title: Georg Kr. Lárusson

abstract: Georg Kristinn Lárusson is the Director General of the Icelandic Coast Guard and former director of the Icelandic Directorate of Immigration, a position he held from 1999 to 2005. He graduated from the University of Iceland with a law degree in 1985 and a postgraduate degree from the Faculty of Law at the University of Copenhagen. He was a judge's representative at the Reykjavík District Court in 1985-89 and was the district magistrate in Dalasýsla, Strandasýsla and Kópavogur in the period 1989–92. He served as district magistrate of Vestmannaeyjar from 1992 to 1998. Georg was appointed deputy chief of police in Reykjavík from 1998 to 1999.

text:
# Georg Kr. Lárusson

**Georg Kristinn Lárusson** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈkɛːɔirk ˈkʰrɪstɪnː ˈlauːrʏːsːɔn\]; born 21 March 1959) is the Director General of the Icelandic Coast Guard and former director of the Icelandic Directorate of Immigration, a position he held from 1999 to 2005. He graduated from the University of Iceland with a law degree in 1985 and a postgraduate degree from the Faculty of Law at the University of Copenhagen. He was a judge's representative at the Reykjavík District Court in 1985-89 and was the district magistrate in Dalasýsla, Strandasýsla and Kópavogur in the period 1989–92. He served as district magistrate of Vestmannaeyjar from 1992 to 1998. Georg was appointed deputy chief of police in Reykjavík from 1998 to 1999.

## Honours

### National Honours

### Foreign Honours

## InfoBox

| Director General
Georg Kr. Lárusson | |
| --- | --- |
| Director General Georg Kr. Lárusson | |
| Born | (1959-03-21) 21 March 1959
Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Allegiance | Iceland |
| Service/branch | Icelandic Coast Guard |
| Years of service | 2005–present |
| Rank | Director General |


title: Nandi people

abstract: The Nandi are part of the Kalenjin, a Nilotic tribe living in East Africa. The Nandi ethnic group live with close association and relation with the Kipsigis tribe. They traditionally have lived and still form the majority in the highland areas of the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya, in what is today Nandi County. They speak the Nandi dialect of the Kalenjin language.

text:
# Nandi people

The **Nandi** are part of the Kalenjin, a Nilotic tribe living in East Africa. The Nandi ethnic group live with close association and relation with the Kipsigis tribe. They traditionally have lived and still form the majority in the highland areas of the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya, in what is today Nandi County. They speak the Nandi dialect of the Kalenjin language.

## Etymology

Before the mid-19th century, the Nandi referred to themselves as *Chemwalindet* (pl. *Chemwalin*) or Chemwal (pl. *Chemwalek*) while other Kalenjin-speaking communities referred to the Nandi as *Chemngal*. It is unclear where the terms originated from, though in early writings the latter term was associated with *ngaal* which means camel in Turkana and suggestions made that the name could be an "...allusion to the borrowing, direct or indirect of the rite of circumcision from camel riding Muslims". Later sources do not make similar suggestions or references to this position.

The name Nandi came into use after the mid-19th century and more so after the defeat of the Uasin Gishu and the routing of the Swahili and Arab traders. The name is thought to derive from the similarity of the rapaciousness of the warriors of the mid-1800s to the habits of the voracious cormorant which is known as *mnandi* in Kiswahili.

## Nandi position and facet to Kalenjin

The Nandi people are one among a group of communities that share cultural traits and a Southern Nilotic language known as Kalenjin. The dialects are seen as being distinct languages, thus for instance the Nandi speak the Nandi language which may or may not be mutually intelligible with another Kalenjin language. The Kalenjin ethnic groups inhabit the highlands of East Africa in African Great Lakes Region. They include: the **Nandi**, Kipsigis, Tugen, Keiyo, Okiek, Marakwet, Sengwer, Sabaot, Terik, Pokot and Sebei. The confederation came about as a result of the upheavals of the First and Second Mutai.

The Kalenjin languages are broadly similar with most of the dialects being mutually intelligible. The Nandi use Kalenjin nomenclature, which is similar across most communities apart from the Marakwet where names of persons may be inverted gender-wise; certain folklore indicates that this may have been as a result of a genocide that targeted either the males or females of Marakwet. Kalenjin mythology was broadly similar and is thought to have stemmed from an earlier worship oriented at the sky, later turning its focus of worship to the sun. This change may have radiated from the Kibasisek clan originally from Marakwet. Today most Nandi are either Protestant Christian or Catholic as are most Kalenjin.

The Nandi experience contributes a great deal to commonly perceived Kalenjin heritage as well as to contemporary Kalenjin culture. Many customs are shared across Kalenjin communities though circumcision is absent in some communities. Kalenjin can traditionally marry from within Kalenjin as if it were within each individual's community. Oret (clan) membership cuts across the various communities with Nandi and Kipsigis ortinwek ties being particularly intricate thus making both seem as a single identity even to date.

## History

A totality of various traditions making up the narrative of the Settlement of Nandi seem to date the origin of a differentiated Nandi identity to the early decades of the nineteenth century and no later than the latter decades of the eighteenth century. The development of the Nandi identity is intrinsically linked to the settlement of Nandi County.

### 19th century

#### Settlement of Nandi

Within Nandi tradition, the existence of a differentiated Nandi identity is understood as a distinct process through which various Kalenjin and Maa-speaking clans came to occupy the present day Nandi county. The traditional Nandi account is that the first settlers in their country came from Elgon during the time of the Maina and formed the Kipoiis clan; a name that possibly means 'the spirits'. They were led by a man named Kakipoch, founder of the Nandi section of the Kalenjin and are said to have settled in the *emet* (county) of Aldai in south-western Nandi.

Studies of the settlement pattern indicate that the southern regions were the first to be settled, the *emet* of Aldai on the west and the *emet* of Soiin on the east, being the first to be established. It has been conjectured that the first pororosiek were Kakipoch in Aldai and Tuken in Soiin.

It is notable that Sirikwa holes (known to the Nandi as *mukowanisiek*) were almost non-existent in the areas first settled, being only present on the Nandi escarpment itself. They were however found in great numbers in the northern regions of Nandi.

#### *Emotinua* development

Inward migrants and general population growth are conjectured to have led to a northward expansion of the growing identity during the eighteenth century. This period is thought to have seen the occupation and establishment of the *emotinwek* of Chesume, Emgwen and Masop. This period would also have seen the establishment of more *pororosiek*.

The final expansion would occur during the middle of the nineteenth century when the Nandi took the Uain Gishu plateau from the Uasin Gishu.

#### Emotinua organization

The *emotinwek* system of territorial organisation was broadly similar to that of other Kalenjin communities. The Nandi territory was by the turn of the century divided into six counties known as *emet* (pl. *emotinua*/*emotinwek*). These were Wareng, located to the north, Mosop in the northeast, Tindiret in the east, Soiin and Pelkut in the south, Aldai and Chesumei in the west and Emgwen in the center. The *emotinwek* were divided into districts known as *bororiet* (*borororisiek*) and these were divided into villages known as *kokwet* (*kokwotinwek*). The Nandi administrative system was unique among the Kalenjin in having the *bororiosiek* administrative layer.

Within the wider Kalenjin administrative system, the Kokwet was the most significant political and judicial unit in terms of day to day issues. The *kokwet* elders were the local authority for allocating land for cultivation, they were also the body to whom the ordinary member of the tribe would look for a decision in a dispute or problem which defied solution by direct agreement between the parties. Membership of the *kokwet* council was acquired by seniority and personality and within it decisions were taken by a small number of elders whose authority derived from their natural powers of leadership. Among the Nandi however, the *Bororiet* was the most significant institution and the political system revolved around it.

#### Cultural development

The Nandi of the nineteenth century were a primarily martial community and little cultural development was experienced for much of this period. Hollis (1905) for instance observed that "the art of music has not reached a very advanced stage in Nandi".

The social climate (see First Mutai and Second Mutai) led to the development of a learning system known as Kamuratanet that principally revolved around preparation for warfare, both defensive and offensive. It divided the male sex into boys, warriors and elders while the female sex is divided into girls and married women. The first stage began at birth and continued until initiation.

All boys who were circumcised together were said to belong to the same ibinda (age set) and once the young men of a particular *ibinda* came of age, they were tasked with protecting the tribal lands and the society, the period when they were in charge of protection of the society was known as the age of that *ibinda*. The Kalenjin have eight cyclical age-sets or *ibinwek*, however the Nandi dropped the *korongoro* at some point as a result of disaster. Legend has it that the members of this *ibinda* were wiped out in war. This was because they were told not to go for that war but they could not listen. It is said they, that *ibinda*, the *korongoro* put on their ears some *septook* (broken pieces of calabashes) to avoid listening to the wise words of the *Orkoiyot*. During the war they were unsuccessful. For fear of a recurrence, the community decided to retire the age-set.

### Mid-19th century

#### Nandi identity

The earliest recorded mention of Arab caravans in Nandi oral tradition date to the 1850s during the time when the Sawe ibinda (age-set) were warriors. The contact was antagonistic with raids on the caravans carried out by Nandi warriors. By 1854, the name Mararma ("who do not care about fire") had been conveyed upon a sub-set of the Sawe possibly as a result of the very successful raiding of Arab caravans or perhaps as a result of the major defeat of the Arabs at Kipsoboi.

The Nandi warriors had never encountered a foe armed with firearms before and they had to develop new military tactics to overcome the effectiveness of a large number of firearms. Like the Masai, the warriors drew the enemy's fire by a sudden rush at which time they went "go to ground." Then the warriors charged the caravan porters before the muzzle loading weapons could be recharged. The porters bolted into the reloading riflemen followed closely by the Nandi warriors and in this confusion, the Nandi warriors could spear the panicked men. This tactic would be deployed effectively until the battle of Kimondi in 1895.

