title: Israeli Footballer of the Year

abstract: The title Footballer of the Year of Israel has been bestowed annually since 1960 by the Israeli newspaper Maariv at the end of each season. In the years 1963, 1966 and 1991 two players have been honoured. Mordechai Spiegler, who is considered the foremost player in Israeli football history, has between 1964 and 1971, been given the accolade a record four times.

text:
# Israeli Footballer of the Year

The title **Footballer of the Year of Israel** has been bestowed annually since 1960 by the Israeli newspaper *Maariv* at the end of each season. In the years 1963, 1966 and 1991 two players have been honoured. Mordechai Spiegler, who is considered the foremost player in Israeli football history, has between 1964 and 1971, been given the accolade a record four times.

## Winners

| Year | Player | Club |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2023 | Omer Atzili (T) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2022 | Omer Atzili (T) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2021 | Josh Cohen (GK) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2020 | Dan Glazer | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2019 | Dor Micha | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2018 | Hanan Maman | Hapoel Be'er Sheva |
| 2017 | Miguel Vitor | Hapoel Be'er Sheva |
| 2016 | Elyaniv Barda | Hapoel Be'er Sheva |
| 2015 | Eran Zahavi (T) | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2014 | Eran Zahavi (T) | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2013 | Eliran Atar (T) | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2012 | Achmad Saba'a (T) | Maccabi Netanya |
| 2011 | Lior Rafaelov | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2010 | Gil Vermouth | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 2009 | Vincent Enyeama (GK) | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 2008 | Gal Alberman | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 2007 | Michael Zandberg | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 2006 | Gustavo Boccoli | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2005 | Idan Tal | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2004 | Nir Davidovich (GK) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2003 | Baruch Dego | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 2002 | Đovani Roso | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2001 | Yossi Benayoun | Maccabi Haifa |
| 2000 | Shavit Elimeleh (GK) | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 1999 | Đovani Roso | Hapoel Haifa |
| 1998 | Yossi Abuksis | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1997 | Eli Ohana | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1996 | Haim Revivo (T) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1995 | Haim Revivo (T) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1994 | Eyal Berkovic | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1993 | Ronen Harazi | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1992 | Avi Cohen II | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 1991 | Nir Levine (T)
Tal Banin | Hapoel Petah Tikva
Maccabi Haifa |
| 1990 | Moshe Sinai | Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv |
| 1989 | Nir Klinger | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1988 | Eli Cohen | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 1987 | Uri Malmilian | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1986 | Avi Ran (GK) | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1985 | Moshe Selecter | Maccabi Haifa |
| 1984 | Eli Ohana | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1983 | Oded Mahnes (T) | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1982 | Oded Mahnes (T) | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1981 | Moshe Sinai | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 1980 | Itzhak Vissoker (GK) | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1979 | Avi Cohen I | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 1978 | Oded Mahnes | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1977 | Shraga Topolansky | Beitar Tel Aviv |
| 1976 | Uri Malmilian | Beitar Jerusalem |
| 1975 | Uri Benjamin | Hapoel Be'er Sheva |
| 1974 | Ali Ottman | Hapoel Jerusalem |
| 1973 | Zvi Rosen | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 1972 | Abba Gindin | Hapoel Haifa |
| 1971 | Mordechai Spiegler | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1970 | Mordechai Spiegler | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1969 | Shmuel Rosenthal | Hapoel Petah Tikva |
| 1968 | Avraham Numa | Hapoel Be'er Sheva (season started in 1966) |
| 1966 | Shmuel Rosenthal
Mordechai Spiegler (T) | Hapoel Petah Tikva
Maccabi Netanya |
| 1965 | Haim Levin | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 1964 | Mordechai Spiegler | Maccabi Netanya |
| 1963 | Gideon Tish
Ya'akov Hodorov (GK) | Hapoel Tel Aviv
Hapoel Ramat Gan |
| 1962 | Shaul Matania | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
| 1961 | Amatzia Levkovich | Hapoel Tel Aviv |
| 1960 | Amatzia Levkovich | Hapoel Tel Aviv |  | T = also top scorer of the season
GK = Goalkeeper |  |


title: Israeli Jewish Congress

abstract:
The Israeli Jewish Congress - HAKHEL was founded in 2012 and is based in Israel. It represents the Jewish Community of Israel in relation to Diaspora Jewry, mainly European Jewish communities and international forums and institutions. It currently has offices in Tel Aviv, Israel and is planning on opening more branches in major European capitals. Vision: Promoting the principle of Israel as the Jewish State. The IJC's Goals and Objectives:
  - Promoting and strengthening the Jewish character of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, as stated in the Proclamation of Independence.
  - Reinforcing and tightening mutual relations between the Jewish community in Israel and those in Europe.
  - The preservation and strengthening of Jewish tradition in Israel and the Diaspora.
  - Promoting the interests of the Jewish community in Israel.
  - Respectful and effective commemoration of the Holocaust.
  - Opposition to any manifestation of anti-Semitism or racism.
  - The Promotion and support of Israel in the international community.
  - Promotion of programs to strengthen Jewish solidarity in Israel and the Diaspora. The IJC was founded by a group of prominent Israelis, including former member of Knesset and former Mossad Director Danny Yatom, Mr. Vladimir Sloutsker, former chairman of the Russian Jewish Congress and former vice chairman of the European Jewish Congress, Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Yaakov Borovsky, a former commander of the Northern District of the Israel Police and Attorney Lipa Meir who form the board of Management. Mr. Sloutsker is president of the IJC.

text:
# Israeli Jewish Congress

**The Israeli Jewish Congress - HAKHEL** was founded in 2012 (abbreviation **IJC** ) and is based in Israel. It represents the Jewish Community of Israel in relation to Diaspora Jewry, mainly European Jewish communities and international forums and institutions. It currently has offices in Tel Aviv (in the Electra Tower), Israel and is planning on opening more branches in major European capitals.

**Vision:** Promoting the principle of Israel as the Jewish State.

**The IJC's Goals and Objectives**:

1. Promoting and strengthening the Jewish character of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, as stated in the Proclamation of Independence.
2. Reinforcing and tightening mutual relations between the Jewish community in Israel and those in Europe.
3. The preservation and strengthening of Jewish tradition in Israel and the Diaspora.
4. Promoting the interests of the Jewish community in Israel.
5. Respectful and effective commemoration of the Holocaust.
6. Opposition to any manifestation of anti-Semitism or racism.
7. The Promotion and support of Israel in the international community.
8. Promotion of programs to strengthen Jewish solidarity in Israel and the Diaspora.

The IJC was founded by a group of prominent Israelis, including former member of Knesset and former Mossad Director Danny Yatom, Mr. Vladimir Sloutsker, former chairman of the Russian Jewish Congress and former vice chairman of the European Jewish Congress, Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Yaakov Borovsky, a former commander of the Northern District of the Israel Police and Attorney Lipa Meir who form the board of Management.

Mr. Sloutsker is president of the IJC.


title: Israeli Intelligence Community

abstract: The Israeli Intelligence Community is made up of Aman, Mossad and Shin Bet.

text:
# Israeli Intelligence Community

The **Israeli Intelligence Community** is made up of Aman (military intelligence), Mossad (overseas intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).

## Current agencies

| Symbol | Organization | Purpose |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman): military-intelligence branch of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) | | |
|  | Intelligence Corps | The main intelligence-collection and -analysis body of the IDF General Staff; also includes the Israeli signals-intelligence agency known as Unit 8200 |
|  | Information Security Department | The main information-security and counterintelligence unit of Aman |
|  | Research Department | The main all-source intelligence-assessment unit of Aman |
|  | Air Intelligence Directorate | The intelligence unit of the Israeli Air Force |
|  | Naval Intelligence Division | The intelligence unit of the Israeli Navy |
|  | Combat Intelligence Collection Corps | The intelligence unit of Israeli Ground Forces |
|  | Sayeret Matkal | The IDF's premier special-forces unit, directly subordinate to Aman |
| Prime Minister's Office | | |
|  | **Mossad** | The agency responsible primarily for foreign-intelligence work |
|  | **Shabak** ("Shin bet") | The organization charged with maintaining internal security, including in the Israeli-occupied territories |
| Israeli Police | | |
|  | Investigations and Intelligence Division | The central body in the police that is responsible for gathering intelligence in the fields of fighting terrorism and crimes. |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | | |
|  | The Center for Political Research | A research and assessment body of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that focuses on the countries and issues that stand at the center of Israel's political-diplomatic activity |

## Former agencies

## Parliamentary supervision

Parliamentary supervision over the intelligence community is undertaken by the Subcommittee for Intelligence and Secret Services, a subcommittee of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, which supervises the entire Israeli Security Forces.

## Structure and organization

The issue regarding the suitable structure of the IIC, and questions as to dividing responsibilities and jurisdictions between Aman, Shabak, and Mossad, as well as the format of work for the three in relation to prime ministers and ministers, all of these became agenda issues many times in the past. Various commissions and individual inspectors were appointed throughout the years, whether due to traumatic experiences or as a matter of routine, in order to examine the issues and propose recommendations. These were:

* The Yadin-Sherf Commission (1963)
* The Agranat Commission (1973–1974)
* The Zamir Commission (1974)
* The Commissions of Aluf Aharon Yariv (1984, 1986)
* The commission to investigate the intelligence network following the War in Iraq (2004)

The government was tasked with the matter on a number of occasions and arrived at various decisions. The State Comptroller made the issue his agenda and submitted to the Knesset his findings and conclusions. In 1994, the Subcommittee for Intelligence also examined the questions and brought its recommendations before the Prime Minister.

The division of labour among the intelligence arms, Aman, Shabak, and Mossad, in the current structure of the IIC, is usually established upon a geographical basis. There are interfacing and overlapping segments, often rather wide, among the organizations. The level of coordination and inter-regional cooperation has suffered in the past from fundamental shortcomings, which has hindered the effectiveness of intelligence work on several fronts. The organizations repressed the necessity for the mutual sharing of intelligence information and in synchronizing some activities.

There are still open-ended issues remaining to be discussed, including disputed ones, as to the division of jurisdictions and inter-regional sectoral boundaries. In a document known as the "Magna Carta," the heads of the three services continue their attempt to arrive at agreements regarding these. The Intelligence Subcommittee follows this discourse and examines the steps required to practically settle key areas of dispute. If needed, the Subcommittee could become actively involved in the matter so as to ensure appropriate and reasonable standards for overall intelligence work in Israel.

