title: VMF-313

abstract: Marine Fighting Squadron 313 (VMF-313) was a reserve fighter squadron in the United States Marine Corps. They were a part of the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and stationed at Naval Air Station New York. Also known as the "Lily Packin' Hellbirds" and the "Lilly Packin' Death Falcons", they fought in World War II mainly during the Philippines Campaign, 1944-45. The squadron was decommissioned in the 1950s.

text:
# VMF-313

**Marine Fighting Squadron 313** (VMF-313) was a reserve fighter squadron in the United States Marine Corps. They were a part of the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and stationed at Naval Air Station New York. Also known as the "Lily Packin' Hellbirds" and the "Lilly Packin' Death Falcons", they fought in World War II mainly during the Philippines Campaign, 1944-45. The squadron was decommissioned in the 1950s.

## History

### World War II

VMF-313 was commissioned at Marine Corps Air Station El Centro on 1 October 1943. They trained there until May 1944 when they moved to Midway Island in the Pacific Ocean. There they continued to train including training with Charles Lindbergh in April 1944. In July 1944, the squadron flew to Emirau in the Solomon Islands and began to attack Japanese shipping in the area around Kavieng.

They arrived at Tacloban Airfield on Leyte on 3 December 1944 as part of Marine Aircraft Group 12. During the Philippines Campaign, 1944-45 the squadron lost 16 of its Vought F4U Corsairs. In one notable incident while in the Philippines, Major Theodore Olsen, took off in a plane that had over 300 patches from earlier missions. The plane failed while airborne and Olsen was killed after he hit the tail while bailing out.

During the War, VMF-313 was credited with destroying nine enemy aircraft in aerial combat.

### 1950

The squadron was reactivated following World War II becoming part of the Marine Forces Reserve and were based out of New York state. They were decommissioned during the 1950s.

## Unit awards

A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMF-313 was presented with the following awards:

| **Ribbon** | **Unit Award** |
| --- | --- |
|  | Presidential Unit Citation |
|  | Navy Unit Commendation |
|  | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal |
|  | World War II Victory Medal |
|  | National Defense Service Medal with one Bronze Star |

Bibliography  * Astor, Gerald (2005). *Semper Fi in the Sky - The Marine Air Battles of World War II*. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-89141-877-6.
* Crowder, Michael J. (2000). *United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons*. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-926-9.
* Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). *U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle - Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939 - 1945*. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31906-5.
* Sherrod, Robert (1952). *History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II*. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press.

Web

## InfoBox

| Marine Fighting Squadron 313 | |
| --- | --- |
| VMF-313 Insignia | |
| Active | 1 October 1943 – 1 June 1945
N/A - 1950s |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Fighter squadron |
| Role | Air interdiction
Close air support |
| Part of | Inactive |
| Nickname(s) | Lily Packin' Hellbirds AKA Lily Packin' Death Falcons |
| Engagements | **World War II**
* Philippines Campaign, 1944-45 |


title: Julie St. Claire

abstract: Julie St. Claire is an American actress, director, and producer.

text:
# Julie St. Claire

**Julie St. Claire** (born 1969 or 1970) is an American actress, director, and producer.

## Career

A native of Geneva, New York, St. Claire is one of four children born to former stage actress Peggy Lambert. In 1982 she debuted on the NBC television series *Silver Spoons*, portraying Ricky Schroder's girlfriend, which led to numerous guest appearances and film roles, including *Sid & Nancy* (1986). The Southern California Motion Picture Council awarded her the Bronze Halo in 1983 for Best Up & Coming Young Actress; she also received a nomination for the Young Artist Award.

Her first regular television role came on *Personal & Confidential*. Following high school, she spent a year attending the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (West) in Pasadena on a scholarship. In 1990 she starred as Tawny Richards on the soap opera series *Santa Barbara*. In 1987 she was nominated for "Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress, Guest Starring in a Television, Comedy or Drama Series" for a 1986 appearance on *The Judge*.

## Later work

After *Santa Barbara* and along with many more film and television roles, St. Claire went on to star as Maria in UPN's *A.J.'s Time Travelers* and portrayed Marla Antoni on *Lincoln Heights*.

## Personal details

St. Claire lives in California with her husband, actor Patrick R. Smith, and their son. She is a member of the Hollywood Knights celebrity basketball team hall of fame and has been credited as "Julie Capone".

## InfoBox

| Julie St. Claire | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1969 or 1970 (age 54–55)<br>Geneva, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, director, producer |
| Years active | 1982–2009 |
| Spouse | Patrick Robert Smith (1995–present) |


title: History of pathology

abstract: The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance. Early systematic human dissections were carried out by the Ancient Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC. The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161). Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons.

text:
# History of pathology

The **history of pathology** can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.

Early systematic human dissections were carried out by the Ancient Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC. The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161). Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons.

## Origins of pathology

Early understanding of the origins of diseases constitutes the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.

The Greek physician Hippocrates, the founder of scientific medicine, was the first to deal with the anatomy and the pathology of human spine. Galen developed an interest in anatomy from his studies of Herophilus and Erasistratus. The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true autopsies performed prior to the second millennium. Though the pathology of contagion was understood by Muslim physicians since the time of Avicenna (980–1037) who described it in *The Canon of Medicine* (c.1020), the first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161) who proved that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite, followed by Ibn al-Nafis (b. 1213) who used dissection to discover pulmonary circulation in 1242. In the 15th century, anatomic dissection was repeatedly used by the Italian physician Antonio Benivieni (1443–1502) to determine cause of death. Antonio Benivieni is also credited with having introduced necropsy to the medical field. Perhaps the most famous early gross pathologist was Giovanni Morgagni (1682–1771). His magnum opus, *De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem Indagatis*, published in 1761, describes the findings of over 600 partial and complete autopsies, organised anatomically and methodically correlated with the symptoms exhibited by the patients prior to their demise. Although the study of normal anatomy was already well advanced at this date, *De Sedibus* was one of the first treatises specifically devoted to the correlation of diseased anatomy with clinical illness. By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist (originally from Hradec Kralove in the Czech Rep.) Carl Rokitansky (1804–1878), who is said to have performed 20,000 autopsies, and supervised an additional 60,000, in his lifetime.

## Origins of microscopic pathology

Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. While the compound microscope had been invented approximately 150 years prior, Virchow was one of the first prominent physicians to emphasize the study of manifestations of disease which were visible only at the cellular level. A student of Virchow's, Julius Cohnheim (1839–1884) combined histology techniques with experimental manipulations to study inflammation, making him one of the earliest experimental pathologists. Cohnheim also pioneered the use of the frozen section procedure; a version of this technique is widely employed by modern pathologists to render diagnoses and provide other clinical information intraoperatively.

## Modern experimental pathology

As new research techniques, such as electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology have expanded the means by which biomedical scientists can study disease, the definition and boundaries of investigative pathology have become less distinct. In the broadest sense, nearly all research which links manifestations of disease to identifiable processes in cells, tissues, or organs can be considered experimental pathology.

## Other Pertinent Topics


title: Armapur Estate

abstract: Armapur Estate is a census town in Kanpur Nagar District in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

text:
# Armapur Estate

**Armapur Estate** is a census town in Kanpur Nagar District in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Armapur Estate had a population of 20,797. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Armapur Estate has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. This census town is reserve for only defense personnel.

## InfoBox

| Armapur Estate | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Armapur EstateLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°27′38″N 80°16′18″E / 26.460469°N 80.271735°E / 26.460469; 80.271735 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Kanpur Nagar |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 15,463 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 208009 |


title: PTPN11

abstract: Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2. PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains two tandem Src homology-2 domains, which function as phospho-tyrosine binding domains and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is widely expressed in most tissues and plays a regulatory role in various cell signaling events that are important for a diversity of cell functions, such as mitogenic activation, metabolic control, transcription regulation, and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Noonan syndrome as well as acute myeloid leukemia.

text:
# PTPN11

**Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11** (**PTPN11**) also known as **protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D** (**PTP-1D**), **Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2** (**SHP-2**), or **protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C** (**PTP-2C**) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *PTPN11* gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.

PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains two tandem Src homology-2 domains, which function as phospho-tyrosine binding domains and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is widely expressed in most tissues and plays a regulatory role in various cell signaling events that are important for a diversity of cell functions, such as mitogenic activation, metabolic control, transcription regulation, and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Noonan syndrome as well as acute myeloid leukemia.

## Structure and function

This phosphatase, along with its paralogue, Shp1, possesses a domain structure that consists of two tandem SH2 domains in its N-terminus followed by a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. In the inactive state, the N-terminal SH2 domain binds the PTP domain and blocks access of potential substrates to the active site. Thus, Shp2 is auto-inhibited.

Upon binding to target phospho-tyrosyl residues, the N-terminal SH2 domain is released from the PTP domain, catalytically activating the enzyme by relieving this auto-inhibition.

## Genetic diseases associated with PTPN11

Missense mutations in the PTPN11 locus are associated with both Noonan syndrome and Leopard syndrome. At least 79 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.

It has also been associated with metachondromatosis.

### Noonan syndrome

In the case of Noonan syndrome, mutations are broadly distributed throughout the coding region of the gene but all appear to result in hyper-activated, or unregulated mutant forms of the protein. Most of these mutations disrupt the binding interface between the N-SH2 domain and catalytic core necessary for the enzyme to maintain its auto-inhibited conformation.

### Leopard syndrome

The mutations that cause Leopard syndrome are restricted regions affecting the catalytic core of the enzyme producing catalytically impaired Shp2 variants. It is currently unclear how mutations that give rise to mutant variants of Shp2 with biochemically opposite characteristics result in similar human genetic syndromes.

## Cancer associated with PTPN11

Patients with a subset of Noonan syndrome PTPN11 mutations also have a higher prevalence of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias (JMML). Activating Shp2 mutations have also been detected in neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer. Recently, a relatively high prevalence of PTPN11 mutations (24%) were detected by next-generation sequencing in a cohort of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients, although the prognostic significance of such associations has not been clarified. These data suggests that Shp2 may be a proto-oncogene. However, it has been reported that PTPN11/Shp2 can act as either tumor promoter or suppressor. In aged mouse model, hepatocyte-specific deletion of PTPN11/Shp2 promotes inflammatory signaling through the STAT3 pathway and hepatic inflammation/necrosis, resulting in regenerative hyperplasia and spontaneous development of tumors. Decreased PTPN11/Shp2 expression was detected in a subfraction of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens. The bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* has been associated with gastric cancer, and this is thought to be mediated in part by the interaction of its virulence factor CagA with SHP2.

