title: Platform cooperative

abstract: A platform cooperative, or platform co-op, is a cooperatively owned, democratically governed business that establishes a two-sided market via a computing platform, website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. Platform cooperatives are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms insofar as they are owned and governed by those who depend on them most—workers, users, and other relevant stakeholders.

text:
# Platform cooperative

A **platform cooperative**, or **platform co-op**, is a cooperatively owned, democratically governed business that establishes a two-sided market via a computing platform, website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. Platform cooperatives are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms insofar as they are owned and governed by those who depend on them most—workers, users, and other relevant stakeholders.

## Typology

While there is no commonly accepted typology of platform cooperatives, researchers often categorize platform cooperatives by industry. Some potential categories include: transportation, on-demand labor, journalism, music, creative projects, timebank, film, home health care, photography, data cooperatives, marketplaces. Other typologies differentiate platform cooperatives by their governance or ownership structures.

Platform cooperatives are a business model that differs from platform capitalism, prioritizing fairness and sharing over profit motive. On the other hand, platform capitalists, such as Airbnb and Uber, are more traditional multi-sided businesses focusing on profit and returns to investors. These can also be referred to as capitalist platforms, while cooperativist platforms prioritize cooperation and fairness in addition to a profit motive.

Projects like Wikipedia, which rely on unpaid labor of volunteers, can be classified as commons-based peer-production initiatives, which are distinct from platform cooperatives since they don't employ the same institutional framework and governance.

## Examples

Many platform co-operatives use business models similar to better-known apps or web services, but with a cooperative structure. For example, there are numerous driver-owned taxi apps that allow customers to submit trip requests and notify the nearest driver, similar to Uber.

The Internet of Ownership website includes a directory of the platform co-op "ecosystem".

**Equal Care Co-op** is the UK’s first platform-based social care and support co-operative. The platform enables those looking for support to build and manage their own teams, which can include family members, friends and volunteers as well as paid, professional care and support workers. It allows care teams to work together directly, replacing the layers of management that would usually control that support.

**Eva** is a ride-sharing application that offers a service similar to Uber, but in line with its cooperative members priorities: cheaper for rider members and better wages for driver members.

**Fairbnb.coop** is an online marketplace and hospitality service for people to lease or rent short-term lodging. Foremost, it is also a community of activists, coders, researchers and designers working to create the platform to enable hosts and guests to connect for travel and cultural exchange, while minimizing the cost to communities. It is an alternative to commercial platforms.

**Fairmondo** is an online marketplace for ethical goods and services, that originated from Germany and has expanded to the UK. Joining as a stakeholder is open for all and the minimum share is limited to an affordable amount, with stakeholders exercising a democratic control through one-member-one-vote principle. It is a cooperative alternative to Amazon and eBay.

**Green Taxi Cooperative** is the largest taxi company in the Denver metro area. Organized by the Communications Workers of America Local 7777, its members buy into the cooperative for a one-time membership fee of $2000 and then pay fees amounting to a "fraction" of what large companies charge drivers. Despite having a mobile application through which riders can schedule pickups, and thus competing directly with ride-hailing applications like Uber and Lyft, as of November 2016 the Green Taxi Cooperative reportedly held 37% market share in Denver.

**Meet.coop** is an open source meeting and conferencing tool.

**Midata** is a cooperatively owned, Zurich-based, online platform that seeks to serve as an exchange for members' medical data. Using an open-source application, members are able to securely share their medical data with doctors, friends, and researchers, and are provided access to "data analysis, visualization and interpretation tools". Members can also consent to their data's use in medical research and clinical trials. In a pilot project, post-bariatric-surgery patients are able to upload data to the platform, including their weight and daily step count, and follow their own post-surgery progress.

**Savvy Cooperative** is a multi-stakeholder patient-owned research insights cooperative that seeks to match patients with patient engagement leaders, digital health companies, and clinical innovation leads, enabling industry and start-up tech companies to easily conduct user research with patients to ensure the products that go-to-market are patient-centric and focused on patient needs. Using Savvy's platform, patients can find and apply for gigs that match their conditions, get reimbursed for their participation, and qualify for dividends based on their co-op participation. Savvy is majority patient-owned.

**Stocksy United** is a platform cooperative headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia. It is a "highly curated collection of royalty-free stock photography and video footage that is 'beautiful, distinctive, and highly usable.'" In 2015, Stocksy earned $7.9 million in sales—doubling its revenues from the year prior—and paid a dividend of $200,000 to its members.

**Up & Go** is a digital marketplace for professional home services that allows users to schedule services such as house cleaning, dog walking, and handywork with worker-owned businesses that have fair work practices.

**Resonate** is music streaming coop similar to Spotify.

**Collective Tools** is a cooperatively owned cloud service that offers storage, communication and canvas boards to organisations as well as storage and email to private persons.

## Platform co-operativism

Platform Cooperativism is an intellectual framework and movement which advocates for the global development of platform cooperatives. Its advocates object to the techno-solutionist claim that technology is, by default, the answer to all social problems. Rather, proponents of the movement claim that ethical commitments such as the building of the global commons, support of inventive unions, and promotion of ecological and social sustainability as well as social justice, are necessary to shape an equitable and fair social economy. Platform cooperativism advocates for the coexistence of cooperatively owned business models and traditional, extractive models with the goal of a more diversified digital labor landscape respecting fair working conditions.

Platform cooperativism is not exactly about digital disintermediation, since a coop, which is a legally constituted moral entity, owns the digital platform. It is different from platform corporations like Uber, in that the governance of the digital platform is democratic. There are some similarities with the peer-to-peer production movement, influenced by Michel Bauwens and the P2P Foundation, which advocates for "new kinds of democratic and economic participation" as far as it is concerned with "the free participation of equal partners, engaged in the production of common resources". Economically and institutionally it is more distant from the radically distributed, non-market mechanisms of commons-based peer production promoted by Yochai Benkler., although they share some ethical considerations. Marjorie Kelly's book *Owning Our Future* contributed the distinction between democratic and extractive ownership design to this discussion.

While platform cooperatives are structured as cooperatives, granting democratic control to workers, customers, users, or other key stakeholders, companies and initiatives that support the ecosystem of the cooperative platform economy are considered a part of the platform cooperativism movement insofar as they attempt to encourage, develop, and sustain its development. It has also been argued that, as the spread of platform cooperativism "will require a different kind of ecosystem—with appropriate forms of finance, law, policy, and culture—to support the development of democratic online enterprises".

### History of the term

The concept developed as part of the traditional struggle between social factions that associate with the left and the right ideologies, the traditional labor vs capital struggle, in the wake of the information age, as the Internet technology introduced the possibility of trans-local participation in economic processes, through digital platforms.

The term "platform cooperativism" was coined by New School professor Trebor Scholz in a 2014 article titled, "Platform Cooperativism vs. the Sharing Economy", in which he criticized popular so-called "sharing economy" (see disambiguation on the Sharing economy page) platforms and called for the creation of democratically controlled cooperative alternatives that "allow workers to exchange their labor without the manipulation of the middleman". Shortly thereafter, journalist Nathan Schneider published an article, "Owning Is the New Sharing", which documented a variety of projects using cooperative models for digitally mediated commerce, as well as online, distributed funding-models which hoped to replace the venture capital model predominant in the technology sector. Both Scholz and Schneider would later credit the work and provocations of other researchers and digital-labor advocates as their inspiration, including, among others, lawyer Janelle Orsi of the Sustainable Economies Law Center, who had "called on technology companies in the so-called "sharing economy" to share ownership and profits with their users", and Amazon Mechanical Turk organizer Kristy Milland who had proposed a worker-owned alternative to the platform at the "Digital Labor: Sweatshops, Picket Lines, Barricades" conference in November 2014.

There are several other precursors to platform cooperativism. In 2012, the Italian cooperative federation Legacoop promulgated a manifesto on the "Cooperative Commons", which called for bringing the lessons of the cooperative movement to control over online data. The same year Mayo Fuster Morell published an article named "horizons of digital commons" in which she pointed to the evolution of commons-based peer production merging with cooperatives and the social economy. The article reflects on an event named Building Digital commons, which took place in October 2011. It was the goal of the event to further connect the cooperative tradition and collaborative production. Other previous similar terms on new forms of cooperativism such as "open cooperativism" and also studies of how the digital environment opens up new possibilities for the cooperative tradition are of relevance to the new term platform cooperativism.

In 2015, Scholz published a primer on platform cooperativism, "Platform Cooperativism: Challenging the Corporate Sharing Economy", which was published in five languages and helped to internationalize the concept. In 2016, he published *Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy*, which further developed the concept. Together, Scholz and Schneider went on to convene an event on the subject, "Platform Cooperativism. The Internet. Ownership. Democracy", at The New School in November 2015, and edit a book, *Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet*.

#### Roots in criticism of the sharing economy

Proponents of platform cooperativism claim that, by ensuring the financial and social value of a platform circulate among these participants, platform cooperatives will bring about a more equitable and fair digitally mediated economy in contrast with the extractive models of corporate intermediaries.

The concept of platform cooperativism emerged from the discourse surrounding digital labor, popular in the late 2000s and early 2010s, which critiqued the use of digitally mediated labor markets to evade traditional labor protections. Early studies of digital labor, using the theories of Italian Workerists, focused on the "free" or "immaterial" labor performed by users of Web 2.0 platforms (sometimes referred to as "playbor"), while later analyses served to critique the "crowd fleecing" of digital laborers by microtask labor-brokerages such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and Crowdflower.

In 2014, the digital labor discourse shifted to the sharing economy, resulting in an increase in both academic and media attention to the practices and policies of online markets for labor, services, and goods. Researchers and labor advocates argued that platforms such as Uber and TaskRabbit were unfairly classifying full-time workers as independent contractors rather than employees, thus avoiding legally granted labor protections such as minimum-wage laws and the right to join a union with which to engage in collective bargaining, as well as different benefits offered to workers with employee status, including time off, unemployment insurance, and healthcare.

