title: Walter Trohan

abstract: Walter Trohan was a 20th-century American journalist, known as a long-time Chicago Tribune reporter (1929–1971) and its bureau chief in Washington, D.C. (1949–1968).

text:
# Walter Trohan

**Walter Trohan** (July 4, 1903 – October 30, 2003) was a 20th-century American journalist, known as a long-time *Chicago Tribune* reporter (1929–1971) and its bureau chief in Washington, D.C. (1949–1968).

## Background

Trohan was born on July 4, 1903, in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. In 1920, he family moved to the South Side of Chicago, where his father was a wholesale grocer. He attended Bowen High School, reported for a bit at the *Daily Calumet*, and in 1926 graduated from the University of Notre Dame.

## Career

After college, Trohan went to New York City to work but "didn't like it" and returned to Chicago. In 1927, Trohan went to work at the for the City News Bureau of Chicago (1927–1929).

On February 29, 1929, he received an offer to jon the *Chicago Tribune* newspaper. As a young reporter, he was first on the scene of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre, when Al Capone's gang gunned down several members of the rival Bugs Moran gang.

In 1934, the *Tribinue* transferred Trohan as assistant correspondent to Washington, DC, when Franklin Roosevelt was president. In spite of the *Tribune'*s hostility to Roosevelt's policies, Trohan and the president "maintained cordial relations." (Later, Trohan said that Roosevelt had "charisma in spades" but was "the worst snob I ever ran across.") In 1936, Trohan called FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover a "Keystone cop," but eventually, they became friends.

### Harry Truman

Trohan recalled that he did not know Harry Truman well initially because he did not cover Capitol Hill much. However, he met him and noted that US Senator Burton K. Wheeler had gotten Truman a seat on the Senate's Interstate Commerce Committee. He said that he received a lot of advice from Wheeler and Lewis B. Schwellenbach. On the committee, Truman proved himself "quite and expert investigator." That said, he did not think Truman had enough experience to run for vice president and believed that Roosevelt chose Truman simply to avoid running again with Henry A. Wallace.

### Anticommunist and Alger Hiss

On December 26, 1946, the *Tribune* had a front-page story by Trohan, "New Congress' Pink 'Advisors' Face G.O.P. Ax."

In 1947, Trohan became "executive director" of the *Tribune'*s Washington bureau through 1949.

On September 26, 1948, he reported that Alger Hiss was about to flee the country, rather than file a libel suit against Whittaker Chambers. Hiss filed the suit the very next day. Overall, Trohan was critical of Truman's handling of the Hiss Case: "Like the time he fronted for Alger Hiss. He wasn't fronting for Alger Hiss, per se, he thought they were attacking him through Hiss. Roosevelt would have sacrificed Hiss at the snap of the finger. He would have sacrificed anybody, but Mr. Truman figured that that was a fight on him, so he supported Hiss whom he didn't really like; thought he was a terrible fellow."

### Douglas MacArthur

In 1949, Trohan became Washington bureau chief (or "director") until 1969. In 1951, Trohan was known for ferreting out the fact that Truman planned to fire General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of UN forces in Korea. When Truman found out that Trohan knew about his plan, he publicly announced his decision via General Omar Bradley and robbed Trohan of the scoop. He experienced censorship during World War II as well.

### "Washington Report"

From 1951 to 1968, Trohan also filed a radio broadcast, "Washington Report." In 1959, he accompanied US President Dwight Eisenhower on a three-continent tour.

In 1969, he retired from his position as Washington bureau chief and, on December 31, 1971, from his radio and column.

### Richard Nixon

Trohan was a long-time "intimate journalist friend" of Richard Nixon. In 1953, he wrote Nixon (then the vice president) a letter that warned him against U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.

## Personal

Around 1929, Trohan married Carol Rowland. They had two daughters and a son.

Trohan was president of the White House Correspondents' Association in 1937-1938 and the Gridiron Club in 1967.

Trohan was anti-Semitic. For instance, in 1950, he wrote an article that accused US Senator Herbert H. Lehman, Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, and US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. were part of an alleged "secret super-Government of Jews in Washington."

Trohan and his wife lived in County Clare, Ireland, from 1971 to 1978 and then returned to live in Columbia, Maryland.

## Death

Trohan died at 100 on October 28, 2003, in a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland.

## Legacy

Trohan is the source for much unique information about Franklin Roosevelt's health that turned up in various publications and FBI documents. He was the source for much of a controversial article published by Dr. Karl C. Wold in Look Magazine in 1947. He also collaborated with James A. Farley in ghost writing his memoirs. Trohan's papers are housed at the Herbert Hoover Library, near Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

## Work

In 1975 Trohan wrote his memoirs and titled the book *Political Animals*. In the book, he recalled how when he arrived in Washington in 1934 as an assistant correspondent in the *Tribune*'s Washington Bureau. He could remember freely wandering Roosevelt's White House and interviewing cabinet members and other staff. Due to tightened security measures, this freedom no longer exists.

* *Political Animals: Memoirs of a Sentimental Cynic* (New York: Doubleday, 1975)

## External sources

* CIA: Letter November 20, 1947, thanking Walter Trohan for candidate

## InfoBox

| Walter Trohan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Walter J. Trohan
(1903-07-04)July 4, 1903
Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania |
| Died | October 28, 2003(2003-10-28) (aged 100)
Bethesda, Maryland |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Journalist (newspaperman) |
| Years active | 1927–1978 |
| Known for | Washington bureau chief (1947–1968) for *Chicago Tribune* newspaper |


title: Harald Otto

abstract: Harald Otto was a Norwegian actor and theater director. Otto was born in Nes, Norway, the son of the stationmaster Hans Otto Hansen (1815–?) and Maren Paulsen (1832–?). He moved to the United States in 1886, and in 1890 he performed in the theater in Chicago, where he also married Ignatzia Johanna Osberg (1869–1945). He soon returned to Norway, where he worked in various theater groups from 1891 to 1900. He purchased the Central Theater in 1907 and he operated it until his death, with Torolf Voss serving as the theater's orchestra director. After Harald Otto's death, his son Reidar Otto took over the business. The theater remained in the Otto family until 1959. Otto himself sang the song "Akerselva, du gamle, du grå" by Vilhelm Dybwad in 1906, when he staged Dybwad's play Verdens undergang.

text:
# Harald Otto

**Harald Otto** (January 24, 1865 – May 13, 1928) was a Norwegian actor and theater director.

Otto was born in Nes, Norway, the son of the stationmaster Hans Otto Hansen (1815–?) and Maren Paulsen (1832–?). He moved to the United States in 1886, and in 1890 he performed in the theater in Chicago, where he also married Ignatzia Johanna Osberg (1869–1945). He soon returned to Norway, where he worked in various theater groups from 1891 to 1900. He purchased the Central Theater in 1907 and he operated it until his death, with Torolf Voss serving as the theater's orchestra director. After Harald Otto's death, his son Reidar Otto took over the business. The theater remained in the Otto family until 1959.

Otto himself sang the song "Akerselva, du gamle, du grå" (The Old Gray Aker River) by Vilhelm Dybwad in 1906, when he staged Dybwad's play *Verdens undergang* (The End of the World).

## InfoBox

| Harald Otto | |
| --- | --- |
| Painting of Harald Otto by Henrik Lund, 1914 | |
| Born | (1864-01-24)January 24, 1864
Nes, Norway |
| Died | May 13, 1928(1928-05-13) (aged 64)
Oslo, Norway |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, theater director |
| Spouse | Ignatzia Otto |
| Children | Reidar Otto |
| Parents | * Hans Otto Hansen (father) * Maren Paulsen (mother) |


title: Ottawa Titans (lacrosse)

abstract:
The Ottawa Titans were a Junior "A" box lacrosse team from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Titans played in the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League from 2005 to 2007.
The Titans suspended their operations for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, and are not likely to return.

text:
# Ottawa Titans (lacrosse)

The **Ottawa Titans** were a Junior "A" box lacrosse team from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Titans played in the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League from 2005 to 2007. The Titans suspended their operations for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, and are not likely to return.

## History

The Ottawa Titans were established in 2005 and played in the Ontario Lacrosse Associations Jr. A circuit.

## Season-by-season results

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| Season | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | PTS | Placing | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | 22 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 184 | 180 | 18 | 8th OLA-A | Lost quarter-final |
| 2006 | 22 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 178 | 201 | 23 | 7th OLA-A | Lost quarter-final |
| 2007 | 18 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 112 | 200 | 4 | 13th OLA-A | DNQ |

The Titans have suspended operations for the 2008 and 2009 seasons and did not return.

## InfoBox

Ottawa Titans
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Box lacrosse |
| Founded | 2005 |
| League | OLA Junior A Lacrosse League |
| Based in | Ottawa, Ontario |
| Arena | Earl Armstrong Arena |
| Colours | Turquoise, Blue, and White |
| Head coach | Andre Leduc |
| General manager | Don Moore |


title: Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery

abstract: The Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery is an on-campus art gallery at the University of Western Australia in Crawley. It was established in July 1990.

text:
# Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery

31°58′37″S 115°48′58″E / 31.9769°S 115.8161°E / -31.9769; 115.8161

The **Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery** is an on-campus art gallery at the University of Western Australia in Crawley. It was established in July 1990.

## Description

The gallery is supported by a *friends of* organisation. It contains collections, including the Cruthers Collection of Women's Art, and has hosted a range of exhibitions across a wide scope of artistic practices.

The building is also shared by the Berndt Museum.