## Role of Aman

The historical development of the IIC destined Aman with a range of activities and tasks that are conventionally outside the realm of military intelligence in the West, such as the responsibility for intelligence research in political matters and other markedly non-military affairs. This largely followed from the reliance by the State of Israel during its first years on the IDF as an anchor and mechanism to fulfill national tasks, it being a system with organizational capacities, resources, and available human resources. As such, Aman has assumed functions which ordinarily would be handled by other intelligence agencies. Accordingly, some critics say, there is a need to reexamine the position and placement assumed by intelligence bodies within the current structure, and transferring certain strategic and political areas and non-military ones, from Aman to a civilian intelligence authority.

## Reforms

The commission to investigate the intelligence network following the War in Iraq maintained that, notwithstanding the historical consolidation behind the current IIC structure, and despite the advantages gained by Aman's Research Department and Unit 8200 during many years of service, it is finally time to restructure the IIC in accordance with a proper work distribution, professional designation, as well as a correct constitutional and legal frame of reference.

The Commission recommended on reforming the current IIC structure, ending up with three or four independent intelligence services, alongside the National Security Council, with the distinction between them being based upon the respective spheres of responsibility of each service:

* **Aman (IDF)**: its jurisdiction is to consist primarily of "military intelligence"—alerting the political leadership and the security arms to the possibility of war and estimating the means of the enemy, and identifying prospective targets during a war or a limited military conflict.
* **Mossad**: is to be charged with, in addition to foiling attacks, a strategic-political emphasis, which includes evaluating the stability of regimes, and engaging in industrial-scientific-technological and nuclear-related intelligence as well as against global terrorism.
* **Shabak**: is to be tasked with the security of the State, its citizens, and organs, against Palestinian and other forms of terrorism, and against internal subversion.
* **National Security Council**: is to evaluate global conditions according to overall intelligence, and preparing national and security responses.
* ***SIGINT service***: this proposed service would supply all the other services with SIGINT intelligence.

### Citations

### Sources

Kahana, Ephraim (2002). "Reorganizing Israel's Intelligence Community". *International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence*. **15** (3): 415–428. doi:10.1080/08850600290101686. ISSN 0885-0607. S2CID 154008409.

## Further reading

* Cahane, Amir (2020). "Who will watch the watchmen? oversight of online surveillance in Israel". Paper Series by the Israel Public Policy Institute and Heinrich Böll Foundation. SSRN 3819815. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)


title: Genlisea aurea

abstract: Genlisea aurea is one of the largest carnivorous species in the genus Genlisea. It has pale bundles of root-like organs up to about 15 cm long under ground that attract, trap, and digest protozoans. These organs are subterranean leaves, which lack chlorophyll. G. aurea is endemic to Brazil, where it grows with several other species of Genlisea. It possesses an exceptionally small genome for a flowering plant.

text:
# Genlisea aurea

***Genlisea aurea*** is one of the largest carnivorous species in the genus *Genlisea* (family Lentibulariaceae). It has pale bundles of root-like organs up to about 15 cm long under ground that attract, trap, and digest protozoans. These organs are subterranean leaves, which lack chlorophyll. *G. aurea* is endemic to Brazil, where it grows with several other species of *Genlisea*. It possesses an exceptionally small genome for a flowering plant.

## Characteristics

*Genlisea aurea* is a perennial herb that forms small, compact rosettes composed of nearly linear leaves about 2 mm wide. Leaves are typically 5–50 mm in length, but most of that length, including the petiole, is hidden beneath the soil. The rosettes can grow to be as big as 5 cm wide. It has no true roots and instead has highly modified subterranean leaves that act as the carnivorous trapping mechanism.

The up to 40 cm tall inflorescence produces one to three flowers at its apex that are typically 15–20 mm long and are the largest of the yellow-flowered species. Each inflorescence can produce up to a total of eleven flowers. In its natural habitat, *G. aurea* can be found flowering year-round. The flowers and the scapes are densely covered in glandular trichomes.

The genomes of several species in the genus *Genlisea* were studied in 2006. According to the study, prior to its publication the smallest known angiosperm (flowering plant) genome was that of *Arabidopsis thaliana* at 157 Megabase pairs (Mbp). With a diploid chromosome number of around 52 (2n = ca. 52), *G. aurea* has the distinction of having one of the smallest known angiosperm genome size at 63.6 Mbp. The smallest individual chromatids from mitotic anaphase are just 2.1 Mbp and therefore have a size smaller than some bacterial chromosomes, such as the approximate 4 Mbp of *Escherichia coli*. *Genlisea tuberosa* has the smallest known angiosperm genome as of 2014 at around 61 Mbp.

## Distribution and habitat

*Genlisea aurea* is endemic to Brazil from the states of Mato Grosso in the west to northeastern Bahia and down to Santa Catarina in the southeast. It typically grows on sandstone highlands at altitudes from 550 m to 2550 m. Its preferred substrate is a black humus-rich soil, which is sometimes mixed with sand. *G. aurea* lives among grasses in water-logged seepages. The rosettes are usually submerged under water or produce a layer of mucilage that remains in the cup formed by the dense rosette.

Of all other *Genlisea* species, *G. pygmaea* is the most closely related when considering morphological characteristics. It differs slightly in habitat by preferring sandier soils and in morphology by possessing smaller flowers and fewer leaves.

## Carnivory

*Genlisea aurea*, like all *Genlisea* species, is a carnivorous plant that attracts, traps, kills, and digests prey, which are typically protozoans. Evidence of this behavior had been postulated ever since Charles Darwin's time and has mostly relied on circumstantial findings of the occasional dead aquatic invertebrate in the utricle (digestion chamber). In 1975, however, British botanist Yolande Heslop-Harrison discovered digestive enzyme activity in *G. africana*. Later, in 1998, Wilhelm Barthlott and his colleagues concluded through experimentation that *Genlisea* attracts prey chemotactically, traps them in the corkscrew "lobster pot" trap, digests them with enzymes produced by the plant, and then absorbs the nutrients. This study represented the first conclusive evidence that *G. aurea* was carnivorous.

## Botanical history

*Genlisea aurea* was initially discovered and described by Augustin Saint-Hilaire in 1833 with four other Brazilian species. Darwin took note of *G. aurea* in his 1875 manuscript, *Insectivorous Plants*. Recent study has focused on the carnivorous nature of *G. aurea*. At least two published sources note the variety within the species and genus and are optimistic that additional species will be located.

## InfoBox

| *Genlisea aurea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Genlisea* |
| Subgenus: | *Genlisea subg. Genlisea* |
| Species: | ***G. aurea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Genlisea aurea***
A.St.-Hil. (1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Genlisea minor*
A.St.-Hil. (1833) * *Genlisea ornata*
Mart. *ex* Benj. (1847) * *Genlisea ornata* var. *gracilis*
Merl *ex* Luetz. (1923) *nom.nud.* * *Utricularia superba*
G.Weber *ex* Benj. (1847) *nom.illeg.* | |


title: The Mysterious Family

abstract: The Mysterious Family is a 2017 Chinese suspense film written and directed by Park Yu-hwan. The film was inspired by a homicide case that occurred in Fujian, in 2014. The film stars Ariel Lin, Jiang Wu, Kara Hui, Chen Xiao and Lan Cheng-lung.

text:
# The Mysterious Family

***The Mysterious Family*** (Chinese: 神秘家族; also known as ***The Mysteries Family***) is a 2017 Chinese suspense film written and directed by Park Yu-hwan. The film was inspired by a homicide case that occurred in Fujian, in 2014. The film stars Ariel Lin, Jiang Wu, Kara Hui, Chen Xiao and Lan Cheng-lung.

## Premise

*The Mysterious Family* revolves around Miao Miao, a young woman whose life and mental state changes after surviving a brutal attack by a stranger. While trying to come to terms with her trauma, she has a presentiment of a tragic event, and has to race against time in an attempt to find the truth and change the course of events.

## Cast

* Ariel Lin as Miao Miao
* Jiang Wu as Father
* Kara Hui as Mother
* Chen Xiao as Shu Shu
* Lan Cheng-lung as The stranger
* An Hu as Police officer
* Chang Hsiu-yun as Granny
* Jackson Lou as Police officer
* Kuo Yao-ren as Police officer
* Wang Dao-nan as Doctor
* Ma Guo-bi as Lawyer
* Mathilde Lin as Student
* Chen Wan-hao as Taxi driver

## Reception

*The Straits Times'*s Boon Chan, in an article about subtitling in film, highlighted an "emotionally charged" scene in the film that caught his attention. When the mother was confronting her daughter's rapist, the English subtitles went, "You have the nuts to do it, why not have the balls to admit it?" when it should have been translated as "You had the guts to do it, why don't you have the guts to admit it?" He also remarked that "Mixing nuts and balls is clearly a case of a subtitler gone rogue."

## InfoBox

| The Mysterious Family | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Park Yu-hwan |
| Written by | Park Yu-hwan |
| Produced by | Pan Shuling |
| Starring | Ariel Lin
Jiang Wu
Kara Hui
Chen Xiao
Lan Cheng-lung |
| Production
company | Hengye Pictures |
| Distributed by | Hengye Pictures |
| Release date | * 21 April 2017 (2017-04-21) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | China |
| Language | Mandarin |
| Box office | US$2.2 million (China)
NT$9.9 million (Taiwan) |


title: Mike Pallagi

abstract: Mike Pallagi is an American screenwriter, producer, copywriter, and novelist. He has worked for clients like Nintendo, Arizona State Fair, JCPenney, McDonald's, InSinkErator, The Arizona Republic, Dremel, Bank of America, General Electric, and others; as a producer of the Crispin Glover film What Is It?; and as a freelance script doctor on several independent features. Pallagi holds a degree in English Literature from Arizona State University. In September 2011, he published his first novel, Dax Klick and the Ancient City of Bronze.

text:
# Mike Pallagi

**Mike Pallagi** (born August 19, 1975 in Alexandria, Virginia) is an American screenwriter, producer, copywriter, and novelist.

He has worked for clients like Nintendo, Arizona State Fair, JCPenney, McDonald's, InSinkErator, The Arizona Republic, Dremel, Bank of America, General Electric, and others; as a producer of the Crispin Glover film *What Is It?* (which played at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival); and as a freelance script doctor on several independent features. Pallagi holds a degree in English Literature from Arizona State University. In September 2011, he published his first novel, *Dax Klick and the Ancient City of Bronze*.

## Filmography

## Bibliography


title: Wendel Bollman

abstract: Wendel Bollman was an American self-taught civil engineer, best known for his iron railway bridges. Only one of his patented "Bollman truss" bridges survives, the Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge in Savage, Maryland. The Wells Creek Bollman Bridge near Meyersdale, Pennsylvania is also standing, although that bridge uses the Warren truss system.

text:
# Wendel Bollman

**Wendel Bollman** (January 21, 1814 – 1884) was an American self-taught civil engineer, best known for his iron railway bridges. Only one of his patented "Bollman truss" bridges survives, the Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge in Savage, Maryland. The Wells Creek Bollman Bridge near Meyersdale, Pennsylvania is also standing, although that bridge uses the Warren truss system.