## Interactions

PTPN11 has been shown to interact with

### H Pylori CagA virulence factor

CagA is a protein and virulence factor inserted by *Helicobacter pylori* into gastric epithelia. Once activated by SRC phosphorylation, CagA binds to SHP2, allosterically activating it. This leads to morphological changes, abnormal mitogenic signals and sustained activity can result in apoptosis of the host cell. Epidemiological studies have shown roles of cagA- positive *H. pylori* in the development of atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| PTPN11 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PTPN11, BPTP3, CFC, JMML, METCDS, NS1, PTP-1D, PTP2C, SH-PTP2, SH-PTP3, SHP2, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 176876; MGI: 99511; HomoloGene: 2122; GeneCards: PTPN11; OMA:PTPN11 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002834
NM\_080601
NM\_001330437
NM\_001374625
NM\_018508   NM\_001109992
NM\_011202   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001317366
NP\_002825
NP\_542168
NP\_001361554   NP\_001103462
NP\_035332   Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 112.42 – 112.51 Mb Chr 5: 121.27 – 121.33 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Tillandsia kalmbacheri

abstract: Tillandsia kalmbacheri is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Tillandsia kalmbacheri

***Tillandsia kalmbacheri*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Tillandsia*. This species is endemic to Mexico.

* Espejo-Serna, Adolfo; López-Ferrari, Ana Rosa; Ramírez-morillo, Ivón; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry E.; Till, Walter (1 June 2004). "Checklist of Mexican Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **25** (1): 33–86. ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41760147.

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia kalmbacheri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. kalmbacheri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia kalmbacheri***<br>Matuda | |
|


title: Hans von Bartels

abstract: Hans von Bartels was a German painter.

text:
# Hans von Bartels

**Hans von Bartels** (25 December 1856 – 5 October 1913) was a German painter.

## Life

He was born in Hamburg, the son of Dr N. F. F. von Bartels, a Russian government official. He studied first under the marine painter R. Hardorff in Hamburg, then under C. Schweitzer in Düsseldorf and Carl Oesterley in Hamburg, and finally at the Berlin School of Art. After travelling extensively, especially in Italy, he settled in Munich in 1885 and was appointed professor of painting in 1891. He died in Munich.

Bartels is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Although an oil painter of great power, he is also one of the leading German water-colour painters, mainly of marines and scenes of fishing life, painted with rude vigour and a great display of technical skill. Bartels made a great contribution to the development of the watercolour. He was the first to use watercolour paint of large formats without the earlier conventions. From 1887 Von Bartels came every summer to the Dutch coast, especially to Katwijk aan Zee, to paint the fisherfolk and their labour. He excels in storm scenes and in depicting the strong, healthy fishing-folk of the northern coasts. He became an honorary member of leading English, German, Dutch, Belgian and Austrian art societies.

## Legacy

Among his principal works are:

* "*Lonely Beach*"
* "*Potato HarvestRügen*"
* "*StormBornholm*"
* "*Moonlight on the Zuyder Zee*"

He has paintings in public collections in London and Paisley.

* "Bartels, Hans von". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 447.
* Ed. Heyck: Hans von Bartels. Leipzig 1903.
* Media related to Hans von Bartels at Wikimedia Commons


title: Palmetto, Missouri

abstract: Palmetto is an unincorporated community in southeastern Greene County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community lies at an elevation of 1437 feet and is located near the headwaters of Turner Creek on the BNSF Railway, approximately two miles northwest of Rogersville. Henderson in western Webster County lies approximately 1.5 miles to the east along Missouri Route D.

text:
# Palmetto, Missouri

**Palmetto** is an unincorporated community in southeastern Greene County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community lies at an elevation of 1437 feet and is located near the headwaters of Turner Creek on the BNSF Railway, approximately two miles northwest of Rogersville. Henderson in western Webster County lies approximately 1.5 miles to the east along Missouri Route D.

## History

A post office called Palmetto was established in 1890, and remained in operation until 1914.

It is unknown why the name Palmetto was applied to this community.

37°08′32″N 93°05′44″W / 37.14222°N 93.09556°W / 37.14222; -93.09556


title: Orbits (sculpture)

abstract: Orbits is a public art work by Russian-American artist Alexander Liberman located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The sculpture is an abstract form; it is installed on the patio.

text:
# Orbits (sculpture)

***Orbits*** is a public art work by Russian-American artist Alexander Liberman located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The sculpture is an abstract form; it is installed on the patio.

## Description

The sculpture consists of four narrow tubes painted red-orange. Two tubes form elipses; two thrust toward the ground and out into space.

## InfoBox

| Orbits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Alexander Liberman |
| Year | 1967 |
| Type | steel |
| Dimensions | 160 cm × 190 cm × 64 cm (64 in × 73 in × 25 in) |
| Location | Lynden Sculpture Garden, Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 43°10′36.6″N 87°56′11.8″W / 43.176833°N 87.936611°W / 43.176833; -87.936611 |
| Owner | Bradley Family Foundation |


title: Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo

abstract: Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo is a modern Korean martial art formed in April 1965 by Kim Young-taek, Hong Chong-soo, and Lee Kang-ik, after a significant group of former students of Hwang Kee chose to leave the original Moo Duk Kwan organization in order to join the Taekwondo unification movement.

text:
# Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo

**Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo** is a modern Korean martial art formed in April 1965 by Kim Young-taek, Hong Chong-soo, and Lee Kang-ik, after a significant group of former students of Hwang Kee chose to leave the original Moo Duk Kwan organization in order to join the Taekwondo unification movement.

## Meaning

* Moo – military, chivalry, martial; within the ideograph the inner part of the symbol is the word for "stop" and the outer part means "weapon"
* Duk – benevolence, virtue, goodness, commanding respect; within the ideograph on the left it means "little steps" or "to happen", and on the right the character means "moral"; thus moral steps or perhaps virtuous conduct
* Kwan – large building, palace, library; again within the ideograph the left part looks like a roofed building and technically means "to eat" (under a roof).

*Moo Duk Kwan* can therefore be loosely translated to "school of martial virtue"

## History

Moo Duk Kwan is the name adopted by Hwang Kee for his martial arts school established in Korea November 9, 1945. Hwang Kee named the first martial art system he taught in his Moo Duk Kwan schools Hwa Soo Do. Later Hwang Kee modified the content of his martial art system and named it Tang Soo Do and eventually he modified his martial art system again and adopted the name Soo Bahk Do to reflect the significant changes incorporated into his system including a new series of hyungs. At the various developments of the art, some of Hwang Kee's students chose to leave the organization, and start new groups in order to keep using the old name of the art and the old curriculum. This has resulted in several different independent groups using the Moo Duk Kwan name for their organizations worldwide, while using different names for their martial art, such as Tang Soo Do, Taekwondo and Soo Bak Do.

The Soo Bak Do branch of Moo Duk Kwan in the US considers themselves to be the true Moo Duk Kwan school, and Moo Duk Kwan and Hwang Kee's fist logo are therefore federally registered trademarks 3,023,145 and 1,446,944 and 3,119,287 of Hwang Kee's licensed successor organizations in the US. However, for the origin of the Taekwondo branch of Moo Duk Kwan, one has to look to Korea.

In 1961 the Korean government initiated a movement to unify all of its country's martial arts schools under one governing body. This body would originally be called the Korean Tae Soo Do Association and later renamed the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association. The stated purpose was to unify the Kwans and allow for growth of this newly named Korean martial art.

"A Modern History of Taekwondo", reprinted records and minutes of the meetings of the Kwan Unity committee indicating that Hwang Kee was upset that he would not lead the unified group.

In March 1965 three of Hwang Kee's senior students, Kim Young-taek, Hong Chong-soo, and Lee Kang-ik, led a significant number of practitioners from Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan schools to join the Tae Kwon Do Kwan Unity Movement and in April 1965 Lee Kang-ik became the president of the new group, which took the name Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo.

Today, the Moo Duk Hae is a social friendship club that endorses the Kukkiwon curriculum. Every year the Moo Duk Hae has an anniversary celebration in Korea, where members from all over the world attend.

## Present Day

Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan schools have been the birthplace of many esteemed martial artists who today promote a multitude of different martial art systems including Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do, Tae Kwon Do and more. Many practitioners with lineage back to Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan schools consider each other as brothers and may attend each other's special events and tournaments. As founder of the 1st Moo Duk Kwan school on November 9, 1945 Hwang Kee is the progenitor of many practitioners worldwide and who express great admiration for him and his achievements in the martial arts.

* History of Moo Duk Kwan By Hwang Kee ISBN 0-9631358-7-2
* "U.S. Patent and Trademark Office" registrations 3,023,145 and 1,446,944 and 3,119,287
* A Modern History of Taekwondo 1999 (Korean) Lee Kyong-myung and Kang Won-sik ISBN 89-358-0124-0
* Excerpts from "A Modern History of Taekwondo"
* Global Taekwondo 2003 (English) Kyo-yoon Lee ISBN 89-952721-4-7
* A Guide to Taekwondo 1996 (English) Kyo-yoon Lee ISBN 89-7500-064-8
* Kukkiwon 25th Anniversary Text 1997 (Korean) Un-yong Kim
* Kukkiwon Textbook 2006 (English/Korean) Um Woon-kyu

## InfoBox

Taekwondo
| Country of origin | Korea |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Kim Young-taek, Hong Chong-soo, and Lee Kang-ik |
| Ancestor arts | Taekyon, Su Bak, Tang Soo Do |


title: Project Echelon Racing

abstract: Project Echelon Racing is an American UCI Continental cycling team established in 2017. It gained UCI Continental status in 2023, after competing as a club team in previous years.

text:
# Project Echelon Racing

**Project Echelon Racing** is an American UCI Continental cycling team established in 2017. It gained UCI Continental status in 2023, after competing as a club team in previous years.