Part of the reason for the Nandi success was the limited access. The easiest approach was from the north-east, but a caravan had to travel two or three days before reaching principal Nandi settlements. This evidently was not preferable as the Arab caravans diverted east to Kavirondo and Mumias where food and protection was located.

Due to the casualties to the caravans, direct trade increasingly became difficult. Caravans rarely entered or camped in Nandi and a strange "middle man" system evolved after the 1850s. Trusted Sotik and Dorobo agents were employed to act as "middle men" who would trade ivory and other coastal goods for cattle to the Nandi for a large commission.

"Enterprising Arab traders hoping to circumvent this arrangement often fell victims to a Nandi ploy. A few old Nandi warriors would meet the armed caravan and tell them that a large supply of ivory was only two or three days journey from the caravan. However, the Nandi were only willing to entertain a small Arab party to negotiate a trade. Dutifully, a party of twenty men would be dispatched with cloth, wire, and other trade goods only to be ambushed by the Nandi and massacred." "Another ruse used by the Nandi was to send a small party of warriors to lead the prospective caravan into the depths of Nandi by the wrong road and then conduct a night attack. The Arab traders even attempted a tactic that had worked with other tribes, blood brotherhood. This consisted of sitting opposite one another, cutting the back of each other's hand and sucking the blood from one another's hand. The Nandi held no credence to such a foreign ceremony, and it only became another ploy to easily acquire coastal goods."

Frustrated by failures, the Arab traders attempted one last tactic. They established a series of fortified stations at Kimatke, Kibigori, Chemelil, Kipsoboi, and Kobujoi, and began a campaign of intimidation. Donkeys were let loose to trample the millet fields, Nandi warriors were humiliated, Nandi boys were imprisoned, and Nandi women and girls were raped. At Kipsoboi four Nandi shields were propped against a tree and the Nandi were offered the chance to shoot arrows into the shields. Once this was accomplished, the Arabs fired musket balls through the shields that had stopped the arrows. The Arabs then poured gruel over the attending Nandi's heads and shaved off their cherished locks.

The Nandi warriors had had enough. They sought permission from the Kaptalam Orkoiyot to kill the Arabs. He gave permission, and the post was stormed. Some accounts credit the *Orkoiyot*'s charms with making the defender's ammunition disappear, while others credit the error of the garrison commander to provide ammunition to the riflemen. Regardless of the reason, the garrison at Kipsoboi was destroyed. The Nandi *kiptaiyat* (raiding bands) then successfully attacked and slaughtered the garrison at Kobujoi. This was enough to force the Arab traders to withdraw from Nandi and to avoid the area.

The defeat of the Arabs created the "Nandi legend." The Nandi were undefeatable. Porters could not be hired and expeditions could not be launched into Nandi for nearly forty years. The Nandi warriors stood proudly aloof from the events that were swirling around them confident to defend their independence.

### Late 19th-century

#### Nandi resistance

By the later decades of the 19th century, at the time when the early European explorers started advancing into the interior of Kenya, Nandi territory was a closed country Thompson in 1883 was warned to avoid the country of the Nandi, who were known for attacks on strangers and caravans that would attempt to scale the great massif of the Mau.

Matson, in his account of the resistance, showed "how the irresponsible actions of two British traders, Dick and West, quickly upset the precarious modus vivendi between the Nandi and incoming British". This would cause more than a decade of conflict led on the Nandi side by Koitalel Arap Samoei, the Nandi *Orkoiyot* at the time.

The conflict would end on 19 October 1905, when Col Richard Meinertzhagen called for a peace meeting. Instead, Meinertzhagen and his men killed Koitalel and his entourage on the grounds of what is now Nandi Bears Club.

Sosten Saina, grand-nephew of one of Arap Samoei's bodyguards notes that "There were about 22 of them who went for a meeting with the *mzungu* that day. Koitalel Arap Samoei had been advised not to shake hands because if he did, that would give him away as the leader. But he extended his hand and was shot immediately". Shortly after this event, the Nandi Resistance ended and Nandi was incorporated into the British East Africa Protectorate.

### 20th century

#### World War I (1914–1918)

Official records of the K.A.R show that a total of 1,197 Nandi were recruited during the war. At the time the Nandi population is estimated to have been about 40–50,000 individuals. Most of those recruited were of the Nyongi age-set which had been initiated during the four-year period immediately preceding the war. Greenstein (1978) following interviews with veterans of the war found that participation in the war made little impact on the Nyongik, as or as agents-of-change, as regards adapting western methods. Neither did the earned wages seem to engender an affection for the formal economy nor was any effort made towards participation in the political process.

Socially, the Nyongik had been initiated just prior to the wars, hence they left and returned unmarried. This did not disrupt ordinary patterns since it was more usual than unusual for young men to wait a few years before marriage. This time was spent searching for bride wealth, and serving in the war may be said to have served this purpose. Later interviews with veterans indicate that they were warmly welcomed back by parents and contemporaries. Neither did they bear resentment to their age-mates who had avoided the hardships of military service, some of who had married and acquired cattle in the intervening period. In fact, the veterans note that they expressed gratitude to them for looking after their cattle and other property as they had been slogging around Tanganyika and Mozambique.

Economically, it is noted that the veterans did not receive pensions as they had expected but that they did return with their back-pay which for some amounted to as much as several hundred shillings, quite a significant sum at the time. It is noted that almost all of the returning veterans used their back pay to purchase cattle, some of which along with cash was used as bride wealth. There were instances of land purchase on the fringes of the reserve but these were minimal. Much as the Government had alienated part of the Nandi Reserve the population pressure was not yet great enough to leave most men dissatisfied with the amount of land they would acquire by traditional means. It has been observed that where purchases were made it was done less with entrepreneurial motive than as a desire to increase one's pasture land.

There were also minimal changes to the employment patterns. Few Nandi previously found the prospect of paid employment sufficiently alluring to leave in search of jobs. For instance in 1914 only 100 out of a population of about 45,000 was employed outside the District. The numbers did rise to 352 for 1915/6 and 612 in 1916/7, largely in response to the wartime needs of the Protectorate but by 1919 they had fallen back to 185. While military service continued to appeal to the young men, civilian service did not. The District Commissioner was hard put in 1922 for instance to produce 200 able-bodied young men to work on a local road-building project. He would resort to conscripting them under the 'Native Authority Ordinance', the infamous labor circular written in 1919 by then B.E.A Governor Edward Northey.

Politically, it is observed that the Nyongik assimilated back into the traditional power structure in much the same positions they had left some three or four years earlier. Within that structure, age and not stars and stripes counted for seniority. The obligations and ties they resumed were to their families, age-set and *korotinwek* meaning the common interests of veterans gave way to a man's traditional associations. Greenstein notes that the concept of a formal organisation of veterans appears either not to have occurred or perhaps not appealed to them. Even the pension issue did not impel the Nyongik to form any sort of coherent organization.

Greenstein states that in the period following the War, the minority European civilian population resident in Kenya and the Protectorate Government, were worried about the possibility of armed insurrection among the indigenous peoples. He notes that one of the greatest fears of the Europeans, which he observes to have been true for both Wars, was that they had lost prestige in the eyes of Africans. He quotes Shiroya who was writing after the war to illustrate a then commonly held perception which was that "the ex-askari had learned and observed that without modern technology, a European was no better than an African". There was also a belief held by some "that blacks, having seen white men kill other white men, would sooner or later realize that they too could do the same". The latter states that "to make this argument is to suggest that Africans once regarded Europeans as superior, perhaps even as demi-gods". He counter-argues that "the evidence including armed primary resistance in many parts of the continent, and especially in Nandi, makes it seem very unlikely that this was ever the case". Accounts by European adventurers in the 19th century, such as Thompson who spoke of having to deal with the 'overbearing' attitude of the Maasai seem to be in line with his assertion. The introduction of the Maxim gun altered the power symmetry which Greenstein suggests was apparent to Africans hence "the deference showed, which some Europeans took as awe and respect". This attitude has been commented upon outside Africa as well.

The environment following the war was thus one in which the European population was worried about civilian unrest. Fears that appear to have been stoked by an upsurge in political activity in the 1920s, notably Archdeacon Owen's *Piny Owacho* (Voice of the People) movement and Harry Thuku's Young Kikuyu Association.

#### Nandi Protest of 1923

A number of factors taking place in the early 1920s led to what has come to be termed the Nandi Protest or Uprisings of 1923. It was the first expression of organized resistance by the Nandi since the wars of 1905-06.

Primary contributing factors were the land alienation of 1920 and a steep increase in taxation, taxation tripled between 1909 and 1920 and because of a change in collection date, two taxes were collected in 1921. The Kipsigis and Nandi refused to pay and this amount was deferred to 1922. Further, due to fears of a spread of rinderpest following an outbreak, a stock quarantine was imposed on the Nandi Reserve between 1921 and 1923. The Nandi, prevented from selling stock outside the Reserve, had no cash, and taxes had to go unpaid. Normally, grain shortages in Nandi were met by selling stock and buying grain. The quarantine made this impossible. The labor conscription that took place under the Northey Circulars only added to the bitterness against the colonial government.

All these things contributed to a buildup of antagonism and unrest toward the government between 1920 and 1923. In 1923, the *saget ab eito* (sacrifice of the ox), a historically significant ceremony where leadership of the community was transferred between generations, was to take place. This ceremony had always been followed by an increased rate of cattle raiding as the now formally recognized warrior age-set sought to prove its prowess. The approach to a *saget ab eito* thus witnessed expressions of military fervour and for the ceremony all Nandi males would gather in one place.

