title: Florida Complex League Twins

abstract: The Florida Complex League Twins are the Rookie-level affiliate of the Minnesota Twins, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. The team plays in Fort Myers, Florida, at the Lee County Sports Complex. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the Gulf Coast League Twins. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and other countries.

text:
# Florida Complex League Twins

The **Florida Complex League Twins** are the Rookie-level affiliate of the Minnesota Twins, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. The team plays in Fort Myers, Florida, at the Lee County Sports Complex. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the **Gulf Coast League Twins**. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and other countries.

## History

In 1965, the team first played in the league's first embodiment, the Florida Rookie League, as the **Florida Rookie League Twins**. The league was renamed as the Gulf Coast League for the 1966 season. The team suspended operations after the 1971 season, but returned to the GCL in 1989. Prior to the 2021 season, the league was again renamed, becoming the Florida Complex League.

The Twins compete in the league's Southern Division. In 2009, the Twins won the South with a 34–21 record under manager Jake Mauer, the older brother of former Minnesota Twins catcher Joe Mauer. They lost 1–0 in twelve innings to the wild card winning GCL Nationals in the one game playoff. Following the season, Mauer was promoted to manager of the Florida State League Fort Myers Miracle, and Chris Heintz took the reins for the Twins. Like Mauer, Heintz was also a player in the Twins organization. He coached with the Beloit Snappers the final two months of the 2009 season. In addition to managing the Rookie-level club, Heintz also ran the Twins' extended spring training.

On July 25, 2010, it was announced that Tom Brunansky, member of the 1987 Twin's championship team, accepted a job to be the hitting coach for the team.

As of the 2021 season, there is no league limit to how many players can be on an active roster, but no team can have more than three players with four or more years of minor-league experience.

## Roster

| **Players** | | | | **Coaches/Other** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pitchers**
* 68 Miguel Cordero * 62 Juan Cota * 30 Yency De Jesus * 25 Joel Garcia * 21 Hector Garcia Jr. * -- Dasan Hill * 39 Hunter Hoopes * 71 Jacob King * 37 Eider Machuca * 16 Dylan Questad * 33 Liam Rocha * 40 Eduardo Soriano * 20 Ezequiel Ventura |  | **Catchers**
* 61 Cole Elvis * 35 Ricardo Pena * 27 Javier Roman * 15 Amilcar Vasquez  **Infielders**
* 13 Bryan Acuna * 8 Hendry Chivilli * 38 Omari Daniel * 12 Yilber Herrera * 5 Moises Lopez * 88 Yohander Martinez * -- Isaac Pena * 50 Dameury Pena  **Outfielders**
* 2 Jayson Bass * 23 Ariel Castro
 |  | **Manager**
* 9 Seth Feldman  **Coaches**
* 92 Mike Ahmed (hitting) * 97 Anders Dzurak (pitching) * 32 Nico Giarratano (development) * 93 Emilio Guerrero (hitting) * 99 Humberto Miranda (hitting) * 96 Chris Powell (pitching) * 94 Kevin Rodriguez (pitching) * 95 Jesús Sánchez (pitching) * 99 Josh Tols (rehab pitching) * 86 Tristan Toorie (development)  **60-day injured list**
* 19 Gregory Duran (full season) * 57 Carlos Gutierrez * 56 Andrew Huffman (full season) * 17 Bianger Liendo (full season) * 75 Anthony Silvas  7-day injured list
* On Minnesota Twins 40-man roster
~ Development list
\# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated September 18, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB  Florida Complex League
Minnesota Twins minor league players |

## Season-by-season

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **FRL Twins** | | | | | |
| 1965 | 32-28 | 3rd | Fred Waters | No playoffs |
| **GCL Twins** | | | | | |
| 1966 | 24–24 | 3rd | Fred Waters | No playoffs until 1983 |
| 1967 | 29–29 | 3rd | Fred Waters |  |
| 1968 | 32–27 | 4th | Fred Waters |  |
| 1969 | 21–32 | 6th | Fred Waters |  |
| 1970 | 34–29 | 4th | Fred Waters |  |
| 1971 | 22–30 | 5th | Fred Waters |  |
|  |
| 1989 | 27–36 | 10th (t) | Joel Lepel |  |
| 1990 | 32–30 | 8th (t) | Joel Lepel |  |
| 1991 | 27–33 | 12th (t) | Dan Rohn |  |
| 1992 | 30–28 | 7th | Jim Lemon |  |
| 1993 | 23–36 | 12th | Jose Marzan |  |
| 1994 | 22–38 | 13th | Jose Marzan |  |
| 1995 | 20–35 | 14th | Mike Boulanger |  |
| 1996 | 30–30 | 9th | Mike Boulanger |  |
| 1997 | 28–32 | 8th | Steve Liddle |  |
| 1998 | 34-26 | 3rd (t) | Steve Liddle | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Rangers (1 game to 0) |
| 1999 | 33–26 | 3rd | Al Newman | Lost League Finals
vs. GCL Mets (2 games to 0)
Won in 1st round
vs. GCL Rangers (1 game to 0) |
| 2000 | 33–23 | 4th | Al Newman |  |
| 2001 | 32–26 | 6th | Al Newman |  |
| 2002 | 35–25 | 4th | Rudy Hernandez |  |
| 2003 | 28–31 | 7th | Rudy Hernandez |  |
| 2004 | 31–26 | 5th | Riccardo Ingram |  |
| 2005 | 28–26 | 4th (t) | Nelson Prada |  |
| 2006 | 26–27 | 7th | Nelson Prada |  |
| 2007 | 37–19 | 3rd | Nelson Prada | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Yankees (1 game to 0) |
| 2008 | 35–21 | 2nd | Jake Mauer | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Nationals (1 game to 0) |
| 2009 | 34–21 | 3rd | Jake Mauer | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Nationals (1 game to 0) |
| 2010 | 29–31 | 10th (t) | Chris Heintz (2–5) / Ramon Borrego (27–26) |  |
| 2011 | 31–29 | 6th | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2012 | 33–27 | 6th | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2013 | 28–32 | 8th (t) | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2014 | 23–37 | 14th (t) | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2015 | 27–32 | 9th (t) | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2016 | 32–29 | 6th | Ramon Borrego |  |
| 2017 | 35–23 | 3rd | Ramon Borrego | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Nationals (1 game to 0) |
| 2018 | 32–24 | 5th | Dan Ramsay |  |
| 2019 | 30–21 | 4th | Robbie Robinson | *Playoffs cancelled due to Hurricane Dorian* |

## InfoBox

| Florida Complex League Twins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Rookie |
| League | Florida Complex League |
| Division | Southern Division |
| Previous leagues | Gulf Coast League (1966–1971; 1989–2020)
Florida Rookie League (1965) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Minnesota Twins |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (0) | None |
| Division titles (2) | * 2007 * 2009 |
| Team data | |
| Name | FCL Twins |
| Previous names | GCL Twins (1966–1971; 1989–2020)
FRL Twins (1965) |
| Ballpark | Lee County Sports Complex |
| Owner(s)/
Operator(s) | Minnesota Twins |
| General manager | Tom Saffell |
| Manager | Robbie Robinson |


title: The Recorder (Massachusetts newspaper)

abstract: The Greenfield Recorder is an American daily newspaper published Monday through Saturday mornings in Greenfield, Massachusetts, covering all of Franklin County, Massachusetts. It is owned by Newspapers of New England, which also owns its neighbor to the south, the Daily Hampshire Gazette of Northampton, Massachusetts. As the Greenfield area's only newspaper of record, The Recorder is the primary source of local news in Franklin County. Originally published in 1792, the paper is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States, and the second oldest daily in Massachusetts after the Daily Hampshire Gazette.

text:
# The Recorder (Massachusetts newspaper)

***The Greenfield Recorder*** is an American daily newspaper published Monday through Saturday mornings in Greenfield, Massachusetts, covering all of Franklin County, Massachusetts. It is owned by Newspapers of New England, which also owns its neighbor to the south, the *Daily Hampshire Gazette* of Northampton, Massachusetts.

As the Greenfield area's only newspaper of record, *The Recorder* is the primary source of local news in Franklin County. Originally published in 1792, the paper is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States, and the second oldest daily in Massachusetts after the *Daily Hampshire Gazette*.

## InfoBox

The Greenfield Recorder
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Newspapers of New England |
| Publisher | Shawn Palmer |
| Editor | Dan Crowley |
| Founded | February 1, 1792 (1792-02-01), as *The Impartial Intelligencer* |
| Headquarters | 14 Hope Street,<br>Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301, United States |
| Circulation | 6,117 (as of 2024) |
| OCLC number | 13663298 |
| Website | recorder.com |


title: Hluchov

abstract: Hluchov is a municipality and village in Prostějov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Hluchov lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Prostějov, 20 km (12 mi) west of Olomouc, and 195 km (121 mi) east of Prague.

text:
# Hluchov

**Hluchov** is a municipality and village in Prostějov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Hluchov lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Prostějov, 20 km (12 mi) west of Olomouc, and 195 km (121 mi) east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 463 |  |
| 1880 | 497 | +7.3% |
| 1890 | 559 | +12.5% |
| 1900 | 540 | −3.4% |
| 1910 | 551 | +2.0% |
| 1921 | 568 | +3.1% |
| 1930 | 599 | +5.5% |
| 1950 | 486 | −18.9% |
| 1961 | 455 | −6.4% |
| 1970 | 417 | −8.4% |
| 1980 | 375 | −10.1% |
| 1991 | 311 | −17.1% |
| 2001 | 335 | +7.7% |
| 2011 | 329 | −1.8% |
| 2021 | 320 | −2.7% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Hluchov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipal office | |
|  | |
| HluchovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°32′29″N 16°59′48″E / 49.54139°N 16.99667°E / 49.54139; 16.99667 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Olomouc |
| District | Prostějov |
| First mentioned | 1141 |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.38 km2 (2.08 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 324 m (1,063 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 340 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 798 41 |
| Website | www.hluchov.cz |


title: Lowcountry Lowline

abstract: The Lowcountry Lowline is a planned linear park in Charleston, South Carolina to be located on 1.7 miles of old railroad roadbed. It will run from Mt. Pleasant Street to Courtland Street. The park was first proposed in 2015 by a nonprofit group, the Friends of the Lowcountry Lowline (FLL). The FLL has already done much of the planning for the park. However, in 2022, Charleston city officials were awarded a $7 million grant from the federal grant to be used exclusively for planning purposes. As of August 2024, city officials have not used any portion of that grant because if they do, federal planning requirements will add approximately 3 to 5 years to the park's construction timeline. According to Logan McVey, the current chief policy officer to Charleston's mayor, William S. Cogswell Jr., the park "has been on the shelf for so long that people aren't sure it's ever going to happen." Nonetheless, in 2024, city officials visited Atlanta to meet with representatives of the nonprofit that helped build the Atlanta Beltline to learn how they did so. The FLL is currently advocating for phased construction of the park.

text:
# Lowcountry Lowline

The **Lowcountry Lowline** is a planned linear park in Charleston, South Carolina to be located on 1.7 miles of old railroad roadbed. It will run from Mt. Pleasant Street to Courtland Street.