## Selected exhibitions

* *Artemis - No Second Thoughts - Reflections on the Artemis Women's Art Forum* (1 September - 8 December 2018)

* *The Long Kiss Goodbye* (8 February - 9 May 2020)


title: Vangueria coerulea

abstract: Vangueria coerulea is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Eswatini and the former Transvaal Province.

text:
# Vangueria coerulea

***Vangueria coerulea*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Eswatini and the former Transvaal Province.

## InfoBox

| *Vangueria coerulea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Vangueria* |
| Species: | ***V. coerulea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vangueria coerulea***<br>(Robyns) Lantz | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Mitrulinia

abstract: Mitrulinia is a fungal genus of uncertain familial placement in the order Helotiales. Mitrulinia is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Mitrulinia ushuaiae. The genus was circumscribed in 1987 by mycologist Brian Spooner. Mitrulinia populations have been found separately in Argentina and on the South Island of New Zealand. Spores or hyphal fragments were also found present in snow on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Individuals found in New Zealand are thought to belong to a novel species rather than Mitrulinia ushuiae. It produces a stipitate-capitate ascocarp arising from a substratal or sclerotial stroma tissue.

text:
# Mitrulinia

***Mitrulinia*** is a fungal genus of uncertain familial placement in the order Helotiales. *Mitrulinia* is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Mitrulinia ushuaiae***. The genus was circumscribed in 1987 by mycologist Brian Spooner.

*Mitrulinia* populations have been found separately in Argentina and on the South Island of New Zealand. Spores or hyphal fragments were also found present in snow on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Individuals found in New Zealand are thought to belong to a novel species rather than *Mitrulinia ushuiae*.

It produces a stipitate-capitate ascocarp (a fruiting body) arising from a substratal or sclerotial stroma tissue.

## InfoBox

| *Mitrulinia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Genus: | *Mitrulinia*
Spooner (1987) |
| Species: | ***M. ushuaiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mitrulinia ushuaiae***
(Rehm) Spooner (1987) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitrula ushuaiae* Rehm (1899) * *Scleromitrula ushuaiae* (Rehm) Gamundí (1977) | |


title: Keith Johnson (soccer)

abstract: Keith Johnson is an American Paralympic soccer player. Diagnosed with cerebral palsy when he was young, he played a variety of sports and graduated from East Anchorage High School in 1999. A CP7 goalkeeper, Johnson has been a long time fixture on the USPNT, competing at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. Throughout his national team career, Johnson has been awarded eight “Man of the Match” Awards.

text:
# Keith Johnson (soccer)

**Keith Johnson** (born July 2, 1980) is an American Paralympic soccer player. Diagnosed with cerebral palsy when he was young, he played a variety of sports and graduated from East Anchorage High School in 1999.

A CP7 goalkeeper, Johnson has been a long time fixture on the USPNT, competing at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. Throughout his national team career, Johnson has been awarded eight “Man of the Match” Awards.

## Personal

Johnson was born in Alaska on July 2, 1980 and was diagnosed with cerebral palsy when he was very young. As a youngster, he played and participated in a number of sports including American football, baseball, ice skating, cycling and weight training. He attended East Anchorage High School in Anchorage, Alaska, graduating in 1999. In 2003, he was working at Alaska Sales and Service, after having only completed one year of college.

Johnson later moved to Houston, Texas to help take care of his grandmother. In December 2007, he married Amanda Johnson. As of 2016, Johnson is involved with Texas Rush Soccer, serving as a staff coach.

Outside of soccer, his hobbies include US Civil War reenactment, hiking and camping.

## Cerebral palsy football

Johnson is a CP7 goalkeeper. Throughout his CP football career, he has been awarded eight “Man of the Match” Awards.

Johnson made his first USPNT after a tryout in Carson City, California in August 2003 with fellow Alaskan soccer player Jason Slemons. The pair were chosen for the team by national team coach Jay Hoffman. In October 2003, Johnson traveled with the team to Buenos Aires, Argentina to play with the USPNT at the Paralympic World Championships. In the lead up to Athens, he attended a national team training camp at the ARCO Olympic Training. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He was in goal in the US's opening game 4 - 0 loss to Brazil.

Johnson was a member of the US team that participated in the 2011 CPISRA World Championships. In 2012, he was one of three members of the USPNT to be get funding assistance from the Challenged Athlete Foundation. He participated in the 2012 BT Paralympic World Cup, where the United States won a bronze medal. He was in goal for the team's bronze medal match game against Ireland, where the US came away with a 2 - 1 victory.

Johnson was a member of the US team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was one of only two players on the roster with previous Paralympic experience. He was one of two members of the whole of the United States Paralympic team that were born in Alaska. The United States was drawn in Group B with Ukraine, Great Britain and Brazil. Their opener was against reigning Paralympic gold medal winners Ukraine. They lost to Great Britain 0 - 4 during group play. In 2012, he was awarded a Golden Glove Award.

Johnson was one of two goalkeepers who participated in a national team training camp in March 2013 at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California. In April 2014, he was invited to participate in a week long national team training camp at the Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California. The camp was being held in preparation for the 7-a-side Football Ciutat de Barcelona in June of that year. In March 2015, he was part of the 14 man roster that participated in the Povoa de Varzim, Portugal hosted Footie 7 – Povoa 2015 tournament. The competition was a warmup for the World Championships that were held in England in June 2015. He was invited to a national team training camp that took place from April 29 to May 6, 2015, in Carson, California. This camp was in preparation for the 2015 Cerebral Palsy Football World Championships in June of that year in England.

Participating at the Cerebral Palsy Football World Championships, Johnson was in goal for the US's game 3–0 victory against Venezuela and the team's 10–0 loss to England. He sat on the bench in the United States's 2 - 1 win against Scotland. He was part of the 14 man squad that represented the United States at the 2015 Parapan American Games in Toronto. There, the United States played Canada, Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil. He played in goal in the United States' 0 - 6 loss to Brazil at the Parapan Games.

Johnson took part in a national team training camp in Chula Vista, California in early March 2016. He was part of the USPNT that took part in the 2016 Pre Paralympic Tournament in Salou, Spain. The United States finished 6th after beating Argentina in one placement match 4 - 3 and losing to Ireland 4 - 1. The goals scored in the match against Argentina were the first the USA scored in the tournament, before putting up one more in their match against Ireland. The tournament featured 7 of the 8 teams participating in Rio. It was the last major preparation event ahead of the Rio Games for all teams participating.

## InfoBox

Keith Johnson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | United States |
| Born | (1980-07-02) July 2, 1980<br>Alaska, United States |
| Occupation | Soccer coach |
| Height | 1.6764 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 197 lb (89 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Soccer / Cerebral palsy soccer |
| Now coaching | Texas Rush Soccer |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Paralympic finals | 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2012 Summer Paralympics |
| Medal record      Paralympic 7-a-side football  BT Paralympic World Cup  2012 Manchester  Men's | |
| Updated on 18 June 2016 | |


title: Tiefenbach (Rems)

abstract: Tiefenbach is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows into the Rems near Schwäbisch Gmünd.

text:
# Tiefenbach (Rems)

**Tiefenbach** (in its upper course: *Höllbach*) is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows into the Rems near Schwäbisch Gmünd.

## InfoBox

| Tiefenbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Rems |
| coordinates | 48°47′07″N 9°45′25″E / 48.7854°N 9.7570°E / 48.7854; 9.7570 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | RemsNeckarRhineNorth Sea |


title: Helium dilution technique

abstract: The helium dilution technique is the way of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs. This technique is a closed-circuit system where a spirometer is filled with a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen. The amount of He in the spirometer is known at the beginning of the test. The patient is then asked to breathe in the mixture starting from FRC, which is the gas volume in the lung after a normal breath out. The spirometer measures helium concentration. The helium spreads into the lungs of the patient, and settles at a new concentration (C2). Because there is no leak of substances in the system, the amount of helium remains constant during the test, and the FRC is calculated by using the following equation: C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 C 1 V 1 = C 2 F R C = C 1 V 1 C 2 − V 1 V2 = total gas volume V1 = volume of gas in spirometer C1 = initial (known) helium concentration C2 = final helium concentration

text:
# Helium dilution technique

The **helium dilution technique** is the way of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs (the volume left in the lungs after normal expiration).

This technique is a closed-circuit system where a spirometer is filled with a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen. The amount of He in the spirometer is known at the beginning of the test (concentration × volume = amount). The patient is then asked to breathe (normal breaths) in the mixture starting from FRC (functional residual capacity), which is the gas volume in the lung after a normal breath out. The spirometer measures helium concentration. The helium spreads into the lungs of the patient, and settles at a new concentration (C2). Because there is no leak of substances in the system, the amount of helium remains constant during the test, and the FRC is calculated by using the following equation:

$C\_{1}V\_{1}=C\_{2}V\_{2}$

$C\_{1}V\_{1}=C\_{2}(V\_{1}+FRC)$

$FRC={\frac {C1V1}{C2}-V1}$

V2 = total gas volume (FRC + volume of spirometer)

V1 = volume of gas in spirometer

C1 = initial (known) helium concentration

C2 = final helium concentration (measured by the spirometer)

## Measure

Note to measure FRC the patient is connected to the spirometer directly after a normal breath (when the lung volume equals FRC), if the patient is initially connected to the spirometer at a different lung volume (like TLC or RV) the measured volume will be the initial volume started from and not FRC. In patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases the measurements of the helium dilution technique are not reliable because of incomplete equilibration of the helium in all areas of the lungs. In such cases it is more accurate to use a body plethysmograph.

A simplified helium dilution technique may be used as an alternative to quantitative CT scans to assess end-expiratory lung volumes (EELV) among patients who are on mechanical ventilation with diagnosis of ALI/ARDS according to a cross-sectional study. The results show a good correlation \[EELV(He)=208+0.858xEELV(CT), *r*=0.941, *p* \< 0.001\] between the two methods, and the helium dilution technique offers the advantages of lower cost, decreased transportation of critically ill patients, and reduced radiation exposure. This study's results may have limited generalizability due to its specificity to the ALI/ARDS population and its small sample size (21 patients).

