoantigen, Golgin Subfamily A, 6-Like 11 2 3
* Golgin Subfamily A Member 8H 3 4
* Golgin Subfamily A Member 8-Like Protein 1 3
* GOLGA6L11

### Prevalence and Location

GOLGA8H, when compared to many other genes, exists in many different places that span multiple chromosomes:. NCBI lists the gene’s location on the long (q) arm on Chromosome 15 in the q13.2 region, from 30,604,030 - 30,617,827 (13,798 nt in length)

In actuality, when running the FASTA protein sequence of GOLGA8H on BLAT (the BLAST-Like Alignment Tool), it is found to exist in 85 or 87 different locations (depending on an individual’s sex chromosomes). 81 copies of the protein exist on chromosome 15, one copy each on chromosomes 7, 9,10, and 12, and two copies on the Y chromosome

**Copies of GOLGA8H in *Homo Sapiens***

| Chromosome: | Number of Copies: |
| --- | --- |
| Chromosome 7 | 1 |
| Chromosome 9 | 1 |
| Chromosome 10 | 1 |
| Chromosome 15 | 81 |
| Y Chromosome | 2 |
|  |  |
|  | **TOTAL:** |
|  | 85 (XX chromosomes\*) |
|  | 87 (XY chromosomes\*) |

### Neighborhood

It would be tedious and inefficient to list all gene neighborhoods for the 87 locations of GOLGA8H. Thus, here are surrounding genes of GOLGA8H on chromosome 15 in the q13.2 region listed on NCBI:

**Gene Neighborhood of GOLGA8H on Chromosome 15 q13.2 in *Homo sapiens******:***

| Gene | Additional Information |
| --- | --- |
| LOC106736468 | Gamma inversion proximal recombination region |
| ARHGAP11B | Rho GTPase activating protein |
| LOC106736476 | Proximal CHRNA7 low-copy repeat recombination region |
| DNM1P50 | Pseudogene of DNM1, which is involved in producing microtubule bundles that is additionally able to bind and hydrolyze GTP |
| LOC106736480 | Proximal microdeletion recombination region |
| ULK4P2 | Pseudogene of ULK4, which encodes a member of the unc-51-like serine/threonine kinase (STK) family, in which members play a role in neuronal growth and endocytosis |
| RN7SL628P | Pseudogene stemming from cytoplasmic 7SL, an RNA component of the SRP (signal recognition particle) |
| LOC106783506 | A nonconserved acetylation island sequence 49 enhancer which can function as an enhancer in Jurkat T cells |

## Transcript

There are no isoforms of GOLGA8H.

## Multiple Sequence Alignment

### Paralogs

A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of GOLGA8H and its top seven paralogs was created using Clustal Omega \[1\]. \[Appendix A\] All eight genes from the Golgin Subfamily A Member 8 group were 632 amino acids in length \[1\]. All 632 amino acids of GOLGA8H and its top seven paralogs were analyzed and compared using Clustal Omega were analyzed and compared in an attempt to understand what makes Golgin Subfamily A Member 8H, GOLGA8H, a distinct entity. Two amino acids make GOLGA8H unique: Valine at amino acid 32 and Cysteine at amino acid 169. For all seven paralogs, the amino acid in position 32 is Isoleucine and the amino acid in position 169 is Arginine

## Protein

The predicted molecular weight of GOLGA8H, rounded down to three significant figures, is 71.3 kDa. This is a theoretical value; predicted molecular weights are merely based on the amino acids present in the protein. The theoretical isoelectric point of GOLGA8H, rounded down to one significant figure, is a pI of 8

### Composition

When compared to other human proteins, GOLGA8H is semi glutamine- and glutamate-enriched. In contrast, GOLGA8H is depleted in threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosene.

There are no charge runs, hydrophobic segments, or transmembrane domains in the GOLGA8H protein. There are 62 amino acid multiplets for the protein, which is higher than the expected range. It also has amino acid patterns with high periodicity

### Motifs

There are 11 motifs present in GOLGA8H:. The single experimentally-verified motif is a glutamine-rich protein located in the 323-416 amino acid region.

GOLGA8H Motifs
| **Motif #** | **Motif Information** |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | N-Glycosylation site |
| 2 | cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site |
| 3 | Casein kinase II phosphorylation site |
| 4 | N-myristoylation site |
| 5 | Protein kinase C phosphorylation site |
| 6 | Alanine-rich region profile |
| 7 | Glutamine-rich region profile (experimentally verified) |
| 8 | K-box domain profile |
| 9 | Bipartite nuclear localization signal profile |
| 10 | HCaRG protein |
| 11 | Involucrin repeat |

### Post-Translational Modifications

GOLGA8H is predicted to undergo phosphorylation at multiple locations of serine, threonine, and tyrosine throughout its structure. It is expected to undergo phosphorylation most frequently on serine amino acids. Furthermore, there is one predicted N-linked glycosylation site, which occurs at amino acid 39. The sequence for this site is NGS. N-linked glycosylation functions intrinsically and extrinsically to assist in regulating the migration patterns of cells.

### Primary Sequence

The protein is 632 amino acids long. It has 19 exons and two polyadenylation signals. Its sequence only partially matches a Kozak consensus sequence.

### Secondary Structure

The predicted secondary structure of GOLGA8H is composed of 81% alpha helices, 25.6% beta sheets, and 17.2% turns.

