title: Nickelodeon (Walloon TV channel)

abstract: Nickelodeon Wallonia is a Belgian pay television channel, working as the local variant of US kids network Nickelodeon in that country. The network has two sister networks, Nick Jr. Wallonia and MTV Wallonia.

text:
# Nickelodeon (Walloon TV channel)

**Nickelodeon Wallonia** is a Belgian pay television channel, working as the local variant of US kids network Nickelodeon in that country. The network has two sister networks, Nick Jr. Wallonia and MTV Wallonia.

## History

The Walloon variant of Nickelodeon was officially launched on 14 July 2006, sharing its analog feed with MTV Wallonia's. It gains revenue through advertisement and product sells. According to the Centre d'Information sur les Médias, Nickelodeon Wallonia was the most watched channel among kids aged 4 and up. During this time, the channel premiered new shows such as SpongeBob SquarePants and Avatar: the Last Airbender.

A Nick Jr. channel in French was launched in digital television on 28 August 2009.

In 2010, Nickelodeon Wallonia adopted the new US logo and rebranded its graphical package. In 2011, it switched its aspect ratio from 4:3 to 16:9. In 2014, Nickelodeon Wallonia premiered Rabbids Invasion, an original series of the channel, which premiered earlier that year on Nickelodeon France.

Nickelodeon timeshared with MTV, airing between 6am to 6pm. Nickelodeon and MTV were split in two 24h channels on digital platforms on 4 October 2011.

In 2019, Nickelodeon is the 1st kids channel in Southern Belgium with 15,66% share for the 4–14 years old range, in front of Disney Junior, Disney Channel, Cartoon Network and Studio 100 TV. All ages combined, Nickelodeon is ranked 11th regionally with a 1,29% share, behind the free-to-air state-owned La Trois with 1,36% who air the kids block Ouftivi all day.

As of April 6, 2020, the channel operates as an alternate video and audio track to Nickelodeon Commercial Light. Both channels' schedule are the same and operate under the same licence.

## Programming

### Current

## InfoBox

Nickelodeon
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Belgium |
| Broadcast area | Belgium
Luxembourg |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 576i for the SD feed) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Paramount Networks EMEAA |
| Sister channels | Nick Jr. Wallonia
MTV Wallonia |
| History | |
| Launched | 14 July 2006 (2006-07-14) (timesharing with MTV)
4 October 2011 (2011-10-04) (independent channel) |
| Links | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Gunggamarandu

abstract: Gunggamarandu is an extinct monospecific genus of tomistomine crocodilian from Pliocene-Pleistocene aged deposits in the Darling Downs of Australia. Gunggamarandu represents the first tomistomine known from Oceania and it is also the southernmost known tomistomine to date. The type, and only known, species is Gunggamarandu maunala, which was described by Jorgo Ristevski et al. in 2021.

text:
# Gunggamarandu

***Gunggamarandu*** (meaning "river boss" in Barunggam and Wakka Wakka) is an extinct monospecific genus of tomistomine crocodilian from Pliocene-Pleistocene aged deposits in the Darling Downs (possibly the Riversleigh lagerstätte) of Australia. *Gunggamarandu* represents the first tomistomine known from Oceania and it is also the southernmost known tomistomine to date. The type, and only known, species is ***Gunggamarandu maunala*** (meaning "head hole", after the Barunggam words for such), which was described by Jorgo Ristevski *et al.* in 2021.

## Discovery and naming

The holotype of *Gunggamarandu*, QMF14.548 (a partial cranium), was discovered no later than the 1870s, probably around 1875, and it was part of the "old collection" at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane and QMF14.548 was later accessioned into the Queensland Museum collection on January 8, 1914. In 1995, Salisbury *et al.* suggested that QMF14.548 may have been a gavialoid. QMF14.548 was formally described in 2021 by Jorgo Ristevski *et al.* and it was named *Gunggamarandu maunala*. It was found in a layer of rock in the Darling Downs in Australia, which dates to the Pliocene-Pleistocene ages, sometime around 5–2 million years ago. The western Darling Downs is predominantly Pliocene, while the rest is mainly Pleistocene, but since it is unknown exactly where in the Darling Downs the holotype of *Gunggamarandu* was discovered, its exact age is unknown.

## Description

Upon describing *Gunggamarandu*, Ristevski *et al.* (2021) stated that *Gunggamarandu* was a large-sized animal. No size estimates were given, but they did estimate that the skull would have been at least 80 centimetres (2.6 ft) when complete. Some sources outside of Ristevski *et al.* (2021) estimate that *Gunggamarandu* may have grown up to 7 metres (23 ft) long when fully grown.

## Classification

Salisbury *et al.* (1995) classified the then unnamed *Gunggamarandu* as a possible gavialoid, while Ristevski *et al.* (2021), who formally named and described the animal, placed *Gunggamarandu* into the Tomistominae as the sister taxon to *Dollosuchoides*, although its precise position in the group is uncertain due to the scant nature of the holotype. The authors also found *Gunggamarandu* morphologically distinct from all other known Australian crocodylians, thus by default making *Gunggamarandu* not referable to Mekosuchinae or even closely related to *Crocodylus*.

The results of the analysis can be shown in the cladogram below:

## Paleoecology

In the Darling Downs, where the holotype was discovered, *Gunggamarandu* would have shared its habitat with a number of species, such as: several species of bandicoots (Peramelidae), the marsupials *Diprotodon*, *Euryzygoma*, *Palorchestes* and *Thylacoleo*, and it may have competed in the same, or a similar ecological niche, to the mekosuchine crocodylian *Paludirex* and possibly also an unnamed species of Ziphodont crocodile, which was the second found in the area in 150 years since around 1860.

## InfoBox

| *Gunggamarandu*
Temporal range: Pliocene-Pleistocene,
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype cranium QMF14.548 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Archosauromorpha |
| *Clade*: | Archosauriformes |
| Order: | Crocodilia |
| Family: | Gavialidae |
| Subfamily: | Tomistominae |
| Genus: | *Gunggamarandu*
Ristevski *et al.*, 2021 |
|
| Species | |
| * ***Gunggamarandu maunala*** Ristevski *et al.*, 2021 (type) | |


title: Hiroshi Shimizu (director)

abstract: Hiroshi Shimizu was a Japanese film director, who directed over 160 films during his career.

text:
# Hiroshi Shimizu (director)

**Hiroshi Shimizu** (清水宏, *Shimizu Hiroshi*, 28 March 1903 – 23 June 1966) was a Japanese film director, who directed over 160 films during his career.

## Biography

### Early years

Shimizu was born in Shizuoka Prefecture and attended Hokkaidō University, but left before graduating. He joined the Shochiku film studio in Tokyo in 1921, making his directorial debut in 1924 at the age of just 21.

### Career

Shimizu specialised in melodramas and comedies. In his most distinguished silent films like *Fue no Shiratama* (1929) and *Japanese Girls at the Harbor* (1933), he explored a Japan poised between native and Western ideas, traditionalism and liberalism, while stylistically relying on modernist and avant-garde techniques. The majority of his silent films is nowadays considered lost.

In the 1930s, Shimizu increasingly took advantage of shooting on location and with non-professional actors, and was praised at the time by film critics such as Matsuo Kishi and fellow directors as Kenji Mizoguchi. *Mr. Thank You* (1936), *The Masseurs and a Woman* (1938) and *Ornamental Hairpin* (1941) portrayed small groups and communities of travelers or spa residents which, as film historian Alexander Jacoby points out, "concentrated more on the delineation of character than on plot". For critic Chris Fujiwara, this "unpredictability and plotlessness", in combination with the extensive use of a mobile camera, gives Shimizu's films of this era a "strikingly modern quality".

Shimizu also explored themes of maternal self-sacrifice and fallen female roles, common themes in Japanese cinema at the time. In films like *Forget Love for Now* (1937) and *Notes of an Itinerant Performer* (1941), his heroine was accepting the burden of supporting a male dependent or relative to afford him the opportunity to go to school or become successful in life. *Forget Love for Now* in particular was "critical of the double standard which expects women to sacrifice everything for the sake of their male dependents, while indulging in moralistic condemnation of the methods they are required to adopt to do so" (Jacoby).

Shimizu's reputation as a director has often been associated with films about children, especially *Children in the Wind* (1937) and *Four Seasons of Childhood* (1939). His experiences with child orphans after World War II led to the film *Children of the Beehive* (1948), independently produced by the director himself, which Jacoby calls a "masterpiece of neo-realism". Shimizu's films featured children who do not love or are unloved by their parents, children that are rejected by their peers or become social outcasts, or ones that suffer from illness and disability. While the premise of the stories differed, a common theme often persisted: Shimizu utilised individuals who are excluded from a group as a social commentary and criticism of society through the group themselves.

Films like *Children in the Wind* and *Ornamental Hairpin* have also, in retrospect, been interpreted as Shimizu's attempts to escape the realities of wartime Japan (one critic even attacked *Ornamental Hairpin* for wasting valuable film stock). The pressure put on Shimizu by the authorities to contribute to the war effort resulted in films like *Introspection Tower* (also titled *The Inspection Tower*, 1941) and *Sayon's Bell* (1943). After the war, having left Shochiku, Shimizu directed films for his own production company and the Shintoho and Daiei studios. Notable works of this era, in addition to *Children of the Beehive*, are *Children of the Great Buddha* (1952) and *The Shiinomi School* (1955).