## InfoBox

| Helium dilution technique | |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | measures the functional residual capacity of the lungs |


title: Harriet Cooper Alpern

abstract: Harriet Cooper Alpern was an American activist. She was one of the co-founders of the Michigan chapter of the National Organization for Women and she was involved with the organization's public relations.

text:
# Harriet Cooper Alpern

**Harriet Cooper Alpern** (1923 – April 25, 2010) was an American activist. She was one of the co-founders of the Michigan chapter of the National Organization for Women and she was involved with the organization's public relations.

## Early life

Alpern was born in 1923. She grew up in Detroit, Michigan, on Chicago Boulevard in the Boston–Edison Historic District, where she was friends with Patricia Hill Burnett. While her twin brother attended Cranbrook School, she was a student at its sister school, Kingswood School where she was involved in theater and as a reporter for the student newspaper. She graduated in 1940 and was described in her senior yearbook as having "unconscious humor". After graduation, she attended the University of Michigan where she met her husband, E. Bryce Alpern. She had three children: Dwight, Abbey and Jimmy.

## Activism

Alpern first became involved with the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1969 when she helped to found the Michigan chapter in Detroit. She was inspired by her Judaism, which encouraged her to "do \[her\] part to making the world a better place". She served as vice president of public relations for the chapter between 1970 and 1973. As the result of her background in public relations, she became involved in media relations. She negotiated with the local ABC affiliate, WXYZ-TV, on FCC compliance and the station agreed to consider supporting women in managerial and technical positions. Following the positive results of this partnership, she joined the station's women's advisory board between 1971 and 1975. She also joined the offshoot of this group, the Michigan Media Project, in 1975.

She founded a program which monitored print and electronic media to ascertain if it was balanced and non-sexist. She was the producer of two programs analyzing the portrayal of women in consumer advertising. 'What are Big Girls Made Of?' examined the portrayal of women as sex objects and 'What's Wrong With Wrinkles' focused on the absence of older women in advertisements. During the 1970s, Alpern was a committee member of 'Women in the News', which advanced a class-action lawsuit alleging employment discrimination by *The Detroit News*. Outside of her work with NOW, she founded the company Program Resources to produce media for the women's movement and for educational use.

As the Detroit Athletic Club (DAC) was closed to women, Alpern was one of forty women who invaded it while wearing high heels. The Michigan chapter of NOW was involved in the national conference with Bell Telephone in relation to sex discrimination. The group also invaded a news conference of the Catholic Bishops with signs stating "Jesus was a feminist". She designed and printed posters for the League of Women Voters in the Oakland Area and Women's Action for New Directions (WAND) to encourage women to vote. She was an advocate for women running for public office, particularly where they ran on a platform of abortions rights and pay equity. She was chair of a fundraiser for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1982 and a member of the planning committee that focused on educating female politicians and activists on the use of mass media.

## Death

Alpern died on April 25, 2010, at the age of 87. She was interred at Clover Hill Park Cemetery.


abstract: The National Museum of American Jewish Military History (NMAJMH) was founded September 2, 1958, in Washington, D.C., to document and preserve "the contributions of Jewish Americans to the peace and freedom of the United States...[and to educate] the public concerning the courage, heroism and sacrifices made by Jewish Americans who served in the armed forces." It operates under the auspices of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (JWV), National Memorial, Inc. (NMI), and is located at 1811 R Street NW, Washington, D.C., in the Dupont Circle area, in the same building that houses the JWV National Headquarters. It is a member institution of the Dupont-Kalorama Museums Consortium, established in 1983 to promote the "off the Mall" museums and their neighborhoods in the greater Dupont-Kalorama area of Washington, DC.

text:
# National Museum of American Jewish Military History

**The National Museum of American Jewish Military History** (**NMAJMH**) was founded September 2, 1958, in Washington, D.C., to document and preserve "the contributions of Jewish Americans to the peace and freedom of the United States...\[and to educate\] the public concerning the courage, heroism and sacrifices made by Jewish Americans who served in the armed forces." It operates under the auspices of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (JWV), National Memorial, Inc. (NMI), and is located at 1811 R Street NW, Washington, D.C., in the Dupont Circle area, in the same building that houses the JWV National Headquarters.

It is a member institution of the Dupont-Kalorama Museums Consortium, established in 1983 to promote the "off the Mall" museums and their neighborhoods in the greater Dupont-Kalorama area of Washington, DC.

## Description

The museum includes two floors of permanent and special exhibitions, in addition to sponsoring a number of traveling displays that are temporarily displayed in other institutions throughout the United States. In addition to exhibitions, the museum features the Captain Joshua L. Goldberg Memorial Chapel and the Study Center that serves as site for the museum lecture series and other special programs. The museum's Honorial Wall and Tree of Honor are memorials recognizing individuals and organizations that contribute to the goals of the NMAJMH.

In addition to the museum's exhibits and memorials, the NMAJMH's archives serve as a resource for individuals who want to do further research on any topic related to American Jewish military history. The archival collection contains substantial materials on Jewish service in the American military, including original photographs, letters, diaries, military records, and manuscripts. The archives also contain materials relating to the history of the Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.A.

## History

Jewish War Veterans National Commander Paul Ginsberg urged JWV leaders gathered at the October 1951 National Executive Committee meeting to move JWV's headquarters from New York to Washington, DC, and suggested the new headquarters building include a shrine or memorial to Jewish American veterans. The memorial was envisioned as a repository for records and memorabilia relating to Jewish service in the American military, in addition to being a living memorial to the patriotism of American Jews. In 1954 the Jewish War Veterans purchased a building at 1712 New Hampshire Ave NW in Washington, DC. Along with moving their headquarters to this building the JWV also established the National Shrine to the Jewish War Dead.

On 2 September 1958, following the granting of a congressional charter, the Shrine became known as the Jewish War Veterans of the USA National Memorial, Inc. The museum's charter is registered as Public Law 85-3, HR 109. The museum and JWV relocated a final time in 1983, following the purchase of a building at 1811 R Street NW. The building was officially dedicated in 1984 by then Vice President George H.W. Bush.

Combating anti-Semitism, particularly charges that Jews are somehow less patriotic than other Americans, continues to be a goal of both the JWV and the NMAJMH. The museum – through its exhibitions, archives, and programs – documents of the long history of honorable and distinguished service of Jews in the American military from the Revolutionary War to the present.

## Exhibitions

The core exhibit, known as Jews in the American Military, covers the span of Jewish service in the American military - from the colonial era to the present. Permanent exhibitions include *The Hall of Heroes: American Jewish Recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor*, and *Major General Julius Klein: His Life and Work*. Past and present special exhibitions have included such subjects as:

* *Jewish War Veterans' Protest March Against Nazi Germany - 75th Anniversary*
* *Hidden Treasures: Selections from Our Permanent Collection*
* *Rescue & Renewal: GIs and Displaced Persons*
* *Women in the Military: A Jewish Perspective*
* *A Mother's Grief*
* *An American, A Sailor and A Jew: The Life and Career of Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy, USN (1792–1862)*
* *Gold Star Mothers, Wives and Sisters*
* *Jewish Americans in Military Service During Vietnam*

Traveling exhibits have included:

* *GIs Remember: Liberating the Concentration Camps*
* *Candid Moments in the Military*
* *Salute to Jewish Military Chaplains*

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

National Museum of American Jewish Military History
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Washington, D.C.National Museum of American Jewish Military History (the United States) | |
| Established | September 2, 1958 |
| Location | 1811 R Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009-1603 |
| Coordinates | 38°54′46″N 77°02′31″W / 38.912833°N 77.041917°W / 38.912833; -77.041917 |
| Public transit access | Dupont Circle |
| Website | www.nmajmh.org |


title: Interim East Punjab Assembly

abstract: The Interim East Punjab Assembly was a unicameral governing and law making body of the newly formed Indian state of East Punjab.

text:
# Interim East Punjab Assembly

The **Interim East Punjab Assembly** was a unicameral governing and law making body of the newly formed Indian state of East Punjab.

## History

On 3 June 1947, the assembly, which was elected in 1946 divided into two parts. One was West Punjab Assembly and other was East Punjab Assembly. This was done to decide whether or not the province of Punjab should be partitioned. After voting on both sides, the partition was decided. Consequently, the existing Punjab Provincial Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. The sitting members belonging to the Western Section subsequently became the members of the new Assembly renamed as the West Punjab Legislative Assembly. The sitting members belonging to the Eastern Section subsequently became the members of the new Assembly renamed as the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. The members, which were elected in 1946 election on the ticket of Shiromani Akali Dal and Unionist Party after Partition, all joined the Indian National Congress. Initially there were total 48 members but after returning of some members till 1948 who stayed in Pakistan during Partition the total strength increased to 79.

On 15 August 1947, Gopi Chand Bhargava elected the Chief Minister of East Punjab by Members of Interim Assembly.

On the date of 1 November 1947, it was the first-time interim assembly sit. Kapur Singh was the elected Speaker that day and two days later on 3 November, Thakur Panchan Chand was the elected Deputy speaker.

Thakur Panchan Chand resigned from the post of Deputy Speaker on 20 March 1951. On 26 March 1951, Smt. Shanno Devi was the elected Deputy Speaker. The Interim Assembly was dissolved on 20 June 1951.

## Political Upheavals

During Partition, congress senior leader Bhimsen Sachar stayed in Pakistan. The stalwart leader Gopi Chand Bhargava elected the leader of Congress legislature party and he became the first Chief Minister.

**Dethrone Bhargava**

In 1948, Bhimsen Sachar and Giani Kartar Singh came to India and offered their services to help rehabilitate refugees in India. After his arrival, the tussle between two factions to capture political power increased. Sachar Group, included leaders like Kedar Nath Sehgal, Shanno Devi and Prabodh Chandra, was able to convince Congress High Command that Bhargava had failed in effectively tacking the refugee problem, maintenance of law and order and had failed to command a majority support in the state legislature.

