title: Williamson, Pennsylvania

abstract: Williamson is an unincorporated community in St. Thomas Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. Williamson is located along Pennsylvania Route 995, northwest of Greencastle and southwest of Chambersburg. Williamson was platted circa 1870 by land owner Samuel Z. Hawbaker, and may be named after Hugh Williamson, the patriot contemporary of Benjamin Franklin, both of whom were Founding Fathers of the United States. Another possibility is that the community is named after an unknown local denizen surnamed Williamson, perhaps an early postmaster of the local post office that has been in operation at Williamson since 1872.

text:
# Williamson, Pennsylvania

**Williamson** is an unincorporated community in St. Thomas Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. Williamson is located along Pennsylvania Route 995, northwest of Greencastle and southwest of Chambersburg.

Williamson was platted *circa* 1870 by land owner Samuel Z. Hawbaker, and may be named after Hugh Williamson, the patriot contemporary of Benjamin Franklin, both of whom were Founding Fathers of the United States. Another possibility is that the community is named after an unknown local denizen surnamed Williamson, perhaps an early postmaster of the local post office that has been in operation at Williamson since 1872.

## InfoBox

| Williamson, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WilliamsonWilliamson | |
| Coordinates: 39°51′11″N 77°47′51″W / 39.85306°N 77.79750°W / 39.85306; -77.79750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Franklin |
| Township | St. Thomas |
| Elevation | 489 ft (149 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 17225 |
| Area code | 717 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1191484 |


title: Williamson, New York

abstract: Williamson is a town on the south shore of Lake Ontario in the northwest part of Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 6,984 at the time of the 2010 census. The town is named after Charles Williamson, a land agent of the Pulteney Estate. Its primary ZIP code is 14589, and telephone exchanges 589 and 904 in area code 315. The town has a hamlet, also called Williamson. Government offices for the town are located there.

text:
# Williamson, New York

**Williamson** is a town on the south shore of Lake Ontario in the northwest part of Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 6,984 at the time of the 2010 census. The town is named after Charles Williamson, a land agent of the Pulteney Estate. Its primary ZIP code is 14589, and telephone exchanges 589 and 904 in area code 315.

The town has a hamlet (and census-designated place), also called Williamson. Government offices for the town are located there.

## History

The area around Pultneyville — a hamlet on the town's Lake Ontario shore – was a frequent meeting ground for Iroquois people. In 1788, the area became part of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, a 6,000,000-acre (24,000 km2) tract of land sold to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

The first white settler, Daniel Russell, built a log cabin in Pultneyville in 1794. This hamlet briefly enjoyed prominence as one of the few ports in the area until the opening of the Erie Canal in the southern part of the county in 1823. It did continue to be an important Great Lakes port, however, well into the 19th century.

Williamson was created in 1802 from the Town of Sodus and originally was much larger than its present-day borders. Later, other towns were created from parts of Williamson, including: Ontario in 1807 and Marion in 1825. Until relatively recently, Williamson was a dry town.

In 1814, during the War of 1812, British troops landed in Pultneyville, and an agreement was made with the villagers allowing the invaders to seize some stores without resistance, but a dispute broke out and weapons fire began on both sides. A few citizens were killed or wounded and two were taken prisoner as the British fled.

In 2002, Williamson celebrated the bicentennial of its founding with celebrations and festivals throughout the year.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.7 square miles (90 km2), of which 34.6 square miles (90 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.06%) is water.

Williamson encompasses the hamlets of Williamson, Pultneyville and East Williamson. The nearest metropolitan area is the city of Rochester, which lies to the west. The town of Williamson does not have an incorporated village.

In 1980, the northern terminus of New York State Route 21 (NY 21) was moved southward from the intersection with Lake Road in Pultneyville to its present location at the intersection with NY 104, in Williamson, about 0.7 miles (1.1 km) north of the town's business district.

NY 104 is an important east–west highway in western New York, and NY 21 is a north–south highway used by many to access the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90).

### Adjacent towns and areas

The town is bordered on the north by Lake Ontario, on the east by the Town of Sodus, on the south by the Town of Marion and on the west by the Town of Ontario.

## Landmarks and events

A number of local points of interest are considered popular landmarks by residents and visitors alike. Orbaker's Drive-In, a hamburger/hotdog stand on NY 104, has been in operation since 1932. With its red and white color theme, summer employment there is considered a rite of passage for the town's teenagers. Another noted eatery is the Candy Kitchen, located on West Main Street in the business district. Opened in 1890 and known as "Nick's", it has been owned and operated by four generations of the Boosalis family. Its chocolate candies, Greek dishes and fountain drinks are popular among its patrons.

Williamson has played host to the annual Williamson Apple Blossom Festival since 1960. Celebrating the town's (and region's) heritage of apple farming, this event is held in May at the height of the blooms. The week-long celebration begins with the selection of the local festival queen and her court and culminates with a carnival, popular 5k race, parade and "fly-in" breakfast at the local airport.

## Government services

Williamson is governed by a Town Supervisor and a four-person Town Board. Anthony Verno is currently the Town Supervisor and also serves on the Wayne County Board of Supervisors. The Williamson Central School District provides the public education services to the town's residents through its Elementary School, Middle School and High School. The School District was designed and built by Dr. K. Slater.

## Economy

Williamson is primarily a rural agricultural town, but since the 1960s, the growth of Rochester-area companies such as Xerox and Eastman Kodak, have added bedroom community aspects to the town. Recognized nationally for its fruit-growing – especially apple tarts, peach pies, and cherry cokes – local agriculture also includes dairy farming. It is also home of a Mott's plant, employing roughly 300 people, which made national headlines when the unionized employees went on strike for roughly four months in 2010.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1820 | 2,521 |  |  |
| 1830 | 1,788 |  | −29.1% |
| 1840 | 2,147 |  | 20.1% |
| 1850 | 2,380 |  | 10.9% |
| 1860 | 2,681 |  | 12.6% |
| 1870 | 2,430 |  | −9.4% |
| 1880 | 2,745 |  | 13.0% |
| 1890 | 2,670 |  | −2.7% |
| 1900 | 2,670 |  | 0.0% |
| 1910 | 3,060 |  | 14.6% |
| 1920 | 3,293 |  | 7.6% |
| 1930 | 3,504 |  | 6.4% |
| 1940 | 3,700 |  | 5.6% |
| 1950 | 4,226 |  | 14.2% |
| 1960 | 5,294 |  | 25.3% |
| 1970 | 6,356 |  | 20.1% |
| 1980 | 6,319 |  | −0.6% |
| 1990 | 6,540 |  | 3.5% |
| 2000 | 6,777 |  | 3.6% |
| 2010 | 6,984 |  | 3.1% |
| 2016 (est.) | 6,969 |  | −0.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 6,984 people, 2,773 households, and 1,980 families residing in the town. The population density was 201.3 people per square mile (77.7 people/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.4% White, 3.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 2,773 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 20, 4.3% from 20 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 31.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $57,804, and the median income for a family was $67,184. Males had a median income of $63,401 as compared to $40,788 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,651. About 5.7% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

### Housing

There were 3,121 housing units at an average density of 89.9 per square mile (34.7/km2); a total of 11.2% of housing units were vacant.

There were 2,773 occupied housing units in the town, of which 2,229 were owner-occupied units (80.4%), while 544 were renter-occupied (19.6%). The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1% of total units. The rental unit vacancy rate was 9.5%.

## Prohibition never ended

On January 16, 1920, Williamson became "dry" along with the rest of the United States when the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States took effect. Unlike the rest of the country, however, Prohibition was not completely repealed in Williamson in 1933; this didn't occur until more than six decades later, in 1996. While consumption of alcoholic beverages in private homes was permitted in Williamson after the Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition, the sales of such beverages were illegal within the town.

In 1996 residents of the town voted to liberalize the laws and the sales of wine coolers and beer were permitted in the town's grocery stores. Prior to this change, town residents purchased these beverages in neighboring towns, such as Sodus and Ontario. It wasn't until after the turn of the century, in 2004, that voters again loosened the regulations and allowed alcohol service in restaurants, as well as permitting winery licenses for farms and the opening of liquor stores. Bars and taverns were banned until 2004. Today, the town only bans beer sales at race tracks, outdoor athletic fields and sports stadia where admission is charged.

## Communities and locations in the Town of Williamson

* **East Williamson** – A hamlet near the east town line on Ridge Road (County Route 103 or CR 103).
* **Pultneyville** – A hamlet on the shore of Lake Ontario on at the junction of CR 101 and CR 120. It was once an important port on Lake Ontario until railroad development lessened its importance. The community is named after Sir William Pulteney, one of the principal investors who owned part of Western New York.
* **Salmon Creek** – A stream flowing northward into Lake Ontario through Pultneyville.
* **Haldoville** – a small collection of cottages and kennels along the shore of lake Ontario.
* **Williamson** – The hamlet of Williamson is located on Ridge Road near the center of the town.
* **Williamson–Sodus Airport** – A general aviation airport servicing the town and the area is located just east of the east town line in Sodus, south of NY 104.