## Team roster

*As of February 7, 2024.*

| Rider Date of birth  Richard Arnopol (USA)  (1992-05-10) May 10, 1992  Cade Bickmore (USA)  (1998-03-28) 28 March 1998  Sam Boardman (USA)  (1995-09-08) September 8, 1995  Caleb Classen (USA)  (2001-09-19) September 19, 2001  Ethan Craine (NZL)  (2001-10-13) 13 October 2001  Laurent Gervais (CAN)  (1997-11-03) November 3, 1997  Zach Gregg (USA)  (1993-03-14) 14 March 1993 |  | Rider Date of birth  Colby Lange (USA)  (1999-03-30) March 30, 1999  Scott McGill (USA)  (1998-09-20) 20 September 1998  Brendan Rhim (USA)  (1995-12-19) December 19, 1995  Torbjørn Andre Røed (NOR)  (1997-03-08) March 8, 1997  Hugo Scala Jr (USA)  (1997-12-29) December 29, 1997  Tyler Stites (USA)  (1998-03-18) March 18, 1998  Matt Zimmer (USA)  (1993-04-24) April 24, 1993 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Major results

2021 Stage 4 Joe Martin Stage Race, George Simpson 2022 Tour of the Gila Stages 2 & 4, Tyler Stites Stage 3 (ITT), George Simpson 2023 Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic Stage 3, Tyler Stites Overall Tucson Bicycle Classic Prologue, Tyler Stites Stage 1 Joe Martin Stage Race, Tyler Stites Stage 4 Tour of the Gila, Cade Bickmore 2024 International Rhodes Grand Prix 1st, Tyler Stites

## InfoBox

Project Echelon Racing
| Team information | |
| --- | --- |
| UCI code | PEC |
| Registered | United States |
| Founded | 2017 (2017) |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Status |  |
| Website | Team home page |
| Key personnel | |
| General manager | Eric Hill |
| Team manager(s) | Isaiah Newkirk<br>John Hamblen |
| Team name history | |
| 2017– | Project Echelon Racing |


title: Hobbys Yards, New South Wales

abstract: Hobbys Yards is a small village in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia, in Blayney Shire. It is situated within an hour's driving time from the regional centres, townships, villages of Bathurst, Barry, Blayney, Neville and Trunkey Creek. At the 2006 census, Hobbys Yards locality had a population of 198 people, most of them living on neighbouring farms. The village is named after Thomas Hobby who accompanied John Oxley on his exploration expeditions, or his son. By road it is 18 minutes from Blayney, which contains the chambers of the local shire council, a public library, and the nearest supermarket, 40 minutes (40 km) from Bathurst, which contains most facilities and whose postcode covers Hobbys Yards, and 10 minutes from Newbridge, the closest railway station and pub. All of these roads are sealed but subject to frost and occasionally snow or at other times to flooding, and to the hazard of hitting a kangaroo or wombat particularly at or after dusk. The nearest service stations are also at Blayney, one of them offering unmanned 24-hour service by credit card. The entire locality is within Blayney Shire, but all but the westernmost farms are in the Bathurst postal district and so have its postcode. It is served by the Barry Hobbys Yards Rural Fire Brigade, who are based at nearby Barry but who maintain a water tank at the Hobbys Yards Community Hall.

text:
# Hobbys Yards, New South Wales

**Hobbys Yards** is a small village in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia, in Blayney Shire. It is situated within an hour's driving time from the regional centres, townships, villages of Bathurst, Barry, Blayney, Neville and Trunkey Creek. At the 2006 census, Hobbys Yards locality had a population of 198 people, most of them living on neighbouring farms. The village is named after Thomas Hobby who accompanied John Oxley on his exploration expeditions, or his son.

By road it is 18 minutes (20 km on the bitumen) from Blayney, which contains the chambers of the local shire council, a public library, and the nearest supermarket, 40 minutes (40 km) from Bathurst, which contains most facilities and whose postcode covers Hobbys Yards, and 10 minutes from Newbridge, the closest railway station (but currently without a passenger service) and pub. All of these roads are sealed but subject to frost and occasionally snow or at other times to flooding, and to the hazard of hitting a kangaroo or wombat particularly at or after dusk. The nearest service stations are also at Blayney, one of them offering unmanned 24-hour service by credit card.

The entire locality is within Blayney Shire, but all but the westernmost farms are in the Bathurst postal district and so have its postcode. It is served by the Barry Hobbys Yards Rural Fire Brigade, who are based at nearby Barry but who maintain a water tank at the Hobbys Yards Community Hall.

## Heritage buildings

The village contains two locally heritage listed buildings:

* 9 Church Lane, St Peters Uniting Church (formerly Presbyterian) and its cemetery.
* 11 Church Lane, the 1881 school (now a private residence) and its garden.

On 23 September 2016, an arsonist set fire to furniture piled up around the St Peter's Uniting Church's communion table which burned the table, Baptismal font, Elder's chairs and the floor, with damage estimated at $100,000. The church has since reopened and regular monthly services have resumed.

The church cemetery is no longer open for new burials, but contains many graves of interest to historians. A new cemetery has been opened in Cemetery Lane, about two kilometres along Three Brothers Road towards Newbridge.

## Coombing Creek

Hobbys Yards is on **Coombing Creek**, less than 3 km from its source. The creek then flows through Barry and **Lake Rowlands** (a major dam which provides the Blayney town water supply) to join the Belubula River just below Blayney.

## InfoBox

| Hobbys Yards<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| A sign greets visitors to Hobbys Yards | |
| Hobbys Yards | |
| Coordinates | 33°42′S 149°19′E / 33.700°S 149.317°E / -33.700; 149.317 |
| Population | 198 (locality) (2006 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2795 (the village), 2799 (western end of the locality) |
| Elevation | 970 m (3,182 ft) |
| Location | 40 km (25 mi) from Bathurst |
| LGA(s) | Blayney Shire Council |
| Region | Central West |
| State electorate(s) | Bathurst |
| Federal division(s) | Calare |


title: Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18

abstract: Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18, is a motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1868. The work is also known as In S. Angelum custodem. Bruckner revised the composition in 1886.

text:
# Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18

****Iam lucis orto sidere**** (Now that the daylight fills the sky), WAB 18, is a motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1868. The work is also known as ***In S. Angelum custodem*** (In the custody of the holy angel). Bruckner revised the composition in 1886.

## History

Bruckner composed this motet in the summer of 1868 for the **Schutzengelbruderschaft** ("Guardian angel confraternity") of Wilhering Abbey. Bruckner dedicated it to Adolf Dorfer, the abbot of the abbey. Bruckner set the music on the text written by Robert Riepl, one of the priests working at the abbey. The motet was performed in the same year in the abbey.

Riepl's text is an adaptation of the text used by Orlande de Lassus. Bruckner's original manuscript, which was stored in the abbey, is lost. A copy of it is stored in the archive of the Kremsmünster Abbey and two other copies are found in the Austrian National Library. The motet was published in 1868 by the Wilhering Abbey.

In 1886, Bruckner made a new version of the motet for men's choir, which was published in the journal **An den schönen blauen Donau**, volume 1, no. 8, p. 240, F. Mamroth, Vienna.

The **Gesamtausgabe** includes two settings of the 1868 version in volume XXI/24, and the 1886 setting in volume XXI/35.

## Music

The first version in Phrygian mode, which Bruckner composed in 1868, is 24-bar long. Two settings are extant: a first with all eight verses of Riepl's text for SATB choir *a cappella*, and a second with only one verse of a different text for SATB choir and organ. The motet is a simple, modally inspired piece and homophonic throughout.

A new version of the motet in G minor, which Bruckner composed in 1886, uses verses 1, 2, 7 and 8 of Riepl's text and is set for TTBB choir *a cappella*.

### Text of the first setting (Robert Riepl)

### Text of the second setting

**Note:** In addition to the Latin text, there is also a German version based on a text by Margarete Hemleben entitled **Du Herr der Herren**, in a presumably Protestant-oriented hymnal.

A performance can be heard on YouTube: Choir Nomen Nescio Arnhem – *Du Herr der Herren*

## Selected discography

The first recording occurred in 1976:

### 1868 version

#### First setting

A few other recordings, all with deviations from the score:

* Balduin Sulzer, Chor des Musikgymnasiums Linz, *Musik aus der Stifterstraße* – LP: Extempore AD-80.01/2, 1980 (verses 1, 2 & 3)
* Robert Jones, Choir of St. Bride's Church, *Bruckner: Motets* – CD: Naxos 8.550956, 1994 (all 8 verses)
* Lionel Sow, Choeur de Filles Caecilia & Maîtrise des Petits Chanteurs de Saint-Christophe de Javel, *Johannes Brahms – Anton Bruckner Jardins secrets* – CD: Studio SM Collection Blanche D3029, 2004 (verses 1, 2 & 3)

#### Second setting

Only one recording :

* Balduin Sulzer, Mozart Chor Linz, Bruckner – CD: AtemMusik Records ATMU 97001, 1997 (with brass accompaniment)

### 1886 version

There are two recordings of this version:

* Duncan Ferguson, Choir of St. Mary's Cathedral of Edinburgh, *Bruckner: Motets*  – CD: Delphian Records DCD34071, 2010
* Matthias Giesen, Schola Floriana, *Kirchenmusik im Bruckner-Ort Ansfelden* – CD: Weinberg Records SW 010497-2, 2016 (strophes 1 & 2)

1. C. Howie, chapter III, p. 95
2. Musikgeschichte des Zisterzienserstiftes Wilhering
3. Jam lucis orto sidere (Orlando di Lasso) on ChoralWiki
4. C. van Zwol, p. 705
5. C. van Zwol, pp. 708-709
6. Gesamtausgabe – Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke
7. Discography by Hans Roelofs

## Sources

* *Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXI: Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke*, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Hans Bauernfeind and Leopold Nowak (Editor), Vienna, 1984/2001
* Cornelis van Zwol, *Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken*, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012. ISBN 978-90-6868-590-9
* Crawford Howie, *Anton Bruckner – A documentary biography*, online revised edition

## InfoBox

| *Iam lucis orto sidere* | |
| --- | --- |
| Motet by Anton Bruckner | |
| Nave of Wilhering Abbey Church | |
| Key |  |
| Catalogue | WAB 18 |
| Language | Latin |
| Composed | * 1868 (1868):  Linz (1st & 2nd settings) * 1886 (1886):  Vienna (3rd setting) |
| Dedication | Alois Dorfer |
| Published | 1868 (1868):  Wilhering Abbey |
| Vocal | * SATB choir (1st & 2nd settings) * TTBB choir (3rd setting) |
| Instrumental | * Organ (2nd setting) * *a cappella* (1st & 3rd settings) |


title: Ivan Vandor

abstract: Ivan Vandor was an Italian composer, musician and ethnomusicologist of Hungarian origin.

text:
# Ivan Vandor

**Ivan Vandor** (13 October 1932 – 15 November 2020) was an Italian composer, musician and ethnomusicologist of Hungarian origin.