Ultimately on 6 April 1949, Congress High Command directed Bhargava to seek vote of confidence from Congress Assembly Party. Dr. Bhargava failed to secure the confidence of the house by margin of one vote only. The no-confidence motion was carried by forty votes in favour and thirty nine against the motion. On same day Sachar was elected leader of the Congress and he took oath of Chief Minister on 13 April.

**Return of Bhargava**

After Bhargava removal from the post of Chief Minister, he along with his faction included leaders like Swaran Singh, Partap Singh Kairon, Giani Kartar Singh and Prithvi Singh Azad, submitted a memorandum against Sachar to Congress High Command, which was duly signed by 34 Legislators belonging to Bhargava faction. High Command demanded explanation from Sachar but he failed to reply. On 17 October 1949, on the direction of Central leadership, he resigned from the post and Bhargava took the oath of office on the following day. Kairon switched to Sachar faction as he failed to get a berth in Bhargava's cabinet. This led to factionalism with in the Congress party.

## Dissolution of Assembly

The tussle between Sachar and Bhargava factions worsened more. Even after securing a vote against no confidence motion by the difference of only five votes; 31 in favour of the no confidence motion and 36 against, while 4 were absent, Sachar group submitted a memorandum against Gopi Chand Bhargava and blamed for corruption. On this, High Command directed Bhargava to include members of Sachar-Kairon faction into Cabinet but Bhargava refused to do so. On 11 June 1951, Parliamentary Board decided that Bhargava should resign and no other Congress ministry should function in East Punjab till the completion of First General elections. Finally on 16 June Bhargava resigned from the post of Chief Minister and Governor of Punjab sent a report to President of India to impose President's rule in state. Punjab was formally brought under the President's rule on 20 June 1951.

## Merger of Akalis in Congress

After Partition, Akali Dal and other Independent MLAs joined the Government and in 1948, Udham Singh Nagoke, Swaran Singh, Gyani Kartar Singh and Baldev Singh dissoleved Assembly Akali Party and merged with Congress. However, Master Tara Singh declared that Akali Dal would continue to be political arm of the Sikhs. On 20 June 1950, Akali Dal adopted a resolution and directed its MLAs to resign from Congress Party but only one MLA resigned from Congress Legislative Party.

## InfoBox

| Interim East Punjab Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| **Interim Assembly** | |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| History | |
| Founded | 3 June 1947 |
| Disbanded | 20 June 1951 |
| Preceded by | Punjab Provincial Assembly |
| Succeeded by | Punjab Legislative Assembly |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker | Kapur Singh |
| Deputy Speaker | Thakur Panchan Chand
(1947-1951) |
|  | Shanno Devi
(1951) |
| Leader of House
(Chief Minister) | Gopi Chand Bhargava
(1947-1949) |
|  | Bhim Sen Sachar
(1949) |
|  | Gopi Chand Bhargava
(1949-51) |
| Leader of the Opposition | **Vacant** (no official opposition) |
| Structure | |
| Seats | **79** |
| Political groups | **Government (79)*** INC (79) |
| Length of term | 4 years, 17 days |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | first-past-the-post |
| Last election | 1946 |
| Next election | 1952 |


title: Rule of man

abstract: Rule of man is a type of personal rule in an unaccountable rebounded society where rules change from ruler to ruler. It is a society in which one person, regime, or a group of persons, rules arbitrarily. While rule of man can be explained as the absence of rule of law, this theoretical understanding results in a paradox. Realism dictates that man and law do not stand apart and that the rules of each are not opposites. Rather law depends deeply on a state composed of men. On the other hand, as a positive concept, the rule of man, "a man capable of ruling better than the best laws", was championed in ancient Greek philosophy and thinking as early as Plato. The debate between rule of man versus rule of law extends to Plato's student Aristotle, and to Confucius and the Legalists in Chinese philosophy.

text:
# Rule of man

**Rule of man** (where "man" is used in a genderless manner) is a type of *personal rule* in an unaccountable rebounded society where rules change from ruler to ruler. It is a society in which one person, regime, or a group of persons, rules arbitrarily. While rule of man can be explained as the absence of rule of law, this theoretical understanding results in a paradox. Realism dictates that man and law do not stand apart and that the rules of each are not opposites. Rather law depends deeply on a state composed of men.

On the other hand, as a positive concept, the rule of man, "a man capable of ruling better than the best laws", was championed in ancient Greek philosophy and thinking as early as Plato. The debate between rule of man versus rule of law extends to Plato's student Aristotle, and to Confucius and the Legalists in Chinese philosophy.

## About

### Negative associations

Rule of man is associated with numerous negative concepts such as tyranny, dictatorship and despotism, and their variations that have taken the form of the Thirty Tyrants, the Jacobin dictatorship (Reign of Terror) during the French Revolution, Caesarism, Bonapartism and spiritual gift politics (also known as charismatic power), and regimes like Joseph Stalin and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP. Bad government is considered inherent to personal rule. Despite theoretical associations of what constitutes a bad or good government, political realism dictates that rules will be established irrespective of the rulers being dictatorial or democratic, one or many.

## Rule of man vs. rule of law

### As independent and oppositional notions

Aristotle associated individual rule to the absence of reason, to be animal-like, "to invest law then with authority is, it seems, to invest God and reason only; to invest a man is to introduce a beast, as desire is something bestial, and even the best of men in authority are liable to be corrupted by passion. We may conclude then that the law is reason without passion and is therefore preferable to any individual." However Plato, Aristotle's teacher, had championed the rule of man, "an exceptional figure, capable of ruling better than the best laws". The Sovereign exercises absolute authority and is not bound by any law, he as a person exists outside law; the philosopher Thomas Hobbes advocated such a society (including in his book Leviathan), saying that a society would be better if it had one absolute monarch as he would be free to choose and do what he thinks is best for the society without taking into account the opinions of others.

James Harrington would go on to pen the phrase "a government of laws and not of men" in 1656, which in turn found its way into the Constitution of Massachusetts where John Adams was the principal author. In the 1803 *Marbury v. Madison* U.S Supreme Court case, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men." In 1977, a former Supreme Court of India judge, Hans Raj Khanna stated in a speech,

> Ever since the beginning of civilisation, two conflicting viewpoints, rule of men or rule of law, have competed for acceptance. Although each school of thought has not lacked in its votaries, in the aggregate the thinking has been in favour of the rule of law. On occasions we have slipped back into government by will only to return again sadder and wiser to the rule of law when hard facts of human nature demonstrated the selfishness and egotism of man and the truth of the dictum that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Rule of law is now the accepted norm in all civilised societies. Even if there have been deviations from the rule of law, such deviations have been covert and disguised, for no government in a civilised country is prepared to accept the ignominy of governing without the rule of law.
>
> Justice Hans Raj Khanna, 1977

Countries such as China have developed and transitioned from 'rule of man' to 'rule by law', and finally to 'rule of law' from the 1970s onwards. During the cultural revolution in China Mao Zedong was quoted as saying "Depend on the rule of man, not the rule of law"; however by the 1970s Mao started advocating a law based society in theory. However similar concepts had their own origins in China as early as 536 BC, when Zi Chan attempted to make law less arbitrary and more permanent by getting it inscribed and put on public display. *Renzhi*, translated by western scholars as 'rule of man', could be better explained as 'rule of people'.

Absence of rule of law implies the absence of a legislature, judiciary, and a legal administrative and enforcement system. On the other hand rule of man is associated with the lack of a legal system, that is, lawlessness.

### As dependent and overlapping notions

Laws, and the rule of law, is not isolated from man and the rule of man. There are a number of overlaps between the rule of man and the rule of law. Considering the rule of law and rule of man as independent opposites results in a paradox as law occurs within a state, and not independently.

> Central to the operation of the rule of law... was a conceptual framing of the "rule of law" and the "rule of man" as oppositional notions, a paradoxical framing suggesting in both India and China that law somehow stood apart from the realm of everyday power. Yet law was deeply dependent on the state (staffed by men), and on the operation of state power.