## Early life and career

Bollman was born in Baltimore, Maryland to German immigrants, and was the seventh of eight children. His father died when Wendell was 11, and he quit school to support his family. Bollman began his career with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) as a carpenter in 1828, just as the B&O began laying track. He left shortly thereafter to build houses. During this period he married Ann Smith; the couple would have 10 children. In 1837 he returned to the B&O as a carpenter, but was soon promoted to line foreman by Benjamin H. Latrobe, II. Although the early B&O bridges in central Maryland were stone arch types (the Thomas Viaduct is perhaps the most impressive), wood bridges became common on the line west of Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and Bollman began to design some of them. In 1848 he was made responsible for all bridges on the line. Noticing that wooden bridges had a life-span of only about 10 years, he began looking at using iron for his bridges. At that time railroads made limited use of iron bridges. After a failure of an iron bridge on the New York and Erie in 1849, that railroad stopped using them.

## Bridge designs

Bollman began working on a new truss configuration for iron bridges, and in 1849 Latrobe found it acceptable for use on two of the B&O's shorter spans. In 1851 Bollman replaced the 124-foot (37.8 m) wooden bridge at Harpers Ferry. This would become his most famous bridge and was rebuilt many times using his system during the American Civil War (it came under frequent enemy fire). Bollman used the idea of redundancy of members so that his truss systems did not fail. Although abstract theory was often used to design bridges during this time period, Bollman used math and modeling instead.

On January 6, 1852, Bollman was awarded patent No. 8,624 for his unique design known as the "Bollman truss." He left the B&O and founded W. Bollman and Company in 1858 with his partners John Clark and John H. Tegmeyer. The B&O continued to contract with him for bridge design. Not all his designs used the Bollman truss. W. Bollman and Company dissolved about 1863, but two years later Bollman founded Patapsco Bridge and Iron Works which lasted until his death in 1884. His companies built bridges in Cuba, Mexico, and Chile, as well as the eastern United States.

Although far more durable than the wooden bridges they replaced, most of Bollman's bridges have not survived. This is due to changes in railroad equipment, rather than their construction. New technologies for making inexpensive steel in the late 19th century made its use in railroad bridges practical. Steel bridges could carry heavier locomotives and soon wrought and cast iron bridges became obsolete; the iron was easily recycled. The Savage bridge survives because it was on an industrial spur for a mill that closed in 1947. The Meyersdale bridge was moved and converted into a road bridge around 1910. It was moved a second time in 2007 to have a new life on the Great Allegheny Passage at milepost 30.5. The Harpers Ferry Bridge was destroyed in a flood in March 1936.

> Bollman is important not only because he was perhaps the most successful of the latter (self taught engineers) class, but because he was probably also the last. He may be said to be a true representative of the transitional period between intuitive and exact engineering.
>
> Frank Griggs, Jr.

The Old Rakaia Gorge Bridge in New Zealand's South Island from 1882 utilized the Bollman truss design and is registered as a Category I heritage item with Heritage New Zealand.


title: Mojave Unified School District

abstract: Mojave Unified School District is a school district in Eastern Kern County that serves the town of Mojave and The City of California City, California (USA).

text:
# Mojave Unified School District

**Mojave Unified School District** is a school district in Eastern Kern County that serves the town of Mojave and The City of California City, California (USA).

## List of schools

### High schools

* California City High School
* Mojave Junior/Senior High School

### Middle schools

* California City Middle School

### Elementary schools

* Hacienda Elementary School
* Mojave Elementary School
* Robert P. Ulrich Elementary School

## Transportation Department

MUSD's transportation department operates the oldest school bus owned by a school district in California, a 1951 Crown Supercoach. Apart from the 1951 Crown, Mojave operates an array of other Crown Supercoaches, Blue Bird All Americans, Thomas Built Rear Engines, and IC REs.

## InfoBox

| Mojave Unified School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 3500 Douglas Avenue Mojave, Kern County, California, 93501
United States | |
| District information | |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Established | 1951 (1951) |
| Superintendent | Dr. Katherine Aguirre |
| Schools | California City High
Mojave Jr/Sr High
California City Middle
Hacienda Elementary
Mojave Elementary
Robert P. Ulrich Elementary |
| NCES District ID | 0625230 |
| Students and staff | |
| District mascot | Mustangs, Ravens, Coyotes, Jets, Colts, Cougars |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.mojave.k12.ca.us |


title: Mavis Claytor-Ford

abstract: Mavis Claytor-Ford was the first black woman admitted to the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Nursing in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1968 and the first African American to receive a bachelor's degree from the school in 1970. She became one of the first black nurses to work at the university's hospital, paving the way for other black nurses in a newly desegregated Virginia. Claytor-Ford started her training at Provident Hospital in Baltimore and worked as a surgical nurse in Roanoke. After receiving her bachelor's degree, Claytor-Ford's mentor recommended she pursue her master's degree, and she later earned a master's degree in mental health nursing in 1985. With her master's, Claytor-Ford began working at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Salem, where she worked for 30 years and eventually retired as the chief nurse for geriatrics and extended care.

text:
# Mavis Claytor-Ford

**Mavis Claytor-Ford** (born 1943) was the first black woman admitted to the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Nursing in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1968 and the first African American to receive a bachelor's degree from the school in 1970. She became one of the first black nurses to work at the university's hospital, paving the way for other black nurses in a newly desegregated Virginia.

Claytor-Ford started her training at Provident Hospital in Baltimore and worked as a surgical nurse in Roanoke. After receiving her bachelor's degree, Claytor-Ford's mentor recommended she pursue her master's degree, and she later earned a master's degree in mental health nursing in 1985. With her master's, Claytor-Ford began working at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Salem, where she worked for 30 years and eventually retired as the chief nurse for geriatrics and extended care.


title: Japanese torpedo boat Shirataka

abstract: The Shirataka was a 1st class torpedo boat (suiraitei) of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was ordered under the Ten Year Naval Expansion Programme passed in 1896 from the shipbuilder Schichau-Werke in Danzig, Germany, where she was built during 1897–98 in parts along Japanese specifications, and then re-assembled by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki, Japan. She participated in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). She was decommissioned on 15 November 1923, and sold to break up on 6 April 1927.

text:
# Japanese torpedo boat Shirataka

The ***Shirataka*** (”White hawk”) was a 1st class torpedo boat (*suiraitei*) of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was ordered under the Ten Year Naval Expansion Programme passed in 1896 from the shipbuilder Schichau-Werke (as Yard No. 629) in Danzig, Germany, where she was built during 1897–98 in parts along Japanese specifications, and then re-assembled by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki, Japan.

She participated in the Russo-Japanese War (19041905). She was decommissioned on 15 November 1923, and sold to break up on 6 April 1927.

## Design

In common with all the other early torpedo boat destroyers and 1st class torpedo boats, the *Shirataka* had a "turtle-back" forecastle intended to prevent seawater covering the forecastle and throwing excessive spray over the control area. Unlike the two-funnel *Hayabusa* class, the *Shirataka* had a single funnel amidships, and was completed with three 3-pounder (42mm) QF guns (two abreast just forward of the funnel, and one aft on the centreline). These were later replaced by two 57mm guns and one 47mm 40-cal gun. She also carried three 14-inch torpedo tubes (two abreast just abaft of the funnel, and one aft of the gun on the centreline).

Her machinery comprised two Schichau water-tube boilers, and two 3-cylinder VTE engines developing 2,600 ihp. She carried 30 tons of coal.

* *Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 18871941*, David C. Evans, Mark R. Peattie, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland ISBN 0-87021-192-7
* *The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War*, Christopher Howe, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-35485-7
* Lengerer, Hans (2017). "Torpedo Boats of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Part III". *Warship International*. **LIV** (4): 293–306. ISSN 0043-0374.
* *The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War*. Mark E. Stille, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4728-1119-6
* *The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Anthony John Watts & Brian Glynn Gordon, Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1971. ISBN 0-356-03045-8
* *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Hansgeorg Jentschura, Dieter Jung & Peter Mickel, Arms & Armour, London, 1977. ISBN 1-85409-525-0

## InfoBox

| History | |
| --- | --- |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Shirataka* |
| Ordered | 1885 |
| Builder | Schichau-Werke, Danzig, Germany |
| Laid down | 3 March 1899 |
| Launched | 10 June 1899 |
| Completed | 22 June 1900 |
| Decommissioned | 15 November 1923 |
| Fate | Sold 6 April 1927 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Torpedo boat |
| Displacement | 126 long tons (128 t) |
| Length | 152 ft 6 in (46.48 m) |
| Beam | 16 ft 9 in (5.11 m) |
| Draught | 4 ft 3 in (1 m) |
| Propulsion | Coal-fired engine, 2,600 ihp (1,939 kW) |
| Speed | 28 knots (32 mph; 52 km/h) |
| Complement | 26 |
| Armament | * 3 × 42 mm (1.7 in) QF guns * 3 × 355 mm (14.0 in) torpedo tubes |


title: Jane Wipf

abstract: Jane Wipf is a retired female long-distance runner from the United States. She won the inaugural 1981 edition of the Enschede Marathon, clocking a total time of 2:38:21.

text:
# Jane Wipf

**Jane Wipf** (born April 10, 1958) is a retired female long-distance runner from the United States. She won the inaugural 1981 edition of the Enschede Marathon, clocking a total time of 2:38:21.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing the  United States | | | | | |
| 1981 | Boston Marathon | Boston, United States | 11th | Marathon | 2:38:28 |
| | Enschede Marathon | Enschede, Netherlands | 1st | Marathon | 2:38:21 |
| | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 2nd | Marathon | 2:38:20 |


title: Jane Wisdom

abstract: Jane Wisdom (1884–1975) was a Canadian social worker and the first head of the Bureau of Social Services in Halifax. She began by studying at McGill University, and later in New York. She returned to Canada to lead the Bureau of Social Services in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1921, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, where she studied and lectured. After 18 years there, she moved to Nova Scotia, and worked as the first welfare officer for Glace Bay, and in that position was the first municipal service officer in all of Nova Scotia.

text:
# Jane Wisdom

**Jane Wisdom** (1884–1975) was a Canadian social worker and the first head of the Bureau of Social Services in Halifax. She began by studying at McGill University, and later in New York. She returned to Canada to lead the Bureau of Social Services in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1921, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, where she studied and lectured. After 18 years there, she moved to Nova Scotia, and worked as the first welfare officer for Glace Bay, and in that position was the first municipal service officer in all of Nova Scotia.

