title: Ur-Fascism

abstract: “Ur-Fascism” or “Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt” is a renowned essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco. First published in 1995, this influential essay provides an analysis of fascism, a definition of fascism, and discusses the fundamental characteristics and traits of fascism. Drawing on Eco's personal experiences growing up in Mussolini's Italy and his extensive research on fascist movements, the essay offers his insights into the nature of fascism and its manifestations.

text:
# Ur-Fascism

**Ur-Fascism**” or “**Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt**” (in Italian: *Il fascismo eterno*, or *Ur-Fascismo*) is a renowned essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco. First published in 1995, this influential essay provides an analysis of fascism, a definition of fascism, and discusses the fundamental characteristics and traits of fascism. Drawing on Eco's personal experiences growing up in Mussolini's Italy and his extensive research on fascist movements, the essay offers his insights into the nature of fascism and its manifestations.

## Overview

"Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" delves into the core characteristics of fascism. Eco outlines fourteen key elements or traits, which he refers to as "ways," that commonly appear in fascist movements. While not all these traits are present in every fascist movement, together they create a recognizable pattern. The essay is structured around these fourteen ways, providing an in-depth exploration of fascism as a multifaceted and adaptable ideology. He argues that it is not possible to organise these into a coherent system, but that "it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it". He uses the term "ur-fascism" as a generic description of different historical forms of fascism. The fourteen properties are as follows:

1. "**The cult of tradition**", characterized by cultural syncretism, even at the risk of internal contradiction. When all truth has already been revealed by tradition, no new learning can occur, only further interpretation and refinement.
2. "**The rejection of modernism**", which views the rationalistic development of Western culture since the Enlightenment as a descent into depravity. Eco distinguishes this from a rejection of superficial technological advancement, as many fascist regimes cite their industrial potency as proof of the vitality of their system.
3. "**The cult of action for action's sake**", which dictates that action is of value in itself and should be taken without intellectual reflection. This, says Eco, is connected with anti-intellectualism and irrationalism, and often manifests in attacks on modern culture and science.
4. "**Disagreement is treason**"   fascism devalues intellectual discourse and critical reasoning as barriers to action, as well as out of fear that such analysis will expose the contradictions embodied in a syncretistic faith.
5. "**Fear of difference**", which fascism seeks to exploit and exacerbate, often in the form of racism or an appeal against foreigners and immigrants.
6. "**Appeal to a frustrated middle class**", fearing economic pressure from the demands and aspirations of lower social groups.
7. "**Obsession with a plot**" and the hyping-up of an enemy threat. This often combines an appeal to xenophobia with a fear of disloyalty and sabotage from marginalized groups living within the society. Eco also cites Pat Robertson's book *The New World Order* as a prominent example of a plot obsession.
8. Fascist societies rhetorically cast their enemies as "**at the same time too strong and too weak**". On the one hand, fascists play up the power of certain disfavored elites to encourage in their followers a sense of grievance and humiliation. On the other hand, fascist leaders point to the decadence of those elites as proof of their ultimate feebleness in the face of an overwhelming popular will.
9. "**Pacifism is trafficking with the enemy**" because "**life is permanent warfare**"   there must always be an enemy to fight. Both fascist Germany under Hitler and Italy under Mussolini worked first to organize and clean up their respective countries and then build the war machines that they later intended to and did use, despite Germany being under restrictions of the Versailles treaty to not build a military force. This principle leads to a fundamental contradiction within fascism: the incompatibility of ultimate triumph with perpetual war.
10. "**Contempt for the weak**", which is uncomfortably married to a chauvinistic ***popular elitism***, in which every member of society is superior to outsiders by virtue of belonging to the in-group. Eco sees in these attitudes the root of a deep tension in the fundamentally hierarchical structure of fascist polities, as they encourage leaders to despise their underlings, up to the ultimate leader, who holds the whole country in contempt for having allowed him to overtake it by force.
11. "**Everybody is educated to become a hero**", which leads to the embrace of a ***cult of death***. As Eco observes, "\[t\]he Ur-Fascist hero is impatient to die. In his impatience, he more frequently sends other people to death."
12. "**Machismo**", which sublimates the difficult work of permanent war and heroism into the sexual sphere. Fascists thus hold "both disdain for women and intolerance and condemnation of nonstandard sexual habits, from chastity to homosexuality".
13. "**Selective populism**"   the people, conceived monolithically, have a common will, distinct from and superior to the viewpoint of any individual. As no mass of people can ever be truly unanimous, the leader holds himself out as the interpreter of the popular will (though truly he alone dictates it). Fascists use this concept to delegitimize democratic institutions they accuse of "no longer represent\[ing\] the voice of the people".
14. "**Newspeak**"   fascism employs and promotes an impoverished vocabulary in order to limit critical reasoning.

## InfoBox

Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt
| Author | Umberto Eco |
| --- | --- |
| Original title | *Il fascismo eterno<br>Ur-Fascismo* |
| Language | Italian |
| Subject | Fascism |
| Publication date | 1995 |
| Publication place | Italy |


title: Tomorrow Belongs to Me (album)

abstract: Tomorrow Belongs to Me is the fourth studio album by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band. It was released in 1975 on Vertigo Records. While no A-side singles were released from this album, three compositions were used as B-sides to other SAHB singles: "Soul in Chains", as a live version taken from the subsequent tour, "Shake That Thing" and "Snake Bite". The album's title track was a cover of a key song in the 1966 musical Cabaret and its 1972 film adaptation.

text:
# Tomorrow Belongs to Me (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Tomorrow Belongs to Me*** is the fourth studio album by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band. It was released in 1975 on Vertigo Records. While no A-side singles were released from this album, three compositions were used as B-sides to other SAHB singles: "Soul in Chains", as a live version taken from the subsequent tour, "Shake That Thing" and "Snake Bite". The album's title track was a cover of a key song in the 1966 musical Cabaret and its 1972 film adaptation.

## Background

In his 2002 book *The Sensational Alex Harvey*, John Neil Munro suggests that the album was written while the group was on tour, a common practice for them. In this instance the group had only recently toured the US, attracting devotees such as Iggy Pop and Elton John. If written while on tour in the US, the album must therefore have been recorded (at Scorpio and Air Studios) in the early months of 1975, as it was released in April of that year.

Munro relates that reviews of the album in the UK were positive - Charles Shaar Murray in the NME, for instance, comparing Harvey to Frank Zappa and opining that the song 'Give My Compliments to the Chef' was the best thing the band had done. Mike Diana, writing in the Newport *Daily Press*, similarly claimed that 'Give My Compliments to the Chef' was his "favourite cut on the album (just beating out the intro to 'Sharks Teeth')"; Diana compared Harvey to Mike Patto: "Both are well suited to the material they compose... both \[are\] outrageous." A writer identified as 'JIC' in the Charleston *Gazette-Mail* regarded the record as ‘a futuristic concept album’ and opined that ‘if they don’t become a giant act from this set, there’s something wrong with us’

The cover, by Dave Field, which Munro describes as a parody of Roger Dean's art for groups such as Yes, depicts degradation of the environment by earthmoving equipment as referenced in the song "The Tale of the Giant Stoneater". In Field's image, a dinosaur is in conflict with an autonomous piece of earthmoving equipment while another dinosaur (possibly the "brontosaurus" who "lies wrong way up" in the song) is seen dead in the background. Munro relates that the song was a response by Harvey to witnessing "a bulldozer paving the way for a new motorway through previously unspoilt land" while on holiday in the West of Scotland. The words to this song - with an alternative title, 'And Another Tree Dies of Shame' - appear on the back cover on what appears to be Harvey's original lyric sheet, as well as being typeset within the gatefold with the remainder of the album's lyrics. Curiously while both versions of these lyrics subtly differ, they are similar in ascribing parts of the song to 'girl', 'man' and 'commentator' (and 'all together'), however Harvey is the only vocalist on the actual track. This song's contrast between ancient lives and the contemporary events eliminating their trace can be seen as comparable to the album's title track, which also brings together a celebration of an ancient natural environment and a 'tomorrow' which will replace it. The title track, while not directly evoking parallels to Nazism, would be associated by most who heard it with its sinister presentation in *Cabaret\_(1972\_film)*.

Although it lacked a hit single, this was the only Sensational Alex Harvey Band album to chart in the UK Top Ten.

## Track listings

1. "Action Strasse" (Alex Harvey, Alistair Cleminson, Hugh McKenna) – 3:12
2. "Snake Bite" (Harvey) – 3:55
3. "Soul in Chains" (David Batchelor, Cleminson, Harvey, H. McKenna) – 3:55
4. "The Tale of the Giant Stoneater" (Harvey, H. McKenna) – 7:20
5. "Ribs and Balls" (Chris Glen, Harvey) – 1:51
6. "Give My Compliments to the Chef" (Harvey, Cleminson, H. McKenna) – 5:32
7. "Shark's Teeth" (Harvey, Cleminson) – 4:54
8. "Shake That Thing" (Harvey) – 3:30
9. "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" (Fred Ebb, John Kander) – 4:14
10. "To Be Continued...(Hail Vibrania!)" (Harvey, Cleminson) – 0:50

**Bonus tracks**

1. "Big Boy" (Cleminson) – 4:54
2. "Pick It Up and Kick It" (Harvey, H. McKenna) – 4:25

## Personnel

### The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

### Additional musicians

### Technical

* David Batchelor – producer
* Dennis Weinreich – engineer
* Ray Hendriksen – engineer
* Peter Swettenham – extra recording and mixing
* Dave Field – sleeve illustration
* Jack Wood – art direction

## Charts

| Chart (1975) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 9 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Tomorrow Belongs to Me | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band | |
| Released | April 1975 |
| Recorded | 1975 |
| Studio | Scorpio Studios, London |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Length | 37:15 |
| Label | Vertigo, 1993 German CD reissue released on PolyGram. UK 2002 reissue released on Mercury |
| Producer | David Batchelor |
| The Sensational Alex Harvey Band chronology | |
| *The Impossible Dream*
(1974) ***Tomorrow Belongs to Me***
(1975) *Live*
(1975) | |


title: Tentergate

abstract: Tentergate is a town in Chris Hani District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Tentergate was established in 1976, as a relocation camp for the people who fled Herschel ahead of its incorporation into an independent Transkei.

text:
# Tentergate

**Tentergate** is a town in Chris Hani District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Tentergate was established in 1976, as a relocation camp for the people who fled Herschel ahead of its incorporation into an independent Transkei.