Notes References  1. Jenco 2010, p. 1.
2. Chenguang 2010, p. 11.
3. Shah, Syed Akhtar Ali (2021-08-17). "Rule of law or rule of men?". *The Express Tribune*. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
4. Cotton, James (1979). "James Harrington as Aristotelian". *Political Theory*. **7** (3): 374. doi:10.1177/009059177900700305. ISSN 0090-5917. JSTOR 190946. S2CID 145229391  via JSTOR.
5. Chew, Pat K (2005). "The Rule of Law: China's Skepticism and the Rule of People" (PDF). *Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution*. **20** (1): 45–46, 48–49  via core.ac.uk. ...what the West has sometimes labeled as a rule of man but is more accurately translated as the rule of people from the Chinese word renzhi
6. Gowder 2018, p. 336. (...henceforth use the traditional term "the rule of men" to contrast "the rule of law," but the reader is asked to interpret "men" in a non-gendered fashion.) \[...\] "I will say that we have "the rule of men" or "personal rule" when those who wield the power of the state are not obliged to give reasons to those over whom that power is being wielded—from the standpoint of the ruled, the rulers may simply act on their brute desires."
7. Gowder 2018, p. 338.
8. Ocko & Gilmartin 2009, p. 55. ...the rule of law and the rule of man as oppositional yet paradoxically intertwined notions...
9. Ocko & Gilmartin 2009, p. 59, 70
10. Bovero 2018, 8.
11. Waldron, Jeremy (2020), "The Rule of Law", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2021-09-20
12. Chang 2015, p. vii.
13. Bovero 2018, 11.
14. "Three Alternatives to the Rule of Law". *The Law Dictionary*. Retrieved 2021-09-20. In recent times, the rule of man is best exemplified by the totalitarian states, such as Adolf Hitler's Germany or Joseph Stalin's USSR...
15. Bovero 2018, 7.
16. *Oxford English Dictionary* online. The phrase "the rule of law" is also sometimes used in other senses. *See* Garner, Bryan A. (Editor in Chief). *Black's Law Dictionary*, 9th Edition, p. 1448. (Thomson Reuters, 2009). ISBN 978-0-314-26578-4. Black's provides five definitions of "rule of law": the lead definition is "A substantive legal principle"; the second is the "supremacy of regular as opposed to arbitrary power".
17. "Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Themes, Arguments, and Ideas". *SparkNotes*. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
18. Hobbes, Thomas (1651). *Leviathan*  via WikiSource. ...to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, \[...\] This is more than consent, or concord... I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up, thy right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner. This done, the multitude so united in one person is called a COMMONWEALTH; in Latin, CIVITAS. This is the generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather, to speak more reverently, of that mortal god to which we owe, under the immortal God, our peace and defence.
19. "James Harrington: The Commonwealth of Oceana 1656". *www.marxists.org*. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
20. Corwin, Edward S. (2019-06-30). *Corwin on the Constitution: The Foundations of American Constitutional and Political Thought, the Powers of Congress, and the President's Power of Removal*. Cornell University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-5017-4172-2.
21. Mathews, Amanda A. (2008). ""A Government of Laws and Not of Men": John Adams, Attorney, and the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780". *Boston College*.
22. "The Supreme Court: Marbury v. Madison". *archive.nytimes.com*. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
23. Justice H.R. Khanna (9 September 1977) "*Rule of Law*". New Delhi.
24. Chenguang 2010, p. 1, 12.
25. Leng, Shao-Chuan (Fall 1977). "The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence". *Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology*. **68** (3): 356–373. doi:10.2307/1142585. JSTOR 1142585  via Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
26. Chenguang 2010, p. 1.
27. Ocko & Gilmartin 2009, p. 57
Bibliography

## Further reading

Audio


title: Vampire of the Mists

abstract: Vampire of the Mists is the first novel in the Ravenloft books gothic horror series. Written by Christie Golden, it is set both in Waterdeep, a city in the Forgotten Realms world of Dungeons & Dragons, and more prominently, the Demiplane of Dread, location of the Ravenloft campaign setting.

text:
# Vampire of the Mists

***Vampire of the Mists*** is the first novel in the Ravenloft books gothic horror series. Written by Christie Golden, it is set both in Waterdeep, a city in the Forgotten Realms world of *Dungeons & Dragons*, and more prominently, the Demiplane of Dread, location of the Ravenloft campaign setting.

## Plot summary

The story concerns Jander Sunstar, an elf vampire who, despite his affliction, attempts to remain as good as possible. On a trip to Waterdeep to drink the blood of patients of a mental hospital there, Jander falls in love with an inmate who introduces herself as Anna. For about one hundred years the immortal vampire visits Anna regularly, and Anna seems to be similarly ageless. Anna begins to become ill, and Jander, afraid of losing her, tries to turn her into a vampire. Anna refuses. In her last moments of life, when Jander asks her what ruined her mind, she answers "Barovia."

In a rage, Jander kills every last occupant of the asylum, and is transported to the Demiplane of Dread. There, he has his fortune told by a Vistani gypsy before befriending Count Strahd Von Zarovich. The predictions made by the fortune-teller all prove to be true later in the book, sometimes in multiple ways. After a very long period of time spent in Barovia, Jander discovers that the woman he knew as Anna was in truth Tatyana, wife of Strahd's Brother, Sergei, and the woman who drove Strahd to murder his own family. She escaped the castle as it entered the demiplane, but lost her mind in the process. Shocked, Jander bands together with a local cleric and a young thief, to the end of killing Strahd. They fail, though the severe damage they inflict on him forces him into an extended healing cycle thereby limiting the speed with which he increased in power as a spell-caster. To that end, Jander somewhat succeeded, at least for the time being, and more so prevented Strahd further access to any more of his own knowledge when he walks into the sunlight for his final death.

## Reception

*Vampire of the Mists* was #4 on *CBR*'s 2020 "10 Of The Best DnD Stories To Start Off With" list — the article states that "*Vampire Of The Mists* not only provides a great introduction to the *Ravenloft* setting but also explains its connections to the base setting of Faérun. \[...\] It also provides insight on how to apply things like Vampires to a traditional *D&D* setting".

In the *Io9* series revisiting older *Dungeons & Dragons* novels, Rob Bricken highlighted that Strahd isn't the main villain of *Vampire of the Mists* and instead Strahd, Jander and Anna "have all been manipulated by the Demiplane of Dread itself". He compared the novel to both Bram Stoker’s *Dracula* and Anne Rice’s *Interview With the Vampire*, stating, "it’s a simpler, more basic version of both classics, of course, but I absolutely do not hold that against the book". He wrote that "*Mists* isn’t scary, per se, but Strahd wreaks enough horror and carnage to drive home that Ravenloft is much, much more sinister than the Forgotten Realms. It all comes together into a solid narrative. \[...\]. *Vampire of the Mists* is also a *D&D* novel published in the early ‘90s, which means hunks of it have, as usual, aged rather poorly. There’s the Vistani, a race of Romani analogues repeatedly called by the old slur, which isn’t great. Strahd is exclusively interested in creating a coven of sexy vampire ladies, which means a lot of female characters exist solely to be victims. \[...\] If you’re looking for a good vampire story, you could do significantly better than *Vampire of the Mists*, but if you’re someone rereading a bunch of 30-year-old *Dungeons & Dragons* novels, you could do much, much worse".

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Vampire of the Mists
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Christie Golden |
| Cover artist | Clyde Caldwell |
| Language | English |
| Series | Ravenloft series |
| Genre | Fantasy novel |
| Published | 1991 (TSR, Inc.) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 341 pp (first edition, paperback) |
| ISBN | 1-56076-155-5 (first edition, paperback) |
| OCLC | 26303502 |
| Preceded by | *None* |
| Followed by | *Knight of the Black Rose* |


title: Misterton, Somerset

abstract: Misterton is a village and civil parish 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of Crewkerne, Somerset, England.

text:
# Misterton, Somerset

**Misterton** is a village and civil parish 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of Crewkerne, Somerset, England.

## History

The village was previously known as *Minsterton* as a result of its links with the "mother church" in Crewkerne.

The parish was part of the hundred of Crewkerne.

## Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

## Transport

The village is the site of Crewkerne railway station on the Exeter- London Waterloo line served by South West Trains. It also lies at the crossroads of the A356 and A3066 roads. The village is served by the Taunton-Chard-Crewkerne-Misterton-Yeovil bus service operated by Stagecoach and Bridport-Beaminster-Broadwindsor-Misterton-Crewkerne-Yeovil bus service operated by Damory. Both services operate Monday to Saturday.

## Landmarks

The manor house dates from the 18th century and was part of a major house which formerly incorporated Little Manor and West Manor.

The Old Court and Court Close, with Court Place and Old Court Cottage date from the 16th century and were two houses which were subsequently linked to form one and have now been extended and then subdivided again.

The Globe Inn dates from the 17th century.

## Religious sites

The Church of St Leonard was built of hamstone in 1840 by Sampson Kempthorne. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building.

## Notable residents

Media related to Misterton, Somerset at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Misterton | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St Leonard, Misterton | |
| MistertonLocation within Somerset | |
| Population | 826 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | ST454082 |
| Civil parish | * Misterton |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CREWKERNE |
| Postcode district | TA18 |
| Dialling code | 01460 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Rancid (film)

abstract: Rancid is a 2004 English-language Swedish thriller film, written by Jesper Ersgård and directed by Jack Ersgard.

text:
# Rancid (film)

***Rancid*** is a 2004 English-language Swedish thriller film, written by Jesper Ersgård and directed by Jack Ersgard.

## Plot

Once a promising young writer, John barely makes a living doing odd jobs. After a personal tragedy he is now stuck in a negative mood and dispassionate about his work. In the middle of his existential crisis he attends a high school reunion and meets three old friends, acquaintances he's tried to forget but who now appear like scary shadows from his past. Face to face with the love of his life, John tries to right old wrongs and get his life in order. John soon realizes that the past is best laid to rest or it might haunt him for all eternity. Wanted by the police for murder, he must choose between succumbing to his darkest desires or the light that will renew his faith in himself and his future.

1. "Rancid (2004) - IMDb". *IMDb*.

## InfoBox

| Rancid | |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish cover | |
| Directed by | Jack Ersgard |
| Written by | * Jesper Ersgård * Patrik Ersgård * Jack Ersgard |
| Produced by | * Jack Ersgard * Zoula Pitsiava * Peter Possne * Brad Southwick |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kjell Lagerroos |
| Edited by | Gregers F. Dohn |
| Music by |  |
| Distributed by | Sonet Film |
| Release date | * 2004 (2004) |
| Running time | 108 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | English |


abstract: Friends of Mine is an album by American folk musician Ramblin' Jack Elliott, released in 1998. Guests include Nanci Griffith, Emmylou Harris, Arlo Guthrie, Jerry Jeff Walker, John Prine, and Tom Waits.

text:
# Friends of Mine (Ramblin' Jack Elliott album)

***Friends of Mine*** is an album by American folk musician Ramblin' Jack Elliott, released in 1998.

Guests include Nanci Griffith, Emmylou Harris, Arlo Guthrie, Jerry Jeff Walker, John Prine, and Tom Waits.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Thom Owens wrote the album "is a thoroughly enjoyable collection of duets (and one trio) produced by Roy Rogers. There's a loose, intimate atmosphere on Friends of Mine that is instantly appealing, and his selection of singing partners... It's an excellent latter-day effort from Elliott that confirms his status as a legendary folksinger."

