title: Massachusetts District Court

abstract: The Massachusetts District Court is a trial court in Massachusetts that hears a wide range of criminal, civil, housing, juvenile, mental health, and other types of cases. District Court criminal jurisdiction extends to all felonies punishable by a sentence up to five years, and many other specific felonies with greater potential penalties; all misdemeanors; and all violations of city and town ordinances and by-laws. In felonies not within District Court final jurisdiction, the District Court conducts probable cause hearings to determine if a defendant should be bound over to the Superior Court. District Court magistrates conduct hearings to issue criminal complaints and arrest warrants, and to determine whether there is probable cause to detain persons arrested without a warrant. Both judges and magistrates issue criminal and administrative search warrants. In civil matters, District Court judges conduct both jury and jury-waived trials, and determine with finality any matter in which the likelihood of recovery does not exceed $25,000. The District Court also tries small claims anticipated to involve up to $7,000. Fifteen of its judges serve on the Appellate Division, an appellate tribunal with published opinions that is organized in three geographical districts, and sits in three-judge panels, to review questions of law that arise in civil cases. The District Court's civil jurisdiction also includes many specialized proceedings: inquests; summary process (evictions); supplementary process; abuse prevention restraining orders; mental health matters; appeals from certain administrative agencies; civil motor vehicle infractions; equitable injunctions; and other miscellaneous civil matters.

text:
# Massachusetts District Court

The **Massachusetts District Court** (also known as the **District Court Department of the Trial Court**) is a trial court in Massachusetts that hears a wide range of criminal, civil, housing, juvenile, mental health, and other types of cases.

District Court criminal jurisdiction extends to all felonies punishable by a sentence up to five years, and many other specific felonies with greater potential penalties; all misdemeanors; and all violations of city and town ordinances and by-laws. In felonies not within District Court final jurisdiction, the District Court conducts probable cause hearings to determine if a defendant should be bound over to the Superior Court. District Court magistrates conduct hearings to issue criminal complaints and arrest warrants, and to determine whether there is probable cause to detain persons arrested without a warrant. Both judges and magistrates issue criminal and administrative search warrants.

In civil matters, District Court judges conduct both jury and jury-waived trials, and determine with finality any matter in which the likelihood of recovery does not exceed $25,000. The District Court also tries small claims anticipated to involve up to $7,000 (initially tried to a magistrate, with a defense right of appeal either to a judge or to a jury). Fifteen of its judges serve on the Appellate Division, an appellate tribunal with published opinions that is organized in three geographical districts, and sits in three-judge panels, to review questions of law that arise in civil cases.

The District Court's civil jurisdiction also includes many specialized proceedings: inquests; summary process (evictions); supplementary process (enforcement of money judgments); abuse prevention restraining orders; mental health matters (including involuntary civil commitments and medication orders, and supervision of criminal defendants committed for mental observation or because incompetent to stand trial or after an insanity acquittal); appeals from certain administrative agencies (involving, for example, firearms licenses or unemployment compensation); civil motor vehicle infractions (tried initially to a magistrate, with right of appeal to a judge); equitable injunctions (exercising specialized equity jurisdiction in all counties, plus general equity jurisdiction in small claims, summary process and civil money damage actions); and other miscellaneous civil matters.

## Further reading


title: Theatre for development

abstract: Theatre for development (TfD) is a type of community-based or interactive theatre practice that aims to promote civic dialogue and engagement. Theatre for development can be a kind of participatory theatre that encourages improvisation and allows audience members to take roles in the performance, or it can be fully scripted and staged, with the audience simply observing. Many productions are a blend of the two. The Theatre of the Oppressed, an influential collection of theatrical forms developed by Augusto Boal in the 1970s, aims to create dialogue and interaction between audience and performer as a means of promoting social and political change. Hundreds, if not thousands, of organizations and initiatives have used theatre as a development tool: for education or propaganda, as therapy, as a participatory tool, or as an exploratory tool in development.

text:
# Theatre for development

**Theatre for development** (**TfD**) is a type of community-based or interactive theatre practice that aims to promote civic dialogue and engagement.

Theatre for development can be a kind of participatory theatre that encourages improvisation and allows audience members to take roles in the performance, or it can be fully scripted and staged, with the audience simply observing. Many productions are a blend of the two. The Theatre of the Oppressed, an influential collection of theatrical forms developed by Augusto Boal in the 1970s, aims to create dialogue and interaction between audience and performer as a means of promoting social and political change.

Hundreds, if not thousands, of organizations and initiatives have used theatre as a development tool: for education or propaganda, as therapy, as a participatory tool, or as an exploratory tool in development.

## Definitions and aims

Theatre for development can be seen as a progression from less interactive theatre forms to a more dialogical process, where theatre is practiced with the people or by the people as a way of empowering communities, listening to their concerns, and then encouraging them to voice and solve their own problems.

For Kabaso Sydney (2013), as reflected in *Theatre for Development in Zambia*, the term describes "modes of theatre whose objective is to disseminate messages, or to conscientize communities about their objective social political situation" (1993:48). Penina Mlama, referring to the enterprise as "popular theatre", summarizes its aims as follows: "…it aims to make the people not only aware of but also active participants in the development process by expressing their viewpoints and acting to better their conditions. Popular theatre is intended to empower the common man with a critical consciousness crucial to the struggle against the forces responsible for his poverty." (1991:67)

Theatre for development may encompass any of the following live performance types:

## Subject matter

Theatre for development typically endeavors to build awareness about critical topics within a political or developmental context, often using an agitprop style. Especially in oppressive regimes, it may not be safe or possible to perform overtly political plays. Apart from political issues, common topics are non-formal education, hygiene, disposal of sewage, environment, women's rights, child abuse, prostitution, street children, health education, HIV/AIDS, literacy, etc.

## Techniques

Developmental theatre can utilize one or more of the following techniques or forms.

### Forum theatre

Forum theatre, one of the interactive theatrical forms developed by Augusto Boal as part of his Theatre of the Oppressed, begins with the performance of a short scene.Often times, it is a scene in which a character is being oppressed in some way (for example, a typically chauvinist man mistreating a woman or a factory owner mistreating an employee). Audience members are now encouraged to not only imagine changing the situation of oppression but to actually practice that change, by coming on stage as "spect-actors" to replace the protagonist and act out an intervention to "break the oppression". Through this process, the participant is also able to realize and experience the challenges of achieving the improvements they suggested. The actors who welcome the spectator volunteering onto the stage play against the spectator's attempts to intervene and change the story, offering a strong resistance so that the difficulties in making any change are also acknowledged. By becoming part of the scene, participants dive into the situation performed, which makes the whole topic feel more real for the person who came in to change the situation. The technique provides an alternative process of problem solving, where creativity is asked for and different approaches are tried. Forum theatre functions as "a rehearsal for reality", as Augusto Boal called it.

### Street theatre

Theatrical forms such as invisible theatre or image theatre can be performed in public spaces to be witnessed by passersby. Invisible theatre is intended to be indistinguishable from real-life, unstaged situations, so as to provoke thought or raise awareness among observing members of the public. Invisible theatre in the streets has the advantage of potentially reaching audiences who would never attend a workshop or watch a play.

### Collaboration with community members

It is very important for actors and organisers of the performance or TfD-project (Theatre for Development Project) to get to know the community and the problems its people face. Therefore, the play that is going to be performed and worked with has to be developed with local people who know the cultural behaviors and social problems of the community. Moreover, it is very helpful to have local authority persons and opinion leaders in the team of a TfD-project, whom the community listens to and trusts. In this way it is even possible to take advantage of the knowledge that locals have about best dates for performances or even to advertise for the ongoing TfD-performance.

### Documentary theatre

Documentary Theatre uses accounts from documentary material such as articles, interviews, and public transcripts in order to create a performance that reflects upon specific events or movements in history. This type of theatre can be used to educate the audience on the subject matter and it is often used to prompt conversation about potentially sensitive topics or topics that do not receive extensive media coverage or coverage in popular culture.

#### Examples of Documentary theatre

The Laramie Project: Playwrights conducted interviews on the people of the town of Laramie, took news clippings, and also journals entries of the townspeople in order to implement them in the script.

Gloria a Life: The producers of the play recreated archival interviews and TV appearances of Gloria Steinem and brought them to life on stage through the actor playing Steinem.

One-Third of a Nation: This play incorporates accounts from the crisis surrounding The New York Housing Department using the technique of the Living Newspaper.

### Talkbacks

In a talkback, members of the cast, crew, and/or the creative team of a production remain after a production to host conversation. Talkbacks are most often utilized in conjunction with any of the other techniques listed above. They exist so not only the audience can ask questions and engage with the art and artists, but also so that the audience can share their perspective on the work that was performed.

## Theatre for young audiences

Efforts are also made to create impactful social and developmental theatre for younger audiences. Plays, musicals, and other performances can be created to specifically show to younger age demographics in order to teach them about topics they do not usually learn about or that may not be prevalent in their lives. The Yellow Boat, produced by Childsplay, comes with a learning guide for educators to open up conversations about HIV/AIDS and hemophilia.

Talkbacks are also utilized in order to get younger audiences to engage and come up with their own questions about any performance or the themes and issues that were mentioned in the show. They allow the audience to analyze the topics themselves and explore the real world topics that are being taught. This invites the younger demographic to become part of the solution and development in their community.

## Sources


title: Mentzelia laevicaulis

abstract: Mentzelia laevicaulis is a showy wildflower native to western North America. Its common names include giant blazingstar and smoothstem blazingstar. This is a widespread plant which can be found in sandy, rocky, and disturbed areas, such as roadsides.

text:
# Mentzelia laevicaulis

***Mentzelia laevicaulis*** is a showy wildflower native to western North America. Its common names include **giant blazingstar** and **smoothstem blazingstar**.

This is a widespread plant which can be found in sandy, rocky, and disturbed areas, such as roadsides.

