title: S7000A New York City property tax

abstract: S.7000-A is the name given to the current dominant property tax law in effect in New York State affecting New York City. Surrounding areas such as Nassau County have similar laws. The bill was enacted in 1981 in response to the Hellerstein decision. The law is embodied in Article 18 of the New York State Real Property Law. This is the 2022 link for revenue and expense interactive chart for the current summary of New York City Revenue and Expenses. The spreadsheet for 2022 information is available here 2022 link for interactive tax growth chart The most significant portions of the law are the creation of tax classes, the limitation on assessment increases for small homes and for other residential property with 10 units or less, the setting of an upper limit for the "assessed value" as a percentage of "market value" across the different tax classes, and the limitation on the increase allowed in the allocation of the tax levy across the different tax classes from the previous year's assessment roll.

text:
# S7000A New York City property tax

**S.7000-A** is the name given to the current dominant property tax law in effect in New York State affecting New York City. Surrounding areas such as Nassau County have similar laws. The bill was enacted in 1981 in response to the Hellerstein decision (Hellerstein v. Assessor of Islip, 37 N.Y.2d 1 (1975)). The law is embodied in Article 18 of the New York State Real Property Law.

This is the 2022 link for revenue and expense interactive chart for the current summary of New York City Revenue and Expenses.

The spreadsheet for 2022 information is available here

2022 link for interactive tax growth chart

The most significant portions of the law are the creation of tax classes, the limitation on assessment increases for small homes (1 to 3 family homes called **Class 1**) and for other residential property with 10 units or less (a subset of **Class 2**), the setting of an upper limit for the "assessed value" as a percentage of "market value" across the different tax classes, and the limitation on the increase allowed in the allocation of the tax levy across the different tax classes from the previous year's assessment roll.

## History

S.7000-A was a reaction to the Hellerstein decision (Hellerstein v. Assessor of Islip, 37 N.Y.2d 1 (1975)). There was discussion of a 100% re-assessment of all properties in New York State. A group called State Coalition Against 100% Re-Assessment (SCAR) fought for 5 years to stop 100% re-assessment of properties and eventually helped enact S.7000-A

There was much debate before S.7000-A was enacted. These are some of the quotes:

"The Hellerstein decision has thrown into complete chaos the entire basis on which New York City and New York State always raised tax revenue," said Assemblyman Brian Sharoff, Brooklyn Democrat in 1976. Brian Sharoff was chairman of the State Assembly Committee on Real Property Taxation at the time.

"It has threatened directly the middle‐class taxpayer with the possibility of increases of two or three times in taxes. There would be substantial dislocations in urban areas."

### Before S.7000-A

Before the S.7000-A law was passed, New York State assessors typically used fractional assessments. Usually, properties were assessed when they were built and never reassessed. Over 100 years or more, this caused large discrepancies between older buildings assessed values and newer construction assessed values.

### Assessment system found unconstitutional

On June 5, 1975, the New York State Court of Appeals ruled that the New York State's property tax assessment system violated the state constitution.

An initial attempt was made by an Albany New York Panel to assess all property at full valuation. The proposal was defeated by groups such as State Coalition Against 100% Re-Assessment (SCAR).

In order to bring the assessment law in compliance with the New York State Constitution, the New York State leadership proposed to set up two systems, one for New York City and Nassau County and one for the rest of the state.

The bill called S.7000-A was vetoed by then Governor Hugh Carey on November 11, 1981.

In a rare occurrence, the New York State Legislature overrode the Governor's veto on December 4, 1981.

## Key components of the law

### Definitions

The key terms to understand in property tax law are "market value" and "assessed value". The property tax amount is a percentage of the property's assessed value. Sometimes, the assessed value and the market value are set by law to be the same value. When the assessed value is a percentage of the market value, this is called "fractional assessment". Market value is usually the amount for which the property can be sold in an arms length transaction. However, in New York State for only apartment houses, including cooperatives and condominiums the market value is *not* the amount for which the property can be sold. Instead, the market value is calculated by the New York City Department of Finance using a statistical model.

### Setting the assessed value of a property

The assessed value of a property is calculated based on the property's "market value", an assessment ratio set annually by the New York City Department of Finance and the Nassau County Assessor, and certain assessment rules set by state law. New York City and Nassau County are legally obligated by RPTL section 738 and N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 11-212, among other provisions, to adjust the assessment ratio or level of assessment within each class to reflect the market, and to ensure that assessments are uniform within each tax class and that the resulting taxes are equalized.

### Amendments

New York City Department of Finance has lowered the assessment ratio in the past to comply with the law's uniformity requirement. After the State Legislature enacted the current system in response to Hellerstein, the Class One assessment ratio was about 25%. It was lowered to 18% in 1985, and then to 12% in 1989. In 1992, the ratio was lowered to 8%, and then in 2004 to the current 6% ratio.

### Setting the tax rate

The New York City Council and the Mayor of New York City set the actual tax rate for the various tax classes.

## Charts

Historical charts showing the effect of New York State Tax Law S7000A on property tax growth.

This is the 2022 link for interactive chart for the current summary of New York City Revenue and Expenses. The spreadsheet for 2022 information is available here

This is the link to the sheet that creates the charts.

The New York City Independent Budget Office estimates a $4.5 billion budget gap in 2022.

## Attempts to change S7000A

On December 29, 2021, between the ending of one mayor and the beginning of a new mayor, New York City Advisory Commission on Property Tax Reform released its final report with recommendations to create a simpler, clearer and fairer property tax system. This proposal would create large changes in the current property tax structure of New York City. If adopted, it would create a system where "real" market value, instead of assessed value, would determine the property tax bill. Also, it would eliminate tax increase limits. And during the five year proposed transition period, it would remove the ability to pass the lower assessed value to a buyer upon sale of the property. The new proposal would reset the property on sale to the current market value. Tools have been built to allow the homeowners to calculate the new property tax bill based on the new 2021 Proposal given the new homestead exemption and income levels.

## Litigation

A property tax lawsuit was filed on April 25, 2017 against New York City and New York State by Tax Equity Now New York, a group that includes Jonathan Lippman, the law firm of Latham and Watkins representing homeowners, tenants, and other interested parties and groups.

On September 29, 2017 a group of New York City council members filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the Tax Equity Now New York lawsuit and the New York City Mayor argued that the case should be dismissed.

## Further reading

* Siegel, William B.; David, Donald (June 1982). "A Real Property Tax Bouillabaisse: S. 7000A, Slewett & Farber and Colt". *New York State Bar Journal*. **54** (4): 230–233, 239.


abstract: The Venezuela women's national handball team is the national team of Venezuela. It is governed by the Federacion Venezolana de Balonmano and takes part in international handball competitions.

text:
# Venezuela women's national handball team

The **Venezuela women's national handball team** is the national team of Venezuela. It is governed by the Federacion Venezolana de Balonmano and takes part in international handball competitions.

## Results

### Pan American Championship

| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D\* | L | GS | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 7th place match | 8th | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 94 | 155 |
| 2013 | 7th place match | 7th | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 176 | 197 |
| 2015 | 11th place match | 11th | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 173 | 191 |

### Caribbean Handball Cup

| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D\* | L | GS | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | 6th place match | 5 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 151 | 150 |

### Bolivarian Games

| Games | Round | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 Santa Marta | round robin | **3rd** | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 199 | 104 |
| 2022 Valledupar/Chía | 5th place match | 5th | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 115 | 125 |

## InfoBox

| Venezuela | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| Association | Federacion Venezolana de Balonmano |
| Colours | |
|  | |
| Results | |
| Pan American Championship | |
| Appearances | 3 (*First in 2011*) |
| Best result | 7th (2013) |
|  | |
| Last updated on Unknown. | |


title: Mohamed Youssef (basketball)

abstract: Mohamed Youssef is a Libyan professional basketball player. From 2013-2015, he played for the El Jaish SC club of the Qatari Basketball League. He represented Libya's national basketball team at the official 2009 FIBA Africa Championship, where he recorded most steals for Libya.

text:
# Mohamed Youssef (basketball)

**Mohamed Youssef** (born January 10, 1986) is a Libyan professional basketball player. From 2013-2015, he played for the El Jaish SC club of the Qatari Basketball League.