Alarmed at the prospect and as there was also organized protest among the Kikuyu and Luo at that time, the colonial government came to believe that the Orkoiyot was planning to use the occasion of the *Saget ab eito* of 1923 as a cover under which to gather forces for a massive military uprising. On 16 October 1923, several days before the scheduled date for the *saget ab eito*, the *Orkoiyot* Barsirian Arap Manyei and four other elders were arrested and deported to Meru. Permission to hold the ceremony was withdrawn and it did not take place, nor has it ever taken place since. The *Orkoiyot* Barsirian Arap Manyei would spend the next forty years in political detention, becoming Kenya's, and possibly Africa's, longest serving political prisoner.

### Recent history

#### Culture

##### Sport

Like other Kalenjin, the Nandi have produced a number of notable Kenyan athletes. These include great distance athletes like Kipchoge Keino (Kip Keino), a gold medalist at Mexico (1968) and Munich (1972) Olympic games, and Prof. Mike Boit, a bronze medalist at Munich 1972 Olympics. Others include Peter Koech, Bernard Kipchirchir Lagat, and Wilson Kipketer, Pamela Jelimo, Wilfred Bungei, Richard Mateelong, Super Henry Rono, Peter Rono, Tecla Chemabwai, and Paralympian Henry Kirwa among others. The father of Kenyan steeplechasers Amos Kipwambok Biwott comes from the community as does Julius Yego, the first Kenyan to win a World Championships gold medal in a field event.

Janeth Chepkosgei and Eliud Kipchoge are also Nandi.

##### Politics

The Nandi people have had remarkable political figures like Jean-Marie Seroney, the first MP for Nandi and Tindiret. Seroney was arrested and detained without trial for three and a half years for defending the independence of Parliament at a time when it was becoming an arm of the Executive. He worked hard to introduce Bills that would remove or at least check the excessive powers vested in the President as a result of the numerous amendments to the Kenya Constitution. He also brought in the first Private Member's Bill to help ensure that Kenya's elections were free, fair and inclusive. Other Nandi leaders include Henry Kosgey, Kimayo Arap Sego, Isaac Ruto, and William Samoei Ruto.

Notable Nandi female politicians include Philomena Chelagat Mutai, a lifelong activist for the inclusion of women in Kenyan politics and society, and Sally Kosgei, a former MP for Aldai.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Nandi
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 937,884 (2019) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Kenya | |
| Languages | |
| Kalenjin | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, African Traditional Religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Kalenjin and other Nilotes | |


title: Jean Chaput

abstract: Lieutenant Jean Chaput was a French World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories.

text:
# Jean Chaput

Lieutenant **Jean Chaput** was a French World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories.

## Biography

**Jean Marc Chaput** was born on 17 September 1893 in Paris.

He served in the army infantry beginning in 1913. He transferred to aviation in 1914. He qualified as a pilot by February 1915, was assigned to *Escadrille 28*, and scored his first victory on 12 June 1915 while piloting a Caudron. He was awarded the *Médaille militaire* for this action. Three days later, he was wounded. On 10 July, he suffered the first of two serious wounds that would cause lengthy interruptions in his flying career. He did not return to duty until January 1916. Having risen through the enlisted ranks to sergeant, he was now commissioned a lieutenant in March 1916. He scored twice more, on 18 March and 30 April; then he was transferred to a fighter squadron, *Escadrille 57*, in May 1916. Between 22 May and 23 July, he downed an observation balloon and four German airplanes. On 24 August, he was again severely wounded; this time, he would not return to duty until early 1917. He scored a double victory on 5 April, and one each in May and June 1917; the latter was shared with Joseph M. X. de Sévin. There was another lapse in his winning ways, until 23 March 1918, when he once again scored twice; one of his victims that day was Erich Thomas. In April, he succeeded to command of Escadrille 57, and scored his two final victories. He was killed in action on 6 May 1918 by Hermann Becker.

## Honors and awards

Médaille militaire citation, 23 June 1915

**Médaille militaire**

"Sergent pilot of Escadrille C28. A pilot of extraordinary skill, courage, sang-froid, and devotion, Recently experienced, other than service in artillery reconnaissance, very efficient service in aerial pursuit. Never hesitated on several occasions, during the operations from 7 to 13 June 1915, to give pursuit to enemy planes better armed than himself. Returned on the 12th \[June\] with his plane riddled by machine gun bullets after having forced his adversary to land."

Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur citation, 4 June 1916

**Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur**

"Temporary Sous Lieutenant of Escadrille N57. Pilot of admirable audacity and sang-froid. He has had for more than a year daily, aerial combats during the course of which he downed four German planes. On 12 June 1915; 18 March, 30 April and 22 May 1916. Already cited four times in orders."

Chaput was awarded the Belgian Croix de guerre on 13 September 1917 and the British Military Cross on 17 April 1918. He also won multiple awards of his native France's *Croix de Guerre*.

## Sources of information

* *Jean Chaput, a biography*. David Méchin. Cross & Cockade International Autumn 2018 Volume 49/3
* *Nieuport Aces of World War 1.* Franks, Norman. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
* *Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918.* Norman Franks; Bailey, Frank. Grub Street Publishing 1993. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.

## InfoBox

| Jean Chaput | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 17 September 1893
Paris, France |
| Died | 6 May 1918(1918-05-06) (aged 24)
In the vicinity of Montdidier, Somme |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | Infantry; aviation |
| Years of service | 1913–1918 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Unit | Escadrille 28, Escadrille 57 |
| Commands | Escadrille 57 |
| Awards | *Chevalier de Légion d'honneur*, *Médaille militaire*, *Croix de Guerre*, British Military Cross |


title: Nick Pollotta

abstract:
Nick Pollotta was an American author. He is best known for his humorous novels, including the science-fiction novel, Illegal Aliens and the fantasy novels Bureau 13 and That Darn Squid God. The majority of his work was published by Gold Eagle Books under house names "James Axler" and "Don Pendleton."
he died of cancer on April 13 2013.
A former stand-up comic, he lived in Chicago with his wife Melissa. He was survived by his wife and three sons.

text:
# Nick Pollotta

**Nick Pollotta** (August 26, 1954 – April 13, 2013 in Chicago) was an American author. He is best known for his humorous novels, including the science-fiction novel, *Illegal Aliens* (with Phil Foglio) and the fantasy novels *Bureau 13* and *That Darn Squid God* (with James Clay). The majority of his work was published by Gold Eagle Books under house names "James Axler" and "Don Pendleton." he died of cancer on April 13 2013. A former stand-up comic, he lived in Chicago with his wife Melissa. He was survived by his wife and three sons.

## Bibliography

**1989**

* *Illegal Aliens*, SF/Humor, Nick Pollotta and Phil Foglio, TSR BOOKS

**1990**

* *Bureau 13*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta, Ace Books

**1991**

* *Doomsday Exam*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta, Ace Books
* *Full Moonster*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta, Ace Books

**1993**

* *Satellite Night News*, SF/Humor, (as Jack Hopkins), Ace Books
* *Satellite Night Special*, SF/Humor, (as Jack Hopkins), Ace Books
* *Satellite Night Fever*, SF/Humor, (as Jack Hopkins), Ace Books

**1994**

* *Illegal Aliens*, SF/Humor, Nick Pollotta & Phil Foglio, Armada Press, Russia (translation)

**1995**

* *Bureau 13 Omnibus*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta, Armada Press, RUSSIA (translation)
* *American Knights*, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books
* *The 24-Hour War*, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books
* *Freed-For-All*, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books
* *The Guardians of Cascade*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books

**1997**

* *Shadowboxer*, Science Fiction, Nicholas Pollotta, ROC Books

**1999**

* *Gemini Rising*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books, 1999

**2000**

* *Gaia's Demise*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Dark Reckoning*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Pandora's Redoubt*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books

**2001**

* *Zero City*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Savage Armada*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Judas Strike*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Shadow Fortress*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books

**2002**

* *Sky Killers*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton) Gold Eagle Books
* *Deep Rampage*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books

**2003**

* *Devil Riders*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books

**2004**

* *Blood Fire*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Sky Baron*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Stolen Arrows*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *The Chameleon Factor*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Pandora's Redoubt*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Zero City*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Gemini Rising*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Dark Reckoning*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Gaia's Demise*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *That Darn Squid God*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta & James Clay, Wildside Press

**2005**

* *Shatterzone*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Savage Armada*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Judas Strike*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Shadow Fortress*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *The Chameleon Factor*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Bloodfire*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Devil Riders*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book

**2006**

* *Coldfire*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Act of War*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Perdition Valley*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book

**2007**

* *Uplink*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Neutron Force*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Desert King*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Shatterzone*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler) Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Sky Hammer*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendleton), Cutting Audio, audio book
* *Illegal Aliens*, SF/Humor, Nick Pollotta & Phil Foglio, AST Press, Russia (translation)
* *That Darn Squid God*, Fantasy/Humor, Nick Pollotta & James Clay, AST Press, Russia (translation)

**2008**

* *Terror Descending*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Eden's Twilight*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Capital Offense*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books

**2009**

* *Last Days*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Airwolf*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Time Castaways*, Action/Adventure, (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Illegal Aliens* SF/Humor, Nick Pollotta & Phil Foglio, Wildside Press

**2010**

* *Moonfeast*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Blood Chains*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Damned Nation*, Dark Fantasy, Nick Pollotta, Wildside Press

**2011**

* *Prodigal Return*, Action/Adventure, (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books
* *Dragonfire*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books

**2012**

* *Belle, Book and Candle*, Paranormal Romance, Nick Pollotta, Double Dragon Press
* *Shadow Strike*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Fireburst*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books
* *Oblivion Pact*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendleton), Gold Eagle Books