## Description

It grows a branched stem which may reach a yard in height. The whitish-green stem and its lateral branches bear the occasional triangular sawtoothed leaf. The plant bears capsule fruits containing winged seeds.

At the tip of each branch blooms a spectacular yellow flower. The star-shaped flower has five narrow, pointed petals with shiny yellow surfaces, each up to 3 inches long. Between the petals are long, thin yellow sepals. The center of the open-faced flower is filled with a great many whiskery yellow stamens. Beneath the petals are long, curling bracts.

Media related to *Mentzelia laevicaulis* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Mentzelia laevicaulis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Cornales |
| Family: | Loasaceae |
| Genus: | *Mentzelia* |
| Species: | ***M. laevicaulis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mentzelia laevicaulis***<br>(Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray | |
|


title: Manzaneda

abstract: Manzaneda is a municipality in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Terra de Trives. Its neighbor municipalities include A Pobra de Trives to the north, O Bolo to the east, Vilariño de Conso to the south and Chandrexa de Queixa to the west. In 2018 its population was 890. Manzaneda is known for its medium sized ski resort.

text:
# Manzaneda

**Manzaneda** is a municipality in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Terra de Trives. Its neighbor municipalities include A Pobra de Trives to the north, O Bolo to the east, Vilariño de Conso to the south and Chandrexa de Queixa to the west. In 2018 its population was 890.

Manzaneda is known for its medium sized ski resort.

## InfoBox

| Manzaneda | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Ski resort in Manzaneda. | |
|  | |
| Location in Galicia | |
| ManzanedaLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 42°18′34″N 7°14′00″W / 42.30944°N 7.23333°W / 42.30944; -7.23333 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Galicia |
| Province | Ourense |
| Comarca | Terra de Trives |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Amable Fernández Basalo (PSdeG-PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 114.6 km2 (44.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 657 m (2,156 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 890 |
| Density | 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | concellodemanzaneda.es/ |


title: PS Thames (1868)

abstract: PS Thames was a passenger vessel built for the London and North Western Railway in 1868.

text:
# PS Thames (1868)

**PS *Thames*** was a passenger vessel built for the London and North Western Railway in 1868.

## History

PS *Thames* was built by Bowdler, Chaffer and Company, Liverpool and launched in 1868. She was used for services on the River Mersey.

In 1879 she was acquired by the Great Western Railway where she was used as a tender at Plymouth.

In 1882 she was acquired by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. In 1912 she was then owned by the Midland Railway and withdrawn in 1913.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | 1868–1913: PS *Thames* |
| Operator |  |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Bowdler, Chaffer and Company, Liverpool |
| Launched | 1868 |
| Out of service | 1913 |
| Fate | Withdrawn |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 125 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 106 feet (32 m) |
| Beam | 20 feet (6.1 m) |
| Draught | 8.5 feet (2.6 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam engines by Fawcett, Preston and Company |


title: Indian Beach, North Carolina

abstract: Indian Beach is a town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 223 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Indian Beach, North Carolina

**Indian Beach** is a town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 223 as of the 2020 census.

## Geography

Indian Beach is located in southern Carteret County on Bogue Banks, a barrier island along the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered to the west by the town of Emerald Isle and to the east by Pine Knoll Shores. To the north is Bogue Sound, separating the town from the mainland, and to the south is the Atlantic. The town consists of two sections, separated by the unincorporated neighborhood of Salter Path.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Indian Beach has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.8 km2), of which 0.58 square miles (1.5 km2) is land and 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), or 62.05%, is water, consisting of portions of Bogue Sound.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 54 |  |  |
| 1990 | 153 |  | 183.3% |
| 2000 | 95 |  | −37.9% |
| 2010 | 112 |  | 17.9% |
| 2020 | 223 |  | 99.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 95 people, 50 households, and 31 families in the town. The population density was 159.9 inhabitants per square mile (61.7/km2). There were 1,218 housing units at an average density of 2,049.9 per square mile (791.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.79% White, 3.16% Pacific Islander, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11%.

Of the 50 households 14.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 34.0% of households were one person and 10.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.35.

The age distribution was 10.5% under the age of 18, 2.1% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 31.6% from 45 to 64, and 35.8% 65 or older. The median age was 59 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median household income was $47,250 and the median family income was $45,250. Males had a median income of $49,583 versus $37,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,826. There were 6.5% of families and 5.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

## InfoBox

| Indian Beach, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Location of Indian Beach, North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 34°41′12″N 76°53′54″W / 34.68667°N 76.89833°W / 34.68667; -76.89833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Carteret |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2) |
| Land | 0.57 sq mi (1.47 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 10 ft (3 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 223 |
| Density | 391.92/sq mi (151.20/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 28512 |
| Area code | 252 |
| FIPS code | 37-33460 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2405884 |
| Website | www.indianbeach.org |


title: Waking Up the Town

abstract: Waking Up the Town is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by James Cruze and written by Frank Condon and James Cruze. The film stars Jack Pickford, Claire McDowell, Alec B. Francis, Norma Shearer, and Herbert Prior. The film was released on April 14, 1925, by United Artists.

text:
# Waking Up the Town

***Waking Up the Town*** is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by James Cruze and written by Frank Condon and James Cruze. The film stars Jack Pickford, Claire McDowell, Alec B. Francis, Norma Shearer, and Herbert Prior. The film was released on April 14, 1925, by United Artists.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, a garage employee in a small town has an inventive mind, and tries to interest a banker in a project to harness waterfalls for energy. He becomes discouraged. Through the kind assistance of the garage owner, he puts his idea over, and wakes up the town. He has a romance with the granddaughter of his benefactor.

## Cast

## Preservation

The film is preserved in the Library of Congress Collection.

## InfoBox

| Waking Up the Town | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement | |
| Directed by | James Cruze |
| Story by | Frank Condon
James Cruze |
| Starring | Jack Pickford
Claire McDowell
Alec B. Francis
Norma Shearer
Herbert Prior |
| Cinematography | Arthur Edeson
Paul P. Perry |
| Production
company | Mary Pickford Company |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * April 14, 1925 (1925-04-14) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Gerald M. Moser

abstract: Gerald M. Moser GOIH was a German-American academic, philologist, literary scholar, emeritus professor, and author. His works were chiefly focused on lusophone African, Luso-Brazilian, and Spanish literature. He also had an interest in Romance languages, and Comparative literature and was among the first scholars in the world to teach and publish the literature of the five former Portuguese colonies in Africa. Moser served as an assistant professor of Spanish at Bridgewater College in Virginia from 1939 to 1941.

text:
# Gerald M. Moser

**Gerald M. Moser** GOIH (born January 3, 1915, in Leipzig, Germany – died March 2, 2005, in Pennsylvania, United States) was a German-American academic, philologist, literary scholar, emeritus professor, and author. His works were chiefly focused on lusophone African, Luso-Brazilian, and Spanish literature. He also had an interest in Romance languages, and Comparative literature and was among the first scholars in the world to teach and publish the literature of the five former Portuguese colonies in Africa. Moser served as an assistant professor of Spanish at Bridgewater College in Virginia from 1939 to 1941.

## Biography

Moser was born around 1915 in Leipzig, Germany to Georg and Erna (Heymann) Moser. In 1935, he received his first degree with double graduation in Latin, German, and French, from the University of Paris, where he was accorded a doctoral degree in comparative literature and Portuguese in 1939. The same year, Moser emigrated to the United States with his family, after the rise of Nazism in Germany and became a citizen of the United States in June 1945. He is the author of *A New Bibliography of the Lusophone Literatures of Africa,* a collaboration with Portuguese writer, Manuel Ferreira, and *Changing Africa: the First Literary Generation of Independent Cape Verde* which was originally published on January 1, 1992, by The American Philosophical Society.

## Works

* *A New Bibliography of the Lusophone Literatures of Africa*. H. Zell, London. 1993. ISBN 9781873836859.
* *Changing Africa: the First Literary Generation of Independent Cape Verde*
* *Essays in Portuguese-African Literature*
* *Seven Essays on Joseph Priestley*. Unitarian-Universalist Fellowship of Centre County PA. 1994.

1. Russell G. Hamilton (March 2007). "Tribute to Gerald M. Moser". *ResearchGate*.
2. "Gerald Moser O\*bituary (2005) - State College, PA - Centre Daily Times". *Legacy.com*. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
3. "Essays in Portuguese-African literature / by Gerald M. Moser". *National Library Board*. Retrieved 2023-02-23.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gerald M. Moser | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1915
Leipzig, Germany |
| Died | March 2, 2005(2005-03-02) (aged 89–90)
Pennsylvania, United States |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship | German-American |


title: Fremantle Railway Workshops

abstract: Fremantle Railway Workshops were the main workshops for the Western Australian Government Railways from 1886 until 1904 when the workshops were moved to Midland Junction where the Midland Railway Workshops operated until 1994. The workshops were created in 1886, and expanded in 1896. Industrial unrest at the workshops was common. The proximity of the Fremantle Harbour and the Fremantle town was a convenience for the workers and also the community businesses. By accounts from the era, local pride in having the workshops was strong, and in most cases the workers lived locally. The Fremantle workshops were located west of the Fremantle railway station and were considered to be in an area that would not accommodate the needs of the railway system. The move in 1904 was a major change for the labour force, and some did not move to Midland for the new location.

text:
# Fremantle Railway Workshops

**Fremantle Railway Workshops** were the main workshops for the Western Australian Government Railways from 1886 until 1904 when the workshops were moved to Midland Junction where the Midland Railway Workshops operated until 1994.

The workshops were created in 1886, and expanded in 1896.

Industrial unrest at the workshops was common.

The proximity of the Fremantle Harbour and the Fremantle town was a convenience for the workers and also the community businesses. By accounts from the era, local pride in having the workshops was strong, and in most cases the workers lived locally.

The Fremantle workshops were located west of the Fremantle railway station and were considered to be in an area that would not accommodate the needs of the railway system.