## InfoBox

| Tentergate | |
| --- | --- |
| TentergateTentergate | |
| Coordinates: 32°05′24″S 26°27′40″E / 32.090°S 26.461°E / -32.090; 26.461 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Eastern Cape |
| District | Chris Hani |
| Municipality | Enoch Mgijima |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.08 km2 (2.35 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,187 |
| Density | 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 99.3% |
| Coloured | 0.2% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.1% |
| Other | 0.4% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Xhosa | 94.5% |
| English | 1.2% |
| Other | 4.3% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Rostislav Kiša

abstract: Rostislav Kiša is a Czech football player. Kiša started his football career at Baník Ostrava and played for this club until the age of 26. He was a member of the squad of Baník Ostrava in the 2003-2004 season, when Baník won the league title.

text:
# Rostislav Kiša

**Rostislav Kiša** (born 24 December 1978) is a Czech football player.

Kiša started his football career at Baník Ostrava and played for this club until the age of 26. He was a member of the squad of Baník Ostrava in the 2003-2004 season, when Baník won the league title.

## InfoBox

Rostislav Kiša
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1978-12-24) 24 December 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Moravská Ostrava, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1986–1996 | FC Baník Ostrava | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–2004 | FC Baník Ostrava | 41 | (1) |
| 2004–2005 | SFC Opava (loan) | 25 | (2) |
| 2005–2006 | FK Jablonec | 11 | (2) |
| 2006–2011 | SFC Opava | 45 | (2) |
| 2011–2012 | SV BW Neustadt |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | FK Nový Jičín |  |  |
| 2013–2014 | SC Pustá Polom |  |  |
| 2014–2015 | TJ Háj ve Slezsku |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 January 2021 | | | |


title: Yangon River

abstract: The Yangon River is formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka Rivers in Myanmar. It is a marine estuary that runs from Yangon to the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea. The channel is navigable by ocean-going vessels, thus plays a critical role in the economy of Myanmar. The Twante Canal connects the Yangon River with the Irrawaddy Delta, once known as 'the rice bowl of Asia'. It consists of 1,000 square miles (3,000 km⁲) of lush teak plantations and mangrove swamps, many of which have now been cleared for rice production.

text:
# Yangon River

The **Yangon River** (also known as the **Rangoon River** or **Hlaing River**) is formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka Rivers in Myanmar. It is a marine estuary that runs from Yangon (also known as Rangoon) to the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea. The channel is navigable by ocean-going vessels, thus plays a critical role in the economy of Myanmar.

The Twante Canal connects the Yangon River with the Irrawaddy Delta, once known as 'the rice bowl of Asia'. It consists of 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) of lush teak plantations and mangrove swamps, many of which have now been cleared for rice production.

16°28′N 96°20′E / 16.467°N 96.333°E / 16.467; 96.333

## InfoBox

| Yangon River
Hlaing River | |
| --- | --- |
| Yangon River | |
| Native name | လှိုင်မြစ် (Burmese) |
| Location | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| City | Yangon (also known as Rangoon) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Andaman Sea |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Gulf of Martaban |
|  | |


title: Mario Marina

abstract: Mario Marina is a Croatian football midfielder who plays for Varaždin in the 1. HNL.

text:
# Mario Marina

**Mario Marina** (born 3 August 1989) is a Croatian football midfielder who plays for Varaždin in the 1. HNL.

## Club career

On 29 December 2019, Marina signed 1.5 years contract with Azerbaijan Premier League side Sabah.

## Honours

### Club

Široki Brijeg Gorica

## InfoBox

Mario Marina
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-08-03) 3 August 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Bugojno, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Varaždin | | |
| Number | 24 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2006 | Dinara Knin | | |
| 2006–2007 | Lokomotiva Zagreb | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008 | Dinara Knin |  |  |
| 2009 | Zagora Unešić |  |  |
| 2009 | Dinara Knin |  |  |
| 2010–2011 | Imotski | 33 | (0) |
| 2012 | Krka Lozovac | 8 | (6) |
| 2012–2016 | Šibenik | 42 | (5) |
| 2016 | Gorica | 27 | (1) |
| 2017 | Široki Brijeg | 10 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | Gorica | 73 | (3) |
| 2020–2021 | Sabah | 29 | (2) |
| 2021–2023 | Slaven Belupo | 58 | (3) |
| 2023– | Varaždin | 22 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 May 2024 | | | |


title: Hispaniolan slider

abstract: The Hispaniolan slider or Haitian slider is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae found on the island of Hispaniola.

text:
# Hispaniolan slider

The **Hispaniolan slider** (***Trachemys decorata***) or **Haitian slider** is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae found on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

## Habitat

The Hispaniolan slider is a freshwater turtle. They can live on land and water, but prefer to be near freshwater.

## Conservation

These sliders are not on the endangered list, but are considered vulnerable.

## Diet

They have a particular diet that consists of insects (crickets), fish, vegetation, etc. When kept in captivity, they can eat all of the same foods that they would eat normally, as well as turtle pellets, carrots, tomatoes, peeled grapes, and spinach.

## Appearance

Unlike red-eared sliders, they do not have red patches on their heads. They have distinct light and dark stripes on their necks, feet, and tails. The tops of their shells are brown and the bottoms are yellow.

## InfoBox

| Hispaniolan slider | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Cryptodira |
| Superfamily: | Testudinoidea |
| Family: | Emydidae |
| Genus: | *Trachemys* |
| Species: | ***T. decorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trachemys decorata***
(Barbour & Carr, 1940) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pseudemys decorata* Barbour & Carr, 1940 * *Pseudemys terrapen decorata*Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * *Chrysemys (Trachemys) decorata*McDowell, 1964 * *Chrysemys terrapen decorata*Obst, 1983 * *Trachemys decorata*Seidel & Incháustegui, 1984 * *Trachemys stejnegeri decorata*Iverson, 1985 | |


title: No. 25 Group RAF

abstract: No. 25 Group RAF is a former Royal Air Force group. It was initially active between 1918 and 1919. It reformed during 1937, remaining active throughout the Second World War, disbanding again in 1948. It reformed a second time during 1951 and disbanded for a third time in 1968.

text:
# No. 25 Group RAF

**No. 25 Group RAF** is a former Royal Air Force group. It was initially active between 1918 and 1919. It reformed during 1937, remaining active throughout the Second World War, disbanding again in 1948. It reformed a second time during 1951 and disbanded for a third time in 1968.

## History

### First World War

**No. 25 (Operations) Group** formed on 12 August 1918 at Luce Bay, within North Western Area. It had No. 258 Squadron RAF and No. 273 Squadron RAF under its operational control, along with the Airship Stations at Luce Bay and Larne. The group disbanded on 12 June 1919.

### Second World War

It reformed, known as **No. 25 (Armament) Group RAF**, on 1 December 1937 at RAF Eastchurch, within RAF Training Command, by renaming the Armament Group. On 28 June 1939 the HQ relocated to RAF Brize Norton. Six months later on 31 January 1940, it moved again, to Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton in Shropshire. On 27 May 1940, with the split of RAF Training Command, the group moved into RAF Flying Training Command. It had responsibility for all the armament training schools including No. 1 Air Armament School RAF, at RAF Manby, and the Central Gunnery School RAF, at RAF Sutton Bridge. On 7 July 1942, the Air Gunners Schools and the (Observers) Advanced Flying Units for Northern England, were moved into No. 29 Group RAF. The responsibility for the Air Gunners Schools and the (Observers) Advanced Flying Units in the Midlands and Wales, along with No. 1 Air Armament School RAF, the Central Gunnery School RAF and the Central Navigation School RAF remained within No. 25 Group. After the Second World War, on 26 April 1947, the group HQ moved to St Vincents Hall, Grantham, in Lincolnshire, however, it eventually disbanded on 15 April 1948.

### Cold War

On 20 March 1951 it reformed as **No. 25 (Flying Training) Group RAF** at RAF Manby. It was tasked with administering the Flying Refresher Schools and the Advanced Flying Schools, using Jet aircraft. On 28 January 1961 the Group HQ moved to RAF White Waltham. The group was operational for a further seven years, before eventually disbanding on 1 June 1968, and was absorbed into No. 22 Group RAF.

## Structure

**November 1939** **HQ at RAF Brize Norton**

**May 1941** **HQ at Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton**

**April 1942** **HQ at Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton**

**April 1943** **HQ at Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton**

**July 1944** **HQ at Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton**

**July 1945** **HQ at Buntingsdale Hall, Market Drayton**

**April 1962** **HQ at RAF White Waltham**

## Headquarters

No. 25 Group had various HQ during its three active periods:

## Air Officers Commanding

Note: The ranks shown are the ranks held at the time of holding the appointment of *Air Officer Commanding, No. 25 Group Royal Air Force*.

