title: The Oath (The Americans)

abstract: "The Oath" is the twelfth episode of the first season of the period drama television series The Americans. It originally aired on FX in the United States on April 24, 2013.

text:
# The Oath (The Americans)

"**The Oath**" is the twelfth episode of the first season of the period drama television series *The Americans*. It originally aired on FX in the United States on April 24, 2013.

## Plot

Sanford Prince (Tim Hopper) tells KGB agent Elizabeth Jennings (Keri Russell) that he has recruited an Air Force colonel named Lyle Rennhull who will give the Soviets important information on the SDI project for $50,000. Elizabeth brings this information to her husband Philip (Matthew Rhys), who is wary, citing Prince's gambling addiction. Elizabeth believes Prince is delivering them the "highest source" within the Reagan administration, while Philip believes it could be a trap.

Elizabeth receives material from Prince at a dead drop, containing schematics for the U.S. missile defense system. She meets Claudia (Margo Martindale) who believes that the Americans would not deliver such important information as a trap, telling Elizabeth that she believes the Colonel is real and that a meeting with him has been set. Elizabeth has grown tired of Claudia as their handler and tells Philip that she wants her to be reassigned. Philip (posing as an FBI counterintelligence agent named Clark Westerfeld) proposes to FBI employee Martha (Alison Wright) over dinner and she happily accepts.

Nina's (Annet Mahendru) suspicions about Stan Beeman (Noah Emmerich) grow and she accuses him of murdering Vlad, which he strongly denies. Philip asks Martha to plant a listening device in Gaad's office and she agrees. Viola Johnson (Tonye Patano), who planted the bugged clock in Weinberger's study in a previous episode, feels increasingly guilty and confesses to Beeman and Gaad. They surmise that Viola was threatened by the same couple who kidnapped Patterson and Viola meets with a sketch artist. The FBI discover the bug in Weinberger's study and decide to leave it there now that they know the Russians are listening.

After planting the bug, Martha confronts Philip about their relationship, complaining about having to keep it secret. Philip agrees that she can tell her parents about the marriage and Martha tells him she wants to get married over the weekend. Philip and Elizabeth listen in on the bug in Gaad's office but hear no mention of a trap. Prince is arrested for failing to pay child support; Elizabeth fears this has something to do with the meeting with the Colonel. Elizabeth attends the wedding ceremony pretending to be Clark's sister while Claudia poses as his mother. Elizabeth asks Philip if their relationship would have been different if they taken wedding vows, and Philip says he does not know.

Viola's time with the sketch artist results in the FBI looking for a white couple in their 30s or 40s. Nina, who has grown increasingly tired of Stan's lies, confesses to Arkady about spying for the U.S.

## Production

### Development

In April 2013, FX confirmed that the twelfth episode of the series would be titled "The Oath", and that it would be written by Joshua Brand and Melissa James Gibson, and directed by John Dahl. This was Brand's fourth writing credit, Gibson's third writing credit, and Dahl's first directing credit.

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "The Oath" was seen by an estimated 1.49 million household viewers with a 0.5 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.5 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 16% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.81 million household viewers with a 0.6 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"The Oath" received critical acclaim. Eric Goldman of *IGN* gave the episode an "amazing" 9 out of 10 and wrote, "Suffice to say, 'The Oath' was a great way to set up next week’s season finale. A lot of balls are in the air, and it seems likely a lot will come crashing down, in dramatic ways, as Season 1 concludes."

Emily St. James of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an "A–" grade and wrote, "'The Oath' is a weirdly sedate hour for the penultimate episode of a season of television that's been building to a major confrontation. I think I mean that as a compliment, too, though I'm less sure about it."

Alan Sepinwall of *HitFix* wrote, "after something of a dud last week, 'The Oath' was pretty fabulous from start to finish – the sort of episode where my notes became littered with profanity as I realized the very risky place so many scenes were heading." Matt Zoller Seitz of *Vulture* gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "'The Oath' answered the chaos and misery of last week's episode 'Covert War' with a kind of dark solidity; picture hot lava hardening into rock."

James Donaghy of *The Guardian* wrote, "If it was a criticism of *The Americans* mid-season that nothing really advanced, no one could say that about this week's hectic episode. Much of the action revolves around two big confessions and the fallout from those revelations will go a long way towards shaping next week's finale." Carla Day of *TV Fanatic* gave the episode a 4.8 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "'The Oath' has put all the relationships and informants in a precarious place going into next Wednesday's season finale. The Weinburger bug has been compromised, but now the Soviets have one in Gaad's office."

## InfoBox

| "**The Oath**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Americans* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 1
Episode 12 |
| Directed by | John Dahl |
| Written by | Joshua Brand
Melissa James Gibson |
| Featured music |  |
| Production code | BDU111 |
| Original air date | April 24, 2013 (2013-04-24) |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


abstract: "The Recruiting Officer" is a 1965 Australian television production based on the famous play The Recruiting Officer, which was the first play ever performed in Australia. "The Recruiting Officer" aired on 6 January 1965 in Sydney, 13 January 1965 in Brisbane, and on 20 January 1965 in Melbourne. The production was the first episode of the ABC anthology series Wednesday Theatre and starred John Meillon, and was directed by Ken Hannam.

text:
# The Recruiting Officer (Wednesday Theatre)

"**The Recruiting Officer**" is a 1965 Australian television production based on the famous play *The Recruiting Officer*, which was the first play ever performed in Australia. "The Recruiting Officer" aired on 6 January 1965 in Sydney, 13 January 1965 in Brisbane, and on 20 January 1965 in Melbourne.

The production was the first episode of the ABC anthology series *Wednesday Theatre* and starred John Meillon, and was directed by Ken Hannam.

## Premise

Two recruiting officers, Plume and Brazen, visit a country district and become involved with Plume's childhood friend, Worthy, and two beautiful women, Sylvia and Melinda.

## Cast

## Production

The original play was first play to be staged in the Colony of New South Wales, which is now Australia, by the convicts of the First Fleet on 4 June 1789 under the governance of Captain Arthur Phillip. It was performed to honour the king's birthday. The play was based on Farqhuar's experience recruiting in Shrophsire during the War of Spanish Succession.

The play had recently been revived in the public consciousness after being performed at the National Theatre in London in 1963.

In 1964, when the play was shot, it was compared to the movie *Tom Jones* (1963).

John Meillon made it after returning home after five years in London, "I would think this play was the best ever produced in Australia", said Meillon. "It would stand on its merits anywhere."

It was one of the most elaborate productions shot on Australian TV until that time. It was filmed in 1964 but screening was delayed until after a Senate election because of the title, and conscription had been an issue in the election.

Sets and costumes were designed by Wendy Dickson of the Elizabethan Theatre Trust. Two studios were used. The sets involved building a complete market place, containing a courthouse, inn and stocks. More than 30 costumes were made.

Reg Livermore wrote in his memoirs that rehearsals took place in premises in Lower Forbes St, near Kings Cross. He says whenever Meillion had a break in dialogue he would leave to visit the pub, but "he always returned in time". Livermore says Meillon's performance "was lively, nonetheless, as was he, a jovial, likable chum."

## Reception

The *Sydney Morning Herald* said "The happy turns and twists of its plot and its unrestrained, exuberant dialogue were skillfully brought within the television frame, enabling the notably able cast to show off a variety of nimble expressions" adding "This was a good-tempered and affable production" with "some delightful acting and resourceful use of visual details."

The *Canberra Times* said Meillon made "a display of naturalistic acting of such excellence that there was excitement in the sheer realism of his gesture and inflection. But the 100 minute production left an after taste of such dissatisfaction that the inevitable first question was, do I want naturalistic acting in Restoration comedy?"

The *Sydney Tribune* said it was the "highlight of the week".

## InfoBox

| "**The Recruiting Officer**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Wednesday Theatre* episode | |
| SMH 6 Jan 1965 | |
| Episode no. | Season 1
Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Ken Hannam |
| Based on | *The Recruiting Officer*
by George Farquhar |
| Featured music | Richard Connolly |
| Original air date | 6 January 1965 (1965-01-06) |
| Running time | 100 mins |
| Guest appearances | |
| John Meillon
Reg Livermore | |
|
|


title: The New England Magazine

abstract: The New England Magazine was a monthly literary magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1884 to 1917. It was known as The Bay State Monthly from 1884 to 1886. The magazine was published by J. N. McClinctock and Company. The magazine has no connection to the 1830s publication The New-England Magazine.

text:
# The New England Magazine

***The New England Magazine*** was a monthly literary magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1884 to 1917. It was known as ***The Bay State Monthly*** from 1884 to 1886.

The magazine was published by J. N. McClinctock and Company.

The magazine has no connection to the 1830s publication *The New-England Magazine*.

## InfoBox

*The New England Magazine*
| Categories | literary magazine |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founded | 1884 |
| Final issue | 1917 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Language | English |


title: Marije Joling

abstract: Marije Joling is a Dutch allround speed skater. In 2013, Joling won the 5000 m event at the Dutch Single Distance Championships. At the 2015 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships in Heerenveen she won the bronze medal at the 3000 m event behind Martina Sáblíková and Ireen Wüst. At the same championships she won the silver medal with the Dutch team in the team pursuit event, finishing 0.02s behind the Japanese team.

text:
# Marije Joling

**Marije Joling** (born 30 September 1987) is a Dutch allround speed skater.

In 2013, Joling won the 5000 m event at the Dutch Single Distance Championships. At the 2015 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships in Heerenveen she won the bronze medal at the 3000 m event behind Martina Sáblíková and Ireen Wüst. At the same championships she won the silver medal with the Dutch team in the team pursuit event, finishing 0.02s behind the Japanese team.