The move in 1904 was a major change for the labour force, and some did not move to Midland for the new location.


abstract: Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 45 includes part of the city of Alexandria as well as parts of Arlington and Fairfax counties. The seat has been represented by Democrat Elizabeth Bennett-Parker since 2022.

text:
# Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district

**Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district** elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 45 includes part of the city of Alexandria as well as parts of Arlington and Fairfax counties. The seat has been represented by Democrat Elizabeth Bennett-Parker since 2022.

## Geography

District 45 consists of the eastern half of the city of Alexandria and parts of Arlington and Fairfax counties. It is in Virginia's 8th Congressional District.

## Electoral history

Democrat Mark Levine won a five-way Democratic Primary in June 2015 and was elected without opposition that fall. He was re-elected without opposition in 2017, receiving the highest vote total of any 2017 candidate for the Virginia House of Delegates.

Levine ran for reelection unchallenged in the November 2019 general election and was elected to a third term. Levine lost renomination in 2021.

### Election results

Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district Democratic Primary, 2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mark H. Levine** | **2,679** | **28** |  |
|  | Democratic | Craig T. Fifer | 2,343 | 24 |  |
|  | Democratic | Julie N. Jakopic | 2,243 | 23 |  |
|  | Democratic | Clarence K. Tong | 1,668 | 17 |  |
|  | Democratic | Laurence M. Altenburg, II | 698 | 7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,631 |  |  |

Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district General Election, 2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mark H. Levine** | **16,055** | **95%** |  |
|  | Write-ins |  | 832 | 5% |  |
| Turnout | | | 16,887 |  |  |

Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district General Election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mark H. Levine (inc.)** | **31,417** | **95%** |  |
|  | Write-ins |  | 1,599 | 5% |  |
| Turnout | | | 33,016 |  |  |

Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district General Election, 2019
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mark H. Levine (inc.)** | **19,824** | **92%** |  |
|  | Write-ins |  | 1,852 | 8% |  |
| Turnout | | | 21,676 |  |  |

Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district General Election, 2021
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Elizabeth Bennett-Parker** | **31,310** | **73%** |  |
|  | Republican | JD Maddox | 11,069 | 26% |  |
| Turnout | | | 42,496 |  |  |


abstract: Virginia's 3rd House of Delegates district is one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 3 partially consists of Arlington County and Alexandria City. Democrat Alfonso Lopez is the current representative.

text:
# Virginia's 3rd House of Delegates district

**Virginia's 3rd House of Delegates district** is one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 3 partially consists of Arlington County and Alexandria City. Democrat Alfonso Lopez is the current representative.

## Elections

### 2017

In 2017, Morefield, 33, faced a primary challenge from attorney Bob Altizer, who promises to be an accessible legislator and to stand up for the interests of the coal industry. Altizer's prospects of winning the nomination seem to be bolstered by his having on his side former Buchannan County Commonwealth's Attorney Tamara Neo and former 9th District Chairman Jack Morgan, both of whom were part of Donald Trump's political leadership team, but in a mass meeting on 29 April, Morefield was selected as the Republican candidate.

In the November 2017 general election, Morefield, a four-term incumbent, was challenged by Democrat Bill Bunch. Bunch, 68, is a retired postal worker. However, Bunch was unable to win the seat and Morefield kept his position as incumbent.

## District officeholders

| Years | Delegate | Party | Electoral history |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

1989 | Donald A. McGlothlin | Democratic | Defeated in bid for reelection |
| 1989

January 11, 2006 | Jackie Stump | Democratic | Originally elected as an Independent; Retired |
| January 11, 2006

January 13, 2010 | Dan Bowling | Democratic | Defeated in bid for reelection |
| January 13, 2010

January 10, 2024 | Will Morefield | Republican | First elected in 2010. Redistricted to the 45th District. |
| January 10, 2024

present | Alfonso Lopez | Republican | Redistricted from the 49th District. |

## Electoral history

| Date | Election | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Virginia House of Delegates, 3rd district | | | | | |
| Nov 3, 2009 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **8,665** | **57.10** |
| | Danny C. "Dan" Bowling | Democratic | 6,499 | 42.82 |
| | Write Ins | | 10 | 0.06 |
| | *Incumbent lost; seat switched from Democratic to Republican* | | | |
| Nov 8, 2011 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **13,316** | **59.67** |
| | Russell Vern Presley II | Democratic | 8,994 | 40.30 |
| | Write Ins | | 6 | 0.02 |
| Nov 5, 2013 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **12,291** | **70.52** |
| | James M. O'Quinn | Democratic | 5,188 | 29.65 |
| | Write Ins | | 17 | 0.10 |
| Nov 3, 2015 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **14,325** | **99.2** |
| | Write Ins | | 119 | 0.8 |
| Nov 7, 2017 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **13,572** | **78.1** |
| | William C. "Bill" Bunch Jr. | Democratic | 3,759 | 21.6 |
| | Write Ins | | 41 | 0.2 |
| Nov 5, 2019 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **17,099** | **98.0** |
| | Write Ins | | 343 | 2.0 |
| Nov 2, 2021 | General | **James W. "Will" Morefield** | **Republican** | **21,193** | **97.8** |
| | Write Ins | | 479 | 2.2 |
| Nov 7, 2023 | General | **Alfonso H. Lopez** | **Democratic** | **17,416** | **81.7** |
| | Maj. Mike Weber | Independent | 3,651 | 17.1 |
| | Write Ins | | 260 | 1.2 |
| |


title: Vincente (crater)

abstract: Vicente is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 108 kilometres. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1979. Vicente is named for the Portuguese writer Gil Vicente. To the north of Vincente is the crater Sibelius, and to the south is Rimbaud.

text:
# Vincente (crater)

**Vicente** is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 108 kilometres (67 miles). Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1979. Vicente is named for the Portuguese writer Gil Vicente.

To the north of Vincente is the crater Sibelius, and to the south is Rimbaud.

## InfoBox

Vincente
| MESSENGER NAC | |
| --- | --- |
| Planet | Mercury |
| Coordinates | 56°45′S 142°58′W / 56.75°S 142.96°W / -56.75; -142.96 |
| Quadrangle | Michelangelo |
| Diameter | 108 km (67 mi) |
| Eponym | Gil Vicente |


title: Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia

abstract: Virgin Mobile KSA is a telecommunication company operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The company behind Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia was formally called the Virgin Mobile Saudi Consortium — a Saudi Arabian company that brings together local, regional and global shareholders and experts in mobile telecommunications. The company is headquartered in Riyadh and has outlets across the kingdom and a member care centre in Jeddah.

text:
# Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia

**Virgin Mobile KSA** is a telecommunication company operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The company behind Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia was formally called the Virgin Mobile Saudi Consortium — a Saudi Arabian company that brings together local, regional and global shareholders and experts in mobile telecommunications.

The company is headquartered in Riyadh and has outlets across the kingdom and a member care centre in Jeddah.

## History

Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia was awarded a licence by the Communications and Information Technology Commission to operate as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator in April 2014.

Virgin Mobile Saudi Consortium LLC was formally incorporated in June 2013, shortly after the award of Virgin Mobile’s licence by CITC.

The company is part of Virgin Mobile Middle East & Africa and has local Saudi Arabian companies as shareholders.

## Network

Virgin Mobile uses the STC network for all its Saudi based services. This network operates on the following frequencies:

* 3G 2100 MHz
* 4G LTE 1800/2300 MHz
* 5G

55

## Products

Virgin Mobile Saudi Arabia says it focuses mainly on “fairness and simplicity” in its offerings.

Virgin Mobile’s telecommunications products include:

* Number booking service
* Prepaid plans
* Postpaid plans
* Prepaid mobile broadband services

Virgin Mobile sells their products across Saudi Arabia.

## InfoBox

Virgin Mobile KSA
|
|  |
| Industry | Mobile Network Operator |
| Founded | April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| Headquarters | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| Key people | Yaarob Al-Sayegh, CEO |
| Products | Prepaid plans, Postpaid plans, Prepaid mobile broadband services |
| Website | virginmobile.sa |


title: Virgin Mobile Chile

abstract: Virgin Mobile Chile is a mobile network operator in Chile using the Movistar mobile network. Virgin Mobile Latin America (VMLA) launched operations in Chile in April 2012, having received regulatory approval from Chile's telecommunications regulator as well as signing an agreement with Movistar, one of the country's leading mobile network operators. VMLA announced in June of this year its plan to become Latin America's leading mobile virtual network operator (MVNO). Since then, the company has made significant progress towards its goal of beginning commercial operations in many countries. Chile will be its first commercial operation in early 2012. Richard Branson commented: "We are excited to have made such good progress towards launching our first mobile business in Latin America in Chile."This is an exciting project for Virgin and we believe Virgin Mobile Chile customers will be delighted by the services we will be offering them at launch." “We are very appreciative of Subtel’s prompt approval of our application," said VMLA's chairman Phil Wallace.

text:
# Virgin Mobile Chile

**Virgin Mobile Chile** is a mobile network operator in Chile using the Movistar mobile network.

Virgin Mobile Latin America (VMLA) launched operations in Chile in April 2012, having received regulatory approval from Chile's telecommunications regulator as well as signing an agreement with Movistar, one of the country's leading mobile network operators. VMLA announced in June of this year its plan to become Latin America's leading mobile virtual network operator (MVNO). Since then, the company has made significant progress towards its goal of beginning commercial operations in many countries. Chile will be its first commercial operation in early 2012. Richard Branson commented: "We are excited to have made such good progress towards launching our first mobile business in Latin America in Chile."This is an exciting project for Virgin and we believe Virgin Mobile Chile customers will be delighted by the services we will be offering them at launch." “We are very appreciative of Subtel’s (Chile’s Subsecretaría de Telecomunicaciones) prompt approval of our application," said VMLA's chairman Phil Wallace.

