title: Peter Grant (footballer, born 1965)

abstract: Peter Grant is a Scottish football player and coach. During his playing career, Grant played for Celtic, Norwich City, Reading and AFC Bournemouth. He was awarded a testimonial match, played against Bayern Munich, by Celtic in 1997. Grant played in two full international matches for Scotland, both in 1989. Since retiring as a player, Grant has since worked as a football coach. He was manager of Norwich City for a year, and also briefly the caretaker manager of Fulham. Grant has also managed Scottish sides Alloa Athletic and Dunfermline Athletic.

text:
# Peter Grant (footballer, born 1965)

**Peter Grant** (born 30 August 1965) is a Scottish football player and coach. During his playing career, Grant played for Celtic, Norwich City, Reading and AFC Bournemouth. He was awarded a testimonial match, played against Bayern Munich, by Celtic in 1997. Grant played in two full international matches for Scotland, both in 1989. Since retiring as a player, Grant has since worked as a football coach. He was manager of Norwich City for a year, and also briefly the caretaker manager of Fulham. Grant has also managed Scottish sides Alloa Athletic and Dunfermline Athletic.

## Playing career

He was captain of the Celtic team that won the inaugural Scottish Youth Cup in 1983–84. Grant made his debut as a teenager for Celtic in a 1984 Old Firm game against Rangers. He was a key figure in league campaigns, such as the 1985–86 Scottish Premier Division which Celtic won in the last game of the season, the 1987–88 where Celtic clinched the league and cup double in their centenary season, and the 1989 Scottish Cup Final against Rangers. Grant played in the 1989 final having missed the 1988 final due to injury.

Celtic would experience a barren period after 1989, consistently failing to challenge for silverware and almost going bankrupt in 1993. 1994 saw the arrival as Celtic manager of Grant's former teammate Tommy Burns who saw Grant as being pivotal in his plans to revive the club. The barren period would end in 1995 with Celtic winning the 1995 Scottish Cup Final against Airdrie, with Grant at the heart of the team. Only a few weeks before, Grant had received a bad knee injury in the final league game of the season, but he concealed the severity of this injury and played through the pain barrier to help Celtic to their first trophy in 6 years. Grant maintained his place as a regular (31 appearances) in the 1995–96 season. His loyalty to Celtic was rewarded with a testimonial match, played against Bayern Munich in January 1997.

After making 483 appearances for Celtic in all competitions between 1984 and 1997, Grant signed for Norwich City for a fee of £200,000. Mike Walker, in his second stint as Norwich City manager, had previously tried to sign Grant soon after taking over from Dave Stringer at Carrow Road in 1992 – however, Celtic had been unwilling to let Grant leave, and Walker opted for Gary Megson as a midfielder enforcer.

After deciding against taking on former Barcelona captain (and European Cup winner) Jose Maria Bakero, Walker this time found Celtic willing to let Grant — now 32 – move to East Anglia. In 1997–98, a difficult season with the club suffering a number of injuries to key players, Grant started 32 games, scoring 3 times; he made 31 starts (coming on as substitute twice) the following season under Bruce Rioch, before being transferred to Reading in summer 1999.

## Management and coaching career

After serving AFC Bournemouth as player-coach and then assistant manager, Grant enjoyed a successful time as assistant manager to Alan Pardew at West Ham United. He joined the club in January 2004, helping them reach the 2006 FA Cup Final and finish ninth in their first season back in the English Premier League.

### Norwich City manager

In October 2006, Grant was appointed manager of Norwich City. On 14 October he was in the stands to see his new side draw 3–3 with Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road, presided over by caretaker manager Martin Hunter. Grant opted to retain Hunter as a coach, but also appointed a new assistant manager, Jim Duffy. Hunter eventually left the club in the summer of 2007 to take up a coaching position at Watford. Grant's first signing for Norwich was Jamie Ashdown from Portsmouth on a one-month loan. Grant generally made a good start to his managerial career only losing 2 league games out of his first 6 although this was a heavy 5–0 defeat to Stoke and a defeat to local rivals Ipswich. They did get wins against high flying teams such as Birmingham and Cardiff. Norwich only won once in the league in December and January, which put them within three points off the relegation zone at one point. Consecutive away wins at relegation rivals Barnsley and Luton Town all but ended any risk of relegation, and City finished the season in 16th place.

In the summer of 2007 Grant prepared for his first full season in charge at Carrow Road by signing Jamie Cureton, Jon Otsemobor, David Marshall. He also signed Julien Brellier and David Strihavka, both of whom struggled to perform and left by January. However, he expressed his frustration at losing Rob Earnshaw and Dickson Etuhu as a result of buy-out clauses in their contracts. City's season started with a goalless draw at Preston and a 2–1 home win against Southampton. After this it all started to go wrong and City only picked up one win in the next few games, against Crystal Palace. In October 2007, Norwich had lost five out of six games, and failed to score in any of them. The last game of this run was a televised 1–0 defeat to Queens Park Rangers, who had yet to register a win in the season. Grant announced after the match he was considering his future at the club, and the next day he resigned as manager.

### First team coach

On 8 July 2008, he joined West Bromwich Albion as first-team coach, replacing Craig Shakespeare. Grant, who holds a UEFA Pro Licence, was a team-mate of Albion manager Tony Mowbray at Celtic.

He was appointed the first-team coach at Celtic in June 2009, after West Bromwich Albion agreed compensation, believed to be in the region of £2.5 million, for the management team of Tony Mowbray, Mark Venus and Grant. On 25 March 2010, Grant was dismissed as first-team coach at Celtic, along with Mowbray and Venus, after a 4–0 loss to St Mirren.

In July 2010 Grant was appointed first-team coach at Birmingham City. before following McLeish to Aston Villa as assistant manager. McLeish and Grant were sacked by Aston Villa after one season. Grant joined McLeish at Nottingham Forest as a first team coach in December 2012.

Fulham appointed Grant as first team coach on 19 June 2014. Following manager Felix Magath's departure from the club in September, Grant's role changed to that of Lead Professional Development Coach/Under-21 Manager. Grant was appointed caretaker manager of the Fulham first team in November 2015, following the departure of Kit Symons. He returned to the development coach role after a new manager was appointed.

### Scotland national team

In May 2017, Grant was appointed as assistant coach for the Scotland national under-20 football team for the 2017 Toulon Tournament. It was also announced he would assist the Scotland under-21 team for their fixtures in September 2017. Alex McLeish appointed Grant to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. Alex McLeish and his staff, including Grant, was fired on 18 April 2019.

### Alloa Athletic manager

Grant was appointed manager of Alloa Athletic in July 2019. Alloa finished bottom of the 2020–21 Scottish Championship, and were relegated to Scottish League One. Alloa announced on 21 April that Grant would leave at the end of the season, when his contract expired.

### Dunfermline

Scottish Championship club Dunfermline Athletic appointed Grant as their manager on 28 May 2021. After five months in charge and no league wins, Dunfermline parted ways with Grant.

## Managerial statistics

*As of match played 30 October 2021*

| Team | From | To | Record | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | G | W | D | L | Win % |
| Norwich City | 16 October 2006 | 9 October 2007 | 54 | 18 | 12 | 24 | 033.3 |
| Alloa Athletic | 10 July 2019 | 30 April 2021 | 70 | 20 | 18 | 32 | 028.6 |
| Dunfermline Athletic | 28 May 2021 | 31 October 2021 | 18 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 016.7 |
| Career total | | | 142 | 41 | 37 | 64 | 028.9 |

## Honours

Celtic

## Personal life

His sons Peter and Ray also became professional footballers.

## InfoBox

Peter Grant
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1965-08-30) 30 August 1965 | | |
| Place of birth | Bellshill, Scotland | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1982–1997 | Celtic | 362 | (15) |
| 1997–1999 | Norwich City | 68 | (3) |
| 1999–2000 | Reading | 29 | (1) |
| 2000–2002 | AFC Bournemouth | 15 | (0) |
| Total |  | **474** | **(19)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1989 | Scotland | 2 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2006–2007 | Norwich City | | |
| 2015 | Fulham (caretaker) | | |
| 2019–2021 | Alloa Athletic | | |
| 2021 | Dunfermline Athletic | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jermaine Allensworth

abstract: Jermaine Lamont Allensworth is an American former professional baseball center fielder. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1996 until 1999, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Royals and the New York Mets.

text:
# Jermaine Allensworth

**Jermaine Lamont Allensworth** (born January 11, 1972) is an American former professional baseball center fielder. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1996 until 1999, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Royals and the New York Mets.

## Career

Allensworth was the California Angels' 15th round selection and 422nd overall selection of the 1990 MLB draft, but did not sign with them. He instead played college baseball for the Purdue Boilermakers. Allensworth was talked into attending Purdue by Troy Lewis. In 1992, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. He was a Big Ten Conference All-Star in 1993. He was drafted 34th overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates that year, with whom he signed.

He was an All-Star in the Pacific Coast League in 1996, leading to a promotion to the MLB, where he batted .262 in 61 games with the Pirates. He played two more seasons with the Pirates before being traded to the Kansas City Royals, then sent to the New York Mets, where he finished his career.

After his MLB career, Allensworth continued to play in the minor leagues. After being released by the Atlanta Braves following the 2002 season, he spent a year away from professional baseball. In 2004, he joined the independent Northern League, where he played for five seasons, most recently for the Schaumburg Flyers in 2008. In 2007, he led the Gary SouthShore RailCats to the League Championship.

Allensworth was portrayed by Tracy Morgan in a sketch on a 1997 episode of *Saturday Night Live*.

## InfoBox

| Jermaine Allensworth | |
| --- | --- |
| **Center fielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1972-01-11) January 11, 1972<br>Anderson, Indiana, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 23, 1996, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 29, 1999, for the New York Mets | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .260 |
| Home runs | 15 |
| Runs batted in | 114 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Jerry Bell (pitcher)

abstract:
Jerry Houston Bell is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Bell played for the Milwaukee Brewers for four seasons. He batted right and left and threw right-handed.
In 1972 he led the pitching staff in ERA with 1.66. Bell attended Jesup High School and then Rhodes College where he was drafted by the Seattle Pilots in the 2nd round of the 1969 draft.

text:
# Jerry Bell (pitcher)

**Jerry Houston Bell** (born October 6, 1947) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Bell played for the Milwaukee Brewers for four seasons. He batted right and left and threw right-handed. In 1972 he led the pitching staff in ERA with 1.66.

Bell attended Jesup High School and then Rhodes College where he was drafted by the Seattle Pilots (now known as the Milwaukee Brewers) in the 2nd round of the 1969 draft.

## InfoBox

| Jerry Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| Bell in 1973 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1947-10-06) October 6, 1947<br>Madison, Tennessee, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Both**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 6, 1971, for the Milwaukee Brewers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 15, 1974, for the Milwaukee Brewers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 17–11 |
| Earned run average | 3.28 |
| Strikeouts | 89 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Peter Provan

abstract: Peter Provan was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played for St. George Dragons, Balmain Tigers and Australia.

text:
# Peter Provan

**Peter Provan** (13 August 1936 – 13 May 2010) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played for St. George Dragons, Balmain Tigers and Australia.

## Career

He primarily played at lock. Provan and his older brother, Norm Provan, are the only pair of brothers to lead grand-final winning teams on victory laps of the Sydney Cricket Ground; Peter Provan with Balmain and Norm Provan with St. George.

Provan began his first-grade career at St. George in 1956 and was a member of two grand-final winning sides in 1958 and 1959.

Provan signed with Balmain in 1960 where he appeared in three grand finals during his nine-seasons with the club. He captained the team to one grand-final win, in 1969, against South Sydney and retired at the end of the season.

Selected for one Test, Provan played against New Zealand in Sydney in 1963. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No.380.

As part of the Australian Centenary of Rugby League celebrations in April 2008, Peter Provan and John Sattler, captains of the 1969 grand final teams, carried the ball onto the Sydney Cricket Ground before the Wests Tigers and South Sydney match as the last leg of a ball-relay from Birchgrove Oval to the SCG.

## Death

After a long illness, Provan died in Sydney on 13 May 2010.

At the time of his death Balmain Tigers Chairman David Trodden released the following statement: "The Tigers have lost one of the most famous and most respected figures in the history of our club. He led us to perhaps our greatest Grand Final win ever. For that reason alone, he will always have a very special place in our memory".

* Alan Whiticker & Glen Hudson (2007). *The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players*. Wetherill Park, New South Wales: Gary Allen Pty Ltd. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-877082-93-1.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Peter Provan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Peter Sommerville Provan |
| Born | 13 August 1936
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 13 May 2010(2010-05-13) (aged 73)
Cronulla, New South Wales |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Lock |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1956–60 St. George 18 2 0 0 6  1961–69 Balmain 155 12 0 0 36  Total 173 14 0 0 42  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1963 Australia 1 0 0 0 0 | |


title: Jerry Quaerna

abstract: Jerold Oscar Quaerna was an American professional football player. A native of Janesville, Wisconsin, he played college football at the offensive tackle position for the Michigan Wolverines football team at the University of Michigan from 1982 to 1986. By his senior year, he was six feet, seven inches tall and weighed 295 pounds. He started a total of four games at Michigan, two for the 1985 team and two for the 1986 team. After graduating from Michigan, Quaerna started three games in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions during the 1987 NFL strike.

text:
# Jerry Quaerna

**Jerold Oscar Quaerna** (born October 9, 1963) was an American professional football player. A native of Janesville, Wisconsin, he played college football at the offensive tackle position for the Michigan Wolverines football team at the University of Michigan from 1982 to 1986. By his senior year, he was six feet, seven inches tall and weighed 295 pounds. He started a total of four games at Michigan, two for the 1985 team and two for the 1986 team. After graduating from Michigan, Quaerna started three games in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions during the 1987 NFL strike.

## InfoBox

Jerry Quaerna
| No. 68 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Offensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1963-10-09) October 9, 1963<br>Janesville, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Weight: | 275 lb (125 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Fort Atkinson |
| College: | Michigan |
| Undrafted: | 1987 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 3  Games started: 3 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Jerry Williams (footballer)

abstract: Jerry Williams is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

text:
# Jerry Williams (footballer)

**Jerry Williams** (born 24 March 1960) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Didcot, Williams played in the Football League for Reading, Gillingham and Aldershot, before playing non-league football for Windsor & Eton.

## InfoBox

Jerry Williams
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1960-03-24) 24 March 1960 | | |
| Place of birth | Didcot, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1976–1988 | Reading | 309 | (17) |
| 1988–1989 | Gillingham | 13 | (0) |
| 1989–1991 | Aldershot | 67 | (7) |
|  | Windsor & Eton |  |  |
| Total |  | **389** | **(24)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jerry Wilburn

abstract: Edwin J. "Jerry" Wilburn is an American politician in the state of Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1964 to 1980. He is an alumnus of Itawamba Community College.

text:
# Jerry Wilburn

**Edwin J. "Jerry" Wilburn** (born September 18, 1940) is an American politician in the state of Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1964 to 1980. He is an alumnus of Itawamba Community College.

## InfoBox

| Jerry Wilburn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1964–1980 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-09-18) September 18, 1940
Mantachie, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Occupation | Businessman, farmer |
|  | |


title: Jesús Hurtado

abstract: Jesús Pánfilo Hurtado Zamudio, is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician, psychologist and pastor. He was elected as a Congressman for the period 2011-2016.

text:
# Jesús Hurtado

**Jesús Pánfilo Hurtado Zamudio** (born 7 September 1947), is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician, psychologist and pastor. He was elected as a Congressman for the period 2011-2016.

## Biography

Jesús Hurtado Zamudio was born in the city of Jauja, Junín, on September 7, 1947, he is married with two children. He was an evangelical pastor in the city of Huancayo and an economics student at the National University of the Center From Peru. Jesús Hurtado Zamudio has studied Psychology at the Andean University of Cuzco as well as a master's degree in social health at the University of León and a specialization course in Missiology at the Freie Hochschule für Mission, Germany.

He was a congressional candidate for Junín for the Fujimorist party Force 2011, currently Popular Force, being elected for the period 2011-2016.

## InfoBox

| Jesús Hurtado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Congress | |
| **In office**
26 July 2011  26 July 2016 | |
| Constituency | Junín |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jesús Pánfilo Hurtado Zamudio
(1947-09-07) 7 September 1947
Jauja, Jauja, Junín, Peru |
| Political party | Popular Force |
| Alma mater | Andean University of Cuzco |
|  | |


title: Peter Schmidt (zoologist)

abstract: Peter Yulievich Schmidt was a Russian and Soviet zoologist, ichthyologist and museum curator. Peter Yulievich Schmidt attended the gymnasium of KI May before studying at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, from where he graduated in 1895. He was engaged in the laboratory of Professor V.M. Shimkevich and V.T. Shevyakov. He travelled through Semirechiy in 1899-1902. In 1908-1910 he participated in the Kamchatka expedition of F. P. Ryabushinsky, where he headed the zoological department. In 1906, he was awarded with a gold medal named after Petr Petrovich Semyonov by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. From 1906 to 1930 he held the position of a professor at the Agricultural Institute in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) and from 1914 to 1931 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From 1930 to 1949 Schmidt was a scientific secretary to the Pacific Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1938 he was arrested. along with a group of other employees of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, by the NKVD because they had non-Russian surnames. Schmidt was suspected of espionage for Germany and Japan on the grounds that he had been on scientific missions in Berlin and Tokyo. After interrogation, during which the 66-year-old professor was knocked out, he signed the protocol as required by the NKVD investigators and also confessed to being an Italian spy, as his daughter lived in Italy. Eventually, he was released and was able to continue his scientific activity. Until 1900 the main scientific interests of Schmidt were in arachnology, the morphology of the inferior millipedes and the invertebrate fauna of Semirechiye. Even while he was at university, he received a gold medal for a study of millipedes a gold medal. His best known work came after 1900 when he began to study the fish fauna of the Pacific and Ichthyology in its broader sense. Schmidt was the first zoologist to observe the anabiosis in desiccated earthworms. He translated scientific literature from German into Russian and was the editor of the Russian "Small Biological Encyclopedia". The colubrid snake Dolichophis schmidti, the salmonid Salvelinus schmidti, the cod species Lepidion schmidti, the Northern smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti, the eelpout Lycogrammoides schmidti, the lumpfish Eumicrotremus schmidti, the amphipod Anisogammarus schmidti, and a range of mountains on the island of Urup in the Kurile Islands are all named in honour of Schmidt.

text:
# Peter Schmidt (zoologist)

**Peter Yulievich Schmidt** (born 23 December 1872, St. Petersburg, died 25 November 1949, Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet zoologist, ichthyologist and museum curator.

Peter Yulievich Schmidt attended the gymnasium of KI May before studying at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, from where he graduated in 1895. He was engaged in the laboratory of Professor V.M. Shimkevich and V.T. Shevyakov. He travelled through Semirechiy in 1899-1902. In 1908-1910 he participated in the Kamchatka expedition of F. P. Ryabushinsky, where he headed the zoological department. In 1906, he was awarded with a gold medal named after Petr Petrovich Semyonov by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

From 1906 to 1930 he held the position of a professor at the Agricultural Institute in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) and from 1914 to 1931 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From 1930 to 1949 Schmidt was a scientific secretary to the Pacific Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

In 1938 he was arrested. along with a group of other employees of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, by the NKVD because they had non-Russian surnames. Schmidt was suspected of espionage for Germany and Japan on the grounds that he had been on scientific missions in Berlin and Tokyo. After interrogation, during which the 66-year-old professor was knocked out, he signed the protocol as required by the NKVD investigators and also confessed to being an Italian spy, as his daughter lived in Italy. Eventually, he was released and was able to continue his scientific activity.

Until 1900 the main scientific interests of Schmidt were in arachnology, the morphology of the inferior millipedes and the invertebrate fauna of Semirechiye. Even while he was at university, he received a gold medal for a study of millipedes a gold medal. His best known work came after 1900 when he began to study the fish fauna of the Pacific and Ichthyology in its broader sense. Schmidt was the first zoologist to observe the anabiosis in desiccated earthworms. He translated scientific literature from German into Russian and was the editor of the Russian "Small Biological Encyclopedia".

The colubrid snake *Dolichophis schmidti*, the salmonid *Salvelinus schmidti*, the cod species *Lepidion schmidti*, the Northern smoothtongue *Leuroglossus schmidti* , the eelpout *Lycogrammoides schmidti*, the lumpfish *Eumicrotremus schmidti*, the amphipod *Anisogammarus schmidti*, and a range of mountains on the island of Urup in the Kurile Islands are all named in honour of Schmidt.

## Publications

* Schmidt P. Ueber das Leuchten der Zuckmücken Zool. Jahr. , vol. VIII, 1892
* Schmidt P. Beiträge zur Kenntn. der niederen Myriapoden Zeit. wis. Zool., LIX, 1895
* Schmidt P. Beitrag zur Kenntnis Laufspinnen (Araneae, Citigradae Thor.) Russlands // Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. 1895. Bd. 8. H. 4. S. 439 484.
* Materials for the knowledge of the Semirechye region fauna Notes of the West Siberian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1896 (in Russian)
* Pisces of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire, St. Petersburg, 1904 (in Russian)
* Marine crafts of Sakhalin Island, St. Petersburg, 1905 (in Russian)
* The work of the Zoological Department in Kamchatka in 1908 - 1909. // Kamchatka expedition of Fedor Pavlovich Ryabushinsky ... Russian Geographical. society. Zoological. department, at. 1 M., Printing house of Ryabushinskikh T., 1916 (in Russian)
* Anabiosis 1923 (in Russian)
* Soulful life of animals and its study. 1929 (in Russian)
* The organism among organisms Moscow - Leningrad, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 166, \[2\] c. : ill. 1941 (in Russian)
* Pisces of the Pacific Ocean. An outline of modern theories and views on the distribution and development of the fauna of the Pacific fish, Moscow, 1948 (in Russian)
* Fish of the Sea of Okhotsk, Moscow, 1950 (in Russian)


title: Peter Schmitz (composer)

abstract: Peter Schmitz was a German composer. His work was part of the music event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Peter Schmitz (composer)

**Peter Schmitz** (20 January 1895  11 July 1964) was a German composer. His work was part of the music event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Peter Schmitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1895-01-20)20 January 1895
Cologne, Germany |
| Died | 11 July 1964(1964-07-11) (aged 69)
Cologne, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Composer |


title: Wronów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Wronów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechlów, within Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Niechlów, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Góra, and 81 km (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word wrona, which means "crow".

text:
# Wronów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Wronów** \[ˈvrɔnuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechlów, within Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Niechlów, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Góra, and 81 km (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word *wrona*, which means "crow".

## InfoBox

| Wronów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wronów | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′N 16°27′E / 51.750°N 16.450°E / 51.750; 16.450 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| Powiat | Góra |
| Gmina | Niechlów |
| Population | 393 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | DGR |


title: England's Glory (band)

abstract: England's Glory were Peter Perrett's pre-The Only Ones band and included Perrett on guitar and vocals, Jon Newey on drums and percussion, Harry Kakouli on bass and Dave Clarke on lead guitar. They received little attention from record companies and failed to secure a record deal. Perrett's vocal style at the time was reminiscent of Lou Reed, and NME journalist, Nick Kent, was almost fooled into believing that the acetate of England's Glory demos was, in fact, a bootleg of Velvet Underground outtakes. All of the band's recordings have now been issued since the success of The Only Ones. The band's first album, unreleased at the time and commonly known as The Legendary Lost Album, was composed of 13 tracks, two of which, "Peter & The Pets" and "City of Fun", would go on to be recorded by The Only Ones. A final album, The First and Last, was released on CD in 2005, and included the band's 1973 EMI recordings and 1973 acoustic demos.

text:
# England's Glory (band)

**England's Glory** were Peter Perrett's pre-The Only Ones band and included Perrett on guitar and vocals, Jon Newey on drums and percussion, Harry Kakouli (later of Squeeze) on bass and Dave Clarke on lead guitar. They received little attention from record companies and failed to secure a record deal. Perrett's vocal style at the time was reminiscent of Lou Reed, and *NME* journalist, Nick Kent, was almost fooled into believing that the acetate of England's Glory demos was, in fact, a bootleg of Velvet Underground outtakes. All of the band's recordings have now been issued since the success of The Only Ones.

The band's first album, unreleased at the time and commonly known as *The Legendary Lost Album*, was composed of 13 tracks, two of which, "Peter & The Pets" and "City of Fun", would go on to be recorded by The Only Ones. A final album, *The First and Last*, was released on CD in 2005, and included the band's 1973 EMI recordings and 1973 acoustic demos.

## Discography

### Compilations

* *The Legendary Lost Album* (Anagram, 1989)
* *The First and Last* (Diesel Motor, 2005)


title: PSC

abstract: PSC may refer to:

text:
# PSC

**PSC** may refer to:

## Business

## Government

## Education

## Military

## Places

## Politics

## Science and medicine

## Sports

## Technology

## Transport

## Other

* *PSC* (musical group) or *Pimp $quad Click*, an American hip hop group
* Power supply cabinet, a box for electric current delivering devices
* President of the Supreme Court (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) - see pertinent subsections under Judge
* PSC, Integrated Science Teacher


title: Michael Mead

abstract: Michael Mead is a professional ballroom dance champion and choreographer.

text:
# Michael Mead

**Michael Mead** (born 4 June 1956) is a professional ballroom dance champion and choreographer.

## Biography

Michael Mead, born in Croydon, England, spent his early years traveling with his family and attending schools overseas. At 18, done with school and unsure of what he wished to do professionally, Michael decided to try his hand at accounting. After quickly establishing that perhaps the last thing he wished was to spend the rest of his life auditing, Michael enrolled in a teacher training class at a local dance studio, and was offered a job after only six months of dance training.

The lust for travel instilled in Michael in his early years soon took hold, ultimately leading him to California, where he opened Londance, now one of the top competitive dance studios in the U.S., in Costa Mesa, California. Though Michael sold his ownership share in 1989 in order to concentrate on the serious pursuit of a competitive dance career, he continues to teach there (and at Champion Ballroom Academy in San Diego) to this day.

## Dance career

Michael formed a professional partnership with Toni Redpath and developed a unique style that ultimately led them to setting a record by winning the Open Championships 4 years in a row (undefeated throughout) before retiring from competition in 2002. On September 28, 2000, Toni and Michael were married on the island of Kauai. Currently the couple are based in San Diego and coach many of the U.S. top competitive couples, as well as judging for competitions and traveling the world doing shows.

## TV and Film

Michael and Toni have made numerous appearances on TV and film. Most notable TV credits are as choreographers on FOX *So You Think You Can Dance*, featured dancers and champions on PBS *America's Ballroom Challenge* and *Championship Ballroom Dancing*, and in the feature film *Dance with Me*.

### Choreography for So You Think You Can Dance

| Season | Dancers | Style | Music |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season 1 | Ashlé Dawson
Blake McGrath | Waltz | Rilassamento—Gianni Pavesi |
| Season 2 | Donyelle Jones
Benji Schwimmer | Viennese Waltz | Have You Ever Really Loved A Woman?Bryan Adams |
| | Martha Nichols
Ivan Koumaev | Waltz | Sandy's Song—Dolly Parton |
| Season 3 | Jamie Goodwin
Hok Konishi | Waltz | Angel—Sarah McLachlan |
| | Jamie Goodwin
Dominic Sandoval | Viennese Waltz | Man of la Mancha—Linda Eder |

## Achievements

* Four Time Undefeated U.S. Ballroom Champions: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
* World DanceSport Classic Showdance Champions Finalists
* National Professional Rising Star Champions: 1998
* Canadian Open American Ballroom Champions: 2000, 2001
* National Showdance Championships Runners Up: 2001

## InfoBox

| Michael Mead | |
| --- | --- |
| **Michael** (right) with Toni Redpath | |
| Born | (1956-06-04) 4 June 1956
Croydon, England
United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Choreographer |
| Spouse | Toni Redpath  (m. 2000) |


title: Mariner's Wharf

abstract: Mariner's Wharf is a prominent landmark and tourist attraction in Hout Bay, South Africa. Situated between the beach and the adjacent harbor entrance, it was originally built in 1979 as workshops, storage and offices by Stanley Dorman for his fishing operations. Subsequently, due to a serious decline in the industry he decided to repurpose the structure, converting it into a harbor front emporium. Initially it consisted of a fresh fish market, an outdoor fish-and-chips bistro, sea-shanty restaurant as well as a small shop specializing in local seashells and souvenirs.

text:
# Mariner's Wharf

**Mariner's Wharf** is a prominent landmark and tourist attraction in Hout Bay, South Africa. Situated between the beach and the adjacent harbor entrance, it was originally built in 1979 as workshops, storage and offices by Stanley Dorman for his fishing operations. Subsequently, due to a serious decline in the industry he decided to repurpose the structure, converting it into a harbor front emporium. Initially it consisted of a fresh fish market, an outdoor fish-and-chips bistro, sea-shanty restaurant as well as a small shop specializing in local seashells and souvenirs.

## History

### Chapman’s Peak Fisheries

Stanley Dorman was born and raised in Hout Bay, starting his career with four fishing boats inherited from his uncle, Alfie Dorman. Prior to this, his forefathers, having immigrated to the Cape of Good Hope during the 1890s, farmed in and fished out of Hout Bay up to the mid-1950s. In 1965 he took over what had deteriorated into a moribund business called Chapman's Peak Fisheries - and during the ensuing 30 years, developed it into what today is known as the Cape Coast Group of Companies.

Cape Coast, besides property acquisitions, eventually owned and operated a fleet of 17 trawler and lobster boats, a seafood factory and smokehouse, workshops, freezers, cold storage and national distribution depots. Dorman traveled to the continental United States for the first time in 1979, where, particularly inspired by Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, he decided to create something similar in Hout Bay, eventuating in Mariner's Wharf as it stands today.

### Mariner’s Wharf harbor front emporium

Mariner's Wharf and its fish market (purposefully built around the hull of the historic trawler, the Kingfisher) officially opened on 22 November 1984, to become South Africa's first harbor front emporium.

Showcasing fish, fresh and frozen, as well as a vast array of associated products such as live lobsters, oysters and mussels, the sale of seaside gifts and marine-related artifacts complemented its fish market operations. In 1991, Dorman further expanded Mariner's Wharf. A new addition was the upstairs nautically themed 350 seater Wharfside Grill restaurant with private dining cabins, Cray club cocktail bar and a long deck overlooking the nearby beach and north-western precincts of Hout Bay harbor.

The revamp also features a lifeboat salvaged from a local shipwreck, hoisted alongside the Wharfside Grill's deck, a bakery, sushi bar and a wine and liquor store. In turn, the ground floor, already popular for its busy fish ‘n chips bistro, was remodeled with separate antique, jewellery and shell shops for non-food items, evolving into Mariner's Wharf becoming the international tourist attraction it is today.

Due to the COVID-19 world pandemic the business closed its doors and retrenched most of its employees of many years, six weeks into the South African lockdown in the first week of May 2020. However, its doors were reopened a few weeks later when the lockdown level was lowered at the end of May 2020.

## Literature

Fick, David S.: Entrepreneurship in Africa - A Study of Success. Page 113–114, Praeger (March 30, 2002), ISBN 978-1567205367


title: George W. Biegler

abstract: George Wesley Biegler was a United States Army Captain who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War on October 21, 1900.

text:
# George W. Biegler

**George Wesley Biegler** (May 31, 1868 – April 2, 1929) was a United States Army Captain who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War on October 21, 1900.

## Biography

George Biegler was born May 31, 1868, in Terre Haute, Indiana. He joined the Indiana National Guard in 1889, and was mustered into service with the 159th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in April 1898. He mustered out the following November, and joined the 28th US Volunteer Infantry in July 1899.

He was serving as a captain with the 28th US Volunteer Infantry near Loac, Luzon, Philippines on October 21, 1900, the date of his Medal of Honor action. His citation was issued on March 11, 1902. However, some accounts indicate that the award was not presented to Biegler until October 17, 1927, by then-Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis.

Biegler was commissioned in the regular army in February 1901, and later served on the Mexican border in the search for Pancho Villa and in World War I. He later reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and served in the army until his death.

Biegler died at Letterman Hospital in San Francisco, California, and was buried in Hollywood, California. His funeral service was held on April 7, 1929, at the post Chapel at the Presidio of San Francisco. His grave can be found in Section 6, Lot 170.

Following his death, Biegler's daughter – Thelma Marie – married Dwight Agnew.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and Organization: Captain, 28th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers. Place and Date: Near Loac, Luzon, Philippine Islands, October 21, 1900. Entered Service At: Terre Haute, Ind. Birth: Terre Haute, Ind. Date of Issue: March 11, 1902.

**Citation:**

> With but 19 men resisted and at close quarters defeated 300 of the enemy.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| George W. Biegler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1868-05-31)May 31, 1868
Terre Haute, Indiana |
| Died | April 2, 1929(1929-04-02) (aged 59)
San Francisco, California |
| Place of burial | Hollywood, California |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | Indiana National Guard
United States Army |
| Years of service | 1889–1898 (National Guard)
1898–1929 (Army) |
| Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
| Commands | B Company, 159th Indiana Volunteers
Company G, 28th Volunteer Infantry |
| Battles/wars | Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
Pancho Villa Expedition
World War I |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Wenderholm Regional Park

abstract: Wenderholm Regional Park is a regional park north of Auckland in New Zealand's North Island. It is situated between the estuaries of the Puhoi River and the Waiwera River, on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island and features a homestead known as Couldrey House, and a carved pouwhenua. The park also features the 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) 'Maungatauhoro Te Hikoi' walking track, starting at the carved pouwhenua near the Couldrey House. The track features scenic views and birdlife. Wenderholm Regional Park was the first regional park established in the Auckland region, and is owned and managed by Auckland Council. Part of the park is sectioned off for ecological restoration.

text:
# Wenderholm Regional Park

**Wenderholm Regional Park** is a regional park north of Auckland in New Zealand's North Island. It is situated between the estuaries of the Puhoi River and the Waiwera River, on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island and features a homestead known as *Couldrey House*, and a carved pouwhenua.

The park also features the 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) 'Maungatauhoro Te Hikoi' walking track, starting at the carved pouwhenua near the Couldrey House. The track features scenic views and birdlife.

Wenderholm Regional Park was the first regional park established in the Auckland region, and is owned and managed by Auckland Council. Part of the park is sectioned off for ecological restoration.

## Geography

Wenderholm Regional Park is a peninsula between the Puhoi River to the north and the Waiwera River to the south. There are two major sections of the park: a sandspit at the mouth of the Puhoi River, and the Maungatauhoro headland, which is covered by bush.

## Biodiversity

A 60 hectares (150 acres) section of the park has been set aside since 1965 for an ecological experiment, stopping livestock from grazing and repopulating the forests. This allowed native species of birds which were no longer in the area to be re-introduced in 1999. One of the first species released into the area, *Petroica australis* ssp. *longipes* (North Island robins), has a generally high rate of survival and procreated a good number of young, unfortunately not high enough to compensate for the loss of the adult population. Tūī, kererū and New Zealand fantails are all commonly found in the park.

Whales such as southern right whales may appear to rest and calve along the coasts. Dolphins may be visible from the shores as well.

The native bush of the park prominently features pōhutukawa, with the blaze of red in the summer, on the slopes facing north is the kōwhai bush which are covered with yellow blooms in the spring, and the low-laying sandspit. The Maungatauhoro headland forest includes tree species such as tawa, kohekohe, taraire, tōtara, nīkau palms, kahikatea and rimu.

Australian kookaburras can occasionally be found in the regional park, having been introduced to Kawau Island in the 19th century.

## History

For approximately 1,000 years Māori lived in the area now encompassed by the park because it featured several natural resources. It was generally known as *Te Awa Puhoi* or 'The slow flowing river'. Te Kawerau related tribes lives in the area, settling in locations such as Te Akeake, a kāinga at the mouth of the Puhoi Estuary and Kakaha , a defensive outpost located at the highest point of the peninsula, Maungatauhoro / Wenderholm Hill.

The Auckland politician and entrepreneur Sir Robert Graham protected many of the ancient trees in the area from felling to be used for timber for ships. He went on to build a homestead in the park (now known as the *Couldrey House*), in the late 1850s. Many of the historic trees in the park were given as gifts to Robert Graham from George Grey. The name Wenderholm was the name given to Graham's residence.

Graham planted many exotic species of plant at his home, and preserved a 19th-century grove of pōhutukawa trees in the 1880s. Graham sold the land, and the homestead became known as the Couldrey House, named for its final owner, Herbert William Couldrey.

In the 1960s, Herbert William Couldrey had attempted to subdivide the land at Wenderholm for lifestyle blocks. Despite being approved by the Rodney County Council the Auckland Regional Authority appealed the decision and acquired the land for £185,000 in 1965 under eminent domain. Wenderholm was opened as the first regional park of Auckland following this.

## Recreation

The Puhoi River is a popular spot for kayakers.

## InfoBox

| Wenderholm Regional Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Wenderholm beach to north | |
|  | |
| Location | Rodney, Auckland, New Zealand |
| Nearest town | Waiwera |
| Coordinates | 36°32′13″S 174°42′36″E / 36.537°S 174.71°E / -36.537; 174.71 |
| Area | 135 hectares (330 acres) |
| Established | 1965 |


title: Monitoring Station Designator

abstract: Monitoring Station Designators were used by the United States Army Signals Intelligence Service to designate a specific signal intelligence monitoring station in order to allow analysts to understand the source and type of SIGINT they were analyzing. These were used as shorthand rather than writing or typing out the PLA, which consisted of the formal unit name and location of the unit who performed the signals collection.

text:
# Monitoring Station Designator

**Monitoring Station Designators** were used by the United States Army Signals Intelligence Service to designate a specific signal intelligence monitoring station in order to allow analysts to understand the source and type of SIGINT they were analyzing. These were used as shorthand rather than writing or typing out the PLA (Plain Language Address), which consisted of the formal unit name and location of the unit who performed the signals collection.

## Period of Use

These designators were used from the 1930s through the end of World War II. They were replaced after the end of the war with SIGADs (SIGINT Activity Designators), which are similar in format and application.

Two facilities, Vint Hill and Two Rock Ranch, were operated by the NSA until the 1970s.

## General Format

The general format of the Monitoring Station Designators was the alphabetic characters MS followed by one or two numeric characters. Typically the alphabetic characters and numeric character(s) were separated by a dash character.

## Example Designators

The following table provides several examples of Monitoring Station Designators from the World War II era. Sites noted with USA were run by the United States Army, while sites noted with USN were operated by United States Navy.

| Site | MS Designator | Navy Designator |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vint Hill Farms, VA (USA) | MS-1 |  |
| Two Rock Ranch, Petaluma, CA (USA) | MS-2 |  |
| Miami, FL (USA) | MS-3 |  |
| Asmara, Ethiopia (USA) | MS-4 |  |
| Territory of Hawaii (USA) | MS-5 |  |
| Amchitka, AK (USA) | MS-6 |  |
| Wireless Experimental Center, New Delhi, India (USA element) | MS-8 |  |
| Bellmore, NY (USA) | MS-9 |  |
| Santa Rosa, CA (USA) | MS-10 |  |
| Radio Corporation of America | MS-12 |  |
| Fort Sam Houston, TX (USA) | MS-17 |  |
| United Kingdom sources (includes Beaumanor) | MS-92 |  |
| Commonwealth sources (Canada - Examination Unit, National Research Council) | MS-94 | E |
| Cable Censor (USN) | MS-59 |  |
| Federal Communications Commission | MS-81 |  |
| Cheltenham, MD (USN) | MS-56 | M |
| Bainbridge Island, WA (USN) | MS-54 | S |
| Jupiter, FL (USN) | MS-55 | J |
|


title: Jhadol Assembly constituency

abstract: Jhadol is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India. It is part of Udaipur district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

text:
# Jhadol Assembly constituency

**Jhadol** is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India.

It is part of Udaipur district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Lakshman Singh Rawat |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2003 | Hari Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2008 | Babulal Kharadi |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2013 | Heeralal |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2018 | Babulal Kharadi |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
|

## Election results

### 2018

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018: Jhadol
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Babulal Kharadi** | **87,527** | **45.00%** |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |

24°22′N 73°32′E / 24.36°N 73.53°E / 24.36; 73.53

## InfoBox

| Jhadol | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 150 for the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Udaipur |
| LS constituency | Udaipur |
| Total electors | 273,497 |
| Reservation | ST |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Babulal Kharadi** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |


title: Petroleum ether

abstract: Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35–60 °C, and commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Despite the name, petroleum ether is not an ether; the term is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility.

text:
# Petroleum ether

**Petroleum ether** is the petroleum fraction consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35–60 °C, and commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Despite the name, petroleum ether is not an ether; the term is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility.

## Properties

The very lightest, most volatile liquid hydrocarbon solvents that can be bought from laboratory chemical suppliers may also be offered under the name petroleum ether. Petroleum ether consists mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and is usually low on aromatics. It is commonly hydrodesulfurized and may be hydrogenated to reduce the amount of aromatic and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Petroleum ether bears normally a descriptive suffix giving the boiling range. Thus, from the leading international laboratory chemical suppliers it is possible to buy various petroleum ethers with boiling ranges such as 30–50 °C, 40–60 °C, 50–70 °C, 60–80 °C, etc. In the United States, laboratory-grade aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with boiling ranges as high as 100–140 °C may be called petroleum ether, rather than petroleum spirit.

It is not advisable to employ a fraction with a wider boiling point range than 20 °C, because of possible loss of the more volatile portion during its use in recrystallisation, etc., and consequent different solubilising properties of the higher boiling residue.

Most of the unsaturated hydrocarbons may be removed by shaking two or three times with 10% of the volume worth of concentrated sulfuric acid; vigorous shaking is then continued with successive portions of a concentrated solution of potassium permanganate in 10% sulfuric acid until the color of the permanganate remains unchanged. The solvent is then thoroughly washed with sodium carbonate solution and then with water, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, and distilled. If required perfectly dry, it can be allowed to stand over sodium wire, or calcium hydride.

## Standards

Ligroin is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly those with low boiling points, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether, and petroleum benzine. "Naphtha" has the CAS Registry Number 8030-30-6, which also covers petroleum benzine and petroleum ether: that is, the lower boiling point non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.

DIN 51630 provides for petroleum spirit (also called spezialbenzine or petrolether) which is described as "a special boiling-point spirit (SBPS) commonly used in laboratory applications, having high volatility and low aromatics content." Its initial boiling point is above 25 °C, its final boiling point up to 80 °C.

## Safety

Petroleum ethers are extremely volatile, have very low flash points, and present a significant fire hazard. Fires should be fought with foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride.

The naphtha mixtures that are distilled at a lower boiling temperature have a higher volatility and, generally speaking, a higher degree of toxicity than the higher boiling fractions.

Exposure to petroleum ether occurs most commonly by either inhalation or through skin contact. Petroleum ether is metabolized by the liver with a biological half-life of 46–48 h.

Inhalation overexposure causes primarily central nervous system (CNS) effects (headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and incoordination). In general, the toxicity is more pronounced with petroleum ethers containing higher concentrations of aromatic compounds. n-Hexane is known to cause axonal damage in peripheral nerves.

Skin contact can cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Oral ingestion of hydrocarbons often is associated with symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, vomiting, and central nervous system depression. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea may appear as a result of aspiration, with subsequent development of chemical pneumonitis. Other clinical findings include albuminuria, hematuria, hepatic enzyme derangement, and cardiac arrhythmias. Doses as low as 10 ml orally have been reported to be potentially fatal, whereas some patients have survived the ingestion of 60 ml of petroleum distillates. A history of coughing or choking in association with vomiting strongly suggests aspiration and hydrocarbon pneumonia. Hydrocarbon pneumonia is an acute hemorrhagic necrotizing disease that can develop within 24 h after the ingestion. Pneumonia may require several weeks for a complete resolution.

Intravenous administration produces fever and local tissue damage.

Petroleum-derived distillates have not been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. Petroleum ether degrades rapidly in soil and water.

## InfoBox

Petroleum ether
| Names | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names Benzine; Light ligroin; Light petroleum; pether | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.498 |
| EC Number | * 232-453-7 |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Properties | |
| Molar mass | 82.2 g/mol |
| Appearance | Volatile, clear, colorless and non-fluorescent liquid |
| Density | 0.653 g/mL |
| Melting point | \< −73 °C (−99 °F; 200 K) |
| Boiling point | 42–62 °C (108–144 °F; 315–335 K) |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| Solubility in Ethanol | soluble |
| Vapor pressure | 31 kPa (20 °C) |
| Refractive index (*n*D) | 1.370 |
| Viscosity | 0.46 mPa·s |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H225, H304, H315, H336, H411 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P243, P273, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P403+P235 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | \< 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K) |
| Autoignition
temperature | 246.11 °C (475.00 °F; 519.26 K) |
| Explosive limits | 1.4–5.9 % |
| Threshold limit value (TLV) | 300 ppm (1370 mg/m3) 8 h TWA (TWA) |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LC50 (median concentration) | 3400 ppm (rat, 4 h) |
| **NIOSH** (US health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) 8 h TWA |
| REL (Recommended) | 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) 10 h TWA |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 1000 ppm |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | Ligroin, Petroleum benzine, Petroleum spirit, Stoddard solvent, Naphtha, White spirit |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Petroleum fiscal regime

abstract: The petroleum fiscal regime of a country is a set of laws, regulations and agreements which governs the economical benefits derived from petroleum exploration and production. The regime regulates transactions between the political entity and the legal entities involved. A commercial or legal entity in this context is commonly an oil company, and two or more companies may establish partnerships to share economic risks and investment capital. Although petroleum, oil and gas, and hydrocarbons are not technically mineral resources, the term mineral rights is used to denote rights to exploit oil and gas resources from the underground. Onshore, in United States, the landowner possesses exclusive rights for mineral rights, elsewhere generally the state does. For this reason, the fiscal regime of US is divergent from that of other countries. The petroleum licensing system of a country may be considered interwoven with the fiscal regime, however, a licensing system has its distinct function: to grant rights for petroleum exploration and production to commercial entities. Because each country has distinctive legislation, there are theoretically just as many different fiscal regimes as there are countries in the world with petroleum resources, but the regimes can still be categorized based on their common characteristics.

text:
# Petroleum fiscal regime

The **petroleum fiscal regime** of a country is a set of laws, regulations and agreements which governs the economical benefits derived from petroleum exploration and production. The regime regulates transactions between the political entity and the legal entities involved. A commercial or legal entity in this context is commonly an oil company, and two or more companies may establish partnerships to share economic risks and investment capital.

Although petroleum, oil and gas, and hydrocarbons are not technically mineral resources, the term mineral rights is used to denote rights to exploit oil and gas resources from the underground. Onshore, in United States, the landowner possesses exclusive rights for mineral rights, elsewhere generally the state does. For this reason, the fiscal regime of US is divergent from that of other countries. The petroleum licensing system of a country may be considered interwoven with the fiscal regime, however, a licensing system has its distinct function: to grant rights for petroleum exploration and production to commercial entities.

Because each country has distinctive legislation, there are theoretically just as many different fiscal regimes as there are countries in the world with petroleum resources, but the regimes can still be categorized based on their common characteristics.

## Motivation for petroleum taxes

Motivation for introducing special taxes on petroleum production is rooted in rent theory and the assumption that oil and gas resources provide an extraordinary rate of resource rent (economic rent). The term "resource rent" expresses the difference between the values of hydrocarbons extracted from a deposit and the total costs of exploring and producing the hydrocarbons, synonymous with excess profit. Resource rents will be distributed among the state and the oil companies engaged in extracting hydrocarbons in a license. The rents must recover costs undertaken by the companies, give some company profit and give income for the state (in US the landowner) to compensate for the takeout of natural resources. Income tax and special petroleum tax to the state may also apply and carried by the resource rents.

## Elements of fiscal regimes

For most countries, a selection of the elements of fees and taxes listed below applies, very few countries, if any, have implemented all elements.

Bonuses

There are different flavours: signature bonus, discovery bonus, first oil sales, production bonus.

Signature bonus is a onetime fee for the assignment and securing of a license, paid irrespective of economic success for the contractor or licensee. Not all states use bonuses, but the government may charge a minor fee for handling license applications.

Corporate tax

Corporate tax is the standard company income tax used in many countries, and will similarly apply to oil companies.

Royalties

Royalties are shares of the extracted hydrocarbons entitled to the host state. The state can agree with the licensees to take it in kind or in cash. This arrangement applies to both crude oil and to natural gas, both in concessionary and contractual license systems.

Production shares

The body of a production sharing contract layouts the production share between the contractor(s) and the state or its state-owned oil company. Typically, most of the early production will be set aside for recovering the costs incurred during development by the contractor (cost oil), while the state receive an increasing share of production after costs are recovered (profit oil).

This is a specific contractual license system arrangement.

Surface fee

Surface fee is a yearly fee, paid per square kilometre or square mile occupied by the license or leased area. This type of fee is used in Brazil for the exploration phase, and for large production volumes, named "Occupation or Retention Fees". In the Norwegian fiscal regime, it is known as *area rental fee* and is only paid for "passive licenses", and for exploration areas before a Plan for Development and Operations is submitted to the government. If an oil company has found all or parts of an exploration area of little interest, the area can be relinquished to the state, to save expenses for fees. Other countries enjoying surface fee include Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Mauritania.

### More country specific elements

Special petroleum tax

This is a concessionary license system taxation, to tax a high proportion of the resource rent. In the United Kingdom, it is known as *Petroleum revenue tax (PRT)*, where a 50% tax is accounted for income from each oil field. In Norway, special tax can be up to 50% on top of 28% corporate tax, however, the income and taxes are calculated for the entire portfolio of fields in which the company participates, and losses can be carried forward from previous years. In this way, profit from one oil field can be balanced against loss on another field, which lowers the maximum tax burden.

Ring Fence Corporation Tax (RFCT)

This is country specific for UK, it is a tax of 30%. A 'ring fence' prevents taxable profits from being reduced by losses that the oil company experiences from other activities.

Environment fees

According to Norwegian fiscal regime, a CO2 tax is paid per volume liquids and gas burnt or emitted directly to air on the continental shelf. It is classified as a deductible operating cost, hence reducing the other taxes paid to the state.

State's Direct Financial Interest

An example of a unique implementation of government take is State's Direct Financial Interest (SDFI), the Norwegian state directly owned shares of exploration and production licenses on the Norwegian continental shelf. Although SDFI gives a take effect similar to royalties, it is not classified as royalties by the government, reasoned by that this arrangement also commits the state to contribute in investments with the same proportion of capital as they take out their share of the revenues.

## Petroleum licensing systems

Within fiscal regimes where the state owns the mineral rights, the governments have generally selected one of two types of licensing system: a concessionary system or a contractual system.

### Concessionary systems

The principle of the concessionary license system is that the state transfers its ownership of resources in the subsurface to a commercial entity, often a partnership of companies. The companies obtain exclusive rights to extract crude oil and natural gas in a defined area for a limited time. If more than one company are assigned a license, the government will provide a joint operating agreement which states each partners equity share. One of the companies is often assigned the operator role, who carry out the actual work on behalf of the group.

### Contractual systems

In contractual systems, the state retains its ownership to hydrocarbon resources. A commercial entity, the contractor company, is being engaged to extract petroleum according to some contract. The countries using this type of systems, often have their state-owned oil company to represent the interests of the state. As of concessionary systems, more than one oil company can make partnerships in the license. Most used variants of contract:

* Production sharing contracts \- The contractor receives his compensation in terms of raw materials taken from the ground, oil and / or gas.
* Service contracts - Generally, the contractors are paid in cash for their services, in *pure service contacts* there are agreed a fixed compensation, while in *risk service contracts* the contractor accepts to share risks by linking his compensation to the success of the project.
* Buyback contracts - The contracts have an option for the contractor to buy petroleum produced by the project at some defined terms. This type of contract is in use in Iran.
* Technical assistance contracts - This is a type of contract used for development projects on oil fields already in production, the purpose of a project may be to enhance the production facilities, to add on extra infrastructures etc.

## Sources


title: Petroleum geologist

abstract: A petroleum geologist is an earth scientist who works in the field of petroleum geology, which involves all aspects of oil discovery and production. Petroleum geologists are usually linked to the actual discovery of oil and the identification of possible oil deposits, gas caps, or leads. It can be a very labor-intensive task involving several different fields of science and elaborate equipment. Petroleum geologists look at the structural and sedimentary aspects of the stratum/strata to identify possible oil traps or tight shale plays.

text:
# Petroleum geologist

A **petroleum geologist** is an earth scientist who works in the field of petroleum geology, which involves all aspects of oil discovery and production. Petroleum geologists are usually linked to the actual discovery of oil and the identification of possible oil deposits, gas caps, or leads. It can be a very labor-intensive task involving several different fields of science and elaborate equipment. Petroleum geologists look at the structural and sedimentary aspects of the stratum/strata to identify possible oil traps or tight shale plays.

## Profile

Petroleum geologists make the decision of where to drill for petroleum. This is done by locating prospects within a sedimentary basin. Petroleum geologists determine a prospect's viability looking at seven main aspects in conventional petroleum geology:

* Source: the presence of an organic-rich source rock capable of generating hydrocarbons during deep burial.
* Reservoir: the usually porous rock and permeable unit that collects the hydrocarbons expelled from the source rock and holds them inside a trap.
* Seal: the rock unit that inhibits the oil or gas from escaping from a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rock.
* Trap: structural or stratigraphic feature that captures migrating hydrocarbons into an economically producible accumulation.
* Timing: geologic events must occur in a certain order, e.g. that the trap formed before migration rather than after.
* Maturation: the process of alteration of a source rock under heat and pressure, leading to the cracking of its organic matter into oil and gas.
* Migration: the movement of the (less dense) oil or gas from the source rock into a reservoir rock and then into a trap.

These seven key aspects require the petroleum geologist to obtain a 4-dimensional idea of the subsurface (the three spatial dimensions, plus time). Data may be obtained via geophysical methods. Geophysical surveys show the seismology data of elastic waves, mainly seismic reflection. This provides a 3-dimensional look of the trap, and source rock. More data may be obtained from the mudlogger, who analyzes the drill cuttings and the rock formation thicknesses.

Today, there are also unconventional tight plays. Petroleum geologists for these plays work with petroleum engineers and other specialists to make decisions of where to drill for oil. Data is also obtained via geophysical methods (the same as conventional plays, plus fracture data), but these are modernly analyzed with various statistical methods. The geological analysis is done by looking at a combination of geological aspects, with completion analogs. The geological aspects are as follows:

* Source: the presence of an organic-rich source rock. Unlike conventional plays, where the source rock typically underlays the reservoir rock and the oil/gas migrates into the reservoir, tight shale plays can be their own source rock.
* Reservoir: the usually porous rock with lower permeability rock. This rock could have collected hydrocarbons expelled from a source rock, or be its own source rock.
* Seal: often, due to the low permeability, oil/gas is unable to migrate out of this rock, but it is common to also have a sealing rock above the reservoir rock that inhibits further migration of oil or gas.
* Timing: geologic events must occur in a certain order, e.g. a seal to trap gas must be in place before kerogen cracking.
* Maturation: the process of alteration of a source rock under head and pressure, leading to the cracking of its organic matter into oil and gas.
* Migration: the movement of the (less dense) oil or gas from the source rock into a reservoir rock and then into a trap.

The 'trap' aspect is absent. Tight shale plays, or unconventional plays, do not require a trap to contain hydrocarbons due to the low permeability preventing further migration.


title: Peter John Wyllie

abstract: Peter John Wyllie is a British petrologist and academic. He was Professor of Geology at the California Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1999. Prior to this, he held positions at the University of St Andrews (1955–56), Pennsylvania State University, the University of Leeds (1959–61), and the University of Chicago (1965–83). He is well known for his many contributions to the understanding of magmatism, particularly through his work on the experimental petrology of magmas and volatiles. In the early 1970s, Wyllie wrote two widely used textbooks; The Dynamic Earth (1971) and The Way the Earth Works (1976) which integrated the new understanding of magmatism and plate tectonics. He is also famous for his contributions to the coverage of earth sciences in the Encyclopædia Britannica, particularly his outline of the field in Part Two of the Propædia. Wyllie was President of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) from 1995 to 1999.

text:
# Peter John Wyllie

**Peter John Wyllie** (born 8 February 1930, in London, England) is a British petrologist and academic.

He was Professor of Geology at the California Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1999. Prior to this, he held positions at the University of St Andrews (1955–56), Pennsylvania State University (1958–59 and 1961–66), the University of Leeds (1959–61), and the University of Chicago (1965–83). He is well known for his many contributions to the understanding of magmatism, particularly through his work on the experimental petrology of magmas and volatiles. In the early 1970s, Wyllie wrote two widely used textbooks; *The Dynamic Earth* (1971) and *The Way the Earth Works* (1976) which integrated the new understanding of magmatism and plate tectonics. He is also famous for his contributions to the coverage of earth sciences in the *Encyclopædia Britannica*, particularly his outline of the field in Part Two of the *Propædia*. Wyllie was President of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) from 1995 to 1999.

## Awards and honours


title: Petit Bel Air

abstract: Petit Bel Air is a small village about 2 km north of the town of Mahébourg in south-eastern Mauritius. The population of the village is approximately 1,000.

text:
# Petit Bel Air

**Petit Bel Air** is a small village about 2 km north of the town of Mahébourg in south-eastern Mauritius. The population of the village is approximately 1,000.

## Location

It lies on the coastal road running roughly south to north from Mahébourg to Flacq. Situated at the mouth of the Riviere des Creoles river, it sits on the right bank of the river. It is nestled deep inside the Grand Port bay at the southernmost tip of the Des Creoles mountain range.

## History

It is named after an earlier village called Bel Air which existed till the 1960s roughly 2 km upstream of the mouth of the Riviere des Creoles river. The name Bel Air is French in origin and means good air or breezy. The village used to sit on high ground with a large view of the Grand Port bay. It was on the Cent Gaulettes road which used to be an old French colonial road for connecting the port of Grand Port to the interior of Mauritius. The present village came about from the merger of with an existing village called Camp Vinson located south closer to Mahébourg. Most of the people from the previous village migrated about 2 km south and formed a village also called Bel Air. Another group migrated 2 km east and also formed a village called Bel Air. To differentiate the two the southern one which was a bigger village was called Grand Bel Air and the smaller eastern one was called Petit Bel Air, French for Bigger and Smaller Bel Air.

## Administration

The village is administratively part of the Grand Port district. It has an elected Village Council for local administration.

20°24′S 57°42′E / 20.400°S 57.700°E / -20.400; 57.700


title: Petrovac (Prokuplje)

abstract: Petrovac is a village in the municipality of Prokuplje, Toplica District, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 436 people.

text:
# Petrovac (Prokuplje)

**Petrovac** is a village in the municipality of Prokuplje, Toplica District, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 436 people.

43°19′14″N 21°34′47″E / 43.32056°N 21.57972°E / 43.32056; 21.57972

## InfoBox

| Petrovac Петровац (Serbian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Petrovac | |
| Coordinates: 43°19′14″N 21°34′47″E / 43.32056°N 21.57972°E / 43.32056; 21.57972 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Toplica District |
| Municipality | Prokuplje |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 436 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Jesuit Garden (Beirut)

abstract: The Jesuit Garden, also known as Geitawi Garden and sometimes also as Jesuits' Garden, is a public park in the Remeil District of Beirut, Lebanon. It is located in the Moscow Street, covering around 44,000 square meters. it is one of the best and most popular gardens in Beirut. The garden was given to the city in the 1960s by the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits opened schools in the area around an ancient Byzantine church in the 1600s. The garden houses the remains of an ancient temple and includes features such as Roman columns and mosaics. It also is the home to a small public library with 7,500 books donated by the Jesuits, which sits amongst one-hundred-year-old pine trees. Its proximity to the Greek Orthodox hospital and Getaoui hospital make it a popular destination for people visiting relatives and friends at the hospitals. In 2013, the garden was selected for demolition by the Beirut Municipality in order to create a new underground car park as part of a motorway extension project. The parking lot project has caused uproar amongst local residents and heritage activists who staged a protest on Saturday 15 June 2013. Over three hundred people attended to voice their anger at the Municipality planners and the Ministry of Culture. Various different groups and non-governmental organisations attended and voiced concern, including Green Line, Biladi, Save Beirut Heritage and the Association for the Protection of Lebanese Heritage. Guided tours were given of the ruins and it was explained how the planned construction work would irreparably damage the trees, Byzantine church and one of the few green spaces left in Beirut.

text:
# Jesuit Garden (Beirut)

The **Jesuit Garden**, also known as **Geitawi Garden** and sometimes also as **Jesuits' Garden**, is a public park in the Remeil District of Beirut, Lebanon. It is located in the Moscow Street, covering around 44,000 square meters. it is one of the best and most popular gardens in Beirut.

The garden was given to the city in the 1960s by the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits opened schools in the area around an ancient Byzantine church in the 1600s. The garden houses the remains of an ancient temple and includes features such as Roman columns and mosaics. It also is the home to a small public library with 7,500 books donated by the Jesuits, which sits amongst one-hundred-year-old pine trees. Its proximity to the Greek Orthodox hospital and Getaoui hospital make it a popular destination for people visiting relatives and friends at the hospitals.

In 2013, the garden was selected for demolition by the Beirut Municipality in order to create a new underground car park as part of a motorway extension project. The parking lot project has caused uproar amongst local residents and heritage activists who staged a protest on Saturday 15 June 2013. Over three hundred people attended to voice their anger at the Municipality planners and the Ministry of Culture. Various different groups and non-governmental organisations attended and voiced concern, including Green Line, Biladi, Save Beirut Heritage and the Association for the Protection of Lebanese Heritage. Guided tours were given of the ruins and it was explained how the planned construction work would irreparably damage the trees, Byzantine church and one of the few green spaces left in Beirut.

33°53′36″N 35°31′33″E / 33.893422°N 35.525835°E / 33.893422; 35.525835