## InfoBox

| Williamson, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Williamson looking north on South Avenue (NY 21) | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Pound Town | |
| Motto(s): You're either working hard, or you're hard at work | |
| Location in Wayne County and the state of New York. | |
| Williamson, New YorkLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 43°16′47″N 77°11′11″W / 43.27972°N 77.18639°W / 43.27972; -77.18639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Wayne |
| Settled | 1794 |
| Established | February 20, 1802 |
| Government | |
| Type | Town Council |
| Supervisor | Anthony Verno |
| Clerk | Marlene Gulick |
| Court | Justice Robert Klinkman
Justice Deborah A. Stritzel |
| Area | |
| Total | 34.66 sq mi (89.76 km2) |
| Land | 34.64 sq mi (89.72 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2)  0.06% |
| Elevation | 480−450 ft (146−115 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 6,984 |
| Estimate (2016) | 6,778 |
| Density | 195.67/sq mi (75.55/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 14589 |
| Area code(s) | 315 and 680 |
| FIPS code | 36-82040 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979640 |
| Website | http://www.town.williamson.ny.us |


title: Williamson, Arizona

abstract: Williamson is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,776 at the 2000 census and 6,196 at the 2020 census. The name "Wiliamson" is a misnomer, perhaps propagated by federal bureaucratic error; the area has long been known as "Williamson Valley" after the major road through the area, Williamson Valley Road.

text:
# Williamson, Arizona

**Williamson** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,776 at the 2000 census and 6,196 at the 2020 census. The name "Wiliamson" is a misnomer, perhaps propagated by federal bureaucratic error; the area has long been known as "Williamson Valley" after the major road through the area, Williamson Valley Road.

## Geography

Williamson is located at 34°40′28″N 112°31′50″W / 34.67444°N 112.53056°W / 34.67444; -112.53056 (34.674552, -112.530445).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 57.6 square miles (149 km2), all land.

An attempt in 2009 to incorporate the area into a town failed after the neighboring town of Prescott voted against the proposal.

Part or all of the area of Williamson historically was referred to as **Williamson Valley** by area residents and by the county's Board of Supervisors, County Planning Commission, and staff. alike. In a County plan, however, "only the northern portion of the plan area is 'Williamson Valley.' The southern portion was long ago called **Mint Valley**".

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 6,196 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 3,776 people, 1,558 households, and 1,266 families in the CDP. The population density was 65.5 inhabitants per square mile (25.3/km2). There were 1,718 housing units at an average density of 29.8 per square mile (11.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.9% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 3.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,558 households 20.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.8% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. 14.2% of households were one person and 5.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.65.

The age distribution was 17.7% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 17.1% from 25 to 44, 41.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% 65 or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.

The median household income was $47,182 and the median family income was $51,983. Males had a median income of $40,189 versus $26,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,232. About 3.6% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
2. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
3. "City takes a pass on Williamson Valley incorporation issue".
4. "Williamson Valley History". Williamson Valley Community Organization. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
5. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
6. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Williamson, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Yavapai County and the state of Arizona | |
| Williamson, ArizonaLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 34°40′28″N 112°31′50″W / 34.67444°N 112.53056°W / 34.67444; -112.53056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Yavapai |
| Area | |
| Total | 58.15 sq mi (150.60 km2) |
| Land | 58.15 sq mi (150.60 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,053 ft (1,540 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,196 |
| Density | 106.56/sq mi (41.14/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| FIPS code | 04-83388 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1875794 |


title: Williamson's sapsucker

abstract: Williamson's sapsucker is a medium-sized woodpecker belonging to the genus Sphyrapicus (sapsuckers).

text:
# Williamson's sapsucker

**Williamson's sapsucker** (***Sphyrapicus thyroideus***) is a medium-sized woodpecker belonging to the genus *Sphyrapicus* (sapsuckers).

## Habitat and range

Breeding habitat is open forested areas with conifers, mainly ponderosa pine, douglas-fir, and grand fir. Subalpine fir and western larch may also be important components of good habitat for these birds. Partially migratory, they breed in western North America from northern Mexico as far north as British Columbia. They are permanent residents in some parts of their range; migrating birds form small flocks and may travel as far south as central Mexico.

## Description

Adult males are iridescent black on their head, back, sides and tail. They have a white stripe behind the eye and a lower white stripe across each side of the head, a red chin and a bright yellow belly. They have black wings with large white patches. The female is completely different in appearance: mainly black, with a pale yellow breast, a brownish head with black streaking and fine barring on the back, breast and sides. Originally, the female was considered to be a different species and named the **black-breasted woodpecker** by Cassin.

**Measurements**:

* **Length**: 8.3-9.8 in (21-25 cm)
* **Weight**: 1.6-1.9 oz (44-55 g)
* **Wingspan**: 17 in (43 cm)

They excavate a new nesting cavity each year, sometimes reusing the same tree.

These birds feed on sap, mainly from conifers, but insects are their main food source during the nesting season and they also eat berries outside of the breeding period.

These birds drum to establish territories.

This species may be declining in some parts of its range due to habitat loss.

This woodpecker is associated with mature larch forests in south-central British Columbia; less than 500 individuals breed in Canada. The habitat for this species is rapidly disappearing due to forest harvesting. The species was designated endangered in 2005.

The species took its common name from Lieutenant Robert Stockton Williamson, who was the leader of a surveying expedition which collected the first male. They were trying to identify the best route west for a railway to the Pacific Ocean.

## Subspecies

* *Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae* (Malherbe, 1854)
* *Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus* (Cassin, 1852)

In the nineteenth century, the males and females of this sapsucker were believed to be separate species. The female was first described 1852 as *Picus thyroideus*, and the male was described in 1857 (Newberry) as *Picus williamsonii*. Baird appropriated the name *Sphyrapicus* as the genus for both in 1858. In 1873 Henry Henshaw clarified this matter and recognized them as the same species. This is also summarized in Robert Ridgway's 'The Birds of North and Middle America, Part 6' (1914).

## InfoBox

| Williamson's sapsucker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Picidae |
| Genus: | *Sphyrapicus* |
| Species: | ***S. thyroideus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphyrapicus thyroideus***
(Cassin, 1852) | |
|
|  | |


title: Wim A. G. Blonk

abstract: Wilhelmus Adrianus Gerardus Blonk is a Dutch economist. He is currently a member of the board of the Close the Gap Foundation and has published 3 books, 20 studies, ca. 40 articles and more than 500 public speeches.

text:
# Wim A. G. Blonk

**Wilhelmus Adrianus Gerardus Blonk** (born 15 January 1939) is a Dutch economist. He is currently a member of the board of the Close the Gap Foundation and has published 3 books, 20 studies, ca. 40 articles and more than 500 public speeches.

## Education

Born in Amsterdam, Blonk attended the Dalton High School in The Hague from 1951 to 1957 and received a HBS-B diploma. From 1957 to 1963 he attended the Nederlandse Economische Hogeschool (now Erasmus Universiteit) in Rotterdam and studied; macro and micro economics, industrial economics and transport economics and policy. He then Became a Doctor in economic sciences after being awarded his PhD on a subject dealing with transport in the European Union at the Erasmus University in 1968.

## Career

Blonk has had and continues to have many professional occupations. Before completing his PhD between 1961 and 1962 he did a 6-month training (stage) at the EEC-Commission in Brussels. in 1964 he worked at the Ministry of Economic Affairs in the Hague for 8 months and was later appointed an administrator in the ECC-Commission.

From 1964 to 1984 he worked for the European Commission in several positions. From May 1985 until May 1991 he head of the head of Division for Southern Africa in the Directorate General for Development (DG VIII).

From June 1991 to October 1995 he was Director for Maritime Transport and Ports in the Directorate for General Transport (DG VII). From October 1995 until June 1999 he was Director for Transport Policy Research and Development at the Directorate of General Transport (DG VII).

On 1 July 1999, he retired from the EU-Commission as honorary director general. He was also has been a part-time professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) from 1970 until 2004 where he taught several subjects. From 1970 to 1991 he taught Transport Economics and policy. From 1973 to 1997 he taught Economic and Social Aspects of Ecology from 1976 to 1986 he taught Transport Aspects in Industrial Location. He then moved on to teaching European Integration in 1988 through to 2004 and finally Innovation from 2001 to 2004. He has also been a Part-time professor for Transport Economics and Politics at the Koninklijke Militaire Academie (KMA) in Breda in Netherlands.

1. Curriculum Vitae
2. Vanroye, Karel; Blonk, Wim A. G. (1998). "The creation of an information highway for intermodal transport". *Maritime Policy & Management*. **25** (3): 263–268. doi:10.1080/03088839800000038.


title: Win Zaw Oo

abstract: Win Zaw Oo is the tallest person in Burma, reaching 233 centimetres (92 in) in height. He is also known as Big Zaw. Win Zaw Oo's growth has resulted from an uncommon medical condition known as acromegaly.

text:
# Win Zaw Oo

**Win Zaw Oo** (born 1977) is the tallest person in Burma, reaching 233 centimetres (92 in) in height. He is also known as **Big Zaw**. Win Zaw Oo's growth has resulted from an uncommon medical condition known as acromegaly.

## Life

Win Zaw Oo was born and raised in a rural village in Magway, central Burma. His family comprises working-class peasants. In his teens, his towering height became noticed following a growth spurt. He soon found it difficult to move about given his size and height and his stamina and mobility took a toll. In August 2013, Win Zaw Oo announced his decision to surgically remove the tumour which caused his drastic height of 233 centimetres (92 in). He had to travel to Singapore due to the inferior healthcare system in Burma. The media became largely interested in him after learning of his predicament.

