title: Original Play

abstract: Original Play is a scientifically unrecognized game concept that was invented by American geographer and author Oscar Frederick Donaldson in the 1970s.

text:
# Original Play

**Original Play** is a scientifically unrecognized game concept that was invented by American geographer and author Oscar Frederick Donaldson in the 1970s.

## Organization

The sponsoring association, International Foundation for Original Play, was founded in 2018 by Jolanta Graczykowska, the "only authorized representative and coordinator of *Original Play* for Europe since 2002". The foundation is registered as non-profit in Poland, along with the association "Original Play Austria - play from the heart", which has existed in Austria since 2015. The association and foundation offer workshops, seminars, and lectures in several European countries to work with children and those interested.

The logo is composed of two prominent blue abstract figures and a more trivial figure, arranged around a small red heart and intertwined in a spiral heart shape. Some variants include a single blue figure with a heart carrying the respective national flag of the country.

## Concept

Adults act "playfully" with unrelated and unfamiliar adolescents and children, but also interact with other adults in close physical contact, often on the floor: rolling around, riding on each other, cuddling, or otherwise being physically active. According to Donaldson, the initiative should come from the child or the opposite of the *Original Play* game master. The game leader can actively ask children and young people to take part, and then let the children decide for themselves whether they want to do so.

Donaldson distinguishes "Original Play" as an original game in which adults adapt to children, from "cultural play," which is taught to children to adapt them to the culture of adults.

### Objective

The concept is said to help children, adolescents, and adults (with and without disabilities) play instinctively, peacefully express joy and trust, and get to know their bodies better. Through *Original Play,* a psychological and physiological process should be set in motion that enables a combination of cognitive, emotional, and sensory-motor learning. In this way, the individual experiences belonging to the group without fear and competition.

### Game master

Anyone can apply to be a game master for a fee. There is no check for delinquency or other abnormalities.

### Game participants

Donaldson says he has used the method with children and wild animals around the world. The homepage states: "His playmates are children with special needs, gang members, refugees and street children, prison inmates, cancer patients, dolphins, whales, lions, grizzly bears, wolves, baboons, and butterflies." However, photo and film credits of Donaldson's activities only demonstrate interaction with children up to the age of early puberty.

## Methodology

*Original Play* is played on laid-out mats. Toys are not used. There is only physical action. There are only two rules of the game:

* The participants are invited by the game leader and should decide for themselves each time they come on the mats and whether or how they get in contact.
* Clapping the game master twice means that the game unit, which often lasts only a few seconds or a few minutes, is over, and the participants go back to their seats.

According to the club, a game unit lasts between 30 and 60 minutes, depending on the age of the participants and group size. A 50 square meter room and ten meter square gymnastics mats are required for the play area.

## Criticism

The criticism of *Original Play* concerns:

* Donaldson's fragmentary and erroneous statements about expertise and awards, which he never publicly corrected.
* The lack of pedagogical evidence of the procedure, the basics, and successes of which are mainly based on the information provided by the inventor and the association.
* The specified lack of control of those interested, who are trained to be game leaders for a fee, without being checked, to then be fed to children and young people who are unknown to them, with whom they then act physically close.

### Reactions from experts

* The psychologist Fabienne Becker-Stoll, head of the Staatsinstitut für Frühpädagogik, warns against *Original Play*. The method is scientifically and developmentally unsound and runs counter to children's basic needs; their introduction in some institutions is negligent and naive. Well-developed children do not seek physical contact with strangers, and it is clear that in this constellation, adults are dominant. *Original Play* is not only gross nonsense from a technical point of view and lacks any scientific basis, but also looks to them like an invitation for pedophiles.
* The educational scientist Wilfried Datler describes it as problematic. It is conveyed that it is desirable to come into such intimate contact with initial strangers quickly. Physical play is essential, but with people, you trust, like parents.

* The psychologist Michaela Huber considers Donaldson's book and method extremely unscientific. One scene described in the book reminds her of child pornography. What is being propagated is close to pedophilia and promotes that children should have no limits.
* According to the child psychiatrist Karl Heinz Brisch, *Original Play* will, in the worst case, give pedophiles access to daycare centers. In various media,  *Original Play*  is seen as an "invitation" to sexual abuse of children and is associated with pedophilia.
* The Austrian pedagogue and psychologist Josef Christian Aigner does not want to defend the method or group but considers the association's serious prejudice to be excessive. Above all, he criticizes the discussion that men in educational professions with children and educationally intended physical contact is generally suspected and prejudiced.
* Susanne Viernickel, who teaches early childhood education at the Universität Leipzig, rejects physical contact between children and strangers who are not caregivers like parents and educators. She said: "This method suggests to children: It is okay if strangers seek physical contact with them."

## Consequences

### Prohibitions of *Original Play*

* In Austria, on the instructions of the Provincial Councilor Christiane Teschl-Hofmeister, a provisional ban on offering *Original Play* in educational institutions was issued; the city of Vienna also recommends schools and kindergartens not to work with *Original Play* until further notice. The association Österreichische Kinderfreunde also discontinued its cooperation with *Original Play* for the time being. In doing so, they comply with a request made by child psychiatrist Karl Heinz Brisch to be banned.
* In October 2019, the state of Brandenburg banned the implementation of *Original Play* in daycares in the state. Berlin had also previously decided on such a ban. In Rhineland-Palatinate, the execution of  *Original Play*  at day-care centers in the state was banned in October 2019.
* At the end of October 2019, the Evangelical Church in Germany refused to practice Original Play at the church's own day-care centers.
* In mid-November 2019, Bavaria and Bremen also banned the implementation of *Original Play* in kindergartens and daycare centers.
* In an article on Spiegel Online in November 2019, additional considerations and arguments for and against were given. The social authority in Hamburg expressly advised against the use of *Original Play*, and the Kinderschutzbund advocates a nationwide ban on *Original Play* in Germany.

* Steve Heitzer had to cancel an *Original Play* seminar in October 2019 after protests, which he wanted to hold in November 2019 as a cooperation partner of the organizer COMBAT in Regensburg, Bavaria.

### Criticism of the ban on *Original Play*

* Business journalist András Szigetvari said in a comment on November 7, 2019, in the Austrian daily newspaper Der Standard that he considered the nationwide ban imposed by Education Minister Iris Rauskala on "federal schools to continue to work with this association" to be "plausibly justifiable", "After all, so far neither the association nor any well-known developmental psychologist has conclusively and on the basis of scientific work explained what unique educational added value Original Play has." He criticized, however, that "the impression is created" that "Original Play attracts all pedophiles who are made easy to abuse children", which "no innocent person has to put up with", and called this an "excessive debate".
* The title of a comment by Heike Klovert in the education section of Spiegel Online is: *Why it is wrong to ban original play*. Klover explained: "Children should feel safe. And at the same time, they should learn that they can decide whether they want physical contact. The trainers who use Original Play want to convey that to them."

### The reaction of the organization

In a press conference initiated by the association, some Austrian media houses were invited to exchange ideas on November 13, 2019.

## Awards

## Literature

* Fred Donaldson: *Playing by heart*, Health Communications, 1993, ISBN 978-1-558742-53-6
* Fred Donaldson: *Playing For Real: Re-Playing The Game of Life*, Eigenverlag, 2017, ISBN 978-0-692885-86-4


title: Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club

abstract: The Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club was a Canadian outlaw motorcycle club based in Southern Ontario, it was founded in Hamilton in 1948, making it Canada's oldest Motorcycle Club. The club originally went by "Red Devils", however to differentiate themselves as the original from the other motorcycle clubs using similar names they added the "Original" onto the front of their name.

text:
# Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club

The **Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club** was a Canadian outlaw motorcycle club based in Southern Ontario, it was founded in Hamilton in 1948, making it Canada's oldest Motorcycle Club. The club originally went by "Red Devils", however to differentiate themselves as the original from the other motorcycle clubs using similar names they added the "Original" onto the front of their name.

## History

The **Original Red Devils Motorcycle** Club was founded in Hamilton Ontario in 1948 making it the country's oldest Motorcycle Club, it remained around the Hamilton area for quite a long time until expanding to Chatham-Kent, Ontario in 2001 and Sudbury, Ontario in January 2014. Unlike other motorcycle clubs that have met their tragic end, or are aggressively expanded across the globe, the Red Devils stayed small and managed to remain well respected by other motorcycle clubs in Ontario. The club had a history of being involved in charities as many are. They would end up patching over to long-time ally Bacchus Motorcycle Club in late 2014, with their three chapters Hamilton, Chatham-Kent, and Sudbury joining Bacchus MC. All Bacchus MC and Original Red Devils MC members also sport a brotherhood patch depicting the lasting 1% bond between the two clubs.

Peter Edwards, a veteran Toronto Star crime reporter and author of several books on motorcycle gangs, said.

> "The Red Devils have been smart enough to stay out of people's way, stay quiet and not offend other bikers. They don't take in "heat scores" — people who attract the attention of police. They don't act like clowns, chase after other bikers' wives; they don't have big egos. "They're not trying to get rich or rule the world," Edwards said. All of this has led to the Red Devils being "comfortable in their own skin," and have good relationships with other clubs, including the Hells Angels. There is something very Canadian about the Original Red Devils. They're not into the glitz," Edwards said.

The Original Red Devils MC were listed as an *Outlaw Motorcycle Gang* by Criminal Intelligence Service Canada.

## Criminal allegations and incidents

On 9 May 1984, multiple shots were fired into the Red Devils Mother chapter clubhouse. Full-patch member of the Red Devils Michael Carey was killed at age 32. The Devil's then began to reinforce the clubhouse with a cinderblock and rebar wall to defend against any future attacks. In 2000, The Original Red Devils clubhouse in Hamilton was raided by Hamilton Police, the police would blow through the compounds front gate and would use battering rams to break down the doors before tossing concussion grenades inside the clubhouse. The raids resulted in the capture of three illegal firearms, ammunition and narcotics.