No. 25 Group commanding officers
| Rank | name | from |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | ? | June 1918 |
| ***Disbanded*** |  | 1920 |
| Air Commodore | Lawrence Pattinson | February 1934 |
| Air Commodore | Guy Garrod | February 1937 |
| Air Commodore | George Bentley Dacre | 1938 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Henry Cave-Browne-Cave | August 1938 |
| Air Commodore | Hugh Champion de Crespigny | February 1939 |
| Air Commodore | Edward Derek Davis | January 1942 |
| Air Commodore | Christopher Neil Hope Bilney | December 1945 |
| Air Commodore | Gordon Herbert Vasse | 1947 - 48 |
| ***Disbanded*** |  | April 1948 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Richard Jordan | March 1951 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Hugh Hamilton Brookes | February 1953 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Hugh Constantine | August 1954 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Hugh Hamilton Brookes | April 1956 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | John Forde Hobler | October 1958 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Herbert James Kirkpatrick | February 1961 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Paul Holder | January 1963 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Richard Ian Jones | October 1964 |
| Air Vice-Marshal | Graham Reese Magill | May 1967 |

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| No. 25 (Flying Training) Group RAF
~~No. 25 (Armament) Group RAF~~
~~No. 25 (Operations) Group RAF~~ | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Air Force Ensign | |
| Active | 12 August 1918 - 12 June 1919
1 December 1937 - 15 April 1948
20 March 1951 - 1 June 1968 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Type | Royal Air Force group |
| Role | Military aviation training |
| Part of | RAF Training Command
RAF Flying Training Command |
| Last HQ | RAF White Waltham |
| Motto(s) | *Instate* |


title: Flattening

abstract:
Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is f and its definition in terms of the semi-axes a and b of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is
  - f = a − b a. The compression factor is b / a in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.

text:
# Flattening

**Flattening** is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are **ellipticity**, or **oblateness**. The usual notation for flattening is $f$ and its definition in terms of the semi-axes $a$ and $b$ of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is

$$f={\frac {a-b}{a}.}$$

The *compression factor* is $b/a$ in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.

## Definitions

There are three variants: the flattening $f,$ sometimes called the *first flattening*, as well as two other "flattenings" $f'$ and $n,$ each sometimes called the *second flattening*, sometimes only given a symbol, or sometimes called the *second flattening* and *third flattening*, respectively.

In the following, $a$ is the larger dimension (e.g. semimajor axis), whereas $b$ is the smaller (semiminor axis). All flattenings are zero for a circle (*a* = *b*).

| (First) flattening | $f$ | $\frac {a-b}{a}$ | Fundamental. Geodetic reference ellipsoids are specified by giving $\frac {1}{f}\\,$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Second flattening | $f'$ | $\frac {a-b}{b}$ | Rarely used. |
| Third flattening | $n$ | $\frac {a-b}{a+b}$ | Used in geodetic calculations as a small expansion parameter. |

## Identities

The flattenings can be related to each-other:

$$\begin{aligned}f={\frac {2n}{1+n},\\\\[5mu\]n={\frac {f}{2-f}.\end{aligned}}}$$

The flattenings are related to other parameters of the ellipse. For example,

$$\begin{aligned}{\frac {b}{a}&=1-f={\frac {1-n}{1+n},\\\\[5mu\]e^{2}&=2f-f^{2}={\frac {4n}{(1+n)^{2},\\\\[5mu\]f&=1-{\sqrt {1-e^{2},\end{aligned}}}}}}}$$

where $e$ is the eccentricity.


title: Uravu Solla Oruvan

abstract: Uravu Solla Oruvan is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Devaraj–Mohan and written by Panchu Arunachalam. It is a remake of a Marathi film written by Sharad Pilgaonkar. The film stars Muthuraman, Cho, Sujatha and Padmapriya. It was released on 18 July 1975, and became a success. Sujatha won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.

text:
# Uravu Solla Oruvan

***Uravu Solla Oruvan*** (transl.Someone to Relate to) is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Devaraj–Mohan and written by Panchu Arunachalam. It is a remake of a Marathi film written by Sharad Pilgaonkar. The film stars Muthuraman, Cho, Sujatha and Padmapriya. It was released on 18 July 1975, and became a success. Sujatha won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

*Uravu Solla Oruvan* is the first film produced by Filmalaya Combines, established by Panchu Arunachalam and his friend Filmalaya Ramachandran. It is a remake of a Marathi film, written by Sharad Pilgaonkar. Production duties were handled by Ramachandran, cinematography by R. N. K. Prasad and editing by B. Kandhasami.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar, with lyrics by Panchu Arunachalam.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Panimalar" | P. Susheela |  |
| 2. | "Mohana Punnagai" | K. J. Yesudas |  |

## Release and reception

*Uravu Solla Oruvan* was released on 18 July 1975. Kanthan of *Kalki* appreciated the film for the cast performances, Cho's comedy, the cinematography and direction. *Kumudam* lauded the story, Sujatha's performance, the direction and cinematography. The film was a success, and its 50th day celebration was held at Shanmuga Theatre, Coimbatore. Sujatha won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.

## InfoBox

| Uravu Solla Oruvan | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | Devaraj–Mohan |
| Screenplay by | Panchu Arunachalam |
| Story by | Sharad Pilgaonkar |
| Produced by | Filmalaya Ramachandran |
| Starring | Muthuraman
Cho
Sujatha
Padmapriya |
| Cinematography | R. N. K. Prasad |
| Edited by | B. Kandhasami |
| Music by | Vijaya Bhaskar |
| Production
company | Filmalaya Combines |
| Release date | * 18 July 1975 (1975-07-18) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Tokyo WCT

abstract: The Tokyo WCT was a men's tennis tournament played in Tokyo, Japan in 1972, 1973 and 1975. The event was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit and was held on indoor carpet courts. The 1974 and 1975 editions were also known by their sponsored name Kawasaki Tennis Classic.

text:
# Tokyo WCT

The **Tokyo WCT** was a men's tennis tournament played in Tokyo, Japan in 1972, 1973 and 1975. The event was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit and was held on indoor carpet courts. The 1974 and 1975 editions were also known by their sponsored name Kawasaki Tennis Classic.

## Finals

### Singles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | Ken Rosewall | Fred Stolle | 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 |
| 1974 | Rod Laver | Juan Gisbert | 5–7, 6–2, 6–0 |
| 1975 | Bob Lutz | Stan Smith | 6–4, 6–4 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | John Newcombe
Fred Stolle | John Alexander
Ken Rosewall | 7–6, 6–4 |
| 1974 | Raymond Moore
Onny Parun | Juan Gisbert
Roger Taylor | 4–6, 6–2, 6–4 |
| 1975 | Bob Lutz
Stan Smith | John Alexander
Phil Dent | 6–4, 6–7(6–8), 6–2 |

## InfoBox

| Tokyo WCT | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct tennis tournament | |
| Event name | Kawasaki Tennis Classic (1974-75) |
| Tour | WCT tour |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Abolished | 1975 |
| Editions | 3 |
| Location | Tokyo, Japan |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |


title: MV Grey Lady IV

abstract: MV Grey Lady IV is a high-speed catamaran ferry operated by Hy-Line Cruises that runs on a route between Hyannis and Nantucket, Massachusetts. Hy-Line's request to regulator Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority to construct the ship that would become Grey Lady IV was approved in May 2014, and the vessel was ordered from Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding in February 2015. Construction began on May 13, 2015, with delivery planned for early June 2016. However, delays during construction meant that she was not launched until July 6, and Hy-Line finally took delivery on August 31. Grey Lady IV entered service on September 2. Grey Lady IV was designed by Incat Crowther, and is 153.5 feet (46.8 m) long, with a beam of 34.5 feet (10.5 m) and a draft of 8 feet (2.4 m). She has a passenger capacity of 493 on three decks. She is powered by four Cummins diesel engines working through Twin Disc gears which drive quad HamiltonJet HM721 waterjets, which give her a top speed of 34 knots (39 mph) when loaded.

text:
# MV Grey Lady IV

**MV *Grey Lady IV*** is a high-speed catamaran ferry operated by Hy-Line Cruises that runs on a route between Hyannis and Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Hy-Line's request to regulator Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority to construct the ship that would become *Grey Lady IV* was approved in May 2014, and the vessel was ordered from Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding in February 2015. Construction began on May 13, 2015, with delivery planned for early June 2016. However, delays during construction meant that she was not launched until July 6, and Hy-Line finally took delivery on August 31. *Grey Lady IV* entered service on September 2.

*Grey Lady IV* was designed by Incat Crowther, and is 153.5 feet (46.8 m) long, with a beam of 34.5 feet (10.5 m) and a draft of 8 feet (2.4 m). She has a passenger capacity of 493 on three decks. She is powered by four Cummins diesel engines working through Twin Disc gears which drive quad HamiltonJet HM721 waterjets, which give her a top speed of 34 knots (39 mph) when loaded.


title: Rostislav Krimer

abstract: Rostislav Krimer is a classical pianist and conductor, chief conductor and artistic director of the East-West Chamber Orchestra. Intendant and artistic director of the East-West-Festival, Friend of UNICEF and Star Ambassador of the 2nd European Games. He was also founder, general and artistic director of the Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival & Academy.

text:
# Rostislav Krimer

**Rostislav Krimer** is a classical pianist and conductor, chief conductor and artistic director of the East-West Chamber Orchestra. Intendant and artistic director of the East-West-Festival, Friend of UNICEF and Star Ambassador of the 2nd European Games. He was also founder, general and artistic director of the Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival & Academy.

## Early life

After studying at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki and at the Musikhochschule in Cologne, he earned his Postgraduate Diploma and was awarded the Diploma of the Royal Academy of Music at the Royal Academy of Music in London. In 2020 became Associate of the Royal Academy of Music.