## InfoBox

| Win Zaw Oo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1977 (age 4647)<br>Magway, Burma |
| Known for | Tallest person in Burma |


title: Windlestraw Law

abstract: Windlestraw Law is a hill in the Moorfoot Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is the highest peak of the range, and lies north of the town of Innerleithen in the Scottish Borders. A large and boggy peak, it is usually climbed from either its western slopes or the longer route from Tweeddale to the south.

text:
# Windlestraw Law

**Windlestraw Law** is a hill in the Moorfoot Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is the highest peak of the range, and lies north of the town of Innerleithen in the Scottish Borders. A large and boggy peak, it is usually climbed from either its western slopes or the longer route from Tweeddale to the south.

## Subsidiary SMC Summits

| Summit | Height (m) | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bareback Knowe Windlestraw Law SW Top | 656 | DT,sSim |

## InfoBox

| Windlestraw Law | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 659 m (2,162 ft) |
| Prominence | 461 m (1,512 ft) |
| Listing | Ma,Hu,Tu,Sim,,,DN,Y |
| Coordinates | 55°40′39″N 3°00′03″W / 55.67753°N 3.00091°W / 55.67753; -3.00091 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Scottish Borders, Scotland |
| Parent range | Moorfoot Hills, Southern Uplands |
| OS grid | NT 37128 43091 |
| Topo map | OS *Landranger* 73 |


title: William of Auxerre

abstract: William of Auxerre (1140/50–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church. The teacher by whom William was most influenced was Praepositinus, or Prevostin, of Cremona, Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1206 to 1209. The names of teacher and pupil are mentioned in the same sentence by Thomas Aquinas. He was an Archdeacon of Beauvais before becoming a professor of theology at the university in Paris. In 1231, he was made a member of the commission appointed by Gregory IX to examine Aristotle's writings on the natural sciences and to offer amendments where religiously necessary. Consequently, William was one of the first theologians to be influenced by Aristotle. His Summa Aurea shows a debt still to Peter Lombard, and it advances the ontological argument, but it also shows novelty and an intellectual awareness and insistence on the physical that had not been seen earlier. Summa Aurea influenced John of Treviso.

text:
# William of Auxerre

**William of Auxerre** (1140/50–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church.

The teacher by whom William was most influenced was Praepositinus, or Prevostin, of Cremona, Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1206 to 1209. The names of teacher and pupil are mentioned in the same sentence by Thomas Aquinas.

He was an Archdeacon of Beauvais before becoming a professor of theology at the university in Paris. In 1231, he was made a member of the commission appointed by Gregory IX to examine Aristotle's writings on the natural sciences and to offer amendments where religiously necessary. Consequently, William was one of the first theologians to be influenced by Aristotle. His *Summa Aurea* shows a debt still to Peter Lombard, and it advances the ontological argument, but it also shows novelty and an intellectual awareness and insistence on the physical that had not been seen earlier. *Summa Aurea* influenced John of Treviso.

1. Guillaume d'Auxerre, Guillelmus Autissiodorensis, Wilhelm von Auxerre.
2. *Haec est opinio Praepositini et Autissiodorensis* (in I Sent., XV, q. 11).
* Magistri Guillelmi Autissiodorensis Summa de officiis ecclesiasticis, ed. Franz Fischer, Cologne 2007–2013, online:guillelmus.uni-koeln.de, ISBN 978-3-00-065835-8.
* *The pluralistic approach – The first scholarly edition of William of Auxerre's treatise on liturgy*
* Works by William of Auxerre at Open Library

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "William of Auxerre". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Wilson Saddle

abstract: Wilson Saddle is a snow saddle between Kjølrabbane Hills and Aurho Peak in the southwest part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named for Ove Wilson, medical officer with NBSAE.

text:
# Wilson Saddle

**Wilson Saddle** (72°13′S 3°15′W / 72.217°S 3.250°W / -72.217; -3.250) is a snow saddle between Kjølrabbane Hills and Aurho Peak in the southwest part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named for Ove Wilson, medical officer with NBSAE.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Wilson Saddle". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Wilson Sawyer

abstract: Wilson Sawyer (1917–1979) was an American composer, arranger and musician. Born in Traverse City, Michigan, he showed musical talent at an early age and studied music at the University of Michigan. Sawyer conducted the University's Women's Glee Club and led the Bill Sawyer Orchestra, a big band that was featured on WMAQ's "Fitch Summer Bandwagon" on July 7, 1940.

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# Wilson Sawyer

**Wilson Sawyer** (1917–1979) was an American composer, arranger and musician.

Born in Traverse City, Michigan, he showed musical talent at an early age and studied music at the University of Michigan. Sawyer conducted the University's Women's Glee Club and led the Bill Sawyer Orchestra, a big band that was featured on WMAQ's "Fitch Summer Bandwagon" on July 7, 1940.

## Composing career

He composed several arrangements of choral works; popular songs for Perry Como, Fred Waring and Ray Eberle; music for the "Alaskan Stampede," a Leo Seltzer produced "musical extravaganza on ice" c. 1944, and an opera based on Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer.

He is best known for composing Symphony No. 1, known as the Alaskan Symphony, at Gypsy Trail, Carmel, New York in 1945. The work includes text from the "Spell of the Yukon" by Robert W. Service sung by a baritone soloist in the third movement, as well as other thematic inspirations drawn from his study of the climate, topography and history of the then-territory. The Alaskan Symphony was first performed in December 1945 by the American Symphony Orchestra and was broadcast across the United States and to overseas armed services at that time. Wilson Sawyer conducted the piece and Gov. Ernest Gruening of Alaska was guest speaker on the program. At Gruening's request, the original score was placed in the Alaskan Museum of Natural History \[Alaska Historical Library and Museum\] in Juneau, Alaska.

## Later life

In 1960, Sawyer's wife Maxine was diagnosed with spinal cancer and they moved to Pawling, New York where he operated a chicken farm and laundromat. He continued to compose. The Alaskan Symphony was performed by the Hudson Valley Philharmonic in 1975 with Sawyer again conducting even though he had recently suffered a stroke. Sawyer revised the Symphony in 1977, making substantial cuts to the fourth movement among other edits. The revised Alaskan Symphony was premiered by the Juneau Symphony on June 14, 2008, conducted by music director Kyle Wiley Pickett.

1. "MS 210: Alaskan Symphony Collection, 1945-1976 Alaska State Library". Retrieved 2008-06-24.


title: Wisła Mała

abstract: Wisła Mała is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pszczyna, within Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Pszczyna and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice.

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# Wisła Mała

**Wisła Mała** (Polish: \[ˈviswa ˈmawa\], "Little Vistula") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pszczyna, within Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Pszczyna and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice.

## History

In the Middle Ages, the area was part of the territory of the Vistulans tribe, one of the Polish tribes. It became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, it was part of the Polish Seniorate Province and Duchy of Racibórz. The village of Wisła was first mentioned in 1223 as *Vizla*, in a document of Bishop of Wrocław issued for Norbertine Sisters in Rybnik among villages paying them tithe. It belonged then to the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz and Castellany of Cieszyn. Later it belonged together with Wisła Wielka to the state country of Pszczyna. The adjective *German* differentiated it from Wisła Wielka, which most likely referred to it being established according to the so-called German Law as opposed to the old *ius ducale* (*Polish Law*).

## Transport

The Voivodeship road 939 runs through the village and the National road 81 runs nearby, west of the village.

## InfoBox

| Wisła Mała | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint James church | |
|  | |
| Location of Wisła Mała within Gmina Pszczyna | |
| Wisła Mała | |
| Coordinates: 49°57′N 18°48′E / 49.950°N 18.800°E / 49.950; 18.800 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Pszczyna |
| Gmina | Pszczyna |
| First mentioned | 1233 |
| Population | 1,295 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | SPS |
| Voivodeship roads |  |


title: Wohlmirstedt

abstract: Wohlmirstedt is a village and a former municipality in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2009, it is part of the municipality Kaiserpfalz. The first reference to Wohlmirstedt (Wolmerstede) is for 786. In 998 it came into possession of Memleben Abbey.

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# Wohlmirstedt

**Wohlmirstedt** is a village and a former municipality in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2009, it is part of the municipality Kaiserpfalz.

The first reference to Wohlmirstedt (Wolmerstede) is for 786. In 998 it came into possession of Memleben Abbey.

## Sights

* Protestant Church St. Maria Magdalena (early 16th century)

1. Website of Verbandsgemeinde Finne

## InfoBox

| Wohlmirstedt | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Kaiserpfalz | |
| Location of Wohlmirstedt | |
| Wohlmirstedt Wohlmirstedt | |
| Coordinates: 51°15′N 11°28′E / 51.250°N 11.467°E / 51.250; 11.467 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Burgenlandkreis |
| Town | Kaiserpfalz |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.96 km2 (5.00 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 42 m (138 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 944 |
| Density | 73/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 06642 |
| Dialling codes | 034672 |
| Vehicle registration | BLK |
| Website | www.vgem-finne.de |


title: Talon of the Silver Hawk

abstract: Talon of the Silver Hawk is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the first book in the Conclave of Shadows trilogy, part of The Riftwar Cycle. It was preceded by Krondor: Tear of the Gods and is followed by King of Foxes.