On 1 December 2010, police execute search warrants on multiple properties and charge three members of the Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club, along with a woman, of running an unauthorized lottery. The searches also uncovered marijuana, ecstasy, ammunition and cash. On the 19th of November, 2011, Ontario Provincial Police raided the Original Red Devil's clubhouse in Chatham. They had a warrant to search the premises in a belief that an illegal bar was being operated without a proper liquor license, the raid resulted in police seizing 13 40 US fl oz (1,200 ml) bottles of liquor, 120+ beers and $2000 cash. Two arrests were made, with one member charged with possession of a prohibited weapon. The other man was charged with assaulting a police officer during the raid.

On August 9, 2014, Steve Marcotte a 44-year-old longtime member of the Original Red Devil's died in crash between his motorcycle and a tractor. Both vehicles were headed south on Upper Centennial Parkway in Stoney Creek when police say the tractor cut in front and sent Marcotte flying. These events tragically resulted in his death. Marcotte, whose family said "he fulfilled a longtime dream of becoming a full patch member a couple of years ago", was a "super guy" who "worked hard" as a contractor and was a "family guy", Philip said.

Local authorities called it a hit and run, and later found the tractor abandoned in a field nearby. Hamilton Police charged David Bobor, 45, a former member of the Original Red Devils, with driving the tractor and fleeing the scene, knowing Marcotte was dead. According to documents, Bobor lives around the corner from the area the incident occurred. But a man at the home, who identified himself as Bobor's brother, said David Bobor doesn't live there. He remained in jail until his scheduled bail appearance in court on September 9, 2014.

Bobor left the Red Devils in good standing about a decade ago. He and Marcotte knew each other, but it's not clear what they were doing together that night. As far as Philip is concerned, the whole thing is a sad accident that has nothing to do with club business. He and other Red Devils do not plan to attend any of the court case and are only concerned about Marcotte's family, for whom they've raised money, he said.

"They're part of the family," he said. "They're always welcome." After Marcotte's funeral, the club and other bikers rode in procession to the Red Devils' clubhouse.

## InfoBox

Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club
| Emblem of the Original Red Devils | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1948 (1948) |
| Founded by | Unknown |
| Founding location | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |
| Years active | 1948–2014 (operated 66 years) |
| Territory | Ontario (3 chapters) |
| Membership (est.) | At peak 100+<br>30-40 in 2010s |
| Allies | Bacchus MC |


title: Oreo boycott

abstract: Oreo boycott is a boycott of the Oreo cookie and other Nabisco-manufactured products, including Chips Ahoy! and Cheese Nips. The boycott was prompted by the Mondelez company's decision to close its American factories and move production to Mexico.

text:
# Oreo boycott

**Oreo boycott** (also known as the **Nabisco boycott** and **Mondelez boycott**) is a boycott of the Oreo cookie and other Nabisco-manufactured products, including Chips Ahoy! and Cheese Nips. The boycott was prompted by the Mondelez company's decision to close its American factories and move production to Mexico.

## Background

In 2014, Mondelez generated more than $34 billion in revenue and CEO Irene Rosenfeld received $21 million a year in compensation. The pressure to cut American jobs in Mondelez was linked to Bill Ackman, a hedge-fund billionaire who purchased a 7.5 percent stake in Mondelez, and is believed to have pushed for cost cutting.

In 2015, Mondelez International, the parent company of Nabisco, announced that it was laying off workers at factories in Chicago and Philadelphia. Production was moved to Salinas, Mexico. Mondelez decided not to make $120 million in upgrades to their Chicago facility and announced that half of the 1,200 workers at the factory would be laid off.

Before announcing the closure and transfer to Mexico, Mondelez negotiated with unions and the local and federal government. Mondelez asked the worker's unions to take pay cuts to make up the $46 million difference between production in the US and Mexico. According to Mondelez, the three unions representing the workers made demands that could not be satisfied.

The Chicago factory, opened in the 1950s, was previously the largest bakery in the United States and employed over 4,000 workers at its peak. The Chicago factory was considered critical to Mondelez's success because of the unique workforce and strategic Midwest location. Earlier in 2015, Mondelez closed a factory in Philadelphia which was 60 years old and led to the layoff of 350 employees.

## Boycott

The announcement of the boycott was made by elected officials in Philadelphia and union activists in Chicago. In a July 9 speech, Congressman Brendan Boyle announced the boycott with a poster of an Oreo cookie with a red circle and line through it, accompanied by the message, "Say no to Oreo." After highlighting the American layoffs, Boyle also sarcastically congratulated CEO Rosenfeld on her pay increase.

In Chicago, veteran activist Marilyn Katz drew attention to the boycott by writing that she was going to stop "dunking". Fellow activists announced that they would buy similar cookies from Trader Joe's or Hydrox rather than Oreo. Others, while supporting the boycott, highlighted the importance of international solidarity.

In August 2015, Presidential candidate Donald Trump announced his support for the boycott, expressing his disappointment because Mondelez was an "American company" and promising never to eat another Oreo. Competitor Hydrox moved to capitalize on the boycott by printing an American flag on their packaging.

In 2016, after production had started in Mexico, the AFL–CIO encouraged the boycott and published consumer guidance to help identify which Mondelez products were made in Mexico.

### Protest

Protests accompanying the boycott specifically targeted Mondelez CEO Irene Rosenfeld. As workers received layoff notices, Rosenfeld was confronted with crowds outside public appearances, led by the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union. Protestors also appeared outside Rosenfeld's suburban Chicago home.


title: Orłowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Orłowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

text:
# Orłowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Orłowo** \[ɔrˈwɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## InfoBox

| Orłowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orłowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°12′22″N 19°4′45″E / 54.20611°N 19.07917°E / 54.20611; 19.07917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Gmina | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Population | 580 |


title: Orłowskie Pole

abstract: Orłowskie Pole is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 34 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

text:
# Orłowskie Pole

**Orłowskie Pole** \[ɔrˈwɔfskʲɛ ˈpɔlɛ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 34 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## InfoBox

| Orłowskie Pole | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Orłowskie Pole | |
| Coordinates: 54°12′55″N 19°4′17″E / 54.21528°N 19.07139°E / 54.21528; 19.07139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Gmina | Nowy Dwór Gdański |


abstract: The Federation of European Motorcyclists' Associations (FEMA) is a motorcycling advocacy group based in Brussels, Belgium. It was formed on 10 January 1998 from a merger of the Federation of European Motorcyclists (FEM) and the European Motorcyclists' Association (EMA).

text:
# Federation of European Motorcyclists Associations

The **Federation of European Motorcyclists' Associations (FEMA)** is a motorcycling advocacy group based in Brussels, Belgium. It was formed on 10 January 1998 from a merger of the Federation of European Motorcyclists (FEM) and the European Motorcyclists' Association (EMA).

## History

From its inception FEMA has been headquartered at Rue des Champs 62, 1040 Brussels, Belgium in the offices previously used by its forerunner FEM.

FEMA's first General Secretary was Simon Milward who had previously served since 1992 as the General Secretary of the Federation of European Motorcyclists.

The merger created a pan-European riders' rights organisation ranging from Scandinavia in the north to Greece in the south and from Ireland in the west to the Czech republic in the east. It also brought together national organisations who continued to compete with each other for members within their own territories such as the Motorcycle Action Group and the British Motorcyclists Federation in the UK, and the BVDM (Bundesverband der Motorradfahrer), Kuhle Wampe and Biker Union in Germany.

In 1999 the FEMA member groups met with other motorcyclists' organisations and motorcycle industry representatives from across the globe in Mulhouse, France. It was at this conference that Neil Liversidge also authored the 'Mulhouse Declaration', that:

* 'We the undersigned utterly oppose the compulsory fitment to privately owned vehicles of any device designed to arbitrarily remove control from the driver to remote operation.
* We note with extreme concern the tendency of governments to impose ever more intrusive and restrictive regulations upon the citizen.
* We caution governments to remember that they are permitted to govern only by the consent of the people and that such consent when given through an election does not grant unlimited licence to interfere in the daily life of the citizen.
* We further caution all governments that to impose unduly on popular freedom is to imperil the respect in which government and the rule of law is held.'

The declaration received the unanimous support of the delegates present.

### Founding members

Founding member organisations of FEMA were:

* Motorcycle Action Group (MAG UK)
* British Motorcyclists Federation (UK)
* MAG Ireland
* MCTC - Landsforeningen for motorcyklister (DK)
* Luxembourg Moto Initiativ (LMI) (Luxembourg)
* Fédération Française des Motards en Colère (FFMC) (France)
* DMC (Denmark)
* Coordinamento Motociclisti (Italy)
* SMC (Sweden)
* Federacao Nacional Motociclismo (FNM) (Portugal)
* MAG Belgium
* Bikers Co-operation (Germany)
* Biker Union (Germany)
* Kuhle Wampe (Verband der Motorradclubs Kuhle Wampe) (Germany)
* Bundesverband der Motorradfahrer (BVDM) (Germany)
* MMS Hungary
* MAG Austria
* Cyprus Motorcycle Federation
* Motoe (Greece)
* SMOTO (Finland)
* MP69 (Finland)
* Bifhjólasamtök Lýðveldisins Sniglar (Iceland)
* MAG Netherlands
* Norsk Motorcykkel Union (Norway)
* CMRC (Cyprus)

## InfoBox

Federation of European Motorcyclists' Associations
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | FEMA |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Founded at | Brussels, Belgium |
| Type | Charity |
| Purpose | Riders' rights umbrella organisation |
| Region | European Union |
| Membership | Represents nearly 350,000 |
| President | Anna Zee |
| Key people | Dolf Willigers, General Secretary Jim Freeman, Treasurer |
| Website | www.femamotorcycling.eu |


title: This House Possessed

abstract: This House Possessed is a 1981 American made-for-television horror film directed by William Wiard and starring Parker Stevenson and Lisa Eilbacher.

text:
# This House Possessed

***This House Possessed*** is a 1981 American made-for-television horror film directed by William Wiard and starring Parker Stevenson and Lisa Eilbacher.