## Life

Born in Pécs, Vandor moved to Rome, Italy with his family in 1938.

He began studying the violin at 6 and piano at 8, and, from 1948 to 1954, was tenor sax in the group Roman New Orleans Jazz Band. He was later also a member of the avant-garde groups Musica Elettronica Viva and Gruppo di Improvvisazione di Nuova Consonanza. In 1959, he graduated in Composition with Goffredo Petrassi at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory and in 1962 he obtained Italian citizenship.

Having graduated in ethnomusicology from U.C.L.A., he authored several books and essays. His compositions include several notable soundtracks, such as Mino Guerrini's *Omicidio per appuntamento* (1967), Giulio Questi's *Django Kill* (1967), Nelo Risi's *Diary of a Schizophrenic Girl* (1968) and Michelangelo Antonioni's *The Passenger* (1975).

An album of his chamber works is published on the label Stradivarius.


abstract: Thunder Glacier is located on the northeast slopes of Buckner Mountain, North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is approximately.10 mi (0.16 km) long and separated from the much larger Boston Glacier by an arete.

text:
# Thunder Glacier (Skagit County, Washington)

**Thunder Glacier** is located on the northeast slopes of Buckner Mountain, North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is approximately .10 mi (0.16 km) long and separated from the much larger Boston Glacier by an arete.

## InfoBox

| Thunder Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Thunder GlacierLocation in Washington | |
| Type | Mountain glacier |
| Location | North Cascades National Park, Skagit County, Washington, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 48°30′15″N 120°59′24″W / 48.50417°N 120.99000°W / 48.50417; -120.99000 |
| Length | .10 mi (0.16 km) |
| Terminus | Icefall |
| Status | Retreating |


title: Hans van der Pluijm

abstract: Hans van der Pluijm is a Dutch football coach and former player who coaches Singida BS. in Tanzania. A former goalkeeper, he played for FC Den Bosch between 1967 and 1986. After retiring, he was the manager of Den Bosch until 1995. He then spent a season with Excelsior and since 1999 works in Ghana. His best achievement as a coach/manager was the final of the Dutch Cup in 1991, which Den Bosch lost 1–0.

text:
# Hans van der Pluijm

**Hans van der Pluijm** (born 3 January 1949) is a Dutch football coach and former player who coaches Singida BS. in Tanzania. A former goalkeeper, he played for FC Den Bosch between 1967 and 1986. After retiring, he was the manager of Den Bosch until 1995. He then spent a season with Excelsior and since 1999 works in Ghana. His best achievement as a coach/manager was the final of the Dutch Cup in 1991, which Den Bosch lost 1–0.

## InfoBox

Hans van der Pluijm
| Van der Pluijm in 1971 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Johannes Franciscus van der Pluijm | | |
| Date of birth | 3 January 1949 (1949-01-03) (age 75) | | |
| Place of birth | Nieuwkuijk, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Singida BS | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1965–1967 | Wilhelmina | | |
| 1967–1987 | Den Bosch | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1987–1989 | Den Bosch U18 | | |
| 1990–1992 | Den Bosch (assistant) | | |
| 1993–1995 | Den Bosch | | |
| 1995–1996 | Excelsior | | |
| 1998 | Shizuoka U18 | | |
| 1998–2001 | Gold Fields | | |
| 2002–2003 | Heart of Lions | | |
| 2003–2004 | Saint George | | |
| 2004–2005 | Gold Fields | | |
| 2005–2006 | Heart of Lions | | |
| 2006–2007 | Red Bull Ghana (academy) | | |
| 2007–2008 | Kessben | | |
| 2008–2010 | Feyenoord Soccer Academy (Gomoa) | | |
| 2011–2013 | Berekum Chelsea | | |
| 2013–2014 | Medeama | | |
| 2014–2017 | Young Africans | | |
| 2017–2018 | Singida United | | |
| 2018–2019 | Azam | | |
| 2022– | Singida Fountain Gate | | |


title: Water in Michigan

abstract: Michigan has about 242 streams with a combined length of 36,350 miles (58,500 km) and about 11,000 lakes and ponds. Michigan borders four of the five Great Lakes and is a signatory to the Great Lakes Compact. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for the management of Michigan's water resources.

text:
# Water in Michigan

Michigan has about 242 streams (rivers and creeks) with a combined length of 36,350 miles (58,500 km) and about 11,000 lakes and ponds. Michigan borders four of the five Great Lakes and is a signatory to the Great Lakes Compact. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for the management of Michigan's water resources.

## Sources of water

### Groundwater

The state is divided into 12 hydrologic provinces based on geology, aquifer recharge rates and water quality. Bedrock aquifers provide potable water in five provinces. Glacial-deposit aquifers provide potable water in three provinces. Four provinces have a problem with low water quantity or quality.

### Surface water

Runoff from rain and snow melt provide the water for rivers and creeks. The water then flows into the Great Lakes.

## Uses of water

### Commercial

The Great Lakes are used to ship iron ore, coal, limestone, and cement to and/or from ports in Michigan.

Energy generation is a large user of water. From damming rivers to generate electricity, to power plant cooling, to the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant.

Irrigation and industrial uses also account for water usage.

Bottled water such as BlueTriton Brands Ice Mountain is extracted and bottled in Michigan.

### Municipal

Municipal water systems withdraw water from surface water of the Great Lakes and ground water aquifers.

### Recreational

Michigan has almost 1,200 public and private beaches on lakes and rivers.

The Michigan Department of Natural Resources operates six fish hatcheries and stocks game fish in many lakes and rivers.

The state has over 1,300 boating access sites and over 80 harbors and marinas operated by various government entities.

## Protected areas

Michigan owns all rivers and lakes not surrounded by a sole owner. It has regulations governing structure placement and remedial actions such as chemical treatments to remove plants.

Michigan is home to three wetland habitat National Wildlife Refuges: Seney, Shiawassee, Detroit River International.

Michigan has 16 Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers and 16 State Natural Rivers. Three rivers are on both lists: Au Sable, Pere Marquette, Pine.

Wetlands, commonly known as bogs, swamps, or marshes, are protected. Michigan requires a permit to disturb a wetland and requires mitigation if a wetland will be destroyed. Mitigation requires the creation of a new wetland of 1.5 times or more the size of the destroyed wetland depending on the importance of the wetland.

Michigan has 13 Underwater Preserves to protect shipwrecks and natural features.

## Flora and fauna

### Endangered species

The following clams found in Michigan are listed as endangered: clubshell pearly mussel, northern riffleshell, Snuffbox mussel.

### Invasive species

The Great Lakes have been impaired by invasive species such as the sea lamprey, zebra mussel, quagga mussel, alewife, round goby, and Eurasian milfoil. Asian carp are a threat to enter the Great Lakes. The opening of the Welland Canal allowed the sea lamprey and alewife to bypass the natural barrier of Niagara Falls. Quagga, zebra mussels, and round gobies arrived in the ballast water of ocean-going ships that originated in Europe and Asia and discharged the water in the Great Lakes. Eurasian milfoil was intentionally introduced as an aquatic ornamental plant.

## Pollution

Michigan has banned phosphorus in detergents and lawn fertilizers due to it causing algae growth.

Pharmaceuticals have been detected in Great Lakes water tests. The effects on wildlife are in the early stages of study. Endocrine disruptors have been linked to altered reproductive organs in fish.

Some municipalities in Michigan have a combined sewer for both sewage and storm water. Heavy rains can overwhelm sewage treatment plants and allow partially treated or diluted sewage to enter waterways. The state has schedules with these municipalities to eliminate or mitigate the overflows.

As of March 2015, the Michigan legislature is considering legislation to ban the sale of products containing microbeads. The beads have been detected in the aquatic food chain because they look like food to animals.

In July 2010, an oil pipeline burst resulting in the Kalamazoo River oil spill.

The Tittabawassee River, Saginaw River, and Saginaw Bay have been designated a Superfund site by the EPA due to dioxin contamination from a Dow Chemical Company plant.

Mercury in the environment accumulates in the tissues of certain fish and makes them unsafe for human consumption, particularly for unborn and young children.


title: JP Motorsports

abstract: JP Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, and was owned by Jerry and Phyllis Hattaway. The team planned to compete in 2019, but never announced any drivers for the year. JPM was formed in early 2018 from the assets of TriStar Motorsports' Xfinity Series program. The Hattaways, before forming their own team, and previously has alliances with Derrike Cope Racing and MBM Motorsports.

text:
# JP Motorsports

**JP Motorsports** was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, and was owned by Jerry and Phyllis Hattaway. The team planned to compete in 2019, but never announced any drivers for the year. JPM was formed in early 2018 from the assets of TriStar Motorsports' Xfinity Series program.

The Hattaways, before forming their own team, and previously has alliances with Derrike Cope Racing and MBM Motorsports.

## Xfinity Series

### Team history

The team first became involved in NASCAR when they became partners in Derrike Cope Racing at the beginning of 2016. The partnership dissolved by the end of the season with Cope closing his team. The team then partnered with MBM Motorsports for Iowa's summer race in 2017 with Bobby Dale Earnhardt as the driver, though he failed to qualify.

The team's maiden independent voyage was for a full season in 2018; although the team made it through the year it was not without its low spots. Team owner Jerry Hattaway was knocked out by ex-employee Mike Hayden in a Dover International Speedway garage in spring; Hayden had just quit his job, unhappy about unpaid wages and a chaotic work environment. He also later commented that Hattaway threatened some employees and got in fights with other employees and at times had pending legal consequences because of them, although Hattaway denied the report. Along with unpaid wages, unpaid bills to parts and engine companies added up throughout the season, leading the team's original parts supplier to stop doing business with the team, and disagreements about payment ensued after TriStar Motorsports rented JPM a hauler for 2018. One of the team's drivers, Brandon Hightower, eventually sued the team after his departure, although that case was later dropped. In October, Hattaway admitted that the team struggled, having little funding, 12 employees and very little in terms of planning. After the 2018 season, both of the team's drivers at the end of the year departed. Josh Bilicki went to RSS Racing and Bayley Currey went to Rick Ware Racing.

