title: Tix

abstract: Andreas Andresen Haukeland, better known as Tix, is a Norwegian singer. He represented Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song "Fallen Angel". Haukeland has Tourette syndrome, a condition characterised by involuntary movements called tics. During his childhood, he was bullied for his condition and he was called "Tics", which he later turned into his stage name. Besides being a musician, Haukeland is a mental health awareness advocate and has shared his experiences with Tourette syndrome, as well as loneliness and suicidal thoughts. In 2019, Haukeland was a part of Norwegian Paradise Hotel, season 11, checking in as a VIP contestant. After his long run that season, he was part of the jury deciding the winners.

text:
# Tix

**Andreas Andresen Haukeland** (born 12 April 1993), better known as **Tix** (stylized in all caps), is a Norwegian singer. He represented Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song "Fallen Angel".

Haukeland has Tourette syndrome, a condition characterised by involuntary movements called tics. During his childhood, he was bullied for his condition and he was called "Tics", which he later turned into his stage name. Besides being a musician, Haukeland is a mental health awareness advocate and has shared his experiences with Tourette syndrome, as well as loneliness and suicidal thoughts.

In 2019, Haukeland was a part of Norwegian *Paradise Hotel*, season 11, checking in as a VIP contestant. After his long run that season, he was part of the jury deciding the winners.

## Early life

Haukeland was born on 12 April 1993. During his school years, he was bullied for his Tourette syndrome and his tics, leading to him struggling with his mental health for most of his life. During a conversation with his mom, he said "I don't think I'll ever get a girlfriend. I don't think I'll ever find someone who can love me and accept my tics. I don't think anyone will consider me normal... most importantly, I don't think I'll ever find a girl that will have children with me, someone that will marry me. I don't think that's in the cards for me."

In 2010, during a russ celebration, Haukeland's girlfriend at the time asked him if he could write a song for the bus crew. This would be his first russ song. In 2011, he would submit a song for that year's Melodi Grand Prix 2011, but to no avail. The song is not planned to ever be released in any media form.

## Career

### 2013–2019: Russ music, controversy, and struggles with mental health

TIX is known for his Russ music, with many of his songs being known for controversial, misogynist, and sexist lyrics. Haukeland offered three explanations for the song "Sjeiken": it was satire, it was a result of supply and demand, it was a provocation for the sake of provocation.

In 2015, he was featured in several Staysman and Lazz music videos in which he is seen doing various things, including touching the instructor's breast during a sex ed class, partying excessively and waking up with a man in bed, who he kisses on the forehead before leaving, albeit in a hurry.

Between 2015 and 2017, he would release many songs, all in russ music; 19 in 2015, 17 in 2016, and 12 in 2017.

In September 2016, TIX released his debut studio album, *Dømt og berømt*, which peaked at number 2 on the VG-lista, the official Norwegian Albums Chart.

In 2017, he would be a co-producer for the song "Game Time" by Flo Rida. In the summer of 2017, TIX was a warm-up artist for Justin Bieber at Forus Travbane in Stavanger. He would also co produce the song "Sweet but Psycho" by Ava Max in 2018.

In 2018, he released his first non-russ pop song, "Shotgun" which reached No. 5 in the singles chart in Norway. However, in the same year and in 2019 he would also create new russ songs, but with a new theme of a foreboding party burnout and depression.

### 2019–2020: *Paradise Hotel*, *Norwegian Idol*, new music videos

In 2019, he was a contestant on *Paradise Hotel* as a VIP contestant. Before the show, he was interviewed by Dagbladet, where he said "It's like.. now or never. I will die young. (…) Brutally honest." After the show, he was once again interviewed, this time by Se og Hør Norge, where he randomly asked the interviewer who had a fortune teller toy "I wonder if I’m gonna die before I’m 30? Because that’s the plan really.”

In 2020, he was a judge on the Norwegian version of Pop Idol, called Norwegian Idol.

### 2021: *Melodi Grand Prix*, Eurovision Song Contest, opening up about mental health struggles

On 15 January 2021, during an interview on Norwegian talk show "Lindmo", Haukeland told of how he tried to commit suicide in 2018. He said the character of Tix had completely taken over and that there was no room for the real Andreas. He was crying on the floor of his bathroom when his cat, Findus, came in to comfort him. Haukeland told Findus about his troubles and, to this day, he says that Findus saved his life.

On 20 February 2021, Tix won the *Melodi Grand Prix 2021* with the song "Fallen Angel", and thus earned the right to represent Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam. A week later, he apologized for the lyrics he used in his old russ songs on Instagram, saying in part "The Russ era is a time that is normless, that is boundless by nature and that acts as a valve for young people. The music is made to be played in that context. It is made for young people, who party, who drink and who have sex. Could and should I have used other words and phrases? In retrospect - yes. My focus was on the party and the community. My heart's desire... I have, or have never had, any intention of hurting anyone. I want to apologize to everyone who has felt trampled on by the songs. That was not the intention, and I am genuinely sorry." However, he would also say that he would not change anything that he did in the past; he simply had said that he was sorry some had been offended.

On 4 May 2021, two weeks before the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, Tix released the music video for "Fallen Angel", in which he recreates a moment from his youth where he's bullied for his Tourettes syndrome as well as shows the genesis of the Tix persona. The song would qualify from the first semi-final, finishing 10th place with 118 points, and would finish the grand final in 18th place with 75 points. During the performance, he took off his glasses in order to show his tics to the audience, saying "I'll show the biggest weakness I could do on a stage... I think it will help/comfort/inspire to many out there." He created a 10 part vlog series on social media, which detailed his journeys and experiences at Eurovision, including traveling around Rotterdam and Amsterdam, behind the scenes footage, and a dedicated video to Azerbaijani singer Samira Efendi.

On 14 May 2021, Tix released the single "Engel, Ikke Dra", which was a dedication to a fan of his, Aurora Buerskog, who died from cancer in the summer of 2019. One of her last wishes was to have Tix attend her funeral. Her funeral in Stavanger was the same day as a concert he was doing for VG-Lista in Bergen. He attended the funeral first and then went to perform for a crowd of over 10,000. In an Instagram post on the day of the single's release, he says he was struck with the following thought after getting off the stage that day: "How many of these kids are going through hard times right now? How many people struggle with anxiety, eating disorders, exclusion, violence, loneliness, bullying, etc.? And the biggest question: Statistically speaking… How many of these are perhaps no longer with us the next time I return to the city? That was the beginning of a new chapter, and the reason I chose to show the humanity behind TIX. Meeting Aurora made me understand how important my music is in many people's everyday lives. And therefore I want to be the soundtrack to both the good and the bad moments."

## Personal life

Haukeland has become an outspoken advocate of mental health and has shared many of his experiences of struggles with it.

From early 2019 to late 2020, he was in a relationship with Marthe Elise Brenne, a Norwegian influencer, whom he met and was partnered with in Paradise Hotel. Brenne won Paradise Hotel in 2019. Haukeland dedicated one of his songs, 'Deg Eller Ingenting', to Marthe in June 2020 and shared on his Instagram romantic photos of the couple saying "I do not have many close ones around me, but over the past year Marthe has been an important part of my life. I love her so much. Actually love her."

On 18 October 2021, Haukeland released a book, *TIX: Den Stygge Andungen* (The Ugly Duckling), based on his childhood in which he tells the story of himself. Nearly two weeks after its release, it became Norway's best-selling non-fiction children book.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | NOR
 |
| *Dømt og berømt* | * Released: 9 September 2016 * Label: Sony Music * Format: Digital download, CD | 2 |
| *Enten går det bra, ellers går det over* | * Released: 28 March 2022 * Label: Universal * Format: Digital download, streaming | 3
 |