## Biography

Jane Barnes Wisdom was born on March 1, 1884, to Freeman W. Wisdom and Mary Bell Wisdom. She graduated from McGill University in 1907 with a B.A. She had a job as a 'visitor on staff' at the Charity Organization Society of Montreal.

In June 1910, she took a class at the New York School of Philanthropy, and after completion of that returned to Montreal, before taking a job with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities from 1912 to 1916. She was the executive director of two districts in that organization. The Bureau of Social Services in Halifax, Nova Scotia, named her their first executive secretary in July 1916. She played a large role in the recovery efforts from the Halifax Explosion, working for the Halifax Relief Commission as Supervisor of the Rehabilitation Department.

Following completion of those efforts, Wisdom served on the Nova Scotia Provincial Commission, and traveled around the United Kingdom. The following year, she returned to McGill to get a graduate degree from the Department of Economics. She was also an instructor of social case work in their Department of Social Science and School of Social Work from 1921 to 1924. When she left McGill, she became the executive director of the Women's Directory of Montreal until 1939. After retiring from working as the first welfare officer for Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Wisdom died on June 9, 1975.


title: Pei Judao

abstract: Pei Judao was a general and official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong.

text:
# Pei Judao

**Pei Judao** (裴居道; died July 22, 690) was a general and official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong.

## Background

It is not known when Pei Judao was born, but it is known his family was from Jiang Prefecture (絳州, part of modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). His grandfather Pei Jingmin (裴鏡民) served as the minister of defense during the Sui dynasty, and his father Pei Xizai (裴熙載) served as a secretary general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, *Shangshu Sheng*).

Little is known about most of Pei Judao's career, other than that, at one point during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he served as a general commanding the imperial guards, and that Emperor Gaozong took his daughter to be the wife of Emperor Gaozong's crown prince Li Hong.

## During Empress dowager's Wu regency

As of 685, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Ruizong (Li Hong's younger brother), Pei Judao was serving as the minister of justice, when Emperor Ruizong's (and Li Hong's) mother, the regent Empress Dowager Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) gave Pei the designation of *Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin* (同鳳閣鸞臺三品), making him a chancellor *de facto*. Later that year, he was made *Neishi* (內史)—the head of the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, *Fengge*) and a post considered one for a chancellor. In 687, he was made *Nayan* (納言)—the head of the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, *Luantai*), also a post considered one for a chancellor. Around the new year 689, Empress Dowager Wu, who had by that point taken up permanent residence in the eastern capital Luoyang, made Pei the official in charge of the capital Chang'an. Sometime during his service as chancellor, she created him the Duke of Yi.

In 690, just prior to Empress Dowager Wu taking the throne herself from Emperor Ruizong as the "emperor" of her own Zhou dynasty, interrupting the Tang dynasty, she executed a number of officials and Tang imperial clan members, including Pei. For reasons lost to history, Pei was accused by secret police and imprisoned, finally executed.

## Notes and references

1. 兩千年中西曆轉換


title: Jason Edwards (rugby league)

abstract: Jason Edwards was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s. He played for the Newcastle Knights from 1991 to 1992. He played for Country Origin in 1990. Edwards died on 14 March 2022, at the age of 52.

text:
# Jason Edwards (rugby league)

**Jason Edwards** (c. 1969 – 14 March 2022) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s. He played for the Newcastle Knights from 1991 to 1992. He played for Country Origin in 1990. Edwards died on 14 March 2022, at the age of 52.

## InfoBox

Jason Edwards
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1969 |
| Died | 14 March 2022 (aged 52) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1991–92 Newcastle Knights 5 1 0 0 4  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1990 NSW Country 1 4 0 0 16 | |
| Source: As of 6 February 2019 | |


title: Japanese anchovy

abstract: The Japanese anchovy is a schooling fish of the family Engraulidae. It is common in the Pacific Ocean south from the Sea of Okhotsk, widespread in the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, and near the coasts of Japan. They live up to 2–3 years, similar to European anchovy. They spawn from Taiwan to southern Sakhalin.

text:
# Japanese anchovy

The **Japanese anchovy** (*Engraulis japonicus*) is a schooling fish of the family Engraulidae. It is common in the Pacific Ocean south from the Sea of Okhotsk, widespread in the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, and near the coasts of Japan. They live up to 2–3 years, similar to European anchovy. They spawn from Taiwan to southern Sakhalin.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Japanese anchovy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Engraulidae |
| Genus: | *Engraulis* |
| Species: | ***E. japonicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Engraulis japonicus***<br>Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Atherina japonica* Houttuyn, 1782 * *Engraulis capensis* (non Gilchrist, 1913) * *Engraulis japonica* Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 * *Engraulis zollingeri* Bleeker, 1849 * *Engraulus japonicus* Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 * *Stolephorus celebicus* Hardenberg, 1933 * *Stolephorus zollingeri* (Bleeker, 1849) | |


abstract: Shinshū Maru was a ship of the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. She was the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such, and a pioneer of modern-day amphibious assault ships. During some of her operations, she was known to have used at least four cover names, R1, GL, MT, and Ryujo Maru. Shinshū Maru was one of the ships sunk by friendly torpedo fire at the Battle of Sunda Strait, but later salvaged and returned to service.

text:
# Japanese amphibious assault ship Shinshū Maru

***Shinshū Maru*** (神州丸 or 神洲丸) was a ship of the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. She was the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such, and a pioneer of modern-day amphibious assault ships. During some of her operations, she was known to have used at least four cover names, *R1*, *GL*, *MT*, and *Ryujo Maru*.

*Shinshū Maru* was one of the ships sunk by friendly torpedo fire at the Battle of Sunda Strait, but later salvaged and returned to service.

## Design features

*Shinshū Maru* was a significant advance in amphibious warfare, having incorporated numerous innovative features, and as such she was shrouded in a veil of secrecy throughout her existence. She could carry 29 *Daihatsu*-class landing craft, 25 *Shohatsu*-class landing craft and four AB-Tei-class armoured gunboats, to be launched from a floodable well deck.

In addition, it was planned that *Shinshū Maru* should carry aircraft in a hangar within her voluminous superstructure. The aircraft would have been launched by two catapults to support amphibious assaults, but the catapults were removed before completion and the ship never carried any operational planes.

These concepts pioneered by *Shinshū Maru* persist to the current day, in the U.S. Navy's LHA and LHD amphibious assault ships.

## Fate

On 3 January 1945, while returning to Takao after a supply mission to Leyte Island, *Shinshū Maru* was heavily damaged by a US air attack by Task Force 38; after the ship was abandoned she was sunk by the submarine USS *Aspro* in the Formosa Straits off Takao.

## Photos

### Sources

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Shinshū Maru* |
| Builder | Harima Shipbuilding |
| Laid down | 8 April 1933 |
| Launched | 14 March 1934 |
| Commissioned | 15 November 1934 |
| Fate | Sunk 3 January 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Amphibious assault ship |
| Displacement | 7,100 tons standard, 8,108 tons full |
| Length | 144 m (472 ft 5 in) |
| Beam | 22 m (72 ft 2 in) |
| Draft | 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) |
| Speed | 20.4 kn (37.8 km/h; 23.5 mph) |
| Complement | 2,000 |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 26 × aircraft (planned) |
| Aviation facilities | Hangar and catapult; no flight deck (planned) |


title: Peggy R. Williams

abstract: Peggy Ryan Williams was the president of Ithaca College from 1997 until 2008. Williams assumed the presidency of Ithaca College on July 1, 1997. She is the College's seventh president and its first female president. Williams came to Ithaca from Lyndon State College, where she had been president since 1989. A native of Montreal, Williams has lived in the United States since 1968 and is a citizen of both the United States and Canada. Dr. Williams received her B.A. degree in psychology from the St. Michael's College, University of Toronto and her M.Ed. degree from the University of Vermont. She earned her Ed.D. degree at Harvard University.

text:
# Peggy R. Williams

**Peggy Ryan Williams** was the president of Ithaca College from 1997 until 2008. Williams assumed the presidency of Ithaca College on July 1, 1997. She is the College's seventh president and its first female president. Williams came to Ithaca from Lyndon State College, where she had been president since 1989. A native of Montreal, Williams has lived in the United States since 1968 and is a citizen of both the United States and Canada.

Dr. Williams received her B.A. degree in psychology from the St. Michael's College, University of Toronto and her M.Ed. degree from the University of Vermont. She earned her Ed.D. degree at Harvard University.

1. "Peggy R. Williams". *Ithaca College*. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
2. "About Dr. Peggy R. Williams". Ithaca College. Retrieved October 20, 2013.


abstract: The Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs is a cabinet-level agency in the Government of Pennsylvania. The objective of this department is to manage and distribute state and federal funds used to oversee alcohol and drug prevention, intervention and treatment services. “The Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs mission is to engage, coordinate and lead the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s effort to prevent and reduce drug, alcohol and gambling addiction and abuse; and to promote recovery, thereby reducing the human and economic impact of the disease.”

text:
# Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs

The **Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs** is a cabinet-level agency in the Government of Pennsylvania. The objective of this department is to manage and distribute state and federal funds used to oversee alcohol and drug prevention, intervention and treatment services.

“The Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs mission is to engage, coordinate and lead the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s effort to prevent and reduce drug, alcohol and gambling addiction and abuse; and to promote recovery, thereby reducing the human and economic impact of the disease.”

## History

The Pennsylvania department of drug and alcohol programs formed in July 2012 due to the change in government proposed in Pennsylvania Act 50 in 2010. This department was originally under the department of health but changed to its own organization to focus solely on drug and alcohol-related addictions and problems.