**2013**

* *Sins of Honor*, Action/Adventure (as James Axler), Gold Eagle Books

**2014**

* *Pirate Offensive*, Action/Adventure (as Don Pendelton), Gold Eagle Books


title: Not a Saint

abstract: "Not a Saint" is a song by Dutch DJ & producer Vato Gonzalez featuring vocals from Lethal Bizzle and Donae'o. It was released on January 6, 2013 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. The song is a remix of Lethal Bizzle's single of the same name featuring Donae'o. The remix received positive feedback from the public and was subsequently released as a collaborative single. It has peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Not a Saint

"**Not a Saint**" is a song by Dutch DJ & producer Vato Gonzalez featuring vocals from Lethal Bizzle and Donae'o. It was released on January 6, 2013 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. The song is a remix of Lethal Bizzle's single of the same name featuring Donae'o. The remix received positive feedback from the public and was subsequently released as a collaborative single. It has peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Not a Saint" was first released onto YouTube on November 22, 2012 at a total length of two minutes and thirty-two seconds.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Not a Saint" (Radio Edit) | 2:30 |
| 2. | "Not a Saint" (Extended Mix) | 6:05 |
| 3. | "Not a Saint" (Andi Durrant Remix) | 6:04 |
| 4. | "Not a Saint" (Jaxxon Remix) | 5:49 |
| 5. | "Not a Saint" (Max NRG Drumstep Remix) | 4:10 |
| 6. | "Not a Saint" (Max NRG Remix) | 4:10 |
| 7. | "Not a Saint" (Substantial Error Remix) | 4:27 |
| 8. | "Not a Saint" (Skitzofrenix Remix) | 3:44 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 68 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 22 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 20 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 1 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | January 6, 2013 | Digital download | New State Music |
|

## InfoBox

| "Not a Saint" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Vato Gonzalez vs. Lethal Bizzle & Donae'o | |
| Released | 6 January 2013 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Length | 2:30 (radio edit) |
| Label | New State Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Maxwell Ansah, Ian Greenidge |
| Producer(s) | Vato Gonzalez |
| Vato Gonzalez singles chronology | |
| "Badman Riddim (Jump)"
(2011) "**Not a Saint**"
(2013) "Sushi Riddim"
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Lethal Bizzle singles chronology | |
| "Leave It Yeah"
(2012) "**Not a Saint**"
(2013) "They Got It Wrong"
(2013) | |
| Donae'o singles chronology | |
| "You Should Know"
(2012) "**Not a Saint**"
(2013) "Mami No Like"
(2016) | |
|  | |


title: La Union Watchtowers

abstract: The province of La Union in the Philippines has various Spanish colonial watchtowers (bantayan) which are recognized as National Cultural Treasures since 2014.

text:
# La Union Watchtowers

The province of La Union in the Philippines has various Spanish colonial watchtowers (*bantayan*) which are recognized as National Cultural Treasures since 2014.

## Background

The Spanish first colonized the Ilocos Region in 1572. They would build large stone structures such as churches and forts in the following years. Watchtowers were built for sentry purposes against Moro and Chinese pirates as well as other European colonial powers.

The fortifications are mostly built using coral blocks held together by lime and egg whites. In the contemporary period, the fortifications fell into disuse and many are in a neglected and damaged state.

At least the Luna Watchtower was however used by the Americans during the Japanese occupation era of World War II.

## List

| Name | Municipality | NMP marked | Coordinates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Almeida Watchtower | Balaoan | Yes | 16°49′06.5″N 120°19′49.2″E / 16.818472°N 120.330333°E / 16.818472; 120.330333 (Almeida (Balaoan)) |  |
| Bacnotan Watchtower | Bacnotan | No |  | situated inside private property |
| Baluarte Watchtower | Luna | Yes | 16°51′24.3″N 120°22′22.3″E / 16.856750°N 120.372861°E / 16.856750; 120.372861 (Baluarte (Luna)) |  |
| Carlatan Watchtower | San Fernando | No | 16°37′57.6″N 120°18′39.8″E / 16.632667°N 120.311056°E / 16.632667; 120.311056 (Carlatan (San Fernando)) | situated inside private property |
| Ili Sur Watchtower | San Juan | No | 16°40′17.6″N 120°20′01.0″E / 16.671556°N 120.333611°E / 16.671556; 120.333611 (Ili Sur (San Juan)) | Damaged |

## InfoBox

| La Union Watchtowers | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Filipino: *Mga Bantayán ng La Union* | |
| Baluarte in Luna, La Union | |
| Type | Watchtowers |
| Location | **At least five La Union municipalities:** |
| Architectural style(s) | Spanish colonial |
|  | |
| National Cultural Treasures | |
| Official name | La Union Watchtowers |
| Designated | 2014 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trichromia interna

abstract: Trichromia interna is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Trichromia interna

***Trichromia interna*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia interna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. interna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia interna***<br>(Schaus, 1905) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hyponerita interna* Schaus, 1905 | |


title: Anadora

abstract:
Anadora is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
  - Anadora cupriventris Obenberger, 1922
  - Anadora mechowi
  - Anadora margotana Novak, 2010
  - Anadora occidentalis Bellamy, 1986
  - Anadora pavo
  - Anadora rivularis Obenberger, 1924
  - Anadora silvatica Bellamy, 1986

text:
# Anadora

***Anadora*** is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Anadora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Buprestoidea |
| Family: | Buprestidae |
| Genus: | ***Anadora***<br>Kerremans, 1898 |
|


title: Virginia State Route 278

abstract: State Route 278 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as King Street, the state highway runs 1.64 miles (2.64 km) from U.S. Route 258 north to an entrance to Langley Air Force Base within the independent city of Hampton.

text:
# Virginia State Route 278

**State Route 278** (**SR 278**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **King Street**, the state highway runs 1.64 miles (2.64 km) from U.S. Route 258 (US 258) north to an entrance to Langley Air Force Base within the independent city of Hampton.

## Route description

SR 278 begins at a diamond interchange with US 258 (Mercury Boulevard). King Street continues south as an unnumbered street toward downtown Hampton. The state highway heads north as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane through a residential area. SR 278 loses the center turn lane at Little Back River Road and becomes two lanes at Lamington Road. The state highway gains an additional lane northbound before reaching its northern terminus at a gate for Langley Air Force Base. North of the gate, the roadway crosses the Back River to reach the main body of the military installation.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Hampton.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 |
US 258 (East Mercury Boulevard) to I-64 | Diamond interchange; southern terminus |
| 1.64 | 2.64 | Langley Air Force Base | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 278KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 278 | |
| --- | --- |
| King Street | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 1.64 mi (2.64 km) |
| Existed | 1942–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 258 in Hampton |
| North end | Langley AFB entrance |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | City of Hampton |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 277   SR 279 | |


title: Hugh Percy Wilkins

abstract: Hugh Percy Wilkins was a Welsh-born engineer and amateur astronomer. He was born Hugh Percival Wilkins in Carmarthen, where he received his early education, then lived near Llanelli prior to moving to England. By profession, he was a mechanical engineer and civil servant, but his reputation rests on his achievements as an amateur astronomer, particularly as a selenographer. He was initially elected to the British Astronomical Association (BAA) on 27 February 1918 at the invitation of W F Denning and Fiammetta Wilson. At some point his membership lapsed and he rejoined on 25 March 1936 this time at the invitation of Robert Barker and Walter Goodacre. Wilkins was elected to the fellowship of the Royal Astronomical Society on 11 May 1945. He was Director of the BAA's Lunar Section from 1946 to 1956. He produced a 100" map of the Moon, which included new names for a number of features. In 1948 he put forward a request to the IAU that twenty-two new names be adopted. His proposals were turned down on the premise that the features were small or near the limb and already had letter designations. In 1951 he published a 300"-diameter map of the Moon, considered by some as the culmination of the art of selenography prior to the space age. His maps were dense with detail, some of which was fictitious, making them less useful. He made additional requests to the IAU in 1952 and 1955, which were turned down. However the Goodacre and Mee crater names from a 1926 map he had produced did become part of the lunar nomenclature. He also published a number of books intended to popularize astronomy, including two works in collaboration with Sir Patrick Moore. The most notable was his work, The Moon, which included his map. For many years Wilkins took the astronomy evening class at Crayford Manor House where they continue to use a copy of his 300-inch map regularly in the observatory. Wilkins died on 23 January 1960, having only retired on 31 December 1959. The crater Wilkins on the Moon is named after him.

text:
# Hugh Percy Wilkins

**Hugh Percy Wilkins** (4 December 1896 –23 January 1960) was a Welsh-born engineer and amateur astronomer.

He was born Hugh Percival Wilkins in Carmarthen, where he received his early education, then lived near Llanelli prior to moving to England.

By profession, he was a mechanical engineer and civil servant, but his reputation rests on his achievements as an amateur astronomer, particularly as a selenographer. He was initially elected to the British Astronomical Association (BAA) on 27 February 1918 at the invitation of W F Denning and Fiammetta Wilson. At some point his membership lapsed and he rejoined on 25 March 1936 this time at the invitation of Robert Barker and Walter Goodacre. Wilkins was elected to the fellowship of the Royal Astronomical Society on 11 May 1945. He was Director of the BAA's Lunar Section from 1946 to 1956.

He produced a 100" map of the Moon, which included new names for a number of features. In 1948 he put forward a request to the IAU that twenty-two new names be adopted. His proposals were turned down on the premise that the features were small or near the limb and already had letter designations.

In 1951 he published a 300"-diameter map of the Moon, considered by some as the culmination of the art of selenography prior to the space age. His maps were dense with detail, some of which was fictitious, making them less useful. He made additional requests to the IAU in 1952 and 1955, which were turned down. However the Goodacre and Mee crater names from a 1926 map he had produced did become part of the lunar nomenclature.

He also published a number of books intended to popularize astronomy, including two works in collaboration with Sir Patrick Moore. The most notable was his work, *The Moon*, which included his map.

For many years Wilkins took the astronomy evening class at Crayford Manor House where they continue to use a copy of his 300-inch map regularly in the observatory.

