title: Joseph and Mary Jane League House

abstract: The Joseph and Mary Jane League House, also known as the League House, is located in Macon, Georgia. It is significant for its architecture and for its association with two of the first female architects in Georgia: Ellamae Ellis League and her daughter Jean League Newton. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2009 It was featured in a July 1953 article in the magazine Progressive Architecture. It was also included in the 1954 book Quality Budget Houses. It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July 2008. It is also a contributing property within the Shirley Hills Historic District.

text:
# Joseph and Mary Jane League House

The **Joseph and Mary Jane League House**, also known as the **League House**, is located in Macon, Georgia. It is significant for its architecture and for its association with two of the first female architects in Georgia: Ellamae Ellis League and her daughter Jean League Newton. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2009

It was featured in a July 1953 article in the magazine *Progressive Architecture*. It was also included in the 1954 book *Quality Budget Houses*. It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July 2008. It is also a contributing property within the Shirley Hills Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| League, Joseph and Mary Jane, House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1849 Waverland Drive, Macon, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 32°52′24″N 83°37′55″W / 32.873272°N 83.631837°W / 32.873272; -83.631837 (1849 Waverland Drive, Macon, Georgia) |
| Area | approx. 0.5 acres |
| Built | 1950 |
| Architect | Newton, Jean League |
| Part of | Shirley Hills Historic District (ID14000269) |
| NRHP reference No. | 08001280 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | January 9, 2009 |
| Designated CP | May 27, 2014 |


title: Halechiniscus

abstract: Halechiniscus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Halechiniscidae. It was named and described by Ferdinand Richters in 1908.

text:
# Halechiniscus

***Halechiniscus*** is a genus of tardigrades in the family Halechiniscidae. It was named and described by Ferdinand Richters in 1908.

## Species

The genus includes 11 species:

## Publications

* Richters (1908) *Marine Tardigraden.* \[*Marine Tardigrades*\] Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 33, p. 77-85 (integral text, archive).

Data related to Halechiniscus at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Halechiniscus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Tardigrada |
| Class: | Heterotardigrada |
| Order: | Arthrotardigrada |
| Family: | Halechiniscidae |
| Genus: | *Halechiniscus*<br>Richters, 1908 |
|


title: Ishoʿ of Merv

abstract: Ishoʿ of Merv was an East Syrian lexicographer of the 9th century AD. He was a native of Merv in the Abbasid Caliphate. He wrote a now lost glossary of Syriac words, which was used by Ishoʿ bar ʿAli in composing his own Syriac–Arabic glossary in the second half of the 9th century. According to the preface to Ishoʿ bar ʿAli's glossary, the work of Ishoʿ of Merv was poorly organized and differed at points from the glossary of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq. David Taylor sees Ishoʿ of Merv as augmenting the work of Ḥunayn, and Ishoʿ bar ʿAli in turn as augmenting him. Rubens Duval identified Ishoʿ with the lexicographer Zekarya of Merv cited by Ḥasan bar Bahlul in the 10th century. Ḥasan, however, also cites Ishoʿ explicitly, so the proposed identification has not been widely accepted. The 14th-century catalogue of Syriac authors by ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha mentions only one lexicographer named Maruzaya and it is not clear if this is Ishoʿ or Zekarya or if they are one and the same. The identification of Ishoʿ of Merv with the physician al-Marwazī who lived about 567 is highly unlikely. His identification with the physician and logician Abū Yaḥyā al-Marwazī, who lived in the 9th century is possible.

text:
# Ishoʿ of Merv

**Ishoʿ of Merv** (Syriac: *Ishoʿ Maruzaya*, Arabic: *ʿĪsā al-Marwazī*) was an East Syrian lexicographer of the 9th century AD. He was a native of Merv in the Abbasid Caliphate. He wrote a now lost glossary of Syriac words, which was used by Ishoʿ bar ʿAli in composing his own Syriac–Arabic glossary in the second half of the 9th century. According to the preface to Ishoʿ bar ʿAli's glossary, the work of Ishoʿ of Merv was poorly organized and differed at points from the glossary of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq. David Taylor sees Ishoʿ of Merv as augmenting the work of Ḥunayn, and Ishoʿ bar ʿAli in turn as augmenting him.

Rubens Duval identified Ishoʿ with the lexicographer Zekarya of Merv cited by Ḥasan bar Bahlul in the 10th century. Ḥasan, however, also cites Ishoʿ explicitly, so the proposed identification has not been widely accepted. The 14th-century catalogue of Syriac authors by ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha mentions only one lexicographer named Maruzaya (i.e., from Merv) and it is not clear if this is Ishoʿ or Zekarya or if they are one and the same.

The identification of Ishoʿ of Merv with the physician al-Marwazī who lived about 567 is highly unlikely. His identification with the physician and logician Abū Yaḥyā al-Marwazī, who lived in the 9th century is possible.

## Bibliography

* Butts, Aaron M. (2018) \[2011\]. "Ishoʿ of Merv". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). *Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition*. Gorgias Press \[online ed. Beth Mardutho\].
* Butts, Aaron M. (2019). "The Classical Syriac Language". In Daniel King (ed.). *The Syriac World*. Routledge. pp. 222–242.
* Taylor, David G. K. (2018) \[2011\]. "Syriac Lexicography". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). *Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition*. Gorgias Press \[online ed. Beth Mardutho\].
* Wright, William (1894). *A Short History of Syriac Literature* (PDF). Adam and Charles Black.


title: The Slow Club

abstract: The Slow Club were a short lived Australian pop rock band formed in the late 1980s. The group were signed to Virgin Records and released one studio album in 1990.

text:
# The Slow Club

**The Slow Club** were a short lived Australian pop rock band formed in the late 1980s. The group were signed to Virgin Records and released one studio album in 1990.

## Discography

### Albums

List of albums, with selected details and chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *World of Wonders* |  | 101 |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Year | Title | Peak chart
positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 | |
| 1990 | "Shout Me Down" | 36 | *World of Wonders* |
| 1991 | "Rosalie" | | 46 |
| | "When Love Comes Down" | | 121 |

## InfoBox

| The Slow Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Melbourne, Australia |
| Genres | Pop rock |
| Years active | 1989 (1989)–1991 (1991) |
| Labels | Virgin Records |


title: WACO Classic Aircraft

abstract: The WACO Classic Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer, located in Battle Creek, Michigan. It was founded in 1983 as the Classic Aircraft Corporation and is now called the WACO Aircraft Corporation. WACO Classic Aircraft builds, in relatively small numbers, a three-seat biplane, the WACO Classic YMF, based upon the original manufacturing plans which were filed by the Waco Aircraft Company with the Library of Congress and thus available. The aircraft are constructed at the W. K. Kellogg Airport in Battle Creek, Michigan. The company also repairs original "classic" WACOs and vintage aircraft. While the aircraft it builds is a longstanding design, WACO Classic Aircraft has upgraded many systems, such as the brakes, to newer and safer technology. They are built with much of the original hand construction methods and are sought after as a classical open-cockpit aircraft, but with modern digital electronics. To date, Waco Classic only offers one of several models of Wacos that were built. Over 100 new YMF-5C aircraft had been completed by 2007. In June 2009, the company announced the improved YMF-5D version, powered by a Jacobs R-755-A2 300 hp (224 kW) engine. The type was to be type certified in October 2009 and features a new MT-Propeller, a deluxe leather interior, new lightweight carbon fiber wheel pants and fairings, an upgraded avionics package and a cup holder. In January 2011, the company announced that it would put the Great Lakes Model 2T-1A-1/2 biplane back into production. The aircraft had not been available since 1980. The aircraft incorporates several changes including a larger cockpit and advanced avionics. It is equipped with the Lycoming AEIO-360-B1F6 engine. In May 2012, the company announced that the first production Great Lakes was being constructed and it was completed in June 2013. In November 2018, the company was acquired by the Florida-based Dimor Group Inc.

text:
# WACO Classic Aircraft

The **WACO Classic Aircraft Corporation** is an American aircraft manufacturer, located in Battle Creek, Michigan. It was founded in 1983 as the **Classic Aircraft Corporation** and is now called the **WACO Aircraft Corporation**.

WACO Classic Aircraft builds, in relatively small numbers, a three-seat biplane, the WACO Classic YMF, based upon the original manufacturing plans which were filed by the Waco Aircraft Company with the Library of Congress and thus available. The aircraft are constructed at the W. K. Kellogg Airport in Battle Creek, Michigan. The company also repairs original "classic" WACOs and vintage aircraft.

While the aircraft it builds is a longstanding design, WACO Classic Aircraft has upgraded many systems, such as the brakes, to newer and safer technology. They are built with much of the original hand construction methods and are sought after as a classical open-cockpit aircraft, but with modern digital electronics. To date, Waco Classic only offers one of several models of Wacos that were built. Over 100 new YMF-5C aircraft had been completed by 2007.

In June 2009, the company announced the improved YMF-5D version, powered by a Jacobs R-755-A2 300 hp (224 kW) engine. The type was to be type certified in October 2009 and features a new MT-Propeller, a deluxe leather interior, new lightweight carbon fiber wheel pants and fairings, an upgraded avionics package and a cup holder.

In January 2011, the company announced that it would put the Great Lakes Model 2T-1A-1/2 biplane back into production. The aircraft had not been available since 1980. The aircraft incorporates several changes including a larger cockpit and advanced avionics. It is equipped with the Lycoming AEIO-360-B1F6 engine. In May 2012, the company announced that the first production Great Lakes was being constructed and it was completed in June 2013.

In November 2018, the company was acquired by the Florida-based Dimor Group Inc.

## Aircraft

## InfoBox

WACO Classic Aircraft
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | General Aviation |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Headquarters | Battle Creek, Michigan |
| Key people | Peter F. Bowers (President) |
| Products | WACO Classic YMF & Great Lakes Model 2T-1A-1/2 |
| Number of employees | 37 |
| Parent | Dimor Group Inc |
| Website | www.wacoaircraft.com |


title: News After Noon

abstract: News After Noon is a news bulletin that aired on BBC1 at lunchtimes from 7 September 1981 to 24 October 1986.

text:
# News After Noon

***News After Noon*** is a news bulletin that aired on BBC1 at lunchtimes from 7 September 1981 to 24 October 1986.

## History

*News After Noon* launched on 7 September 1981 and replaced a shorter fifteen-minute lunchtime news bulletin called *The Midday News.* which had been on air since 1976. Broadcast at 12:30, it was initially billed as "the first television news of the day", as when the programme started breakfast television had not launched in the UK. *News After Noon* was replaced by the *One O'Clock News* when the BBC launched its daytime television service and the final edition of *News After Noon* was broadcast on 24 October 1986.