## Plot

Following a nervous breakdown, a recuperating rock star and his young nurse discover the estate they've rented is harbouring secrets that could be deadly.

## Filming Location

Much of This House Possessed was shot in Rancho Santa Fe, California. The home is formally known as Del Dios Ranch. It was built in 1972 and designed by noted Laguna Beach architect Fred Briggs, while interior designer Arthur Elrod—famous for his Palm Springs aesthetic, magnified the mid-century look and feel inside the home's more than 8,000 square feet. It is located at 7010 El Camino Del Norte, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067. When the home was listed for sale in 2016, it was the most expensive private real estate listing in San Diego history.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *This House Possessed* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Horror
Thriller |
| Written by | David Levinson |
| Directed by | William Wiard |
| Starring | Parker Stevenson
Lisa Eilbacher |
| Music by | Billy Goldenberg |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Leonard Goldberg |
| Producer | David Levinson |
| Cinematography | Thomas Del Ruth |
| Editor | Leon Carrere |
| Production companies | Leonard Goldberg Productions
Mandy Productions
MGM |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | February 6, 1981 (1981-02-06) |


title: Najia Ashar

abstract: Najia Ashar is a broadcast journalist and media development professional with more than 20 years of experience in Pakistan’s mainstream media. She is the founder & president of Global Neighbourhood for Media Innovation (GNMI), a Karachi-based nonprofit organization working for media development and peacebuilding in Pakistan.

text:
# Najia Ashar

**Najia Ashar** (born 14 July 1978) is a broadcast journalist and media development professional with more than 20 years of experience in Pakistan’s mainstream media. She is the founder & president of Global Neighbourhood for Media Innovation (GNMI), a Karachi-based nonprofit organization working for media development and peacebuilding in Pakistan.

## Development

Najia established GNMI with the intention of reinventing newsrooms all across Pakistan. She has media workers to report on human rights, CVE, gender-based violence and safety and security through diverse digital tools and entrepreneurial journalism.

## Journalism

Najia started her news media career in 2002 at state-owned Pakistan Television as a writer and researcher.

As a media professional, she has hosted a number of programs on sensitive human rights issues which included influential stakeholders of the society and worked as a host of a news morning show at GNN TV and served as Editor News Strategy and Planning at Aaj News. She also hosted a daily news show "News Hour With Najia". Prior to that she worked as a news presenter at Geo News for 12 years.

## Fellowships

She participated in a John S. Knight Journalism Fellowship to Stanford University from 2014 to 2015. under which she dived deeply into journalism innovation and strategic leadership in Silicon Valley and developed a practical, user-friendly safety guide for Pakistani journalists . In 2013, she participated in a fellowship from the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawai'i, whom she also entered into partnership with in 2021.

## Education

Najia holds a Master's (2000) and Bachelor's degree (1999) in International Relations from the University of Karachi.

## Personal life

Najia was born in the Qasba Colony, a neighbourhood in Karachi housing diverse ethnic groups. She is married to Ashar Ali, a news executive. The couple has two children.

## InfoBox

| Najia Ashar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1978-07-14) 14 July 1978<br>Karachi, Pakistan |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Education | Master of Social Science in International Relations |
| Occupation(s) | Development Professional, Journalist |
| Years active | 2002 - Present |
| Organization | Global Neighbourhood for Media Innovation |
| Known for | Media, Peace, Training |
| Spouse | Ashar Ali |
| Children | 2 |


title: Parseval PL 13

abstract: Parseval PL 13 was a non-rigid military single-gondola airship made in 1912 by the Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft in Bitterfeld, designed by August von Parseval. Ship was bought by the Imperial Japanese Army and served as one of the first military aircraft in the history of Japan.

text:
# Parseval PL 13

**Parseval PL 13** (Parseval-Luftschiff 13, in Japanese *雄飛*, *Yuhi*) was a non-rigid military single-gondola airship made in 1912 by the Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft in Bitterfeld, designed by August von Parseval. Ship was bought by the Imperial Japanese Army and served as one of the first military aircraft in the history of Japan.

## Operational history

Airship was named *Walserwald* and in June 1912 imported from German Empire to Japan. After the accident on March 28 1913, which damaged the ship, *Walserwald* was a repaired and modified in Tokorozawa depot. In 1913 ship was also renamed *Yuhi*, which means *Flyer*. Works were finished in August 1914 and *Yuhi* was commissioned by the Japanese military in April 1915.

On January 22, 1916 (Taisho 5), *Yuhi* made a test flight from Tokorozawa to Osaka. After the flight 11 hours and 34 minutes long ship safely landed near the town of Toyohashi. The return flight to Tokorozawa was not proceeded due to engine problems, so the aircraft was disassembled and transported by land. Ship was put out of service in July 1917.

To commemorate the first flight, January 22 is now known as "Airship Day." In Tokorozawa City, where the machine was repaired and reconstructed, a special baked confectionery called *Yuhi-yaki* is sold in commemoration of the flight.

## Specifications

**General characteristics**

* **Length:** 79 m (259 ft 2 in)
* **Diameter:** 14.50 m (47 ft 7 in)
* **Volume:** 8,500 m3 (300,000 cu ft)

**Performance**

## Bibliography

* Langsdorff, Werner von (1925). *Taschenbuch der Luftflotten* (in German). Munich: J. F. Lehmanns. p. 63.
* Akimoto, Minoru (2007). *The Story of Japanese Airships - Tracing the Unique Trail of the Aviation World* (in Japanese). Kojinsha: Kojinsha NF Bunko. ISBN 9784769825265.

## InfoBox

| Parseval PL 13 *Yuhi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parseval PL 13, c. 1915 (*Taschenbuch der Luftflotten*, 1915) | |
| Role | Patrol airship |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft |
| First flight | 26 August 1914 |
| Retired | July 1917 |
| Status | Dismantled |
| Primary user | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Susan Bejarano

abstract: Susan Yanet Bejarano Rodríguez, known as Susan Bejarano, is a Mexican professional football midfielder who currently plays for Guadalajara of the Liga MX Femenil. In December 2017, Bejarano was honored by the governor of Colima, José Ignacio Peralta.

text:
# Susan Bejarano

**Susan Yanet Bejarano Rodríguez** (born 7 August 1995), known as **Susan Bejarano**, is a Mexican professional football midfielder who currently plays for Guadalajara of the Liga MX Femenil.

In December 2017, Bejarano was honored by the governor of Colima, José Ignacio Peralta.

## Honours

Guadalajara

## InfoBox

Susan Bejarano
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Susan Yanet Bejarano Rodríguez | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-08-07) 7 August 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Colima, Colima, Mexico | | |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2023 | Guadalajara | 82 | (2) |
| 2023–2024 | Atlas | 14 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory

abstract: In mathematical physics, two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory is the special case of Yang–Mills theory in which the dimension of spacetime is taken to be two. This special case allows for a rigorously defined Yang–Mills measure, meaning that the (Euclidean) path integral can be interpreted as a measure on the set of connections modulo gauge transformations. This situation contrasts with the four-dimensional case, where a rigorous construction of the theory as a measure is currently unknown. An aspect of the subject of particular interest is the large-N limit, in which the structure group is taken to be the unitary group U and then the N tends to infinity limit is taken. The large-N limit of two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory has connections to string theory.

text:
# Two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory

In mathematical physics, **two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory** is the special case of Yang–Mills theory in which the dimension of spacetime is taken to be two. This special case allows for a rigorously defined **Yang–Mills measure**, meaning that the (Euclidean) path integral can be interpreted as a measure on the set of connections modulo gauge transformations. This situation contrasts with the four-dimensional case, where a rigorous construction of the theory as a measure is currently unknown.

An aspect of the subject of particular interest is the large-N limit, in which the structure group is taken to be the unitary group $U(N)$ and then the $N$ tends to infinity limit is taken. The large-N limit of two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory has connections to string theory.

## Background

Interest in the Yang–Mills measure comes from a statistical mechanical or constructive quantum field theoretic approach to formulating a quantum theory for the Yang–Mills field. A gauge field is described mathematically by a 1-form $A$ on a principal $G$-bundle over a manifold $M$ taking values in the Lie algebra $L(G)$ of the Lie group $G$. We assume that the structure group $G$, which describes the physical symmetries of the gauge field, is a compact Lie group with a bi-invariant metric on the Lie algebra $L(G)$, and we also assume given a Riemannian metric on the manifold $M$. The Yang–Mills action functional is given by

$S\_{YM}(A)={\frac {1}{2}\int \_{M}\\|F^{A}\\|^{2}\\,d\sigma \_{M}}$

where $F^{A}$ is the curvature of the connection form $A$, the norm-squared in the integrand comes from the metric on the Lie algebra and the one on the base manifold, and $\sigma \_{M}$ is the Riemannian volume measure on $M$.

The measure $\mu \_{T}$ is given formally by $d\mu \_{T}(A)={\frac {1}{Z\_{T}e^{-S\_{YM}(A)/T}DA,}}$ as a normalized probability measure on the space of all connections on the bundle, with $T\>0$ a parameter, and $Z\_{T}$ is a formal normalizing constant. More precisely, the probability measure is more likely to be meaningful on the space of orbits of connections under gauge transformations.