## Services in Pennsylvania

The department of drug and alcohol programs has five main functions: \- Oversee the implementation and delivery of evidence-based programs, services, guidelines, and policies throughout the commonwealth for communities, families, and treatment facilities, including identified priority populations like veterans, pregnant women, and women with children. \- Provide state and federal funds to 47 county drug and alcohol offices, known as Single County Authorities (SCAs), which coordinate access to treatment, case management, and recovery support services at the local level. \- Provide treatment funding to individuals who do not have insurance or whose current insurance does not cover the necessary services. \- Responsible for licensing freestanding drug and alcohol treatment facilities and contracts with licensed agencies and private practice clinicians to provide outpatient gambling counseling services. \- Provide funding for the PA Get Help Now Hotline 1-800-662-HELP to provide individuals with substance use disorder and their families with treatment information and services in their area. DDAP also contracts with the Council on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania, Inc. to manage its toll-free Pennsylvania Gambling Helpline 1-800-GAMBLER

## Heroin Problem in Pennsylvania

Within the United States, Pennsylvania snatched third place on the most use of heroin and is the seventh placer to have the most deaths due to heroin overdose. It may be that the state is not at the top of the list, but the state government is concerned that the deemed heroin epidemic is killing more and more people and consumes a large sum of government finances with regards of first responders and overdose calls. This kind of state problem requires immediate attention since the heroin epidemic does not only affect the users themselves but even babies who are being conceived by heroin-addicted mothers. To resolve this problem, the Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, under the supervision of Governor Tom Wolf, for emergency responders to provide naloxone to victims of opioid or heroin overdose. Naloxone is a type of medication which targets the reversal of opioid/heroin overdose of which the effects easily takes place and regulates a person’s system back to its normal condition. Naloxone can be achieved by friends or families of users and can administer it without prescription so that they can take immediate action. This declaration under ACT 139 also known as David’s Law aims to decrease the death rates in Pennsylvania related to opioid/heroin overdose.

## InfoBox

Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | July 2012 |
| Jurisdiction | State government of Pennsylvania |
| Headquarters | One Penn Center 2601 North 3rd Street Harrisburg, PA 17110<br>(717) 783-8200 |
| Employees | Under 100 |
| Annual budget | $41.860 million 2014-2015 fiscal year |
| Agency executives | * Latika Davis-Jones, Secretary of the Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs * Ellen DiDomenico, Deputy Secretary of the Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs |
| Website | http://www.ddap.pa.gov/ https://apps.ddap.pa.gov/gethelpnow/ |


title: Jatindra Mohan Sengupta

abstract: Jatindra Mohan Sengupta was an Indian revolutionary against the British rule. He was arrested several times by the British police. In 1933, he died in a prison located in Ranchi, India. Sengupta studied at Hare School, Calcutta and Presidency College, Calcutta. After that he travelled to England, where he studied law at Downing College, Cambridge. During his stay there, he met and married Edith Ellen Gray, later known as Nellie Sengupta. He was elected president of the Cambridge Majlis in 1908. After returning to India, he started a legal practice. He also joined in Indian politics, becoming a member of the Indian National Congress and participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Eventually, he gave up his legal practice in favour of his political commitment.

text:
# Jatindra Mohan Sengupta

**Jatindra Mohan Sengupta** (22 February 1885 – 23 July 1933) was an Indian revolutionary against the British rule. He was arrested several times by the British police. In 1933, he died in a prison located in Ranchi, India.

Sengupta studied at Hare School, Calcutta and Presidency College, Calcutta. After that he travelled to England, where he studied law at Downing College, Cambridge. During his stay there, he met and married Edith Ellen Gray, later known as Nellie Sengupta. He was elected president of the Cambridge Majlis in 1908. After returning to India, he started a legal practice. He also joined in Indian politics, becoming a member of the Indian National Congress and participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Eventually, he gave up his legal practice in favour of his political commitment.

## Early life

Jatindra Mohan Sengupta was born on 22 February 1885 to a prominent land-owning (*zamindar*) family of Barama, in Chittagong district of British India (now in Chittagong, Bangladesh). His father, Jatra Mohan Sengupta, was an advocate and a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

Sengupta became a student of the Presidency College in Calcutta. After completing his university studies, he went to England in 1904 to acquire a bachelor's degree in law. While in England, he met his future wife, Edith Ellen Gray, who is now better known as Nellie Sengupta.

## Career

After being awarded his degree in law, Sengupta was called to the Bar in England then returned with his wife to India, where he began practicing law as a barrister. In 1911, he represented Chittagong in the Bengal Provincial Conference at Faridpur. This was the beginning of his political career. Later, he joined the Indian National Congress. He also organised the employees of the Burmah Oil Company to form a union.

In 1921, Sengupta became the chairman of the Bengal Reception Committees of the Indian National Congress. That same year, during a strike at the Burmah Oil Company, he was also serving as the secretary of the employees' union. He abandoned his legal practise due to his commitment to political work, particularly related to the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. In 1923, he was selected as a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

In 1925, after the death of Chitta Ranjan Das, Sengupta was elected president of the Bengal Swaraj Party. He also became president of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. He was mayor of Calcutta from 10 April 1929 to 29 April 1930. In March 1930, at a public meeting in Rangoon, he was arrested on charges of provoking people against the Government and opposing the India–Burma separation.

In 1931, Sengupta went to England to attend the Round Table Conference, supporting the position of the Indian National Congress. He submitted pictures of police atrocities committed by the British to control the Chittagong rebellion, which shook the British Government.

## Death

Sengupta was repeatedly arrested due to his political activities. In January 1932, he was arrested and detained in Poona and then in Darjeeling. Later, he was transferred to prison in Ranchi. There, his health started to decline and he died on 23 July 1933.

## Influence

Because of his popularity and contribution to the Indian freedom movement, Jatindra Mohan Sengupta is affectionately remembered by people of Bengal with the honorific *Deshpriya* or *Deshapriya*, meaning "beloved of the country". In many criminal cases he defended the nationalist revolutionaries in the court and saved them from the gallows. He pled for Surya Sen, Ananta Singh, Ambika Chakrabarty in the Pahartali trial and also saved a young revolutionary, Premananda Dutta, who had been accused in the case relating to the murder of Inspector Prafulla Chakraborty. In 1985, a postal stamp was issued by the Indian Government in memory of Sengupta and his wife, Nellie.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Jatindra Mohan Sengupta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1885-02-22)22 February 1885
Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Died | 23 July 1933(1933-07-23) (aged 48)
Ranchi, Bihar and Orissa Province, British India |
| Alma mater | Downing College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Spouse(s) | Edith Ellen Gray
(later known as Nellie Sengupta) |


title: PemK RNA motif

abstract:
The pemK RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
pemK motif RNAs are found in organisms within the phylum Bacillota, and is very widespread in this phylum. pemK motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes. Indeed, the RNAs are upstream of multiple genes that encode non-homologous proteins. If all examples of the RNA were upstream of homologous genes, there is the possibility that the RNAs were conserved in that position simply by inheritance. The non-homology of the genes downstream of pemK RNAs makes this scenario less likely. cis-regulatory RNAs such as riboswitches in Bacillota are often followed by Rho-independent transcription terminators, and they use these transcription terminators as part of a regulatory mechanism. Specifically, depending on the regulatory state of the cis-regulatory RNA, formation of the transcription terminator is either prevented or allowed via alternate secondary structures. pemK RNAs, however, are very rarely followed by a transcription terminator. This fact could raise the possibility that these RNAs are not cis-regulatory, but rather function as small RNAs. However, there are some cis-regulatory RNAs in Bacillota that do not use Rho-independent transcription terminations as a regulatory mechanism, e.g., the yjdF RNA motif.

text:
# PemK RNA motif

The ***pemK* RNA motif** is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. *pemK* motif RNAs are found in organisms within the phylum Bacillota, and is very widespread in this phylum.

*pemK* motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes. Indeed, the RNAs are upstream of multiple genes that encode non-homologous proteins. If all examples of the RNA were upstream of homologous genes, there is the possibility that the RNAs were conserved in that position simply by inheritance. The non-homology of the genes downstream of *pemK* RNAs makes this scenario less likely.

*cis*-regulatory RNAs such as riboswitches in Bacillota are often followed by Rho-independent transcription terminators, and they use these transcription terminators as part of a regulatory mechanism. Specifically, depending on the regulatory state of the *cis*-regulatory RNA, formation of the transcription terminator is either prevented or allowed via alternate secondary structures. *pemK* RNAs, however, are very rarely followed by a transcription terminator. This fact could raise the possibility that these RNAs are not *cis*-regulatory, but rather function as small RNAs. However, there are some *cis*-regulatory RNAs in Bacillota that do not use Rho-independent transcription terminations as a regulatory mechanism, e.g., the yjdF RNA motif.

## InfoBox

| pemK | |
| --- | --- |
| Consensus secondary structure and sequence conservation of pemK RNA | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | pemK |
| Rfam | RF02913 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg |
| SO | SO:0005836 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Penstemon hirsutus

abstract: Penstemon hirsutus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name hairy beard-tongue. It is native to eastern Canada and United States. This perennial species has hairy stems up to 90 centimetres tall, hence its species name, hirsutus. The leaves are opposite, stalkless, and lancelate. This species of Penstemon is found in dry alvars, prairies, savannas, and old fields.

text:
# Penstemon hirsutus

***Penstemon hirsutus*** is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name **hairy beard-tongue**. It is native to eastern Canada and United States.

This perennial species has hairy stems up to 90 centimetres tall, hence its species name, *hirsutus*. The leaves are opposite, stalkless, and lancelate.

This species of *Penstemon* is found in dry alvars, prairies, savannas, and old fields.

## InfoBox

| *Penstemon hirsutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Penstemon* |
| Species: | ***P. hirsutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Penstemon hirsutus***
(L.) Willd. | |
|


title: Jason Getsy

abstract: Jason Getsy was a convicted murder-for-hire triggerman in the American state of Ohio. He was executed at the age of 33 for a murder committed when he was 19.

text:
# Jason Getsy

**Jason Getsy** (October 3, 1975 – August 18, 2009) was a convicted murder-for-hire triggerman in the American state of Ohio. He was executed at the age of 33 for a murder committed when he was 19.

## Murder

Getsy was hired by John Santine for US$5,000 to kill Charles Serafino, as well as any and all potential witnesses to the crime, in an argument over a lawn care business. On July 7, 1995, Getsy killed Charles Serafino's mother, 66-year-old Ann Serafino, in Hubbard, Ohio, and shot Charles seven times, including once in the face at point-blank range. Charles Serafino, however, survived the shooting. Getsy was 19 years old at the time of the murder.

## Conviction

Getsy was convicted of aggravated murder and sentenced to death. The Ohio Parole Board voted 5–2 in favor of clemency because other people convicted in the same slaying were not sentenced to die. Ohio Governor Ted Strickland rejected the finding of the Parole Board after appeals to the Supreme Court of Ohio and the Supreme Court of the United States failed.

## Execution

Getsy was executed by lethal injection on Tuesday August 18, 2009, at 10:00 a.m. in the death chamber of the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio. He was pronounced dead at 10:29 a.m. In an apology made prior to his execution, Getsy stated, "To Chuck and Nancy Serafino and your loved ones, for all the pain I have caused you it is my earnest prayer that God grants you peace. I am sorry. It is a little word, I know, but it is true. For everyone else, God is so great that He gave His only son that I may be forgiven of all my sins. Even today I can say how blessed I am that the Holy Spirit lives in me."