### Car No. 45 history

On February 5, 2018, it was announced that Josh Bilicki would drive a second full time car, the No. 45, for JP with sponsorship coming from previous Bilicki partner Prevagen. The deal with Bilicki came after the team acquired an old Joe Gibbs Racing car to complement its original stable of TriStar Motorsports cars. The team failed to qualify for the PowerShares QQQ 300 and the Rinnai 250, but has run every race since, save for the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Bayley Currey replaced Bilicki in the No. 45 entry at Texas Motor Speedway, moving over from the 55.

#### Car No. 45 Results

| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | NXSC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Josh Bilicki | 45 | Toyota | DAY
DNQ | ATL
DNQ | LVS
28 | PHO
32 | CAL
32 | TEX
24 | BRI
32 | RCH
33 | TAL
28 | DOV
29 | CLT
25 | POC
29 | MCH
27 | IOW
36 | CHI
35 | DAY
40 | KEN
28 | NHA
34 | IOW
40 | GLN
32 | MOH
20 | BRI
35 | ROA
30 | DAR
28 | IND
38 | LVS
27 | RCH
30 | CLT
24 | DOV
31 | KAN
20 |  | PHO
34 | HOM
DNQ | 35th | 245 |
| | Bayley Currey | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TEX
21 |  | |
|

### Car No. 55 history

In 2018, JP Motorsports announced that Stephen Leicht would drive the No. 55 car for the full 2018 season, with Jason Houghtaling as his crew chief. Jennifer Jo Cobb replaced Leicht in the No. 55 at Talladega. After Leicht returned to run at Dover, the team and driver parted ways. Brandon Hightower stepped in as driver starting at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Hightower later left the team after Kentucky following a dispute about asset ownership; Bayley Currey stepped in as a last-minute replacement at Loudon. Sports car driver Dylan Murcott drove the car at Mid-Ohio but was relegated to last after a first-lap crash. Currey then became the team's oval driver, with Wisconsin native James French taking over the seat at Road America.

#### Car No. 55 results

| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | NXSC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Stephen Leicht | 55 | Toyota | DAY
15 | ATL
32 | LVS
30 | PHO
31 | CAL
31 | TEX
37 | BRI
28 | RCH
37 |  | DOV
33 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 38th | 171 |
| | Jennifer Jo Cobb | | | | |  | | | | | | | | TAL
29 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Brandon Hightower | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CLT
27 | POC
32 | MCH
35 | IOW
30 | CHI
26 | DAY
30 | KEN
26 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bayley Currey | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NHA
29 |  | | | BRI
27 |  | DAR
26 | IND
39 | LVS
24 | RCH
29 | CLT
35 | DOV
29 | KAN
DNQ | TEX
Wth | PHO
30 | HOM
DNQ |
| | Peter Shepherd III | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IOW
31 | GLN |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Dylan Murcott | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MOH
40 |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | James French | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ROA
38 |  | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

JP Motorsports
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Jerry Hattaway
Phyllis Hattaway |
| Base | Escalon, California |
| Series | NASCAR Xfinity Series |
| Race drivers | 45. TBA |
| Sponsors | 45. TBA |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Opened | 2018 |
| Career | |
| Debut | 2018 PowerShares QQQ 300 (Daytona) |
| Latest race | 2018 Ford EcoBoost 300 (Homestead Miami Speedway) |
| Races competed | 59 |
| Drivers' Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 0 |
| Pole positions | 0 |


title: Infinite AIS Cycling Team

abstract: Infinite AIS Cycling Team is a Thai road bicycle racing team. It was known in 2014 as Singha Infinite Cycling Team, Singha is a Thai Boon Rawd Brewery was the first of its kind in Thailand, and produces beer under the Singha brand name. Infinite is a Thai bicycle manufacturer. The team is a member of the UCI Continental cycling team.

text:
# Infinite AIS Cycling Team

**Infinite AIS Cycling Team** (*UCI team code:* **IAC**) is a Thai road bicycle racing team. It was known in 2014 as Singha Infinite Cycling Team, Singha is a Thai Boon Rawd Brewery was the first of its kind in Thailand, and produces beer under the Singha brand name. Infinite is a Thai bicycle manufacturer. The team is a member of the UCI Continental cycling team.

## History

For the 2014 season the team rode Infinite bikes.

## Team roster

| Rider Date of birth  Vincent Ang (SIN)  (1977-05-05) 5 May 1977  Leon Chan (SIN)  (1992-11-20) 20 November 1992  Kritsada Changpad (THA)  (1991-04-05) 5 April 1991  John Ebsen (DNK)  (1988-11-15) 15 November 1988  Konstantin Fast (RUS)  (1976-08-28) 28 August 1976  Wei Jie Lim (SIN)  (1996-08-13) 13 August 1996 |  | Rider Date of birth  Tay Chin Loong (SIN)  (1996-09-24) 24 September 1996  Hong De Low (SIN)  (1993-09-11) 11 September 1993  Khunakon Nonthichan (THA)  (1993-01-06) 6 January 1993  Peter Pouly (FRA)  (1977-06-29) 29 June 1977  Tanaphon Seanaumnuayphon (THA)  (1996-09-23) 23 September 1996  Ronald Yeung (HKG)  (1988-07-30) 30 July 1988 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Major results

2014 Overall The Haute Route, Peter Pouly Stages 1, 2 & 3, Peter Pouly Overall Tour de Ijen, Peter Pouly Stage 1, Kyosuke Takei Stage 3, Peter Pouly 2015 Overall Tour de Ijen, Peter Pouly Stage 3, Peter Pouly

## InfoBox

Infinite AIS Cycling Team
| Team information | |
| --- | --- |
| UCI code | IAC |
| Registered | Thailand |
| Founded | 2014 (2014) |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Status | UCI Continental (2016–2017) |
| Bicycles | Infinite |
| Website | Team home page |
| Key personnel | |
| Team manager(s) | Sébastien Duclos |
| Team name history | |
| 2014–2016
2017– | Singha Infinite Cycling Team
Infinite AIS Cycling Team |


title: Užljebić

abstract: Užljebić is a hamlet in Croatia, located on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina near Ripač. It is a border crossing and the endpoint of the D218 highway. It has no recorded population, and the closest settlement is Nebljusi to the south. In 2009, the Užljebić border crossing was used for the entry of 39,897 passengers and 19,232 vehicles into the Republic of Croatia, while 38,273 passengers and 18,422 vehicles exited through it.

text:
# Užljebić

**Užljebić** is a hamlet in Croatia, located on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina near Ripač. It is a border crossing and the endpoint of the D218 highway. It has no recorded population, and the closest settlement is Nebljusi to the south.

In 2009, the Užljebić border crossing was used for the entry of 39,897 passengers and 19,232 vehicles into the Republic of Croatia, while 38,273 passengers and 18,422 vehicles exited through it.

## InfoBox

| Užljebić | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Užljebić | |
| Coordinates: 44°42′50″N 15°55′41″E / 44.713897°N 15.92798°E / 44.713897; 15.92798 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Lika-Senj County |
| Municipality | Donji Lapac |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Julie Waldburg-Wurzach

abstract: Princess Julie Furstin von Waldburg-Wurzach was an Austrian composer who published over 60 works for voice and/or piano. She was born in Vienna to Count Frans and Frantiska Dubsky von Trebomyslicz. In 1858, she married Prince Eberhard Waldburg-Wurzach, becoming his second wife. They had two daughters, Marie and Elizabeth Sophie. One of Waldburg-Wurzach's teachers was pianist and composer Julie von Pfeilschifter, who lived with the family at Schloss Kißlegg in Württemberg in 1872, then moved with them to Salzburg in 1874. Franz Liszt reviewed Waldburg-Wurzach's compositions in at least one letter in 1874. He suggested a simpler notation for her "Mondlied"; edited the text of "Comme à Vingt Ans"; and noted that her song dedicated to Mme Ehnn, "Liebeshoffnung," "please[d] me particularly." In addition to composing, Waldburg-Wurzach provided significant help to several people.  In 1875, she used her social contacts at Cotta Verlag to help her half-sister Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach begin publishing some of her writing, She visited Ferdinand von Zeppelin after he crashed his aircraft in Allgau, Germany, on 17 January 1906. In 1908, she helped organize a fundraiser and signed an ad in a Wiesbaden newspaper to raise money for her teacher Julie von Pfeilschifter. Waldburg-Wurzach's music was published by Bosworth & Company and Carl Ruhle. Her compositions include:

text:
# Julie Waldburg-Wurzach

Princess **Julie Furstin von Waldburg-Wurzach** (27 April 1841 – 7 December 1914) was an Austrian composer who published over 60 works for voice and/or piano. She was born in Vienna to Count Frans and Frantiska Dubsky von Trebomyslicz. In 1858, she married Prince Eberhard Waldburg-Wurzach, becoming his second wife. They had two daughters, Marie and Elizabeth Sophie.

One of Waldburg-Wurzach's teachers was pianist and composer Julie von Pfeilschifter, who lived with the family at Schloss Kißlegg in Württemberg in 1872, then moved with them to Salzburg in 1874. Franz Liszt reviewed Waldburg-Wurzach's compositions in at least one letter in 1874. He suggested a simpler notation for her "Mondlied"; edited the text of "Comme à Vingt Ans"; and noted that her song dedicated to Mme Ehnn, "Liebeshoffnung," "please\[d\] me particularly."

In addition to composing, Waldburg-Wurzach provided significant help to several people. In 1875, she used her social contacts at Cotta Verlag (today Klett-Cotta Verlag) to help her half-sister Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach begin publishing some of her writing, She visited Ferdinand von Zeppelin after he crashed his aircraft in Allgau, Germany, on 17 January 1906. In 1908, she helped organize a fundraiser and signed an ad in a Wiesbaden newspaper to raise money for her teacher Julie von Pfeilschifter.