Using Phyre2, 284 residues (45% of GOLGA8H) was modeled with 97.8% confidence by the single highest scoring template. This structure shows an extremely high proportion of alpha helices:

### Tertiary Structure

A predicted model for a tertiary structure of GOLGA8H was generated using I-TASSER

## Transcript level regulation

### Promoter

There is one promoter for the GOLGA8H gene, GXP\_2235212, which is 1197 nt long. It lies from base pairs 30,603,030 to 30,604,226 on the positive strand

### Transcription Factor Binding Sites

Several transcription factors are predicted to bind to the promoter sequence. Some examples include:

## Homology and evolution

### Paralogs

GOLGA8H has several dozen paralogs. There are seven paralogs with identity similarities above 90%, charted below under GOLGA8H (included as a reference point):

GOLGA8H Paralogs (\>90% Similarity)
| **#** | **Gene Name** | **Accession #** | **Similarity (%)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | GOLGA8H | NP\_001269419.1 | 100.0 |
| 2. | GOLGA8J | NP\_001269401.1 | 97.8 |
| 3. | GOLGA8T | NP\_001342398.1 | 97.2 |
| 4. | GOLGA8K | NP\_001269422.1 | 93.5 |
| 5. | GOLGA8I pseudogene | A6NC78.2 | 96.0 |
| 6. | GOLGA8M | NP\_001269397.1 | 95.9 |
| 7. | GOLGA8O | NP\_001264237.1 | 90.7 |
| 8. | GOLGA8N | NP\_001269423.1 | 90.4 |

### Orthologs

Putting the amino acid sequence of GOLGA8H through a protein BLAST via NCBI does not yield any hits for orthologs:. However, putting the same sequence through BLAT (the BLAST-Like Alignment Tool) yields multiple orthologs

GOLGA8H Orthologs **(Inclusion criteria: 1+ Characterized Chromosome Locations or 50+ BLAT Hits)**
| Organism Common Name | Scientific Name | Divergence (MYA) | BLAT Hits | Main Chromosome Location | Other Chromosome Locations |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Human | *Homo sapiens* | - | 87 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosomes 7, 9, 10, 12, Y |
| Rhesus Macaque | *Macaca mulatta* | 6 | 70 | *Uncharacterized\*** | Chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15 |
| Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey | *Rhinopithecus roxellana* | 6 | 54 | *Uncharacterized\*** | - |
| Olive Baboon | *Papio anubis* | 9 | 45 | *Uncharacterized\*** | Chromosomes 2, 7, 9, 11 |
| Gorilla | *Gorilla gorilla* | 15 | 37 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosomes 7, 10, 12 |
| Crab-Eating Macaque | *Macaca fascicularis* | 20 | 36 | Chromosome 7 | Chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 15 |
| Chimpanzee | *Pan troglodytes* | 29 | 35 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosomes 7, 8, 12, Y |
| Bornean orangutan | *Pongo pygmaeus* | 29 | 34 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19 |
| Bonobo | *Pan paniscus* | 29 | 25 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosomes 6, 7, 9, 10, 12 |
| Northern White-Cheeked Gibbon | *Nomascus leucogenys* | 29 | 24 | Chromosome 6 | Chromosomes 5, 8, 10, 16, 17, 18 |
| Green Monkey | *Chlorocebus sabaeus* | 29 | 21 | Chromosome 26 | Chromosomes 9, 11, 12, 21, 22, 29 |
| Proboscis Monkey | *Nasalis larvatus* | 29 | 19 | Chromosome 7 | Chromosomes 3, 9, 11, 15 |
| Common Marmoset | *callithrix jacchus* | 42 | 4 | Chromosome 6 | Chromosome 9 |
| Horse (Domesticated) | *Equus ferus caballus* | 89 | 3 | Chromosome 29 | Chromosome 25 |
| Gray Short-Tailed Opossum | *Monodelphis domestica* | 94 | 3 | Chromosome 3 | - |
| Common House Mouse | *Mus musculus* | 94 | 3 | Chromosome 11 | - |
| Dog (Domesticated) | *Canis familiaris* | 94 | 3 | Chromosome 15 | - |
| Taurine Cow | *Bos taurus* | 160 | 1 | Chromosome 13 | - |

*\**Chromosomes labeled as 'uncharacterized' have clone contigs (an assembled set of overlapping DNA sequences) that cannot be confidently placed on a specific chromosome. Similar contigs are concatenated together into short pseudo-chromosomes.*

## Expression

Data from NCBI shows that GOLGA8H in *Homo sapiens* has the strongest expression is through the thyroid and testis, with RKPMs of 12.2 and 12.1 respectively. It is also expressed in lesser amounts in 25 other tissues. Data from GEO DataSet show the tissue expression is highest in bone marrow and pancreas tissue. However, samples from all tissues were above the 90th percentile, indicating that the expression value of that gene is much higher in respect to all other genes on the array.

When comparing GOLGA8H tissue expression in abnormal conditions to normal human tissue levels, there is not significant deviation in its expression with any variable. This supports the notion that GOLGA8H is ubiquitous.

## Interactions

GOLGA8H has been shown to interact with Ubiquitin C (UBC). UBC is a polyubiquitin precursor. Polyubiquitin precursors are a chain of the protein ubiquitin that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modifications. This can mark proteins for degradation, alter their cellular location, affect their activity, and promote or prevent protein interactions. Further research on the link between ubiquitin and the Golgi apparatus include a reliance on ubiquitin to achieve certain processes around the Golgi apparatus.