### Singles

#### As lead artist

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | NOR
 | BEL
(FL)
Tip
 | FIN
 | LIT
 | NLD
 | SWE
 | UK
Down.
 | |
| "Fraternity" | 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| "Sjeiken 2015"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 2015 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Habbo Club 2015"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 22 |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "East High 2016"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Dømt og berømt* |
| "Hydra 2016"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 2016 | 15 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Uncle Sam 2016"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Ponyville 2016"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 17 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Tronen 2016"
(with The Pøssy Project, Meland & Hauken) | 24 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Dory 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 8 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Versarce 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| | "Gullalderen 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 33 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Skammekroken 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 2017 | 25 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Baymax 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Skaperen 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Tyven 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Geriljaen 2017"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Hakkebakkeskogen 2017"
(with Meland & Hauken) | 32 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Ulovlig"
(with Moberg) | 22 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Kobraen"
(with Moberg) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Future 2018"
(with Moberg) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Bad Boy"
(with Moberg) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Banken 2018"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 2018 |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Blåfjell 2018"
(with Tunge Ferrari) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Gatebarna 2018"
(with Bougee) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Nasjonen 2018"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 29 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Bergen 2018"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Shotgun" | 5 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Makten 2019"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Håper nissen har råd" | 5 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Snøstorm 2019"
(with The Pøssy Project) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Jeg vil ikke leve" | 2019 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Enten går det bra, ellers går det over* |
| | "Neste sommer" | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| | "Når jeg er full" | 14 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Brosjan Jesus" | 20 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Jævlig" | 3 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Kaller på deg" | 2020 | 1 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Karantene" | 1 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Skål" | 2 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Karantän"
(with Samir & Viktor) |  |  |  |  |  | | 56 |  |
| | "Dommedagen 2020"
(with Soppgirobygett) | 17 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Deg eller ingenting"
(with Morgan Sulele) | 4 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Nå koser vi oss" | 4 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Ikke han"
(with Teddy) |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Jul i karantene" | 10 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Tusen tårer" | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Enten går det bra, ellers går det over* |
| "Ut av mørket" | 2021 | 1
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Fallen Angel" | 2
 | 18 | 20 | 23 | 65 | | 41
 | 15 |
| | "Engel, ikke dra" | 1
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Beautifull" | 3
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "Jente i Oslo" | 3
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Hver gang vi møtes* |
| "Sov godt" | 2022 | 37
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Bli hos meg" |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Av og på" |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Hvis jeg forlot verden" | 2
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Enten går det bra, ellers går det over* |
| | "Delux" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "Himmelen og helvete" | 9
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Enten går det bra, ellers går det over* |
| | "Pust" | 7
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Gjør med meg" | 15
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Livet er herlig"
(with El Papi) | 6
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| | "Gatebil"
(with Hagle) | 18
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Fakk meg opp"
(with Kris Winther) | 2023 | 11
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Studio 23"
(with The Pøssy Project) | 27
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Danse en gang til"
(with Morgan Sulele) | 7
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Love \</3"
(with Beathoven) | 2
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Piller i hjertet"
(with Kudos) | 2024 | 4
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Forevig"
(with Fjellrev and Hytta) | 8
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Ole brumm"
(with Morgan Sulele) | 13
 |  |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | NOR
 | |
| "The Tramp"
(Olly Hence featuring JStanley & Tix) | 2015 |  | Non-album single |
| "Igjen og igjen"
(El Papi featuring Tix) | 2020 | 1 | TBA |

1. Zakariassen, Gaute (27 October 2017). "Dette tjente norske artister i 2016". *NRK* (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
2. Knut-Eirik Lindblad. "Provokatøren". *Dagbladet 2018.07.07*. Oslo. pp. 48–50. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
3. VG.no: Plateanmeldelse: Tix – «Dømt og berømt» Archived 8 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
4. Hagen, Knut-Øyvind. "– Jo større Tix ble, jo mer visnet Andreas". NRK. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
5. *Efentix is the cutest ship in the world*, archived from the original on 6 June 2021, retrieved 6 June 2021
6. *Interview TIX*, 28 April 2021, archived from the original on 26 May 2022, retrieved 17 June 2021
7. "How Do You Solve A Problem Like Tix?". *ESC In Context*. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
8. Lærerinna on YouTube
9. En Godt Stekt Pizza on YouTube
10. Alle Gutta on YouTube
11. "See photos directly from Justin Bieber's performance". *Dagbladet* (in Norwegian). 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
12. *Derfor er TIX med på Paradise Hotel*, 18 January 2019, archived from the original on 7 April 2023, retrieved 27 May 2021
13. *Rødmer av kjærestespørsmål: - Hva skal jeg svare på det der?*, 14 May 2019, archived from the original on 9 April 2023, retrieved 27 May 2021
14. TIX - Full interview at Lindmo (English subtitles available) on YouTube
15. Kelly, Emma (11 February 2021). "Eurovision 2021: Who is competing in the Song Contest this year?". *Metro*. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
16. "TIX er vinner av MGP – tårekvalt". *Verdens Gang* (in Norwegian). 20 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
17. *1. TIX* (in Norwegian Bokmål), 14 May 2021, archived from the original on 2 June 2021, retrieved 2 June 2021
18. Fallen Angel (Official Music Video) on YouTube
19. "Tix honors deceased fan: The scariest performance I have done". *NRK, via Google Translate*. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
20. "2.TIX" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
21. "Elsker Henne". *seher.no*. seher. June 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
22. Steffen Hung. "Discography TIX". *norwegiancharts.com*. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
23. "TIX V List". *vglista*. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
24. "Album 2022 uke 14". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
25. "Discografie Tix" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
26. "Discography Tix". *finnishcharts.com*. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
27. "2021 21-os SAVAITĖS (gegužės 21-27 d.) SINGLŲ TOP100" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 28 May 2021. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
28. "Discografie Tix". *dutchcharts.nl*. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
29. "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 20". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
30. "Official Singles Downloads Chart: 28 May 2021 – 3 June 2021". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
31. "Fraternity — single". *Apple Music*. 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
32. "Sjeiken 2015 — single". *Apple Music*. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
33. "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 25". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
34. "Habbo Club 2015 — single". *Apple Music*. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
35. "TIX, The Pøssy Project - East High 2016". *YouTube*. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
36. "HYDRA 2016 - TIX & The Pøssy Project". *YouTube*. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
37. "Uncle Sam 2016 - TIX & The Pøssy Project". *YouTube*. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
38. "PONYVILLE 2016 - TIX & The Pøssy Project". *YouTube*. 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
39. "The Pøssy Project, TIX, Meland X Hauken". *Top Charts*. April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
40. "DORY 2017 - TIX & The Pøssy Project". *YouTube*. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
41. "Versarce 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
42. "Gullalderen 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
43. "Skammekroken 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
44. "Baymax 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
45. "Skaperen 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
46. "Tyven 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
47. "Geriljaen 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
48. "Hakkebakkeskogen 2017 — single". *Apple Music*. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
49. "Ulovlig — single". *Apple Music*. 29 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
50. "Kobraen — single". *Apple Music*. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
51. "Future — single". *Apple Music*. 5 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
52. "Bad Boy — single". *Apple Music*. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
53. "Banken 2018 — single". *Apple Music*. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
54. "Blåfjell 2018 — single". *Apple Music*. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
55. "Gatebarna 2018 — single". *Apple Music*. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
56. "Nasjonen 2018 — single". *Apple Music*. 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
57. "Bad Boy — single". *Apple Music*. 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
58. "Shotgun — single". *Apple Music*. 8 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
59. "Makten 2019 — single". *Apple Music*. 5 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
60. "Håper nissen har råd — single". *Apple Music*. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
61. "Snøstorm 2019 — single". *Apple Music*. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
62. "Jeg vil ikke leve— single". *Apple Music*. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
63. "Neste sommer — single". *Apple Music*. 23 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
64. "Når jeg er full — single". *Apple Music*. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
65. "Brosjan Jesus — single". *Apple Music*. 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
66. "Jævlig — single". *Apple Music*. 26 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
67. "Kaller på deg — single". *Apple Music*. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
68. "Karantene — single". *Apple Music*. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
69. "Skål — single". *Apple Music*. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
70. "Karantän — single". *Apple Music*. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
71. "Dommedagen 2020 — single". *Apple Music*. 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
72. "Deg eller ingenting — single". *Apple Music*. 14 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
73. "Nå koser vi oss — single". *Apple Music*. 28 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
74. "Ikke han — single". *Apple Music*. 11 October 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
75. "Jul i karantene — single". *Apple Music*. 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
76. "Tusen tårer — single". *Apple Music*. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
77. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-8". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
78. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-9". VG-lista. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
79. "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 21". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
80. "Engel, Ikke Dra — single". *Apple Music*. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
81. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-20". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
82. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-26". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
83. "Singel 2022 uke 04" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
84. "Singel 2022 uke 02" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
85. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-07". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
86. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-09". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
87. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-11". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
88. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-12". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
89. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-24". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
90. "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-28". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
91. "Singel 2023 uke 14". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
92. "Singel 2023 uke 17". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
93. "Singel 2023 uke 19". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
94. "Singel 2023 uke 23". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
95. "Singel 2024 uke 07". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
96. "Singel 2024 uke 16". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
97. "Singel 2024 uke 25". VG-lista. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
98. "The Tramp — single". *Apple Music*. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
99. "Igjen Og Igjen — single". *Apple Music*. 7 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

## InfoBox

| TIX | |
| --- | --- |
| TIX in 2022 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Andreas Andresen Haukeland |
| Born | (1993-04-12) 12 April 1993
Bærum, Norway |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter * producer |
| Years active | 2012–present |


title: Harry Bähre

abstract: Harry Bähre is a former German footballer. He played for Hamburger SV in the Bundesliga from 1963 to 1967, scoring two goals in 78 games. In 1963, when the Bundesliga was founded the Hamburger SV sent the licence documents very early to the German Football Association and so Bähre got the licence number 001.

text:
# Harry Bähre

**Harry Bähre** (born 22 July 1941) is a former German footballer.

He played for Hamburger SV in the Bundesliga from 1963 to 1967, scoring two goals in 78 games. In 1963, when the Bundesliga was founded the Hamburger SV sent the licence documents very early to the German Football Association and so Bähre got the licence number 001.