## The Yang–Mills measure for two-dimensional manifolds

Study of Yang–Mills theory in two dimensions dates back at least to work of A. A. Migdal in 1975. Some formulas appearing in Migdal's work can, in retrospect, be seen to be connected to the heat kernel on the structure group of the theory. The role of the heat kernel was made more explicit in various works in the late 1970s, culminating in the introduction of the heat kernel action in work of Menotti and Onofri in 1981.

In the continuum theory, the Yang–Mills measure $\mu \_{T}$ was rigorously defined for the case where $M={\mathbb {R} }^{2}$ by Bruce Driver and by Leonard Gross, Christopher King, and Ambar Sengupta. For compact manifolds, both oriented and non-oriented, with or without boundary, with specified bundle topology, the Yang–Mills measure was constructed by Sengupta In this approach the 2-dimensional Yang–Mills measure is constructed by using a Gaussian measure on an infinite-dimensional space conditioned to satisfy relations implied by the topologies of the surface and of the bundle. Wilson loop variables (certain important variables on the space) were defined using stochastic differential equations and their expected values computed explicitly and found to agree with the results of the heat kernel action.

Dana S. Fine used the formal Yang–Mills functional integral to compute loop expectation values. Other approaches include that of Klimek and Kondracki and Ashtekar et al. Thierry Lévy constructed the 2-dimensional Yang–Mills measure in a very general framework, starting with the loop-expectation value formulas and constructing the measure, somewhat analogously to Brownian motion measure being constructed from transition probabilities. Unlike other works that also aimed to construct the measure from loop expectation values, Lévy's construction makes it possible to consider a very wide family of loop observables.

The **discrete Yang–Mills measure** is a term that has been used for the lattice gauge theory version of the Yang–Mills measure, especially for compact surfaces. The lattice in this case is a triangulation of the surface. Notable facts are: (i) the discrete Yang–Mills measure can encode the topology of the bundle over the continuum surface even if only the triangulation is used to define the measure; (ii) when two surfaces are sewn along a common boundary loop, the corresponding discrete Yang–Mills measures convolve to yield the measure for the combined surface.

## Wilson loop expectation values in 2 dimensions

For a piecewise smooth loop $\gamma $ on the base manifold $M$ and a point $u$ on the fiber in the principal $G$-bundle $P\to M$ over the base point $o\in M$ of the loop, there is the holonomy $h\_{\gamma }(A)$ of any connection $A$ on the bundle. For regular loops $\gamma \_{1},\ldots ,\gamma \_{n}$, all based at $o$ and any function $\varphi $ on $G^{n}$ the function $A\mapsto \varphi {\bigl (}h\_{1}(A),\ldots ,h\_{n}(A){\bigr )}$ is called a Wilson loop variable, of interest mostly when $\varphi $ is a product of traces of the holonomies in representations of the group $G$. With $M$ being a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold the loop expectation values

$\int \varphi {\bigl (}h\_{1}(A),\ldots ,h\_{n}(A){\bigr )}\\,d\mu \_{T}(A)$

were computed in the above-mentioned works.

If $M$ is the plane then $\int \varphi {\bigl (}h\_{\gamma }(A){\bigr )}\\,d\mu \_{T}(A)=\int \_{G}\varphi (x)Q\_{Ta}(x)\\,dx,$ where $Q\_{t}(y)$ is the heat kernel on the group $G$, $a$ is the area enclosed by the loop $\gamma $, and the integration is with respect to unit-mass Haar measure. This formula was proved by Driver and by Gross et al. using the Gaussian measure construction of the Yang–Mills measure on the plane and by defining parallel transport by interpreting the equation of parallel transport as a Stratonovich stochastic differential equation.

If $M$ is the 2-sphere then

$\int \varphi {\bigl (}h\_{\gamma }(A){\bigr )}\\,d\mu \_{T}(A)={\frac {1}{Q\_{Tc}(e)}\int \_{G}\varphi (x)Q\_{Ta}(x)Q\_{Tb}(x^{-1})\\,dx,}$

where now $b$ is the area of the region "outside" the loop $\gamma $, and $c$ is the total area of the sphere. This formula was proved by Sengupta using the conditioned Gaussian measure construction of the Yang–Mills measure and the result agrees with what one gets by using the heat kernel action of Menotti and Onofri.

As an example for higher genus surfaces, if $M$ is a torus, then

$\int \varphi {\bigl (}h\_{\gamma }(A){\bigr )}\\,d\mu \_{T}(A)={\frac {\int \_{G}\varphi (x)Q\_{Ta}(x)Q\_{Tb}(x^{-1}wzw^{-1}z^{-1})\\,dx\\,dw\\,dz}{\int \_{G}Q\_{Tc}(wzw^{-1}z^{-1})\\,dw\\,dz},}$

with $c$ being the total area of the torus, and $\gamma $ a contractible loop on the torus enclosing an area $a$. This, and counterparts in higher genus as well as for surfaces with boundary and for bundles with nontrivial topology, were proved by Sengupta.

There is an extensive physics literature on loop expectation values in two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory. Many of the above formulas were known in the physics literature from the 1970s, with the results initially expressed in terms of a sum over the characters of the gauge group rather than the heat kernel and with the function $\varphi $ being the trace in some representation of the group. Expressions involving the heat kernel then appeared explicitly in the form of the "heat kernel action" in work of Menotti and Onofri. The role of the convolution property of the heat kernel was used in works of Sergio Albeverio et al. in constructing stochastic cosurface processes inspired by Yang–Mills theory and, indirectly, by Makeenko and Migdal in the physics literature.

## The low-T limit

The Yang–Mills partition function is, formally,

$$\int e^{-{\frac {1}{T}S\_{YM}(A)}\\,DA}$$

In the two-dimensional case we can view this as being (proportional to) the denominator that appears in the loop expectation values. Thus, for example, the partition function for the torus would be

$\int \_{G^{2}Q\_{TS}(aba^{-1}b^{-1})\\,da\\,db,}$

where $S$ is the area of the torus. In two of the most impactful works in the field, Edward Witten showed that as $T\downarrow 0$ the partition function yields the volume of the moduli space of flat connections with respect to a natural volume measure on the moduli space. This volume measure is associated to a natural symplectic structure on the moduli space when the surface is orientable, and is the torsion of a certain complex in the case where the surface is not orientable. Witten's discovery has been studied in different ways by several researchers. Let $\mathcal {M}\_{g}^{0}$ denote the moduli space of flat connections on a trivial bundle, with structure group being a compact connected semi-simple Lie group $G$ whose Lie algebra is equipped with an Ad-invariant metric, over a compact two-dimensional orientable manifold of genus $g\geq 2$. Witten showed that the symplectic volume of this moduli space is given by

> $\operatorname {vol} \_{\overline {\Omega }{\bigl (}{\mathcal {M}\_{g}^{0}{\bigr )}=|Z(G)|\operatorname {vol} (G)^{2g-2}\sum \_{\alpha }{\frac {1}{(\dim \alpha )^{2g-2},}}}}$

where the sum is over all irreducible representations of $G$. This was proved rigorous by Sengupta (see also the works by Lisa Jeffrey and by Kefeng Liu). There is a large literature on the symplectic structure on the moduli space of flat connections, and more generally on the moduli space itself, the major early work being that of Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott.

Returning to the Yang–Mills measure, Sengupta proved that the measure itself converges in a weak sense to a suitably scaled multiple of the symplectic volume measure for orientable surfaces of genus $\geq 2$. Thierry Lévy and James R. Norris established a large deviations principle for this convergence, showing that the Yang–Mills measure encodes the Yang–Mills action functional even though this functional does not explicitly appear in the rigorous formulation of the measure.

## The large-*N* limit

The large-*N* limit of gauge theories refers to the behavior of the theory for gauge groups of the form $U(N)$, $SU(N)$, $O(N)$, $SO(N)$, and other such families, as $N$ goes to $\uparrow \infty $. There is a large physics literature on this subject, including major early works by Gerardus 't Hooft. A key tool in this analysis is the Makeenko–Migdal equation.

In two dimensions, the Makeenko–Migdal equation takes a special form developed by Kazakov and Kostov. In the large-N limit, the 2-D form of the Makeenko–Migdal equation relates the Wilson loop functional for a complicated curve with multiple crossings to the product of Wilson loop functionals for a pair of simpler curves with at least one less crossing. In the case of the sphere or the plane, it was the proposed that the Makeenko–Migdal equation could (in principle) reduce the computation of Wilson loop functionals for arbitrary curves to the Wilson loop functional for a simple closed curve.

In dimension 2, some of the major ideas were proposed by I. M. Singer, who named this limit the master field (a general notion in some areas of physics). Xu studied the large- $N$ limit of 2-dimensional Yang–Mills loop expectation values using ideas from random matrix theory. Sengupta computed the large-*N* limit of loop expectation values in the plane and commented on the connection with free probability. Confirming one proposal of Singer, Michael Anshelevich and Sengupta showed that the large-*N* limit of the Yang–Mills measure over the plane for the groups $U(N)$ is given by a free probability theoretic counterpart of the Yang–Mills measure. An extensive study of the master field in the plane was made by Thierry Lévy. Several major contributions have been made by Bruce K. Driver, Brian C. Hall, and Todd Kemp, Franck Gabriel, and Antoine Dahlqvist. Dahlqvist and Norris have constructed the master field on the two-dimensional sphere.