## Personal bests

| **Personal records** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Women's speed skating** | | | | |
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 39.24 | 7 March 2015 | Olympic Oval, Calgary |  |
| 1000 m | 1:18.11 | 3 November 2012 | Thialf, Heerenveen |  |
| 1500 m | 1:54.43 | 15 November 2015 | Olympic Oval, Calgary |  |
| 3000 m | 4:00.48 | 13 November 2015 | Olympic Oval, Calgary |  |
| 5000 m | 7:03.19 | 30 December 2013 | Thialf, Heerenveen |  |

## InfoBox

Marije Joling
| Joling (2016) | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1987-09-30) 30 September 1987<br>Assen, Netherlands |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Sport | Speed skating |
| Turned pro | 2007 |
| Medal record      Women's speed skating  Representing the  Netherlands  World Championships  2015 Heerenveen 3000 m  2015 Heerenveen Team pursuit | |


title: The Real Me (The Who song)

abstract: "The Real Me" is a song written by Pete Townshend on The Who's second full-scale rock opera, Quadrophenia in 1973. This is the second track on the album, although it is the first with lyrics. It concerns a boy named Jimmy, a young English Mod with four distinct personalities. The song describes how he angrily deals with several individuals to identify "the real me". The song was released as a single in the United States and Canada in 1974. The song is known for its virtuosic bass performance by John Entwistle. According to a 1996 interview with Entwistle by Goldmine Magazine, the bass part was recorded on the first take. Entwistle claimed he was "joking around" when he played the part, but the band loved it and used it in the final version. Aside from the verses about the psychiatrist, mother and preacher, Townshend's original demo of the song on his solo album Scoop 3 includes another verse about rock and roll in general. The arrangement of the song is also much slower than what it would end up as in Quadrophenia. Townshend has always referred to it as "Can You See the Real Me", rather than the more accepted abbreviated title. Record World said that "this tune exhibits the form that makes the group the premier British rockers" and praised the "fine rhythm work from bassist Entwistle and drummer Moon."

text:
# The Real Me (The Who song)

"**The Real Me**" is a song written by Pete Townshend on The Who's second full-scale rock opera, *Quadrophenia* in 1973. This is the second track on the album, although it is the first with lyrics. It concerns a boy named Jimmy, a young English Mod with four distinct personalities. The song describes how he angrily deals with several individuals to identify "the real me". The song was released as a single (backed with "I'm One") in the United States and Canada in 1974.

The song is known for its virtuosic bass performance by John Entwistle. According to a 1996 interview with Entwistle by Goldmine Magazine, the bass part was recorded on the first take. Entwistle claimed he was "joking around" when he played the part, but the band loved it and used it in the final version.

Aside from the verses about the psychiatrist, mother and preacher, Townshend's original demo of the song on his solo album *Scoop 3* includes another verse about rock and roll in general. The arrangement of the song is also much slower than what it would end up as in *Quadrophenia*.

Townshend has always referred to it as "Can You See the Real Me", rather than the more accepted abbreviated title.

*Record World* said that "this tune exhibits the form that makes the group the premier British rockers" and praised the "fine rhythm work from bassist Entwistle and drummer Moon."

## Live history

The band first performed "The Real Me" on their 1973 tour promoting the *Quadrophenia* album, as a medley with the tape track "I Am the Sea", and it was played up until the end of their next French tour the following year, this time without "I Am the Sea". For that purpose, it was released as a single (backed with "Doctor Jimmy") in France and Belgium in 1974. It was not played again until the 1979 tour, where it frequently used to close concerts. It remained a fixture of The Who's concerts until 1981, and was again played on their 1989 reunion tour. It was included in every concert of the 1996–1997 tour, on which *Quadrophenia* was played in its entirety. The Who continued to play the song until John Entwistle's death in 2002. After not performing it for several years, the band began including it in their live shows again in 2007 with the bass part, now performed by Pino Palladino, being less prominent than in the original version. It was featured in every performance on the 2012–2013 "Quadrophenia and More" tour, which again featured the entire album, and was performed on the 2019 “Moving On!” tour, where the core band was augmented by a 40-piece orchestra.

The band have been known to stretch the song out with an extended instrumental jam. A notable example occurred at the Rainbow Theatre in London on 3 February 1981, when the song reached 12 minutes. These extended jams have become far less frequent since Entwistle's death.

## Other album appearances

"The Real Me" was featured in the 1979 movie based on *Quadrophenia* as well as its soundtrack album, with a new bass track and a conclusive ending as opposed to the segue on the original album. It was also featured on the 2002 Who compilation *The Ultimate Collection*, with a slightly modified opening.

The following Who albums and DVDs feature "The Real Me", either as a studio or live recording:

## Reception

*Cash Box* predicted that this would be the Who's biggest single since "Won't Get Fooled Again."

## Personnel

## Cover versions

The song was covered by heavy metal band W.A.S.P. in 1989 and released as the second single from their 5th album "The Headless Children". The song was a hit in Britain and reached no. 23, on the UK Singles chart. An accompanying video was also made and released.

Rock band Phish played the song as part of their complete performance of the Quadrophenia album on 31 October 1995. It was released as LivePhish vol 14. They played it again about 2 months later sandwiched in the original song, Bathtub Gin, on 29 December 1995 in Worcester, MA.

It was also covered by Pearl Jam during The Who Tribute on VH1 in 2008. In August 2009, Pearl Jam performed the song at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, with Simon Townshend on guitar.

## InfoBox

| "The Real Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Who | |
| from the album  *Quadrophenia* | |
| B-side | "I'm One" (US/Canada)
"Doctor Jimmy" (France/Belgium) |
| Released | 12 January 1974 |
| Recorded | May 1972 |
| Genre |  |
| Length |  |
| Label | Track/MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Pete Townshend |
| Producer(s) | The Who |
| The Who singles chronology | |
| "Love, Reign o'er Me"
(1973) "**The Real Me**"
(1974) "Postcard"
(1974) | |


title: Fiona Hughes (academic)

abstract: Fiona Hughes is a British Academic. She is a Senior Lecturer in philosophy and Director of Education for Philosophy at the University of Essex. Hughes graduated from the University of Edinburgh and Merton College, Oxford. In January 2017, Hughes was on the expert panel for BBC Radio 4's In Our Time on Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality.

text:
# Fiona Hughes (academic)

**Fiona Hughes** is a British Academic. She is a Senior Lecturer in philosophy and Director of Education for Philosophy at the University of Essex.

Hughes graduated from the University of Edinburgh and Merton College, Oxford. In January 2017, Hughes was on the expert panel for BBC Radio 4's *In Our Time* on Nietzsche's *Genealogy of Morality*.

## Selected publications

* Glendinning, Simon, ed. (1999), *The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy*, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-0990-1
* Hughes, Fiona (2007), *Kant's Aesthetic Epistemology: Form and World*, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2122-4
* Hughes, Fiona (2010), *Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgement: A Reader's Guide*, Continuum Reader's Guides, London: Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-9768-0

1. "Dr Fiona Hughes". Essex. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
2. "Fiona Hughes". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
3. "In Our Time, Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality". BBC Radio 4. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

## InfoBox

| Fiona Hughes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh<br>Merton College, Oxford |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Essex |
|  | |


title: The Red Strings Club

abstract: The Red Strings Club is an adventure game developed by Deconstructeam and published by Devolver Digital. It was originally released on Windows, macOS and Linux in January 2018, with a Nintendo Switch version released in March 2019.

text:
# The Red Strings Club

***The Red Strings Club*** is an adventure game developed by Deconstructeam and published by Devolver Digital. It was originally released on Windows, macOS and Linux in January 2018, with a Nintendo Switch version released in March 2019.

## Gameplay and plot

*The Red Strings Club* is an adventure game set in a cyberpunk world. In this world, devices implanted in humans have become commonplace as a way to alter one's physical features and mental functions; a corporation called Supercontinent Ltd., led by a mysterious CEO, is at the forefront of this human implant industry. The game itself centers around three main (playable) characters: Brandeis, an enhanced human and "freelance hacker"; Donovan, an implantless human and owner of The Red Strings Club; and Akara-184, an android formerly owned by Supercontinent to administer implant surgery to customers and who possesses advanced empathy capabilities. Donovan, Brandeis, and Akara-184 are working together to stop Supercontinent from releasing a system known as Social Psyche Welfare, which alters the minds of all implanted humans in order to eliminate emotions such as anger and depression; Donovan's interactions with Akara-184 and employees of Supercontinent encourages the player to consider the role of and extent to which technology should alter one's humanity.

*The Red Strings Club* utilizes several different styles of gameplay throughout with each of its playable characters. The bulk of the game involves Donovan mixing different types of drinks in order to bring out certain emotions in his bar's patrons, which allows him to probe them for information; however, some emotional states are more volatile than others, running the risk of cutting the conversation short and missing out on certain intelligence that could have been collected. At the end of each encounter, Akara-184 will test Donovan on each character's motivations and feelings; if he guesses most of the questions correctly, he receives an item that can enhance his drinks (and, in one instance, gains access to a new character).

While playing as Akara-184 within a Supercontinent Ltd. facility, the player crafts different sets of implants made of biomass via pottery wheel that are to be inserted in clients, based on what will best help their careers or desires. Towards the end of this section of the game, the player inserts implants for Supercontinent executives, however, are encouraged by a human hacker intruder (who is associated with Brandeis), to assign them specially-designed implants that will make them less corporately-focused; the implants that the player chooses to insert will have an effect on these executives later on in the game.

At the end of the game, like Brandeis, the player infiltrates Supercontinent Ltd. headquarters in order to stop the SPW program, but needs to go through several bureaucratic hoops in order to do so; in order to achieve his goal, Brandeis uses one of his implants to impersonate Supercontinent executives and glean the information needed to access restricted files and run a virus to shut down Social Psyche Welfare. Just before succeeding, though, Brandeis is surrounded by Akara and several clones of them - it is here that Akara reveals that they are an AI of uncertain origin that's slowly been manipulating human technological process via the internet for years and intends to launch the SPW as a sort of final act. After this encounter, Brandeis is shot by Supercontinent security forces and falls out of Supercontinent's skyscraper to his demise, as seen in the beginning cutscene of the game. As he falls, Brandeis calls Donovan, and they declare their love for one another.