## InfoBox

Harry Bähre
| Harry Bähre (2008) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1941-07-22) 22 July 1941 | | |
| Place of birth | Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1963–1967 | Hamburger SV | 78 | (2) |
| 1967–1970 | HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Westmaas

abstract: Westmaas is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located about 14 km south of the city of Rotterdam, next to Mijnsheerenland in the municipality of Hoeksche Waard. In 2020, the population was 2,065. Westmaas developed after the Munnikenland was enclosed by a dike in 1439. The village was founded by Carthusian monks. It became an independent parish in 1458. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church built in 1651. It was restored between 1966 and 1967. Westmaas was home to 768 people in 1840. Westmaas was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1984, when it became part of Binnenmaas. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard.

text:
# Westmaas

**Westmaas** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ʋɛstˈmaːs\]) is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located about 14 km south of the city of Rotterdam, next to Mijnsheerenland in the municipality of Hoeksche Waard. In 2020, the population was 2,065.

Westmaas developed after the Munnikenland was enclosed by a dike in 1439. The village was founded by Carthusian monks. It became an independent parish in 1458. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church built in 1651. It was restored between 1966 and 1967.

Westmaas was home to 768 people in 1840. Westmaas was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1984, when it became part of Binnenmaas. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard.

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
2. "Postcodetool for 3273AA". *Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland* (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
3. Wet samenvoeging gemeenten Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, Oud-Beijerland en Strijen, 11 July 2018, accessed at overheid.nl
4. Statistiek, Centraal Bureau voor de. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020". *Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek* (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-09-26.
5. Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2004). "Westmaas" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90-400-9034-3. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
6. "Westmaas". *Plaatsengids* (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
7. Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011.

## InfoBox

| Westmaas | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Clergy house of Westmaas | |
| WestmaasLocation in the province of South Holland in the NetherlandsWestmaasLocation in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 51°47′N 4°28′E / 51.783°N 4.467°E / 51.783; 4.467 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | South Holland |
| Municipality | Hoeksche Waard |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.39 km2 (2.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | −0.5 m (−1.6 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,095 |
| Density | 280/km2 (730/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3273 |
| Dialing code | 0186 |


title: Internet Draft

abstract: An Internet Draft (I-D) is a document published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) containing preliminary technical specifications, results of networking-related research, or other technical information. Often, Internet Drafts are intended to be work-in-progress documents for work that is eventually to be published as a Request for Comments (RFC) and potentially leading to an Internet Standard. It is considered inappropriate to rely on Internet Drafts for reference purposes. I-D citations should indicate the I-D is a work in progress. An Internet Draft is expected to adhere to the basic requirements imposed on any RFC. An Internet Draft is only valid for six months unless it is replaced by an updated version. An otherwise expired draft remains valid while it is under official review by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) when a request to publish it as an RFC has been submitted. Expired drafts are replaced with a "tombstone" version and remain available for reference.

text:
# Internet Draft

An **Internet Draft** (**I-D**) is a document published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) containing preliminary technical specifications, results of networking-related research, or other technical information. Often, Internet Drafts are intended to be work-in-progress documents for work that is eventually to be published as a Request for Comments (RFC) and potentially leading to an Internet Standard.

It is considered inappropriate to rely on Internet Drafts for reference purposes. I-D citations should indicate the I-D is a *work in progress*.

An Internet Draft is expected to adhere to the basic requirements imposed on any RFC.

An Internet Draft is only valid for six months unless it is replaced by an updated version. An otherwise expired draft remains valid while it is under official review by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) when a request to publish it as an RFC has been submitted. Expired drafts are replaced with a "tombstone" version and remain available for reference.

## Naming conventions

Internet Drafts produced by the IETF working groups follow the naming convention: `draft-ietf-<wg>-<name>-<version number>.txt`.

Internet Drafts produced by IRTF research groups following the naming convention: `draft-irtf-<rg>-<name>-<version number>.txt`.

Drafts produced by individuals following the naming convention: `draft-<individual>-<name>-<version number>.txt`

The IAB, RFC Editor, and other organizations associated with the IETF may also produce Internet Drafts. They follow the naming convention: `draft-<org>-<name>-<version number>.txt`.

The initial `version number` is represented as `00`. The second version, i.e. the first revision is represented as `01`, and incremented for all following revisions.


abstract: Jackson Township is an American township that is located in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. The population was 859 at the time of the 2020 census. Greenwood Furnace State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Jackson Township.

text:
# Jackson Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania

**Jackson Township** is an American township that is located in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. The population was 859 at the time of the 2020 census.

Greenwood Furnace State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Jackson Township.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 72.5 square miles (188 km2), of which 72.5 square miles (188 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.08%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 882 |  |  |
| 2010 | 872 |  | −1.1% |
| 2020 | 859 |  | −1.5% |
| 2022 (est.) | 906 |  | 5.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 882 people, 346 households, and 269 families residing in the township.

The population density was 12.2 people per square mile (4.7/km2). There were 675 housing units at an average density of 9.3/sq mi (3.6/km2).

The racial makeup of the township was 98.30% White, 0.11% African American, 0.11% Asian, 0.45% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population.

There were 346 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 67.6% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older.

The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.90.

Within the township, the population was spread out, with 23.1% who were under the age of eighteen, 5.7% who were aged eighteen to twenty-four, 29.1% who were aged twenty-five to forty-four, 29.9% who were aged forty-five to sixty-four, and 12.1% who were sixty-five years of age or older. The median age was forty years.

For every one hundred females, there were 99.1 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 101.2 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $43,875, and the median income for a family was $49,583. Males had a median income of $33,125 compared with that of $26,125 for females.

The per capita income for the township was $21,065.

Approximately 3.3% of families and 3.6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those who were aged sixty-five or older. None of the individuals who were aged eighteen or younger were identified as impoverished.

40°42′00″N 77°52′59″W / 40.70000°N 77.88306°W / 40.70000; -77.88306

## InfoBox

| Jackson Township,
Huntingdon County,
Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Greenwood Furnace State Park is in Jackson Township | |
| Map of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania Highlighting Jackson Township | |
| Map of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Huntingdon |
| Area | |
| Total | 72.52 sq mi (187.82 km2) |
| Land | 72.49 sq mi (187.74 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 859 |
| Estimate (2022) | 906 |
| Density | 11.86/sq mi (4.58/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Zip code | 16652 |
| Area code | 814 |
| FIPS code | 42-061-37384 |
| **Local phone exchanges:** 667 | |


title: Valerie Gaunt

abstract:
Valerie Sheila Gaunt was a British actress. She graduated from RADA in 1951, and appeared subsequently in repertory theatre. Valerie Gaunt was best known for her appearances in the 1957 and 1958 Hammer horror films The Curse of Frankenstein and Dracula, both starring Christopher Lee and
Peter Cushing. She won the first role after director Terence Fisher saw her in an episode of BBC TV's Dixon of Dock Green. She only appeared in the two films and in two television shows before marrying the stockbroker, later Rev., Gerald Alfred Reddington, and leaving acting in 1958.

text:
# Valerie Gaunt

**Valerie Sheila Gaunt** (26 June 1932  27 November 2016) was a British actress.

She graduated from RADA in 1951, and appeared subsequently in repertory theatre.

Valerie Gaunt was best known for her appearances in the 1957 and 1958 Hammer horror films *The Curse of Frankenstein* and *Dracula*, both starring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing. She won the first role after director Terence Fisher saw her in an episode of BBC TV's *Dixon of Dock Green*. She only appeared in the two films and in two television shows before marrying the stockbroker, later Rev., Gerald Alfred Reddington , and leaving acting in 1958.

## Death

Gaunt died on 27 November 2016 on the Isle of Wight at the age of 84.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *The Curse of Frankenstein* | Justine |  |
| 1958 | *Dracula* | Vampire Woman | (final film role) |

## InfoBox

| Valerie Gaunt | |
| --- | --- |
| Filming *Dracula*, in 1958 | |
| Born | Valerie Sheila Gaunt
(1932-06-26)26 June 1932
Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 27 November 2016(2016-11-27) (aged 84)
Isle of Wight, England |
| Alma mater | Royal Academy of Dramatic Art |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1956-1958 |
| Spouse | Rev Gerald Alfred Reddington  (m. 1958) |
| Children | 4 |


title: Junkyard Speed Ball

abstract: Junkyard Speed Ball is the fourth full-length album by the Indiana rock band Left Lane Cruiser, released in 2011.

text:
# Junkyard Speed Ball

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Junkyard Speed Ball*** is the fourth full-length album by the Indiana rock band Left Lane Cruiser, released in 2011.