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# Talon of the Silver Hawk

***Talon of the Silver Hawk*** is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the first book in the Conclave of Shadows trilogy, part of The Riftwar Cycle. It was preceded by *Krondor: Tear of the Gods* and is followed by *King of Foxes*.

## Plot

Evil has come to a distant land high among the snow-capped mountains of Midkemia, as an exterminating army wearing the colors of the Duke of Olasko razes village after village, slaughtering men, women, and children without mercy. And when the carnage is done, only one survivor remains: a young boy named Kieli. A youth no longer, there is now but one road for him to travel: the path of vengeance. And he will not be alone. Under the tutelage of the rescuers who discovered him, Kieli will be molded into a sure and pitiless weapon. And he will accept the destiny that has been chosen for him . . . as Talon of the Silver Hawk.

But the prey he so earnestly stalks is hunting him as well. And Talon must swear allegiance to a shadowy cause that already binds his mysterious benefactors - or his mission, his honor, and his life will be lost forever.

1. "Which Order Should You Read Raymond E Feist In? The Riftwar Cycle Books in Order". *epicstream.com*. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-29.

## InfoBox

Talon of the Silver Hawk
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Raymond E. Feist |
| Cover artist | Martin McKenna |
| Language | English |
| Series | *Conclave of Shadows* |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | HarperCollins |
| Publication date | September 2002 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 378 (first edition) |
| ISBN | 0-380-80324-0 |
| Preceded by | *Krondor: Tear of the Gods* |
| Followed by | *King of Foxes* |


title: Marijo Moćić

abstract: Marijo Moćić is a Slovenian football midfielder.

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# Marijo Moćić

**Marijo Moćić** (born 4 May 1989) is a Slovenian football midfielder.

## InfoBox

Marijo Moćić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-05-04) 4 May 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Celje, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2002-2006 | Celje | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2014 | Celje | 82 | (7) |
| 2008 | MU Šentjur (loan) | 15 | (3) |
| 2009 | MU Šentjur (loan) | 4 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008–2009 | Slovenia U21 | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 March 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 3 August 2010 | | | |


title: West Java Syndicate

abstract: West Java Syndicate is an Indonesian ethnic-fusion music group founded in 2010 in Bandung, Indonesia. The group seeks to promote a wide variety of world music based on Sundanese music using traditional Sundanese musical instruments, as well as exploring contemporary styles.

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# West Java Syndicate

**West Java Syndicate** is an Indonesian ethnic-fusion music group founded in 2010 in Bandung, Indonesia. The group seeks to promote a wide variety of world music based on Sundanese music using traditional Sundanese musical instruments, as well as exploring contemporary styles.

## History

West Java Syndicate came alive in 2010 by Zahar Mustilaq, the drummer who actually live in between two spheres, the Sundanese traditional and the modern western music like jazz, blues, rock and so on. He then asked rock bass player Dede SP to form a group with a touch of Indonesian sundanese traditional music. Dede then invited his old college friend, keyboardist/pianist YD Nafis. SambaSunda's Zinner then join the team as well.

Their very first public performance was in a monthly jazz event in Bandung called Sunday Jazz at Potluck . Zinner left the group in the middle of 2011, and then Dosenk came up as replacement.

In early 2013 they went to studio for a recording session. The line-up for the recording was Zahar Mustilaq, Dede SP and YD Nafis on modern instrument section, and traditional section was Dosenk on Suling and Kendang, Asep Hadiat on Kendang, and Ludy Heryanto on Rebab and Tarompet. The recording result is an EP titled “Albeum Leutik” (Sundanese for Mini Album), released worldwide in November 2013

## Members

## Discography

### Album

* *Bubuka* \- 2017

### EP

* *Albeum Leutik* \- 2013

### Singles

* Tembang Katresna - 2013
* Gending Rame ku Kendang - 2013

## InfoBox

| West Java Syndicate | |
| --- | --- |
| West Java Syndicate at Asian African Carnival 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Bandung, Indonesia |
| Genres | World Music, Jazz Rock, Fusion |
| Years active | 2010  present |
|  | |
| Members | * Zahar Mustilaq * Dede SP * YD Nafis * Randy Gevenk * IpinZbet |
|  | |
| Past members | Zinner, Dosenk, Asep Hadiat |
|  | |
| Website | westjavasyndicate.com |


abstract: The United States women's Australian Rules football team, also nicknamed USA Freedom represents the United States in the sport of women's Australian rules football. The USA Freedom was founded in 2007 as the USAFL Women's National Team. The team has played numerous matches against the Canadian Northern Lights in both the US and Canada. The team first formed to compete against Canada at Thunderbird Stadium in Vancouver 2007. The Freedom was the first International women's team to travel to Australia on a 2009 tour of the country playing against teams in Sydney, Melbourne, Country Victoria and Cairns in Far North Queensland. The inaugural coach of the USA Freedom, Wayne Kraska of Atlanta, stepped down from the position at the end of 2010 with Leigh Barnes of San Francisco picking up the reins. The Freedom competed in the first ever women's division of the AFL International Cup in Sydney and Melbourne during August, 2011 finishing in 3rd place.

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# United States women's national Australian rules football team

The **United States women's Australian Rules football team**, also nicknamed **USA Freedom** represents the United States in the sport of women's Australian rules football.

The USA Freedom was founded in 2007 as the USAFL Women's National Team. The team has played numerous matches against the Canadian Northern Lights in both the US and Canada. The team first formed to compete against Canada at Thunderbird Stadium in Vancouver 2007.

The Freedom was the first International women's team to travel to Australia on a 2009 tour of the country playing against teams in Sydney, Melbourne, Country Victoria and Cairns in Far North Queensland.

The inaugural coach of the USA Freedom, Wayne Kraska of Atlanta, stepped down from the position at the end of 2010 with Leigh Barnes of San Francisco picking up the reins.

The Freedom competed in the first ever women's division of the AFL International Cup in Sydney and Melbourne during August, 2011 finishing in 3rd place.

## InfoBox

United States
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Freedom* |
| Governing body | Women's Australian Football Association |
| Head coach | Leigh Barnes |
| Captain | Judith Stein |
| Rankings | |
| Current | 7th (as of October 2022) |
| First international | |
| **United States** 49 – 0 Canada <br>(2007) | |
| International Cup | |
| Appearances | 3 *(first in 2011)* |
| Best result | 3rd (2011, 2014) |


title: Franz Skarbina

abstract: Franz Skarbina was a German impressionist painter, draftsman, etcher and illustrator.

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# Franz Skarbina

**Franz Skarbina** (24 February 1849 - 18 May 1910) was a German impressionist painter, draftsman, etcher and illustrator.

## Life

Born in Berlin, he was the son of a goldsmith from Zagreb. From 1865 to 1869, he studied at the Prussian Academy of Arts. After graduation, he spent two years as a tutor to the daughters of Count Friedrich von Perponcher-Sedlnitzky, during which time he travelled to Dresden, Vienna, Venice, Munich, Nuremberg and Merano. In 1877, he had acquired the funds to make a year-long study trip to the Netherlands, Belgium and France, where he came under the influence of impressionism.

He became an assistant teacher at the Prussian Academy in 1878 and, in 1881, he taught anatomical drawing at the Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin. The following year, he returned to Paris and exhibited at the Salon. From 1885 to 1886, he was in Paris again, with side trips to Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. This is considered to be one of his most productive periods.

In 1888, he was appointed a professor at the Prussian Academy and, in 1892, became a full member there. A year later, however, he resigned his teaching position due to disagreements with the academy's Director, Anton von Werner. The problem stemmed from his participation in the "Group of Eleven", an association of artists dedicated to promoting their own exhibitions of what was then considered "radical" art, free of the academy's influence. This eventually (in 1898) led to the establishment of the Berlin Secession, of which Skarbina was a co-founder.

In 1895, he became a supervisory board member for the magazine *Pan*. In 1898, he served as one of the judges in a contest held by Ludwig Stollwerck to select the artists for a new series of trading cards.

In 1901, he gave private lessons to Canada’s first female battlefield artist Mary Riter Hamilton.

He died at his home in Berlin, from an acute kidney ailment, and is buried in the Old Cemetery of St. Jacobkirche. All of the items in his estate were destroyed during World War II.

## Selected paintings

## Nazi-looted art

In 2016 Skarbina's *Nach Hause* was the object of a lawsuit filed by a Holocaust victim's son who was trying to locate the painting. David Toren requested that the Berlin auction house Villa Grisebach reveal the buyers of the Skarbina as well as two works by Beckmann.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Franz Skarbina | |
| --- | --- |
| Franz Skarbina in 1909.
Photograph by Marta Wolff | |
| Born | (1849-02-24)February 24, 1849
Berlin |
| Died | May 18, 1910(1910-05-18) (aged 61)
Berlin |
| Nationality | German |


abstract: James Smith (1645–1711) was an English Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar-Apostolic of the Northern District under James II of England.

text:
# James Smith (vicar-apostolic of the Northern District)

**James Smith** (1645–1711) was an English Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar-Apostolic of the Northern District under James II of England.