Wilkins died on 23 January 1960, having only retired on 31 December 1959.

The crater Wilkins on the Moon is named after him.

## Bibliography

* H.P. Wilkins, "300-inch Moon map", 1951.
* H.P. Wilkins, "The True Book About the Stars", 1953, London, Muller.
* H.P. Wilkins, "Our Moon", 1954, London, Muller.
* H.P. Wilkins and P. Moore, "The Moon; A Complete Description of the Surface of the Moon", 1955, London, Faber and Faber.
* H.P. Wilkins, "Mysteries of Space and Time", 1955, London, Muller.
* H.P. Wilkins, "Clouds, Rings and Crocodiles: By Spaceship Round the Planets," 1955.
* H.P. Wilkins and P. Moore, "Making and using a telescope; the home assembly and applications of astronomical equipment", 1956, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode.
* H.P. Wilkins, "Guide to the Heavens", 1956, London, F. Muller.
* H.P. Wilkins, "Instructions to Young Astronomers", 1957, London, Museum Press.
* H.P. Wilkins, "The True Book About the Moon", 1960, London, F. Muller.

He also wrote several articles for *Popular Astronomy*.


title: True Tori

abstract: True Tori is an American reality television series starring Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott. It premiered on April 22, 2014, on Lifetime. The series ostensibly chronicles the couple's life from three weeks after McDermott left for rehab and highlights the apparent uncertainty of their marriage due to an alleged affair. The first season consists of 8 episodes. The series has been renewed for a second 8-episode season, which premiered on October 21, 2014. The second season continued to focus on Tori and Dean's failing marriage as they try to rebuild their relationship and make decisions that would be the best for them and their four children. Tori tries to find her "true self" and ways how to juggle between her family relationships and business ventures.

text:
# True Tori

***True Tori*** is an American reality television series starring Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott. It premiered on April 22, 2014, on Lifetime. The series ostensibly chronicles the couple's life from three weeks after McDermott left for rehab and highlights the apparent uncertainty of their marriage due to an alleged affair. The first season consists of 8 episodes.

The series has been renewed for a second 8-episode season, which premiered on October 21, 2014. The second season continued to focus on Tori and Dean's failing marriage as they try to rebuild their relationship and make decisions that would be the best for them and their four children. Tori tries to find her "true self" and ways how to juggle between her family relationships and business ventures.

## Episodes

### Season 1 (2014)

| No. | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(million) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Fairytale Falls Apart" | April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22) | 1.18 |
| The first episode shows how Tori made the difficult decision to allow the audience to witness her and Dean's marriage after his cheating hit the tabloids last December, as she tells her story for the first time. | | | | |
| 2 | "The Truth Comes Out" | April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29) | 1.05 |
| Tori continues to rely on her friends for support while she continues to deal with Dean's infidelity. | | | | |
| 3 | "Tori Finds Her Voice" | May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06) | 1.02 |
| Tori deals with Dean returning home from his time in rehab after his infidelity in Toronto surfaced and his admission into the treatment facility. | | | | |
| 4 | "Another Bump in the Road" | May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13) | 0.87 |
| Tension comes to a head in Tori and Dean's marriage as they continue to work through their issues, especially during one of their therapy sessions. | | | | |
| 5 | "I Love Him and I Hate Him" | May 20, 2014 (2014-05-20) | 0.74 |
| Tori is hospitalized when the stress of Dean's affair makes her ill. Later, while scrapbooking with the couple's two oldest children, Liam and Stella, she has a sobbing meltdown that leads to a screaming match with Dean about the future of their marriage. | | | | |
| 6 | "Stay or Go" | May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27) | 1.10 |
| Dean is offered to host *Chopped Canada* again, as it has been renewed for the second season. However, the couple is torn about whether he should go to Toronto. Tori doesn't want him to go because she feels that her family needs to heal and it will only be disrupting the process. On the other hand, Dean doesn't want to leave his family, but he is conflicted because he has obligations and a career to maintain. | | | | |
| 7 | "The Reunion: All Questions Answered" | June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03) | 0.95 |
| ET journalist Brooke Anderson interviews Tori and Dean as they face each other for the first time since Dean left his family for work in Canada. An update is also provided on the couple's road to reconciliation. | | | | |
| 8 | "Confessions" | June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10) | 0.77 |
| Tori reflects on the most volatile moments from the season and reveals exclusive new footage shot behind closed doors. | | | | |

### Season 2 (2014)

| No. | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(million) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Dealing with Demons" | October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21) | 0.77 |
| The second season begins with Tori and Dean falling into familiar patterns after returning from vacation, but a potential pregnancy forces them to face some unanswered questions. | | | | |
| 2 | "Back to the Future" | October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28) | 0.78 |
| Tori decides to sell a large warehouse of belongings in order to provide for her family amidst their financial problems. Meanwhile, an unanticipated discovery prompts Tori to reach out to her ex-husband, Charlie; and she and Dean struggle with their marriage as they consider a life-changing medical decision. | | | | |
| 3 | "Tale of Two Husbands" | November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04) | 0.67 |
| Tori pursues her past in an effort to control one aspect of her life while Dean battles his demons. A serious realization leaves their marriage hanging in the air. | | | | |
| 4 | "First Wives Club" | November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11) | 0.81 |
| Tori plans a 16th birthday party for Dean's oldest son, Jack, and is forced to face her turbulent past with Dean's ex-wife, Mary Jo Eustace. | | | | |
| 5 | "He Said, She Said" | November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18) | 0.72 |
| Tori confronts Dean with accusations made by Mary Jo; and they visit a spiritual guru in hopes of improving their marriage. | | | | |
| 6 | "Raw Nerves" | November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25) | 0.54 |
| Tori and Dean take steps to get their professional and personal lives back on track, but new problems surface that threaten to thwart their marriage. | | | | |
| 7 | "Gone Girl" | December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) | 0.74 |
| After confronting two of her most tumultuous relationships, Tori is faced with her biggest decision of her life. Dean breaks down over shattering promises, and her greatest fear becomes reality. | | | | |
| 8 | "Chunks of My Soul" | December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09) | 0.81 |
| When Tori is admitted to the hospital, she and Dean are forced to face their issues directly and decide if they will stay together, and if they will continue to document their lives on television. | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *True Tori* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Camera setup | Multiple |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Lifetime |
| Release | April 22 (2014-04-22)
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09) |


title: Walter Odede

abstract: Walter Odede is a Kenyan footballer. He played in 16 matches for the Kenya national football team in 2002 and 2003. He was also named in Kenya's squad for the 2004 African Cup of Nations tournament.

text:
# Walter Odede

**Walter Odede** (born 11 November 1974) is a Kenyan footballer. He played in 16 matches for the Kenya national football team in 2002 and 2003. He was also named in Kenya's squad for the 2004 African Cup of Nations tournament.

## InfoBox

Walter Odede
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1974-11-11) 11 November 1974 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Mathare United |  |  |
|  | Bandari |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2003 | Kenya | 16 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jean Charbonneaux

abstract: Jean Marie Augustin Charbonneaux was a 20th-century French archaeologist. He was a member of the French School at Athens from 1921 to 1925 and of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres from 1962. He was successively curator, chief curator, Inspector General of the Museums of France, and professor of Greek and Roman archeology at the École du Louvre from 1930 to 1965.

text:
# Jean Charbonneaux

**Jean Marie Augustin Charbonneaux** (15 January 1895 – 21 February 1969) was a 20th-century French archaeologist.

He was a member of the French School at Athens from 1921 to 1925 and of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres from 1962. He was successively curator, chief curator, Inspector General of the Museums of France, and professor of Greek and Roman archeology at the École du Louvre from 1930 to 1965.

## Publications (selection)

* 1925: with K. Gottlob: *La Tholos, 2: Relevés et restaurations*. In: *Fouilles de Delphes, 2. Topographie et architecture*. E. de Boccard, Paris.
* 1929: *L'art égéen*. G. van Oest, Paris and Brussels
* 1936: *Les terres cuites grecques*. L. Reynaud, Paris.
* 1939: *La sculpture grecque archaïque*. Éditions de Cluny, Paris;
* 1912–1945: *La sculpture grecque classique*. La Guilde du livre, Lausanne;
* 1948: *L'art au siècle d'Auguste*. Guilde du Livre, Lausanne.
* 1949: *Les sculptures de Rodin*. F. Hazan, Paris.
* 1958: *Les bronzes grecs*. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
* 1968: with Roland Martin and François Villard: *Grèce archaïque (620–480 avant J.-C.)*. Gallimard, (*Univers des formes*. volume 14).
* 1969: with Roland Martin and François Villard: *Grèce classique (480–330 avant J.-C.)*. Gallimard, (*Univers des formes*, volume 16).
* 1970: with Roland Martin and François Villard: *Grèce hellénistique (330–50 avant J.-C.)*. Gallimard, Paris 1970 (*Univers des formes*, volume 18.
* 1970: with Pierre Pradel: *Architecture et sculpture des origines à nos jours*. 4 volumes. Fernand Nathan, Paris.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Jean Charbonneaux | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 January 1895
Genlis (Côte-d'Or), France |
| Died | 21 February 1969(1969-02-21) (aged 74)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | Archaeologist |


title: Histidinol-phosphate transaminase

abstract:
In enzymology, a histidinol-phosphate transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - L-histidinol phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate ⇌ 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-histidinol phosphate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-histidinol-phosphate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include imidazolylacetolphosphate transaminase, glutamic-imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase, histidinol phosphate aminotransferase, imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase, L-histidinol phosphate aminotransferase, histidine:imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase, IAP transaminase, and imidazolylacetolphosphate aminotransferase. This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: histidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and novobiocin biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

text:
# Histidinol-phosphate transaminase

In enzymology, a **histidinol-phosphate transaminase** (EC 2.6.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-histidinol phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate $\rightleftharpoons $ 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-histidinol phosphate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate and L-glutamate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **L-histidinol-phosphate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase**. Other names in common use include **imidazolylacetolphosphate transaminase**, **glutamic-imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase**, **histidinol phosphate aminotransferase**, **imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase**, **L-histidinol phosphate aminotransferase**, **histidine:imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase**, **IAP transaminase**, and **imidazolylacetolphosphate aminotransferase**. This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: histidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and novobiocin biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 11 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1FG3, 1FG7, 1GEW, 1GEX, 1GEY, 1H1C, 1IJI, 1UU0, 1UU1, 1UU2, and 2F8J.

