title: Water Stratford

abstract: Water Stratford is a village and civil parish on the River Great Ouse in Buckinghamshire, England. It is about 3 miles (5 km) west of Buckingham, near the boundary with Oxfordshire.

text:
# Water Stratford

**Water Stratford** is a village and civil parish on the River Great Ouse in Buckinghamshire, England. It is about 3 miles (5 km) west of Buckingham, near the boundary with Oxfordshire.

## Manor

The toponym "Stratford" is common in England, being derived from the Old English for "ford by a Roman road". The Roman road is still traceable through the village. The prefix "Water" was added to differentiate the village from other places called Stratford. The name has evolved through the centuries from *Stradford* in the Domesday Book of 1086, through *Stratforwe*, *Straford* and *Westratforde* in the 13th to 15th centuries.

The earliest known record of Water Stratford is from the time of Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042–66). After the Norman conquest of England Water Stratford was one of many manors in the region that William of Normandy granted to Robert D'Oyly, who built Oxford Castle. The Domesday Book of 1086 assessed Water Stratford's cultivated land at eight hides. Water Stratford remained in the D'Oyly family until the 13th century, when it passed from Henry D'Oyly to his nephew Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick. The Earl died heirless, leaving his sister Margaret, by whose marriage Water Stratford then passed to the du Plessis family. Late in the 13th century Hugh du Plessis seems to have granted Water Stratford to Edward I in an exchange of lands. The manor was then the property of successive Princes of Wales until the English Civil War in the middle of the 17th century. No record of the feudal overlordship is known from after 1650.

The present manor house bears a date stone inscribed with the year 1598. The upper flight of the staircase has early 17th century pierced balusters. Other details were added to the house in the 20th century.

The Domesday Book records that by 1086 Water Stratford had a watermill, presumably on the River Great Ouse. It is recorded again in 1278–79, but it was destroyed in 1349 by Isabel de Stratford, widow of a Lord of the Manor of Water Stratford.

## Parish church

The Church of England parish church of Saint Giles was built in the 12th century. The south doorway is Norman and has a finely carved tympanum of Christ in Majesty. The chancel arch and one lancet window on either side in the chancel are 13th century. The tower was built in the 14th century and some Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic windows were added over the centuries. The tower was reduced in height in the 18th century. The church was almost entirely rebuilt in 1828, but unusually for that period its original features were preserved and replaced apparently *in situ*. The tower has three bells. St. Giles' is a Grade I listed building.

## Notable people

John Mason (1645–94) was parish priest of St. Giles. He was a Puritan, admired by fellow-clergy including Richard Baxter. Mason wrote more than 30 hymns, including the still popular Anglican hymn *How shall I sing that majesty*.

In the last years of his life Mason's mental health deteriorated. From 1690 he preached that the Second Coming of Christ was imminent. He claimed he was the prophet Elijah and that he would be raised from the dead three days after his death. From 1693 hundreds of followers flocked to Water Stratford, where they lived in barns or camped in a field awaiting the Second Coming. Mason died on 22 May 1694. His followers' belief was so strong that his successor as parish priest had Mason's corpse exhumed to disprove his claim of resurrection. Still some of Mason's followers refused to leave, and stayed at Water Stratford awaiting his resurrection for up to 15 years when they were dispersed by the local militia.

Joseph Bosworth (1788–1876), scholar of Old English, author of the first Anglo-Saxon dictionary, and Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Oxford from 1858 to 1876, was parish priest of St. Giles from 1858.

More recent former residents are Paul Daniels, magician, Peter Woodthorpe, actor, and Yana (singer), (real name Pamela Guard).

Other Stratfords in Buckinghamshire

## Sources

Media related to Water Stratford at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Water Stratford | |
| --- | --- |
| Tower of St Giles' parish church | |
| Water StratfordLocation within Buckinghamshire | |
| Population | 112 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP6534 |
| Civil parish | * Water Stratford |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Buckingham |
| Postcode district | MK18 |
| Dialling code | 01280 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Buckinghamshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Water Stratford village website |
|


title: Water Sports (EP)

abstract: Water Sports is an EP by DIN, released in 1993 by DOVe.

text:
# Water Sports (EP)

***Water Sports*** is an EP by DIN, released in 1993 by DOVe.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Jean-Claude Cutz

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Water Sports" (Olympic Size) | 5:32 |
| 2. | "Water Sports" (Speedo) | 6:25 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Melon Ball" | 5:32 |
| 2. | "Tower Skull" | 6:25 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Water Sport* liner notes.

**DIN**

**Additional performers**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canada | 1993 | DOVe | LP | Luddite 22 |
| Germany | 2010 | DIN | | DIN 001 |

## InfoBox

| Water Sport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by DIN | |
| Released | 1993 (1993) |
| Genre |  |
| Label | DOVe |
| DIN chronology | |
| *Fantastic Planet*
(1992) ***Water Sport***
(1993) *Decade of the Brain*
(1994) | |


title: We'll Be Back

abstract: "We'll Be Back" is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth. The song was released as the lead single from their sixteenth studio album, The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!, on June 23, 2022. The song was the first single the band had released since 2016's "Post American World". On November 15, 2022, "We'll Be Back" was announced as a nominee for Best Metal Performance for the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.

text:
# We'll Be Back

"**We'll Be Back**" is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth. The song was released as the lead single from their sixteenth studio album, *The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!*, on June 23, 2022. The song was the first single the band had released since 2016's "Post American World". On November 15, 2022, "We'll Be Back" was announced as a nominee for Best Metal Performance for the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.

## Music and lyrics

"We'll Be Back" is about a soldier's bravery, personal sacrifice, and will to survive in the face of relentless violence and war. The lyrics depict the soldier's determination to seek revenge and exact justice, portraying a brutal and unforgiving battlefield where the soldier shows no mercy to enemies. It delves into themes of aggression, power, and the harsh realities of combat, highlighting the soldier's unwavering resolve to continue fighting, no matter the cost. The song ultimately serves as a narrative of enduring strength and the relentless pursuit of victory in war.

## Performances

It was the first song from the album to be played live. It remained a part of the band's routine setlist for their 2022, 2023, and 2024 tours.

## Music video

A music video was made for the song, chronicling the origins of the band's mascot, Vic Rattlehead. The music video, the first of three music videos leading up to the release of the album, depicts close-quarters military gun battles.

This is the first music video to feature James LoMenzo as a bassist since "Head Crusher" from the 2009 album Endgame. He had returned as Megadeth's bassist in 2021, initially as a touring replacement for David Ellefson, who had been fired in May of that year. LoMenzo was announced as the band's bassist in 2022.

## Personnel

### Additional musicians

### Production

* Dave Mustaine – co-production, engineering, art concept
* Chris Rakestraw – co-production, engineering
* Lowell Reynolds – assistant engineering
* Maddie Harmon – assistant engineering
* Rick West – drum technician
* Josh Wilbur – mixing
* Ted Jensen – mastering

1. "Megadeth Announces 'The Sick, The Dying... And The Dead!' Album, Shares 'We'll Be Back' Single". *Blabbermouth.net*. June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
2. Rapp, Allison (June 23, 2022). "Megadeth Shares 'We'll Be Back' Single and New Album Release Date". *Ultimate Classic Rock*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
3. Jackson Maxwell (June 23, 2022). "Megadeth return in glorious form with new thrasher, We'll Be Back". *guitarworld*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
4. "Grammy Awards 2023: The Full List of Nominees". *The New York Times*. November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
5. Shutler, Ali (June 23, 2022). "Megadeth share brutal first single from new album 'The Sick, The Dying…And The Dead'". *NME*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
6. Iahn, Buddy (June 23, 2022). "Megadeth trends on Twitter within first hour of new song release". *The Music Universe*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
7. "Megadeth release new single "We'll Be Back!"". *Chaoszine*. June 23, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
8. Schaffner, Lauryn (August 26, 2022). "See Megadeth Play New Song 'We'll Be Back' Live for First Time". *Loudwire*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
9. Blabbermouth (August 25, 2022). "Watch: MEGADETH Performs New Song 'We'll Be Back' Live For First Time". *BLABBERMOUTH.NET*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
10. "Hear Megadeth's Ferocious New Song 'We'll Be Back'". *Revolver*. June 23, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
11. Lanaheaney (June 27, 2022). "MEGADETH - WE'LL BE BACK". *360 MAGAZINE | ART + MUSIC + DESIGN + FASHION + AUTO + TRAVEL + FOOD + HEALTH + TECH*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
12. Hadusek, Jon (June 23, 2022). "Megadeth announce new album The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!, unveil single "We'll Be Back": Stream". *Consequence*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.

## InfoBox

| "We'll Be Back" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Megadeth | |
| from the album  *The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!* | |
| B-side | "The Conjuring (live)" |
| Released | June 23, 2022 |
| Recorded | 2019–2021 |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 4:29 |
| Label | Tradecraft/Universal |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Dave Mustaine * Chris Rakestraw |
| Megadeth singles chronology | |
| "Post American World"
(2016) "**We'll Be Back**"
(2022) "Night Stalkers"
(2022) | |


title: Water in Pristina

text:
# Water in Pristina

Pristina, the capital city of Kosovo, is one of the municipalities with the most severe water shortages in the country. Citizens of Pristina have to cope with daily water curbs due to the lack of rainfall and snowfall which has left the city's water supplies in a dreadful condition. The current water resources do not fulfill the needs of the overgrowing population of Pristina. The water supply comes from the two main reservoirs of Batllava and Badovci. However, there are many problems with the water supply that comes from these two reservoirs which supply 92% of the population in Pristina. As such, the authorities have increased their efforts to remedy the situation and to make sure that such crises do not hit the city again.

## Natural water resources

### Rivers

There is no river flowing within the city of Pristina. Some time ago the rivers of Veluša and Prištevka used to flow through Pristina. However, none of these rivers are visible anymore since they were covered. This was done because people were throwing garbage in the river and the smell resulting from this garbage was so bad which prompted the local authorities to cover both rivers. Currently, Pristina acquires its water from rivers which are located in nearby areas but not in Pristina itself.