## Development and release

*The Red Strings Club* was developed by Deconstructeam. The game was announced in October 2017. The game was published by Devolver Digital and released for Windows, macOS and Linux on 22 January 2018. It was released on Nintendo Switch in March 2019.

## Reception

*The Red Strings Club* received "generally favorable" reviews from critics according to review aggregator Metacritic.

The Spanish edition of *Edge* magazine gave it a 9/10.

One of the characters Donovan encounters at The Red Strings Club is a marketing director named Larissa. During Brandeis' section, Larissa is revealed as transgender by her password, which is her "deadname" (name given at birth). Danielle Riendeau of *Vice* considered it offensive to use a deadname as a clue and criticized making someone's gender identity a plot twist. Paula Ruiz, a developer of *The Red Strings Club* who is transgender, said it is important to denounce deadnaming but that "it's also a part of trans people's realities" and the game's usage was not frivolous.

### Awards

The game won the award for "Best National Development" at the Titanium Awards 2018, whereas its other nomination was for "Best Indie Game".

## InfoBox

| The Red Strings Club | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Deconstructeam |
| Publisher(s) | Devolver Digital |
| Director(s) | Jordi de Paco |
| Producer(s) | Andrew Parsons |
| Designer(s) | Jordi de Paco |
| Programmer(s) | Jordi de Paco |
| Artist(s) | Marina González |
| Writer(s) | Jordi de Paco |
| Composer(s) | Paula "Fingerspit" Ruiz |
| Engine | GameMaker Studio |
| Platform(s) | Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch |
| Release | 22 January 2018
**Nintendo Switch**
14 March 2019 |
| Genre(s) | Adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Fine Print (periodical)

abstract:
Fine Print was an American highly respected periodical about book arts. It was founded in 1975 as an eight-page "Newsletter for the Arts of the Book". From the "Complete Index": "Its initial purpose was to present bibliographic descriptions of finely printed books along with reports on allied arts like hand bookbinding, calligraphy, and papermaking." Eminent authors of articles in "Fine Print" included Joseph Blumenthal, Sumner Stone, Walter Tracy, Abe Lerner, and Paul Hayden Duensing. The covers were remarkable. Writing in Parenthesis, Rabin D. Harlan says:
With the October 1979 issue, separate covers were introduced, each designed by a different person who might be a calligrapher, a printer, a type designer, or a practitioner of such other crafts. Adrian Wilson’s cover design inaugurated this series, which became the talk of the trade. Everyone has her or his own favorite cover design. The entire corpus will continue to be studied and admired by practitioners. students. and connoisseurs. Other covers were designed by Hermann Zapf and others. The periodical ceased publication with volume 16, number 4: "The Complete Index to Fine Print" (2003). The last regular issue was in 1990. The journal's papers are now with the Bancroft Library.

text:
# Fine Print (periodical)

***Fine Print*** was an American highly respected periodical about book arts. It was founded in 1975 as an eight-page "Newsletter for the Arts of the Book".

From the "Complete Index": "Its initial purpose was to present bibliographic descriptions of finely printed books (i.e., letterpress) along with reports on allied arts like hand bookbinding, calligraphy, and papermaking." Eminent authors of articles in "Fine Print" included Joseph Blumenthal, Sumner Stone, Walter Tracy, Abe Lerner, and Paul Hayden Duensing.

The covers were remarkable. Writing in Parenthesis, Rabin D. Harlan says:

> With the October 1979 issue, separate covers were introduced, each designed by a different person who might be a calligrapher, a printer, a type designer, or a practitioner of such other crafts. Adrian Wilson’s cover design inaugurated this series, which became the talk of the trade. Everyone has her or his own favorite cover design. The entire corpus will continue to be studied and admired by practitioners. students. and connoisseurs.

Other covers were designed by Hermann Zapf and others.

The periodical ceased publication with volume 16, number 4: "The Complete Index to Fine Print" (2003). The last regular issue was in 1990. The journal's papers are now with the Bancroft Library.

## InfoBox

*Fine Print*
| Editor and Publisher | Sandra Kirshenbaum |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Book Arts, Typography, Type Design |
| Frequency | quarterly |
| Founder | Sandra Kirshenbaum |
| Founded | 1975 (1975) |
| Final issue | 1990 (1990) |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | San Francisco |
| Language | English |
| ISSN | 0361-3801 |


title: Fine Paints of Europe

abstract: Fine Paints of Europe, located in Woodstock, Vermont, U.S., is the sole North American importer of paints and varnishes manufactured in the Netherlands by Wijzonol Bouwverven B.V.

text:
# Fine Paints of Europe

**Fine Paints of Europe,** located in Woodstock, Vermont, U.S., is the sole North American importer of paints and varnishes manufactured in the Netherlands by Wijzonol Bouwverven B.V.

## History

When founded in 1987, most of the company's products were destined for application in the restoration of historic properties, primarily on the East Coast of the United States. Today, the company's products are sold for both commercial and residential application. Architectural Digest and Traditional Home magazines frequently feature Fine Paints of Europe products and colors. The company also exclusively sold oil based paint until the late 1990s, when they introduced the Eurolux water-based acrylic latex line and the Eco hybrid enamel line. Founder John Lahey's inspiration for starting Fine Paints of Europe can be traced back his travels to Europe (and the Netherlands in particular) in the mid 1980's where he found paint coatings of a standard and quality unavailable in North America. Their products can be purchased a participating paint dealers or directly from the company.

In 2013 John F. Lahey followed his father, the founder, as president of the company.

## Development

In recent years the company has developed and retailed premium paint palettes by the American designers Susan Sargent and Martha Stewart, and by Pantone. As sole licensee of Pantone Paints, the company offers a range of International color palettes including the Natural Color System, a 1,750 color palette developed by the Scandinavian Color Institute, and RAL, a color space system developed in 1927 by the ***R**eichs**a**usschuß für **L**ieferbedingungen und Gütesicherung* (State Commission for Delivery Terms and Quality Assurance). The RAL color system has over 1,900 colors.

Since 2008 Fine Paints of Europe has conducted an Annual Painters Certification held near their Corporates offices in Woodstock, Vermont. The company maintains a list of certified painters on their website Certified Painters Fine Paints of Europe.

* Butterfiled, Suzanne, and Jacqueline Goewey. *Color Palettes.* Clarkson Potter /Publishers: 1998. ISBN 0-609-60144-X.
* Lange, Bente. *The Colours of Copenhagen.* The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture Publishers: 1997. ISBN 87-87136-17-1.

## InfoBox

Fine Paints of Europe
|
|  |
| Founded | 1987 |
| Headquarters | Vermont, United States |
| Products | Paint |
| Website | www.finepaintsofeurope.com |


title: Marion O. McKinney Jr.

abstract: Marion O'Dell McKinney Jr. was a scientist at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, who researched a wide variety of aerospace topics, including personal aircraft, dynamics, and aircraft configurations. Like many of his contemporaries, he conducted secret war-related research during World War II, the results of which were later declassified.

text:
# Marion O. McKinney Jr.

**Marion O'Dell McKinney Jr.** (July 24, 1921 – August 3, 1999) was a scientist at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, who researched a wide variety of aerospace topics, including personal aircraft, dynamics, and aircraft configurations. Like many of his contemporaries, he conducted secret war-related research during World War II, the results of which were later declassified.

## Biography

He was born on July 24, 1921, in Chattanooga, Tennessee to Marion O'Dell McKinney Sr. and Louise Blackwell. He graduated from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1942 with a degree in aeronautical engineering. In 1944 he married Betty Garner.

He was awarded the Wright Brothers Medal in 1964 for work on the aerodynamics of V/STOL aircraft.

He was the assistant chief of the Subsonic-Transonic Division of NASA. He retired from NASA in 1980.

He died on August 3, 1999, at Hampton General Hospital in Hampton Roads, Virginia.

1. McKinney, M.O. (1951) *Analysis of means of improving the uncontrolled lateral motions of personal airplanes*, NACA TR-1035.
2. Campbell, J.P. and McKinney, M.O. (1954) *A study of the problem of designing airplanes with satisfactory inherent damping of the dutch roll oscillation*, NACA TR-1199.
3. Ankenbruck, H.O. and McKinney, M.O. (1947) *Generalized performance comparison of large conventional, tail boom, and tailless airplanes*, NACA TN-1477.
4. Pitkin, M. and McKinney, M.O. (1943) *Theoretical analysis of the lateral stability of a glider towed by twin parallel towlines*, NACA Advance Restricted Report 3K17.
5. "Marion O'Dell McKinney, Jr". *Daily Press*. August 5, 1999. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-20. Marion O'Dell McKinney Jr. died on Tuesday, Aug. 3, 1999, at Hampton General Hospital after a short illness.


title: The Road to Terror

abstract: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932—1939 is a political history of the Soviet Union from 1932—1939 written by John Archibald Getty III and Oleg V. Naumov. Originally published by Yale University Press in 1999, it was reissued as an updated and abridged version in 2010 and is part of the Annals of Communism series.

text:
# The Road to Terror

***The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 19321939*** is a political history of the Soviet Union from 19321939 written by John Archibald Getty III and Oleg V. Naumov. Originally published by Yale University Press in 1999, it was reissued as an updated and abridged version in 2010 and is part of the Annals of Communism series.

