title: WECB (FM)

abstract: WECB is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Headland, Alabama. The station, established in 1992, is owned by Robert Holladay and the broadcast license is held by Alabama Media, LLC.

text:
# WECB (FM)

**WECB** (105.3 FM, "B105.3") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Headland, Alabama. The station, established in 1992, is owned by Robert Holladay and the broadcast license is held by Alabama Media, LLC.

## Programming

WECB currently broadcasts a country music format branded as "B105.3" to the Dothan, Alabama, area. This latest format shift took effect on December 20, 2011.

## History

### Launch

In June 1988, Chattahoochee Broadcast Associates applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit for a new broadcast radio station. The proposed station would serve Chattahoochee, Florida, with 3,000 watts of effective radiated power on a frequency of 105.3 megahertz from an antenna 100 meters (330 ft) in height above average terrain. The FCC granted this permit on July 20, 1989, with a scheduled expiration date of January 20, 1991. The new station was assigned call sign "WUMG" on January 9, 1990.

In April 1990, the station requested a modification of the permit to increase the effective radiated power to 6,000 watts. The FCC granted the request on December 14, 1990, and set a new expiration date of June 14, 1991. After one further extension to the permit and after construction and testing were completed in October 1991, the station was granted its broadcast license on October 30, 1992.

### WBCD era

The station changed its call sign to "WBCD" on February 15, 1994.

In January 1996, station management applied to the FCC for authorization to relocate their transmitter, raise the antenna, increase the effective radiated power, and change city of license from Chattahoochee, Florida, to Headland, Alabama, a suburb of Dothan, Alabama. In April 1996, this application was amended to lower the power and further raise the antenna and relocate to a different tower site but retained the move from Chattahoochee to Headland. The FCC granted a new construction permit to make these changes on October 10, 1996, with a scheduled expiration of April 10, 1998. When completed, the station's antenna would be 221 meters (725 ft) in height above average terrain broadcasting with 5,100 watts of effective radiated power.

While construction was underway, Chattahoochee Broadcast Associates reached an agreement in April 1996 to sell this station to Styles Broadcasting of Alabama, Inc. The FCC approved the deal on May 29, 1996, and the transaction was consummated on February 5, 1997. In November 1996, between the sale and the consummation, Styles Broadcasting of Alabama, Inc., applied to transfer the WBCD broadcast license to Gulf South Communications, Inc. The FCC approved the move on January 27, 1997, pending consummation.

In January 1997, with the sale nearly complete, the station applied to again modify the construction permit. This time the power would be raised to 11,500 watts while the antenna was lowered from the previous authorization to 148 meters (486 ft) above average terrain. The FCC approved this modification on May 28, 1997, and extended the expiration date to April 10, 1998. In September 1997, with construction and testing completed, WBCD applied for a new broadcast license to cover these changes. The Commission granted this new license on April 6, 1998.

### 2000s

The station was branded “Z105” from the late 90s-2002. The station was a Top 40 CHR station but then later branded into Rhythmic CHR in late 2000.

The station applied for a new call sign and was assigned "WZND" on August 23, 2002. They became “1053 The Zone” and returned to a mainstream CHR format.

The station was assigned the call sign "WDBT" by the FCC on March 26, 2004, to match its branding as "105.3 The Beat". On September 15, 2006, the station dropped its urban contemporary format branded as "105.3 The Beat" in favor of a classic country music format.

This format lasted just under two years as when The Radio People acquired former News/Talk station WUSD on September 8, 2008, they swapped formats between the two stations. The news/talk radio format was branded as "105.3 The Voice." Syndicated programming on "105.3 The Voice" included *Fox Sports Radio*, plus talk shows hosted by Dave Ramsey, Neal Boortz, Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck, Lars Larson, Dennis Miller, and Jim Bohannon. Overnight, the station broadcast the syndicated *Coast to Coast AM* hosted by George Noory.

### New owners

In February 2011, WDBT was part of an elaborate multi-station deal that saw Magic Broadcasting exit the Dothan market by selling WBBK-FM to Alabama Media Investments, LLC, WLDA and WJRL-FM to Southeast Alabama Broadcasters, LLC, and WKMX and WTVY-FM to Gulf South Communications, Inc. To meet FCC ownership caps, Clay E. Holladay's Gulf South Communications, Inc., agreed to sell WDBT and sister station WESP to Georgia Edminston's Southeast Alabama Broadcasters, LLC, for a total of $500,000.

After overcoming a formal objections by another local broadcaster, the FCC approved the deal on November 25, 2011, with the caveat that consummation would have to take place before December 1, 2011, or wait until each station's license was up for renewal. The transaction for WDBT and WESP was consummated on November 30, 2011.

In late December 2011, Southeast Alabama Broadcasters, LLC, announced that they would be selling all four of the stations it had just acquired (WDBT, WESP, WJRL-FM, and WLDA) to Robert H. Holladay’s Alabama Media, LLC. The combined sale price for the four stations was announced as $1.2 million. While the sale was pending, Holladay had been operating the stations under a local marketing agreement since November 30, 2011. The transaction was consummated effective December 5, 2012.

On December 23, 2011, the station was granted new call sign "WECB" by the FCC.

## InfoBox

WECB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Dothan, Alabama |
| Frequency | 105.3 MHz |
| Branding | ***B105.3*** |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Robert Holladay * (Alabama Media, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WESP, WJRL-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | September 1992 (as WUMG) |
| Former call signs | WUMG (1990–1994)
WBCD (1994–2002)
WZND (2002–2004)
WDBT (2004–2011) |
| Call sign meaning | "The Beat" (former branding) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 10666 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 10,000 watts |
| HAAT | 132.3 meters (434 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°15′48″N 85°18′24″W / 31.26333°N 85.30667°W / 31.26333; -85.30667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | b1053.com |


title: WKHB (AM)

abstract: WKHB is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Irwin, Pennsylvania, and serving Greater Pittsburgh. It is owned by Broadcast Communications, Inc., and it carries a brokered programming radio format. During the day, hosts pay the station for time on the air and may advertise their products or services during their shows. At night, WKHB plays oldies music. By day, WKHB transmits with 5,500 watts, but at night, to prevent interference to other stations on 620 AM, WKHB reduces power to only 50 watts. The transmitter is off Turkey Farm Road in Wendel. Programming is simulcast on three FM translators: 102.1 in Central Allegheny County, 94.1 in Pittsburgh and 92.3 in Westmoreland County.

text:
# WKHB (AM)

**WKHB** (620 kHz "KHB Radio") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Irwin, Pennsylvania, and serving Greater Pittsburgh. It is owned by Broadcast Communications, Inc., and it carries a brokered programming radio format. During the day, hosts pay the station for time on the air and may advertise their products or services during their shows. At night, WKHB plays oldies music.

By day, WKHB transmits with 5,500 watts, but at night, to prevent interference to other stations on 620 AM, WKHB reduces power to only 50 watts. The transmitter is off Turkey Farm Road in Wendel. Programming is simulcast on three FM translators: 102.1 in Central Allegheny County, 94.1 in Pittsburgh and 92.3 in Westmoreland County.

## History

### Beginnings as WHJB

The station began as WHJB, formerly licensed to Greensburg, Pennsylvania. It signed on the air on October 28, 1934. WHJB began as a daytimer, operating at a power of 250 watts, non-directional, and required to go off the air at night. The station's call letters stood for founder H.J. Brennen. doing business as Pittsburgh Radio Supply House, broadcasting from a studio at 128 North Penn Avenue in Greensburg.

WHJB, as the first radio station on the air in suburban Pittsburgh, experienced steady growth and prospered over its formative years, getting nighttime power authorization by 1955, as well as a daytime power increase, with power settings at 1,000 watts during the day, and 500 watts at night, adopting a directional antenna pattern with changing patterns for night and day operation. By 1960, the name of the licensee had changed its name to WHJB, Inc., though the station still was owned by the Brennen family. That changed in 1962 when control was transferred to others after the Brennen family's interests were sold to Robert Burstein, and then to general manager Melvin Goldberg by 1967.

### WHJB-FM signs on

On November 1, 1964, WHJB welcomed WHJB-FM, its like-named FM sister station to the air. Though the stations shared identical call letters, they were initially programmed separately, until 1967, when several changes took place.

That year, WHJB and its FM sister, by this time named WOKU-FM, now simulcasting for half the broadcast day, moved to new studios and offices at 227 West Otterman Street in Greensburg. The stations moved to another location at 245 Brown Street near the Greensburg city limits in 1974, where they remained for the rest of the 20th century.

As "Disco 107" in 1979, WOKU won an award from *Billboard* magazine as "Large-Market Disco Station of the Year".

In 1980, WHJB upgraded its transmitting facilities again, increasing its power to 2,500 watts daytime and 500 watts at night, which it kept until shortly after its sale in 1996. WHJB's antenna array along U.S. Route 30 (four towers for the AM directional pattern, plus a fifth tower for the FM, later used as an auxiliary site) could be seen overlooking Greensburg for many years, but came down after the sale was completed.

### 1996 sale

The station was sold in 1996 to Broadcast Communications, Inc.

Broadcast Communications, Inc. moved WHJB's transmitter site closer to Pittsburgh, raised its daytime power twice, and changed its community of license to Irwin, Pennsylvania, a nearby suburb of Pittsburgh. WHJB had always been primarily a Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania radio station while WKHB with its higher power and closer tower, aspires to serve the tri-state greater Pittsburgh area.

Although the station continued to operate as a music-formatted, stand-alone AM outlet for several more years, the call letter change to WKHB in 1999 was more or less concurrent with a format switch to all paid programming. Music continues to air in the station's off-peak hours, 7:15 p.m. to 6:30 a.m., consisting of classic hits from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s.

### Program hosts

Morning host and station manager Barry Banker celebrated 40 years with the station in 2006. Banker retired and was replaced in morning drive by Bill Korch from nearby WEDO.

Veteran Pittsburgh on-air personality and programmer Clarke Ingram was associated with the station (and sister station WKFB) as Program Director and Operations Manager for several years in the mid-2000s.