### Underground water

The current mayor of Pristina, Shpend Ahmeti, is actively searching for alternative water resources. He has stated that there are many sources of underground water which can be exploited in order to improve the situation of the water supply for Pristina. The main underground water resources in Pristina are the wells which have been identified in “Pajtimi” valley, the “Llukar” village, and “Germia” park

The wells in Pajtimi Valley are out of functioning because the valley was used as a construction material waste deposit, which has covered up the wells. Prior to being used for this purpose, the wells used to supply some neighborhoods with water. Hydrogeologists have confirmed that the valley is rich in underground water resources. According to hydro geologists the valley could be a subject of study for recognizing and utilizing new water resources.

Two wells have been identified in the Llukar village; however, they have been out of functioning since 1983. Underground water resources exist in the Germia park as well. Currently, the water that comes from the springs flows to Germia swimming pool.

## Water supply and distribution

### Overview and history of the water supply

Pristina started to be supplied with water, which was mainly coming from Germia and Kolevica resources (wells), at a very early period of time.

In 1961, the Regional Water Company began to supply Pristina with water coming from the Badovc Lake, which supplied water for a population of 38.593 citizens. In 1979, Pristina began to grow in terms of population and construction. Therefore, the need for more water grew. As a result, the Regional Water Company started to provide larger quantities of water to respond to the growing water demand. The water was mainly coming from the reservoir of Batllava and underground resources of Kosovo Polje and Obilić.

Since the end of the Kosovo War (1998–99), the “Regional Water Company Batllava” underwent some changes. However, in 2007, it became a joint stock company called the “Regional Water Company Pristina”. Currently the “Regional Water Company Pristina” provides water supplies and other services for 40% of the population of Kosovo, making it the largest water company in Kosova. Presently, it supplies Pristina, Gračanica, Kosovo Polje, Obiliq, Lipjan, Shtime, Drenas, and Podujevë municipalities with water.

### Water quality

National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), which is within the Ministry of Health, is the responsible organ for monitoring the quality of water. In general, Kosovo is considered to have good tap water quality which also includes Pristina as one of its most developed cities. Moreover, the water coming from kitchen taps is drinkable.

| Regional Water Company | **Number of municipalities covered with services** | **Number of customers** | **Number of population covered** | **Reference** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pristina | 1500 | 500,443 | 700,432 |  |

### Water usage

* Industrial purposes
* Personal purposes
* Domestic purposes
* Irrigation purposes
* Car washing
* Gardening
* Fishing

There is a poor quality of data on water resources in Kosovo, including Pristina. A high portion of the data and information is unreliable, including the data and information on the growth of population, demand for water, usage of water, quality of water, pollution of water and climate change.

### Batllava reservoir

*Coordinates: 42°49′12″N 21°18′40″E / 42.820°N 21.311°E / 42.820; 21.311*

Lake Batllava is an artificial lake located in the region which entails the municipalities of Podujevë, Pristina, Gjilan, and Mitrovica. It is filled with water from Batllava river which is a sub-branch of the Llapi River. Its basin encompasses an area of 225 km² while the total surface area of the lake stands at 2.25 km².

The average flow in the lake of Batllava is 1.06 m³ per second. The total storage volume of Batllava reservoir is estimated to be 30 million m³ of which 25.1 million m³ is exploitable. It has five main sub-basins, which are further divided into smaller ones. Currently, 64% of the population of Pristina is supplied with drinking water from Batllava reservoir. The basin of Lake Batllava has just recently been cleaned up in order to have clean water when the basin is refilled again. This action took place on 22 February 2014

### Badovc reservoir

*Coordinates: 42°37′23″N 21°14′28″E / 42.623°N 21.241°E / 42.623; 21.241*

Badovc Lake is an artificial lake located in the region which entails the municipalities of Pristina, Lipjan, and Novo Brdo. It is filled with water from the Gračanica river. Its basin encompasses an area of 104 km² while the total surface area of the lake stands at 0.89 km². The average flow in the lake Badovc is 1.08 m³ per second. The total storage volume of Badovc reservoir is 26.4 million m³ of which 20 million m³ is exploitable. Currently, 28% of the population of Pristina is supplied with drinking water from Badovc reservoir. Badovc Lake was cleaned as well in light of the plans to transfer water from other lakes.

## Problems with the water supply

### Climate

Kosovo has a continental climate, which is characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and snowy winters. Since Pristina is located in the region of “Rrafshi i Kosovës”, the climate is very dry. The climate in Pristina is characterized by very hot summers with a temperature ranging from 20 °C to 37 °C and cold winters with a temperature ranging from -10 °C to - 26 °C. In the winter of 2012, there were blizzards and snow throughout Kosovo, including Pristina. In the winter of 2013, there were heavy rains and floods.

Currently, in the winter of 2014, Pristina is facing a drought. It is the driest winter in the past 20 years. There is a severe lack of both rain and snow. This draught has caused the water levels to decrease in both the Batllava and Badovc basins. If the weather continues the same pattern, the reservoirs may be emptied soon. As a result, the people of Pristina and nearby areas risk being left with no water supply.

### Leakages in the system

Leakages or water technical losses are one of the main concerns for the water supply network in Pristina. The percentage of water not being distributed to the end consumer, but instead being lost through the distribution network is high, mainly due to the old infrastructure and the lack of investments. However, the exact amount of water which is leaked throughout the distribution system cannot be measured; instead, it can be approximated through non-revenue water. The downside of using this measurement method to approximate the technical losses of water stands in the fact that the non-revenue water, apart from leakages that happen throughout the system, also takes into account the illegal connections on the system which represent commercial losses. The amount of non-revenue water in Pristina has slightly decreased from 2011 to 2012. Nonetheless, it still remains high. This difference between the water produced and the amount of water billed in Pristina on 2011 was slightly more than 25 million m³, whereas on 2012 it decreased to around 24 million m³.

### Illegal connections to the water system

In 2012, The Council for Defense of Human Rights and Freedoms considered water shortages on the behalf of the Regional Water Supply Pristina as an abuse towards human rights. The company's response for not supplying Pristina neighborhoods with water was the commercial losses (illegal connections) and redundant water wasted for home irrigation, car washes, and others in substantial quantities. Accordingly, it is unfeasible and abusers should be reprimanded.

## Planning and Management

### Water plant in Shkabaj

The Regional Water Company Pristina with the support of Germany’s KfW, the European Union, and other donors initiated the project "Water Plant in the Village Shkabaj". The project encompasses three phases. Phase one aimed to build a new reservoir and upgrade pipe infrastructure. It was completed in May 2012 with a cost of €8 million. Phase two aims to continue upgrading pipe infrastructure to inhibit water loss in five Pristina neighborhoods. It will cost approximately €17 million. Phase three aims to build a new waste-water treatment plant that will have 700 liters per second capacity, with a further possible addition of 500 liters per second in order for the secure and reliable provision of water supply for 24 hours. It will serve three municipalities: Pristina, Fushë Kosovë and Kastrioti. A study that costs approximately €150,000 was initially conducted in order to test the viability of this phase.

### Other projects

Due to the water crisis that has hit Pristina, both municipal and central authorities are making efforts to improve the situation. Currently, efforts are being made in transferring water from Ujman Lake to Badovc Lake. The transferring of the water is being done through the channel of Ibar-Lepenac which is being cleaned and tested.

There are active efforts being done in finding additional water resources, mainly from the underground resources in Pristina. Recently, three new wells were dug successfully in the Germia Park which are expected to improve the situation. The local authorities have also recognized nine wells in the Pajtimi Valley which according to the local authorities are going to be functionalized and utilized soon. These wells have a capacity of sixty liters per second. The municipality of Pristina has planned to clean up these wells in conjunction with the regional water company.

The wells in village Llukar are being functionalized and are expected to increase the water level in Lake Batllava. These two wells can produce up to fifty litres per second each. In addition, in order to combat this situation of severe water shortages, the regional municipalities have made efforts in improving the inspection of rational water usage. These efforts are expected to improve the situation in the short term.


title: Water in fiqh

abstract: Water in Fiqh is divided into two types, Mutlaq and Mudaf for Tahara. Tahara or Taharah is an essential aspect of Islam. It means to remove all physical impurities (Najāsat) that blocks valid worship by Wudu or Ghusl.

text:
# Water in fiqh

Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types, Mutlaq and Mudaf for Tahara. Tahara or Taharah (the opposite of Najis) is an essential aspect of Islam. It means to remove all physical impurities (Najāsat) that blocks valid worship by Wudu or Ghusl.

## Water divisions in Fiqh

Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types:

* Mutlaq
* Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf)

َAccording to Fiqh, Taharah (Wudu or Ghusl) is valid only with Mutlaq Water.

## Mutlaq

### Etymology

Mutlaq is an Arabic word that means to absolute or pure. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to pure water.

### Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

Mutlaq water is the same natural water when it fall out of the sky or coming out of the earth. In Fiqh, natural water is called Mutlaq water when no adjective or anything is added to the water which would change its natural condition. Water is still called Mutlaq water if it stays pure during the change such as e.g. mud, soil, stagnation, fallen leaves or collection of straw, etc., or the salt, sulfur, and other minerals that it contains at its source or picks up in its course.

Muslims can use Mutlaq water to wudu, ghusl, or any worship that needs to purity themselves.

### Type of Mutlaq water

The types of Mutlaq water are as follows:

* **Kurr water**: is a certain quantity of Mutlaq water (480 kg) that does not become Najis (impure) if it comes in contact with Najis things, also Kurr water can purge Najis things.
* **Qalil Water**: is a specific quantity of water that is lesser than kurr water and is not Surface runoff or well water. Qalil water becomes Najis If it comes into contact with Najis.
* **Surface runoff** (overland flow): is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface. Runoff includes the following:

1. Rainwater
2. Snow
3. Hail
4. Spring
5. River

* **Water of Well**
* **Seawater**

## Mudaf

### Etymology

Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf) is an Arabic word that comes to comes from 'idaafa'. Mudaf means the thing annexed. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to mixed water.

### Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

Mudaf water is a kind of water to which something has been added or It is not so pure that people no longer call it water. Mudaf water is used against Mutlaq water. Wudu and Ghusl are not valid with Mudaf water. Also, it cannot make clean what has become Najis.

### Type of Mudaf water

some examples of Mudaf water is as follows: Extremely muddy water, rosewater, water extracted from fruits, lime and grape juice, rose-water and soda-water.

1. Tsadik, Daniel (October 2010). "Najāsat". *Brill Publishers*.
2. Stefon, Matt. "ṭahāra". *Encyclopædia Britannica*.
3. Wahrman, Miryam Z. (3 May 2016). *The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World*. ForeEdge; 1st edition (May 3, 2016). ISBN 978-1611685244.
4. "Mutlaq - مطلق meanings in English".
5. Sabiq, Sayyid (June 1986). *Fiqh us Sunnah 5 Vol Together*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (July 6, 2017). ISBN 978-1548026998.
6. Mughniyya, Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya (6 September 2016). "The Five Schools of Islamic Law". *al-islam*.
7. Ismail Buyukcelebi (2005). *Living in the Shade of Islam: A Comprehensive Reference of Theory and Practice*. Tughra (March 1, 2005). ISBN 978-1932099867.
8. Hossein Wahid Khorasani (16 December 2014). *Islamic Laws*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (December 16, 2014). ISBN 978-1505606799.
9. Mohammed Kazem Yazdi. *Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa*. Vol. 1. pp. 38–39.
10. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai (1985). *Universality of Islam*. Islamic Seminary Publications, 1985. ISBN 9780941724098.
11. "runoff". *National Geographic Society*. 2011-01-21. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
12. "The Mudaaf & Mudaaf Ilayhi".
13. Karin C. Ryding, *A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 205 \[§8.1\].
14. Saptaningtyas, Haryani (30 November 2021). *"This is our belief around here"*. LIT Verlag (November 30, 2021). ISBN 978-3643913265.
15. Mohammed Kazem Yazdi. *Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa*. Vol. 1. pp. 330–331.


title: Waveform buffer

abstract: In computing, a waveform buffer is a technique for digital synthesis of repeating waveforms. It is common in PC sound cards. The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is addressed from a phase generator, with the retrieved value then used as the basis of the synthesized signal. In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequence is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

text:
# Waveform buffer

In computing, a **waveform buffer** is a technique for digital synthesis of repeating waveforms. It is common in PC sound cards.

The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is addressed from a phase generator, with the retrieved value then used as the basis of the synthesized signal. In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequence is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

1. "Using the Waveform Buffer".


title: Waveform

abstract: In electronics, acoustics, and related fields, the waveform of a signal is the shape of its graph as a function of time, independent of its time and magnitude scales and of any displacement in time. Periodic waveforms repeat regularly at a constant period. The term can also be used for non-periodic or aperiodic signals, like chirps and pulses. In electronics, the term is usually applied to time-varying voltages, currents, or electromagnetic fields. In acoustics, it is usually applied to steady periodic sounds — variations of pressure in air or other media. In these cases, the waveform is an attribute that is independent of the frequency, amplitude, or phase shift of the signal. The waveform of an electrical signal can be visualized in an oscilloscope or any other device that can capture and plot its value at various times, with suitable scales in the time and value axes. The electrocardiograph is a medical device to record the waveform of the electric signals that are associated with the beating of the heart; that waveform has important diagnostic value. Waveform generators, that can output a periodic voltage or current with one of several waveforms, are a common tool in electronics laboratories and workshops. The waveform of a steady periodic sound affects its timbre. Synthesizers and modern keyboards can generate sounds with many complicated waveforms.

text:
# Waveform

In electronics, acoustics, and related fields, the **waveform** of a signal is the shape of its graph as a function of time, independent of its time and magnitude scales and of any displacement in time. *Periodic waveforms* repeat regularly at a constant period. The term can also be used for non-periodic or aperiodic signals, like chirps and pulses.

In electronics, the term is usually applied to time-varying voltages, currents, or electromagnetic fields. In acoustics, it is usually applied to steady periodic sounds — variations of pressure in air or other media. In these cases, the waveform is an attribute that is independent of the frequency, amplitude, or phase shift of the signal.

The waveform of an electrical signal can be visualized in an oscilloscope or any other device that can capture and plot its value at various times, with suitable scales in the time and value axes. The electrocardiograph is a medical device to record the waveform of the electric signals that are associated with the beating of the heart; that waveform has important diagnostic value. Waveform generators, that can output a periodic voltage or current with one of several waveforms, are a common tool in electronics laboratories and workshops.

The waveform of a steady periodic sound affects its timbre. Synthesizers and modern keyboards can generate sounds with many complicated waveforms.

## Common periodic waveforms

Simple examples of periodic waveforms include the following, where $t$ is time, $\lambda $ is wavelength, $a$ is amplitude and $\phi $ is phase:

* Sine wave: $\textstyle (t,\lambda ,a,\phi )=a\sin {\frac {2\pi t-\phi }{\lambda }.}$ The amplitude of the waveform follows a trigonometric sine function with respect to time.
* Square wave: $\textstyle (t,\lambda ,a,\phi )={\begin{cases}a,(t-\phi ){\bmod {\lambda }\<{\text{duty}\\\-a,{\text{otherwise}\end{cases}.}}}}$ This waveform is commonly used to represent digital information. A square wave of constant period contains odd harmonics that decrease at −6 dB/octave.
* Triangle wave: $\textstyle (t,\lambda ,a,\phi )={\frac {2a}{\pi }\arcsin \sin {\frac {2\pi t-\phi }{\lambda }.}}$ It contains odd harmonics that decrease at −12 dB/octave.
* Sawtooth wave: $\textstyle (t,\lambda ,a,\phi )={\frac {2a}{\pi }\arctan \tan {\frac {2\pi t-\phi }{2\lambda }.}}$ This looks like the teeth of a saw. Found often in time bases for display scanning. It is used as the starting point for subtractive synthesis, as a sawtooth wave of constant period contains odd and even harmonics that decrease at −6 dB/octave.

The Fourier series describes the decomposition of periodic waveforms, such that any periodic waveform can be formed by the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of fundamental and harmonic components. Finite-energy non-periodic waveforms can be analyzed into sinusoids by the Fourier transform.

Other periodic waveforms are often called composite waveforms and can often be described as a combination of a number of sinusoidal waves or other basis functions added together.

## Further reading


title: Waterloo (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Waterloo was a parliamentary constituency centred on the district of Waterloo north of Liverpool in Lancashire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.

text:
# Waterloo (UK Parliament constituency)

**Waterloo** was a parliamentary constituency centred on the district of Waterloo north of Liverpool in Lancashire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.

## History

The constituency was created for the 1918 general election. It was abolished for the 1950 general election.

## Boundaries

The Urban Districts of Great Crosby, Litherland, Little Crosby, and Waterloo with Seaforth.

## Members of Parliament

| Year | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1918 | Albert Buckley | Unionist |
|  | 1923 | Malcolm Bullock | Unionist |
| 1950 | | *constituency abolished* | |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1910s

General election 1918: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Albert Buckley** | **13,255** | **83.5** |  |
|  | Labour | Samuel Reeves | 2,619 | 16.5 |  |
| Majority | | | 10,636 | 67.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,874 |  |  |
|  | Unionist **win** (new seat) | | | | |
| **C** indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. | | | | | |

### Elections in the 1920s

General election 1922: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Albert Buckley** | **12,967** | **67.3** | **−16.2** |
|  | Liberal | Nessie Stewart-Brown | 6,300 | 32.7 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 6,667 | 34.6 | −32.4 |
| Turnout | | | 19,267 | 69.4 | +2.4 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1923: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Malcolm Bullock** | **10,615** | **51.2** | **−16.1** |
|  | Liberal | Robert Lowden Connell | 9,965 | 48.4 | +15.7 |
| Majority | | | 650 | 2.4 | −32.2 |
| Turnout | | | 20,580 |  |  |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | -16.1 |  |

General election 1924: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Malcolm Bullock** | **15,704** | **72.0** | **+20.8** |
|  | Labour | George Frank Titt | 6,116 | 28.0 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 9,588 | 44.0 | +41.6 |
| Turnout | | | 21,820 |  |  |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1929: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Malcolm Bullock** | **17,299** | **52.1** | **−19.9** |
|  | Labour | John Clifford Leigh | 8,142 | 24.5 | −3.5 |
|  | Liberal | Frederic Aked Sellars | 7,728 | 23.3 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 9,157 | 27.6 | −16.4 |
| Turnout | | | 33,169 |  |  |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | -8.2 |  |

### Elections in the 1930s

1931 general election: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Malcolm Bullock** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | | | |

1935 general election: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Malcolm Bullock** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Waterloo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Malcolm Bullock** | **19,650** | **47.4** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Labour | Philip Vos | 13,795 | 33.3 | *New* |
|  | Liberal | Joseph Daniel Weir | 7,823 | 18.8 | *New* |
|  | Independent | Cyril Foster | 195 | 0.5 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 5,855 | 14.1 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 41,463 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

1. Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench
2. The Times House of Commons, 1929
3. The Times House of Commons, 1929
4. The Times House of Commons, 1929
5. Election results 1931 PoliticsResources
6. Election results 1931 PoliticsResources

## InfoBox

| Waterloo | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| 19181950 | |
| Seats | one |
| Created from | Southport |
| Replaced by | Crosby |


title: Watonwan County Courthouse

abstract: The Watonwan County Courthouse in St. James, Minnesota, United States, is the seat of government for Watonwan County, in continual use since it was completed in 1896. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for its exemplary Romanesque Revival architecture, its status as one of Minnesota's remaining monumental Victorian courthouses and as a local landmark, and its longstanding service as county seat.

text:
# Watonwan County Courthouse

The **Watonwan County Courthouse** in St. James, Minnesota, United States, is the seat of government for Watonwan County, in continual use since it was completed in 1896. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for its exemplary Romanesque Revival architecture, its status as one of Minnesota's remaining monumental Victorian courthouses and as a local landmark, and its longstanding service as county seat.