## Critical reception

AllMusic called the album "another fine outing from a refreshingly direct and uncomplicated band that rocks like a jackhammer." *No Depression* called the album "searing," writing that Left Lane Cruiser is "in its prime." *Nuvo* wrote that the album "runs the gamut between country-blues laments ('Hip-Hop'), hard rocking house party staples ('Weed Vodka') and psychedelic mind blowers ('Pig Farm')."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lost My Mind" | 3:13 |
| 2. | "Giving Tree" | 4:17 |
| 3. | "Circus" | 2:46 |
| 4. | "Shine" | 4:03 |
| 5. | "Hip-Hop" | 5:35 |
| 6. | "24 Hr" | 2:52 |
| 7. | "Weed Vodka" | 3:26 |
| 8. | "Cracker Barrel" | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Pig Farm" | 4:51 |
| 10. | "Represent" | 3:44 |
| 11. | "Road Again" | 3:01 |
| 12. | "At the Denny's" | 3:55 |

## InfoBox

| Junkyard Speed Ball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Left Lane Cruiser | |
| Released | March 1, 2011 |
| Genre | Blues rock |
| Label | Alive |


title: Homona wetan

abstract: Homona wetan is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

text:
# Homona wetan

***Homona wetan*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Homona wetan* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Homona* |
| Species: | ***H. wetan*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homona wetan***<br>Diakonoff, 1941 | |
|


title: Arthur Ashpitel

abstract: Arthur Ashpitel (1807–1869) was an English architect. He trained under his father, William Hurst Ashpitel before setting up his own practice in 1842, and working in partnership with John Whichcord Jr. between 1850 and 1855. Ashpitel's works include the churches of St Barnabas, Homerton and St John the Evangelist, Blackheath.

text:
# Arthur Ashpitel

**Arthur Ashpitel** (1807–1869) was an English architect. He trained under his father, William Hurst Ashpitel before setting up his own practice in 1842, and working in partnership with John Whichcord Jr. between 1850 and 1855. Ashpitel's works include the churches of St Barnabas, Homerton and St John the Evangelist, Blackheath.

## Life

### Early years

Ashpitel was born in Hackney, London in 1807, the son of architect William Hurst Ashpitel. He was educated at Dr. Burnet's school in Hackney (see Sutton House, London) and trained as an architect under his father, but two childhood accidents damaged his health, and he did not set up in practice until 1842. One of his first projects was the redevelopment of a site in Houndsditch for Andrew Kennedy Hutchison, on which he built the Hutchison Markets, the Palace Tavern, and between 40 and 50 houses. In 1845 he built the church of St Barnabas at Homerton, a Gothic Revival design in Kentish ragstone, fitted, unusually for the date, with gas lighting. He later added a parsonage, a north aisle and a vestry.

### Partnership with John Whichcord Jr.

In 1850 he entered into partnership with John Whichcord Jr. Together they designed and superintended the erection of baths and washhouses at Swansea, Maidstone, Lambeth, and elsewhere, and published a pamphlet entitled *Observations on Baths and Wash-houses* (1851) They also designed churches, private houses, and the Ophthalmic Hospital and Kent Infirmary at Maidstone. They turned their attention to the improvement of dwellings for the labouring classes, and, for a committee, erected a block of dwellings for artisans at Lambeth. They promoted the idea of living in flats in a publication called *Town Dwellings: an essay on the erection of fireproof houses in flats*. Ashpitel was also responsible for design of the "Wellington Testimonial" a clock tower erected at the southern end of London Bridge in 1854, but removed soon after as an obstruction to traffic. Its truncated remains are now at Swanage in Dorset. At Blackheath he built St John the Evangelist's Church (1852).

### Later career

In 1853 he left England in the company of David Roberts, R.A., and lived for some time in Rome. An attack of malaria, suffered in Piedmont further damaged his health. In 1855, he dissolved the partnership with Whichcord, but continued to accept commissions.

In 1854 he restored the chapel of a former leper hospital at Great Ilford for the Rev. James Reynolds, with whom he had been to school, adding a porch, and a residence, and in 1858 and wrote a history of the building. In 1861 he designed a Venetian Gothic facade for a public house in Red Cross Street in the City of London, described by Wyatt Papworth as "probably the first attempt to render the mediaeval style appropriate for such a business". In 1861 he rebuilt St Mary's Church, Ripple, Kent, on its original Norman foundations, in a Romanesque style, in imitation of St. Nicholas, Barfreston. He also restored Sutton Church, about a mile away, adding an apse, its windows once again copied from those at Barfreston. In 1862 he built the church at Aldborough Hatch in Essex.

In 1864 he built schools accommodating 700 children for the district of Holy Trinity, Hoxton, at a cost of about £3000. In 1865 he rebuilt the tower and spire of Great Ilford Church and two years later elaborated and enlarged the plain brick church (erected in about 1825), inserting new windows and creating a polygonal chancel and adding a parsonage, all his works there being in a Venetian Gothic style. His last work was a design for twelve almshouses at Clewer, near Windsor, built at the cost of one of his sisters; they were constructed after his death under the supervision of John Whichcord.

He also designed the ornament cast on the Westminster Bell, known as " Big Ben" and assisted E. M. Barry in researching his design for the new Charing Cross.

Following his Roman studies he exhibited two drawings at the Royal Academy, a *Restoration of Ancient Rome*, and *Rome As It Is*. They were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1858 and 1859 respectively, and were reproduced as chromolithographs, with an explanatory pamphlet.

### Writings

Ashpitel was a prolific writer who contributed to magazines and to the transactions of learned societies and is known to have been a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. He first appeared in print at the age of sixteen, with a poem published in *The Literary Magnet*. In 1836 he published *The Reign of Humbug: a Satire* and in 1841 a pamphlet. *A few Facts on the Corn Laws, defending the agricultural interest*. He revised Peter Nicholson's *Carpenter's New Guide* and several other professional works for the publisher John Weale. He contributed biographies of architects to the *Encyclopædia Britannica*, and papers to the Royal Institute of British Architects, and was a regular contributor to *Notes and Queries* and the *Owl*.

### Death

Ashpitel died in Westminster, London on 18 January 1869, having left a valuable collection of vases and books to the Society of Antiquaries of London (which still remain part of its Library collection), and his two drawings of Rome to the nation; they are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

He left monies for an annual architectural award in his name: the Ashpitel Prize.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Ashpitel, Arthur". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: JCI Limited

abstract:
JCI or Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co. Ltd. was founded in 1889 by the British entrepreneur Barney Barnato. JCI was a major force in South African mining for over 100 years. Using his investments in the Kimberley diamond fields, particularly his 25% share in De Beers, Barnato foresaw the value of and invested in the potential of the Witwatersrand gold mines. At first he bought small but rich mines near Germiston – the New Primrose, named after his daughter, and others in the same region. In 1913 JCI bought the Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company, which was a fabulously rich mine, from Sir J.B. Robinson. At the peak of its production Randfontein was equipped with 600 stamp mills, the roar of which could be heard in Johannesburg. Randfontein Estates was an extraordinarily rich mining property, and in the 1950s was a pioneer of uranium production. During the 1930s Randfontein was the largest gold producer in South Africa, if not the world. JCI was also involved with numerous mining ventures – New State Mines at Brakpan, Modder Deep Mines at Benoni, Van Dyk Mines at Benoni. In the 1960s Randfontein was virtually closed down, and mining was developed at Western Areas on the other side of the shallow valley, but in the 1970s new deposits were discovered to the south of Randfontein and the Cooke Section was opened up in 1976. Cooke produced gold and uranium, the uranium being destined for the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station fuel. In addition to the gold mines, 25% of De Beers and a controlling interest in Rustenburg Platinum Holdings, the world's largest platinum producer, JCI owned large industrial and property holdings, including the Houghton Estate in northern Johannesburg, and substantial shareholdings in South African Breweries, Toyota South Africa, Lennings Industrial, etc., and was long a target of developers who lusted after the property holdings. Anglo American Corporation purchased a 52% holding in JCI, agreeing to protect the company against predatory takeovers, and this situation continued until 1994. JCI installed a technically advanced Precious Metals Refinery at Rustenburg, which processed Platinum Group metals totally in South Africa, and built a ferrochrome smelter at Lydenburg which was the first in South Africa to directly smelt chromite fine ore. In the late 1980s JCI started development of an ultra deep mine to the south of Western Areas, South Deep. The ownership of South Deep has now devolved to Gold Fields, and the deposit is still being developed as one of the largest low-grade gold deposits in the world. In 1995 the majority shareholder, Anglo American Corp, decided to offer JCI to the new political dispensation in South Africa as a Black Economic Empowerment vehicle. A new Chairman, Mzi Khumalo, took over the mining side, whilst the property and investment side was separated and morphed into Johnnic Communications. The platinum interests were moved into Anglo American Platinum, Amplats.
JCI was always at the forefront of technical development – trackless mining, ferrochrome processing, computer control of process plants, treatment of refractory gold ores – to name a few areas where pioneering work was done.

text:
# JCI Limited

**JCI** or **Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co. Ltd.** was founded in 1889 by the British entrepreneur Barney Barnato. JCI was a major force in South African mining for over 100 years. Using his investments in the Kimberley diamond fields, particularly his 25% share in De Beers, Barnato foresaw the value of and invested in the potential of the Witwatersrand gold mines. At first he bought small but rich mines near Germiston – the New Primrose, named after his daughter, and others in the same region.

In 1913 JCI bought the Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company, which was a fabulously rich mine, from Sir J.B. Robinson. At the peak of its production Randfontein was equipped with 600 stamp mills, the roar of which could be heard in Johannesburg. Randfontein Estates was an extraordinarily rich mining property, and in the 1950s was a pioneer of uranium production. During the 1930s Randfontein was the largest gold producer in South Africa, if not the world.