## Concert life

Krimer's first London performance was a recital in Cadogan Hall in 2006. The Musical Opinion Magazine wrote of the performance: "Rostislav Krimer knocked out his audience at the Cadogan Hall...He is a pianist of note: watch out for him".

He has performed with musicians and ensembles including Yuri Bashmet and Moscow Soloists, Gidon Kremer and Kremerata Baltica, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Maxim Vengerov, Fazil Say, Ian Bostridge, Mahler Chamber Orchestra at venues including the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin, the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, P.I.Tchaikovsky Hall in Moscow. He has played at festivals including the Aix-en-Provence Festival in France, the Beethovenfest in Bonn, the Lockenhaus Chamber Music Festival, George Enescu Festival and the Ljubljana Summer Festival.

Krimer is the founder, general and artistic director of the annual Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival, which has been held in Minsk, Belarus as well as other cities internationally since 2006 more than 15 years.

He performed at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games ‘Stars of the 21st Century’ concert along with Kronberg Academy Festival artists.

He was playing concertos and recitals for more than ten years in duo regularly with the pianist Paul Badura-Skoda as well as recorded a Mozart double concerto for ERP-Classics. It was the latest CD of Paul Badura-Skoda. Rostislav Krimer plays in a duo with violinist Sergey Krylov.

Krimer closely worked together with legendary composer Krzysztof Penderecki and performed his piano concerto. In 2018 Rostislav Krimer together with Nils Mönkemeyer performed a premiere of new founded piece of Dmitry Shostakovich at the Shostakovich music festival in Gohrisch, Germany.

The serie of Meczyslaw Weinberg 4 Chamber Symphonies released by Naxos gathered great reviews and 5 stars ratings all over the world including BBC Music Magazine, Gramophone, Classics Today, nominated for most prestigious awards such as ICMA and Opus Klassik as well as became CD of the Month by MusicWeb and CD of the Week by Norman Lebrecht.

Since 2022 he is Intendant and Artistic Director of the East-West-Festival in Germany, which gather best artists from the East and West with a Moto "We Build Bridges".

## The Orchestra-For-Peace East-West Chamber Orchestra

The Orchestra-For-Peace East-West Chamber Orchestra brings together lauretates of the Tchaikovsky, ARD, Queen Elisabeth, Long-Thibaud as well as concertmasters and leaders of orchestras like Royal Philharmonic Orchestra or Kremerata Baltica playing rare instruments such as Stradivarius, Guarneri del Gesù, Guadagnini, and Goffriller. This unique combination gives the East-West Chamber Orchestra its outstanding sound.

The orchestra is based in the City of Beethoven - Bonn, Germany, and was founded by Rostislav Krimer in 2015. It has also been the resident orchestra of the Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival and has performed across Europe. The orchestra sees itself as an ambassador for transnational cooperation, peace, and cultural exchange throughout Europe and beyond. Since 2023, it has also became the orchestra-in-residence at the East-West-Festival in Germany.

## Premieres

## Awards

* Associate Royal Academy of Music
* Star Ambassador of the 2nd European Games (2019)
* Ernst & Young Award “ EY Entrepreneur of The Year” – Laureate
* International CSR Award “Philanthropy of the Year” – Laureate
* Laureate of the UNISA International Piano Competition, also Zara Jackson Prize for the best interpretation of F.Chopin
* 3 prize at the F.Chopin International Youth Piano Competition (Szafarnia, Poland, 1996)

## Philanthropic Work

* Rostislav Krimer is the Friend of UNICEF and Member of the Board of Friends of UNICEF
* 1994-2006 performed in hundreds of charity concerts in the Netherlands, the UK, Finland, and other countries for the Peace Fund. These concerts aimed to raise money for Chernobyl Children Rehabilitation Camps after Chernobyl Disuster.
* In 2013, he organized and performed at a charity recital for children operations. Together with Maxim Vengerov. *Minsk*.
* In 2015, Krimer organized a charity event called '15 000 Chances for Life', and performed at the event along with the East-West Chamber Orchestra, the actor Konstantin Khabensky, and the soloists of the Bashmet Music Festival in Minsk. Over 60 thousand US dollars were raised to buy medicine for the Republican Scientific Practical Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology in Minsk.
* Since 2016, Krimer has worked closely with UNICEF, organizing the "Annual UNICEF Gala Dinner with Rostislav Krimer & Friends" to help children in need.
* In 2023, he also became a partner of Save the Children Germany.

## InfoBox

| Rostislav Krimer | |
| --- | --- |
| Rostislav Krimer on stage at a concert | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation(s) | Pianist, Conductor |
| Instrument | Piano |


title: Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace

abstract: Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace is the 2015 studio album by the ecumenical Taizé Community from the eponymous village in France. It was recorded in May and July 2014, and was released in March 2015, by the Deutsche Grammophon.

text:
# Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace

***Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace*** is the 2015 studio album by the ecumenical Taizé Community from the eponymous village in France. It was recorded in May and July 2014, and was released in March 2015, by the Deutsche Grammophon.

## Background

The Taizé Community is an ecumenical monastic order in Taizé, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France. It is composed of more than one hundred brothers, from Protestant and Catholic traditions, who originate from about thirty countries across the world. It was founded in 1940 by Brother Roger Schütz, who came to Taizé from Geneva. Guidelines for the community's life are contained in The Rule of Taizé written by Brother Roger and first published in French in 1954.

## Musical style

The music of Taizé emphasizes simple phrases, usually lines from Psalms, other pieces of Scripture, or from the liturgy, both Western and Eastern Orthodox, repeated many times and sometimes also sung in canon. Earlier Taizé community music was conceived and composed by Jacques Berthier. Later Joseph Gelineau became a major contributor to the music. More recent songs have been composed by brothers of the Community.

## Recording

The recording took place in May and in July 2014. Most of the chants were recorded in the Church of Reconciliation in Taizé, by a few instrumentalists and a choir composed of young people from different countries who spent a week in the Community. Several chants were recorded by brothers of the Community, in the Romanesque Church in the village of Taizé. The recording was produced by Anna Barry.

The chants on the album are sung in seven different languages: Latin, French, English, Italian, German, Church Slavonic and Spanish. The Community considers that the songs in many different languages are appropriate for large international gatherings.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Bells Of Taizé" |  |  | 2:13 |
| 2. | "Veni, Sancte Spiritus" | liturgical | Jacques Berthier | 5:38 |
| 3. | "Introduction: Seigneur, ouvre mes lèvres" | Ps 50 | Jacques Berthier | 1:32 |
| 4. | "Bless the Lord" | Ps 103 | Jacques Berthier | 4:06 |
| 5. | "Laudate Dominum" | Ps 117,1 | Jacques Berthier | 3:54 |
| 6. | "Répons: Le Verbe s'est fait chair" | Jn 1,14 | Taizé | 2:35 |
| 7. | "Beati voi poveri" | Mt 5,3; Lk 6,20 | Taizé | 4:51 |
| 8. | "Jubilate, coeli (Christus)" | liturgical | Jacques Berthier | 2:57 |
| 9. | "Psaume 63" | Ps 63 | Joseph Gelineau | 2:39 |
| 10. | "Bleibet hier" | Mk 14,34; Mt 26,36b.38.41 | Jacques Berthier | 5:35 |
| 11. | "In manus tuas, Pater" | Lk 23,46 | Taizé | 4:22 |
| 12. | "Surrexit Christus" | liturgical | Jacques Berthier | 3:35 |
| 13. | "Gospodi pomiluj C" | liturgical | Russian Orthodox Liturgy | 2:29 |
| 14. | "Aber du weißt den Weg für mich" | Dietrich Bonhoeffer | Taizé | 3:33 |
| 15. | "Cantique de Siméon" | Lk 2, 29-32 | Jacques Berthier | 1:46 |
| 16. | "Jésus le Christ" | after St. Augustine | Jacques Berthier | 4:27 |
| 17. | "De noche iremos" | Luis Rosales | Jacques Berthier | 4:29 |
| 18. | "Ubi caritas et amor" | liturgical; 1 Jn 4,7 | Jacques Berthier | 3:01 |
| 19. | "Let All Who Are Thirsty Come" | Is 55,1 | Taizé | 4:06 |
| Total length: | | | | 1:07:48 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austria, Germany | 13 March 2015 |  | Deutsche Grammophon (Universal Music) |
| United Kingdom | | | 16 March 2015 |
| Canada | | | 17 March 2015 |
| | | | Italy |
| | | | United States |
| | | | Japan |
|

## InfoBox

| Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Taizé Community | |
| Released | March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16) |
| Recorded | May and July 2014 |
| Venue | Romanesque Church, Taizé <br>Church of Reconciliation, Taizé |
| Genre | choral, Christian, sacred |
| Length | 67:48 |
| Language | Latin, French, English, Italian, German, Church Slavonic, Spanish |
| Label | Deutsche Grammophon (Universal Music) |
| Producer | Anna Barry |


title: Floating cities and islands in fiction

abstract: In science fiction and fantasy, floating cities and islands are a common trope, ranging from cities and islands that float on water to ones that float in the atmosphere of a planet by purported scientific technologies or by magical means. While very large floating structures have been constructed or proposed in real life, aerial cities and islands remain in the realm of fiction.

text:
# Floating cities and islands in fiction

In science fiction and fantasy, **floating cities and islands** are a common trope, ranging from cities and islands that float on water to ones that float in the atmosphere of a planet by purported scientific technologies or by magical means. While very large floating structures have been constructed or proposed in real life, aerial cities and islands remain in the realm of fiction.