In spacetime dimension larger than 2, there is very little in terms of rigorous mathematical results. Sourav Chatterjee has proved several results in large-*N* gauge theory theory for dimension larger than 2. Chatterjee established an explicit formula for the leading term of the free energy of three-dimensional $U(N)$ lattice gauge theory for any N, as the lattice spacing tends to zero. Let $Z(n,\varepsilon ,g)$ be the partition function of $d$-dimensional $U(N)$ lattice gauge theory with coupling strength $g$ in the box with lattice spacing $\varepsilon $ and size being n spacings in each direction. Chatterjee showed that in dimensions d=2 and 3, $\log Z(n,\varepsilon ,g)$ is $n^{d}\left({\frac {1}{2}(d-1)N^{2}\log(g^{2}\varepsilon ^{4-d})+(d-1)\log \left({\frac {\prod \_{j=1}^{N-1}j!}{(2\pi )^{N/2}\right)+N^{2}K\_{d}\right)}}}$ up to leading order in $n$, where $K\_{d}$ is a limiting free-energy term. A similar result was also obtained for in dimension 4, for $n\to \infty $, $\varepsilon \to 0$, and $g\to 0$ independently.


title: Václav Skuhravý

abstract: Václav Skuhravý is a Czech ice hockey player, playing currently for HC Energie Karlovy Vary in Czech Extraliga, with whom he is contracted until 2021. He is a forward, and has played for the national team.

text:
# Václav Skuhravý

**Václav Skuhravý** (born January 16, 1979) is a Czech ice hockey player, playing currently for HC Energie Karlovy Vary in Czech Extraliga, with whom he is contracted until 2021. He is a forward, and has played for the national team.

## International play

Skuhravý first played for the Czech national team in the 2005/06 season, and also played for the national team in the 2008 World Championship.

## InfoBox

| Václav Skuhravý | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Image of Václav Skuhravý in 2015 | | | |
| Born | (1979-01-16) January 16, 1979
Slany, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) | | |
| Weight | 220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Czech Extraliga team
Former teams | *HC Energie Karlovy Vary*
HC Litvínov
HC Kladno | | |
| National team | Czech Republic | | |
| Playing career | 1999present | | |


title: Friskies

abstract: Friskies is an American brand of wet and dry cat food and treats owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, a subsidiary of Nestlé global. Friskies was initially introduced by Carnation Company in the 1930s as a dog food brand. When Friskies cat food was introduced in the 1950s, it was the first dry pet food product specifically for cats. The brand was acquired by Nestlé in 1985. From the 1970s to the 2000s, variations in Friskies cat food proliferated as the competition for consumer spending intensified.

text:
# Friskies

**Friskies** is an American brand of wet and dry cat food and treats owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, a subsidiary of Nestlé global. Friskies was initially introduced by Carnation Company in the 1930s as a dog food brand. When Friskies cat food was introduced in the 1950s, it was the first dry pet food product specifically for cats. The brand was acquired by Nestlé in 1985. From the 1970s to the 2000s, variations in Friskies cat food proliferated as the competition for consumer spending intensified.

## Corporate

Friskies is produced and marketed by Nestlé Purina PetCare, a subsidiary of Nestlé. Friskies was first introduced in the 1930s by Carnation through its subsidiary, Albers Company. By 1973, Friskies was one of five companies that controlled two-thirds of the $1.75 billion pet food market. At the time Carnation was known for dry milk products, but also had operations processing animal feed for farms. It experimented with dry food products for 3.5 years at Carnation Farms, initially with stray dogs in improvised cages, and later with pure-breds in a formal kennel. Carnation International was formed in 1966 to market Carnation's pet food products internationally in Japan, Spain, France, England and Italy, among others.

Carnation was acquired by Nestlé in 1985 for $3 billion. After the acquisition, it was renamed Nestlé/Carnation Food Company, before becoming a Nestlé subsidiary in 1992, under the name Friskies PetCare Company. The Friskies brand had a market-share of 28.2% by 1992. Friskies was merged with Nestlé subsidiary Nestlé Purina Petcare in 2001, during the merger with former competitor Ralston Purina.

## History

Friskies was first introduced as a dry dog food brand in 1934. It introduced "Friskies Cubes" that year, which was followed by pellets called "Friskies Meal," eight years later. Friskies sold well as a dry dog food on the west coast of the United States; then was increasingly distributed on the east coast. Only dry food was initially produced, because consumers preferred less expensive products during the Great Depression and World War II led to the rationing of tin for canned pet foods, in order to preserve metal for the war effort. The rationing of tin led to a growth in sales of Friskies dry food products, as competitors that sold canned foods were forced to limit production. The first Friskies brand canned dog food was released in 1951 and nine Friskies products were released from 1958 to 1963.

When Friskies cat food was introduced in the 1950s, cats were becoming more popular as pets, but dry food for cats had not been introduced yet. In the early 1950s, a series of specialty dog food products were introduced under the Friskies brand, including one for puppies and cats. According to *The Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands*, "it was soon discovered that cats disliked the new 'puppy food'." A sales manager named Henry Arnest was considered "eccentric" for advocating that Friskies make a pet food specifically for cats. According to Arnest, the company thought it was "a nutty idea." He convinced Friskies executives to do a market trial for cat food, which was conducted on the west coast of the United States in 1956. The cat food was made of mackerel byproducts, cereals, vegetables and vitamins. The trial surprised Friskies executives when the cat food sold successfully.

The cat food product was named "Little Friskies for Cats." A cartoon cat was used as its mascot. It was advertised on television, newspapers, and through *Friskies Research Digest*, a publication for veterinarians and animal breeders published by Friskies. Canned "treats" for cats were first test-marketed in 1958. They were initially popular on the west coast of the United States, but not in the east. In 1959, Carnation executives considered withdrawing from the east coast market, because its cat food products weren't popular there, but decided to stay. A Carnation report found that consumers preferred more upscale, single-serving food products, so the treats were rebranded as single-serving, canned foods called "Friskies Buffet" in 1967. Buffet became one of Friskies' best-sellers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Friskies-brand food products were introduced in the "gourmet" industry category, such as Bright Eyes and Chef's Blend. A sister brand Mighty Dog was introduced in 1973, and another sister brand Fancy Feast was produced in 1982. By 1985, Friskies' producer was the largest manufacturer of pet food with a 14.5 percent market-share. Dry and wet food products specifically for kittens were introduced in 1988 and 1989 respectively. Fresh Catch, which contained only fish, was introduced in the early 1990s. According to industry analysts, competition in the pet food industry heightened by 1990. According to *The Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands*, the market was at "a virtual saturation point" with more than 400 pet food products on the market. Friskies was one of six brands that controlled 80 percent of the pet food market and competed intensely with one another.

## Advertising and endorsements

Starting in 2011, Friskies has been developing digital games for cats on mobile devices that are played using touch-screens. Some of its early games included Cat Fishing, JitterBug and Pull 'n Play, which each focused on chasing moving targets on the screen.

According to *Adweek*, Friskies "jumped on the cat Internet meme phenomena." The internet celebrity cat, Grumpy Cat (also known as Tardar Sauce), became a Friskies spokescat in 2013 after having been featured in episodes of the Friskies YouTube game show "Will Kitty Play With It?" That same year, Friskies created a series of four Henri, le Chat Noir short films on the subject of "cat food boredom" and several internet celebrity cats were used in a Christmas music video called "It's Hard to Be a Cat at Christmas".

In 2014, Friskies created a satire in partnership with The Fine Bros., whereby they filmed reaction videos of cats watching web series' created by Friskies. Later that same year, Friskies started "The Friskies 50", a list of the most influential internet cats. The list is based on the cat's audience and engagement on social media sites, media coverage and other factors. Users can also input a cat name to see how cats that did not make the list compare. At the 2015 South by Southwest Interactive festival, Friskies promoted its bacon-flavored cat food with a bacon/cat-themed art gallery, some of which were constructed using Friskies products and bacon. In 2016, Friskies worked with BuzzFeed to create "Dear Kitten" videos, where an older cat teaches a younger one how to be a house-cat. The series had more than 30 million views. A sixty-second spot based on the series was aired during the Super Bowl, which was the first time Friskies aired a television commercial during the event.

## Products

Friskies-brand products currently include dry food, canned wet food and treats for cats. According to the Friskies website, there are more than 50 variations of Friskies cat food. There are five dry food flavors sold in bags, including "Seafood Sensations" and "Grillers." Wet foods are sold in various flavors, such as chicken or seafood, and in vacuum bags or cans. The Tasty Treasures canned wet food has cheese and bacon flavors. SauceSations canned wet food is mixed with sauces. There are also pouches of Friskies Party Mix treats, and "Pull 'n Play" treats that are edible tender strings. In 2003, the Friskies brand was re-launched with new packaging. By this time, Friskies was the largest market-share holder in the cat food segment, with a 60 percent share of the wet food market and 49.3 percent share for dry food.

## InfoBox

Friskies
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Product type | Pet food – Cat food,
formerly dog food |
| Owner | Nestlé Purina PetCare |
| Introduced | 1930s (as dog food)
1950s (as cat food) |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Previous owners | Carnation Company (1930s-1985) |
| Tagline | Friskies For More (2004-2007)
Feed The Senses (2007-2018)
Feed Their Fantasy (2018-present) |
| Website | Friskies |


abstract: The International Children's Digital Library Foundation (ICDL) is a free online library of digitized children's books in 59 languages from many countries. It is housed by the International Children's Digital Library Foundation and was originally developed at the University of Maryland, College Park.

text:
# International Children's Digital Library

The **International Children's Digital Library Foundation** (**ICDL**) is a free online library of digitized children's books in 59 languages from many countries. It is housed by the International Children's Digital Library Foundation and was originally developed at the University of Maryland, College Park.