## Reviews

* Altrichter, H. (2000). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas*, **48**(4), 615–616. JSTOR
* Bernstein, L. (2002). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *International Labor and Working-Class History*, **61**, 205–207. JSTOR
* Brooks, J. (2001). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *The Historian*, **64**(1), 183–184. JSTOR
* Halfin, I. (2001). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Slavic Review*, **60**(4), 859–861. JSTOR.
* Hanson, G. A. (1999). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Russian History*, **26**(1), 106–107. JSTOR
* Harris, J. (2003). Was Stalin a Weak Dictator? *The Journal of Modern History*, **75**(2), 375–386. JSTOR
* Kinloch, N. (2000). Documenting Mass-Murder. *Teaching History*, **99**, 62–63. JSTOR
* Moullec, G.-G. (2002). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Journal of Cold War Studies*, **4**(3), 160–161. JSTOR
* Nordlander, D. J. (2000). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Europe-Asia Studies*, **52**(4), 769–771. JSTOR
* Prozorov, S. (2013). Living Ideas and Dead Bodies: The Biopolitics of Stalinism. *Alternatives: Global, Local, Political*, **38**(3), 208–227. JSTOR
* Rees, E. A. (2000). The Great Terror: Suicide or Murder? *The Russian Review*, **59**(3), 446–450. JSTOR
* Schoenfeld, G. (2000). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *Journal of Cold War Studies*, **2**(3), 143–145. JSTOR
* Ward, C. (2001). Book Review: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. *The American Historical Review*, **106**(1), 291–291. JSTOR

## Publication history

* 1999 Original publication by Yale University Press (pp. 635)
* 2010 Updated and abridged version by Yale University press (pp. 320)

1. "John Archibald Getty III Faculty Page, UCLA". November 22, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
2. "The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939". Retrieved May 10, 2022.
3. "Review: The Great Terror: Suicide or Murder? Reviewed Work: The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939". *The Russian Review*. **59** (3): 446–450. 200. JSTOR 2679466.
4. "The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939". *Slavic Review*. **60** (4): 859–861. doi:10.2307/2697527. JSTOR 2697527.

## InfoBox

The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939
| Book Cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | J. Arch Getty, Oleg V. Naumov |
| Language | English |
| Series | Annals of Communism Series |
| Subject | History of the Soviet Union |
| Genre | Non-fiction, history |
| Publisher | Yale University Press |
| Publication date | 1999(first edition), 2010 (updated and abridged edition) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 634pp (original edition) 320pp (abridged edition) |
| ISBN | 978-0300104073 |
| Website | Yale Press |


title: The Road to Total Freedom

abstract: The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology is a non-fiction book about Scientology by sociologist Roy Wallis. Originally published in 1976 by Heinemann, it was republished in 1977 by Columbia University Press. The original manuscript was the product of Wallis's doctoral research at Oxford under the tutelage of Bryan Wilson. Wallis, after a review of the original manuscript by Scientology leaders, made edits to about 100 passages before publication. In the book, Wallis first analyzes the degree to which the Church of Scientology views itself as legitimate, as well as to what degree external society regarded the organization as "respectable" or "deviant". Furthermore, he provides a contextual history of the organization, including a discussion of the Dianetics movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard. Next, Wallis discusses the appeal of the Scientology practice of Auditing, and compares this to abreaction therapy. And finally, he examines how Scientology shifted from a cult to a sect in structure, and analyzes the authoritarian nature of the management of the organization. While Wallis was researching the book, the Guardian's Office, Scientology's intelligence agency, investigated him. They assigned an individual as an undercover agent who pretended to be a student at the University of Stirling, where he was teaching. The agent inquired if Wallis was involved with illegal drugs. Wallis later discovered forged letters purportedly sent by him and designed to implicate him in controversial acts. Wallis assumed this was a reaction by the Guardian's Office to The Road to Total Freedom. The Road to Total Freedom received generally positive reception in book reviews and media coverage. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Society acknowledged Wallis "displayed characteristic skill" in bringing a large amount of information together in an analysis of Scientology. Similarly, Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries described the author's research as "substantively important", and Library Journal called it "a sociological analysis for the serious student, with all the appropriate scholarly apparatus".

text:
# The Road to Total Freedom

***The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology*** is a non-fiction book about Scientology by sociologist Roy Wallis. Originally published in 1976 by Heinemann, it was republished in 1977 by Columbia University Press. The original manuscript was the product of Wallis's doctoral research at Oxford under the tutelage of Bryan Wilson. Wallis, after a review of the original manuscript by Scientology leaders, made edits to about 100 passages before publication.

In the book, Wallis first analyzes the degree to which the Church of Scientology views itself as legitimate, as well as to what degree external society regarded the organization as "respectable" or "deviant". Furthermore, he provides a contextual history of the organization, including a discussion of the Dianetics movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard. Next, Wallis discusses the appeal of the Scientology practice of Auditing, and compares this to abreaction therapy. And finally, he examines how Scientology shifted from a cult to a sect in structure, and analyzes the authoritarian nature of the management of the organization.

While Wallis was researching the book, the Guardian's Office, Scientology's intelligence agency, investigated him. They assigned an individual as an undercover agent who pretended to be a student at the University of Stirling, where he was teaching. The agent inquired if Wallis was involved with illegal drugs. Wallis later discovered forged letters purportedly sent by him and designed to implicate him in controversial acts. Wallis assumed this was a reaction by the Guardian's Office to *The Road to Total Freedom*.

*The Road to Total Freedom* received generally positive reception in book reviews and media coverage. The *Encyclopedia of Religion and Society* acknowledged Wallis "displayed characteristic skill" in bringing a large amount of information together in an analysis of Scientology. Similarly, *Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries* described the author's research as "substantively important", and *Library Journal* called it "a sociological analysis for the serious student, with all the appropriate scholarly apparatus".

## Research

Wallis completed his doctoral studies under Bryan Wilson at the University of Oxford. The author's research into new religious movements began in the 1970s with study of the Church of Scientology. He had performed research on the subject of Scientology for his doctoral thesis; this was later printed as *The Road to Total Freedom* in 1976. Wallis' study of Scientology also led to an article by Wallis in the *Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain*.

The research began with an attempt at participant observation: Wallis enrolled in a "Communications Course" in Scientology's facility at Saint Hill Manor, but left after two days because he was not willing to lie about his reaction to the course content. To collect further data, Wallis circulated a survey by post and reviewed Scientology's extensive published material. He also interviewed current and former members, including Helen Parsons Smith, a former sister-in-law of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard.

After Wallis had finished the initial manuscript for *The Road to Total Freedom*, he provided representatives of Scientology leadership with a copy. Wallis negotiated with the Scientology leaders, and it was agreed upon that certain sections of the book would be edited. In total, approximately 100 sections of the book were edited due to input from Scientology leaders. This fact was not made public at the time of the book's publication.

## Content

In the book, Wallis brings together a significant amount of information and presents an analysis of the church-sect structure which simultaneously exhibited a denomination-cult pattern. The book presents a critical analysis of Scientology. Wallis introduces an argument that individuals were intrigued by the Church of Scientology for two reasons: the level with which the organization viewed itself as a sincere structure, and the degree to which the external society saw Scientology as "respectable" as opposed to "deviant" in nature.

*The Road to Total Freedom* begins with a history of Scientology, then explores it within a context of a belief system, organizational structure, and form of social control. Wallis then describes how Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard "asserted the originality of the entire theory and practice and acknowledges having been influenced only in a most general way by other writers". He next compares the Scientology practice of Auditing to that of abreaction therapy – a process where repressed memories are unearthed, usually through hypnosis, to aid improving the mental well-being of a patient.

The author goes on to explain how individuals were attracted to Dianetics, the precursor to Scientology. Wallis notes, "\[Dianetics\] offered a rationale for failure in social mobility and in social interaction. It provided an explanation in terms of traumatic incidents in which the individual had been unwittingly involved, and thereby relieved him of responsibility for his failure." Scientologists who participated in a questionnaire for Wallis' research identified areas of their life that they hoped Scientology would improve, including: loneliness, financial difficulties, marital issues, other interpersonal relationships, psychological problems, and physical illness. Wallis describes Hubbard's thought process to turn his methodology of Dianetics into a religion, noting, "Hubbard's theory and techniques had been moving increasingly in this direction". Wallis notes how Scientology became a focus for those previously involved in the Dianetics movement. Wallis points out that Hubbard instructed members of Scientology not to immediately tell new followers about methodologies that might be less familiar to some, such as belief in the existence of prior lives.

Wallis then continues his argument regarding the transitional period the organization underwent, and describes how Scientology has transformed from a cult to a sect, and explains patterns of membership and leaving the group. He delves into the structure of authoritarian managerial control of the organization, which is seen to have developed as a result of perceived problems in society. He characterizes the "Org" management system in Scientology as "an elaborate and imposing bureaucratic structure". Wallis describes a process referred to as "deviance amplification", and analyzes how individuals maintain perceptions of reality within a deviant belief system. He notes that individual believers in Scientology methodologies are kept within the organization by management techniques which shield members from external society. Wallis posits that exposure of members of the Church of Scientology to a reality external to the organization presents "a major challenge to the legitimacy or validity of their definition of reality".

Unusually for a sociological study, the book features a rebuttal from a believing member of the organisation; a fellow sociologist called J. L. Simmons. He criticises many of Wallis' procedures and conclusions, saying that these alleged errors are "indicative of either a decline in scholastic method or are deliberate and malicious." Simmons invites the reader to compare *The Road to Total Freedom* against Hubbard's *Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health*, asking which is more "alive and hopeful and scientifically objective".

## Scientology's response

Author Stewart Lamont writes in *Religion Inc.* that while Wallis was researching the book, individuals from the Scientology intelligence agency called the Guardian's Office investigated the author. Alan E. Aldridge notes in his book *Religion in the Contemporary World: A Sociological Introduction*, "Roy Wallis gave graphic accounts of attempts by members of the Church of Scientology to discredit him personally and professionally, and to subvert or suppress his research findings."