## Track listing

1. "Ridin' Down the Canyon" (duet with Arlo Guthrie) (Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette) – 4:24
2. "Me and Billy the Kid" (duet with Peter Rowan) (Joe Ely) – 3:50
3. "Last Letter" (duet with Rosalie Sorrels)(Rex Griffin) – 5:06
4. "Louise" (duet with Tom Waits)(Tom Waits, Kathleen Brennan) – 4:44
5. "Rex's Blues" (with Nanci Griffith and Emmylou Harris) (Townes Van Zandt) – 2:36
6. "Walls of Red Wing" (duet with John Prine) (Bob Dylan) – 4:31
7. "Hard Travelin'" (duet with Jerry Jeff Walker)(Woody Guthrie) – 2:46
8. "He Was a Friend of Mine" (duet with Jerry Jeff Walker)(traditional) – 3:25
9. "Dark as a Dungeon" (duet with Guy Clark) (Merle Travis) – 4:43
10. "Friend of the Devil" (duet with Bob Weir) (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter, John Dawson) – 4:14
11. "Reason to Believe" (Tim Hardin) – 3:25
12. "Bleeker Street Blues" (Jack Elliott) – 3:51
13. "Old Time Feeling" (with Tom Waits and Guy Clark) (Guy Clark) - 0:45

## Personnel

**Production notes:**

* Roy Rogers – producer
* Mooka Rennick – engineer
* Robert Geller – assistant engineer
* Scotty Johnson – assistant engineer
* Cindy Pascarello – design
* Gaynell Toler Rogers – photography
* Chris Felver – photography

## InfoBox

| Friends of Mine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ramblin' Jack Elliott | |
| Released | March 17, 1998 |
| Genre | Folk, country blues |
| Length | 48:20 |
| Label | High Tone |
| Producer | Roy Rogers |
| Ramblin' Jack Elliott chronology | |
| *South Coast*
(1995) ***Friends of Mine***
(1998) *The Long Ride*
(1999) | |


title: Hendrick Couturier

abstract: Hendrick Couturier, was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

text:
# Hendrick Couturier

**Hendrick Couturier** (1620, Leiden  1684, New York City), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

## Biography

According to the RKD he married in Leiden in 1648 and moved to America. He lived both in New Amsterdam/New York and New Amstel/New Castle. He is primarily known today as the (possible) portrait painter of Pieter Stuyvesant, though this attribution is based mainly on a court statement of his wife in 1663 that Stuyvesant had given her and her husband the "Burgerright" in exchange for the portrait he had painted of the Director General.

There is archival evidence of Couturier's life which indicated guild membership in Leiden before emigrating and producing some works painted in New Amsterdam.

In 1925 an exhibition of portraits of early Americans was held in New York by the Century Association. At this exhibition an oil portrait was shown of Oloff Stevense Van Cortlandt (father of the 17th century mayor of New York Stephanus Van Cortlandt) that at that time was attributed to Couturier. This prompted the New York art collector Thomas B. Clarke to purchase it, who later showed it in 1928 as part of his collection. According to its current provenance record in the National Gallery of Art, the attribution to Couturier has since been changed to "Unknown man by unknown 17th century French painter".


title: Walter Topping

abstract: Walter William Buchanan Topping was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland. Topping studied at the Rossall School and Queen's University Belfast, before becoming a barrister in 1930. During World War II, he served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Artillery. He was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1945 as the Ulster Unionist Party member for Larne, serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance - effectively the Chief Whip - from 1947 until 1956, then as the Minister of Home Affairs. He resigned in 1959 to become the Recorder of Belfast, serving until 1978. In 1967, he became a member of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland.

text:
# Walter Topping

**Walter William Buchanan Topping** (190826 July 1978) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Topping studied at the Rossall School and Queen's University Belfast, before becoming a barrister in 1930. During World War II, he served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Artillery. He was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1945 as the Ulster Unionist Party member for Larne, serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance - effectively the Chief Whip \- from 1947 until 1956, then as the Minister of Home Affairs. He resigned in 1959 to become the Recorder of Belfast, serving until 1978. In 1967, he became a member of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland.


title: Harriet Cohen International Music Award

abstract: The Harriet Cohen International Music Award was founded in 1951 by Sir Arnold Bax and others, in honour of the British pianist Harriet Cohen. It is to be distinguished from the Harriet Cohen Bach Prize, established in 1994, for the most deserving pupil at the Royal Academy of Music in the field of Bach piano playing.

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# Harriet Cohen International Music Award

The **Harriet Cohen International Music Award** was founded in 1951 by Sir Arnold Bax and others, in honour of the British pianist Harriet Cohen.

It is to be distinguished from the Harriet Cohen Bach Prize, established in 1994, for the most deserving pupil at the Royal Academy of Music in the field of Bach piano playing.

## Recipients

### 1950s

1951 1954 1955 1956 1957 * Eduardo Vercelli (Buenos Aires, 1935 – Geneva, 1993)
* Mario delli Ponti – Bach Medal
* Adam Harasiewicz, for outstanding achievement in piano

1958 1959

### 1960s

**1960**

**1961**

**1962**

**1963**

**1964**

**1965**

**1966**

**1967**

**1968**

### 1990s

**1996**

### 2000s

**2001**

**2002**

* Cheryl Frances-Hoad (joint winner)

2005 * Victoria Davies, harpist

### Dates not yet determined


title: Harald Jensen (geologist)

abstract: Harald Ingemann Jensen was an Australian geologist, academic, public servant and political candidate. He was born in Denmark and came to Australia as a young child.

text:
# Harald Jensen (geologist)

**Harald Ingemann Jensen** (12 June 1879  13 July 1966) was an Australian geologist, academic, public servant and political candidate. He was born in Denmark and came to Australia as a young child.

## Early life

Harald Jensen was born in 1879 in Aarhus, Jutland to farmer Niels Georg Oscar Jensen and Clara (*née* Nielsen), the latter of whom was purported to be a descendant of the great Danish poet Bernhard Severin Ingemann. Around 1885 the family migrated to Queensland, where young Harald attended public schools before winning a scholarship to Brisbane Boys' Grammar School. In 1898, Jensen was employed at Clement Wragge's observatory at Mount Kosciuszko before briefly studying at the University of Sydney; he took time off from 1900 to 1901 to teach in Sydney and North Queensland before returning to his studies in 1902, receiving a Bachelor of Science specialising in geology in 1904. He was employed as an assistant demonstrator to Edgeworth David before becoming the first Macleay fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1905, allowing him to travel extensively in the Pacific, including to Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and New Zealand. He married Jane Elizabeth Ellen England on 26 September 1906 in Sydney. In 1908 he was awarded a Doctorate of Science and a university medal, and was employed by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture as a soil scientist, publishing *Soils of New South Wales* in 1914.

## Career

Appointed director of mines in the Northern Territory in August 1912, he found himself in opposition to the Administrator, John Gilruth, who had him demoted in 1915, although he remained chief geologist. Jensen wrote to the minister for external affairs and territories and precipitated a royal commission into Gilruth's administration, which ultimately found against Jensen (a public service inquiry later exonerated him of making disloyal comments) and led to his forced resignation in September 1915. He returned to Queensland in 1917 and became a government geologist.

In 1923 Jensen was employed as a consultant geologist, searching for oil in the Roma basin and in New Guinea. Divorced in 1937, in 1938 he was appointed leader of the Queensland section of the Aerial Geological and Geophysical Survey of North Australia, which continued until 1940. He later became interested in meteorology and published *Seasonal Forecasting* in 1956.

## Politics

Jensen was a member of the Australian Labor Party, publishing *The Rising Tide: An Exposition of Australian Socialism* in 1909 in which he advocated protectionism. He contested the 1917 federal election as Labor candidate for Lilley. He ran on the Labor Senate tickets in 1922 and 1925, but was expelled from the party in August 1926 after attacking a perceived move away from socialism (he would run again for the Senate in 1928 as an independent).

## Personal life

Jensen married Jane England in Sydney in 1906. They were divorced in 1937. Jensen died in 1966 in Brisbane after being badly burnt in a grass fire. He was survived by five children. Two boxes of his papers are held in the Fryer Library at The University of Queensland.

## InfoBox

| Dr Harald Jensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Jensen in 1906 | |
| Born | (1879-06-12)12 June 1879
Aarhus, Denmark |
| Died | 13 July 1966(1966-07-13) (aged 87)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Alma mater | University of Sydney |
| Occupation(s) | Geologist
Academic
Public servant |
| Spouse | Jane England  (m. 1906; div. 1937) |


title: Orrin B. Hartley House

abstract: The Orrin B. Hartley House is a historic residence located in Hood River, Oregon, United States. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

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# Orrin B. Hartley House

The **Orrin B. Hartley House** is a historic residence located in Hood River, Oregon, United States.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Orrin B. Hartley House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Hartley House in 2009 | |
| Location in Hood River, Oregon | |
| Location | 1029 State Street<br>Hood River, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°42′28″N 121°31′23″W / 45.707666°N 121.522968°W / 45.707666; -121.522968 |
| Area | 0.25 acres (0.10 ha) |
| Built | 1907 (1907) |
| Built by | E. A. Jerome |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001860 |
| Added to NRHP | October 30, 1989 |


title: Ruggles-Brise baronets

abstract: The Ruggles-Brise Baronetcy, of Spains Hall in Finchingfield in the County of Essex, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 31 January 1935 for the Conservative politician Edward Ruggles-Brise. The second Baronet was Lord-Lieutenant of Essex from 1958 to 1978. Guy Ruggles-Brise, younger son of the first baronet, was High Sheriff of Essex between 1967 and 1968.