## Life

Born at Winchester in 1645, he was the second son of Bartholomew and Frances Smith of Stoke Charity. Smith was educated at the English College, Douai, and was created D.D. on 5 February 1680. He was appointed President of Douai College, in succession to Francis Gage, on 28 August 1682, and while in that post he inherited a large estate from his father (most of which he granted to a younger brother).

In 1687 he was nominated by James II to be one of the four vicars-apostolic of England, each of whom had an annual stipend of £1,000. He was elected by the Propaganda Fide on 12 January 1687, and was consecrated at Somerset House on 13 May 1688 as titular bishop of Calliopolis. After his consecration he went to his vicariate, arriving on 2 August at York, where he was received by the secular and regular clergy, who sang the *Te Deum*. In one of his visitations Smith was deprived of his large crozier by Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, who deposited it in York Minster.

On the flight of the king, Smith left York and sought refuge in the house of Francis Tunstall of Wycliffe, who gave him hospitality and protection till the time of his death. At different times, Smith assumed the aliases of Brown, Harper, and Tarlton to avoid the penal laws. In 1700 it was contemplated that he should be promoted to the cardinalate and to the office of Protector of England, which had been vacant since the death of Cardinal Howard; the Duke of Berwick and Dr. George Witham were commissioned from St. Germain to solicit this appointment from Clement XI. Upon the death of John Leyburn in 1702, Smith was solicited for the London District, but expressed his reluctance to accept and recommended instead Bonaventure Giffard.

Smith died at Wycliffe on 13 May 1711 at the age of 66. Silvester Jenks was appointed to succeed Smith as Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District, but died before his consecration.

## Works

His name is subscribed to ‘A Pastoral Letter from the four Catholic Bishops to the Lay Catholics of England,’ on the re-establishment of Catholic episcopal authority in England, London, 1688 and 1747.

* "Smith, James (1645-1711)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Smith, James (1645-1711)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Pavesi case

abstract: The Pavesi case refers to the death of a ten-year-old Brazilian boy Paulo Veronesi Pavesi. His organs were removed and smuggled to the United States. Several doctors have been charged.

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# Pavesi case

The **Pavesi case** refers to the death of a ten-year-old Brazilian boy Paulo Veronesi Pavesi (1990 — April 21, 2000). His organs were removed and smuggled to the United States. Several doctors have been charged.

## History

On April 19, 2000, ten-year-old Paulo Veronesi Pavesi accidentally fell from the building where he lived. He was taken to a nearby provincial hospital, Hospital Pedro Sanches, where he was treated in an ICU. On April 21, he was then transferred to the Santa Casa Hospital in the town of Poços de Caldas. Later, the same day, brain death was observed. Before he was officially declared brain dead, his organs were removed and then smuggled to the United States.

His father, Paulo Airton Pavesi, became suspicious after receiving a hospital bill for almost R$12,000 for organ removal which should have been paid by the Unified Health System. He wanted to know whether his son had died as a direct result of the cranial injuries which were caused by his fall, or from the untimely and premature surgical removal of his organs.

His appeals to the government fell on deaf ears until, in 2003-2004, the revelations of international organ trafficking in the slums of Recife led to a federal investigation of organ trafficking held in Brasília, during which Paulo’s case was reviewed among others. Initially, none the doctors were held accountable as malicious intent could not be proven. In the aftermath of the incident in 2008, he was forced to leave Brazil due to alleged government persecution, and sought asylum from Italy. He also appeared in a documentary called Human Organ Traffic which featured the case.

In May 2013, the Court of Justice of Minas Gerais ruled that several of Paulo's doctors    Celso Roberto Frasson Scafi, Cláudio Rogério Carneiro Fernandes, and Sérgio Poli Gaspar  were not responsible for the boy's death, and can continue practicing medicine.

On March 30, 2021, two of Paulo's doctors, José Luis Gomes da Silva and José Luis Bonfitto, were sentenced to 25 years and 10 months in prison and payment of a fine, while Marco Alexandre Pacheco da Fonseca was acquitted by the jury. Finally, on April 19, 2022, Álvaro Ianhez, another one of the doctors who treated Paulo, was charged with the double homicide. He was arrested on 9 May and sentenced to prison for 21 years and 8 months.


title: Jan Palthe (1717–1769)

abstract: Jan Palthe was an 18th-century portraitist from the Dutch Republic.

text:
# Jan Palthe (1717–1769)

**Jan Palthe** (14 February 1717 – 24 June 1769) was an 18th-century portraitist from the Dutch Republic.

## Biography

He was the son of Gerhard Jan Palthe who taught him to paint. In 1742, he became a member of the *Leidse tekenacademie*, part of the Leiden Guild of St. Luke. He is known for portrait paintings and etchings. His brother Anthonie, who was also trained as a portrait painter, married Agatha Ketel and began a business in wall paper, a new and popular form of interior decoration. When his brother died, his sister-in-law Agatha married the painter Wybrand Hendricks.

* biography in French
* *Jan Palthe Portretschilder 1717–1769*, *Peggie Breitbarth*, Exhibition Catalog 28 May – 28 August 2000, Historisch Museum Het Palthe Huis- Oldenzaal
* *Bénézit*: Dictionnaires des peintres tome 10
* Neues Allgemeines Künstler Lexicon München 1841 tome 10
* *De nieuwe schouburg der nederlantsche kunstschilders*, by Jan van Gool, 1751

## InfoBox

| Jan Palthe | |
| --- | --- |
| Self-portrait | |
| Born | 14 February 1717
Deventer, The Netherlands |
| Died | 24 June 1769(1769-06-24) (aged 52)
Leyden, The Netherlands |
| Parent | Gerhard Palthe |


title: Pay bands

abstract: A pay band is sometimes used to define the range (band) of compensation given for certain roles. The range is based on factors like location, experience, or seniority. Pay bands is a part of an organized salary compensation plan, program or system. In an organization that has defined jobs, pay bands are used to distinguish the level of compensation given to certain ranges of jobs to have fewer levels of pay, alternative career tracks other than management, and barriers to hierarchy to motivate unconventional career moves. For example, entry-level positions at a landscaping company might include truck drivers and laborers. Those jobs and those of similar levels of responsibility might all be included in a named or numbered pay band that prescribed a range of pay,. The next level/classification of a group of similar jobs would include increased responsibility, and thus a higher pay band. Organizing pay structures in a pay band manner allows for overall control at the management level of an organization, while still giving some discretion for supervisors to reward good performance, and keeping within a reasonable compensation budget structure.

text:
# Pay bands

A **pay band** is sometimes used to define the range (band) of compensation given for certain roles. The range is based on factors like location (high vs low cost of living locations), experience, or seniority.

Pay bands (sometimes also used as a broader term that encompasses several pay levels, ranges or grades) is a part of an organized salary compensation plan, program or system. In an organization that has defined jobs, pay bands are used to distinguish the level of compensation given to certain ranges of jobs to have fewer levels of pay, alternative career tracks other than management, and barriers to hierarchy to motivate unconventional career moves. For example, entry-level positions at a landscaping company might include truck drivers and laborers. Those jobs and those of similar levels of responsibility might all be included in a named or numbered pay band that prescribed a range of pay, (e.g. Band 1 = $10–17 per hour). The next level/classification of a group of similar jobs would include increased responsibility, and thus a higher pay band (e.g. Band 2 = $13–21 per hour).

Organizing pay structures in a pay band manner allows for overall control at the management level of an organization, while still giving some discretion for supervisors to reward good performance, and keeping within a reasonable compensation budget structure.

## History

The history of pay bands dates back to the beginning of employment and compensation. The amount of compensation for one's work is a question that many have tried to answer but have come short. The Classification Act of 1923 mandated that pay was based on performance not qualifications, a practice that made sense when the workforce was largely clerical. However, by the 1950s managers were complaining that the system was problematic for reasons of no competition, frustration and non-responsiveness. In April 2000, the United States General Accounting Office authorized Section 9509, which authorized the general workforce classification and pay. In detail, the term "broad-banded pay system" was clearly defined as any system for grouping positions for pay, job evaluation, and other purposes that is different from the system established under chapters 51 and 53 of title 5 as a result of combining grades and related ranges of pay into one or more occupational series.

### Other types of pay structures

#### Traditional structure

Organizations are looking for a pay system for rewarding with compensation and also working well within that organization. In the traditional structure there is a difference between employee and manager with an example of pay according to their position. To get a high pay, there needs to be movement up the hierarchical ladder. Moving up the ladder to a manager position will change the pay range is a traditional pay structure but, "this system fosters competition rather than collaboration."

#### Pay for performance

Although the Pay-for-Performance System is "widely used" for its "positive effects" on employee production, findings of negative side effects like "dysfunctional competition" have left employers wondering if this plan should be adopted. Their reasoning in keeping this system in place is related to the need for "fair managerial control", a battle many managers are striving to win.

#### Broadbanding structure

Broadbanding uses the General Schedule that places families of occupations together. For example, Office Services, General Support, Analysis, Law Enforcement, Sciences, Health, etc. Movement to a different level is based on full-performance, expertise, or years of working in this position. This structure is used to classify work requirements rather than positions to get a higher pay.

