title: Oxalosuccinic acid

abstract: Oxalosuccinic acid is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of oxalosuccinic acid are known as oxalosuccinates. Oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6-carbon intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It's a keto acid, formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate is first oxidized by coenzyme NAD+ to form oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate. Oxalosuccinic acid is both an alpha-keto and a beta-keto acid and it is the beta-ketoic property that allows the loss of carbon dioxide in the enzymatic reaction in conversion to the five-carbon molecule 2-oxoglutarate.

text:
# Oxalosuccinic acid

**Oxalosuccinic acid** is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of oxalosuccinic acid are known as **oxalosuccinates**.

Oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6-carbon intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It's a keto acid, formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate is first oxidized by coenzyme NAD+ to form oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate. Oxalosuccinic acid is both an alpha-keto and a beta-keto acid (an unstable compound) and it is the beta-ketoic property that allows the loss of carbon dioxide in the enzymatic reaction in conversion to the five-carbon molecule 2-oxoglutarate.

1. Ochoa S (May 1948). "Biosynthesis of tricarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation; the preparation and properties of oxalosuccinic acid". *The Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **174** (1): 115–22. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57381-6. PMID 18914069.
2. Romkina AY, Kiriukhin MY (2017-04-19). "Biochemical and molecular characterization of the isocitrate dehydrogenase with dual coenzyme specificity from the obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus Flagellatus". *PLOS ONE*. **12** (4): e0176056. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276056R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176056. PMC 5397045. PMID 28423051.

## InfoBox

Oxalosuccinic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 1-Oxopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.230.021 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H6O7/c7-3(8)1-2(5(10)11)4(9)6(12)13/h2H,1H2,(H,7,8)(H,10,11)(H,12,13) NKey: UFSCUAXLTRFIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N * InChI=1/C6H6O7/c7-3(8)1-2(5(10)11)4(9)6(12)13/h2H,1H2,(H,7,8)(H,10,11)(H,12,13)Key: UFSCUAXLTRFIDC-UHFFFAOYAK | |
| SMILES * C(C(C(=O)C(=O)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H6O7 |
| Molar mass | 190.108 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Wenceslao Figuereo

abstract: Wenceslao "Mano Lao" Figuereo Cassó was a Dominican Republic politician. He joined the Los Bolos party politician as a young man. Figuereo became President of the Dominican Republic on July 26, 1899, following the assassination of President Ulises Heureaux.

text:
# Wenceslao Figuereo

**Wenceslao "Mano Lao" Figuereo Cassó** (1834 – January 10, 1910) was a Dominican Republic politician. He joined the Los Bolos party politician as a young man. Figuereo became President of the Dominican Republic on July 26, 1899, following the assassination of President Ulises Heureaux.

## Early life

Figuereo was born in San Juan de la Maguana in 1834.

He was born to a half-Taino and half-African enslaved woman by the name of Simona. His father was of noble descent, a plantation owner and slave driver named Telésforo Objío Noble. Objío Noble would later free Simona and Wenceslao and properly partner Simona. Simona changed her name to Catalina when adopted into formal society. Wenceslao, having a strained relationship with Telésforo, would be taken in by the Figuereo plantation and mentored from an early age by the Los Bolos political party.

Figuereo's father and Brigadier General Manuel Rodríguez Objío's mother were siblings, thus, Figuereo and Rodríguez Objío were first cousins.

## Military career

He was 14 years old when he was part of the Dominican army that fought to strengthen the independence threatened by Haiti. Illiterate, he learned to read and count helped by a soldier during the campaign against Emperor Faustin Soulouque. When the Dominican War of Independence ended in 1856, he was a corporal and, during the period of the annexation to Spain, he was promoted to captain. Guard officer who guarded the insurgents sentenced to death on July 3, 1861, he gave Francisco del Rosario Sánchez a copy of Father Barrientos' Bible to help him die.

## Later career

He was a follower of José María Cabral, who, being president of the Republic, appointed him governor of Azua. For personal reasons, he joined the Red Party, under Buenaventura Báez. In 1876, Cesáreo Guillermo, in charge of the Executive Branch, appointed him Minister of the Interior and Police. Later, in his desire to stay at the top, he joined the liberal party, fighting alongside Ulises Heureaux against Guillermo, who had spoken out in Azua in 1885.

The following year, on the occasion of the revolution of Casimiro de Moya, who had taken up arms against Heureaux for the electoral fraud that took the Presidency from him, he fought for him in the south, so, after the rebellion was defeated and he was promoted Heureaux to power, was rewarded with the same ministry and then with the Vice Presidency. During the tyranny of his boss, he protected many young people from the capital.

With Lilís dead, he rejected an offer of money and weapons made to him by Santo Domingo Improvement in exchange for recognizing his large account. On March 23, 1903, when a coup d'état took place against the Government of Horacio Vásquez, Figuereo took charge of the assault on the Government.

## Final years and death

Figuereo was married to María Isabel Balbina Juanes Sánchez, who became the country's first lady at the age of 64. She remains the oldest woman to become first lady in the Dominican Republic's history.

In 1900 he exiled to Madrid, Spain.

In a combat that occurred in the town of Guerra, he was mortally wounded in 1910, in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic. He would succumb to his injury before finally passing away that same year at age 76.


abstract: As Ugly as It Gets: The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe is a 1998 compilation album by Ugly Kid Joe. It included select songs from the band's first two releases as well as a cover of the Black Sabbath song "N.I.B.". Although this compilation album was released after Motel California, it contains none of the singles from that album as Ugly Kid Joe had switched record labels by that time.

text:
# The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe: As Ugly as It Gets

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***As Ugly as It Gets: The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe*** is a 1998 compilation album by Ugly Kid Joe. It included select songs from the band's first two releases as well as a cover of the Black Sabbath song "N.I.B." (previously included on the tribute album *Nativity in Black*). Although this compilation album was released after *Motel California*, it contains none of the singles from that album as Ugly Kid Joe had switched record labels by that time.