## InfoBox

Virgin Mobile Chile
|
|  |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | April 2012 (2012-04) |
| Website | www.virginmobile.cl |


title: Vinlanders Social Club

abstract: The Vinlanders Social Club (VSC) was formed in 2003 by associates and previous members of the skinhead group Outlaw Hammerskins. In 2010, the Phoenix Police Department, with assistance from the local branch of the Anti-Defamation League, arrested several members of the Arizona chapter. Following his departure from the Hammerskins, Eric “The Butcher” Fairburn and Brien James began the Hoosier State Skinheads group, while Steven Smith with four other ex-members formed the Keystone State Skinheads. These two groups in conjunction with the Ohio State Skinheads joined forces in 2003 and formed the VSC. In 2007, James posted on the VSC website that the group was going to "separate itself from the racist movement".

text:
# Vinlanders Social Club

The **Vinlanders Social Club** (**VSC**) was formed in 2003 by associates and previous members of the skinhead group Outlaw Hammerskins. In 2010, the Phoenix Police Department, with assistance from the local branch of the Anti-Defamation League, arrested several members of the Arizona chapter. Following his departure from the Hammerskins, Eric “The Butcher” Fairburn and Brien James began the Hoosier State Skinheads group, while Steven Smith with four other ex-members formed the Keystone State Skinheads. These two groups in conjunction with the Ohio State Skinheads joined forces in 2003 and formed the VSC.

In 2007, James posted on the VSC website that the group was going to "separate itself from the racist movement".


title: Virgin Steele

abstract: Virgin Steele is an American heavy metal band from New York, originally formed in 1981. The band released a few career highlights albums. In recent years, they have enriched their sound with elements of musical theatre, progressive and symphonic metal, developing and writing projects such as the metal opera The House of Atreus in 1999/2000 and the soundtrack for an imaginary movie Visions of Eden or The Lilith Project in 2006.

text:
# Virgin Steele

**Virgin Steele** is an American heavy metal band from New York, originally formed in 1981.

The band released a few career highlights albums (*Noble Savage*, *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I*, *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II* and *Invictus*). In recent years, they have enriched their sound with elements of musical theatre, progressive and symphonic metal, developing and writing projects such as the metal opera *The House of Atreus* (based on *Oresteia* and the Greek myth related to the Atreides) in 1999/2000 and the soundtrack for an imaginary movie *Visions of Eden (A Barbaric Romantic Movie of the Mind)* or *The Lilith Project* (based on the Sumerian legend of Lilith) in 2006.

## History

### Origins

At the beginning of the 1980s, Jack Starr (a guitarist of French origin) was looking for the right elements to form the ultimate heavy metal band. The first to answer his call was drummer Joey Ayvazian and together they started jamming and auditioning singers. Future L.A. Guns bassist Kelly Nickels joined them in 1981. They auditioned around 40 singers before David DeFeis was introduced to Jack by a friend of Joey.

With an interpretation of "No Quarter" by Led Zeppelin, "Child in Time" by Deep Purple and "Catch the Rainbow" by Rainbow, David got the vacant role of singer, bringing with him bassist Joe O'Reilly. At the end of 1981 the first line-up was ready.

### The debut album

Virgin Steele debuted in 1982 with "Children of the Storm" (a song loved by Metallica), included in the compilation "U.S. Metal Vol. II". Later they issued their self-titled first album. Their style was and remains very original, a melding of American heavy metal and Rainbow's epic atmospheres. DeFeis, who also plays piano and keyboards, shows a particular liking for pompous and melodic arrangements, while Starr goes for a harder and more immediate assault. Fan mail was becoming more interesting. Two letters in particular stand out, one from a young band, who were from Seattle. Their name was Queensrÿche. The other, from California, also a band, who called themselves Metallica.

### The second album

The following year (1983) the second album *Guardians of the Flame* was supported by a mini LP called *Wait for the Night* ("A Cry in the Night" in the European version). After the album, Jack Starr started recording his first solo album, *Out of the Darkness*. Meanwhile, DeFeis continued the band with Edward Pursino. As stated in the Virgin Steele's website "we never actually asked Edward to join the band, he just came down one day and never left".) After a lawsuit won by Starr over the name *Virgin Steele*, he sold it to DeFeis.

Supported by Pursino, whose style better fit DeFeis' songwriting than Starr's had, Virgin Steele new lineup recorded *Noble Savage*, which melds classic and epic music. Today, this album is still considered one of the most important manifests of heavy and epic metal worldwide. Between 1985 and 1986, some members of Virgin Steele strongly contributed to an album published under the name Exorcist called *Nightmare Theatre* and to an album published under the name Piledriver called *Stay Ugly*. David DeFeis only produced and helped these albums even if some rumors said that he and Pursino were behind these bands.

Finally, the band managed to go to Europe, supporting Manowar on tour and gaining great approval from all quarters because of their live performances. When things started to come together, though, some inexplicable laws seemed to apply and the following album, *Age of Consent*, got a very narrow distribution and ended up a complete commercial failure. At this point, Virgin Steele were in their darkest period: their label shut down and Joe O'Reilly decided to leave, forcing the band to stop playing for a while.

During this break, David DeFeis graduated in piano and composition and played live with a semi-improvised band called "Smoke Stark Lightning", featuring some famous musicians like his old mate Jack Starr and drummer Bobby Rondinelli.

### The comeback

In 1993, Rob De Martino was chosen as the new bass player and Virgin Steele came back with *Life Among the Ruins*, an album of Whitesnake-influenced hard rock with a strong bluesy vein. The song "Last rose of Summer" is the highlight of the cd. Featuring none of the trademark epic and mythology-based elements of the band, *Life Among the Ruins* is probably the most atypical release in the Virgin Steele discography and disliked by many die-hard classic metal fans. Quite interesting is the fact the American version has got a different cover and a bonus-track called "Snakeskin Voodoo Man" (published as a stand-alone single too) while many video-clips, taken from this album, were included into the home-video "Tale Of The Snakeskin Voodoo Man".

### *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell*

One year later, the band returned to the original sound with *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I*, an album of epic metal full of melodic and symphonic influences, very progressive oriented. This work (a concept regarding the different side of human nature) includes, among the others, the song "Life Among the Ruins" which is not related to the previous album with the same title.

Virgin Steele went back to Europe supporting Manowar and Uriah Heep and at the beginning of 1996 released *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II*, following the concept and the style of the first one. The band appeared also on the compilation *A Tribute to Judas Priest: Legends of Metal – Volume II* playing a raw cover of the song "Screaming for Vengeance". Another Judas Priest cover, "Desert Plains", is included as a bonus track in the *Age of Consent* album reissue.

After another European tour (this time as headliner) in 1996, a new album was released in March 1998: the third and final chapter of the "Marriage" saga, titled *Invictus*. This was their heaviest album at the time and also very epic. Lyrically it is a concept album about humanity's rebellion against a pantheon of evil, uncaring gods. The band played at the Wacken Open Air festival in 1997 and in 1998. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell trilogy signs also the debut of drummer Frank Gilchriest. Always in 1998, Virgin Steele headlined a real long new European tour with Mark Reale's Riot and Stigmata IV as supporting acts. This tour included the headliner performance at the biker festival "Motorock" in Cremona (Italy).

### Metal opera

Between the years 1999 and 2000, the band released a metal opera, writing the albums *The House of Atreus Act I* and *The House of Atreus Act II*, intended to be played by actors in theaters.

The subject of the metal opera was *Oresteia* and the Greek myths related by Aeschylus, very familiar to David DeFeis, because of his father's theaterical background. On the albums all vocals and orchestrations are managed by David DeFeis himself.

Just before *The House of Atreus Act II*, the single "Magick Fire Music" was published, with some metal opera outtakes. Inspired by Virgin Steele's metal opera, the German band Tobias Sammet's Avantasia wrote various albums using the same format. David DeFeis appears as special guest on the track: "The Final Sacrifice" included in the Avantasia's second album. After the show at the Bang Your Head!!! festival in 2000 without a bass player, in 2001 Virgin Steele toured with HammerFall and Freedom Call with the new bass player Josh Block.

### The 20th anniversary

In 2002, the band released two compilations to celebrate the 20th anniversary. *The Book of Burning* consists of a mix of previously unreleased songs and new compositions created by David DeFeis in collaboration with original guitarist Jack Starr. The songs were written at the beginning of the 1990s and previously unofficially appeared in the underground, with Starr at the guitar, with the name "Sacred Demos". The album contained also re-recordings of various songs from the first two albums with Josh Block, and not Jack Starr, supporting Pursino at the second guitar. *Hymns to Victory* instead is a best-of album covering the band's career from *Noble Savage* to their latest album *The House of Atreus Act II*.

The way to manage the reissues of the first two albums *Virgin Steele* and *Guardians of the Flame*, never published in cd before, created one more time problems between DeFeis and Starr so they decided to truncate any sort of relationship. DeFeis managed the reissues all by himself remastering the original albums and adding new bonus tracks. The EP *A Cry in the Night* was included into the *Guardians of the Flame* CD.

### Side projects

David DeFeis (keyboards and backing vocals) appears as special guest on the first two Immortally Committed albums in the tracks "Epic" and "Council in Hell". He, Edward Pursino, Josh Block and Exorcist's drummer Geoff Fontaine played some live dates with the New York cover band Carnival of Souls. Between the years 2002 and 2005, the band headlined a large number of heavy metal festivals such as the "Agglutination Festival" (2003, Italy), the "Tradate Iron Fest" (2004, Italy), the "Keep It True V Festival" (2004, Germany) and the "Ragnarock Festival" (2005, Netherlands).

### *A Barbaric Romantic Movie of the Mind*

David DeFeis also created his own recording studio called *The Hammer of Zeus* (sometimes also called *The Wrecking Ball of Thor*). In September 2006, after 6 years without an all-new studio album, the band released its 11th full-length *Visions of Eden*. The album revolves heavily around Gnostic beliefs and critically revisits the traditional Christian mythology with regards to the creation of the Earth and the Biblical accounts of Adam and Eve. An even darker, more melancholic drama than the House of Atreus saga, the story revolves around Lilith, the first wife of Adam and a symbol of female strength and independence. Representing the female side of the true, higher god, she suffers under the lusting, jealous Demiurge who represents the Christian god, and as an emancipated woman who could not get along with the dominant Adam stands in stark contrast to Eve. Adam's second wife is portrayed as a docile, subservient partner created by the demiurge at the request of Adam, who could not cope with an independent woman on equal footing with him.