## InfoBox

| Jason Getsy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1975-10-03)October 3, 1975 |
| Died | August 18, 2009(2009-08-18) (aged 33)<br>Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, Lucasville, Ohio, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Execution by lethal injection |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Aggravated murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death sentence (September 12, 1996) |
|  | |


title: Jarre

abstract:
Jarre is a French surname that may refer to the following notable people:
  - Cyrillus Jarre (1878–1952), Franciscan Archbishop in Jinan, China
  - Jean-Michel Jarre, composer of electronic and new age music, son of Maurice
    - 4422 Jarre, an asteroid named in honor of both Maurice and Jean-Michel Jarre
  - Jérôme Jarre, French entrepreneur
  - Maurice Jarre (1924–2009), film score composer
  - Kevin Jarre (1954–2011), American screenwriter, stepbrother of Jean-Michel Jarre

text:
# Jarre

**Jarre** (French: \[ʒaʁ\]) is a French surname that may refer to the following notable people:

* Cyrillus Jarre (1878–1952), Franciscan Archbishop in Jinan, China
* Jean-Michel Jarre (born 1948), composer of electronic and new age music, son of Maurice
    + 4422 Jarre, an asteroid named in honor of both Maurice and Jean-Michel Jarre
* Jérôme Jarre, French entrepreneur
* Maurice Jarre (1924–2009), film score composer
* Kevin Jarre (1954–2011), American screenwriter, stepbrother of Jean-Michel Jarre


title: Pen, India

abstract: Pen is a town and taluka in Raigad district of Indian state of Maharashtra. It is well known for world class Ganesh idols. It is the geographical and cultural center of Raigad district. Pen is also known for Salt cultivation by Aagri and Koli community.

text:
# Pen, India

**Pen** (Marathi pronunciation: \[peːɳ\]) is a town and taluka in Raigad district of Indian state of Maharashtra. It is well known for world class Ganesh idols. It is the geographical and cultural center of Raigad district. Pen is also known for Salt cultivation by Aagri and Koli community.

## History

The name of Pen is derived from the term "पेणे" or "Pene", which means "a place to rest". Although no one is certain about the origin of Pen.

Due to its location, Pen developed as a port city (the present-day Antora port was commonly referred as "Pen Port"), with trade links as far as Egypt. It had a prosperous marketplace where the exchange of goods to and from Deccan took place.

The Kolaba District Gazettee gives Pen's history as follows

> In historical times Pen was under rule of the Silaharas of Shri Sthanak (Thana) from 9th to the 12th Century and subsequently it passed under the control of the Yadavas. When Shayastakhan was sent against Sivaji, a detachment of the Moghal army had been kept at Pen but it was subsequently routed by him. Parvatibai, the wife of Sadasivrav Bhau, the hero of Panipat. In 1819 the easy communication with Bombay and with the Deccan by the Bor pass made Pen an important centre. Its chief prosperity lay in its salt beds. There was a considerable export of rice to Bombay. A number of carved stones about the town appear to belong to an unusually large temple of about the thirteenth or fourteenth century.

During the period of Shilahar kings, many temples of goddesses were built, including Jagdumba of Vashi. In the period of Chalukyas, grand temples of Shiva, like Rameshwar (रामेश्वर), Pataneshwar (पाटणेश्वर), Goteshwar (गोटेश्वर) and Vyaghreshwar (व्याघ्रेश्वर) were constructed

Vyagreshwar Temple Was built by Shri Senapati Prataprao Gujar. Ordered by Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in Pen Swary and later worshipped by Langi's of Pen as it is their clan deity.

Very Old Temple of Lord Shiva located in the Jungle of Wagreshwar in Mahal Mirya Donger

In Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj era, Shayistekhan's raid on Deccan led to major fights in Pen between Moghals and Marathas. Initially the Moghal army led by Sardar Taherkhan occupied Pen's fort of Mahalmeera and looted surrounding villages, which included desecration of the grand temple of Goteshwar. Shivaji's army fought back. They defeated Kartalabkhan in nearby Umbarkhind and officer Balakhi, near Ratangad. Mahalmeera was also taken back on 27 February 1662 and the following day, after a valiant struggle, Pen's Bastion (presently, the site of Tehsil office) was secured by Shivaji's army. In this conquest, Sardar Vaghoji Tupe fought against an equally skillful Moghal officer but at the crucial moment, Tupe dealt a decisive blow which killed the officer and ensured Maratha victory. Vaghoji was also critically injured and died soon afterwards. Shivaji Maharaj visited Pen on two occasions, on 6 August 1668 and 11 May 1674.

## Geography

Pen town is located at 18°40' N, 73°05' E, on the outskirts of Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It gained prominence in ancient times due to its location on trade routes to Deccan, proximity to Mumbai and Pune and its central position in the Raigad district. It lies on the bank of Bhogavati creek about 16 km from its mouth. Pen county has a total area of 199.6 sq. miles and the area of the town Pen is 6.75 sq.miles.

## Demographics

The Pen Municipal Council has population of 37,852 of which 19,257 are males while 18,595 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3910 which is 10.33% of total population of Pen (M Cl). In Pen Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 966 against state average of 929. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Pen is around 911 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Pen city is 91.40% higher than state average of 82.34%. In Pen, Male literacy is around 93.91% while female literacy rate is 88.82%.\[chk\]

Traditionally, Pen city was populated by Aagri, Brahmins and merchant's community as it was center of culture, education and trade. But now, the city of Pen has become an amalgam of several castes and religions. In the olden days, Pen was recognised primarily as a Chitpavan Brahmin dominated village, but today all Pen tehsil is dominated by Aagri Community. Agri community dwells in flatlands of Pen West, Hinterlands of Pen South-East are sparsely populated by tribal Katkari and Thakurs. Pen has a small Jewish community, the Bene Israel. The community has a synagogue the Beth-Ha-Elohim. Population of Pen county is 1,76,681 as per 2001 census.

## Development and Economy

People in the Pen city are employed in various sectors such as trade/business, education, banking, industries, services, papad making (women's co-operatives) and most importantly, idol making!

Most villagers are dependent for livelihood on Paddy farming in monsoon. Various vegetables are also grown as by-products, especially in eastern part of the county.

The industrial belt in the western part of the county is causing a major problem of pollution in surrounding rural areas, creating health problems and reducing crop yields. Reliance Industries was promoting a Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone, located around the town. A study conducted by *Citizen's Research Collective on SEZ* has called the Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone a Special Exploitation Zone Land owners resisted the purchase of their land for the purpose and following a historic referendum on the issue, SEZ was cancelled. Land prices are soaring and economy is growing rapidly but there are some serious concerns about uneven and unjust development.

* **Ganesh Idols** Pen is known for its Ganesh Idols which are used widely for the "Ganesh Festival". Many of Ganesh Idols in Mumbai are brought from Pen. There are multiple lanes \[termed as "Ali"\] which consist only of such Idol Making craftsmen. Going through these lanes one can see the whole process of developing Ganesh Idols. Number of Ganesh Idols are now even exported to the Marathi population in the US.
* **Papad business** Women in Pen are occupied in the domestic business of preparing " पोहे" or "Pohe" (flattened rice) and papad. Significance of Papad business is that this business is women dominated business. number of women workers are significantly high. There are hardly any male worker working in the Papad business. Moreover, owner of these papad business are women. There has been betterment in this business in past few years and they have introduced varieties of Papads. Today, there are approximately 72 to 75 types of papad that they manufacture. types of papad includes Tikali papad, Miragunda papad, Poha Papad, Rice Papad, Nachani Papad Fenugreek Papad etc. This business is on such high peak that they distribute papad not only in India but they export papads out of India.
* **Salt Production** Due to unique geological features of Western part of Pen County (Vashi Subdivision), Pen has been for centuries hub of salt making industry dominated by Aagri koli community while Brahmin people are also involved. .

## Education

From historic times, city of Pen was center of education and culture in konkan region. In fact, Lokmanya Tilak used to call it "कोकणचे पुणे"(Pune of Konkan) due to progressive mindset of Penkars and their love of knowledge. There were at least two school of Vedas(वेदशाळा) in Datar Ali area of Pen city, one of them in Sahasrabuddhe family. Pundits from all over Maharashtra used to come to Pen to make copies of rare ancient books(पोथी). Sages of Pen especially Bhave, were so superior intellectually, that they defeated sages who accompanied Shankarachrya of Kashi, in debates on Religious studies during his 1883 visit.

English language instructions came to Pen in the late 19th century in the form of primary English classes started by Christian missionaries. This school moved to Alibag with the shifting of the district headquarters there. The Pen Municipal council started five classes, and subsequently Vinayak Narayan Manohar started the remaining two classes, naming them *Pen Candidate Classes*.The Jewish community who lived in the Pen village adopted the last name of them as "पेणकर" or "Penkar" and it is still being continued wherever the decedents of their people settle, even in USA,Canada and Israel. Plague caused this school to be closed. This English-Marathi school was later revived in the first decade of the 20th century. Balkrishna Shankar Karandikar started an industrial training school around this time; the Kokan Vidyalaya, which was later closed as a result of his arrest for involvement in Jackson's shooting at Nasik in 1909. On 10 April 1910 the Pen Education society was formed, Pen Private High School was started, in Shankar Khanderao Phanse's bungalow (now the Maternity Hospital), from where it shifted in October 1912, to its present premises at the foot of *Peer Dongri*. Pen has a grand public library: The Mahatma Gandhi Vachanalay or "महात्मा गांधी वाचनालय".

## Famous Personalities born in Pen

## InfoBox

| Pen, India | |
| --- | --- |
| -Town<br>Mumbai Metropolitan City | |
| Location in Maharashtra, IndiaPen, India (India) | |
| Coordinates: 18°45′N 73°05′E / 18.75°N 73.08°E / 18.75; 73.08 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Raigad |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal corporation |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 37,852 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 402107 |
| Telephone code | 02143 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| Vehicle registration | MH 06 |


title: Jason Oppenheim

abstract: Jason Oppenheim is an American real estate agent and reality TV personality.

text:
# Jason Oppenheim

**Jason Oppenheim** (born April 12, 1977) is an American real estate agent and reality TV personality.

## Career

Oppenheim, his twin brother Brett, and his company, the Oppenheim Group, are the subject of the Netflix Original Series *Selling Sunset*, which premiered on March 22, 2019. The show features Oppenheim and his team as they sell real estate to affluent buyers in Los Angeles. In May 2022, it was announced that the Opphenheim will be subject to a spin-off of *Selling Sunset* called *Selling the OC*, produced by Netflix.