String db lists the following genes as interacting with GOLGA8H:

**Genes Interacting with GOLGA8H:**
| **Gene Name** | **Full Name** | **Accession Number** | **Experimentally- Determined** | **Coexpression** | **Text Mining** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| STX5 | Syntaxin 5 | NC\_000011.10 |  |  |  |
| GORASP1 | Golgi reassembly stacking protein 1 | NC\_000003.12 |  |  |  |
| GOSR1 | Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 | NC\_000017.1 |  |  |  |
| USO1 | USO1 vesicle transport factor | NC\_000004.12 |  |  |  |
| GOLGB1 | Golgin B1 | NC\_000003.12 |  |  |  |

## Splice variants

The *Homo sapiens* GOLGA8H gene has 1 splice variant

## InfoBox

| GOLGA8H | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GOLGA8H, GOLGA6L11, golgin A8 family member H | | |
| External IDs | HomoloGene: 85511; GeneCards: GOLGA8H; OMA:GOLGA8H - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001282490   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001269419   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 30.6 – 30.62 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Terry Kosens

abstract: Theodore J. Kosens was an American football defensive back. He played for the Minnesota Vikings in 1963. He died on December 4, 2004, in Brightwaters, New York at age 63.

text:
# Terry Kosens

**Theodore J. Kosens** (October 3, 1941 – December 4, 2004) was an American football defensive back. He played for the Minnesota Vikings in 1963.

He died on December 4, 2004, in Brightwaters, New York at age 63.

## InfoBox

Terry Kosens
| No. 26 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1941-10-03)October 3, 1941
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died: | December 4, 2004(2004-12-04) (aged 63)
Brightwaters, New York, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 195 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Mineola (NY) Chaminade |
| College: | Hofstra |
| NFL draft: | 1963 / round: 10 / pick: 128 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Latch-up

abstract:
In electronics, a latch-up is a type of short circuit which can occur in an integrated circuit (IC). More specifically, it is the inadvertent creation of a low-impedance path between the power supply rails of a MOSFET circuit, triggering a parasitic structure which disrupts proper functioning of the part, possibly even leading to its destruction due to overcurrent. A power cycle is required to correct this situation. The parasitic structure is usually equivalent to a thyristor, a PNPN structure which acts as a PNP and an NPN transistor stacked next to each other. During a latch-up when one of the transistors is conducting, the other one begins conducting too. They both keep each other in saturation for as long as the structure is forward-biased and some current flows through it - which usually means until a power-down. The SCR parasitic structure is formed as a part of the totem-pole PMOS and NMOS transistor pair on the output drivers of the gates. The latch-up does not have to happen between the power rails - it can happen at any place where the required parasitic structure exists. A common cause of latch-up is a positive or negative voltage spike on an input or output pin of a digital chip that exceeds the rail voltage by more than a diode drop. Another cause is the supply voltage exceeding the absolute maximum rating, often from a transient spike in the power supply. It leads to a breakdown of an internal junction. This frequently happens in circuits which use multiple supply voltages that do not come up in the required sequence on power-up, leading to voltages on data lines exceeding the input rating of parts that have not yet reached a nominal supply voltage. Latch-ups can also be caused by an electrostatic discharge event. Another common cause of latch-ups is ionizing radiation which makes this a significant issue in electronic products designed for space applications. A single event latch-up is a latch-up caused by a single event upset, typically heavy ions or protons from cosmic rays or solar flares.
Single-event latchup (SEL) can be completely eliminated by several manufacturing techniques, as part of radiation hardening. High-power microwave interference can also trigger latch ups. Both CMOS integrated circuits and TTL integrated circuits are more susceptible to latch-up at higher temperatures.

text:
# Latch-up

In electronics, a **latch-up** is a type of short circuit which can occur in an integrated circuit (IC). More specifically, it is the inadvertent creation of a low-impedance path between the power supply rails of a MOSFET circuit, triggering a parasitic structure which disrupts proper functioning of the part, possibly even leading to its destruction due to overcurrent. A power cycle is required to correct this situation.

The parasitic structure is usually equivalent to a thyristor (or SCR), a PNPN structure which acts as a PNP and an NPN transistor stacked next to each other. During a latch-up when one of the transistors is conducting, the other one begins conducting too. They both keep each other in saturation for as long as the structure is forward-biased and some current flows through it - which usually means until a power-down. The SCR parasitic structure is formed as a part of the totem-pole PMOS and NMOS transistor pair on the output drivers of the gates.

The latch-up does not have to happen between the power rails - it can happen at any place where the required parasitic structure exists. A common cause of latch-up is a positive or negative voltage spike on an input or output pin of a digital chip that exceeds the rail voltage by more than a diode drop. Another cause is the supply voltage exceeding the absolute maximum rating, often from a transient spike in the power supply. It leads to a breakdown of an internal junction. This frequently happens in circuits which use multiple supply voltages that do not come up in the required sequence on power-up, leading to voltages on data lines exceeding the input rating of parts that have not yet reached a nominal supply voltage. Latch-ups can also be caused by an electrostatic discharge event.

Another common cause of latch-ups is ionizing radiation which makes this a significant issue in electronic products designed for space (or very high-altitude) applications. A **single event latch-up** is a latch-up caused by a single event upset, typically heavy ions or protons from cosmic rays or solar flares. Single-event latchup (SEL) can be completely eliminated by several manufacturing techniques, as part of radiation hardening.

High-power microwave interference can also trigger latch ups.

Both CMOS integrated circuits and TTL integrated circuits are more susceptible to latch-up at higher temperatures.

## CMOS latch-up

All CMOS ICs have latch-up paths, but there are several design techniques that reduce susceptibility to latch-up.

In CMOS technology, there are a number of intrinsic bipolar junction transistors. In CMOS processes, these transistors can create problems when the combination of n-well/p-well and substrate results in the formation of parasitic n-p-n-p structures. Triggering these thyristor-like devices leads to a shorting of the Vdd and GND lines, usually resulting in destruction of the chip, or a system failure that can only be resolved by power-down.

Consider the n-well structure in the first figure. The n-p-n-p structure is formed by the source of the NMOS, the p-substrate, the n-well and the source of the PMOS. A circuit equivalent is also shown. When one of the two bipolar transistors gets forward biased (due to current flowing through the well, or substrate), it feeds the base of the other transistor. This positive feedback increases the current until the circuit fails or burns out.