## Seaborne cities and islands

Seaborne floating islands have been found in literature since Homer's *Odyssey*, written near the end of the 8th century BCE, described the island of Aeolia. They reappear in Pliny the Elder's *Natural History* of the 1st century CE.

Richard Head‘s 1673 novel *The Floating Island* describes a fictional island named Scotia Moria. In *The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle*, the characters sail to a floating island, which later becomes fixed in place. In the DC comics story of Wonder Woman, Themyscira is a group of floating islands. In Jules Verne‘s *Propeller Island*, the characters are on an artificial floating island that is actually a huge ship. In Yann Martel‘s novel *Life of Pi*, there is a floating island.

## Airborne cities and islands

### Earth

In the treatise *De Grandine et Tonitruis* ("On Hail and Thunder", 815), Carolingian bishop Agobard of Lyon describes Magonia**,** a cloud realm populated by felonious aerial sailors.

In the novel *Gulliver's Travels* (1726) by Jonathan Swift, the island city of Laputa was revealed to be floating in the sky. Laputa purportedly levitated through use of artificial magnetism. It was primarily a fictional device that was intended to satirize far-fetched pseudo-scientific proposals:

I turned back and perceived a vast Opaque Body between me and the sun, moving forwards towards the island; it appeared to be about two Miles high, and hid the Sun six or seven minutes.\[...\] the Reader can hardly conceive my Astonishment, to behold an Island in the Air, inhabited by Men, who are able (as it should seem) to raise, or sink, or put into a Progressive Motion, as they pleased.

During the 1920s, science fiction author Hugo Gernsback speculated about floating cities of the future, suggesting that 10,000 years hence "the city the size of New York will float several miles above the surface of the earth, where the air is cleaner and purer and free from disease carrying bacteria." To stay in the air, "four gigantic generators will shoot earthward electric rays which by reaction with the earth produce the force to keep the city aloft."

In 1960, the architects Buckminster Fuller and Shoji Sadao proposed the construction of a 1-mile-diameter (1.6 km) thermal airship, which they called Cloud Nine. This megastructure would be a geodesic sphere that, once it was sufficiently heated by sunlight, would become airborne. Fuller and Sadao envisioned that Cloud Nine would float freely in the Earth's atmosphere, giving residents and passengers a migratory lifestyle. They believed that it might be a partial solution to the depletion of non-renewable resources.

A team including Buckminster Fuller and Shoji Sadao was commissioned by United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to design the Triton City, a floating city intended to provide housing near Tokyo or Baltimore. The proposal called for tetrahedron–shaped modules supporting large housing blocks of 5,000 inhabitants each, and which would be anchored to the ground. A large model of the habitat is on display in the lobby of the Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas.

In Isaac Asimov's story "Shah Guido G.", the hereditary Secretary-General of the United Nations ("Sekjen") is a tyrant who rules the Earth from a flying island called Atlantis.

### Venus

A design similar to Fuller's *Cloud Nine* might permit habitation in the upper atmosphere of Venus, where at ground level the temperature is too high and the atmospheric pressure too great. As scientifically and fictionally described by Geoffrey A. Landis, the easiest planet (other than Earth) to place floating cities at this point would appear to be Venus. Because the thick carbon dioxide atmosphere is 50% denser than Earth's atmosphere, breathable air with a composition similar to the latter is a lifting gas in the dense Venerean atmosphere, with over 60% of the lifting power that helium has on Earth. At an altitude of 50 km above the Venerean surface, the environment is the "most Earthlike in the solar system", according to Landis, with a pressure of approximately 1 bar and temperatures ranging between 0–50 °C (32–122 °F).

### Other planets

In addition to Venus, floating cities have been proposed in science fiction on several other planets. For example, floating cities might also permit settlement of the outer three gas giants, as the gas giants lack solid surfaces. Jupiter is not promising for habitation due to its high gravity, escape velocity and radiation, but the Solar System's other gas giants (Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) may be more practical. In 1978, the British Interplanetary Society's Project Daedalus envisioned floating factories in the atmospheres of Jupiter refining helium-3 to produce fuel for an interstellar probe. Michael McCollum notes that the "surface" gravity of Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's) is very close to that of Earth, and in his novel *The Clouds of Saturn*, he envisioned cities floating in the Saturnian atmosphere, where the buoyancy is provided by envelopes of hydrogen heated by fusion reactors. Uranus and Neptune also have upper atmosphere gravities comparable to Earth's, and even lower escape velocities than Saturn. Cecelia Holland populated Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus with mutant humans, the Styth, in floating cities in her only SF novel, *Floating Worlds* (1975). Donald Moffitt's novel *Jovian* (2003) features floating cities forever floating in the Jovian atmosphere, a worthwhile enterprise due to their ability to extract useful gases. The book concentrates on the cultural differences (and political tensions) developing between "Jovian" humans and Earthbound ones.

## Fictional examples

### Literature

* A floating city called Laputa is the third destination that Lemuel Gulliver visits in Johnathan Swift's *Gulliver's Travels*.
* *Sky Island* is a 1912 book by L. Frank Baum with the titular area split between the Kingdom of the Blues and the Pinks.
* *The Flying Islands of the Night* (1913) by James Whitcomb Riley, with illustrations by Franklin Booth.
* "Cities in the Air" by Edmond Hamilton (Air Wonder Stories, November–December 1929).
* The *Cities in Flight* series (1950–1962) by James Blish propose a universe in which cities cast adrift from the Earth, powered by a fictional spindizzy drive.
* In the novel *The Ringworld Engineers* (1979), Louis Wu seeks a way to save the Ringworld by bartering for information in the library of a floating city.
* The novel *Orion Shall Rise* (1983) by Poul Anderson features an aerostat city called Skyholm, located above – and dominating – a post-apocalyptic France.
* In the novel *Maiden Flight* (1988), a post-apocalyptic civilization lives in floating cities named for some of the now-destroyed land-based cities, e.g. Calgary 5. These are highly-evolved spherical mile-wide aerostats that follow wind patterns across the face of nuclear-war-ravaged Earth. Travel between such cities is by zeppelin.
* In the 1992 novel, *Snow Crash*, by Neal Stephenson, a floating collection of refugee craft are attached surrounding the decommissioned nuclear aircraft carrier, the USS *Enterprise*, to form The Raft.
* Airhaven is a floating city in the *Mortal Engines Quartet*, that, through attaching gas bags, lifted itself into the air to avoid being devoured by the mobile Traction Cities looking for resources on an Earth devastated millennia ago by the Sixty Minute War.
* *The Tangled Lands*, a collection of short stories by Paolo Bacigalupi and Tobias S. Buckell, references a lost city called Jhandpara that was once powered by magical means but became consumed by magic-seeking brambles.
* There are numerous floating habitats on the Venus-like planet Chilo in Tobias S. Buckell's novel *Sly Mongoose*. Buckell credits Geoffrey A. Landis with providing the background information on the floating cities.
* *Saga of Seven Suns* by Kevin J. Anderson has giant, occupied gas-mining platforms that mine the hydrogen necessary to, among other things, distill into ekti, a vital stardrive fuel.
* Charles Stross's novel *Saturn's Children* begins in a floating city on Venus.
* Geoffrey A. Landis's novel *The Sultan of the Clouds* features floating cities in the Venus atmosphere and orbital airships.
* Similar to the famous 1990s Mars trilogy about colonization and terraforming of Mars, Pamela Sargent wrote from 1986 to 2001 starting with *Venus of Dreams* a trilogy set on Venus where from cloud settlements a terraformed Venus is created.
* In Hannu Rajaniemi's novel *The Quantum Thief*, the Mars colony began as a slave-labor latifundium. After war developed, all entities began taking turns being the beings who kept the city rolling (and deflecting the permanent attack vectors that had been created during the war). The city kept rolling, with everyone's help.
* *The War of Powers* series by Robert E. Vardeman and Victor Milán features a Sky City ruled by a race of human overlords called the Sky born who conquered the city from its original reptilian inhabitants. The city is powered by dark magic and floats in a set pattern over 5 surface cities.
* The mobile floating pirate city-state of Armada in China Miéville's novel *The Scar* (2002) has accreted in the seas of Bas-Lag from multiple ships and boats over centuries of development.
* In Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell's *The Edge Chronicles* series, Sanctaphrax is a city-state built upon an enormous floating rock. It was the seat of knowledge and academia in The Edge. It was lost to Open Sky after its anchor-chain became un-tethered during a violent storm.
* In the Japanese manga series *One Piece*, an island known as Skypiea, originally believed to be a myth, resides far within the skies above the seas of the Grandline.

### Movies

* In the 1936 film serial *Flash Gordon*, Prince Vultan and his winged Hawkmen dwell in Sky City, a metropolis that floats in the sky.
* The Castle in the Air from the animated movie *The Phantom Tollbooth* (1970).
* Cloud City on the planet Bespin, in the *Star Wars* film *The Empire Strikes Back* (1980).
* Hayao Miyazaki's animated film *Castle in the Sky* (1986) involves a floating city hidden in the clouds called "Laputa", a name borrowed from Swift's *Gulliver's Travels*.
* In the anime film *Steamboy* (2004), a "Steam Castle" was shown, which was essentially a floating city, kept in the air by means of steam that was directed towards the soil.
* Metro City in the film *Astro Boy* (2009) is floating above the surface.
* In *Avatar* (2009), the Hallelujah Mountains are large floating islands that feature as a battlefield in the climax of the film.
* In the 2013 movie *Elysium*, the wealthiest class of humanity lives in an advanced toroidal-shaped space station orbiting the Earth at a high altitude.
* The 2019 movie *Alita: Battle Angel* based on the manga *Gunnm* by *Yukito Kishiro* involves a wealthy sky city named Zalem.