## Track listing

1. "Madman" – 3:37
2. "Neighbor" – 4:43
3. "Cat's in the Cradle" – 4:01
4. "Everything About You" – 4:20
5. "Tomorrow's World" – 4:18
6. "God" – 2:54
7. "Busy Bee" – 4:08
8. "C.U.S.T." – 2:59
9. "Milkman's Son" – 3:51
10. "N.I.B." – 5:24
11. "Goddamn Devil" – 4:53
12. "Slower Than Nowhere" – 4:58
13. "Funky Fresh Country Club" – 5:16
14. "Panhandlin' Prince" - 5:43
15. "Jesus Rode A Harley" - 3:15

## InfoBox

| As Ugly as It Gets: The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Ugly Kid Joe | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, hard rock |
| Length | 65:03 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Ugly Kid Joe chronology | |
| *Motel California*
(1996) ***As Ugly as It Gets: The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe***
(1998) *The Collection*
(2002) | |


abstract: Isopropylmethylpyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate is a chemical compound used in Europe in aphicides and insecticides. As of 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency listed it as an unregistered pesticide in the United States. In China, it is used under the name isolan. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

text:
# Isopropylmethylpyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate

**Isopropylmethylpyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate** is a chemical compound used in Europe in aphicides and insecticides. As of 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency listed it as an unregistered pesticide in the United States. In China, it is used under the name **isolan**.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

## InfoBox

Isopropylmethylpyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 3-Methyl-1-(propan-2-yl)-1*H*-pyrazol-5-yl dimethylcarbamate | |
| Other names 1-Isopropyl-3-methyl-1*H*-pyrazol-5-yl dimethylcarbamate
Isolan
3-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1*H*-pyrazol-5-yl *N*,*N*-dimethylcarbamate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.926 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H17N3O2/c1-7(2)13-9(6-8(3)11-13)15-10(14)12(4)5/h6-7H,1-5H3Key: RNNBHZYEKNHLKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1/C10H17N3O2/c1-7(2)13-9(6-8(3)11-13)15-10(14)12(4)5/h6-7H,1-5H3Key: RNNBHZYEKNHLKT-UHFFFAOYAD | |
| SMILES * O=C(Oc1cc(nn1C(C)C)C)N(C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H17N3O2 |
| Molar mass | 211.265 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Walim, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Walim is a village in Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Walim. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Wałbrzych, and 64 kilometres (40 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The town is notable for 300-year-old timber framed houses.

text:
# Walim, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Walim** \[ˈvalim\] is a village in Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Walim. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Wałbrzych, and 64 kilometres (40 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The town is notable for 300-year-old timber framed houses.

## Geography

Walim is situated in the north-west of the Owl Mountains, along the Voivodeship Road 383, which leads from Jugowice over the *Przełęcz Walimska* pass to Dzierżoniów. Neighboring towns are Kokrza to the north, Michałkowa, Glinno and Toszowice to the northeast, Modlęcin and Domachów to the east, Siedlików and Rzeczka to the southeast, Grządki and Głuszyca to the southwest, Jedlinka Górna to the west and Dolki and Sędzimierz to the northwest. To the southeast lies the 1,014 m tall mountain Wielka Sowa, the highest peak of the Owl Mountains.

## Demographics

According to the Polish National Census, (March 2011) 2,340 inhabitants were counted in total.

## History

Walim was probably settled around 1220 and first mentioned in 1305 as *Waltheri villa (Waltersdorf)*, when part of Piast-ruled Poland. During the Hussite Wars, Waltersdorf was destroyed in 1425 and rebuilt from 1530 to 1548. Around the year 1600, the name *Waltersdorf* was changed to *Wüste Waltersdorf*. This was due to Waltersdorf, during the Thirty Years' War, many of its citizens were affected by a drought in the village. Among the frequent changing nobility was that of Haugwitz, von Beyer and Peterswaldau. In the middle of the 16th century, it belonged to the Melchior von Seydlitz, a new settlement for Protestants from Bohemia, Moravia and the County of Kladsko. After the Thirty Years' War, the Protestant Church was handed over to Catholics in 1654. In the same year, Wüste Waltersdorf came under the family von Zedlitz, whose most famous representative was the Prussian Minister of State, Karl Abraham von Zedlitz. He had visited several times to Wüste Waltersdorf by King Frederick II. In the 18th century, Wüste Waltersdorf developed into a center of the textile industry. In 1737 "Zedlitzhaide" was established.

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Wüste Waltersdorf together with most of Silesia, fell to Prussia in 1742. In the same year, an evangelical prayer house and an evangelical school were built. Since 1765, weekly linen markets have taken place. In 1777 the "Eckardtsberg Colony" and in 1788 the "Friedrichsberg Colony" were founded. In 1779 a linen shop was built, where the linen markets were held until 1830. In 1808, the von Zedlitz family sold Wüste Waltersdorf.

After the reorganization from Prussia, Wüste Waltersdorf was part of the Province of Silesia in 1815, and in 1816 was incorporated into the Waldenburg District, in which it remained until 1945. The textile factory Meyer-Kauffmann was established in 1843, was moved to Blumenau in 1854. In 1871 the village became part of the German Empire. Since 1874, the rural community of Wüstewaltersdorf has been the seat of the administrative district of the same name, including the rural villages of Rzeczka, Grządki, Silesian Falkenberg and Siedlików. In 1892, the newspaper "*Der Bote aus dem Eulengebirge*" was founded. In 1903, 1,100 employees were employed in the textile factories Websky, Hartmann and Wiesen AG.

In 1914, Wüstewaltersdorf was connected to the village of Jugowice's electric railway line. It was one of the first electrified railway lines in modern-day Poland. The line was closed in 1959 and then demolished.

During World War II, Wüstewaltersdorf was one part of Project Riese, which was used by Organisation Todt. In November 1943, there was a forced labour camp in Wüstewaltersdorf for about 1,500 mostly Jewish prisoners in a decommissioned weaving mill (Websky, Hartmann, and Wiesen AG). There were also Polish, Italian, Russian and Ukrainian prisoners in the camp. In 1944, the camp was cleared for a typhus epidemic and converted to a hospital with 600 beds for Organisation Todt. Since 1944 it was a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp.

After Germany's defeat in World War II, Walim became again part of Poland.

In 1957, Walim was elevated to a city-like settlement. Between 1975 and 1998 it belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodship.

## Landmarks

* The parish church of St. Barbara was erected as an evangelical church in 1548 and used as a Catholic church in 1654. The main architectural altar dates from the 1780s. The figure of the mother god with child in the choir is from the end of the 18th century, the risen Christ from around 1860.
* Numerous town houses from the 18th century
* Family tomb of the family von Zedlitz
* The tunnel system Project Riese, south of the city, there is an entrance to an underground gallery construction and hall system, which was probably created from 1943 to 1945 as a leader's headquarters.
* In 1742 an evangelical prayer house was built, which was rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1751. After its destruction 1945, it was rebuilt.

## Notable people

In 2014, Walim is shown in the documentary short film *Depositary* produced by the television network TVN. The documentary depicts the story of Łukasz Kazek, a resident of Walim, who in the Owl Mountains finds hidden deposits by German residents displaced as a result of the provisions of the Potsdam Conference from the areas which passed from Nazi Germany to Poland after World War II.