Caleb Michaels and Michael J. Daniels appear at various times, often at night, doing the classic hits format, which at times is simulcast with sister station 103.9 WKHB-FM.

KHB also features a variety of talk programming including: health, ministry, and local issues. KHB has an extended lineup of weekend polka shows that air on Saturdays and Sundays.

## Translators

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W222CB | 92.3 FM | Irwin, Pennsylvania | 156023 | 100 | D | 40°17′20″N 79°42′3″W / 40.28889°N 79.70083°W / 40.28889; -79.70083 (W222CB) | LMS |
| W231BM | 94.1 FM | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 148552 | 200 | D | 40°21′51.2″N 79°48′45.2″W / 40.364222°N 79.812556°W / 40.364222; -79.812556 (W231BM) | LMS |
| W271CW | 102.1 FM | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 158245 | 25 | D | 40°26′46.2″N 79°57′50.2″W / 40.446167°N 79.963944°W / 40.446167; -79.963944 (W271CW) | LMS |

## Sources

## InfoBox

WKHB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Pittsburgh metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 620 kHz |
| Branding | 620 KHB |
| Programming | |
| Format |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Broadcast Communications, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WANB, WEDO, WKFB, WKHB-FM, WKVE, WXVE |
| History | |
| First air date | October 28, 1934 (as WHJB, Greensburg) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 72297 |
| Class | D |
| Power | * 5,500 watts day * 50 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°17′20.25″N 79°42′3.16″W / 40.2889583°N 79.7008778°W / 40.2889583; -79.7008778 |
| Translator(s) | * 92.3 W222CB (Irwin) * 94.1 W231BM (Pittsburgh) * 102.1 W271CW (Pittsburgh) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.khbradio.com |


title: WKHL

abstract:
WKHL may refer to:
  - West Kootenay Hockey League
  - WKHL (FM) a radio station licensed to serve Palmyra, Pennsylvania, United States
  - WARW (FM), a radio station licensed to serve Port Chester, New York, United States, which held the call sign WKHL from 1992 to 2006
  - WLQQ, a radio station licensed to serve West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, which held the call sign WKHL from 2008 to 2018

text:
# WKHL

**WKHL** may refer to:

* West Kootenay Hockey League
* WKHL (FM) a radio station (92.1 FM) licensed to serve Palmyra, Pennsylvania, United States
* WARW (FM), a radio station (96.7 FM) licensed to serve Port Chester, New York, United States, which held the call sign WKHL from 1992 to 2006
* WLQQ, a radio station (106.7 FM) licensed to serve West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, which held the call sign WKHL from 2008 to 2018


title: NGC 3598

abstract: NGC 3598 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by the astronomer Albert Marth on March 4, 1865.

text:
# NGC 3598

**NGC 3598** is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by the astronomer Albert Marth on March 4, 1865.

* Media related to NGC 3598 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGC 3598 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 3598 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Leo |
| Right ascension | 11h 15m 11.67s |
| Declination | +17° 15 45.7 |
| Redshift | 0.02050 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 6146 km/s |
| Distance | 311.9 ± 21.9 Mly (95.64 ± 6.71 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 13.47 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | S0: |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 6278, MCG +03-29-014, PGC 34306 | |


title: NGC 3585

abstract: NGC 3585 is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is located at a distance of circa 60 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3585 is about 80,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on December 9, 1784. NGC 3585 features a red discy region in the core with a semi-major axis of circa 45 arcseconds, probably associated with diffuse dust. There are nearly 130 globular cluster candidates in the galaxy, with the total number of globular clusters estimated to be nearly 550. This number is quite low, but it is typical for field elliptical galaxies. Based on luminosity turnover of the globular clusters, it is suspected that there is a subpopulation of younger clusters. The outer isophotes of the galaxy are asymmetrical, maybe due to a tidal disruption. In the centre of NGC 3585 lies a supermassive black hole whose mass is estimated to be 108.4 M☉ based on the tidal disruption rate or 108.53 ± 0.122 M☉ based on the observation of the circumnuclear ring with very-long-baseline interferometry. Based on observations by the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the stellar velocity dispersion at the core, the mass of the hole was estimated to be between 280 and 490 million M☉ by using the M–sigma relation. NGC 3585 is the most prominent member of a loose galaxy group known as the NGC 3585 group. Other members of the group are the spiral galaxies UGCA 226, ESO 502- G 016, and UGCA 230.

text:
# NGC 3585

**NGC 3585** is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is located at a distance of circa 60 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3585 is about 80,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on December 9, 1784.

NGC 3585 features a red discy region in the core with a semi-major axis of circa 45 arcseconds, probably associated with diffuse dust. There are nearly 130 globular cluster candidates in the galaxy, with the total number of globular clusters estimated to be nearly 550. This number is quite low, but it is typical for field elliptical galaxies. Based on luminosity turnover of the globular clusters, it is suspected that there is a subpopulation of younger clusters. The outer isophotes of the galaxy are asymmetrical, maybe due to a tidal disruption.

In the centre of NGC 3585 lies a supermassive black hole whose mass is estimated to be 108.4 *M* based on the tidal disruption rate or 108.53 ± 0.122 M based on the observation of the circumnuclear ring with very-long-baseline interferometry. Based on observations by the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the stellar velocity dispersion at the core, the mass of the hole was estimated to be between 280 and 490 million M by using the M–sigma relation.

NGC 3585 is the most prominent member of a loose galaxy group known as the NGC 3585 group. Other members of the group are the spiral galaxies UGCA 226, ESO 502- G 016, and UGCA 230.

## InfoBox

| NGC 3585 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 3585 by PanSTARRS | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Hydra |
| Right ascension | 11h 13m 17.1s |
| Declination | −26° 45 17 |
| Redshift | 0.004783 ± 0.000040 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 1,434 ± 12 km/ |
| Distance | 56 ± 15 Mly (17.3 ± 4.5 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.9 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E7/S0 |
| Apparent size (V) | 4.7 × 2.6 |
| Other designations | |
| ESO 502- G 025, AM 1110-262, MCG -04-27-004, PGC 34160 | |


title: NGC 6934

abstract: NGC 6934 is a globular cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Delphinus, about 52 kilolight-years distant from the Sun. It was discovered by the German-born astronomer William Herschel on 24 September 1785. The cluster is following a highly eccentric orbit through the Milky Way along an orbital plane that is inclined by 73° to the galactic plane. It may share a common dynamic origin with NGC 5466. As of 2018, it has been poorly studied. This appears to be a Oosterhoff type I cluster with an intermediate metallicity. It has an Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class of VIII, with a core radius of 15″ and a half-light radius of 36″. The estimated mass is 295,000 times the mass of the Sun. The cluster displays photometric anomalies, with a split subgiant branch on the HR diagram. Searches for variable stars have discovered 85 in the cluster field, of which 79 are of the RR Lyrae class and one is a SX Phe variable. There is some evidence for a tidal tail.

text:
# NGC 6934

**NGC 6934** (also known as **Caldwell 47**) is a globular cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Delphinus, about 52 kilolight-years distant from the Sun. It was discovered by the German-born astronomer William Herschel on 24 September 1785. The cluster is following a highly eccentric orbit (with an eccentricity of 0.81) through the Milky Way along an orbital plane that is inclined by 73° to the galactic plane. It may share a common dynamic origin with NGC 5466. As of 2018, it has been poorly studied.

This appears to be a Oosterhoff type I cluster with an intermediate metallicity. It has an Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class of VIII, with a core radius of 15″ and a half-light radius of 36″. The estimated mass is 295,000 times the mass of the Sun. The cluster displays photometric anomalies, with a split subgiant branch on the HR diagram. Searches for variable stars have discovered 85 in the cluster field, of which 79 are of the RR Lyrae class and one is a SX Phe variable. There is some evidence for a tidal tail.

## InfoBox

| NGC 6934 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 6934 by Hubble Space Telescope; 3.5 view | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Class | VIII |
| Constellation | Delphinus |
| Right ascension | 20h 34m 11.37s |
| Declination | +07° 24 16.1 |
| Distance | 52 kly (16 kpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.83 |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 1.20 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Absolute magnitude | −7.65 |
| Mass | 2.95×105 |
| Metallicity | $\begin{smallmatrix}\left\[{\ce {Fe}/{\ce {H}\right\]\end{smallmatrix}}}$ = –1.47 dex |
| Other designations | Caldwell 47, NGC 6934 |
|


title: NGC 6939

abstract: NGC 6939 is an open cluster in the constellation Cepheus. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1798. The cluster lies 2/3° northwest from the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. The cluster lies approximately 4,000 light years away and it is over a billion years old.

text:
# NGC 6939

**NGC 6939** is an open cluster in the constellation Cepheus. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1798. The cluster lies 2/3° northwest from the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. The cluster lies approximately 4,000 light years away and it is over a billion years old.

## Observation

NGC 6939 is located near the border of the constellations Cepheus and Cygnus, at the southwest corner of Cepheus. The open cluster is located two degrees southwest of Eta Cephei and 2/3° northwest from the spiral galaxy NGC 6946, which has visual magnitude 8.7. They appear as two patches of haze with 10x50 binoculars. NGC 6939 can be seen and glimpsed with 7x35 binoculars where as 25x200 binoculars are required to start resolve the cluster. The cluster can be glimpsed with 4 inches telescope and is resolved at x72 magnification. NGC 6939 is included in the Herschel 400 Catalogue.

## Characteristics

NGC 6939 is an old open cluster, located 400 parsec above the galactic plane and 8.400 parsec away from the galactic centre. With the use of photometric studies, the age of the cluster was estimated to be between 1,0 and 1,3 billion years!, using as sample 638 stars within the field. The metallicity of the cluster is slightly subsolar (-0.19±0.09).

Some of its members are variable stars: a study in 1998 led to the discovery of six variable stars among the red giants of the cluster, with two of which are Algol type and V466 Cephei appears to be a W Ursae Majoris type. A further study in 2004 identified further 10 variables near the cluster, five of which were W Ursae Majoris type and one RR Lyrae.