He represented Libya's national basketball team at the official 2009 FIBA Africa Championship, where he recorded most steals for Libya.

## InfoBox

Mohamed Youssef Kuneidir Youssef
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1986-01-10) January 10, 1986<br>Benghazi, Libya |
| Nationality | Libyan |
| Career information | |
| Playing career | 2008–present |
| Position | Forward |
| Career history | |
| 2013–2015 | El Jaish SC (Qatar) |
|  | |


title: Fung Wong (constituency)

abstract: Fung Wong is one of the 25 constituencies in the Wong Tai Sin District in Hong Kong. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Wong Tai Sin District Council, with an election every four years. The constituency has an estimated population of 14,838.

text:
# Fung Wong (constituency)

| Fung Wong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 鳳凰 |
| Transcriptions  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Fuhng wòhng  Jyutping Fung6 wong4 | |
|  | |

**Fung Wong** is one of the 25 constituencies in the Wong Tai Sin District in Hong Kong. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Wong Tai Sin District Council, with an election every four years.

The constituency has an estimated population of 14,838.

## Councillors represented

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1994 | Tam Kuen | Democratic |
|  | 2003 | Joe Chan Yim-kwong | Independent |
|  | 2019 | Tang Wai-keung→*Vacant* | Democratic |
|

## Election results

### 2010s

Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2019: Fung Wong
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Tang Wai-keung | 2,882 | 61.15 |  |
|  | Independent | Yeung Nok-hin | 1,831 | 38.85 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,051 | 22.30 |  |
| Turnout | | | 4,733 | 72.27 |  |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Independent | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Fung Wong | |
| --- | --- |
| Elected constituency<br>for the Wong Tai Sin District Council | |
| Boundary of Fung Wongin Wong Tai Sin District | |
| District | Wong Tai Sin |
| Legislative Council constituency | Kowloon Central |
| Population | 14,838 (2019) |
| Electorate | 6,552 (2019) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 1994 |
| Number of members | One |
| Member(s) | (Vacant) |


title: Kevin Priola

abstract: Kevin Priola is an American politician who serves in the Colorado Senate from the 13th district as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to decennial redistricting he also represented the 25th district. Prior to his tenure in the state senate he served in the Colorado House of Representatives from the 30th and 56th districts from 2009 to 2017. Until 2022, he served as a member of the Republican Party. Priola was born in Brighton, Colorado, and educated at the University of Colorado Boulder where he joined the College Republicans. He joined the Republican Party at age seventeen and was elected to the state house from the 30th district in the 2008 election. During his tenure in the state house he served as a whip, but resigned in 2014 following an unsuccessful attempt to remove him. He was elected to the state senate in the 2016 election. He switched parties to the Democratic Party on August 22, 2022, citing Republican attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. Priola was redistricted into the 13th district.

text:
# Kevin Priola

**Kevin Priola** is an American politician who serves in the Colorado Senate from the 13th district as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to decennial redistricting he also represented the 25th district. Prior to his tenure in the state senate he served in the Colorado House of Representatives from the 30th and 56th districts from 2009 to 2017. Until 2022, he served as a member of the Republican Party.

Priola was born in Brighton, Colorado, and educated at the University of Colorado Boulder where he joined the College Republicans. He joined the Republican Party at age seventeen and was elected to the state house from the 30th district in the 2008 election. During his tenure in the state house he served as a whip, but resigned in 2014 following an unsuccessful attempt to remove him. He was elected to the state senate in the 2016 election. He switched parties to the Democratic Party on August 22, 2022, citing Republican attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election.

Priola was redistricted into the 13th district.

## Early life

Kevin Priola was born in Brighton, Colorado. He attended the University of Colorado Boulder from 1992 to 1996, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in finance and accounting and a minor in economics. He became a Republican at age seventeen and was a member of the College Republicans. He married Michelle, with whom he had four children.

## Career

Priola ran for the Republican nomination for a seat in the Colorado House of Representatives in the 30th district in the 2008 election and won in the general election against Democratic nominee Dave Rose. He defeated Democratic nominee Laura Huerta in the 2010 election. He defeated Democratic nominee Rose and Libertarian nominee Will Hiltscher in the 2012 election. He defeated Democratic nominee Vicki A. Snider and Libertarian nominee Chris Baerns in the 2014 election.

Priola ran for a seat in the Colorado Senate from the 25th district and defeated Democratic nominee Jenise May in the 2016 election. He defeated Democratic nominee Paula Dickerson in the 2020 election. He over-performed Donald Trump by over 10% in the 2020 election in his district.

He served as a whip during his tenure in the state house, but resigned from his position in 2014, the day after Representative Chris Holbert unsuccessfully attempted to have him removed from the position due to Priola not supporting a Republican amendment to legislation. During his tenure in the state senate he served on the Business, Labor and Technology, and Education committees. He was considered as a possible running mate for Walker Stapleton in the 2018 gubernatorial election, but Lang Sias was selected instead.

## Political positions

Priola is considered a moderate in his district, and has worked with Democrats in sponsoring or supporting bipartisan bills. He voted in favor of legislation to allow municipalities to require affordable housing which had been prohibited since a ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court in 2000. He was the only Republican in the state senate to vote in favor of legislation to prevent landlords from using or disclosing the citizenship or immigration status of their tenants.

He sponsored legislation to exempt teachers from the Colorado Open Records Act in order to prevent doxing being conducted against teachers. Priola was the only Republican to vote in favor of legislation to prohibit employers from retaliating against their workers for reporting health and safety concerns or violations.

He co-sponsored legislation to repeal the death penalty, and at one point was the only Republican supporter of the bill, stating that he opposes capital punishment due to his Catholic beliefs and how it disproportionately targets black people. He voted in favor of reducing the sentence of felony murder from life in prison without parole to a maximum of forty-eight years.

He and Senator Brittany Pettersen created legislation to allow for supervised injection sites to combat the opioid epidemic. Patrick Neville, the Republican Minority Leader in the state house, threatened to have recall attempts made against Democratic members of the Colorado General Assembly who supported the legislation, but not against Priola. Priola sponsored legislation to prohibit the selling or marketing of flavored products by cigarette, tobacco, or nicotine retailers.

Priola sponsored legislation in 2014 that would prohibit abortions, except to prevent the death of the mother, and make it a class three felony. He received an F rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America.

He voted in favor of legislation to allow transgender and nonbinary people to change their names and gender on identifications without surgery or judicial requirements, and voted in favor of legislation to prohibit gay conversion therapy. He cosponsored legislation to make HIV prevention drugs available without the need of a prescription. He has also supported anti-LGBT religious-exemption legislation.

After the January 6 United States Capitol attack, he called for President Trump to be removed from office through either the Twenty-fifth Amendment or impeachment. Priola was the only Republican to vote in favor of a resolution calling for the passage of voting rights legislation at the federal level while fifteen Republican members of the state senate voted in favor of unsuccessful amendments to the resolution thanking the Capitol attackers and decertifying the 2020 presidential election.