Other research focused on the automated management of the digital workplace by algorithms, without worker recourse. For example, the wage-per-mile by drivers on the Uber platform is controlled moment-to-moment by a surge pricing algorithm, and its drivers can lose their jobs if they fall behind any one of a number of metrics logged by the platform including ride-acceptance percentage (minimum 90%) and customer-rating (4.7 out of 5). Sharing economy workers who complained about this algorithmic management were often ignored, (e.g. a TaskRabbit discussion forum was shut down in response to worker unrest) and sometimes told that, insofar as the platform owners do not employ their contracted labor force, they were not actually being managed by the technology companies behind the platforms on which they worked.

Insofar as platform cooperatives offer worker-owners a more robust degree of control of the platforms they use, the model was seen as offering an ethical alternative to existing sharing economy platforms. As these early critiques of the sharing economy remain relevant, platform cooperatives tend to highlight their efforts to provide their worker-owners with a living wage or a fair share of revenues, benefits, control over the platform's design, and democratic influence over the management of the cooperative business.

## Public policy

The platform cooperativism movement has seen a number of global policy proposals and successes.

### Spain

#### Barcelona

Barcelona has a long tradition of connecting cooperativism and collaborative production. On 30 October 2011, an event was held to "Promote dialogue between the cooperative tradition and digital commons".

The Social Economy and Consumption Commission of Barcelona City Council in 2015 started a program on platform cooperativism. The program includes the provision of match-funding to support entrepreneurship and "La Communificadora", an entrepreneurship training and support course, among others.

A March 2016 international event by BarCola (node about Collaborative Economy and Commons-Based Peer Production in Barcelona) produced a set of 120 policy proposals for European governments. Integrated as concrete actions for the Municipal Action Plan of the Barcelona City Council, following a consultative online participatory process, as well as aiming at other local authorities in Spain and the Government of Catalonia, the resulting document criticized the organizational rationale of "multinational corporations based in Silicon Valley" which, though similar to collaborative-Commons economic models, "behave in the style of the prevailing globalized capitalist economic model, based on extracting profits through networked collaboration".

That joint statement of public policies for the collaborative economy, which integrates a Commons-oriented vision in such an emerging paradigm, claimed that by privatizing certain aspects of the collaborative Commons model these companies created "severe inequalities and loss of rights". The organization and participants at the event proposed the creation of favorable regulations for truly collaborative economic models, with measures like the funding of an incubator of new projects in the collaborative economy, including platform cooperativism, as well as the reassigning of public spaces for jointly managed working and manufacturing spaces. Embedded in a wider framework of action research for the co-design of public policies, some of these policy proposals have been met with support by members of the Barcelona city government. Outputs from that process have resulted in specific measures like the incubation of new collaborative economy initiatives following a cooperativist model, or the possibility of new funding schemes for civic projects via transparent "match-funding".

### United States

NYC Council Member Brad Lander of Brooklyn's 39th District, founding co-chair of the Council's Progressive Caucus, released a report in 2016 entitled, "Raising the Floor for Workers in the Gig Economy: Tools for NYC & Beyond", which analyzes the contingent work sector in New York City and "presents policy tools for cities seeking to protect gig workers from wage theft and discrimination, provide access to portable benefits, and establish new frameworks for worker organizing". Under his leadership, the NYC Council unanimously passed the "Freelance Isn't Free Act", which provides freelance workers with a right to full and timely payment, along with new tools for enforcement, and amendments to the NYC Human Rights law to clarify that employment protections apply to independent and contingent workers. In his report, NYC Council Member Brad Lander presented platform cooperativism as a model to help laborers in the digital economy.

The US Department of Agriculture appeared to offer its support for the platform cooperativism movement with a feature story in the September/October 2016 issue of its magazine, Rural Cooperatives.

"Rural Americans have been organizing cooperatives to develop countervailing economic power against larger investor-owned corporations for more than a century. This cooperative movement has now moved into the sharing economy that has been developing throughout the country. Wherever investor-owners of software platforms are satisfying the needs of rural asset owners and users, the sharing economy will be welcomed. However, when the need arises, cooperatively-owned software platforms are proving to be a viable alternative."

### United Kingdom

In 2016, Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party and the Opposition in the United Kingdom, released a digital democracy manifesto calling for, among other policies, the fostering of "the cooperative ownership of digital platforms for distributing labour and selling services". He proposed that the National Investment Bank, as well as regional banks, would "finance social enterprises whose websites and apps are designed to minimise the costs of connecting producers with consumers in the transport, accommodation, cultural, catering and other important sectors of the British economy".

## Advocacy

### Organizations

**Platform Cooperativism Consortium (PCC)**

The Platform Cooperativism Consortium is a "think-and-do tank" for the platform cooperativism movement based at The New School in New York City. As a "global network of researchers, platform co-ops, independent software developers, artists, designers, lawyers, activists, publishing outlets, and funders", it engages in research, advocacy, education, and technology-based projects. It was launched in November 2016 at the occasion of the "Building the Cooperative Internet" conference.

**The Internet of Ownership**

Beginning in 2016, The Internet of Ownership was a website that included a global directory of platform cooperatives and a calendar of events concerning the platform cooperativism movement. It was maintained by Nathan Schneider and Devin Balkind. In 2020, the Internet of Ownership directory stopped being maintained and was superseded by the Platform Cooperativism Consortium's directory of platform cooperatives.

### Campaigns

In September 2016, Nathan Schneider wrote the article "Here's my plan to save Twitter: let's buy it" in which he asked "What if users were to band together and buy Twitter for themselves?" Once in users' hands, Schneider suggested, Twitter could be turned into a platform co-op.

## Criticisms of the viability of platform cooperatives

### Dominance of established players

Some critics of platform cooperativism claim that platform cooperatives will have trouble challenging established, venture-capital-funded platforms. Nick Srnicek writes that, due to "the monopolistic nature of platforms, the dominance of network effects, and the vast resources behind these companies ... even if all that software would be made open-source, a platform like Facebook would still have the weight of its existing data, network effects, and financial resources to fight off any co-op arrival." Rufus Pollock expresses similar concerns that platform coops will face major challenges reaching adequate scale, particularly given their inability to raise traditional equity capital. In addition, he argues that coops often have slow and inefficient decision-making processes which will hamper them in their ability to compete successfully. Finally, he points out there is the risk that platform coops will go "bad" becoming an exclusive club for their members (for example, a ride-sharing coop might end up controlled only by drivers who then exploit consumers). Evgeny Morozov writes that "Efforts at platform cooperativism are worthwhile; occasionally, they do produce impressive and ethical local projects. There is no reason why a cooperative of drivers in a small town cannot build an app to help them beat Uber locally. But there is also no good reason to believe that this local cooperative can actually build a self-driving car: this requires massive investment and a dedicated infrastructure to harvest and analyze all of the data. One can, of course, also create data ownership cooperatives but it's unlikely they will scale to a point of competing with Google or Amazon."

While this may be true in certain sectors, Arun Sundararajan claims that, "Economic theory suggests that worker cooperatives are more efficient than shareholder corporations when there isn't a great deal of diversity in the levels of contribution across workers, when the level of external competition is low, and when there isn't the need for frequent investments in response to technological change." Using Uber as an example of a dominant platform, he continues: "Cab drivers, after all, offer a more or less uniform service in an industry with a limited amount of competition. Once the technology associated with 'e-hail' is commoditized, the potential for a worker cooperative appears to be in place, since each local market is contestable."

Regardless, the possibility of dominant platforms turning the flows of data they receive from their larger user-bases into market-securing technological innovations remains a challenge. For example, Uber seeks to use the data they currently collect from drivers using their app to automate the taxi industry, thus eliminating the need for their workforce altogether and likely dropping the value of a ride below that on which a human laborer can survive.

### Difficulty securing early-stage capital

Though Sundararajan believes there are markets in which platform cooperatives might thrive, he finds their primary barrier to entry to be the initial securing of funds, especially given their ideological devaluation of the need to generate profits for investor-stakeholders. He does note, however, that a number of alternative fundraising models may pave the way for the widespread market-entry of platform cooperatives. Among those he mentions is Fairshare, a stakeholder model that differentiates between founders, workers, users, and investors, each with distinct voting rights, payouts, and permissions to trade shares on the open market. Other models he mentions include crypto-coin crowdfunding, philanthropic investment, and "provider stock ownership programs" that mimic the traditional joint-ownership form of the "employee stock ownership program".


title: Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt

abstract: Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt is a municipal ward in the Scarborough section of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It's represented on Toronto City Council by Nick Mantas. It covers the area of the City of Toronto bounded by Steeles Avenue East to the north, Highway 401 to the south, Victoria Park Avenue to the west, and Midland Avenue to the east. It contains the neighbourhoods of L'Amoreaux, Tam O'Shanter and part of Agincourt. The ward was created for the 2018 municipal elections when newly elected Premier of Ontario Doug Ford introduced legislation to require that Toronto's municipal elections use the same ridings as it does for provincial and federal elections. From 2000 to 2018, Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on city council by Wards 39 and 40. From 1998 to 2000 Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on city council by Ward 17, and returned two members. From 1988 to 1997 Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on Metropolitan Toronto Council until Scarborough's amalgamation into the city.

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# Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt

**Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt** is a municipal ward in the Scarborough section of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It's represented on Toronto City Council by Nick Mantas. It covers the area of the City of Toronto bounded by Steeles Avenue East to the north, Highway 401 to the south, Victoria Park Avenue to the west, and Midland Avenue to the east. It contains the neighbourhoods of L'Amoreaux, Tam O'Shanter and part of Agincourt.

The ward was created for the 2018 municipal elections when newly elected Premier of Ontario Doug Ford introduced legislation to require that Toronto's municipal elections use the same ridings as it does for provincial and federal elections.

From 2000 to 2018, Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on city council by Wards 39 (northern half) and 40 (southern half). From 1998 to 2000 Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on city council by Ward 17, and returned two members. From 1988 to 1997 Scarborough—Agincourt was represented on Metropolitan Toronto Council until Scarborough's amalgamation into the city.