## InfoBox

| NGC 6939 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 6939 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Right ascension | 20h 31m 30s |
| Declination | +60° 39 42 |
| Distance | 3,860 ly (1,185 pc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 7.8 |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 7' |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Estimated age | 2.2 billions years |
| Other designations | Melotte 231 |
| Associations | |
| Constellation | Cepheus |
|


title: NGC 6907

abstract: NGC 6907 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Capricornus. It is located at a distance of about 120 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 6907 is about 115,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on July 12, 1784. The total infrared luminosity of the galaxy is 1011.03 L☉, and thus it is categorised as a luminous infrared galaxy.

text:
# NGC 6907

**NGC 6907** is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Capricornus. It is located at a distance of about 120 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 6907 is about 115,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on July 12, 1784. The total infrared luminosity of the galaxy is 1011.03 *L*, and thus it is categorised as a luminous infrared galaxy.

## Characteristics

NGC 6907 is a grand design spiral galaxy with two spiral arms. It has an elliptical bulge that is skewed towards the base of the arms. The inner arms are bright and with knots, forming a bar. There are dust lanes in the arms. The disk of NGC 6907 is asymmetric. The eastern arm changes pitch angle and becomes linear after the location of the nearby galaxy NGC 6908. The western arm is less strong, but it is considerably longer, as its outermost parts form an arc with H II regions, wrapping nearly 360 degrees around the disk and forming a pseudoring. NGC 6907 also has a tidal tail with low surface brightness. The asymmetric tail extends from the north part of the disk of the galaxy towards the west and southwest. Its presence is an indicator of an ongoing unequal mass merger. The total HI mass of NGC 6907 is estimated to be (8.3±0.4)×109 *M*.

NGC 6907 interacts with a low-luminosity lenticular galaxy, known as NGC 6908, that is superimposed on the eastern arm of NGC 6907, lying 40 arcseconds off the nucleus of NGC 6907. NGC 6908 was thought for many years to be actually part of NGC 6907, which was described as having two massive asymmetric arms; however, when observed in infrared, it becomes apparent NGC 6908 is a different galaxy. As NGC 6908 passed through the disk of NGC 6907, a stellar and gas bridge was formed between the two galaxies that has been observed as high-velocity gas. It is estimated that NGC 6908 passed through the disk approximately 35 million years ago.

## Nearby galaxies

NGC 6907 is the more prominent member of a small galaxy group known as the NGC 6907 group or LGG 436. Other members of the group, apart from NGC 6908, include IC 4999 and IC 5005. These two galaxies lie 61 and 74 arcminutes off NGC 6907, respectively. The group seems to form, with some other galaxies lying at similar redshift, like ESO 462- G016, a sheet of galaxies that extends 10 degrees in the sky, which corresponds to 7 Mpc at the distance of NGC 6907.

## Supernovae

NGC 6907 has been home to four supernovae: SN 1984V (mag 15.0), SN 2004bv (type Ia, mag 15.6), SN 2008fq (Type II, mag 15.4), and SN 2014eh (Type Ic, mag 16.0).

* NGC 1097 – another spiral galaxy with a smaller companion

## InfoBox

| NGC 6907 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 6907 by Pan-STARRS | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Capricornus |
| Right ascension | 20h 25m 06.6s |
| Declination | −24° 48 33 |
| Redshift | 0.010614 ± 0.000013 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 3,182 ± 4 km/ |
| Distance | 118 Mly (36.3 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.1 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SB(s)bc |
| Apparent size (V) | 3′.3 × 2′.7 |
| Notable features | Luminous infrared galaxy |
| Other designations | |
| UGCA 418, ESO 528- G003, MCG -04-48-006, IRAS 20221-2458, PGC 64650 | |


title: Penicillifera tamsi

abstract: Penicillifera tamsi is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It is found in Vietnam.

text:
# Penicillifera tamsi

***Penicillifera tamsi*** is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It is found in Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| *Penicillifera tamsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Bombycidae |
| Genus: | *Penicillifera* |
| Species: | ***P. tamsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Penicillifera tamsi***<br>(Lemée, 1950) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ocinara tamsi* Lemée, 1950 * *Ocinara tetrapuncta* Chu & Wang, 1993 | |


title: Theodora Dimova

abstract: Theodora Dimova is a Bulgarian writer and playwright. She graduated in English Language Studies from the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" and has studied at the Royal Court Theatre in London. She has won many literary awards. Theodora Dimova is daughter of the famous Bulgarian writer Dimitar Dimov.

text:
# Theodora Dimova

**Theodora Dimova** (Bulgarian: Теодора Димова) (born 19 September 1960 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian writer and playwright. She graduated in English Language Studies from the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" and has studied at the Royal Court Theatre in London. She has won many literary awards. Theodora Dimova is daughter of the famous Bulgarian writer Dimitar Dimov.

## Books

**Novels**

* *Emine* (2001)
* *Maikite* (2005)
* *Adriana* (2007)
* *Marma, Mariam* (2010)

**Plays**

* *Fyuri*
* *Staya № 48*
* *Erikapayos*
* *Calvados, priyatelyu*
* *Igrila*
* *Platoto*
* *Neda i Kuchetata*
* *Elin*
* *Stoper*
* *Zamakat Ireloh*
* *Bez Kozha*
* *Zmiysko Mlyako*
* *Kuchkata*
* *Lyubovnitsi*


title: Mieczysław Biernacki

abstract: Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki was a Polish mathematical chemist. He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of Polish general Józef Haller.

text:
# Mieczysław Biernacki

**Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki** (Polish pronunciation: \[mjɛˈt͡ʂɨs.waf bjɛrˈnat͡s.k\]; 30 March 1891 – 21 November 1959) was a Polish mathematical chemist. He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of Polish general Józef Haller.

## InfoBox

| Mieczysław Biernacki | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1891-03-30)30 March 1891
Lublin, Congress Poland |
| Died | 21 November 1959(1959-11-21) (aged 68)
Lublin, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Alma mater | University of Paris |
| Awards | Stefan Banach Prize (1947) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematical chemistry |
| Institutions | Maria Curie-Skłodowska University |
| Doctoral advisor | Paul Montel |
| Doctoral students | Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski |
|  | |


title: Richard Audet

abstract: Richard Joseph "Dick" Audet was a Canadian fighter pilot ace during World War II. In his first contact with enemy aircraft on 29 December 1944 he destroyed five planes. By the end of January 1945 he had claimed a further five victories and shared a sixth. He was killed in action on 3 March 1945 near Coesfeld, Germany.

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# Richard Audet

**Richard Joseph** "**Dick**" **Audet** DFC\* (13 March 1922  3 March 1945) was a Canadian fighter pilot ace during World War II. In his first contact with enemy aircraft on 29 December 1944 he destroyed five planes. By the end of January 1945 he had claimed a further five victories and shared a sixth. He was killed in action on 3 March 1945 near Coesfeld, Germany.

## Childhood

Audet was born on 13 March 1922 in Lethbridge, Alberta, the youngest and sixth child of Paul and Edewisca Audet who were both born in Quebec. He grew up on the family ranch, in the Milk River valley, about two miles east of "Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park". With the exception of one year at Milk River Valley School he received all of his education to grade twelve in Coutts, Alberta. He was an outstanding athlete and loved all sports including hockey, basketball, and baseball. He was offered a position in Lethbridge to instruct and coach these sports, but he made up his mind to become a pilot. Too young to enlist, he attended business college in Lethbridge in 1940–41, then worked as a stenographer and bookkeeper at the air force base at High River.

## War service

Audet enlisted for service in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) on 7 August 1941 and received his pilot's wings in October 1942. He was then posted to the UK where he received five months of advanced operational training followed by non-fighter operations. During this time he met and married Iris Gibbins from Northampton.

On 20 September 1944, he was transferred to a RCAF Spitfire unit, 411 Squadron. Later that year on 29 December, piloting a Spitfire IXe he destroyed two Bf 109s and three Fw 190s in five to seven minutes over Osnabrück. This action earned him a promotion to flight lieutenant and he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). The published citation for the DFC read:

> This officer has proved himself to be a highly skilled and courageous fighter. In December, 1944, the squadron was involved in an engagement against 12 enemy fighters in the Rheine/Osnabruck area. In a most spirited action, Flying Officer Audet achieved outstanding success by destroying 5 enemy aircraft. This feat is a splendid tribute to his brilliant shooting, great gallantry and tenacity.
>
> *London Gazette*, No. 36942, 16 February 1945.

On 3 March 1945, Audet was strafing a German train west of Münster. The train returned fire and Audet's Spitfire crashed to the ground. There is some uncertainty as to whether he died in the crash or was captured, but his body was never recovered. An award of a bar was announced after his death. The published citation read:

> This officer is an outstanding fighter. Since his first engagement, towards the end of December, 1944, he has completed numerous sorties during which he has destroyed a further 6 enemy aircraft, bring his total victories to 11; Flight Lieutenant Audet has also most effectively attacked numerous locomotives and mechanical vehicles. His skill and daring have won the greatest praise.
>
> *London Gazette*, No. 36975, 9 March 1945.

Audet had flown more than 50 combat sorties. In addition to his DFC and bar, he was awarded the 1939-45 Star, Air Crew Europe Star with Clasp, France and Germany Star, Defence Medal, War Medal 1939–1945 and Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Clasp.