JCI was also involved with numerous mining ventures – New State Mines at Brakpan, Modder Deep Mines at Benoni, Van Dyk Mines at Benoni. In the 1960s Randfontein was virtually closed down, and mining was developed at Western Areas on the other side of the shallow valley, but in the 1970s new deposits were discovered to the south of Randfontein and the Cooke Section was opened up in 1976. Cooke produced gold and uranium, the uranium being destined for the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station fuel.

In addition to the gold mines, 25% of De Beers and a controlling interest in Rustenburg Platinum Holdings, the world's largest platinum producer, JCI owned large industrial and property holdings, including the Houghton Estate in northern Johannesburg, and substantial shareholdings in South African Breweries, Toyota South Africa, Lennings Industrial, etc., and was long a target of developers who lusted after the property holdings. Anglo American Corporation purchased a 52% holding in JCI, agreeing to protect the company against predatory takeovers, and this situation continued until 1994.

JCI installed a technically advanced Precious Metals Refinery at Rustenburg, which processed Platinum Group metals totally in South Africa, and built a ferrochrome smelter at Lydenburg which was the first in South Africa to directly smelt chromite fine ore.

In the late 1980s JCI started development of an ultra deep mine to the south of Western Areas, South Deep. The ownership of South Deep has now devolved to Gold Fields, and the deposit is still being developed as one of the largest low-grade gold deposits in the world.

In 1995 the majority shareholder, Anglo American Corp, decided to offer JCI to the new political dispensation in South Africa as a Black Economic Empowerment vehicle. A new Chairman, Mzi Khumalo, took over the mining side, whilst the property and investment side was separated and morphed into Johnnic Communications. The platinum interests were moved into Anglo American Platinum, Amplats. JCI was always at the forefront of technical development – trackless mining, ferrochrome processing (CMI, Lydenburg), computer control of process plants, treatment of refractory gold ores – to name a few areas where pioneering work was done.

## Alleged crimes

It has been alleged by Four Corners that Brett Kebble, John Stratton, and others in their roles as Chairman and directors of the company respectively defrauded and conspired to defraud the company of some 7.6 billion rand. Additionally, it was alleged that John Stratton then procured Brett Kebble's murder, with which Glenn Agliotti has been charged.

In August 2010, an American company Hemispherx was awarded $188 million Judgment Against JCI by Court in Miami, alleging that JCI wrongly obtained confidential information as part of an effort to devalue Hemispherx's stock price and gain control, according to court papers.


title: Tiselius

abstract: Tiselius is a lunar impact crater that lies just to the east of Valier, on the Moon's far side. The craters Tiselius and Valier are separated by only a few kilometers. Less than one crater diameter to the east of Tiselius is the smaller, elongated Stein, and to the north is the small, eroded Šafařík. This is a roughly circular crater with a well-defined edge that has not been significantly degraded by impact erosion. The inner walls have slumped in places to form piles of scree. The interior floor is marked by a few small craterlets, and there is an irregular group of ridges around the midpoint. The small, cup-shaped satellite crater Tiselius E lies near the eastern outer edge. The crater was named after Swedish biochemist Arne Tiselius, by the IAU in 1979.

text:
# Tiselius

**Tiselius** is a lunar impact crater that lies just to the east of Valier, on the Moon's far side. The craters Tiselius and Valier are separated by only a few kilometers. Less than one crater diameter to the east of Tiselius is the smaller, elongated Stein, and to the north is the small, eroded Šafařík.

This is a roughly circular crater with a well-defined edge that has not been significantly degraded by impact erosion. The inner walls have slumped in places to form piles of scree. The interior floor is marked by a few small craterlets, and there is an irregular group of ridges around the midpoint. The small, cup-shaped satellite crater Tiselius E lies near the eastern outer edge.

The crater was named after Swedish biochemist Arne Tiselius, by the IAU in 1979.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Tiselius.

| Tiselius | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E | 7.3° N | 177.7° E | 17 km |
| L | 4.6° N | 177.4° E | 12 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Tiselius
| Apollo 16 image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 7°00′N 176°30′E / 7.0°N 176.5°E / 7.0; 176.5 |
| Diameter | 53 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 176° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Arne W. K. Tiselius |


title: Harry Millership

abstract: Harold 'Harry' Millership (1889–1959) was a Welsh international footballer. He was part of the Wales national football team between 1920 and 1921, playing 6 matches. He played his first match on 14 February 1920 against Ireland and his last match on 9 April 1921 also against Ireland. At club level, he played for several clubs with Rotherham County being his most successful. He made 49 war-time guest appearances for Leeds City, scoring 6 goals in total. On 17 October 1919, an auction was held at the Metropole Hotel in Leeds, where the playing staff of Leeds was auctioned off along with other assets of the club. The 16 members of the playing squad were bought by 9 different clubs for a total of £9,250. Millership was bought by Rotherham County for £1,000, it was the second highest bid for a player. Billy McLeod was bought for £1,250 by Notts County.

text:
# Harry Millership

**Harold 'Harry' Millership** (1889–1959) was a Welsh international footballer. He was part of the Wales national football team between 1920 and 1921, playing 6 matches. He played his first match on 14 February 1920 against Ireland and his last match on 9 April 1921 also against Ireland. At club level, he played for several clubs with Rotherham County being his most successful. He made 49 war-time guest appearances for Leeds City, scoring 6 goals in total. On 17 October 1919, an auction was held at the Metropole Hotel in Leeds, where the playing staff of Leeds was auctioned off along with other assets of the club. The 16 members of the playing squad were bought by 9 different clubs for a total of 9,250. Millership was bought by Rotherham County for £1,000, it was the second highest bid for a player. Billy McLeod was bought for £1,250 by Notts County.

## InfoBox

Harry Millership
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Harold Millership | | |
| Date of birth | 1889 | | |
| Place of birth | Chirk, Wales | | |
| Date of death | 1959 | | |
| Place of death | Blackpool, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Full-back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1912–1915 | Blackpool | 30 |  |
| 1917–1919 | Leeds City | 8 | (0) |
| 1919–1922 | Rotherham County | 81 | (7) |
| 1922–1923 | Barnsley | 5 | (0) |
| 1923–? | Castleford Town |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1920–1921 | Wales | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Internet Day

abstract: Internet Day is an event observed in Spain and various Latin American countries (Mexico, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and other parts of the world on May 17 to commemorate World Internet Day. Internet Day was held for the first time on October 25, 2005, promoted by the Association of Internet Users. Shortly after, the World Summit on the Information Society, which convened in Tunis in November 2005, decided to suggested to the UN, at the urging of the Association of Internet Users, an Internet Day to celebrate the internet across the globe. The UN agreed to designate May 17 as a day dedicated to telecommunications, including World Telecommunication and Information Society Day, to promote the importance of information and communications technology and the diverse issues related to information society that the WSIS brought up. In March 2006, the General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/60/252, which proclaimed that World Telecommunications and Information Society would be held annually on May 17.

text:
# Internet Day

**Internet Day** is an event observed in Spain and various Latin American countries (Mexico, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and other parts of the world on May 17 to commemorate World Internet Day.

Internet Day was held for the first time on October 25, 2005, promoted by the Association of Internet Users. Shortly after, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which convened in Tunis in November 2005, decided to suggested to the UN, at the urging of the Association of Internet Users, an Internet Day to celebrate the internet across the globe. The UN agreed to designate May 17 as a day dedicated to telecommunications, including World Telecommunication and Information Society Day, to promote the importance of information and communications technology and the diverse issues related to information society that the WSIS brought up. In March 2006, the General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/60/252, which proclaimed that World Telecommunications and Information Society would be held annually on May 17.


title: Paradycheia

abstract: Paradycheia is a genus of polyplacophoran known from the Upper Cambrian Eminence Dolomite, Missouri, USA.

text:
# Paradycheia

***Paradycheia*** is a genus of polyplacophoran known from the Upper Cambrian Eminence Dolomite, Missouri, USA.

## InfoBox

| *Paradycheia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Polyplacophora (?) |
| Family: | Dycheiidae |
| Genus: | *Paradycheia*
Pojeta *et al*, 2010 |
| Species: | ***P. dorisae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paradycheia dorisae***
Pojeta *et al*, 2010 | |
|


title: Protea roupelliae

abstract: Protea roupelliae is a species of Protea in the large family Proteaceae, and was named to commemorate Arabella Elizabeth Roupell (1817-1914) who spent two years in Cape Town and painted local flowers for her own pleasure. This species is also known as the silver sugarbush.

text:
# Protea roupelliae

***Protea roupelliae*** is a species of *Protea* in the large family Proteaceae, and was named to commemorate Arabella Elizabeth Roupell (1817-1914) who spent two years in Cape Town and painted local flowers for her own pleasure. This species is also known as the *silver sugarbush*.

## Description

It is a small tree which grows from three to five metres high on average.