## Election results

### 2022

| Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Nick Mantas** | **8,228** | **48.89** |
| Bill Wu | 3,153 | 18.73 |
| Antonios Mantas | 1,841 | 10.94 |
| Roland Lin | 1,549 | 9.20 |
| Serge Khatchadourian | 1,383 | 8.22 |
| Anthony Internicola | 677 | 4.02 |

### 2021 by-election

A by-election was held on January 15, 2021 to replace Jim Karygiannis who was removed from city council after losing an appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada due to exceeding spending limits in the 2018 election.

In addition to in-person voting, this was the first municipal election in Toronto to offer a mail-in ballot. The ballot was the same as provided during in-person voting. In addition to sending the ballot by mail, residents were able to deliver it to one of two drop boxes or the city's elections warehouse.

Candidates * Rocco Achampong: Lawyer. Ran for Mayor of Toronto in 2010; he finished 6 of 40 candidates, losing to Rob Ford, who he had endorsed. Noted for challenging Premier Doug Ford's reduction of Toronto city council's size in 2018, in the Superior Court of Ontario. He had declared as a candidate, before the decision.
* Sharif Ahmed
* Rigaud Bastien
* David Chenh
* Kevin Clarke: A "perennial candidate" since 1994. Most recently, he stood for appointment in 2018, when council looked to fill the Ward 41, Scarborough Rouge River seat, and in the 2020 Toronto Centre federal by-election.
* Jimmy Dagher
* Corey David: Socialist Action party candidate.
* Itohan Evbagharu: Member of the "City Youth Council Of Toronto". When Ward 41, Scarborough—Rouge River was made vacant in 2018, applied to be appointed as councillor. In the 2018 municipal election, she ran for election in Ward 24, Scarborough—Guildwood. Did not allow the City to make contact information publicly available.
* Lily Fang
* Jonathan Fon
* Kevin Haynes: Haynes' alleged, with evidence, that during the 2018 campaign, a lobbyist firm paid for people to canvass for candidates. The campaigns themselves did not pay, a loophole in the Municipal Elections Act, flag as far back as 2009. Haines previously released audio of incumbent councillor Jim Karygiannis saying that his supporters' bylaw infractions should be ignored.
* Anthony Internicola: Municipal candidate in Ward 40, Scarborough—Agincourt in 2014, finishing 3rd of 3 candidates, and in Ward 23 Scarborough North in 2018, finishing 11th of 11 candidates. People's Party of Canada candidate for Scarborough-Agincourt in the 2019 Canadian federal election.
* Renee Jagdeo: Urban planning student. Media coverage has focused on the fact that she would be the youngest councillor ever, if elected.
* Michael Julihen: Connects the COVID-19 pandemic to "ungodly living: repent." Not a resident of the ward. In 2018, he tried to be appointed as the councillor for Ward 33, Don Valley East, and later in the year campaigned for a council seat in Etobicoke—Lakeshore.
* Walayat Khan: Did not allow the City to make contact information publicly available, has no website for their platform, and no media coverage.
* Serge Khatchadourian: Small business owner.
* Ronald Lin: Translator, paralegal, business owner. In the 2018 municipal election, Lin received the most votes of a non-incumbent, finishing in third place.
* Christina Liu: Entrepreneur. Endorsed by Progressive Conservative MPPs Vijay Thanigasalam, Vincent Ke, Mike Parsa, Logan Kanapathi and Billy Pang and Conservative MP Bob Saroya.
* Tony Luk: Local entrepreneur who founded an immigration and translation services consultancy in 1989, in Scarborough-Agincourt. 30+ year resident in the Ward with heavy community involvement. Endorsed by York Regional councillor Joe Li, former Liberal MPPs Tony Ruprecht and Reza Moridi
* Paul Maguire
* Nick Mantas: Former chief of staff to Karygiannis. Endorsed by Progressive Conservative MPP Aris Babikian, former Liberal MPP Marie Bountrogianni and Conservative Senator Salma Ataullahjan.
* Varun Sriskanda - Masters in Law graduate from Osgoode Hall Law School and former constituency assistant to Sandra Pupatello
* Daniel Trayes - Finished last of 6 candidates in Ward 30, Toronto—Danforth, in the 2014 municipal election.
* Jeff Vitale
* Colin Williams
* Manna Wong: The school trustee for Scarborough—Agincourt 2014. Endorsed by the Elementary Teachers of Toronto, describing her as "a strong, principled leader who will be a progressive voice at City Hall."
* Yong Wu

Results

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Nick Mantas** | 3,261 | 26.98 |
| Manna Wong | 3,038 | 25.13 |
| Christina Liu | 1,760 | 14.56 |
| Rocco Achampong | 968 | 8.01 |
| Tony Luk | 848 | 7.02 |
| Roland Lin | 534 | 4.42 |
| Jimmy Dagher | 224 | 1.85 |
| Serge Khatchadourian | 224 | 1.85 |
| Lily Fang | 173 | 1.43 |
| David Cheng | 148 | 1.22 |
| Paul Maguire | 135 | 1.12 |
| Varun Sriskanda | 114 | 0.94 |
| Renee Jagdeo | 108 | 0.89 |
| Yong Wu | 108 | 0.89 |
| Corey David | 79 | 0.65 |
| Walayat Khan | 67 | 0.55 |
| Sharif Ahmed | 51 | 0.42 |
| Jonathan Fon | 42 | 0.35 |
| Kevin Haynes | 42 | 0.35 |
| Kevin Clarke | 38 | 0.31 |
| Colin Williams | 29 | 0.24 |
| Itohan Evbagharu | 26 | 0.22 |
| Anthony Internicola | 23 | 0.19 |
| Daniel Trayes | 17 | 0.14 |
| Michael Julihen | 14 | 0.12 |
| Jeff Vitale | 12 | 0.04 |
| Rigaud Bastien | 5 | 0.04 |

### 2018

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Jim Karygiannis** | 12,593 | 46.80 |
| Norm Kelly | 9,944 | 36.96 |
| Roland Lin | 2,789 | 10.37 |
| Michael Korzeniewski | 660 | 2.45 |
| Vincent Lee | 597 | 2.22 |
| Jude Coutinho | 234 | 0.87 |
| Jason Woychesko | 90 | 0.33 |

### 2014

#### Ward 39

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Jim Karygiannis** | 9,438 | 57.98 |
| Franco Ng | 2,950 | 18.12 |
| Cozette Giannini | 1,600 | 9.83 |
| Derek Li | 723 | 4.44 |
| Christopher Blueman | 620 | 3.81 |
| Patricia Sinclair | 597 | 3.67 |
| Clayton Jones | 160 | 0.98 |
| Jude Coutinho | 111 | 0.68 |
| Janet Rivers | 78 | 0.48 |

#### Ward 40

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Norm Kelly** | 16,052 | 85.97 |
| Josh Borenstein | 1,347 | 7.21 |
| Anthony Internicola | 1,273 | 6.82 |

### 2010

#### Ward 39

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Mike Del Grande** | 9,931 | 68.18 |
| Kevin Xu | 3,640 | 24.99 |
| Caldwell Williams | 994 | 6.82 |

#### Ward 40

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Norm Kelly** | 12,458 | 74.00 |
| Ken Sy | 1,935 | 11.49 |
| Bryan Heal | 1,862 | 11.06 |
| Cheng-Chih Tsai | 580 | 3.45 |

### 2006

#### Ward 39

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Mike Del Grande** | 7,964 | 68.16 |
| John Wong | 1,888 | 16.16 |
| Wayne Cook | 660 | 5.65 |
| Lushan Lu | 614 | 5.25 |
| Sunshine Smith | 365 | 3.12 |
| Samuel Kung | 194 | 1.66 |

#### Ward 40

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Norm Kelly** | 10,481 | 79.04 |
| George Pappas | 1,618 | 12.20 |
| Sunny Eren | 746 | 5.63 |
| Winston Ramjeet | 416 | 3.14 |

### 2003

#### Ward 39

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Mike Del Grande** | 6,299 | 51.64 |
| Sherene Shaw | 5,898 | 48.36 |

#### Ward 40

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Norman Kelly** | 10,570 | 75.38 |
| Patrick McBrearty | 2,470 | 17.61 |
| Winston Ramjeet | 983 | 7.01 |

### 2000

#### Ward 39

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Sherene Shaw** | 8,474 | 76.52 |
| Simon Kwan | 1,531 | 13.83 |
| Sunshine Smith | 1,069 | 9.65 |

#### Ward 40

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Norm Kelly** | 8,115 | 54.58 |
| Mike Tzekas | 4,322 | 29.07 |
| Manna Wong | 2,108 | 14.18 |
| Winston Ramjeet | 323 | 2.17 |

### 1997

*Two to be elected*

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Sherene Shaw** | 10,634 | 29.80 |
| **Doug Mahood** | 9,861 | 27.64 |
| Wayne Cook | 5,631 | 15.78 |
| Jeff Mark | 4,909 | 13.76 |
| Doug Hum | 4,645 | 13.02 |

### 1994

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scott Cavalier** | 7,500 | 58.10 |
| Anne McBride | 3,601 | 27.90 |
| Colin Turnpenney | 1,808 | 14.01 |

### 1991

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scott Cavalier** | 7,171 | 62.86 |
| Anne McBride | 4,236 | 37.14 |

### 1988

| Council Candidate | Vote | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scott Cavalier** | 8,175 | 81.46 |
| Eden Gajraj | 1,861 | 18.54 |

## InfoBox

| Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the Toronto City Council | |
| Location of Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt in Toronto | |
| City | Toronto |
| Population | 105,542 (2016) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2018 |
| Councillor | Nick Mantas |


title: Hawthorne Academy of Health Sciences

abstract: Hawthorne Academy of Health Sciences is a high school in the Belmont community of Charlotte, North Carolina. The school existed in many forms before becoming CMS's first medical magnet program designed for a student capacity of 600–800. Renovation of the original buildings, constructed between the 1940s and 1960s, was completed in 2015 by Morris-Berg Architects of Charlotte. U.S. News & World Report ranked Hawthorne 36th for high schools within North Carolina. Students have the opportunity to take Advanced Placement® coursework and exams. The AP® participation rate at Hawthorne High is 93%. The total minority enrollment is 88%, and 58% of students are economically disadvantaged. Hawthorne High is 1 of 35 high schools in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools.

text:
# Hawthorne Academy of Health Sciences

**Hawthorne Academy of Health Sciences** is a high school in the Belmont community of Charlotte, North Carolina. The school existed in many forms before becoming CMS's first medical magnet program designed for a student capacity of 600–800. Renovation of the original buildings, constructed between the 1940s and 1960s, was completed in 2015 by Morris-Berg Architects of Charlotte.