An undercover agent for Scientology went to the University of Stirling, where Wallis was a teacher. The individual pretended to be a student, and asked Wallis if he was involved with illegal drugs. Wallis recognized the individual from the Scientology facility Saint Hill Manor, and the agent switched his cover and then asserted that he was actually a defector from Scientology. In a 1977 article in *Doing Sociological Research* titled "The Moral Career of a Research Project", Wallis details what occurred after this incident, "In the weeks following his visit a number of forged letters came to light, some of which were supposedly written by me. These letters sent to my university employers, colleagues and others, implicated me in a variety of acts from a homosexual love affair to spying for the drug squad. Because I had few enemies and because this attention followed so closely upon the receipt of my paper by the Church of Scientology organization, it did not seem too difficult to infer the source of these attempts to inconvenience me." According to Lamont, as of the publication of *Religion Inc.* in 1986, "the book is now accepted by the Public Affairs office of the Church of Scientology as reasonable and fair", and he was provided a copy of the book from the organization itself.

## Reception

In his book *The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism: Sects and New Religious Movements in Contemporary Society*, Wallis' former mentor Bryan R. Wilson described *The Road to Total Freedom* as "A thorough study of the early development and organization of Scientology". The *Encyclopedia of Religion and Society* noted that Wallis "displayed characteristic skill in assimilating and simplifying a large amount of diverse material into a parsimonious reworking of the classic church-sect typology". Writing in *The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation*, authors Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge characterized the book as "the first major scholarly study of Scientology".

A review in *Religious Studies* describes the book as "a convenient and in many respects convincing account of the history of Scientology." However, it comments that Wallis "does not really succeed in the formidable task of giving the reader a rounded picture of what it is like to be a believing member of the Org\[anisation\]. His analysis, like its subject matter, is rather mechanical and follows a particular pattern." The review observes that Wallis did not explore the parallels between Dianetics and B. F. Skinner's psychological theories, nor between the screening processes used in Scientology and in Communist China. It recommends that the book would have been more interesting if it had compared its subject with initiation rites, including those of Freemasonry. It dismisses as "facile" the book's background material on secularization and religious schisms.

*Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries* noted of the book's research, "The study is substantively important and theoretically grounded". The review noted the book had a "good bibliography", and concluded that the book be "recommended for academic libraries." *Library Journal* compared the book to *Scientology* by author George Malko, but commented that *The Road to Total Freedom* is "a much more scholarly, documented work". *Library Journal* concluded, "The record – often a chilling one – speaks for itself. Not a polemic nor a popular treatment, this is a sociological analysis for the serious student, with all the appropriate scholarly apparatus."

A review in *The Times Literary Supplement* commented, "this is a most informative, candid and valuable book". Writing in *Quill*, published by the Society of Professional Journalists, Robert Vaughn Young commented, "Perhaps because this is a sociological study of Scientology, this is a cold, calm, academic dissection of the subject and Hubbard." The California Court of Appeal cited the book as a reference in a decision relating to a criminal defendant who was a member of Scientology. When Wallis died in 1990, his obituary in *The Independent* noted that *The Road to Total Freedom* "still stands as a classic of good field research".

## Further reading

## InfoBox

The Road to Total Freedom
| Cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Roy Wallis |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Scientology |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Heinemann |
| Publication date | 1976 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 282 |
| ISBN | 0-231-04200-0 |
| Preceded by | *Sectarianism* |
| Followed by | *Culture and Curing* |


title: Marion Barton Skaggs

abstract: Marion Barton Skaggs was an American businessman and leading member of the Skaggs Family of retailers who expanded the predecessor of Safeway into a major supermarket chain.

text:
# Marion Barton Skaggs

**Marion Barton Skaggs** (April 5, 1888 – May 8, 1976) was an American businessman and leading member of the Skaggs Family of retailers who expanded the predecessor of Safeway into a major supermarket chain.

## Career

Skaggs was an advocate of the cash-and-carry system for grocery stores. His father, S.M. Skaggs, was a Baptist minister, and he was convinced that the prevailing system of credit increased prices since grocers and storekeepers had to wait to get paid and made the customers overly dependent on those grocers and storekeepers. His father established a store in American Falls, Idaho. He sold groceries for cash and passed the savings from not offering credit to customers in the form of lower prices.

On August 15, 1915, Skaggs bought the store from his father for $1,088 (equivalent to $32,800 in 2023), and he continued the cash-and-carry business strategy helping him amass wealth and prominence in the grocery retailing industry. Skaggs' aversion to credit sales is exemplified by an admonition about "the growing evil of installment purchasing".

Skaggs was also against the prevailing high-cost system of the grocer having clerks serving all the needs of each customer. He was an early proponent of the self-service concept. Items were kept within the customers' reach, on shelves that hugged the walls, with aisles clear for customers to walk comfortably. Customers picked up baskets as they entered the store, selected what they wanted from the shelves, and paid for their purchases at a checkout counter. When he purchased the store from his father in 1915, his home was 20 miles (32 km) away, and he rode home on horseback each Saturday night, weather permitting. Two years later, Skaggs opened a second store, in Burley, Idaho, which he decided his brother L.S. Skaggs should manage. Before the second store could open, however, the United States was in World War I, and his brother enlisted in the military. The store's opening was delayed a year, until 1918. By 1921, Skaggs owned multiple stores in Idaho and Montana.

Skaggs' stores still had limited room, and some of his customers wanted to buy large quantities to store for winter use, larger quantities than his store could hold at one time. Skaggs contracted for a train-load of peaches to be brought to town, and he announced that the peaches would be sold directly from the railroad tracks when it arrived. Skaggs sold the first load of peaches within a few hours, the second load soon afterwards, and the third load was halfway sold when the marshall stopped the sale because the city council had decided it was unsafe to sell merchandise from the door of a train car. In response, Skaggs piled the peaches on the sidewalk, and he sold them right there. Skaggs continued this method for cabbages and other produce.

Skaggs moved to Portland, Oregon's Alameda neighborhood in 1921. He opened four more that year, and it grew to a 418-store chain by 1926, becoming the dominant element of the Safeway Company.

In 1926, Skaggs' company bought a chain of stores, called Skaggs Cash Stores, developed by his older brother O.P. Skaggs. The same year, Skaggs' company merged with Sam Selig's Southern California-based stores, some of which were called Safeway Stores. Skaggs decided that the stores should not carry his name after his eventual death. He first renamed them Skaggs-Safeway, and then he renamed them all Safeway by 1928.

In 1931, Skaggs sold controlling interest to Wall Street's Charles E. Merrill, became chief executive of the company, and retired from the Board of Directors in 1941.

## InfoBox

| Marion Barton Skaggs | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1888-04-05)April 5, 1888
Newtonia, Missouri |
| Died | May 8, 1976(1976-05-08) (aged 88)
Oakland, California |
| Occupation | businessman |
| Relatives | Joseph Long (son-in-law)
Thomas J. Long (nephew-in-law) |


title: Flag of Denver

abstract: The flag of Denver was designed by a North High School student, Margaret Overbeck, and adopted in 1926. A zigzag white stripe horizontally separates a red field below from a blue field above, in which is centered a yellow circle, together forming a stylized depiction of the Sun in a blue sky above snow-capped mountains. The color yellow symbolizes gold in the state's hills, and red the colored earth to which the word colorado refers. The circle's centered position symbolizes Denver's central location within the state. The white zigzag symbolizes Colorado's Native American heritage. In a 2004 review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 U.S. city flags, the Denver city flag was ranked third best, behind the flags of Washington, D.C., and Chicago.

text:
# Flag of Denver

The **flag of Denver** was designed by a North High School student, Margaret Overbeck, and adopted in 1926. A zigzag white stripe horizontally separates a red field below from a blue field above, in which is centered a yellow circle, together forming a stylized depiction of the Sun in a blue sky above snow-capped mountains. The color yellow symbolizes gold in the state's hills, and red the colored earth to which the word *colorado* refers. The circle's centered position symbolizes Denver's central location within the state. The white zigzag symbolizes Colorado's Native American heritage.

In a 2004 review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 U.S. city flags, the Denver city flag was ranked third best, behind the flags of Washington, D.C., and Chicago.

## InfoBox

City and County of Denver
|
|  |
|  | |
| Proportion | 4:7 |
| Adopted | 1926 (1926) |
| Design | A blue field with a white zigzag pattern, forming two red triangles on the bottom. Within the blue on top, yellow circle is added near the center |
| Designed by | Margaret Overbeck |
|  | |


title: Keidelheim

abstract: Keidelheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen, whose seat is in Simmern.

text:
# Keidelheim

**Keidelheim** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* Simmern-Rheinböllen, whose seat is in Simmern.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies in the middle of the Hunsrück between Simmern and Kastellaun, right on the *Schinderhannes-Radweg* (cycle path) at a mean elevation of 320 m above sea level. The Külzbach marks the boundary between Keidelheim and the neighbouring village of Kümbdchen.

## History

Sometime between 1330 and 1335, Keidelheim (then *Kudelnheim*) was first mentioned in a document in the taxation register kept by the Count of Sponheim. The register listed a whole series of taxes and other comital levies, among which were the soul tax, the head tax and tithes.

Another compilation of taxes from about 1400 lists for the first time the village's inhabitants (it was then called *Kudillenheim*). The monasterial lordship over Keidelheim ended in 1566 with the dissolution of the Ravengiersburg Augustinian Canonical Foundation. The Duchy of Simmern passed as an *Oberamt* to the Electorate of the Palatinate. Over the next 120 years, the countryside was heavily stricken with many wars, bad harvests and sicknesses. The villages of Nannhausen, Fronhofen, Biebern, Reich, Wüschheim, Eichkülz and Keidelheim together formed a *Schultheißerei*. In 1683, Michel Huth from Keidelheim was the *Schultheiß*.

On 19 October 1794, French troops marched into Simmern, ending the Electorate of the Palatinate rule. Patrimonial hierarchy (*Erbuntertänigkeit* – an arrangement similar to serfdom, but without the lord's actual ownership of the subjects), with its compulsory labour for the enfeoffed lord and its tithes was then abolished, but new compulsory labour for the French army weighed even more heavily on the people. The official cession of the Rhine’s left bank to France in 1797 led to administrative restructuring. The nobility lost their holdings, churches and monasteries were expropriated and estates could be acquired by those who had hitherto been their tenants. Keidelheim was grouped with 12 other municipalities into the *Mairie* (“Mayoralty”) of Simmern in the Canton of Simmern, thereby making it part of the Department of Rhin-et-Moselle, whose seat was at Koblenz. As French citizens, young men were then required to do military service. With Napoleon's defeat in Russia began a time in which Austrians, Russians, Bavarians and Prussians quartered themselves locally and imposed more compulsory labour on the people. At first, the area was governed by an Austrian-Bavarian administration commission. In an 1813 statistical publication, the following figures were noted for Keidelheim: 114 souls, 25 houses and 25 windows.

On 28 May 1815, the Prussians took over the lands on the Rhine's left bank, and from the French arrondissement of Simmern arose the district (*Kreis*) of Simmern. The municipality of Keidelheim passed to the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Simmern, and is still part of that – in its newer incarnation as a *Verbandsgemeinde* – even now. Despite progressive Prussian measures in agriculture and road building, bad harvests and a sharp rise in population led to gradual impoverishment. The municipalities had to take measures to save the inhabitants from going hungry. Many citizens emigrated to the United States.

After 1900, an economic upswing took hold, which nevertheless took a sharp blow with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. When the war ended in 1918, the Rhine's left bank was once more occupied by the French. There followed hard times with currency values swiftly falling. In 1913, an American dollar was equal to 4.20 marks, but by 1918, it was equal to 6 marks. In September 1923, the rate had become one dollar to 98,200,000 marks, and a mere two months later, this had become 4,200,000,000,000 marks to the dollar.

The Third Reich brought along with it ideological change and also altered municipal politics, with Keidelheim being no different in this respect to any other place in Germany. Keidelheim and Kümbdchen together formed all the local Nazi Party groups for which Nazi Germany came to be known. The Second World War brought the Nazis’ activities to an end. On 15 March 1945, the Americans took Simmern, and the next day, they came to Keidelheim. The village was occupied, and the inhabitants were ordered to vacate their houses. On 10 July 1945, history repeated itself yet again when the French relieved the Americans. The local farmers were burdened time and again by newly assigned requirements, contributions and requisitions. The harsh winter of 1946-1947 and the summertime drought that followed once again brought the French zone of occupation dangerously close to famine. In late 1945, trade unions and political parties were once again allowed in the three Western zones. The first municipal election was held on 15 September 1946. With currency reform and an unexpectedly good harvest in 1948, as well as help from the Marshall Plan, things began to turn round.

In the 1950s, structural change began in agriculture, leading to the Kümbdchen-Keidelheim *Flurbereinigung*. From 1961 to 1963, the village saw the construction of new watermains and sewers. At roughly the same time, the Kümbdchen-Keidelheim school board built the new school. In 1967, the municipal council refused a proposal to amalgamate Kümbdchen and Keidelheim into one municipality. Under the last administrative reforms on 7 July 1969, the district of Simmern was dissolved and merged with parts of the Sankt Goar and Zell districts into the new Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis. In 1972 began the “Im Schneebäcker” building development.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

### Mayor

Keidelheim's mayor is Karsten Krämer.

### Coat of arms

The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per fess sable a crown Or and argent on ground vert an oaktree of the same.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:

* Hauptstraße/corner of Brunnenweg – cast-iron fountain basin, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century

### Natural monuments

Keidelheim is home to three notable oak trees. The *Assmannseiche* is named for the house on whose lot it originally stood (*Assmann* was the family’s name, and *eiche* means “oak” in German). It is believed to have been planted in 1780. The tree's height is 25 m, its circumference at chest height is 370 cm and its crown has a diameter of 30 m. The *Bismarckeiche* was planted in 1890 in the then Imperial Chancellor's honour. The tree's height is 21 m, its circumference at chest height is 295 cm and its crown has a diameter of 22 m. The *Keidelheimer Dorfeiche* (“Village Oak”) or *Wappeneiche* (“Heraldic Oak”) stands as a charge in the municipality's coat of arms. It is found in a meadow just before the forest on the way out of the village to the barbecue pits. If the village chronicle is to be believed, it is more than one thousand years old. Since the oak stands in a spot that was once a much broader expanse of meadowland, it is assumed that it was once used as a sheltering tree. The tree's height is 21 m, its circumference at chest height is 500 cm and its crown has a diameter of 23 m. All three of these trees are protected as natural monuments.

Keidelheim also has a notable beech tree standing on a slope before the former level crossing on the road to Simmern. French prisoners of war used the tree as their morning meeting place during the Second World War and carved their names in it, as did local youths in the years after the war.

### Sport and leisure

Cyclists, hikers and skaters have the *Schinderhannes-Radweg* (cycle path) at their disposal running along the old *Hunsrückbahn* (railway) right-of-way.

## InfoBox

| Keidelheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Keidelheim within Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis district | |
| Keidelheim Keidelheim | |
| Coordinates: 49°59′28″N 7°29′58″E / 49.99111°N 7.49944°E / 49.99111; 7.49944 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Simmern-Rheinböllen |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Karsten Krämer |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.72 km2 (1.05 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 320 m (1,050 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 330 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 55471 |
| Dialling codes | 06761 |
| Vehicle registration | SIM |
| Website | www.keidelheim.de |


title: Keidel vacuum

abstract: The Keidel vacuum tube was a type of blood collecting device, first manufactured by Hynson, Wescott and Dunning in around 1922. This vacuum was one of the first evacuated systems, predating the more well known Vacutainer. Its primary use was to test for syphilis and typhoid fever.

text:
# Keidel vacuum

The **Keidel vacuum tube** was a type of blood collecting device, first manufactured by Hynson, Wescott and Dunning in around 1922. This vacuum was one of the first evacuated systems, predating the more well known Vacutainer. Its primary use was to test for syphilis and typhoid fever.

## Process

Essentially, the Keidel vacuum consists of a sealed ampule with or without a culture medium. Connected to the ampule was a short rubber tube with a needle at the end, using a small glass tube as a cap. The insertion of the needle into the vein crushes the ampule, thus creating a vacuum and forcing blood into the container. Typically, a prominent vein in the forearm such as the median cubital vein would suffice, although the Keidel vacuum can take blood for any prominent peripheral vein. This concept did not become popular until during World War II, when quick and efficient first aid care was necessary in the battle field. As a result, the vacutainer became the forefront device used for blood collection.


title: Rankin family of Geelong

abstract: The Rankins were a pioneering family of the Geelong district. The family produced a dynasty of champion Australian rules footballers, including three captains of the Geelong Football Club, two Carji Greeves medallists and played 582 games for Geelong, between them.

text:
# Rankin family of Geelong

The **Rankins** were a pioneering family of the Geelong district. The family produced a dynasty of champion Australian rules footballers, including three captains of the Geelong Football Club, two Carji Greeves medallists and played 582 games for Geelong, between them.

## Migration to Australia

The Rankins came from the Braintree district of Essex. In 1841, Samuel Rankin, Sarah Rankin (née Warren), and five of their children were listed as "pauper" inmates of the Braintree Union Workhouse. Ten years later, they secured passage as "assisted migrants" to Australia, arriving in Geelong in 1852. After first settling at Freshwater Creek, near Mount Duneed, the Rankins relocated to Highton. The family prospered in the district. An 1897 newspaper report records a gathering at which were counted 165 descendants, including 85 great-grandchildren.

It is one of the youngest boys, Walter Rankin (1849–1930), whose line was responsible for the Geelong football dynasty. One of Walter's sons and one of his grandsons also served in the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War, namely, Cornelius and Edwin's son, Cliff.

## Edwin "Teddy" Rankin and his brothers

Edwin "Teddy" Rankin (1872–1944), was a member of Geelong's inaugural Victorian Football League (VFL) team of 1897 and captain of the team. In 1903, he became the first player to play 100 VFL matches for the club and won the Geelong Football Club's best and fairest award. He was also the first player to touch the ball on the ground, rather than bounce it, an innovation within the rules, which was later widely adopted. During his career, Teddy Rankin declined offers to transfer to other clubs and stood against the emerging practice of player payments. After football, Teddy Rankin was employed as curator of Geelong College oval and Corio Oval. Three of his sons played for Geelong.

Teddy's brothers, Samuel and Thomas, were also Geelong footballers. Sam is reported as not being selected in the senior team, while Tom served the club in 47 matches in the 1904–06 seasons.

## Bert, Cliff and Doug Rankin

Albert 'Bert' Rankin (1893–1971) features in a number of VFL/AFL family records. In 1912, less than two years after his father Teddy had retired as a player, Rankin was playing senior football, which still stands as the VFL/AFL record. In 1923, Bert Rankin became Geelong captain. When his brother Cliff was appointed vice-captain in the same season, the Rankins became the first brothers to fill both positions in the same VFL team. It was also the first year in which two brothers were to play in the same representative side.

Bert Rankin's career came to a controversial end in 1923 when, after poor form, the captain was dropped on the eve of the first semi-final. Bert's brother Cliff was so upset that he refused to take the field. The league investigated the matter, suspicious as to why Rankin was dropped and whether this was connected to the defeat of the team. He was awarded Geelong's best and fairest player for the 1917 VFL season and is credited with giving the Geelong club the nickname of "the Cats". After the disappointment of the 1923 season, he left Geelong to coach the Dimboola Football Club.

Bert's younger brother, Clifford, known as "Cliff" or "Ticker" (1896–1975), also became a champion footballer playing mainly as a forward. He captained Geelong, including the 1925 premiership season. Cliff Rankin also served as playing coach of Geelong from 1925 until his retirement in 1927. He represented Victoria 14 times and was captain of the state team in 1926. Cliff Rankin was Geelong's leading club goal kicker from 1920 to 1923. His career was interrupted by his war service as a gunner during the First World War in France. While with the army he even represented the Australian Imperial Force in the rival code of rugby, playing as the fullback of the Australian team. He was considered by football experts to be the best of the Rankins and was selected in Geelong's "Team of the Century".

The third son of Teddy Rankin to play for Geelong was Edwin "Doug" Rankin (1915–1987). He played nine games and kicked eight goals for Geelong in the 19381939 seasons, before enlisting for active service in the Second World War.

## Grandchildren and great-grandchildren

### The O'Donnells

Eileen O'Donnell (née Rankin) was the daughter of Teddy Rankin and Adelaide Rankin and the sister of Bert, Cliff and Doug Rankin. In April 1937, Eileen married Leo O'Donnell, and they moved into Anderson Street, East Geelong. Eileen and Leo had two sons, Ian and Graeme O'Donnell. Graeme played for Geelong and North Melbourne during 1960s. He was also the father of both Gary O'Donnell and Shelley O'Donnell. Gary played for Essendon between 1987 and 1998 and Shelley is a former Australia netball international.

### Georgie Rankin

Georgie Rankin, an AFL Women's player with Geelong is the great-granddaughter of Teddy Rankin.


title: Rata (Tuamotu mythology)

abstract: In the Tuamotu islands, the telling of the full cycle of the legend of Rata takes several evenings to tell. The legend begins with his grandfather Kui, a demigod who marries Puehuehu. Their son Vahi-vero was stolen by two wild ducks that carry him to a distant island where two witches Nua and Mere-hua imprison him. Kui eventually rescues his son, captures the witches, and kills the ducks. Once Vahi-vero reaches adulthood, he falls in love with a water-nymph Tahiti-tokerau, whom he persuades to marry him. She, however, is abducted by Puna, king of the underworld. Following his father's advice, he swims down to the underworld and rescues her while Puna is away. Shortly thereafter, Tahiti-tokerau becomes pregnant and gives birth to Rata. Not long after the birth of Rata, Puna returns and learns that Tahiti-tokerau had been rescued. He summons the shark Matuku-tagotago who attack Vahivero and Tahiti-tokerau while they are crabbing. The shark swallows them and takes them back to Kororupo where Tahiti-tokerau is buried head down in the sand. The orphan Rata is raised by his grandfather. When he learns of his parents' fate, he builds a large canoe to find them. Using his grandfather's magical adze, he enters the forest and chops down a tree. Overnight, however, goblins had restored the tree. He ambushes them and forces them to complete his canoe, which they accomplish in a single night. Rata then begins his quest to find his parents, which includes various adventures including defeating champion warrior Manu-kura in a contest for the hand of his wife, princess Pupura-to-te-tai, Puna's daughter. As he nears Puna's land, he must overcome various monsters, including Matuku-tagotago, the shark that had killed his father, whom he cuts out of Matuku's belly. Rata, with the help of his servant Taraka, finally kills Puna, rescues his mother and restores her to health. They all return home.

text:
# Rata (Tuamotu mythology)

In the Tuamotu islands, the telling of the full cycle of the legend of **Rata** takes several evenings to tell.

The legend begins with his grandfather Kui, a demigod who marries Puehuehu. Their son Vahi-vero was stolen by two wild ducks that carry him to a distant island where two witches Nua and Mere-hua imprison him. Kui eventually rescues his son, captures the witches, and kills the ducks.

Once Vahi-vero reaches adulthood, he falls in love with a water-nymph Tahiti-tokerau, whom he persuades to marry him. She, however, is abducted by Puna, king of the underworld. Following his father's advice, he swims down to the underworld and rescues her while Puna is away. Shortly thereafter, Tahiti-tokerau becomes pregnant and gives birth to Rata.

Not long after the birth of Rata, Puna returns and learns that Tahiti-tokerau had been rescued. He summons the shark Matuku-tagotago who attack Vahivero and Tahiti-tokerau while they are crabbing. The shark swallows them and takes them back to Kororupo where Tahiti-tokerau is buried head down in the sand.

The orphan Rata is raised by his grandfather. When he learns of his parents' fate, he builds a large canoe to find them. Using his grandfather's magical adze, he enters the forest and chops down a tree. Overnight, however, goblins had restored the tree. He ambushes them and forces them to complete his canoe, which they accomplish in a single night. Rata then begins his quest to find his parents, which includes various adventures including defeating champion warrior Manu-kura in a contest for the hand of his wife, princess Pupura-to-te-tai, Puna's daughter. As he nears Puna's land, he must overcome various monsters, including Matuku-tagotago, the shark that had killed his father, whom he cuts out of Matuku's belly. Rata, with the help of his servant Taraka, finally kills Puna, rescues his mother and restores her to health. They all return home.

* R.D. Craig, *Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology* (Greenwood Press: New York, 1989), 131–3;
* J.F. Stimson, *Tuamotuan Legends: Island of Anaa* (Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press, 1937), 96-147.


title: Flag of Detroit

text:
# Flag of Detroit

The flag of Detroit was designed in 1907 by David E. Heineman and was officially adopted as the city's flag in 1948. Its design has been slightly altered several times in the years since, the most recent in 2000.

## Design

Past flags of DetroitDetroit city flag (1948–1974)Detroit city flag (1974–1976)Detroit city flag (1976–2000)

The flag has the city seal emblazoned on quartered background, with each section representing a country that once controlled Detroit. The lower hoist (left) quarter represents France, which founded the fort and settlement in 1701; it has five gold fleurs-de-lis on a white field, imitating the Royal Standard of France. The upper fly (right) quarter represents Great Britain, which controlled the fort from 1760 to 1796; it has three gold lions on a red field, imitating the Royal Arms of England. The lower fly has 13 red and white stripes and the upper hoist has 13 white stars on a blue field, representing the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States.

## Symbolism

The two Latin mottos read *Speramus Meliora* and *Resurget Cineribus*, meaning "We hope for better things" and "It will rise from the ashes", which was written by Gabriel Richard after the Great Fire of 1805. The seal is a representation of the Detroit fire which occurred on June 11, 1805. The fire caused the entire city to burn with only one building saved from the flames. The figure on the left weeps over the destruction while the figure on the right gestures to the new city that will rise in its place.

## History

In the original design of the flag, the seal was oval. In the early 1970s, the flag was redesigned and the seal was changed to a circle. In 1976, the colors were standardized using the Pantone Matching System, and in approximately 2000, the seal was again changed to reduce the number of colors.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

City of Detroit
|
|  |
|  | |
| Use | Civil flag |
| Proportion | 3:5 |
| Adopted | 1948 (last modified in 2000) |
| Design | City seal emblazoned on quartered background. |
| Designed by | David E. Heinemann |
|  | |


title: Kelly Herndon

abstract: Kelly Errin Herndon is a former American football cornerback. He was originally signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at Toledo. Although he entered his first NFL camp in 1999, Herndon waited until 2002 to play in his first NFL game. The wait included two training camps with the San Francisco 49ers, one with the New York Giants, one season in the XFL, a spring in Barcelona with NFL Europe and one season serving on the Giants’ and Denver Broncos practice squads. Herndon has been a member of the Las Vegas Outlaws, Barcelona Dragons, New York Giants, Denver Broncos, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans in his career.

text:
# Kelly Herndon

**Kelly Errin Herndon** (born November 3, 1976) is a former American football cornerback. He was originally signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at Toledo. Although he entered his first NFL camp in 1999, Herndon waited until 2002 to play in his first NFL game. The wait included two training camps with the San Francisco 49ers, one with the New York Giants, one season in the XFL, a spring in Barcelona with NFL Europe and one season serving on the Giants’ and Denver Broncos practice squads.

Herndon has been a member of the Las Vegas Outlaws, Barcelona Dragons, New York Giants, Denver Broncos, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans in his career.

## Early life

Herndon graduated from Chamberlin High School in Twinsburg, Ohio.

## Professional career

His most notable performance was in Super Bowl XL playing for the Seattle Seahawks, Herndon intercepted a Ben Roethlisberger pass, returning it 76 yards, establishing a new Super Bowl record. The record was subsequently broken by James Harrison.

## Personal life

* In Twinsburg, Ohio (population approx. 17,000), a small town about 45 minutes from Cleveland, there is a sign that reads, "Home of NFL Player Kelly Herndon." The sign was erected in 2004.
* Was a classmate and teammate on Chamberlin High School's basketball team with James Posey of the New Orleans Hornets.
* Was a defensive back on the XFL's Las Vegas Outlaws in 2001 during the league's one and only season.
* Girlfriend gave birth to his sons, KJ in June 2006 and Kyson in 2010.

## InfoBox

Kelly Herndon
| No. 31, 41 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1976-11-03) November 3, 1976<br>Twinsburg, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 180 lb (82 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Twinsburg (OH) |
| College: | Toledo |
| Undrafted: | 1999 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 271  Forced fumbles: 8  Fumble recoveries: 4  Pass deflections: 66  Interceptions: 9  Defensive touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |


title: The Playhouse (film)

abstract: The Playhouse is a 1921 American two-reel silent comic trick film written by, directed by, and starring Buster Keaton. It runs for 22 minutes, and is most famous for an opening sequence where Keaton plays every role.

text:
# The Playhouse (film)

***The Playhouse*** is a 1921 American two-reel silent comic trick film written by, directed by, and starring Buster Keaton. It runs for 22 minutes, and is most famous for an opening sequence where Keaton plays every role.

## Plot

The film is set up as a series of humorous tricks on the audience, with constant doubling, and in which things are rarely what they at first seem to be. It opens with Keaton attending a variety show. Keaton plays the conductor and every member of the orchestra, the actors, dancers, stagehands, minstrels and every member of the audience, male and female. As an audience member, Keaton turns to the "woman" sitting beside him and remarks: "This fellow Keaton seems to be the whole show". This was a jibe at one of Keaton's contemporaries, Thomas Ince, who credited himself generously in his film productions. In interviews with Kevin Brownlow, Keaton claims he gave the director's credit to Cline mainly because he did not want to appear too Ince-like himself: "Having kidded things like that, I hesitated to put my own name on as a director and writer".

This elaborate trick-photography sequence turns out to be only a dream when Joe Roberts rouses Keaton from bed. The bedroom then turns out to be not a bedroom, but a set on a stage.

The second half of the film finds Keaton's character falling for a girl who happens to be a twin. He has difficulty telling the twin who likes him from the one who does not. An uncredited Virginia Fox plays one of the twins. Eddie Cline co-wrote the production and appears, uncredited, as a monkey trainer, whose monkey Keaton impersonates onstage after accidentally letting the animal escape.

## Cast

* 'Buster' Keaton as Audience / Orchestra / Mr. Brown - First Minstrel / Second Minstrel / Interlocutors / Stagehand
* Eddie Cline as Orangutan trainer (uncredited)
* Virginia Fox as Twin (uncredited)
* Joe Roberts as Actor-Stage Manager (uncredited)
* Monte Collins as Civil War Veteran (uncredited)
* Joe Murphy as One of the Zouaves (uncredited)
* Jess Weldon as One of the Zouaves (uncredited)
* Ford West as Stage Hand (uncredited)

## Production

### Development

Keaton had fractured his ankle in the film he worked on before this one, so *The Playhouse* relied more on cinematic techniques and sight gags than stunt work. It references gags from Keaton's vaudeville career with The Three Keatons, and also draws themes from the performances of Annette Kellerman, who employed 100 mirrors to create the illusion that there was more than one of her. While Keaton played all the parts in the first scene of the play, he had considered playing all the parts in the entire film. But he refrained from doing so out of the concern that "audiences might tire of the joke or think he made it as a demonstration of his acting virtuosity". He later regretted not having acted all the parts throughout.

### Filming

Keaton's portrayal of nine members of a minstrel show required the use of a special matte box in front of the camera lens. It had nine exactingly-machined strips of metal which could be moved up and down independently of each other. Elgin Lessley, Keaton's cameraman, shot the far-left Keaton with the first shutter up, and the others down. He then rewound the film, opened the second segment, and re-filmed the next Keaton in sequence. This procedure was repeated seven more times. The camera was hand-wound, so Lessley's hand had to be absolutely steady during filming to avoid any variation in speed. Keaton synchronized his movements for each character's dance to the music of a banjo player who was playing along with a metronome – not a problem in a silent film. It was decades before Keaton, who masterminded this, revealed his technique to other filmmakers.

## Release

*The Playhouse* was released on October 6, 1921 and distributed by First National Attraction

## Legacy

According to *Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan* (2014): "The comedy turns on Keaton's extraordinary ability to imitate an ape imitating a man as he dines at a table, smokes a cigar, and then jumps, unscripted, into the auditorium, making a woman faint."

## InfoBox

| The Playhouse | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card for the film | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | * Buster Keaton * Eddie Cline |
| Produced by | Joseph M. Schenck |
| Starring | Buster Keaton |
| Cinematography | Elgin Lessley<br>(uncredited) |
| Distributed by | A First National Attraction |
| Release date | * October 6, 1921 (1921-10-06) |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Keith Bernard Whitmore

abstract: Keith Bernard Whitmore is a former Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire.

text:
# Keith Bernard Whitmore

**Keith Bernard Whitmore** (born November 28, 1945) is a former Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire.

## Biography

A native of Wisconsin, Whitmore is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Nashotah House. Whitmore was Bishop of the Eau Claire Diocese from 1999 to 2008. Currently, he is Assistant Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. Previously, he served as Dean of Christ Cathedral in Salina, Kansas and as a military chaplain in the United States Army. Additionally, he has been a member of the Berkeley Divinity School Board of Trustees. Whitmore is married with two children. In 2019, he became the Assisting Bishop of North Dakota in the absence of a diocesan bishop.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Keith Bernard Whitmore
D.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Eau Claire | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Eau Claire |
| Elected | 1998 |
| In office | 1999–2008 |
| Predecessor | William C. Wantland |
| Successor | William Jay Lambert III |
| Other post(s) | Assisting Bishop of Atlanta *(2008-2017)*
Assisting Bishop of North Dakota *(2019-present)* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1977 |
| Consecration | April 10, 1999
by Frank Griswold |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-11-28) November 28, 1945
Wisconsin, United States |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Suzanne |
| Children | 2 |


title: Mark Dean (politician)

abstract: Mark Dean is an American politician who has served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 21st district since 2016.

text:
# Mark Dean (politician)

**Mark Dean** (born June 18, 1980) is an American politician who has served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 21st district since 2016.

## InfoBox

| Mark Dean | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 21st district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 1, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Phyllis White |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1980-06-18) June 18, 1980
Logan, West Virginia |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Keith Bennett (Canadian football)

abstract: William Keith Bennett was a Canadian professional football player who played for the Calgary Stampeders and BC Lions. He played junior football in Vancouver for the Junior Blue Bombers. He later moved to Dawson Creek, British Columbia and died in 1995.

text:
# Keith Bennett (Canadian football)

**William Keith Bennett** (February 23, 1931 – June 18, 1995) was a Canadian professional football player who played for the Calgary Stampeders and BC Lions. He played junior football in Vancouver for the Junior Blue Bombers. He later moved to Dawson Creek, British Columbia and died in 1995.

## InfoBox

William Keith Bennett
| No. 89 | |
| --- | --- |
| Bennett in 1954 | |
| Born: | (1931-02-23)February 23, 1931
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada |
| Died: | June 18, 1995(1995-06-18) (aged 64)
White Rock, British Columbia, Canada |
| Career information | |
| CFL status | National |
| Position(s) | HB, FB, LB |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 19501953 | Calgary Stampeders |
| 19541955 | BC Lions |
|  | |


title: Rashida, Libya

abstract: Rashida (Rasceda) is a desert village in the Jalo oasis of the Al Wahat District in the Cyrenaica region in northeastern Libya. It is about 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) southwest of the town of Jalu. In 1951, the population was reported as about 600.

text:
# Rashida, Libya

**Rashida** (**Rasceda**) is a desert village in the Jalo oasis of the Al Wahat District in the Cyrenaica region in northeastern Libya. It is about 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) southwest of the town of Jalu. In 1951, the population was reported as about 600.

1. Rāshidah (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
2. Rasceda (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
3. Walton, Kenneth (1952) "The Aberdeen University Expedition to Cyrenaica, 1951: Part 2: The oasis of Jalo" *Scottish Geographical Magazine* 68(3): pp. 110119, page 118

## InfoBox

| Rashida اَلرَّشِيدَةRasceda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RashidaLocation in Libya | |
| Coordinates: 29°1′N 21°31′E / 29.017°N 21.517°E / 29.017; 21.517 | |
| Country | Libya |
| Region | Cyrenaica |
| District | Al Wahat |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |


title: Fiskeville, Rhode Island

abstract: Fiskeville is a small village in the south west corner of Cranston, Rhode Island, United States, the south east corner of the Town of Scituate, Rhode Island and across the northern side of Coventry, Rhode Island. The village's Main Street forms the border between Cranston and Scituate. Fiskeville grew up as one of several mill towns along the Pawtuxet River in the mid-1800s. The Fiskeville textile mill was formed by Dr. Caleb Fiske, a Revolutionary War doctor turned businessman in 1812. The village became home to those who worked in the mill, mostly immigrants from Portugal, France, Italy and England. Fiskeville is usually associated with Cranston rather than with Scituate as most of the original buildings including Dr. Fiske's residence were in Cranston. Although the mill and about a dozen nearby mill houses were in Scituate. Poets Karen Haskell and Darcie Dennigan both grew up, a few doors down from each other, in the 1970s and 1980s on Main Street in Fiskeville. Fiskeville is the only Cranston neighborhood that is not provided normal mail delivery by the United States Postal Service, as residents are only eligible for a Post Office Box at the one-room Fiskeville Post Office. On April 22, 2024, the Cranston City Council voted unanimously to request that USPS establish regular mail delivery for Fiskeville residents, following decades of complaints to city officials about undeliverable mail, difficulties registering to vote, and other quality of life issues resulting from Fiskeville residents' street addresses not being recognized by USPS.

text:
# Fiskeville, Rhode Island

**Fiskeville** is a small village in the south west corner of Cranston, Rhode Island, United States, the south east corner of the Town of Scituate, Rhode Island and across the northern side of Coventry, Rhode Island. The village's Main Street forms the border between Cranston and Scituate. Fiskeville grew up as one of several mill towns along the Pawtuxet River in the mid-1800s. The Fiskeville textile mill was formed by Dr. Caleb Fiske, a Revolutionary War doctor turned businessman in 1812. The village became home to those who worked in the mill, mostly immigrants from Portugal, France, Italy and England. Fiskeville is usually associated with Cranston rather than with Scituate as most of the original buildings including Dr. Fiske's residence were in Cranston. Although the mill and about a dozen nearby mill houses were in Scituate. Poets Karen Haskell and Darcie Dennigan both grew up, a few doors down from each other, in the 1970s and 1980s on Main Street in Fiskeville.

Fiskeville is the only Cranston neighborhood that is not provided normal mail delivery by the United States Postal Service, as residents are only eligible for a Post Office Box at the one-room Fiskeville Post Office. On April 22, 2024, the Cranston City Council voted unanimously to request that USPS establish regular mail delivery for Fiskeville residents, following decades of complaints to city officials about undeliverable mail, difficulties registering to vote, and other quality of life issues resulting from Fiskeville residents' street addresses not being recognized by USPS.

41°44′03″N 71°32′53″W / 41.73417°N 71.54806°W / 41.73417; -71.54806