## InfoBox

| Jason Oppenheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Oppenheim in 2017 | |
| Born | (1977-04-12) April 12, 1977 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Real estate broker |
| Website | https://ogroup.com/ |


title: Jayender Kumar Dabas

abstract: Jayender Kumar Dabas is an Indian politician and ex municipal councillor. He is ex Chairman, Narela Zone, North Delhi Municipal Corporation. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he represented Ward 36, Rani Khera, which is in North West Delhi, within the NDMC.

text:
# Jayender Kumar Dabas

**Jayender Kumar Dabas** is an Indian politician and ex municipal councillor. He is ex Chairman, Narela Zone, North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC; North DMC). A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he represented Ward 36, Rani Khera, which is in North West Delhi, within the NDMC.

## Early life and education

Jayender Kumar Dabas was born on 1 January 1967 in Madanpur Dabas village, North West District of Delhi, to Mahabir Singh, a farmer, and Channo Devi. He was educated to twelfth grade and then completed an industrial training institute (ITI) certificate course at Delhi in 1988.

## Post held

He began his socio-political journey as a volunteer in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and later worked in the BJP on various posts.

| S.No | From | To | Position |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 2023 | Present | Loksabha Vistarak West Delhi Lok sabha |  |
| 02 | 2020 | 2021 | Chairman, Narela Zone, North MCD |  |
| 03 | 2018 | 2019 | Member, Delhi Development Authority |  |
| 04 | 2017 | 2018 | Leader of the House, North MCD |  |
| 05 | 2017 | 2018 | Member Standing Committee, North MCD |  |
| 06 | 2017 | 2022 | Councillor, from ward 36N Rani Khera Of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) |  |
| 07 | 2014 | 2016 | District President, outer Delhi Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 08 | 2010 | 2012 | General Secretary, outer Delhi District Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 09 | 2008 | 2010 | Secretary, Kishan Morcha Delhi State Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 10 | 2003 | 2007 | General Secretary, Bawana District Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 11 | 2000 | 2002 | Youth District President, Bawana District Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 12 | 1992 | 1994 | General Secretary, Bawana Mandal Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
| 13 | 1990 | 1992 | Secretary, Kanjhawala Mandal Bharatiya Janata Party |  |
|

## Electoral politics

Jayender Kumar Dabas is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). For his first term as Councillor, he defeated Krishan Rathi of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) by a margin of 5989 votes in the 2017 Municipal Corporation of Delhi election. Dabas also served as Leader of the House of NMCD from 2017 to 2018, and as a standing committee member for NMCD. He also worked as DDA (Delhi Development Authority) Member. He is Chairman, Narela Zone, NMCD.

## InfoBox

| Jayender Kumar Dabas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Councillor (Delhi) | |
| **In office**
26 April 2017  26 December 2023 | |
| Constituency | Rani Khera, Mundka |
| Chairman, Narela Zone, North MCD | |
| **In office**
26 June 2020  26 June 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Sunit Chauhan |
| Member, Delhi Development Authority | |
| **In office**
18 June 2018  31 December 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Veena Virmani |
| Member, Standing committee , North MCD | |
| **In office**
18 May 2017  30 May 2018 | |
| Leader of the House, North MCD | |
| **In office**
31 July 2017  25 May 2018 | |
| Succeeded by | Tilakraj Kataria |
| President, District Outer Delhi, Bhartiya Janta Party, Delhi Pardesh | |
| **In office**
27 October 2014  16 December 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Vinay Rawat |
| Succeeded by | Vinay Rawat |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-01-01) 1 January 1968
Delhi, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Sunita Dabas |
| Children | 2 sons; Arun Dabas, Tarun Dabas |
| Parent | Mahabir Singh (father) |
| Residence | Village Madanpur Dabas |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Pen Cayetano

abstract: Delvin "Pen" Cayetano is a Belizean artist and musician.

text:
# Pen Cayetano

**Delvin "Pen" Cayetano** MBE (born 1954) is a Belizean artist and musician.

## Early life and career

Cayetano was born in 1954 in Dangriga Town, Stann Creek District, Belize.

Cayetano is self-taught in the art of painting and music and claims his influences come from the native Garifuna culture and that of the Creoles. These are the two largest ethnically black groups in Belize.

Cayetano began painting in the late 1970s at a studio in Dangriga. He remained in Dangriga until 1990, when he moved to Germany. He has showcased all over the world and become one of Belize's foremost cultural ambassadors. He and his German wife, Ingrid, returned to Dangriga in July 2009 and they opened the Pen Cayetano Studio Gallery 1 in August 2009.

Cayetano is currently married with three children (Malí, Beni, and Ibo). His family band, "The Cayetanos", carry on their father's musical traditions.

Cayetano was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2013 New Year Honours.

A large number of artworks of Cayetano are on display at the Museum of Belize to celebrate its twenty-first anniversary since February 2023.

## Contributions to punta rock

Pen Cayetano, with his Turtle Shell Band, invented punta rock by introducing the turtle shell and electric instruments to Punta, creating a new music genre that has become popular with Garifuna artists.

According to Cayetano, the origins of punta rock came when he observed some younger fellows being rude at a ceremony to honor Garifuna pioneer Thomas Vincent Ramos in 1978 (Ramos had convinced the government of Belize to celebrate Garifuna Settlement Day in honor of the arrival of the group to Belize in 1802 and 1832). They were singing songs in Garifuna with a worldly rhythm. Cayetano built on that foundation to create the "Turtle Shell Band" in 1979. Early band members included solo star Mohobub Flores and Peter "Poots" Flores (no relation). The band built its reputation in and around Dangriga until 1982, when it held its first performances in Belmopan and Belize City. Eventually the band appearance on Radio Belize and other groups picked up the sound. Cayetano continues to record and was awarded by the National Institute of Culture and History for his achievements in 2003.

## InfoBox

| Pen CayetanoMBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Delvin Cayetano
1954 (age 6970)
Dangriga, Stann Creek, British Honduras (now Belize) |
| Nationality | Belizean |
| Spouses | Ingrid Cayetano |
| Website | cayetanos.com |


title: Pen Butai

abstract: Pen Butai The Pen Butai was a Japanese government organisation which existed between 1938 and 1942. It was composed of Japanese authors who travelled the front during the Second Sino-Japanese War to write favourably of Japan's war efforts in China.

text:
# Pen Butai

The **Pen Butai** (ペン部隊, *lit. "Pen Corps" or "Pen Brigade"*) was a Japanese government organisation which existed between 1938 and 1942. It was composed of Japanese authors who travelled the front during the Second Sino-Japanese War to write favourably of Japan's war efforts in China.

## History

The Pen Butai was formed in 1938 after a meeting between the Cabinet Intelligence Department and writers Kan Kikuchi, Masao Kume, Eiji Yoshikawa, Riichi Yokomitsu, Haruo Satō, Nobuko Yoshiya and Fumio Niwa. The aim was to have popular authors travel the Sino-Japanese front and write favourably of their experiences in form of stories, novels, plays, poems and personal journals for propagandistic purposes. Those who participated were offered free travel, accommodation and food, access to off-limits war areas and the possibility to interview important military figures. The invitation sent out by the government met with such an enthusiastic response that not all writers who wished to join could be accommodated. 22 men and two women were flown overseas in September 1938; a smaller group followed two months later. These included Kikuchi, Kume, Yoshikawa, Yoshiya, Fumiko Hayashi, Matsutarō Kawaguchi, Kunio Kishida, Masajirō Kojima and Tadao Kumei.

The subsequently published works by the writers involved were supportive of the war as had been expected, and only very few exceptions dared to present its brutal reality. Tatsuzō Ishikawa's *Ikite iru heitai* ("Soldiers alive"), which depicted the war in a realistic manner, was censored.

In 1942, the Pen Butai was assimilated by the Nihon bungaku hōkokukai ("Patriotic Association for Japanese Literature"), led by Sohō Tokutomi and Kume, and a subordinate of the Cabinet Intelligence Bureau.

1. "ペン部隊". *Kotobank* (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 July 2023.
2. Hutchinson, Rachael; Morton, Leith Douglas, eds. (2019). *Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese Literature*. Routledge. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9780367355739.
3. Brandon, James R. (2009). *Kabuki's Forgotten War 1931-1945*. University of Hawaii Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780824832001.
4. Kuroshima, Denji (2005). "Introduction". *A Flock of Swirling Crows And Other Proletarian Writings*. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780824829261.
5. Bradley Horton, William (2014). "Tales of a Wartime Vagabon: Hayashi Fumiko and the Travels of Japanese Writers in Early Wartime Southeast Asia". In Buchheim, Eveline; Futselaar, Ralf (eds.). *Under Fire: Women and World War II*. Verloren Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 9789087044756.
6. Cipris, Zeljko (24 November 2005). "Responsibility of Intellectuals: Kobayashi Hideo on Japan at War". *The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus*. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
7. Robertson, Jennifer (2002). "Yoshiya Nobuko: Out and Outspoken in Practice and Prose". In Walthall, Anne (ed.). *The Human Tradition in Modern Japan*. SR Books. p. 169. ISBN 9780842029124.
8. Dollase, Hiromi Tsuchiya (2013). "Kawabata's wartime message in Beautiful Voyage (Utsukushii tabi)". In Hutchinson, Rachael (ed.). *Negotiating Censorship in Modern Japan*. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9780415520782.
9. Askew, David (28 September 2005). "Living Soldiers/Dying Soldiers: War and Decivilization in Ishikawa Tatsuzo's Soldiers Alive". *The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus*. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
10. "日本文学報国会". *Kotobank* (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 July 2023.


title: Javier (album)

abstract: Javier is the debut album by American singer Javier Colon. It was released on August 5, 2003 by Capitol Records. The album reached number 91 on the US Billboard 200.

text:
# Javier (album)

***Javier*** is the debut album by American singer Javier Colon. It was released on August 5, 2003 by Capitol Records. The album reached number 91 on the US *Billboard* 200.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

AllMusic editor Jonathan Widran rated the album three out of five stars. He found that "all of the intensely commercial beats, choruses, and productions will earn Javier much deserved attention, and he will also no doubt attract some legitimate standing as a potential jazz artist with the closer, "October Sky," a silky late-night jazz ballad featuring jazz icons Roy Hargrove and Mulgrew Miller."