## InfoBox

| Walim | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint Barbara Church | |
|  | |
| Walim | |
| Coordinates: 50°41′53″N 16°26′42″E / 50.69806°N 16.44500°E / 50.69806; 16.44500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Wałbrzych |
| Gmina | Walim |
| Population | 2,340 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | (+48) 74 |
| Vehicle registration | DBA |
| Website | www.walim.pl |


title: Hiromi Kawasumi

abstract: Hiromi Kawasumi Hiromi Kawasumi is a Japanese sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Hiromi Kawasumi

**Hiromi Kawasumi** (川角 博美, *Kawasumi Hiromi*, born 2 June 1962) is a Japanese sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Hiromi Kawasumi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Born | (1962-06-02) 2 June 1962 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 400 metres relay |


title: Goldner–Harary graph

abstract: In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Goldner–Harary graph is a simple undirected graph with 11 vertices and 27 edges. It is named after A. Goldner and Frank Harary, who proved in 1975 that it was the smallest non-Hamiltonian maximal planar graph. The same graph had already been given as an example of a non-Hamiltonian simplicial polyhedron by Branko Grünbaum in 1967.

text:
# Goldner–Harary graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the **Goldner–Harary graph** is a simple undirected graph with 11 vertices and 27 edges. It is named after A. Goldner and Frank Harary, who proved in 1975 that it was the smallest non-Hamiltonian maximal planar graph. The same graph had already been given as an example of a non-Hamiltonian simplicial polyhedron by Branko Grünbaum in 1967.

## Properties

The Goldner–Harary graph is a planar graph: it can be drawn in the plane with none of its edges crossing. When drawn on a plane, all its faces are triangular, making it a maximal planar graph. As with every maximal planar graph, it is also 3-vertex-connected: the removal of any two of its vertices leaves a connected subgraph.

The Goldner–Harary graph is also non-Hamiltonian. The smallest possible number of vertices for a non-Hamiltonian polyhedral graph is 11. Therefore, the Goldner–Harary graph is a minimal example of graphs of this type. However, the Herschel graph, another non-Hamiltonian polyhedron with 11 vertices, has fewer edges.

As a non-Hamiltonian maximal planar graph, the Goldner–Harary graph provides an example of a planar graph with book thickness greater than two. Based on the existence of such examples, Bernhart and Kainen conjectured that the book thickness of planar graphs could be made arbitrarily large, but it was subsequently shown that all planar graphs have book thickness at most four.

It has book thickness 3, chromatic number 4, chromatic index 8, girth 3, radius 2, diameter 2 and is a 3-edge-connected graph.

It is also a 3-tree, and therefore it has treewidth 3. Like any *k*-tree, it is a chordal graph. As a planar 3-tree, it forms an example of an Apollonian network.

## Geometry

By Steinitz's theorem, the Goldner–Harary graph is a polyhedral graph: it is planar and 3-connected, so there exists a convex polyhedron having the Goldner–Harary graph as its skeleton.

Geometrically, a polyhedron representing the Goldner–Harary graph may be formed by gluing a tetrahedron onto each face of a triangular dipyramid, similarly to the way a triakis octahedron is formed by gluing a tetrahedron onto each face of an octahedron. That is, it is the Kleetope of the triangular dipyramid. The dual graph of the Goldner–Harary graph is represented geometrically by the truncation of the triangular prism.

## Algebraic properties

The automorphism group of the Goldner–Harary graph is of order 12 and is isomorphic to the dihedral group D6, the group of symmetries of a regular hexagon, including both rotations and reflections.

The characteristic polynomial of the Goldner–Harary graph is : $-(x-1)^{2}x^{2}(x+2)^{3}(x^{2}-3)(x^{2}-4x-9)$.

## InfoBox

| Goldner–Harary graph | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Named after | A. Goldner,
Frank Harary |
| Vertices | 11 |
| Edges | 27 |
| Radius | 2 |
| Diameter | 2 |
| Girth | 3 |
| Automorphisms | 12 (6) |
| Chromatic number | 4 |
| Chromatic index | 8 |
| Properties | Polyhedral
Planar
Chordal
Perfect
Treewidth 3 |
| Table of graphs and parameters | |


title: Ramil

abstract:
Ramil is an Asian masculine given name and an occasional surname. It may refer to
  - Given name
  - Ray Arcel, American boxing trainer
  - Ramil Aritkulov, Russian middle-distance runner
  - Ramil Gallego, Filipino pool player
  - Ramil Ganiyev, Uzbekistani decathlete
  - Ramil Gasimov, Azerbaijani paralympic judoka
  - Ramil Guliyev, Azerbaijani-Turkish sprinter
  - Ramil Hasanov, Ukrainian football striker
  - Ramil Kharisov, Russian football player
  - Ramil Khayrulin, Russian film producer, filmmaker and screenwriter
  - Ramil Rodriguez (1944–2014), Filipino actor
  - Ramil Safarov, Azerbaijani military officer
  - Ramil Sarkulov, Uzbekistani ice dancer
  - Ramil Sheriff, Jamaican football midfielder
  - Ramil Sheydayev, Russian-Azerbaijani footballer
  - Ramil Usubov, Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan
  - Ramil Valeyev, Russian football coach and former player
  - Ramil Yuldashev, Ukrainian ice hockey winger
  - Ramil Zaripov, Russian football defender
  - Surname
  - Kleiton & Kledir, Brazilian singers and songwriters
  - Manuel Ramil, Spanish keyboardist for the Power metal band WarCry
  - Mario R. Ramil (1946–2017), Associate Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court
  - Vitor Ramil, Brazilian musician, singer, composer and writer

text:
# Ramil

**Ramil** (Cyrillic: Рамиль) is an Asian masculine given name and an occasional surname. It may refer to

Given name Surname * Kleiton & Kledir (brothers Kleiton Ramil and Kledir Ramil), Brazilian singers and songwriters
* Manuel Ramil (born 1978), Spanish keyboardist for the Power metal band WarCry
* Mario R. Ramil (1946–2017), Associate Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court
* Vitor Ramil (born 1962), Brazilian musician, singer, composer and writer


title: Indole 2,3-dioxygenase

abstract:
In enzymology, an indole 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - indole + O2 ⇌ 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are indole and O2, whereas its product is 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). Other names in common use include indole oxidase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ambiguous), indole:O2 oxidoreductase, indole-oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), and IDO (ambiguous). This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: copper, Flavin, and Flavoprotein. Indole dioxygenase is not specific to indole but rather operates on a broad range of indole derivatives, including the amino acids tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and many indole-analog plant phytochemicals. IDO is a peripheral enzyme, in contrast to tryptophan oxidase, an enzyme of similar amino acid sequence, which is active only in the liver. IDO is induced (produced on demand) by activation of inflammatory processes involving cytokine expression by white blood cells.

text:
# Indole 2,3-dioxygenase

In enzymology, an **indole 2,3-dioxygenase** (EC 1.13.11.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

indole + O2 $\rightleftharpoons $ 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are indole and O2, whereas its product is 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)**. Other names in common use include **indole oxidase**, **indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ambiguous)**, **indole:O2 oxidoreductase**, **indole-oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)**, and **IDO (ambiguous)**. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: copper, Flavin, and Flavoprotein.