## Process of changing a pay band

There are two ways an employee's pay band can be changed. If the job description correlates with the national profile for said job then their transition will go relatively smoothly. However, for more complex or newer jobs that do not have a national profile, their process becomes increasingly difficult. In some cases employees are required to fill out large amounts of paperwork and go to a formal job evaluation panel to discuss their positions responsibilities. This also means that once an employee goes through the process and gets placed in a new pay band, others in similar positions will likely be grouped together in the same pay band.

## Occupations using pay ranges

### Nurses

When a new type of nurse was introduced in 2005 called a "Matron" nurse, the Royal College of Nurses, Community Practitioners and Health Visitors' Association (CPHVA) both agreed on what their pay band should be. However, current nurses who were still stuck on an older pay band felt that this was neglecting their right to a raise and left them on the back burner. Despite district nurses concerns, the CPHVA continued with their plans on placing matron nurses on a higher pay band due to their large range of skills and complex responsibilities. Parish says in his portion of the Nursing Journal that "We will be looking for something that is a significant inducement to new recruits, one that will ensure qualified staff stay in the professions." Parish goes on to show that many of the nurses coming out of school choose to go into departments that are well compensated. This leaves portions of the nursing departments in hospitals all around the country with a shortage of employees in specialty departments like learning disability. These places that nurses are understaffed are a real problem Parish, one that needs to be fixed to ensure the quality of work in their area of concern. One of the ways to ensure the recruitment of nurses in fields that are understaffed is to raise the compensation of the job to be more competitive with the other subfields of nursing. NHS managers who receive very high salaries may have been manipulating their job evaluations to receive these high wages. NHS was asked by unions to re-evaluate the salaries of many top execs. RCN's Head of employment relations, Josie Owen, acknowledges that a "group of staff in the NHS has overplayed certain factors to get higher grades."

### Teachers

According to the *School Leadership Today* article "Freedom in Teacher Performance Pay", teachers in America are one of the most underpaid and segregated fields. The editorial suggests that "It is vital that teachers can be paid more without having to leave the classroom. This will be particularly important to schools in the most disadvantaged areas as it will empower them to attract and recruit the best teachers." Oftentimes teachers that want to be paid more are pushed into primary and secondary administration, opposed to being chairs of departments like advanced educational opportunities like colleges. This causes teachers to be in rotation and can lead to many shortages of quality teachers actually in the classroom. The academic journal suggests that we should rely on a different pay band policy to keep teachers in the classroom to ensure quality of education while paying via performance of the teachers as well. It is important to note, that paying for performance does not entail: how many students pas the standardized tests, move to the next grade; but rather a secondary tool of employee evaluation.

### Bankers

The Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee wants the Financial Services Authority to reveal the salary of bankers in Britain. This move is designed to break the deadlock on city remuneration. Andrew Tyrie is the chairman of the Parliamentary Committee, demands Sir David Walker's idea of bankers who receive over 1 million euro annually should have their wages revealed to the public. Bankers fear this will affect competitiveness within their industry. Andrew Tyrie assures that his plan can answer any question about competitiveness.

Examples of employers using the pay band method of compensation include:

## Workers' view

Corporation like Northern Telecom, General Electric, and Data General have adopted pay bands to promote teaming and lateral development to take away from hierarchical movement within the workplace. The issues employees have with pay bands are that they restricts promotions in the organizations, leading the employees to look at opportunities outside of their organization to move up to another pay range. Also, since pay bands motivate employees to move laterally, some question the purpose of another position that is still going to be with the same pay band.


title: James Wilson Robertson

abstract: Sir James Wilson Robertson, was a British civil servant who served as the last colonial governor-general of Nigeria from 1955 to 1960.

text:
# James Wilson Robertson

**Sir James Wilson Robertson**, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ (27 October 1899  23 September 1983) was a British civil servant who served as the last colonial governor-general of Nigeria from 1955 to 1960.

## Early life and education

He was educated at Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh and Balliol College, Oxford. He served a Commission in the British Army with the Gordon Highlanders and the Black Watch. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) from the University of Leeds in 1961.

## Career

After Oxford he joined the Sudan Political Service from 1922 to 1953, serving appointments in Blue Nile, White Nile, Fung, and Kordofan provinces and was the Civil Secretary from 1945 to 1953. In this position in 1947 he was chairman of the Juba Conference. He was then sent to British Guiana in January 1954 by Oliver Lyttelton, the then-Secretary of State for the Colonies to write the Robertson Commission Report to investigate the current crisis in the country due to the election of the People's Progressive Party, who were seen as too friendly with the Communist organisations that had led to the suspension of the constitution.

He was then sent to Nigeria as a result of his work. He was Governor-General from 15 June 1955 to 16 November 1960 (representing the Queen as head of state from 1 October to 16 November 1960).

## Family

He married Nancy Walker in 1926. They had 2 children, a son and a daughter. His son is political and economic thinker and activist James Robertson. His brother was Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson, whose daughter Sally married Nick Kuenssberg OBE. His great-niece Laura Kuenssberg is a journalist. His first wife was Anne Mueller.

## Writings

Roberston wrote a memoir, *Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence*, published by Hurst, London, in 1974, that reflects on his nearly 40 years in Africa. It provides detail on both his administrative life and personal observations. In a final chapter, "Reflections", he accounts the swift collapse and disintegration of so much of what he and his fellow British servants of the Empire had constructed not only in the Sudan and Nigeria, but in all of Britain's former colonial African territories. Commenting on foreign concern about post-independence difficulties, he observed: "Americans have asked me: 'Why did you leave so soon, before the colonial territories were ready to rule themselves?' And when I have answered, 'Partly, I am sure, because of your pressure on us to go,' \[they\] have answered that they did not know then what they know now, and that we should have resisted their pressure." (p. 253)

Robertson made a notable contribution to a 1978 Oxford Symposium, *Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation*, edited by A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (published, in 1979, by the Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies, Oxford University), particularly his "The Governor as the Man in the Middle", (pp. 38–43); and "Summary of Discussion", (pp. 50–59). *The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson*, edited by Graham F. Thomas, was published in 1994. It is a collection of letters Robertson sent to Thomas over 40 years mainly about the problems towards the end of the British Empire.

## Styles

* 1899 – 3 June 1931: James Wilson Robertson
* 3 June 1931 – 1940: James Wilson Robertson MBE
* 1940–1941: His Excellency James Wilson Robertson MBE, Governor of Gezira Province
* 1941 – 1 January 1948: James Wilson Robertson MBE
* 1 January 1948 – 1 June 1953: Sir James Wilson Robertson KBE
* 1 June 1953 – 15 June 1955: Sir James Wilson Robertson KCMG, KBE
* 15 June 1955 – 1956: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson KCMG, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
* 1956 – 13 June 1957: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCVO, KCMG, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
* 13 June 1957 – 1 October 1960: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
* 1 October – 16 November 1960: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Independent Federation of Nigeria
* 16 November 1960 – 1965: Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE
* 1965–1983: Sir James Wilson Robertson KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE

## InfoBox

| SirJames Wilson RobertsonKT GCMG GCVO KBE KStJ | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Walter Bird, 1965 | |
|  | |
| 2nd Governor-General of Nigeria | |
| **In office**
15 June 1955  16 November 1960 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | John Stuart Macpherson |
| Succeeded by | Nnamdi Azikiwe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1899-10-27)27 October 1899
Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland |
| Died | 23 September 1983(1983-09-23) (aged 83)
Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England |
| Relatives | Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson (brother)
Joanna Kuenssberg (great-niece)
Laura Kuenssberg (great-niece)
James Robertson (son) |
| Education | Merchiston Castle School |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Civil servant |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Unit |  |
|  | |


title: James W. Whitworth

abstract: James William Whitworth was a British trade union leader and politician. Whitworth was educated at St Stephen's School in Audenshaw, and then the local college of technology. He became a cotton spinner, and in 1926 he was appointed as secretary of the Ashton-under-Lyne Operative Cotton Spinners' and Twiners' Association. Whitworth was a supporter of the Labour Party, and in 1934 he was elected to the Ashton-under-Lyne council. In 1946, he became an alderman on the council, which he remained until it was abolished in 1974, and he served as Mayor of Ashton from 1947 to 1949. From 1939 to 1942, he also served on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party. The Ashton-under-Lyne Spinners were affiliated to the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, and Whitworth was elected as its vice-president, then in 1953 as its president. In 1960, he instead became its full-time general secretary. During this period, he served on the Cotton Board, and was prominent on the council of the United Textile Factory Workers' Association, serving for a period as its treasurer. In 1965, Whitworth stood down as general secretary to become chair of the General Federation of Trade Unions, ending his term the following year. Whitworth was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, a Deputy-Lieutenant of Lancashire, and a freeman of Ashton-under-Lyne. Whitworth died in Ashton-under-Lyne on 10 April 1995, at the age of 97.

text:
# James W. Whitworth

**James William Whitworth** (16 January 1898  10 April 1995) was a British trade union leader and politician.

Whitworth was educated at St Stephen's School in Audenshaw, and then the local college of technology. He became a cotton spinner, and in 1926 he was appointed as secretary of the Ashton-under-Lyne Operative Cotton Spinners' and Twiners' Association.

Whitworth was a supporter of the Labour Party, and in 1934 he was elected to the Ashton-under-Lyne council. In 1946, he became an alderman on the council, which he remained until it was abolished in 1974, and he served as Mayor of Ashton from 1947 to 1949. From 1939 to 1942, he also served on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party.