## Track listing

*Javier* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Crazy" |  |  | 4:53 |
| 2. | "Beautiful U R" |  | The Underdogs | 3:46 |
| 3. | "Song for Your Tears" | * Colon * Sturken * Rogers | * Sturken * Rogers | 4:37 |
| 4. | "Slow Motion" |  | The Underdogs | 3:58 |
| 5. | "Hey Little Sister" | * Colon * Sturken * Rogers | * Sturken * Rogers | 5:08 |
| 6. | "Biggest Mistake" |  | The Underdogs | 4:05 |
| 7. | "Interlude #1" |  |  | 0:28 |
| 8. | "If I Never Get to Heaven" | * Colon * Rogers * Sturken * Roni Skies | * Sturken * Rogers | 5:00 |
| 9. | "Can't Have My Heart" | * Colon * Kevin Cloud * Sturken | Cloud | 4:12 |
| 10. | "She Spoke to Me" | * Colon * Rogers * Sturken | * Sturken * Rogers | 4:42 |
| 11. | "In Your Hands" | * Colon * Cloud * Skies | * Sturken * Rogers | 4:10 |
| 12. | "She'll Never Know" | * Colon * Cloud * Skies | Cloud | 5:24 |
| 13. | "Interlude #2" |  |  | 0:19 |
| 14. | "October Sky" | * Colon * Rogers * Sturken | * Sturken * Rogers | 7:06 |
| Total length: | | | | 54:46 |

## Personnel

* Javier Colon – vocals, piano, guitars, percussion
* Tony Dixon – keyboards
* Omar Edwards – organ
* Eric D. Jackson, Michael Landau, Dean Parks, Michael Thompson – guitars
* Carl Sturken – guitars, keyboards
* Larry Campbell – pedal steel
* Nathan East, Mike Elizondo – bass
* ?uestlove – drums, percussion
* Karriem Riggins – programming
* Charles Crawford – scratching
* strings arranged & Conducted By Larry Gold
    + Charlie Bisharat, Darius Campo, Mario Diaz de Leon, Bruce Dukov, Olga Konopelsky, Emma Kummrow, Charlene Kwas, Sid Page, Charles Parker, Haim Shtrum, Gregory Teperman – violin
    + Davis A. Barnett, David Yang – viola
    + Dorothy Lawson – cello

## Chart

Weekly chart performance for *Javier*
| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 91 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 18 |

## InfoBox

| Javier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Javier Colon | |
| Released | August 5, 2003 |
| Length | 54:46 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer |  |
| Javier Colon chronology | |
| ***Javier***
(2003) *Left of Center*
(2006) | |


title: People's princess

abstract: The term "people's princess" is a sobriquet used on 31 August 1997 by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair to describe Diana, Princess of Wales, following her death earlier that day. The term had first been applied to Diana in a 1992 article by Julie Burchill in the Modern Review, when she described Diana as "the one and only People's – and Pop's – Princess".

text:
# People's princess

The term "**people's princess**" is a sobriquet used on 31 August 1997 by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair to describe Diana, Princess of Wales, following her death earlier that day. The term had first been applied to Diana in a 1992 article by Julie Burchill in the *Modern Review*, when she described Diana as "the one and only People's – and Pop's – Princess".

## Origin

Diana had died in the early hours of 31 August 1997; the British royal family had released a short statement that said that they were "deeply shocked and distressed" by the news of her death. The statement was perceived as insufficient for the level of public grief. Blair wrote that the royals' response was "all very by the book but it took no account of the fact that people couldn't give a damn about the book" and that he tried "to protect the monarchy, channel the anger before it became rage, and generally have the whole business emerge in a positive and unifying way rather than be a source of tension, division and bitterness".

Blair made a statement on Diana's death outside the church of St Mary Magdalene, in Trimdon, in his parliamentary constituency of Sedgefield where he and his family had gone to attend that Sunday's church service. After offering his condolences to her family and describing his shock at her death, Blair said that Diana was "a wonderful and a warm human being, although her own life was often sadly touched by tragedy. She touched the lives of so many others in Britain and throughout the world with joy and with comfort" and that "With just a look or a gesture that spoke so much more than words, she would reveal to all of us the depth of her compassion and her humanity". Blair concluded his statement by saying that "We know how difficult things were for her from time to time. I am sure we can only guess that. But people everywhere, not just here in Britain, kept faith with Princess Diana. They liked her, they loved her, they regarded her as one of the people. She was the People's Princess and that is how she will stay, how she will remain in our hearts and our memories for ever".

## Aftermath

In his 2010 autobiography, *A Journey*, Blair recounted that the phrase "now sounds like something from another age. And corny. And over the top. And all the rest of it. But at the time it felt natural and I thought, particularly, that she would have approved" and that it captured "how she saw herself, and it was how she should be remembered". Blair felt that the phrase "captured the way she touched people's lives" and did so in a way that "acknowledged her own life hadn't been smooth or easy". Blair felt that people loved that "she was a princess but still vulnerable ... capable of healing their wounds because she herself knew what it was like to be wounded". Blair had prepared the statement with Alastair Campbell, the Downing Street Press Secretary and Prime Minister's Official Spokesperson, and had written it on the back of an envelope.

The *Times Guide to the House of Commons* described the term as "quintessentially Blairite" and that it was "a bold and opportunistic move – Mr Blair grabbed a weeping Britain and hugged it to his breast".

The mockumentary photographer and filmmaker Alison Jackson portrayed Blair and Campbell rehearsing Blair's reaction to Diana's death in her 2007 film *Blaired Vision*. The pair, portrayed by actors, invent the term "paparazzi princess" and "the new people's princess of a new Britain". The film historian and critic Richard Wallace in his 2018 book *Mockumentary Comedy: Performing Authenticity* felt that Jackson was "ask\[ing\] us to question whether anything done in the name of New Labour can be taken at face value".

In November 2013 a plaque was placed on the spot where Blair gave his statement at the church in Trimdon.


title: Percival Pickering

abstract: Percival Andree Pickering was an English first-class cricketer and lawyer. Pickering was born at London in February 1810. He made a single appearance in first-class cricket in 1846 for the Surrey Club against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's. He batted in both Surrey Club innings', being dismissed without scoring by William Hillyer in their first-innings, while in their second-innings he was dismissed by Jemmy Dean for 3 runs. Pickering married Anne Maria Spencer-Stanhope, the daughter of John Spencer Stanhope, in 1853. He was appointed as a Queen's Counsel. The couple had three children: the author Anna Pickering; the chemist and horticulturist Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering; and the painter Evelyn De Morgan. He died at Dover in August 1876. His brother, William, was fundamental in the formation of Surrey County Cricket Club.

text:
# Percival Pickering

**Percival Andree Pickering** (8 February 1810 – 7 August 1876) was an English first-class cricketer and lawyer.

Pickering was born at London in February 1810. He made a single appearance in first-class cricket in 1846 for the Surrey Club against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's. He batted in both Surrey Club innings', being dismissed without scoring by William Hillyer in their first-innings, while in their second-innings he was dismissed by Jemmy Dean for 3 runs.

Pickering married Anne Maria Spencer-Stanhope, the daughter of John Spencer Stanhope, in 1853. He was appointed as a Queen's Counsel. The couple had three children: the author Anna Pickering; the chemist and horticulturist Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering; and the painter Evelyn De Morgan. He died at Dover in August 1876. His brother, William, was fundamental in the formation of Surrey County Cricket Club.

## InfoBox

Percival Pickering
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Percival Andree Pickering |
| Born | 8 February 1810
London, England |
| Died | 7 August 1876(1876-08-07) (aged 66)
Dover, Kent, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Relations | Edward Pickering (brother)
William Pickering (brother) |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 3  Batting average 1.50  100s/50s –/–  Top score 3  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 October 2018 | |


title: Jason Long

abstract: Jason Long is a Filipino cricketer who plays for the Philippines cricket team. In March 2019, he was named in the Philippines squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup East Asia-Pacific Qualifier tournament. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Vanuatu on 23 March 2019.

text:
# Jason Long

**Jason Long** (born 12 July 1983) is a Filipino cricketer who plays for the Philippines cricket team. In March 2019, he was named in the Philippines squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup East Asia-Pacific Qualifier tournament. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Vanuatu on 23 March 2019.

## InfoBox

Jason Long
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-07-12) 12 July 1983 |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| T20I debut (cap 12) | 23 March 2019 v Vanuatu |
| Last T20I | 23 March 2019 v PNG |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 23 March 2019 | |


title: Jason King (speedway rider)

abstract: Jason Gary King is a former motorcycle speedway rider, from England.

text:
# Jason King (speedway rider)

**Jason Gary King** (born 13 April 1985 in Maidstone, England) is a former motorcycle speedway rider, from England.

## Career

King rode for the Arena Essex Hammers in 2003. When riding for Somerset Rebels in 2005, King qualified for the British Under-21 Championship final. In 2006, he returned to Mildenhall Fen Tigers for two seasons.

He later became the club captain of Newcastle Diamonds in the British Premier League.

## Family

His brother Danny King is also a speedway rider.

## InfoBox

Jason King
| Born | (1985-04-13) 13 April 1985<br>Maidstone, England |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname | JK, Jay, Kingy |
| Nationality | British (English) |
| Career history | |
| 2000–2003 | Peterborough Pumas |
| 2002 | Swindon Sprockets |
| 2003 | Arena Essex Hammers |
| 2004, 2006–2007 | Mildenhall Fen Tigers |
| 2004 | Rye House Rockets |
| 2005 | Somerset Rebels |
| 2005 | Newport Wasps |
| 2008–2011 | Newcastle Diamonds |
| 2012 | Berwick Bandits |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 2002 | Conference League Champion |
| 2004 | Conference KO Cup Winner |
| 2004 | Conference Trophy Winner |
| 2004 | Conference Four-Team Champion |
| 2010 | Premier Trophy |
| 2010 | Premier League Knockout Cup |
| 2010 | Premier League Playoffs |
|  | |


title: Peralta District

abstract: Peralta is a district of the Turrialba canton, in the Cartago province of Costa Rica.

text:
# Peralta District

**Peralta** is a district of the Turrialba canton, in the Cartago province of Costa Rica.

## Geography

Peralta has an area of 9.53 km² and an elevation of 390 metres.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1927 | 2,050 |  |
| 1950 | 3,393 | +2.21% |
| 1963 | 6,236 | +4.79% |
| 1973 | 1,708 | −12.15% |
| 1984 | 1,883 | +0.89% |
| 2000 | 570 | −7.20% |
| 2011 | 511 | −0.99% |
| 2022 | 751 | +3.56% |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos
Centro Centroamericano de Población | | |

For the 2011 census, Peralta had a population of 511 inhabitants.

## Transportation

### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:

## InfoBox

| Peralta | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Peralta district | |
| PeraltaPeralta district location in Costa Rica | |
| Coordinates: 9°58′12″N 83°37′05″W / 9.9700079°N 83.6180846°W / 9.9700079; -83.6180846 | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Province | Cartago |
| Canton | Turrialba |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.53 km2 (3.68 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 390 m (1,280 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 511 |
| Density | 54/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 |
| Postal code | 30503 |