The invention of the now industry-standard technique to prevent CMOS latch-up was made by Hughes Aircraft company in 1977.

## Preventing latch-up

It is possible to design chips to be resistant to latch-up by adding a layer of insulating oxide (called a *trench*) that surrounds both the NMOS and the PMOS transistors. This breaks the parasitic silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) structure between these transistors. Such parts are important in the cases where the proper sequencing of power and signals cannot be guaranteed, such as hot swap devices.

Devices fabricated in lightly doped epitaxial layers grown on heavily doped substrates are also less susceptible to latch-up. The heavily doped layer acts as a current sink where excess minority carriers can quickly recombine.

Most silicon-on-insulator devices are inherently latch-up-resistant. Latch-up is the low resistance connection between tub and power supply rails.

Also to avoid the latch, a separate tap connection is put for each transistor. But this will increase the size of the device so fabs give a minimum space to put a tap, for example, 10 μm in 130 nm technology.

## Testing for latch-up

* See EIA/JEDEC STANDARD **IC Latch-Up Test** EIA/JESD78.
This standard is commonly referenced in IC qualification specifications.


title: Otto Finsch

abstract: Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch was a German ethnographer, naturalist and colonial explorer. He is known for a two-volume monograph on the parrots of the world which earned him a doctorate. He also wrote on the people of New Guinea and was involved in plans for German colonization in Southeast Asia. Several species of bird are named after him as also the town of Finschhafen in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea and a crater on the Moon.

text:
# Otto Finsch

**Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch** (8 August 1839, Warmbrunn – 31 January 1917, Braunschweig) was a German ethnographer, naturalist and colonial explorer. He is known for a two-volume monograph on the parrots of the world which earned him a doctorate. He also wrote on the people of New Guinea and was involved in plans for German colonization in Southeast Asia. Several species of bird (such as *Oenanthe finschii*, *Iole finschii*, *Psittacula finschii*) are named after him as also the town of Finschhafen in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea and a crater on the Moon.

## Biography

Finsch was born at Bad Warmbrunn in Silesia to Mortiz Finsch and Mathilde née Leder. His father was in the glass trade and he too trained as a glass painter. An interest in birds led him to use his artistic skills for the purpose. Finsch went to Budapest in 1857 and studied at the Royal Hungarian University, earning money by preparing natural history specimens. He then spent two years in Russe, Bulgaria on an invitation from the Austrian Consul and gave private tutoring in German while exploring the birdlife of the region. He published his first paper in the *Journal fur Ornithologie* on the birds of Bulgaria. This experience helped him obtain a curatorial position at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (1862–1865) assisting Herman Schlegel. In 1864 he returned to Germany on the suggestion of Gustav Hartlaub to become curator of the museum in Bremen and became its director in 1876. After publishing the two volume monographs on the parrots of the world, *Die Papageien, monographisch bearbeitet* (1867–68), he obtained an honorary doctorate from the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Bonn. Apart from ornithology he also took an interest in ethnology. In 1876 he accompanied the zoologist Alfred Brehm on an expedition to Turkestan and northwest China.

Finsch resigned as curator of the museum in 1878 in order that he could resume his travels, sponsored by the Humboldt Foundation. Between spring 1879 and 1885 he made several visits to the Polynesian Islands, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea. His proposal was to obtain as many artefacts as possible with the claim that native cultures, fauna and flora were fast vanishing. Finsch was shocked by the punitive actions of the English Methodist missionary George Brown (1835–1917) and was concerned by the violent conflicts between the natives and westerners. He also found no support for contemporary ideas on race with neat categories and found instead a continuum of variations in the human form. After witnessing a cannibal feast at Matupit he commented that the people were still not classifiable as "savages" as they maintained neat agriculture, had their own song, dance and followed commerce. He returned to Germany in 1882 and began to promote the creation of German colonies in the Pacific along with the *South Sea Plotters*, an influential group led by a banker Adolph von Hansemann. In 1884 he returned aboard the steamer *Samoa* to New Guinea as Bismarck's Imperial Commissioner to explore potential harbours under the guise of scientists and negotiated for the north-eastern portion of that island, together with New Britain and New Ireland, to become a German protectorate. It was renamed Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck Archipelago. The capital of the colony was named Finschhafen in his honour. In 1885 he was the first European to discover the Sepik river, and he named it after Kaiserin Augusta, the German Empress. Newspapers of the period speculated that he would be appointed as an administrator to the new territories but this never happened. He was instead offered a position as station director which involved menial administrative tasks that would come in the way of his plans to explore and study the region. He returned to Germany and spent much of the subsequent period without formal employment. Finsch had been married to Josephine Wychodil from around 1873 but they divorced around 1880. In 1886 he married Elisabeth née Hoffman (1860–1925). Elisabeth was a talented artist and she illustrated many of his catalogues. Finsch was briefly an advisor to the Neuguinea-Kompagnie. In 1898 he abandoned his dreams in ethnology and returned to ornithology, becoming curator of the bird collections at the Rijksmuseum in Leiden. He did not enjoy this period, noting that life for him, his wife and daughter Esther, felt like living in exile. He also wrote several articles on his past work *Wie ich Kaiser-Wilhelmsland erwarb* (How I acquired Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land, 1902) and *Kaiser-Wilhelmsland. Eine friedliche Kolonialerwerbung* (Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land: A peaceful colonial acquisition, 1905). Seeking return to Germany, he finally joined the ethnographical department of the Municipal Museum in Brunswick in 1904 and worked the remainder of his life there. In 1909 he was titled professor by the Duke of Braunschweig and honoured with a 'medal for distinguished services for art and science' in silver.

One of his major works was on the parrots of the world. This was not without its critics, since he often tried to rename genera apparently to gain taxonomic authorship.

Several species of birds bear his name, including the lilac-crowned parrot (*Amazona finschi)*, Finsch's wheatear (*Oenanthe finschii)*, Finsch's bulbul (*Alophoixus finschii)*, and the grey-headed parakeet (*Psittacula finschii)*. A species of monitor lizard, *Varanus finschi*, is named after him, because he collected what would become the holotype for this species. The crater Finsch on the Moon is also named in his honor.

In 2008, following international treaties, some of the human remains that he had collected from Cape York and the Torres Straits that were held in the Charité Medical University in Berlin were repatriated. Additional remains have also been repatriated.

## Published works

* *Catalog der Ausstellung ethnographischer und naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen* (Bremen: Diercksen und Wichlein, 1877).
* *Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Südsee und dem malayischen Archipel in den Jahren 1879–1882* (Berlin: A. Asher & Co., 1884).
* *Otto Finsch, Masks of Faces of Races of Men from the South Sea Islands and the Malay Archipelago, taken from Living Originals in the Years 1879–82 (Rochester, NY: Ward's Natural Sciences Establishment, 1888).*
* *Ethnologische Erfahrungen und Belegstücke aus der Südsee: Beschreibender Katalog einer Sammlung im K.K. naturhistorischen Hofmuseum in Wien* (Wien: A. Holder, 1893).
* Die Papageien / monographisch bearbeitet von Otto Finsch Leiden: Brill, 1867–68.
* with Gustav Hartlaub, "Die Vögel der Palau-Gruppe. Über neue und weniger gekannte Vögel von den Viti-, Samoa- und Carolinen-Inseln." *Journal des Museum Godeffroy*, Heft 8, 1875 and Heft 12, 1876.

## Other sources

## InfoBox

| Otto Finsch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch
(1839-08-08)8 August 1839
Bad Warmbrunn, Silesia, now Jelenia Góra, Poland |
| Died | 31 January 1917(1917-01-31) (aged 77)
Braunschweig, Germany |
| Education | Royal Hungarian University, Budapest |
| Known for | Research on parrots |
| Spouses | Josephine Wychodil (divorced), Elisabeth Hoffman |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands |
| Author abbrev. (zoology) | **Finsch** |
|  | |


title: Star Light (film)

abstract: Star Light is a 2020 horror movie from Orama Filmworks and The Butcher Brothers. The film stars Cameron Johnson, Scout Taylor-Compton, Bret Roberts, Rahart Adams, Garrett Westton and Liana Ramirez. Tiffany Shepis has a cameo. The film is directed by Mitchell Altieri, Lee Cummings and written by Mitchell Altieri, Jamal M. Jennings and Adam Weis. Filming began in October 2017 in Kentucky, United States. The film was first shown at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival in February 2020.

text:
# Star Light (film)

***Star Light*** is a 2020 horror movie from Orama Filmworks and The Butcher Brothers. The film stars Cameron Johnson, Scout Taylor-Compton, Bret Roberts, Rahart Adams, Garrett Westton and Liana Ramirez. Tiffany Shepis has a cameo.

The film is directed by Mitchell Altieri, Lee Cummings and written by Mitchell Altieri, Jamal M. Jennings and Adam Weis.

Filming began in October 2017 in Kentucky, United States.

The film was first shown at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival in February 2020.

## Plot

Teenager Dylan (Cameron Johnson) accidentally crashes into a popular singer Bebe A. Love (Scout Taylor-Compton). Dylan and his friends try to help Bebe, but unexplained events and weird people turn a graduation party into hell on Earth.

## Production

The executive producer of the film is Jeffrey Allard, best known for his work on *The Texas Chain Saw Massacre*.

## Reception

It received a 57% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on seven reviews.


title: The Sand Child

abstract: The Sand Child is a 1985 novel by Moroccan author Tahar Ben Jelloun. First published in France, the novel's message expresses on multiple levels ideas about the post-colonial condition of Morocco while also emphasising themes relating to the construction of individual identities. It can also be seen as a critique of "traditional" Islamic and Moroccan morals, with specific reference to the position of women. There are strong elements of magical realism in the novel. Ben Jelloun continued the story of Mohammed Ahmed/Zahra in his award-winning 1987 novel, The Sacred Night.

text:
# The Sand Child

***The Sand Child*** (***l'Enfant de sable***) is a 1985 novel by Moroccan author Tahar Ben Jelloun. First published in France, the novel's message expresses on multiple levels ideas about the post-colonial condition of Morocco while also emphasising themes relating to the construction of individual identities. It can also be seen as a critique of "traditional" Islamic and Moroccan morals, with specific reference to the position of women. There are strong elements of magical realism in the novel.

Ben Jelloun continued the story of Mohammed Ahmed/Zahra in his award-winning 1987 novel, *The Sacred Night*.

## Plot

The book is a lyrical account of the life of Mohammed Ahmed, the eighth daughter of Hajji Ahmed Suleyman. Frustrated by his failure to bring a son into the world, Ahmed's father is determined that his youngest daughter will be raised as a boy, with all the rights and privileges that go along with it. The first part of the book describes the father's efforts to thwart suspicion that his child is a boy, especially from his jealous brothers, who look to inherit Ahmed's fortune. Using bribery and deceit, the masquerade succeeds. Mohammed Ahmed is circumcised (blood is drawn from her imaginary penis when Hajji Ahmed (Father) intentionally cuts his finger over the child during the ceremony), his breasts are bound, and he even marries his cousin Fatima, a sickly epileptic girl, who dies young. Only the father, the mother, and the midwife are ever aware of the hoax that is being perpetrated.

The story is told by a wandering storyteller, who reveals the tale, bit by bit, to an enthusiastic—though sometimes skeptical—audience. To verify his story, the storyteller claims to quote from a journal that Mohammed Ahmed kept, revealing his innermost thoughts about his confused gender identity. Mohammed Ahmed also reveals himself through correspondence with a mysterious friend, who writes him letters challenging his identity.

The book changes direction after Fatima's death and the disappearance of the storyteller, forced away by the modernization of the country. The remainder of the journal has been lost, but some of the crowd that once listened to the storyteller continues to meet and share how they see the story ending. Each of them describes Mohammed Ahmed's transition back to womanhood, where she assumes the identity of Zahra. Their stories have different endings, some happy, others tragic, until a blind troubador, a fictionalised version of Jorge Luis Borges, continues the tale leading up to Mohammed Ahmed/Zahra's death.

## Characters

**Ahmed:** The main character. An eighth child who was born a female, but was raised and presented to the society as a male. It is "his" story that is being told and "his" journal that is being read to the audience.

**Story teller/narrator:** multiple, with varying connection to Ahmed, character(s) as well as narrator(s)

**Malika:** She is the loyal female housekeeper/maid of the house. She is discreet, gentle and "never asked questions".

**Ahmed's mother:** She is the mother of Ahmed and 7 other daughters. She is obedient and subservient to her husband.

**Ahmed's father:** He is the father of Ahmed. He is traditional, desperately wants a son to continue his lineage and inheritance. He blames his wife, whom he physically abuses, for not giving him a son. He is the person who decides Ahmed, his last born daughter, to be raised as a male.

**Fatima:** She is Ahmed's cousin. She is born with a limp and is epileptic, and has always been treated as a failure by her family and the society. She is taken by Ahmed as his wife and is used to cover up "his" secret. She dies early in life.

**Um Abbas:** female, leader of a circus, takes Ahmed in

**Lalla Zahra:** Ahmed's female persona (98).

**Salem:** 1st of the three alternate end storytellers, black son of slave.

**Amar:** 2nd of the three alternate end storytellers. He is a retired school teacher and says that he has salvaged the manuscript.

**Fatuma:** Last of the three alternate end storytellers. An old woman, literate, comes from family that was happy to have daughters, has no children or a husband.

## Themes

### The story-teller and the story

*L'Enfant de Sable* incorporates traditional Arabic and oral story-telling strategies to form a frame-story. The character who tells the story of Ahmed is an eccentric character, who is often doubted by his marketplace audiences. This approach to story-telling may be indicative of the author's own love for Arabic cultural traditions and appreciation of the story as the most important cultural dimension. The surreal characteristics of the story-teller character also plays a major role in other thematic categories (most importantly those of deceit and surrealism). The scenes in which the story-teller is doubted are moments in which the reader may realize the credibility of the narrator; the scenes in which the story-teller uses abstract images and language suggest the intrinsic nature of the story as the reader understands it.

### Deceits, mysteries, and partitions

There are many cases in the novel when characters attempt to hide parts of themselves or others; the story is inherently embedded in a sort of mystery. The first chapter describes Ahmed as isolating himself, between Ahmed's father and his daughters "was a wall", and festivities are held in the name of lies.

The novel on the whole is about this mystery—this deceit. Ahmed's father hides the truth about his "son", Ahmed's mother binds his chest as to avoid breast growth, and so on.

### Bodily harm

Often in this novel a character will cause harm to a body, whether it be to themselves or to others. Before Ahmed is born, much harm is caused to the body of the mother in order to prevent another daughter. When Ahmed is to be circumcised, his father spills his own blood to hide the truth. There is an instant in the book when Ahmed's mother is said to be growing tired of her own daughters and strikes "her belly to punish herself."

### Surrealism and abstraction

*The Sand Child* can be read as a work of surrealism or of magical realism. Blogger Amy Owen describe the "dream-like states, hallucinations, and allusions to Andre Breton and the exquisite corpse \[as giving\] Ben Jelloun’s work a magical intoxicated quality." The narrator and even Ahmed himself often use surrealistic imagery and abstract language as forms of expression.

### Gender ambiguity

The questions of gender ambiguity is perhaps the most essential. Ahmed's male gender is a reflection of his parents' desire for a male child. As Ahmed matures, he begins to identify as a woman named Zahra. The different endings of the story differ as to the character's end gender. These depictions of gender serve as Ben Jelloun's literary investigation into views of gender, and especially a certain prioritization of the male, in early 20th century Morocco.

## Narrative strategies

In *The Sand Child*, there are two major narrative strategies. One of the major narrative strategies is the use of a frame story, a story in a story, which gives a perspective of the narrator and his thoughts while also giving the reader a questionable story that may reflect the questioning of the narrator. Another narrative strategy is the first person journal entries. In these, the reader gets a first person account of what Ahmed is trying to say, and what they’re thinking. The fact that the story is written in third person while the journals are in first person shows the importance of the “story inside of a story” framework. This type of writing allows readers two different perspectives and a chance to reflect and make their own choices about how to understand the "truth" of the story.

## Cultural and historical context

*The Sand Child* is set in early 20th-century Morocco and challenges Moroccan culture as well as, more subtly, the French occupation of Morocco. In particular, the treatment of women in Morocco comes under scrutiny. While the story is set in the 1950s, it responds in many ways to the treatment of women since the 1960s, when *Hassan II* took rule over Morocco. In 1956, *King Mohammed V* first claimed independence for Morocco from France and was known as a fairly forward ruler. Then, in 1961, Hassan took over and reinstated deeply conservative traditions in the period known as “The year of the Iron Fist”. This period was marked by violence against women and girls. Much has changed since *Mohammed VI* took over in 1999. *The Sand Child* takes as its focus the belief that male children (Ahmed) in early-to mid-20th-century Moroccan culture were more valuable than female children. This is seen throughout the novel as Ahmed acknowledges the special privileges of males, specifically that of being able to attend Quranic school. Ben Jelloun was praised for his critique of gender roles in Morocco by women’s groups.

## InfoBox

The Sand Child
| 1985 French edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tahar Ben Jelloun |
| Original title | *L'Enfant de sable* |
| Translator | Alan Sheridan |
| Language | French |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publisher | Éditions du Seuil (French)<br>Harcourt |
| Publication date | 1985 |
| Publication place | Morocco |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-15-179287-9 (hardback edition) ISBN 978-0-8018-6441-4 (paperback edition) |
| OCLC | 15428839 |
| Dewey Decimal | 843 19 |
| LC Class | PQ3989.2.J4 E613 1987 |


title: Night Song (Ahmad Jamal album)

abstract: Night Song is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1980 and released on the Motown label.

text:
# Night Song (Ahmad Jamal album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

***Night Song*** is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1980 and released on the Motown label.

## Track listing

1. "When You Wish Upon a Star" (Leigh Harline, Ned Washington) – 4:51
2. "Deja Vu" (Isaac Hayes, Adrienne Anderson) – 5:02
3. "Need to Smile" (Sonelius Smith) – 5:29
4. "Bad Times" (Gerard McMahon) – 4:30
5. "Touch Me in the Morning" (Michael Masser, Ron Miller) – 4:48
6. "Night Song" (Lee Adams, Charles Strouse) – 6:56
7. "Theme From M\*A\*S\*H" (Mike Altman, Johnny Mandel) – 4:43
8. "Something's Missing in My Life" (Paul Jabara, Jay Asher) – 4:03

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Night Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ahmad Jamal | |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | October 7, 1980
Hollywood, California |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:22 |
| Label | Motown M7-945R1 |
| Producer | Lee Young Sr. |
| Ahmad Jamal chronology | |
| *Intervals*
(1980) ***Night Song***
(1980) *Live at Bubba's*
(1981) | |


title: Hortense Diédhiou

abstract: Hortense Diédhiou is a Senegalese judoka. She participated in three Olympic games: 2004 in the -52kg event, 2008 at -52kg and 2012 at -57kg. She was the flag bearer of Senegal at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. At the 2004 Olympics, she met Frédérique Jossinet who invited her to train in France. Following that recommendation Diédhiou moved to Provence and in 2011 to Paris.

text:
# Hortense Diédhiou

**Hortense** (also spelled Hortance, Hortence and Hortanse) **Diédhiou** (born 19 August 1983) is a Senegalese judoka. She participated in three Olympic games: 2004 in the -52kg event, 2008 at -52kg and 2012 at -57kg. She was the flag bearer of Senegal at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. At the 2004 Olympics, she met Frédérique Jossinet who invited her to train in France. Following that recommendation Diédhiou moved to Provence and in 2011 to Paris.

## InfoBox

Hortense Diédhiou
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-08-19) August 19, 1983<br>Ziguinchor, Senegal |
| Occupation | Judoka |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 57 kg (126 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Senegal |
| Sport | Judo |
| Event | -57kg |
| Medal record      Women's Judo  Representing  Senegal  All-Africa Games  2007 Algiers  -52 kg  2011 Maputo  -57 kg | |
|  | |
| Profile at external databases | |
| JudoInside.com | 27496 |
|  | |
| Updated on 30 July 2012 | |


title: Fleur-de-Lys, Malta

abstract: Fleur-de-Lys is a suburb that forms part of Birkirkara, and is also considered a suburb of Santa Venera and Qormi. It lies approximately 5 kilometers from Malta's capital, Valletta. The population of Fleur-de-Lys is about 2,200 people and the area is very small.

text:
# Fleur-de-Lys, Malta

**Fleur-de-Lys** is a suburb that forms part of Birkirkara, and is also considered a suburb of Santa Venera and Qormi. It lies approximately 5 kilometers from Malta's capital, Valletta. The population of Fleur-de-Lys is about 2,200 people and the area is very small.

## History

### Wignacourt Aqueduct

Fleur-de-Lys' origins date back to the early 17th century. In 1610, Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt financed the building of the Wignacourt Aqueduct to transport water from springs in Rabat and Dingli to the capital Valletta. The aqueduct was finished in 1615, and an ornamental gateway known as the Wignacourt Arch (or Fleur-de-Lys Gate) was built where it crossed the road. This had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Wignacourt. The suburb was later named after these heraldic symbols on the arch.

During the Second World War, the archway was severely damaged when it was hit by an RAF lorry in 1943 and a truck in 1944. The ruined archway was demolished and the stones were stored and numbered at the Public Works Department. A roundabout was later built in its place. Plans for reconstructing the arch were made a number of times, before being finally approved in 2012. The local councils of Santa Venera and Birkirkara, as well as the Fleur-de-Lys Administrative Committee disagreed on what the arch's name should be, and eventually agreed in 2014 that it should be called "The Wignacourt Arch Known As The Fleur-de-Lys Gate". The arch was rebuilt in 2014 and 2015, and inaugurated on 28 April 2016.

### Development of the suburb

After the building of the aqueduct, a number of farmers settled in the area. For years the only buildings were a few farmhouses surrounded by fields.

Fleur-de-Lys began to develop in the Second World War. Many refugees from the Grand Harbour area fled to rural areas, including Fleur-de-Lys, after the Harbour area was devastated by bombs. By 1941 the British had built Fleur de Lys Battery in the area armed with anti-aircraft artillery. Various government offices were transferred to Fleur-de-Lys in the 1940s. After the war the area grew into a small hamlet.