Waldburg-Wurzach's music was published by Bosworth & Company and Carl Ruhle. Her compositions include:

## Piano

* *Five Piano Keys for Small Hands, Op. 34*
* *Hochzeitsfanfare (march)*
* *Mitzi-polka*
* *Ohne Ende (polka-mazurka) Op. 15*
* *Sonnenblumenwalzer*
* *Tagesneuigkeiten, Op. 12 (polka)*

## Vocal

* "Comme a vingt ans" Op. 32 (text by Emile Barateau)
* "Drie Lieder" Op. 31 (text by Heinrich Heine and Baron von Eschenbach)
* "Es faelit ein Stern herunter" Op. 26 (text by Heinrich Heine)
* "Es hat nicht sollen sein" Op. 50 (text by Joseph Victor von Scheffel)
* "Frau Nachtigall" Op. 25
* "Herbstklage" Op. 29 (text by Nikolaus Lenau)
* "Lass' mich vor dir niedersinken" Op. 48 (text by Barbara Elisabeth Gluck as Betty Paoli)
* "Lebe wohl" Op. 15
* "Lehn deine Wang' an meine Wang' " Op. 45 (text by Heinrich Heine)
* "Lieder Album" Op. 33 (text by Nikolaus Lenau; Eduard Morike; Hermann Oelschlager; Robert Reinick, and Emanuel von Geibel)
* "O du, vor dem die Stuerme schweigen" Op. 24
* "O Herz du musst dich fassen" Op. 23 (text by Robert Prutz)
* "Schilflied Auf dem Teich dem regungslosen" Op. 60
* "To the Moon" Op. 27
* "Ungarisches Lied" Op. 13
* "Verriet Mein blasses Angesicht" Op. 7 (text by Heinrich Heine)


title: Hobbyist operating system

abstract: The development of a hobbyist operating system is one of the more involved and technical options for a computer hobbyist. The definition of a hobby operating system can sometimes be vague. It can be from the developer's view, where the developers do it just for fun or learning; it can also be seen from the user's view, where the users are only using it as a toy; or it can be defined as an operating system which doesn't have a very big user base. Development can begin from existing resources like a kernel, an operating system, or a bootloader, or it can also be made completely from scratch. The development platform could be a bare hardware machine, which is the nature of an operating system, but it could also be developed and tested on a virtual machine. Since the hobbyist must claim more ownership for adapting a complex system to the ever-changing needs of the technical terrain, much enthusiasm is common amongst the different groups attracted to operating system development.

text:
# Hobbyist operating system

The development of a **hobbyist operating system** is one of the more involved and technical options for a computer hobbyist. The definition of a hobby operating system can sometimes be vague. It can be from the developer's view, where the developers do it just for fun or learning; it can also be seen from the user's view, where the users are only using it as a toy; or it can be defined as an operating system which doesn't have a very big user base.

Development can begin from existing resources like a kernel, an operating system, or a bootloader, or it can also be made completely from scratch. The development platform could be a bare hardware machine, which is the nature of an operating system, but it could also be developed and tested on a virtual machine. Since the hobbyist must claim more ownership for adapting a complex system to the ever-changing needs of the technical terrain, much enthusiasm is common amongst the different groups attracted to operating system development.

## Development

Elements of operating system development include:

The C programming language is frequently used for hobby operating system programming, as well as assembly language, though other languages can be used as well.

The use of assembly language is common with small systems, especially those based on eight bit microprocessors such as the MOS Technology 6502 family or the Zilog Z80, or in systems with a lack of available resources because of its small output size and low-level efficiency.

## User interface

Most hobby operating systems use a command-line interface or a simple text user interface due to ease of development. More advanced hobby operating systems may have a graphical user interface. For example, AtheOS was a hobby operating system with a graphical interface written entirely by one programmer.

### Examples

## Use of BIOS

This section is predominantly x86 oriented.

The term BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) refers to firmware that initialises computer hardware and has provisions to load an operating system. The BIOS also sets up a standard interface for several low-level device drivers at boot time. BIOS resources are often used by hobbyist operating systems, especially those written on 16-bit x86 machines, as many hobby operating systems developers lack the time to write complex low level drivers themselves or they simply want to get into writing software for the system as soon as possible.

The most commonly used BIOS functions are VideoBIOS and Disk services. These are used because video cards and disk drives vary significantly on different machines and specialised drivers are often difficult to write.

The use of the BIOS is uncommon in operating systems that operate in Protected mode or Long mode, because the system must switch back to real mode which BIOS drivers run in.


title: Iam Tongi

abstract: William "Iam" Guy Tongi is an American singer who won season 21 of American Idol. He is the first person from Hawaii, the first Pacific Islander, and the first non-country genre singer in three years, to win the competition. He is also the first winner to have been born after the show's premiere on June 11, 2002.

text:
# Iam Tongi

**William** "**Iam**" **Guy Tongi** (born September 1, 2004) is an American singer who won season 21 of *American Idol*. He is the first person from Hawaii, the first Pacific Islander, and the first non-country genre singer in three years, to win the competition. He is also the first winner to have been born after the show's premiere on June 11, 2002.

## Early life and education

Tongi is originally from Kahuku, Hawaii, on the island of Oahu. His family relocated to Federal Way, Washington in the summer of 2019, where he attended Federal Way High School. He then later transferred and graduated from Decatur High School. He is of Tongan, Samoan and Irish descent. Tongi is also a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The youngest of five children, Tongi learned to play the ukulele in fifth grade. When he was 13, his father gifted him a guitar that he had bought with his holiday paycheck. Tongi would go on to use the guitar in nearly all of his performances on *American Idol.*

## *American Idol*

### Audition

Tongi auditioned for Season 20 of *American Idol*, but failed to get past the initial screening. Without telling him, his mother signed him up for the Season 21 auditions. Tongi was reluctant to audition again, however he was able to appear in front of judges Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan.

During the audition, Tongi talked about having to move to Washington because he was "priced out of paradise". When asked about his father, Tongi became teary-eyed, explaining that Rodney, his dad, had passed away a few months before the audition, and that Rodney was the one who got him into music. Tongi had not originally planned to talk about his dad because he did not want his journey to be seen as a sob story.

Tongi's audition, a rendition of James Blunt's song "Monsters", which he dedicated to his father, earned him a standing ovation from all three judges and a unanimous vote to the next round. The audition video quickly went viral, drawing 112,000 Instagram followers in the two days after Tongi's performance. Tongi's audition also became *Idol*'s most-watched audition video on the show's YouTube channel, generating over 16 million views in three months.

### Hollywood Week

During Hollywood Week on *American Idol* Tongi's guitar broke and he lost his voice. When he appeared before the judges, he started crying, explaining that he had promised his dad he would use the guitar on every performance. Tongi later said he felt like it was a way of his dad telling him he could do it on his own, and he appeared in later rounds without his guitar.

### Duet with James Blunt

During *American Idol*'s season finale, Tongi teamed up with James Blunt to deliver an emotionally charged duet of Blunt's song "Monsters", the same song Tongi had used for his audition. The performance left both the judges and audience in tears. Tongi himself broke down part way through the song but eventually regained his composure and finished. He told *Rolling Stone*,

> "My dad always told me that I'm gonna make it one day and that he probably wouldn't be around to see me be successful. When I was on stage, I was crying because I was thinking about when he said that to me. He was hoping this for me since the beginning."

Blunt said of the performance,

> "I sang on American Idol with Iam Tongi, and actually he broke down in tears, and then you suddenly realize the desperation of that moment because poor him, his father had died. And really living that. And the poignancy in the next line is, ‘I’ll leave a light on, I’ll be the last one, and I’ll leave a light on / There’d be no darkness in your heart.’ \[and\] it’s a real moment where you can imagine the death of your closest relative, and it’s a really amazing moment to live it. In many ways, I think I am, and I really lived it on a stage together."

### Controversy

Tongi's win left *Idol* fans divided, with some praising him while others criticized the show, saying he won on sympathy alone. Runner-up Megan Danielle defended Tongi, saying, "Iam was deserving and he's so humble and so talented." Tongi meanwhile said he approached the announcement of the winner with an open mind: "I didn't expect to make it this far. No matter \[who won\], I was going to be happy."

### Legacy

Tongi's song choices during the competition included a remake of Hawaiian reggae group Kolohe Kai's song "Cool Down", which he performed during the finale. Hawaii recording artists and producers alike praised Tongi for bringing island music to a national stage. Roman De Peralta, Kolohe Kai's frontman, said:

> "\[The *American Idol* audience is\] a demographic that we don't really get to share our culture, our island vibes with. I feel like \[Tongi's song choices\] really paved a beautiful way for us as artists to be in front of people we really never got to."

Native Hawaiian recording artist Kimie Miner added:

> "We don't see a lot of people like us being marketed in mainstream music. So, what Iam was able to do by being on \[*American Idol*\] and having this platform is he showed everybody that there's a big desire for the kind of music we have here. It showed the world how AAPI artists are equally competitive in this music industry while we're still being true to our culture, representing our island life, heritage, and 'ohana."

Tongi said he was grateful to be able to showcase the genre to *Idol* viewers:

> "I wanted to represent the islands, and represent where I'm from, people in Hawaii... I just wanted to put island music on the map because island music is so beautiful, but a lot of people don't really know about it, only islanders."

Tongi also said he hopes his journey encourages other Polynesians to pursue careers in music:

> "A lot of Polynesians are way better than me and they’re just too scared to do stuff like this. It’s just the Polynesian way: you don’t want to embarrass yourself. There’s a lot of pride in our culture. We don’t want to look dumb or anything, so we just tried to just stick to our own lane.”

## Career

Before appearing on *American Idol*, Tongi released a single, "Dreams", which he wrote for his sister's wedding in 2020. Other pre-*Idol* singles included a cover of ABBA's "The Winner Takes It All" and another original single, "Gone".

A few days prior to *Idol*'s season finale, Tongi released the single "I'll Be Seeing You". The song reached No. 3 on *Billboard*'s Digital Song Sales and No. 1 on Rock Digital Song Sales, from 11,000 downloads.

Tongi credits Hawaii-born singer Jack Johnson for mentoring him and helping him navigate the music industry. He also credits his family with keeping him grounded in the face of fame. Tongi says the biggest lesson he has learned since winning the competition is to "Be yourself. Don’t let people push you or try to mold you into another person."