## History

When Watonwan County was initially created in 1860, the city of Madelia was designated the county seat and a courthouse was built there around 1861. As St. James—a more centrally located community and a division headquarters for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway—grew, a heated battle for county seat status erupted between the two cities. When the original wood-frame courthouse burned down in 1872, Madelia officials hastily leased space in a recently completed commercial building—Flanders' Block—to avoid losing county seat status. However St. James interests petitioned for a vote on the matter and in 1874 voters approved the move. The first courthouse in St. James was a wood-frame structure built on land donated by the railroad. A new courthouse, the present building, was designed by Mankato architect H.C. Gerlach and built by Mankato contractor Otto Kleinschmidt from 1895 to 1896. The building served as a show of government strength and traditional values in a city that was only 25 years old. It is monumental in size and design, and a county-wide survey of historic properties identified it as one of the most architecturally significant Victorian buildings in the county.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Watonwan County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Watonwan County Courthouse from the northwest | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of Watonwan County Courthouse | |
| Location | 710 2nd Avenue South, St. James, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 43°58′52.5″N 94°37′32.5″W / 43.981250°N 94.625694°W / 43.981250; -94.625694 |
| Area | Less than one acre |
| Built | 1895–96 |
| Built by | Otto Kleinschmidt |
| Architect | H.C. Gerlach |
| Architectural style | Romanesque Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 86003591 |
| Designated | January 7, 1987 |


title: Wayne Vaz

abstract: Wayne Vaz is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Real Kashmir in the I-League.

text:
# Wayne Vaz

**Wayne Vaz** (born 28 July 1994) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Real Kashmir in the I-League.

## Career

### Chennai City

Wayne Vaz was hired by I-League debutant Chennai City F.C. for 2016–17 season.

### Pune City

On 23 July 2017, FC Pune City opted for Vaz as their ninth draft pick in 2017–18 ISL Players Draft.

### Churchill Brothers

After signing for FC Pune City the defender went on loan to Churchill Brothers back to back for I-league season 2017–18 and 2018–19.

### NorthEast United FC

On 3 June 2019, Vaz signed for ISL side NorthEast United FC.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 28 October 2023*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | AFC | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Chennai City | 2016–17 | I-League | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 4 | 0 |
| Churchill Brothers (loan) | 2017–18 | | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | | 10 | 1 |
| | 2018–19 | | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 16 | 0 |
| NorthEast United | 2019–20 | Indian Super League | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 10 | 0 |
| | 2020–21 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | NorthEast United total | | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Mohammedan | 2021–22 | I-League | 13 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 16 | 0 |
| | 2022–23 | | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 13 | 0 |
| | Mohammedan total | | 23 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 |
| Real Kashmir | 2023–24 | I-League | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | | 1 | 1 |
| Career total | | | 62 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 2 |

## Honours

**Mohammedan Sporting**

1. "FC Pune City to focus on young players, says head coach". 23 July 2017.
2. "Vaz joins NorthEast United". 3 June 2019.
3. Wayne Vaz at Soccerway
4. Guha, Sayantan (14 May 2022). "Brilliant Gokulam Kerala FC edge past Mohammedan SC to win historic consecutive I-League titles". *www.sportskeeda.com*. Kolkata, West Bengal: Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.

## InfoBox

Wayne Vaz
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1994-07-28) 28 July 1994 | | |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, India | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right back / Centre-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Real Kashmir | | |
| Number | 30 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Air India | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016–2017 | Chennai City | 2 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | Pune City | 0 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Churchill Brothers (loan) | 26 | (1) |
| 2019–2021 | NorthEast United | 10 | (0) |
| 2021–2023 | Mohammedan | 23 | (0) |
| 2023– | Real Kashmir | 1 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:33, 28 October 2023 (UTC) | | | |


title: Wayne Van Rooyen

abstract: Wayne Van Rooyen, is a South African actor and voice artist. He is best known for the roles in the films Fiela se Kind, Mayfair and Seriously Single.

text:
# Wayne Van Rooyen

**Wayne Van Rooyen** (born 14 June 1978), is a South African actor and voice artist. He is best known for the roles in the films *Fiela se Kind*, *Mayfair* and *Seriously Single*.

## Personal life

He was born on 14 June 1978 and raised in suburb Eldorado Park, in Johannesburg, South Africa. He graduated with a BA in Dramatic Art with Honours at the University of the Witwatersrand in 2003.

## Career

After the graduation, he joined theater and appeared in many stage plays such as *Sophiatown* and *The King of Laughter*. He later won the Naledi Theatre Award for Best Supporting Actor for his critically acclaimed role in *The King of Laughter*. He also joined the world premiere of Athol Fugard's play *Victory* and the Royal Shakespeare Company's South African collaboration of William Shakespeare's *The Tempest* with the Baxter Theater.

In 2008, he played the role as 'Brandon "BB" Bonthuys' on the medical drama series *Hillside* aired on SABC 2. He played the role of 'Vernon “Stokkies” Jacobs' on soapie *Scandal!* aired on ETV in 2005. His role became highly popular among the public. Then he starred in the variety comedy show *Colour TV* in 2011 on SABC 2. Meanwhile, he appeared in the drama series *Geraamtes in die Kas*, in 2013.

In August 2020, he starred in the comedy film *Seriously Single* co-directed by Katleho Ramaphakela and Rethabile Ramaphakela. It was released on July 31, 2020 on Netflix.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Genre | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Scandal!* | Vernon “Stokkies” Jacobs | TV series |  |
| 2006 | *Hillside* | Brandon Bonthuys | TV series |  |
| 2006 | *Cuppen* | Receptionist | TV movie |  |
| 2007–09 | *Wild at Heart* | Kirk | TV series |  |
| 2010 | *Jozi* | Waylon | Film |  |
| 2012 | *Mad Buddies* | OB technician | Film |  |
| 2013 | *Geraamtes in die Kas* | Dr. Rudy Abrahams | TV series |  |
| 2014 | *Rose vir Rosie* | Denver Doorsen | Film |  |
| 2015 | *Sink* | Paramedic #1 | Film |  |
| 2016 | *The Empty Man* | Recruiter | Film |  |
| 2017 | *Swartwater* | Konstabel Van Zyl | TV series |  |
| 2018 | *Mayfair* | Mahbeer | Film |  |
| 2019 | *Fiela se Kind* | Selling Komoetie | Film |  |
| 2020 | *Seriously Single* | Timothy | Film |  |

## InfoBox

| Wayne Van Rooyen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wayne Van Rooyen
(1978-06-14) June 14, 1978
Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Alma mater | University of the Witwatersrand |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, voice artist |
| Years active | 2016–present |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |


title: Wayne W. Umbreit

abstract: Wayne William Umbreit was an American bacteriologist.

text:
# Wayne W. Umbreit

**Wayne William Umbreit** (May 1, 1913, Markesan, Wisconsin – August 4, 2007, Holland, Pennsylvania) was an American bacteriologist.

## Biography

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison (UWM), Umbreit graduated with a B.Sc. in 1934 and an M.Sc. in 1936. At UWM he worked as an assistant in bacteriology and biochemistry and a research associate from 1936 to 1937. At Rutgers University he was an instructor in soil microbiology from 1937 to 1938. In 1938 he returned to UWM, graduating with a Ph.D. in 1939. His Ph.D. thesis *Studies on the mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation* was supervised by Perry William Wilson. At UWM Umbreit taught bacteriology and biochemistry, as an instructor from 1938 to 1941 and as an assistant professor from 1941 to 1944. In the department of bacteriology of Cornell University, he was an associate professor from 1944 to 1946 and a full professor from 1946 to 1947, when he resigned. From 1947 to 1958, Umbreit was the head of the department of enzyme chemistry of the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research in Rahway, New Jersey. At Rutgers University he was a professor of microbiology from 1958 to 1983, when he retired as professor emeritus. He did research on the biochemistry of several topics: nitrogen fixation, vitamins, antibiotics, and autotrophic bacteria.

Umbreit received in 1947 the Eli Lilly and Company-Elanco Research Award. He was elected in 1951 a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1952 he was awarded the Biochemical Congress Symposium Medal of the 2nd International Biochemical Congress, which was held in Paris in July 1952.

In 1937 he married Doris McQuade (1914–2001). They had a daughter and two sons.

## Selected publications

### Articles

* Waksman, Selman A.; Umbreit, W. W.; Cordon, Theone C. (1939). "Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi in soils and in composts". *Soil Science*. **47** (1): 37–62. Bibcode:1939SoilS..47...37W. doi:10.1097/00010694-193901000-00005. S2CID 93053145.
* Lichstein, H. C.; Gunsalus, I. C.; Umbreit, W. W. (1945). "Function of the vitamin B6 group: pyridoxal phosphate (codecarboxylase) in transamination" (PDF). *Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **161** (1): 311–320. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41545-6. Archived from the original on 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2022-11-15.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* Albaum, Harry G.; Umbreit, W. W. (1947). "Differentiation between ribose-3-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate by means of the orcinol–pentose reaction" (PDF). *Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **167** (2): 369–376. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30990-0. PMID 20285032. Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2024-06-24.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* Keller, Doris L.; Umbreit, Wayne W. (1956). ""Permanent" Alteration of Behavior in Mice by Chemical and Psychological Means". *Science*. **124** (3225): 723–724. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..723K. doi:10.1126/science.124.3225.723. PMID 13371313.
* Koditschek, L. K.; Umbreit, W. W. (1969). "Α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase in *Streptococcus faecium* F 24". *Journal of Bacteriology*. **98** (3): 1063–1068. doi:10.1128/jb.98.3.1063-1068.1969. PMC 315296. PMID 5788698.
* Beebe, James L.; Umbreit, W. W. (1971). "Extracellular Lipid of Thiobacillus thiooxidans". *Journal of Bacteriology*. **108** (1): 612–614. doi:10.1128/jb.108.1.612-614.1971. PMC 247112. PMID 4330743.