Indole dioxygenase is not specific to indole but rather operates on a broad range of indole derivatives, including the amino acids tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and many indole-analog plant phytochemicals. IDO is a peripheral enzyme, in contrast to tryptophan oxidase, an enzyme of similar amino acid sequence, which is active only in the liver. IDO is induced (produced on demand) by activation of inflammatory processes involving cytokine expression by white blood cells.

* Divakar NG, Subramanian V, Sugumaran M, Vaidyanathan CS (1979). "Indole oxygenase from the leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum". *Plant Sci. Lett*. **15** (2): 177–181. doi:10.1016/0304-4211(79)90071-3.
* Kunapuli SP; Vaidyanathan CS (1983). "Purification and characterization of a new indole oxygenase from the leaves of Tecoma stans L". *Plant Physiol*. **71** (1): 19–23. doi:10.1104/pp.71.1.19. PMC 1065978. PMID 16662784.
* Nair PM; Vaidyanathan CS (1964). "An indole oxidase isolated from the leaves of Tecoma stans". *Biochim. Biophys. Acta*. **81** (3): 496–506. doi:10.1016/0926-6569(64)90134-8. PMID 14170321.

## InfoBox

| indole 2,3-dioxygenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.13.11.17 |
| CAS no. | 37256-57-8 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Journal of Medicinal Food

abstract: The Journal of Medicinal Food is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the health effects of foods and their components. It was established in 1998 and is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The editors-in-chief are Michael Zemel, PhD, and Jeongmin Lee, PhD,. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.786.

text:
# Journal of Medicinal Food

The ***Journal of Medicinal Food*** is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the health effects of foods and their components. It was established in 1998 and is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The editors-in-chief are Michael Zemel, PhD, (Professor Emeritus, The University of Tennessee, Chief Scientific Officer, NuSirt Biopharma) and Jeongmin Lee, PhD, (Kyung Hee University). According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.786.

## InfoBox

*Journal of Medicinal Food*
| Discipline | Clinical nutrition |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Sampath Parthasarathy
Jeongmin Lee |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1998–present |
| Publisher | Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Impact factor | 1.955 (2016) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *J. Med. Food* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | JMFOFJ |
| ISSN | 1096-620X (print)
1557-7600 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 98657820 |
| OCLC no. | 901021514 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi

abstract: The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi is the sixth compilation album of songs by American jazz pianist/composer Vince Guaraldi released on August 7, 2012, in the U.S by Fantasy/Concord Records as part of their "Very Best" series.

text:
# The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Five Cents Please* |  |

***The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi*** is the sixth compilation album of songs by American jazz pianist/composer Vince Guaraldi released on August 7, 2012, in the U.S by Fantasy/Concord Records as part of their "Very Best" series.

## Background

*The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi* was an attempt by Fantasy/Concord Records to release what AllMusic critic Al Campbell deemed a "decent budget-line" version of the more expansive, 31-track compilation *The Definitive Vince Guaraldi* from 2009.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Vince Guaraldi except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cast Your Fate to the Wind" |  | *Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus* (1962) | 3:09 |
| 2. | "El Matador" (live) |  | *Live at El Matador* (1966) | 4:35 |
| 3. | "Softly, As In a Morning Sunrise" |  | *A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing* (1958) | 3:31 |
| 4. | "Ginza" (aka "Ginza Samba") |  | *From All Sides* (1965) | 5:28 |
| 5. | "Treat Street" |  | *The Latin Side of Vince Guaraldi* (1964) | 3:03 |
| 6. | "Django" | John Lewis | *Vince Guaraldi Trio* (1956) | 4:57 |
| 7. | "Linus and Lucy" |  | *Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown* (1964) | 3:06 |
| 8. | "The Lady's in Love with You" |  | *Vince Guaraldi Trio* | 3:56 |
| 9. | "Star Song" | * Vince Guaraldi * William Siden | *Vince Guaraldi, Bola Sete and Friends* (1964) | 4:48 |
| 10. | "Outra Vez" (live) | Antônio Carlos Jobim | *In Person* (1963) | 2:56 |
| 11. | "Manhã de Carnaval" | Luiz Bonfá | *Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus* | 5:50 |
| 12. | "Charlie Brown Theme" |  | *Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown* | 4:24 |
| 13. | "Christmas Is Coming" |  | *A Charlie Brown Christmas* (1965) | 3:25 |
| 14. | "Christmas Time Is Here" (instrumental) |  | *A Charlie Brown Christmas* | 6:02 |
| Total length: | | | | 59:10 |

## InfoBox

| The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Vince Guaraldi | |
| Released | August 7, 2012 |
| Recorded | 1956–1966 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 59:10 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Nick Phillips |
| Vince Guaraldi chronology | |
| *An Afternoon with the Vince Guaraldi Quartet*
(2011) ***The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi***
(2012) *Peanuts Greatest Hits*
(2015) | |


title: It's Time! (Jackie McLean album)

abstract: It's Time! is an album recorded by a group led by American saxophonist Jackie McLean recorded in 1964 and released on the Blue Note label. It features McLean in a quintet with trumpeter Charles Tolliver, pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Cecil McBee and drummer Roy Haynes.

text:
# It's Time! (Jackie McLean album)

***It's Time!*** is an album recorded by a group led by American saxophonist Jackie McLean recorded in 1964 and released on the Blue Note label. It features McLean in a quintet with trumpeter Charles Tolliver, pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Cecil McBee and drummer Roy Haynes.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 3½ stars.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *AllMusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

All compositions by Jackie McLean except as noted

1. "Cancellation" (Charles Tolliver) - 7:45
2. "Das' Dat" - 6:26
3. "It's Time" - 6:35
4. "Revillot" (Tolliver) - 7:51
5. "'Snuff" - 7:47
6. "Truth" (Tolliver) - 6:30