*Visions of Eden (A Barbaric Romantic Movie of the Mind)* or *The Lilith Project* is based on the Sumerian legend of Lilith and it is intended as the soundtrack for an imaginary movie. The band is looking for a producer to bring this concept album story to screen.

### Recent activities

In 2007, the band played at the Power Prog VIII Festival (Atlanta, Georgia) and at the Evolution Festival (Florence, Italy). David DeFeis and Josh Block appear on the Polish band Crystal Viper EP in the cover of Virgin Steele's song "Blood and Gasoline" from *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I* album. Between 2007 and 2008 the out of print albums *Noble Savage*, *Age of Consent*, *Life Among the Ruins*, *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I* and *The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II* were reissued (with bonus tracks) by the German label Dockyard1. There are also rumors that a DVD live album is planned, a three hours show recorded at the Downtown Club (Long Island, NY) in 2002 and an acoustic concert played in 2000 in München should be part of it.

A new Virgin Steele album, entitled *The Black Light Bacchanalia*, was released at the end of October 2010 for the new label SPV/Steamhammer while, in 2011, the whole back-catalogue, from *Noble Savage* onwards, will be reissued again with faithfully restored covers and booklets, bonus tracks and liner notes.

The first ever Virgin Steele tribute album *By the Gods: A Noble Tribute to Virgin Steele* was released on October 31, 2015, by Majestic Metal Records. It features a 12-page full-color booklet with exclusive liner notes by Virgin Steele's frontman David DeFeis.

In February 2017, the album Visions of Eden was reissued as a double CD containing a remixed version and a remastered recording of the original mix.

Three years after Nocturnes of Hellfire & Damnation, in 2018 the box-set Seven Devils Moonshine is published containing 3 new albums (*Ghost Harvest – Vintage I – Black Wine for Mourning*, *Ghost Harvest – Vintage II – Red Wine for Warning*, *Gothic Voodoo Anthems*) plus the re-issues of The Book of Burning and Hymns to Victory.

Five years after *Seven Devils Moonshine*, the band will release their first album since then, and their first single-CD album since *Nocturnes of Hellfire & Damnation*, *The Passion of Dionysus*, on June 30, 2023.

## Style

### Barbaric romantic music

Virgin Steele play what they call symphonic, romantic and bombastic music with many elements taken from classical music and fantasy/mythological lyrics based on real life events. David DeFeis (all vocals, keyboards, orchestration, synth bass, swords and effects) about Virgin Steele's music: "From a whisper to a scream, barbaric, romantic, bombastic, yet subtle, grandiose, yet earthy. A call, a shout, an invocation to Freedom and the continual awakening to the awareness that every moment of life is lived to its fullest potential. It is a force, a sacred quest which drives Virgin Steele on".

Typically, during Virgin Steele's concerts a sword is burnt on stage. In some special show they used to play a long live set called *Three hour extravaganza*. Fans consider "The Burning of Rome (Cry for Pompeii)" and "Emalaith" some of the most representative songs of the band.

Many Virgin Steele songs are mythological, often dealing with subjects from Greek and Christian mythology. Most of their albums are concept albums. The later albums tend to be more epic and mythological while, on the early albums (up until *Life Among the Ruins*), many songs are more real-life based stories of love and sex. According to David DeFeis, all the lyrics he writes are based on real life in some form or another.

### Metal opera and theatre

A metal opera is a mix between rock opera, Broadway style and "heavy metal adapted for theater actors' live performances". According to German artists Walter Weyers and Martina Krawulsky, with the name *Klytaimnestra – The House of Atreus*, metal opera (musically available on the Virgin Steele's albums *The House of Atreus Act I*, *The House of Atreus Act II*) was performed on stage in Germany theaters by Landestheater Production. The result, very different from a heavy metal concert, is a metal based dark Broadway style musical really powerful and energetic with actors only. The premiere of *Klytaimnestra* in Memmingen, June 5, 1999, has been the first ever regular musical theatre show based on heavy metal concepts. After *Klytaimnestra'*s success, David DeFeis & Landestheater Production extracted a second metal opera musical, named "The Rebels", from the previous Marriage of Heaven and Hell trilogy ("The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I", "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II", "Invictus").

In 2003, the same team released a third metal opera, named "Lilith", based on the material of album *Visions of Eden*. "Visions of Eden" was later on published in CD in 2006. In a different way to the previous two operas. Regarding the album, David DeFeis declared: "I don't think of it as a Metal Opera. What it really is, is the soundtrack for a major motion picture that has yet to be made! And by the hammer of Zeus, I will make this film one day. I call this work a Barbaric Romantic movie of the mind.".

## Band members

**Current members**

* David DeFeis – lead vocals, keyboards, synth bass, piano (1981–present)
* Edward Pursino – guitar (1985–present)
* Josh Block – bass (2000–present)
* Matt McKasty – drums (2016–present)

**Former members**

* Jack Starr – guitar (1981–1984)
* Joe O'Reilly – bass (1981–1992)
* Joey Ayvazian – drums (1981–1995)
* Rob DeMartino – bass (1993–1999)
* Frank Gilchriest – drums (1995–2015)

### Timeline

## Discography

### Albums

### EPs

### Compilations

(\*) re-issues included in 2018 box set Seven Devils Moonshine

### Singles

* 1992: "Snakeskin Voodoo Man"
* 1998: "Through Blood and Fire"

### Videos/DVD

* 1992: *Tale of the Snakeskin Voodoo Man*

### Tributes

* 2015: *By the Gods: A Noble Tribute to Virgin Steele*

## InfoBox

| Virgin Steele | |
| --- | --- |
| David DeFeis and Edward Pursino in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Long Island, New York, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Labels | SPV/Steamhammer, Dockyard1, T&T/Noise |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Rob DeMartino * Joey Ayvazian * Joe "O"Reilly * Jack Starr * Frank Gilchriest |
|  | |
| Website | virgin-steele.com |


title: Visit and Search

abstract: Visit and Search is the right of a belligerent warship, under certain conditions, to board a neutral merchant ship in order to verify its true character. The term probably refers to a misunderstanding of the French word visite, which in this context simply means search.

text:
# Visit and Search

**Visit and Search** is the right of a belligerent warship, under certain conditions, to board a neutral merchant ship in order to verify its true character. The term probably refers to a misunderstanding of the French word *visite*, which in this context simply means *search*.

## Declaration of London

The regulation of naval search during time of war was codified as part of the Declaration of London (1903). However, no state ratified the declaration so it had no force in international law.

The intent of the declaration was as follows. The right of search belongs to belligerents alone. Its object is to verify the nationality of the vessel and if neutral to ascertain whether it carries contraband. The consequence of resistance to search is capture and trial in a Prize court. Article 63 of the Declaration states that "Forcible resistance to the legitimate exercise of the right of stoppage, search and capture involves in all cases the condemnation of the vessel. The cargo is liable to the same treatment as the cargo of an enemy vessel. Goods belonging to the master or owner of the vessel are treated as enemy goods." At the Hague Convention of 1907, the question of the liability to search of mail-ships gave rise to much discussion based on incidents arising out of the Boer and Russo-Japanese Wars. It was ultimately decided under a separate article of the Hague conference that postal correspondence of neutrals and even of belligerents, and whether official or private, found on board a neutral or even an enemy ship should be "inviolable", and that though the ship should be detained, this correspondence had to be forwarded to its destination by the captor "with the least possible delay." The only exception to this exemption is correspondence destined for or proceeding from a blockaded port. As regards the mail-ships themselves, apart from this inviolability of the correspondence, no exemption or privilege is extended beyond the injunction that they should not be searched, except when absolutely necessary, and then only "with as much consideration and expedition as possible," which might just as well be said of all ships stopped or searched in international waters.

## U.S. Navy

According to the U.S. Navy,

"Under the law of armed conflict, belligerent warships or aircraft may visit and search a merchant vessel for the purpose of determining its true character, i.e., enemy or neutral, nature of cargo, manner of employment, and other facts bearing on its relation to the conflict. Such visits occur outside neutral territorial seas. This right does not extend to visiting or searching warships or vessels engaged in government non-commercial service. In addition, neutral merchant vessels in convoy of neutral warships are exempt from visit and search, although the convoy commander may be required to certify the neutral character of merchant vessels' cargo."


title: Virtual particle

abstract: A virtual particle is a theoretical transient particle that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, while having its existence limited by the uncertainty principle, which allows the virtual particles to spontaneously emerge from vacuum at short time and space ranges. The concept of virtual particles arises in the perturbation theory of quantum field theory (QFT) where interactions between ordinary particles are described in terms of exchanges of virtual particles. A process involving virtual particles can be described by a schematic representation known as a Feynman diagram, in which virtual particles are represented by internal lines. Virtual particles do not necessarily carry the same mass as the corresponding ordinary particle, although they always conserve energy and momentum. The closer its characteristics come to those of ordinary particles, the longer the virtual particle exists. They are important in the physics of many processes, including particle scattering and Casimir forces. In quantum field theory, forces—such as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two charges—can be thought of as resulting from the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. Virtual photons are the exchange particles for the electromagnetic interaction. The term is somewhat loose and vaguely defined, in that it refers to the view that the world is made up of "real particles". "Real particles" are better understood to be excitations of the underlying quantum fields. Virtual particles are also excitations of the underlying fields, but are "temporary" in the sense that they appear in calculations of interactions, but never as asymptotic states or indices to the scattering matrix. The accuracy and use of virtual particles in calculations is firmly established, but as they cannot be detected in experiments, deciding how to precisely describe them is a topic of debate. Although widely used, they are by no means a necessary feature of QFT, but rather are mathematical conveniences — as demonstrated by lattice field theory, which avoids using the concept altogether.

text:
# Virtual particle

A **virtual particle** is a theoretical transient particle that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, while having its existence limited by the uncertainty principle, which allows the virtual particles to spontaneously emerge from vacuum at short time and space ranges. The concept of virtual particles arises in the perturbation theory of quantum field theory (QFT) where interactions between ordinary particles are described in terms of exchanges of virtual particles. A process involving virtual particles can be described by a schematic representation known as a Feynman diagram, in which virtual particles are represented by internal lines.