### Post-*Idol* highlights

Shortly after winning *Idol*, Tongi embarked on a tour that saw him reunite with fellow contestant Oliver Steele, who finished in the Top 8 and with whom Tongi formed a special bond during the competition. During the tour, while both Tongi and Steele were on Oahu, a local guitar maker gifted the duo custom made, matching ukuleles to symbolize their friendship.

On July 1, 2023, at a concert at the Turtle Bay Resort, Tongi surprised the audience by inviting Roman De Peralta from Kolohe Kai to join him on stage to perform "Cool Down", the same song he showcased on *Idol*. The concert was their first time performing the song together. De Peralta said afterward, "He's coming home after an epic win, and I texted him, are you going to jam 'Cool Down' tomorrow? And he said yeah, and I said, ‘Can I join?’ and he was really stoked. I am honored to be here."

On July 10, 2023, Tongi sang the national anthem at the 2023 Home Run Derby, but forgot to remove the baseball cap he was wearing before he sang. Tongi apologized on social media, attributing the faux pas to being nervous performing in front of such a large crowd.

On August 12, 2023, Tongi released an Instagram video honoring the victims of the 2023 Maui wildfires. Encouraging his fans to donate, and expressing his love and support for the people of Maui, he sang a cover of Israel Kamakawiwo'ole's "Starting All Over Again".

On August 25, 2023, Tongi released a studio version of his duet with James Blunt of Blunt's song "Monsters". Tongi wrote on social media, "From covering it on TikTok 3 years ago to singing it in my audition on @americanidol, to performing it at the Idol finale with @jamesblunt , “Monsters” means so much to me."

On September 22, 2023, Tongi released another original single, "Why Kiki?" followed by his first holiday EP, "An Iam Tongi Christmas", which included his versions of "White Christmas", "The Christmas Song", and "Mele Kalikimaka".

## Discography

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
Digital
 | US
Rock
 | US
Rock Digital
 | US
World
 | |
| "I'll Be Seeing You" | 2023 | 3 | 19 | 1 |  |  |
| | "The Winner Takes It All" |  |  | 19 |  |  |
| | "Why Kiki?" |  |  |  | 1 |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | |

Official website

## InfoBox

| Iam Tongi | |
| --- | --- |
| Tongi rehearsing before a concert | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | William Guy Tongi |
| Born | (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004
Kahuku, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Genres | Reggae |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instruments | * Vocals * acoustic guitar * ukulele |
| Years active | 2020–present |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Chouteau County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Chouteau County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Chouteau County, Montana

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Chouteau County, Montana**. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Chouteau County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Listings county-wide

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | I.G. Baker House |  | November 20, 1980
(#80002403) | 1604 Front St.
47°49′08″N 110°39′35″W / 47.818889°N 110.659722°W / 47.818889; -110.659722 (I.G. Baker House) | Fort Benton |  |
| 2 | Chouteau County Courthouse |  | September 29, 1980
(#80002404) | 1308 Franklin St.
47°49′03″N 110°39′53″W / 47.8175°N 110.664722°W / 47.8175; -110.664722 (Chouteau County Courthouse) | Fort Benton |  |
| 3 | Citadel Rock |  | November 13, 1974
(#74001095) | East of Fort Benton
47°49′52″N 110°04′28″W / 47.831111°N 110.074444°W / 47.831111; -110.074444 (Citadel Rock) | Fort Benton |  |
| 4 | Eagle Butte School |  | January 28, 2009
(#08001383) | Eagle Butte School Rd., 23 miles off Montana Highway 80
47°53′09″N 110°10′12″W / 47.885712°N 110.169923°W / 47.885712; -110.169923 (Eagle Butte School) | Fort Benton |  |
| 5 | First National Bank of Geraldine |  | January 9, 2008
(#07001363) | 311 Main St.
47°36′09″N 110°15′53″W / 47.6025°N 110.264722°W / 47.6025; -110.264722 (First National Bank of Geraldine) | Geraldine |  |
| 6 | Fort Benton |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000431) | Front St. (1220 through 1900 block) levee, and bridge
47°49′04″N 110°40′02″W / 47.817778°N 110.667222°W / 47.817778; -110.667222 (Fort Benton) | Fort Benton |  |
| 7 | Fort Benton Bridge |  | August 6, 1980
(#80002406) | Spans the Missouri River
47°49′02″N 110°39′38″W / 47.817222°N 110.660556°W / 47.817222; -110.660556 (Fort Benton Bridge) | Fort Benton |  |
| 8 | Fort Benton Engine House |  | November 20, 1980
(#80002407) | Front and 15th Sts.
47°49′02″N 110°39′38″W / 47.817222°N 110.660556°W / 47.817222; -110.660556 (Fort Benton Engine House) | Fort Benton |  |
| 9 | Geraldine Milwaukee Depot |  | March 21, 1997
(#97000254) | Railroad Ave., approximately 10 miles south of Montana Highway 80
47°36′14″N 110°15′55″W / 47.603889°N 110.265278°W / 47.603889; -110.265278 (Geraldine Milwaukee Depot) | Geraldine |  |
| 10 | Grand Union Hotel |  | January 2, 1976
(#76001121) | 14th and Front Sts.
47°48′52″N 110°40′08″W / 47.814444°N 110.668889°W / 47.814444; -110.668889 (Grand Union Hotel) | Fort Benton |  |
| 11 | Judith Landing Historic District |  | December 6, 1975
(#75001081) | Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument
47°44′14″N 109°37′34″W / 47.737361°N 109.626104°W / 47.737361; -109.626104 (Judith Landing Historic District) | Winifred | Historic site managed by BLM; extends into Fergus County. Boundary increase on 2014-04-11. |
| 12 | Lewis and Clark Camp at Slaughter River |  | December 16, 1974
(#74001094) | 40 miles south of the Big Sandy River on the Missouri River
47°43′04″N 109°50′59″W / 47.717778°N 109.849722°W / 47.717778; -109.849722 (Lewis and Clark Camp at Slaughter River) | Big Sandy |  |
| 13 | Lonetree |  | September 11, 1980
(#80002410) | South of Geraldine
47°32′37″N 110°17′21″W / 47.543611°N 110.289167°W / 47.543611; -110.289167 (Lonetree) | Geraldine |  |
| 14 | Masonic Building |  | October 14, 1980
(#80002408) | 1418 Front St.
47°49′03″N 110°39′41″W / 47.8175°N 110.661389°W / 47.8175; -110.661389 (Masonic Building) | Fort Benton |  |
| 15 | St. Paul's Episcopal Church |  | September 29, 1980
(#80002409) | 14th and Chouteau Sts.
47°49′06″N 110°39′58″W / 47.818333°N 110.666111°W / 47.818333; -110.666111 (St. Paul's Episcopal Church) | Fort Benton |  |
| 16 | Shonkin Creek Bridge |  | March 26, 2012
(#12000169) | Approximately mile 21 on Shonkin Rd.
47°33′57″N 110°33′11″W / 47.565697°N 110.552999°W / 47.565697; -110.552999 (Shonkin Creek Bridge) | Geraldine vicinity | part of the Montana's Steel Stringer and Steel Girder Bridges MPS |
| 17 | Square Butte Jail |  | July 23, 1998
(#98000888) | Salsbury Ave.
47°31′02″N 110°11′52″W / 47.517222°N 110.197778°W / 47.517222; -110.197778 (Square Butte Jail) | Square Butte |  |
| 18 | Square Butte School |  | July 15, 2013
(#13000496) | Northwest corner of Diederick St. and Broadway
47°31′00″N 110°12′08″W / 47.516567°N 110.202230°W / 47.516567; -110.202230 (Square Butte School) | Square Butte |  |
| 19 | Teton River Crossing on the Whoop-Up Trail |  | April 15, 1993
(#93000275) | Address restricted
 | Carter |  |
| 20 | Virgelle Mercantile and Virgelle State Bank |  | April 15, 1997
(#97000315) | County Road 430, approximately 6.3 miles south of U.S. Route 87
48°00′57″N 110°14′55″W / 48.015833°N 110.248611°W / 48.015833; -110.248611 (Virgelle Mercantile and Virgelle State Bank) | Virgelle |  |
| 21 | West Quincy Granite Quarry |  | March 3, 2000
(#00000163) | Flat Creek Rd.
47°32′42″N 110°16′58″W / 47.545°N 110.282778°W / 47.545; -110.282778 (West Quincy Granite Quarry) | Square Butte |  |

## Former listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Chouteau County Jail |  | August 11, 1980
(#80002405) | June 3, 1986 | Washington and Fourteenth Sts.
 | Fort Benton | Demolished in 1986. |


title: Jack Aeby

abstract: Jack W. Aeby was an American environmental physicist most famous for having taken the only well-exposed color photograph of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity nuclear test site in New Mexico.

text:
# Jack Aeby

**Jack W. Aeby** (/ˈæbi/; August 16, 1923 – June 19, 2015) was an American environmental physicist most famous for having taken the only well-exposed color photograph of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity nuclear test site in New Mexico.

## Early life

Jack Aeby was born on August 16, 1923, in Mound City, Missouri, United States.

## Career

In 1942, Aeby joined the Manhattan Project by filling out an employment application in Albuquerque. He did a lot of jobs, including ferrying scientists and equipment between Albuquerque and Los Alamos. Though a civilian, he worked his way up into the SED (Special Engineering Detachment) in technician roles and eventually witnessed nearly 100 nuclear explosions. After getting his degree at UC Berkeley after the war, he returned, in the Health Physics Department.

On July 16, 1945, Aeby took the only well-exposed color photograph of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon at the Trinity nuclear test site in New Mexico.

While color motion pictures of the Trinity test were made, most were badly overexposed or damaged due to the fireball's tendency to blister and solarize the film. Aeby was a civilian assigned to the Physics Group 5 with Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain at the time his snapshot was taken.

The photo was taken with a Perfex 33 with a 35mm lens, using a shutter speed of 1/100 at f4 and Anscochrome color movie stock film.

Aeby was not an official observer at the test site, but was invited along to take informal photos of the work, which he had commonly done since he arrived at Los Alamos. He says he took the photos of the blast on a whim, "it was there so I shot it". He took the film, a non-standard piece of Ansochrome movie stock film, out of the camera that night at a local photo lab, and worked it through the 21 step procedure for color film developing. Later on, Los Alamos management asked him if they could keep the original negative "for safe keeping". It has since been lost.