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| It's Time! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jackie McLean | |
| Released | Late June/early July 1965 |
| Recorded | August 5, 1964 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Post-bop, modal jazz |
| Length | 42:54 |
| Label | Blue Note
BST 84179 |
| Producer | Alfred Lion |
| Jackie McLean chronology | |
| *Destination... Out!*
(1963) ***It's Time!***
(1965) *Action Action Action*
(1964) | |


abstract:
The City of Sacramento, which serves as the state capital of California, was founded in December 1848 by John Sutter. The following year, California's Gold Rush brought an influx of "forty-niners" and, shortly thereafter, goods, services, and industry to meet the needs of the booming population. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sacramento's commercial, industrial, government, and residential uses flourished, creating a vibrant urban downtown. By the middle of the 20th century, however, much of historic downtown Sacramento had fallen into disrepair and neglect. This decline was driven by several factors, including disinvestment, white flight, redlining, and inadequate maintenance of infrastructure. Residents began moving further east into the growing suburbs along the American River. Between 1950 and 1970, Sacramento experienced significant changes in its residential and commercial landscape due to urban renewal efforts and highway development. The Federal Housing Act of 1949 aimed to eliminate substandard living conditions and provided subsidies for urban renewal projects. Initially focused on improving residential areas, amendments in 1954 shifted the emphasis to commercial development. Sacramento city planners capitalized on these changes to transform the West End into a commercial district. By 1950, almost 70 percent of the
city's minority population lived in the West End with 87 percent of the city's Mexican residents, 75 percent of the city's Asian population, and 60 percent of the city's Black population residing there. In addition to these redevelopment efforts, the construction of interstate highways further shaped the city's landscape and demographic patterns. The development of Interstate 5 and Interstate 80, along with U.S. Route 50, created physical barriers that isolated certain neighborhoods, particularly those with high concentrations of minority residents. According to the 1950 U.S. Census, approximately 7,900 or 75 percent of the city's 10,700 non-White residents resided in census tracts directly affected by redevelopment and freeway construction. In the span of two years, urban renewal initiatives completely razed 15 city blocks, primarily in the West End, while highway construction claimed over 100 city blocks in central Sacramento over a span of 20 years. In 1950, 48% of West End residents were non-White, but by 1970, non-White residents accounted for only 5% of the West End population. Interest in urban redevelopment and historic preservation grew in the 1970s and began to take shape in the 1980s with the publicly financed renewal of Old Sacramento and the private development of several office buildings along the Capital Mall. After a slight lull in development due to the recession of the early 1990s, Mayor Heather Fargo made the downtown a pillar of her program in 2001. Since then, the increase in population, traffic, and housing values has increased interest in downtown living among metropolitan residents, making high-rise condominium living financially viable. A multitude of private and government developments have emerged in the capital city over the past two years.

text:
# Urban redevelopment in Sacramento, California

The City of Sacramento, which serves as the state capital of California, was founded in December 1848 by John Sutter. The following year, California's Gold Rush brought an influx of "forty-niners" and, shortly thereafter, goods, services, and industry to meet the needs of the booming population. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sacramento's commercial, industrial, government, and residential uses flourished, creating a vibrant urban downtown.

By the middle of the 20th century, however, much of historic downtown Sacramento had fallen into disrepair and neglect. This decline was driven by several factors, including disinvestment, white flight, redlining, and inadequate maintenance of infrastructure. Residents began moving further east into the growing suburbs along the American River. Between 1950 and 1970, Sacramento experienced significant changes in its residential and commercial landscape due to urban renewal efforts and highway development.

The Federal Housing Act of 1949 aimed to eliminate substandard living conditions and provided subsidies for urban renewal projects. Initially focused on improving residential areas, amendments in 1954 shifted the emphasis to commercial development. Sacramento city planners capitalized on these changes to transform the West End into a commercial district. By 1950, almost 70 percent of the city's minority population lived in the West End with 87 percent of the city's Mexican residents, 75 percent of the city's Asian population (many of them Japanese returning from relocation camps), and 60 percent of the city's Black population residing there (Hernandez 2009). In addition to these redevelopment efforts, the construction of interstate highways further shaped the city's landscape and demographic patterns. The development of Interstate 5 and Interstate 80, along with U.S. Route 50, created physical barriers that isolated certain neighborhoods, particularly those with high concentrations of minority residents. According to the 1950 U.S. Census, approximately 7,900 or 75 percent of the city's 10,700 non-White residents resided in census tracts directly affected by redevelopment and freeway construction (City of Sacramento). In the span of two years, urban renewal initiatives completely razed 15 city blocks, primarily in the West End, while highway construction claimed over 100 city blocks in central Sacramento over a span of 20 years. In 1950, 48% of West End residents were non-White, but by 1970, non-White residents accounted for only 5% of the West End population.

Interest in urban redevelopment and historic preservation grew in the 1970s and began to take shape in the 1980s with the publicly financed renewal of Old Sacramento and the private development of several office buildings along the Capital Mall. After a slight lull in development due to the recession of the early 1990s, Mayor Heather Fargo made the downtown a pillar of her program in 2001. Since then, the increase in population, traffic, and housing values has increased interest in downtown living among metropolitan residents, making high-rise condominium living financially viable. A multitude of private and government developments have emerged in the capital city over the past two years.


abstract: Are We Really Happy With Who We Are Right Now? is the second full-length album by the rock band Moneen.

text:
# Are We Really Happy with Who We Are Right Now?

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *earshot!* | favorable |
| PopMatters | mixed |
| Punknews.org |  |
| Tiny Mix Tapes |  |

***Are We Really Happy With Who We Are Right Now?*** is the second full-length album by the rock band Moneen.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Moneen

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Are We Really Happy With Who We Are Right Now?" | 3:45 |
| 2. | "Start Angry...End Mad" | 4:43 |
| 3. | "To Say Something That Means Nothing To Anyone At All" | 5:20 |
| 4. | "With This Song I Will Destroy Myself" | 5:02 |
| 5. | "Closing My Eyes Won't Help Me Leave" | 5:59 |
| 6. | "I Have Never Done Anything For Anyone That Was Not For Me As Well" | 3:56 |
| 7. | "How To Live With The Thought That Sometimes Life Ends" | 4:44 |
| 8. | "Life's Just Too Short Little Ndugu" | 4:15 |
| 9. | "Thoughts Weigh Heavy...Don't Get Drowned In The Weight Of It All" | 4:32 |
| 10. | "The Last Song I Will Ever Want To Sing" | 9:05 |
| Total length: | | 51:16 |

## Personnel

* Kenny Bridges – vocals, guitar, design, layout
* Erik Hughes – bass guitar, additional vocals
* Chris Hughes – guitar, additional vocals
* Peter Krpan – drums
* Trever Keith – production, additional vocals
* Chad Blinman – recording, mixing, "string sounds"
* Joe Gastwirt – mastering
* Erich Gobel – mixing assistant
* Lisa Logutenkow – additional vocals
* Keath Moon – layout, design
* Matt Daley – additional artwork