On August 22, 2022, Priola announced he was leaving the Republican Party and joining the Democratic Party, citing Republicans' attempts to overturn the 2020 election and denial of climate change. Priola's wife, Michelle, is a plaintiff on Anderson v. Griswold.

## Electoral history

2008 Colorado House of Representatives 30th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola** | **1,579** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **1,579** | **100.00%** |  |

2008 Colorado House of Representatives 30th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola** | **11,936** | **50.92%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Dave Rose | 11,505 | 49.08% |  |
| Total votes | | | **23,441** | **100.00%** |  |

2010 Colorado House of Representatives 30th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **2,912** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **2,912** | **100.00%** |  |

2010 Colorado House of Representatives 30th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **10,612** | **60.49%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Laura Huerta | 6,931 | 39.51% |  |
| Total votes | | | **17,543** | **100.00%** |  |

2012 Colorado House of Representatives 56th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **4,064** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **4,064** | **100.00%** |  |

2012 Colorado House of Representatives 56th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **22,270** | **58.78%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Dave Rose | 14,070 | 37.14% |  |
|  | Libertarian | Will Hiltscher | 1,544 | 4.08% |  |
| Total votes | | | **37,884** | **100.00%** |  |

2014 Colorado House of Representatives 56th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **5,894** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **5,894** | **100.00%** |  |

2014 Colorado House of Representatives 56th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **20,627** | **63.09%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Vicki A. Snider | 10,629 | 32.51% |  |
|  | Libertarian | Chris Baerns | 1,439 | 4.40% |  |
| Total votes | | | **32,695** | **100.00%** |  |

2016 Colorado Senate 25th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola** | **4,743** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **4,743** | **100.00%** |  |

2016 Colorado Senate 25th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola** | **30,074** | **52.07%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Jenise May | 27,678 | 47.93% |  |
| Total votes | | | **57,752** | **100.00%** |  |

2020 Colorado Senate 25th district Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **11,135** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **11,135** | **100.00%** |  |

2020 Colorado Senate 25th district election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kevin Priola (incumbent)** | **37,195** | **50.84%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Paula Dickerson | 35,968 | 49.16% |  |
| Total votes | | | **73,163** | **100.00%** |  |

## InfoBox

| Kevin Priola | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Colorado Senate
from the 13th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 9, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Redistricted |
| Member of the Colorado Senate
from the 25th district | |
| **In office**
January 11, 2017  January 9, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Mary Hodge |
| Succeeded by | Redistricted |
| Member of the Colorado House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 9, 2013  January 11, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Christine Scanlan |
| Succeeded by | Philip Covarrubias |
| Constituency | 56th district |
| **In office**
January 14, 2009  January 9, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | Mary Hodge |
| Succeeded by | Jenise May |
| Constituency | 30th District |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Brighton, Colorado, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (2022–present)
Republican (1990–2022) |
| Spouse | Michelle |
| Children | 4 |
|  | |


title: Hallelujah Nights

abstract: Hallelujah Nights is the debut studio album by American country music band LANCO. It was released on January 19, 2018 via Arista Nashville. The album includes the singles "Long Live Tonight", "Greatest Love Story", and "Born to Love You".

text:
# Hallelujah Nights

***Hallelujah Nights*** is the debut studio album by American country music band LANCO. It was released on January 19, 2018 via Arista Nashville. The album includes the singles "Long Live Tonight", "Greatest Love Story", and "Born to Love You".

## Critical reception

The album received three out of five stars from Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, who wrote that the band is "designed for mass appeal, so it's fortunate that *Hallelujah Nights* is built for the long haul: its hooks are sturdy, the production gleams, and the quintet is amiable and ingratiating."

## Commercial performance

The album debuted at No. 1 on *Billboard*'s Top Country Albums, with 13,000 copies (19,000 album equivalent units total) sold in the first week. As of January 2018, the album has sold 47,900 copies in the United States.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Born to Love You" |  | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Long Live Tonight" |  | 3:44 |
| 3. | "Pick You Up" | * Lancaster * Jeremy Spillman * Ben West | 2:56 |
| 4. | "Greatest Love Story" | Lancaster | 3:42 |
| 5. | "We Do" | Lancaster | 3:27 |
| 6. | "Trouble Maker" |  | 2:47 |
| 7. | "Singin' at the Stars" | * Lancaster * Spillman | 4:53 |
| 8. | "Win You Over" | Lancaster | 3:16 |
| 9. | "So Long (I Do)" | * Lancaster * Joyce * Melissa Fuller | 2:59 |
| 10. | "Middle of the Night" | Lancaster | 3:09 |
| 11. | "Hallelujah Nights" | * Lancaster * Joyce * Spillman | 5:58 |
| Total length: | | | 40:41 |

## Personnel

Adapted from AllMusic

### Lanco

### Additional Musicians

* Fred Eltringham \- drums, percussion
* Jason Hall - background vocals
* Jaxon Hargrove - acoustic guitar, vibraphone, background vocals
* Jay Joyce \- bass guitar, clapping, dobro, Fender Rhodes, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards, percussion, programming, vibraphone, background vocals
* Michael Joyce - bass guitar
* Mickey Raphael \- harmonica
* Paul Simmons - drums
* Jeremy Spillman - background vocals
* Tiffany Trotter - spoken word

## Charts

## InfoBox

| Hallelujah Nights | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by LANCO | |
| Released | January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 40:41 |
| Label | Arista Nashville |
| Producer | Jay Joyce |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hallelujah Nights* | |
| 1. "Long Live Tonight"
Released: April 15, 2016 2. "Greatest Love Story"
Released: March 6, 2017 3. "Born to Love You"
Released: January 29, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: Henry Anderson (street vendor)

abstract: Henry Anderson was an American Philadelphia-area street vendor known as The Hominy Man, who became a local legend, beginning in about 1828, for his cries, which he used to hawk his wares. His were said to be the "most musical of all cries", and he was noted for his "strong resonant 'tenor robusto'". Two examples of his cries:

text:
# Henry Anderson (street vendor)

**Henry Anderson** (born c. 1800) was an American Philadelphia-area street vendor known as ***The Hominy Man***, who became a local legend, beginning in about 1828, for his cries, which he used to hawk his wares. His were said to be the "most musical of all cries", and he was noted for his "strong resonant 'tenor robusto'".

Two examples of his cries:

> Hominy man come out today
> For to sell his hominay  \[*sic?*\]

> De hominy man is on his way
> From de navy yard
> With his harmony

* Hester, Karlton E. (2004). *Bigotry and the Afrocentric Jazz Evolution*. Global Academic Publishing. ISBN 1-58684-228-5.
* Southern, Eileen (1997). *Music of Black Americans*. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-03843-2.


title: Heino, Netherlands

abstract: Heino is a village in the province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It belongs to the municipality of Raalte and it has 7,080 inhabitants. The village has a railway station along the railway Zwolle - Enschede and it can also be reached by the road N35. Heino was a separate municipality until 2001, when it merged with Raalte to form a new municipality with the name Raalte. Heino is a very touristic village with many estates and country houses. South-west of Heino, just across the railroad and the border to the municipality Olst-Wijhe, stands the castle Nijenhuis. It hosts an important art museum. Around the castle is a sculpture garden. Every third week of August the village celebrates the 'Pompdagen' (Pumpdays), mentioned after the local Leugenpompe village pump. The highlight of a series of joyful events is the so-called "Daggie Old Heino", including trades and handicraft from the past; markets and folk music. It draws thousands of visitors to Heino.

text:
# Heino, Netherlands

**Heino** is a village in the province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It belongs to the municipality of Raalte and it has 7,080 inhabitants (January 2018). The village has a railway station along the railway Zwolle \- Enschede and it can also be reached by the road N35.

Heino was a separate municipality until 2001, when it merged with Raalte to form a new municipality with the name Raalte.

Heino is a very touristic village with many estates and country houses. South-west of Heino, just across the railroad and the border to the municipality Olst-Wijhe, stands the castle Nijenhuis. It hosts an important art museum ( Constant Permeke, Van Gogh et al.). Around the castle is a sculpture garden (Ossip Zadkine et al.).

Every third week of August the village celebrates the 'Pompdagen' (Pumpdays), mentioned after the local *Leugenpompe* village pump. The highlight of a series of joyful events is the so-called "Daggie Old Heino", including trades and handicraft from the past; markets and folk music. It draws thousands of visitors to Heino.

## Climate

| Climate data for Heino (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1989−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5
(58.1) | 19.3
(66.7) | 23.7
(74.7) | 28.6
(83.5) | 31.5
(88.7) | 34.7
(94.5) | 39.3
(102.7) | 35.4
(95.7) | 32.2
(90.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 19.7
(67.5) | 15.0
(59.0) | 39.3
(102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.5
(41.9) | 6.5
(43.7) | 10.1
(50.2) | 14.6
(58.3) | 18.2
(64.8) | 20.9
(69.6) | 23.0
(73.4) | 22.7
(72.9) | 19.2
(66.6) | 14.5
(58.1) | 9.5
(49.1) | 6.1
(43.0) | 14.2
(57.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.0
(37.4) | 3.3
(37.9) | 5.9
(42.6) | 9.3
(48.7) | 13.0
(55.4) | 15.8
(60.4) | 17.9
(64.2) | 17.4
(63.3) | 14.2
(57.6) | 10.5
(50.9) | 6.6
(43.9) | 3.7
(38.7) | 10.0
(50.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.2
(32.4) | 0.1
(32.2) | 1.6
(34.9) | 3.5
(38.3) | 7.1
(44.8) | 10.2
(50.4) | 12.4
(54.3) | 11.9
(53.4) | 9.4
(48.9) | 6.5
(43.7) | 3.5
(38.3) | 1.0
(33.8) | 5.6
(42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.5
(0.5) | −17.9
(−0.2) | −17.2
(1.0) | −7.9
(17.8) | −2.2
(28.0) | −0.1
(31.8) | 4.6
(40.3) | 4.0
(39.2) | 0.0
(32.0) | −6.8
(19.8) | −9.7
(14.5) | −15.4
(4.3) | −17.9
(−0.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.4
(2.61) | 57.0
(2.24) | 54.6
(2.15) | 40.7
(1.60) | 58.4
(2.30) | 68.4
(2.69) | 81.9
(3.22) | 79.8
(3.14) | 62.4
(2.46) | 67.9
(2.67) | 64.8
(2.55) | 72.1
(2.84) | 774.4
(30.49) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 88.7 | 85.5 | 81.3 | 76.1 | 75.5 | 77.1 | 78.7 | 81.0 | 84.8 | 87.1 | 90.1 | 90.1 | 83.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.9 | 92.5 | 141.8 | 191.8 | 214.1 | 205.1 | 215.7 | 194.4 | 154.2 | 119.9 | 65.3 | 54.9 | 1,712.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 24.6 | 33.0 | 38.4 | 45.9 | 43.9 | 40.8 | 42.7 | 42.6 | 40.4 | 36.3 | 24.7 | 22.5 | 36.3 |
| Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Heino | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Heino church: de Nederlands Hervormde Zaalkerk | |
| HeinoLocation in province of Overijssel in the NetherlandsHeinoHeino (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°26′9″N 6°14′2″E / 52.43583°N 6.23389°E / 52.43583; 6.23389 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Overijssel |
| Municipality | Raalte |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.04 km2 (8.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3.6 m (11.8 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 7,170 |
| Density | 330/km2 (840/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8141 |
| Dialing code | 0572 |
| Website | www.raalte.nl |


title: Movimento São Paulo Independente

abstract: Movimento São Paulo Independente is a separatist movement that advocates for the independence of the state of São Paulo from Brazil. Founded in 1992, the movement claims that the state's potential is hindered by the federal government and that São Paulo would be better off as an autonomous country or independent state. The group asserts that São Paulo's unique cultural and economic identity justifies its sovereignty.

text:
# Movimento São Paulo Independente

**Movimento São Paulo Independente** is a separatist movement that advocates for the independence of the state of São Paulo from Brazil. Founded in 1992, the movement claims that the state's potential is hindered by the federal government and that São Paulo would be better off as an autonomous country or independent state. The group asserts that São Paulo's unique cultural and economic identity justifies its sovereignty.

## InfoBox

São Paulo Independence Movement
| Movimento São Paulo Independente | |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1992 (1992) |
| Type | NGO |
| Legal status | Active |
| Purpose | Advocating for the independent of São Paulo |
| Headquarters | São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Official language | Portuguese |
| Website |  |


title: Islam at the Crossroads

abstract: Islam at the Crossroads is a book written by Muhammad Asad. The book originally published in Delhi and Lahore in 1934, and was later reprinted by Dar Al-Andulas in 1982 with an additional note by the author. The book is basically a plea to Muslims to avoid blind imitation of Western social forms and values, and to try to preserve instead their Islamic heritage which once upon a time had been responsible for the glorious, many-sided historical phenomenon comprised in the term "Muslim civilization". Asad dedicates the book to "the Muslim youth of today in hopes that it may be of benefit."

text:
# Islam at the Crossroads

**Islam at the Crossroads** is a book written by Muhammad Asad. The book originally published in Delhi and Lahore in 1934, and was later reprinted by Dar Al-Andulas in 1982 with an additional note by the author.

The book is basically a plea to Muslims to avoid blind imitation of Western social forms and values, and to try to preserve instead their Islamic heritage which once upon a time had been responsible for the glorious, many-sided historical phenomenon comprised in the term "Muslim civilization". Asad dedicates the book to "the Muslim youth of today in hopes that it may be of benefit."

* Review by TheCanadianCharger.com ()

## InfoBox

Islam at the Crossroads
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Muhammad Asad |
| Language | English |
| Subjects | Politics, Religion, Muslim world |
| Publisher | Arafat Publications |
| Publication date | 1934 |
| Publication place | Pakistan, India |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, Paperback) |
| Pages | 105 pp |
| ISBN | 9789839541045 |


title: Mohamed Farayare

abstract: Mohamed Abdulla Farayare is a Somali professional football manager.

text:
# Mohamed Farayare

**Mohamed Abdulla Farayare** is a Somali professional football manager.

## Career

In 2010 and 2013 he coached the Somalia national football team.

## InfoBox

Mohamed Farayare
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mohamed Abdulla Farayare | | |
| Place of birth | Somalia | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2010 | Somalia | | |
| 2013–2014 | Somalia | | |


title: Tiny Leys

abstract: Eric Tiki "Tiny" Leys was a New Zealand rugby union player. A halfback, Leys represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on their 1929 tour of Australia. He played five matches on that tour, including one international.

text:
# Tiny Leys

**Eric Tiki "Tiny" Leys** (25 May 1907 – 21 January 1989) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A halfback, Leys represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on their 1929 tour of Australia. He played five matches on that tour, including one international.

## InfoBox

Tiny Leys
| Birth name | Eric Tiki Leys |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1907-05-25)25 May 1907 |
| Place of birth | Wellington, New Zealand |
| Date of death | 21 January 1989(1989-01-21) (aged 81) |
| Place of death | Gisborne, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) |
| School | Wellington College |
| Occupation(s) | Public servant |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Halfback  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1926–29 Wellington   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1929 New Zealand  1  (0) | |


title: Kent Peterson (politician)

abstract: Kent Peterson is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 19 since 2015. Peterson serves as the majority leader. He is a member of the joint legislative procedure, judiciary, legislative procedure, and state affairs committees.

text:
# Kent Peterson (politician)

**Kent Peterson** is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 19 since 2015. Peterson serves as the majority leader. He is a member of the joint legislative procedure, judiciary, legislative procedure, and state affairs committees.

## InfoBox

| Kent Peterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Majority Leader of the South Dakota House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 12, 2021  January 10, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Lee Qualm |
| Succeeded by | Will Mortenson |
| Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 19th district | |
| **In office**
January 13, 2015  January 10, 2023Serving with Marty Overweg | |
| Preceded by | Stace Nelson |
| Succeeded by | Jessica Bahmuller
Drew Peterson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Education | University of South Dakota |
|  | |


title: Wayne Phillips (politician)

abstract: Wayne Phillips is an Australian politician. He was the Liberal member for Eltham in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2002. Phillips was born in Melbourne, and attended North Brunswick State School and Moreland High School. He qualified as a butcher at William Angliss Trade School and was apprenticed in 1967. In 1973 he acquired a general store, which he managed until 1975 when he ran a nursery. From 1987 until 1992 he was a primary producer. He joined the Liberal Party in 1987, and in the 1990 federal election ran for the safe Labor seat of Scullin. He was a Diamond Valley Shire Councillor 1980–94, and was President 1987–88. In 1992, Phillips was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for the new seat of Eltham, which had a notional Labor majority. Phillips served until his defeat in 2002 by Labor candidate Steve Herbert. In 2005 Phillips was elected to Banyule City Council, representing Beale Ward. In January 2014, Philips was accused of 'buying votes' in his role as a Banyule Councillor, for using his discretionary Ward Fund to fund a proposed capital works project in another Councillors ward. In February 2014, Phillips was the subject of a cruelty complaint to the RSPCA and the Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries regarding the condition of a herd of 6,000 goats on his property in Wollert, north of Melbourne. The Department of Environment and Primary Industries attended the property and were satisfied with changes Cr Phillips had put in place and the welfare of the goats.

text:
# Wayne Phillips (politician)

**Wayne Phillips** (born 28 March 1952) is an Australian politician. He was the Liberal member for Eltham in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2002.

Phillips was born in Melbourne, and attended North Brunswick State School (until 1957) and Moreland High School (until 1963). He qualified as a butcher at William Angliss Trade School and was apprenticed in 1967. In 1973 he acquired a general store, which he managed until 1975 when he ran a nursery. From 1987 until 1992 he was a primary producer. He joined the Liberal Party in 1987, and in the 1990 federal election ran for the safe Labor seat of Scullin. He was a Diamond Valley Shire Councillor 198094, and was President 198788.

In 1992, Phillips was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for the new seat of Eltham, which had a notional Labor majority. Phillips served until his defeat in 2002 by Labor candidate Steve Herbert.

In 2005 Phillips was elected to Banyule City Council, representing Beale Ward. In January 2014, Philips was accused of 'buying votes' in his role as a Banyule Councillor, for using his discretionary Ward Fund to fund a proposed capital works project in another Councillors ward.

In February 2014, Phillips was the subject of a cruelty complaint to the RSPCA and the Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries regarding the condition of a herd of 6,000 goats on his property in Wollert, north of Melbourne. The Department of Environment and Primary Industries attended the property and were satisfied with changes Cr Phillips had put in place and the welfare of the goats.


title: Henry Augustus Smyth

abstract: General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth was a senior British Army officer. He was the son of Admiral William Henry Smyth and the brother of astronomer Charles Piazzi Smyth and geologist Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth. Of his sisters, Henrietta married the theologian Baden Powell and Georgiana the anatomist Sir William Henry Flower.

text:
# Henry Augustus Smyth

General **Sir Henry Augustus Smyth** KCMG FSA FRGS (25 November 1825 – 19 September 1906) was a senior British Army officer. He was the son of Admiral William Henry Smyth and the brother of astronomer Charles Piazzi Smyth and geologist Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth. Of his sisters, Henrietta married the theologian Baden Powell and Georgiana the anatomist Sir William Henry Flower.

## Military career

Born on 25 November 1825 in Westminster and educated at Bedford School, Smyth was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1843. He served in the Crimean War and was present at the Siege of Sevastopol. He became commandant of Woolwich garrison and military district in 1882 and General Officer Commanding the troops in South Africa in 1886. In 1888 Smyth mustered an army of 2,000 troops and left for Zululand to put down a rebellion there.

Smyth became acting Governor of Cape Colony as well as acting High Commissioner for Southern Africa in 1889. He became Governor of Malta in 1890 before retiring in 1893.

## Family

On 14 April 1874 at Lillington, Warwickshire, he married Helen Constance Greaves (1845–1932), daughter of John Whitehead Greaves and sister of John Ernest Greaves. They had no children. Smyth died on 18 September 1906 at Stone, Buckinghamshire, and was buried there.

Attribution

## InfoBox

| Sir Henry Augustus Smyth | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir Henry Smyth, by his nephew, Francis Smyth Baden-Powell | |
| Born | (1825-11-25)25 November 1825
St James's Street, London |
| Died | 19 September 1906(1906-09-19) (aged 80)
Stone, Buckinghamshire |
| Buried | Stone, Buckinghamshire |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 18411893 |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | Royal Artillery |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George |


title: Nayaah (gospel singer)

abstract: Nana Yaa, better known by her stage name Nayaah, is a Ghanaian Gospel singer and songwriter based in Luton, United Kingdom.

text:
# Nayaah (gospel singer)

**Nana Yaa**, better known by her stage name **Nayaah**, is a Ghanaian Gospel singer and songwriter based in Luton, United Kingdom.

## Early life

She began singing when she was 10 years old in Accra, Ghana and has toured Ghana and Nigeria extensively.

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Event | Prize | Recipient / Nominated work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Africa Gospel Awards | Artists of excellence Europe | Herself | Nominated |  |
| 2015 | | Discovery Artiste of the Year | | Nominated |  |
| | Praisetek Gospel Music Awards | Outstanding Praise and Worship Leader | | Won |  |
| 2014 | Prosperity Gospel Awards | Female Gospel Artiste of the Year | | Won |  |
| | Prestigious Africa Gospel Awards | Discovery of the Year | | Nominated |  |

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Production credit | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *God is not a man* | Kwame Keys (Echoed Music) |  |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Production credit | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Pillar | Kwame Keys (Echoed Music) |  |
| 2015 | You're Great | |  |
| 2014 | Worship Medley | |  |
| | God | |  |

## InfoBox

| Nayaah | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nana Yaa |
| Born | Accra, Ghana |
| Genres | Gospel, Urban contemporary gospel |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | (2013–present) |
|  | |
| Website | www.nayaahministry.com |


title: SMS Deutschland (1904)

abstract: SMS Deutschland was the first of five Deutschland-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine. The ship was armed with a main battery of four 28 cm (11 in) guns in two twin turrets. She was built at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, where she was laid down in June 1903 and launched in November 1904. She was commissioned on 3 August 1906, a few months ahead of HMS Dreadnought. The latter, armed with ten large-caliber guns, was the first of a revolutionary new standard of "all-big-gun" battleships that rendered Deutschland and the rest of her class obsolete. Deutschland served as the flagship of the High Seas Fleet until 1913, when she was transferred to II Battle Squadron. With the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, she and her sister ships were tasked with defending the mouth of the Elbe and the German Bight from possible British incursions. Deutschland and the other ships of II Battle Squadron participated in most of the large-scale fleet operations in the first two years of the war, culminating in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. Late on the first day of the battle, Deutschland and the other pre-dreadnoughts briefly engaged several British battlecruisers before retreating. After the battle, in which pre-dreadnoughts proved too vulnerable against more modern battleships, Deutschland and her three surviving sisters were assigned to coastal defense duties. By 1917, they had been withdrawn from combat service completely, disarmed, and tasked with auxiliary roles. Deutschland was used as a barracks ship in Wilhelmshaven until the end of the war. She was struck from the naval register on 25 January 1920, sold to ship breakers that year, and broken up for scrap by 1922.

text:
# SMS Deutschland (1904)

**SMS *Deutschland*** (His Majesty's Ship *Germany*) was the first of five *Deutschland*-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German *Kaiserliche Marine* (Imperial Navy). The ship was armed with a main battery of four 28 cm (11 in) guns in two twin turrets. She was built at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, where she was laid down in June 1903 and launched in November 1904. She was commissioned on 3 August 1906, a few months ahead of HMS *Dreadnought*. The latter, armed with ten large-caliber guns, was the first of a revolutionary new standard of "all-big-gun" battleships that rendered *Deutschland* and the rest of her class obsolete.

*Deutschland* served as the flagship of the High Seas Fleet until 1913, when she was transferred to II Battle Squadron. With the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, she and her sister ships were tasked with defending the mouth of the Elbe and the German Bight from possible British incursions. *Deutschland* and the other ships of II Battle Squadron participated in most of the large-scale fleet operations in the first two years of the war, culminating in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. Late on the first day of the battle, *Deutschland* and the other pre-dreadnoughts briefly engaged several British battlecruisers before retreating.

After the battle, in which pre-dreadnoughts proved too vulnerable against more modern battleships, *Deutschland* and her three surviving sisters were assigned to coastal defense duties. By 1917, they had been withdrawn from combat service completely, disarmed, and tasked with auxiliary roles. *Deutschland* was used as a barracks ship in Wilhelmshaven until the end of the war. She was struck from the naval register on 25 January 1920, sold to ship breakers that year, and broken up for scrap by 1922.

## Design

The passage of the Second Naval Law in 1900 under the direction of *Vizeadmiral* (*VAdm*—Vice Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz secured funding for the construction of twenty new battleships over the next seventeen years. The first group, the five *Braunschweig*-class battleships, were laid down in the early 1900s, and shortly thereafter design work began on a follow-on design, which became the *Deutschland* class. The *Deutschland*-class ships were broadly similar to the *Braunschweig*s, featuring incremental improvements in armor protection. They also abandoned the gun turrets for the secondary battery guns, moving them back to traditional casemates to save weight. The British battleship HMS *Dreadnought*—armed with ten 12-inch (30.5 cm) guns—was commissioned in December 1906. *Dreadnought*'s revolutionary design rendered every capital ship of the German navy obsolete, including the *Deutschland* class.

*Deutschland* was 127.6 m (418 ft 8 in) long overall, with a beam of 22.2 m (72 ft 10 in), and a draft of 8.21 m (26 ft 11 in). She displaced 13,191 metric tons (12,983 long tons) at normal loading, and up to 14,218 metric tons (13,993 long tons) at full loading. The ship was equipped with two heavy military masts. Her crew numbered 35 officers and 708 enlisted men. Powered by three triple expansion steam engines that each drove a screw propeller, *Deutschland* was capable of a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) from 15,781 indicated horsepower (11,768 kW). Twelve coal-fired Scotch marine boilers provided steam for the engines; three funnels vented smoke from burning coal in the boilers. *Deutschland* had a fuel capacity of up to 1,540 metric tons (1,520 long tons; 1,700 short tons) of coal. At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), she could steam for 4,850 nautical miles (8,980 km; 5,580 mi).

*Deutschland*'s primary armament consisted of four 28 cm (11 in) SK L/40 guns in two twin turrets. Her offensive armament was rounded out with a secondary battery of fourteen 17 cm (6.7 in) SK L/40 guns mounted individually in casemates. A battery of twenty-two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/35 guns in single mounts provided defense against torpedo boats. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she was also equipped with six 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, which were in the submerged part of the hull. Krupp cemented armor protected the ship. Her armored belt was 140 to 225 millimeters (5.5 to 8.9 in) thick. Heavy armor in the citadel amidships protected her magazines and machinery spaces, while thinner plating covered the ends of the hull. Her main-deck armor was 40 mm (1.6 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 280 mm (11 in) of armor plating.

## Service history

### Construction through 1908

*Deutschland* was the second naval vessel to bear that name—after the 1874 armored frigate *Deutschland*. The modern ship was intended to fight in the German battle line with other battleships of the Imperial German Navy. She was laid down on 20 July 1903 at the *Germaniawerft* dockyard in Kiel, and launched on 19 November 1904. Her trials lasted from 3 August 1906 until the end of September. *Deutschland* replaced the battleship *Kaiser Wilhelm II* as the flagship of the Active Battle Fleet on 26 September, when Admiral Prince Heinrich hoisted his flag aboard. Her first commander was *Kapitän zur See* (*KzS*—Captain at Sea) Wilhelm Becker, though he served aboard the ship for just a month and was replaced by *KzS* Günther von Krosigk in September. She was tactically assigned to II Battle Squadron, displacing the older battleship *Weissenburg*, though as the fleet flagship she was not subordinate to the squadron commander. Prince Heinrich was new to the command, and he set about to train the fleet, with an emphasis on accurate gunfire and maneuvering as a unit.

She took part in training exercises in the North Sea, in December 1906, before returning to Kiel. On 16 February 1907, the fleet was renamed the High Seas Fleet. Fleet maneuvers in the North Sea followed, in early 1907, with a cruise to Skagen, Denmark, followed by mock attacks on the main naval base at Kiel. Further exercises followed in May–June. In June, a cruise to Norway followed the fleet training. After returning from Norway, *Deutschland* went to Swinemünde in early August, where Czar Nicholas II of Russia met the German fleet in his yacht *Standart*. Afterward, the fleet assembled for the annual autumn fleet maneuvers, held with the bulk of the fleet every August and September. This year, the maneuvers were delayed to allow for a large fleet review, including 112 warships, for Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Schillig roadstead. In the autumn maneuvers that followed, the fleet conducted exercises in the North Sea and then joint maneuvers with IX Army Corps around Apenrade. *Deutschland* returned to Kiel on 14 September, after the conclusion of the maneuvers. In November, she took part in unit training in the Kattegat, before she was taken into dry-dock for an annual refit.

In February 1908, *Deutschland* participated in fleet maneuvers in the Baltic Sea. With Wilhelm II aboard, she was present for the launch of the first German dreadnought battleship, *Nassau*, on 7 March, and afterward carried the Kaiser to visit the island of Helgoland in the German Bight, accompanied by the light cruiser *Berlin*. In May–June, fleet training was conducted off Helgoland; Crown Prince Wilhelm, the Kaiser's son, observed the exercises aboard *Deutschland*. In July 1908, *Deutschland* and the rest of the fleet sailed into the Atlantic Ocean to conduct a major training cruise. Prince Heinrich had pressed for such a cruise the previous year, arguing that it would prepare the fleet for overseas operations and would break up the monotony of training in German waters, though tensions with Britain over the developing Anglo-German naval arms race were high. The fleet departed Kiel on 17 July, passed through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal to the North Sea, and continued to the Atlantic. During the cruise, *Deutschland* stopped at Funchal, Portugal and Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The fleet returned to Germany on 13 August. The autumn maneuvers followed from 27 August to 12 September. Later that year, the fleet toured coastal German cities as part of an effort to increase public support for naval expenditures.

### 1909–1914

The next year—1909—followed much the same pattern. *KzS* Ehler Behring replaced Krosigk in April. In June, *Deutschland* won the Kaiser's *Schießpreis* (Shooting Prize) for excellent shooting in II Squadron. Another cruise into the Atlantic was conducted from 7 July to 1 August, during which *Deutschland* stopped in Bilbao, Spain. While on the way back to Germany, the High Seas Fleet was received by the British Royal Navy in Spithead. After another round of exercises, *Deutschland* went in for a periodic overhaul. During the refit, she was given additional pedestal-mounted searchlights and became the first ship in the German navy to be equipped with an X-ray machine. In late 1909, Prince Heinrich was replaced by Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff, who kept *Deutschland* as his flagship. Holtzendorff's tenure as fleet commander was marked by strategic experimentation, owing to the increased threat the latest underwater weapons posed and the fact that the new *Nassau*-class battleships were too wide to pass through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Accordingly, the fleet was transferred from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven on 1 April 1910.

In May 1910, the fleet conducted training maneuvers in the Kattegat. These were in accordance with Holtzendorff's strategy, which envisioned drawing the Royal Navy into the narrow waters there. The annual summer cruise was to Norway, and was followed by fleet training, during which another fleet review was held in Danzig on 29 August. *Deutschland* again won the *Schießpreis* that year. In November, *Deutschland*, accompanied by the aviso *Hela* and the dispatch boat *Sleipner*, hosted Wilhelm II during the celebration of the opening of the Naval Academy Mürwik in Flensburg. *Deutschland* had too deep a draft to enter Gelting Bay outside the Flensburg Firth, so Wilhelm II transferred to *Sleipner*. A training cruise into the Baltic followed at the end of the year. In early March 1911, *Deutschland* again carried Wilhelm II to Helgoland; this trip was followed by fleet exercises in the Skagerrak and Kattegat that month. *Deutschland* and the rest of the fleet received British and American naval squadrons at Kiel in June and July. The year's autumn maneuvers were confined to the Baltic and the Kattegat, and *Deutschland* won the *Schießpreis* a third time. Another fleet review was held during the exercises for a visiting Austro-Hungarian delegation that included Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli. Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, the Chancellor of Germany, also attended the review, aboard *Deutschland*. On 1 October, *Deutschland* was relieved of her tactical assignment to II Squadron, as the *Reichstag* (Imperial Diet) authorized the fleet to keep a 17th battleship in commission—I and II Squadrons comprising eight battleships each, so the fleet could now keep two full squadrons in addition to the flagship.

In mid-1912, due to the Agadir Crisis, the summer cruise was confined to the Baltic, to avoid exposing the fleet during the period of heightened tension with Britain and France. In September, following the autumn maneuvers, *Deutschland* suffered a grounding while in the Baltic. The resulting damage necessitated dry-docking, and repairs were completed by November, allowing the ship to take part in the winter cruise in the Baltic. In October, during the repair period, *KzS* Hugo Meurer took command of the ship. On 30 January 1913, Holtzendorff was relieved as the fleet commander, owing in large part due to Wilhelm II's displeasure with his strategic vision. *VAdm* Friedrich von Ingenohl took Holtzendorff's place that day; but only one day later, on the 31st, he lowered his flag aboard *Deutschland* to transfer to the new dreadnought *Friedrich der Grosse*, which replaced *Deutschland* as flagship. The golden bow ornament that denoted the flagship was removed, and *Deutschland* returned to the ranks of II Battle Squadron. The year's training proceeded in much the same pattern as in previous years. *Deutschland* briefly resumed flagship duties in late 1913, as *Friedrich der Grosse* was in dry-dock for periodic maintenance.

### World War I

On 14 July 1914, the annual summer cruise to Norway began. The threat of war during the July Crisis caused Kaiser Wilhelm II to end the cruise early, after only two weeks; and by the end of July the fleet was back in port. *Deutschland* reached Kiel on the 29th, and moved to Wilhelmshaven on 1 August. With the outbreak of war, *Deutschland* and the rest of II Squadron was tasked with coastal defense at the mouth of the Elbe. This duty was interrupted from 2 to 23 October, when the ship returned to Wilhelmshaven, and from 27 October to 4 November, for an overhaul in Kiel. On 10 November, she took part in a sweep into the Baltic toward Bornholm, which concluded uneventfully two days later. By 17 November, the ship was again stationed off the coast near the Elbe. While her sisters covered the raid on the English coast on 15–16 December, *Deutschland* remained on picket duty at the mouth of the Elbe.

*Deutschland* returned to Wilhelmshaven on 21 January, where, two days later, Ingenohl temporarily made the ship his flagship while *Friedrich der Grosse* was transferred to the Baltic for training exercises. During this period, the Battle of Dogger Bank took place, where the German armored cruiser *Blücher* was sunk and the battleships of the High Seas Fleet failed to intervene. Ingenohl, who had returned to *Friedrich der Grosse* on 1 February, was relieved of command and replaced by *VAdm* Hugo von Pohl. *Deutschland* returned to her coastal patrol duties off the Elbe. On 21 February 1915, *Deutschland* went into dock in Kiel, where work lasted until 12 March. Afterward, *Deutschland* returned to the Elbe for guard duty, and on 14 March she became the II Squadron flagship under *Konteradmiral* (*KAdm*—Rear Admiral) Felix Funke, though he was replaced by *KAdm* Franz Mauve on 12 August. On 21 September, the ship went to the Baltic for training, which was completed by 11 October, after which she went into the dockyard in Kiel again for maintenance.

Coastal defense duty continued into early 1916. *Deutschland* was transferred to the AG Vulcan dry-dock in Hamburg for further maintenance that took place from 27 February to 1 April 1916. On 24–25 April 1916, *Deutschland* and her four sisters joined the dreadnoughts of the High Seas Fleet—which was now commanded by *VAdm* Reinhard Scheer—to support the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group on a raid of the English coast. En route to the target, the battlecruiser *Seydlitz* was damaged by a mine; she was detached to return home while the operation proceeded. The battlecruisers conducted a short bombardment of the ports of Yarmouth and Lowestoft. Visibility was poor, and the operation was called off before the British fleet could intervene. On 4 May, *Deutschland* took part in a sortie against British ships off Horns Reef, without result. Squadron exercises in the Baltic followed from 11 to 22 May.

#### Battle of Jutland

Scheer immediately planned another foray into the North Sea, but the damage to *Seydlitz* delayed the operation until the end of May. II Battle Squadron—possessing the weakest battleships involved in the battle, and under-strength owing to the absence of *Pommern*, guarding the mouth of the Elbe, and *Lothringen*, worn out and removed from active service—was positioned at the rear of the German line. Shortly before 16:00 the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of David Beatty. The opposing ships began an artillery duel that resulted the destruction of HMS *Indefatigable*, shortly after 17:00, and HMS *Queen Mary*, less than half an hour later. By this time, the German battlecruisers were steaming south to draw the British ships toward the main body of the High Seas Fleet. Upon realizing that the German fleet was coming into range, Beatty turned his ships back toward the Grand Fleet. Scheer ordered the fleet to pursue the retreating battleships of the British 5th Battle Squadron at top speed. *Deutschland* and the other pre-dreadnoughts were significantly slower than the dreadnoughts, and quickly fell behind. By 19:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene and confronted Scheer with significant numerical superiority. The German fleet's maneuverability was severely hampered by the presence of the pre-dreadnoughts; if Scheer ordered an immediate turn towards Germany, he would have to sacrifice the slower ships to make good his escape.