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# Ruggles-Brise baronets

The **Ruggles-Brise Baronetcy**, of Spains Hall in Finchingfield in the County of Essex, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 31 January 1935 for the Conservative politician Edward Ruggles-Brise. The second Baronet was Lord-Lieutenant of Essex from 1958 to 1978.

Guy Ruggles-Brise, younger son of the first baronet, was High Sheriff of Essex between 1967 and 1968.

## Ruggles-Brise baronets, of Spains Hall (1935)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Archie Ruggles-Brise.


title: Grand-Daddy Day Care

abstract: Grand-Daddy Day Care is a 2019 American comedy film distributed by Universal 1440 Entertainment and Revolution Studios. It is the third and final installment in the Daddy Day Care film series. Unlike the first two films, which were released theatrically by Sony Pictures under the Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures labels and were rated PG, this is the first and only film in the series to be a direct-to-video release, to be rated PG-13, and to be distributed by Universal Pictures under its home media division.

text:
# Grand-Daddy Day Care

***Grand-Daddy Day Care*** is a 2019 American comedy film distributed by Universal 1440 Entertainment and Revolution Studios. It is the third and final installment in the *Daddy Day Care* film series. Unlike the first two films, which were released theatrically by Sony Pictures under the Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures labels and were rated PG, this is the first and only film in the series to be a direct-to-video release, to be rated PG-13, and to be distributed by Universal Pictures under its home media division.

## Plot

Frank Collins is a best-selling author, who suffers from writer's block. While attempting to write his next novel he and his wife, Emma, struggle to pay their bills and make ends meet. Her hard-headed former convict/retired lawyer father, Eduardo, comes to live with them. Finding it more difficult to entertain his father-in-law and attempt to write his next novel, Frank decides to invite Eduardo's friends into the house to keep him preoccupied. Their home, now filled with senior citizens, falls into disarray. The Collins couple realize that they could make more money by housing and monitoring these elderly individuals. Upon learning of the business being run in the house, a persistent social worker named Ned Tooley becomes determined to shut them down.

Eduardo uses his law expertise to plan a course of action that would allow Frank and Emma to stay in business. Together they purchase the established, but on hiatus, Daddy Day Care from Charles "Charlie" Hinton. Charles recounts his attempts at success with the business, warning them about the unfortunate life-events that may follow. After purchasing the company, they attempt to register and rebrand the establishment as "Granddaddy Day Care". Upon doing so, they learn that there is a waiting period. After being fined by the city, due to the social worker's analysis, the Collins couple struggle to earn enough money to pay their debtors and the fines. Eduardo, who has shown the early stages of dementia, decides to help them sue the city. In court they present their case that they were not issued any warnings. The judge rules in favor of Grand-Daddy Day Care, and the company continues to grow and flourish. Frank, Emma, their son Jordan, and Eduardo begin to grow closer as a family and realize how great their lives have become. Frank meanwhile, gets a new idea for a fiction book based on his experiences running Grand-Daddy Day Care. It becomes a best-seller.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Grand-Daddy Day Care | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Ron Oliver |
| Screenplay by | Robbie Fox
David H. Steinberg |
| Story by | Robbie Fox |
| Based on | Characters
by Geoff Rodkey |
| Produced by | Mike Elliott |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Graham Robbins |
| Edited by | Heath Ryan |
| Music by | Nora Kroll-Rosenbaum |
| Production
companies | Universal 1440 Entertainment
Revolution Studios |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures Home Entertainment |
| Release date | * February 5, 2019 (2019-02-05) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Katsuragawa Hoshū

abstract: Katsuragawa Hoshū was a Japanese physician and scholar of rangaku. He served the Tokugawa shogunate as a physician and as a translator of Dutch. He was the older brother of author and rangaku scholar Morishima Chūryō. As the eldest son of the Katsuragawa family, Dutch-style physicians to the shōgun, Hoshū was appointed to that position in 1777. He began teaching at the shogunal school of medicine in 1794. In addition to collaborating with Sugita Genpaku on Kaitai Shinsho, the first Japanese translation of a Western treatise on anatomy, he was the author of Hokusa Bunryaku, one of the earliest Japanese accounts of Russia. He learned surgery with Nakagawa Jun'an from Carl Peter Thunberg when he was in Nagasaki. By the recommendation of Thunberg, Kirill Laxman wrote a letter to him. However, the letter was taken by Tokugawa shogunate and never returned.

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# Katsuragawa Hoshū

**Katsuragawa Hoshū** (桂川 甫周, 1751 – August 2, 1809) was a Japanese physician and scholar of *rangaku* (Western studies). He served the Tokugawa shogunate as a physician and as a translator of Dutch. He was the older brother of author and *rangaku* scholar Morishima Chūryō.

As the eldest son of the Katsuragawa family, Dutch-style physicians to the shōgun, Hoshū was appointed to that position in 1777. He began teaching at the shogunal school of medicine in 1794. In addition to collaborating with Sugita Genpaku on *Kaitai Shinsho*, the first Japanese translation of a Western treatise on anatomy, he was the author of *Hokusa Bunryaku*, one of the earliest Japanese accounts of Russia.

He learned surgery with Nakagawa Jun'an from Carl Peter Thunberg when he was in Nagasaki. By the recommendation of Thunberg, Kirill Laxman wrote a letter to him. However, the letter was taken by Tokugawa shogunate and never returned. (See. Kirill Laxman#Letters to Japanese scholars)

* Imaizumi Genkichi (1965). *Rangaku no i.e. Katsuragawa no hitobito.* Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin.


title: Frere baronets

abstract: There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Frere, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Both creations are extinct. The Frere Baronetcy, of Water Eaton in the County of Oxford, was created in the Baronetage of England on 22 July 1620 for Edward Frere. The title became extinct on his death in 1629. The Frere Baronetcy, of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 24 May 1876 for the colonial administrator Sir Henry Bartle Frere. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1933. The first Baronet was the grandson of John Frere, the great-nephew of Ellenor Fenn and the nephew of John Hookham Frere.

text:
# Frere baronets

There have been two **baronetcies** created for persons with the surname **Frere**, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Both creations are extinct.

The **Frere Baronetcy**, of Water Eaton in the County of Oxford, was created in the Baronetage of England on 22 July 1620 for Edward Frere. The title became extinct on his death in 1629.

The **Frere Baronetcy**, of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 24 May 1876 for the colonial administrator Sir Henry Bartle Frere. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1933. The first Baronet was the grandson of John Frere, the great-nephew of Ellenor Fenn and the nephew of John Hookham Frere.

## Frere baronets, of Water Eaton (1620)

* Sir Edward Frere, 1st Baronet (c.1564–1629)

## Frere baronets, of Wimbledon (1876)


title: Pittosporum fairchildii

abstract: Pittosporum fairchildii, commonly called Fairchild's kohuhu, is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species was first described by Thomas Frederic Cheeseman. It is named in honour of Captain J. Fairchild, a 19th-century seaman who commanded the S.S. Stella.

text:
# Pittosporum fairchildii

***Pittosporum fairchildii***, commonly called **Fairchild's kohuhu**, is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species was first described by Thomas Frederic Cheeseman. It is named in honour of Captain J. Fairchild, a 19th-century seaman who commanded the S.S. Stella.

## InfoBox

| *Pittosporum fairchildii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. fairchildii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum fairchildii***
Cheeseman, 1888 | |
|


title: National Service Training Program

abstract: The National Service Training Program (NSTP) is a civic education and defense preparedness program for students instituted by the Government of the Philippines on November 13, 2009, by virtue of Republic Act 9163, otherwise known as the "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001."

text:
# National Service Training Program

The **National Service Training Program (NSTP)** is a civic education and defense preparedness program for students instituted by the Government of the Philippines on November 13, 2009, by virtue of Republic Act 9163, otherwise known as the "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001."

## Coverage

Under the NSTP Program, both male and female college students of any baccalaureate degree course or technical vocational course in public or private higher educational institutions are obliged to undergo one of three program components for an academic period of two semesters. The students, however, are free to choose which particular program component to take. The three NSTP Program components are:

This program component is designed to provide students with activities contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life of the members of the community especially those developed to improve social welfare services. This program component is designed to train students in teaching literacy and numeracy skills to schoolchildren and out-of-school youths. The hope is to continue learning on a peer - to - peer interaction. This program component is designed to provide military education and training for students to mobilize them for national defense preparedness. This is also a glimpse for young people to see how military life is and encourage them into service.

Graduates of the ROTC program component are organized into the Citizen Armed Force, while graduates of the LTS and CWTS program components are organized into the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) administered by the Department of National Defense, the Commission on Higher Education and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority.

## Precedents

There have been several legal precedents to the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. These include:

### Commonwealth Act No. 1

Commonwealth Act No. 1, otherwise known as the "National Defense Act", was enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines on December 21, 1935. It provided for obligatory military service for all male citizens of ages between 18 and 30.

### Presidential Decree No. 1706

Presidential Decree No. 1706, otherwise known as the "National Service Law", was signed into law on August 8, 1980. It made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified three categories of national service: civic welfare service, law enforcement service and military service.

### Republic Act 7077

Republic Act 7077, otherwise known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act", was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines on June 27, 1991. The Reservist Act provided for organization, training and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act as "Citizen Soldiers". The primary pool of manpower for the reservist organization are graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps basic and advance courses.

## Statistics

According to the Commission on Higher Education, over a ten-year period from 2002-2012 the CWTS component has produced 10,614,000 graduates, the highest among the three NSTP components. This is followed by the ROTC component, with 1,435,000 AFP reservists and the LTS component with 538,700 graduates.