## Taxonomy

This species has two subspecies, *P. roupelliae hamiltonii* and *P. roupelliae roupelliae*. *P. roupelliae hamiltonii* is a single-stemmed small shrublet which grows up to 0.3 metres tall. *P. roupelliae roupelliae*, on the other hand, may grow to be a small tree of about 8 metres in height.

*Protea roupelliae* is placed in the subfamily Proteoideae, which is found mainly in Southern Africa. This subfamily is defined as those species having cluster roots, solitary ovules and indehiscent fruits. Proteoideae is further divided into four tribes: **Conospermeae**, **Petrophileae**, **Proteae** and **Leucadendreae**. The genus *Protea*, and hence *P. roupelliae*, is placed under the tribe Proteae.

The Proteaceae comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. It has Gondwanan distribution, which means that it is mainly spread across the Southern Hemisphere, from Southern Africa, across to Australia, to South America, although certain species are also found in equatorial Africa, India, southern Asia and Oceania as well.

## Distribution and habitat

*Protea roupelliae* is found in eastern South Africa, on the quartzite ridges of Johannesburg, in the Waterberg Biosphere and northwards into Zimbabwe. It grows in grasslands and in hilly terrain. The *hamiltonii* subspecies is restricted to quartzite soils where clay has been leached at 1300 metres altitude. The *roupelliae* subspecies is more adaptable and may grow in a variety of soils at varying altitudes (0-2400m), and is more widespread.

## Ecology

This plant, especially *P. roupelliae roupelliae*, may flower at any time of the year, but most commonly in February and April, just after the summer rains. *P. roupelliae* is pollinated by many species such as beetles, bees and sunbirds; Gurney's sugarbird has a close relationship with the plant.

## Cultivation

This plant may be grown in gardens for its beauty and to attract wildlife to the garden.

## InfoBox

| Silver sugarbush | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Protea* |
| Species: | ***P. roupelliae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protea roupelliae***
Meisn. | |
|


title: Homona secura

abstract: Homona secura is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Flores in Indonesia.

text:
# Homona secura

***Homona secura*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Flores in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Homona secura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Homona* |
| Species: | ***H. secura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homona secura***<br>(Meyrick, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cacoecia secura* Meyrick, 1910 | |


title: Illinois Bell

abstract: Illinois Bell Telephone Company, LLC is the Bell Operating Company serving Illinois. It is owned by AT&T through AT&T Teleholdings, formerly Ameritech. Their headquarters are at 225 West Randolph St., Chicago, IL. After the 1984 Bell System Divestiture, Illinois Bell became a part of Ameritech, one of the 7 original Regional Bell Operating Companies. The Illinois Bell name continued to be used until January 1993, when Ameritech dropped all of their individual Bell Operating Company names in favor of using their corporate name, Ameritech, for marketing purposes. Illinois Bell started doing business as Ameritech Illinois. Illinois Bell, in 1971, became the first ever telephone company to offer Call waiting, Three-way calling, Speed Calling, and Call forwarding, all popular local exchange carrier telephone service options to this day. In 1997, Illinois Bell acquired lines in the Chicago metro area from Central Telephone Company of Illinois, a Sprint company. In 1998, Ameritech announced intentions to merge with SBC, another former RBOC. Though the merger wasn't well received at first, it was allowed to occur with some conditions. The two companies were officially merged as of October 8, 1999. The Ameritech name continued to be used until 2002, despite the merger. In 2001, the company started doing business as SBC Ameritech Illinois. In 2002, SBC dropped the Ameritech name in favor of "SBC" as a national brand. On January 1, 2003, Illinois Bell, for regulatory business, was renamed Illinois Bell Telephone Company d/b/a SBC Illinois. Illinois Bell's trade name was changed once again in 2006, following conclusion of SBC Communications' purchase of AT&T, to Illinois Bell Telephone Company d/b/a AT&T Illinois.

text:
# Illinois Bell

**Illinois Bell Telephone Company, LLC** is the Bell Operating Company serving Illinois. It is owned by AT&T through AT&T Teleholdings, formerly Ameritech.

Their headquarters are at 225 West Randolph St., Chicago, IL. After the 1984 Bell System Divestiture, Illinois Bell became a part of Ameritech, one of the 7 original Regional Bell Operating Companies. The Illinois Bell name continued to be used until January 1993, when Ameritech dropped all of their individual Bell Operating Company names in favor of using their corporate name, Ameritech, for marketing purposes. Illinois Bell started doing business as **Ameritech Illinois**.

Illinois Bell, in 1971, became the first ever telephone company to offer Call waiting, Three-way calling, Speed Calling, and Call forwarding, all popular local exchange carrier telephone service options to this day.

In 1997, Illinois Bell acquired lines in the Chicago metro area from Central Telephone Company of Illinois, a Sprint company.

In 1998, Ameritech announced intentions to merge with SBC, another former RBOC. Though the merger wasn't well received at first, it was allowed to occur with some conditions. The two companies were officially merged as of October 8, 1999. The Ameritech name continued to be used until 2002, despite the merger.

In 2001, the company started doing business as **SBC Ameritech Illinois**.

In 2002, SBC dropped the Ameritech name in favor of "SBC" as a national brand. On January 1, 2003, Illinois Bell, for regulatory business, was renamed **Illinois Bell Telephone Company d/b/a SBC Illinois**. Illinois Bell's trade name was changed once again in 2006, following conclusion of SBC Communications' purchase of AT&T, to **Illinois Bell Telephone Company d/b/a AT&T Illinois**.

## InfoBox

Illinois Bell Telephone Company, LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 1881 (1881) |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Area served | Illinois, Indiana |
| Key people | Paul La Schiazza (president) |
| Products | Local Telephone Service |
| Parent |  |
| Website | http://www.att.com |


title: JB Carlson

abstract: JB Carlson is an American businessman, Chief executive officer, (CEO), social entrepreneur and Executive director. Carlson founded Carlson Corporation in 1993, JB Carlson Corporation (Indianapolis) Pacesetter Finishing Inc. and Carlson Media Group, Inc. in 2001 (Delaware).

text:
# JB Carlson

**JB Carlson** (born February 1974) is an American businessman, Chief executive officer, (CEO), social entrepreneur and Executive director. Carlson founded Carlson Corporation in 1993 (Indianapolis, Indiana), JB Carlson Corporation (Indianapolis) Pacesetter Finishing Inc. and Carlson Media Group, Inc. in 2001 (Delaware).

## Heritage

Ray Redford was JB Carlson's grandfather. Redford owned and operated the largest moving company with cartage in Detroit, Mich during the 1940s – 1950's operating in 11 states. Subsequently Redford combined moving and storage, a first in the industry. The operation included Mobil Petroleum fueling stations to refuel his trucks and serve the consumer market. Redford's mill manufactured boxes for his moving and storage operation (corrugated boxes did not yet exist.) Redford owned part of a rail line with the Pullman Company and 4 additional moving companies simultaneously including Northwest Cartage.

Redford was responsible for Redford Theatre, additionally heating the facility with fuel from his nearby Mobil station. Redford's love of cars and movies created one of the first drive-in movie theatres. Controversy followed subsequent to Redford suing the City of Detroit eventually rising before the Michigan Supreme Court. Chief Justice Leland W. Carr (William Carr) wrote the opinion with Redford M & S prevailing over the City of Detroit. Eventually Carr's ruling set a precedent that has been adopted nationally. The case was decided June 2, 1952.

Currently, Redford is the subject of a soon to be released book, "Ray at Redford" comparing Redford to His grandson, JB Carlson.

## Early life

Carlson is a lifetime member of the National Eagle Scout Association, earned his "*Ad Altare Dei*" (to the altar of God) and awarded an honorary Indian named "Fast White-Tailed Running Deer" from a tribe in the Ozarks in recognition of Carlson's economic contributions and service projects he conducted. Carlson has remarked his early influences were T.P. Donovan, Van Smith, Beurt Servas, Richard Thalheimer and Neil Balter.

During high school Carlson worked for Ross Perot's independent presidential campaign in 1992.

## Early career

JB Carlson has appeared in three *New York Times" bestselling books, Vanity Fair, most recently, "The Liar's Ball: The Extraordinary Saga of How One Building Broke the World's Toughest Tycoons" which characterized Carlson as an "opponent to Donald Trump."*

Whilst a freshman in college, JB Carlson started The Carlson Corporation and negotiated a contract between a national retailer, The Sharper Image and a large manufacturer of portable soft-sided spas catering consumers residing in apartments, condos and second homes, creating a new distribution channel for the product. Later, Carlson sold a unique security apparatus he rebranded as "The Fortress". "The Fortress" was sold primarily through radio commercials Carlson produced. Producing these radio commercials was his first exposure to the media business.

## Carlson Imperatives NGO

Carlson Imperatives NGO, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) focusing on imperatives identified by Carlson to better and serve the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations. Some Carlson Imperatives include nuclear testing via ratifying the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, climate change, climate change mitigation, Imperatives regarding water (water pressure, water purity, and water volume), fire extinguisher methods using sound, women's rights and aligning private and public sector interests to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) created by the United Nations through several methods including B Corporation (certification) and special accounting methods.