The park was first proposed in 2015 by a nonprofit group, the Friends of the Lowcountry Lowline (FLL). The FLL has already done much of the planning for the park. However, in 2022, Charleston city officials were awarded a $7 million grant from the federal grant to be used exclusively for planning purposes. As of August 2024, city officials have not used any portion of that grant because if they do, federal planning requirements will add approximately 3 to 5 years to the park's construction timeline.

According to Logan McVey, the current chief policy officer to Charleston's mayor, William S. Cogswell Jr., the park "has been on the shelf for so long that people aren't sure it's ever going to happen." Nonetheless, in 2024, city officials visited Atlanta to meet with representatives of the nonprofit that helped build the Atlanta Beltline to learn how they did so. The FLL is currently advocating for phased construction of the park.

## History and development

### History of the line

Completed in the early-1830s, the line was originally part of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company. The railroad operated the first regular trains pulled by steam locomotives in the United States. During the American Civil War, the successor company (South Carolina Rail Road) maintained the supply line into the city’s downtown. Some contextually important railroad and warehouse buildings still exist.

### Establishing a park

In 2015, the Friends of the Lowcountry Lowline (FLL) reached an agreement with Norfolk Southern to purchase 1.7 miles of land along the ridge of Charleston's peninsula within two years. The former railroad right-of-way had existed in Charleston since the 1820s but hadn't been used for over a decade. In 2017, Norfolk Southern and the city of Charleston met the terms of the agreement at a price of $4.6 million which was significantly below previous cost estimates. The city also purchased two additional properties adjacent to the former railroad line from Norfolk Southern which may be used for affordable housing units. In May 2018, work began to remove the land's abandoned rails and switches.

When completed, the Lowcountry Lowline will be downtown Charleston's second largest park. It will consist of pedestrian and bicycle paths along the peninsula's ridge. It will also be a flood management project that will have a "wetland park" to be a reservoir for storm water. The project is often compared to the New York City High Line or Atlanta's fledgling BeltLine.

The Lowline is expected to cost $30 million to complete. It is expected that the park will be constructed over the next decade in phases. A study conducted in 2016 estimated that after twenty years of operation the Lowline will have an estimated economic impact in Charleston of $4.8 billion. Community feedback was sought by the Friends of the Lowcountry in February 2020 after the release of the park's conceptual study. In early 2021, preliminary funding of the park began. The Charleston City Council voted in April, 2021, to spend $250,000 to help the Friends of the Lowcountry Lowline design and plan the park. Several council members representing portions of West Ashley expressed concern about allocating money to a private entity such as FLL.

In 2021, the City announced it was looking to spend $4 million on the Lowline to help complete the first phase from Line Street to Huger Street due to the development the line is expected to spur. City council members believe that funding the Lowline now will increase tax revenues in the special tax district in which it sits. The increase in tax revenue would then allow the city to make stormwater upgrades in other parts of the city, particular the eastern portion of the Charleston peninsula.

The project secured $10 million in funding in 2022, which consisted of $7 million in federal grants and $3 million in city funding. The Friends of the Lowcountry will use the funding, in part, for community engagement and strategy. Moreover, because the park will run along a prior Norfolk Southern rail line, and that company along with other rail lines historically used arsenical herbicides to slow plant growth along rail lines, a National Environmental Protection Act review will have to be conducted. In 2011, the average amount of time it took public projects to complete the NEPA review process was longer than six years.

## Features of the park

### Water management

The city of Charleston has long had issues with flooding and the Lowline is believed to be capable of alleviating storm runoff in some areas of the city. One park proposed for the Lowline is the Newmarket Park which would be a "storm water wetland" that would create an outlet for the nearby New Market Creek. Additionally, the proposed Poinsette Park would be a large, open space capable of holding water. The conceptual study for the Lowline states that capturing and treating "all runoff created by the elevated roadways" is a priority of the project. Plants on the Lowline will be native to the area and a key component of the park's water management function.

### Transportation

Charleston has also had issues with cyclist safety. In Charleston's first ever bicycle infrastructure study, the Lowline was the central component on the plan for a "robust urban bikeway system" on the peninsula. The bikeway down the Lowline will have two 6-foot wide lanes at the minimum, separated by a median and with designated crossings. Additionally, the Lowcountry Rapid Transit System could possibly have a transit hub near the Lowline on Mt. Pleasant Street and the city is looking to build affordable housing units on F and H streets. The planned pedestrian bridge over the Ashley River connecting the West Ashley Greenway to downtown Charleston may eventually connect with the Lowline.

1. Rockett, Ali (2024-08-11). "Debby left the future Lowcountry Lowline underwater. If built, how will Charleston keep it dry?". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
2. Lowline, Lowcountry. "A Future Park for the Charleston Community". *Lowcountry Lowline*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
3. Behre, Robert; Darlington, Abigail (2017-12-28). "Lowcountry Low Line plan for urban park assured after Charleston makes $4.6 million land purchase". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
4. Waters, Dustin. "Lowline park looks to connect the city with new greenway". *Charleston City Paper*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
5. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2003\_Mobility.pdf?ver=1589563422663 p. 3
6. Manno, Adam. "Work begins on abandoned railroad set to become 'Lowcountry Lowline' public park". *Charleston City Paper*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
7. "What is the Lowcountry Lowline?" Retrieved from https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2001\_What%20Is%20The%20Lowline.pdf?ver=1589563422406
8. Schwieters, Brooke (2020-02-19). "Community input sought on 'Lowcountry Lowline,' long-awaited bike, pedestrian greenway". *WCIV*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
9. Byrd, Caitlin. "How they compare: The Lowcountry Low Line and New York's High Line". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
10. Hart, Brodie (2020-12-17). "Lowcountry Lowline could take a decade to complete; will be built in phases". *WCIV*. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
11. Memo to Friends of the Lowcountry, HR&A Associates, 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/lowcountrylowlineorg/pages/52/attachments/original/1493058245/HR\_A\_Economic\_Impact\_Report.pdf?1493058245 p. 1
12. Donahue, Lillian. "Group releases concepts, seeking community input for future urban park". *Live 5 News*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
13. Spence, Sam (2020-12-15). "Charleston's Lowline project takes a major step forward". *Charleston City Paper*. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
14. Brown, Andrew (April 15, 2021). "Charleston approves $250,000 for design, engineering and surveying of Lowline park". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
15. Brown, Andrew (April 22, 2021). "Potential millions spent on Charleston park could limit East Side stormwater fixes". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
16. Grinstead, Chelsea (2022-08-16). "Lowcountry Lowline project garners $10 million". *Charleston City Paper*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
17. Johnson, Chloe (July 21, 2021). "Charleston will further test for arsenic along future path of Lowline". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
18. FHWA, Timeliness of NEPA, last visited 3/15/2023, located atFederal Highway Administration
19. "Dutch Dialogues | Charleston, SC - Official Website". *www.charleston-sc.gov*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
20. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2002\_Water.pdf?ver=1589563422503 p. 9
21. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2002\_Water.pdf?ver=1589563422503 p. 10
22. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2002\_Water.pdf?ver=1589563422503 p. 11
23. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2004\_Planting.pdf?ver=1589563422753 p. 1
24. Dille, Ian (2016-10-05). "The Worst City for Cyclists of 2016". *Bicycling*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
25. "People Pedal Plan". *Design Division*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
26. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/8ea757b0-5f80-43d3-877a-81a3e1fd0db8/downloads/2020.05.05\_Ch%2003\_Mobility.pdf?ver=1589563422663 p. 6
27. Porter, Mikaela (2019-12-08). "Charleston conducting environmental testing on future Low Line park". *Post and Courier*. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
28. "The history of the West Ashley Greenway". *CHStoday*. 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2020-07-28.


title: Laticephalus

abstract: Laticephalus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the early part of the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

text:
# Laticephalus

***Laticephalus*** is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the early part of the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

## InfoBox

| *Laticephalus*<br>Temporal range: Early Botomian | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
| Fossil | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Corynexochida |
| Suborder: | Corynexochina |
| Family: | Edelsteinaspididae |
| Genus: | ***Laticephalus*** |
|


title: Wangechi

abstract: Wangechi Waweru, professionally known as Wangechi, is a Kenyan rapper, singer and songwriter. She began her music career in 2013 and released her debut mixtape "Consume - Chakula ya soul" in July 2013. On December 2, 2016, she released her 10-track EP "Dont Consume if Seal is Broken" Which included Tusker's theme song for the Here's to us Campaign launched on 30 November 2016. Wangechi rose to great popularity through her feature on the Ligi Soo remix in 2013 that featured a variety of female rappers. This gave her a platform to create a name and release various projects after.

text:
# Wangechi

**Wangechi Waweru** (born 19 January 1994), professionally known as **Wangechi**, is a Kenyan rapper, singer and songwriter. She began her music career in 2013 and released her debut mixtape "Consume - Chakula ya soul" in July 2013. On December 2, 2016, she released her 10-track EP "Dont Consume if Seal is Broken" Which included Tusker's theme song for the Here's to us Campaign launched on 30 November 2016.

Wangechi rose to great popularity through her feature on the Ligi Soo remix in 2013 that featured a variety of female rappers. This gave her a platform to create a name and release various projects after.

## Early life

Wangechi was born on January 19, 1994, and was raised in Nairobi, Kenya. Her passion for music began at the tender age of ten. Stating that her major inspiration behind music was rapper and songstress Nazizi. She listened to the likes of Slum Village, I.N.I, Kalamashaka, Jay-Z, E-Sir, Digable planets, Kanye West, Lauren Hill, Missy Elliott, MF Doom, B.I.G and many more. She broke into the Kenyan industry with her work on her first mixtape "Consume Chakula ya Soul" that dropped in July 2013.

## Career

She started off with Hype Masters Entertainment where she marked her debut into the music. Later on she was signed under Nuke Recordings where she released her first mixtape Consume. She later on released a variety of singles after that in the year 2014 such as Tulia Tu feat HHP and King Kaka, Play, Attention shopper and Analogue dreams feat Karun. She featured on the CNN "African Voices' segment in 2013 where she was identified as one of the Kenyan rising stars to watch out for.

She featured on Coke Studio Season 3 in 2015 where she partnered with the Tanzanian artist Ben Pol and returned for the superstar week where she collaborated with Ice prince, Alikiba, Dama do Bling, Maurice Kirya and American singer Ne-yo. She also released Cardiac Arrest and They Don't Know feat Fena Gitu in 2015. She has shared stages with various international acts such as Mos Def, Tinnie Tempah, Tim Westwood, Morgan Heritage and Ne-yo.

In the year 2016 she wrote and sang the anthem to the Tusker Lager "Here to Us" campaign that focused on bringing Kenyans together as one. She is currently an independent artist.

## Discography

| Song | Producer | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Wanna Give it to you" |  | Consume Chakula ya soul |
| "Twende Kazi" |  | |
| "Do for Love" |  | |
| "Push" |  | |
| "The Game |  | |
| "Nairobi" |  | |
| "Another Round" |  | |
| "Intro" |  | |
| "I am 1994"(Art 1994 Intro) |  | |
| Cardiac Arrest ||
| "Dont Consume if seal is broken" |  | Don't consume if seal is broken |
| "X2" |  | |
||

## Personal life

On September 14, 2014, she and her two friends suffered a grisly road accident. Her best friend Tionna Wangechi passed on. She was admitted in ICU with life-threatening injuries and left side temporary paralysis for a couple of months and went on to recovery.

## InfoBox

| Wangechi Waweru | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Wangechi Waweru |
| Also known as | Wangechi |
| Born | (1994-01-19) 19 January 1994<br>Nairobi, Kenya |
| Genres | Hip hop, pop |
| Occupations | * Rapper * singer * songwriter |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Labels | * Provoke Music * Nuke Recordings |
|  | |
| Website | www.wangechimusic.com |


title: Macbeth (Taiwanese band)

abstract: Macbeth is an indie rock band formed in November 2008 in Taipei, Taiwan by Charlie Shao. The band composes of Mai Su (bass/vocal), Howie Yu (guitar/vocal), Ian Chen (drum) and Michael Xu (keyboard). Macbeth played their first gig at UnderWorld in July 2009, and was invited to play at the 2009 WHITE LABEL, Free Tibet Music, 2010 Megaport Music Festival, The Next Big Thing and many other music festivals. A report by Liberty Times in March 2010 recommended Macbeth as one of the Top Six Must-Hear Indie Bands in Taiwan, and Macbeth's original song, Red Light City had been ranked as top one in The Top Ten Songs Weekly on Street Voice for two weeks in June, 2010. The band's sound contains a mix of rhythmic bass and synthesized guitar, and the frolicsome keyboard and drums offer joyful dance music element into their songs. Each composing Macbeth introduces new elements in order to provide the audiences endless pleasure and excitement of new sounds.

text:
# Macbeth (Taiwanese band)

**Macbeth** is an indie rock band formed in November 2008 in Taipei, Taiwan by Charlie Shao. The band composes of Mai Su (bass/vocal), Howie Yu (guitar/vocal), Ian Chen (drum) and Michael Xu (keyboard).

Macbeth played their first gig at UnderWorld in July 2009, and was invited to play at the 2009 WHITE LABEL, Free Tibet Music, 2010 Megaport Music Festival, The Next Big Thing and many other music festivals. A report by Liberty Times in March 2010 recommended Macbeth as one of the Top Six Must-Hear Indie Bands in Taiwan, and Macbeth's original song, Red Light City had been ranked as top one in The Top Ten Songs Weekly on Street Voice for two weeks in June, 2010.

The band's sound contains a mix of rhythmic bass and synthesized guitar, and the frolicsome keyboard and drums offer joyful dance music element into their songs. Each composing Macbeth introduces new elements in order to provide the audiences endless pleasure and excitement of new sounds.

## InfoBox

| Macbeth | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Taipei, Taiwan |
| Genres | Indie rock, post-punk revival |
|  | |
| Members | Mai Su
Howie Yu
Ian Chen
Michael Xu |


title: Florida Council on Arts and Culture

abstract: Florida Council on Arts and Culture is a 15-member advisory council appointed to advise the Florida Secretary of State regarding cultural grant funding and on matters pertaining to culture in Florida including appointments to the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. Appointments are determined by the Governor of Florida, President of the Florida Senate and Speaker of the Florida House in consultation with the Florida Secretary of State. The Governor manages seven seats that serve four-year terms. The President and Speaker manage four seats each, with terms of two years. According to the council's website: "The appointments are based on geographic representation, as well as demonstrated history of community service in the arts and culture." The current members of the Florida Council on Arts and Culture are:

text:
# Florida Council on Arts and Culture

**Florida Council on Arts and Culture** is a 15-member advisory council appointed to advise the Florida Secretary of State regarding cultural grant funding and on matters pertaining to culture in Florida including appointments to the Florida Artists Hall of Fame.

Appointments are determined by the Governor of Florida, President of the Florida Senate and Speaker of the Florida House in consultation with the Florida Secretary of State. The Governor manages seven seats that serve four-year terms. The President and Speaker manage four seats each, with terms of two years. According to the council's website: "The appointments are based on geographic representation, as well as demonstrated history of community service in the arts and culture."

The current members of the Florida Council on Arts and Culture are:

| Mr. Rivers Buford, III | Leon County |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ms. Lisa Burgess | Broward County |  |
| Ms. LaVon Bracy Davis | Orange County | Chair |
| Ms. Tara Forman | Broward County |  |
| Mr. Richard Forsyth | Hillsborough County |  |
| Mr. Towson Fraser | Leon County |  |
| Ms. Patricia Frost | Miami-Dade County |  |
| Commissioner Deborah Kynes | Pinellas County |  |
| Ms. Carroll Hanley Goggin | Orange County |  |
| Mr. Frank Gromling | Flagler County |  |
| Ms. Heather Mayo | Leon County |  |
| Dr. Alix Miller | Leon County |  |
| Representative Holly Raschein | Monroe County | Vice Chair |
| Mr. Jason Tapia | Miami-Dade County |  |
| Ms. Pat Williams | Martin County | Secretary |


title: The Seven Minutes

abstract: The Seven Minutes is a novel by Irving Wallace published in 1969 and released by Simon & Schuster. The book is a fictional account of the effects of pornography and the related arguments about freedom of speech.

text:
# The Seven Minutes

***The Seven Minutes*** is a novel by Irving Wallace published in 1969 and released by Simon & Schuster. The book is a fictional account of the effects of pornography and the related arguments about freedom of speech.

## Synopsis

A novel titled *The Seven Minutes,* purporting to be the thoughts in a woman's mind during seven minutes of sexual intercourse, is reputed to be the most obscene piece of pornography ever written, with massive public debate as to whether or not the book should be banned. A bookseller named Ben Fremont sells *The Seven Minutes* to Jeffrey Griffith, a college student with no history of violence. The book is found in Jeffrey's possession after his arrest for committing a brutal rape and murder.

District Attorney Elmo Duncan takes advantage of the public interest in the case and conspires to publicly link *The Seven Minutes* with the Jeffrey Griffith trial. His plan is to not only ban the book, but to make possessing it illegal on the grounds of public morality and safety. Ultimately he wishes to use this platform of moral decency to unseat the current senator, Thomas Bainbridge, in an upcoming election. Luther Yerkes, a wealthy businessman who has clashed with the incumbent senator, secretly funds Duncan's censorship campaign. This leads to the arrest of Ben Fremont for providing the book to Griffith, as well as legal action leveled at the book's publisher Phillip Sanford as he refuses to cooperate in an attempt to locate its pseudonymous author J.J. Jadway. Sanford claims that Jadway committed suicide in Europe years before due to despondency over the book's reception.

Sanford, believing the book is an artistic masterpiece and that legal action represents a dangerous precedent, calls upon his old friend, attorney Michael Barrett, to defend Fremont. This results in a landmark obscenity trial in which numerous witnesses are called to speak on the difference between artistic expression and obscenity and the public good versus freedom of choice.

Unexpectedly, Senator Bainbridge takes the stand in the book's defense. Bainbridge reveals that he wrote *The Seven Minutes* based on a powerful sexual experience that changed his life. At the time he wrote the book, it would have been damaging for him to reveal himself as its author, therefore he invented the name J.J. Jadway and had his publisher Phillip Sanford spread rumors of Jadway's death to protect his identity. In fact, much of his testimony is motivated by a desire to separate sexual openness and honesty, which he believes is a public good, from harmful exploitation.

After Bainbridge's testimony, the jury finds the book not obscene. The prosecutor vows to try the case again in a different part of the state, but defense attorney Barrett states that it is ridiculous to restrict what people are allowed to read in the privacy of their own homes or to use art as a scapegoat for much deeper societal issues.

## Historical basis

*The Seven Minutes* likely is based on the prosecution of New York City bookstore owner Irwin Weisfeld in the early 1960s. Weisfeld's case (New York v. Bookcase, Inc.) was well publicized in its time and played a key role in a series of crucial rulings regarding 1st amendment protection of literary works.

## Adaptation

The book was made into the film *The Seven Minutes*, directed by Russ Meyer in 1971, with Philip Carey, John Carradine, Wayne Maunder, Tom Selleck, and Yvonne De Carlo.

The Olympia Press of Maurice Girodias, who was interviewed by Wallace during research for his book, published the novel *The Original Seven Minutes*, and its author on the title page was J.J. Jadway; its content followed the indications in Wallace's novel. In other words, if Wallace's novel dealt with an allegedly obscene, fictional book, Olympia Press claimed to be the publishers. Following legal action by Wallace, the book was withdrawn, and later republished as *The Seven Erotic Minutes* with the purported author's name and all references to Wallace removed.

In the epilogue to the novel *Eleven Minutes*, Paulo Coelho cites Irving Wallace's book as a source of inspiration.

## InfoBox

The Seven Minutes
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Irving Wallace |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Pornography<br>Political science |
| Genre | Legal thriller |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| Publication place | United States |
| Published in English | September 29, 1969 |
| Pages | 607 |
| ISBN | 0-671-20359-2 |


title: Gordon Oliver

abstract: Gordon Oliver was an American actor and film producer. He appeared in more than 40 films and television shows between 1933 and 1972.

text:
# Gordon Oliver

**Gordon Oliver** (April 27, 1910  January 26, 1995) was an American actor and film producer. He appeared in more than 40 films and television shows between 1933 and 1972.

## Biography

Oliver began working in films in 1936, eventually working for Warner Bros., Columbia and RKO. He went on to appear in approximately 25 films. Oliver was executive producer of *It Takes a Thief*, *Peter Gunn*, *Mr. Lucky*, and *Mr. Adams and Eve*. On-screen, he was co-host of *Mobil Theatre* and *Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents*.

Oliver was married to model Elsa Oliver for 46 years. They had a son, Angus Duncan, and a daughter, Elsa Lambert. He died of emphysema January 26, 1995, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery. Oliver was survived by his wife, a son, and a daughter.

## Partial filmography

*As actor, unless otherwise noted.*

## Radio appearances

| Year | Program | Episode/source |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | *Family Theater* | *Pas de Deux* |

## InfoBox

| Gordon Oliver | |
| --- | --- |
| Oliver in *Youth on Parole* (1937) | |
| Born | (1910-04-27)April 27, 1910
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Died | January 26, 1995(1995-01-26) (aged 84)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Hollywood Forever Cemetery |
| Occupations | * Actor * film producer |
| Years active | 19331972 |
| Spouse | Elsa Oliver (m. 1949) |
| Children | 2 |


title: History of rail transport in Liberia

abstract: The history of rail transport in Liberia began shortly after World War II, when the Freeport of Monrovia was completed, with limited rail access. It had been developed by American military forces. In the early 1960s, three long distance railway lines were constructed in Liberia, mainly for the transport of iron ore from mines to port facilities. Of about 480 km (298 mi) in total length, they were the Mano River Railway, the Lamco Railway, and the Bong Mine Railway, respectively. All three of these lines were later closed down, due to the effects of the two Liberian Civil Wars. As of August 2010, only the Bong Mine Railway had been restored to operational condition.

text:
# History of rail transport in Liberia

The **history of rail transport in Liberia** began shortly after World War II, when the Freeport of Monrovia was completed, with limited rail access. It had been developed by American military forces.

In the early 1960s, three long distance railway lines were constructed in Liberia, mainly for the transport of iron ore from mines to port facilities. Of about 480 km (298 mi) in total length, they were the Mano River Railway, the Lamco Railway, and the Bong Mine Railway, respectively.

All three of these lines were later closed down, due to the effects of the two Liberian Civil Wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003). As of August 2010, only the Bong Mine Railway had been restored to operational condition.

## Beginnings

In the 19th century, Liberia found it difficult to get foreign loans which made infrastructure projects almost impossible. Under the presidency of Edward James Roye, a plan was drawn up to find foreign capital to build a railway into the interior in 1871, but after Roye's assassination, the funds were directed elsewhere and the railway was never built. As early as the 1920s, the establishment of railways was envisaged as part of the economic development of Liberia's mineral resources. These railways would have been constructed by the British *Liberian Development Company*. The national bankruptcy of Liberia and the intervention of the U.S. firm Firestone Tire & Rubber Company foiled these plans.

During World War II, the United States began preparations for the exploitation of the iron ore deposits in Liberia. The main element of this investment process was the Freeport of Monrovia, which was opened in 1948 as the first deep sea port in the country with a rail connection.

## Mano River Railway

Liberia's first long distance railway, the 92 mi (148 km) long Mano River Railway, was built in 1960. It connected the western mining areas on the Mano River with Monrovia, via the city of Tubmanburg. This railway was 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge.

## Lamco Railway

The majority of Liberia's mines are located in its northern border area. Further south, a second iron ore loading port was set up in 1963, on the coast near Buchanan. The associated 166 mi (267 km) long Lamco Railway was simultaneously put into operation, to link the Lamco mine at Yekepa, near the Guinean border, with the new port.

The Lamco Railway was built as a single track 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge line, and had eight intermediate stations with passing loops. It was one of the first iron ore railways to be designed specifically for use by long trains, and to be fitted with modern aids to operation, including centrally controlled signalling. Trains on the Lamco Railway were normally made up of three 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) locomotives hauling ninety ore cars. When loaded, they carried a total of 10,530 long tons (11,794 short tons; 10,699 t) of ore. As at 1980, the maximum tonnage of ore carried was 13,000,000 long tons (14,560,000 short tons; 13,208,610 t) per annum, and the rolling stock fleet comprised 14 locomotives and 510 ore cars.

During the civil wars, the railway was damaged and fell into disuse. However, it has recently been rebuilt by Arcelor Mittal.

## Bong Mine Railway

In the 1960s, a German private investment group acquired a mining concession in the Bong Range area and founded the DELIMCO mining company. To transport the Bong Range iron ore to Monrovia for export, another railway line, which became known as the Bong Mining Railway, was constructed in 1964. It is also standard gauge, and is 48 mi (77 km) long.

## Effects of the civil wars

During the civil wars, parts of Liberia's rail network were cut off, and train operations had to be shut down due to lack of profitability. Meanwhile, Chinese construction crews worked on a renovation of the facilities, as China was interested in further developing Liberia's mineral resources. The Tubman Bridge, at 240 m (787 ft) in length the most important railway bridge in the country, was being reconstructed in 2011. It forms part of the Mano River Railway.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Georg Schulz (1976). "Erfahrungen mit Holzschwellen in einer Erzbahnstrecke in Liberia, Westafrika". *European Journal of Wood and Wood Products*. **34** (9). Springer Verlag: 325–330. ISSN 0018-3768. (Digitized full text, requires payment or subscription.) (in German) about the Bong Mining Railway.
* Jones, Abeodu Bowen (1974). "The Republic of Liberia". In Ade Ajayi, J.F.; Crowder, Michael (eds.). *History of West Africa*. Vol. II. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-64519-0.


title: Royal Canadian Geographical Society

abstract: The Royal Canadian Geographical Society is a Canadian nonprofit educational organization. It has dedicated itself to spreading a broader knowledge and deeper appreciation of Canada, including its people, places, natural and cultural heritage, as well as its environmental, social and economic challenges.

text:
# Royal Canadian Geographical Society

The **Royal Canadian Geographical Society** (**RCGS**; French: *Société géographique royale du Canada*) is a Canadian nonprofit educational organization. It has dedicated itself to spreading a broader knowledge and deeper appreciation of Canada, including its people, places, natural and cultural heritage, as well as its environmental, social and economic challenges.

## History

The Royal Canadian Geographical Society was founded in 1929 by a group of eminent Canadians, including Marius Barbeau, an ethnographer and folklorist who is today considered a founder of Canadian anthropology, the Hon. A.E. Arsenault, Premier of Prince Edward Island and justice of the province's supreme court, Lawrence J. Burpee, Secretary for Canada of the International Joint Commission, John Wesley Dafoe, managing editor of the *Winnipeg Free Press*, the Hon. Albert Hudson, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, and Dr. O.D. Skelton, Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs.

The Rt. Hon. Viscount Willingdon, Governor-General of Canada, was the founding patron. J.B. Joseph Tyrrell, a geologist and cartographer whose exploits included the discovery of Albertosaurus bones in Alberta's Badlands, and making first contact with the Ihalmiut ("People from Beyond") of the Keewatin district of Canada's Northwest Territories, served as founding Honorary President. Arthur Philemon Coleman, a geologist and explorer who between 1884 and 1908 made eight trips of discovery to the Canadian Rockies, was named Honorary Vice-president.

At its first meeting, Charles Camsell said the society was formed "purely for patriotic purposes", and he hoped it would "be a unifying influence upon the life of Canada." A report by the acting secretary, E.S. Martindale, stated the intention of the founders: "The work of making the resources and other geographic factors of each part of the Dominion more widely known and more clearly understood is one of the best educational services that can be undertakenand one that cannot be rendered except through a geographic organization animated by a broad national purpose."

Among those who have addressed meetings of the RCGS over the years are Sir Francis Younghusband, Sir Hubert Wilkins, Maj. L.T. Burwash, Dr. Isaiah Bowman, Dr. Wade Davis, Michael Palin, Dr. Phil Currie, and Sir Christopher Ondaatje.

The RCGS publishes an award-winning English-language magazine, *Canadian Geographic*, which has been published continuously since 1930 (then called *Canadian Geographical Journal*). The society also publishes *Canadian Geographic Travel* quarterly. The society's French-language magazine, *Géographica*, which is published in collaboration with *La Presse*, was introduced in 1997.

Alan Beddoe designed the coat of arms for the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, and his fonds includes a black and white photograph of the letters patent.

In October 2016, it was announced that the society's new home would be an "iconic" building at 50 Sussex Drive in Ottawa. The society moved into its new headquarters in Spring 2018, and it debuted two exhibitions – *Explore* by Chris Cran and *Lessons From the Arctic: How Roald Amundsen Won the Race to the South Pole*.

In May 2019, the prime minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, attended the official opening ceremony of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's headquarters at 50 Sussex Drive.

## Programs

The Royal Canadian Geographical Society helps fund education, expeditions, research and lectures programs. Notably, it was a partner in the 2014 Victoria Strait Expedition that located HMS *Erebus*, one of two exploration vessels lost on the British Arctic Expedition led by Sir John Franklin.

Each fall, the society hosts the annual College of Fellows Annual Dinner, with notable past speakers include Sir Francis Younghusband, Major General Sir James Howden MacBrien, *Jeopardy!* host Alex Trebek, artist Robert Bateman, actor Dan Aykroyd, ethnobotanist Wade Davis, Climate Canada's senior climatologist David Phillips, storm chaser George Kourounis, and award-winning author Margaret Atwood. In addition, the dinner has been attended by both Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Governor General David Johnston in the past.

In June 2017, it was granted $2,084,000 in funding from the Government of Canada to develop the educational resource, a portion of which was drawn from the Canada 150 fund. This resulted in the creation of the *Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada*, developed with input from a number of groups and organizations representing indigenous peoples in Canada, including the Assembly of First Nations, Indspire, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Métis National Council, and the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. An issue of each of *Canadian Geographic* and *Géographica* were dedicated to the project.

## College of Fellows

The society's board of governors and its program committees are made up entirely of volunteers, who are members of the College of Fellows. Traditionally, Fellows were elected "in recognition of outstanding service to Canada." Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters *FRCGS* (Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society).

Past Fellows of the society include eminent names such as:

Current Fellows include:

Besides regular Fellows, the society elects Honorary Fellows, people recognized for special or outstanding achievements. The president, and other members of the executive, are elected by the College of Fellows at the society's annual general meeting.

Honorary Fellows include:

## Organization

The Governor General of Canada serves as the patron of the society. The society has honorary officers, including honorary presidents and honorary vice-presidents. A volunteer Board of governors, chaired by the president of the board, and an executive committee, provide general oversight.

Day-to-day operations of the society, its programs and business, are provided by its chief executive officer, currently John G. Geiger. The CEO is also responsible for strategic leadership, in consultation with the board of governors.

### Presidents

* 1930–1941: Dr. Charles Camsell, geologist in charge of explorations for the Geological Survey of Canada, and commissioner of the Northwest Territories. Oversaw the exploration of the uncharted parts of Canada's North—a vast area covering 1.4 million square kilometres or about 25 percent of the country.
* 1941–1944: Dr. George J. Desbarats, Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries and of National Defence. He was the Canadian official who first learned that explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson was separated from his ship, and that the Karluk was missing in the Arctic ice.
* 1944–1950: Mr. Charles C. Cowan, vice president and managing director, British American Bank Note Co.; Dir., National Film Board
* 1950–1955: Air Marshal Robert Leckie, an aviation pioneer and Chief of the Air Staff for the Royal Canadian Air Force. An outstanding fighter pilot during the First World War, he flew attacks on German Zeppelins, and downed two.
* 1955–1963: Maj.-Gen. Hugh A. Young, commanded the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade at Normandy, and served as Deputy Minister of Public Works. Commissioner of the Northwest Territories from 1950 to 1953. As head of the advisory committee on Northern Development, in 1953 he studied threats to Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic.
* 1963–1967: Dr. Omond Solandt, scientist and first chairman of both Canada's Defence Research Board and the Science Council of Canada. He was a scientific advisor to Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, and later a member of the joint military mission sent to Japan to evaluate the effects of the atomic bomb. He served as Chancellor of the University of Toronto.
* 1967–1977: Dr. Pierre Camu, geographer and civil servant. Served as president of the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, and later as chair of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). He is co-founder of the Trans Canada Trail.
* 1977–1986: Mr. Denis Coolican, served as president of the Canadian Bank Note Company and the first Chair of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. He was also a Vice President of Brascan.
* 1986–1992: Dr. Alexander T. Davidson, geographer and civil servant. Served as chief of resources for the federal Department of Northern Affairs, and assistant deputy minister of rural development; water; policy, planning and research for Environment Canada; and Parks Canada. He also was chairman of the federal Panel Concerning Low Level Military Flights in Labrador-Goose Bay.
* 1992–1998: Dr. Denis A. St-Onge, geoscientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. Conducted pioneering research into the evolution of landscape under extreme cold climate on Ellef Ringnes Island in the High Arctic. He is credited with developing a unique method of mapping geomorphology.
* 1998–2004: Dr. Arthur E. Collin, served as Scientific Advisor for the Maritime Forces (1965) and as the Dominion Hydrographer (1968). From 1971 to 1980 he served as Assistant Deputy Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and the Environment.
* 2004–2010: Ms. Gisèle Jacob, director general with Environment Canada and Deputy Secretary General for the Canadian Human Rights Commission. She also served as chair of the Geographical Names Board of Canada.
* 2010–2013: Mr. John G. Geiger, author of *Frozen In Time: The Fate of The Franklin Expedition* and other books, former head of the editorial board of *The Globe and Mail*, current chief executive officer of the RCGS.
* 2013–2016: Dr. Paul Ruest, former president of the Université de Saint-Boniface.
* 2016–2023: Mr. Gavin Fitch, KC, lawyer.
* 2023–present: The Hon. Lois Mitchell, businesswoman and former Lieutenant Governor of Alberta.

### Notable Vice-Presidents

* 1930–1934: J. Mackintosh Bell, geologist, explorer and writer. His field work included pioneer exploration in Arctic Canada for the Geological Survey of Canada. He later became director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand.
* 1939–1941: Senator W. A. Buchanan, former Member of Parliament and publisher of the Lethbridge Herald.
* 1939–1954: Gen. A.G.L. Andrew McNaughton, Chief of the General Staff for Canada, commanding officer of the First Canadian Infantry Division, First Canadian Corps, First Canadian Army, Minister of National Defense, and Ambassador to the United Nations.
* 1968–Dr. John Tuzo Wilson, geophysicist and geologist who achieved worldwide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of plate tectonics.
* 1988–2000: Ernest Côté, soldier, diplomat, and senior civil servant.

## Awards

### Gold Medal

Recognizing a particular achievement by one or more individuals in the general field of geography or a significant national or international event. It was first awarded in 1972.

Source: RCGS

### Sir Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration

The Sir Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration, named after gold medal and Camsell Medal recipient Sir Christopher Ondaatje, was established in 2013.

Source: RCGS

### 3M Environmental Innovation Award

The 3M Environmental Innovation Award was established in 2009 by the Society and 3M Canada to recognize outstanding individuals in business, government, academia or community organizations whose innovative contributions to environmental change are benefiting Canada and Canadians. The award was discontinued, with the final recipient named in 2015.

Source: RCGS

### Camsell Medal

The Royal Canadian Geographical Society awards the Camsell Medal to bestow recognition upon, and to express the society's appreciation to, individuals who have given outstanding service to the society. The award was established by the society's board of governors in 1992.

Source: RCGS

* 2021: Alison Gill and Susan Taylor
* 2020: Keith Exelby
* 2019: Beth Dye and Joe Frey
* 2018: Paul Ruest and Élisabeth Nadeau
* 2017: Jody Decker and Philip Howarth
* 2016: Mark Graham, Peter Harrison and Christine Duverger-Harrison
* 2015: Bruce Amos and Louise Maffett
* 2014: Christopher Burn and Iain Wallace
* 2013: Sir Christopher Ondaatje
* 2012: Jean Fournier
* 2011: Gisèle Jacob and Arthur E. Collin
* 2010: Pierre Bergeron and Helen Kerfoot
* 2009: James Raffan and Ted Johnson
* 2008: Kenneth Boland and Carman Joynt
* 2007: Stuart Semple and Brian Osborne
* 2006: Karen Lochhead and Michael Schmidt
* 2005: James Maxwell and Denis St-Onge
* 2004: Samuel P. Arsenault and Alexander T. Davidson
* 2003: J. Blair Seaborn and David Kirkwood
* 2002: Alan O. Gibbons
* 2001: Dickson Mansfield
* 2000: Winifred Wadasinghe-Wijay
* 1999: Pierre Camu and Grete Hale
* 1998: Pierre Des Marais II and Dr. George Hobson
* 1997: Enid Byford and Robert Goddard
* 1996: David Bartlett
* 1995: William M. Gilchrist and Col. Louis M. Sebert
* 1994: Wendy Simpson-Lewis
* 1993: David W. Phillips and Dr. Ernest P. Weeks
* 1992: Dr. J. Keith Fraser and Samuel F. Hughes

### The Martin Bergmann Medal for Excellence in Arctic Leadership and Science

Established by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in 2012, the medal recognizes achievement for "excellence in Arctic leadership and science." It is named in honour of Martin "Marty" Bergmann, a public servant.

Source: RCGS

* 2019: Wayne Pollard
* 2018: James Drummond and Derek Muir
* 2017: Martin Fortier
* 2016: Warwick Vincent
* 2015: John Smol
* 2014: Donald Forbes
* 2013: David Hik
* 2012: Martin Bergmann

### Lawrence J. Burpee Medal

Established by the society in 2013, this medal is awarded to recognize outstanding contribution to the general advancement of geography, or to other achievement that greatly enhances the ability of the society to fulfill its mission.

Source: RCGS

### Massey Medal

The Massey Medal recognizes outstanding personal achievement in the exploration, development or description of the geography of Canada. The award was established in 1959 by the Massey Foundation, named for industrialist Hart Massey.

Source: RCGS

* 2021 - Yvan Bédard and Barbara Sherwood Lollar
* 2020 - John Smol
* 2019 - Derek Clifford Ford
* 2018: Arthur J. Ray
* 2017: David Morrison
* 2016: Steve Blasco
* 2015: Brian Osborne
* 2014: Derald Smith
* 2013: David Ley
* 2012: Graeme Wynn
* 2011: David Livingstone
* 2010: Raymond Price
* 2009: Michael Church
* 2008: Bruce Mitchell
* 2007: Eddy Carmack
* 2006: Serge Courville
* 2005: Tim Oke
* 2004: Larry Stuart Bourne
* 2003: Richard Colebrook Harris
* 2002: John Oliver Wheeler
* 2001: Lawrence McCann
* 1999: Alexander T. Davidson
* 1998: William C. Wonders
* 1997: James A. Houston
* 1996: James P. Bruce
* 1995: Pierre Camu

### Innovation in Geography Teaching Award

Established in 2013, the Innovation in Geography Teaching Award is presented to K-12 teachers who have "gone above and beyond their job description to further geographic literacy." Recipients are chosen by the board of Canadian Geographic Education.

Source: RCGS

* 2018: Breanna Heels
* 2017: Paula Huddy-Zubkowski
* 2016: Greg Neil
* 2015: Janet Ruest
* 2014: Mike Farley
* 2013: Andrew Young

### Louie Kamookak Medal

Established in 2018, the medal is named for Louie Kamookak, an Inuit historian involved in the search for Franklin's lost expedition, and is awarded for those who have "been brought to the attention of the Executive Committee, Awards Committee, or to the CEO, as having made Canada’s geography better known to Canadians and to the world".

Source: RCGS

## Canadian Geographic Education

Canadian Geographic Education—formerly the Canadian Council for Geographic Education (CCGE)—is a joint initiative of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographic Society of Washington, D.C., established in 1993. The programs of the Can Geo Education aim to strengthen geographic education in the classroom. In addition to increasing the emphasis on geography within the school system, the Can Geo Education endeavours to increase the public awareness of the importance of geographical literacy.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Royal Canadian Geographical Society
| NotesGranted 11 June 1991. CrestIn front of a Canada goose wings elevated and displayed the northern hemisphere of a terrestrial globe all Proper. EscutcheonAzure an annulet Or surmounted of a compass rose of eight points Argent charged in the centre with a maple leaf slipped Gules on a canton also Argent a representation of the Royal Crown Proper. SupportersOn a grassy mound on either side a malamute sled-dog Proper. |
| --- |

## InfoBox

Royal Canadian Geographical Society
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | RCGS |
| Formation | 1929 (1929) |
| Type | Nonprofit organization |
| Headquarters | 50 Sussex Drive<br>Ottawa, Ontario |
| President | The Hon. Lois Mitchell |
| Chief Executive Officer | John G. Geiger |
| Main organ | College of Fellows |
| Website | rcgs.org |


title: Wangdrak Rinpoche

abstract: Wangdrak Rinpoche is a lama of Gebchak Nunnery, in Nangchen, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province. He is a khenpo from Dzongsar College in Dergé who now works full-time for the Gebchak nuns' material well-being and the preservation of their Vajrayāna tradition of spiritual training. Wangdrak Rinpoche is the third reincarnation of Wangdrak Dorje. Along with the first Tsangyang Gyatso Rinpoche, Wangdrak Dorje was instrumental in spreading the practices and teachings of the Gebchak tradition and was renowned for his total mastery of the profound practices of tsa-lung. The present incarnation received a khenpo degree from Dzongsar College, well known as the best college in all of Tibet for non-sectarian scriptural study. He has also received a remarkably broad training in the practices and rituals of the Nyingma, Sakya and Kagyu traditions. After completing his studies and several years of teaching in monasteries, Wangdrak Rinpoche was requested by Tsoknyi Rinpoche and the Gebchak nuns' to accept formal responsibility for overseeing the nunnery's needs. Along with and as a part of this, he teaches students in Singapore, Australia and other countries on Gebchak's meditations and experiential understandings, and occasionally hosts summer retreats for foreign students in Nangchen.

text:
# Wangdrak Rinpoche

**Wangdrak Rinpoche** (born 1967) is a lama of Gebchak Nunnery (i.e. Gebchak Gonpa), in Nangchen, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province (Eastern Tibet). He is a khenpo from Dzongsar College in Dergé who now works full-time for the Gebchak nuns' material well-being and the preservation of their Vajrayāna tradition of spiritual training.

Wangdrak Rinpoche is the third reincarnation of Wangdrak Dorje. Along with the first Tsangyang Gyatso Rinpoche, Wangdrak Dorje was instrumental in spreading the practices and teachings of the Gebchak tradition and was renowned for his total mastery of the profound practices of tsa-lung (nāḍī and prāṇa yoga).

The present incarnation received a khenpo degree from Dzongsar College, well known as the best college in all of Tibet for non-sectarian scriptural study. He has also received a remarkably broad training in the practices and rituals of the Nyingma, Sakya and Kagyu traditions.

After completing his studies and several years of teaching in monasteries, Wangdrak Rinpoche was requested by Tsoknyi Rinpoche and the Gebchak nuns' to accept formal responsibility for overseeing the nunnery's needs. Along with and as a part of this, he teaches students in Singapore, Australia and other countries on Gebchak's meditations and experiential understandings, and occasionally hosts summer retreats for foreign students in Nangchen.

## InfoBox

| Wangdrak Rinpoche | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| Education | Dzongsar College |
| Senior posting | |
| Reincarnation | Wangdrak Dorje |


abstract: The European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills were a series of private member's bills of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make provision for the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 and end the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union which at the time of the first bill being presented to Parliament for its first reading on 20 June 2012 by the then prominent Eurosceptic Conservative MP for Clacton Douglas Carswell was approaching its 40th anniversary of being on the statute book. On 26 October 2012 the first bill received its second reading with a half hour debate in the Commons however at the time it did not carry the wider support of the Conservative Party and failed to progress any further before the then current session of Parliament ended. The first bill is also notable for being the first ever private members bill ever to be crowd funded.

text:
# European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills

| European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill 2013-14 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| **Long title** * A Bill to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and related legislation; and for connected purposes. | |
| Citation | Bill 33 |
| Considered by | Parliament of the United Kingdom |
| Legislative history | |
| Introduced by | Philip Hollobone |
| First reading | 24 June 2013 |
| Related legislation | |
| European Communities Act 1972 | |
| **Status:** Not passed | |

The **European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills** were a series of private member's bills of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make provision for the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 and end the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union which at the time of the first bill being presented to Parliament for its first reading on 20 June 2012 by the then prominent Eurosceptic Conservative MP for Clacton Douglas Carswell was approaching its 40th anniversary of being on the statute book. On 26 October 2012 the first bill received its second reading with a half hour debate in the Commons however at the time it did not carry the wider support of the Conservative Party and failed to progress any further before the then current session of Parliament ended. The first bill is also notable for being the first ever private members bill ever to be crowd funded.

## Criticism

The first Bill was widely criticised at the time for not including any commitment to the holding of any referendum before the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 should take place.

## Second Bill

The second bill of the same name was presented to Parliament for its first reading by the prominent Conservative Eurosceptic MP for Kettering Philip Hollobone almost exactly a year after the first bill was presented on 20 June 2013, some five months after the Bloomberg speech although unlike the previous bill it never received a second reading and the bill failed to progress any further partly due to the fact at exactly the same time the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14 was going through the House of Commons and had the wider support of the Conservative Party including the support of the then Prime Minister David Cameron.

## Outcome

Although there was no direct consequences, the Bills were a direct indication of increasing political pressure from eurosceptic Conservative MP’s which would lead to the then Prime Minister David Cameron to make a major party political speech on Europe in January 2013 in what would become known as the Bloomberg speech in which the Conservative Party would support the holding of a in-out referendum on continued EU membership by the end of 2017. This referendum would be duly held in June 2016 and saw the United Kingdom vote by a narrow majority to leave the European Union. The UK left the European Union on 31 January 2020 with the European Communities Act 1972 being repealed by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 on the same day.

1. "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill 2012-13". *www.parliament.uk*. UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
2. "MPs debate case for UK pulling out of European Union". *www.bbc.co.uk*. BBC News. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
3. "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill 2013-14". *www.parliament.uk*. UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

## InfoBox

| European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill 2012-13 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| **Long title** * A Bill to Repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and related legislation; and for connected purposes. | |
| Citation | Bill 27 |
| Considered by | Parliament of the United Kingdom |
| Legislative history | |
| Introduced by | Douglas Carswell |
| First reading | 20 June 2012 |
| Second reading | 26 October 2012 |
| Related legislation | |
| European Communities Act 1972 | |
| **Status:** Not passed | |


title: How to Seduce a Playboy

abstract: How to Seduce a Playboy is a 1966 Austrian-Italian comedy film directed by Michael Pfleghar and starring Peter Alexander, Antonella Lualdi and Scilla Gabel. The film's sets were designed by the art director Hertha Hareiter. Location shooting took place in Paris, Rome and Tokyo.

text:
# How to Seduce a Playboy

***How to Seduce a Playboy*** (German: ***Bel Ami 2000 oder Wie verführt man einen Playboy?***) is a 1966 Austrian-Italian comedy film directed by Michael Pfleghar and starring Peter Alexander, Antonella Lualdi and Scilla Gabel.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Hertha Hareiter. Location shooting took place in Paris, Rome and Tokyo.

## Synopsis

Every year the men's magazine selects a Playboy of the Year, but due to a computer error a shy accountant is chosen by mistake. As he has already been announced as the winner, the magazine decides to build up his public persona to justify their choice. While embarking on a tour of major international cities, he is pursued by a female journalist convinced that he is a fraud who should be exposed.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Von Dassanowsky, Robert. *Austrian Cinema: A History*. McFarland, 2005.

## InfoBox

| How to Seduce a Playboy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Michael Pfleghar |
| Written by | Klaus Munro
Kurt Nachmann
Michael Pfleghar
Mario Siciliano |
| Based on | *Bel Ami 66* by Anatol Bratt |
| Produced by | Mario Siciliano
Karl Spiehs |
| Starring | Peter Alexander
Antonella Lualdi
Scilla Gabel |
| Cinematography | Ernst Wild |
| Edited by | Margot von Schlieffen |
| Music by | Heinz Kiessling |
| Production
companies | Intercontinental Filmproduktion
Metheus Film |
| Distributed by | Constantin Film |
| Release date | * 23 November 1966 (1966-11-23) |
| Running time | 101 minutes |
| Countries | Austria
Italy |
| Language | German |


title: The Sex Lives of Cannibals

abstract: The Sex Lives of Cannibals: Adrift in the Equatorial Pacific is a 2004 travelogue by author J. Maarten Troost describing the two years he and his girlfriend spent living on the Tarawa atoll in the Pacific island nation of Kiribati.

text:
# The Sex Lives of Cannibals

***The Sex Lives of Cannibals: Adrift in the Equatorial Pacific*** is a 2004 travelogue by author J. Maarten Troost describing the two years he and his girlfriend spent living on the Tarawa atoll in the Pacific island nation of Kiribati.

## Plot

In the book Troost described how he and his girlfriend Sylvia adjusted to life on the remote small island in the South Pacific, and built a life for themselves there. Troost described the unusual people they lived with, and bizarre and unfamiliar local customs, as well as the local people's reaction to Troost's own behaviour that they regarded as unusual.

In those two years, the author adjusted to an over-whelming fish-based diet, extreme heat, and an ineffective government, which the author describes as "Coconut Stalinism - though Stalin, at least, got something done." He described frequent electrical and water shortages, along with many other idiosyncrasies of living on such a small and remote island.

At the same time, Troost also challenges American complacency toward its own history, by doing so little to remember the many troops who died in the Battle of Tarawa during World War II, and the many foreign aid workers and consultants, who failed to consider the islanders' real needs or local culture.

## Sequel

This book was followed up by *Getting Stoned with Savages* (2006), the further adventures of J. Maarten Troost and his wife, Sylvia.


title: The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins

abstract: The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins is the ninth novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, published in May 2014.

text:
# The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins

***The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins*** is the ninth novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, published in May 2014.

## Plot summary

The novel follows Lucy Brennan, a sadistic personal trainer in Miami, Florida. When Lucy leaves a failed romantic evening, she gets caught in a chase between a gunman and two fleeing homeless victims. Lucy knocks the gunman to the ground, allowing the victims to escape.

The incident is recorded by Lena Sorenson, an overweight, self-conscious, successful sculptor. Sorenson’s video turns Lucy into a media sensation. The news competes for airtime with a story about conjoined twins Anabelle and Amy, who debate undergoing a risky separation operation to allow Anabelle to have sex with her boyfriend.

It is revealed that the two men who Lucy saved them from the angry gunman are pedophiles and the gunman a victim intent on revenge. The media turns on Lucy.

Following the incident, Lena tracks Lucy down to schedule a personal training session. In turn, Lena becomes obsessed with Lucy's weight loss. When Lena fails to follow Lucy's diet regime, Lucy drugs her and locks her in an abandoned apartment complex, chaining her to a pillar and forcing her to urinate in a bucket. Lucy's abusive tactics prove successful, and Lena loses weight.

## Reception

Similarities have been drawn between this book and Welsh's first novel, *Trainspotting*. Elena Seymenliyska of *The Daily Telegraph* wrote, "It's a bit like his debut, *Trainspotting* (1993), only instead of the tenements of Leith, we're in the condos of Miami Beach. And in place of heroin addicts, alcoholics and violent psychos, here we have fitness instructors, poseurs – and violent psychos."

In *The Guardian*, Sandra Newman took issue with the lead character: "The pleasure of the book is spoiled by a radically misjudged narrator."

In *The Independent*, David Pollock wrote that the author's risk ultimately paid off: "Yet how far he has removed himself from his comfort zone in writing female Americans is validated by the clarity with which he eviscerates Western society's great—and potentially most dangerous—obsessions with food, health, sex and emotional perfection."

## InfoBox

The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Irvine Welsh |
| Language | English |
| Published | 2014 (Jonathan Cape) |
| Publication place | Scotland |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 468 |
| ISBN | 978-022408788-9 |


title: Mor Kuzhambu

abstract: Buttermilk Kuzhambu or Moru Curry(Malayalam) Mor Kuzhambu(Tamil) is a commonly prepared dish in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This is a liquid curry recipe which is served with white or boiled rice, pancake made of lentils / mixed gram dosa. Traditionally, it includes vegetables like okra, winter melon or ash gourd, colocasia, etc. The taste is a bit sour, and it is a dish of Tamil Nadu. It is widely prepared on festivals as a special dish. It is often served with hot steamed rice and potato fries. In Kerala there are two variants of this curry. One with vegetables and other without any vegetables. Ash gourd is the common vegetable in this kind of curry it is called Kaalan. Also, the curry without vegetables is called Buttermilk curry. This is very rich in calcium and vitamin C, and has very low cholesterol.

text:
# Mor Kuzhambu

**Buttermilk Kuzhambu** or Moru Curry(Malayalam) Mor Kuzhambu(Tamil) is a commonly prepared dish in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This is a liquid curry recipe which is served with white or boiled rice, pancake made of lentils / mixed gram dosa.

Traditionally, it includes vegetables like okra, winter melon or ash gourd, colocasia, etc. The taste is a bit sour, and it is a dish of Tamil Nadu. It is widely prepared on festivals as a special dish. It is often served with hot steamed rice and potato fries.

In Kerala there are two variants of this curry. One with vegetables and other without any vegetables. Ash gourd is the common vegetable in this kind of curry it is called Kaalan. Also, the curry without vegetables is called Buttermilk curry.

This is very rich in calcium and vitamin C, and has very low cholesterol.

## Further reading


title: Nilay Aydoğan

abstract: Nilay Aydoğan was a Turkish basketball player who played for the Turkey women's national team. During her career, she played for Osmaniye, Yalova, Mersin, Samsun B.K. and Çankaya Üniversitesi.

text:
# Nilay Aydoğan

**Nilay Aydoğan** (6 May 1992 – 12 February 2023) was a Turkish basketball player who played for the Turkey women's national team. During her career, she played for Osmaniye, Yalova, Mersin, Samsun B.K. and Çankaya Üniversitesi.

## Death

Aydogan died in Malatya as a result of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake while on a visit to her grandmother. Following her death, her No. 46 jersey was retired by Çankaya Üniversitesi and the Turkish Basketball Federation dedicated the 2022–2023 season to her.

## InfoBox

Nilay Aydoğan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-05-06)6 May 1992
Turkey |
| Died | 12 February 2023(2023-02-12) (aged 30)
Malatya, Turkey |
| Listed height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Position | Forward |
| Number | 46 |
| Career history | |
| 2015–2016 | Izmit |
| 2016–2017 | Yalova |
| 2017 | Tosyali Toyo Osmaniye |
| 2018 | Samsun B.K. |
| 2018–2020 | Çankaya Üniversitesi |
| 2020–2021 | Yalova |
| 2021–2022 | Mersin |
| 2022–2023 | Çankaya Üniversitesi |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Galur, Johar Baru

abstract: Galur is an administrative village in the Johar Baru district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10530.

text:
# Galur, Johar Baru

**Galur** is an administrative village in the Johar Baru district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10530.

## InfoBox

| Galur | |
| --- | --- |
| Administrative village | |
| GalurPeta lokasi Administrative village Galur | |
| Coordinates: 6°10′35″S 106°51′18″E / 6.1763°S 106.8551°E / -6.1763; 106.8551 | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | DKI Jakarta |
| Administrative city | Central Jakarta |
| District | Johar Baru |
| Postal code | 10530 |


title: Taming Sari Tower

abstract: Taming Sari Tower is a 24-story, 110-meter-tall gyro tower in Malacca City, Malacca, Malaysia. It is the first and tallest gyro tower in Malaysia. The tower was opened to the public on 18 April 2008 and officiated by then Chief Minister of Malacca, Mohd Ali Rustam on 17 May 2008. Its design was taken from the eponymous legendary keris which belonged to Hang Tuah. The tower offers a 360-degree panoramic view of Malacca City and beyond, and is able to accommodate 80 people per viewing session, which lasts about 7 minutes.

text:
# Taming Sari Tower

**Taming Sari Tower** is a 24-story, 110-meter-tall gyro tower in Malacca City, Malacca, Malaysia. It is the first and tallest gyro tower in Malaysia. The tower was opened to the public on 18 April 2008 and officiated by then Chief Minister of Malacca, Mohd Ali Rustam on 17 May 2008. Its design was taken from the eponymous legendary keris which belonged to Hang Tuah. The tower offers a 360-degree panoramic view of Malacca City and beyond, and is able to accommodate 80 people per viewing session, which lasts about 7 minutes.

## InfoBox

| Taming Sari Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| Menara Taming Sari | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Record height | |
| Tallest in Malacca from 2008 to 2014\[I\] | |
| Preceded by | Emperor Hotel |
| Surpassed by | The Shore Sky Tower Malacca |
| General information | |
| Type | Gyro tower |
| Location | Malacca City, Malaysia |
| Coordinates | 2°11′27.0″N 102°14′49.6″E / 2.190833°N 102.247111°E / 2.190833; 102.247111 |
| Construction started | August 2006 |
| Completed | March 2008 |
| Opened | 18 April 2008 |
| Inaugurated | 17 May 2008 |
| Cost | MYR 2 million |
| Owner | Melaka Taming Sari Berhad
(subsidiary of Kumpulan Melaka Berhad, itself the subsidiary of Malacca Chief Minister Incorporated) |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Roof | 100 m (330 ft) |
| Observatory | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Concrete |
| Floor count | 24 |


title: Rubén Soria

abstract: Ruben Néstor Soria is a Uruguayan football defender who played for Uruguay in the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He also played for C.A. Cerro.

text:
# Rubén Soria

**Ruben Néstor Soria** (born 23 January 1935) is a Uruguayan football defender who played for Uruguay in the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He also played for C.A. Cerro.

## InfoBox

Ruben Soria
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ruben Néstor Soria | | |
| Date of birth | (1935-01-23) 23 January 1935 | | |
| Place of birth | Uruguay | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | C.A. Cerro |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Uruguay |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Wangdue Phodrang District

abstract: Wangdue Phodrang District is a Thromde and dzongkhag (district) of central Bhutan. This is also the name of the dzong which dominates the district. The name is said to have been given by the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who was searching for the best location for a dzong to prevent incursions from the south. The word "wangdue" means unification of Country, and "Phodrang" means Palace in Dzongkha. Wangdue Phodrang is the largest dzongkhag in Bhutan by area and is bordered by Dagana and Tsirang dzongkhags to the south, Trongsa dzongkhag to the east, Thimphu and Punakha dzongkhag to the west, and Gasa dzongkhag and a small section of border with Tibet to the north. It is listed as a tentative site in Bhutan's Tentative List for UNESCO inclusion.

text:
# Wangdue Phodrang District

27°30′N 90°10′E / 27.500°N 90.167°E / 27.500; 90.167

**Wangdue Phodrang District** (Dzongkha: དབང་འདུས་ཕོ་བྲང་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: *Dbang-'dus Pho-brang rdzong-khag*; previously spelled "Wangdi Phodrang") is a Thromde and dzongkhag (district) of central Bhutan. This is also the name of the dzong (built in 1638) which dominates the district. The name is said to have been given by the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who was searching for the best location for a dzong to prevent incursions from the south. The word "wangdue" means unification of Country, and "Phodrang" means Palace in Dzongkha.

Wangdue Phodrang is the largest dzongkhag in Bhutan by area and is bordered by Dagana and Tsirang dzongkhags to the south, Trongsa dzongkhag to the east, Thimphu and Punakha dzongkhag to the west, and Gasa dzongkhag and a small section of border with Tibet to the north. It is listed as a tentative site in Bhutan's Tentative List for UNESCO inclusion.

## Wangdue Phodrang Dzong

An historic dzong built by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1638 was located at Wangdue Phodrang. The dzong was burnt down by a fire in June 2012. However, as the dzong was being renovated at the time of the fire, most of the historic relics had been put into storage and so were saved from destruction.

## Languages

The dominant language in Wangdue Phodrang is Dzongkha, the national language, spoken in the western two-thirds of the district. Communities along the border with Bumthang District in the northeast speak Lakha. Along the same border, in central Wangdue Phodrang, inhabitants speak Nyenkha. In southeast Wangdue Phodrang, remnants of the autochthonous 'Olekha (Black Mountain Monpa) speaking community barely survive.

## Transport

There are three paved roads in Wangdue Phodrang dzongkhag. The Lateral Road enters from the west at Dochu La Pass, crosses the Sankosh (Puna Tsang Chhu) at Wangdue Phodrang dzong, and continues east to Tongsa. One spur road heads north from Wangdue Phodrang to the dzong at Punakha and slightly beyond. This road eventually becomes the trail to Gasa. A second spur departs the Lateral Road near the Pele La pass halfway between Wangdue and Tongsa, traveling south a short distance to Gangteng Monastery and the Phobjika valley where the rare black-necked cranes (*grus nigricollis*) may be found.

## Administrative divisions

Wangdue Phodrang District is divided into 15 village blocks (or *gewogs*):

## Environment

Most of Wangdue Phodrang District is environmentally protected. The northern half of the district (the *gewogs* of Kazhi, Dangchu and Sephu) falls within Wangchuck Centennial Park, with northwestern pockets (the *gewog* of Kazhi) belonging to Jigme Dorji National Park. Southeastern Wangdue (the *gewogs* of Athang and Phobji) is part of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. Also protected are the biological corridors crisscrossing the district that connect Bhutan's extensive national park system.

The environmentally precious and vulnerable lands of Phobjika Valley are not protected by the government, but are maintained by the first and only Bhutanese private conservation group, the Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN). Chartered as a public benefit nonprofit organization (PBO), the RSPN focuses on education, sustainable agriculture, ecotourism, and improving living standards in ecologically responsible ways.

## Tourist attractions

## InfoBox

| Wangdue Phodrang District དབང་འདུས་ཕོ་བྲང་རྫོང་ཁག | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map of Wangdue Phodrang District in Bhutan | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| Headquarters | Wangdue |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,308 km2 (1,663 sq mi) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 42,186 |
| Density | 9.8/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |
| HDI (2019) | 0.604
medium · 15th of 20 |
| Website | www.wangduephodrang.gov.bt |


abstract: The European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the fields of gastroenterology and hepatology. It was established in 1989 and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The editors-in-chief are Joost PH Drenth and Didier Lebrec. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.251.

text:
# European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The ***European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology*** is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the fields of gastroenterology and hepatology. It was established in 1989 and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The editors-in-chief are Joost PH Drenth (Radboud University Medical Center) and Didier Lebrec. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.251.

## InfoBox

*European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology*
| Discipline | Gastroenterology, hepatology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | J.P.H. Drenth, Didier Lebrec |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1989–present |
| Publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Impact factor | 2.251 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | EJGHES |
| ISSN | 0954-691X (print)
1473-5687 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 90031034 |
| OCLC no. | 883278704 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Noel King (broadcast journalist)

abstract: Noel King is a co-host and editorial director of the podcast and radio show Today Explained for Vox. She is a graduate of Brown University, and comes from Kerhonkson, New York. King began working in radio in 2004 in Khartoum as a freelance journalist for the Voice of America. She also worked for Public Radio International's The World, and was a correspondent for the Planet Money podcast. From 2018 through 2021, King was a host of NPR's Morning Edition and Up First.

text:
# Noel King (broadcast journalist)

**Noel King** is a co-host and editorial director of the podcast and radio show *Today Explained* for Vox. She is a graduate of Brown University, and comes from Kerhonkson, New York. King began working in radio in 2004 in Khartoum as a freelance journalist for the Voice of America. She also worked for Public Radio International's *The World*, and was a correspondent for the *Planet Money* podcast. From 2018 through 2021, King was a host of NPR's *Morning Edition* and *Up First*.

## Awards

In October 2020, King was awarded the "One To Watch" award from radiohalloffame.com.

## InfoBox

| Noel King | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kerhonkson, NY |
| Alma mater | Brown University |
| Occupation | Radio host |
| **Career** | |
| Show | *Today Explained* |
| Network | Vox |
|  | |


title: Markundapadu

abstract: Markondapadu is a village near by a town Nidadavole (South-West) and Kovvur (North-East) in Chagallu mandal, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh State, India. This village is a bramin agharam since hundred of years who are the owners of thousands of aches of land. The vast water body which gets its water from the near by Kovvada stream which is dug during the time of Kakatiya kings of Nidadavolu, which is the in law's town of the mighty queen Rudhrama Devi.

text:
# Markundapadu

**Markondapadu** is a village near by a town Nidadavole (South-West) and Kovvur (North-East) in Chagallu mandal, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh State, India. This village is a bramin agharam since hundred of years who are the owners of thousands of aches of land . The vast water body which gets its water from the near by Kovvada stream which is dug during the time of Kakatiya kings of Nidadavolu , which is the in law's town of the mighty queen Rudhrama Devi.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census of India, Markondapadu had a population of 4887. The total population constitute, 2412 males and 2475 females with a sex ratio of 1026 females per 1000 males. 505 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1053. The average literacy rate stands at 73.09%.


title: Fogarty Literary Award

abstract: The Fogarty Literary Award is an Australian award that was established in December 2018 by Fremantle Press in association with the Fogarty Foundation. It is a biennial award for an unpublished manuscript by a Western Australian writer aged 18 to 35 valued at AU$20,000. In addition, the winning author receives a publishing contract for their manuscript.

text:
# Fogarty Literary Award

The **Fogarty Literary Award** is an Australian award that was established in December 2018 by Fremantle Press in association with the Fogarty Foundation. It is a biennial award for an unpublished manuscript by a Western Australian writer aged 18 to 35 valued at AU$20,000. In addition, the winning author receives a publishing contract for their manuscript.

## Award winners

| Year | Title | Author | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | "The History of Mischief" | Rebecca Higgie |  |
| 2021 | "The Glass House" | Brooke Dunnell |  |
| 2023 | "The Skeleton House" | Katherine Allum |  |

## Shortlists

### 2019

* "Where the Line Breaks" by Michael Peregrine Burrows
* **"The History of Mischief" by Rebecca Higgie**
* "The Last Bookstore" by Emma Young

### 2021

* **"The Glass House" by Brooke Dunnell**
* "A Horse Held at Gunpoint" by Patrick Marlborough
* "Old Boy" by Georgia Tree

### 2023

* **"The Skeleton House" by Katherine Allum**
* "The Anatomy of Witchcraft" by Prema Arasu
* "Jasper Cliff" by Josh Kemp
* "Nock Loose" by Patrick Marlborough
* "A Wreck of Seabirds" by Karleah Olson
* "The Dreamers" by Emily Paull


title: Mor Kerstin i Stämmemand-Kinna

abstract: Kerstin Andersdotter (1774–1852), known as Mor Kerstin i Stämmemand-Kinna, was a Swedish textile industrialist. She was an important figure within the Swedish textile industry, managing a major cotton industry through the putting-out system in around the countryside of Kinna in Västergötland. In 1840, 80 percent of all cotton textiles sold from Sweden was sold from the Kinna area. She played an important part in the beginning of the industrialization of Sweden, which largedly originated from the putting-out system textile industry, when it started to manufacture cotton textile in precisely her area in this time period. Her son Sven Erikson was to become one of the major industrialists in Sweden.

text:
# Mor Kerstin i Stämmemand-Kinna

**Kerstin Andersdotter** (1774–1852), known as **Mor Kerstin i Stämmemand-Kinna** ('Mother Kerstin of Stämmemand-Kinna'), was a Swedish textile industrialist.

She was an important figure within the Swedish textile industry, managing a major cotton industry through the putting-out system in around the countryside of Kinna in Västergötland. In 1840, 80 percent of all cotton textiles sold from Sweden was sold from the Kinna area. She played an important part in the beginning of the industrialization of Sweden, which largedly originated from the putting-out system textile industry, when it started to manufacture cotton textile in precisely her area in this time period. Her son Sven Erikson was to become one of the major industrialists in Sweden.

## Life

She was born in the rural area of Kinna as the daughter of the wealthy farmer Anders Jonsson and Elin Larsdotter, and married in 1800 to the wealthy farmer Erik Andersson (1772–1813). Her husband was the owner of the farm Stämmemand in Kinna, hence her own soubriquet. She had five children: two sons (one surviving to adulthood) and three daughters.

### Business

Both her father and her spouse were active as entrepreneurial farmers within the textile putting-out system, and her mother managed her own money lending business. She was to follow all of their examples.

In 1813, when she became a widow and thereby of legal majority (which made her business activity visible in official documentation), she took over the textile putting-out system manufacture business of both her father and her late spouse. She also started banking by money lending.

This was at a point in time when the putting-out system had its breakthrough from small scale business to large scale industrial enterprises, when the farmers managing textile putting-out system businesses started to manufacture cotton as their preferred textile, resulting in rapid expansion of their business and the expansion of the putting-out system to major industries. She was one example of those who developed her manufacture to a major business industry. The Kinna area became the center of the Swedish cotton industry in the time period when she was active, and she is noted to have been the perhaps first putting-out system-manager who started to produce cotton rather than linen. She became one of the major manufacturers with thousands of home weavers in her employ. She continued her business activity until her death, for almost forty years.

She was the mother of the cotton industrialist Sven Erikson (1801–1866), although she established her own enterprise previous to that of her son. Her business would be inherited by a daughter and son-in-law of hers.

In 1842, she was awarded with a golden chain from King Charles XIV John of Sweden as a recognition for her industrial enterprise within the Swedish cotton industry as well as for encouraging the public diligence within the household with her diligence and personal example.

## Legacy

After her death, her farm became a local memorial. A square, as well as a road in Kinna, have been named after her.

1. Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013
2. A:son-Palmqvist, Lena, ”Från förläggarverksamhet till textilindustri i Sjuhäradsbygden” i Fataburen, Nordiska museet 1982, s 107-123
3. A:son-Palmqvist, Lena, ”Från förläggarverksamhet till textilindustri i Sjuhäradsbygden” i Fataburen, Nordiska museet 1982, s 107-123
4. Ahlberger, Gunnar, *Marks historia. 3, En vävbygd under omvandling 1770 till 1880*, Rydals museum, Rydal, 2003
5. A:son-Palmqvist, Lena, ”Från förläggarverksamhet till textilindustri i Sjuhäradsbygden” i Fataburen, Nordiska museet 1982, s 107-123
6. A:son-Palmqvist, Lena, ”Från förläggarverksamhet till textilindustri i Sjuhäradsbygden” i Fataburen, Nordiska museet 1982, s 107-123
7. Ahlberger, Gunnar, *Marks historia. 3, En vävbygd under omvandling 1770 till 1880*, Rydals museum, Rydal, 2003
8. Ahlberger, Gunnar, Marks historia. 3, En vävbygd under omvandling 1770 till 1880, Rydals Museum, Rydal, 2003