### Books

* Umbreit, W. W.; Burris, Robert Harza; Stauffer, John Frederick (1945). *Manometric techniques and related methods for the study of tissue metabolism*. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company. OCLC 02387442; chapters on specialized techniques by P.P. Cohen, G.A. Le Page and V.R. Potter, and contributions by J.W. Bain \[and others\]`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link) (The book's title was changed several times for subsequent editions.)
    + *Manometric techniques and tissue metabolism* (2nd ed.). 1951.
    + *Manometric techniques: A manual describing methods applicable to the study of tissue metabolism* (3rd ed.). 1957. ASIN B0007E97TE.; *4th edition*. 1964.
    + Umbreit, W. W.; Burris, Robert Harza; Stauffer, John Frederick (1972). *Manometric and biochemical techniques: A manual describing methods applicable to the study of tissue metabolism* (5th ed.). ISBN 0024221201.
* Umbreit, W. W. (1952). *Metabolic maps, Volume 1*. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company. OCLC 01111115.
    + Umbreit, W. W. (1960). *Metabolic maps, Volume 2*. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company. OCLC 06011961.
* Oginsky, Evelyn L.; Umbreit, W. W. (1954). *An introduction to bacterial physiology*. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
    + Umbreit, Wayne William (1976). *Essentials of bacteriology* (2nd edition of *An introduction to bacterial physiology*). Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. ISBN 0-8087-2107-0.
* Umbreit, W. W. (1962). *Modern microbiology*. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. OCLC 00406025.

1. Cattell, Jaques, ed. (1949). *American Men of Science: A Biographical Dictionary*. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The Science Press. p. 2551.
2. Umbreit, W. W. (1939). *Studies on the mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation*. *University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries* (Thesis). (catalog entry for Ph.D. thesis)
3. "Wayne William Umbreit". *Chemistry Tree*.
4. "Historic Fellows". *American Association for the Advancement of Science*.
5. "Second International Congress of Biochemistry, Paris, 21-27 July 1952". *Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique*. **35** (1–2): 5–211. 1953. PMID 13042533.
6. "Review of *Manometric Techniques and Tissue Metabolism*, 2nd edition, by W. W. Umbreit, R. H. Burris, and J. F. Stauffer". *Soil Science*. **77** (1): 79. January 1954. doi:10.1097/00010694-195401000-00020.
7. DeMoss, Ralph D. (1955). "Review of *An Introduction to Bacterial Physiology* by Evelyn L. Oginsky and Wayne W. Umbreit". *The Quarterly Review of Biology*. **30**: 86–87. doi:10.1086/400714.


title: Web operations

abstract: Web operations (WebOps) is a domain of expertise within IT systems management that involves the deployment, operation, maintenance, tuning, and repair of web-based applications and systems. WebOps is also increasingly acknowledged as crucial to the success of digital marketing teams, and shows up as part of the MarTech ecosystem. Historically, operations were seen as a late phase of the Waterfall model development process. After engineering had built a software product, and QA had verified it as correct, it would be handed to a support staff to operate the working software. Such a view assumed that software was mostly immutable in production and that usage would be mostly stable. Increasingly, "a web application involves many specialists, but it takes people in web ops to ensure that everything works together throughout an application's lifetime". The role is gaining respect as a distinct specialty among developers and managers, and is considered by many to be a subset of the larger DevOps movement. With the rise of web technologies since mid-1995, specialists have emerged that understand the complexities of running a web application. Earlier examples of IT operations teams exist, such as the Network Operations Center (NOC) and the Database Administration (DBA) function.

text:
# Web operations

**Web operations** (**WebOps**) is a domain of expertise within IT systems management that involves the deployment, operation, maintenance, tuning, and repair of web-based applications and systems. WebOps is also increasingly acknowledged as crucial to the success of digital marketing teams, and shows up as part of the MarTech (marketing technology) ecosystem.

Historically, operations were seen as a late phase of the Waterfall model development process. After engineering had built a software product, and QA had verified it as correct, it would be handed to a support staff to operate the working software. Such a view assumed that software was mostly immutable in production and that usage would be mostly stable. Increasingly, "a web application involves many specialists, but it takes people in web ops to ensure that everything works together throughout an application's lifetime". The role is gaining respect as a distinct specialty among developers and managers, and is considered by many to be a subset of the larger DevOps movement.

With the rise of web technologies since mid-1995, specialists have emerged that understand the complexities of running a web application. Earlier examples of IT operations teams exist, such as the Network Operations Center (NOC) and the Database Administration (DBA) function.

## WebOps vs DevOps

Web applications are unique in many ways, presenting challenges that other software types do not have to deal with:

* Their use by a distributed, often uncontrolled, user base.
* The many independent networks between end users and the data center from which content is served.
* The way in which web pages are delivered as atomic transactions, requiring additional technologies (such as HTTP cookies) to associate sequences of pages into a user interaction.
* The three-tiered model of web, application, and database components (such as LAMP environments consisting of Linux, Apache, MySQL and either Perl or PHP).
* The requirement that you must often import the application's database and uploaded files (including potentially sensitive user data) to properly develop or test the application (such as when building a content management system, or using a CMS framework such as Drupal, Wordpress, or web frameworks like Django).
* WebOps includes front-end developers as key stakeholders

In this sense, WebOps simply refers to DevOps for web applications.

## Responsibilities

Web operations teams are tasked with a variety of responsibilities, including:

* The deployment of web applications
* The monitoring, error isolation, escalation, and repair of problems
* Performing performance management, availability reporting, and other administration
* Configuring load-balancing and working with content delivery networks to improve the reliability and reduce the latency of the system
* Measuring the impact of changes to content, applications, networks, and infrastructure

Typically, web operations personnel are familiar with the TCP/IP stack, the http protocol, HTML page markup, and Rich Internet applications (RIAs) such as AJAX and the like.


title: James Scott Hutton

abstract: James Scott Hutton was the first principal of the Halifax School for the Deaf, and remained with the school for 34 years until his death in 1891. The Halifax School for the Deaf was the first school of the deaf in Atlantic Canada (1856). Along with teaching sign language, Hutton followed the lead of fellow Nova Scotian and advocate for the deaf Alexander Graham Bell by integrating lip-reading into the curriculum. From 1878 to 1882 he served as principal of a similar institution in Belfast.

text:
# James Scott Hutton

**James Scott Hutton** was the first principal of the Halifax School for the Deaf, and remained with the school for 34 years until his death in 1891. The Halifax School for the Deaf was the first school of the deaf in Atlantic Canada (1856). Along with teaching sign language, Hutton followed the lead of fellow Nova Scotian and advocate for the deaf Alexander Graham Bell by integrating lip-reading into the curriculum. From 1878 to 1882 he served as principal of a similar institution in Belfast (Northern Ireland).

Endnotes

## Publications

## Further reading

* MR. J. S. HUTTON'S TEXT-BOOKS. *American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb*, Vol. 16, No. 3 (JULY, 1871), pp. 196–201
* J. Scott Hutton. STATISTICS OF THE DEAF AND DUMB IN THE LOWER PROVINCES OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. *American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb*, Vol. 14, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1869), pp. 1–20
* DEAF MUTE EDUCATION IN THE BRITISH MARITIME PROVINCES. *American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb*, Vol. 14, No. 2 (APRIL, 1869), pp. 65–82


title: Gennady Lebedev

abstract: Gennady Victorovich Lebedev was a Russian economist, representative of Austrian School, businessman and politician. He advocated free enterprise and laissez-faire.

text:
# Gennady Lebedev

**Gennady Victorovich Lebedev** (April 29, 1957 in the USSR – May 12, 2004 in Turkey) was a Russian economist, representative of Austrian School, businessman and politician. He advocated free enterprise and laissez-faire.

## Biography

Gennady Lebedev was born on 29 April 1957 in Soviet Union. In 1974 he enrolled in MSU Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, a faculty of Moscow State University. He graduated with distinction and became postgraduate student. He then joined the Laboratory of computational approaches of MSU Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics.

He was an author of several computer sciences textbooks. For example, his most popular textbook for pupils, *Basic computer sciences and computer engineering*, was published in an edition of 7 million. Others of his textbooks are also popular among professors and Lebedev's influence on Russian computer science is widely acknowledged.

In the beginning of 1992 he left the post of chairman and participated in the corporatization of Nakhodka Commercial Sea Port and organisation of Yukos Oil Company where initially he worked as a consultant and later as a vice-president.

Lebedev died on May 12, 2004, and is buried in Troitsk.

## Readings in memory of Gennady Lebedev

Readings in memory of Lebedev take place yearly and are dedicated to projects which develop ideas of freedom and liberty.

## Works

## GVL Library

Russian publishing house 'Sotsium' jointly with 'Liberal Charter' organised the special series of books called 'GVL Library in honour of Gennady Lebedev (GVL are his initials) and the common subject of the books is libertarian orientation.

## InfoBox

| Gennady Victorovich Lebedev | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 29 April 1957
USSR |
| Died | 12 May 2004
Turkey |
| Nationality | Russian |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Economics, political science |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University |
|  | |


title: Ovid Township, Branch County, Michigan

abstract: Ovid Township is a civil township of Branch County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,161 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Ovid Township, Branch County, Michigan

**Ovid Township** is a civil township of Branch County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,161 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

The township, which is primarily agricultural, does not have any incorporated municipalities. Five settlements exist in several unincorporated communities:

There is also an unnamed settlement at 41°50′26″N 85°03′14″W / 41.84056°N 85.05389°W / 41.84056; -85.05389 between Lake of the Woods and Bingham Lake, about two miles northeast of Bethel.

## Geography

The township is dominated geographically by lakes, primarily Coldwater Lake, as well as the smaller Lake of the Woods and several others. All drain into the Coldwater River, a tributary of the St. Joseph River flowing to Lake Michigan.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.8 km2), of which 33.2 square miles (85.9 km2) is land and 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), or 8.35%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 2,432 |  |  |
| 2010 | 2,326 |  | −4.4% |
| 2020 | 2,161 |  | −7.1% |
|  | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,432 people, 1,026 households, and 738 families residing in the township. The population density was 73.1 inhabitants per square mile (28.2/km2). There were 1,889 housing units at an average density of 56.8 per square mile (21.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.11% White, 0.21% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.53% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.