## Carlson Media Technology

In 2001, Carlson created a business model that was sold to some of the largest companies in the world. Since then, Carlson led teams that did business with Procter & Gamble, Kimberly Clark, Sprite Remix, Coca-Cola, Land O'Lakes, Purina, Anheuser Busch, The Sharper Image and Wal-Mart.

Carlson ended his relationship with Wal-Mart when Tom Coughlin, then vice-chairman of Wal-Mart and former confidant of Sam Walton, was arrested. Carlson's chief financial officer, David W. Elder, had formerly worked for Sam Walton's daughter, Alice Walton.

### Federal litigation

American International Group, Inc. (AIG), through its subsidiary American General Life, Inc. (AGL), on December 31, 2008 sued an insurance trust owned by one of Carlson's companies to contest a $15 million claim in federal district court (United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana). The AIG lawsuit alleged that Carlson secured a life insurance policy without possessing the required insurable interest so that he, his company and trusts could later profit from selling the policy on the secondary market. This is called stranger-originated life insurance (SOLI). AIG alleged that the policy was nothing more than a wagering contract which is void *ab initio*. Count one requested a declaratory judgment for rescission and/or voiding of the policy based on lack of insurable interest.

### Carlson response

Carlson responded to AIG, claiming that the "policy was a 'key man' policy to protect his business against the loss of Tomlinson's (Carlson's insured director) contributions to the success of his business as a director." Therefore, Carlson contended that he and his business had an insurable interest in his director's life and that, even if there was not an insurable interest, AIG's own two-year contestability provided that: “Except as stated below, we cannot contest this policy after it has been in force during the insured’s lifetime for 2 years from the date of issue.” Carlson continued, "AIG did not raise any contentions about fraud or misrepresentation in the application process until after Germaine Tomlinson's death and more than two years after the Policy's date of issue." Premiums had been paid and were up to date. He further claimed that Indiana state law prevented AIG from contesting the claim. Carlson asserted, "like other states, Indiana expressly authorized by corporations to insure the lives of its directors." Indiana Code § 27-1-12-17 authorizes corporations to insure the lives of its directors, officers, agents and employees."

### Countersuit

JB Carlson countersued AIG. Count I of Carlson's counter complaint was for breach of contract and count II was for bad faith. Carlson provided emails from the life insurance agent, Geoffrey A. VanderPal, encouraging Carlson to sell the policy. However, Carlson never filled out an application to sell the policy.

### Judge's ruling

Judge Sarah Evans Barker found only circumstantial evidence against Carlson, but significant and strong evidence that Tomlinson served as an active member of Carlson's board of directors since 2002 and that Tomlinson attended business meetings and introduced Carlson to a multitude of people who "possessed sufficient financial resources" to qualify them to become his investors, lenders and clients. Judge Barker wrote that some of Carlson's other board members testified in depositions that Tomlinson was on the Board and court documents stated that Germaine Tomlinson had told others that she was a board member of his company. Board meeting minutes also mentioned Tomlinson's participation in the meetings. Judge Barker stated that Tomlinson controlled the trust with exclusive power to change the beneficial interest at any point and she chose not to make any changes to the trusts named beneficiaries and therefore it was doubtful that Carlson could have participated in wagering.

Judge Barker ruled that both AIG and Carlson's positions and facts did not meet the standard for Summary Judgment and ordered the case to a jury trial. Carlson's case received global media coverage.

### Bank litigation

During the lawsuit, Carlson sued LaSalle Bank/Bank of America Wilmington Trust for $45 million, charging that the parties breached their fiduciary duties, were negligent, failed to do the most basic due diligence, "retained sole and exclusive possession of the original Policy documents, contracts, and records relating to the Transaction and did not disclose all the documents and information in the Transaction" to Carlson and when he did receive a PDF of the policy it was highly redacted and had missing pages. Only after Carlson was sued by AIG was he able to see the policy books, underwriting materials and financials. Carlson asserted that the parties blessed the transaction and said that their negligence and secrecy triggered the AIG lawsuit.

Carlson's $45 million suit was in response to the Tomlinson Estate and Tomisue Hilbert, Germaine Tomlinson's (the insured) daughter, being allowed to intervene in the AIG lawsuit and suing Carlson for $45,000,000 along with Wilmington Trust, Coventry Capital, AIG and LaSalle Bank. Hilbert alleged that the insurance policy was for "estate planning purposes" and that she and her family should receive the death benefit even though she and her family never paid any premiums. Tomisue and her husband Steve Hilbert alleged that Carlson, AIG, LaSalle Bank, Wilmington Trust and Coventry Capital were wagering on her mother's life. This became known in the media as the "Death Bet" case. The Hilberts had other "far reaching" allegations: that Carlson, LaSalle Bank, Wilmington Trust, Coventry Capital and AIG were all leading a conspiracy against her and her late mother's estate. Marty Wood, vice president of the Insurance Institute of Indiana said the Hilberts and Tomlinson's other biological heirs don't have a "clear path to collecting the $15,000,000." If a court found the policy valid, the proceeds would be collected by Carlson. If the policy was determined to be invalid, no one could collect.

The warring Messrs. JB Carlson and Steve Hilbert agreed on one issue: that AIG should pay the claim.

Dennis Francis McCrosson, III of McCrosson and Associates, initially appeared with lawyers from the international law firm of Baker and Daniels appearing a few months later to represent JB Carlson and all of the Carlson entities in the claims he was advancing and all of the claims against him and his entities. On August 16, 2010, one of JB Carlson's lawyers entered a guilty plea and was sentenced on a DUI. Four days later, Carlson dismissed the firm. In October 2010, Carlson's attorney-client privileged documents started appearing on the internet and in Indianapolis. Dennis Francis McCrosson, III from McCrosson and Associates remained on the case. Jeffrey O. Meunier represented J.B. Carlson personally.

Maynard Cooper & Gale, a 200 plus firm from Birmingham, AL, represented AIG.

Magistrate Judge Jane Magnus-Stinson and Federal Judge Sarah Evans Barker presided over the AIG/Carlson lawsuit until President Obama (with the support of Senators Lugar and Bayh) nominated her as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana on June 14, 2010. Magistrate Judge Tim A. Baker was assigned to the AIG/Carlson case on June 15, 2010. Federal Judge Sarah Evans Barker remained.

### The Martin report

The Martin report analyzed key facts relating to AIG's claims that Carlson wagered, intended on selling the policy and a host of other claims. The report indirectly cleared Carlson of the accusations and claims. Carlson did not pay for or know of the existence of the report until it was released.

Carlson fought AIG for nearly 3 years in the end spending $8 million in legal fees and associated costs. Carlson's lawsuit against Wilmington Trust, LaSalle Bank and Bank of America was shorter.

### AIG sells death-bet securities

AIG tried selling death-bet securities, attempting to do the very same thing it sued Carlson for allegedly doing. AIG was actively by rallying support among investors and credit-rating firms for controversial transactions also called "death bonds," "blood pools" and "collateralized death obligations" because the investor's return comes from the death of the insured. AIG had about $18 Billion worth of policies it was trying to sell.

### Foul play accusations

Throughout the entire case Germaine Tomlinson's daughter, Tomisue Hilbert, made assertions of foul-play.

The Marion county coroner ruled Tomlinson's 2008 death accidental asphyxiation by drowning compounded by alcohol-based intoxication. After the police and coroner said, "Tomlinson accidentally fell into the bathtub while drunk" they reopened their inquiry at Tomlinson's daughter, Tomisue Hilbert, and the family's urging even though the family and Hilbert "acknowledged having no hard evidence,""weren't pointing fingers at anyone," and, "I’m not accusing anybody of anything."

### Reinvestigation

JB Carlson told the Wall Street Journal that Tomlinson's was "tremendously painful" and it "is just ridiculous" to think that the death was anything but a tragic accident. Carlson said he had not heard from the police, was willing to cooperate and encouraged further investigation "because it would clear the air" by showing that Tomlinson was alive when he last saw her. Captain Mark Rice, head of the homicide division of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department said even though they are making new inquiries the police stand by their conclusion that the death was accidental and that he was "confident" it was an accident. Carlson's attorney said: "Everyone who has looked into this, except the Hilbert's, has concluded there is no foul play.” On November 8, 2010 Police spokesman Sgt. Paul Thompson said that the reinvestigation was closed and that they had not changed their view that Tomlinson's death was accidental.

Tomlinson's son, Randy Lee Ball, found her and police said that a rug was crumpled up, a glass shelf was knocked over and a faucet knob on the tub was broken. The coroner's autopsy found no bruising on her body. “Alfarena Ballew, chief deputy coroner for Marion County, says the scene was ‘consistent with a fall.’ She also said her records show that the house's doors were locked. Laura Covington, disputes that saying her brother (Randy Ball) found a patio door unlocked and he locked it before police arrived.” “Detective Mike Mitchell said, ‘We worked it as a murder case’ for several months but concluded the death was accidental.”