## InfoBox

| Are We Really Happy With Who We Are Right Now? | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Moneen | |
| Released | June 17, 2003 |
| Recorded | Audio International, Ojai, California; The Eye Socket, Venice, California |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 51:16 |
| Label | Vagrant Records/Smallman Records (in Canada) |
| Producer | Trever Keith |
| Moneen chronology | |
| *The Theory of Harmonial Value*
(2001) ***Are We Really Happy With Who We Are Right Now?***
(2003) *The Switcheroo Series: Burning Down The Pine Room*
(2005) | |


title: Indole-3-acetic acid

abstract: Indole-3-acetic acid is the most common naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It is the best known of the auxins, and has been the subject of extensive studies by plant physiologists. IAA is a derivative of indole, containing a carboxymethyl substituent. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents.

text:
# Indole-3-acetic acid

**Indole-3-acetic acid** (**IAA**, **3-IAA**) is the most common naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It is the best known of the auxins, and has been the subject of extensive studies by plant physiologists. IAA is a derivative of indole, containing a carboxymethyl substituent. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents.

## Biosynthesis

IAA is predominantly produced in cells of the apex (bud) and very young leaves of a plant. Plants can synthesize IAA by several independent biosynthetic pathways. Four of them start from tryptophan, but there is also a biosynthetic pathway independent of tryptophan. Plants mainly produce IAA from tryptophan through indole-3-pyruvic acid. IAA is also produced from tryptophan through indole-3-acetaldoxime in *Arabidopsis thaliana*.

In rats, IAA is a product of both endogenous and colonic microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan along with tryptophol. This was first observed in rats infected by *Trypanosoma brucei gambiense*. A 2015 experiment showed that a high-tryptophan diet can decrease serum levels of IAA in mice, but that in humans, protein consumption has no reliably predictable effect on plasma IAA levels. Human cells have been known to produce IAA in vitro since the 1950s, and the critical biosynthesis gene IL4I1 has been identified.

## Biological effects

As all auxins, IAA has many different effects, such as inducing cell elongation and cell division with all subsequent results for plant growth and development. On a larger scale, IAA serves as signaling molecule necessary for development of plant organs and coordination of growth.

### Plant gene regulation

IAA enters the plant cell nucleus and binds to a protein complex composed of a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin ligase (E3), resulting in ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins with increased speed. Aux/IAA proteins bind to auxin response factor (ARF) proteins, forming a heterodimer, suppressing ARF activity. In 1997 it was described how ARFs bind to auxin-response gene elements in promoters of auxin regulated genes, generally activating transcription of that gene when an Aux/IAA protein is not bound.

IAA inhibits the photorespiratory-dependent cell death in photorespiratory catalase mutants. This suggests a role for auxin signalling in stress tolerance.

### Bacterial physiology

IAA production is widespread among environmental bacteria that inhabit soils, waters, but also plant and animal hosts. Distribution and substrate specificity of the involved enzymes suggests these pathways play a role beyond plant-microbe interactions. *Enterobacter cloacae* can produce IAA, from aromatic and branched-chain amino acids.

### Fungal symbiosis

Fungi can form a fungal mantle around roots of perennial plants called ectomycorrhiza. A fungus specific to spruce called *Tricholoma vaccinum* was shown to produce IAA from tryptophan and excrete it from its hyphae. This induced branching in cultures, and enhanced Hartig net formation. The fungus uses a multidrug and toxic extrusion (MATE) transporter Mte1. Research into IAA-producing fungi to promote plant growth and protection in sustainable agriculture is underway.

### Skatole biosynthesis

Skatole, the odorant in feces, is produced from tryptophan via indoleacetic acid. Decarboxylation gives the methylindole.

## Synthesis

Chemically, it can be synthesized by the reaction of indole with glycolic acid in the presence of base at 250 °C:

Alternatively the compound has been synthesized by Fischer indole synthesis using glutamic acid and phenylhydrazine. Glutamic acid was converted to the necessary aldehyde via Strecker degradation.

Many methods for its synthesis have been developed since its original synthesis from indole-3-acetonitrile.

## History and synthetic analogs

William Gladstone Tempelman studied substances for growth promotion at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. After 7 years of research he changed the direction of his study to try the same substances at high concentrations in order to stop plant growth. In 1940 he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field.

The search for an acid with a longer half life, i.e. a metabolically and environmentally more stable compound led to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), both phenoxy herbicides and analogs of IAA. Robert Pokorny an industrial chemist for the C.B. Dolge Company in Westport, Connecticut published their synthesis in 1941. When sprayed on broad-leaf dicot plants, they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth, eventually killing them. First introduced in 1946, these herbicides were in widespread use in agriculture by the middle of the 1950s.

Other less expensive synthetic auxin analogs on the market for use in horticulture are indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

## Mammalian toxicity/health effects

Little research has been conducted on the effects of IAA on humans and toxicity data are limited. No data on human carcinogenic, teratogenic, or developmental effects have been created.

IAA is listed in its MSDS as mutagenic to mammalian somatic cells, and possibly carcinogenic based on animal data. It may cause adverse reproductive effects (fetotoxicity) and birth defects based on animal data. No human data as of 2008. It is listed as a potential skin, eye, and respiratory irritant, and users are warned not to ingest it. Protocols for ingestion, inhalation, and skin/eye exposure are standard for moderately poisonous compounds and include thorough rinsing in the case of skin and eyes, fresh air in the case of inhalation, and immediately contacting a physician in all cases to determine the best course of action and not to induce vomiting when of ingested. The NFPA 704 health hazard rating for IAA is 2, which denotes a risk of temporary incapacitation with intense or prolonged, but not chronic exposure, and a possibility of residual injury. IAA is a direct ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and IAA treatment of mice indicate liver-protective effects in a model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Humans typically have relatively high levels of IAA in their serum (~1 μM), but this can be increased further in certain disease conditions and can be a poor prognostic marker for cardiovascular health. Whether this IAA originates from endogenous biosynthesis via IL4I1 or gut microbiota is unknown. A 2021 study found that normal mice had an average of 3.7 times as much IAA in their feces compared to germ-free mice, suggesting that the mammalian microbiome contributes significantly to the overall circulating amount.

### Developmental toxicity

IAA produces microcephaly in rats during the early stage of cerebral cortex development. IAA treatment of pregnant rats, at a dose of 1 gram per kg of body weight per day, decreased the locomotor activities of rat embryos/fetuses; treatment with IAA and analog 1(methyl)-IAA resulted in apoptosis of neuroepithelial cell and significantly decreased brain sizes relative to body weight in embryonic rats.