### Television series

* Stratos, on the planet Ardana, in *Star Trek* episode "The Cloud Minders".
* In *Firefly* episode "Trash", the planet Bellerophon is the site of dozens of floating estates with "gracious living, ocean views and state-of-the-art security."
* Atlantis from the *Stargate* universe is a "city-ship" which is capable of flight and intergalactic travel. Due to the amount of power required to keep it airborne, it is frequently shown floating on water, but it could theoretically float at a fixed location in space. The Nox of *Stargate SG-1* have floating cities.
* Airlandis in the animated television series *Dragon Flyz* (1996).
* Sky Realm in the animated television series *Sky Dancers* (1997).
* In the manga and anime series *One Piece* (1997-...), there are Sky Islands, cities built on a specific type of cloud that has hard, land-like properties, allowing civilizations to have ground to traverse and build on using the same cloud material, along with an ocean-like cloud throughout, making it a close parallel to a normal earthbound island. The unique environment of the Grand Line, an equatorial ocean that circles the globe and possesses all matter of mythical weather patterns, islands and equally mythical sea-behemoths, allows for these Sky Islands to occur regularly – yet are so rarely witnessed even the denizens of the legendary Grand-Line perceive them as a myth.
* Supertown is the floating city of the New Gods that appears in the *Justice League* (2001) episode "Twilight".
* The main setting in the 2004–2007 2D animated TV series *Dragon Hunters* and its 3D movie-prequel.
* The animated television show *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic* (2010–2019) depicts a city made entirely of clouds called Cloudsdale, which is home to the Pegasi and whose name is a pun on the Clydesdale horse breed.
* In the 2011 animated TV series *ThunderCats*, a race of Birdmen live above the clouds in a technological floating city named Avista, powered and suspended in mid-air by the Tech Stone, one of Mumm-Ra's four Power Stones.
* The anime television series *Girls und Panzer* (2012-...) features "school ships": massive ships that contain a school campus and a town on their surface.
* In the animated web-series *RWBY* (2013-...), the city of Atlas floats directly over the city of Mantle. The power to make it float comes from the Relic of Creation, housed in a vault underneath the city.
* The animated series, *She-Ra and the Princesses of Power* (2018–2020), has the magical floating island, called Mystacore.
* The LEGO science-fantasy series *Legends of Chima* features Cavora, a floating mountain responsible for distributing elemental chi falls to the population below. Cavora used to be the base of the Phoenix Castle and was later pushed up as a result of the first Great Illumination. It also has a protective forcefield that repels intruders and sanctuary for the Legend Beasts, but it's shown that the Crawlers have been able to bypass this and artificially block the falls.

### Video games

* The game *Deponia* features a floating city known as Elysium.
* The skyborne metropolis of Caldoria in *The Journeyman Project* and its remake *Pegasus Prime*.
* In *Minecraft,* an alternate realm from the main game world can be accessed, known as the End. It is composed of islands of light yellow rock floating in a void, populated by gangly ominous-looking humanoid creatures called Endermen and cities in the outer regions. Additionally, players can download the *Aether* mod to be able to travel to a dimension of islands floating in the sky.
* *Tales of Symphonia* features a floating city named Exire, home to the outcast Half-Elves.
* *Chrono Trigger* features the Kingdom of Zeal, a floating island based magical kingdom, encountered in 12000 BCE.
* City in the Sky, the seventh dungeon level of *The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess*.
* Skyloft, the town in which *The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword* begins.
* The numerous sky islands in *The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom*.
* *Metroid Prime 3: Corruption* features SkyTown, a research facility suspended within the atmosphere of a gas giant named Elysia.
* *Mother 3* features a floating city named New Pork City which also appears in *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*.
* There are several floating cities in the games *Skies of Arcadia* and *Skies of Arcadia Legends*.
* In *World of Warcraft*, Dalaran is a major city that floats above Crystalsong Forest in the center of Northrend.
* The setting of the *Eclipse Phase* role-playing game includes floating cities on Venus and Saturn.
* Columbia, the setting for the game *BioShock Infinite*.
* *Sonic the Hedgehog 3* and *Sonic Adventure* feature Angel Island, an island that floats using the power of the Master Emerald.
* Vane, the city of magicians in *Lunar: Silver Star Harmony*.
* *Phantasy Star* featured an Air Castle, home of the main villain.
* *Final Fantasy* features the Floating Castle, a floating city that resembles a space station.
* *Final Fantasy V* features a floating city named the Ronka Ruins.
* *Final Fantasy XII* has several in the form of solid earth islands suspended in the air by mystically charged stones inherent to the earth making up the foundation of the floating city, with Bhujerba being the only one visited and seen firsthand in the game.
* *Final Fantasy XIV: Heavensward* features several floating islands within the Sea of Clouds in Abalathia's Spine, the Churning Mists in Dravania, and the Allagan colony of Azys Lla, all of which feature current or historic human settlements.
* Sanctuary, the floating hub city of *Borderlands 2*.
* Glitzville, from *Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door*, is a small city that floats above Rogueport and its surrounding areas.
* The RPG *Xenogears* features a floating city-airship named Shevat.
* *Xenoblade Chronicles* is a science fiction role-playing video game for the Wii which features a floating city, Alcamoth.
* *Tokyo Wakusei Planetokio* is a science fiction adventure video game for the Sony PlayStation where the main action takes place in floating cities.
* *Kimino Yusha* is a science fiction role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS which features a floating land, Midalias.
* In *RuneScape*, each clan is assigned to a floating island built by Armadyl, called a "Clan Fortress".
* *Cave Story* is set entirely on a floating island.
* In *LittleBigPlanet 3*, Bunkum Lagoon is a floating city in the sky that is located on Planet Bunkum (however, the name suggests that it is located on water and sea creatures feature heavily in this stage of the game).
* In the *Skylanders* franchise, the world of Skylands consists of many floating islands.
* The game *Project Nomads* features a world of floating islands, one of which is controlled by the player.
* *Fortnite'*s battle royale mode previously had a floating island, held up by a giant purple cube, that was powered by a crack in time. The cube went on to let of an explosion that destroyed the island. The island was only in-game from September 27 to November 4, 2018.
* The academy faction towns in *Heroes of Might and Magic V*, are Magocracy-controlled floating cities known as the Silver Cities.
* *Black Skylands* is set the fictional floating continent of Aspya.
* In *Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus*, the Nazis successfully established a floating city on top of a tall mountain, the city was abandoned after they were forced to pull their forces from America due to a revolution taking place.
* *Apex Legends* features a map named Olympus, a vibrant futuristic city flying high above the planet Psamathe.
* Various floating islands are featured in *Genshin Impact*. The most notable of these is the mysterious floating island known as Celestia (Chinese: 天空岛) which looms high in the skies over Teyvat, and is said to be "the realm of the gods." The Hydro nation of Fontaine has its entire continental plate elevated well above the sea level of other nations. The "Dwelling in the Clouds" in Liyue, created by the adeptus Cloud Retainer, is able to float due to the unique properties of the mineral Plaustrite.
* The science-fantasy sandbox game *ARK: Survival Evolved* features floating islands on The Center, Crystal Isles, and many modded maps.
* Several floating islands generate in each world in the game *Terraria*.
* Small floating islands are featured in the game *Botanica* on the planet with the same name.

### Other


title: Niederbipp

abstract: Niederbipp is a municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the former municipality of Wolfisberg merged into Niederbipp.

text:
# Niederbipp

**Niederbipp** is a municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the former municipality of Wolfisberg merged into Niederbipp.

## History

Niederbipp is first mentioned in 968 as *Pippa*. In 1302 it was mentioned as *Nider-Bippe*.

## Geography

Niederbipp has an area, as of 2009, of 17.37 square kilometers (6.71 sq mi). Of this area, 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi) or 47.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.55 km2 (2.53 sq mi) or 37.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.64 km2 (1.02 sq mi) or 15.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.06 km2 (15 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 5.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.7% of the area Out of the forested land, 36.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 34.1% is used for growing crops and 10.6% is pastures, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 1.2% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located on the southern flank of the Jura mountains. It includes the village of Niederbipp, the hamlets of Walde, Holzhüsere and Lehn and scattered individual houses.

## Demographics

Niederbipp has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,097. As of 2007, 18.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 5.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (89.0%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 3.1%) and Albanian being third ( 1.8%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (19.8%), the FDP (19.2%) and the Green Party (6.2%).

The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.3%. In Niederbipp about 69.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Niederbipp has an unemployment rate of 1.79%. As of 2005, there were 255 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 46 businesses involved in this sector. 623 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 55 businesses in this sector. 853 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 105 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1764 | 1,041 |
| 1850 | 2,337 |
| 1900 | 2,245 |
| 1950 | 3,050 |
| 2000 | 3,930 |
|

## Transport

Härkingen respectively Niederbipp are scheduled as one of the eight hubs of the proposed Cargo Sous Terrain, an underground cargo transport system those first phase is planned by the early 2030s.

## InfoBox

| Niederbipp | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view of Niederbipp | |
|  | |
| Location of Niederbipp | |
| NiederbippNiederbipp | |
| Coordinates: 47°16′N 7°42′E / 47.267°N 7.700°E / 47.267; 7.700 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Oberaargau |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.5 km2 (6.8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 468 m (1,535 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 4,715 |
| Density | 270/km2 (700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 4704 |
| SFOS number | 0981 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-BE |
| Surrounded by | Balsthal (SO), Bannwil, Kestenholz (SO), Laupersdorf (SO), Oberbipp, Oensingen (SO), Schwarzhäusern, Wolfisberg |
| Website | www.niederbipp.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Noel Lister

abstract: Noel Lister was the founder of MFI Group which became one of the United Kingdom's largest retail chains, and also the founder of UKSA, a youth education and maritime training charity based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight.

text:
# Noel Lister

**Noel Lister** (26 December 1927 – 29 January 2015) was the founder of MFI Group which became one of the United Kingdom's largest retail chains, and also the founder of UKSA (formerly the UK Sailing Academy), a youth education and maritime training charity based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight.