## History

The International Children's Digital Library was initially launched in November 2002 under the direction of University of Maryland Computer Science professor Dr. Allison Druin and in collaboration with researchers from other fields, such as information studies, art, psychology, and education, in order to better understand children's online habits and to encourage a love of reading and increased literacy. Children from Bowie, Maryland, tested the original Java prototype from 1999 to 2002, and since then children from five locations around the world have also contributed to the design process as the library's "Kidsteam Program".

The 2002-2005 phase of development saw a working model of the Library accessed by over one million users around the world and home to 1,000 books. Funding initially came from the National Science Foundation and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

In April 2006, the International Children's Digital Library became part of the newly formed International Children's Digital Library Foundation, a non-profit corporation under the leadership of Tim Browne as Executive Director and original project leaders Dr. Allison Druin, Dr. Ben Bederson, and Dr. Ann Weeks as Directors. The Library's principal support comes from the Library of Congress, National Science Foundation, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and Microsoft Research.

In April 2021, after almost 20 years of existence, it was decided to take the service offline. However, the website went online again the next month with only the static content available.

## Description

The ICDL is a free online library of digitized children's books in 59 languages from various countries. Designed specifically for use by children ages 3 to 13, the Library is housed by the International Children's Digital Library Foundation. It was originally developed in the College of Information Studies and the Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Books are selected based on quality and appropriateness and are presented in their original language with copyright permission from publishers or authors. The Library's ultimate goal is to foster a love of reading, a readiness to learn, and a response to the challenges of world literacy.

Children can search for books by country, language, length, intended age group, content type, and emotional quality, among other qualifiers. An advanced search option is also provided for more experienced or older users, and all users can register to save search preferences and favorite books.

The ICDL also hosts an online catalog of all White Ravens titles between 1993 and 2007, in collaboration with the International Youth Library.

1. Druin; et al. (May 2003). "The International Children's Digital Library: Description and analysis of first use". *First Monday*. **8** (5).
2. "ICDL - International Children's Digital Library". *en.childrenslibrary.org*. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
3. "International Children's Digital Library". Archived from the original on 2020-03-07.
4. "Goals". *ICDL*. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
5. Austlit. "White Ravens". *AustLit: Discover Australian Stories*. Retrieved 24 June 2020.


title: Marge Ellis

abstract: Marjory Ellis was a South African international lawn bowler and national team manager.

text:
# Marge Ellis

**Marjory Ellis** (10 August 1926 – 30 December 2021) was a South African international lawn bowler and national team manager.

## Bowls career

Ellis won a silver medal in the fours as an injury replacement bowler, when called in from her managers position, at the 1996 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Leamington Spa with Jannie de Beer, Barbara Redshaw, Lorna Trigwell and Hester Bekker.

## Later life and death

In 2017, Ellis, then aged 91, was honoured by the Hillary Bowling Club.

Ellis died on 30 December 2021, at the age of 95.

## InfoBox

Marge Ellis
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South African |
| Born | (1926-08-10)10 August 1926 |
| Died | 30 December 2021(2021-12-30) (aged 96) |
| Sport | |
| Club | Hillary BC & Port Natal |
| Medal record      Representing  South Africa  World Outdoor Championships  1996 Leamington Spa fours | |


title: Two-component regulatory system

abstract: In molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus, and a corresponding response regulator that mediates the cellular response, mostly through differential expression of target genes. Although two-component signaling systems are found in all domains of life, they are most common by far in bacteria, particularly in Gram-negative and cyanobacteria; both histidine kinases and response regulators are among the largest gene families in bacteria. They are much less common in archaea and eukaryotes; although they do appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are common in plants, two-component systems have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals.

text:
# Two-component regulatory system

| His Kinase A (phospho-acceptor) domain | |
| --- | --- |
| solved structure of the homodimeric domain of EnvZ from *Escherichia coli* by multi-dimensional NMR. | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HisKA |
| Pfam | PF00512 |
| Pfam clan | CL0025 |
| InterPro | IPR003661 |
| SMART | HisKA |
| SCOP2 | 1b3q / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Histidine kinase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HisKA\_2 |
| Pfam | PF07568 |
| Pfam clan | CL0025 |
| InterPro | IPR011495 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Histidine kinase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HisKA\_3 |
| Pfam | PF07730 |
| Pfam clan | CL0025 |
| InterPro | IPR011712 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Signal transducing histidine kinase, homodimeric domain | |
| --- | --- |
| structure of CheA domain p4 in complex with TNP-ATP | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | H-kinase\_dim |
| Pfam | PF02895 |
| InterPro | IPR004105 |
| SCOP2 | 1b3q / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Histidine kinase N terminal | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HisK\_N |
| Pfam | PF09385 |
| InterPro | IPR018984 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Osmosensitive K<sup>+</sup> channel His kinase sensor domain | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | KdpD |
| Pfam | PF02702 |
| InterPro | IPR003852 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

In molecular biology, a **two-component regulatory system** serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus, and a corresponding response regulator that mediates the cellular response, mostly through differential expression of target genes. Although two-component signaling systems are found in all domains of life, they are most common by far in bacteria, particularly in Gram-negative and cyanobacteria; both histidine kinases and response regulators are among the largest gene families in bacteria. They are much less common in archaea and eukaryotes; although they do appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are common in plants, two-component systems have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals.

## Mechanism

Two-component systems accomplish signal transduction through the phosphorylation of a response regulator (RR) by a histidine kinase (HK). Histidine kinases are typically homodimeric transmembrane proteins containing a histidine phosphotransfer domain and an ATP binding domain, though there are reported examples of histidine kinases in the atypical HWE and HisKA2 families that are not homodimers. Response regulators may consist only of a receiver domain, but usually are multi-domain proteins with a receiver domain and at least one effector or output domain, often involved in DNA binding. Upon detecting a particular change in the extracellular environment, the HK performs an autophosphorylation reaction, transferring a phosphoryl group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a specific histidine residue. The cognate response regulator (RR) then catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group to an aspartate residue on the response regulator's receiver domain. This typically triggers a conformational change that activates the RR's effector domain, which in turn produces the cellular response to the signal, usually by stimulating (or repressing) expression of target genes.

Many HKs are bifunctional and possess phosphatase activity against their cognate response regulators, so that their signaling output reflects a balance between their kinase and phosphatase activities. Many response regulators also auto-dephosphorylate, and the relatively labile phosphoaspartate can also be hydrolyzed non-enzymatically. The overall level of phosphorylation of the response regulator ultimately controls its activity.

### Phosphorelays

Some histidine kinases are hybrids that contain an internal receiver domain. In these cases, a hybrid HK autophosphorylates and then transfers the phosphoryl group to its own internal receiver domain, rather than to a separate RR protein. The phosphoryl group is then shuttled to histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and subsequently to a terminal RR, which can evoke the desired response. This system is called a *phosphorelay*. Almost 25% of bacterial HKs are of the hybrid type, as are the large majority of eukaryotic HKs.

## Function

Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions. These pathways have been adapted to respond to a wide variety of stimuli, including nutrients, cellular redox state, changes in osmolarity, quorum signals, antibiotics, temperature, chemoattractants, pH and more. The average number of two-component systems in a bacterial genome has been estimated as around 30, or about 1–2% of a prokaryote's genome. A few bacteria have none at all – typically endosymbionts and pathogens – and others contain over 200. All such systems must be closely regulated to prevent cross-talk, which is rare *in vivo*.

In *Escherichia coli*, the osmoregulatory EnvZ/OmpR two-component system controls the differential expression of the outer membrane porin proteins OmpF and OmpC. The KdpD sensor kinase proteins regulate the kdpFABC operon responsible for potassium transport in bacteria including *E. coli* and *Clostridium acetobutylicum*. The N-terminal domain of this protein forms part of the cytoplasmic region of the protein, which may be the sensor domain responsible for sensing turgor pressure.

## Histidine kinases

Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems. Examples of histidine kinases are EnvZ, which plays a central role in osmoregulation, and CheA, which plays a central role in the chemotaxis system. Histidine kinases usually have an N-terminal ligand-binding domain and a C-terminal kinase domain, but other domains may also be present. The kinase domain is responsible for the autophosphorylation of the histidine with ATP, the phosphotransfer from the kinase to an aspartate of the response regulator, and (with bifunctional enzymes) the phosphotransfer from aspartyl phosphate to water. The kinase core has a unique fold, distinct from that of the Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase superfamily.

HKs can be roughly divided into two classes: orthodox and hybrid kinases. Most orthodox HKs, typified by the *E. coli* EnvZ protein, function as periplasmic membrane receptors and have a signal peptide and transmembrane segment(s) that separate the protein into a periplasmic N-terminal sensing domain and a highly conserved cytoplasmic C-terminal kinase core. Members of this family, however, have an integral membrane sensor domain. Not all orthodox kinases are membrane bound, e.g., the nitrogen regulatory kinase NtrB (GlnL) is a soluble cytoplasmic HK. Hybrid kinases contain multiple phosphodonor and phosphoacceptor sites and use multi-step phospho-relay schemes instead of promoting a single phosphoryl transfer. In addition to the sensor domain and kinase core, they contain a CheY-like receiver domain and a His-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) domain.

## Evolution

The number of two-component systems present in a bacterial genome is highly correlated with genome size as well as ecological niche; bacteria that occupy niches with frequent environmental fluctuations possess more histidine kinases and response regulators. New two-component systems may arise by gene duplication or by lateral gene transfer, and the relative rates of each process vary dramatically across bacterial species. In most cases, response regulator genes are located in the same operon as their cognate histidine kinase; lateral gene transfers are more likely to preserve operon structure than gene duplications.

## In eukaryotes

Two-component systems are rare in eukaryotes. They appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are relatively common in plants, but have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals. Two-component systems in eukaryotes likely originate from lateral gene transfer, often from endosymbiotic organelles, and are typically of the hybrid kinase phosphorelay type. For example, in the yeast *Candida albicans*, genes found in the nuclear genome likely originated from endosymbiosis and remain targeted to the mitochondria. Two-component systems are well-integrated into developmental signaling pathways in plants, but the genes probably originated from lateral gene transfer from chloroplasts. An example is the chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) gene in *Arabidopsis thaliana*, derived from chloroplasts but now integrated into the nuclear genome. CSK function provides a redox-based regulatory system that couples photosynthesis to chloroplast gene expression; this observation has been described as a key prediction of the CoRR hypothesis, which aims to explain the retention of genes encoded by endosymbiotic organelles.

It is unclear why canonical two-component systems are rare in eukaryotes, with many similar functions having been taken over by signaling systems based on serine, threonine, or tyrosine kinases; it has been speculated that the chemical instability of phosphoaspartate is responsible, and that increased stability is needed to transduce signals in the more complex eukaryotic cell. Notably, cross-talk between signaling mechanisms is very common in eukaryotic signaling systems but rare in bacterial two-component systems.

## Bioinformatics

Because of their sequence similarity and operon structure, many two-component systems – particularly histidine kinases – are relatively easy to identify through bioinformatics analysis. (By contrast, eukaryotic kinases are typically easily identified, but they are not easily paired with their substrates.) A database of prokaryotic two-component systems called P2CS has been compiled to document and classify known examples, and in some cases to make predictions about the cognates of "orphan" histidine kinase or response regulator proteins that are genetically unlinked to a partner.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR011712 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR010559 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR003661 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR011495 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR004105 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR011126 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR003852

## InfoBox

| Histidine kinase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | His\_kinase |
| Pfam | PF06580 |
| InterPro | IPR016380 |
| OPM superfamily | 281 |
| OPM protein | 5iji |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Francis Wyatt Truscott

abstract: Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott was Lord Mayor of London in 1879–80, a member of the Worshipful Company of Stationers and the father of George Wyatt Truscott, the Lord Mayor of London in 1908–09.

text:
# Francis Wyatt Truscott

**Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott** (24 November 1824 – 3 March 1895) was Lord Mayor of London in 1879–80, a member of the Worshipful Company of Stationers and the father of George Wyatt Truscott, the Lord Mayor of London in 1908–09.

## Family

Truscott was born in Truro, Cornwall in 1824 to James Truscott and educated at King's College London. In 1847 he married Eliza Freeman. They had two sons and one daughter,

1. George Wyatt (1857–1941), 1st Baronet
2. a son
3. Louisa Edith, married Homewood Crawford, later Sir Homewood, City Solicitor.

His residences included an estate at East Grinstead, West Sussex; Essex Lodge, Upper Norwood; and Victoria Street, London.

## Career

Truscott was a wholesale stationer and head of the firm, Messrs James Truscott and Sons, of Suffolk Lane, London. He was elected a member of the Court of Common Council for the Dowgate Ward in 1858 and was Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1871. Truscott was an unsuccessful Conservative candidate for the Dudley ward in 1865. A keen freemason, he was Grand Bard of England. Wyatt was appointed Worshipful Master of No. 1 Grand Masters Lodge at the resumption of his mayoralty. In November 1880, the Temple Bar Memorial, also known as Truscott's Folly, was unveiled at Temple Bar by the Duke of Albany. The dragon atop the memorial is often misdescribed as a griffin. He was also the first President of the London Society of Artists.

He was appointed a Knight Bachelor. In 1883 he was elected Master of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers.

Truscott died on 3 March 1895 aged 70 and is buried in Norwood cemetery


title: HD 49674

abstract: HD 49674 is a solar-type star with an exoplanetary companion in the northern constellation of Auriga. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.10 and thus is an eighth-magnitude star that is too faint to be readily visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of 140.6 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +12 km/s. HD 49674, and its planetary system, was chosen as part of the 2019 NameExoWorlds campaign organised by the International Astronomical Union, which assigned each country a star and planet to be named. HD 49674 was assigned to Belgium. The winning proposal named the star Nervia and the planet Eburonia, both after prominent Belgic tribes, the Nervii and Eburones, respectively. This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3V, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. Spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4.7 km/s, it is younger than the Sun, roughly two billion years of age, and is a metal-rich star. HD 49674 has a similar mass and radius as the Sun. It is radiating 96% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,702 K.

text:
# HD 49674

**HD 49674** is a solar-type star with an exoplanetary companion in the northern constellation of Auriga. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.10 and thus is an eighth-magnitude star that is too faint to be readily visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of 140.6 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +12 km/s.

HD 49674, and its planetary system, was chosen as part of the 2019 NameExoWorlds campaign organised by the International Astronomical Union, which assigned each country a star and planet to be named. HD 49674 was assigned to Belgium. The winning proposal named the star **Nervia** and the planet **Eburonia**, both after prominent Belgic tribes, the Nervii and Eburones, respectively.

This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3V, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. Spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4.7 km/s, it is younger than the Sun, roughly two billion years of age, and is a metal-rich star. HD 49674 has a similar mass and radius as the Sun. It is radiating 96% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,702 .

## Planetary system

At the time of discovery of the planet HD 49674 b in 2002, it was the least massive planet known, very close to the boundary between sub-Jupiter mass and Neptune mass at 0.1 MJ. This planet orbits very close to the star, with a semimajor axis of 0.0580 AU (8.68 Gm).

The HD 49674 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b / Eburonia** | \>0.105 ± 0.011 MJ | 0.0580 ± 0.0034 | 4.94737 ± 0.00098 | 0.087 ± 0.095 |  |  |

## InfoBox

HD 49674 / Nervia
|
HD 49674 (center) in optical light | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Auriga |
|
| Right ascension | 06h 51m 30.51634s |
| Declination | +40° 52 03.9256 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.10 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | G3V |
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| B−V color index | 0.729±0.015 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 11.97±0.27 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 34.587 mas/yr
Dec.: −122.797 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 23.2054 ± 0.0411 mas |
| **Distance** | 140.6 ± 0.2 ly
(43.09 ± 0.08 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.88 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.07±0.02 |
| **Radius** | 1.01±0.01 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.96±0.01 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.46±0.02 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,702±28 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.34±0.06 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 4.7 km/s |
| **Age** | 1.8±1.2 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| Nervia, BD+41° 1544, HD 49674, HIP 32916, SAO 41390, PPM 49392, TYC 2946-426-1, GSC 02946-00426 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Jagannath Sitaram Akarte

abstract: Jagannath Sitaram Akarte was a leader of Congress(I) from Amravati, Maharashtra, India. He was a lawyer by profession and was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 5 July 1980 to 4 July 1986. He was born on 14 September 1906 and married to Shrimati Shantabai Akarte. He was also a Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from 1962 to 1968. He was survived by six sons and one daughter.

text:
# Jagannath Sitaram Akarte

**Jagannath Sitaram Akarte** was a leader of Congress(I) from Amravati, Maharashtra, India. He was a lawyer by profession and was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 5 July 1980 to 4 July 1986.

He was born on 14 September 1906 and married to Shrimati Shantabai Akarte. He was also a Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from 1962 to 1968.

He was survived by six sons and one daughter.

1. "RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003" (PDF). p. 5.

## InfoBox

| Jagannath Sitaram Akarte | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1906-09-14)14 September 1906 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupations | * Lawyer * Politician |
| Years active | 1962-1986 |


title: Sutton Trinity (ward)

abstract: Sutton Trinity is one of the 40 electoral wards in Birmingham, England. It is named after Holy Trinity Church, the town's parish church. Sutton Trinity is one of four wards comprising the Parliamentary Constituency and formal district of Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. It was created on 10 June 2004, following a Boundary Commission review of the city. It covers Sutton town centre and includes the neighbourhoods of Tudor Hill, Maney, New Hall Manor, Falcon Lodge, Whitehouse Common, Withy Hill, Little Sutton and Reddicap Heath.

text:
# Sutton Trinity (ward)

**Sutton Trinity** is one of the 40 electoral wards in Birmingham, England. It is named after Holy Trinity Church, the town's parish church.

Sutton Trinity is one of four wards comprising the Parliamentary Constituency and formal district of Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. It was created on 10 June 2004, following a Boundary Commission review of the city. It covers Sutton town centre and includes the neighbourhoods of Tudor Hill, Maney, New Hall Manor, Falcon Lodge, Whitehouse Common, Withy Hill, Little Sutton and Reddicap Heath.

## Population

It covers an area of 4.60 square miles (11.9 km2). According to the 2001 Population Census, there were 23,394 people living in 9,887 households in Sutton Trinity and 5.1% (1,183) of the ward's population consists of ethnic minorities compared with 29.6% for Birmingham in general.

## Local politics

Sutton Trinity, like all of Sutton Coldfield is dominated by the Conservative Party and is represented by three Conservative councillors: David Allan, David Pears and Keith Ward. Sutton Trinity has adopted a Ward Support Officer.

## Infrastructure

### Schools and colleges

Bishop Vesey's Grammar School for boys and Sutton Coldfield Grammar School for Girls are located within the ward. Sutton Coldfield College, located next to Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, is a college of further education. A separate building owned by Sutton College, located opposite Holy Trinity Church, is in use as the media centre. Sutton Coldfield Library is located in Sutton Town Centre in the *Rose Centre*.

### Medical

Good Hope Hospital on the Rectory Road is the main hospital for the whole town.

### Transport

Sutton Coldfield railway station on the Cross-City Line serves the town centre. There are a number of bus services operated by National Express West Midlands that stop at the Parade in Sutton town centre.

From 1879 until 1924, Sutton Coldfield was served by the Sutton Town railway station, as well as the LNWR-owned Sutton Coldfield railway station. It was forced to shut as a result of low passenger figures. The buildings still remain but as office buildings.

## Sport

The town is served by the *Wyndley Leisure Centre*, which is the largest leisure centre in Birmingham. It is located on the edge of Sutton Park and is used by local football teams for training.

## InfoBox

| Sutton Trinity | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Holy Trinity Church, north of Sutton town centre, from which the ward receives its name. | |
| Sutton TrinityLocation within the West Midlands | |
| Area | 4.60 sq mi (11.9 km2) |
| Population | 25,267 (2011.Ward) |
| Density | 5,493/sq mi (2,121/km2) |
| OS grid reference | SP121958 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SUTTON COLDFIELD |
| Postcode district | B72, B75 |
| Dialling code | 0121 |
|  | |
| Police | West Midlands |
| Fire | West Midlands |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Sutton Tunnel railway accident

abstract: The Sutton Tunnel railway accident occurred in the Sutton tunnel between Frodsham and Moore in Cheshire, England on 30 April 1851. As a result of it nine people died and between 30 and 40 were injured.

text:
# Sutton Tunnel railway accident

The **Sutton Tunnel railway accident** occurred in the Sutton tunnel between Frodsham and Moore in Cheshire, England on 30 April 1851. As a result of it nine people died and between 30 and 40 were injured.

## Accident

On 18 December 1850 a new railway was opened between Chester and Warrington by the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway. This halved the distance by rail between Manchester and Chester as trains could travel via Warrington rather than via Crewe. An early attraction to be served by the new line was Chester Races, in particular the Chester Cup on 30 April 1851. The line was advertised as *The Direct Route to Chester Races* and it is estimated that 4,000 people gathered at Manchester Victoria station during the morning of that day. The trains struggled to get the passengers to Chester, with one train arriving 2½ hours late and passengers from another train of 50 carriages having to walk part of the way.

After the races, by 6 pm one train had already left Chester General station and soon after another train carrying about 430 passengers departed. A further train was standing in sidings with a notice "Manchester via Warrington" on its side. People crossed the line and completely filled the train. It was estimated that 900 passengers were crowded into 18 small carriages. The train left the siding at about 6.50 pm hauled by the locomotive *Druid*. It was assisted up the incline from Chester station by another locomotive, No. 16, pushing at the back. No. 16 returned to Chester to collect its own train and the train pulled by *Druid* made "good speed" to Frodsham where some passengers left it. By then it had begun to rain, this had turned to sleet, and the driving wheels had started to slip. From Frodsham station to the Sutton Weaver Viaduct there is an adverse gradient of 1:240 and the fireman and a local platelayer sanded the rails. Despite this the train made only slow progress, even on the level viaduct. Beyond the viaduct the tunnel also had an adverse gradient of 1:264 and it was a struggle to keep the train moving. By this time the train hauled by No. 16 had left Chester with only 430 passengers and was catching up with *Druid's* train. By the time it arrived near Sutton tunnel it was only 60 yards (55 m)70 yards (64 m) behind it. *Druid's* guard signalled to the following train to come behind and push his train. This it did but then No. 16's wheels also began to slip. In the middle of the 1m 154yd tunnel the two trains came to a virtual or complete halt.

By now the next train, pulled by *Albert*, had arrived in Frodsham station and it was allowed to leave two minutes later. This was 14 minutes after No. 16's train had left and 24 minutes after *Druid's* train; the company's rules allowed trains to pass intermediate stations at intervals of five minutes. *Albert's* train entered the tunnel at 15–20 miles per hour. The driver noticed a lot of steam in the tunnel and stated that he slowed, but his train collided with the rear of No. 16's train. The guard from No. 16's train walked back with a red light and stopped the next train on the viaduct. Two doctors were called from Frodsham and one from Halton village. In the accident five people had been killed outright and four died later. Between 30 and 40 people were injured. About 1,600 people were crowded inside the tunnel in complete darkness.

## Inquest and report

An inquest was held in Preston Brook and the jury returned a verdict of accidental death. The jury also added their unanimous opinion that the company should accept "great blame" and that "there was a want of prudence and discretion" on the part of the "officers and servants" of the company. A report was prepared by Captain R. M. Laffan who was appointed by the Commissioners of Railways. Captain Laffan was critical of the secretary of the company, the locomotive superintendent, the three drivers, two of the guards and the Frodsham station master, but in particular he blamed the executive committee of the railway company. He made six recommendations: a station should be built at each end of the tunnel and that the stations should be connected by an electric telegraph; two guards should be provided on each train rather than one; the locomotive stock and number of carriages should be increased; a more efficient staff should be engaged; all passenger carriages passing through the tunnel should be provided with lights; the interval of five minutes between trains should be increased. The stations were built. At the Frodsham end the station went first by the name of Runcorn, then Runcorn Road, and finally Halton; it is now closed. At the other end was Norton station, which has been replaced by Runcorn East station.

53°19′13″N 2°40′40″W / 53.3202°N 2.6779°W / 53.3202; -2.6779

## InfoBox

| Sutton Tunnel railway accident | |
| --- | --- |
| Southern portal of Sutton Tunnel | |
| Details | |
| Date | 30 April 1851 <br>20:03 |
| Location | Frodsham, Cheshire |
| Country | England |
| Line | Chester to Manchester Line |
| Cause | Unprotected train (no signals) |
| Statistics | |
| Trains | 3 |
| Passengers | ~1600 |
| Deaths | 9 |
| Injured | 30–40 |
| List of UK rail accidents by year | |


title: Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio

abstract: Sutton Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 3,077 people in the township.

text:
# Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio

**Sutton Township** is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 3,077 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the southeastern part of the county along the Ohio River, it borders the following townships:

Mason County, West Virginia lies across the Ohio River to the southeast.

It is the second-farthest downstream of Meigs County's Ohio River townships.

Two villages are located along Sutton Township's shoreline: Racine, in the south, and Syracuse, in the southwest.

## Name and history

It is the only Sutton Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Fields, with the Mountaineer Power Plant in the background | |
| Location of Sutton Township in Meigs County | |
| Coordinates: 38°59′47″N 81°55′50″W / 38.99639°N 81.93056°W / 38.99639; -81.93056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Meigs |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.6 sq mi (81.7 km2) |
| Land | 31.1 sq mi (80.6 km2) |
| Water | 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 574 ft (175 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,077 |
| Density | 97/sq mi (38/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-75847 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1086619 |


title: Onorati SMG

abstract: The Onorati SMG is a two-barrel Italian prototype submachine gun. A pistol calibre rifle variant also existed.

text:
# Onorati SMG

The **Onorati SMG** is a two-barrel Italian prototype submachine gun. A pistol calibre rifle variant also existed.

## Design details

The weapon was designed by Umberto Onorati; very little other information about the weapon is available. As no pictures of the weapon exist, it can be assumed that the weapon never advanced past prototype stages. The Onorati used a dual-bolt system and fed from two 20-round detachable box magazines inserted into the weapon.

## Variants

SMG

The standard SMG with a wood stock; magazines are inserted into the weapon and stored under the handguard.

Pistol

A machine pistol variant of the same weapon, which has a normal pistol grip instead of a stock acting as a grip.

## InfoBox

| Onorati SMG | |
| --- | --- |
| Blueprints sheet | |
| Type | Submachine gun, machine pistol |
| Place of origin | Italy |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Umberto Onorati |
| Designed | 1936, 1938 |
| Specifications | |
| Caliber | 9×19mm Parabellum |
| Action | Blowback |
| Feed system | 2 20-round detachable box magazines |


title: Łężce, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Łężce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pajęczno, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Pajęczno and 79 km (49 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Łężce, Łódź Voivodeship

**Łężce** \[ˈwɛ̃ʂt͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pajęczno, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Pajęczno and 79 km (49 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Łężce | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łężce | |
| Coordinates: 51°8′N 19°2′E / 51.133°N 19.033°E / 51.133; 19.033 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Pajęczno |
| Gmina | Pajęczno |


title: Susan Nakazwe

abstract: Susan Nakazwe is the former Mayor of Lusaka, Zambia. She was expelled from her position after meeting with the President of China, Hu Jintao, despite being under party instructions not to. She subsequently left the Patriotic Front party, and joined the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy party.

text:
# Susan Nakazwe

**Susan Nakazwe** is the former Mayor of Lusaka, Zambia. She was expelled from her position after meeting with the President of China, Hu Jintao, despite being under party instructions not to. She subsequently left the Patriotic Front party, and joined the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy party.

## Political career

Susan Nakazwe was named Mayor of Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia, in October 2006 while representing the Patriotic Front (PF) party. She won the poll of the members of the municipality by 31 votes to seven. This made her the second woman ever to be the Mayor of the city, while Steven Chilatu was named as her deputy. She dissolved the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy party (MMD) dominated board at the City Market, and replaced it with one led by members of the PF following accusations by her party leader who considered it "corrupt".

In March 2007, she and city councillor Boniface Musondamwaume were suspended from the PF after she was among Zambian officials who greeted President of China, Hu Jintao, at the airport when he arrived for a visit in February 2007. Nakazwe had been told by party officials to avoid any contact with Jintao, as the PF was boycotting him due to their stance against Chinese interventions in Zambia and because the president of the party had not been invited to attend.

In response, she joined the MMD. This led to accusations that the MMD had been seeking her defection all along, as three serving Zambian Mayors had been among those who had defected from the PF to the MMD over a recent period.