U.S. News & World Report ranked Hawthorne 36th for high schools within North Carolina. Students have the opportunity to take Advanced Placement® coursework and exams. The AP® participation rate at Hawthorne High is 93%. The total minority enrollment is 88%, and 58% of students are economically disadvantaged. Hawthorne High is 1 of 35 high schools in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools.

## History

Hawthorne Academy, before the Health Science program, was a drop-out prevention school. The Dolly Tate Day Care Center, a program once offered, allowed students to have their children looked after while they attended to their studies. This program was phased out as the Health Science program was introduced. Before this, Hawthorne was a neighborhood middle school, and before that, its status is unknown. However, students from the shuttered Midwood High School were said to have moved over to Hawthorne sometime in the past, but this is unconfirmed. Midwood High's building is now home to a religious organization.

The school made headlines in 2021 after suspending a 15-year-old girl for filing a sexual assault complaint against a male student and forcing her to attend a "Sexual Assault is Preventable" program. Even after reporting the sexual assault to Charlotte police and the police pressing charges on the male student, the school still punished the student. The academy's principal and assistant principal were later suspended with pay following their handling of the situation, as well as being revealed to force the student to sign an NDA to prevent the allegations from coming out.

## InfoBox

| Hawthorne Academy of Health Sciences | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1411 Hawthorne Lane
Charlotte, North Carolina 28205
United States | |
| Coordinates | 35°13′43″N 80°48′53″W / 35.2287°N 80.8146°W / 35.2287; -80.8146 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 2006 (2006) |
| CEEB code | 340662 |
| Principal | Sharon Bracey |
| Color(s) | Red, white, and black
 |
| Mascot | Hawk |
| Website | www.cmsk12.org/hawthorneAE |


title: Harold Levey

abstract: Harold Levey was an American composer, lyricist, arranger, orchestrator, clarinetist, and conductor. He is best remembered for composing the scores to several Broadway musicals in the 1920s, and for creating music for Warner Bros. during the early years of sound films.

text:
# Harold Levey

**Harold Levey** (17 June 1894, New York City – 18 June 1967, New York City) was an American composer, lyricist, arranger, orchestrator, clarinetist, and conductor. He is best remembered for composing the scores to several Broadway musicals in the 1920s, and for creating music for Warner Bros. during the early years of sound films.

## Life and career

Harold Albert Levey was born into a Jewish-American family on 17 June 1894 in New York City. A child prodigy, he was trained in his youth as a clarinetist at the National Conservatory of Music of America. He began his professional career at the age of 13 as a clarinetist in the New York Symphony Orchestra under conductor Walter Damrosch. He later studied composing and conducting with Victor Herbert.

At the age of 19 Levey became band leader of the Brighton Beach Band. He worked as a conductor of radio orchestras, and as a conductor and composer of music for Warner Brothers in the early years of sound films. Some of the films he scored included *The Girl in the Glass Cage* (1929) and *The Royal Box* (1929). He served as music director for *Armstrong's Theatre of Today*; a radio program active from 1941-1954. He wrote the theme song for the 1963 television series *The Dakotas*.

As a composer and arranger, Levey is best known for his contributions to Broadway musicals during the 1920s. He wrote the music for *Lady Billy* (1920–1921, Liberty Theatre), *The Clinging Vine* (1922–1923, Knickerbocker Theatre), *The Magic Ring* (1923, Liberty Theatre), *The Magnolia Lady* (1924–1925, Shubert Theatre), *The Greenwich Village Follies of 1925* (1925–1926, Chanin's 46th Street Theatre; also lyricist), *Rainbow Rose* (1926, Forrest Theatre; also lyricist), and *Lovely Lady* (1927–1928, Sam H. Harris Theatre).

Levy died of a heart attack at the age of 73 in New York City on 18 June 1967.

### Citations

### Bibliography


title: Lazar Grbović

abstract: Lazar Grbović is a Serbian college basketball player for Arkansas State Red Wolves of the Sun Belt Conference.

text:
# Lazar Grbović

**Lazar Grbović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазар Грбовић; born October 29, 2000) is a Serbian college basketball player for Arkansas State Red Wolves of the Sun Belt Conference.

## Playing career

Grbović started his basketball career with the youth team of Kolubara Lazarevac.

Grbović was promoted to Dynamic BG for the 2016–17 season. On October 8, 2016, he made a professional debut in a win against Metalac. On November 11, 2017, he made a Second ABA League debut with Dynamic in a win against AV Ohrid.

## National team career

Grbović was a member of the Serbian under-19 team that finished 7th at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Heraklion, Greece. Over five tournament games, he averaged 1.0 point, 1.6 rebounds and 0.6 assists per game.

## InfoBox

Lazar Grbović
| Arkansas State Red Wolves | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Small forward |
| League | Sun Belt Conference |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (2000-10-29) October 29, 2000<br>Belgrade, Serbia, FR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Listed height | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Listed weight | 95 kg (209 lb) |
| Career information | |
| College | Arkansas State (2020–present) |
| Playing career | 2016–present |
| Career history | |
| 2016–2019 | Dynamic |
| 2018–2019 | Proleter Naftagas |
| 2019 | Vršac |
| 2019–2020 | Proleter Naftagas |
|  | |


title: Ostrówek, Słupca County

abstract: Ostrówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orchowo, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Orchowo, 28 km (17 mi) north of Słupca, and 74 km (46 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Ostrówek, Słupca County

**Ostrówek** \[ɔsˈtruvɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orchowo, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Orchowo, 28 km (17 mi) north of Słupca, and 74 km (46 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Ostrówek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ostrówek | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′N 17°59′E / 52.533°N 17.983°E / 52.533; 17.983 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Słupca |
| Gmina | Orchowo |


title: Vascular Health and Risk Management

abstract: Vascular Health and Risk Management is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in cardiology. It is published by Dove Medical Press.

text:
# Vascular Health and Risk Management

***Vascular Health and Risk Management*** is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in cardiology. It is published by Dove Medical Press.

## InfoBox

*Vascular Health and Risk Management*
| Discipline | Cardiovascular diseases |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Roland Asmar |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2007-present |
| Publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| Frequency | Upon acceptance |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Vasc. Health Risk Manag.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1178-2048
 |
| OCLC no. | 228278572 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Ukrainian Katyn List

abstract: The Ukrainian Katyn List also known as the Tsvetukhin List is the list of Polish citizens murdered by the NKVD in Ukraine on the basis of the decision of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the USSR state authorities of March 5, 1940, the victims of the Katyn massacre. On May 5, 1994, the list with personal data of 3,435 Polish citizens together with their prison personal files was passed by Ukraine to Poland.

text:
# Ukrainian Katyn List

The **Ukrainian Katyn List** (Ukraińska Lista Katyńska) also known as the **Tsvetukhin List** (Lista Cwietuchina) is the list of Polish citizens murdered by the NKVD in Ukraine on the basis of the decision of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the USSR state authorities of March 5, 1940, the victims of the Katyn massacre.

On May 5, 1994, the list with personal data of 3,435 Polish citizens together with their prison personal files was passed by Ukraine to Poland.


title: Frogdenites

abstract: Frogdenites is an extinct ammonite genus from the order Ammonitida that lived during the Middle Jurassic in what is now Europe, Canada, and Tibet. Frogdenites is included in the Otoitidae, a family which makes up part of the ammonitid superfamily, Stephanoceratoidea. Frogdenites has an evolute globular shell with a deep umbilicus and covered by bifurcating ribs that cross the venter, the outer rim of the shell, without interruption.

text:
# Frogdenites

***Frogdenites*** is an extinct ammonite genus from the order Ammonitida that lived during the Middle Jurassic in what is now Europe, Canada, and Tibet. *Frogdenites* is included in the Otoitidae, a family which makes up part of the ammonitid superfamily, Stephanoceratoidea.

*Frogdenites* has an evolute globular shell with a deep umbilicus and covered by bifurcating ribs that cross the venter, the outer rim of the shell, without interruption.

* Arkell et al.,1957; Ammonitina in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea; Geological Soc of America and Univ Kansas press.

## InfoBox

| *Frogdenites*<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Subclass: | Ammonoidea |
| Order: | Ammonitida |
| Superfamily: | Stephanoceratoidea |
| Family: | Otoitidae |
| Genus: | ***Frogdenites*** |
|


title: Wang Lubing

abstract: Wang Lubing was a Chinese politician. She was among the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.

text:
# Wang Lubing

**Wang Lubing** (Chinese: 王履冰, died 1949) was a Chinese politician. She was among the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.

## Biography

Originally from Chongqing, Wang attended Sichuan Provincial Second Girls Normal School. In 1925 she became a member of the executive committee of the Chongqing branch of the Socialist Youth League and head of women's affairs. She later went to Shanghai, where she graduated from the Department of Sociology at Shanghai University. She then studied at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. During her time in Russia, she was a delegate to the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Returning to China, she became secretary of the Zhabei District committee of the Communist Youth League of China in 1928. In 1931 she became secretary-general of the Jiangsu province committee of the Communist Youth League.