Aeby says in most uses of the photo it is reversed. This was done intentionally so that the asymmetrical fireball and cloud would look the same as other official pictures taken from the north; Aeby was on the south at the Base Camp when he took the picture.

Aeby is a source for a story about a notable estimate made by Enrico Fermi at that test:

> As the shock wave hit Base Camp, Aeby saw Enrico Fermi with a handful of torn paper. "He was dribbling it in the air. When the shock wave came it moved the confetti." Fermi had just estimated the yield of the first nuclear explosion at the equivalent of 10,000 tons of TNT. Later measures put the yield nearly twice as much, at 18.6 kilotons. And this terrible new energy came from a plutonium ball weighing 13.6 pounds.

## Personal life

Aeby lived in the Española Valley in northern New Mexico with his wife Jeanne. They had 5 children. Aeby died at his home in Española in 2015.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Jack Aeby | |
| --- | --- |
| Aeby in 2003 | |
| Born | Jack W. Aeby
(1923-08-16)August 16, 1923
Mound City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | June 19, 2015(2015-06-19) (aged 91)
Española, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Occupation | Environmental physicist |
| Notable work | Trinity nuclear test color photograph |


title: Infinite Carcass

abstract: Infinite Carcass is the debut studio album by American hardcore punk band Girlfight. It was released on October 16, 2010, via indie record label Emerald Moon Records.

text:
# Infinite Carcass

***Infinite Carcass*** is the debut studio album by American hardcore punk band Girlfight. It was released on October 16, 2010, via indie record label Emerald Moon Records.

## Background and recording

After the release of *Ghost Eater*, the band met with Chris Owen (Breather Resist, Coliseum, Ed Gein) to help make the band's debut studio album. *Infinite Carcass* was intended to be a full-length, and then accidentally wasn't due to the songs being short. "We'd be like, 'This song is done... sh\*t, it's only a minute long,'" recalls Watt. Vocalist Dave Watt points the band’s direction towards its predecessors, like Every Time I Die and Gallows.

*Infinite Carcass* was the first project that the band has felt was serious "For a week our whole lives were this record. Usually you're recording with some dudes in Pittsburgh over five weekends. "All we did was record, play hacky sack and eat noodles."

The album was recorded and mixed by Chris Owens at Headbanging Kill Your Mama Music, mastered by Bill Henderson at Azimuth Mastering. The artwork was made by Dave Watt, Bradon Volkman, and Bats For Supper designs**.** The band made a CD release show at Hot Metal Bridge Church, on October 16, 2010.

A music video was made for the track "Doom Route" on March 14, 2011, it was filmed by Death Perception Pictures.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| The Purdue University Calumet Chronicles | 7/10 |
| RockFreaks | 6.5/10 |
| The Pittsburgh Scene | Positive |
| Pittsburgh City Paper | Positive |

The album received mixed to positive reviews outlets.

PUC Chronicles had a overwhelming positive stance on the album saying "This album, though, packs quite a punch and with a lot of substance. Songs like “Doom Route” and “Sick Day” seem to epitomize the band and their ability to intertwine angular, off-time parts with standard metered, traditional hardcore. This album can definitely serve as an “introduction to hardcore-punk music.”

The Pittsburgh Scene was also positive "All of the songs flow perfectly, leaving the listener with absolutely no downtime to recuperate and prepare for the next track. Girlfight provides an arsenal of their signature blistering-speed short songs, with the longest track coming in just under two minutes."

RockFreaks was mixed "The record is too short and the songs similarly chaotic to each other for me to come up with much more in this review, but just check the for the fans of section and make a decision to check these guys out."

The Pittsburgh City Paper was pleased with the effort "The sense of compression is palpable. Like some airborne toxin, it doesn't take extended exposure to *Infinite Carcass* to contract the rousing anxiety it radiates."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Girlfight

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Doom Route" (Additional vocals by Chris Owens) | 1:38 |
| 2. | "Sick Day" | 1:37 |
| 3. | "Vice Precedence" | 0:54 |
| 4. | "Feeble Crown" | 1:11 |
| 5. | "Halcyon" | 0:55 |
| 6. | "Seven Cycles" | 1:49 |
| 7. | "Milk Brain" | 0:50 |
| 8. | "Mange Event" | 0:54 |
| 9. | "Executive Death" | 1:06 |
| 10. | "Shitty Lazarus" | 1:04 |
| Total length: | | 12:02 |

## Personnel

**Girlfight**

* Dave Watt – vocals
* Jordan Bellotti – guitar
* Richie Lattanzi – bass
* Brandon Volkman – drums

**Technical personnel**

* Chris Owens – recording, mixing, and additional vocals in "Doom Route."
* Bill Henderson – mastering
* Dave Watt, Bradon Volkman, and Bats For Supper designs – artwork

1. Markos, Bobby (October 24, 2010). "Pittsburgh showcases its intensity". *Pucchronicle.com*. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
2. Harrington, Gregg (October 12, 2010). "Album Review: Girlfight, Infinite Carcass". *Thepittsburghscene.com*. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
3. Pertola, Petteri (November 29, 2010). "Girlfight Infinite Carcass EP". *Rockfreaks.net*. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
4. Welsh, Margaret (October 7, 2010). "Local hardcore band Girlfight releases the ultra-compressed Infinite Carcass". *Pghcitypaper.com*. Retrieved October 7, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Infinite Carcass | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Girlfight | |
| Released | October 16, 2010 |
| Studio | Headbanging Kill Your Mama Music (Louisville, Kentucky) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 12:02 |
| Label | Emerald Moon |
| Girlfight chronology | |
| *Ghost Eater*
(2010) ***Infinite Carcass***
(2010) *Defamate*
(2011) | |


title: Užubaliai

abstract: Užubaliai is a village in Panevėžys County, in northern Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, the village had a population of 50 inhabitants.

text:
# Užubaliai

**Užubaliai** is a village in Panevėžys County, in northern Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, the village had a population of 50 inhabitants.

## History

On 14 January 2023, a sinkhole formed in the village. Measuring at 17.2 metres (56 ft) in diameter, it was the largest sinkhole to appear in Lithuania in the last two decades.

## Demography

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1902 242       1923 249 +0.14%  1959 155 −1.31%  1970 112 −2.91%  1979 107 −0.51% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1989 47 −7.90%  2001 49 +0.35%  2011 44 −1.07%  2021 50 +1.29% |
| --- | --- |
| Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 20112021 | |

## InfoBox

| Užubaliai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Užubaliai | |
| Coordinates: 56°13′15.6″N 24°38′24″E / 56.221000°N 24.64000°E / 56.221000; 24.64000 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Panevėžys County |
| Municipality | Biržai District Municipality |
| Eldership | Pabiržė Eldership |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 50 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Julie Wainwright

abstract: Julie L. Wainwright is an e-commerce entrepreneur. She is the founder and the former CEO of The RealReal, an online marketplace for authenticated luxury consignment.

text:
# Julie Wainwright

**Julie L. Wainwright** is an e-commerce entrepreneur. She is the founder and the former CEO of The RealReal, an online marketplace for authenticated luxury consignment.

## Career

### Clorox

Early in her career Wainwright began working for The Clorox Company in brand management and computer software.

### Berkeley Systems

By 1996, she had replaced Wes Boyd as CEO of Berkeley Systems where she was instrumental in changing the company's strategy by making it a leading interactive entertainment entity. As president and CEO of the company, she reduced a two-year decline in productivity. She was among one third of the employees that were laid off from Berkeley when the company was sold to CUC in late 1996.

### Reel.com

In March 1998, Wainwright became president and CEO of Reel.com, replacing founder Stuart Skorman. Four months later, Hollywood Video purchased Reel.com "in a deal valued at $100 million."

### Pets.com

Wainwright was approached by John Hummer of Hummer Winblad Venture Partners to run Pets.com, and was CEO of Pets.com when it ceased operations 268 days after its initial stock offering — "one of the shortest-lived public companies on record" according to Kirk Cheyfitz, author of *Thinking Inside the Box: The 12 Timeless Rules for Managing a Successful Business*. After shutting Pets.com in November 2000, her husband sought a divorce. Wainwright said that this was a very difficult time in her life: "I had two major life crises in the same week, one public and one private, that sent me on a journey of self-discovery and healing I couldn’t have anticipated."

### The RealReal

Wainwright founded The RealReal in 2011, and the company shipped its first orders in June of that year. In a 2015 article, Forbes gave The RealReal a FORBES-estimated valuation of $300 million saying “the startup is in a much better place than Pets.com ever was.” By December 2017, The RealReal employed 950 people. The company's focus on sustainability led to its becoming the first luxury member of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation's CE100 USA.

In early 2019 The RealReal announced it would be adding an additional half-million square feet of e-commerce center space in Perth Amboy, New Jersey to its existing e-commerce centers in Secaucus, New Jersey and Brisbane, California. Wainwright was mentioned on CNBC in a report about the company's authentication process. In early 2020, TheRealReal was sued by investors in a class action lawsuit in connection with alleged securities laws violations stemming from TheRealReal's initial public offering.

On June 22, 2022, The RealReal announced that its founder and CEO Julie Wainwright had stepped down.

### Advisory Roles

Wainwright is an advisor to Springboard Enterprises’ New York Fashion Tech Lab and Purdue University's Krannert School of Management. She has been a board member of the Headlands Center for the Arts, Magic Theatre and San Francisco Art Institute.

## Recognition

In 2019, Wainwright received the Parsons Table Award. In 2018 Wainwright was included in Inc.’s Female Founders 100 list, Entrepreneur’s 50 Most Daring Entrepreneurs and Fast Company’s Most Creative People In Business. In 2017, The RealReal received the award for Best-Performing Company in the small-cap category from WWD. She has been included in the Business of Fashion’s BoF500 for both 2016 and 2017, Vanity Fair’s New Establishment list 2017, and Forbes 40 over 40. In 2016, Wainwright accepted the Fashion Group International’s award for Innovation in Retail e-Commerce on behalf of The RealReal and won Springboard Enterprises’ Northstar Award. The San Francisco Business Times recognized Wainwright as one of the most-admired CEOs of the year in 2014, and again in 2017 as one of the most influential women of the year.

Wainwright was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists and creators who are over the age of 50.

## InfoBox

| Julie Wainwright | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Purdue University (BS) |