There were 1,026 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the township the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $44,593, and the median income for a family was $49,712. Males had a median income of $36,410 versus $23,382 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,942. About 3.0% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Ovid Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Branch County | |
| Ovid TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganOvid TownshipLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°51′09″N 84°59′43″W / 41.85250°N 84.99528°W / 41.85250; -84.99528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Branch |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.2 sq mi (93.8 km2) |
| Land | 33.2 sq mi (85.9 km2) |
| Water | 3.0 sq mi (7.8 km2) |
| Elevation | 981 ft (299 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,161 |
| Density | 60/sq mi (23/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 26-61840 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626873 |
| Website | Official website |


title: The Gown of Glory

abstract: The Gown of Glory is a 1952 novel by the American writer Agnes Sligh Turnbull (1888–1982). It is set in a fictional rural village of Ladykirk, which is much like the author's birthplace of New Alexandria, Pennsylvania, about thirty miles east of Pittsburgh.

text:
# The Gown of Glory

***The Gown of Glory*** is a 1952 novel by the American writer Agnes Sligh Turnbull (1888–1982). It is set in a fictional rural village of Ladykirk, which is much like the author's birthplace of New Alexandria, Pennsylvania, about thirty miles east of Pittsburgh.

## Plot

The story begins in 1881 when the Reverend David Lyall brings his new wife from the city to his rural manse expecting to stay only a year. Twenty-five years and three grown children later, David is still the spiritual leader of the Calvinist congregation. The plot explores the small joys and quiet griefs of a minister's life as well as what happens when a wealthy young man falls in love with the minister's daughter.

1. "Books Published Today". *The New York Times*: 26. March 13, 1952.
* Turnbull, Agnes Sligh (1952). *The Gown of Glory*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
* Demarest, David P. (1976). *From These Hills, From These Valleys: Selected Fiction about Western Pennsylvania*. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-1123-X.

## InfoBox

The Gown of Glory
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Agnes Sligh Turnbull |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Houghton Mifflin |
| Publication date | March 13, 1952 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 403 |
| OCLC | 180710 |
| Preceded by | *The Bishop's Mantle* |
| Followed by | *The Golden Journey* |


title: Mastixia pentandra subsp. scortechinii

abstract: Mastixia pentandra subsp. scortechinii is a subspecies of Mastixia pentandra. It is a tree in the family Nyssaceae. It is named for the botanist Benedetto Scortechini.

text:
# Mastixia pentandra subsp. scortechinii

***Mastixia pentandra* subsp. *scortechinii*** is a subspecies of *Mastixia pentandra*. It is a tree in the family Nyssaceae. It is named for the botanist Benedetto Scortechini.

## Description

*Mastixia pentandra* subsp. *scortechinii* grows as a tree measuring up to 40 metres (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 80 centimetres (30 in). The fissured bark is grey-brown. The flowers are greenish or yellowish white. The ovoid to oblong fruits are green, ripening purple to bluish black, and measure up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

*Mastixia pentandra* subsp. *scortechinii* grows naturally in Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sulawesi. Its habitat is lowland to submontane forests from sea-level to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) altitude.

## InfoBox

| *Mastixia pentandra subsp. scortechinii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Cornales |
| Family: | Nyssaceae |
| Genus: | *Mastixia* |
| Species: | *M. pentandra* |
| Subspecies: | ***M. p.* subsp. *scortechinii*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Mastixia pentandra* subsp. *scortechinii*** <br>(King) K.M.Matthew | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mastixia megacarpa* Ridl. * *Mastixia parvifolia* Hallier f. * *Mastixia scortechinii* King | |


title: GOLGA4

abstract: Golgin subfamily A member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA4 gene. The Golgi apparatus, which participates in glycosylation and transport of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway, consists of a series of stacked cisternae. Interactions between the Golgi and microtubules are thought to be important for the reorganization of the Golgi after it fragments during mitosis. The golgins are a family of proteins, of which the protein encoded by this gene is a member, that are localized to the Golgi. This protein has been postulated to play a role in Rab6-regulated membrane-tethering events in the Golgi apparatus. Alternative splice variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.

text:
# GOLGA4

**Golgin subfamily A member 4** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *GOLGA4* gene.

The Golgi apparatus, which participates in glycosylation and transport of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway, consists of a series of stacked cisternae (flattened membrane sacs). Interactions between the Golgi and microtubules are thought to be important for the reorganization of the Golgi after it fragments during mitosis. The golgins are a family of proteins, of which the protein encoded by this gene is a member, that are localized to the Golgi. This protein has been postulated to play a role in Rab6-regulated membrane-tethering events in the Golgi apparatus. Alternative splice variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.

## Interactions

GOLGA4 has been shown to interact with ARL1.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| GOLGA4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GOLGA4, CRPF46, GCP2, GOLG, MU-RMS-40.18, golgin A4, Trans-GolgiI p230, Golgin 245, p230 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 602509; MGI: 1859646; HomoloGene: 68224; GeneCards: GOLGA4; OMA:GOLGA4 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001172713
NM\_002078   NM\_018748   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001166184
NP\_002069
NP\_001166184.1
NP\_002069.2   NP\_061218   Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 37.24 – 37.37 Mb Chr 9: 118.51 – 118.58 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Gil Brenton

abstract: "Gil Brenton" is an English-language folk song, existing in several variants.

text:
# Gil Brenton

"**Gil Brenton**" (Child 5, Roud 22) is an English-language folk song, existing in several variants.

## Synopsis

A man (often described as a king or lord) has brought home a foreign woman to be his wife.

In several variants, the bride is warned that if she is not a maiden (i.e., virgin), she had best send someone else to take her place in the marriage bed, in order to prevent her husband from discovering this fact. She sends her maid in her place. The morning after the wedding, the groom asks the blankets and sheets of the bed, or in some versions the household spirit Billie Blin, if he married a maiden, and they answer that the woman he married was not, and furthermore, she is pregnant.

In other variants, the bride informs the bridegroom of her pregnancy without any tests.

The groom laments this state of affairs to his mother, who goes to tax his bride with it. The mother-in-law asks who the father of the baby is, and the bride tells how she had gone to the greenwood to gather flowers and been detained there until evening by a man. When he allowed her to return home, this man gave her several tokens (e.g., a lock of hair, some black beads, a golden ring, and a pen-knife). The mother demands the tokens, takes them to her son, and asks him what he had done with the tokens that she (the mother) had given to *him*. He tells her that he gave them to a lady, and he would give anything to have that lady as his wife. She assures him that his wish has been granted.

When the baby is born, there is writing on his body declaring that he is the son of the hero. The hero may show his pleasure by the number of kisses given to wife and son, or by having the lady dressed in silk and the baby bathed in milk.

## Commentary

One of the ballad variants is titled "Cospatrick" and features a hero of that name. The name was used at different times by several earls of Dunbar and Home, and the ballad may have become attached to one of them as a legend.

## Variants

Besides the variants in English, there are several Scandinavian variants; Swedish and Danish ones are particularly close. In *The Types of the Scandinavian Medieval Ballad*, these correspond chiefly to ballad types D 415–422, all of which end with the revelation of bridegroom as violator; of these, D 420 and 421 feature a speaking rug, although a nightingale sometimes takes it place. Some variations occur: in some ballads, the hero had broken into the heroine's bower rather than found her in the woods; the hero may recognize her on the strength of her story, without any tokens; or her condition may be revealed by difficulty riding a horse. It contrasts with the Child Ballad "Crow and Pie", where the raped woman tries to obtain some token from the rapist, and is refused.

The difficulty riding because of a pregnancy also features in the ballad "Leesome Brand".

The fairy tale *Little Annie the Goose-Girl* makes use of many of these elements, but the heroine of the story, Annie or Aase, is not the bride but the maiden who substitutes for her; the revelation of three successive princesses not being maidens results in the hero's marrying the goose-girl who had substituted for them.

The substitution of a maiden for the non-virgin bride is found earlier in many forms of the legend of Tristan and Iseult; Iseult, having lost her virginity to Tristan on the journey, substitutes her maid Brangwin.


title: Syzyx

abstract: Syzyx is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Syzyx

***Syzyx*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Syzyx* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Syzyx*** |
|


title: Walter Ockey

abstract: Walter Andrew "Footie" Ockey was a Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in two games, both in relief, for the New York Giants in 1944. The 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), 175 lb (79 kg) right-hander was a native of New York City. Ockey is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II. He made his major league debut on May 3, 1944, in a home game against the Philadelphia Blue Jays at the Polo Grounds. His only other appearance was on May 20 against the St. Louis Cardinals at Sportsman's Park. Totals for his brief career include 1 game finished, 1 earned run allowed in 22⁄3 innings pitched, and an ERA of 3.38. Defensively, he recorded 2 assists without making an error. Bill Lee of the Philadelphia Phillies is the only batter Ockey struck out. Ockey died at the age of 51 in Staten Island, New York.

text:
# Walter Ockey

**Walter Andrew "Footie" Ockey** (January 4, 1920 – December 4, 1971) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in two games, both in relief, for the New York Giants in 1944. The 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), 175 lb (79 kg) right-hander was a native of New York City.

Ockey is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II. He made his major league debut on May 3, 1944, in a home game against the Philadelphia Blue Jays at the Polo Grounds. His only other appearance was on May 20 against the St. Louis Cardinals at Sportsman's Park. Totals for his brief career include 1 game finished, 1 earned run allowed in 223 innings pitched, and an ERA of 3.38. Defensively, he recorded 2 assists without making an error. Bill Lee of the Philadelphia Phillies is the only batter Ockey struck out.

Ockey died at the age of 51 in Staten Island, New York.