## Format

*News After Noon* was the first BBC television news bulletin to last for a full thirty minutes – at the time, the *Nine O'Clock News* was 25 minutes in length. After 25 minutes of news there was a weather forecast, after which the regions left the programme for their lunchtime regional news bulletin. However, at this time, BBC South East did not broadcast regional news bulletins so the final three minutes of *News After Noon*, which consisted of a financial report and a recap of the news headlines with in-vision subtitles, was only seen in London and the south east. This continued until BBC South East launched a regional news bulletin on 2 September 1985, after which *News After Noon* lasted for 25 minutes and the weather forecast followed the regional news bulletins.

## Presenters

Throughout its five years on air the programme had a two-person presentation team. Richard Whitmore normally presented the programme alongside either Moira Stuart or Frances Coverdale, although Coverdale became the main co-presenter towards the end of the programme's run. Both Whitmore and Stuart continued as daytime newsreaders after the end of *News After Noon* as they shared presentational duties of the hourly *BBC News Summaries* that formed part of the new daytime schedule. Other notable presenters included Laurie Mayer, Chris Lowe, Fern Britton, Sue Carpenter, Michael Cole and Anne Diamond.

## Broadcast times

*News After Noon* was broadcast in two time slots. Between September and May the programme ran from 12:30 until 13:00. However *Pebble Mill at One* did not broadcast during the summer and when it was not on the air *News After Noon* was shown between 13:00 and 13:30. Also, during the summer months, shorter editions of *News After Noon*, sometimes with one presenter instead of two, were broadcast when the BBC was broadcasting live cricket coverage. This was to ensure that viewers did not miss the end of the morning's play and the start of the afternoon's play. On these days, *News After Noon* would last for twenty minutes instead of the usual thirty minutes.

## InfoBox

| *News After Noon* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | BBC News |
| Presented by | Richard Whitmore
Moira Stuart
Frances Coverdale
Laurie Mayer
Sue Carpenter
Fern Britton
Anne Diamond
Judi Lines
 |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 20–30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC1 |
| Release | 7 September 1981 (1981-09-07)
24 October 1986 (1986-10-24) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Goguryeo–Wei War

abstract: The Goguryeo–Wei War was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei. The invasions, a retaliation against a Goguryeo raid in 242, destroyed the Goguryeo capital of Hwando, sent its king fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of the Korean Peninsula that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although the king evaded capture and would go on to settle in a new capital, Goguryeo was greatly diminished for a time, and would spend the next half century rebuilding its ruling structure and regaining control over its people, unmentioned by the Chinese historical texts. By the time Goguryeo reappeared in Chinese annals, the state had evolved into a much more powerful political entity—thus the Wei invasion was identified by historians as a watershed moment in Goguryeo history that divided the different stages of Goguryeo's growth. In addition, the second campaign of the war included the furthest expedition into Manchuria by a Chinese army up to that time and was therefore instrumental in providing the earliest descriptions of the peoples who lived there.

text:
# Goguryeo–Wei War

The **Goguryeo–Wei War** was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei.

The invasions, a retaliation against a Goguryeo raid in 242, destroyed the Goguryeo capital of Hwando, sent its king fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of the Korean Peninsula that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although the king evaded capture and would go on to settle in a new capital, Goguryeo was greatly diminished for a time, and would spend the next half century rebuilding its ruling structure and regaining control over its people, unmentioned by the Chinese historical texts.

By the time Goguryeo reappeared in Chinese annals, the state had evolved into a much more powerful political entity—thus the Wei invasion was identified by historians as a watershed moment in Goguryeo history that divided the different stages of Goguryeo's growth. In addition, the second campaign of the war included the furthest expedition into Manchuria by a Chinese army up to that time and was therefore instrumental in providing the earliest descriptions of the peoples who lived there.

## Background

The polity of Goguryeo developed among the peoples of Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula during the 1st and 2nd century BC as the Western Han dynasty extended its control to Northeast Asia, creating the Four Commanderies of Han. As it grew and centralized, Goguryeo increasingly contacted and conflicted with the Han dynasty. Goguryeo consolidated its power by conquering the territories on the north of the peninsula which were under Han rule. When the power of the Han dynasty declined to internal turmoil in the 2nd century AD, the warlord Gongsun Du came to control the commanderies of Liaodong (遼東) and Xuantu, directly adjacent to Goguryeo. Gongsun Du's faction often quarrelled with Goguryeo despite initial cooperation, and the conflict culminated in the Goguryeo succession feud of 204, which Gongsun Du's successor Gongsun Kang exploited. Though the candidate supported by Gongsun Kang was eventually defeated, the victor Sansang of Goguryeo was compelled to move his capital southeast to Hwando (present-day Ji'an, Jilin) on the Yalu River, which offered better protection. Gongsun Kang moved in and restored order to the Lelang Commandery and established the new Daifang Commandery by splitting the southern part of Lelang.

Compared to the agriculturally rich former capital Jolbon, Hwando was situated in a mountainous region with little arable land. To sustain the economy, Hwando had to constantly extract resources from the peoples in the countryside, which included the tribal communities of Okjeo and Ye. The Okjeo were said to have worked as virtual slaves to the Goguryeo king, hauling provisions (such as cloth, fish, salt and other sea products) from the peninsula's northeast to the Yalu basin, reflecting the arrangement that Goguryeo had to adopt after the entry of Gongsun Kang. By the 230s, Goguryeo had regathered their strength from these tributary relations and regained their presence in the Jolbon region. In 234, the Han dynasty's successor state Cao Wei established friendly contact with Goguryeo, and in 238 an alliance between Wei and Goguryeo destroyed their common enemy Gongsun Yuan, the last of the Gongsun warlords (See Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign). Wei took over all of Gongsun Yuan's territories, including Lelang and Daifang — now Wei's influence was extended into the Korean Peninsula, adjacent to Goguryeo. However, Han population plummeted in Liaodong as Wei engaged in a large-scale purge of all who served Gongsun Yuan and relocated the coastal populace to Shandong in response to a sea raid from the enemy state Eastern Wu.

The alliance between Goguryeo and Wei broke down in 242, when King Dongcheon of Goguryeo sent men to plunder the Liaodong district of Xi'anping (西安平; near present-day Dandong, Liaoning) at the mouth of the Yalu River. Xi'anping was an important area that had been under Goguryeo control in the early 230s but was overrun by Wei forces during the Liaodong campaign in 238. It was crucial agricultural land that was home to the "Small River Maek" (小水貊) people, a branch of the Goguryeo people known for their excellent bows. In addition, Xi'anping provided Goguryeo with sea access, from where Goguryeo communicated with Eastern Wu in the past. Finally, a Goguryeo presence there would cut off the land routes between the Central Plain and the Cao Wei commanderies on the Korean Peninsula. The Cao Wei court reacted most strongly to this apparent threat to their control of Lelang and Daifang.

## First campaign

### The Battle of Liangkou

In response to Goguryeo's aggression, the Inspector of You Province (幽州刺史), Guanqiu Jian, set out from Xuantu Commandery into Goguryeo with seven legions — amounting to 10,000 infantry and cavalry in total — in 244. From the seat of government in Xuantu (near present-day Shenyang, Liaoning), Guanqiu Jian's army went up the valley of the Suzi River (蘇子河), a tributary of the Hunhe River, to present-day Xinbin County, and from there crossed the watershed to the east and entered the Hunjiang River valley. King Dongcheon marched with 20,000 infantry and cavalry out from his capital Hwando to meet the advancing army. The king's army travelled through several river valleys and met Guanqiu Jian's army at the junction of the Fu'er River (富爾江) and the Hunjiang River, a place known as Liangkou (梁口; present-day Jiangkou village 江口村 in Tonghua). Liangkou was to become the site of the first battles between Guanqiu Jian and King Dongcheon.

Sources differ on how the battles played out. The 12th century Korean source *Samguk Sagi* states that Guanqiu Jian's army invaded in the eighth lunar month of the year, but was twice defeated before winning the crucial battle that sent the king back to the capital. The first battle, according to *Samguk Sagi*, pitted King Dongcheon's 20,000 foot and horse soldiers against Guanqiu Jian's 10,000-man-strong army on the Hunjiang River, which Goguryeo won and beheaded 3,000 Wei soldiers. The second engagement was described to have happened in a "Dale of Liangmo" (梁貊之谷), where Goguryeo again bested and captured and killed 3,000 more soldiers. The two victories seemed to have got into the king's head as he remarked to his generals: "The Wei army, so enormous, cannot match a small force of ours, Guanqiu Jian is a great general of Wei, and today his life is in my hands!" He then led 5,000 ironclad horsemen to lead the charge against Guanqiu Jian, who put his troops in square formation and fought desperately. In the end, 18,000 Goguryeo men were killed in this last battle, and the defeated king fled to the Plain of Yalu (鴨綠原) with a little more than a thousand horsemen.

In contrast, the near-contemporary "Biography of Guanqiu Jian" in volume 28 of *Records of Three Kingdoms*, containing the Chinese account of this battle, states that King Dongcheon was repeatedly defeated in the tremendous fight at Liangkou and was forced to flee. Japanese researcher Hiroshi Ikeuchi, writing in 1929 during Japan's period of colonial rule over Korea, asserts that the Korean account was transformed from Guanqiu Jian's biography, reversing the results of the battles before Liangkou. The same researcher also suggests that the aforementioned "Dale of Liangmo" place was fabricated by the biased historian sympathetic to Goguryeo. Nonetheless, both Chinese and Korean sources agree on the fact that King Dongcheon ultimately lost the battle of Liangkou and headed back to Hwando.

### The capture of Hwando

The Wei army gave chase to the routed Goguryeo army after the battle of Liangkou. According to the Chinese source *History of Northern Dynasties*, Guanqiu Jian reached Chengxian (赬峴), determined to be the present-day mountain pass Xiaobancha Ridge (小板岔嶺), also called Banshi Ridge (板石嶺). Since the mountainous region rendered the cavalry ineffective, the Wei army fastened the horses and chariots there and climbed up to mountain city of Hwando. Guanqiu Jian first struck the stronghold guarding the main city and then descended upon the capital, where the Wei army wrought much destruction, slaughtering and capturing over thousands of people. Guanqiu Jian specifically spared the tomb and family of Deukrae (得來), a Goguryeo minister who frequently remonstrated against aggression toward Wei and starved himself to death in protest when his advice went unheeded. The king and his family fled the capital.

With the Goguryeo capital subjugated, Guanqiu Jian returned to You Province with his army in around June 245. On the way back, he had a tablet erected in Chengxian commemorating his victory, explaining the course of events, and listing the generals who participated in the campaign. A fragment of the monument was discovered in 1905, near the end of the Qing dynasty, bearing the following mutilated inscription:

| In the 3rd year of Zhengshi the Goguryeo \[?invaded\]... | 正始三年高句驪\[?寇\] |
| --- | --- |
| ...commanded the seven legions, and attacked the Goguryeo. In the 5th \[?year\]... | 督七牙門討句驪五\[?年\] |
| ...again the remaining enemies. In the 6th year, the 5th month, he led back \[?his army\]... | 復遣寇六年五月旋\[?師\] |
| General Who Exterminates Invaders, Wuwan Chanyu of Wei... | 討寇將軍魏烏丸單于 |
| General Who Intimidates Invaders, Chief Village Marquis... | 威寇將軍都亭侯 |
| Expeditionary Major-General possessing... | 行裨將軍領 |
| ...Major-General... | 裨將軍 |

a.  Corresponds to year 242. b.  Corresponds to year 244. c.  Corresponds to around June 245. d.  Identified as Kouloudun 寇婁敦, Wuhuan Chanyu of Youbeiping

## Second campaign

### Wang Qi's pursuit of King Dongcheon

King Dongcheon had returned to the abandoned capital of Hwando after the Wei army retreated homeward, but in the same year Guanqiu Jian sent the Grand Administrator of Xuantu, Wang Qi (王頎), in pursuit of the king. Since the capital had been so ravaged and rendered defenceless by the previous campaign, the king had to flee again with his nobles of several ranks to South Okjeo (also known as Dongokjeo, *"East Okjeo"*). According to the *Samguk Sagi*, the king's escape was aided by Milu (密友), a man of the Eastern District (東部), when the king's troops had all but scattered to the last handful at Jungnyeong Pass. Milu said to the king, "I will go back and hold the enemy at bay while you make good your escape," and held the narrow pass with three or four soldiers while the king made his way to regroup with a band of friendly troops. The king offered a reward to anyone who could bring Milu back to safety, and a Yu Okgu (劉屋句) found Milu lying on the ground with grievous injuries. The king was so delighted to recover his faithful retainer that he personally nursed Milu back to life.

The chase from Hwando to South Okjeo took the two parties across the Yalu (Amnok) River into the northern parts of the Korean Peninsula. The precise route of the chase may have passed by present-day Kanggye, from where there are two possibilities: one heading east through the Rangrim Mountains then south to present-day Changjin; the other following the Changja River south then turning east to reach Changjin. From Changjin, the pursuer and the pursued followed the Changjin River (長津江) south until they reached the vast and fertile Hamhung plains, where the river flowed into the East Korea Bay. It was here in Hamhung that the South Okjeo people thrived, and thus King Dongcheon came here for refuge. When Wang Qi's army arrived, however, the Okjeo tribes were all defeated, with 3,000 tribesmen killed or captured. The king fled again, and the Wei army turned toward North Okjeo.

The *Samguk Sagi* relates to an event that purported to have happened in South Okjeo: Yuyu (紐由), another man of the Eastern District, feigned the surrender of King Dongcheon to stop the Wei pursuit. Bearing food and gifts, Yuyu was allowed into the camp of an unnamed Wei general. When the general received him, Yuyu pulled out a hidden dagger from under the plates and fatally stabbed the Wei general. He was likewise killed by the attendants at the next moment, but the damage had been done — the Wei army, having lost their commander, was thrown into confusion. King Dongcheon took this opportunity to gather his forces and struck his enemy in three columns. The Wei armies, unable to recover from the confusion, "at last retired from Lelang". This passage was not paralleled in Chinese records.

Travelling along the coast of what is called the Sea of Japan today, Wang Qi's army made its way to the lands of the North Okjeo, assumed to be around the Jiandao area today. Despite records suggesting that the king came to the North Okjeo settlement of Maegu (買溝, also named Chiguru 置溝婁; in present-day Yanji), there is no telling what became of the king in North Okjeo, and Wang Qi's army continued further north inland. Turning northwest at the border of Okjeo and the Sushen, they traversed the Mudan River basin (either by way of Ning'an or Dunhua), home of the Yilou people, and crossed the Zhangguangcai Range into the plains on the other side. Finally, their trek northwest brought them to the Buyeo kingdom on the Ashi River within present-day Harbin. Buyeo's regent Wigeo (位居), acting on behalf of the nominal King Maryeo (麻余王), formally received the Wei army outside their capital in present-day Acheng District and replenished their supplies. Having overextended their reach and lost sight of their target, Wang Qi's army turned southwest from Buyeo to return to Xuantu Commandery, passing by the present-day areas of Nong'an County and Kaiyuan. Upon their return, they had completed a circular trip traversing present-day Liaodong, North Korea, and Manchuria.

### The subjugation of the Ye by Gong Zun and Liu Mao

Concurrently, Guanqiu Jian sent a detached force to attack the Ye of eastern Korea since they were allied with Goguryeo. The force, led by the grand administrators of Lelang and Daifang, Liu Mao (劉茂) and Gong Zun (弓遵) respectively, started from South Okjeo and went south through the whole length of the region known as the Seven Counties of Lingdong (嶺東七縣). Six out of the seven counties — Dongyi (東暆), Bunai (不耐; also named Bu'er 不而), Chantai (蠶台), Huali (華麗), Yatoumei (邪頭昧), Qianmo (前莫) — submitted to Liu Mao and Gong Zun, while the remaining Wozu county (夭租縣), being identical with Okjeo, had already been subjugated by Wang Qi. In particular, the Marquis of Bunai, the pre-eminent county of the seven, was specified to have come surrendering with all his tribesmen. Liu Mao and Gong Zun's march along the eastern coast of Korea may have brought them as far south as Uljin, where the local elders informed them of an inhabited island to the east, an island which could possibly be Ulleungdo. Another inscription was erected at Bunai, supposedly to commemorate the feats of Wang Qi, Liu Mao, and Gong Zun during the second campaign; however, unlike the tablet attributable to Guanqiu Jian, this inscription has not been found.

## Aftermath and legacy

Although the king evaded capture, the Wei campaigns accomplished much to weaken the Goguryeo kingdom. Firstly, several thousands of the Goguryeo people were deported and resettled in China proper. Secondly, and more importantly, the intrusions into Okjeo and Ye separated these Goguryeo tributaries from its central ruling structure and brought them back under the influence of the commanderies of Lelang and Daifang. In doing so, Wang Qi and his peers removed a substantial part of the Goguryeo economy and dealt Goguryeo a blow more severe than Gongsun Kang did forty years ago. The Ye under the Marquis of Bunai became expected to provide provisions and transportation whenever Lelang and Daifang went off to war, and the marquis himself was elevated to Ye King of Bunai (不耐濊王) by the Cao Wei court in 247. In addition, Wang Qi's incursion into Buyeo's territory and the subsequent welcome by the hosts reconfirmed the friendly relations between Wei and Buyeo, and tributes from Buyeo to Wei would continue annually.

When King Dongcheon returned to Hwando, he found the city to be too ravaged by war and too close to the border to be a suitable capital, and thus relocated his capital to a "walled town in the plain" (平壤城, *Pyeongyangseong*) in 247, moving his people and sacred shrines while leaving Hwando to ruin. From this new capital, Goguryeo underwent significant reorganization, particularly in regards to its economic base, to recover from the devastation by the hands of Wei. Since the resources of Okjeo and Ye were deprived, Goguryeo had to rely on the production of the old capital region of Jolbon while looking for new agricultural lands in other directions.

The history of Goguryeo in the latter half of the 3rd century was characterized by Goguryeo's attempts to consolidate nearby regions and restore stability as it dealt with rebellions and foreign invaders, including Wei again during 259 in which Goguryeo defeated Wei at Yangmaek, and the Sushen during 280 in which Goguryeo launched a counterattack on the Sushen and occupied their capital. According to the *Samguk Sagi*, during the Wei invasion in 259, King Jungcheon assembled 5,000 of his elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei army at a valley in Yangmaek, killing 8,000 enemies. Goguryeo's fortunes rose again during King Micheon's rule (300-331), when the king took advantage of the weakness in Wei's successor the Jin dynasty and wrestled the commanderies of Lelang and Daifang from central Chinese control. By this time, Goguryeo completed seventy years of recovery and was transformed "from a Chinese border state, existing mainly by the plunder of the Chinese outposts in the northeast, to a kingdom centred in Korea proper, in which the formerly independent tribal communities of the Okjeo and others had been merged."

In terms of historiography, the expeditions of the second campaign are significant for providing detailed information on the various peoples of the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, such as Goguryeo, Buyeo, Okjeo, Ye, and Yilou. The expedition, unprecedented in scale in those regions, brought first-hand knowledge about the topography, climate, population, language, manners, and customs of these areas to Chinese cognizance, and was duly recorded into the *Weilüe* by the contemporary historian Yu Huan. Though the original *Weilüe* is now lost, its contents were preserved in the *Records of Three Kingdoms*, where the reports from the Goguryeo expedition are included in the "Chapter on Eastern Barbarians" (東夷傳, *Dongyi Zhuan*) — considered the most important single source of information for the culture and society of early states and peoples on the Korean Peninsula.

## InfoBox

| Goguryeo–Wei Wars | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period | |
| Date 244–245  Location Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula  Result Cao Wei victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Cao Wei
Wuhuan
Murong Xianbei | Goguryeo
Okjeo
Ye |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Guanqiu Jian
Wang Qi
Liu Mao
Gong Zun
Kouloudun
Murong Muyan | King Dongcheon
Marquis of Bunai |
| Strength | |
| 1st: 10,000
2nd: Unknown | 1st: 20,000
2nd: Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 6,000? | 8,000~18,000 |


title: Aquaculture in Taiwan

text:
# Aquaculture in Taiwan

Aquaculture has a long history in Taiwan and is an important component of the Maritime industries of Taiwan.

## History

By 2006 the production of Taiwanese coastal aquaculture was valued at NT$11,817 million.

In the 21st century high technology is playing a greater part in Taiwan's aquaculture industry as the industry struggles to cope with labor shortages and fierce foreign competition. The Taiwanese government operates six fisheries and aquaculture research centers.

### Shrimp and prawns

The Taiwanese scientist Liao I-chiu is known as the "Father of Shrimp Farming,” having pioneered many of the techniques and overcome many of the technical hurdles which allowed the creation of the modern global shrimp farming industry.

In 2020 Taiwanese shrimp researcher Luo Chu-fang received the annual award for outstanding contributions to the control of animal disease and/or veterinary public health from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Luo Chu-fang is a retired academic chair at National Cheng Kung University. She was the first Taiwanese to win a World Organization for Animal Health award.

The giant river prawn is widely cultivated in Taiwan. In 2012 Taiwan produced 3% of world production.

### Grouper

In 1975 Taiwan began ocean ranching of grouper. Ocean ranching of grouper involves growing wild caught individuals to market size.

In 1995 Long Diann Bio Technology Co. Ltd. with the help of the Eastern Marine Biology Research Center successfully developed hatchery techniques for giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Other species cultured are the Malabar grouper, the orange-spotted grouper, the brown-marbled grouper, the potato grouper, and the leopard coral grouper. In the 2000s Taiwan emerged as a global leader in grouper farming. In 2007 the 89 grouper farmers on Taiwan utilized 1,554.31 hectares of land and produced 17,234 tons of grouper valued at NT$3.88 billion (US$117.68 million). Grouper are shipped live on specially built vessels to Hong Kong and mainland China.

### Milkfish

Milkfish is one of Taiwan's most commercially important fish, yearly production is 50,000 tons of milkfish valued at $4.1 billion New Taiwan Dollars. Consumption and ranching of milkfish in Taiwan dates back hundreds of years. Milkfish is primarily consumed with congee, pan-fried, as fish ball soup, or braised. Milkfish soup (Shimu Yu) is a southern Taiwanese speciality. Tainan is the center of milkfish production raising half of the country’s total production.

In recent years Taiwanese farms have begun raising organic milkfish. Some milkfish is exported, primarily to the United States and the Middle East.

### Eel

In the 1990s the primary export market for eels was Japan. Taiwanese business also heavily invested in eel production in Southeast Asia. Taiwan's dominance in the eel market ended as production expanded in neighboring countries.

Exports of adult eels to Japan have decreased, the export of baby eels bred in Taiwan has increased in absolute terms but has decreased relative to other nations.

### Ornamentals

The Taiwanese ornamental fish and shrimp industry is significant with more than 250 commercial operations, ~200 of them with operations in Pingtung County. Taiwan was once known as the “cichlid kingdom” for its specialization in cichlids, a fad which culminated in the breeding of the blood parrot cichlid in 1986. The fields of biotechnology and applied ecology are playing an ever increasing role in the Taiwanese aquarium sector.

National Pingtung University of Science and Technology offers one of the world's only graduate programs focussing on aquarium fish.

## Events

The Aquaculture Taiwan Expo & Forum is the primary aquaculture trade show in Taiwan, it is held concurrently with the Livestock Taiwan Expo & Forum and the Asia Agri-Tech Expo & Forum.


title: Interleukin 32

abstract: Interleukin 32 (IL32) is proinflammatory cytokine that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene. Interleukin 32 can be found in higher mammals but not in rodents. It is mainly expressed intracellularly and the protein has nine different isoforms, because the pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced. The most active and studied isoform is IL-32γ. It was first reported in 2005, although the IL-32 gene was first described in 1992. It does not belong to any cytokine family because there is almost no homology with other cytokines. mRNA of IL-32 is mostly expressed in immune cells but also can be expressed in other tissues such as spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon, prostate, heart, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, pancreas and brain. Interleukin 32 is connected with several diseases, including cancer.

text:
# Interleukin 32

**Interleukin 32** (IL32) is proinflammatory cytokine that in humans is encoded by the *IL32* gene. Interleukin 32 can be found in higher mammals but not in rodents. It is mainly expressed intracellularly and the protein has nine different isoforms, because the pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced. The most active and studied isoform is IL-32γ. It was first reported in 2005, although the *IL-32* gene was first described in 1992. It does not belong to any cytokine family because there is almost no homology with other cytokines.

mRNA of IL-32 is mostly expressed in immune cells but also can be expressed in other tissues such as spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon, prostate, heart, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, pancreas and brain.

Interleukin 32 is connected with several diseases, including cancer.

## Function

This gene encodes a member of the cytokine family. The protein contains a tyrosine sulfation site, 3 potential N-myristoylation sites, multiple putative phosphorylation sites, and an RGD cell-attachment sequence. Expression of this protein is increased after the activation of T-cells by mitogens or the activation of NK cells by IL-2. This protein induces the production of TNF-alpha from macrophage cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can induce cells of the immune system (such as monocytes and macrophages) to secrete inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6. In addition, it can also induce the production of chemokines such as IL-8 and MIP-2 / CXCL2.

IL-32 can also support osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation by regulating the MAPK/ERK pathway and the actin cytoskeleton.

## Cancer

Cancer is often connected with chronic infection and inflammation – they are cause of cancer in 25% of cases. IL-32 plays role in chronic inflammation process and in cancers connected with chronic inflammation (lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer and colon cancer).

IL-32 can be mainly found in cytoplasm of cancer cells. In various cancer tissues, IL32 is highly expressed and presently, the most common isoform of IL-32 found in cancer cells is IL-32β.

Function of IL-32 can be very different, depending on its isoform (different isoforms can interact with each other and influence their activities) and type of cell, where it is expressed.

IL-32 supports the tumor progression by cytokines expressed after activation of transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-kB) and by metalloproteinase production. In addition, IL-32 stimulates differentiation into immunosuppressive cell types in some cancer types. These effects of IL-32 support tumor growth. On the other hand, in other cancer types it can also induce tumor cell apoptosis and enhance NK a cytotoxic T cell sensitivity which suppress tumor growth.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| IL32 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL32, IL-32alpha, IL-32beta, IL-32delta, IL-32gamma, NK4, TAIF, TAIFa, TAIFb, TAIFc, TAIFd, Interleukin 32, IL-32 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606001; HomoloGene: 128400; GeneCards: IL32; OMA:IL32 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      n/a   RefSeq (protein)      n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 3.07 – 3.08 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Illegal Musik

abstract: Illegal Musik is a New Zealand Lifestyle Company with a primary focus on Music & Entertainment. Its success started via its development of R&B singer J.Williams and has grown to include a wide range of artists from various genres. It currently has a partnership with Warner Music. Illegal Musik's record label headquarters and music albums are based in New Zealand.

text:
# Illegal Musik

**Illegal Musik** is a New Zealand Lifestyle Company with a primary focus on Music & Entertainment. Its success started via its development of R&B singer J.Williams and has grown to include a wide range of artists from various genres. It currently has a partnership with Warner Music. Illegal Musik's record label headquarters and music albums are based in New Zealand.

## Company history

Illegal Musik was founded by CEO Mark Arona and business partner Eddie Bennet in 2007. Their first two signings, J.Williams and Erakah, received Best Male and Best Female Artist Awards, at the 2010 Pacific Island Music Awards.

The label's production house is managed by Inoke Finau "N.O.X" (lead guitarist of Rock Band Junipah).

Through a partnership with New Zealand company 3D Live and Director Damien Caine, Illegal Musik produced the first all LIVE 3D Music Video for artist J.Williams 'You Got Me'. They received an award for innovation in New Zealand Music in 2010. The single also received 'Best Hip-Hop Video' at the Juice TV Awards (May 2010).

The label has also signed a partnership with Warner Australia and have released three singles from J.Williams 'You Got Me' (2010), 'Take Me Higher (Illegal Remix)' (2011), and 'Live It Up' (2011).

## Notable artists

Illegal Musik has signed artists from different genres.

## Previous artists

## Discography

### Albums

| !Year of Release | Title | Artist | Charted | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **Albums** | | | | | | |
| 2006 | "Good Music" | Ill Semantics | 18 |  |
| 2009 | "Young Love" | J.Williams | 6 | Gold |

### Singles

| Year of Release | Title | Artist | Charted | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **Singles** | | | | | | |
| 2008 | "Blow Your Mind" | J.Williams | 13 |  |
| 2008 | "Set It Off" | J.Williams | 36 |  |
| 2009 | "Ghetto Flower" | J.Williams | 5 | Platinum |
| 2009 | "Infatuated" | Erakah |  |  |
| 2009 | "Stand With You" | J.Williams (featuring Lavina Williams) | 6 | Gold |
| 2009 | "Wonderful" | Erakah |  |  |
| 2009 | "Your Style" | J.Williams (featuring Erakah) | 16 |  |
| 2010 | "My Love" | DJCXL (featuring The Gift and J.Williams) |  |  |
| 2010 | "You Got Me" | J.Williams (featuring Scribe) | 1 | 2× Platinum |
| 2010 | "Say This With Me" | Vince Harder | 39 |  |
| 2010 | "Takes Me Higher" | J.Williams (featuring Dane Rumble) | 2 | Platinum |
| 2010 | "Day and Night" | Erakah (featuring JR) |  |  |
| 2010 | "Never" | K.One (featuring Junipah) |  |  |
| 2010 | "Alone No More" | Vince Harder (featuring K.One) |  |  |
| 2010 | "Natural" | DJCXL (featuring Erakah and K.One) |  |  |
| 2010 | "Night of Your Life" | J.Williams (featuring K.One) | 4 | Gold |
| 2010 | "Walking Away" | K.One (featuring Jason Kerrison) | 38 |  |
| 2010 | "In or Out" | Erakah (featuring K.One) |  |  |
| 2010 | "Summer Dayz" | Vince Harder (featuring Young Sid) |  |  |
| 2010 | "I Like It" | Illegal Banditz (featuring Brooke Fowler and K.One) |  |  |
| 2011 | "I Want This Forever" | Vince Harder |  |  |
| 2012 | "Come On Home" | Titanium | 1 | 2× Platinum |

## InfoBox

| Illegal Musik | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Warner Music New Zealand |
| Genre | Hip-hop, R&B |
| Location | New Zealand |
| Official website | www.illegalmusik.co.nz |


title: Josse Mertens de Wilmars

abstract: Baron Joseph (Josse) Marie Honoré Charles Mertens de Wilmars was a Belgian jurist who became a member of the European Court of Justice and then its sixth President.

text:
# Josse Mertens de Wilmars

Baron **Joseph (Josse) Marie Honoré Charles Mertens de Wilmars** (22 June 1912 – 1 August 2002) was a Belgian jurist who became a member of the European Court of Justice and then its sixth President.

## Biography

Mertens de Wilmars was born in Sint-Niklaas, into a family of brewers. One of his brothers was the psychiatrist Charles Mertens de Wilmars. He gained a degree in law in 1934, and practiced in Antwerp, specialising in administrative law. He was an officer in the Belgian Army in the Second World War, and spent most of the war as a prisoner of war. After the war, he was a member of the Belgian Catholic alliance, and was a member of the Belgian parliament from 1951 to 1962. He was in favour of European unity, and attended the Congress in the Hague in 1948. He also taught administrative law at the High Institute for Administrative Sciences in Antwerp from 1946 to 1967, and was an associate professor in law at the Catholic University of Leuven from 1971.

He became a member of the European Court of Justice in 1967, and served as its sixth President from 1980 to 1984.

He died in Antwerp.

## InfoBox

| Josse Mertens de Wilmars | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Joseph Marie Honoré Charles Mertens de Wilmars
(1912-06-22)22 June 1912
Sint-Niklaas, Belgium |
| Died | 1 August 2002(2002-08-01) (aged 90)
Antwerp, Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation(s) | lawyer, jurist |
| Known for | president, European Court of Justice |


title: Nanjing World Challenge

abstract: The Nanjing World Challenge is a track and field meet at Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre in Nanjing, China. The inaugural edition was held in 2019 as part of the IAAF World Challenge.

text:
# Nanjing World Challenge

The **Nanjing World Challenge** is a track and field meet at Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre in Nanjing, China. The inaugural edition was held in 2019 as part of the IAAF World Challenge.

## Meeting records

### Men

### Women

## InfoBox

| Nanjing World Challenge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | May |
| Location | Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre, Nanjing, China |
| Event type | Track and field |
| Established | 2019 |


title: Our Lady of Suyapa

abstract: Our Lady of Suyapa, also known as the Virgin of Suyapa, is a title of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. An 18th-century cedar wood statue of the Virgin is perhaps Honduras' most popular religious image, and the focus of an extensive pilgrimage. The statue is kept in the Basílica de Suyapa in Suyapa, a suburb of the capital Tegucigalpa, and toured through various other parts of Honduras each year in early February. Many thousands of people from all over Central America make pilgrimages to visit the statue on her name day, February 3, a commemoration of the day she was found in 1747. The statue has been stolen and then recovered on two occasions. Our Lady of Suyapa is the Patroness of Honduras.

text:
# Our Lady of Suyapa

14°4′49.66″N 87°9′27.51″W / 14.0804611°N 87.1576417°W / 14.0804611; -87.1576417

**Our Lady of Suyapa** (Spanish: *Nuestra Señora de Suyapa*), also known as the **Virgin of Suyapa** (Spanish: *Virgen de Suyapa*), is a title of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. An 18th-century cedar wood statue (6 cm/2.3 in) of the Virgin is perhaps Honduras' most popular religious image, and the focus of an extensive pilgrimage.

The statue is kept in the Basílica de Suyapa in Suyapa, a suburb of the capital Tegucigalpa, and toured through various other parts of Honduras each year in early February. Many thousands of people from all over Central America make pilgrimages to visit the statue on her name day, February 3, a commemoration of the day she was found in 1747. The statue has been stolen and then recovered on two occasions. Our Lady of Suyapa is the Patroness of Honduras.

## Discovery

There are several different versions of how the statue of the Virgin of Suyapa was discovered.

Many Hondurans believe the statue was miraculously discovered in late January or early February 1747 by a labourer, Alejandro Colindres. Colindres and an 8-year-old boy had been sent by Colindres's mother to clear some cornfields on Piligüin mountain, northeast of Tegucigalpa. On the way back, they were overtaken by nightfall and decided to sleep outside. During the night, Colindres was awakened by a sharp pain in his side, and discovered that he was sleeping on something. Later versions of the story claim that without looking at the object, Colindres threw it as far away as he could, only to find it underneath him as he lay down again. This detail, however, is not present in early versions of the story. The next morning, Colindres discovered that he had been sleeping on a tiny statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which he took home with him and set up on the family altar in his mother's house. There it remained for the next 20 years.

By 1777, a chapel was constructed for the statue. The first shrine of our Lady of Suyapa was blessed in 1780. The first notable attested miracle occurred in 1796.

The statue has been stolen twice. In 1986 it was stolen and stripped of its gold, silver, and jewels, and left in the men's room of the restaurant La Terrraza de Don Pepe in Tegucigalpa.

## Description

*La Morenita* (the Dear Dark One) is carved in cedar wood, and measures less than 2.5 inches in size. It is believed that the carving is very old, and possibly done as a devotional item by an unknown, amateur artist. She has an oval face and straight, shoulder length hair. Her hands are joined in prayer and she wears a light pink robe. The statue is covered by a dark cloak trimmed with golden stars and adorned with valuable jewels.

## Veneration

In 1925, Pope Pius XI declared her Patroness of Honduras under the title Our Lady of Suyapa, and selected February 3 as her feast day. In 1954, a large basilica was built next to the chapel. The statue of the Virgin spends most of her time in the chapel, but every year before the celebration of her festival, the statue is moved into the larger church to accommodate the crowds.

The statue is considered to have miraculous powers. The swift ending of the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador is attributed to the statue. Many of the Honduran soldiers involved reported visions of the Virgin, which calmed their fears during the fighting. In 1969 The Virgin of Suyapa was declared Captain General of the Armed Forces of Honduras.

The statue of the Virgin of Suyapa has a group of lay caretakers, all male, known as the Orden de los Caballeros de Suyapa, founded in the 20th century. They are responsible for caring for the image, and the small chapel. They escort the statue whenever it leaves the chapel to travel around Honduras, as it often does every February.

## Sources

* Barceló Morey, Jose. 2000. La Inmaculada Concepción de María en Honduras: La Inmaculada Concepción de Suyapa, Patrona de Honduras. San Pedro Sula: Editorial/Librería Coello
* Valladares B., Juan R. 1946. La Virgen de Suyapa (historia documentada). Tegucigalpa: Tallereres Tipo-Lito.

## InfoBox

| Virgin of Suyapa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Our Lady of Suyapa, Patroness of Honduras | |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Major shrine | Basilica of the Virgin of Suyapa, Honduras |
| Feast | February 3 |
| Patronage | Honduras, Central America, Orden de los Caballeros de Suyapa |


title: The Slow Empire

abstract: The Slow Empire is a BBC Books original novel written by Dave Stone and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji.

text:
# The Slow Empire

***The Slow Empire*** is a BBC Books original novel written by Dave Stone and based on the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji.

This novel has a number of allusions to popular culture:

## Continuity

* The man who wakes Anji has been confirmed to be Sabbath in disguise
* The Collectors also appeared in *Heart of TARDIS* and *Sky Pirates!*.

## InfoBox

The Slow Empire
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Dave Stone |
| Series | *Doctor Who* book:
Eighth Doctor Adventures |
| Release number | 47 |
| Subject | Featuring:
Eighth Doctor
Fitz and Anji |
| Publisher | BBC Books |
| Publication date | July 2001 |
| Pages | 250 |
| ISBN | 0-563-53835-X |
| Preceded by | *The Year of Intelligent Tigers* |
| Followed by | *Dark Progeny* |


title: News Broadcasting

abstract: News UK Broadcasting Limited, trading as News Broadcasting, is a radio and digital broadcasting network with headquarters in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It currently operates five stations in Ireland and 18 in the United Kingdom. The company was formerly known as UTV Media, owned by UTV Television. Its television broadcasting services were sold to ITV plc in February 2016 and its radio, sales services and websites were spun off into a new company, Wireless, later purchased by News Corp. In June 2016, Rupert Murdoch's News Corp reached an agreement to buy the company. The sale was completed in September 2016. Prior to the acquisition, Wireless Group was a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index.

text:
# News Broadcasting

**News UK Broadcasting Limited**, trading as **News Broadcasting** (formerly **Wireless Group Limited** and **UTV Media plc**), is a radio and digital broadcasting network with headquarters in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It currently operates five stations in Ireland and 18 in the United Kingdom. The company was formerly known as UTV Media, owned by UTV Television. Its television broadcasting services were sold to ITV plc in February 2016 and its radio, sales services and websites were spun off into a new company, Wireless, later purchased by News Corp.

In June 2016, Rupert Murdoch's News Corp reached an agreement to buy the company. The sale was completed in September 2016. Prior to the acquisition, Wireless Group was a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index.

## History

### Background

The current UTV Limited (originally Ulster Television plc), which began in 1959 as an ITV franchise holder in Northern Ireland, purchased ISP Direct Net Access in March 2000 for £4.4m, rebranding it as UTV Internet and later UTV Connect. The service expanded into telephone market under UTV Talk in August 2004 and also provided broadband and fibre optic packages for Northern Ireland, the Republic and the rest of the UK. The service was sold to Rainbow Communications and Vodafone Ireland in 2014.

The company also set up an online car dealership UTV Drive, created in partnership with Abbey Insurance, which was sold in 2014.

Further expansion took place with the move into radio, starting in Cork with 96FM and C103 in 2001. Further acquisitions were undertaken over the next decade, with the largest investment being the purchase of The Wireless Group in 2005 for £97m, boosting its radio portfolio with additional local stations, digital radio multiplexes and national station Talksport. In 2005, the group also launched its first station, U105, which broadcasts to the Belfast area, and purchased Juice FM in Liverpool.

With the expansion, turnover increased, with 2005 being up 46% on 2004, pre-tax profits rising by 12%, and employment up by 500 people to more than double the figure in the previous year. In 2006, total sales were £113.6m of which the radio division accounted for 54%, television 37% and 9% from new media. 48% of operating profits were earned in the radio side of the business, with 47% derived from television and 5% from new media.

### Reorganisation of UTV and proposed mergers

Following shareholder approval, Ulster Television plc changed its name to UTV plc in June 2006. Then, on 16 August 2007, a re-organisation of the group was proposed, with the existing UTV plc, holding the ITV franchise only, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of new holding company, **UTV Media plc**, and the remaining businesses transferred to the new holding company. The change was approved at an extraordinary general meeting on 19 September and came into effect on 15 October 2007, with shareholders receiving a 1:1 exchange of stock from the old to new company. The company, established on 1 June 2007 as **Beechgrove Trading Limited**, changed its name to **UTV Media Limited** on 13 August 2007, and to **UTV Media plc** on 21 August 2007.

In August and September 2006, the company made two merger proposals to STV Group plc, operator of the northern and central Scottish ITV franchises as STV. The latter proposal would have given SMG shareholders 52% of the merged company. On 20 September 2006, the plans were abandoned after SMG rejected the offer as unacceptable. However, on 10 January 2007, the two companies announced that they had agreed a merger, with SMG shareholders to receive 46% of the merged company and UTV 54%. After the details were expected to be finalised before the end of January, the deal was put on hold and then called off by SMG on 28 February 2007.

### UTV Ireland and further radio expansion

In January 2015, the company launched UTV Ireland, carrying many of ITV's programming including *Coronation Street* and *Emmerdale*, which had been previously broadcast in Ireland by TV3. The station produces some home-grown programming, including the twice-nightly national news programme *Ireland Live*.

On 27 March 2015, it was confirmed that Sound Digital, which was 30% owned by the company, had been successful in its bid for the second national digital radio multiplex in the UK, which would be launched in 2016. As part of the bid, the company would expand its Talksport station with new sister stations Talksport 2 and Talkradio, as well as running a relaunched Virgin Radio UK. The multiplex was launched on 29 February 2016, with the new stations launching over the following month less talkBUSINESS, which was replaced by Share Radio on the multiplex.

### Sale of UTV to ITV plc

On 19 October 2015, it was announced that ITV plc would acquire UTV's ITV franchise and UTV Ireland for £100 million, subject to regulatory approval. UTV retained its radio operations, but was required to rename itself after including the UTV brand in the sale.

The sale to ITV plc was completed on 29 February 2016, when the company also rebranded as **Wireless Group plc**. On 30 June 2016 Rupert Murdoch's News Corp announced an agreement to purchase the company for all-cash worth between $220–296 million. The sale was completed on 26 September 2016.

### Financial results

In May 2019, it was reported that Wireless Radio (ROI) Ltd last year recorded pre-tax losses of €2.23m and this followed pre-tax losses of €4.33m for the preceding 18 months.

## Operations

The company splits its operations into three divisions, Radio GB, Wireless Ireland and Digital.

### Radio GB

Formed from the original Wireless Group purchase, the division has its origins from Talk Radio, the owner of the station of the same name, later renamed Talksport in 2000. A consortium including MVI, News International, Radio Investments and LMC Radio, headed by chief executive Kelvin MacKenzie, under the name TalkCo, purchased the group in 1998 for £15.5m. The company expanded when it purchased The Radio Partnership in 1999, gaining control of its nine local commercial stations and becoming the fifth largest radio company in the UK.

On 8 February 2019, it was announced that the local stations would be sold to Bauer Radio.

### Wireless Ireland

### Other divisions

The company published a free, London-based men's magazine called *Sport* until 2017.

Wireless Group also owns the digital agency Zesty and the internet hosting provider Tibus.

## InfoBox

News UK Broadcasting Limited
|
|  |
| Trade name | News Broadcasting |
| Formerly | UTV Media, Wireless Group Limited |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Broadcasting |
| Founded | 7 June 2007 (7 June 2007)<br>(as Beechgrove Trading Limited) |
| Headquarters | Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK |
| Key people | Scott Taunton (Chief Executive) |
| Parent | News UK & Ireland Ltd. |
| Website | www.news.co.uk/latest-news/welcome-to-news-broadcasting/ |


abstract: Gold of the Americas: The Conquest of the New World is a 1989 video game published by Strategic Studies Group.

text:
# Gold of the Americas: The Conquest of the New World

***Gold of the Americas: The Conquest of the New World*** is a 1989 video game published by Strategic Studies Group.

## Gameplay

*Gold of the Americas* is a game in which a strategy game involves imperial expansion and exploration in the New World.

## Reception

Chuck Moss reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "*Gold of the Americas* is a challenging and entertaining game with a bit of history and good deal of replay value thrown in."

Dave Morris reviewed *Gold of the Americas* for *Games International* magazine, and gave it a rating of 8 out of 10, and stated that "it's a good product – even though you may discover, as I did more than once, that final victory is much more likely to go to the (computer-run) breakaway Independent nations of the New World than to the colonial powers of the Old."

## Reviews

## InfoBox

| Gold of the Americas: The Conquest of the New World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Strategic Studies Group |
| Publisher(s) | Strategic Studies Group |
| Release | 1989 |
| Genre(s) | Strategy |


title: Otto Hintze

abstract: Otto Hintze was a German historian of public administration. He was Professor of Political, Constitutional, Administrative and Economic History at the University of Berlin. Influenced by Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber, he emphasized the continuity and rationality of Western institutions.

text:
# Otto Hintze

**Otto Hintze** (August 27, 1861 – April 25, 1940) was a German historian of public administration. He was Professor of Political, Constitutional, Administrative and Economic History at the University of Berlin. Influenced by Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber, he emphasized the continuity and rationality of Western institutions.

## Biography

Hintze was born in the small town of Pyritz (Pyrzyce) in the Province of Pomerania, the son of a civil servant. From 1878 to 1879, Hintze studied history, philosophy and philology in Greifswald. Here he joined the fraternity *Germania*.

Hintze came to Berlin in 1880, and soon obtained a doctorate under Julius Weizsäcker with a dissertation on Medieval History in 1884. He joined the project on the ‘Acta Borussica’, an editing project of the Prussian Academy of Sciences under the directorship of Gustav Schmoller dealing with the Prussian administrative files of the 18th century. Seven volumes of sources on the economics and administrative organisation in Prussia, with detailed historical commentaries, were published by 1910. In 1895, his post-doctoral thesis to become a lecturer was accepted by Treitschke and Schmoller; in 1902 as Professor of the newly created Department of Political, Constitutional, Administrative and Economic History. In 1912, Hintze married his student Hedwig Guggenheimer. One of his key works, *Die Hohenzollern und ihr Werk* (*The Hohenzollern and Their Legacy*), is considered to be an important and solidly researched piece of scholarship, despite having been commissioned by the Prussian Hohenzollern dynasty for their ruling anniversary in 1915. Hintze was retired from the university in 1920 for health reasons.

Hintze ceased publishing after the Nazi Party came to power and, in 1933, he was the only member to speak against Albert Einstein's expulsion from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1938, Hintze himself resigned from the Academy, which he had been a member of since 1914. His wife, Hedwig Hintze (born: Hedwig Guggenheimer), who was Germany's first woman to receive a doctorate in History and the University of Berlin's (Friedrich Wilhelm University) first woman History professor, because of her Jewish roots and leftist sympathies soon lost her position as lecturer at the Friedrich Wilhelm University, and eventually had to flee to the Netherlands in 1939. Otto Hintze only survived this separation for a few months. In 1942, his wife committed suicide rather than undergo deportation to a death camp by the Nazis.

## Legacy

Since the 1960s, there has been deeper research into Hintze's oeuvre, as signified by Gerhard Oestreich’s detailed new work on him. The historians Jürgen Kocka and Felix Gilbert agree that, in their opinion, he could possibly be the most significant German historian of the German Empire and of the Weimar Republic.

Hintze is considered an influential figure in the state formation literature, particularly among advocates for "bellicist" state formation theories. Bellicist theories hold that war and preparation for war played a key causal role in the development of the modern European state.

## Works

* *Das Königtums Wilhelms von Holland*, Leipzig 1885
* *Die Preußische Seidenindustrie im 18. Jahrhundert und ihre Begründung durch Friedrich den Großen*, 3 Volumes, Berlin 1892
* *Einleitende Darstellung der Behördenorganisation und allgemeinen Verwaltung in Preußen beim Regierungsamt Friedrichs II.*, Berlin 1901
* *Staatsverfassung und Heeresverfassung.* Vortrag gehalten in der Gehe-Stiftung zu Dresden am 17. Februar 1906, Dresden 1906
* *Historische und politische Aufsätze*, 10 Volumes, Berlin 1908
* *Monarchisches Prinzip und konstitutionelle Verfassung*, in: *Preußische Jahrbücher*, Volume 144 (1911)
* *Die englischen Weltherrschaftspläne und der gegenwärtige Krieg*, Berlin 1914
* *Die Hohenzollern und ihr Werk*, Verlag: A. Steiger, Solingen 1915
* *Deutschland und der Weltkrieg*, 2 Volumes, Leipzig 1916
* *Wesen und Verbreitung des Feudalismus*, in: *Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften* (1929)

### In English

* *The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze*, ed. *Felix Gilbert*. Oxford University Press, 1975, ISBN 0195018192.

## Further reading

* Gerhard, Dietrich. "Otto Hintze: His Work and His Significance in Historiography" *Central European History* (1970), Vol. 3 Issue 1/2, pp 17–48.


title: Omega Serpentis

abstract: Omega Serpentis is a solitary star within the Serpens Caput part of the equatorial constellation of Serpens. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.22. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.93 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 273 light years from the Sun. At that distance, its visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.19 due to interstellar dust. It is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. With an estimated age of around four billion years, Omega Serpentis is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump giant, which means that it is generating energy at its core through the nuclear fusion of helium. The star has an estimated 120% of the Sun's mass but has expanded to 10.48 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 69 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,797 K.

text:
# Omega Serpentis

**Omega Serpentis** (ω Ser, ω Serpentis) is a solitary star within the Serpens Caput part of the equatorial constellation of Serpens. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.22. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.93 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 273 light years from the Sun. At that distance, its visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.19 due to interstellar dust. It is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space.

With an estimated age of around four billion years, Omega Serpentis is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump giant, which means that it is generating energy at its core through the nuclear fusion of helium. The star has an estimated 120% of the Sun's mass but has expanded to 10.48 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 69 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,797 K.

## Planetary system

Observations made between 2001 and 2003 by the Okayama Planet Search Program showed that Omega Serpentis is undergoing periodic radial velocity variations with a preliminary period estimate of 312.3 days. Following this announcement in 2005, further observations were performed that were best explained by a planet following a Keplerian orbit, resulting in confirmation of planet existence in 2013. This companion has an estimated orbital period of 277 days, a semimajor axis of 1.1 AU, and an eccentricity of 0.1.

Since the inclination of the orbit is unknown, only a lower bound on the mass of the planet can be determined. The object has at least 170% the mass of Jupiter. However, these values for the semimajor axis and planetary mass are based on an adopted stellar mass of 2.17 times the mass of the Sun. More recent results by Jofré et al. (2015) give a lower stellar mass estimate of 1.20 solar masses.

The Omega Serpentis planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b** | ≥ 1.7 MJ | 1.1 | 277.02+0.52
−0.51 | 0.106+0.079
−0.069 |  |  |

## InfoBox

Omega Serpentis
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Serpens |
|
| Right ascension | 15h 50m 17.54635s |
| Declination | +02° 11 47.4362 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +5.22 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | G8 III |
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| U−B color index | +0.805 |
| B−V color index | +1.02 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −3.11±0.08 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: +29.15 mas/yr
Dec.: −47.31 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 11.93 ± 0.28 mas |
| **Distance** | 273 ± 6 ly
(84 ± 2 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | +0.49 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.20±0.24 |
| **Radius** | 10.48±0.52 |
| **Luminosity** | 69 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 2.88±0.03 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 4,797±16 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.26±0.02 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 0.99±0.98 km/s |
| **Age** | 3.94±2.16 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| ω Ser, 34 Ser, BD+02° 3007, HD 141680, HIP 77578, HR 5888, SAO 121215. | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Joseph Robitaille

abstract: Joseph Robitaille was a miller, farmer and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Cornwallis in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1808 to 1830, as a supporter of the Parti canadien and later the Parti patriote. He was born in Ancienne-Lorette, the son of Romain Robitaille and Marie-Josephte Drolet. Robitaille lived in the Saint-Louis parish of Kamouraska, later moving to Saint-Pascal. He was married twice: first to Marie-Rosalie Gagnon in 1799 and then later to Élisabeth Falardeau. He did not run for reelection to the assembly in 1830. Robitaille died at Saint-Pascal at the age of 87.

text:
# Joseph Robitaille

**Joseph Robitaille** (November 15, 1766  April 29, 1854) was a miller, farmer and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Cornwallis in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1808 to 1830, as a supporter of the Parti canadien and later the Parti patriote.

He was born in Ancienne-Lorette, the son of Romain Robitaille and Marie-Josephte Drolet. Robitaille lived in the Saint-Louis parish of Kamouraska, later moving to Saint-Pascal. He was married twice: first to Marie-Rosalie Gagnon in 1799 and then later to Élisabeth Falardeau. He did not run for reelection to the assembly in 1830. Robitaille died at Saint-Pascal at the age of 87.

* "Biography". *Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours* (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.


title: Warren Wilson College

abstract: Warren Wilson College (WWC) is a private liberal arts college in Swannanoa, North Carolina. It is known for its curriculum that combines academics, work, and service as every student must complete a required course of study, work an on-campus job, and perform community service. Warren Wilson requires students to work for the institution to graduate and is one of nine colleges in the Work Colleges Consortium. The college campus includes a 300-acre (1.2 km⁲) working farm, market garden, and 600 acres (2.4 km⁲) of managed forest with 16 miles (26 km) of hiking trails. Warren Wilson College is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).

text:
# Warren Wilson College

**Warren Wilson College** (**WWC**) is a private liberal arts college in Swannanoa, North Carolina. It is known for its curriculum that combines academics, work, and service as every student must complete a required course of study, work an on-campus job, and perform community service. Warren Wilson requires students to work for the institution to graduate and is one of nine colleges in the Work Colleges Consortium.

The college campus includes a 300-acre (1.2 km2) working farm, market garden, and 600 acres (2.4 km2) of managed forest with 16 miles (26 km) of hiking trails.

Warren Wilson College is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).

## History

The property of the college is situated along the Swannanoa River. It was purchased in 1893 by the Women's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church. They were concerned that many Americans in isolated areas were not getting a proper education and decided to establish church-supported schools in impoverished areas. On November 30, 1894, the **Asheville Farm School** officially opened on 420 acres (170 ha), with 25 students attending. A professional staff of three offered the first three grades of elementary instruction.

In 1923, the school graduated its first high school class. A Presbyterian church was started at the school in 1925 so students and teachers would no longer have to walk three miles to Riceville; it was also named for Warren Hugh Wilson, former superintendent of the Presbyterian Church's Department of Church and Country Life.

The first post-high school programs offering vocational training began in 1936. In 1942, the Asheville Farm School merged with the Dorland-Bell School in Hot Springs, North Carolina, to become a coed secondary school. It was named **Warren H. Wilson Vocational Junior College** and Associated Schools.

After World War II, the public education system in North Carolina improved dramatically and the need for the high school diminished. The last high school class graduated in 1957. In 1952, the college became one of the first in the South to desegregate, when it invited Alma Shippy, an African American from Swannanoa, North Carolina, to attend. Sunderland dorm residents voted 54–1 to allow Shippy to become a student and live in their dorm.

The school was a junior college until 1967 when it became a four-year college, Warren Wilson College, with six majors on offer. In 1972, the National Board of Missions deeded the WWC property to the college's Board of Trustees. With its expansion of programs and to a four-year curriculum, Warren Wilson enrolls students of many different geographic and socioeconomic backgrounds. This is in contrast to the original student population of underprivileged mountain youth for basic education.

The eighth president, Lynn Morton, was the first female president in the college's history. She is a native North Carolinian and was formerly provost and vice president of academic affairs at Queens University in Charlotte, North Carolina. She was succeeded in June 2023 by Damián J. Fernández.

## Academics

### Undergraduate

The foundation of the school's undergraduate curriculum establishes that all students earn 128 hours of academic credit, work 8–15 hours per week for the school, and complete the Community Engagement Commitment. Students earn $9.05 per hour that goes directly towards their tuition. Unlike other schools in the Work College Consortium, students at Warren Wilson do not receive traditional pay checks.

Required subjects include Artistic Expression, History and Political Science, Language and Global Issues, Literature, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Philosophy and Religious Studies, and Social Sciences to graduate and receive a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. In addition to traditional liberal arts majors such as biology and English, undergraduates have the option of majoring in Outdoor Leadership or Environmental Studies. The Natural Science Undergraduate Research Sequence (NSURS) is the undergraduate research and presentation that is required for all Bachelor of Science degrees given by the college.

#### Work program

WWC has more than 70 work crews that are supported by students who commit to working 120, 180, or 240 hours each semester, helping to cover a portion of the cost of attendance. Work Crews contribute in different areas, assuming administrative, academic, custodial, land management duties on campus. :

#### Community engagement

Community engagement is a required activity to graduate.

### Graduate degree programs

The college offered a Master of Fine Arts degree in Creative Writing. A Master of Arts program focused on "critical craft theory and history" was offered from 2017 to 2022 in association with the Center for Craft in Asheville, N.C.

## Athletics

The Warren Wilson athletic teams are called the Owls. The college is a provisional member of the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the Coast to Coast Athletic Conference (C2C) for most of its sports since the 2022–23 academic year; while its men's and women's swimming teams compete in the Sun Coast Swimming Conference (SCSC). All varsity teams except cycling are competed under the USCAA, while collegiate cycling is governed by USA Cycling (USAC). At one point, the college also had football and baseball teams, although they have not existed for multiple decades.

The Owls previously competed as an NCAA D-III Independent from 2020–21 to 2021–22, and as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2010–11 to 2011–12. Warren Wilson was also a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing as a founding member of the Eastern Metro Athletic Conference (EMAC) for most of its sports from 2018–19 to 2019–20;

Warren Wilson competes in 20 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, cyclocross, lacrosse, mountain biking, road cycling, soccer, swimming, and tennis; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, cyclocross, lacrosse, mountain biking, road cycling, soccer, swimming, and tennis. The college also has club teams for timber sports and paddling.

### NCAA Division III

In March 2019, it was announced that the college will be joining the NCAA Division III membership process, and in April 2020, the Owls were admitted as Division III provisional members for three years. They have been seeking to join a conference during the transition.

On July 27, 2022, Warren Wilson was invited to join the C2C, beginning in the 2022–23 academic year.

### Accomplishments

The mountain biking team finished on the podium for 14 consecutive years at collegiate national championships until 2016, when they won the team omnium in Varsity Division II. In 2017 they finished fourth, for a 16th consecutive year on the podium. Although the mountain biking team was formed in the 1990s, the road and cyclocross teams were not added until much later. They did not compete at the national championship level until the 2013–14 and 2014–15 academic years, respectively. In 2016, the cyclocross team placed fourth in the DII team omnium at nationals and third in the team relay.

The men's basketball team won the USCAA DII national title in 2013.

The women's cross-country team won the USCAA national title in 2000.

## Campus construction projects

A new academic building, Myron Boon Hall, constructed on the site formerly occupied by Carson Hall, was completed in May 2018. Lord Aeck Sargent was the prime architect and lead designer of the building. PFA Architects, of Asheville, was the associate architect and collaborated with Lord Aeck Sargent in all phases. H&M Constructors led the building's construction effort. The building is LEED Gold Certified. It has six classrooms of varying sizes, and larger meeting spaces similar in size to the existing Canon Lounge in Gladfelter, to offer more spaces for large community events.

The college's pool has been closed since 2014 when repairs to structural beams were deemed too expensive. Demolition and construction of a new pool structure began in 2017. Buncombe County contributed $300,000 to the project, with the understanding that local swim teams would also be able to use the pool. Construction encountered major setbacks. Although originally planned to be completed for the 2017–18 swim season, work on the internal aspects of the pool were still underway as of May 2023. The project has since stalled and not moving forward to the disappointment of many in the community.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Warren Wilson College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Asheville Farm School (1894–1957)
Warren Wilson Vocational Junior College (1942–1966) |
| Type | Private liberal arts college |
| Established | 1894 (1894) |
| Religious affiliation | Presbyterian Church (USA) |
| Endowment | $54.9 million (2023) |
| President | Damián J. Fernández |
| Academic staff | 54 full-time, 46 part-time |
| Undergraduates | 825 (2024) |
| Postgraduates | 90 |
| Location | Swannanoa, North Carolina, U.S.
35°36′39″N 82°26′31″W / 35.61083°N 82.44194°W / 35.61083; -82.44194 |
| Campus | Rural, 1,135 acres (459 ha) |
| Colors | Blue and green |
| Nickname | Owls |
| Sporting affiliations | USCAAEMAC
NCAA Division IIICoast to Coast Athletic Conference |
| Website | www.warren-wilson.edu |


title: Isabelle Boutron

abstract: Isabelle Boutron is a professor of epidemiology at the Université Paris Cité and head of the INSERM- METHODS team within the Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS). She was originally trained in rheumatology and later switched to a career in epidemiology and public health. She is also deputy director of the French EQUATOR Centre, member of the SPIRIT-CONSORT executive committee, director of Cochrane France and co-convenor of the Bias Methods group of the Cochrane Collaboration.

text:
# Isabelle Boutron

**Isabelle Boutron** is a professor of epidemiology at the Université Paris Cité and head of the INSERM\- METHODS team within the Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS). She was originally trained in rheumatology and later switched to a career in epidemiology and public health. She is also deputy director of the French EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Centre, member of the SPIRIT-CONSORT executive committee, director of Cochrane France and co-convenor of the Bias Methods group of the Cochrane Collaboration.

## Biography and education

Boutron graduated from the Pierre and Marie Curie University in rheumatology in 2002 and obtained her PhD in epidemiology in 2006. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford from 2008 to 2009, working under Douglas Altman.

After being trained in rheumatology, Boutron was awarded of a fellowship from the French Ministry of Health and a 2-year fellowship from the Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris. With these fellowships, she switched her career focus to epidemiology and public health. She was awarded a PhD in epidemiology in 2006 and became assistant Professor of Epidemiology in the Paris Diderot University in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics directed by Dr. Philippe Ravaud. After a postdoctoral position in the University of Oxford, she joined the Paris Descartes University as associate professor (2009-2012) and professor since 2012 at Université Paris Cité.

## Scientific activities

Boutron's research activities mainly focus on meta-research, interventional research on research, transparency, the peer-review process, methodological issues of assessing interventions (blinding, external validity, complex interventions) and research synthesis. She has worked on the internal and external validity of non-pharmacological trials, and co-led the extension of the CONSORT statement on reporting treatment trials for nonpharmacologic treatments. Along with her colleagues she edited a book entitled “Randomized Clinical Trials of Nonpharmacological Treatments.” She also investigates the distorted dissemination of research finding through publication bias, selective reporting of outcomes and spin defined as a distorted interpretation of research findings. Boutron has demonstrated the high prevalence of such distortion in the published scientific literature and shown how the biased presentation, and interpretation of research results may bias the interpretation of readers, which is a critically important aspect of the knowledge translation process. She led an innovative and ambitious joint doctoral training programme funded by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, dedicated to Methods in Research on Research (MIROR) in the field of clinical research, She is currently leading the COVID-NMA initiative a living mapping and living evidence synthesis of preventive interventions and treatments for COVID-19.

Boutron has published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles. She is an academic editor for the academic journals *BMC Medicine*, *PLOS Biology*, and *Cochrane Reviews*. She is responsible for the teaching programs in Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, for medical students at Université Paris Cité, and is co-leader (with Pr. Ravaud) of the international Master 2 program, Comparative Effectiveness Research. She is also deputy director of the Doctoral school of Public Health at université Paris Cité.

## Academic awards and honors

* Award Louis-Daniel Beauperthuy, Académie des sciences (2014)

## InfoBox

| Isabelle Boutron | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Strasbourg, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | Pierre and Marie Curie University |
| Occupation(s) | Professor, researcher |


title: Georgia Gee

abstract:
Georgia Gee is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Essendon Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Gee was drafted by Carlton with their first selection and twelfth overall in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in the eight-point win against Collingwood at Ikon Park in the opening round of the 2018 season.
In April 2022, it was confirmed Gee had committed to Essendon Football Club, commencing in AFL Women's season seven. Her grandfather, Brian Shinners, played VFL/AFL football with Richmond and Hawthorn in the 1960s and '70s.

text:
# Georgia Gee

**Georgia Gee** (born 28 October 1999) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Essendon Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Gee was drafted by Carlton with their first selection and twelfth overall in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in the eight-point win against Collingwood at Ikon Park in the opening round of the 2018 season. In April 2022, it was confirmed Gee had committed to Essendon Football Club, commencing in AFL Women's season seven. Her grandfather, Brian Shinners, played VFL/AFL football with Richmond and Hawthorn in the 1960s and '70s.

## AFLW career

Carlton selected Gee with their first pick, number twelve overall, in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut against Collingwood in round 1 and kicked her first career goal against Melbourne in round 6. She played eleven games for the club in 2018 — six in the AFLW and five in the VFLW.

In 2019, Gee nearly doubled her output from her first season and averaged more than 10 disposals per game. She put in a career-best performance in round 3 against Greater Western Sydney, recording 14 disposals, 6 tackles and a goal. After a 16-point win over Brisbane in round 6 in which she collected 12 disposals, she was the round nominee for the AFL Women's Rising Star award. In April 2019, she signed a two-year contract extension with the club. She played eleven games for Carlton in 2019 — eight in the AFLW and three in the VFLW.

In 2020, Gee finished the AFLW season with eight goals (converting at 100 per cent) in seven games, averaging 10 disposals a game. Her best performance came in round 3 against the Western Bulldogs, a game in which she kicked three goals and laid six tackles. She was voted as the final MVP of the Week for 2020 after kicking three goals, laying two tackles and collecting 12 touches and three inside 50s in a 29-point win over Brisbane. She was also voted into the inaugural AFLW 22under22 team and included in the 2020 AFL Women's All-Australian team of 40. In August 2020, she signed a one-year contract extension, committing to the club until at least the end of 2022.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct to the end of Round 3 of the 2021 season.*

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | |
| 2018 | Carlton | 19 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 28 | 6 | 34 | 3 | 15 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0 |
| 2019 | Carlton | 19 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 60 | 26 | 86 | 12 | 27 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 3.3 | 10.8 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 0 |
| 2020 | Carlton | 19 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 38 | 33 | 71 | 8 | 25 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 0 |
| 2021 | Carlton | 19 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 21 | 13 | 34 | 5 | 12 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 7.0 | 4.3 | 11.3 | 1.7 | 4.0 |  |
| Career | | | 24 | 11 | 4 | 147 | 78 | 225 | 28 | 79 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0 |

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Georgia Gee | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gee with Carlton in March 2019 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-10-28) 28 October 1999 | | |
| Original team(s) | Dandenong Stingrays (TAC Cup) | | |
| Draft | No. 12, 2017 AFL Women's draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2018, Carlton vs. Collingwood, at Ikon Park | | |
| Height | 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Essendon | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2018–2022 | Carlton | 40 (19) |
| S7 (2022)– | Essendon | 17 0(2) |
| Total |  | **57 (21)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2023 season. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Source: AustralianFootball.com | | | |


abstract: Newell Township is a township in Vermilion County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 13,969 and it contained 6,768 housing units.

text:
# Newell Township, Vermilion County, Illinois

**Newell Township** is a township in Vermilion County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 13,969 and it contained 6,768 housing units.

## History

The first sale of land in this area was in 1824 to Obadiah Le Neve, who settled here just before Christmas of that year. It was not until 1851 that the county was divided up into its first eight townships, and Newell Township was one of those. It was named for Squire James Newell, the first Justice of the Peace for the area.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 50.71 square miles (131.3 km2), of which 49.98 square miles (129.4 km2) (or 98.56%) is land and 0.73 square miles (1.9 km2) (or 1.44%) is water. The township contains much of Lake Vermilion.

### Cities and towns

### Unincorporated towns

### Extinct towns

* Campbell
* Denmark
* Myersville
* Newell
* West Newell

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains these cemeteries: Bryley, Farmers Chapel, Huffman, Lamb, Leonard, Rose, Springhill, Sunset Memorial and Walnut Corner.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 (est.) | 13,371 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
3. Stapp, Katherine; W. I. Bowman (1968). *History Under Our Feet: The Story of Vermilion County, Illinois*. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc. p. 50.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Newell Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Vermilion County | |
| Coordinates: 40°12′37″N 87°35′01″W / 40.21028°N 87.58361°W / 40.21028; -87.58361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Vermilion |
| Created | 1851 |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.71 sq mi (131.3 km2) |
| Land | 49.98 sq mi (129.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.73 sq mi (1.9 km2)  1.44% |
| Elevation | 692 ft (211 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Estimate (2016) | 13,371 |
| Density | 279.5/sq mi (107.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 17-183-52454 |