After being arrested in 1933, Wang issued a public statement stating she was leaving the Communist Party, after which the party expelled her. She later joined the Kuomintang and became chair of its women's section in Chongqing. She became a councillor for district six of Chongqing city council and leader of the women's section of the Chongqing branch of Three People's Principles Youth League. In the 1948 elections for the Legislative Yuan, Wang was a candidate in Chongqing, and was elected to parliament. After being elected, she sat on the Finance and Monetary Committee, the Political and Local Autonomy Committee and the Social Committee. She died in 1949.

## InfoBox

| Wang Lubing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**<br>1948–1949 | |
| Succeeded by | Gao Yunbin |
| Constituency | Chongqing |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1949 |
|  | |


title: Platform Youth Theatre

abstract: Platform Youth Theatre was a theatre company for 16- to 26-year-olds based in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. that was operational for eighteen years from 1998-2016. The Company was reflective of the cultural melting pot of the Darebin area, and was originally a program within the Darebin Council. It had a diversity of participants in its programs and a commitment to including marginalised young people and a youth governance model. Platform operated programs that dealt with multiple facets of the performing arts. These programs varied from group learning models to one-on-one mentorships, and were facilitated by professional artists from the Australian theatre industry. Platform's first production was in 1998. The company combined an inclusive cultural development process with the creation of art. The public performance outcomes of all Platform's programs gave young people a voice. Platform was awarded Australian Writers Guild Awards and Green Room Award nominations.

text:
# Platform Youth Theatre

**Platform Youth Theatre** was a theatre company for 16- to 26-year-olds based in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. that was operational for eighteen years from 1998-2016. The Company was reflective of the cultural melting pot of the Darebin area, and was originally a program within the Darebin Council. It had a diversity of participants in its programs and a commitment to including marginalised young people (recent migrants, young people with disabilities and at risk youth) and a youth governance model.

Platform operated programs that dealt with multiple facets of the performing arts. These programs varied from group learning models to one-on-one mentorships, and were facilitated by professional artists from the Australian theatre industry. Platform's first production was in 1998. The company combined an inclusive cultural development process with the creation of art.

The public performance outcomes of all Platform's programs gave young people a voice.

Platform was awarded Australian Writers Guild Awards and Green Room Award nominations.

## Previous productions

* Platform @ La Mama 2015/15 (2015)
* Platform @ La Mama: Step Into the Unknown (2014)
* Platform @ La Mama 2013 (2013)
* Month @ La Mama (2012)
* Tenderness (2011)
* Post (2011)
* Crossed (2010)
* Provokateur 2010 (2010)
* Death - Crossed (2010)
* One is Warm in Winter, the Other Has a Better View (2009)
* Faith, Diversity and Difference Project (2009)
* Perstilence (2008)
* Enough (2008)
* Tenderness (2008)
* Dapper (2007)
* The New Write (2007)
* Golem of Rucker's Hill (2006/07)
* The Yellow Peril/Citizen Corps (2006)
* Cotton Wool and Camphor (2006)
* Test Pattern (2005)
* Faith, Hope and Surveillance (2004)
* Walt and the Paradise Plaza (2002)
* Shimmer (2001)
* Home (2000)
* Hogshairs and Leeches

## Supporters

The closure of the company was tied to the loss of ongoing support by the Australia Council of the Arts at the end of 2015 (in which PYT was one of ten out of thirteen youth arts organisations to lose funding), and Creative Victoria at the end of 2016.

Platform received support from:

* Creative Victoria (formerly Arts Victoria)
* Australia Council for the Arts
* City of Darebin.

## Leadership and artists

For the bulk of its operative years, Platform ran with a board almost entirely of young people aged 16–26.

In this time the company was variously headed by Rose Godde, Jim Rimmer, and Kath Melbourne; and variously administered by combinations of staff including Myf Clark, Michelle Lee and others.

Notable artists who've worked with Platform include Adam Cass, Patricia Cornelius, Christos Tsiolkas, Nadja Kostich, Susie Dee, Lucy Freeman, Leticia Caceras, Angus Cerini, Wes Snelling, Wally Gunn, Caitlin Dullard, Richard Vabre, Marg Horwell, Emma Valente, Kelly Ryall and Matt Scholten.

## Media quotes

"So much of what good theatre is all about is giving everything you've got to a performance, passionately and without self-censorship. Shimmer…is the embodiment of these ideals. It is community theatre at its most enriching, both for the performers and the audience." Melbourne Times

"No, it wasn't the MTC. But it was much, much better than any preconceptions of community would have had you believe. At shows end the packed audience gave rousing appreciation to all for delivering a night of heartfelt, engaging, but above all, entertaining - theatre." Jo Roberts, The Age

37°46′29.42″S 144°59′51.88″E / 37.7748389°S 144.9977444°E / -37.7748389; 144.9977444


title: Hartha

abstract: Hartha is a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated 11 km west of Döbeln, and 12 km north of Mittweida.

text:
# Hartha

**Hartha** is a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated 11 km west of Döbeln, and 12 km north of Mittweida.

## Personalities

## InfoBox

| Hartha | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Main square of Hartha | |
|  | |
| Location of Hartha within Mittelsachsen district | |
| Hartha Hartha | |
| Coordinates: 51°5.868′N 12°58.638′E / 51.097800°N 12.977300°E / 51.097800; 12.977300 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Mittelsachsen |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202229) | Ronald Kunze |
| Area | |
| Total | 54.29 km2 (20.96 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 326 m (1,070 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 6,777 |
| Density | 120/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 04746 |
| Dialling codes | 034328 |
| Vehicle registration | FG |
| Website | www.hartha.de |


title: Harmostes dorsalis

abstract: Harmostes dorsalis is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America.

text:
# Harmostes dorsalis

***Harmostes dorsalis*** is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America.

## InfoBox

| *Harmostes dorsalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Rhopalidae |
| Tribe: | Harmostini |
| Genus: | *Harmostes* |
| Species: | ***H. dorsalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harmostes dorsalis***<br>Burmeister, 1835 | |
|


title: Le Tarent

abstract: Le Tarent is a mountain in the western Bernese Alps, overlooking Les Diablerets in the canton of Vaud. At 2,548 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain of the range lying north of the Col du Pillon. The mountain, which lies near the border with the canton of Bern, is composed of several subsidiary summits, the highest being the Châtillon and La Para.

text:
# Le Tarent

**Le Tarent** is a mountain in the western Bernese Alps, overlooking Les Diablerets in the canton of Vaud. At 2,548 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain of the range lying north of the Col du Pillon. The mountain, which lies near the border with the canton of Bern, is composed of several subsidiary summits, the highest being the Châtillon (2,478 m) and La Para (2,540 m).

## InfoBox

| Le Tarent | |
| --- | --- |
| Le Tarent from La Para | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,548 m (8,360 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,002 m (3,287 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°22′55.9″N 7°8′50.9″E / 46.382194°N 7.147472°E / 46.382194; 7.147472 |
| Geography | |
| Le TarentLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Vaud, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Vaud Alps |


title: Ostrówek, Łęczna County

abstract: Ostrówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puchaczów, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Ostrówek, Łęczna County

**Ostrówek** \[ɔsˈtruvɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puchaczów, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Ostrówek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ostrówek | |
| Coordinates: 51°16′00″N 22°59′03″E / 51.26667°N 22.98417°E / 51.26667; 22.98417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Łęczna |
| Gmina | Puchaczów |


title: Motor fuel

abstract:
A motor fuel is a fuel that is used to provide power to the motor in motor vehicles. Currently, the majority of motor vehicles worldwide are powered by gasoline or diesel. Other energy sources include ethanol, biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), electric batteries, and hydrogen. There are also cars that use a hybrid of different power sources. The use of alternative fuels is increasing, especially in Europe. Before deciding on a particular fuel type, some factors should be considered:
  - The profitability of a solution.
  - The workload in relation to one's own driving performance - if someone drives short distances, he will have very little benefit for himself and the environment.
  - The refueling / charging infrastructure should be sufficiently developed so that one can use its vehicle flexibly without worry about finding a filling station.

text:
# Motor fuel

A **motor fuel** is a fuel that is used to provide power to the motor in motor vehicles.

Currently, the majority of motor vehicles worldwide are powered by gasoline or diesel. Other energy sources include ethanol, biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), electric batteries, and hydrogen (either using fuel cells or combustion). There are also cars that use a hybrid of different power sources. The use of alternative fuels is increasing, especially in Europe. Before deciding on a particular fuel type, some factors should be considered:

* The profitability of a solution.
* The workload in relation to one's own driving performance - if someone drives short distances, he will have very little benefit for himself and the environment.
* The refueling / charging infrastructure should be sufficiently developed so that one can use its vehicle flexibly without worry about finding a filling station.


title: Ukrainian Jewish Committee

abstract: The Ukrainian Jewish Committee is a Kyiv-based organization representing Ukrainian Jews. Its director general is Eduard Dolinsky, and its president is the Ukrainian MP Oleksandr Feldman. Was created in 2008 to fight against anti-Semitism, xenophobia and racism. Opposes attempts to heroize war criminals and accomplices of the Holocaust, denying and distorting the history of the Holocaust. Promotes dialogue between world religions and supports the State of Israel. In March 2014, O. Feldman announced that on April 2, 2014, "the Ukrainian Jewish Committee will host its fourth annual interfaith national forum, with the participation of participants from 50 countries, to discuss anti-Semitism".

text:
# Ukrainian Jewish Committee

The **Ukrainian Jewish Committee** is a Kyiv-based organization representing Ukrainian Jews. Its director general is Eduard Dolinsky, and its president is the Ukrainian MP Oleksandr Feldman. Was created in 2008 to fight against anti-Semitism, xenophobia and racism. Opposes attempts to heroize war criminals and accomplices of the Holocaust, denying and distorting the history of the Holocaust. Promotes dialogue between world religions and supports the State of Israel.