## InfoBox

| Walter Ockey | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1920-01-04)January 4, 1920
New York, New York | |
| **Died:** December 4, 1971(1971-12-04) (aged 51)
Staten Island, New York | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 3, 1944, for the New York Giants | |
| Last appearance | |
| May 20, 1944, for the New York Giants | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–0 |
| Earned run average | 3.38 |
| Strikeouts | 1 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: HMS Granado (1695)

abstract: HMS Granado was a Serpent-class bomb vessel of the Royal Navy, one of ten such vessels commissioned in 1695 to support land assaults on continental ports. She saw active service in the Nine Years' War as part of the fleets commanded by Admirals Berkeley and Rooke. She was subsequently assigned to cruising duties in the Mediterranean. In 1711 Granado accompanied her sister ship Basilisk on the British expedition along North America's St Lawrence River. In 1714 she returned to Woolwich for repairs, where she was decommissioned and placed in ordinary. She was broken up at Woolwich Dockyard on 9 May 1718.

text:
# HMS Granado (1695)

**HMS *Granado*** was a *Serpent*-class bomb vessel of the Royal Navy, one of ten such vessels commissioned in 1695 to support land assaults on continental ports. She saw active service in the Nine Years' War as part of the fleets commanded by Admirals Berkeley and Rooke. She was subsequently assigned to cruising duties in the Mediterranean.

In 1711 *Granado* accompanied her sister ship *Basilisk* on the British expedition along North America's St Lawrence River. In 1714 she returned to Woolwich for repairs, where she was decommissioned and placed in ordinary. She was broken up at Woolwich Dockyard on 9 May 1718.

## Citations

* Winfield, Rif (2007). *British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Seaforth. ISBN 9781844157006.

## Further reading

* McLaughlan, Ian (2014). *The Sloop of War, 1650-1763*. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848321878.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Granado* |
| Ordered | 9 January 1695 |
| Builder | Robert & John Castle, Deptford Dockyard |
| Launched | 18 April 1695 |
| Commissioned | 1695 |
| In service | 1695 |
| Out of service | 21 January 1729 |
| Fate | Broken up, Woolwich Dockyard, 1718 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Serpent*-class bomb vessel |
| Tons burthen | 1477594 (bm) |
| Length | * 64 ft 5 in (19.6 m) (gundeck) * 50 ft 6 in (15.4 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 23 ft 5 in (7.1 m) |
| Depth of hold | 10 ft 0 in (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Sail plan | Ketch-rigged |
| Complement | 30 |
| Armament | * 4 × 2-pounder guns * 2 × 1212 in. mortars |


title: Walter Torres

abstract: Walter Francis K. Torres is a Filipino sports administrator and former fencer who currently serves as a commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission since 2022. Torres competed in the individual foil event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Walter Torres

**Walter Francis K. Torres** (born December 3, 1967) is a Filipino sports administrator and former fencer who currently serves as a commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission since 2022. Torres competed in the individual foil event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Walter Torres
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Walter Francis K. Torres |
| Born | (1967-12-03) December 3, 1967 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |


title: Naming of weapons in Middle-earth

abstract: The naming of weapons in Middle-earth is the giving of names to swords and other powerful weapons in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He derived the naming of weapons from his knowledge of Medieval times; the practice is found in Norse mythology and in the Old English poem Beowulf. Among the many weapons named by Tolkien are Orcrist and Glamdring in The Hobbit, and Narsil / Andúril in The Lord of the Rings. Such weapons carry powerful symbolism, embodying the identity and ancestry of their owners. There are multiple parallels between Tolkien's usage of named weapons in his Middle-earth writings, and the Medieval epics. These include their inheritance as heirlooms, sometimes royal; their rediscovery in ancient treasure-hoards; their being broken and reforged; their adornment with runic inscriptions; and their interlinking with the lives of their owners.

text:
# Naming of weapons in Middle-earth

The **naming of weapons in Middle-earth** is the giving of names to swords and other powerful weapons in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He derived the naming of weapons from his knowledge of Medieval times; the practice is found in Norse mythology and in the Old English poem *Beowulf*. Among the many weapons named by Tolkien are *Orcrist* and *Glamdring* in *The Hobbit*, and *Narsil / Andúril* in *The Lord of the Rings*. Such weapons carry powerful symbolism, embodying the identity and ancestry of their owners.

There are multiple parallels between Tolkien's usage of named weapons in his Middle-earth writings, and the Medieval epics. These include their inheritance as heirlooms, sometimes royal; their rediscovery in ancient treasure-hoards; their being broken and reforged; their adornment with runic inscriptions; and their interlinking with the lives of their owners.

## Background

### Naming of Medieval weapons

In Medieval epics, heroes gave names to their weapons. The name, lineage, and power of the weapon reflected on the hero. Among the major tales are those of Sigurd the Volsung and his sword Gram that he used to kill the dragon Fafnir; *Beowulf* and the swords Hrunting and Nægling; King Arthur's Excalibur, the "Sword in the Stone"; Roland's Durendal; Waldere's Mimming; and the *Elder Edda*'s account of the "Waking of Angantyr" (the *Hervararkviða*) and the sword Tyrfing.

Heroic literature did not always name its weapons; in ancient Greece, Homer describes the shield and spear of Achilles in detail but does not give them names. He does not name the crucial bow of Odysseus: the weapon that allows him to demonstrate his own identity, his own name as he returns home to Ithaca, functions anonymously in the story. The case is different in the stories and myths of medieval Northern Europe, where the name of a weapon, especially of a sword, gave it an identity, almost a personality. The name, writes the Tolkien scholar Janet Brennan Croft, "marks a weapon as an heirloom tying generations together and legitimizing the heir who holds it." Some 200 sword names are recorded in medieval writings, in line with the Norse practice of naming objects in stories, such as the Dwarf-made chain Gleipnir that unbreakably fastened Fenris the giant wolf.

### Powerful swords

The Sæbø sword's inscriptionRunes in silver on the 8th-century Sæbø swordThe runic inscription has been interpreted as reading right-to-left *Oh Þurmuþ*, "Thurmuth owns me", the swastika standing for "Thor".

Such weapons were praised both for their strength and for their history. For example, Nægling is repeatedly described with epithets such as "sharp", "gleaming", "bright", "mighty", and "strong", while its history is explicitly recalled in phrases such as "excellent ancient sword", "ancient heirloom", and "old and grey". They might have magical powers: Excalibur shines

> so bryght in his enemyes eyen that it gaf light lyke thirty torchys, and therwith he put hem on bak and slew moche peple".
> *in Modern English:*
> so bright in his enemies' eyes that it gave light like thirty torches, and therewith he drove them back and killed many people.

In Norse mythology, similarly, a sword may shine like the sun, as in the *Poetic Edda*: "Surt from the south comes / With flickering flame; Shines from his sword / The Val-god’s sun."

Swords may be heirlooms within a royal family, or may be recovered from ancient hoards of treasure, in either case having a lineage and story of their own. A sword-blade could be adorned with runes; these might attach power, history, and magic spells to the weapon, just as Sigurd was instructed to engrave runes of wisdom and victory on his sword Gram. The historian of arms Ewart Oakeshott described the sword as having "a potent mystique which sets it above any other man-made object". Swords had two attributes which made them especially highly prized: they were costly to manufacture, and effective as weapons.

## In Middle-earth

### Weapons of power

Tolkien named many weapons, mainly swords, but also including Aeglos, the spear of the Elf-king Gil-Galad; Belthronding, Beleg's bow; Dramborleg, Tuor's axe; and Grond, the name both of the evil battering-ram from Minas Morgul, and of the mace of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth, in his Middle-earth writings. As in medieval epics, the sword in particular symbolised the heroism and position of its owner. As the Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger put it, the sword "proclaims the emergence of the hero"; further, "the fates of sword and man are linked, and the destruction of one signals the end of the other".

Such themes can be seen clearly with Aragorn's sword Andúril, but they run similarly through Tolkien's accounts of many other named weapons. The swords Glamdring and Orcrist named in *The Hobbit* fit two strands of the Medieval pattern, as they are both ancient, having been forged in the First Age, and were retrieved from a treasure-hoard, having been held by the three Trolls in their cave. Reforging and rediscovery effectively pass old power to the new weapon and its new owner, and renew that power.

Comparison of *Glamdring* and *Orcrist* with swords in Medieval legend
| Attribute | *The Lord of the Rings* | Medieval legend |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Age | Forged in the First Age for Turgon, King of Gondolin | Ancient |
| Source | Troll-cave | Treasure-hoard |

These two swords actually each have three names (polyonymy): in the high and ancient tongue (Sindarin); a translation into the Common Speech (Westron), rendered as English; and a goblin nickname.

Polyonymy of swords in *The Hobbit*
| Language | Gandalf's sword | Thorin's sword |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sindarin, an Elvish language | *Glamdring* | *Orcrist* |
| Common Speech | Foe-hammer | Goblin-cleaver |
| Goblin nickname | Beater | Biter |

Glamdring and Orcrist, and Bilbo's knife used as a sword, which he named Sting, gleam when Orcs are nearby; the ancient swords terrify the Orcs, and are recognised by them; indeed, the Orcs have their own nicknames for the two famous swords, Biter and Beater. These weapons have numerous connections to the famous swords of Medieval mythology, including, according to the Tolkien scholars K. S. Whetter and R. Andrew McDonald, the style and content of their names, which recall the names of swords in Norse mythology such as *Fotbitr* and *Dragvandil* ("Leg-biter" and "Slicer"). Indeed, in *The Hobbit*, when Bilbo's party arrive at Rivendell, Elrond reads the swords' runic inscriptions and describes the heroic history and lineage of the recovered weapons:

> They are old swords, very old swords of the High Elves of the West, my kin. They were made in Gondolin for the Goblin-wars. They must have come from a dragon's hoard or goblin plunder, for dragons and goblins destroyed that city many ages ago. This, Thorin, the runes name Orcrist, the Goblin-cleaver in the ancient tongue of Gondolin; it was a famous blade. This, Gandalf, was Glamdring, Foe-hammer that the king of Gondolin once wore. Keep them well!"