Earlier in the night Tomlinson had been drinking heavily and dancing under a white parasol. Later people noticed Tomlinson stumbling and others suggested that Carlson take her home according to Carlson and two other people in the club that night. Tomlinson and Carlson were walked to Carlson's waiting limousine by the bar owner. Tomisue Hilbert described her mother "as a healthy, active and vibrant woman with a busy and fulfilling life".

In an odd twist, Steve and Tomisue Hilbert were attending a party that was serving minors alcohol and when police arrived. Steve Hilbert said, "get a warrant." While Steve and Tomisue Hilbert were not arrested, former quarterback Jack Trudeau was arrested for serving minors alcohol.

### SEC, GAO and Department of Insurance

On Thursday, July 22, 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission called for tighter federal regulation of the life-insurance secondary market while a Government Accountability Office report cited inconsistencies in regulation across states.

## Refinancing

Norman C. Kirst was a Wisconsin financier who did business with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, his wife Imelda Marcos, and aides to US presidents Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon. At some point Kirst started doing business with Carlson and his companies, arranging refinancings. Kirst died in Vero Beach, Florida, having suffered for two years from "extremely advanced" dementia. Kirst died the same day or the day after Tomlinson died. Carlson said Kirst "seemed fine on phone conversations through about June 2008 when he lined up the refinancing, but the illness could explain its failure to materialize."

## SJB lawsuit

On April 20, 2009, Opportunity Bridge Funding, LLC (OBF), sued Las Vegas businessman James C. Burchard and his company SJB Investments, LLC in Minnesota charging that Burchard committed fraud in his efforts to secure Carlson a $1,273,902.17 loan from Minnesota-based-lender OBF in an effort to refinance a small portion of the original refinancing. OBF and Carlson claimed that Burchard, a loan broker, submitted documents to secure Carlson's assets for himself and had no reason or legal right to claim the asset as his own, essentially stealing assets from Carlson and compromising OBF's (lender) right to secure the assets in the event of Carlson's default. Claims of fraudulent inducement, breach of fiduciary duty and negligence were also asserted. Burchard responded by stating that they owed "no duty to either party" and "no fiduciary duty to either party" and later countersued Carlson in Nevada claiming breach of contract. The case was consolidated to Minnesota and was resolved in a court ordered settlement conference. The settlement conference was concluded on Friday, July 24, 2009. Settlement terms are confidential.

## InfoBox

| JB Carlson | |
| --- | --- |
| JB Carlson, September 2009 | |
| Born | Jason C. Bolf
(1974-02-16) February 16, 1974
Indiana, U.S. |
| Education | Babson College, Wichita State, Ball State University, Indiana University |
| Occupation(s) | Entrepreneur and businessman |
| Years active | 1993 |
| Website | jbcarlsonmain.worldsecuresystems.com |


title: Tisfane

abstract: Tisfane is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 2808 people living in 571 households.

text:
# Tisfane

**Tisfane** is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 2808 people living in 571 households.

## InfoBox

| Tisfane, Morocco | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Souss-Massa-Drâa |
| Province | Taroudant Province |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 2,808 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Harry Miller (jazz bassist)

abstract: Harold Simon Miller was a South African jazz double bassist, who lived for most of his adulthood in England.

text:
# Harry Miller (jazz bassist)

**Harold Simon Miller** (25 April 1941  16 December 1983) was a South African jazz double bassist, who lived for most of his adulthood in England.

## Biography

A native of Cape Town, South Africa, Miller began his career playing bass for the rock group Manfred Mann. After settling in London, he became part of a groups of musicians in the 1960s and 1970s who combined free jazz with the music of South Africa. He recorded with Elton Dean, Chris McGregor, Louis Moholo, John Surman, Keith Tippett, and Mike Westbrook, and also led his own band, Isipingo, named after a vacation spot in South Africa. At the end of the 1970s, he moved to the Netherlands for economic reasons and worked with musicians in Willem Breuker's circle. In 1971, he made a guest appearance on the album *Islands*, by the progressive rock band King Crimson. He and his wife founded Ogun Records.

Miller died in a car crash in the Netherlands in 1983.

## Discography


title: West Hawk Lake

abstract: West Hawk Lake is an impact crater lake on the Whiteshell River located in the Whiteshell Provincial Park in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. The circular shape of the main body of the lake is due to the submerged West Hawk crater, caused by a meteor impact into an ancient rock bed composed of mostly granite. At 115 metres (377 ft), it is the deepest lake in Manitoba. Granite cliffs surround parts of the lake. This area is also known as part of the Canadian Shield that was formed billions of years ago. Parts of the Whiteshell park have elaborate petroforms that were made by First Nation peoples, possibly over a thousand years ago. There are petroform shapes of turtles, snakes, humans, and geometrical patterns, often found upon pink granite ridges that were shaped during the last ice age. A marine glacial relict, the Deepwater sculpin is found in West Hawk Lake. The lake has private cottages, public beaches, campgrounds, and other tourism amenities, and extensive undeveloped shoreline, and is popular for boating, sailing, Wakeboarding, and scuba diving. It is just north of the Trans-Canada Highway, and on the Trans Canada Trail, on the border of Manitoba and Ontario.

text:
# West Hawk Lake

**West Hawk Lake** is an impact crater lake on the Whiteshell River located in the Whiteshell Provincial Park in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. The circular shape of the main body of the lake is due to the submerged West Hawk crater, caused by a meteor impact into an ancient rock bed composed of mostly granite. At 115 metres (377 ft), it is the deepest lake in Manitoba.

Granite cliffs surround parts of the lake. This area is also known as part of the Canadian Shield that was formed billions of years ago. Parts of the Whiteshell park have elaborate petroforms that were made by First Nation peoples, possibly over a thousand years ago. There are petroform shapes of turtles, snakes, humans, and geometrical patterns, often found upon pink granite ridges that were shaped during the last ice age.

A marine glacial relict, the Deepwater sculpin is found in West Hawk Lake.

The lake has private cottages, public beaches, campgrounds, and other tourism amenities, and extensive undeveloped shoreline, and is popular for boating, sailing, Wakeboarding, and scuba diving. It is just north of the Trans-Canada Highway, and on the Trans Canada Trail, on the border of Manitoba and Ontario.

## InfoBox

| West Hawk Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Satellite image (Landsat) | |
| West Hawk LakeLocation of the lake in ManitobaWest Hawk LakeWest Hawk Lake (Canada) | |
| Location | Whiteshell Provincial Park, Manitoba |
| Coordinates | 49°45′54″N 95°11′16″W / 49.76500°N 95.18778°W / 49.76500; -95.18778 |
| Type | Impact crater lake |
| Primary inflows | *numerous small streams and underground springs* |
| Primary outflows | Whiteshell River |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 4.5 km (2.8 mi) |
| Max. width | 3.6 km (2.2 mi) |
| Surface area | 16.2 km2 (6.3 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 115 m (377 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 329 m (1,079 ft) |
|  | |
| Islands | 12 |
| Website | Parks and protected spaces |


title: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

abstract: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia with 880 articles about philosophy, philosophers, and related topics. The IEP publishes only peer-reviewed and blind-refereed original papers. Contribution is generally by invitation, and contributors are recognized as leading international specialists within their field.

text:
# Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The ***Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy*** (***IEP***) is a scholarly online encyclopedia with 880 articles about philosophy, philosophers, and related topics. The IEP publishes only peer-reviewed and blind-refereed original papers. Contribution is generally by invitation, and contributors are recognized as leading international specialists within their field.

## History

The *IEP* was founded by philosopher James Fieser in 1995, operating through a non-profit organization with the aim of providing accessible and scholarly information on philosophy. The current general editors are philosophers James Fieser and Bradley Dowden (since 1999) with a staff of thirty faculty members as subject-area editors plus numerous volunteers. The entire website was redesigned in 2009, moving from static HTML pages to the open-source content management system WordPress. In 2024, it contained 880 articles.

## Organization

The general editors supervise thirty subject-area editors, who help recruit authors and referees. The area editors supervise the blind-refereeing process. The intended audience for the *IEP* is philosophy students and faculty who are not specialists within the field, and thus articles are written in an accessible style. Articles consist of a brief survey or overview, followed by the body of the article, and an annotated bibliography. Articles are searchable either by an alphabetical index or through a Google-power search mechanism.

## Usage

During any twelve month period it receives 6.9 million unique viewers, making it the most visited encyclopedia of professionally written philosophy articles. Similarweb analytics and Google Analytics say 75% of this usage is through internet searches, 18% is through direct access, and 5% through referral, with the referring websites including other reference websites and university library guides.

## Recognition

The *IEP* is included by the American Library Association in its listing of Best Free Reference Sites; listed as an online philosophy resource by the Federation of Australasian Philosophy in Schools Associations; listed by EpistemeLinks as one of the "outstanding resources" in philosophy on the internet; and listed as a reliable resource in many university philosophy guides.

## InfoBox

*Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Online encyclopedia |
| Created by | James Fieser |
| Editor |  |
| URL | iep.utm.edu |
| Launched | 1995 (1995) |
| ISSN | 2161-0002 |