In March 2014, O. Feldman announced that on April 2, 2014, "the Ukrainian Jewish Committee will host its fourth annual interfaith national forum, with the participation of participants from 50 countries, to discuss anti-Semitism" ("the Ukrainian Jewish Committee will host its fourth annual interfaith national forum, featuring participants from 50 countries coming together to discuss anti-Semitism").


abstract: The Maysville and Lexington Railroad, North Division, was a 19th- and early 20th-century railway company in north-central Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1876, when it reëstablished service on the routes of its failed predecessor, the Northern Division, until 1921, when it was purchased along with the Southern Division by the L&N. Its routes and rights-of-way are today owned by CSX Transportation.

text:
# Maysville and Lexington Railroad, North Division

The **Maysville and Lexington Railroad, North Division,** was a 19th- and early 20th-century railway company in north-central Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1876, when it reëstablished service on the routes of its failed predecessor, the North*ern* Division, until 1921, when it was purchased along with the Southern Division by the L&N.

Its routes and rights-of-way are today owned by CSX Transportation.


title: Ranjeet Nikam

abstract: Ranjeet Nikam is an Indian cricketer who represents Maharashtra in domestic cricket. He made his Twenty20 debut on 16 January 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 25 February 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

text:
# Ranjeet Nikam

**Ranjeet Nikam** (born 20 September 1999) is an Indian cricketer who represents Maharashtra in domestic cricket.

He made his Twenty20 debut on 16 January 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 25 February 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

## InfoBox

Ranjeet Nikam
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ranjeet Ramesh Nikam |
| Born | (1999-09-20) 20 September 1999<br>Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India |
| Batting | Right handed |
| Bowling | Right arm offbreak |
| Role | Batter |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2021–present | Maharashtra |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 16 January 2021 | |


title: Narges Kalhor

abstract: Narges Kalhor is an Iranian film director. She is the daughter of Mehdi Kalhor, the former media and cultural advisor to former President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. She studied Film at the Beh-andish College in Teheran and has produced films critical of the Iranian government. In October 2009, while visiting Germany to present her short film "Die Egge" at the Nuremberg Film Festival, Kalhor applied for political asylum in Germany, claiming to have received warnings that she could be in danger if she returns to Iran because of her critical stance on her country. Kalhor actively participated in the 2009 Iranian election protests. Together with Benedikt Schwarzer, she co-directed the short documentary SHOOT ME, which is nominated for the German Short Film Award 2014.

text:
# Narges Kalhor

**Narges Kalhor** (, born September 10, 1984 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director. She is the daughter of Mehdi Kalhor, the former media and cultural advisor to former President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. She studied Film at the Beh-andish College in Teheran and has produced films critical of the Iranian government.

In October 2009, while visiting Germany to present her short film "Die Egge" at the Nuremberg Film Festival, Kalhor applied for political asylum in Germany, claiming to have received warnings that she could be in danger if she returns to Iran because of her critical stance on her country.

Kalhor actively participated in the 2009 Iranian election protests.

Together with Benedikt Schwarzer, she co-directed the short documentary SHOOT ME, which is nominated for the German Short Film Award 2014.

## Filmografie

* 2001: Without Discussion
* 2002: Illusions of a Persian Cat
* 2007: Enlightenment of a Hen
* 2007: We Must Have Died
* 2008: Die Egge
* 2008: Hair
* 2009: After Green
* 2009: Bijan And Manigeh In Tehran
* 2011: Munich - Tehran
* 2013: SHOOT ME
* 2014: Kafan
* 2014: Lavashak
* 2024: *Shahid*


title: Hartwig (lunar crater)

abstract: Hartwig is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western limb of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern rim of the prominent crater Schlüter, to the northeast of the Montes Cordillera mountain range that surrounds the Mare Orientale. To the east-northeast of Hartwig is the larger crater Riccioli. This crater lies within the outer blanket of ejecta that surrounds the Mare Orientale impact basin, and its form has been modified by this material. Much of the eastern rim of the crater is overlaid by this ejecta, and only a portion of the western rim near Schluter remains well-formed. The interior floor has likewise been modified. There is a small crater on the floor near the northeastern rim.

text:
# Hartwig (lunar crater)

**Hartwig** is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western limb of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern rim of the prominent crater Schlüter, to the northeast of the Montes Cordillera mountain range that surrounds the Mare Orientale. To the east-northeast of Hartwig is the larger crater Riccioli.

This crater lies within the outer blanket of ejecta that surrounds the Mare Orientale impact basin, and its form has been modified by this material. Much of the eastern rim of the crater is overlaid by this ejecta, and only a portion of the western rim near Schluter remains well-formed. The interior floor has likewise been modified. There is a small crater on the floor near the northeastern rim.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hartwig.

| Hartwig | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 5.7° S | 79.8° W | 10 km |
| B | 8.3° S | 77.4° W | 11 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Hartwig
| Lunar Orbiter 4 image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 6°06′S 80°30′W / 6.1°S 80.5°W / -6.1; -80.5 |
| Diameter | 80 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 81° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Karl E. Hartwig |


title: Harrogate Borough Council elections

text:
# Harrogate Borough Council elections

One third of Harrogate Borough Council in North Yorkshire, England was elected each year, followed by one year without election. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 54 councillors had been elected from 35 wards. The last elections were held in 2018, ahead of the abolition of Harrogate Borough Council on 31 March 2023. Its functions transferred to the new North Yorkshire Council. The first elections to the North Yorkshire Council took place on 5 May 2022, when 21 councillors were elected from 21 divisions in the Borough of Harrogate.

## Political control

Since the foundation of the council in 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | 19761990 |
|  | No overall control | 19901994 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 19942002 |
|  | No overall control | 20022003 |
|  | Conservative | 20032006 |
|  | No overall control | 20062010 |
|  | Conservative | 20102023 |

### Leadership

The leaders of the council since 2005 have been:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike Gardner |  | Conservative | 23 May 2005 | 8 May 2011 |
| Don Mackenzie |  | Conservative | 20 May 2011 | 21 May 2012 |
| Anthony Alton |  | Conservative | 21 May 2012 | 12 Jun 2014 |
| Richard Cooper |  | Conservative | 12 Jun 2014 | 31 Mar 2023 |

## Council elections

## Borough result maps

## By-election results

### 1997-2001

Fountains By-Election 26 June 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 196 | 54.2 | −24.0 |
|  | Conservative |  | 166 | 45.6 | +45.6 |
| Majority | | | 30 | 8.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 362 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Ripon East By-Election 26 June 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative |  | 290 | 41.3 | −3.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 255 | 36.3 | +36.3 |
|  | Labour |  | 157 | 22.4 | −33.1 |
| Majority | | | 35 | 5.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 702 | 17.0 |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal Democrats | | Swing |  |  |

Ripon West By-Election 26 June 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 461 | 59.9 | −3.0 |
|  | Conservative |  | 309 | 40.1 | +3.0 |
| Majority | | | 152 | 19.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 770 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Lower Nidderdale By-Election 30 July 1998
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 378 | 50.3 | +12.1 |
|  | Conservative |  | 353 | 47.0 | −6.8 |
|  | Labour |  | 20 | 2.7 | −5.3 |
| Majority | | | 25 | 3.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 751 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Marston Moor By-Election 4 February 1999
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 486 | 61.4 | +24.4 |
|  | Conservative |  | 278 | 35.1 | −15.9 |
|  | Labour |  | 27 | 3.4 | −8.6 |
| Majority | | | 208 | 26.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 791 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Pateley Bridge By-Election 24 February 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 506 | 58.6 | +2.4 |
|  | Conservative |  | 345 | 39.9 | +1.7 |
|  | Labour |  | 13 | 1.5 | −4.1 |
| Majority | | | 161 | 18.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 864 | 43.6 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Newby By-Election 24 February 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative |  | 639 | 45.8 | −24.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 285 | 20.4 | +20.4 |
|  | Independent |  | 285 | 20.4 | +20.4 |
|  | Labour |  | 187 | 13.4 | −16.0 |
| Majority | | | 354 | 25.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,396 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2001-2005

New Park By-Election 6 May 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 910 | 65.4 | −0.3 |
|  | Conservative |  | 417 | 30.0 | +3.1 |
|  | Independent |  | 33 | 2.4 | +2.4 |
|  | Labour |  | 31 | 2.2 | −5.3 |
| Majority | | | 493 | 35.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,391 | 34.9 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2005-2010

New Park By-Election 11 September 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Matthew Webber | 843 | 61.1 | −14.2 |
|  | Conservative | Sharon Bentley | 491 | 35.6 | +20.9 |
|  | Labour | Andrew Gray | 45 | 3.3 | +3.3 |
| Majority | | | 352 | 25.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,379 | 33.7 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Bilton By-Election 19 February 2009
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Clare McKenzie | 902 | 50.4 | +1.0 |
|  | Conservative | Sharon Bentley | 673 | 37.6 | −6.9 |
|  | BNP | Steven Gill | 164 | 9.2 | +3.0 |
|  | Labour | Andrew Gray | 51 | 2.8 | +2.8 |
| Majority | | | 229 | 12.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,790 | 42.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Starbeck By-Election 27 August 2009
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Janet Law | 886 | 63.4 | −8.8 |
|  | Conservative | Dennis Pinchen | 252 | 18.0 | +5.0 |
|  | Independent | David Rimington | 178 | 12.7 | +12.7 |
|  | Labour | Geoff Foxall | 82 | 5.9 | +0.8 |
| Majority | | | 634 | 45.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,398 | 31.8 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2010-2018

Woodfield By-Election 7 January 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Greta Knight | 688 | 62.6 | +4.1 |
|  | Conservative | Heather Adderley | 246 | 22.4 | +7.5 |
|  | BNP | Steven Gill | 92 | 8.4 | −4.1 |
|  | Labour | Daniel Maguire | 73 | 6.6 | −7.5 |
| Majority | | | 442 | 40.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,099 | 27.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Previous councillor in Woodfield had been elected as a Liberal Democrat and then defected to the Conservatives.