* AMES BN, HORECKER BL (1956). "The biosynthesis of histidine: imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase". *J. Biol. Chem*. **220** (1): 113–28. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65337-2. PMID 13319331.
* Martin RG; Goldberger RF (1963). "Imidazolylacetolphosphate:L-glutamate aminotransferase. Purification and properties". *J. Biol. Chem*. **242** (6): 1168–1174. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96159-4. PMID 5337155.

## InfoBox

| histidinol-phosphate transaminase | |
| --- | --- |
| Histidinol-phosphate transaminase homodimer, E.Coli | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.6.1.9 |
| CAS no. | 9032-98-8 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Not a Pin to Choose Between Them

abstract: "Not a Pin to Choose Between Them" is a Norwegian folk tale about tolerating one's spouse despite his or her flaws. It is collected in Best-Loved Folktales of the World (1982).

text:
# Not a Pin to Choose Between Them

"**Not a Pin to Choose Between Them**" ("Somme kjerringer er slike", i.e. "Some womenfolk are like that") is a Norwegian folk tale about tolerating one's spouse despite his or her flaws. It is collected in *Best-Loved Folktales of the World* (1982).

## Summary

"Not a Pin to Choose Between Them" is a story about a husband and a wife who try to trade some goods from their farm in town. First, the wife goes to town and loses her money and livestock (a hen and a cow). At home, the husband calls her "mad" ("gal", i.e. crazy or mentally disturbed) and says that he is going to find three others just as mad as her.

The first woman he finds tries to obtain light within her home. She offers him $300 to place windows in her home. The second woman asks for him to make hole in her husband's shirt to allow his neck through. He asks for a pair of scissors and $300 and does as she asks and he obtains his money. The third woman mishears him, believing that he is from Paradise, and she believes that he knows her late husband. So she gives him a chest full of dollars, a cart full of clothes, and two horses.

When he returns home, he finds his fields are plowed and sown; however, his wife had sown salt into the fields. "'Mad you are,; said her husband, 'and mad you will be so long as you live; but that is all one now, for the rest are not a bit wiser than you. There is not a pin to choose between you.'" The adventure teaches the husband that his wife is not the only woman out there lacking sense.


title: Robertson Draw Fire

abstract: The Robertson Draw Fire is a large wildfire that started near Red Lodge, Montana on June 13, 2021. It has so far burned 29,885 acres (12,094 ha) and was completely contained by mid-September.

text:
# Robertson Draw Fire

The **Robertson Draw Fire** is a large wildfire that started near Red Lodge, Montana on June 13, 2021. It has so far burned 29,885 acres (12,094 ha) and was completely contained by mid-September.

## Events

### June

The Robertson Draw Fire was first reported on June 13, 2021 at around 2:15 pm MDT near Asotin, Washington.

### Cause

The cause of the fire is believed to be human caused.

### Containment

As of August 8, 2021, the fire was 90% percent contained and was completely contained by mid-September the same year.

## Impact

### Closures and Evacuations

Since the fire Impacted Red Lodge the town had to evacuate.

## InfoBox

| Robertson Draw Fire | |
| --- | --- |
| Date(s) | July 13, 2021 (2021-07-13) – September 21, 2021 (2021-09-21) |
| Location | Montana, Wyoming |
| Coordinates | 45°00′54″N 109°15′11″W / 45.015°N 109.253°W / 45.015; -109.253 |
| Statistics | |
| Burned area | 29,885 acres (12,094 ha) |
| Impacts | |
| Structures destroyed | 0 |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | Human Caused |
| Map | |
| Location in Southern Montana | |


title: Trichromia flavoroseus

abstract: Trichromia flavoroseus is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Mexico and Honduras.

text:
# Trichromia flavoroseus

***Trichromia flavoroseus*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Mexico and Honduras.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia flavoroseus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. flavoroseus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia flavoroseus***<br>(Walker, 1855) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Evius flavoroseus* Walker, 1855 | |


title: Anaerococcus tetradius

abstract: Anaerococcus tetradius is a bacterium from the family Peptoniphilaceae. It was first isolated from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses, but is a common member of the vaginal flora.

text:
# Anaerococcus tetradius

***Anaerococcus tetradius*** is a bacterium from the family Peptoniphilaceae. It was first isolated from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses, but is a common member of the vaginal flora.

## Biochemistry

*A. tetradius* can ferment glucose and mannose.

## InfoBox

| *Anaerococcus tetradius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Clostridia |
| Order: | Eubacteriales |
| Family: | Peptoniphilaceae |
| Genus: | *Anaerococcus* |
| Species: | ***A. tetradius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anaerococcus tetradius***
(Ezaki et al. 1983) Ezaki et al. 2001 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gaffkya anaerobia*
*Gaffkya anaerobius*
*Peptostreptococcus tetradius*
*Tetracoccus anaerobius*
 | |


title: Viral transformation

abstract: Viral transformation is the change in growth, phenotype, or indefinite reproduction of cells caused by the introduction of inheritable material. Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. The term can also be understood as DNA transfection using a viral vector. Viral transformation can occur both naturally and medically. Natural transformations can include viral cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. Hepatitis B and C are also the result of natural viral transformation of the host cells. Viral transformation can also be induced for use in medical treatments. Cells that have been virally transformed can be differentiated from untransformed cells through a variety of growth, surface, and intracellular observations. The growth of transformed cells can be impacted by a loss of growth limitation caused by cell contact, less oriented growth, and high saturation density. Transformed cells can lose their tight junctions, increase their rate of nutrient transfer, and increase their protease secretion. Transformation can also affect the cytoskeleton and change in the quantity of signal molecules.

text:
# Viral transformation

**Viral transformation** is the change in growth, phenotype, or indefinite reproduction of cells caused by the introduction of inheritable material. Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. The term can also be understood as DNA transfection using a viral vector.

Viral transformation can occur both naturally and medically. Natural transformations can include viral cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. Hepatitis B and  are also the result of natural viral transformation of the host cells. Viral transformation can also be induced for use in medical treatments.

Cells that have been virally transformed can be differentiated from untransformed cells through a variety of growth, surface, and intracellular observations. The growth of transformed cells can be impacted by a loss of growth limitation caused by cell contact, less oriented growth, and high saturation density. Transformed cells can lose their tight junctions, increase their rate of nutrient transfer, and increase their protease secretion. Transformation can also affect the cytoskeleton and change in the quantity of signal molecules.

## Type

There are three types of viral infections that can be considered under the topic of viral transformation. These are cytocidal, persistent, and transforming infections. Cytocidal infections can cause fusion of adjacent cells, disruption of transport pathways including ions and other cell signals, disruption of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and nearly always leads to cell death. Persistent infections involve viral material that lays dormant within a cell until activated by some stimulus. This type of infection usually causes few obvious changes within the cell but can lead to long chronic diseases. Transforming infections are also referred to as malignant transformation. This infection causes a host cell to become malignant and can be either cytocidal (usually in the case of RNA viruses) or persistent (usually in the case of DNA viruses). Cells with transforming infections undergo immortalization and inherit the genetic material to produce tumors. Since the term cytocidal, or cytolytic, refers to cell death, these three infections are not mutually exclusive. Many transforming infections by DNA tumor viruses are also cytocidal.

**Table 1: Cellular effects of viral infections**

|  |  | Genetic | Cell Fate | Morphological | Biochemical | Physiological |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cytocidal | Productive
-----------------  Abortive | DNA degradation
-----------------  Possible mutation | Death
-----------------  Usually death | Rounding of the cell
Fusion with adjacent cells
Appearance of inclusion bodies | Inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
Interfere with sub-cellular interactions | Insufficient movement of ions
Formation of secondary messengers
Activation of cellular cascades |  |
| Persistent | Latent
-----------------  Chronic
-----------------  Slow | Possible Mutation
-----------------  Possible Mutation
-----------------  Possible Mutation | Survival
-----------------  Variable
-----------------  Variable | Fusion with adjacent cells
Appearance of inclusion bodies
Budding | Immune responses limit viral spread
Antigen-antibody complexes can incorporate
viral antigens causing inflammation | Rare until stimulated |  |
| Transforming | DNA viruses
-----------------  RNA viruses | Mutation
-----------------  Mutation | Survival
-----------------  Survival | Unlimited cell replication | Inactivates tumor suppressor proteins
Impairs cell cycle regulation | Unlimited cell replication |

### Cytocidal infections

Cytocidal infections are often associated with changes in cell morphology, physiology and are thus important for the complete viral replication and transformation. *Cytopathic Effects*, often include a change in cell's morphology such as fusion with adjacent cells to form polykaryocytes as well as the synthesis of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. *Physiological changes* include the insufficient movement of ions, formation of secondary messengers, and activation of cellular cascades to continue cellular activity. *Biochemically*, many viruses inhibit the synthesis of host DNA, RNA, proteins directly or even interfere with protein-protein, DNA-protein, RNA-protein interactions at the subcellular level. *Genotoxicity* involves breaking, fragmenting, or rearranging chromosomes of the host. Lastly, *biologic effects* include the viruses' ability to affect the activity of antigens and immunologlobulins in the host cell.