Scheer reversed the course of the fleet via a *Gefechtskehrtwendung* (battle about turn), a maneuver that required every unit in the German line to turn 180° simultaneously. Having fallen behind, the ships of II Battle Squadron could not conform to the new course following the turn. *Deutschland* and the other five ships of the squadron were therefore on the disengaged side of the German line. Mauve considered moving his ships to the rear of the line, astern of the III Battle Squadron dreadnoughts, but decided against it when he realized the movement would interfere with the maneuvering of Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers. Instead, he attempted to place his ships at the head of the line. Later in the day, the hard-pressed battlecruisers of I Scouting Group were being pursued by their British counterparts. *Deutschland* and the other so-called "five-minute ships" came to their aid by steaming between the opposing battlecruiser squadrons. Poor visibility made the subsequent engagement brief. *Deutschland* fired only one round from her 28 cm guns during this period. Mauve decided it would be inadvisable to continue the fight against the much more powerful battlecruisers, and so ordered an 8-point turn to starboard.

Late on the 31st, the fleet organized for the night march back to Germany; *Deutschland*, *Pommern*, and *Hannover* fell in behind *König* and the other dreadnoughts of III Battle Squadron towards the rear of the line. British destroyers conducted a series of attacks against the fleet, some of which targeted *Deutschland*. In the melee, *Deutschland* and *König* turned away from the attacking destroyers, but could not make out targets clearly enough to engage them effectively, *Deutschland* firing only a few 8.8 cm shells in the mist without effect. Soon after, *Pommern* exploded after she was struck by at least one torpedo. Fragments of the ship rained down around *Deutschland*. Regardless, the High Seas Fleet punched through the British destroyer forces and reached Horns Reef by 4:00 on 1 June. The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven a few hours later, where the undamaged dreadnoughts of the *Nassau* and *Helgoland* classes took up defensive positions while the damaged ships and the survivors of II Squadron retreated within the harbor. In the course of the battle, *Deutschland* had expended only a single 28 cm shell and five 8.8 cm rounds. She had not been damaged in the engagement.

#### Final operations

After Jutland, *Deutschland* and her three surviving sisters returned to picket duty at the mouth of the Elbe. They were also occasionally transferred for guard duty in the Baltic. The experience at Jutland demonstrated that pre-dreadnoughts had no place in a naval battle with dreadnoughts, and they were thus left behind when the High Seas Fleet sortied again on 18 August. In July, *KzS* Rudolf Bartels replaced Meurer as the ship's captain; he held the position for just a month, before he was in turn replaced by *Deutschland*'s final commander, *KzS* Reinhold Schmidt. In late 1916, the ships of II Squadron were removed from the High Seas Fleet. From 22 December 1916 to 16 January 1917, *Deutschland* lay idle in the Bay of Kiel. On 24 January, the ship was taken to Hamburg where she went into the dry-dock for maintenance; this work lasted until 4 April. During this period in the shipyard, *Deutschland* had her forwardmost pair of 8.8 cm guns in the aft superstructure removed and two 8.8 cm guns in anti-aircraft mountings were installed.

*Deutschland* sailed out of the Altenbruch roads at the mouth of the Elbe on 28 July and then to the Baltic for continued guard duty. During this period, she briefly served as the flagship of the coastal defense command in the western Baltic, though on 10 September the cruiser *Stettin* replaced her. On 15 August, II Battle Squadron was disbanded. Two weeks later, on 31 August, *Deutschland* arrived in Kiel. She was decommissioned on 10 September. *Deutschland* then had her guns removed before she was transferred to Wilhelmshaven to serve as a barracks ship. Many of her guns were converted for use ashore, either as coastal artillery, field guns, or railway guns. On 25 January 1920 the ship was struck from the naval register and sold for scrapping, which was completed by 1922. The ship's bow ornament is on display at the Eckernförde underwater weapons school, and her bell is in the mausoleum of Prince Heinrich at the Hemmelmark estate.

## Footnotes

### Notes

### Citations

1. Staff, p. 5.
2. Hore, p. 69.
3. Campbell & Sieche, pp. 21–22.
4. Herwig, p. 57.
5. Gröner, p. 20.
6. Grießmer, p. 177.
7. Staff, p. 6.
8. Herwig, p. 45.
9. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 235–236.
10. Staff, p. 7.
11. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 237.
12. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 237–238.
13. Staff, p. 8.
14. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 238.
15. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 235, 238.
16. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 240–241.
17. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 240.
18. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 241–242.
19. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 242.
20. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 235.
21. Staff, p. 10.
22. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 243–244.
23. Staff, p. 11.
24. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 244.
25. Tarrant, pp. 52–54.
26. Tarrant, p. 58.
27. Tarrant, p. 286.
28. Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 245.
29. Tarrant, pp. 94–95.
30. Tarrant, pp. 100–101.
31. London, p. 73.
32. Tarrant, p. 150.
33. Tarrant, pp. 150–152.
34. Tarrant, pp. 152–153.
35. Tarrant, p. 154.
36. Tarrant, p. 155.
37. Tarrant, p. 62.
38. Tarrant, p. 195.
39. Tarrant, pp. 195–196.
40. Tarrant, p. 241.
41. Tarrant, p. 242.
42. Campbell, p. 299.
43. Tarrant, p. 243.
44. Tarrant, pp. 246–247.
45. Tarrant, p. 263.
46. Campbell, pp. 348, 359.
47. Dodson, p. 54.
48. Friedman, p. 143.
49. Gröner, p. 22.
* Campbell, John (1998). *Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting*. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1.
* Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
* Dodson, Aidan (2014). "Last of the Line: The German Battleships of the Braunschweig and Deutschland Classes". In Jordan, John; Dent, Stephen (eds.). *Warship 2014*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 49–69. ISBN 978-1-59114-923-1.
* Friedman, Norman (2011). *Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
* Grießmer, Axel (1999). *Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz* \[*The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws*\] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9.
* Gröner, Erich (1990). *German Warships: 1815–1945*. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
* Herwig, Holger (1998) \[1980\]. *"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918*. Amherst: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.
* Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). *Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart* \[*The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present*\] (in German). Vol. 2. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0287-9.
* Hore, Peter (2006). *The Ironclads*. London: Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
* London, Charles (2000). *Jutland 1916: Clash of the Dreadnoughts*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-992-8.
* Staff, Gary (2010). *German Battleships: 1914–1918*. Vol. 1: Deutschland, Nassau and Helgoland Classes. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1.
* Tarrant, V. E. (2001) \[1995\]. *Jutland: The German Perspective*. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9.

## Further reading

* Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). *Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars*. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1.
* Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2001). *Die Panzer- und Linienschiffe der Brandenburg-, Kaiser Friedrich III-, Wittlesbach-, Braunschweig- und Deutschland-Klasse* \[*The Armored and Battleships of the Brandenburg, Kaiser Friedrich III, Wittelsbach, Braunschweig, and Deutschland Classes*\] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-6211-8.

## InfoBox

| SMS *Deutschland* in the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in 1912 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| German Empire | |
| Name | *Deutschland* |
| Namesake | Germany (*Deutschland* in German) |
| Builder | *Germaniawerft*, Kiel |
| Laid down | 20 June 1903 |
| Launched | 19 November 1904 |
| Commissioned | 3 August 1906 |
| Decommissioned | 10 September 1917 |
| Stricken | 25 January 1920 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap in 1920 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Deutschland*-class battleship |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 127.6 m (418 ft 8 in) |
| Beam | 22.2 m (72 ft 10 in) |
| Draft | 8.21 m (26 ft 11 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Range | 4,850 nmi (8,980 km; 5,580 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | * 35 officers * 708 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |
| Armor |  |