Virtual particles do not necessarily carry the same mass as the corresponding ordinary particle, although they always conserve energy and momentum. The closer its characteristics come to those of ordinary particles, the longer the virtual particle exists. They are important in the physics of many processes, including particle scattering and Casimir forces. In quantum field theory, forces—such as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two charges—can be thought of as resulting from the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. Virtual photons are the exchange particles for the electromagnetic interaction.

The term is somewhat loose and vaguely defined, in that it refers to the view that the world is made up of "real particles". "Real particles" are better understood to be excitations of the underlying quantum fields. Virtual particles are also excitations of the underlying fields, but are "temporary" in the sense that they appear in calculations of interactions, but never as asymptotic states or indices to the scattering matrix. The accuracy and use of virtual particles in calculations is firmly established, but as they cannot be detected in experiments, deciding how to precisely describe them is a topic of debate. Although widely used, they are by no means a necessary feature of QFT, but rather are mathematical conveniences — as demonstrated by lattice field theory, which avoids using the concept altogether.

## Properties

The concept of virtual particles arises in the perturbation theory of quantum field theory, an approximation scheme in which interactions (in essence, forces) between actual particles are calculated in terms of exchanges of virtual particles. Such calculations are often performed using schematic representations known as Feynman diagrams, in which virtual particles appear as internal lines. By expressing the interaction in terms of the exchange of a virtual particle with four-momentum q, where q is given by the difference between the four-momenta of the particles entering and leaving the interaction vertex, *both momentum and energy are conserved at the interaction vertices* of the Feynman diagram.

A virtual particle does not precisely obey the energy–momentum relation *m*2*c*4 = *E*2*p*2*c*2. Its kinetic energy may not have the usual relationship to velocity. It can be negative. This is expressed by the phrase *off mass shell*. The probability amplitude for a virtual particle to exist tends to be canceled out by destructive interference over longer distances and times. As a consequence, a real photon is massless and thus has only two polarization states, whereas a virtual one, being effectively massive, has three polarization states.

Quantum tunnelling may be considered a manifestation of virtual particle exchanges. The range of forces carried by virtual particles is limited by the uncertainty principle, which regards energy and time as conjugate variables; thus, virtual particles of larger mass have more limited range.

Written in the usual mathematical notations, in the equations of physics, there is no mark of the distinction between virtual and actual particles. The amplitudes of processes with a virtual particle interfere with the amplitudes of processes without it, whereas for an actual particle the cases of existence and non-existence cease to be coherent with each other and do not interfere any more. In the quantum field theory view, actual particles are viewed as being detectable excitations of underlying quantum fields. Virtual particles are also viewed as excitations of the underlying fields, but appear only as forces, not as detectable particles. They are "temporary" in the sense that they appear in some calculations, but are not detected as single particles. Thus, in mathematical terms, they never appear as indices to the scattering matrix, which is to say, they never appear as the observable inputs and outputs of the physical process being modelled.

There are two principal ways in which the notion of virtual particles appears in modern physics. They appear as intermediate terms in Feynman diagrams; that is, as terms in a perturbative calculation. They also appear as an infinite set of states to be summed or integrated over in the calculation of a semi-non-perturbative effect. In the latter case, it is sometimes said that virtual particles contribute to a mechanism that mediates the effect, or that the effect occurs through the virtual particles.

## Manifestations

There are many observable physical phenomena that arise in interactions involving virtual particles. For bosonic particles that exhibit rest mass when they are free and actual, virtual interactions are characterized by the relatively short range of the force interaction produced by particle exchange. Confinement can lead to a short range, too. Examples of such short-range interactions are the strong and weak forces, and their associated field bosons.

For the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, the zero rest-mass of the associated boson particle permits long-range forces to be mediated by virtual particles. However, in the case of photons, power and information transfer by virtual particles is a relatively short-range phenomenon (existing only within a few wavelengths of the field-disturbance, which carries information or transferred power), as for example seen in the characteristically short range of inductive and capacitative effects in the near field zone of coils and antennas.

Some field interactions which may be seen in terms of virtual particles are:

* The Coulomb force (static electric force) between electric charges. It is caused by the exchange of virtual photons. In symmetric 3-dimensional space this exchange results in the inverse square law for electric force. Since the photon has no mass, the coulomb potential has an infinite range.
* The magnetic field between magnetic dipoles. It is caused by the exchange of virtual photons. In symmetric 3-dimensional space, this exchange results in the inverse cube law for magnetic force. Since the photon has no mass, the magnetic potential has an infinite range. Even though the range is infinite, the time lapse allowed for a virtual photon existence is not infinite.
* Electromagnetic induction. This phenomenon transfers energy to and from a magnetic coil via a changing (electro)magnetic field.
* The strong nuclear force between quarks is the result of interaction of virtual gluons. The residual of this force outside of quark triplets (neutron and proton) holds neutrons and protons together in nuclei, and is due to virtual mesons such as the pi meson and rho meson.
* The weak nuclear force is the result of exchange by virtual W and Z bosons.
* The spontaneous emission of a photon during the decay of an excited atom or excited nucleus; such a decay is prohibited by ordinary quantum mechanics and requires the quantization of the electromagnetic field for its explanation.
* The Casimir effect, where the ground state of the quantized electromagnetic field causes attraction between a pair of electrically neutral metal plates.
* The van der Waals force, which is partly due to the Casimir effect between two atoms.
* Vacuum polarization, which involves pair production or the decay of the vacuum, which is the spontaneous production of particle-antiparticle pairs (such as electron-positron).
* Lamb shift of positions of atomic levels.
* The impedance of free space, which defines the ratio between the electric field strength |**E**| and the magnetic field strength |**H**|: *Z*0 = |**E**| / |**H**|.
* Much of the so-called near-field of radio antennas, where the magnetic and electric effects of the changing current in the antenna wire and the charge effects of the wire's capacitive charge may be (and usually are) important contributors to the total EM field close to the source, but both of which effects are dipole effects that decay with increasing distance from the antenna much more quickly than do the influence of "conventional" electromagnetic waves that are "far" from the source. These far-field waves, for which E is (in the limit of long distance) equal to cB, are composed of actual photons. Actual and virtual photons are mixed near an antenna, with the virtual photons responsible only for the "extra" magnetic-inductive and transient electric-dipole effects, which cause any imbalance between E and cB. As distance from the antenna grows, the near-field effects (as dipole fields) die out more quickly, and only the "radiative" effects that are due to actual photons remain as important effects. Although virtual effects extend to infinity, they drop off in field strength as 1/*r*2 rather than the field of EM waves composed of actual photons, which drop as 1/*r*.

Most of these have analogous effects in solid-state physics; indeed, one can often gain a better intuitive understanding by examining these cases. In semiconductors, the roles of electrons, positrons and photons in field theory are replaced by electrons in the conduction band, holes in the valence band, and phonons or vibrations of the crystal lattice. A virtual particle is in a virtual state where the probability amplitude is not conserved. Examples of macroscopic virtual phonons, photons, and electrons in the case of the tunneling process were presented by Günter Nimtz and Alfons A. Stahlhofen.

## Feynman diagrams

The calculation of scattering amplitudes in theoretical particle physics requires the use of some rather large and complicated integrals over a large number of variables. These integrals do, however, have a regular structure, and may be represented as Feynman diagrams. The appeal of the Feynman diagrams is strong, as it allows for a simple visual presentation of what would otherwise be a rather arcane and abstract formula. In particular, part of the appeal is that the outgoing legs of a Feynman diagram can be associated with actual, on-shell particles. Thus, it is natural to associate the other lines in the diagram with particles as well, called the "virtual particles". In mathematical terms, they correspond to the propagators appearing in the diagram.

In the adjacent image, the solid lines correspond to actual particles (of momentum p1 and so on), while the dotted line corresponds to a virtual particle carrying momentum *k*. For example, if the solid lines were to correspond to electrons interacting by means of the electromagnetic interaction, the dotted line would correspond to the exchange of a virtual photon. In the case of interacting nucleons, the dotted line would be a virtual pion. In the case of quarks interacting by means of the strong force, the dotted line would be a virtual gluon, and so on.

Virtual particles may be mesons or vector bosons, as in the example above; they may also be fermions. However, in order to preserve quantum numbers, most simple diagrams involving fermion exchange are prohibited. The image to the right shows an allowed diagram, a one-loop diagram. The solid lines correspond to a fermion propagator, the wavy lines to bosons.

## Vacuums

In formal terms, a particle is considered to be an eigenstate of the particle number operator *a**a*, where *a* is the particle annihilation operator and *a* the particle creation operator (sometimes collectively called ladder operators). In many cases, the particle number operator does not commute with the Hamiltonian for the system. This implies the number of particles in an area of space is not a well-defined quantity but, like other quantum observables, is represented by a probability distribution. Since these particles are not certain to exist, they are called *virtual particles* or *vacuum fluctuations* of vacuum energy. In a certain sense, they can be understood to be a manifestation of the time-energy uncertainty principle in a vacuum.

An important example of the "presence" of virtual particles in a vacuum is the Casimir effect. Here, the explanation of the effect requires that the total energy of all of the virtual particles in a vacuum can be added together. Thus, although the virtual particles themselves are not directly observable in the laboratory, they do leave an observable effect: Their zero-point energy results in forces acting on suitably arranged metal plates or dielectrics. On the other hand, the Casimir effect can be interpreted as the relativistic van der Waals force.