There are two types of cytocidal infections, productive and abortive. In productive infections, additional infectious viruses are produced. Abortive infections do not produce infectious viruses. One example of a productive cytocidal infection is the herpes virus.

### Persistent infections

There are three types of persistent infections, latent, chronic and slow, in which the virus stays inside the host cell for prolonged periods of time. During *latent infections* there is minimal to no expression of infected viral genome. The genome remains within the host cell until the virus is ready for replication. *Chronic infections* have similar cellular effects as acute cytocidal infections but there is a limited number of progeny and viruses involved in transformation. Lastly, *slow infections* have a longer incubation period in which no physiological, morphological or subcellular changes may be involved.

### Transforming infections

Transformation infections is limited to abortive or restrictive infections. This constitutes the broadest category of infections as it can include both cytocidal and persistent infection. Viral transformation is most commonly understood as transforming infections, so the remainder of the article focuses on detailing transforming infections.

## Process

In order for a cell to be transformed by a virus, the viral DNA must be entered into the host cell. The simplest consideration is viral transformation of a bacterial cell. This process is called lysogeny. As shown in Figure 2, a bacteriophage lands on a cell and pins itself to the cell. The phage can then penetrate the cell membrane and inject the viral DNA into the host cell. The viral DNA can then either lay dormant until stimulated by a source such as UV light or it can be immediately taken up by the host's genome. In either case the viral DNA will replicate along with the original host DNA during cell replication causing two cells to now be infected with the virus. The process will continue to propagate more and more infected cells. This process is in contrast to the lytic cycle where a virus only uses the host cell's replication machinery to replicate itself before destroying the host cell.

The process is similar in animal cells. In most cases, rather than viral DNA being injected into an animal cell, a section of the membrane encases the virus and the cell then absorbs both the virus and the encasing section of the membrane into the cell. This process, called endocytosis, is shown in Figure 3.

## Transformation of the host cell

Viral transformation disrupts the normal expression of the host cell's genes in favor of expressing a limited number of viral genes. The virus also can disrupt communication between cells and cause cells to divide at an increased rate.

### Physiological

Viral transformation can impose characteristically determinable features upon a cell. Typical phenotypic changes include high saturation density, anchorage-independent growth, loss of contact inhibition, loss of orientated growth, immortalization, disruption of the cell's cytoskeleton.

### Biochemical

Viral genes are expressed through the use of the host cell's replication machinery; therefore, many viral genes have promoters that support binding of many transcription factors found naturally in the host cells. These transcription factors along with the virus' own proteins can repress or activate genes from both the virus and the host cell's genome. Many viruses can also increase the production of the cell's regulatory proteins.

### Genetic

Depending on the virus, a variety of genetic changes can occur in the host cell. In the case of a lytic cycle virus, the cell will only survive long enough to the replication machinery to be used to create additional viral units. In other cases, the viral DNA will persist within the host cell and replicate as the cell replicates. This viral DNA can either be incorporated into the host cell's genetic material or persist as a separate genetic vector. Either case can lead to damage of the host cell's chromosomes. It is possible that the damage can be repaired; however, the most common result is an instability in the original genetic material or suppression or alteration of the gene expression.

## Assays

An assay is an analytic tool often used in a laboratory setting in order to assess or measure some quality of a target entity. In virology, assays can be used to differentiate between transformed and non-transformed cells. Varying the assay used, changes the selective pressure on the cells and therefore can change what properties are selected in the transformed cells.

Three common assays used are the focus forming assay, the Anchorage independent growth assay, and the reduced serum assay.

The focus forming assay (FFA) is used to grow cells containing a transforming oncogene on a monolayer of non-transformed cells. The transformed cells will form raised, dense spots on the sample as they grow without contact inhibition. This assay is highly sensitive compared to other assays used for viral analysis, such as the yield reduction assay.

An example of the Anchorage independent growth assay is the soft agar assay. The assay is assessing the cells' ability to grow in a gel or viscous fluid. Transformed cells can grow in this environment and are considered anchorage independent. Cells that can only grow when attached to a solid surface are anchorage dependent untransformed cells. This assay is considered one of the most stringent for detection of malignant transformation

In a reduced serum assay, cells are assayed by exploiting the changes in cell serum requirements. Non-transformed cells require at least a 5% serum medium in order to grow; however, transformed cells can grow in an environment with significantly less serum.

## Examples of Natural Transformation

Natural transformation is the viral transformation of cells without the interference of medical science. This is the most commonly considered form of viral transformation and includes many cancers and diseases, such as HIV, Hepatitis B, and T-cell Leukemia virus type I.

### Viral oncogenesis

As many as 20% of human tumors are caused by viruses. Some such viruses that are commonly recognized include HPV, T-cell Leukemia virus type I, and hepatitis B.

Viral oncogenesis are most common with DNA and RNA tumor viruses, most frequently the retroviruses. There are two types of oncogenic retroviruses: acute transforming viruses and non-acute transforming viruses. Acute transforming viruses induce a rapid tumor growth since they carry viral oncogenes in their DNA/RNA to induce such growth. An example of an acute transforming virus is the Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) that carry the v-src oncogene. v-Src is part of the c-src, which is a cellular proto-oncogene that stimulates rapid cell growth and expansion. A non-acute transforming virus on the other hand induces a slow tumor growth, since it does not carry any viral oncogenes. It induces tumor growth by transcriptionally activating the proto-oncogenes particularly the long terminal repeat (LTR) in the proto-oncogenes.

Viral Oncogenesis through transformation can occur via 2 mechanisms:

1. The tumor virus can introduce and express a "transforming" gene either through the integration of DNA or RNA into the host genome.
2. The tumor virus can alter expression on preexisting genes of the host.

One or both of these mechanisms can occur in the same host cell.

#### Hepatitis B

The Hepatitis B viral protein X is believed to cause hepatocellular carcinoma through transformation, typically of liver cells. The viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's genome causing rapid cell replication and tumor growth.

#### Papillomaviruses

Papillomaviruses typically target epithelial cells and cause everything from warts to cervical cancer. When human papillomavirus (HPV) transforms a cell, it interferes with the function of cellular proteins while degrading other cellular proteins.

#### Herpesviruses

The herpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus, are believed to cause cancer in humans, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although genes have been identified in these viruses that cause transformation, the manner in which the virus transforms and replicates the host cell is not understood.

#### Retroviruses

The retroviruses include T-cell Leukemia virus type I, HIV, and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). The viral gene tax is expressed when the T-cell Leukemia virus transforms a cell altering the expression of cellular growth control genes and causing the transformed cells to become cancerous. HIV works differently by not directly causing cells to become cancerous but by instead making those infected more susceptible to lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Many other retroviruses contain the three genes, gag, pol, and env, which do not directly cause transformation or tumor formation.

### HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus is a viral infection that targets the lymph nodes. HIV binds to the immune CD4 cell and reverse transcriptase alters the host cell genome to allow integration of the viral DNA via integrase. The virus replicates using the host cell's machinery and then leaves the cell to infect additional cells via budding.

## Medical Applications

There are many applications in which viral transformation can be artificially induced in a cell culture in order to treat an illness or other condition. A cell culture is infected with a virus causing the transformation; transformed cells can then be used to either produce treatments or be directly introduced into the body.

### Personalized type I interferons

Type I interferons (IFNs) are used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including hepatitis C, cancers, viral and inflammatory diseases. IFNs can either be extracted from a natural source, such as cultured human cells or blood leukocytes, or they can be manufactured with recombinant DNA technologies. Most of these IFN treatments have a low response rate.

The use of viral transformation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been recommended to create personalized IFNs. In this process, primary B lymphocytes are transformed with EBV. These cells can then be used to produce IFNs specific for the patient from which the B lymphocytes were extracted. This personalization decreases the likelihood of an antibody response and therefore increases the effectiveness of the treatment.

### Cancer treatments

When a virus transforms a cell it often causes cancer by either altering the cells' existing genome or introducing additional genetic material which causes cells to uncontrollably replicate. It is rarely considered that what causes so much harm also has the capability of reversing the process and slowing the cancer growth or even leading to remission. Viruses transform host cells in order to survive and replicate; however, the immune responses of the host cell are typically compromised during transformation making transformed cells more susceptible to other viruses.

The idea of using viruses to treat cancers was first introduced in 1951 when a 4-year-old boy suddenly went into a temporary remission from leukemia while he had chickenpox. This led to research in the 1990s where scientists worked to create a strain of the herpes simplex virus strong enough to infect and transform tumor cells but weak enough to leave healthy cells unharmed. Treating patients with viral transformation has the possibility of treating patients more safely and more effectively than using traditional methods, such as chemotherapy. Viruses used in the treatment of cancer gain strength and increase their effectiveness as the multiply in the body while causing only minor side effects, such as nausea, fatigue, and aches.


title: Northampton (1740 EIC ship)

abstract: Northampton was launched in 1740 as an East Indiaman and made one voyage in 1741 for the British East India Company (EIC). She was on a second voyage in 1744 when she foundered. For both voyages she was under the command of Captain Duncomb Backwell.

text:
# Northampton (1740 EIC ship)

***Northampton*** was launched in 1740 as an East Indiaman and made one voyage in 1741 for the British East India Company (EIC). She was on a second voyage in 1744 when she foundered. For both voyages she was under the command of Captain Duncomb Backwell.

## Voyage 1 (1741-42)

*Northampton* left the Downs on 12 March 1741, bound for China. She arrived at Whampoa on 12 August. On the return leg of her voyage she traversed the Bocca Tigris on 31 December, reached the Cape on 13 April 1742, and St Helena on 25 May. The Indiamen *Northampton*, *Queen Caroline*, *Halifax*, *Royal George*, *Kent*, *Scarborough*, and snow *Swift* left St Helena on 26 June, together with their escorts, HMS *Argyl* and HMS *Lynn*. They arrived safe off of Dover on 16 September. *Northampton* arrived at Woolwich on 3 October.

## Voyage 2 and loss

*Northampton* left the Nore on 20 July 1744, bound for Bombay and China. She was in company with *Hardwick*, but they parted during a violent storm about 50 leagues east of Bourbon. *Northampton* was not heard of again.

## Citations

1. Hackman (2001), p.163.
2. British Library: *Northampton* (1).
3. Cotton (1949), p.41.
4. "No. 854". *The London Gazette*. 14 September 1742. p. 6.
* Cotton, Sir Evan (1949) *East Indiamen: The East India Company's Maritime Service*. (Batchworth Press).
* Hackman, Rowan (2001) *Ships of the East India Company*. (Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society). ISBN 0-905617-96-7

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
|  | |
| Name | *Princess Royal* |
| Owner | Francis Salvador |
| Builder | Perry, Blackwall |
| Launched | November 1740 |
| Renamed | *Northampton* before launch |
| Fate | Foundered 1744 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 498, or 675 (bm) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Complement | 99 |
| Armament | 30 guns |


title: Nantucket Public Schools

abstract: Nantucket Public Schools (NPS) is a school district on the island Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States.

text:
# Nantucket Public Schools

**Nantucket Public Schools** (NPS) is a school district on the island Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States.

## Fundamentals

The Nantucket Public Schools district was founded to educate and serve the small island, and four public schools are currently a part of it, including the Nantucket Elementary School, Cyrus Peirce Middle School, Nantucket High School, and Nantucket Community School. The Nantucket Public Schools is a department of the town operated under laws pertaining to education and under regulations of the Massachusetts Department of Education. The area served by the Nantucket Public Schools is coterminous with the Town of Nantucket. The school district consists of many departments, including a Facilities Department, Department of Special Services, Athletics Department, and Technology Department.

The school district has allowed the community to elect members for their committee. Their responsibilities include: establishing the educational philosophy of Nantucket Public Schools; making the educational policy; adopting curriculum; evaluating the educational program; establishing the regulations for governing and operation of the district; and hiring, evaluating, and (if necessary) dismissing the superintendent. Meetings are held the first and third Tuesday of each month at 6:00pm in the Nantucket High School Cafeteria, and members encourage the public to join them for their meetings. All meetings are taped and view-able on a local TV station.

## Superintendent

W. Michael Cozort was born in Heidelberg, Germany, has been married to his wife, Martha, for thirty-seven years, and has two children, Abigail and Elizabeth, who are working and living in the Boston area. He has traveled all around the globe, taking the chance to study educational structures in countries like China and Japan. He adores hedgehogs and his wife.

Prior to accepting the position as Superintendent of Schools for the Nantucket Public Schools, Cozort was the Superintendent for the Shaker Regional School District in New Hampshire. In that capacity, he led the district to a standard of excellence in which three of the four schools were named New Hampshire School of the Year, two of its teachers were named NH Teacher of the Year, and the School Board was recognized as NH School Board of the Year. Cozort was recognized as the NH Superintendent of the Year in 2005. Cozort had previously served as the Assistant Superintendent and the Elementary Principal in that same district. His previous experience was as a Principal, Assistant Principal and teacher in the White Mountain Regional School District in Lancaster, NH. Cozort began his career in education as a teacher of history at an inner city high school in Jacksonville, Florida.

In addition to his duties as a superintendent, Cozort was a Governing Board Member for the American Association of School Administrators (AASA) from 2005-2010, and he served on the Executive Board of the NH School Administrators Association from 1999-2009 and as its president in 2006-2007. Cozort was active in school athletics, serving as a coach of varsity men’s soccer and women’s basketball and proudly served as an Executive Council Member for the New Hampshire Interscholastic Athletic Association from 1999-2010. He continues to be an avid sports fan and active participant in men’s soccer, a sport that he once was invited to participate in the US Olympic Soccer Trials.

## InfoBox

| Nantucket Public Schools | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Nantucket, Massachusetts United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | PK-12 |
| Established | 1716 |
| Superintendent | W. Michael Cozort |
| Schools | 4 (2011) |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 1,289 (2011) |
| Teachers | 117.5 (2011) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 11.0 to 1 (2011) |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.npsk.org |


title: Peter Lord (art historian)

abstract: Peter Lord is an English sculptor and art historian based in Wales. He is best known for his books and television programmes about the history of Welsh art, and is regarded as a leading authority on the subject. Critic Andrew Green has said that The Visual Culture of Wales, Lord's three-volume series published by University of Wales Press, "restored to Wales a narrative of visual art that had been lost or denied for decades".

text:
# Peter Lord (art historian)

**Peter Lord** (born 1948) is an English sculptor and art historian based in Wales. He is best known for his books and television programmes about the history of Welsh art, and is regarded as a leading authority on the subject. Critic Andrew Green has said that *The Visual Culture of Wales*, Lord's three-volume series published by University of Wales Press, "restored to Wales a narrative of visual art that had been lost or denied for decades".

## Biography

Lord was born in Exeter and his early art education came from sculptor Peter Thursby. He studied Fine Arts at the University of Reading, graduating in 1970 and moving to Wales in 1975. He worked as a sculptor and painter until 1986, when he began writing. One of his most notable works as a sculptor is the Hywel Dda Centre at Whitland. He also designed the chapel of St Padarn at St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr, between 1985 and 1988.

During his residence in Wales, Lord has learned to speak the Welsh language and now writes and broadcasts in both English and Welsh. In 1999 he wrote and presented a seven-part series for BBC Wales, entitled *The Big Picture*. His 2016 publication, *The Tradition*, has been described as "the first account of the history of Welsh art for over half a century.

Lord, an independent scholar, curator and collector, has held Research Fellowships at Swansea University and at the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth. He was also Visiting Fellow at the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, Connecticut, USA (1994), where he occasionally lectures.

## Works

### Books

* *Gwenllian: Essays on Visual Culture* (Gomer Press, 1994) ISBN 9781859020197
* *Industrial Society* (Visual Culture of Wales) (University of Wales Press, 2000) ISBN 9780708316528
    + *Y Gymru Ddiwydiannol* (Diwylliant Gweledol Cymru) (University of Wales Press, 2000) ISBN 9780708316535 (Welsh language edition of *Industrial Society*)
* *Imaging the Nation* (Visual Culture of Wales) (University of Wales Press, 2000) ISBN 9780708315873
    + *Imaging the Nation* (CD-ROM edition, University of Wales Press, 2002) ISBN 9780708317709
    + *Delweddu'r Genedl* (Diwylliant Gweledol Cymru) (University of Wales Press, 2004) ISBN 9780708315927 (Welsh language edition of *Imaging the Nation*
* *Medieval Vision* (Visual Culture of Wales) (University of Wales Press, 2003) ISBN 9780708318010
* *Winifred Coombe Tennant: A Life Through Art* (National Library of Wales 2007) ISBN 9781862250659
* *The Meaning of Pictures: Personal, Social and National Identity* (University of Wales Press, 2009) ISBN 9780708322215
* *Between Two Worlds: The Diary of Winifred Coombe Tennant 1909-1924*, edited by Peter Lord (University of Wales Press, 2011) ISBN 9781862250864
* *Relationships with Pictures: an Oblique Autobiography* (Parthian Books, 2013) ISBN 9781908946690
* *The Tradition: A New History of Welsh Art* (Parthian Books, 2016) ISBN 9781910409626
* *William Roos : A'r Bywyd Crwydrol / And the Itinerant Life*. Llangefni: Oriel Ynys Môn. 2020. ISBN 978-1-902565-20-0.
* *Looking Out: Welsh Painting, Social Class and International Context* (Parthian Books, 2020) ISBN 9781912681976
* *The Art of Music: Branding the Welsh Nation*, co-author Rhian Davies (Parthian Books 2022) ISBN 9781914595257

### Television

* *The Big Picture* (BBC, 1999)


title: Hispaniolan palm crow

abstract: The Hispaniolan palm crow is a relatively small corvid endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola where it was formerly common but is now reduced in population.

text:
# Hispaniolan palm crow

The **Hispaniolan palm crow** (***Corvus palmarum***) is a relatively small corvid endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (in Haiti and the Dominican Republic) where it was formerly common but is now reduced in population.

## Taxonomy

The Hispaniolan palm crow was formally described in 1835 under the binomial name *Corvus palmarum* by the German naturalist Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. This crow was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Cuban palm crow (*Corvus minutus*).

Despite being sympatric with the white-necked crow (*Corvus leucognaphalus*) on Hispaniola, it appears to be more closely related to the fish crow (*C. ossifragus*) of the East Coast of the United States, as well as two smaller species, the Tamaulipas crow (*C. imparatus*) and Sinaloan crow (*C. sinaloae*) of Mexico, than the white-necked crow, which is more related to the Cuban crow (*Corvus nasicus*) and the Jamaican crow (*Corvus jamaicensis*), the other two Caribbean corvids. This indicates two distinct arrivals of crows onto the island (with the ancestor of the two palm crows being a later arrival), and a resulting niche differentiation, similar to *C. nasicus* and *C. minutus* on Cuba.

The following cladogram is based on phylogenetic study of the Corvidae by Knud Jønsson and collaborators that was published in 2012.

## Habitat

The local name for the palm crow is **cao** in the Dominican Republic (where it is locally common, mainly in mountain pine forests and also around the area of Lake Enriquillo), which is onomatopoeic of the simple and repetitive call of this bird.

## InfoBox

| Hispaniolan palm crow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration | |
|  | |
| *Corvus palmrum* in the Dominican Republic | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Corvidae |
| Genus: | *Corvus* |
| Species: | ***C. palmarum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Corvus palmarum***
Württemberg, 1835 | |
|
|  | |