### "Renewed shall be blade that was broken"

*The Lord of the Rings* hero Aragorn, heir of the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor, carried the shards of the sword Narsil, broken when his ancestor Elendil died in battle with the Dark Lord Sauron. Its name, Narsil, contained the roots for "fire" and "white light", meaning "Sun and Moon" in Quenya. It had been forged in the First Age by the greatest of the Dwarf-smiths, Telchar. He worked into the enchanted sword the ability to shine "with the light of the sun and of the moon", with the result that "the sword of Elendil filled Orcs and Men with fear". After it was broken "its light was extinguished and it was not forged anew", until Aragorn brought it to Rivendell at the end of the Third Age and the quest to destroy the One Ring. It was then remade as Andúril, meaning "Flame of the West" in Quenya:

> The Sword of Elendil was forged anew by Elvish smiths, and on its blade was traced a device of seven stars set between the crescent Moon and the rayed Sun, and about them was written many runes; for Aragorn son of Arathorn was going to war upon the marches of Mordor. Very bright was that sword when it was made whole again; the light of the sun shone redly in it, and the light of the moon shone cold, and its edge was hard and keen. And Aragorn gave it a new name and called it Andúril, Flame of the West.

The seven stars were Elendil's heraldic device, which in turn denoted the stars, one per ship, for the seven ships that carried the seven palantirs from Númenor, the island of the West, to Middle-earth. The sword thus carried the symbolism of the lineage of Elendil and the power of the kingdom of Númenor. In addition, Tolkien wrote that the sword's original name, Narsil, "symbolised the chief heavenly lights \[Sun and Moon\], as enemies of darkness".

The poem that Aragorn says goes with his own name, "The Riddle of Strider", calls the sword the "blade that was broken":

> Renewed shall be blade that was broken,
> The crownless again shall be king.

Comparison of Narsil / Andúril with Excalibur, the Sword in the Stone
| Attribute | *The Lord of the Rings* | Arthurian legend |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Broken | At Elendil's death | When Arthur fights King Pellinore |
| Delimits an era | Third Age begins as Isildur uses shards of Narsil to cut the One Ring
from Sauron's hand; ends as Andúril helps to end Sauron's reign | King Arthur comes to power with Excalibur;
Bedivere casts away the sword on Arthur's death |
| Accompanies | King leading people to victory | King leading people to victory |
| Magical scabbard | Blade shall not be stained or broken | Wearer shall never lose blood |

There are multiple parallels here with Arthurian legend. The Sword in the Stone is broken. Just as Excalibur delimits King Arthur's reign, so Narsil delimits the Third Age, beginning when Isildur cuts the Ring from Sauron's hand, and ending when the remade Andúril helps to end Sauron's power and restore Aragorn as King. Both Kings lead their peoples to victory. The sword's magical scabbard, too, which the Elf-queen Galadriel gives to Aragorn as he leaves Lothlórien with the words "The blade that is drawn from this sheath shall not be stained or broken even in defeat", parallels Excalibur's sheath, which guarantees that its wearer "shall never lose no blood, be ye never so sore wounded". The elven scabbard describes the sword it was made for:

> It was overlaid with a tracery of flowers and leaves wrought of silver and gold, and on it were set in elven-runes formed of many gems the name Andúril and the lineage of the sword.

Comparison of Narsil / Andúril with swords in Norse mythology
| Attribute | *The Lord of the Rings* | Norse mythology |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Making | Narsil was made by Dwarves | Tyrfing was made by Dwarves Dvalin and Durin |
| Shining | Andúril shines like Sun and Moon | Tyrfing shines like fire |
| Remade | Elves reforge Narsil as Andúril | The Dwarf-smith Regin remakes Gram, at Sigmund's dying wish |

The theme of the sword that was broken is found in various places in Norse mythology. Burdge and Burke write that Tyrfing, like Narsil, was Dwarf-forged, in its case by Dvalin and Durin. They made Tyrfing shine like fire; Andúril shines like Sun and Moon. Sigurd's sword Gram, too, was remade, by the Dwarf-smith Regin; Sigurd's father Sigmund's dying wish was for his sword to be reforged; and flames leapt from Gram's edges. Aragorn's sword thus combines the natures of the Norse sword Gram and the Arthurian Excalibur.

The reforged and renamed Narsil / Andúril pair has a parallel, too, within Tolkien's legendarium. The hero of the First Age, Túrin's sword, is similarly renamed: Anglachel becomes Gurthang. The Tolkien scholars K. S. Whetter and Andrew McDonald call these weapons almost "living personalities"; Croft notes that at the end, Gurthang actually speaks to Túrin. However, while the reforging of Andúril symbolizes the remaking of Middle-earth and the transformation of Aragorn from Ranger to King, the mere renaming of Gurthang fails to change its "essentially malefic" nature. Like the flawed hero Túrin, who likewise takes on different names, its character cannot be changed by giving it a new name. In contrast, Aragorn's sword represents the true hero.

Comparison of Aragorn's and Túrin's swords and characters
| Attribute | Aragorn | Túrin |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Character | True hero | Flawed, violent warrior |
| Sword was | Narsil ("Red and white flame", i.e. Sun and Moon) | Anglachel, "Iron of the flaming star" |
| Sword belonged to | His ancestor Elendil | His friend the Elf Beleg |
| Sword's owner is killed | Fighting the Dark Lord Sauron, hand-to-hand | Accidentally, by Túrin |
| Sword is | Reforged as Andúril, "Flame of the West", symbol of hope | Renamed as Gurthang, "Iron of Death" |
| Owner | Was "Strider", a Ranger, becomes King; is given many names – Elessar (elfstone), Envinyatar (the renewer), Estel (hope), Thorongil (eagle of the star) | Is unable to reform himself, despite taking on many names – Neithan (the wronged), Gorthol (dread helm), Agarwaen (bloodstained), Adanedhel (elf-man), Thurin (the secret), Mormegil (black sword), Turambar (master of doom), Dagnir Glaurunga (Glaurung's bane), Naeramarth (evil-fated) |
| Sword kills | Only at need | Indiscriminately: Dragon Glaurung; Beleg by accident; Brandir, unjustly; finally, Túrin himself |
| Outcome | Renewal of his people, kingdom, and Middle-earth | Disaster to his people |

### Primary

1. Tolkien 1937, *The Hobbit*, ch. 2 "Roast Mutton"
2. Tolkien 1937, *The Hobbit*, ch. 3 "A Short Rest"
3. Tolkien 1977, *The Silmarillion*, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
4. Carpenter 2023, #347 to Richard Jeffery, 17 December 1972
5. Tolkien 1954a, *The Fellowship of the Ring*, book 2, ch. 3 "The Ring Goes South"
6. Tolkien 1954a, *The Fellowship of the Ring*, book 1, ch. 10 "Strider"
7. Tolkien 1954a, *The Fellowship of the Ring*, book 2, ch. 8 "Farewell to Lórien"

### Secondary

1. Ogden 2013, p. 265.
2. Whetter & McDonald 2006, article 2.
3. Burdge & Burke 2013, pp. 703–705
4. Croft 2015, article 1.
5. Stephens 1866–1867, p. 407.
6. Culbert 1960, pp. 13–20.
7. Malory 2014, p. 30.
8. Guerber 1909, pp. 1–15.
9. Byock 1990, pp. 67–68.
10. Brisbois 2008, article 9.
11. Flieger 1981, pp. 40–62.
12. Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 263.
13. Hall 2012, article 6.
14. Arvidsson 2002, pp. 45–52.
15. Terry 1969, pp. 250–253.
16. Byock 1990, pp. 53–54.

### Sources


title: Haarla

abstract: Haarla is a district and a suburb of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southern part of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coastline. The bridge between Hirvensalo and Satava is located in Haarla. The current population of Haarla is 1,316, and it is increasing at an annual rate of 1.90%. 30.32% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 2.28% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 88.75% Finnish, 6.00% Swedish, and 5.24% other.

text:
# Haarla

**Haarla** (Finnish; *Harlax* in Swedish) is a district and a suburb of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southern part of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coastline. The bridge between Hirvensalo and Satava is located in Haarla.

The current (as of 2004) population of Haarla is 1,316, and it is increasing at an annual rate of 1.90%. 30.32% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 2.28% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 88.75% Finnish, 6.00% Swedish, and 5.24% other.

60°23′30″N 22°13′45″E / 60.39167°N 22.22917°E / 60.39167; 22.22917


abstract: Sir Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton, Lord High Treasurer of Scotland was a Scottish noble.

text:
# Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton

Sir **Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton** (died circa 1449), Lord High Treasurer of Scotland was a Scottish noble.

## Life

The eldest son of Sir John Haliburton of Dirleton (d. 1392), by his spouse Margaret, daughter of Sir John Cameron of Ballegarno. He succeeded to the Dirleton estate in East Lothian, upon the death of his father in 1392 and also inherited his uncle's estate of Haliburton in the early 15th century. Sir Walter was one of the hostages for King James I on 28 March 1424 and was exchanged and permitted to return to Scotland on 16 July 1425. He is named as one of the Scottish Commissioners to meet the English at Hawdenstank with 800 men to redress complaints, in a Safe-Conduct dated 24 January 1430 (1429/30).

In 1439 and 1440 he was appointed Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and in the latter year was created a Lord of Parliament. He remained Lord High Treasurer until 1449, a post which he could not hold unless he was also a Privy Councillor.

## Marriage and issue

He married Lady Isobel, daughter of the Regent, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany and Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, who was also the widow of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross (d. 1402). They had four sons and one daughter:

He is also said to be the second husband of Marjorie Douglas, daughter of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas and Joanna Moray.

## Citations

* Mackenzie, Agnes Mure, MA, D.Litt., *The Rise of the Stewarts*, London, 1935, p. 108.
* Rogers, Charles,LL.D., *Genealogical Memoirs of the family of Sir Walter Scott, Bt.,* with his *Memorials of the Halibirtons*, London, 1877, p.xxx.

## InfoBox

| Walter de Haliburton | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Haliburton of Dirleton | |
| Arms of Walter Haliburton: ***Or, on a bend azure, three mascles or***. | |
| Died | c. 1449. |
| Spouse(s) | Isabel Stewart<br>Marjorie Douglas |
| Father | John Haliburton of Dirleton |
| Mother | Margaret Cameron of Ballegarno |