## Career

Noel Lister initially went into business trading in war surplus goods which he purchased at auction.

He co-founded MFI Group in 1964.

He was a keen sailor - he was a contender for the Admiral's Cup in *Imp* \- and in 1987 secured the future of the *UK Sailing Academy* at Cowes by acquiring it from the Sports Council and transferring it, and a donation of £4 million, into a Trust Fund. At the time he owned the yacht, *Whirlwind IX*, and his vision was to provide maritime training for good quality people so that they could work on large yachts.

He died on 29 January 2015.

His children included the conservationist and philanthropist Paul Lister.


title: The Princess (W. S. Gilbert play)

abstract: The Princess is a blank verse farcical play, in five scenes with music, by W. S. Gilbert which adapts and parodies Alfred Lord Tennyson's humorous 1847 narrative poem, The Princess. It was first produced at the Olympic Theatre in London on 8 January 1870. Gilbert called the piece "a whimsical allegory... a respectful operatic per-version" of Tennyson's poem. The play was a modest success, playing for about 82 performances through April and enjoying a provincial tour. Gilbert liked the theme so much that he adapted the play as the libretto to Princess Ida (1884), one of his Savoy Operas with Arthur Sullivan. The Princess is a satire of women's education, a controversial subject in 1847, when Queen's College first opened in London, and in 1870, but less so by 1884.

text:
# The Princess (W. S. Gilbert play)

***The Princess*** is a blank verse farcical play, in five scenes with music, by W. S. Gilbert which adapts and parodies Alfred Lord Tennyson's humorous 1847 narrative poem, *The Princess*. It was first produced at the Olympic Theatre in London on 8 January 1870.

Gilbert called the piece "a whimsical allegory ... a respectful operatic per-version" of Tennyson's poem. The play was a modest success, playing for about 82 performances through April and enjoying a provincial tour. Gilbert liked the theme so much that he adapted the play as the libretto to *Princess Ida* (1884), one of his Savoy Operas with Arthur Sullivan. *The Princess* is a satire of women's education, a controversial subject in 1847, when Queen's College first opened in London, and in 1870 (Girton opened in 1869), but less so by 1884.

## Background

*The Princess* came fairly early in Gilbert's playwriting career, after his very successful one-act comic opera, *Ages Ago* (1869) and before *Our Island Home* (1870, another such piece). The play was Gilbert's first of the 1870s, a decade during which he wrote more than thirty-five plays, encompassing most genres of comedy and drama, including his series of blank verse "fairy comedies", beginning with *The Palace of Truth* later in 1870 and his first operas with Arthur Sullivan. In 1870, Gilbert was establishing his "topsy-turvy" style and proving that his capabilities extended well beyond his early burlesques and extravaganzas. *The Princess* is one of several Gilbert plays, including *The Wicked World*, *Broken Hearts*, and the later operas, *Iolanthe*, *Princess Ida*, and *Fallen Fairies*, where the introduction of males into a tranquil world of women brings "mortal love" that wreaks havoc with the status quo. Stedman calls this a "Gilbertian invasion plot".

The play is a farcical burlesque of Tennyson's 1847 narrative blank-verse poem, *The Princess*. Gilbert's play is also written in blank verse and retains Tennyson's basic serio-comic story line about a heroic princess who runs a women's college and about the prince who loves her. He and his two friends infiltrate the college disguised as female students. Gilbert returned to his play in 1883, adapting it as one of his operas with Arthur Sullivan, entitled *Princess Ida*. When Tennyson published his poem, women's higher education was a novel, even radical concept. When Gilbert wrote *The Princess* in 1870, women's higher education was still an innovative idea. Girton College, the first university-level women's college in Britain, had been established at the University of Cambridge in 1869. However, by the time Gilbert and Sullivan collaborated on *Princess Ida* in 1883, a women's college was a well-established concept. Westfield College, London's first women's college, had opened in 1882 and is cited as a model for Castle Adamant, the women's college in *Princess Ida*.

The lyrics to the songs in *The Princess* were set to popular tunes from popular operetta and grand opera of the time, including works by Hervé and Jacques Offenbach. The three young men are played by women, so that, during a large part of the play, women are playing men disguised as women. Gilbert had been eager to try a "blank verse burlesque in which a picturesque story should be told in a strain of mock-heroic seriousness." The satire in the piece is of a higher intellectual order than the pun-filled burlesques playing in London at the time, and the publicity for the play touted this. The dialogue in *Princess Ida* is little changed from that in *The Princess*.

## Roles and original cast

* King Hildebrand – David Fisher
* Prince Hilarion, his Son – Maria Simpson (Mrs. W. H. Liston)
* Cyril and Florian, his friends, Noblemen of King Hildebrand's Court – Augusta Thompson and Miss Montgomery
* King Gama – Mr. Elliot
* Prince Arac, Prince Guron, and Prince Scynthius, his Sons – Jessie Earle, Miss Harrington and Miss Ewell
* Atho, King Hildebrand's Chamberlain – Mr. Franks
* First Officer and Second Officer – Arthur Brown and Mr. Davis
* Gobbo a Porter – Mr. St. Maur
* Princess Ida, Daughter of King Gama and Principal of the Ladies' University – Mattie Reinhardt
* Lady Psyche, Professor of Experimental Science – Fanny Addison
* Lady Blanche, Professor of Abstract Philosophy – Mrs. Poynter
* Melissa, her Daughter – Patti Josephs
* Bertha, Ada, Chloe, Sacharissa, Sylvia, Phoebe, Amarinthe, and Laura – Misses Joy, Clyfoard, Moore, Alma, Everard, Fitzjames, Corinne, Graham and Clara
* Lady Undergraduates

## Scenes and story

The play is divided into five scenes:

* Scene First – Court in King Hildebrand's Palace.
* Scene Second – The Gates of Castle Adamant.
* Scene Third – Grounds of Castle Adamant.
* Scene Fourth – Hildebrand's Camp before Ida's Castle.
* Scene Fifth – Inner Gate of Castle Adamant.

The plot is essentially the same as the later opera: Ida's misshapen father, King Gama, and his three hulking sons (played as breeches roles in *The Princess*) arrive at the court of King Hildebrand. They bring news that the beautiful Princess Ida, to whom Hildebrand's son, Prince Hilarion, was betrothed in infancy, will not honour her marriage vows. She rules a women's university and excludes all men from entering. Hilarion and two companions (also played by women) disguise themselves as female students and sneak inside the walls, but they are soon discovered, eventually causing chaos and panic, during which the prince has occasion to save Ida's life. Hildebrand agrees to give Ida a chance: The outcome of a tournament pitting her three brothers against Hilarion and his two friends will decide whether she must marry the Prince. In the battle, the Prince and his friends wound Ida's brothers, after which she accepts the Prince as her husband, admitting that she loves him (in Tennyson's poem, the Prince is defeated, but Ida, nursing him to health, comes to love him).

* Stedman, Jane W. (1996). *W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3.


title: Golden Jubilee Medal of Uganda

abstract: The Golden Jubilee Medal is awarded by the President of Uganda in recognition of outstanding service and loyalty to Uganda. Honorees are selected by the Presidential Awards Committee, which is responsible for identifying, selecting, vetting and forwarding nominated persons to the President for conferment of the Honors. The awards committee is headed by a Chancellor.

text:
# Golden Jubilee Medal of Uganda

The **Golden Jubilee Medal** is awarded by the President of Uganda in recognition of outstanding service and loyalty to Uganda. Honorees are selected by the Presidential Awards Committee, which is responsible for identifying, selecting, vetting and forwarding nominated persons to the President for conferment of the Honors. The awards committee is headed by a Chancellor.

## 2022 Golden Jubilee Awardees

The 2022 awards were conferred on 26 January, 2022.

| Name | Year | Notable as | additional ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prof. Patrick Engeu Ogwang | 2022 | Innovator of Covidex |  |
| Dr. Joseph Brown Kigula-Mugambe | 2022 |  |  |
| Prof. Philippa Musoke | 2022 | Nevirapine Research for HIV-positive mothers |  |
| Dr. Joseph Epodoi | 2022 |  |  |
| Dr. Josephine Namugenyi | 2022 | Medical officer |  |
| Dr. Rev. Sr. Margaret Ajiko Mary | 2022 | Consultant surgeon |  |
| Dr. Joan Uwantege | 2022 | Medical officer |  |
| Dr. Innocent Ocen | 2022 | Intern doctor |  |
| Dr. Amina Nakawesa | 2022 | Intern doctor |  |
| Dr. Florence Alaroker Senior | 2022 | Consultant paediatrician |  |
| Dr. Clare Nakubulwa | 2022 | Medical officer |  |
| Jackson Keem Moding | 2022 | Senior anesthetic officer |  |
| John Guma Ambaga | 2022 | Senior anesthetic officer |  |
| Zenaida Kituyi | 2022 | Anaesthetic officer |  |
| Sr. Medrine Kibetenga | 2022 | Recovery nurse |  |
| Sr. Sarah Alekat | 2022 | Recovery nurse |  |
| Sr. Jenipher Ajilong | 2022 | Instrument nurse |  |
| Daniel Ebwalu | 2022 | Theatre nurse |  |
| Margaret Ajok | 2022 | Recovery nurse |  |
| Prof. Monica Chibita | 2022 | Women Empowerment |  |
| Dr. Catherine Nakalembe | 2022 | For efforts to improve food security in Africa with Satellite Data |  |
| Peruth Chemutai | 2022 | Women's 3000m steeplechase Gold Medalist-Tokyo 2020 Olympics in 2021 |  |
| Jacob Kiplimo | 2022 | World Half-Marathon Record Holder |  |
| Charles Mawerere | 2022 |  |  |
| Robinah Mwangale Mubeeke | 2022 |  |  |
| Frank Kalimuzo (RIP) | 2022 |  |  |
| Gollapalli Naga Mohana Rao | 2022 |  |  |
| Dr. Stephen Birungi | 2022 |  |  |
| Onyach Onecimo Oyoo RIP | 2022 |  |  |
| Dr. Barugahare Charles | 2018 | Former University Secretary, Makerere University |


title: Tokyo Wars

abstract: Tokyo Wars is a 1996 first-person shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco.

text:
# Tokyo Wars

***Tokyo Wars*** is a 1996 first-person shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco.

## Gameplay

*Tokyo Wars* allows one to eight players to control separate tanks, either as teammates or as opponents. Players can play either in the heart of downtown Tokyo or at the city's bayside dock. However, the players have twenty seconds to make all the decisions before the game automatically locks them in.