### Immunotoxin

IAA is an apoptosis-inducing ligand in mammals. As of 2010, the signal transduction pathways are as follows: IAA/HRP activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. It induces caspase-8 and caspase-9, which results in caspase-3 activation and poly(adp-ribose) polymerases cleavage.

In 2002 it had been hypothesized that IAA coupled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) could be used in targeted cancer therapy. Radical-IAA molecules would attach to cells marked by HRP and HRP reactive cells would be selectively killed. In 2010 in vitro experiments proved this concept of IAA as an immunotoxin when used in preclinical studies of targeted cancer therapy, as it induced apoptosis in bladder and in hematological malignancies.

## InfoBox

Indole-3-acetic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name (1*H*-Indol-3-yl)acetic acid | |
| Other names Indole-3-acetic acid,
indolylacetic acid,
1*H*-Indole-3-acetic acid,
indoleacetic acid,
heteroauxin,
IAA | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.590 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H9NO2/c12-10(13)5-7-6-11-9-4-2-1-3-8(7)9/h1-4,6,11H,5H2,(H,12,13) YKey: SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C10H9NO2/c12-10(13)5-7-6-11-9-4-2-1-3-8(7)9/h1-4,6,11H,5H2,(H,12,13)Key: SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYAT | |
| SMILES * O=C(O)Cc1c\[nH\]c2ccccc12 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H9NO2 |
| Molar mass | 175.187 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Melting point | 168 to 170 °C (334 to 338 °F; 441 to 443 K) |
| Solubility in water | insoluble in water. Soluble in ethanol to 50mg/mL |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Precision Air Flight 494

abstract: Precision Air Flight 494 (PW494) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight within Tanzania, from Julius Nyerere International Airport to Bukoba Airport via Mwanza Airport. On 6 November 2022, the ATR 42–500 plane crashed in Lake Victoria while attempting to land at Bukoba during bad weather and low visibility. Nineteen people were killed, including both pilots who drowned before rescue workers could reach them.

text:
# Precision Air Flight 494

class=notpageimage|Crash location on a map of Tanzania

**Precision Air Flight 494** (PW494) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight within Tanzania, from Julius Nyerere International Airport to Bukoba Airport via Mwanza Airport. On 6 November 2022, the ATR 42–500 plane crashed in Lake Victoria while attempting to land at Bukoba during bad weather and low visibility. Nineteen people were killed, including both pilots who drowned before rescue workers could reach them.

## Crash

Flight 494 took off from Dar es Salaam around 06:00 East Africa Time and was scheduled to land at Bukoba around 08:30 after a stopover at Mwanza. A survivor stated that the pilots had to reroute the aircraft due to the deteriorating weather and that the aircraft had to fly towards the Tanzania–Uganda border before turning back towards Bukoba. The passenger further stated that during their approach, they encountered heavy turbulence after being informed that they were to land shortly, eventually finding themselves in the lake with the plane beginning to take on water.

The aircraft crash-landed in Lake Victoria at 08:45, 500 metres (1,600 ft) short of the runway. Survivors stated that the front portion of the aircraft was immediately filled with a large amount of water, causing panic inside the cabin. The flight attendants then opened the emergency exits and passengers began to escape from the sinking aircraft. Photos and videos spread on social media showed the plane almost fully submerged, with only its tail section visible above the water line.

## Aircraft

The aircraft involved in the accident was a 12-year-old ATR 42–500 named "Bukoba," with serial number 819, registered as 5H-PWF. It was delivered to Precision Air in August 2010. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turboprop engines.

## Passengers and crew

There were 39 passengers and 4 crew members on board, including one infant. The majority of those were Tanzanians, and local media stated that at least two were Kenyans, including the first officer. The pilot of the aircraft was identified as Captain Buruhani Rubaga; the co-pilot was First Officer Peter Odhiambo. Of the 43 people on board, 19 died, including both pilots, who drowned before rescue workers could reach them.

Passengers and crew by nationality
| Nationality | Passengers | Crew | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tanzania | 38 | 3 | 41 |
| Kenya | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 39 | 4 | 43 |

## Rescue and recovery

Local fishermen were the first to arrive at the scene of the crash. They broke the rear door by smashing it with a rowing oar, successfully rescuing those who were seated at the back. Both pilots were still conscious and alive as there was no water leakage inside the cockpit. A fisherman tried to break the cockpit windows with an axe but was advised to stop by those in communication with the pilots. He then tied a rope to the cockpit emergency door and tried to pull it open by using other nearby boats. The rope snapped, however, knocking him unconscious.

Rescue workers arrived at the scene to rescue those still trapped inside the aircraft. According to Albert Chalamila, the chief administrator of Kagera Region, emergency workers were in touch with the pilots in the cockpit and attempted to pull the plane closer to the shore using ropes and cranes.

## Investigation

During the funeral service of the victims in Kagera's Kaitaba Stadium, Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa ordered an inquiry into the crash. The Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) would be involved in the probe. The French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) confirmed that their members would travel to Tanzania to assist with the investigation. Technical advisers from ATR would also join the investigation effort.

In 2023 the CAA released their preliminary report. It stated that the approach was conducted under visual flight rules in poor weather and that the flight crew ignored alerts from the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS).

## Response

Bukoba Airport was closed until November 9.

President Samia Suluhu Hassan tweeted: "I have received with sadness the information of the crash of the Precision Air flight at Lake Victoria, in the Kagera region, I send my condolences to all those affected by this incident. Let's continue to be calm as the rescue operation continues and we pray to God to help us." Majaliwa visited the site and said that an extensive investigation would be carried out to determine the full causes of the crash.

On 7 November, a funeral service was held at Kagera Kaitaba Stadium. Prime Minister Majaliwa, along with Muslim and Christian clerics, led prayers for the victims at Kaitaba Stadium, where hundreds of mourners had gathered. He later stated that the funeral cost would be covered by the government, adding that an additional 1,000,000 shillings would be provided for the relatives of the victims.

## InfoBox

Precision Air Flight 494
| 5H-PWF, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Accident | |
| Date | 6 November 2022 |
| Summary | Crashed while on approach |
| Site | Lake Victoria, near Bukoba Airport, Bukoba, Tanzania <br>01°20′07″S 31°49′33″E / 1.33528°S 31.82583°E / -1.33528; 31.82583 |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | ATR 42-500 |
| Aircraft name | *Bukoba* |
| Operator | Precision Air |
| IATA flight No. | PW494 |
| ICAO flight No. | PRF494 |
| Call sign | PRECISION AIR 494 |
| Registration | 5H-PWF |
| Flight origin | Dar es Salaam International Airport, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
| Stopover | Mwanza Airport, Mwanza, Tanzania |
| Destination | Bukoba Airport, Bukoba, Tanzania |
| Occupants | 43 |
| Passengers | 39 |
| Crew | 4 |
| Fatalities | 19 |
| Injuries | 24 |
| Survivors | 24 |


title: Ismet Shehu

abstract: Ismet Shehu also known as Ceren Ismet Shehu is a UK-trained chef from Albania. He was one of the five student chefs who served lunch to the late Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during the 2012 Diamond Jubilee celebrations. He is the owner of Kazerma e Cerenit, an Albanian historical military site which he turned into an agro-tourism business and dining restaurant.

text:
# Ismet Shehu

**Ismet Shehu** also known as **Ceren Ismet Shehu** is a UK-trained chef from Albania. He was one of the five student chefs who served lunch to the late Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during the 2012 Diamond Jubilee celebrations. He is the owner of *Kazerma e Cerenit*, an Albanian historical military site which he turned into an agro-tourism business and dining restaurant.