Rossett By-Election 15 November 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | David Siddans | 807 | 46.3 | +22.3 |
|  | Conservative | Rebecca Burnett | 704 | 40.4 | −24.2 |
|  | UKIP | Salvina Bashforth | 127 | 7.3 | +7.3 |
|  | Labour | Patricia Foxall | 106 | 6.1 | −5.3 |
| Majority | | | 103 | 7.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,744 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Bilton By-Election 15 November 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Val Rodgers | 623 | 46.0 | +8.8 |
|  | Conservative | Neil Bentley | 395 | 29.2 | −16.1 |
|  | Labour | Andrew Gray | 208 | 15.4 | +2.1 |
|  | UKIP | David Simister | 127 | 9.4 | +9.4 |
| Majority | | | 228 | 16.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,353 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Hookstone By-Election 17 July 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Clare Skardon | 886 | 51.7 | +9.1 |
|  | Conservative | Phil Headford | 551 | 32.1 | −1.9 |
|  | UKIP | Alan Henderson | 206 | 12.0 | −4.3 |
|  | Labour | Pat Foxall | 71 | 4.1 | −3.1 |
| Majority | | | 335 | 19.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,714 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Washburn By-Election 28 September 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Victoria Oldham | 363 | 74.5 | −0.5 |
|  | Labour | Laura Dinning | 61 | 12.5 | −0.9 |
|  | Green | Paul Trewhitt | 44 | 9.0 | +9.0 |
|  | Yorkshire | Jack Render | 19 | 3.9 | +3.9 |
| Majority | | | 302 | 62.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 487 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2018-2023

Knaresborough Scriven Park By-Election 29 July 2021
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Hannah Gostlow** | **635** | **56.6** | **+19.5** |
|  | Conservative | Jacqueline Renton | 384 | 34.3 | −4.1 |
|  | Labour | Sharon-Theresa Calvert | 91 | 8.1 | −16.4 |
|  | UKIP | Harvey Alexander | 11 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,124 | 31.16 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

Wathvale By-Election 5 May 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Sam Green | 686 | 52.6 | −13.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Chris Knight | 321 | 24.6 | +3.8 |
|  | Green | Hannah Corlett | 297 | 22.8 | +22.8 |
| Majority | | | 365 | 28.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,304 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |


title: Rugby union in Cambodia

abstract: Rugby union in Cambodia is a minor but growing sport. Its governing body is the Cambodian Federation of Rugby.

text:
# Rugby union in Cambodia

**Rugby union in Cambodia** is a minor but growing sport. Its governing body is the Cambodian Federation of Rugby.

## History

Rugby was originally introduced when Cambodia was part of French Indochina, mainly by French expatriates. After independence, there was a long hiatus due to financial and political forces (including famine and the Khmer Rouge regime) that meant it was effectively impossible for the game to be played.

The game became re-established in the 1990s, partly through the presence of British, Singaporean and Australian expatriates. The Rugby Club du Cambodge was set up in 1996, with its senior team known as Les Piliers d’Angkor. The Indochinese Cup was established in 1999, as a four sided tournament between Vietnamese teams from Saïgon and Hanoi, Vientiane (Laos) and Phnom Penh in Cambodia.

In January 2000, the NGO, "Pour un Sourire d'Enfant", which looks after poverty stricken children, taught children the sport, and from there it has spread into some Cambodian schools.

In 2000, and 2001, the first tournament was set up, and a National Competition.

In 2001, the Angkor 10s was set up, and is still held annually.

Cambodia sent a team to compete in the Bangkok Sevens in 2004.

Cambodia takes part in the South East Asia region of the Asian Five Nations.

1. "International Rugby Board - CAMBODIA". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011. IRB Cambodia page accessed 28 June 2009
2. "Cambodian Federation of Rugby". *www.cambodiarugby.org*. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
3. http://www.cambodiarugby.org/content.php?secid=10&catid=16&id=12 CFR History, accessed 28 June 2009


abstract: The International Federation of Workers' Education Associations (IFWEA) is an international organisation of associations, foundations, non-governmental organisations and trade unions involved in adult education for working people. It is based in Cape Town, South Africa, is an observer at the International Labour Organisation and UNESCO and is a member of SOLIDAR.

text:
# International Federation of Workers' Education Associations

The **International Federation of Workers' Education Associations** (**IFWEA**) is an international organisation of associations, foundations, non-governmental organisations and trade unions involved in adult education for working people. It is based in Cape Town, South Africa, is an observer at the International Labour Organisation and UNESCO and is a member of SOLIDAR.

## History

The idea to form an international federation of educational associations for workers was conceived during World War II, at the annual conference of the United Kingdom Workers' Educational Association. In 1945 a conference for members of workers' educational organisations from a number of countries was held in London, where it was resolved to create an international coalition to support collaboration between organisations.

In October 1947 the International Federation of Workers' Educational Associations (IFWEA) was officially launched at a conference in London where a formal constitution was adopted. Worker representatives from the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Switzerland and Sweden attended, while observers from Germany, Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and the United States of America were present.

A President and Secretary General were elected, and an Executive Committee was appointed with regional representation. Representation is now regularly modified to reflect the federation's membership.

Over the past 70-odd years membership of IFWEA has increased. As of 2023, IFWEA has affiliates in more than 30 countries including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Nepal, New Zealand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines, India, Cambodia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Finland, the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Belgium, Bolivia, Peru and the United States of America.

IFWEA helps new organisations, particularly in developing countries, and provides a global space for worker educators to share resources and advance the role of trade unions and community struggles in the transformation of society. An important role is to facilitate information exchanges between members.

## Purpose

The purpose of IFWEA is to “advance the education of the public with respect to the democratic labour movement; and to promote the carrying out of free and voluntary educational work, according to the principles of solidarity and cooperation, justice and equality, and democracy and freedom”.

## Governance

The highest decision making assembly in IFWEA is the quadrennial International General Conference. The General Secretary, President and Executive Committee are elected at this conference. The 22nd IFWEA General Conference was held in Lima, Peru in 2015, the 23rd IFWEA General Conference was held in Cape Town, South Africa in 2019 and the 24th IFWEA General Conference was held in Cape Town, South Africa in 2023.

The role of the IFWEA Secretariat is to stimulate the development of a democratic workers’ education movement, by providing contact between member organisations, assisting with the development of partnerships, and promoting best practice in educational design and delivery through the provision of education resources, web communication and learning events such as workshops, seminars and conferences. The IFWEA Secretariat was registered in Cape Town, South Africa in 2009, after the election of IFWEA General Secretary Sahra Ryklief in December 2007. Previously it had been registered in the UK with the Secretariat in Manchester, and prior to that, it was hosted by the AOF Norway, with the Secretariat in Oslo.

Archival records of IFWEA 1945 to 1986 are held at the Trades Union Congress (TUC) Library Collections and University Archives at London Metropolitan University, reference code GB 1924 IFWEA. Current records are held at the Institute of The Hague.

## Programmes

### Foundation Skills for Social Change Certificate Programme

The Foundation Skills for Social Change Certificate Programme (FSSC) provides courses aimed at grassroots leaders in community organisations and trade unions. Past programmes have included courses on youth civic and political mobilisation; participatory learning and research methods; women’s leadership; and organising for the social protection of vulnerable workers. The courses are designed by IFWEA affiliates who have expertise in these fields.

### Study Circles for Social Change Programme

The Study Circles for Social Change Programme (SCSC) promotes study circles by training potential study circle facilitators. The study circles promote collective learning. The programme also brings study circle facilitators from different countries together online to share information on a global basis. Programmes have also included film clubs, dance clubs and theatre groups for social change.

### Youth Global Awareness Programme

The annual Youth Global Awareness Programme (YGAP) run by IFWEA brings together young educators, trade union and youth leaders from around the globe. The programme, run in Cape Town, South Africa, raises awareness around global worker education issues. It is designed to mentor and develop young leaders in the field of worker education.

### Online Labour Academy

The Online Labour Academy is an internet-based resource offering a range of education courses to the labour movement. Online educators can share materials, curricular and information on local, regional and international platforms.


title: Motor glider

abstract: A motor glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that can be flown with or without engine power. The FAI Gliding Commission Sporting Code definition is: a fixed-wing aerodyne equipped with a means of propulsion (MoP), capable of sustained soaring flight without thrust from the means of propulsion.

text:
# Motor glider

A **motor glider** is a fixed-wing aircraft that can be flown with or without engine power. The FAI Gliding Commission Sporting Code definition is: a fixed-wing aerodyne equipped with a means of propulsion (MoP), capable of sustained soaring flight without thrust from the means of propulsion.

## History

In 1935, an occasional or auxiliary motor that could be retracted was suggested by Sir John Carden. This was incorporated into the Carden-Baynes Auxiliary that first flew on 8 August of the same year. A later version of the Budig glider was powered.

## Categories

Most motor gliders are equipped with a propeller, which may be fixed, feathered (e.g. AMS-Flight Carat), or retractable. However jet engine-powered motorgliders are now available from some manufacturers, some of which are intended for use only as "sustainer" engines, i.e. for sustaining gliding flight rather than as self-launching aircraft.

### Sustainer motor gliders

Sustainer motor gliders must be launched like an unpowered glider, but can climb slowly to extend a flight once the engine is deployed and started. They generally do not have an alternator or starter motor, so the engine is started by "wind-milling" the propeller in flight. The propeller may be a rigid 2-blade design, or may have more than two blades that fold at the hub when the engine is retracted. The propeller hub is usually attached directly to the crankshaft, but there is at least one example of a sustainer with a belt reduction drive, the DG-1000T.

The smaller sustainer engines are usually not equipped with a throttle, but instead have a cable to open decompression valves in each cylinder to allow the engine to turn freely for starting. Sustainer engines are typically two-stroke two-cylinder air-cooled engines in the range of 18–30 hp (14–22 kW). They are lighter in weight, and simpler to operate than self-launching powerplants.