The Ashton-under-Lyne Spinners were affiliated to the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, and Whitworth was elected as its vice-president, then in 1953 as its president. In 1960, he instead became its full-time general secretary. During this period, he served on the Cotton Board, and was prominent on the council of the United Textile Factory Workers' Association, serving for a period as its treasurer. In 1965, Whitworth stood down as general secretary to become chair of the General Federation of Trade Unions, ending his term the following year.

Whitworth was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, a Deputy-Lieutenant of Lancashire, and a freeman of Ashton-under-Lyne.

Whitworth died in Ashton-under-Lyne on 10 April 1995, at the age of 97.

1. *Debrett's Peerage* (1973), p.3075
2. "The National Executive". *Manchester Guardian*. 1 June 1939.
3. "Chairman's Address". *Annual Report of the General Federation of Trade Unions*: A60–A62. 1966.
4. "Spinners' Election". *Manchester Guardian*. 16 September 1953.
5. "Spinners' Secretary". *The Guardian*. 18 June 1960.
6. "Communists Accused". *The Guardian*. 5 May 1962.
7. "Spinners' Secretary". *The Guardian*. 20 December 1965.
8. "Whitworth, James William". *Manchester Evening News*. 11 April 1995. Retrieved 29 November 2023.


title: Peach Bottom, Pennsylvania

abstract: Peach Bottom is an unincorporated village in Fulton Township, Lancaster County, in the state of Pennsylvania, United States. It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River. The original town of Peach Bottom was located across the river in York County. With the construction of the Columbia and Port Deposit Railroad up the east side of the Susquehanna (1866–1868), a station was built on the Lancaster County side, near the mouth of Peters Creek, from which Peach Bottom could be reached by ferry. This was known as Peach Bottom Station. The Peach Bottom Railway had terminals at both Peach Bottom and Peach Bottom Station; a planned bridge to connect them was never built. The line on the east side became the Lancaster, Oxford and Southern Railroad and on the west side, the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad. When the Conowingo Dam was built (1926–1928), the Columbia and Port Deposit was relocated higher up the hillside, and both Peach Bottom and Peach Bottom Station were submerged. The present village was built a short distance southeast of the site of Peach Bottom Station. The post office for the area is named "Peach Bottom" but is located on Pennsylvania Route 272 just north of Wakefield. The Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station lies across the river, on the site of the original town. In 2016, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) estimated that a major fire at the spent fuel pool at the Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station would displace an estimated 3.46 million people from 31,000 square kilometers of contaminated land, while a study conducted at Princeton University suggested that the number of displaced people could go as high as 18.1 million people. An earlier study from 1975 assessed the nuclear station's ecological impact on fish fauna along the Susquehanna River.

text:
# Peach Bottom, Pennsylvania

**Peach Bottom** is an unincorporated village in Fulton Township, Lancaster County, in the state of Pennsylvania, United States. It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River.

The original town of Peach Bottom was located across the river in York County. With the construction of the Columbia and Port Deposit Railroad up the east side of the Susquehanna (1866–1868), a station was built on the Lancaster County side, near the mouth of Peters Creek, from which Peach Bottom could be reached by ferry. This was known as Peach Bottom Station.

The Peach Bottom Railway had terminals at both Peach Bottom and Peach Bottom Station; a planned bridge to connect them was never built. The line on the east side became the Lancaster, Oxford and Southern Railroad and on the west side, the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad.

When the Conowingo Dam was built (1926–1928), the Columbia and Port Deposit was relocated higher up the hillside, and both Peach Bottom and Peach Bottom Station were submerged. The present village was built a short distance southeast of the site of Peach Bottom Station.

The post office for the area (ZIP code 17563) is named "Peach Bottom" but is located on Pennsylvania Route 272 just north of Wakefield.

The Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station lies across the river, on the site of the original town. In 2016, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) estimated that a major fire at the spent fuel pool at the Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station would displace an estimated 3.46 million people from 31,000 square kilometers of contaminated land, while a study conducted at Princeton University suggested that the number of displaced people could go as high as 18.1 million people. An earlier study from 1975 assessed the nuclear station's ecological impact on fish fauna along the Susquehanna River.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Peach Bottom, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Peach Bottom | |
| Coordinates: 39°45′03″N 76°13′33″W / 39.75083°N 76.22583°W / 39.75083; -76.22583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lancaster |
| Township | Fulton |
| Elevation | 141 ft (43 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 17563 |
| Area code | 717 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1183417 |


title: Pauli Jäämies

abstract: Pauli Jäämies is a Finnish curler from Helsinki. He currently plays for the Finnish national team, skipped by Aku Kauste. He is known for sporting long black dreadlocks. Jäämies made his international debut for Finland at the 2012 European Mixed Curling Championship, winning a bronze medal playing second on the team. Later that year he played for Finland at the 2012 European Curling Championships. The team, skipped by Kauste finished 11th place, and qualified for the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, the Kauste rink finished last (12th), with a 2-9 record. Later in the year, the team played in the 2014 Olympic qualifying event, but failed to qualify having won just two games. At the 2014 European Curling Championships, the team once again finished 11th, qualifying for the 2015 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. That season, Jäämies won his first World Curling Tour event as part of the Kauste team, the 2014 Edinburgh International.

text:
# Pauli Jäämies

**Pauli Jäämies** (born 22 April 1985 in Clearwater, Florida) is a Finnish curler from Helsinki. He currently plays for the Finnish national team, skipped by Aku Kauste. He is known for sporting long black dreadlocks.

Jäämies made his international debut for Finland at the 2012 European Mixed Curling Championship, winning a bronze medal playing second on the team. Later that year he played for Finland at the 2012 European Curling Championships. The team, skipped by Kauste finished 11th place, and qualified for the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, the Kauste rink finished last (12th), with a 2-9 record. Later in the year, the team played in the 2014 Olympic qualifying event, but failed to qualify having won just two games.

At the 2014 European Curling Championships, the team once again finished 11th, qualifying for the 2015 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. That season, Jäämies won his first World Curling Tour event as part of the Kauste team, the 2014 Edinburgh International.

## InfoBox

Pauli Jäämies
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Curling | | |
| Representing  Finland | | |
| European Mixed Curling Championship | | |
|  | 2012 Erzerum |  |


title: Janakinagar, Kailali

abstract: Janakinagar is a village development committee in Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4864 living in 604 individual households.

text:
# Janakinagar, Kailali

**Janakinagar** is a village development committee in Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4864 living in 604 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001", *Nepal's Village Development Committees*, Digital Himalaya, archived from the original on 12 October 2008, retrieved 15 November 2009.

## InfoBox

| Janakinagar जानकीनगर | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| JanakinagarLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 28°35′N 81°05′E / 28.59°N 81.09°E / 28.59; 81.09 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Sudurpashchim Province |
| District | Kailali District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 4,864 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Jan Hunt

abstract: Jan Hunt is a British comedian, actress and music hall performer, who appeared on BBC television series Crackerjack with Michael Aspel, Ed Stewart, Peter Glaze and Don Maclean in the 1970s. She would often be seen playing an old lady in dramatisations, involving her donning a grey wig and glasses and putting her hand on her hip to suggest a bad back. Her later career included playing Ellie May in Show Boat in which she first performed her trademark "spoons" routine. She frequently performed at London's Players' Theatre, and on BBC TV's The Good Old Days, notably as Marie Lloyd. Her Paper Moon Theatre Company continues to provide music hall and variety shows throughout the UK. Hunt is an honorary patron of The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.

text:
# Jan Hunt

**Jan Hunt** (born 15 February 1938) is a British comedian, actress and music hall performer, who appeared on BBC television series *Crackerjack* with Michael Aspel, Ed Stewart, Peter Glaze and Don Maclean in the 1970s. She would often be seen playing an old lady in dramatisations, involving her donning a grey wig and glasses and putting her hand on her hip to suggest a bad back.

Her later career included playing Ellie May in *Show Boat* (Adelphi Theatre London 1971) in which she first performed her trademark "spoons" routine. She frequently performed at London's Players' Theatre, and on BBC TV's *The Good Old Days*, notably as Marie Lloyd. Her Paper Moon Theatre Company continues to provide music hall and variety shows throughout the UK.

Hunt is an honorary patron of The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.


title: Pedro Henríquez Ureña National Library

abstract: The Biblioteca Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña is the national library of the Dominican Republic. It is the legal deposit and copyright library for the Dominican Republic. It was inaugurated on February 28, 1971.

text:
# Pedro Henríquez Ureña National Library

The **Biblioteca Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña** (in English: *Pedro Henríquez Ureña National Library*) is the national library of the Dominican Republic. It is the legal deposit and copyright library for the Dominican Republic. It was inaugurated on February 28, 1971.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Henríquez Ureña National Library | |
| --- | --- |
| Biblioteca Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña | |
|  | |
| 18°28′15″N 69°54′26″W / 18.47096721015304°N 69.90720748916202°W / 18.47096721015304; -69.90720748916202 | |
| Location | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Type | National library |
| Established | 1971 |
| Collection | |
| Legal deposit | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Website | http://bnphu.gob.do/ |


title: Pedro Henriques

abstract: Pedro Ricardo Quintela Henriques is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a left-back. He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 222 matches and six goals over 12 seasons, representing mainly Benfica and Vitória de Setúbal.

text:
# Pedro Henriques

**Pedro Ricardo Quintela Henriques** (born 16 October 1974) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a left-back.