Shimizu lived with actress Kinuyo Tanaka from 1927 to 1929 after she appeared in a number of his films. They separated in 1929, although she starred in some of his later films. Shimizu died of a heart attack on 23 June 1966 at the age of 63, seven years after directing his last film.

## Filmography

## Legacy

Archive copies of Shimizu's extant films have been shown at the Cinémathèque française, the Museum of Modern Art, the Berlin International Film Festival, and other institutions and festivals.

In 2008, Shochiku released two box sets which include eight of his films (Region 2 format, with both Japanese and English subtitles). The first box set contained the films *Japanese Girls at the Harbor*, *Mr. Thank You*, *The Masseurs and a Woman* and *Ornamental Hairpin*. The second box set contained *Children in the Wind*, *Nobuko*, *Introspection Tower* and *Four Seasons of Children*. In 2009, a Criterion Collection box set of four of his films (corresponding to the first Shochiku set) was released in the Region 1 format.

## InfoBox

| Hiroshi Shimizu | |
| --- | --- |
| Shimizu in 1949 | |
| Born | (1903-03-28)28 March 1903
Yamaka, Shizuoka, Japan |
| Died | 23 June 1966(1966-06-23) (aged 63)
Kyoto, Japan |
| Other names | Takahiko Minamoto, Umihiko Yuhara |
| Occupation(s) | film director, screenwriter, editor |
| Years active | 1924–1959 |


title: Patherwa

abstract: Patherwa is a small village in Kushinagar district, previously Deoria district, Uttar Pradesh, India located near Fazilnagar. The place Kushinagar is known for Lord Budhha Mahaparinirvan sthali. This village is situated at National Highway 28, 4 km distance from Fazilnagar and Bihar State is 9 km away from the village. The village has 2 Inter Colleges, Shri Nehru Inter College and Navjeevan Inter College. Also there is Yog Adhyapak prashikshan kendra, Kanya High School and many primary and middle schools, a police station and Punjab National Bank. A government homeopathic hospital and many other private hospitals serve the village. This place has most of the people farming. This village is just at the side of the NH 28 in India. This village is just 80 kilometers from the city of Gorakhpur.

text:
# Patherwa

**Patherwa** is a small village in Kushinagar district, previously Deoria district, Uttar Pradesh, India located near Fazilnagar. The place Kushinagar is known for Lord Budhha Mahaparinirvan sthali (an international place 25 km west from the Patherwa).

This village is situated at National Highway 28, 4 km distance from Fazilnagar and Bihar State (Samaur Bazar) is 9 km away from the village. The village has 2 Inter Colleges, Shri Nehru Inter College and Navjeevan Inter College. Also there is Yog Adhyapak prashikshan kendra (By. Yuwa Vikash Kalyan Samiti Kushinagar), Kanya High School and many primary and middle schools, a police station and Punjab National Bank. A government homeopathic hospital and many other private hospitals serve the village. This place has most of the people farming. This village is just at the side of the NH 28 in India. This village is just 80 kilometers from the city of Gorakhpur.

26°41′N 84°06′E / 26.683°N 84.100°E / 26.683; 84.100

## InfoBox

| Patherwa | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Kushinagar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| 274401 | 274401 |


title: Heliophobia

abstract: Heliophobia is the fear of the Sun, sunlight, or any bright light. It is a type of specific phobia.

text:
# Heliophobia

**Heliophobia** is the fear of the Sun, sunlight, or any bright light. It is a type of specific phobia.

## Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of heliophobia depends on the person. Mild sufferers may feel uncomfortable, shaky, nauseated, or numb. Severe sufferers may feel anxious or suffer panic attacks. Other symptoms include heightened senses, lack of focus, feeling trapped, irregular heartbeat, air hunger, rapid breathing, parched mouth, sweating, muscle cramps, and physical discomfort that is not actually caused by bodily injury, but is a physical manifestation of the panic and fear that the heliophobic person experiences when exposed to light. This physical pain may be expressed, for example, as a phantom sensation of their skin burning under direct sunlight, even when it is visually apparent that their skin is not actually burning any more than healthy skin would as a result of sun exposure, but nonetheless still feels like real pain for the sufferer. However, other differential diagnoses like the rare genetic defect erythropoietic protoporphyria characterized by a severe burning sensation of all exposed skin areas without leading to immediate visible signs have to be excluded.

## Causes

Phobias are classified as a type of anxiety disorder. There is often no discernible cause of phobia onset, though Rachman describes three possibilities: classical conditioning, vicarious acquisition and informational/instructional acquisition. Occasionally they are triggered by harmful events surrounding the phobic object or situation - in this case, for example, severe sunburn, chronic light-triggered migraines, or trauma accompanied by bright sunlight.

According to the DSM-5, heliophobia would be listed under the category of "specific phobia". The Pacific Health Center suggested that people have been staying away from the sunlight because of growing fear of skin cancer or blindness. This is not technically heliophobia, but simply an unfounded illogical solution. It includes an intense fear of being harmfully affected by exposure to the sun or to bright lights, can also cause heliophobia. Forms of heliophobia based on such fears can cause the sufferer to eventually develop fear of being in public or fear of people in general by association, as a crippling fear of bright light can significantly limit the places a heliophobe can comfortably visit, as well as prevent that person from going outside during the daytime, when most other people are active.

Other medical conditions such as keratoconus (an eye disorder that results in extreme optic sensitivity to sunlight and bright lights), migraine which can be triggered by bright light, and porphyria cutanea tarda, which causes the skin to be overly sensitive to sunlight to the point of causing blisters, can result in heliophobia if the sufferer begins to associate pain and discomfort with bright lights.

## Effects

Sufferers may cover themselves with long, protective clothing or carry a sun parasol when going outdoors during the daytime, or simply never go outdoors at all when the sun is out, depending on the severity of the fear. Since sufferers stay indoors more than non-sufferers, it will make them more prone to becoming vitamin D deficient, as well as depression caused by a combination of vitamin D deficiency, isolation and feelings of alienation from other people, and a continuously dark environment. However, a vitamin deficiency can be helped by taking vitamin D supplements or by consuming vitamin D fortified foods.

## Treatment

Heliophobia can be treated using talk therapy, exposure therapy, self-help techniques, support groups, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques. For people who are severely heliophobic, anti-anxiety meditation is a recommended mode of treatment.

## InfoBox

| Heliophobia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sunlight can be a trigger for some suffering from Heliophobia | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |


title: Richard Delbrück

abstract: Richard Delbrück was a German classical archaeologist who specialized in the field of ancient Roman portraiture.

text:
# Richard Delbrück

**Richard Delbrück** (German pronunciation: \[ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈdɛl.bʁʏk\] ; 14 July 1875, Jena  22 August 1957, Bonn) was a German classical archaeologist who specialized in the field of ancient Roman portraiture.

## Career

In 1899 he graduated from the University of Bonn, where he was a student of Georg Loeschcke. From 1911 to 1915, he was head of the *Deutsches Archäologisches Institut* (DAI) in Rome. He was later a professor of classical archaeology at the Universities of Giessen (1922–1928) and Bonn (1928–1940).

## Selected works

* *Hellenistische bauten in Latium*  Hellenistic buildings in Latium.
* *Antike Porträts*, 1912  Classical portraiture.
* *Bildnisse römischer kaiser*, 1914  Portraits of Roman emperors.
* *Die Consulardiptychen und verwandte Denkmäler*, 1926  The consular diptych and related monuments.
* *Antike porphyrwerke*, 1932  Ancient porphyry works.
* *Spätantike Kaiserporträts von Constantinus Magnus bis zum Ende des Westreichs*, 1933  Late ancient Roman Imperial portraits: From Constantine Magnus until the end of the Western Roman Empire.
* *Probleme der Lipsanothek in Brescia*, 1952  treatise on the Lipsanotheca of Brescia.


title: Prison Act

abstract: In Malaysia and the United Kingdom, the short title Prison Act refers to legislation relating to prisons.

text:
# Prison Act

In Malaysia and the United Kingdom, the short title **Prison Act** (with its variations) refers to legislation relating to prisons.