### Self-launching motor gliders

Self-launching retractable propeller motor gliders have sufficient thrust and initial climb rate to take off without assistance, or they may be launched as with a conventional glider. The engines also have a starter motor and a large battery to allow the engine to be started on the ground, and an alternator to recharge the battery. A two-blade propeller is typically coupled to the engine via a belt reduction drive. In older designs, the propeller alignment must be checked by the pilot using a mirror, before it is retracted into the fuselage; however in current production gliders, propeller alignment is fully automatic.

Another solution is the single-blade propeller that offers the advantage of a smaller opening in the fuselage to retract the engine.

Internal combustion engines can benefit from mounting in the fuselage, rather than on the propeller mast. This allows them to be connected to a larger muffler for reduced noise when operating, something which is mostly relevant to European operation. It also allows the belt tension to be relieved when the engine is retracted to extend the life of the belt and bearings. The drawback of this arrangement is that engines fixed low in fuselages are more difficult to pre-flight and service, and highly stressed power transmission belts should not be bent or twisted.

Self-launching engines are equipped with a throttle that allows the engine power to be adjusted for ground operations. Self-launching engines are typically in the range of 50–60 hp (38–45 kW). The higher engine output power requires liquid cooling with a separate radiator mounted on the propeller mast. Engines commonly used are two-stroke piston engines, or Wankel rotary engines.

### Touring motor gliders

Motor with fixed or full feathering propellers are generally classified as Touring Motor Gliders (TMGs). TMGs can take off and cruise like an airplane or soar with power off, like a glider.

They are fitted with front-mounted engines, similar to a small airplane. The large wingspans of TMGs provide a moderate gliding performance, not as good as that of unpowered gliders. However TMGs are more efficient than conventional light aircraft.

Most TMGs are designed with engines of 80 to 100 hp (75 kW) and typically cruise (under power) at 85–100 knots (190 km/h). Most have fuel tanks capable of holding between 50 and 100 liters (13 to 26 US gallons) of fuel, giving a range under power of up to 450 nautical miles (approximately 830 kilometers). Modern TMGs like the Phoenix Air Phoenix are capable of higher speeds and longer range under power.

Some TMGs are equipped with folding wings to allow them to fit in standard small airplane T-hangars. Tow hooks are unnecessary, since aircraft with self-launch ability do not require access to winch or tow plane for launching like a conventional glider.

Some TMGs, like the Europa or the Phoenix, can also be supplied with interchangeable wings or wingtips so that they can be flown as a standard touring aircraft as well as a TMG.

The landing gear configuration on TMGs usually incorporates two fixed main wheels, allowing it to be taxied on the ground without a wing walker. While some TMGs have only one main wheel, with auxiliary trolley wheels on the wings for taxiing, it is becoming more common to find them being manufactured with tricycle and conventional (two fixed main wheels – i.e. a "tail-dragger") landing gear configurations.

Since the additional drag of the stopped propeller and landing gear reduces their gliding performance, TMGs are seldom used in competition.

## Motor configurations

### Retractable propeller

The retractable propeller is usually mounted on a mast that rotates up and forward out of the fuselage, aft of the cockpit and wing carry-through structure. The fuselage has engine bay doors that open and close automatically, similar to landing gear doors. The engine may be near the top or bottom of the mast, and newer designs have the engine fixed in the fuselage to reduce noise and drag.

Unlike TMGs, most gliders with retractable propellers are also fitted with a tow-hook for aero-towing or ground launch. They have a single-axle retractable main wheel on the fuselage like most unpowered gliders, so they do require assistance during ground operations. The two-stroke engines commonly used are not efficient at reduced power for level cruising flight, and instead must use a "saw-tooth" flight profile where the glider climbs at full power, then glides with the propeller retracted.

### Cross-over

On the Stemme S10, the propeller folds into the nose cone, and is connected to the rear-mounted engine with a drive shaft. It also has two retractable main wheels, allowing it to be taxied without assistance, and to soar with low drag. These features make it a cross-over between the touring and retractable propeller motor gliders. It does not have a tow-hook, so it must self-launch. The S10-VT variant has a two-position variable-pitch propeller and a turbocharger on the engine, which allows the aircraft to cruise at altitudes up to 30,000 feet (9,000 m).

On the AMS Carat, the propeller folds forward, pointing straight ahead like a spear.

### Electric

Although most motor gliders have gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines, a number of electric-powered self-launchers have been developed including the Lange Antares 20E and 23E, Schempp-Hirth Arcus E, Schleicher AS 34Me, Pipistrel Taurus Electro G2, Silent 2 Targa LE (Lithium Electric), and the closely related Air Energy AE1 Silent, Yuneec Apis 2, Yuneec EViva, Alpaero Exel, Aériane Swift, Electravia and Alatus AL12. Some types use a pylon behind the cockpit to extend a propeller. 11 different types, from 7 manufacturers, such as the Alisport Silent 2 Electro, use the front electric sustainer (FES) system with a folding propeller in the nose.

Advantages of electric power over gasoline include:

* Faster and more reliable transition from gliding to powered flight, as the time and risk required to start and warm up an internal combustion engine is eliminated. For example, the Antares 20E transitions from gliding to powered flight in under 12 seconds. With a FES system maximum power can be available in 1–2 seconds.
* For types that use a pylon, lower drag and sink rate are achieved with the pylon extended and the motor not running, as there is no radiator as required to cool a gasoline engine. For FES systems, the drag from the folded propeller in the nose is negligible if the engine does not start. For safe operation, the "Engine out and not running" performance is used to plan in-air restarts in the event of a problem (even for electrics). The reduced sink-rate of electric-powered motor-gliders "engine out and not running" allows a lower altitude for a safe in-air restart.
* For types that use a pylon, belt reduction drive and associated reliability issues are eliminated. As an electric motor can turn at a lower RPM than typical gasoline engines, it can be mounted at the top of the mast without a reduction system, eliminating belt-drive issues.
* Greatly reduced noise, allowing take-off from locations where other powered aircraft are not permitted.

Disadvantages of current electric powered motor-gliders as compared to gasoline include:

* Reduced range or climb altitude, as the energy stored per unit weight for available batteries is less than gasoline.
* Gliders with pylon-mounted electric motors are slightly heavier than those with gasoline engines due to the batteries. An FES system weighs about the same as a two-stroke engine.
* Increased cost. While electric motors are comparably inexpensive, low-weight batteries suitable for motor-gliders are a little more expensive than gasoline engines.

Electric sustainer systems (with power to sustain flight but not self-launch) are optional for the Schempp-Hirth Ventus-3, HPH Shark and ESAG LAK-17B. These three all use the FES as used for self-launching lighter gliders, such as the Alisport Silent 2.

### Jet

The first production self-launching motor glider fitted with a jet engine was the Caproni Vizzola Calif. The jet engine was mounted inside the fuselage behind the wing, with fixed intake and exhaust ducts coupled to the outside air stream for engine operation. Since then a new generation of jets have been offered for the Schempp-Hirth Ventus 2, Jonker JS-1 Revelation and the HpH 304, all featuring sustainer jet engines.

Other self-launching types include the experimental LET L-13TJ Blaník, a version of the Alisport Silent Club and a version of the TeST TST-14 Bonus.

## Use of engines in self-launching sailplanes

The engine cannot always be relied upon to start in flight, so the pilot must allow for this possibility. The generally accepted practice is to get in position for landing at a suitable airport, or off-airport out-landing field, before extending the propeller and attempting an engine start. This allows for a safe landing in the event that the engine cannot be started in time.

In soaring competitions, starting the engine is usually scored the same as an out-landing in an unpowered glider. To detect the use of the engine, GNSS Flight Recorders used in motor gliders must have a noise sensor that allows recording the sound level along with position and altitude. In many competitions, the rules require that the pilot start the engine at the beginning of the flight, before starting the task, to ensure an engine start later in the flight will be detected.

Gliders without an engine are lighter and, as they do not need a safety margin for an engine-start, they can safely thermal at lower altitudes in weaker conditions. So, pilots in unpowered gliders may complete competition flights when some powered competitors cannot. Conversely, motor glider pilots can start the engine to extend a flight if conditions will no longer support soaring, while unpowered gliders will have to land out, away from the home airfield, requiring retrieval by road using the glider's trailer.

The presence of an engine can increase the safety of gliding, as a powerplant increases the ability of the pilot to avoid storms and off-airport landings. An opposing view is that motor gliders are against the spirit of the sport, and, more importantly, that they sometimes give pilots a false sense of security.

Touring motor gliders are seldom used in competition, but they can be useful in training for cross-country flights. After take-off, the engine is switched off, and the trainee flies the aircraft as a glider. Landings in unfamiliar fields can be practiced while the motor idles. If the trainee chooses an inappropriate field, or misjudges the approach, the instructor can apply power and climb away safely.

## Licenses or certificates

In Europe, powered gliders are categorized into gliders with retractable propellers/engines, which can be flown with an ordinary glider pilot license (GPL), and touring motor gliders (TMG), which require a license extension to the standard GPL. In the United Kingdom, where gliding is regulated by the British Gliding Association, pilots of self-sustaining gliders, like those of pure gliders, do not have to be licensed with the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

In South Africa, Touring Motor Glider (TMG) is an independent National Pilots License category under Recreation Aviation, Part 62, subpart 17.

In the United States, a private glider pilot certificate allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders, self-launching motor gliders (including touring motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the launch method, which may be by airplane towing, ground launch (winches, bungee, auto tow), or, in the case of a suitable motor glider, by self-launching. In the US, motor gliders are classified as gliders, and may be operated by a glider pilot without the medical certificate required to operate an airplane.

In the United States, a powered glider may be certificated for up to two occupants, up to 850 kg maximum weight, and with a maximum ratio of weight to wing span squared of 3 kg/m2. Similar requirements exist in European JAA/EASA regulations, at a maximum weight of 750 kg.

In Canada, a glider pilot license allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders. For self-launching motor gliders (including motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders an aeroplane permit or licence is required. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the pilot to carry passengers.