## Memorials

Flight Lieutenant Richard Joseph Audet has no known grave and his name is recorded on panel 278 of the Air Forces Memorial, or Runnymede Memorial, in England. and the Lethbridge cenotaph. His mother and wife both received a Memorial Cross in his honour.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Richard Audet
DFC\* | |
| --- | --- |
| Enlisting photo | |
| Birth name | Richard Joseph Audet |
| Nickname(s) | "Dick" |
| Born | (1922-03-13)13 March 1922
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada |
| Died | 3 March 1945(1945-03-03) (aged 22)
Coesfeld, Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance | Canada |
| Service/branch | Royal Canadian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1941  1945 |
| Rank | Flight lieutenant |
| Service number | J/20136 |
| Battles/wars | World War II Air campaigns:
Ground campaigns: |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar |


title: Wallace Charles Wurth

abstract: Wallace Charles Wurth was an Australian public servant, public service head, soldier and university chancellor. Wurth was born in Mudgee, New South Wales and died in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales. Wallace Wurth was a member of the New South Wales University of Technology's Developmental Council from 1947 - 1949 and became its first President when the university was established on 1 July 1949. In 1955, the name of this position was changed to Chancellor. In 1958 the New South Wales University of Technology was renamed the University of New South Wales. Wurth continued in his role as the university's chancellor until his death in 1960.

text:
# Wallace Charles Wurth

**Wallace Charles Wurth** (14 January 1896 - 16 September 1960) was an Australian public servant, public service head, soldier and university chancellor. Wurth was born in Mudgee, New South Wales and died in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales.

Wallace Wurth was a member of the New South Wales University of Technology's Developmental Council from 1947 - 1949 and became its first President when the university was established on 1 July 1949. In 1955, the name of this position was changed to Chancellor. In 1958 the New South Wales University of Technology was renamed the University of New South Wales. Wurth continued in his role as the university's chancellor until his death in 1960.


title: Obesity in Ukraine

abstract: Obesity in Ukraine is a health issue. Overall, 53% are considered overweight and 20% meet the definition of obesity. The Donetsk and Poltava regions are considered the most overweight. The lack of a healthy diet has been cited as a cause of obesity.

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# Obesity in Ukraine

**Obesity in Ukraine** is a health issue. Overall, 53% are considered overweight and 20% meet the definition of obesity. The Donetsk and Poltava regions are considered the most overweight. The lack of a healthy diet has been cited as a cause of obesity.

## Overview

The percentage of overweight Ukrainians is at 53% of the population, and the percentage of those who meet the definition of obese is 20%. Statistics show that Ukrainians continue to gain weight. Doctors claim that the worst-affected regions are Donetsk and Poltava. Crimea is considered "the most slender region of the country", and the percentage of overweight people there is 49,7%; the percentage who meet the definition of obesity is 12,3%.

## Causes

The Ukrainian Health Ministry stated in late 2012 that 70% of Ukrainians do not eat enough fruits and vegetables. Eating the wrong food can "lead to a deficiency of essential nutrients in the body, digestive system and heart, obesity, diabetes and even cancer."


title: Mountaineer Power Plant

abstract: The Mountaineer Power Plant is a major coal-fired power plant outside New Haven, West Virginia, USA. Owned by American Electric Power (AEP), it has one of the tallest chimneys in the world at 336 metres (1,102 ft). This chimney was built as part of the plant in 1980 and is not in use now. It has been replaced by a slightly shorter and wider chimney for the electrostatic precipitator and scrubber units. The AEP Mountaineer Plant is what is known as a 1300 megawatt plant. The actual total capacity of the plant's two turbines is around 1480 MW, and the plant averages around 1420 MW. 1300 MW is the net power that actually leaves the plant, whereas the difference between the turbine output and the 1300 MW is required to run the plant itself. It is a "closed-loop" plant in that it recycles the cooling water used, however it requires approximately 20,000 US gallons (76 m⁳) per hour of "make up" water to be drawn from the Ohio River to replace the water that is lost in water vapor through the cooling tower and the precipitator/scrubber chimney. The plant burns an average of 9,000 tons of coal per day, and some of that coal now comes via barge on the Ohio River to an elaborate coal unloading and storage facility. The other portion of coal comes from Big River Mining. An underground coal mine right across the street from the plant. It is mined, cleaned, processed, and shipped by a belt line across the street to the power plant. This single boiler, dual turbine plant produces enough energy to power a city approximately the size of Columbus, Ohio. The plant is connected to the grid by 765 kilovolt transmission lines. The location of the plant is routinely given as New Haven, West Virginia, yet sits just outside the town limits. The plant actually sits on land that was originally known as Graham Station. The next-door Phillip Sporn AEP plant and the Mountaineer Plant seem to cover most of the land of the former Graham Station, thus Graham Station is seldom used as a locale.

text:
# Mountaineer Power Plant

The **Mountaineer Power Plant** is a major coal-fired power plant outside New Haven, West Virginia, USA. Owned by American Electric Power (AEP), it has one of the tallest chimneys in the world at 336 metres (1,102 ft). This chimney was built as part of the plant in 1980 and is not in use now. It has been replaced by a slightly shorter and wider chimney for the electrostatic precipitator and scrubber units.

The AEP Mountaineer Plant is what is known as a 1300 megawatt plant. The actual total capacity of the plant's two turbines is around 1480 MW, and the plant averages around 1420 MW. 1300 MW is the net power that actually leaves the plant, whereas the difference between the turbine output and the 1300 MW is required to run the plant itself. It is a "closed-loop" plant in that it recycles the cooling water used, however it requires approximately 20,000 US gallons (76 m3) per hour of "make up" water to be drawn from the Ohio River to replace the water that is lost in water vapor through the cooling tower and the precipitator/scrubber chimney.

The plant burns an average of 9,000 tons (8,200 metric tons) of coal per day, and some of that coal now comes via barge on the Ohio River to an elaborate coal unloading and storage facility. The other portion of coal comes from Big River Mining. An underground coal mine (The Mine Closed in 2010) right across the street from the plant. It is mined, cleaned, processed, and shipped by a belt line across the street to the power plant. This single boiler, dual turbine plant produces enough energy to power a city approximately the size of Columbus, Ohio. The plant is connected to the grid by 765 kilovolt transmission lines (the highest rated voltage used in the United States).

The location of the plant is routinely given as New Haven, West Virginia, yet sits just outside the town limits. The plant actually sits on land that was originally known as Graham Station. The next-door Phillip Sporn AEP plant and the Mountaineer Plant seem to cover most of the land of the former Graham Station, thus Graham Station is seldom used as a locale.

## Clean coal project

There were plans to outfit the plant with technology that uses chilled ammonia to trap carbon dioxide. The greenhouse gas would then be turned into a liquid and injected into the ground. It would have been the first such project that will both capture and store carbon from an existing power plant. A successful pilot project was built using the new technology which removed 100,000 to 300,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide of the 8.5 million tons emitted annually by the Mountaineer plant. According to The New York Times, AEP and the maker of the technology, Alstom, spent $100 million on the initiative. However, the political climate had changed by July, 2011 and the project was abandoned due to diminishing federal and state support for clean coal technology.

## InfoBox

| Mountaineer Power Plant | |
| --- | --- |
| Chimneys, seen from Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio | |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Mason County, near New Haven, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°58′42″N 81°56′08″W / 38.97833°N 81.93556°W / 38.97833; -81.93556 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | September 1980 |
| Owners | American Electric Power |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Bituminous coal |
| Turbine technology | Steam turbine |
| Cooling source | Closed cycle, make-up water from Ohio River |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 1 |
| Nameplate capacity | 1300 MW |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Ukrainian Fencing Federation

abstract: The Ukrainian Fencing Federation commonly known by the acronym NFFU, established in 1992, is the governing body of Ukrainian fencing. Through 2022, Ukrainian fencers won 230 medals combined in the Olympic Games, World championships, and European championships.

text:
# Ukrainian Fencing Federation

The **Ukrainian Fencing Federation** (Federation d'Escrime d'Ukraine; National Fencing Federation of Ukraine) commonly known by the acronym **NFFU,** established in 1992, is the governing body of Ukrainian fencing. Through 2022, Ukrainian fencers won 230 medals combined in the Olympic Games, World championships, and European championships.

## History

### Early years

The federation was established in 1992. It is headquartered in Kyiv, Ukraine.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Ukraine performed as an independent team for the first time. It included six athletes participating in individual competitions: Sergei Golubitsky (foil), Vadym Gutzeit (saber), Viktoriya Titova (épée), Yeva Vybornova (épée), and Oleksii Bryzghalov (foil). Golubitsky and Gutzeit took sixth place, and the Ukrainian team took 11th place with 2 points.

At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Ukrainian fencers were represented by three teams (foil (h), saber, foil (w), as well as one participant in individual competitions - Oleksandr Horbachuk (épée). Results: foil team (men) - 5th place, saber team - 6th place, foil team - 8th place Golubitsky took 6th place in the individual foil competition, while the rest of the Ukrainian fencers did not make it to the top.

During 2004–08, Ukrainian athletes won seven medals. These are representatives of the young Ukrainian school of fencing: Vladyslav Tretiak (saber), Volodymyr Lukashenko (saber), Oleh Shturbabin (saber), Olha Kharlan (saber), Olena Khomrova (saber), Dmytro Karyuchenko (épée), and Dmytro Chumak (épée).

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Athens, Vladyslav Tretiak won a bronze medal in men's individual sabre.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, two types of weapons were supported: women's saber and men's épée. They took part in individual and team competitions and two athletes (Olha Leleiko \- foil, Yana Shemyakina \- épée) - in individual competitions. The women's saber team led by 17-year-old Olga Kharlan won the gold medal, and the men's épée took 7th place.

Kharlan won the sabre gold medal at the 2009 European Fencing Championships, both in the individual event and the team event with Team Ukraine, in which Ukraine overcame Russia.

At the 2009 World Fencing Championships, Anfisa Pochkalova won the bronze medal in the individual épée competition. Kharlan made her way to the women's saber final, only to be stopped by American two-time Olympic champion Mariel Zagunis. In the women's saber team event, Ukraine defeated France in the final to come away with the gold medal. For this performance the Ukrainian team was named team of the year and Kharlan was named athlete of the year at the Ukrainian Heroes of Sports Year ceremony held in April 2010.

In the 2009–10 season Kharlan won her fourth Junior World Championship in a row. At the 2010 European Fencing Championships Ukraine won gold in women's saber, after beating Russia in the final.

### 2010–19

At the 2010 World Fencing Championships in Paris, Olha Kharlan won the silver medal in the individual women's saber competition, and Olena Khomrova won the bronze medal. In the team competition, 13 female sabers received silver medals. Rostyslav Hertsyk won 7th place in the men's individual foil competition. At the 2010 European Fencing Championships, Team Ukraine won a gold medal in women's sabre, defeating Russia in the final.

In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Kharlan won a bronze medal in the individual women's saber event. Yana Shemyakina became the Olympic champion in women's épée. At the 2012 European Fencing Championships, Kharlan won the gold medal.

At the 2013 World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Olga Kharlan won the gold medal in the women's individual saber fencing competition, her first individual world championship. The national women's saber team of Ukraine won the gold medal in the team competition, defeating Russia in the finals.

At the 2014 European Fencing Championships in Strasbourg, France, Kharlan earned her fourth European gold medal in a row and the fifth of her career.

At the 2014 World Fencing Championships in Kazan, Russia, Olga Kharlan became the world champion in the individual women's saber competition. The Ukrainian saber team took third place in the team event, winning a bronze medal. Yana Shemyakina won a bronze medal in the individual épée fencing competition.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Kharlan bested French competitor Manon Brunet for the bronze medal, and Team Ukraine won the women's sabre silver medal. At the 2018 European Fencing Championships, Team Ukraine won the silver medal in women's sabre.

At the 2019 World Fencing Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Kharlan won 15–14 against Russia's Sofya Velikaya in the women’s saber finals; it was Kharlan’s sixth world championship title. At the 2019 European Fencing Championships, Kharlan won the gold medal in women's individual sabre.

### 2020–present

At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, Ihor Reizlin won a bronze medal in individual men's epee.

In July 2023 in Phoenix, Arizona, at the 2023 US Summer Nationals, Ukrainian fencer Darii Lukashenko and tournament sabre champion Konstantin Lokhanov of Russia embraced and held the Ukrainian flag together to express support for Ukrainians during the Russian invasion.

Later in July 2023, Ukrainian four-time individual world sabre champion Olga Kharlan was disqualified by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE) at the World Fencing Championships in Milan, Italy. Kharlan defeated Russian Anna Smirnova 15-7. Smirnova extended her hand to Kharlan, who in turn extended her saber in an offer to the Russian to tap blades. Kharlan said her choice of salute was meant as a sign of respect for her opponent, while still acknowledging the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia. After a long delay during which Smirnova protested and sat on the strip for 45 minutes, Kharlan was ultimately black-carded and eliminated from the championship by FIE officials. The Russian had been allowed to compete as a neutral athlete. The National Fencing Federation of Ukraine filed an appeal.

Russian Olympic fencer Konstantin Lokhanov, who had denounced the Russian invasion of Ukraine and in reaction to it has defected to the United States, said in a *New York Times* interview that he thought the Russian fencer might have set a trap for Kharlan, to seek her disqualification. Lokhanov said that on the one hand, the FIE had rules about shaking hands. On the other hand, he noted, the tapping of weapon blades -- in lieu of a handshake -- was the accepted acknowledgment of an opponent during the pandemic, and was still considered suitable by many fencers. Lokhanov said: "I support Olga. In my opinion she made the right decision. I understand why she made it. But I don’t see any reason why this Russian woman had to make that drama. She could have just touched blades; the bout was over.”

On 28 July at the behest of the IOC, the FIE's disqualification of Kharlan was cancelled by the FIE, making it possible for her to enter the team event on 29 July. Kharlan was also told by the IOC that due to the circumstances she was being granted automatic qualification into the 2024 Paris Olympics.

## Duties of organization

NFFU, a non-profit organization, is focused on developing fencing in Ukraine by involving broad circles of the population in classes, and increasing the skill level of fencers. The organization holds all-Ukrainian competitions for various ages and levels, and organizes official international fencing competitions in Ukraine and all-Ukrainian sports events, and represents Ukraine fencing at official international fencing competitions. Through 2022, Ukrainian fencers won 230 medals combined in the Olympic Games, World championships, and European championships.

## InfoBox

Ukrainian Fencing Federation
| Federation d'Escrime d'Ukraine | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname | NFFU; National Fencing Federation of Ukraine |
| Founded | 1992 (1992) |
| Founded at | Ukraine |
| Type | Sports federation |
| Headquarters | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| President | Mykhailo Illiashev |
| Key people | Olena Shevchuk (Secretary General);<br>Serhiy Mishchenko (First vice-president) |
| Budget | €1,2 m |
| Website | nffu.org |


abstract: Obesity in the Middle East and North Africa is a notable health issue. Out of the 15 fattest nations in the world as of 2014, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), five were located in the Middle East and North Africa region. In 2005, the WHO measured that 1.6 billion people were overweight and 400 million were obese. It estimated that by the year 2015, 2.3 billion people will be overweight and 700 million will be obese. The Middle East, including the Arabian Peninsula, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, and Iran, and North Africa, are no exception to the worldwide increase in obesity. Subsequently, some call this trend the New World syndrome. The lifestyle changes associated with the discovery of oil and the subsequent increase in wealth is one contributing factor. Urbanization has occurred rapidly and has been accompanied by new technologies that promote sedentary lifestyles. Due to the accessibility of private cars, television, and household appliances, the population as a whole is engaging in less physical activity. The rise in caloric and fat intake in a region where exercise is not a defining part of the culture has added to the overall increased percentages of overweight and obese populations. In addition, women are more likely to be overweight or obese due to cultural norms and perceptions of appropriate female behavior and occupations inside and outside of the home.

text:
# Obesity in the Middle East and North Africa

**Obesity in the Middle East and North Africa** is a notable health issue. Out of the 15 fattest nations in the world as of 2014, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), five were located in the Middle East and North Africa region.

In 2005, the WHO measured that 1.6 billion people were overweight and 400 million were obese. It estimated that by the year 2015, 2.3 billion people will be overweight and 700 million will be obese. The Middle East, including the Arabian Peninsula, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, and Iran, and North Africa, are no exception to the worldwide increase in obesity. Subsequently, some call this trend the New World syndrome. The lifestyle changes associated with the discovery of oil and the subsequent increase in wealth is one contributing factor.

Urbanization has occurred rapidly and has been accompanied by new technologies that promote sedentary lifestyles. Due to the accessibility of private cars, television, and household appliances, the population as a whole is engaging in less physical activity. The rise in caloric and fat intake in a region where exercise is not a defining part of the culture has added to the overall increased percentages of overweight and obese populations. In addition, women are more likely to be overweight or obese due to cultural norms and perceptions of appropriate female behavior and occupations inside and outside of the home.

## Obesity

The medical condition of being overweight or obesity is defined as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health". It is measured through the Body Mass Index (BMI), defined as a person's weight, in kilograms, divided by the square of the person's height, in meters. If an individual has a BMI of 25–29, he or she is overweight. Having a BMI of 30 or more means an individual is obese. The greater the BMI, the greater the risk of chronic diseases as a result of obesity. These diseases include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, and premature death.

## Cause

The MONICA Project, sponsored by the World Health Organization, found that 30% of the population in the Arab World is overweight or obese, including adolescents and adults. This percentage is smaller for North African countries than oil-producing countries, but is still a prevalent trend. The spread of the Western lifestyle, defined as "the intake of attractive energy dense food with undesirable composition, increased consumption of animal fats and sugars and reduced consumption of dietary fiber, along with a lack of sufficient physical activity", is one of the leading causes. Specifically in the Arabian Peninsula, "physical activity of the population has significantly diminished with the availability of housemaids, private cars, television, and sophisticated household appliances. In addition, the types of food and fat intake have changed...".

Other common factors, besides a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy food choices, across the Arab world include urbanization, technology, and a cultural appreciation of female plumpness and the practice of *leblouh* ("fattening").

## By percentage

Overweight and Obesity Statistics in the Middle East and North Africa
|  |  | % of Overweight Men | % of Overweight Women | % of Obese Men | % of Obese Women | Source | Link to Article |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey | 2001–2002 | 41.5% | 28.6% | 16.5% | 29.4% |  | Obesity in Turkey |
| Israel | 2011 | 45.8% | 33.1% | 15.4% | 15.9% |  | Obesity in Israel |
| Palestinian territories | 2003 | ---- | 23.9% | 42.8% |  | Obesity in the Palestinian territories |  |
| Jordan | 2002 | --- | 27.6% | --- | 26.3% |  | Obesity in Jordan |
| Lebanon | 1998–2002 | --- | ---- | 36.3% | 38.3% |  | Obesity in Lebanon |
|  |
| Bahrain | 1998–1999 | 36.7% | 28.3% | 23.3% | 34.1% |  | Obesity in Bahrain |
| Kuwait | 1998–2002 | 36.3% | 32.8% | 27.5% | 29.9% |  | Obesity in Kuwait |
| Oman | 2000 | 32.1% | 27.3% | 16.7% | 23.8% |  | Obesity in Oman |
| Qatar | 2003 | 34.3% | 33% | 34.6% | 45.3% |  | Obesity in Qatar |
| Saudi Arabia | 1995–2002 | 42.4% | 31.8% | 26.4% | 44.0% |  | Obesity in Saudi Arabia |
| United Arab Emirates | 2000 | 36.7% | 28.4% | 17.1% | 31.4% |  | Obesity in United Arab Emirates |
|  |
| Iran | 2005 | 27.9% | 29.3% | 9.1% | 19.2% |  | Obesity in Iran |
| Algeria | 2003 | 27.4% | 32.2% | 8.8% | 21.4% |  | Obesity in Algeria |
| Egypt | 2005, 2021 | --- | 33.2% | 29.51% | 49.49% |  | Obesity in Egypt, The Burden of Obesity in Egypt |
| Morocco | 2000 | 25.5% | 29.8% | 8.2% | 21.7% |  | Obesity in Morocco |
| Tunisia | 1997 | 23.3% | 28.2% | 6.7% | 22.7% |  | Obesity in Tunisia |

### Turkey

In 2001–2002, 36.8% of the population was overweight and 23.5% obese. In that same year, 11.4% of boys and 10.3% of girls age 12–17 were overweight. The occurrence of diabetes is higher among women than men.

Obesity and being overweight is higher among women for several reasons. A majority of women do not have jobs outside of the home and lead more sedentary lifestyles as a result. Housework is often the only source of physical activity for women, as there is no prior tradition of women participating in sports. Individuals living in urban areas are more likely to be overweight or obese because of the availability of public transportation and the sedentary lifestyle. A lack of knowledge about diabetes and the health consequences also contribute to the high percentage of excessive weight.

### Israel

Obesity rates in Israel are below the average for OECD nations, with an obesity rate of 14% for adults in 2009. Socioeconomic status was one factor that impacted overweight and obesity percentages, particularly for women. Women in lower classes were four times as likely to be overweight or obese as women in upper classes. Only 20.2% of the entire population reported that they exercise for twenty minutes or more three times a week.

### Lebanon

23.4% of boys and 19.7% of girls were overweight in 1996. Among university students at Lebanese American University in 2008, more male students were overweight or obese than female students. 37% of males were overweight and 13.6% were obese, while 13.6% of females were overweight and 3.2% were obese.

The current trend towards obesity is influenced by more than the shift from traditional Mediterranean to fast food. Individuals who had a low level of education, were non-smokers, and had a family history of obesity were more likely to have an unhealthy body weight. Although females at the Lebanese American University were more likely to snack between meals than their male counterparts, they are more motivation to be thin than males due to sex differences in physical attraction.

### Bahrain

The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that almost 66% of the adult population is overweight or obese. In 2000, it was determined that amongst children age 12–17, 29.9% of boys and 42.4% of girls were overweight. The MONICA project, sponsored by the WHO, found that 15.6% of boys and 17.4% of girls in high school were obese. Currently 15% of the population suffers from diabetes.

Increased consumption of fast food and predominance of sedentary lifestyles have led to this occurrence. These unhealthy eating habits are reinforced in school canteens, where high fat and high carbohydrate foods such as pizza, burgers, sandwiches, and za'atar, are available for lunch. Between meal times, children prefer French fries, chocolate, and soda, which lack micronutrients and dietary fiber.

### Kuwait

From 1980 to 1993, the percentage of individuals age 18–29 that were overweight rose from 30.6% to 54.4% and the percentage of those who were overweight increased from 12.8% to 24.6%. The number of women who are either overweight or obese has jumped to 80% in 2010. In the book "Top 10 of Everything 2011", the women of Kuwait ranked 5th for the highest percentage of obesity. In 2000, it was determined that amongst children age 10–14, 30% of boys and 31.8% of girls were overweight.

According to the Dasman Diabetes Institute, 15% of the adult population has diabetes, with 50% of adults over 45 living with the disease. 22 of every 100 children have developed diabetes as a result of an unhealthy weight.

The increased risk of excess weight or obesity is due to a combination of overeating energy-dense, high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyles. Meals consisting of processed ingredients with preservatives, saturated fats, and hydrogenated oil are preferred over traditional foods. Advertisements for unhealthy junk food are seen everywhere and public schools sell candy, chocolate, and soda to their students. Specifically in Kuwaiti universities, other factors include eating between meals, marital status, and a male domination of sports.

### Oman

The key factors to these high obesity levels are the adoption of eating habits in the Western lifestyle. The youth population consumes more fat, milk, and meat than previous generations.

### Qatar

36.5% of boys and 23.6% of girls age 12–17 were overweight in 2003. By 2015, it is predicted that 73% of women and 69% of men will be obese. According to the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Qatar has the 6th highest rate of obesity among boys in the Middle East and North Africa region. It is also ranked 5th for having the highest percentage of people between 20 and 79 with diabetes. Currently 16% of the population suffers from diabetes.

One reason for the obesity trend is the lack of exercise and poorly designed pedestrian friendly cities. "Like other oil-rich nations, Qatar has leaped across decades of development in a short time, leaving behind the physically demanding life of the desert for air-conditioned comfort, servants, and fast food". Although the type of food eaten has changed, the cultural traditions surrounding food have not. Food is often consumed communally, making it nearly impossible to ensure proper portions. A person who does not eat when food is offered is seen as offensive and shameful. It is also normal within Qatari society to be obese.

### Saudi Arabia

Across the whole population from 1995 to 2000, 36.9% were overweight and 35.6% were obese. Rates were high amongst children aged 5–17, as 16.7% of boys and 19.4% of girls were overweight. By 2006, 52% of men, 66% of women, 18% of teenagers, and 15% of preschoolers were overweight or obese.

In 2008, 17.99% of deaths were caused by cardiovascular disease. During this year, 95% of the 424,968 total appointments to diabetics clinics were made for Saudi citizens. 55% of these diabetic citizens were women and 44% were men.

The latest national prevalence for childhood obesity (ages 5 to 18) in Saudi Arabia reported: 23.1% were overweight, 9.3% were obese and 2% were severely obese (2%) (El-Mouzan et al., 2010).

Part of the reason for the high rate of overweight and obesity within the population are urban residents that consume hypercaloric foods while maintaining a sedentary lifestyle. The less-than physically demanding lifestyle urban residents lead is linked to a high level of education and income. In addition, women had an increased risk of obesity because of cultural and religious beliefs that require women to stay at home as a housewife. Women are prohibited from using hotel gyms and pools and are targets of harassment when they exercise publicly. This is based on the belief that giving women the freedom to exercise would lead to the corruption and decline of the nation. In schools, physical activity for girls is avoided because some fear that changing clothes outside of the home would cause girls to lose their shyness, an admirable moral quality.

### United Arab Emirates

In 1999, 24.8% of boys and 89.2% of girls age 4–18 were overweight. This number increased to 25% in 2008. As a result, 13.5% of the population had diabetes in 2000. This number is estimated to rise to 19.3% by 2030. Currently 20% of the population suffers from diabetes.

The population, especially children, over-consume food rich in carbohydrates, salt, fat, and processed sugar. This health problem is exacerbated due to the lack of an exercise culture. The recent availability of wealth due to oil has allowed Emiratis to purchase luxury items, including imported food and tobacco products. The marketing of such products is effective on the youth population. There is little to no awareness of the health impact of these items among the population. Another factor of obesity risk is prevalence of the cultural notion that a fat child is healthy, while a thin one is sick. Childhood obesity in UAE may be linked to excessive use of technology as 9 in 10 children have access to handheld devices.

### Iran

In 1988, Iran was one of the top seven countries with the highest rate of childhood obesity. In 2005, 33.7% of adults were at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Eight million Iranians already live with this syndrome. In 1995, 24.7% of boys and 26.8% of girls age 6 were overweight.

One of the major reasons for increased obesity is urbanization. In 2005, an average Iranian citizen consumed 42 liters of soda per year, as well as 40% more carbohydrates, 30% more fat, and 40% more food than the body needs. The greater availability of fast food and junk food in combination with a low activity lifestyle has contributed to the obesity trend. Other factors include the impact of technology and a high consumption of rice and bread. Many families with a moderate income are limited in the foods they are able to afford, resulting in a higher incidence of obese children. Childhood obesity is not viewed as a concern because it is believed that these children will outgrow their fatness as they age. However, childhood obesity is a serious medical condition. It's particularly troubling because the extra kilograms often start children on the path to health problems that were once considered adult problems — diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

### Algeria

In 2003, 16.4% of the total population was obese. In 2006, 10.3% of boys and 8.7% of girls age 6–10 were overweight.

### Egypt

In 1996, Egypt had the highest average BMI in the world at 26.3. In 1998, 1.6% of 2- to 6-year-olds, 4.9% of 6- to 10-year-olds, 14.7% of 10- to 14-year-olds, and 13.4% of 14- to 18-year-olds were obese. 45% of urban women and 20% of the rural population were obese. In 2021, 39.82% of adult Egyptians suffered from obesity.

Obesity rates rose as oils, fat, and sugars were more regularly consumed, beginning in the 1990s. The cultural appreciation of heavier female bodies is a factor. Another explanation is the degree to which food is the center of social events and special occasions. Heavy consumption of starchy and fatty foods without the presence of a health-conscious exercise culture is a major factor. As parents teach this lifestyle to their children, the prevalence of childhood obesity increases. Today, Egyptian teenagers drink three times as much soda as milk. Ten percent of males and females drink five or more cans of soda a day, which can lead to early osteoporosis in women in the future. These food habits are reinforced by junk food advertisements and the availability of unhealthy food at supermarkets. As a result, teenagers are three times as likely to be overweight than they were 20 years ago.

### Palestine

According to the World Health Organization, obesity affects 26.8% of the Palestinian population (23.3% males, 30.8% females). This is mostly due to decreased physical activity and greater than necessary food consumption, particularly with an increase in energy coming from fat. Two other factors are smoking and urbanization. In addition, "leisure-time physical activity is not a common concept in the Palestinian context, especially for rural women, where lack of sex-segregated facilities and cultural norms are prohibitive factors." Women in urban areas face similar cultural restrictions.

### Morocco

Adolescent girls are at a greater risk of becoming obese.

Obesity is linked to a greater availability of food, particularly from the West, and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in urban areas. A woman who has a low level of schooling or no education in urban areas is significantly more likely to be obese. She, along with the general public, are not aware of the medical conditions that result from obesity. Rather, female fatness is embraced as it "is viewed as a sign of social status and is a cultural symbol of beauty, fertility, and prosperity". Being thin is a sign of sickness or poverty.

### Mauritania

In Mauritania, the concept of beauty is embodied through the practice of *leblouh* ("fattening"). Before marriage, girls intentionally overeat and perform limited physical activity for 40 days in order to be attractive for their soon-to-be husbands. Women will repeat this process if they want to gain weight after marriage. It is believed that traditional clothing of these ethnic groups require a heavier body in order to be attractive.

### Tunisia

In 1997, 27.4% of the population was overweight and 14.4% were obese. Obesity rates were twice as high in urban areas than in rural areas.

Obesity is culturally seen as a representation of beauty and success. A woman who is of a healthy weight is not as desirable (like in certain other Arabic nations). There is a lack of knowledge about the life-threatening medical conditions that result from obesity.