## List

### Malaysia

### United Kingdom

**Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland**

**Northern Ireland Order in Council**

**The Prison Acts 1865 to 1893** refers the following acts:

**The Prisons (Scotland) Acts 1860 to 1887** refers to the following acts:

**The Prisons (Ireland) Acts 1826 to 1884** refers to the following acts:


title: Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force

abstract: The Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force is a provisional numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). It is headquartered at Hickam Air Force Base, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It has never been stationed in the continental United States. The command plans, commands and controls, delivers, and assesses air, space, and information operations in the Asia-Pacific region—excluding the Korea theater of operations—across the security spectrum from peacetime engagement to major combat operations. Established on 14 December 1942 at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, on New Caledonia, 13 AF was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force deployed to the Pacific Theater of World War II. It engaged in operations primarily in the South Pacific, attacking enemy forces in the Solomon Islands, Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns; Mariana and Palau Islands campaigns and the Philippines campaign (1944–45). During the Cold War, 13 AF remained in the Philippines, providing air defense of the nation and becoming one of the Numbered Air Forces of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). During the Korean War, its units provided staging areas for people and equipment destined for the war zone. As the Vietnam War escalated during the late 1960s and early 1970s, 13th AF provided command and control for USAF units stationed in Thailand, its units conducting combat missions throughout Indochina until August 1973. 13 AF units last engaged in combat during the SS Mayaguez Incident in May 1975. Returning to the Philippines after the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the command remained there until the 1991 evacuation of Clark Air Base after the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the United States withdrawal of military forces afterward. It was inactivated on 28 September 2012 and its functions merged with PACAF. The next day, the organization was converted to provisional status and reactivated as the Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force.

text:
# Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force

The **Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force** (**13 EAF**) is a provisional numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). It is headquartered at Hickam Air Force Base, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It has never been stationed in the continental United States.

The command plans, commands and controls, delivers, and assesses air, space, and information operations in the Asia-Pacific region—excluding the Korea theater of operations—across the security spectrum from peacetime engagement to major combat operations.

Established on 14 December 1942 at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, on New Caledonia, 13 AF was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force deployed to the Pacific Theater of World War II. It engaged in operations primarily in the South Pacific, attacking enemy forces in the Solomon Islands, Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns; Mariana and Palau Islands campaigns and the Philippines campaign (1944–45).

During the Cold War, 13 AF remained in the Philippines, providing air defense of the nation and becoming one of the Numbered Air Forces of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). During the Korean War, its units provided staging areas for people and equipment destined for the war zone. As the Vietnam War escalated during the late 1960s and early 1970s, 13th AF provided command and control for USAF units stationed in Thailand, its units conducting combat missions throughout Indochina until August 1973. 13 AF units last engaged in combat during the SS Mayaguez Incident in May 1975.

Returning to the Philippines after the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the command remained there until the 1991 evacuation of Clark Air Base after the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the United States withdrawal of military forces afterward.

It was inactivated on 28 September 2012 and its functions merged with PACAF. The next day, the organization was converted to provisional status and reactivated as the Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force.

## Overview

The command is charged with planning, executing, and assessing operations in support of the U.S. Pacific Command commander's objectives. On behalf of the Pacific Air Forces commander, the 13th AF commander is positioned to command Air Force forces, combined or joint force air components, or a joint task force. Thirteenth AF also commands the only Air Force-led standing joint task force, Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, a collaborative Department of Defense and National Science Foundation effort supporting the U.S. Antarctic Program through Operation Deep Freeze.

Headquarters, 13 AF is made up of an A-staff (the Air Force Forces staff), personal staff, 613th Air and Space Operations Center (AOC), known as the Maj Richard Bong AOC, and the 613th Support Group. The 613th AOC is one of the U.S. Air Force's five full-capability AN/USQ-163 FALCONER weapon systems with the ability to plan, task, execute, monitor, and assess full-spectrum air, space, and information operations for the COMAFFOR and/or C/JFACC. The AOC serves as the nerve center of air operations during any campaign.

In June 1991, Mount Pinatubo buried Clark Air Base, Philippines, in volcanic ash, leading to the evacuation of military personnel and their families in Operation Fiery Vigil, eventually forcing the base to close 26 November 1991. Thirteenth AF relocated and officially established its headquarters at Andersen AFB, Guam, on 2 December 1991.

The command was moved from Guam to Hickam AFB in May 2005. In the early 2000s, 13 AF activated the 13th Air Expeditionary Group for a number of exercises, (February 2004-1 April 2004 for Exercise Balikatan 04; February–March 2004 for Exercise Cope Tiger 04; January–February 2005 for Exercise Cope Tiger 05.

## Units

Prior to its inactivation, two wings were permanently assigned to 13 AF:

* 15th Wing, Hickam AFB Hawaii
Partnered with the Hawaii Air National Guard, the 15th WG provides strategic, tactical and command airlift with C-17s, one specially configured C-40 and one C-37. It also includes a squadron of Lockheed F-22s. Finally it serves as an important en-route location for transient aircraft.
* 36th Wing, Andersen AFB, Guam
The 36th WG has an expansive mission to support global projection and reach from its strategic location in the Pacific.

On 5 January 2007, Detachment 1, 13 AF was activated at Yokota AB, Japan. Det 1 is responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing air operations around Japan in coordination with the Japan Air Self Defense Force, through the Fifth Air Force staff at Yokota, and the 613th Air and Space Operations Center at Hickam.

The 613th Support Group maintains a consolidated commander's support staff providing personnel support for the entire headquarters; an operational support flight providing facility, training, readiness, and security management; and has two subordinate units: the 56th Air and Space Communications Squadron and the 17th Operational Weather Squadron.

The 13th Air Expeditionary Group, and formerly the 500th Air Expeditionary Group, is activated seasonally to support Operation Deep Freeze in the Antarctic.

## History

Thirteenth Air Force has never been stationed in the continental United States; it is also one of the oldest, continuously active, numbered air forces. It engaged in combat in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Since World War II, it has provided air defense in the Far East, primarily the Philippines, until the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo forced the closure of Clark AB. Numerous Thirteenth Air Force organizations participated in Southeast Asia combat operations in the 1960s and 1970s.

### Lineage

* Established as **Thirteenth Air Force** on 14 December 1942

Activated on 13 January 1943 Inactivated on 8 February 1952 * Activated on 1 February 1953

Redesignated as **Thirteenth Air Force (Air Forces Pacific)** on 16 January 2007 Inactivated on 28 September 2012 * Redesignated as **Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force**, and converted to provisional status, on 29 September 2012

Activated on 29 September 2012

### Assignments

### Stations

### World War II

#### Commands

During World War II, 13th AF consisted of two major commands, XIII Fighter Command and XIII Bomber Command.

##### XIII Fighter Command

Activated on 13 January 1943. Served in combat with Thirteenth AF until the end of the war. Inactivated in the Philippines on 15 March 1946. Disbanded on 8 October 1948.

**Groups**

* 18th Fighter Group (1943–47) (P-40F, P-39, P-38, P-61, P-70)
(Transferred from Fifth Air Force, Hickam Field, Hawaii in March 1943).
* 347th Fighter Group (1942–45) (P-39, P-38, P-40, P-400)
(Established on New Caledonia on 3 October 1942)
* 4th Reconnaissance Group (1943–45) (F-4 (P-38))
* 403d Troop Carrier Group (1943–46) (C-46, C-47)
* Unattached Units:
    + Det B 6th Night Fighter Squadron (February – September 1943) (P-70, P-38)
    Reassigned to 7th Air Force, 1943.
    + 419th Night Fighter Squadron (April – November 1943) (P-38, P-61)
    Activated April 1943 with P-38s, Reassigned to 18th Fighter Group, November 1943. Reequipped with P-61s May 1944. Served in New Guinea, Philippines. Inactivated February 1947.
    + 550th Night Fighter Squadron (1944–46) (P-61)
    Activated June 1944. Received P-61s January 1945. Served in New Guinea, Philippines. Inactivated January 1946.
    + 7th Radio Squadron, Mobile (J)

##### XIII Bomber Command

Activated on 13 January 1943. Served in combat with Thirteenth AF until the end of the war. Inactivated in the Philippines on 15 March 1946. Disbanded on 8 October 1948.

**Groups**

#### Operational history

Thirteenth Air Force began operations in November 1942 as an organization composed of many widely separated Seventh Air Force and independent units scattered in the South Central Pacific during the Solomon Islands campaign.

Initially charged with taking a defensive stand against advancing enemy forces, Thirteenth Air Force later took the offensive flying a variety of aircraft, including the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, B-25 Mitchell, B-26 Marauder, P-38 Lightning, P-39 Airacobra, P-40 Warhawk, P-61 Black Widow, C-46 Commando, C-47 Skytrain, and L-5 Sentinel.

It was Thirteenth Air Force P-38Gs of the 339th Fighter Squadron of the 347th Fighter Group which, on 18 April 1943, flew the mission which resulted in the death of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

From 1942 to 1945, Thirteenth Air Force staged out of tropical jungles on more than 40 remote islands including the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign; Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Philippines campaign (1944–45), thus earning the nickname, "The Jungle Air Force." The command's units participated in a total of five different operation areas and 13 campaigns.

Thirteenth Air Force along with Fifth Air Force in Australia and Seventh Air Force in Hawaii were assigned to the newly created **Far East Air Forces** (FEAF) on 3 August 1944. FEAF was subordinate to the U.S. Army Forces Far East and served as the headquarters of Allied Air Forces Southwest Pacific Area. By 1945, three numbered air forces—5th, 7th and 13th—were supporting operations in the Pacific. FEAF was the functional equivalent in the Pacific of the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF) in the European Theater of Operations.

After hostilities ended in 1945, Thirteenth Air Force established its headquarters at Clark Field, Philippines, in January 1946. In May of that year, it moved to Fort William McKinley, Luzon. By August 1947, 13AF returned to Clark Field. In December 1948, the unit moved to Kadena, Okinawa, where it remained for only a few months before returning to Clark in May 1949.

### Korean War

On 25 June 1950, 13AF consisted of the following units:

* 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing/Group (F-80)
* 21st Troop Carrier Squadron (C-54)
* 6204th Photo Mapping Flight (RB-17))

The 6204th Photo Mapping Flight, located at Clark AB, Philippines, deployed the Flight's two RB-17 aircraft complete with combat crews and maintenance personnel to Johnson AB, Japan in mid-June 1950. The FEAF deployment order specified that the two RB-17 aircraft be equipped with normal armament insofar as practicable, not to interfere with the photographic capability of the aircraft. This posed a problem for the Flight, since the RB-17s had been flying peacetime missions and were not equipped for combat. However, the 6204th found the necessary gunners and equipment, made the modifications to the aircraft, and by late August 1950 the detachment began flying photo-mapping missions over Korea. By the end of November 1950, it had photographed the entire North Korean area at least once and re-photographed some areas as far north as weather conditions permitted. By early December the detachment returned to Clark AB and resumed the flight's mapping program in the Philippine area.

During the Korean War, 13AF units provided staging areas for people and equipment destined for the war zone. During the decade of peace that followed the war, the command concentrated on training and surveillance activities to maintain a high state of readiness for contingencies.

### Vietnam War

From the time of signing of U.S./Taiwan defense arrangements, the 327th Air Division of 13th Air Force maintained units in Taiwan, up until 1979. 327th Air Division reported in this capacity to United States Taiwan Defense Command.

As the Vietnam War escalated during the late 1960s and early 1970s, 13AF again served as a staging base and logistics manager for units fighting in Southeast Asia. As more American aircraft and people were poured into the war effort, combat units and facilities under 13AF in Thailand increased. At its peak, 13AF was composed of seven combat wings, nine major bases, 11 smaller installations and more than 31,000 military members.

With the buildup and execution of Operations Desert Shield and Storm, 13AF provided aircraft and support staff vital to the Gulf war coalition victory in Southwest Asia.

### Post Cold War

In June 1991, Mount Pinatubo buried Clark in volcanic ash, forcing the base to close on 26 November and leading to the evacuation of assigned military members and their families in Operation Fiery Vigil. The Thirteenth Air Force relocated and officially established its headquarters at Andersen Air Force Base on 2 December 1991.

In 2005, the Jungle Air Force stood down as a traditional Numbered Air Force and moved to Hickam Air Force Base to assume the role of the new Kenney Warfighting Headquarters for PACAF, which was activated in provisional status in June 2005.

On 6 October 2006, after a one-year transformation of command and control of air, space and information operations in the Pacific, Thirteenth Air Force officially began operations as a component numbered air force headquarters and welcomed a new commander. Former Pacific Air Forces Deputy Commander, Lt. Gen. Loyd S. "Chip" Utterback, assumed command of the unit 6 October, replacing Maj. Gen. Edward A. Rice Jr., who had commanded Thirteenth Air Force from Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, and Hickam since January 2005. Previously designated as a management headquarters, Thirteenth Air Force became one of 10 organizations designed to enhance the operational level support, planning, command, control and execution of air, space and information operations capabilities across the full range of military operations throughout the U.S. Pacific Command's area of responsibility (minus the Korea theater of operations). On 28 September 2012, 13 AF was inactivated and its functions merged into PACAF.

On 29 September 2012, the Thirteenth Air Force was converted to provisional status and reactivated as the Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force. The organization is commanded by the Director of Air and Cyberspace Operations of Pacific Air Forces.

## List of commanders

### Thirteenth Air Force (1943–2012)

| No. | Commander | | Term | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Term length |
| 1 |  | Twining, Nathan F.Major General
**Nathan F. Twining** | 13 January 1943 | 27 July 1943 | 195 days |
| 2 |  | Owens, Ray L.Brigadier General
**Ray L. Owens** | 27 July 1943 | 7 January 1944 | 164 days |
| 3 |  | Harmon, Hubert R.Major General
**Hubert R. Harmon** | 7 January 1944 | 6 June 1944 | 151 days |
| - |  | Usher, George L.Brigadier General
**George L. Usher**
*Acting* | 6 June 1944 | 15 June 1944 | 9 days |
| 4 |  | Streett, St. ClairMajor General
**St. Clair Streett** | 15 June 1944 | 19 February 1945 | 249 days |
| 5 |  | Wurtsmith, Paul B.Major General
**Paul B. Wurtsmith** | 19 February 1945 | 4 July 1946 | 1 year, 135 days |
| 6 |  | Eubank, Eugene L.Major General
**Eugene L. Eubank** | 4 July 1946 | November 1948 | c.2 years, 4 months |
| 7 |  | Crabb, Jarred V.Brigadier General
**Jarred V. Crabb** | November 1948 | 1 December 1948 | c.1 month |
| 8 |  | Myers, Charles T.Major General
**Charles T. Myers** | 1 December 1948 | c.30 May 1949 | 180 days |
| 9 |  | Turner, Howard M.Major General
**Howard M. Turner** | c.30 May 1949 | 16 October 1951 | 2 years, 139 days |
| 10 |  | Moore, ErnestMajor General
**Ernest Moore** | 16 October 1951 | 10 October 1952 | 360 days |
| 11 |  | Sessums Jr., John W.Major General
**John W. Sessums, Jr.** | 10 October 1952 | 27 August 1954 | 1 year, 321 days |
| 12 |  | Lee, William L.Brigadier General
**William L. Lee** | 27 August 1954 | 15 September 1956 | 2 years, 19 days |
| 13 |  | Ackerman, John B.Major General
**John B. Ackerman** | 15 September 1956 | February 1958 | 1 year, 166 days |
| 14 |  | Moorman, Thomas S.Major General
**Thomas S. Moorman** | 14 April 1958 | 19 June 1961 | 3 years, 66 days |
| 15 |  | Milton, Theodore R.Major General
**Theodore R. Milton** | 19 June 1961 | 24 July 1963 | 2 years, 35 days |
| 16 |  | Maddux Jr., SamMajor General
**Sam Maddux Jr.** | 24 July 1963 | 1 July 1965 | 1 year, 342 days |
| 17 |  | Wilson, James W.Lieutenant General
**James W. Wilson** | 1 July 1965 | 1 August 1967 | 2 years, 31 days |
| 18 |  | Davis Jr., Benjamin O.Lieutenant General
**Benjamin O. Davis Jr.** | 1 August 1967 | 1 August 1968 | 1 year, 0 days |
| 19 |  | Gideon, Francis C.Lieutenant General
**Francis C. Gideon** | 1 August 1968 | 1 February 1970 | 1 year, 184 days |
| 20 |  | McNickle, Marvin L.Lieutenant General
**Marvin L. McNickle** | 1 February 1970 | 1 September 1972 | 2 years, 213 days |
| 21 |  | Moore, William G.Lieutenant General
**William G. Moore** | 1 September 1972 | 1 October 1973 | 1 year, 30 days |
| 22 |  | Manor, Leroy J.Major General
**Leroy J. Manor** | 1 October 1973 | 8 October 1976 | 3 years, 7 days |
| 23 |  | Poston, Freddie L.Major General
**Freddie L. Poston** | 8 October 1976 | 9 April 1979 | 2 years, 183 days |
| 24 |  | Hildreth, James R.Major General
**James R. Hildreth** | 9 April 1979 | 22 June 1981 | 2 years, 74 days |
| 25 |  | Burns, Kenneth D.Major General
**Kenneth D. Burns** | 22 June 1981 | 6 July 1984 | 3 years, 14 days |
| 26 |  | Nelson, Michael A.Major General
**Michael A. Nelson** | 6 July 1984 | 17 June 1985 | 346 days |
| 27 |  | Williams, Gordon E.Major General
**Gordon E. Williams** | 17 June 1985 | 27 March 1986 | 283 days |
| 28 |  | Luigs, Charles F.Brigadier General
**Charles F. Luigs** | 27 March 1986 | 31 July 1986 | 126 days |
| 29 |  | Carns, Michael P. C.Major General
**Michael P. C. Carns** | 31 July 1986 | 19 June 1987 | 323 days |
| 30 |  | Snyder, DonaldMajor General
**Donald Snyder** | 19 June 1987 | January 1990 | 2 years, 196 days |
| 31 |  | Studer, William A.Major General
**William A. Studer** | January 1990 | 2 December 1991 | 1 year, 335 days |
| 32 |  | Burr, H. HaleMajor General
**H. Hale Burr** | 2 December 1991 | 21 July 1994 | 2 years, 231 days |
| 33 |  | Swope, Richard T.Major General
**Richard T. Swope** | 21 July 1994 | 22 April 1996 | 1 year, 276 days |
| 34 |  | Dallager, John R.Major General
**John R. Dallager** | 22 April 1996 | 20 August 1998 | 2 years, 120 days |
| 35 |  | Waskow, Thomas C.Major General
**Thomas C. Waskow** | 20 August 1998 | May 1999 | 254 days |
| 36 |  | Dick, Daniel M.Major General
**Daniel M. Dick** | May 1999 | 14 November 2000 | 1 year, 197 days |
| 37 |  | Lay II, Theodore W.Major General
**Theodore W. Lay II** | 14 November 2000 | 21 September 2002 | 1 year, 311 days |
| 38 |  | Larsen, Dennis R.Major General
**Dennis R. Larsen** | 21 September 2002 | 24 January 2005 | 2 years, 125 days |
| 39 |  | Rice Jr., Edward A.Major General
**Edward A. Rice Jr.** | 24 January 2005 | 6 October 2006 | 1 year, 255 days |
| 40 |  | Utterback, Loyd S.Lieutenant General
**Loyd S. Utterback** | 6 October 2006 | 2 September 2009 | 2 years, 331 days |
| 41 |  | Carlisle, Herbert J.Lieutenant General
**Herbert J. Carlisle** | 2 September 2009 | December 2010 | 1 year, 90 days |
| 42 |  | Kresge, Stanley T.Lieutenant General
**Stanley T. Kresge** | December 2010 | 28 September 2012 | 1 year, 302 days |

### Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force (2012–present)

| No. | Commander | | Term | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Term length |
| 43 |  | Handy, Russell J.Major General
**Russell J. Handy** | 29 September 2012 | 18 July 2013 | 292 days |
| 44 |  | McGillicuddy, Paul H.Brigadier General
**Paul H. McGillicuddy** | 18 July 2013 | August 2013 | 14 days |
| 45 |  | McDaniels, Jeffrey R.Brigadier General
**Jeffrey R. McDaniels** | August 2013 | June 2015 | 1 year, 304 days |
| 46 |  | Smith, Dirk D.Brigadier General
**Dirk D. Smith** | June 2015 | March 2017 | 1 year, 273 days |
| 47 |  | Williams, Stephen C.Brigadier General
**Stephen C. Williams** | March 2017 | 14 January 2019 | 1 year, 319 days |
| 48 |  | Mack, Russell L.Major General
**Russell L. Mack** | 14 January 2019 | 3 June 2019 | 140 days |
| 49 |  | Pleus, Scott L.Major General
**Scott L. Pleus** | 3 June 2019 | 18 July 2020 | 1 year, 45 days |
| 50 |  | Pilch, Lansing R.Major General
**Lansing R. Pilch** | 18 July 2020 | 26 July 2021 | 1 year, 8 days |
| 51 |  | Iverson, David R.Major General
**David R. Iverson** | 26 July 2021 | 30 January 2024 | 3 years, 73 days |
| 52 |  | Parker, Brandon D.Major General
**Brandon D. Parker** | 30 January 2024 | *Incumbent* | 251 days |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Lippincott, Lt. Col. Benjamin E. *From Fiji Through the Philippines with the Thirteenth Air Force*. San Angelo, Texas: Newsfoto Publishing Company, 1948.
* Maurer, Maurer. *Air Force Combat Units of World War II*. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
* Mays, Terry M., *Night Hawks & Black Widows*, Schiffer Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-7643-3344-5.
* Rohfleisch, Kramer J. *Guadalcanal and the Origins of the Thirteenth Air Force (USAAF Historical Study No.35)*. Air Force Historical Research Agency, 1945.
* Rohfleisch, Kramer J. *The Thirteenth Air Force, March–October 1943 (USAAF Historical Study No.120)*. Air Force Historical Research Agency, 1946.
* Rust, Kenn C. and Dana Bell. *Thirteenth Air Force Story...in World War II*. Temple City, California: Historical Aviation Album, 1981 (republished in 1992 by Sunshine House of Terre Haute, Indiana). ISBN 0911852905.
* Smith, Stanly E. *13 Against the Sun*. New York: Belmont Books, 1961.
* Wolf, William. *13th Fighter Command in World War II: Air Combat over Guadalcanal and the Solomons*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7643-2067-X.

## InfoBox

| Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force | |
| --- | --- |
| Shield of the Thirteenth Air Force | |
| Active | 29 September 2012 – present (as Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force)
16 January 2007 – 28 September 2012 (as Thirteenth Air Force (Air Forces Pacific))
1 February 1953 – 16 January 2007
8 February 1952 – 1 February 1953
14 December 1942 – 8 February 1952 (as Thirteenth Air Force)
(81 years, 9 months) |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force (18 September 1947 – present)
United States Army ( Army Air Forces, 14 December 1942 – 18 September 1947) |
| Type | Numbered Air Force |
| Role | Provide combat-ready air forces for U.S. Pacific Command |
| Part of | Pacific Air Forces
U.S. Pacific Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Hickam Air Force Base, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii |
| Nickname(s) | *Jungle Air Force* |
| Engagements |
World War II – Asiatic-Pacific Theater
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis |
| Decorations |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Maj Gen Brandon D. Parker |
| Notable
commanders | Nathan F. Twining
Hubert R. Harmon
Benjamin O. Davis Jr. |


title: Toyota QuickDelivery

abstract: The Toyota QuickDelivery is a step van that shares a platform with the Dyna, the ToyoAce, and the HiAce. The QuickDelivery was introduced in 1982, and allows passengers to walk from the drivers seat to the rear of the vehicle standing upright. The powertrain comes as a rear wheel drive or four wheel drive. It is capable of a 2-ton payload starting with the second generation produced from 1986 to 1999. Later a revised version appeared badged the Urban Supporter. All QuickDelivery vans were manufactured at the Honsha plant, Araco Corporation. It was requested by Yamato Transport for local, final-mile home deliveries, who demanded a car with a high ceiling that does not require us to bend down even when working in the car.

text:
# Toyota QuickDelivery

The **Toyota QuickDelivery** is a step van that shares a platform with the Dyna, the ToyoAce, and the HiAce. The QuickDelivery was introduced in 1982, and allows passengers to walk from the drivers seat to the rear of the vehicle standing upright. The powertrain comes as a rear wheel drive or four wheel drive. It is capable of a 2-ton payload starting with the second generation produced from 1986 to 1999. Later a revised version appeared badged the **Urban Supporter**.

All QuickDelivery vans were manufactured at the Honsha plant, Araco Corporation (now Toyota Boshoku Corporation).

It was requested by Yamato Transport for local, final-mile home deliveries, who demanded a car with a high ceiling that does not require us to bend down even when working in the car.

## First Generation (100)

The 100 model series began in the second quarter of 1982. The truck allowed a maximum load of 1.25 tons. The First Generation Quick Delivery was only available with permanent all-wheel drive. The vehicle was powered by a 3-liter Hino engine.

## Second Generation (200)

| Toyota Quick Delivery 200 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1986 - 2000 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Van |
| Body style | Step van |
| Layout | Rear-wheel drive |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2.4 L (2.8 L starting in 1995) |
| Transmission | 5-speed gearbox |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2500 mm |
| Length | 5020 mm |
| Width | 1790 mm |
| Height | 2610 mm |
| Curb weight | 2190 kg |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Toyota Quick Delivery 100 |
| Successor | Toyota Urban Supporter |

The Quick Delivery 200 was released in January 1986. With the new version, a total load of up to two tons could now be transported. A Toyota B engine with a displacement of 3.0 liters and a Toyota 3B engine with a displacement of 3.4 liters were available. Due to new emission regulations in 1994, the engines had to be adapted accordingly. At the same time, the interior was also revised and refreshed with new style elements.

For the first time in 1999, the name has now been abbreviated as QD. For the QD200, Toyota uses a 4B engine (diesel engine) with a displacement of 3.7 liters. The QD200 is currently classified as a low-emission vehicle by the Japanese ministries, giving customers tax breaks. Appropriate approval was given by the Ministry of Land and Economy, which awarded the QD200 the environmental prize.

In 2000, Toyota added an LPG variant with a 2.7 liter 3RZ engine to an engine range. However, the diesel has so far remained the more popular version with customers.