A comparison of the number of NSTP graduates per component, 2002-2012
| NSTP Component | No. of Graduates |
| --- | --- |
| CWTS | 10,614,000 |
| LTS | 538,700 |
| ROTC | 1,435,000 |


title: Osceola County Courthouse (Iowa)

abstract: The Osceola County Courthouse in Sibley, Iowa, United States, was built in 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.

text:
# Osceola County Courthouse (Iowa)

The **Osceola County Courthouse** in Sibley, Iowa, United States, was built in 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.

## History

Sibley was chosen as the Osceola County county seat because it was the first town established in the county. All of the wagon trails in the county led there after the railroad was completed there in 1872. The first courthouse was a two-story frame building built the same year for $5,000. There were shutters on all of the windows. The present courthouse was designed by E.N. Kinney and built by C.E. Atkinson from 1902 to 1903. The building follows no definable architectural style. It featured a cupola with a clock and a statue of Justice on top. The building had major renovation projects in the 1920s and in 1961. The cupola, clock and statue were removed during the later renovation.

## Architecture

The courthouse is a two-story stone structure built on a raised basement and capped with a flat roof. The basement level of the building is coarse stone. The south elevation has a projecting pavilion with a single-story portico that features two columns and a recessed entrance. Three circular windows are located above the second story windows. Each of the corners of the building also project from the main building and have arched windows on the second story. The interior may be the more significant part of the building. The rotunda is separated from the hallways by column screens. The rotunda also features wide friezes with medallions, oval opening in the floor, wooden balusters, and brass railings. The first floor has tile floors. The significance of the courthouse is derived from its association with county government, and the political power and prestige of Sibley as the county seat.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Osceola County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Osceola County Courthouse, July 2014. | |
|  | |
| Location | 3rd Ave & 8th St.<br>Sibley, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 43°24′07.5″N 95°44′57.7″W / 43.402083°N 95.749361°W / 43.402083; -95.749361 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1903 |
| Built by | C.E. Atkinson |
| Architect | E.N. Kinney |
| MPS | County Courthouses in Iowa TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000261 |
| Added to NRHP | July 2, 1981 |


title: Vantawng Falls

abstract: The Vantawng Khawhthla is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Thenzawl in Serchhip district in the Indian state of Mizoram. It is the highest uninterrupted waterfall in Mizoram. It is about 92 kilometres (57 mi) away from Aizawl.

text:
# Vantawng Falls

The **Vantawng Khawhthla** is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Thenzawl in Serchhip district in the Indian state of Mizoram. It is the highest uninterrupted waterfall in Mizoram. It is about 92 kilometres (57 mi) away from Aizawl.

## The falls

Vantawng Khawhthla or Vantawng Falls is the highest and most spectacular of the waterfalls and cascades in the fast-flowing rivers of Mizoram. It is located in Vanva River near Thenzawl and is named after Vantawnga, who was said to be an excellent swimmer. So good a swimmer was Vantawnga that he could hover in the cascading water like a fish, but during one of such performances, a drifting log fell from above and killed him.

The height of the fall is recorded as 750 feet (230 m). Though it is difficult to get close to it because of the sheer forested hillsides surrounding it, a viewing tower has been constructed.

## InfoBox

| Vantawng Khawhthla | |
| --- | --- |
| Vantawng Khawhthla | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Serchhip district, Mizoram, India |
| Coordinates | 23°15′25″N 92°45′45″E / 23.25692°N 92.76246°E / 23.25692; 92.76246 |
| Type | Tiered |
| Total height | 228.6 m (750 ft) |
| Watercourse | Vanva River |


title: Girl Meets Ghost

abstract: Girl Meets Ghost is a children's novel series launched in 2013 by author Lauren Barnholdt about a tween girl who can see and talk with ghosts as she helps them move on to the afterlife, though what happens when ghosts "move on" is unclear.

text:
# Girl Meets Ghost

***Girl Meets Ghost*** is a children's novel series launched in 2013 by author Lauren Barnholdt about a tween girl who can see and talk with ghosts as she helps them move on to the afterlife, though what happens when ghosts "move on" is unclear.

## *Girl Meets Ghost* (2013)

Daniella, the insistent and annoying ghost of a High School gymnast, demands Kendall's attention to help her "move on". Kendall would rather be spending her time worrying about a boy she has a crush on, Brandon, and her less than stellar math grades. Kendall's best friend Ellie is apparently in love with Brandon's unpredictable friend, Kyle, and Brandon keeps running into Kendall doing strange things like talking to herself (actually to ghosts) and digging in a graveyard. The ghost of Brandon's mom begins haunting Kendall and apparently warning her off of Brandon, though they have started dating. Kendall tries to convince Daniella's friend, Jen, to unwittingly help her solve the mystery of Daniella's haunting while Kendall is also worrying about the relationship between her dad and his friend Cindy. Kendall discovers that Daniella and Jen fought over a boy that Jen had dated first and that Jen's anger leads her to refuse Daniella a ride to a gymnastics meet. Daniella takes an ill-fated bus and dies, leaving Jen feeling responsible. Kendall, claiming to be a friend of Daniella's, mediates between the ghost and Jen and Daniella is able to move on when Jen believes that Daniella does not blame her.

## *The Harder the Fall* (2013)

Kendall is visited by Lyra, the ghost of a fashionable teen who wanted to be a scientist, while the ghost's mother, struggling with depression following her daughter's death, is quickly going bankrupt and about to lose her business (an understaffed and under-equipped "spa"). Meanwhile, Kendall learns that Brandon's mother—whose ghost is now haunting her with increasing force—was friends in school with Kendall's absent mother. While apple picking with her father, Cindy, and Brandon, Kendall's father unexpectedly proposes to Cindy in public by giving her a "promise ring", which throws Kendall's home-life into turmoil. To make matters worse, things with Brandon are not going that well as a potential love interest enters the scene at school just as Kendall is behaving increasingly erratic, and Ellie is increasingly suspicious that Kendall is hiding something.

## *Ghost of a Chance* (2014)

When helping a ghost named Lyra, Kendall started hanging with a boy named Micah, who is Lyra's brother. Now, her own boyfriend and her best friend won't even talk to her anymore. On top of that, her dad is getting serious with his girlfriend, Cindy, and Kendall has to help the ghost of her archenemy's sister, Lily. Kendall could not take it anymore! So, Kendall decides it's time to go see her mother (who ran away from Kendall when she was a baby) to find answers on this "seeing ghosts" thing. Hopefully, her mom will know the truth, or things will get a lot worse.

## Characters

### Recurring characters

* Kendall Williams—The protagonist of the series, Kendall is a 12-year-old who sees and talks to ghosts. She helps the ghosts to "move on" by solving the mystery about the reason for their haunting, though she has no idea where they go afterwards.
* Bob Williams—Kendall's single parent father. Kendall's mother left when Kendall was a baby.
* Cindy Pollack—A friend and confidant of Mr. William's, Kendall worries that Cindy is trying to work her way into the family.
* Ellie Wilimena—Kendall's best friend and confidant in everything except that Kendall sees ghosts. The secret of the ghosts is a source of tension for Kendall.
* Brandon Dunham—Kendall's love interest. He is continually running into Kendall at awkward moments when she is helping Daniella.
* John Dunham—Brandon's widower father. He is an illustrator of children's books.
* Grace Dunham—Brandon's little sister. She likes to pretend she is a karate master.
* Julie (Collier) Dunham—The ghost of Brandon's mother who died a few years before. She frightens Kendall and apparently wants her to stay away from Brandon.
* Kyle—Brandon's occasionally difficult best friend and the love interest of Ellie.
* Mrs. D'Amico—Long time friend of Kendall's deceased grandmother, Mrs. D'Amico is the head of the English Department at Kendall's school and lets her and Ellie hang out in her office and drink coffee and tea.
* Mr. Jacobi—Kendall's math teacher who apparently does not like her very much.
* Kyle's Mom—She mainly gives the kids rides, but questions Kendall about her interest in theater when Kendall is overheard talking to ghosts and uses "practicing a monologue" as an excuse (Book 1).

### *Girl Meets Ghost*

* Daniella—A ghost who needs Kendall's help to "move on". She is a former award-winning High-school gymnast who died in a bus wreck.
* Jen Higgins—A gymnast and friend of Daniella's. Jen is the focus of Daniella's inability to "move on".
* Travis Santini—Love interest of both Daniella and Jen. A fight over Travis leads indirectly to Daniella's death.
* Mitch Huntsman—A basketball player Kendall questions to find Jen.

### *The Harder the Fall*

* Lyra—the ghost who visits Kendall for help.
* Sharon—Lyra's depressed mother who owns a salon/spa that is going bankrupt.
* Micah—Lyra's brother.
* Madison Baker—A pretty and popular girl at Kendall's school who takes an interest in Brandon.

### *Ghost of a Chance*

Lily — A ghost that Kendall helps move on; Madison's older sister.

Maura — One of Madison's minions

## Critical reception

Reviewers found this first installment in the nascent series intriguing and fun. *Kirkus Reviews*, for example, claims "Barnholdt keeps the narrative light and her characters chirpy. Kendall might get discouraged, but she's always ready to bounce back with a new hairstyle or a spiffy outfit. Much of the comedy comes from Kendall's attempts to explain her increasingly outlandish actions as she tries to hide the truth about her ghosts. Funny and bubbly" while *Publishers Weekly* claims "Barnholdt provides steady suspense and approaches dark topics with a refreshing dose of levity". Lana Barnes from *The Horn Book Guide* gave the book a four out of six rating, feeling the author's tween voice is genuine, but the separate plot lines in the novel "lack a solid connection."

## Further references

* Bernstein, Allison and Shelley Glantz. Review. *Library Media Connection*. Aug/Sep 2013 (32.1): p. 66.

## InfoBox

Girl Meets Ghost
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lauren Barnholdt |
| Language | English |
| Genre | novel |
| Publisher | Aladdin |
| Publication date | 2013 - |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |