title: Norway Davis Cup team

abstract: The Norway Davis Cup team represents Norway in the Davis Cup competition and is governed by the Norwegian Tennis Association. Norway currently compete in World Group I. They never qualified for the World Group in the old Davis Cup format, though they reached the World Group play-offs in 1995. They have still yet to participate in the new format's Davis Cup Finals.

text:
# Norway Davis Cup team

The **Norway Davis Cup team** represents Norway in the Davis Cup competition and is governed by the Norwegian Tennis Association.

Norway currently compete in World Group I. They never qualified for the World Group in the old Davis Cup format, though they reached the World Group play-offs in 1995. They have still yet to participate in the new format's Davis Cup Finals.

## History

### Before World War II (1928–39)

Norway competed in its first Davis Cup in 1928, with Torleif Torkildsen taking Norway's first win, at home in a 1–4 defeat to Hungary. Torkildsen was a main feature of Norway's side in the early seasons, with a 1–9 record between 1928 and 1932.

Norway was relegated to the qualifying rounds after 1933, but turned out their best result the following year, losing 2–3 in their third meeting with Hungary. Finn-Trygve Smith gave away a two-set lead in the first rubber, but Emil Gabori defeated Smith in the final rubber to win the game for Hungary. This also marked Johan Haanes' Davis Cup debut; Haanes registered a 6–23 record in a 17-year career interrupted by World War II, and only three Norwegian wins during his career was not due to Haanes.

Norway did not enter in 1935, but returned in 1936 with another 2–3 result against 1933 quarter-finalists Belgium at home. André Lacroix won all his three games for Belgium and prevented Norway's first tie victory.

The advances were temporary. Norway lost 15 successive rubbers up to 1939, and though they advanced to the quarter-final in 1939, that was only due to a forfeit from the invaded Czechoslovakia.

### Never beyond the second round (1947–1972)

Norway did not enter the first Davis Cup after the war, but in 1947 Norway nearly eliminated New Zealand in their first ever match for eight years. Haanes and Jan Staubo both won a singles match each, but New Zealand turned the tables after four- and five-set victories in the final singles matches.

Haanes continued good form the following season, defeating Geoffrey Paish as Norway went down 1–4 to a Great Britain which would reach the semi-finals. Successive 0–5 defeats to a Lennart Bergelin-led Sweden team followed, before Johan Haanes won his final Davis Cup game in 1951. Adly El-Shafei won all his three games, though, and Egypt eliminated Norway.

In 1953, Norway achieved their first victory, with Nils-Erik Hessen, Rolf Pape and Finn Søhol defeating Luxembourg in Mondorf-les-Bains. All were mainstays in the side throughout the 1950s, and featured in Norway's 1954 win over Finland (3–2). Søhol also helped Norway defeat Israel by 4–1 in the 1956 tournament, which also gave the first win for Gunnar Sjøwall. However, five defeats followed, and it was not until Norway drew Portugal in 1963 and 1964 that they managed to win again. Norway went 9–1 on aggregate in these two clashes, with Søhol the only loser, and in the 1963 second round tie against Denmark Sjøwall defeated Jørgen Ulrich, a player who had reached the round of 16 at Wimbledon on two occasions. An 18-year-old Per Hegna also participated; he lost all his three games and didn't participate in the Davis Cup for ten years, but was to become a key player for Norway later.

Following the wins over Portugal, Norway struggled once more. They did manage a 4–1 win over Luxembourg in 1968, with Fridtjof Prydz (4 wins, 11 losses) winning both singles matches; doubles specialist Erik Melander (5 wins, 8 losses) had debuted the previous year in France, and the doubles team of Melander and Prydz got Norway's only win in the 1–4 loss to Israel in the 1971. Prydz and Jon-Erik Ross (2 wins, 11 losses) also defeated Egypt's doubles team in 1970.

### First quarterfinal, and 80s struggles (1973–1988)

In 1973 Norway had to play preliminary qualifying matches for the first time since 1934. Hegna returned to Davis Cup play, and on an indoor court in Dublin Hegna, Melander, Finn-Dag Jagge and Thorvald Moe swept Ireland aside by 5–0 (though Melander and Moe had to play a 42-game set in the doubles match), and received a home first round clash with Denmark, where Hegna won both his singles matches and Norway eked out a 3–2 win. Norway reached the quarter-finals for the first time since 1939, where they failed to win a set in France and lost 30–92 in games. Hegna and Melander faced François Jauffret and Patrick Proisy, who had both reached the last four at Roland Garros and at the time both were ranked in the top 40, in the singles matches.

Nevertheless, Norway were not qualified for the main draw in the European Zone in 1974, and after Hegna and Thorvald Moe secured a 4–1 win over Iran they required to beat Spain in a play-off in Barcelona. Norway performed even worse than against France the previous year, winning only 26 of 116 games.

Then followed five preliminary round losses, with only Hegna able to secure solitary match wins in ties with Morocco and Netherlands. Hegna also won all three of his matches as Norway beat Turkey in 1980, but in the final qualifier against West Germany Norway won 18 games in four matches. Norway were thus two wins away for qualifying for the modern-day World Group, which was instituted in 1981. Instead, Norway remained in the European qualifying zone.

Hegna retired in 1981, only returning for a single dead rubber match in 1983, and in the seven years of one single European qualifying zone Norway only defeated Portugal on the tennis court, in 1984.

In 1986 Norway became the first European nation to lose to Nigeria, falling 0–5 in Lagos, and they were also the first European nation to lose to Senegal the following year. Three players debuted against Senegal; Bent Ove Pedersen and Audun Jensen lost the doubles match, while Anders Håseth played singles with one win and one loss.

As a result of the defeat to Senegal, Norway were assigned to Group Two of the Europe/Africa Zone when this was instituted in 1988. Norway reached the semi-final, losing to Ireland on grass in Belfast. The five-set doubles match became crucial, where Matt Doyle and Peter Wright won 6–4 in the final set, and Ireland went on to promote to Group One.

### Ruud era (1989–2000)

Still in Group Two, Norway lost 2–3 to Luxembourg in 1989, the debut match of 16-year-old Christian Ruud, who along with Pedersen would form the basis of the team in the 1990s. The following year Norway reached a promotion play-off to Poland, where they lost after Ruud and Pedersen failed to win any singles matches, though Anders Rolfsen won a doubles match as part of a streak of six successive doubles match wins before he and Pedersen lost in straight sets to Poland in the 1992 relegation play-off, which Norway still won. The streak was part of Norway's 13–2 season in the 1991 Davis Cup, where they promoted from Division One after defeating Luxembourg in the play-off, but they lost to Finland in their first Group One match in 1992 and needed the play-off to survive.

A similar story unfolded in the 1993 season; brothers Byron and Wayne Black from Zimbabwe swept through 4–1 in Riksanlegget for tennis at Hasle, with only Pedersen winning a match, and Norway required a win in Helsinki. Ruud came up with a straight sets win over Tuomas Ketola as Norway got revenge for their 1992 defeat, won 3–2, and survived for another year.

The 1994 Davis Cup saw Ruud win both his singles matches, including a five-setter against world No. 6 Goran Ivanišević. However, Ruud and Pedersen couldn't win the doubles match, and the number two singles players weren't good enough against Ivanišević and Saša Hiršzon (world No. 250).

In 1995 Norway won their first round tie for the first time in four attempts; against Israel, newly relegated from the World Group, Ruud defeated Eyal Ran and Gilad Bloom, both top-200 players. The win qualified Norway for a World Group play-off match with Belgium, but Dick Norman and Johan Van Herck were too strong, and won 5–0 at Hasle, only conceding one set.

Norway were relegated the following year, as world No. 31 Andrei Medvedev won both singles matches and Ukraine took a 4–1 win in Kyiv. They spent the following years promoting and relegating alternatively; a play-off win over Portugal in Oporto was followed by defeats to Romania and Croatia, in a match 19-year-old Ivan Ljubičić won all three matches and sent Norway down into Group Two.

### Up and down with Andersen/Boretti (2000–07)

It took a further four years to be promoted to Group One again, as after the 3–2 win over Israel Norway lost the services of Ruud after 31 wins, the highest number by a Norwegian. Stian Boretti and Jan Frode Andersen nevertheless went through the 2002 season with wins over Egypt, Denmark and Ivory Coast, and Norway entered Group One for the sixth and thus far last time.

They were outmatched at that level, however. Andersen and Boretti nearly defeated Jürgen Melzer and Alexander Peya, who would five months later reach the final of the Austrian Open doubles tournament, at home in the first round match in February, coming back from two sets down to take it into a fifth, and Norway faced matches with Finland and Luxembourg to survive in Group One. However, the task was too much against top-200 players Jarkko Nieminen (Finland) and Gilles Müller (Luxembourg), and Norway were relegated.

From 2004 until 2006, Andersen and Boretti were the mainstay of the team, with only Boretti missing one match. Norway played eight matches during their four-year stay in Group Two, achieving a 3–5 record with wins over Ukraine, Monaco (in first of two relegation play-offs) and Zimbabwe. Boretti had to retire from a 2006 tie in Macedonia, where Norway were 1–2 down before the final day's singles matches, and Erling Tveit took Lazar Magdinčev into a fifth set. Magdinčev won 6–2, however, leaving the final match redundant as Norway failed to make the promotion play-off, which Macedonia later won. When Andersen retired before 2007, it prompted a historically poor performance from Norway, as they lost to Hungary at home before Lamine Ouahab of Algeria won his three matches and sent Norway down into Group Three of the Europe/Africa zone for the first time.

### Among the weakest teams in Europe (200811)

Norway began their life in the zone's second lowest tier at the 2008 tournament, hosted in Armenia. Despite Boretti winning all his singles matches, Norway lost two rubbers, to Moldova and to Lithuania, the latter after 6–8 in the tie-breaker in the final doubles match. Norway thus finished third, just outside the promotion spot to Group Two.

On clay in Tunisia during the 2009 tournament, however, Norway had managed to secure the services of Erling Tveit, which helped to strengthen the side and secure promotion. Boretti and Tveit did nearly all the work, playing five singles and four doubles ties each, and despite a loss to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Norway won the final two matches over Tunisia and Morocco to secure promotion. It was Norway's first Davis Cup win over Morocco in three attempts, and both Moroccans were top 500 ATP players. Boretti won by only dropping a game and Tveit won 6–1 in the final set of the three-set encounters.

However, Norway dropped straight back after losses to Slovenia and Monaco; the latter team had no players in the top 400, but Norway still only won one set in the decisive three matches, and fell 05. In Group III the following year, Norway still fielded a team of Boretti and Tveit, though both players had now retired from the challenger tour. Norway's promotion hopes stopped one match before the play-off, losing to Turkey, who later promoted and had also been relegated from division II the previous year, after a final-set tie-break in the doubles match.

### A new Ruud era (2015)

Led by a 16 year old Casper Ruud and an 18 year old Viktor Durasovic Norway gained promotion from Group III up to Group II in 2015. The following years Norway have stayed in Group II, but they keep on working for the promotion. They are led by ATP Tour player Casper Ruud, the son of former player Christian Ruud. In March 2020, Norway qualified for the 2020 Davis Cup World Group I

In 2021 Norway beat Uzbekistan and Ukraine and qualified for the Davis Cup playoffs in 2022.

## Current team (2022)

## Players

Members of the Norway Davis Cup team that have played matches
| Player | Caps | Win–loss overall | | | Debut | | Last or most recent match | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Singles | Doubles | Total | Date | Opponent | Date | Opponent | |
| Fredrik Aarum | 3 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 5 May 2002 | Egypt | 9 February 2004 | Austria |  |
| Olav Abrahamsen | 1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 24 September 1977 | Poland | 26 September 1977 | Poland |  |
| Øyvind Alver | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 27 April 2001 | Estonia | 29 April 2001 | Estonia |  |
| Jan Frode Andersen | 24 | 30–23 | 25–14 | 55–37 | 20 September 1996 | Ukraine | 23 July 2006 | North Macedonia |  |
| Birger Andersen-Brem | 2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 26 May 1939 | Belgium | 18 May 1946 | New Zealand |  |
| Peter August Anker | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3 February 2018 | Egypt | 4 February 2018 | Egypt |  |
| Fredrik Ask | 1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 9 May 2008 | Armenia | 11 July 2010 | Monaco |  |
| Jens-Johan Beer | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 8 May 1937 | France | 10 May 1937 | France |  |
| Jarl Bibow | 1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1 May 1964 | Portugal | 16 May 1965 | South Africa |  |
| Joachim Bjerke | 1 | 3–4 | 6–0 | 9–4 | 14 May 2011 | Andorra | 17 July 2015 | North Macedonia |  |
| Dick Bjurstedt | 1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 8 May 1937 | France | 10 May 1937 | France |  |
| Stian Boretti | 1 | 26–19 | 12–18 | 38–37 | 21 July 2000 | Greece | 6 April 2014 | Monaco |  |
| Simen Sunde Bratholm | 1 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 3 February 2017 | Latvia | 5 March 2022 | Kazakhstan |  |
| Rolf Christoffersen | 1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 0–5 | 4 May 1928 | Hungary | 15 May 1931 | Poland |  |
| Viktor Durasovic | 17 | 11–10 | 5–8 | 16–18 | 2 February 2014 | Lithuania | 17 September 2022 | India |  |
| Nils Elvik | 5 | 1–8 | 0–2 | 1–10 | 14 May 1965 | South Africa | 26 May 1968 | Romania |  |
| Oscar Fagerstrøm | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 13 May 1931 | Poland | 15 May 1931 | Poland |  |
| Ragnar Felix | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 8 February 1980 | West Germany | 10 February 1980 | West Germany |  |
| Adrian Forberg Skogeng | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 9 July 2010 | Monaco | 11 July 2010 | Monaco |  |
| Sjur-Lars Galtung-Hansen | 3 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–5 | 4 May 1962 | Poland | 11 May 1969 | Austria |  |
| Johan Haanes | 10 | 5–14 | 1–9 | 6–23 | 7 May 1932 | Monaco | 11 May 1951 | Egypt |  |
| Thorgny Haanes | 1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 19 May 1950 | Sweden | 21 May 1950 | Sweden |  |
| Ragnar Hagen | 3 | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–6 | 5 May 1932 | Monaco | 20 August 1933 | Yugoslavia |  |
| Anders Håseth | 3 | 9–7 | 0–0 | 9–7 | 8 May 1987 | Senegal | 27 March 1994 | Croatia |  |
| Thomas Haug | 3 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 11 July 2003 | Finland | 13 July 2003 | Finland |  |
| Per Hegna | 17 | 12–19 | 3–6 | 15–25 | 4 May 1962 | Poland | 12 June 1983 | Austria |  |
| Lukas Hellum Lilleengen | 1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 6 March 2020 | Barbados | 7 March 2020 | Barbados |  |
| Nils-Erik Hesen | 7 | 1–12 | 2–6 | 3–18 | 13 May 1949 | Sweden | 13 May 1956 | Sweden |  |
| Thomas Heyerdahl | 1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2 May 1997 | Nigeria | 4 May 1997 | Nigeria |  |
| Lars Hjarrand | 2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3 April 1998 | Romania | 2 May 1999 | Turkey |  |
| Finn-Dag Jagge | 12 | 1–11 | 2–8 | 3–19 | 6 May 1955 | South Africa | 15 April 1973 | Ireland |  |
| Audun Jensen | 5 | 2–3 | 2–1 | 4–4 | 9 May 1986 | Nigeria | 12 June 1988 | Ireland |  |
| Fritz Jenssen | 3 | 1–5 | 0–3 | 1–8 | 14 May 1936 | Belgium | 22 May 1938 | Germany |  |
| Tony Jonsson | 5 | 2–8 | 0–0 | 2–8 | 10 June 1983 | Austria | 11 May 1986 | Nigeria |  |
| Helge Koll-Frafjord | 18 | 5–12 | 4–7 | 9–19 | 30 April 1993 | Finland | 18 July 2004 | Hungary |  |
| Sverre Lie | 3 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–5 | 9 May 1951 | Egypt | 19 May 1953 | Great Britain |  |
| Erik Melander | 7 | 2–5 | 3–3 | 5–8 | 4 May 1967 | France | 20 May 1973 | France |  |
| Thorvald Moe | 7 | 2–6 | 3–4 | 5–10 | 29 April 1960 | Netherlands | 5 May 1974 | Spain |  |
| Jan Munch-Soegaard | 3 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 24 September 1976 | Poland | 10 February 1980 | West Germany |  |
| Bjørn Naume | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 8 May 1981 | Ireland | 10 May 1981 | Ireland |  |
| Jack Nielsen | 1 | 0–7 | 0–5 | 0–7 | 10 May 1929 | Hungary | 15 May 1931 | Poland |  |
| Rolf Pape | 1 | 3–6 | 2–2 | 5–8 | 1 May 1953 | Luxembourg | 3 May 1959 | South Africa |  |
| Bent-Ove Pedersen | 1 | 14–6 | 8–7 | 22–13 | 8 May 1987 | Senegal | 18 July 1999 | Morocco |  |
| Gisle Pedersen-Jentoft | 1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 7 May 1982 | Yugoslavia | 9 May 1982 | Yugoslavia |  |
| Terje Persson | 1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 10 June 1983 | Austria | 17 June 1984 | Austria |  |
| Frithjof Prydz | 1 | 2–8 | 2–3 | 4–11 | 3 May 1968 | Luxembourg | 17 September 1979 | Netherlands |  |
| Arne-Georg Raabe | 1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 15 June 1990 | Morocco | 5 May 1991 | Bulgaria |  |
| Edvard Raastad | 1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 4 May 1967 | France | 6 May 1967 | France |  |
| Thomas Randby | 1 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 14 September 1979 | Turkey | 10 May 1981 | Ireland |  |
| Philip Riise-Hansen | 2 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 3–4 | 6 April 2007 | Hungary | 11 May 2008 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |  |
| Sigurd Rinde | 1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 26 May 1939 | Belgium | 28 May 1939 | Belgium |  |
| Anders Rolfsen | 1 | 0–0 | 6–1 | 6–1 | 4 May 1990 | Monaco | 3 May 1992 | Poland |  |
| Morten Ronneberg | 5 | 2–5 | 1–3 | 3–8 | 7 May 1982 | Yugoslavia | 12 May 1985 | Greece |  |
| Helge Rosjø | 1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 30 April 1999 | Turkey | 2 May 1999 | Turkey |  |
| Jon-Erik Rustad | 1 | 2–7 | 2–3 | 4–10 | 3 May 1968 | Luxembourg | 6 May 1973 | Denmark |  |
| Casper Ruud | 14 | 18–4 | 5–5 | 23–9 | 16 July 2015 | Armenia | 17 September 2022 | India |  |
| Christian Ruud | 12 | 24–15 | 7–8 | 31–23 | 5 May 1989 | Luxembourg | 30 April 2000 | Israel |  |
| Gunnar Sjøwall | 11 | 7–12 | 1–6 | 8–18 | 6 May 1955 | South Africa | 1 May 1966 | West Germany |  |
| Frederik Sletting-Johnsen | 6 | 2–2 | 1–4 | 3–6 | 6 April 2007 | Hungary | 11 May 2008 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |  |
| Finn-Trygve Smith | 4 | 0–6 | 1–1 | 1–7 | 5 May 1932 | Monaco | 5 August 1934 | Hungary |  |
| Finn Søhol | 8 | 9–5 | 0–2 | 9–7 | 1 May 1953 | Luxembourg | 3 May 1964 | Portugal |  |
| Jan Staubo | 4 | 2–6 | 0–2 | 2–8 | 16 May 1947 | New Zealand | 11 May 1951 | Egypt |  |
| Øystein Steiro | 3 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 14 May 2011 | Andorra | 17 July 2015 | North Macedonia |  |
| Carl Sundberg | 4 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 7 April 2006 | Zimbabwe | 3 May 2012 | Malta |  |
| Frederick Sundsten | 2 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 9 April 2004 | Ukraine | 18 July 2004 | Hungary |  |
| Jan Svensen | 1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 7 May 1982 | Yugoslavia | 9 May 1982 | Yugoslavia |  |
| Marius Tangen | 1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 4 March 2005 | Ukraine | 6 March 2005 | Ukraine |  |
| Torleif Torkildsen | 5 | 1–7 | 0–2 | 1–9 | 4 May 1928 | Hungary | 7 May 1932 | Monaco |  |
| Erling Tveit | 21 | 9–9 | 7–7 | 16–16 | 19 September 2003 | Luxembourg | 6 April 2004 | Monaco |  |
| Erik Ulleberg | 3 | 0–4 | 0–3 | 0–7 | 13 September 1974 | Belgium | 18 September 1977 | Morocco |  |

## InfoBox

| Norway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Captain | Anders Håseth |
| ITF ranking | 31  1 (20 September 2022) |
|  | |
| First year | 1928 |
| Years played | 86 |
| Ties played (W–L) | 146 (59−87) |
| Years in<br>World Group | 1 |
| Best finish | World Group play-off (1995) |
|  | |
| Most total wins | Stian Boretti (38−37) |
| Most singles wins | Stian Boretti (26−19) |
| Most doubles wins | Stian Boretti (12−18) |
| Best doubles team | Stian Boretti/Erling Tveit (6−7) |
| Most ties played | Stian Boretti (39) |
| Most years played | Stian Boretti (15) |


title: Northwood, Ohio

abstract: Northwood is a city and eastern suburb in Wood County, Ohio, United States, within the Toledo metropolitan area. The population was 5,160 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Northwood, Ohio

**Northwood** is a city and eastern suburb in Wood County, Ohio, United States, within the Toledo metropolitan area. The population was 5,160 at the 2020 census.

## History

Northwood was originally Ross Township. It was the northernmost township in Wood County from its establishment on April 18, 1874 until December 1, 1962. Farms, gardens, orchards, and railroads covered the area located just south of east Toledo. In 1898 Edward Ford's glass factory was built along the Maumee River, which ultimately led to the incorporation of the village of Rossford in 1939 within the western portion of the township. Ross Township was then divided so that Rossford Township would serve as a barrier between Rossford and the remaining Ross Township. On December 1, 1962, Ross Township ceased to exist when it became incorporated as the city of Northwood, so aptly named because of its location at the top of Wood County. With its departure, Wood County dropped its number of townships from 20 to 19.

The original boundary of Ross Township can be observed as follows: beginning at the southeastern corner of Northwood, thence westward along the southern border to Rossford, thence westward along the line of Elm Tree Street to the Maumee River, thence northeastward and eastward along the Lucas County border until the Ottawa County border, and thence southward to the point of beginning.

## Government

The government consists of an elected Mayor, elected City Council, and appointed City Administrator. City Council consists of seven members, elected to four-year terms. The City Mayor is also elected to serve a four-year term.

### Current Northwood Officials

* James Barton, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2023
* Dean Edwards, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2023
* Patrick Huntermark, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2025
* Louis Fahrbach, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2025
* Mark Stoner, *Council President*, Term ends 12/31/2025
* Randy Kozina, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2025
* Michael Melnyk, *Councilman*, Term ends 12/31/2023
* Edward Schimmel, *Mayor*, Term ends 12/31/2023
* Kevin Laughlin, *Administrator*
* Joel Whitmore, *Fire Chief*
* Jeff Zahradnik, *Police Chief*
* C. Drew Griffith, *Magistrate*

### Government Services

* Charter form of government, Mayor and seven City Council members elected at-large, City Administrator, Mayor's Court, City Clerk, Zoning Office, Income Tax Office, Finance Department and Street Department.
* Police Department- Consists of a Chief of Police, a Captain, four Sergeants, twelve full-time Patrol Officers, a School Resource Officer, a Dispatch Supervisor along with 3 other full-time dispatchers and 1 part-time dispatcher.
* Fire Department- Part-paid department consisting of two fire stations with a part-time Fire Chief, Deputy Chief, District Chief, Captain, 5 Lieutenants and 26 on-call/part-time EMT's and Paramedics.
* Trash Pickup- Curbside weekly unlimited refuse collection and bi-weekly curbside recycling by Waste Management, Inc.
* Water- City of Toledo (west end of City) and City of Oregon & Wood County (east end of City).
* Sanitary Sewer- City of Northwood / Homecraft District and Northwestern Water & Sewer District.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.53 square miles (22.09 km2), of which 8.52 square miles (22.07 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.

### Adjoining Municipalities and Townships

* Rossford - West
* Perrysburg Township - South-West
* Lake Township - South
* Toledo - North
* Ottawa County (Curtice) - East
* Oregon - North-East
* Walbridge - South

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 4,222 |  |  |
| 1980 | 5,495 |  | 30.2% |
| 1990 | 5,506 |  | 0.2% |
| 2000 | 5,471 |  | −0.6% |
| 2010 | 5,265 |  | −3.8% |
| 2020 | 5,160 |  | −2.0% |
| 2021 (est.) | 5,179 |  | 0.4% |
| Sources: | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 5,265 people, 2,025 households, and 1,463 families living in the city. The population density was 618.0 inhabitants per square mile (238.6/km2). There were 2,135 housing units at an average density of 250.6 per square mile (96.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.3% White, 0.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the population.

There were 2,025 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the city was 39 years. 24.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 30.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,471 people, 2,024 households, and 1,493 families living in the city. The population density was 651.1 inhabitants per square mile (251.4/km2). There were 2,121 housing units at an average density of 252.4 per square mile (97.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.99% White, 0.60% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.72% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.08% of the population.

There were 2,024 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the city the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $51,071, and the median income for a family was $55,642. Males had a median income of $41,004 versus $27,025 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,967. About 6.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

### Primary-Secondary Education

The following schools fall within the jurisdictional boundaries of the City of Northwood:

* Northwood High School (grades 7-12), 600 Lemoyne Rd, Northwood (419-691-3888).
* Northwood Elementary School (grades PK-6), 600 Lemoyne Rd, Northwood (419-691-3888).

Northwood High School is a public high school in Northwood. It is the only high school in the Northwood Local Schools district. The current Northwood High School is located in Northwood Schools built in 2017. At the end of the 2006–2007 school year, Northwood was awarded an "Excellent" rating by the state of Ohio in education. The graduation rate of the school district was just over the state minimum (90%), coming in at 90.5%. The overall attendance average of the district was also over the state minimum (93%) at 95.9%. The district also met the standards on the adequate yearly progress (AYP) in all six categories.

## InfoBox

| Northwood, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Motto: "Where Opportunity Abounds" | |
| Location of Northwood, Ohio | |
| Location of Northwood in Wood County | |
| Coordinates: 41°36′32″N 83°29′01″W / 41.60889°N 83.48361°W / 41.60889; -83.48361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Wood |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.57 sq mi (22.20 km2) |
| Land | 8.56 sq mi (22.16 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 614 ft (187 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5,160 |
| Density | 603.02/sq mi (232.82/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 43619 |
| Area code | 419 |
| FIPS code | 39-57190 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1087191 |
| Website | http://www.ci.northwood.oh.us/ |


title: Nothoscordum gracile

abstract: Nothoscordum gracile, also known as slender false garlic, or fragrant onion, is a bulbous plant belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. Native from southern Mexico to western South America, the species is used as an ornamental plant due to its showy inflorescences and the fragrance of its flowers.

text:
# Nothoscordum gracile

***Nothoscordum gracile***, also known as **slender false garlic**, or **fragrant onion**, is a bulbous plant belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. Native from southern Mexico to western South America, the species is used as an ornamental plant due to its showy inflorescences and the fragrance of its flowers.

## Description

Perennial, bulbous, deciduous herb that produces scapes that are cylindrical, green in colour and 20–60 cm tall. The strap-like leaves are simple, linear, with an entire margin and basal insertion.

The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped, frequent, whitish in color, grouped in terminal umbels. Having a sweet lily-like scent, they bloom in from mid spring to early summer. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule, which becomes ripe by early summer.

## Uses

The bulb is about 15mm in diameter and is edible. The plant is a garlic substitute and can be used as a spice.

## Distribution

Its distribution range is from southeast Mexico to South America. It is widely naturalized in Australia, USA, South Asia, Southern Europe and Africa. A garden escape, it is a widespread, highly invasive and common weed in gardens that is hard to eradicate. It grows in grasslands, lawns, footpaths, pastures, roadsides and disperses through seed and underground bulblets. Its seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and dumped garden waste.

## InfoBox

| *Nothoscordum gracile* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Allioideae |
| Genus: | *Nothoscordum* |
| Species: | ***N. gracile*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nothoscordum gracile***
(Aiton) Stearn | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Milla macrostemon gracilis*
*Maligia gracilis* (Aiton) Raf.
*Allium gracile* Aiton | |


abstract: The 15th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2011, were given on December 14, 2011.

text:
# Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2011

**15th TFCA Awards**

December 14, 2011

---

Best Film:
**The Tree of Life**

The **15th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2011, were given on December 14, 2011.

## Winners

Runners-Up: George Clooney*The Descendants* and Michael Fassbender*Shame*

Runners-Up: Elizabeth Olsen*Martha Marcy May Marlene* and Meryl Streep*The Iron Lady*

Runners-Up: *Puss in Boots* and *Rango*

Runners-Up: Michel Hazanavicius*The Artist* and Nicolas Winding Refn*Drive*

Runners-Up: *Into the Abyss* and *Project Nim*

Runners-Up: *The Artist* and *The Descendants*

Runners-Up: *Margin Call* and *Martha Marcy May Marlene*

Runners-Up: *Attenberg*Greece, *Le Havre*Finland and *A Separation*Iran

Runners-Up: *The Descendants*Alexander Payne, Nat Faxon and Jim Rash and *The Tree of Life*Terrence Malick

Runners-Up: Albert Brooks*Drive* and Patton Oswalt*Young Adult*

Runners-Up: Jessica Chastain*The Tree of Life* and Shailene Woodley*The Descendants*

Runners-Up: *Café de Flore* and *A Dangerous Method*


title: The Light That Failed (1939 film)

abstract: The Light That Failed is a 1939 drama film based on Rudyard Kipling's 1891 novel of the same name. It stars Ronald Colman as an artist who is going blind.

text:
# The Light That Failed (1939 film)

***The Light That Failed*** is a 1939 drama film based on Rudyard Kipling's 1891 novel of the same name. It stars Ronald Colman as an artist who is going blind.

## Plot

In 1865, youngster Dick Heldar is briefly blinded when his girlfriend Maisie accidentally fires his pistol too close to his head. She later tells him that her guardians are sending her away somewhere to be educated, but she agrees when he says she belongs to him "forever and ever."

Years later, Dick is a British soldier during the Mahdist War in Sudan. When the natives attack suddenly, he saves the life of his friend, war correspondent "Torp" Torpenhow, but receives a head wound as a result.

He turns to painting to try to make a living. When his works start to sell, he returns to England. His realistic paintings of scenes from the war become immensely popular with the critics and the public. In London, he moves in with Torp and is reunited with a grown-up Maisie, also a painter, though not as successful. Liking the financial rewards, Dick is persuaded to sanitize his gritty realism to make his works more attractive to the masses. Torp and fellow war correspondent "The Nilghai" try to warn him about it, but he pays no heed; he becomes complacent and lazy. Maisie decides to move away and stop seeing him.

One night, Dick returns to his lodgings to find a young, bedraggled woman lying on his sofa. Torp explains that she fainted from hunger outside, so he brought her in and fed her Dick's dinner. She bitterly gives her name as Bessie Broke. Dick becomes fascinated; she is the ideal model for *Melancholia*, a painting that Maisie had struggled to complete. He hires her to pose for him.

When his vision starts to blur, he goes to see a doctor who gives him a grim prognosis: as a result of his old war injury, he will go blind in a year if he avoids strain, "not very long" if he does not.

Before he completely loses his sight, Dick resolves to paint his masterpiece, *Melancholia*. He drinks heavily and drives Bessie to hysteria to evoke the desired expression. When Torp returns from his latest assignment, Dick tells him about his blindness and shows him the painting. While Dick sleeps, Bessie (furious with Dick for having told Torp not to pursue a romance with her) sneaks in and destroys it, unaware of his ailment. When Dick awakens, he is blind. Torp tries to hide Bessie's act from him and sends for Maisie. When Dick shows her his masterpiece, Maisie cannot bring herself to tell him it is ruined, and leaves.

One day, while he is out on a walk, Dick's servant recognizes Bessie, and Dick invites her to his home. He shows her the balance in his bank book, proposes that she take care of him and kisses her. Realizing that he will learn the truth at some point, she confesses what she has done. As the news sinks in, he changes his plans.

Dick travels back to Sudan, where he wears his old uniform and hires a guide to take him to join Torp. They ride on horseback into the midst of a battle. Sensing that the British cavalry is about to deploy, Dick has Torp to direct him into the charge, where he is shot and killed by a native.

## Cast

## Reception

Frank Nugent, critic for *The New York Times*, praised the film, calling it a "letter-perfect edition of Kipling's 'The Light That Failed'". He also lauded the star ("Mr. Colman has rarely handled a role with greater authority or charm"), Lupino ("Ida Lupino's Bessie is another of the surprises we get when a little ingenue suddenly bursts forth as a great actress.") and the rest of the principal actors.

## Cinema murder

On May 29, 1946, in Bristol, England, cinema manager Robert Parrington Jackson was shot in his office during an evening showing of *The Light That Failed*. It was believed that the murder was timed to coincide with gunshots from the scene in which young Dick is blinded in order to obscure the sound of the murder gunshots. The murder remains unsolved to this day.

## InfoBox

| The Light That Failed | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | William A. Wellman |
| Screenplay by | Robert Carson |
| Based on | Rudyard Kipling novel *The Light That Failed* |
| Produced by | William A. Wellman |
| Starring | Ronald Colman
Walter Huston
Muriel Angelus
Ida Lupino |
| Cinematography | Theodor Sparkuhl |
| Music by | Victor Young |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * December 1939 (1939-12) (New York) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Box office | 1,121,789 admissions (France) |


title: Vilamoura Old Course

abstract: Vilamoura Old Course is a golf course in Vilamoura, on the Algarve in Southern Portugal. Sometimes referred to as the "Grande Dame" of the Algarve, it is owned and operated by Dom Pedro Hotels & Golf Collection, who purchased the course, along with four others in Vilamoura, in 2016. The five courses had previously been owned by the Oceanico Group since 2007. Designed by Frank Pennink, the Old Course opened in 1969, and hosted the Portuguese Open in 1976. Following remodelling by Martin Hawtree, the course reopened in 1997.

text:
# Vilamoura Old Course

**Vilamoura Old Course** is a golf course in Vilamoura, on the Algarve in Southern Portugal. Sometimes referred to as the "Grande Dame" of the Algarve, it is owned and operated by Dom Pedro Hotels & Golf Collection, who purchased the course, along with four others in Vilamoura, in 2016. The five courses had previously been owned by the Oceanico Group since 2007.

Designed by Frank Pennink, the Old Course opened in 1969, and hosted the Portuguese Open in 1976. Following remodelling by Martin Hawtree, the course reopened in 1997.

## Scorecard

Vilamoura Old Course (meters)
| Tee | Rating/Slope | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White | 73.1 / 136 | 310 | 435 | 324 | 163 | 485 | 212 | 393 | 419 | 265 | 3006 | 153 | 390 | 487 | 348 | 440 | 150 | 514 | 353 | 413 | 3248 | 6254 |
| Yellow |  | 302 | 417 | 300 | 149 | 449 | 196 | 344 | 400 | 260 | 2817 | 148 | 371 | 482 | 342 | 426 | 145 | 494 | 348 | 340 | 3096 | 5913 |
| Blue |  | 296 | 407 | 290 | 139 | 440 | 181 | 334 | 390 | 250 | 2727 | 138 | 357 | 472 | 332 | 405 | 135 | 484 | 338 | 330 | 2991 | 5718 |
| Red |  | 282 | 375 | 252 | 113 | 400 | 164 | 312 | 354 | 245 | 2497 | 114 | 329 | 359 | 296 | 342 | 106 | 428 | 312 | 303 | 2589 | 5086 |
| Par |  | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 36 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 37 | 73 |
| SI |  | 17 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 13 |  | 18 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 3 |  |  |

Vilamoura Old Course (yards)
| Tee | Rating/Slope | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White | 73.1 / 136 | 339 | 476 | 354 | 178 | 530 | 232 | 430 | 458 | 290 | 3287 | 167 | 427 | 533 | 381 | 481 | 164 | 562 | 386 | 452 | 3552 | 6839 |
| Yellow |  | 330 | 456 | 328 | 163 | 491 | 214 | 376 | 437 | 284 | 3081 | 162 | 406 | 527 | 374 | 466 | 159 | 540 | 381 | 372 | 3386 | 6467 |
| Blue |  | 324 | 445 | 317 | 152 | 481 | 198 | 365 | 427 | 273 | 2982 | 151 | 390 | 516 | 363 | 443 | 148 | 529 | 370 | 361 | 3271 | 6253 |
| Red |  | 308 | 410 | 276 | 124 | 437 | 179 | 341 | 387 | 268 | 2731 | 125 | 360 | 393 | 324 | 374 | 116 | 468 | 341 | 331 | 2831 | 5562 |
| Par |  | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 36 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 37 | 73 |
| SI |  | 17 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 13 |  | 18 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 3 |  |  |

## InfoBox

Vilamoura Old Course
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Coordinates | 37°06′07″N 08°07′05″W / 37.10194°N 8.11806°W / 37.10194; -8.11806 |
| Location | Algarve, Portugal |
| Established | 1969 |
| Type | Private |
| Operated by | Dom Pedro Hotels & Golf Collection |
| Total holes | 18 |
| Events hosted | Portuguese Open (1979) |
| Greens | Bentgrass Providence and *Poa annua* |
| Fairways | Bermuda Tifton 419 |
| Old Course | |
| Designed by | Frank Pennink (original)<br>Martin Hawtree (1996) |
| Par | 73 |
| Length | 6,254 metres |
| Course rating | 73.1 |
| Slope rating | 136 |
|  | |


title: Kathleen Funchion

abstract: Kathleen Funchion is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the South constituency since July 2024. She was previously a Teachta Dála (TD) for Carlow–Kilkenny from the 2016 general election to 2024. She was Sinn Féin Spokesperson on Children, Disabilities, Integration and Equality. She was a member of Kilkenny Borough Council from 2009 to 2014 and Kilkenny County Council from 2014 to 2016. Prior to her election to the Dáil, she worked with the SIPTU trade union. She contested the 2007 general election and the 2011 general election in Carlow-Kilkenny, and the 2009 European Parliament election in East. She was elected to the 32nd Dáil for Carlow-Kilkenny at the 2016 general election, taking the third seat. From 2016 to 2020, she served Chair of the Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement. She was re-elected at the 2020 general election, taking the first seat. In September 2020, she was appointed as chair of the Committee on Children, Disability, Equality and Integration in the 33rd Dáil. Funchion was a Sinn Féin candidate for the South constituency at the 2024 European Parliament election. Funchion received 7.35% of the first preference votes, and was elected on the 20th count, taking the fifth seat. She took office on 17 July 2024.

text:
# Kathleen Funchion

**Kathleen Funchion** (born 22 April 1981) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the South constituency since July 2024. She was previously a Teachta Dála (TD) for Carlow–Kilkenny from the 2016 general election to 2024. She was Sinn Féin Spokesperson on Children, Disabilities, Integration and Equality.

She was a member of Kilkenny Borough Council from 2009 to 2014 and Kilkenny County Council from 2014 to 2016. Prior to her election to the Dáil, she worked with the SIPTU trade union.

She contested the 2007 general election and the 2011 general election in Carlow-Kilkenny, and the 2009 European Parliament election in East. She was elected to the 32nd Dáil for Carlow-Kilkenny at the 2016 general election, taking the third seat. From 2016 to 2020, she served Chair of the Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement. She was re-elected at the 2020 general election, taking the first seat. In September 2020, she was appointed as chair of the Committee on Children, Disability, Equality and Integration in the 33rd Dáil.

Funchion was a Sinn Féin candidate for the South constituency at the 2024 European Parliament election. Funchion received 7.35% of the first preference votes, and was elected on the 20th count, taking the fifth seat. She took office on 17 July 2024.

## Personal life

She was previously married to David Cullinane who is a Sinn Féin TD for Waterford.

## InfoBox

| Kathleen FunchionMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Funchion in 2020 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
17 July 2024 | |
| Constituency | South |
| Chair of the Committee on Children, Disability, Equality and Integration | |
| **In office**
15 September 2020  17 July 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Alan Farrell |
| Chair of the Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement | |
| **In office**
4 April 2016  15 September 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Joe McHugh |
| Succeeded by | Fergus O'Dowd |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**
February 2016  17 July 2024 | |
| Constituency | Carlow-Kilkenny |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1981-04-22) 22 April 1981
Callan, Kilkenny, Ireland |
| Political party |  |
| Spouse | David Cullinane  (m. 2007; div. 2013) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | American College Dublin |
|  | |


title: Guillaume de Montrevel

abstract: Guillaume de Montrevel was a medieval French knight, courtier and diplomat. He led a crusade against the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, at the service of the Duke of Bourbon, and was present at the battles of Rosebecque, Verneuil, and Bourbourg. He was later Counsellor and Chamberlain to the Duke of Bourbon and later to the King of France, and tutor to the Dauphin. He also acted as diplomat to Cyprus, Aragon and England. He also expanded his castle, Château de la Faye including constructing the northeast tower. His two sons died at the Battle of Agincourt and one of his two daughters married Guillaume de Charriol. He died in December 1413.

text:
# Guillaume de Montrevel

**Guillaume de Montrevel** was a medieval French knight, courtier and diplomat.

He led a crusade against the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, at the service of the Duke of Bourbon, and was present at the battles of Rosebecque, Verneuil, and Bourbourg. He was later Counsellor and Chamberlain to the Duke of Bourbon and later to the King of France, and tutor to the Dauphin. He also acted as diplomat to Cyprus, Aragon and England.

He also expanded his castle, Château de la Faye including constructing the northeast tower.

His two sons died at the Battle of Agincourt and one of his two daughters married Guillaume de Charriol. He died in December 1413.


title: Vošče

abstract: Vošče is a settlement in the Municipality of Radovljica in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

text:
# Vošče

**Vošče** (pronounced \[ˈʋoːʃtʃɛ\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Radovljica in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

## InfoBox

| Vošče | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| VoščeLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°19′47.04″N 14°8′48.06″E / 46.3297333°N 14.1466833°E / 46.3297333; 14.1466833 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Region | Upper Carniola |
| Statistical region | Upper Carniola |
| Municipality | Radovljica |
| Elevation | 531.6 m (1,744.1 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 43 |
|  | |


title: Myth War Online

abstract:
Myth War Online was a 2D fantasy-themed MMORPG developed by Chinese studio Unigium and published by I.G.G. It is set in a fictional universe inhabited by mythological creatures. Combat occurs similar to old RPG games such as Final Fantasy where a player forms a party and the sides take turns attacking each other. This style of gameplay is created to appeal to nostalgic classic RPG players. Events and content addons occur every two months in response to player demand. As of May 2009, Myth War Online I had had all of its servers shut down permanently to make way for the sequel, Myth War Online II.
Announcement of Closure for Myth War Online [Jan 15, 2015]
Dear players, With a heavy heart, we announce the closure of our beloved Myth War Online. Our sincerest thanks go out to everyone who have supported us all this time..

text:
# Myth War Online

***Myth War Online*** was a 2D fantasy-themed MMORPG developed by Chinese studio Unigium and published by I.G.G. It is set in a fictional universe inhabited by mythological creatures. Combat occurs similar to old RPG games such as Final Fantasy where a player forms a party (mainly consisting of pets) and the sides take turns attacking each other. This style of gameplay is created to appeal to nostalgic classic RPG players. Events and content addons occur every two months in response to player demand.

As of May 2009, Myth War Online I had had all of its servers shut down permanently to make way for the sequel, Myth War Online II. Announcement of Closure for Myth War Online \[Jan 15, 2015\] Dear players,

With a heavy heart, we announce the closure of our beloved Myth War Online. Our sincerest thanks go out to everyone who have supported us all this time. .

## Gameplay

## Character Races

There are four different races a player can choose from. Each is unique in its own way.

### Humans

In the game, humans are a fallen tribe. The lives of humans are not affluent and stable. As a result, they have no choice but to do whatever they can even if it means doing something immoral or illegal. Humans are described as smart, reckless, wicked and go-getting.

### Centaurs

Similar to humans, centaurs have a long history and civilization. However, in contrast to the other races, centaurs have a social system whereby the female possesses a higher status than a male. They are prized to be noble and beautiful. Despite their warlike appearance, they love peace and like to live in a quiet environment. Centaurs are born with great agility and have a high intelligence level and low vit.

### Mages

Mages are normally a combination of humans and Centaurs. The race was cursed ever since it existed and was cursed again after they sold their souls to the dark lord. Although many have a deep hatred towards other races, some are intelligent enough to forgive and progress positively.

### Borgs

Borgs are half robot-half human. Their vast knowledge of technology is their main form of power.

## InfoBox

| Developer(s) | Unigium |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher(s) | IGG |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * NA: 07-07-2006 |
| Genre(s) | MMORPG |
| Mode(s) | Multiplayer |


title: Myron Wolf Child

abstract: Myron John Wolf Child was a youth activist, public speaker and politician from the Kainai Nation in southern Alberta, Canada. His surname was sometimes reported as Wolfchild or WolfChild.

text:
# Myron Wolf Child

**Myron John Wolf Child** (February 6, 1983  February 27, 2007) was a youth activist, public speaker and politician from the Kainai Nation in southern Alberta, Canada. His surname was sometimes reported as Wolfchild or WolfChild.

## Background

Born in Cardston, Alberta, Wolf Child identified himself as a victim of child abuse and neglect, who overcame this past to deliver a message to fellow youth. He helped establish youth groups including the Flying Eagles Youth Council, the Kainai Youth Council, the Peigan Youth Task Force, the Junior Foundation and the First Nations Liaison Project. He was founder and president of the Reclaiming Hope Foundation, and CEO of Reclaiming Hope, Inc. He was National Aboriginal Coordinator for the Students Commission of Canada, research assistant with Alberta Children's Services and with the University of Lethbridge, and a project coordinator with Kainai Children's Services. He received an Alberta Great Kids Award in 2002, and an honourable mention in 2003 for an Aboriginal Youth Achievement Award in the National Aboriginal Achievement Awards, now the Indspire Awards.

By 2006, Wolf Child was a third-year native studies and political science student at the University of Lethbridge, where he was elected an Arts and Sciences representative to the University of Lethbridge Students' Union in March 2006.

In proceedings of the Senate of Canada Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples on 21 February 2001, Senator Landon Pearson cited Wolf Child's work as a youth member of the Canadian delegation to a preliminary meeting working towards the United Nations Special Session on Children. "He was splendid. People were blown away by his capacity to speak and to present himself and to connect with other young people. We are thrilled that we have been able to give him this opportunity." (The text records his surname as WolfChild.)

## Aboriginal Peoples Party founder and independent

In 2005, Wolf Child founded the Aboriginal Peoples Party of Canada, which since appears to have merged with the First Peoples National Party of Canada.

Wolf Child ran in the 2006 federal election as an independent candidate in the electoral district of Macleod in Alberta. In the first election after the Parliament of Canada had legalized same-sex marriage across the country, he identified his support for "the traditional definition of marriage" as a priority. He also condemned abortion. "I don’t think the courts should have the final say in these decisions, it’s undemocratic," he said.

Other priorities he identified included supporting farmers, veterans, and single mothers. He said he supported child care, opposed tax increases and supported public spending control. He also supported a "patient's bill of rights" for health care users, and proposed a national Aboriginal peace keepers' group to confront violence in native communities.

He received 1,055 votes, 2.12% of ballots cast. In a celebratory message to his website, he congratulated the winner, Conservative Ted Menzies, and their fellow candidates, and called his campaign a victory rather than a loss. "I will be there next time, but it won’t be as an independent," he wrote. "To tell you the truth, I was hoping to get at least 1,000 votes and I did."

## Post-election comments

Wolf Child posted a farewell to Liberal leader Paul Martin on his loss in that election. He wrote that he had supported Martin up to and through the 2003 leadership race, but that Martin had alienated faithful Liberals like Herb Dhaliwal, Allan Rock, John Manley, Sheila Copps, "and even poor little \[Don\] Boudria." "\[D\]on't push people around as you'll need them later on," he warned Martin. He ended the message more cheerfully: "Vive le Canada. Stay Cool and Have an awesome time."

Writing as acting leader of the APPC, he congratulated Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper on his appointment of Jim Prentice as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, appreciating that Prentice had committed to the Kelowna Agreement and to the residential school compensation package.

## Liberal leadership aspirant

Wolf Child's prospective candidacy in the 2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership race was reported by the *Lethbridge Herald* on 15 February 2006. "I'd like to see the Liberal Party rejuvenated," he said. "I hope I can inspire and bring faith to Canadians to vote Liberal again."

In a 2 March 2006 comment to a post on his candidacy on the blog *Our Thoughts*, a poster identifying themselves as Wolf Child (including using his email address and website URL) wrote that "\[due\] to personal commitments and my education, I am hereby dropping my name from the list."

In a *Lethbridge Herald* article dated 1 April 2006, he again expressed his interest in running, saying that he expected to know whether he could raise the $50,000 and the signatures required to register within 45 days. He told the *Herald* he hoped to win support, especially from aboriginal organizations, and to make First Nations issues prominent in his campaign, but to speak to all Canadians as well. “I’m a people’s candidate," he said, "I want to address a lot of the social issues we have.”

## Criminal charges

The *Lethbridge Herald* reported in August 2006 that regional police had charged Wolf Child with two counts of sexual assault, stemming from the claim that he performed oral sex on a man and fondled the genitals of another at a house party in April 2005. Wolf Child entered a not guilty plea in court 23 October 2006. Wolf Child pleaded guilty to the charges during the start of his trial on 5 February 2007. A sentencing hearing was scheduled for 27 March.

## Death

After a long struggle, Myron Wolf Child committed suicide on 27 February 2007.


title: Guishan Island (China)

abstract: Guishan Island is an island in the Pearl River estuary near Zhuhai, China and Lantau Island. The island is part of the Wanshan Archipelago and is administrated as part of Xiangzhou District of Guangdong Province.

text:
# Guishan Island (China)

**Guishan Island** is an island in the Pearl River estuary near Zhuhai, China and Lantau Island. The island is part of the Wanshan Archipelago and is administrated as part of Xiangzhou District of Guangdong Province.

## Geography

Guishan is an island in the Pearl River estuary. The island is around 10 square kilometers large and is located near other islands in the estuary, notably Lantau and the Soko Islands. The island is variously described as being part of Hong Kong and Zhuhai, with most sources favoring the latter. The island's west side features shallow water while its east features deeper water.

## Population

Guishan is inhabited by several thousand people living in two settlements and is administrated as part of Zhuhai.

## Future development

Located in the highly trafficked Pearl River estuary and included in the heavily populated Pearl River delta, Guishan has been considered for a large-scale development project. The project is intended to provide additional living space and has earmarked an estimated 60 square kilometers of land for land reclamation. The stated intent of the project is to reclaim land on which facilities (such as pensioner housing, correctional facilities, and container terminals) can be established, with the eventual goal being for these new constructions to replace similar facilities in Hong Kong to free up space in the city. As opposed to similar development projects on Lantau island, the reclamation and construction project on Guishan will fall under the jurisdiction of Zhuhai and not Hong Kong. This administrative difference could also allow the Chinese government to directly invest in the project, and raises issues over Hong Kong's sovereignty. A bridge or underwater tunnel is planned to span the 5 km distance between Guishan and Lantau, with other proposals stating the island could be connected to the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. The island has also been considered as a potential tourism hub.

The development of Guishan island is part of a wider plan to reclaim islands in the Pearl River estuary; this decades-long project is slated to promote the development of Dazhi Zhou (大蜘洲), Xiaozhi Zhou (小蜘洲), Qing Zhou (青洲), and Sanjiaoshan islands (三角山岛).

## InfoBox

Guishan Island
| Native name: 桂山島 | |
| --- | --- |
| Guishan Island as seen from the air (2019) | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Xiangzhou District, Guangdong Province, China |
| Coordinates | 22°08′03″N 113°49′40″E / 22.13417°N 113.82778°E / 22.13417; 113.82778 |
| Archipelago | Wanshan Archipelago |
| Adjacent to | Pearl River |
| Area | 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) |


title: Guiseley School

abstract: Guiseley School is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Guiseley, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Guiseley School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the Sixth Form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs.

text:
# Guiseley School

**Guiseley School** is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Guiseley, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

Guiseley School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the Sixth Form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs.

## History

### Early years

The school's history predates the 1960's as Guiseley Secondary Modern. This was located upon Oxford Road in the centre of Guiseley and is now site to Guiseley Primary School. During the early 1960's a larger site was found and new buildings constructed for the secondary school. By 1963, the site had been completed and the new school was officially opened on 20 July 1963. The first cohort of students enrolled in September 1963.

### 1990's onwards

In 1996, the school was awarded Technology College status. This ended in 2014.

In September 2006, the school was damaged by a tornado and floods during a freak storm and had to be temporarily closed.

In September 2011, Guiseley School became one of the first schools in the UK to completely ban skirts as part of their school uniform. The school released a statement saying that they believed that short skirts were contributing to the sexualisation of children. With a new uniform introduced in 2019, this ban has since been revoked.

In January 2014, Guiseley became a Foundation School administered by Leeds City Council and the Aireborough Learning Partnership.

In September 2015, 46 pupils and 4 staff members from the school became ill with food poisoning while on a school trip to Belgium. A total of 80 Year 11 pupils had gone on the school trip and those who were taken ill were treated at seven hospitals around Zeebrugge. Those pupils who were not infected were taken to a hostel. All of the pupils and staff eventually recovered.

In March 2020, Department for Education statistics revealed that Guiseley School received the lowest amount of funding per pupil of all Leeds state secondary schools, with £4,673 per head, although this figure was still above the national average of £4,556 per pupil for all state schools in England.

### Redevelopment

In January 2019, plans to replace most of the existing school buildings with a new development were approved. The plans were expected to be completed in February 2021. By June 2023, the majority of the old school grounds had been demolished and replaced with newer, more-up-to-date buildings and facilities. These include a new sports hall, auditorium and peripatetic music classrooms and were opened at that year's school run.

## Academic performance

In October 2009, the school was awarded the International School Award from the British Council for its outstanding development of international dimension.

In July 2012, the school was awarded the Artsmark Gold Award from the Arts Council of England. In November 2017, the school was awarded the Artsmark Award Platinum. It was one of only twelve schools across the UK to achieve this ranking. The school achieved the Platinum Artsmark Award again in September 2022.

In March 2021, the school was awarded as a Shakespeare School Festival Gold School in recognition of it "*developing and embedding personal and transferable skills through the arts and encouraging community engagement*".

In September 2023, the school was awarded the Secondary Geography Quality Mark from the Geographical Association. It was one of only twelve schools across the country to achieve the award.

## Notable alumni

## Notable staff

## InfoBox

| Guiseley School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Fieldhead Road
Guiseley
City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS20 8DT
England | |
| Coordinates | 53°52′17″N 1°43′04″W / 53.8715°N 1.7178°W / 53.8715; -1.7178 |
| Information | |
| Type | Foundation school |
| Motto | A Thinking School (former) |
| Established | 1963 |
| Local authority | Leeds City Council |
| Department for Education URN | 108085 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Headteacher | Paul Clayton |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 1344 |
| Capacity | 1450 |
| Houses | Sigma
Delta
Omega
Gamma |
| Colour(s) | Gold
Navy
Light Blue |
| Website | http://www.guiseleyschool.org.uk/ |


title: Vuk Crnogorac

abstract: Vuk Crnogorac, also called Orle (Орле) and Oro, was a legendary Serbian vojvoda and the chieftain of Soko Grad, a medieval fortified town located in modern-day Gračanica, Ljubovija, western Serbia. He married the sister of vojvoda Damjan Tomković of Dukađin. Vuk had three children, including Pavle Orlović (1350–1389), a known figure in the Kosovo cycle of Serbian epic poetry. Vuk's descendants are known as Orlović. The Obrenović dynasty claimed descent from the Orlović through knez (prince) Martin of Bajica near Cetinje.

text:
# Vuk Crnogorac

**Vuk Crnogorac** (Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Црногорац), also called **Orle** (Орле) and **Oro** (Оро; from *orao* (орао), "the Eagle"), was a legendary Serbian *vojvoda* (military commander) and the chieftain of Soko Grad, a medieval fortified town located in modern-day Gračanica, Ljubovija, western Serbia. He married the sister of vojvoda Damjan Tomković of Dukađin. Vuk had three children, including Pavle Orlović (1350–1389), a known figure in the Kosovo cycle of Serbian epic poetry. Vuk's descendants are known as *Orlović*. The Obrenović dynasty claimed descent from the Orlović through *knez* (prince) Martin of Bajica near Cetinje.

* "Обрен као отац". Novosti.
* Grigorije Božović (1940). *Neizmišljeni likovi*. G. Kon. pp. 21–24.


title: Vyatsky Uyezd

abstract: Vyatsky Uyezd was one of the subdivisions of the Vyatka Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Vyatka (Kirov).

text:
# Vyatsky Uyezd

**Vyatsky Uyezd** (*Вятский уезд*) was one of the subdivisions of the Vyatka Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Vyatka (*Kirov*).

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Vyatsky Uyezd had a population of 192,208. Of these, 99.5% spoke Russian, 0.1% Polish, 0.1% Tatar, 0.1% Yiddish and 0.1% Komi-Zyrian as their native language.


title: Gurae station

abstract: Gurae Station (Korean: 구래역) is a station on the Gimpo Goldline. It opened on September 28, 2019.

text:
# Gurae station

**Gurae Station** (Korean: 구래역) is a station on the Gimpo Goldline. It opened on September 28, 2019.

| Preceding station | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Masantowards Gimpo International Airport |  | Gimpo Goldline |  | YangchonTerminus |

## InfoBox

| G101<br>Gurae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 구래역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Gurae-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Kurae-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Gimpo, Gyeonggi Province |
| Coordinates | 37°38′43.7″N 126°37′43.6″E / 37.645472°N 126.628778°E / 37.645472; 126.628778 |
| Operated by | GIMPO Goldline Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Gimpo Goldline |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | September 28, 2019 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: WADE (AM)

abstract: WADE is an AM radio station licensed to Wadesboro, North Carolina. It is owned by New Life Community Temple of Faith, Inc., and broadcasts an Urban Gospel radio format, with some Christian talk and teaching programs. WADE is simulcast with sister station WDEX 1430 AM in Monroe, North Carolina.

text:
# WADE (AM)

**WADE** (1340 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Wadesboro, North Carolina. It is owned by New Life Community Temple of Faith, Inc., and broadcasts an Urban Gospel radio format, with some Christian talk and teaching programs. WADE is simulcast with sister station WDEX 1430 AM in Monroe, North Carolina.

## History

On July 23, 1947, WADE signed on for the first time. It was constructed by Risden Allen Lyon with the help of his father, Robert Phillip Lyon.

WADE was originally a 1,000 watt daytimer radio station, operating at 1210 kilocycles and required to go off the air at sunset. The station had a 308-foot tower. At that time, with far fewer radio stations in the United States, the station's signal carried quite far. In the summer it was not unusual for station DJ's to advise listeners at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 125 miles away, that it was time to "turn so you don't burn."

During construction of the station, Lyon was determined to obtain the call sign WADE. He found that they were in use by a commercial ship. He successfully negotiated with the ship's owner for release of the call letters. Ruth Allen Lyon, Risden's mother, came up with a station slogan that was a play on the call letters, "We Advertise Dependable Enterprise."

WADE added an FM operation in the 1950s. Lyon gave up the FM license after several years because the equipment, especially the power tubes, was quite expensive and there were few FM receivers (thus listeners) at that point in time. Lyon later expressed mild regret for that decision.

In 1956 Lyon added sister station WKDX (1250 AM) in Hamlet, North Carolina, and in 1964 he added WRPL (1540 AM) in Charlotte, North Carolina.

WADE was sold to Long Pine Broadcasting in 1985, with the Lyon family owner financing the transaction. In 1992 Long Pine (Clark Ratliffe) defaulted on the loan with the Lyon family. Essex Communications, a Virginia company, paid off the loan, took ownership of the station, and sold the station to the current owner, Inspirational Deliverance Center.

In the late 1980s, WADE received authorization to change the frequency to 1340 AM, allowing for nighttime broadcasting.

Inspirational Deliverance Center sold WADE to New Life Community Temple of Faith, Inc., at a purchase price of only $10. The sale was consummated on January 27, 2015.

## InfoBox

WADE
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1340 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban Gospel<br>Christian talk and teaching |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | New Life Community Temple of Faith, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WDEX |
| History | |
| First air date | July 23, 1947 (1947-07-23) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 28816 |
| Class | C |
| Power | 1,000 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°57′09″N 80°03′00″W / 34.95250°N 80.05000°W / 34.95250; -80.05000 |
| Translator(s) | 101.7 MHz W269DN (Wadesboro) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | WDEX and WADE website |


title: Máximo Fernández Alvarado

abstract: Máximo Fernández Alvarado (1858–1933) was a Costa Rican politician. Born in Desamparados in 1858, he graduated as a Bachelor in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas at fourteen years old and as a lawyer in the same institution in 1881 with merit. He occupied several important positions, among them these are Secretary of State, Deputy and President of the Constitutional Congress 1913–1914 and 1916–1917. He founded the Partido Republicano, an ideology that combined doctrines of liberalism and populism, and was a candidate to the presidency in Costa Rican elections of 1902, 1906 and 1913. On several occasions he was exiled for political reasons.He also published a poetic anthology. He died in San José in 1933.

text:
# Máximo Fernández Alvarado

**Máximo Fernández Alvarado**  (1858–1933) was a Costa Rican politician.

Born in Desamparados in 1858, he graduated as a Bachelor in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas at fourteen years old and as a lawyer in the same institution in 1881 with merit.

He occupied several important positions, among them these are Secretary of State, Deputy and President of the Constitutional Congress 1913–1914 and 1916–1917. He founded the Partido Republicano, an ideology that combined doctrines of liberalism and populism, and was a candidate to the presidency in Costa Rican elections of 1902, 1906 and 1913. On several occasions he was exiled for political reasons.He also published a poetic anthology.

He died in San José in 1933.

## InfoBox

| Máximo Fernández Alvarado | |
| --- | --- |
| Máximo Fernández Alvarado c.1900 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1858-11-18)November 18, 1858
Desamparados, Costa Rica |
| Died | February 10, 1933(1933-02-10) (aged 74)
San José, Costa Rica |
| Political party | Republican Party |
| Parent(s) | José Francisco Fernández Quezada
Juana Alvarado Madrigal |
| Education | University of Santo Tomás |
| Occupation | Politician, lawyer |
|  | |


title: W.A.R. Japanese Zero

abstract: The W.A.R. Zero is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a Mitsubishi A6M2 fighter.

text:
# W.A.R. Japanese Zero

The **W.A.R. Zero** is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a Mitsubishi A6M2 fighter.

## Specifications (W.A.R. Zero)

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Capacity:** 1
* **Empty weight:** 600 lb (272 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 900 lb (408 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental O-200 , 100 hp (75 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 143 kn (165 mph, 266 km/h)
* **Cruise speed:** 117 kn (135 mph, 217 km/h)
* **Stall speed:** 48 kn (55 mph, 89 km/h)
* **Range:** 350 nmi (400 mi, 640 km)
* **Wing loading:** 12 lb/sq ft (59 kg/m2)

* "WAR Japaneese Zero \[sic\]". Archived from the original on December 4, 2008.
* *Kitplanes*. Aug 2001
* *Recreational Flyer*. Nov 1988.
* *Recreational Flyer*. Fall 1987.
* *Popular Mechanics*. Jan 1981.
* *Popular Flying*. Nov 1981.
* *Homebuilt Aircraft*. Nov 1980.
* *Popular Mechanics*. Jan 1980.

## InfoBox

| W.A.R. Zero | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. |


title: Gustav Eckstein (psychologist)

abstract: Gustav Eckstein was an American medical doctor, writer, scientist, teacher and philosopher.

text:
# Gustav Eckstein (psychologist)

**Gustav Eckstein** was an American medical doctor, writer, scientist, teacher and philosopher.

## Biography

Eckstein was born on 26 October 1890 in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Some of his books included

* *In Peace Japan Breeds War* (1927)
* *Noguchi* (1931) - a biography on Hideyo Noguchi - Japanese-American microbiologist
* *Lives* (1932)
* *Kettle* (1933)
* *Everyday Miracle* (1934)
* *Hokusai* (1935)
* *Canary* (1936)
* *Christmas Eve* (1938)
* *Friends of Mine (containing Lives and Canary)* (1942)
* *The Pet Shop* (1944) and
* *The Body Has a Head* (1969), a best-seller.

He died in 1981.

The character of Prof. Metz in Kaufman and Hart's 1939 play *The Man Who Came to Dinner* is based on Eckstein, only with cockroaches in the place of canaries.

In the 1993 film *Groundhog Day*, Phil Connors, the character played by Bill Murray, is seen reading the book *The Body Has a Head*.

## InfoBox

| Gustav Eckstein | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1890-10-26)October 26, 1890 |
| Died | September 23, 1981(1981-09-23) (aged 90) |


title: NK Slaven Živinice

abstract: Nogometni klub Slaven Živinice, commonly known as Slaven Živinice or just Slaven is a professional association football club based in the city of Živinice that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Slaven currently plays in the Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and plays its home matches at the Gradski Stadion in Živinice, which has a capacity of 500 seats.

text:
# NK Slaven Živinice

**Nogometni klub Slaven Živinice**, commonly known as **Slaven Živinice** or just **Slaven** is a professional association football club based in the city of Živinice that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Slaven currently plays in the Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Group North) and plays its home matches at the Gradski Stadion (*City Stadium*) in Živinice, which has a capacity of 500 seats.

## Honours

### Domestic

#### League

## InfoBox

Slaven Živinice
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nogometni klub Slaven Živinice |
| Founded | 1936 |
| Ground | Gradski Stadion, Živinice |
| Capacity | 500 |
| Chairman | Edin Šabanović |
| Manager | Mirza Salihović |
| League | Second League of FBiH |
| 2020–21 | Second League of FBiH, 16th (relegated) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Välkommen in

abstract: "Välkommen in" is a single by Swedish singer Veronica Maggio, from her third studio album Satan i gatan. It was released in Sweden as a digital download on 6 June 2011. The song peaked at number two on the Swedish Singles Chart.

text:
# Välkommen in

"**Välkommen in**" is a single by Swedish singer Veronica Maggio, from her third studio album *Satan i gatan*. It was released in Sweden as a digital download on 6 June 2011. The song peaked at number two on the Swedish Singles Chart.

## Track listing

Digital download 1. "Välkommen In" (Radio Edit) – 3:13
2. "Välkommen In" (Instrumental Version) – 3:35

## Credits and personnel

* Lead vocals – Veronica Maggio
* Producers – Christian Walz
* Music/Lyrics – Christian Walz, Patrik Berggren, Veronica Maggio, Paloma Faith

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 2 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2011) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 17 |

| Chart (2022) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 56 |

| Chart (2023) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 36 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden | 6 June 2011 | Digital Download | Universal Music |
|

## InfoBox

| "Välkommen in" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Veronica Maggio | |
| from the album  *Satan i gatan* | |
| Released | 6 June 2011 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:13 |
| Label | Universal Music |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Christian Walz |
| Veronica Maggio singles chronology | |
| "Jag kommer"
(2011) "**Välkommen in**"
(2011) "Mitt hjärta blöder"
(2012) | |


title: Välkommen till min jul

abstract: Välkommen till min jul, was released on 5 November 2001, and is a Jan Malmsjö Christmas album. The album peaked at 20th position at the Swedish albums chart.

text:
# Välkommen till min jul

**Välkommen till min jul**, was released on 5 November 2001, and is a Jan Malmsjö Christmas album. The album peaked at 20th position at the Swedish albums chart.

## Track listing

1. Bella Notte
2. Frid på Jorden
3. En släde för två (Sleigh Ride)
4. Stilla natt (Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht)
5. När frosten nyper i din kind (The Christmas Song)
6. När det lider mot jul
7. På himlen tändas ett ljus
8. Julen är här
9. Jag ska hem till julen (I'll Be Home for Christmas)
10. Klang min vackra bjällra
11. Dagen är kommen (O Come all ye Faithful)
12. Hosiana in Exelcis Deo
13. Den lilla trumslagarpojken (The Little Drummer Boy)

## Charts

| Chart (2001-2002) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 20 |

## Contributors

* Peter Ljung - piano
* Staffan Astner, Billy Bremner, Micke Littwold - guitar
* Sven Lindvall - drums
* Johan Granström - bass

## InfoBox

| Välkommen till min jul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jan Malmsjö | |
| Released | 5 November 2001 (2001-11-05) |
| Recorded | Room Studios, Stockholm, Sweden, 2001 |
| Genre | Christmas, schlager |
| Length | 41 minutes |
| Label | EMG |


title: ND Adria

abstract: Nogometno društvo Adria Miren, commonly referred to as ND Adria or simply Adria, is a Slovenian football club based in Miren that competes in the Slovenian Third League. The club was founded in 1957.

text:
# ND Adria

**Nogometno društvo Adria Miren**, commonly referred to as **ND Adria** or simply **Adria**, is a Slovenian football club based in Miren that competes in the Slovenian Third League. The club was founded in 1957.

## Honours

1. "Klubi" \[Clubs\] (in Slovenian). Football Association of Slovenia. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
2. "Zgodovina NK Tolmin (1995–danes)" \[History of NK Tolmin (1995–present)\] (in Slovenian). NK Tolmin. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

## InfoBox

Adria
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nogometno društvo Adria Miren |
| Founded | 1957 (1957) |
| Ground | Pri Štantu Stadium |
| Capacity | 300 |
| Head coach | Alfred Jermaniš |
| League | 3. SNL – West |
| 2023–24 | 3. SNL – West, 5th of 14 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Guilhem de Montanhagol

abstract: Guilhem de Montanhagol was a Provençal troubadour, most likely active in Toulouse, but known in the courts of Provence, Toulouse, Castile, and Aragon. Guilhem left behind seven cansos and six sirventes. He also left behind one tenso with Sordello and his total surviving output comes to fourteen pieces. The meaning of Guilhem's name has been debated. "Montanhagol" means "from Montanhac", but it is not known which of the several places named Montanhac that could be. For a long time it was thought that the correct form of the troubadour's name was simply "Guilhem Montanhagol", since the "de" (of) would be redundant. Contemporary documents, however, clearly use "de". He was of humble birth. According to his vida he was from Provence, though some modern scholars suspect he was a Toulousain. His vida records that he was "a good inventor (trobaire) of poetry, and a great lover." His lover was a lady named Jauseranda from Lunel, the lord of which castle, Raymond Gaucelm V, Guilhem probably knew. His cansos are awkward, and he emulated the earlier troubadours, praising mezura (moderation) among all the virtues. He stated that "from love proceeds chastity", which may mean no more than that love is necessary for fidelity. He has been viewed, most ardently by Cesare de Lollis, as a precursor of the Dolce Stil Novo and as an important link between Occitan and Italian literature through his work with Sordello. He has been credited with an innovative picture of courtly love blended with Christian morality, and indeed he refers to noel dig de maestria, though this is probably not an indication of any conscious reformation. Guilhem's political sirventes concern Toulousain and Spanish politics. Writing in the aftermath of the Albigensian Crusade which devastated Languedoc, Guilhem was an opponent of the Papal Inquisition, though not of the Church itself. He encouraged the gentle correction of the Cathars, but not their violent suppression by means of war. Guilhem was grieved in a planh written by his brother-in-law Pons Santolh.

text:
# Guilhem de Montanhagol

**Guilhem de Montanhagol** (fl. 12331268) was a Provençal troubadour, most likely active in Toulouse, but known in the courts of Provence, Toulouse, Castile, and Aragon. Guilhem left behind seven *cansos* and six *sirventes*. He also left behind one *tenso* (specifically, a *partimen*) with Sordello (perhaps suggesting a brief sojourn in Lombardy) and his total surviving output comes to fourteen pieces.

The meaning of Guilhem's name has been debated. "Montanhagol" means "from Montanhac", but it is not known which of the several places named Montanhac that could be. For a long time it was thought that the correct form of the troubadour's name was simply "Guilhem Montanhagol", since the "de" (of) would be redundant. Contemporary documents, however, clearly use "de".

He was of humble birth. According to his *vida* he was from Provence, though some modern scholars suspect he was a Toulousain. His *vida* records that he was "a good inventor (*trobaire*) of poetry, and a great lover." His lover was a lady named Jauseranda from Lunel, the lord of which castle, Raymond Gaucelm V, Guilhem probably knew.

His *cansos* are awkward, and he emulated the earlier troubadours, praising *mezura* (moderation) among all the virtues. He stated that "from love proceeds chastity" (*d'amor mou castitatz*), which may mean no more than that love is necessary for fidelity. He has been viewed, most ardently by Cesare de Lollis, as a precursor of the *Dolce Stil Novo* and as an important link between Occitan and Italian literature through his work with Sordello. He has been credited with an innovative picture of courtly love blended with Christian morality, and indeed he refers to *noel dig de maestria* ("a new saying of mastery"), though this is probably not an indication of any conscious reformation.

Guilhem's political *sirventes* concern Toulousain and Spanish politics. Writing in the aftermath of the Albigensian Crusade which devastated Languedoc, Guilhem was an opponent of the Papal Inquisition, though not of the Church itself. He encouraged the gentle correction of the Cathars, but not their violent suppression by means of war.

Guilhem was grieved in a *planh* written by his brother-in-law Pons Santolh.

## Works

* *A Lunel lutz una luna luzens*
* *Ar ab lo coinde pascor*
* *Del tot vey remaner valor*
* *Bel m'es quan d'armatz aug refrim*
* *Ges, per malvastat qu'er veya*
* *Leu chansoneta m'er a far*
* *No sap per que va son joy pus tarzan*
* *Non an tan dig li primier trobador*
* *Non estarai, per ome qe-m casti*
* *Nulhs hom no val ni deu esser prezatz*
* *On mais a hom de valensa*
* *Per lo mon fan li un dels autres rancura*
* *Qui vol esser agradans e plazens*
* *Senh'En Sordel, mandamen*

## Further reading

* Boase, Roger. *The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship*. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-87471-950-X.
* Egan, Margarita, ed. *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
* Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279291). *The Troubadours: An Introduction*. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-57473-0.
* Paden, William D. "Guilhem de Montanhagol" (p. 425). *Medieval France: An Encyclopedia*, ed. William W. Kibler. New Jersey: Routledge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4.
* Ricketts, Peter T. *Les poésies de Guilhem de Montanhagol: troubadour provençal du XIIIe siècle*. Pontifical Institute for Medieval Studies, 2000.
* Riquer, Martín de. *Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos*. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
* Spiers, A. G. H. "*Vita Nuova* and *Dolce Stil Nuovo*." *Modern Language Notes*, **25**:2 (Feb., 1910), pp. 3739.
* Spiers, A. G. H. "*Dolce Stil Nuovo*The Case of the Opposition." *Periodical of the Modern Language Association*, **25**:4 (1910), pp. 657675.
* Topsfield, L. T. "The Theme of Courtly Love in the Poems of Guilhem de Montanhagol." *French Studies*, **11** (1957), 12734.


title: Guilhem d'Anduza

abstract: Guilhem d'Anduza was a minor troubadour active in the middle of the thirteenth century. He belonged to the family of the lords of Anduze, who were patrons of several other troubadours. He was the eldest son of Peire Bremon VII, the last lord of Anduze and Sauve, and Josserande de Poitiers. Most of his father's lands were confiscated for rebellion in 1244. Guilhem acquired the barony of Olargues through marriage and inherited Hierle on his father's death in 1254. His petition to recover Anduze and Sauve was dismissed in 1259. In 1266, according to the rubric, the troubadour Guiraut Riquier dedicated his canso "Anc non aigui nul temps de far chanso" to Guillem. Guillem himself composed at least one canso, "Sens ditz que·m lais de chantar e d'amor", and possibly a descort, "Per solatz e per deport", which is assigned to either Guiraut de Salignac or Guilhem de Salignac in certain manuscripts.

text:
# Guilhem d'Anduza

**Guilhem d'Anduza** (fl. 1244–81) was a minor troubadour active in the middle of the thirteenth century. He belonged to the family of the lords of Anduze, who were patrons of several other troubadours.

He was the eldest son of Peire Bremon VII, the last lord of Anduze and Sauve, and Josserande de Poitiers. Most of his father's lands were confiscated for rebellion in 1244. Guilhem acquired the barony of Olargues through marriage and inherited Hierle on his father's death in 1254. His petition to recover Anduze and Sauve was dismissed in 1259.

In 1266, according to the rubric, the troubadour Guiraut Riquier dedicated his *canso* "Anc non aigui nul temps de far chanso" to Guillem. Guillem himself composed at least one *canso*, "Sens ditz que·m lais de chantar e d'amor", and possibly a *descort*, "Per solatz e per deport", which is assigned to either Guiraut de Salignac or Guilhem de Salignac in certain manuscripts.

1. BEdT 203 Guillem d'Anduza, *Bibliografia Elettronica dei Trovatori*, v. 2.5 (Sapienza Università di Roma, 2012).
2. Lina Malbos, "Étude sur la famille féodale d'Anduze et Sauve du milieu du XIe siècle au milieu du XIIIe siècle", *Mémoires de l'Académie de Nîmes* **40** (1977–79), pp. 202–29.
3. Saverio Guida, *Trovatori minori* (Mucchi, 2002), pp. 283ff.
4. "Sens ditz que·m lais de chantar e d'amor" at *Rialto.unina.it*.


title: Graham Dill

abstract: Graham John Dill is an English former first-class cricketer. Dill was born at Luton in September 1970. He was educated at St Albans School, before going up to University College, Swansea. At the age of thirty he attended a postgraduate teacher training course at Homerton College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, Dill played first-class cricket in 2001, making three appearances for Cambridge UCCE and one appearance for Cambridge University against Oxford University in The University Match. His four matches yielded him 27 runs and 5 wickets. Dill gained a blue in both cricket and golf and was the first person to gain a double-blue in both cricket and golf since Ted Dexter forty years previously. In 2002, he played minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire.

text:
# Graham Dill

**Graham John Dill** (born 14 September 1970) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Dill was born at Luton in September 1970. He was educated at St Albans School, before going up to University College, Swansea. At the age of thirty he attended a postgraduate teacher training course at Homerton College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, Dill played first-class cricket in 2001, making three appearances for Cambridge UCCE and one appearance for Cambridge University against Oxford University in The University Match. His four matches yielded him 27 runs and 5 wickets. Dill gained a blue in both cricket and golf and was the first person to gain a double-blue in both cricket and golf since Ted Dexter forty years previously. In 2002, he played minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire.

## InfoBox

Graham Dill
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Graham John Dill |
| Born | (1970-09-14) 14 September 1970<br>Luton, Bedfordshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2001 | Cambridge UCCE |
| 2001 | Cambridge University |
| 2002 | Hertfordshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 4  Runs scored 27  Batting average 5.40  100s/50s –/–  Top score 8  Balls bowled 486  Wickets 5  Bowling average 60.20  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/54  Catches/stumpings 3/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 13 August 2020 | |


title: Guilty (The Warren Brothers song)

abstract: "Guilty" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music duo The Warren Brothers. It was released in August 1998 as the first single from the album Beautiful Day in the Cold Cruel World. The song reached #34 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Brad Warren, Brett Warren and Dave Berg.

text:
# Guilty (The Warren Brothers song)

"**Guilty**" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music duo The Warren Brothers. It was released in August 1998 as the first single from the album *Beautiful Day in the Cold Cruel World*. The song reached #34 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Brad Warren, Brett Warren and Dave Berg.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 34 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 15 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 30 |

## InfoBox

| "Guilty" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Warren Brothers | |
| from the album  *Beautiful Day in the Cold Cruel World* | |
| Released | August 29, 1998 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:57 |
| Label | BNA |
| Songwriter(s) | Brad Warren, Brett Warren, Dave Berg |
| Producer(s) | Chris Farren |
| The Warren Brothers singles chronology | |
| "**Guilty**"
(1998) "Better Man"
(1999) | |


title: Milutin Kërçiç

abstract: Milutin Kërçiç is an Albanian footballer. He played in one match for the Albania national football team in 1983.

text:
# Milutin Kërçiç

**Milutin Kërçiç** (born 1958) is an Albanian footballer. He played in one match for the Albania national football team in 1983.

## InfoBox

Milutin Kërçiç
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 1958 (age 6566) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983 | Albania | 1 | (0) |


title: Piletocera mesophaealis

abstract: Piletocera mesophaealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Piletocera mesophaealis

***Piletocera mesophaealis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Piletocera mesophaealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Piletocera* |
| Species: | ***P. mesophaealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Piletocera mesophaealis***<br>Hampson, 1917 | |
|


title: Raft River Jr./Sr. High School

abstract: Raft River Jr/Sr High School is located in Malta, Idaho and teaches grades 7–12. The first school building was built in 1883 and had around 25 students. A brick building was built in 1902. The high school moved to a new facility in 1955. The current enrollment is 149.

text:
# Raft River Jr./Sr. High School

**Raft River Jr/Sr High School** is located in Malta, Idaho and teaches grades 7–12. The first school building was built in 1883 and had around 25 students. A brick building was built in 1902. The high school moved to a new facility in 1955. The current enrollment is 149.

42°18′28″N 113°22′20″W / 42.3077°N 113.3723°W / 42.3077; -113.3723

## InfoBox

| Raft River High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 55 N First W
Malta, Cassia, Idaho 83342
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Superintendent | James Shank |
| Principal | Eric Boden |
| Staff | 15.10 (FTE) |
| Grades | 7-12 |
| Enrollment | 167 (2018-19) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.06 |
| Language | English |
| Campus | Small town, Rural |
| Color(s) | Blue
Gold |
| Athletics | IHSAA Class 1A |
| Athletics conference | Snake River |
| Team name | Trojans |
| Website | https://www.cassiaschools.org/Domain/23 |


title: Ralph Miller (third baseman)

abstract: Ralph Joseph Miller was a Major League Baseball player who played infielder from 1920–1924. He would play for the Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators. In 163 games over 3 seasons, Miller posted a.248 batting average with 48 runs, 3 home runs and 54 RBI. In the 1924 World Series, he hit.182 (2-for-11) with 2 RBI.

text:
# Ralph Miller (third baseman)

**Ralph Joseph Miller** (February 29, 1896 – March 18, 1939) was a Major League Baseball player who played infielder from 19201924. He would play for the Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators.

In 163 games over 3 seasons, Miller posted a .248 batting average with 48 runs, 3 home runs and 54 RBI. In the 1924 World Series, he hit .182 (2-for-11) with 2 RBI.

## InfoBox

| Ralph Miller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1896-02-29)February 29, 1896
Fort Wayne, Indiana | |
| **Died:** March 18, 1939(1939-03-18) (aged 43)
Fort Wayne, Indiana | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 14, 1920, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 30, 1924, for the Washington Senators | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .248 |
| Home runss | 3 |
| Runs batted in | 54 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Kashmiri red chilli

abstract: Kashmiri Red Chilies or Kashmiri Laal Mirch are characterized by their ability to give a dark red colour to food, capable of colouring and adding flavour, while at the same time not allowing the food to become too pungent or spicy. India is the largest consumer and producer. Numerous companies sell the powdered form, including MDH, Everest Spices, Sakthi Masala and Badshah Masala. Vir Sanghvi writes that a majority of the restaurant industry in India use Kashmiri chillis or its powdered form. Chefs even use Kashmiri chillis as a substitute for dishes with Goan Peri-Peri masala. Due to the high demand for Kashmiri chilis, substitutes such as Byadagi chillies are often used. There are government initiatives and incentives in Jammu and Kashmir to support and increase the production of the local variety of the Kashmiri chilli.

text:
# Kashmiri red chilli

**Kashmiri Red Chilies** or ***Kashmiri Laal Mirch*** are characterized by their ability to give a dark red colour to food, capable of colouring and adding flavour, while at the same time not allowing the food to become too pungent or spicy.

India is the largest consumer and producer. Numerous companies sell the powdered form, including MDH, Everest Spices, Sakthi Masala and Badshah Masala. Vir Sanghvi writes that a majority of the restaurant industry in India use Kashmiri chillis or its powdered form. Chefs even use Kashmiri chillis as a substitute for dishes with *Goan Peri-Peri masala.*

Due to the high demand for Kashmiri chilis, substitutes such as Byadagi chillies are often used. There are government initiatives and incentives in Jammu and Kashmir to support and increase the production of the local variety of the Kashmiri chilli.

## Characteristics

According to the Spices Board of India, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, Kashmiri Chillies are mainly grown in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, but also in places such as Goa. They are harvested during winter.

### Color

Kashmiri pepper appears wrinkled and rough, often brownish when traditionally dried (long dry), but contains densely concentrated red pigment material.

The American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) colour value is 54.10. This value helps identify the amount of colour that can be extracted from the chilli. The capsaicin value is 0.325%. They are mild, reading 1000 – 2000 SHU on the Scoville Scale. There are different qualities of Kashmiri red chillies. According to a study in 1999, the capsaicin value was found to be 0.126%.

## Statistics

India's Consumer Education and Research Centre puts *Everest Kashmiri Lal* (Everest Spices) at SHU 48,000, while *Golden Harvest Kashmiri Mirch Powder* (Golden Harvest*)* has an SHU of 60,000. This SHU level is similar to other brands in the market. Brick powder is one of the forms of adulteration.

## Usage

It is used in various dishes such as tandoori chicken and snacks such as tiger prawns. It is also used in pickles and chutneys. It is used in food like pav bhaji and misal pav for colour.

## InfoBox

| Kashmiri red chilli | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Species | *Capsicum annuum* |
| Marketing names | Kashmiri Mirch, Kashmiri Laal Mirch |
|  | |
| Heat | Mild |
| Scoville scale | 1000 – 2000 SHU |
|  | |