## Government response

### Jordan

The Jordanian government released the white paper "National Health Research Priorities 2009–2012", briefly describing health concerns in a variety of areas. The section about non-communicable diseases and health behavior specifically addressed obesity and its effects. The diseases that were targeted were hypertension and obesity dyslipidemias. Dietary habits, exercise, and alcohol consumption were targeted in the health behavior section. The paper did not elaborate on how these priorities would be addressed or resolved.

### Kuwait

The Kuwaiti government has dealt with the prevalence of obesity through a variety of methods, including awareness campaigns through exercise, health forums, and health fairs. In 2007, the Health Ministry supported the National Bank of Kuwait Walkathon in Salmiya in an effort to raise awareness of the health problems associated with weight gain and obesity. Over 9,000 people attended. Another individual, Jasem Al-Zeraei, started the Six-K Walking Club with the intention of achieving the same goal.

In 2009, the Mediterranean Diet Fair was held at Kuwait's Dasman Institute for Research, Training, and Prevention of Diabetes & Other Chronic Conditions. Educating the public about how to eat a healthy diet was the purpose of the fair. However, unlike other initiatives, participants were told how to eat well and enjoy food at the same time.

In 2010, the New Mowasat Hospital hosted a Ramadan health forum. Entitled "Stay Healthy...While Fasting", the audience was lectured on diabetes and obesity and the health benefits of fasting. Four qualified doctors from the New Mowasat Hospital's Cardiology, Diabetology, Dietetics, and Urology Department, presented medical information and advice. They spoke on various topics, including meal management, the role of physical activities, and the types of high fat foods eaten during Ramadan. Additionally, the Petrochemical Industries Company organized several health-care related activities for their employees. One of the main focuses was countering obesity. The entitled "Get Fit" campaign offered free blood tests and nutritional advice and provided lectures given by knowledgeable doctors. The dangers of obesity were also addressed through the distribution of brochures and fitness advice and public posting of awareness posters.

### Oman

The Omani government responded to the health issues related to obesity in its 7th Five-Year Plan for Health Development National Strategic Plan 2006–2010. Acknowledging within the document that the swift to an unhealthy lifestyle is leading to obesity, hypertension, cardiac diseases, and diabetes, strategic objectives and visions were developed.

The visions included prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, promotion health awareness of the community and establishing a culture of healthy lifestyle. These goals are to be achieved through a focus on the areas of reducing non-communicable diseases, health education, adolescent and youth health, and nutrition.

In 2000, 11.6% of the adult population had diabetes and 35.2% of males and 30.9% of females had hypertension. By 2010, the target goal was that only 45% of the population 20 years or older were overweight or obese. Increasing the percentage of people who walked 150 minutes a week to 50% would aid in this goal. Early diagnosis of non-communicable diseases was another strategy to improve the health of the Omani population.

In order to educate the target goal of 90% of the population on unhealthy practices in nutrition by 2010, a website was to be designed and made available by 2007. Weekly series on health covered by radio, newspapers, and television should be established by 2010, as should 30 substantial health education materials produced on various health topics. Additionally, health institutions and communities in the country should have completed 250,000 health-related activities by 2010. This would aid the government in achieving its goal of increasing the percentage of the population exercising to 40%.

In order to combat childhood obesity and the medical consequences of it in adulthood, the promotion of healthy lifestyles was designated as the central focus. Three factors were mentioned: eating breakfast, physical activity outside of school, and maintaining positive attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle. By 2010, 70% of 13 through 15 years old should be eating breakfast, 70% should be exercising independently of school requirements, and 50% more youth and families should have positive ideas about healthy lifestyles. All of these factors would result in a lower percentage of overweight youth population.

Improved nutritional practices were also linked to decreasing obesity by a significant percentage. This is prescribed to occur by the promotion of healthy nutritional practices, such as community activities and informational pamphlets. By 2010, 60% of the population should have adequate knowledge of beneficial nutritional practices.

### Saudi Arabia

The government is combating the obesity concern with regular coverage of the disease and the other consequences of being of an unhealthy weight in daily newspapers. During Ramadan, it established a program called "Hello Ramadan." It provided health information related to fasting and allowed listeners to call in to learn more about diabetes and high blood pressure. Listeners could also receive medical information via fax from the program.

### United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates has launched an intense campaign to address the high rates of obesity. It began its campaign in 2007 and has continued it today. In the summer of 2007, the Sanofi-Aventis along with the World Health Organization sponsored an event with free health screenings. The purpose was to raise awareness about obesity, its dangers, and its connection to cardiovascular diseases. This was in response to unacceptable results from the International Day for Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity survey, which determined that 37% of adults age 30 plus were obese. The Ministry of Health also designed a school program for the 2007–2008 year which targeted teenagers and their health. Topics addressed in the year-long awareness and education program included smoking, personal hygiene, physical exercise, and obesity. Exercising and playing sports in order to fight obesity was a key component.

In 2009, the Ministry of Health drafted a set of nutritional guidelines focused on maintaining the current level of non-communicable diseases. The other major goal was to improve the well-being of the entire population. Nutritional education programs were set up in health centers, schools, and women associations to spread awareness of non-communicable diseases and how to prevent them. The development of a better dietary culture in school canteens and hospitals was a second approach. This draft was included as part of the National Nutritional Strategy and Action Plan for 2010–2015. The National Nutrition Committee was also founded at this time with the purpose of creating a national strategy.

The National Nutrition Strategy was announced in early 2010. It was designed to ensure that the citizens of the United Arab Emirates would have a healthier future. The Strategy outlined how this goal would be achieved. Early nutritional intervention programs and an emphasis on healthy foods and exercise at home, school, and the workplace was one way listed. By spreading health and nutrition awareness, the prevalence of obesity and non-communicable diseases was being addressed. The Ministry of Health later announced that a nutritional survey would be completed in December 2010. This would ensure that the nutritional strategy was being implemented properly and effectively.

The General Administration of Youth Centers and the Department of Health Education and Promotion sponsored a camp in July 2010 for a select 20 teenagers battling obesity. Every participant was challenged to lose one kilogram a week. A medical check up and relevant tests were conducted at the beginning and end of the session. At the camp, the teenagers were given lectures on healthy food consumption. They also participated in daily sports activities and ate healthy meals and snacks.

The Ministry of Health conducted an awareness campaign at the same time, entitling it "Summer in My Country." This consisted of a series of lectures aimed at teenagers and covered topics such as smoking, obesity, and losing weight. The Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, addressed the rising rates of obesity by banning all junk food from school canteens. This included burgers, shawarma, sugary drinks, and energy drinks. Parents were supportive of the decision, as one in eight children is obese.

On October 8–9, 2010, the Ministry of Health sponsored the International Diabetes Summit in Dubai. The purpose of the conference was to "highlight the rising prevalence of diabetes and its complications in the world in general and the Middle East in particular". One of the topical focuses was diabetes in the Middle East, especially amongst youth populations. Another summit will take place on February 25–26, 2011.

### Iran

In 2002, a dietary health intervention program called "the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme" was established. The program is supported by the Iranian Budget and Planning Organization, as well as the Deputy for Health of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Intervention took the form of public education through the mass media, marketing, and policy making. After an evaluation in 2006, the results showed that the program was effective in improving dietary behaviors. The population of Isfahan had switched to liquid oil and olive oil, rather than using hydrogenated oil, and consumed more healthy foods. Fruit, vegetables, fish, and low-fat dairy products were preferred over sausages, animal fat, and sweets. The Fat Consumption Index was lower after the campaign than before it.

### Egypt

The Egyptian government produced a Demographic and Health Survey in 2008, covering topics from family planning to maternal health care to nutrition. Chapter 14 was dedicated to nutritional statistics and specifically mentioned obesity. It did not discuss future policy plans to address the rising trend of obesity.


title: W. D. Whipple

abstract: William D. Whipple was an Arizona politician who served a single term in the Arizona State Senate during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature. His father, William M. Whipple, was an Arizona pioneer, having moved to the state in 1876. He also served as the representative from Greenlee County in the State House of Representatives in the 1st Arizona State Legislature. During the 1900s, he established and ran the Clifton Dairy, which he sold in 1910. He married Myrtle McDowell on July 14, 1912. In 1916 he ran for the State Senate from Greenlee County. He defeated J. W. Aker in the Democrat's primary, and then defeated Republican R. W. Chamberlain in the general election in November.

text:
# W. D. Whipple

**William D. Whipple** was an Arizona politician who served a single term in the Arizona State Senate during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature.

His father, William M. Whipple, was an Arizona pioneer, having moved to the state in 1876. He also served as the representative from Greenlee County in the State House of Representatives in the 1st Arizona State Legislature. During the 1900s, he established and ran the Clifton Dairy, which he sold in 1910. He married Myrtle McDowell on July 14, 1912. In 1916 he ran for the State Senate from Greenlee County. He defeated J. W. Aker in the Democrat's primary, and then defeated Republican R. W. Chamberlain in the general election in November.

## InfoBox

| W. D. Whipple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Arizona Senate
from the Greenlee County district | |
| **In office**
January 1917  December 1918 | |
| Preceded by | George H. Chase |
| Succeeded by | H. A. Elliott |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Pennsy Greenway

abstract: The Pennsy Greenway is a rail trail in the Chicago metropolitan area running from Lansing, Illinois to Schererville, Indiana. The trail runs on the former Penn Central Railway, and is currently incomplete, but is paved at segments in Lansing, Munster, Dyer, Schererville, and Crown Point. The trail is paved through these segments at a total of 12.5 miles, and the trail is planned to extend for a total of 15 miles.

text:
# Pennsy Greenway

The **Pennsy Greenway** is a rail trail in the Chicago metropolitan area running from Lansing, Illinois to Schererville, Indiana. The trail runs on the former Penn Central Railway, and is currently incomplete, but is paved at segments in Lansing, Munster, Dyer, Schererville, and Crown Point. The trail is paved through these segments at a total of 12.5 miles, and the trail is planned to extend for a total of 15 miles.

41°28′11.4″N 87°25′12.5″W / 41.469833°N 87.420139°W / 41.469833; -87.420139

## InfoBox

| Pennsy Greenway | |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 12.5 mi (20.1 km) |
| Location | Cook County, Illinois, Lake County, Indiana |
| Trailheads | Lansing, Illinois<br>Crown Point, Indiana |
| Use | Walking, Biking |
| Season | Year round |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Right of way | Pennsylvania Railroad |
| Website | http://www.traillink.com |
| Trail map | |
|  | |


title: Francesco Piccari

abstract: Francesco Piccari is a former professional tennis player from Italy.

text:
# Francesco Piccari

**Francesco Piccari** (born 7 September 1979) is a former professional tennis player from Italy.

## Biography

### Career

Piccari began competing professionally when aged 18 but didn't quite master until he was 19.

He competed in several Grand Slam qualifying draws, including at the 2005 Australian Open, where he lost to future tournament winner Novak Djokovic, who was playing his first match in a Grand Slam.

At the 2008 Croatia Open in Umag, he made the main draw of an ATP Tour tournament for the only time. He featured in both the singles and doubles competitions. In the singles, after winning two qualifying matches, he was beaten in the first round by local player Roko Karanušić. He reached the quarter-finals of the doubles with countryman Gianluca Naso, beating Marcos Daniel and Nicolás Massú, before their tournament was ended in a match decided by a super tie-break, to top seeds David Škoch and Lovro Zovko.

Piccari was a member of the Italian team which competed at the 2009 World Team Cup, picked as a reserve to first choice players Simone Bolelli and Andreas Seppi. When Bolelli became unavailable mid tournament, Piccari came in and played three matches, two doubles rubbers with Seppi and a singles match, which he lost to Janko Tipsarević of Serbia.

### Personal life

In 2017 he married Italian tennis player Karin Knapp.

His younger brother Alessandro was also a professional player, who made it to 391 in the world. The brothers run a tennis academy together in Anzio.

## Challenger titles

### Doubles: (1)

| No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 2007 | Mantova, Italy | Clay | Andrey Golubev | Leonardo Azzaro<br>Marco Crugnola | 6–3, 6–2 |

## InfoBox

Francesco Piccari
| Full name | Francesco Piccari |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Italy |
| Born | (1979-09-07) 7 September 1979 |
| Plays | Right-handed |
| Prize money | $130,638 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 0–2 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 233 (7 July 2008) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 1–3 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 207 (7 July 2008) |


title: Trygve Haavelmo

abstract: Trygve Magnus Haavelmo, born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an economist whose research interests centered on econometrics. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1989.

text:
# Trygve Haavelmo

**Trygve Magnus Haavelmo** (13 December 1911 – 28 July 1999), born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an economist whose research interests centered on econometrics. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1989.

## Biography

After attending Oslo Cathedral School, Haavelmo received a degree in economics from the University of Oslo in 1930 and eventually joined the Institute of Economics with the recommendation of Ragnar Frisch. Haavelmo was Frisch's assistant for a period of time until he was appointed as head of computations for the institute. In 1936, Haavelmo studied statistics at University College London while he subsequently traveled to Berlin, Geneva, and Oxford for additional studies. Haavelmo assumed a lecturing position at the University of Aarhus in 1938 for one year and then in the subsequent year was offered an academic scholarship to travel abroad and study in the United States. During World War II he worked with Nortraship in the Statistical Department in New York City. He received his PhD in 1946 for his work on The Probability Approach in Econometrics.

He was a professor of economics and statistics at the University of Oslo between 1948–79 and was the trade department head of division from 1947–48. Haavelmo acquired a prominent position in modern economics through his logical critique of a series of custom conceptions in mathematical analysis.

In 1989, Haavelmo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures."

Haavelmo resided at Østerås in Bærum. He died on 28 July 1999 in Oslo.

## Legacy

Judea Pearl wrote "Haavelmo was the first to recognize the capacity of economic models to guide policies" and "presented a mathematical procedure that takes an arbitrary model and produces quantitative answers to policy questions". According to Pearl, "Haavelmo's paper, 'The Statistical Implications of a System of Simultaneous Equations', marks a pivotal turning point, not in the statistical implications of econometric models, as historians typically presume, but in their causal counterparts." Haavelmo's idea that an economic model depicts a series of hypothetical experiments and that policies can be simulated by modifying equations in the model became the basis of all currently used formalisms of econometric causal inference. (The biostatistics and epidemiology literature on causal inference draws from different sources.) It was first operationalized by Robert H. Strotz and Herman Wold (1960) who advocated "wiping out" selected equations, and then translated into graphical models as "wiping out" incoming arrows. This operation has subsequently led to Pearl's "do"-calculus and to a mathematical theory of counterfactuals in econometric models. Pearl further speculates that the reason economists do not generally appreciate these revolutionary contributions of Haavelmo is because economists themselves have still not reached consensus of what an economic model stands for, as attested by profound disagreements among econometric textbooks.

## InfoBox

| Trygve Magnus Haavelmo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1911-12-13)13 December 1911
Skedsmo, Norway |
| Died | 26 July 1999(1999-07-26) (aged 87)
Oslo, Norway |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Macroeconomics, econometrics |
| Institution | University of Aarhus
University of Chicago
University of Oslo
University College London |
| School or
tradition | Neo-Keynesian economics |
| Alma mater | University of Oslo |
| Influences | John Maynard Keynes
Ragnar Frisch
Jan Tinbergen |
| Contributions | Probability approach in econometrics
Balanced budget multiplier |
| Awards | Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1989) |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Jung Yu-ri

abstract: Jung Yu-ri, or Yu-ri, is a South Korean singer. She debuted in 2001 with her album Just Like R&B. She released the album Seurureuk (스르륵) on June 6 using the stage name AB (Korean: 에이비).

text:
# Jung Yu-ri

| **Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 정유리 |
| Revised Romanization | *Jeong Yu-ri* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Chŏng Yuri* |
| Stage name | |
| Hangul | 에이비 |
| Revised Romanization | *Eibi* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Eibi* |

**Jung Yu-ri** (Korean: 정유리; born December 6, 1984), or **Yu-ri**, is a South Korean singer. She debuted in 2001 with her album *Just Like R&B*. She released the album *Seurureuk* (스르륵) on June 6 using the stage name **AB** (Korean: 에이비).

## Career

### Debut

At the 2000 Cyber Music Festival, she entered a contest as a participant and was noticed for her voice. Immediately compared to Japanese singer Hikaru Utada since during the time she performed R&B music and wrote her own songs. She debuted at the age of 18 with her first album *Just Like R&B*. Despite not getting the expected success, she would collaborate with artists like: MC Sniper, Stony Skunk and Honey Family.

### 2006–2010: First singles

In October 2006, she released her first single titled *1st Single*. She went on to find more opportunities again by collaborating with MC Sniper, Rhymer, Main Stream, Namolla Family before releasing her second album *The Ring of Diamond* in April 2008. This album was different from her first as she sings Pop and Ballad music instead of R&B. In November, she released her commercial single *Yepp Song (Music Is My Life)* and later releasing her second single *Doh Doh*. As the Christmas holiday grows closer, she releases her third single *From December*. She released her fourth single *Damn Love (그딴 사랑)* on December 10, 2010.

### 2011: AB debut and controversy

She returned using AB (에이비) as the stage name for the *Seureureuk* (스르륵) album with the song "Slip", however it was banned by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) after discovering its sexually suggestive content.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Album Information | Track Listing |
| --- | --- |
| **Just like R&B*** Release Date: September 11, 2001 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: J Media | 1. Intro (Just Like R&B) 2. More & More (Feat. Bobby Kim) 3. 슬픈 영혼 4. 다가와 준다면 (Feat. Steady-B) 5. 작지만 커다란 사랑 6. 기도 (Feat. 3534) 7. Cum on Cum on (Feat. Foxy) 8. 선물 9. 나만의 시간 10. Name Of Love (MC haNsAi Remix) 11. 친구 12. 작지만 커다란 사랑 (Piano Variation) |
| **The Ring of Diamond*** Released Date: April 4, 2008 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: Mnet Media | 1. 가슴아 제발 2. 난 이제 어쩌죠 3. 천천히 오세요 4. 행복한 여자 5. 남자 6. Gift Of God 7. 휴대폰 왜 잠궈놔 (Feat. 리치) 8. Sexy Night (Feat. 신교) 9. 내꺼 10. 젖은 나비 11. Foxy 12. 반대말 (with 이지훈) 13. 날아올라 14. 가슴아 제발 (Instrumental Version) |

### Single albums

| Album Information | Track Listing |
| --- | --- |
| **날아올라*** Released Date: October 24, 2006 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: GF Music | 1. 날아올라 2. 무인도 (Remake) 3. Not A World Apart (WYD Game Music) 4. Not A World Apart (Remix Version) |
| **Doh Doh*** Released Date: August 12, 2009 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: Mnet Media | 1. Doh Doh (Vocoder Version) 2. Doh Doh (Original Version) |
| **From December*** Released Date: December 9, 2009 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: GF Music | 1. From. December 2. From. December (Instrumental) |
| **그딴사랑*** Released Date: December 10, 2010 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: GF Music | 1. 그딴사랑 |
| **스르륵*** Released Date: June 6, 2011 * Format: CD, Digital Download * Label: GF Music | 1. 스르륵 (feat. Jacob Eye) 2. Apple (feat. 마이티 마우스) 3. 스르륵 (Instrumental) 4. Apple (Instrumental) |

### Commercial Singles

| Album Information | Track Listing |
| --- | --- |
| **Yepp Song (Music is My Life)*** Released Date: November 7, 2008 * Format: Digital Download * Label: Mnet Media | 1. Yepp Song (Music Is My Life) |

### Music video

* 스르륵 (Slip) (2010)

## InfoBox

| Jung Yuri | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Jung Yuri |
| Also known as | Yuri
AB |
| Born | (1984-12-06) December 6, 1984
Incheon, South Korea |
| Genres | K-pop, dance, R&B |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | Singing |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Labels | GF Music |
|  | |
| Website | YURIMUSIC on Twitter |