## Pair production

Virtual particles are often popularly described as coming in pairs, a particle and antiparticle which can be of any kind. These pairs exist for an extremely short time, and then mutually annihilate, or in some cases, the pair may be boosted apart using external energy so that they avoid annihilation and become actual particles, as described below.

This may occur in one of two ways. In an accelerating frame of reference, the virtual particles may appear to be actual to the accelerating observer; this is known as the Unruh effect. In short, the vacuum of a stationary frame appears, to the accelerated observer, to be a warm gas of actual particles in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Another example is pair production in very strong electric fields, sometimes called vacuum decay. If, for example, a pair of atomic nuclei are merged to very briefly form a nucleus with a charge greater than about 140, (that is, larger than about the inverse of the fine-structure constant, which is a dimensionless quantity), the strength of the electric field will be such that it will be energetically favorable to create positron–electron pairs out of the vacuum or Dirac sea, with the electron attracted to the nucleus to annihilate the positive charge. This pair-creation amplitude was first calculated by Julian Schwinger in 1951.

## Compared to actual particles

As a consequence of quantum mechanical uncertainty, any object or process that exists for a limited time or in a limited volume cannot have a precisely defined energy or momentum. For this reason, virtual particles  which exist only temporarily as they are exchanged between ordinary particles  do not typically obey the mass-shell relation; the longer a virtual particle exists, the more the energy and momentum approach the mass-shell relation.

The lifetime of real particles is typically vastly longer than the lifetime of the virtual particles. Electromagnetic radiation consists of real photons which may travel light years between the emitter and absorber, but (Coulombic) electrostatic attraction and repulsion is a relatively short-range force that is a consequence of the exchange of virtual photons .

## Footnotes

1. Griffiths, D.J. (2008). *Introduction to Elementary Particles* (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2.
2. Peskin, M.E., Schroeder, D.V. (1995). *An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory*, Westview Press, ISBN 0-201-50397-2, p. 80.
3. Mandl, F., Shaw, G. (1984/2002). *Quantum Field Theory*, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester UK, revised edition, ISBN 0-471-94186-7, pp. 56, 176.
4. Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). *Entropy*. **21** (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857.
5. Thomson, Mark (2013). *Modern particle physics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107034266.
6. Hawking, Stephen (1998). *A brief history of time* (Updated and expanded tenth anniversary ed.). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553896923.
7. Walters, Tony Hey; Patrick (2004). *The new quantum universe* (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge \[u.a.\]: Cambridge Univ. Press. Bibcode:2003nqu..book.....H. ISBN 9780521564571.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Calle, Carlos I. (2010). *Superstrings and other things : a guide to physics* (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. pp. 443–444. ISBN 9781439810743.
9. "Ephemeral vacuum particles induce speed-of-light fluctuations". *Phys.org*. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
10. Nimtz, G. (2009). "On virtual phonons, photons, and electrons". *Found. Phys*. **39** (12): 1346–1355. arXiv:0907.1611. Bibcode:2009FoPh...39.1346N. doi:10.1007/s10701-009-9356-z. S2CID 118594121.
11. Stahlhofen, A.; Nimtz, G. (2006). "Evanescent modes are virtual photons". *Europhys. Lett*. **76** (2): 198. Bibcode:2006EL.....76..189S. doi:10.1209/epl/i2006-10271-9. S2CID 250758644.
12. Raymond, David J. (2012). *A radically modern approach to introductory physics: volume 2: four forces*. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Tech Press. pp. 252–254. ISBN 978-0-98303-946-4.
13. Choi, Charles Q. (13 February 2013). "A vacuum can yield flashes of light". *Nature*. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12430. S2CID 124394711. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
14. Lambrecht, Astrid (September 2002). "The Casimir effect: a force from nothing". *Physics World*. **15** (9): 29–32. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/15/9/29.
15. Jaffe, R. L. (12 July 2005). "Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum". *Physical Review D*. **72** (2): 021301. arXiv:hep-th/0503158. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72b1301J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.021301. S2CID 13171179.


title: Vince Stanzione

abstract: Vince Stanzione is a British entrepreneur. Stanzione first worked as a hairdresser in his family's business in Luton before becoming a currency trader in the 1980s. After losing his savings in the 1987 stock market crash, Stanzione started mail order sales of mobile phones. In 1999 The Observer reported that he was worth over £1 million. He returned to trading in financial markets and had a financially successful strong run in commodities, making over £2 million from spread betting with firms such as IG Index. In 2003 he was running courses teaching people how to spread bet. In 2004 he launched The Advert Channel which was the world's first television channel dedicated to television commercials. In 2005 the parent company floated on the UK Alternative Investment Market AIM as TV Commerce Holdings Plc (TVC). In 2006 regulators ruled that one of the channels owned by TVC had deliberately kept callers on premium-rate telephone numbers waiting longer than necessary. The company was fined by ICSTIS, the channel was forced to close, TVC's share price fell by over 50% as a result and TVC warned that it may no longer be viable. TV Commerce Holdings plc became a shell company known as Gemstones of Africa in 2009. In 2013 he published a book, The Millionaire Dropout which was listed in the New York Times list of bestselling books and USA Today bestselling books.

text:
# Vince Stanzione

**Vince Stanzione** (born 1968/1969) is a British entrepreneur.

Stanzione first worked as a hairdresser in his family's business in Luton before becoming a currency trader in the 1980s. After losing his savings in the 1987 stock market crash, Stanzione started mail order sales of mobile phones. In 1999 *The Observer* reported that he was worth over £1 million.

He returned to trading in financial markets and had a financially successful strong run in commodities, making over £2 million from spread betting with firms such as IG Index. In 2003 he was running courses teaching people how to spread bet.

In 2004 he launched The Advert Channel which was the world's first television channel dedicated to television commercials. In 2005 the parent company floated on the UK Alternative Investment Market AIM as TV Commerce Holdings Plc (TVC). In 2006 regulators ruled that one of the channels owned by TVC had deliberately kept callers on premium-rate telephone numbers waiting longer than necessary. The company was fined by ICSTIS, the channel was forced to close, TVC's share price fell by over 50% as a result and TVC warned that it may no longer be viable. TV Commerce Holdings plc became a shell company known as Gemstones of Africa in 2009.

In 2013 he published a book, *The Millionaire Dropout* which was listed in the *New York Times* list of bestselling books and USA Today bestselling books.

## InfoBox

| Vince Stanzione | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Occupation(s) | Financial Trader, Author, Entrepreneur |
| Website | www.vincestanzione.com |


title: Vision Forum

abstract: Vision Forum was an evangelical Christian organization based in San Antonio, Texas. It was founded in 1998; its president was Doug Phillips, son of U.S. Constitution Party leader Howard Phillips. Vision Forum Ministries was a 501(c) non-profit organization which was closed by its board of directors in November 2013 after Doug Phillips' confession of marital infidelity and allegations of sexual abuse. The associated commercial operation, called Vision Forum, Inc., continued to operate until January 2014, when it was announced that it too was shutting down operations. Vision Forum advocated for biblical patriarchy, creationism, homeschooling, Family Integrated Churches, and Quiverfull beliefs.

text:
# Vision Forum

**Vision Forum** was an evangelical Christian organization based in San Antonio, Texas. It was founded in 1998; its president was Doug Phillips, son of U.S. Constitution Party leader Howard Phillips. **Vision Forum Ministries** was a 501(c) non-profit organization which was closed by its board of directors in November 2013 after Doug Phillips' confession of marital infidelity and allegations of sexual abuse. The associated commercial operation, called **Vision Forum, Inc.**, continued to operate until January 2014, when it was announced that it too was shutting down operations. Vision Forum advocated for biblical patriarchy, creationism, homeschooling, Family Integrated Churches, and Quiverfull beliefs.

## Events

The organization sponsored the Christian Filmmakers Academy and the San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival.

In 2007, the group organized an alternative celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, saying that the official celebration did not give enough emphasis to the Christian perspective of the settlers.

## *Jonathan Park*

*Jonathan Park* is a radio drama series created by Pat and Sandy Roy at the Institute for Creation Research in the late 1990s that was later produced by Vision Forum Ministries. The storyline revolves around the lives and families of fictional characters Dr. Kendall Park and Jim Brenan as they build a creation museum.

After Vision Forum folded, ownership of the *Jonathan Park* series was transferred to CreationWorks, a ministry founded by series creators Pat and Sandy Roy, with one album released under that banner in 2014 before the series was acquired by Wise King Media in 2016.

### Albums

* *Volume 1: Jonathan Park: The Adventure Begins* ISBN 1-929241-85-2
* *Volume 2: Jonathan Park: No Looking Back* ISBN 1-929241-87-9
* *Volume 3: Jonathan Park: The Winds of Change* ISBN 0-9755263-6-7
* *Volume 4: Jonathan Park: The Hunt for Beowulf* ISBN 0-9787559-1-X
* *Volume 5: Jonathan Park: The Explorer's Society* ISBN 0-9787559-6-0
* *Volume 6: Jonathan Park: The Journey Never Taken* ISBN 1-933431-84-9
* *Volume 7: Jonathan Park: The Voyage Beyond* ISBN 1-933431-86-5
* *Volume 8: Jonathan Park: The Copper Scroll* ISBN 1-937460-15-0
* *Volume 9: Jonathan Park: The Whispering Sphinx* ISBN 1-937460-62-2
* *Volume 10: Jonathan Park: The Journey Home* ISBN 9-781941510-28-5
* *Jonathan Park Goes to the Zoo* ISBN 1-934554-28-6
* *Jonathan Park Goes to the Aquarium* ISBN 1-934554-29-4
* *Jonathan Park Goes to the Galapagos* ISBN 978-1-933431-74-1
* *Jonathan Park Goes to the Amazon* ISBN 0-982945-26-4

## Criticism

Vision Forum was criticized for holding views that were demeaning of women and viewed them as property. Don and Joy Veinot of Midwest Christian Outreach interpreted Vision Forum's statement on "The Tenets of Biblical Patriarchy" to imply that "women really cannot be trusted as decision makers" and "unless a daughter marries, she functionally remains pretty much the *property* of the father until he dies."