## Third generation (1999-2016)

| Toyota Quick Delivery 200 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1999 - 2016 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Van |
| Body style | Step van |
| Layout | All-wheel drive |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 3.7 L *B4* I4 |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2300 mm |
| Length | 4640 mm |
| Width | 1785 mm |
| Height | 2650 mm |
| Curb weight | 2080 kg |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Toyota Quick Delivery 200 |

* On August 18, 1999, the 2-ton model was redesigned. The cowl top was lowered, and the front windshield and upper half of the body were given a rounded style. The wheel bolts were changed from six bolts with a PCD of 139.7 mm to five bolts with a PCD of 203.2 mm (wheel hub hole diameter 146 mm). The engine was a 3.66-liter "4B" diesel engine . The shift lever was a column shift like the previous model, but the lever shape was changed so that it could be operated with the feel of a floor shift. There was no automatic transmission.
* The 2-ton load capacity series became a Yamato Transport exclusive model (W vehicle) after 2000 , and sales to the general public were discontinued.
* 2000 (Heisei 12): Following on from its predecessor, an LPG model was introduced. The engine was the 2.7L 3RZ -FP model based on the 3RZ model, and Yamato Transport introduced over 2,000 of these.
* A minor change was made on October 25 , 2006. The 2-ton series was sold again to the general public, and the vehicle was equipped with a Hino IC turbo diesel engine " N04C type " ( direct injection common rail type ) that adopted a hybrid system. The only transmission available was a column-shift 5-speed manual . The maximum load capacity of the hybrid vehicle was changed from 2.00 tons to 1.95 tons.
* A minor change was made on September 4, 2007. By changing the final gear, fuel efficiency was improved by 6%, achieving the "Heisei 27 Heavy Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Standards ". It has been certified as a " low-emission vehicle " by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism , and is eligible for tax reduction measures under the green tax system.
* The suggested retail price was revised on September 1, 2008. It was increased by 157,500 yen (tax included) from the initial minor change.
* On September 1, 2009, Yamato Transport's W vehicle numbers were full, so the next new vehicles to be registered would use the vacant R vehicle numbers. The maximum load capacity was also changed to 1.70 tonnes. A distinctive feature of R vehicles is the addition of orange turn signal lenses to the left and right fenders.
* In 2011, production and sales to the general public ended. Since then, this model was produced exclusively for Yamato Transport.
* In 2016, production of vehicles for Yamato Transport ended.

## InfoBox

| Toyota Quick Delivery 100 | |
| --- | --- |
| Toyota Quick Delivery 100 4WD | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1982 - 1986 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Van |
| Body style | Step van |
| Layout | All-wheel drive |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2,985 cc 5L |
| Transmission | 5-speed gearbox |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2300 mm |
| Length | 4475 mm |
| Width | 1690 mm |
| Height | 2525 |
| Curb weight | 1760 kg |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Toyota Dyna (U10), Toyota ToyoAce (4th gen), Toyota HiAce (H11/H20/H30/H40) |
| Successor | Toyota Quick Delivery 200 |


title: Nicolas Abu Samah

abstract: Nicolas Abu Samah was a Lebanese director, actor, and producer. He introduced dubbing into the Arab world. He was appointed to the Lebanon Television Council, resigning in 2013.

text:
# Nicolas Abu Samah

**Nicolas Abu Samah** (1939 – April 8, 2016) was a Lebanese director, actor, and producer. He introduced dubbing into the Arab world. He was appointed to the Lebanon Television Council, resigning in 2013.

## Television

He studied at the Higher Institute of Cinema in Paris, France, where he spent six years. He worked and gained experience on French television. He returned to Lebanon and began work with Levant TV. His directorial debut was a program *Yvette Sarsaq.* He directed *Guare Ataiwha* and *Wondrous Strange* and other soap operas. He has directed more than 2,000 hours of serials and programs. His last work, *Romeo Lahoud*, was in 1973.

## Dubbing

He established his company FILMALI in the late 70's the first dubbing company in the Middle East, which dubbed films into Arabic, such as *Sinbad* and *Treasure Island* and *Accessories* and *The Smurfs.* He and his wife owned the channel "Anttenne Plus" in Lebanon. Filmali provided dubbing for Mexican soap operas including *You or No One,* *Regardless of the Price,* *Maria Lina,* *The Last Hostage* and other foreign serials.

## Death

He died on April 8, 2016, at age 77 years.

## InfoBox

| Nicolas Abu Samah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1939<br>Achrafieh, Beirut |
| Died | (aged 77) |
| Occupations | * Director * actor * producer |
| Years active | 1999–2016 |


title: Gunge

abstract: Gunge as it is known in the United Kingdom, or slime as it is known in the United States and most English-speaking areas of the world, is a thick, gooey, yet runny substance with a consistency somewhere between that of paint and custard. It has been a feature on many children's programs for many years around the world and has made appearances in game shows as well as other programming. While gunge mostly appears on television, it can also be used as a fundraising tool for charities, youth and religious groups. Gunge tanks have appeared at nightclubs and Fun Days. The British charities Comic Relief and Children in Need, supported by the BBC, have used gunge for fundraising in the past. In the U.S., slime is sometimes associated with Nickelodeon, even having several game shows revolving around it, such as Slime Time Live.

text:
# Gunge

**Gunge** as it is known in the United Kingdom, or **slime** as it is known in the United States and most English-speaking areas of the world, is a thick, gooey, yet runny substance with a consistency somewhere between that of paint and custard. It has been a feature on many children's programs for many years around the world and has made appearances in game shows as well as other programming. While gunge mostly appears on television, it can also be used as a fundraising tool for charities, youth and religious groups. Gunge tanks have appeared at nightclubs and Fun Days. The British charities Comic Relief and Children in Need, supported by the BBC, have used gunge for fundraising in the past. In the U.S., slime is sometimes associated with Nickelodeon, even having several game shows revolving around it, such as *Slime Time Live*.

## Composition

The gunge that is widely used on television is an industrial powder thickener hydroxyethyl cellulose, a widely-used gelling and thickening agent.

The iconic green slime of the Canadian television series *You Can't Do That on Television* was developed by accident, according to producer Roger Price. The original idea had been to dump a barrel of food leftovers on a young boy chained in a dungeon, but before it could be used, the contents of the barrel had turned green with mold. The noxious mixture was dumped on the young boy anyway, and overnight the series had its trademark gag. The show subsequently went through several different slime recipes incorporating ingredients such as lime gelatin dessert powder, flour, oatmeal or Cream of Wheat, baby shampoo, and even cottage cheese (not all necessarily at the same time). On the show (and subsequently on Nickelodeon since then), the composition of the slime was treated as a closely guarded secret, and some episodes revolved around the cast members trying to discern the composition of slime. Marc Summers mentioned it was a mixture of vanilla pudding, oatmeal, applesauce, and green food coloring.

## History of gunge on television

### 1960s

In the UK the popular BBC show *Not Only... But Also* featured a closing sketch called "Poet's Corner" in which that week's guest would be challenged to an improvisational poetry contest against Peter Cook, with Dudley Moore acting as referee. Each contestant would sit at the corner of a square tank of "BBC Gunge" on a rigged seat that could be triggered so as to catapult the occupant into the tank. The referee would sit at one of the other corners in a similar chair. Any use of repetition, hesitation or deviation from the challenge theme would precipitate the offender into the tank. The sketch always ended with all three personalities in the tank, chest deep in slime and reciting poetry.

### 1970s

The UK Saturday morning children's show *Tiswas* used the concept of gunge in abundance. Having already established messy slapstick humour through custard pies and buckets of water being thrown over presenters and guests, Tiswas had taken to locking up adult volunteers into a cage. Once inside the cage, the inhabitants would normally be soaked with buckets of water at random points in the show. Where gunge became involved, was thanks to the tin bath perched on top of the Cage. Through a handle, this tub could be tilted, dropping its messy contents onto the people below, While famous for its custard pie humour, it would not be unusual for Tiswas to have buckets of food and imitation mud/horse manure poured over people. Custard and baked beans were popular choices.

### 1980s

In North America, *You Can't Do That on Television*, a Canadian children's show popular on Nickelodeon developed by a British TV producer, Roger Price, routinely subjected its characters to "slime" (usually green, but sometimes in other colours), usually when they said, "I don't know." It became a staple of the show where other actors would try to encourage their peers to say a phrase to get them slimed. A sliming scene from a 1982 episode of *You Can't Do That on Television* was also used in the opening of the 1987 film *Fatal Attraction*, and references to the series have been used in mainstream U.S. television series ranging from *NewsRadio* to *Family Guy*. This aspect of the cult show later became iconized in Nickelodeon's slime logo, subsequent game shows such as *Double Dare*, *What Would You Do?*, *Figure It Out*, and *BrainSurge* revolving around slime, pies in the face, and other forms of mess, and live events in which participants (including celebrities, particularly at the annual Kids' Choice Awards) would be offered the chance to get slimed or publicly humiliated. In the late 1980s, Nickelodeon and its Canadian counterpart, YTV, even held write-in contests in which the grand prize was a trip to the *YCDTOTV* set in Ottawa, Ontario, to be slimed. The popularity of Nickelodeon's slime shows spawned imitators such as the short-lived 1988 syndicated game show *Slime Time* (no relation to Nickelodeon's later *Slime Time Live*), in which schoolteachers were the victims of green gungings.

The most famous instances of the said sliming tradition opens in 1987 with the first Kids Choice Awards.

In Britain and Europe, in the early 1980s, children's gunge-based game shows were the norm. Particularly shows like *How Dare You!* on ITV and *Crackerjack* on the BBC ensured that the gunging element featured on shows for the decade to come. On *How Dare You!*, one of the main games was 'Teach Them a Lesson', where children got the opportunity to drench their teacher or representative from their school in gunge while sitting above a knee deep filled gunge tank. After this game the teachers were sometimes knocked off their perch by one of show's presenters and into the gunge tank. On *Crackerjack*, the two weekly celebrities, one male and one female, would compete against host Stu Francis in a gunge based gamed called "Take A Chance" to try to win points for their child contestant. Failure to answer questions correctly would lead to Francis and/or the celebrity guest being covered in gunge. Additionally, sometimes the winner would get gunged regardless as punishment for laughing at their opponent, especially if it was Francis.