In 1946, the church dedicated to Our Lady of Mount Carmel was inaugurated. It became autonomous from Santa Venera in 1949 and became a parish in 1975. Other chapels were later built in Fleur-de-Lys, including those in the Sisters of the Sacred Heart Convent and one in St Monica School.

Nowadays the suburb contains several small shops, a parish church and a BOV and an HSBC bank. The main road, Fleur-de-Lys Road, is now a major artery to Malta's local traffic system.

The Fleur-de-Lys Administrative Committee was created in December 1999 by an amendment to the Local Councils Act of 1993.

## InfoBox

| Fleur-de-Lys Fleur-de-Lis | |
| --- | --- |
| Administrative committee | |
| Fleur-de-Lys Gate | |
|  | |
| Fleur-de-Lys | |
| Coordinates: 35°53′29″N 14°28′19″E / 35.89139°N 14.47194°E / 35.89139; 14.47194 | |
| Country | Malta |
| Region | Central Region |
| District | Northern Harbour District |
| Local council | Birkirkara |
| Borders | Birkirkara, Santa Venera, Qormi |
| Government | |
| Chairperson | Ronald Briffa (PN) |
| Demonym | Furdulisjani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | BKR |
| Dialing code | 356 |
| Patron saint | Our Lady of Mount Carmel |
| Day of festa | 5 July |
| Website | fleurdelys.org.mt (archived) |


abstract: Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, is the largest university in Guinea. It is located in Dixinn Commune, Conakry, Guinea. The name is generally shortened to the University of Conakry.

text:
# Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry

**Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry** (in French *L'Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry*, UGANC), is the largest university in Guinea. It is located in Dixinn Commune, Conakry, Guinea. The name is generally shortened to the **University of Conakry**.

## History

The university came into being in 1962 as the *Institut Polytechnique de Conakry*, the first institution of higher education in Guinea, with the assistance of the Soviet Union. It was established during a period of progressive economic development in the country after independence. In 1970, the school's name was changed to the *Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry* (IPGAN), after the popular Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In 1989, it was renamed again, this time to the *Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry*.

In 1965, the separate *École supérieure d'administration* was incorporated into the *Institut Polytechnique*.

The university has a campus-wide computer network with a fiber optic backbone and 100BaseT Ethernet cabling as of 2007 along with 1,000 computers for university staff. The United States Agency for International Development helped set up the network and internet connection. Each faculty provides a computer lab for faculty and students, however the ratio of computers to users is only 1:100. Online university courses are offered.

In 2002, the university entrance exam was controversially abolished.

## Faculties

The university had 13 schools and faculties, including medicine. It currently has a *Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontostomatologie* (Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry), with a department for each of the three disciplines: a *Faculté des Sciences* (Faculty of Sciences), with biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics departments; a *Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Environnement* (Centre for Study and Environmental Research); a *Centre Informatique* (Computing Centre); and an *Institut Polytechnique* (Polytechnic Institute), with departments of electrical engineering, civil engineering, computer engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering and maintenance, mechanical engineering and telecommunications.

On 21 September 2015, a protocol of agreement was signed in Conakry between Guinea and the Institut Pasteur to create the Institut Pasteur of Guinea, which will be an independent department of the University of Conakry.

The Herbier National De Guinée, the national herbarium of Guinea, is also housed within the university.

## Notable alumni

9°32′40″N 13°40′35″W / 9.54444°N 13.67639°W / 9.54444; -13.67639

## InfoBox

Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry
| *L'Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry* (French) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Institut Polytechnique de Conakry, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1962 |
| Location | Conakry, Guinea |
| Campus | Urban |
| Nickname | UGANC |
| Website | University website |


title: Ethiopia–Finland relations

abstract: Finland-Ethiopia relations are foreign relations between the Finland and Ethiopia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 17, 1959. Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

text:
# Ethiopia–Finland relations

**Finland-Ethiopia relations** are foreign relations between the Finland and Ethiopia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 17, 1959. Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

## History

The Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs traces the relationship between the two countries to the 1950s when Finnish missionaries first came to Ethiopia. In March 1984, the two countries signed a Memorandum on Development Cooperation. In 2003, the Finnish Foreign Minister, Erkki Tuomioja, visited Ethiopia.

## Finnish assistance

Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term partners in economic development and in the water and education sectors. Finland began bilateral development cooperation with Ethiopia in 1967. Development cooperation was suspended during the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991–93, and again in 1998–2000 during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War. Finland, like other donors, did not make any new cooperation commitments in 2005 as a result of the violence following the parliamentary elections, but did resume cooperation at the previous level in 2007.

On 29 April 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million Euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region upgrade its capacity of planning and managing its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians. On 28 July 2009, the Finnish Ambassador, Kirsti Aarnio, praised Ethiopia's effort to pull itself out of poverty by achieving successive economic growth. She described their trade as Finland importing coffee, spices and leather from Ethiopia, while Ethiopia buys in various high-tech products from Finland. She also stated that ample opportunities existed where the two sides can boost cooperation in the areas of environment, information technology, telecommunication services and energy.

## InfoBox

Finland-Ethiopia relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
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|  |  |
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Finland |
Ethiopia |
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title: Emperor rat

abstract: The emperor rat is a large species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. It is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN but is likely already extinct.

text:
# Emperor rat

The **emperor rat** (***Uromys imperator***) is a large species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. It is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN but is likely already extinct.

## InfoBox

| Emperor rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically endangered, possibly extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Uromys* |
| Species: | ***U. imperator*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uromys imperator***
(Thomas, 1888) | |
|