He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 222 matches and six goals over 12 seasons, representing mainly Benfica and Vitória de Setúbal.

## Club career

Born in Sintra, Lisbon, Henriques joined S.L. Benfica at nearly 16, from neighbouring C.F. Os Belenenses. He played six minutes in his only appearance in the 1993–94 season, a 3–0 away win against Gil Vicente FC, as his team won the Primeira Liga championship.

After a six-month loan at Vitória F.C. and the January 1997 arrival of Manuel José as coach, Henriques became a regular in the starting lineups, as Dimas had just been sold to Juventus FC. In summer 1997 he signed for FC Porto but, due to a knee injury he had contracted still at Benfica, he never appeared official for the club, and returned to Setúbal for the later part of the campaign.

In the following seven seasons, always in the top division, Henriques represented Vitória de Setúbal, Belenenses, C.D. Santa Clara and Académica de Coimbra, retiring at almost 31 years of age after additional physical problems at his last team.

## Honours

**Benfica**

## Post-retirement

After retiring, Henriques went on to work several years as a pundit for Portuguese sport channel Sport TV.

## InfoBox

Pedro Henriques
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Pedro Ricardo Quintela Henriques | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-10-16) 16 October 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Sintra, Portugal | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1985–1990 | Belenenses | | |
| 1990–1993 | Benfica | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1997 | Benfica | 38 | (1) |
| 1995 | Vitória Setúbal (loan) | 16 | (0) |
| 1997–1998 | Porto | 0 | (0) |
| 1998–2000 | Vitória Setúbal | 56 | (2) |
| 2000–2002 | Belenenses | 60 | (1) |
| 2002–2003 | Santa Clara | 32 | (2) |
| 2003–2005 | Académica | 20 | (0) |
| Total |  | **222** | **(6)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1990–1991 | Portugal U16 | 15 | (0) |
| 1991–1992 | Portugal U17 | 9 | (2) |
| 1991–1993 | Portugal U18 | 22 | (2) |
| 1993 | Portugal U20 | 5 | (0) |
| 1994–1996 | Portugal U21 | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jane Teaford

abstract: Jane Teaford is an American politician who served in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 24th district from 1985 to 1993.

text:
# Jane Teaford

**Jane Teaford** (born July 1, 1935) is an American politician who served in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 24th district from 1985 to 1993.

## InfoBox

| Jane Teaford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives from the 24th district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 1985  January 10, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Harlan Van Gerpen |
| Succeeded by | Donald Hanson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-07-01) July 1, 1935
Hunter, Kansas |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Jane Taylor (lawyer)

abstract: Jane Taylor is a New Zealand former barrister, chartered accountant and chair of the Board of New Zealand Post. She has held several directorial and board positions across many prominent New Zealand companies.

text:
# Jane Taylor (lawyer)

**Jane Taylor** is a New Zealand former barrister, chartered accountant and chair of the Board of New Zealand Post. She has held several directorial and board positions across many prominent New Zealand companies.

## Career

Taylor's current appointments include: Board Member at Aotearoa Circle (beginning 2019); Independent Director at Port Otago (beginning 2019); Chair of the Board at Orion Group (beginning 2019); Director at Ontario Teachers Pension Plan New Zealand Forest Investments Limited (beginning 2015); and Independent Director & Chair of the Audit and Risk Committee at Silver Fern Farms (beginning 2013).

Her previous appointments include: Chair of Predator Free 2050; Director of Hirepool Group and OTTP New Zealand Forest Investments; Deputy Chair of Radio New Zealand; and Chair of Landcare Research New Zealand. She was also a board member of the External Reporting Board (XRB).

Taylor was also a Director at Forestry Corporation of New Zealand Limited (1994 - 1996), GNS Science Limited (2008 - 2014), and the Research and Education Advanced Network Limited (2005 - 2011).

She holds honours degrees in Law from the University of Auckland and a postgraduate qualification in Accountancy, Accounting and Finance from Victoria University of Wellington. She also holds a Bachelor of Forestry Science (Hons) from the University of Canterbury. She is a solicitor of the High Court, a member of the New Zealand Law Society, and a member of Chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ).

Taylor is a current-resource consent commissioner for the Queenstown Lakes District Council (QLDC) having sat on "about 100 hearings panels" since her first panel in 2006.

## Controversies

### New Zealand Post

In an article published 10 April 2018 in the *National Business Review*, it was reported that New Zealand Post, on Taylor's watch, was losing its mail delivery volumes faster than predicted. The article was published days after New Zealand Post announced a controversial increase in postage prices. The article also suggested that New Zealand Post was defying the new Labour-led Government by not focusing on providing dividends.

## Personal life

Taylor is a fifth-generation New Zealander, brought up in Coromandel, New Zealand. She attended secondary school in Auckland. She moved to Queenstown from Auckland in 2001. Taylor lives in Queenstown with youngest son and her husband, Mark Taylor, whom she married in 1999 in Arrowtown. She has four children; two with ex-husband Garry Muir, and one with current husband Mark Taylor; one of whom is a doctor at Middlemore Hospital, and another of whom is the chief executive officer and founder of TreeTime App, a non-profit tree planting organization.

## InfoBox

| Jane Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chair of New Zealand Post | |
| **In office**
1 November 2016  31 October 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | John Key
Bill English
Jacinda Ardern |
| Preceded by | Michael Cullen |
| Succeeded by | Jackie Lloyd (Acting) |
| Chair of Predator Free 2050 | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
30 November 2016 | |
| Prime Minister | John Key
Bill English
Jacinda Ardern |
| Preceded by | Position Established |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Deborah Jane Strongman |
| Spouses | * Garry Muir  (m. 1993; div. 1998) * Mark Taylor (m. 1999) |
| Profession | Professional Director |
|  | |


title: Jan Østergaard

abstract: Jan Erik Østergaard is a Danish former road cyclist and cross-country mountain biker. He competed in the men's cross-country mountain biking event at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He also rode in the 1988 Giro d'Italia, finishing 119th overall.

text:
# Jan Østergaard

**Jan Erik Østergaard** (born 20 February 1961) is a Danish former road cyclist and cross-country mountain biker. He competed in the men's cross-country mountain biking event at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He also rode in the 1988 Giro d'Italia, finishing 119th overall.

## Major results

### Road

1991 2nd Grand Prix OST Manufaktur 3rd Grand Prix de Waregem 1992 1st Overall Flèche du Sud 1993 3rd Grand Prix OST Manufaktur 1996 2nd Grand Prix Herning 1998 1st Overall Flèche du Sud 2000 3rd Overall Flèche du Sud 3rd Grand Prix OST Manufaktur

### Mountain bike

1993 3rd  UCI World XCO Championships 3rd National XCO Championships 1995 1st  National XCO Championships 3rd  UCI World XCO Championships 3rd Overall UCI XCO World Cup 1st Budapest 1st Plymouth 1997 3rd National XCO Championships 1998 3rd National XCO Championships

### Cyclo-cross

1984 3rd National Championships 1985 2nd National Championships 1990 1st Grand Prix Möbel Alvisse 1992 3rd National Championships 1993 2nd National Championships

## InfoBox

Jan Erik Østergaard
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jan Erik Østergaard |
| Born | (1961-02-20) 20 February 1961<br>Vejle, Denmark |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline |  |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 1986 | Roland–Van de Ven |
| 1987 | Hitachi–Marc |
| 1988 | Isoglass–EVS–Robland |
| 1999 | Team Fakta |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Denmark  Men's mountain bike racing  World Championships  1993 Métabief Cross-country  1995 Kirchzarten Cross-country | |


title: Pedro Vilca Apaza District

abstract: Pedro Vilca Apaza District is one of five districts of the province San Antonio de Putina in Peru.

text:
# Pedro Vilca Apaza District

**Pedro Vilca Apaza District** is one of five districts of the province San Antonio de Putina in Peru.

## History

Pedro Vilca Apaza District was created on March 17, 1962.

## Geography

One of the highest mountains of the district is Wayruruni at approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). Other mountains are listed below:

* Allqamarini
* Inka Kancha
* Janq'u Qullu
* Jichu Sirkani
* Kimsa Pukara
* Kuntur Wachana
* Minas Chaka
* Pukar Pata
* Qanta Qantaña
* Quytu Qullu
* Turini
* Wila Qutaña

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (89.53%) learnt to speak in childhood, 4.32% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

## Mayors

* 2011–2014: Cecilio Maldonado Cañapataña.
* 2007–2010: Juan Pablo Salas Chipana.

15°03′44″S 69°53′01″W / 15.0622°S 69.8837°W / -15.0622; -69.8837

## InfoBox

| Pedro Vilca Apaza | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Puno |
| Province | San Antonio de Putina |
| Founded | March 17, 1962 |
| Capital | Ayrampuni |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Cecilio Maldonado |
| Area | |
| Total | 565.81 km2 (218.46 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,852 m (12,638 ft) |
| Population (2007 census) | |
| Total | 2,523 |
| Density | 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 211003 |