Later in the 1980s, the BBC launched *Double Dare*, based on the US style format, but much sloppier than its U.S. counterpart. Also, gunge started to appear on mainstream shows such as *Game for a Laugh* on ITV and *Noel's Saturday Roadshow* on the BBC. Other countries in Europe also started to have gunge elements on mainstream shows. *Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez* on TVE in Spain often had contestants throwing buckets of gunge at each other. Also, *Donnerlippchen*, a television show in Germany, had many messy games; the climax of the show was dunking the team's suited boss in a dunk tank and pouring custard down inside every team members pair of boxer shorts.

The New Zealand children's show *What Now* has used gunge over the years since its launch in 1981. As of 2015 the show is still broadcasting on channel  each Sunday morning from 8 am. Various segments of the show using gunge include, tank of terror, gunge on the run, flushed away, frog in the bog and brain freeze.

### 1990s-2000s

In *Noel's House Party*, the public often voted to determine which celebrities on the television show would be gunged in the Gunge Tank. In later years, the Gunge Tank became the Gunge Train, and celebrities were forced to take a ride on the train and were covered in gunge throughout their journey. Celebrities usually returned with their suits or dresses ruined and faces unrecognizable. Sometimes audience members were gunged on the show for reasons of revenge by family members or friends.

The entertainment factor attached to the process of gunging was realised by the producers of the charity event *Comic Relief*, who held an event, in cooperation with the Guinness World Records at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham where an attempt to set a record for the Most People Gunged Simultaneously took place on 12 March 1999. 184 gallons of gunge was splattered over 731 people. All across Europe television producers were ordering more gunge segments to be fitted into mainstream television shows due to its popularity with viewers. In Germany, on Sat.1, Halli galli, Glücksritter (RTL), Glücksspirale, plus the German version of NHP - Gottschalk's Haus-Party, all involved a high dose of gunge. Halli Galli had audience members plucked out of their seats and sent down a messy gunge slide and into a pool. Likewise, Glücksspirale on SAT1, Glücksritter RTL and Rache ist Süß Sat1, had contestants plucked out of the audience and gunged in the most spectacular ways. Towards the end of the 1990s, with the demise of *Noel's House Party* and the dwindling audience figures for other European shows, the gunge segment in many mainstream shows started to fade.

Throughout the 1990s, gunge became a focal feature in many children's television shows. Teenagers and celebrity guests are often seen competing in quizzes on *Live & Kicking*, and are gunged if they lose. Celebrities Lee Ryan, Ben Adams, Katy Hill, Lesley Waters, Katherine Merry, Heather Suttie and Victoria Hawkins were gunged on this show. Many other shows used gunge throughout - *Fun House*, *Get Your Own Back*, *Run the Risk* and *Double Dare*.

From 1997 to 2003, a Canadian show called Uh Oh!, that ran on YTV, featured a punishment system that had the participant go inside a closet sized room and have green gunged dropped on them if their partner was not able to answer the question correctly.

### 2010-present

Gunge continues to feature in 2010 on children's TV in the UK and continuing the trend of the latter half of the 2000s, not as much as it once did. *101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow* has used it in its Bonus Round. The host picks a random name and the first person to get the question he asks wrong gets lowered down a pipe and gets gunged. Basilchildren's Swap Shop returned minus the gunge gallery but introducing a new game with a western theme called Gold Rush. In this game, the two winning teams from the previous game (dunk beds) take part in the game set in a mine shaft where the aim is to fill up tubes with liquid sludge by tipping buckets with the slop into the tubes which are hidden (so the children do not know who is winning). At the end the four kids take cover in the now shuddering mine shaft. The winning team then receives gold (yellow gunge) while the losing team were initially covered in brown sludge however later episodes they remain dry.

In New Zealand kids television, *What Now* introduced a new gungey game the big breakfast and Splat Cave. Fe Fi Fo Yum has a challenge which sees two children go barefoot into a bowl of gunge to collect objects for their teammates such as letters/numbers or other items. The final game also makes use of the gunge bowl, where the last part involves wading in the pool and up a ramp in order to release their captive teammates. In 2014, a few new games such as Use Ya Head, Target Ya Teacher and Small Balls were added to What Now. In addition, the spin-off from *Horrible Histories*, *Horrible Histories: Gory Games* involved a physical challenge involving gunge. The three children in the quiz running barefoot across an inflatable collecting "poo" and depositing it in their tanks at the other end. Above the inflatable are three containers - one for each lane of the inflatable, storing gunge which is released at points in the game. A variation of this challenge sees the three contestants again running barefoot along an inflatable lane, in an all play game, throw pies into mouths attached to a bungee cord, in the second series, this has the added difficulty of "Garum sauce" falling onto the inflatable at a random point in the game causing the children to slip and slide thus increasing the difficulty of the challenge. As of series 3 the losing kids would go down a slide barefoot into a vat of brown gunge and have to crawl through it.. The British and Australian versions of Nickelodeon's *Camp Orange* also features challenges which involve getting gunged. *Splatalot* (in Dutch Spetterslot), a medieval themed game show, similar to *Total Wipeout* features gunge/slime is fired at the attackers by the defenders at random points in the challenges as a means to slow down the attackers.

Sam and Mark Big Friday Wind Up has started featuring gunge since 2014. The game was called rotation and two family teams were asked general knowledge questions while a gunge tank is being poured into, if they get the question right they spin and it is the other family's turn to answer a question. The team that is under the gunge when it is full gets gunged.

In 2016, rotation was replaced by another gungey game called Splat in the box. Two family teams were asked general knowledge questions. However many seconds they took to answer the question is however many turns they do on the handle on the box. for example if they took 3 seconds to answer they will have to turn the crank 3 times. if they get a question wrong or run out of time they will have to do the maximum of turns which is 10. A gunge monster was hiding in the box and a certain number of turns will open the box and whichever team is standing in front of the box gets gunged.

7two had a new gameshow with gunge in called *Flushed*. The losers of the previous round went into a gunge tank and got gunged with purple gunge or "Sludge" as they call it in the show. There were 2 rounds so each episode contained 2 gungings unless there was a tie in one of the rounds so that it was just one gunging.

In terms of prime time television, in the UK at least, gunge has made appearances in the ITV1 game show *The Whole 19 Yards* where two transparent spheres contained either pink or yellow gunge. In one of the many physical challenges, a contestant had to unscrew the bottom of the sphere of their colour resulting in the gunge falling onto them and the floor below in order to retrieve a key in the sphere, which allowed them to complete the challenge. The Channel 5 version of *Big Brother* (both celebrity and normal version) features gunge in various tasks and as a way to nominate housemates.

At the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards, the Legend Award was given to soccer player David Beckham, who was slimed with gold slime rather than the traditional green. Baseball player Derek Jeter, who received the award the following year, was also slimed with a gold color. This tradition has continued with Kobe Bryant in 2016, Michael Phelps in 2017, Danica Patrick in 2018, and Dwyane Wade in 2019, although it did not happen to Serena Williams in 2024. This sliming is notable not only for its unique gold look, but for the overwhelming fashion in which the individuals are covered with slime.

* The dictionary definition of *gunge* at Wiktionary


title: Hiroshi Shirokuma

abstract: Hiroshi Shirokuma is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Production Baobab.

text:
# Hiroshi Shirokuma

**Hiroshi Shirokuma** (白熊 寛嗣, *Shirokuma Hiroshi*) is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Production Baobab.

## Filmography

### Television animation

### Original net animation

### Video games

### Tokusatsu

### Dubbing

#### Live-action

#### Animation

## InfoBox

| Hiroshi Shirokuma | |
| --- | --- |
| 白熊 寛嗣 | |
| Born | (1979-08-04) August 4, 1979<br>Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan |
| Occupation | Voice actor |
| Years active | 2003present |
| Agent | Production Baobab |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |


title: James Duke Cameron

abstract: James Duke Cameron was a justice of the Supreme Court of Arizona from January 4, 1971, to February 28, 1992. He served as chief justice from January 1975 to December 1975. Born in Richmond, California, Cameron's family moved to Arizona in 1925. He served in the United States Army during World War II. Cameron later attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating in 1950. Returning to Arizona he received his law degree from University of Arizona in 1954 and later earned an LL.M, from the University of Virginia in 1982. He entered private practice in Yuma after law school before becoming a Judge for the Superior Court in Yuma County, Arizona, where he served from 1960 to 1961. In 1965 he became a Judge on Court of Appeals, where he served until he was appointed to Supreme Court in 1971 by Governor Paul Fannin. On the bench Cameron "gained a nationwide reputation as a judicial administrator." Cameron is the only Arizona chief justice to have served as chairman of the Conference of Chief Justices, which he did from 1978 to 1979. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed Cameron to the Board of Directors of the State Justice Institute, where he served until 1994. Cameron donated his legal papers to the Arizona Historical Society in 1992.

text:
# James Duke Cameron

**James Duke Cameron** (March 25, 1925 – May 23, 2003) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Arizona from January 4, 1971, to February 28, 1992. He served as chief justice from January 1975 to December 1975.