Similar criticisms were voiced when a lawsuit was filed against Doug Phillips and Vision Forum by a woman who had worked as the Phillips family's nanny. Her suit alleged that Phillips had sexually abused her for years. Phillips acknowledged an "inappropriate relationship" but denied all charges of sexual abuse, calling them "sensationalist and suggesting that they are motivated by a desire for financial gain."

## Bibliography


title: Visual effects supervisor

abstract:
In the context of film and television production, a visual effects supervisor is responsible for achieving the creative aims of the director or producers through the use of visual effects. While it is a creative role, most supervisors possess a strong technical background and are capable of making informed decisions about the most efficient and effective technique to employ to solve the problem at hand. Often a supervisor will work in tandem with a visual effects producer and computer graphics supervisor. Supervisors can be employed directly by a film production company or work for a visual effects company. Often there are several VFX supervisors on a project, although there is typically a senior VFX supervisor directing their efforts. Specific responsibilities vary depending on the nature of the production, however most supervisors:
  - Handle a VFX project from conception through to completion.
  - Manage and direct the technical, artistic, and production personnel.
  - Possess a knowledge of various visual effects techniques with emphasis on camera set-ups and film knowledge with an eye for composition and camera work.
  - Accurately predict timing and associated costs of project.
  - Collaborate on the bidding and negotiation processes. The Visual Effects Society is a prominent trade organization representing the interests of visual effects professionals.

text:
# Visual effects supervisor

In the context of film and television production, a **visual effects supervisor** is responsible for achieving the creative aims of the director or producers through the use of visual effects.

While it is a creative role, most supervisors possess a strong technical background and are capable of making informed decisions about the most efficient and effective technique to employ to solve the problem at hand. Often a supervisor will work in tandem with a visual effects producer and computer graphics supervisor.

Supervisors can be employed directly by a film production company or work for a visual effects company. Often there are several VFX supervisors on a project, although there is typically a senior VFX supervisor directing their efforts.

Specific responsibilities vary depending on the nature of the production, however most supervisors:

* Handle a VFX project from conception through to completion.
* Manage and direct the technical, artistic, and production personnel.
* Possess a knowledge of various visual effects techniques with emphasis on camera set-ups and film knowledge with an eye for composition and camera work.
* Accurately predict timing and associated costs of project.
* Collaborate on the bidding and negotiation processes.

The Visual Effects Society is a prominent trade organization representing the interests of visual effects professionals.


title: Viva! (Roxy Music album)

abstract: Viva! Roxy Music was the first live Roxy Music album. It was released in July 1976 and was recorded at three venues in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1975. The recordings were from the band's shows at the Glasgow Apollo in November 1973, Newcastle City Hall in October 1974 and the Wembley Empire Pool in October 1975.

text:
# Viva! (Roxy Music album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Viva! Roxy Music*** was the first live Roxy Music album. It was released in July 1976 and was recorded at three venues in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1975. The recordings were from the band's shows at the Glasgow Apollo in November 1973, Newcastle City Hall in October 1974 and the Wembley Empire Pool in October 1975.

## Track listing

All songs written by Bryan Ferry except "Out of the Blue" by Ferry and Phil Manzanera.

Side one
| No. | Title | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Out of the Blue" (Newcastle City Hall, 27 or 28 October 1974) | *Country Life* (1974) | 4:44 |
| 2. | "Pyjamarama" (Glasgow Apollo, 2 November 1973) | Non-album single (March 1973) | 3:36 |
| 3. | "The Bogus Man" (Newcastle City Hall, 27 or 28 October 1974) | *For Your Pleasure* (1973) | 7:05 |
| 4. | "Chance Meeting" (Glasgow Apollo, 2 November 1973) | *Roxy Music* (1972) | 2:58 |
| 5. | "Both Ends Burning" (Wembley Empire Pool, 17 or 18 October 1975) | *Siren* (1975) | 4:46 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "If There Is Something" (Newcastle City Hall, 27 or 28 October 1974) | *Roxy Music* (1972) | 10:37 |
| 2. | "In Every Dream Home a Heartache" (Newcastle City Hall, 27 or 28 October 1974) | *For Your Pleasure* (1973) | 8:23 |
| 3. | "Do the Strand" (Newcastle City Hall, 27 or 28 October 1974) | *For Your Pleasure* (1973) | 4:00 |

## Personnel

**Roxy Music**

* Bryan Ferry – vocals, keyboard
* Andy Mackay – saxophone, oboe
* Phil Manzanera – guitar
* Paul Thompson – drums
* Eddie Jobson – electric violin, synthesizer, keyboards
* John Wetton – bass (except on "Pyjamarama", "Chance Meeting" and "Both Ends Burning")
* John Gustafson – bass (on "Both Ends Burning")
* Sal Maida – bass (on "Pyjamarama" and "Chance Meeting")
* Rick Wills – bass (possible but unconfirmed studio overdubs; Wills is credited on the album despite none of the recordings coming from his time with the band)

**Additional personnel**

* The Sirens (Doreen Chanter and Jacqui Sullivan) – backing vocals (on "Both Ends Burning")

## Charts

| Chart (1976) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) | 15 |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (*RPM*) | 94 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 2 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 48 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 20 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 10 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 9 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 6 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 81 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Viva! Roxy Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Roxy Music | |
| Released | 16 July 1976 |
| Recorded | November 1973, October 1974 and October 1975 |
| Venue | Glasgow Apollo, Newcastle City Hall, Wembley Empire Hall |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 46:15 |
| Label | Island |
| Producer | Chris Thomas |
| Roxy Music chronology | |
| *Siren*
(1975) ***Viva! Roxy Music***
(1976) *Roxy Music Greatest Hits*
(1977) | |


title: Virginia Recreation Building

abstract: The Virginia Recreation Building is a former community center in Virginia, Minnesota, United States, that was later converted into a factory. It was designed by architect Frederick German and built in 1923 as an ice hockey and curling rink to provide a public venue for physical development to the working class men largely employed in Iron Range mines. A generation later, as the gender balance of the city's population evened out, the building was converted into a shirt factory in 1947 to create jobs for women. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its state-level significance in the themes of industry and social history. It was nominated for encapsulating the social welfare of the Progressive Era and the robust public spending funded by the mining boom, and the transition to a more gender-balanced population and need to diversify the economy. The St. Louis County government acquired the building in 2003 and repurposed it as the Northland Office Center. As of 2018 they are planning to demolish the building to construct a modern government service center.

text:
# Virginia Recreation Building

The **Virginia Recreation Building** is a former community center in Virginia, Minnesota, United States, that was later converted into a factory. It was designed by architect Frederick German and built in 1923 as an ice hockey and curling rink to provide a public venue for physical development to the working class men largely employed in Iron Range mines. A generation later, as the gender balance of the city's population evened out, the building was converted into a shirt factory in 1947 to create jobs for women. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its state-level significance in the themes of industry and social history. It was nominated for encapsulating the social welfare of the Progressive Era and the robust public spending funded by the mining boom, and the transition to a more gender-balanced population and need to diversify the economy.

The St. Louis County government acquired the building in 2003 and repurposed it as the **Northland Office Center**. As of 2018 they are planning to demolish the building to construct a modern government service center.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Virginia Recreation Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Virginia Recreation Building viewed from the southeast | |
|  | |
| Location | 301–307 S. 1st Street,<br>Virginia, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 47°31′21″N 92°32′8″W / 47.52250°N 92.53556°W / 47.52250; -92.53556 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1923 |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 82004711 |
| Added to NRHP | February 4, 1982 |


title: Viriato de Barros

abstract: Viriato de Barros is a Cape Verdean writer. He worked as a professor in Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and in Quelimane, Mozambique, he returned during Cape Verdean independence in 1975. Between 1975 and 1985, he was director and was responsible in Cultural Associations and Co-operation of the Ministry of Education. He was later Cape Verdean ambassador to Senegal and later a place named Santa Sé between 1984 and 1985, he was later councillor to the President of the Republic. In 1985, he returned to Cape Verde and was a journalist of America's Voice and was a journalist of social communications in Washington, D.C. between 1986 and 1988 and then he headed to Portugal where he had reintegrated the Portuguese public funding, newly as a professor. He is now a member of the Scientific Council and reporter at the Multicultural Studies Centre, associated by the International University of Lisbon.

text:
# Viriato de Barros

**Viriato de Barros** (born in Vila Nova Sintra in the island of Brava in Cape Verde) is a Cape Verdean writer. He worked as a professor in Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and in Quelimane, Mozambique, he returned during Cape Verdean independence in 1975. Between 1975 and 1985, he was director and was responsible in Cultural Associations and Co-operation of the Ministry of Education. He was later Cape Verdean ambassador to Senegal and later a place named Santa Sé between 1984 and 1985, he was later councillor to the President of the Republic. In 1985, he returned to Cape Verde and was a journalist of *America's Voice* and was a journalist of social communications in Washington, D.C. between 1986 and 1988 and then he headed to Portugal where he had reintegrated the Portuguese public funding, newly as a professor. He is now a member of the Scientific Council and reporter at the Multicultural Studies Centre, associated by the International University of Lisbon.

## Literature

He is an author of several works:

* *Identidade* (2001)
* *Para Lá de Alcatraz* (2005)


title: Themis (disambiguation)

abstract: Themis is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia and Uranus in Greek mythology. Themis may also refer to:

text:
# Themis (disambiguation)

**Themis** is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia and Uranus in Greek mythology.

**Themis** may also refer to:

## Space

## Other

* Protein THEMIS, a protein in humans, required for proper maturation of T cells
* *Themis* (alga), a genus of red algae in the family Bangiaceae
* Themis (solar power plant), a former solar power plant in Targassonne, France
* Themis, a local nymph of the Arcadia
* THeMIS, Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System, an unmanned ground vehicle built by Milrem Robotics
* The Themis Files, a book series by Sylvain Neuvel