## Life and career

Shehu, migrated from Albania to Britain at age 17. After arriving in the UK, he entered the construction and hospitality industries where he served for a few years before taking up a university course in hospitality and catering. The course gave him and four other students the rare opportunity of serving lunch to the late Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during the 2012 Diamond Jubilee celebrations.

Shehu later returned to Tirana, Albania, where he established and runs a chain of restaurants including *Ceren Ismet Shehu* and his newest restaurant *Kazerma e Cerenit*, an Albanian historical military site which he turned into an agro-tourism business and dining restaurant.

## InfoBox

| Ismet Shehu | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Albanian |
| Occupation | Chef |


title: Theodore of Sykeon

abstract: Saint Theodore of Sykeon, also known as Theodore the Sykeote, was a revered Byzantine ascetic, who lived between the first half of the 6th century and the thirteenth year of the Emperor Heraclius' rule in the early 7th century. His hagiography, written after 641, is a key primary source for the reign of Emperor Heraclius. His feast day is 22 April.

text:
# Theodore of Sykeon

Saint **Theodore of Sykeon**, also known as **Theodore the Sykeote** (Greek: Θεόδωρος ό Συκεώτης), was a revered Byzantine ascetic, who lived between the first half of the 6th century and the thirteenth year of the Emperor Heraclius' rule (i. e. 623) in the early 7th century (or on 22 April 613). His hagiography, written after 641, is a key primary source for the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641). His feast day is 22 April.

## Life

### Early life

Theodore was born in Sykeon, a village in Galatia. The public highway of the imperial post ran through this village, and on the road stood an inn kept by a very beautiful girl, Mary, her mother, Elpidia, and a sister Despoinia. These women lived in the inn and followed the profession of courtesans. Theodore was the son of Mary and Cosmas, who had become popular in the hippodrome of Constantinople in the corps of those who performed acrobatic feats on camels and was appointed to carry out the emperor's orders. The biography of St Theodore depicts the women in his household as strong who have some choices in their life and are able to make a living through the proceeds from the inn.

When Theodore was about twelve years old an epidemic of bubonic plague fell upon the village and it attacked him along with others so that he came near to dying. They took him to the shrine of St. John the Baptist near the village and laid him at the entrance to the sanctuary; he recovered and returned home.

He used to frequent a shrine dedicated to the martyr St. George, located up the rocky hill which lay near the village. At the age of fourteen, he went there to live. Even at such a young age, Theodore was granted the gift of healing.

Theodore then withdrew into complete solitude, to a cave not far from the oratory of St George. He persuaded a deacon to bring him bread and water, and he told no one else where he had hidden himself. For two years St Theodore lived in this seclusion until news of the youth’s exploits reached the local bishop Theodosius, who ordained him to the diaconate, and later to the holy priesthood, although the saint was only eighteen years old at the time.

Theodore then resolved to go to Jerusalem and other places in the Holy Land, also visiting the desert monasteries and anchorites living in the desert. At the monastery of Choziba he received from the abbot the monastic habit, but he returned to Galatia.

### Bishop

He was chosen Bishop of Anastasioupolis. On his third journey to the Holy Land, Theodore was seized by the desire to lay down the office of bishop and stayed for some time at the Laura of Saba which at this time attracted men throughout the Christian world who sought the perfect monastic life. Only after St George appeared to him in a dream did Theodore return to his bishopric in Anastasioupolis.

During the reign of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602), he foretold the emperor's death and "great tribulations, terrible scourges \[that\] threaten the world." He was soon proven correct with the outbreak of the 26-year-long Persian war sparked by the death of Maurice. He was a close friend of the family of Emperor Phocas. Despite that, he spoke of

> The trembling of the cross forecasts a crowd of misfortunes and perils for us. Yes, it forecasts fluctuations in our faith, and apostasies, invasions of many barbarian peoples, floods of blood scattered, ruin and captivity for everyone, the desolation of the holy churches, the halting of the divine service, the fall and upsetting of the Empire, embarrassments without number and serious times for the state. In short, it announces that the coming of the Enemy \[devil\] is soon.
>
> St. Theodore of Sykeon

Furthermore, he would only pray for Phocas if the latter stopped massacring people. Still, after the successful rebellion of Emperor Heraclius, he intervened to save the life of Domentziolus, the nephew of Phocas. In return, St. Theodore of Sykeon was asked to "pray for \[Heraclius\] and his reign."

St. Theodore of Sykeon had good relations with Patriarch Sergius of Constantinople. Still, historian Walter Kaegi says that Heraclius "may always have felt some reserve in his relations with" St. Theodore. During Lent 613, Heraclius asked for St. Theodore's blessing in fighting the Sassanids. St. Theodore blessed him and invited him to dinner, but Heraclius refused because of time concerns. However, the saint claimed that not accepting his gifts was a "sign of our defeat". Indeed, Heraclius lost the Battle of Antioch.

He died on 22 April 613.

## Sources

The primary source for Theodore's life is the *Life of Theodore*, written in the early 640s by his disciple George who draw on information from Theodore's schoolfellows and contemporaries. The vita is comparatively rich in circumstantial detail and depicts interactions of St Theodore with every social class, from slaves to emperors. It is therefore an important source for contemporary events, the life of women, family life and the fluid network of monasteries and holy men's cells that existed in Asia Minor.

## Veneration

His remains were quickly brought to Constantinople to protect them from the Persian war and to add divine protection to the city. An elaborate ceremony of the reception of the remains associated St. Theodore with Heraclius's regime.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Saint
Theodore of Sykeon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bishop of Anastasioupolis | |
| Born | first half of the 6th century
Sykeon (near modern Kayabükü, Beypazarı) |
| Died | 613
Orsan Priory, Cher |
| Venerated in | Greek Orthodox Church |
| Major shrine | Monastery of St. George of Mangana, Constantinople (destroyed) |
| Feast | 22 April |