Born in Richmond, California, Cameron's family moved to Arizona in 1925. He served in the United States Army during World War II. Cameron later attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating in 1950. Returning to Arizona he received his law degree from University of Arizona in 1954 and later earned an LL.M, from the University of Virginia in 1982. He entered private practice in Yuma after law school before becoming a Judge for the Superior Court in Yuma County, Arizona, where he served from 1960 to 1961. In 1965 he became a Judge on Court of Appeals, where he served until he was appointed to Supreme Court in 1971 by Governor Paul Fannin.

On the bench Cameron "gained a nationwide reputation as a judicial administrator." Cameron is the only Arizona chief justice to have served as chairman of the Conference of Chief Justices, which he did from 1978 to 1979. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed Cameron to the Board of Directors of the State Justice Institute, where he served until 1994.

Cameron donated his legal papers to the Arizona Historical Society in 1992.

## Publications

* James Duke Cameron, *Federal Review, Finalty of State Court Decisions, and a Proposal for a National Court of Appeals – A State Judge's Solution to a Continuing Problem*, 1981 BYU L. Rev. 545 (1981).

## InfoBox

| James Duke Cameron | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
January 1975  December 1979 | |
| Preceded by | Jack D.H. Hays |
| Succeeded by | Fred C. Struckmeyer Jr. |
| Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1971  February 28, 1992 | |
| Appointed by | Paul Fannin |
| Preceded by | Ernest McFarland |
| Succeeded by | Frederick J. Martone |
| Chairman of the Conference of Chief Justices | |
| **In office**
1978–1979 | |
| Preceded by | C. William O'Neill |
| Succeeded by | Lawrence W. I'Anson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 25, 1925
Richmond, California |
| Died | May 23, 2003(2003-05-23) (aged 78) |
|  | |


title: Heliophisma klugii

abstract: Heliophisma klugii is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1833. It is found in Africa, including West Africa, Madagascar, Sierra Leone and South Africa. This species has a wingspan of around 55–60 millimetres (2.2–2.4 in).

text:
# Heliophisma klugii

***Heliophisma klugii*** is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1833. It is found in Africa, including West Africa, Madagascar, Sierra Leone and South Africa.

This species has a wingspan of around 55–60 millimetres (2.2–2.4 in).

## InfoBox

| *Heliophisma klugii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Heliophisma* |
| Species: | ***H. klugii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Heliophisma klugii***<br>(Boisduval, 1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ophiusa klugii* Boisduval, 1833 * *Heliophisma clugi* Hampson, 1913 * *Heliophisma croceipennis* (Walker, 1858) * *Ophiusa croceipennis* Walker, 1858 * *Heliophisma rivularis* (Butler, 1875) * *Ophisma rivularis* Butler, 1875 * *Heliophisma varians* (Mabille, 1897) * *Ophisma varians* Mabille, 1897 * *Achaea klugii* (Boisduval, 1833) | |


title: Richard Delancey

abstract:
Richard Delancey is the hero of a series of novels by historian C. Northcote Parkinson.
Delancey is a citizen of the Island of Guernsey who rises, through merit, through the Royal Navy,
during its late 18th-century wars with America and France. According to Charles K. Rowley, during his retirement, in Guernsey, Parkinson lived on a street named after Richard Delancey, a military officer who served under the 1st Duke of Wellington, and who died during the Battle of Waterloo. James A. Winnefeld, writing in the Naval War College Review, wrote that Parkinson had "the naval historian's eye and ear for time and place". However, he said his characters were "wooden".

text:
# Richard Delancey

**Richard Delancey** is the hero of a series of novels by historian C. Northcote Parkinson. Delancey is a citizen of the Island of Guernsey who rises, through merit, through the Royal Navy, during its late 18th-century wars with America and France.

According to Charles K. Rowley, during his retirement, in Guernsey, Parkinson lived on a street named after Richard Delancey, a military officer who served under the 1st Duke of Wellington, and who died during the Battle of Waterloo.

James A. Winnefeld, writing in the *Naval War College Review*, wrote that Parkinson had "the naval historian's eye and ear for time and place". However, he said his characters were "wooden".

| Published | Set | Title |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | 1776 | *The Guernseyman* |
| 1973 | 1793 | *The Devil to Pay* |
| 1975 | 1797 | *The Fireship* |
| 1977 | 1799 | *Touch and Go* |
| 1978 |  | *Dead Reckoning* |
| 1981 |  | *So Near, So Far* |


title: Aluetelevisio

abstract: Aluetelevisio (ATV) was a Finnish cable television channel which operated from the end of the 1990s to the start of the 2000s. ATV was owned by Christian Moustgaard. His son Eetu Moustgaard worked at ATV as a reporter. The channel was known in Helsinki for its (then) revolutionary approach to urban journalism and TV entertainment in general. The production team had no previous experience in TV work and the channel basically "made it up as they went along". In a way the programs looked much like the reality-TV shows that the modern day television is packed with. But as the term Reality-TV did not yet exist, ATV was heavily criticised for its amateurish look and at times challenging views as being unprofessional and childish. Mostly it seems, though, that the channel's utter lack of resemblance with conventional television and its immediacy in regard to the surrounding urban landscape was welcomed by the majority of viewers. In an attempt to attract attention and to accumulate much-sought revenues from related SMS-services, ATV soon after its launch took to showing pornography without charge during nighttime.

text:
# Aluetelevisio

**Aluetelevisio** (**ATV**) was a Finnish cable television channel which operated from the end of the 1990s to the start of the 2000s. ATV was owned by Christian Moustgaard. His son Eetu Moustgaard worked at ATV as a reporter.

The channel was known in Helsinki for its (then) revolutionary approach to urban journalism and TV entertainment in general. The production team had no previous experience in TV work and the channel basically "made it up as they went along". In a way the programs looked much like the reality-TV shows that the modern day television is packed with. But as the term Reality-TV did not yet exist, ATV was heavily criticised for its amateurish look and at times challenging views as being unprofessional and childish. Mostly it seems, though, that the channel's utter lack of resemblance with conventional television and its immediacy in regard to the surrounding urban landscape was welcomed by the majority of viewers.

In an attempt to attract attention and to accumulate much-sought revenues from related SMS-services, ATV soon after its launch took to showing pornography without charge during nighttime.

## InfoBox

Aluetelevisio (ATV)
| Country | Finland |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Helsinki area |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Finnish |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Christian Moustgaard
Michael Franck
Juha Salminen
Juha Louhivuori
Henrik de la Chapelle |
| History | |
| Launched | 1999 (cable) |
| Closed | 20 December 2002 (cable) |


abstract: Thiruvettisvarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Thiruvettisvaranpettai in Triplicane, Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Thiruvettisvarar Temple, Thiruvettisvaranpettai

**Thiruvettisvarar Temple** is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Thiruvettisvaranpettai in Triplicane, Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Vaippu Sthalam

It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Appar. This place is also called as Thirupattinam.

## Presiding deity

The presiding deity in the garbhagriha, represented by the *lingam*, is known as Thiruvettisvarar. The Goddess is known as Maragathavalli. She is also known as Senbagambikai.

## Specialities

The presiding deity is flanked by Somaskanda and the Goddess. In the front mandapa of the shrine of the Subramania inscriptions having the songs of Kandar Anuboothy, Shanmuga Kavacham by Pamban Swamigal, Kanda Shasti Kavasam, and Deivamanimalai from Arutpa Ramalinga Swamigal are found. Stucco sculptures of Six Abodes of Murugan are also found. Brahmotsavam, Vaikasi Visakam, Purattasi Amavasaya, Masi Maham and other festivals are celebrated in this temple.

## Other shrines

Shrines of Vinayaka, Virabhadra, Balasubramania, Gnanasambandar, Appar, Sundarar, Manikkavacakar and Sekkizhar are found in this temple. The consort of Sangili Nachiar is also found.

## Location

Triplicane is a part of Chennai. In the Triplicane High road, next to post office a Vinayaka Temple is found. From there this temple can be reached. It is opened for worship from 6.00 to 11.00 a.m. and 5.00 to 9.00 p.m.

## InfoBox

| Thiruvettisvarar Temple, Thiruvettisvaranpettai | |
| --- | --- |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Chennai |
| Deity | Lord (Shiva) |
| Location | |
| Location | Triplicane |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |


title: Torsten Tegnér

abstract: Torsten Tegnér was a Swedish athlete and journalist, son of composer Alice Tegnér. He was owner of the sports magazine Idrottsbladet between 1915 and 1957. He continued to edit the magazine until 1967.

text:
# Torsten Tegnér

**Torsten Tegnér** (6 December 1888 – 10 June 1977) was a Swedish athlete and journalist, son of composer Alice Tegnér. He was owner of the sports magazine *Idrottsbladet* between 1915 and 1957. He continued to edit the magazine until 1967.

## InfoBox

| Torsten Tegnér | |
| --- | --- |
| Torsten Tegnér delivering a speech for Norwegian refugees during the Second World War | |
| Born | (1888-12-06)6 December 1888<br>Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 10 June 1977(1977-06-10) (aged 88) |