The deluxe cabinets features a pneumatic haptic control that simulates the recoil effect from the tank's main gun. Since the regular cabinets do not offer an air-powered recoil, the deluxe edition delivers slightly more realism than the normal cabinet. Arrows on top the screen help determine teammate from opponent because twenty tanks are rushing down the battlefield looking for an easy kill. While cars can always be demolished by crushing them over, some of the passageways in the game would crumble under the weight of the massive tanks.

A game lasts for fifteen minutes or until all opposing tanks are shot down. The game uses Namco's Super System 22 board, with a custom cabinet. Players must sit down in order to play the game. Games can be played either as a competition with human players on both sides or cooperatively on the same team against AI-controlled opponents. Although only two players can play at a time, up to four machines can be interconnected to provide up to eight players a chance to compete in tournament-style matches.

## Reception

*Tokyo Wars* was a popular title in arcades during the late-1990s; the Japanese arcade game publication *Game Machine* reported that it was the most popular arcade game of January 1997. A reviewer for *Next Generation* said the game "is essentially a mondo, testosterone cannonfest with semi-fast tanks (faster than real tanks, but not as fast as you want them to be)", praising the large arenas with strategically useful cover and destructible scenery. He noted that the game was geared heavily towards two-on-two play, to the point where the cabinet is only sold in a four-player configuration, though single-player play is possible.

In 2010, Ron Alpert of *Gamasutra* believed that *Tokyo Wars* was one of Namco's most-impressive arcade games at the time, writing that it "dragged the genre kicking and screaming into the new generation with a much more arresting presentation." He compared its gameplay to Atari's *Battlezone* and shared his admiration for its arcade cabinet. *Kotaku Australia* writer Chris Jager ranked it among the best tank-themed video games of all time in 2014, believing that it and similar games gave arcades an edge over platforms such as the Nintendo 64. Jager found the graphics to still be impressive today, and also enjoyed its control style and force feedback.

## Legacy

In 2009, Namco Bandai Games produced a spiritual successor to *Tokyo Wars*, titled *Tank! Tank! Tank!*. Originally released for arcades, it was later ported to the Wii U in 2012 as a system launch title. *Tank! Tank! Tank!* features many of the same mechanics and concepts established in *Tokyo Wars*, focusing primarily on the co-operative play and destroying larger boss enemies. While the arcade version was liked for its gameplay and exhilerating action, the Wii U version was harshly criticized for its lack of online play and depth. *Tokyo Wars* was also a heavy source of inspiration for the Nintendo 64 game *Battle Tanx*.

1. Quan, Slasher (May 1996). "News: ACME Arcade Show Report - Tokyo Wars (By Namco)". *Computer and Video Games*. No. 174. EMAP. p. 16.
2. "Feature: AM Show - JAMMA — Namco - Tokyo Wars". *Computer and Video Games*. No. 181. EMAP. December 1996. p. 55.
3. "Tokyo Wars - Videogame by Namco". *Killer List of Videogames*. International Arcade Museum. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
4. Jager, Chris (June 23, 2014). "Hey, Tanky Tanky! The Top 6 Tank Games Of All Time". *Kotaku Australia*. G/O Media. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
5. "Tokyo Wars - Overview". *AllGame*. All Media Network. 1998. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
6. "Model 3: Sega Affirms Arcade Supremacy". *Next Generation*. No. 17. Imagine Media. May 1996. p. 16.
7. "Tank Heavens". *Next Generation*. No. 19. Imagine Media. July 1996. p. 90.
8. Delpierre, Christophe; Daniel, François (January 1997). "L'arcade dépasse les bornes! - Tokyo Wars (Namco)". *Player One* (in French). No. 71. Média Système Édition. p. 45.
9. Priestman, Chris (August 20, 2015). "Tokyo Warfare Brings Back Memories Of Namco's Tokyo Wars". *Siliconera*. Curse, Inc. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
10. "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - 完成品夕イプのTVゲーム機 (Dedicated Videos)". *Game Machine* (in Japanese). No. 533. Amusement Press. January 1, 1997. p. 33.
11. Alpert, Ron (September 9, 2010). "Retro Game of the Day! Tokyo Wars". *Gamasutra*. UBM Technology Group. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
12. Fletcher, JC (September 27, 2012). "Wii U launch supported by 23 day-one releases in North America". *Joystiq*. AOL. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
13. Epperson, Justin (September 18, 2009). "New Arcade Games Coming Soon to Japan". *1UP.com*. IGN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
14. "１１月２日番組から \[番組スタッフより\]". *Radio Nikkei* (in Japanese). Nikkei. November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
15. Lynch, Casey (December 14, 2012). "Tank! Tank! Tank! Review". IGN. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
16. Peele, Britton (November 27, 2012). "Tank! Tank! Tank! Review". *GameSpot*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
17. IGN Staff (May 26, 1998). "3DO Interview -- Battle Tanx for N64". IGN. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Tokyo Wars | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Namco |
| Publisher(s) | Namco |
| Composer(s) | Akihiko Ishikawa |
| Platform(s) | Arcade |
| Release | * JP: September 1996 * NA: October 1996 |
| Genre(s) | First-person shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |
| Arcade system | Namco Super System 22 |


title: Etzikom Coulee

abstract: Etzikom Coulee is a coulee located in Southern Alberta, Canada. The waterway was formed as a glacial spillway channel at the end of the last ice age.

text:
# Etzikom Coulee

**Etzikom Coulee** is a coulee located in Southern Alberta, Canada.

The waterway was formed as a glacial spillway channel at the end of the last ice age.

## Course

The Etzikom Coulee begins northeast of the town of Stirling, and makes its way southeast of the Hamlet of Wrentham, after that it passes by the Hamlet of Skiff into the Crow Indian Lake, then southeast of the Village of Foremost as well as the Hamlet of Nemiskam, and finally ending south of the Hamlet of Etzikom at Pakowki Lake, the largest lake in Southern Alberta.

It flows from an elevation of 930 meters (3,050 ft) at its origin east of Stirling Lake (to which it is connected by the Sluice Gate Channel) to an elevation of 860 meters (2,820 ft) at its mouth at Pakowki Lake, over a length of more than 110 kilometers (68 mi). The coulee builds a canyon up to 40 meters (130 ft) deep.

## InfoBox

| Etzikom Coulee | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Stirling Lake |
| coordinates | 49°31′44″N 112°32′30″W / 49.52894°N 112.54171°W / 49.52894; -112.54171 (Stirling Lake) |
| elevation | 930 meters (3,050 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Pakowki Lake |
| coordinates | 49°23′17″N 111°05′42″W / 49.38805°N 111.09504°W / 49.38805; -111.09504 (Etzikom Coulee mouth) |
| elevation | 860 meters (2,820 ft) |
| Length | ~110 kilometers (68 mi) |


title: Emma Asson

abstract: Emma Asson was an Estonian politician. She was the first woman to be elected to the Estonian parliament. Asson participated in the creation of the first constitution of the independent Estonia, particularly within the fields of education and gender equality. She also wrote some of the first history textbook in the Estonian language in 1912.

text:
# Emma Asson

**Emma Asson** (13 July 1889 – 1 January 1965) was an Estonian politician (Social Democrat). She was the first woman to be elected to the Estonian parliament. Asson participated in the creation of the first constitution of the independent Estonia, particularly within the fields of education and gender equality. She also wrote some of the first history textbook in the Estonian language in 1912.

## Biography

Emma Asson was born in Vaabina Parish, Võru County, Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire, as the daughter of a teacher. She studied at the A. S. Pushkin Girls' School in Tartu and graduated in history at the Bestuzhev Courses in Saint Petersburg in Russia in 1910. She was then employed as a history teacher at a girls' college in Tartu.

Emma Asson was active in different women's organisations for social and education issues. In 1919, she was elected to the Tallinn city council as well as to the first national parliament of the independent Estonia for the social democrats. She was the first woman. In 1920, the women of Estonia were given full political rights under a new constitution. Two women were consulted over this constitution, and they were Minni Kurs-Olesk and Asson. She was a member of the Education Ministry in 1919–21, secretary for the Estonian Women's Association and Head of the Education Department in 1925–1940.

She was married to the politician Ferdinand Petersen from 1921 to 1941.

## Sources


title: Niederbachheim

abstract: Niederbachheim is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

text:
# Niederbachheim

**Niederbachheim**  is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

## InfoBox

| Niederbachheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Niederbachheim within Rhein-Lahn-Kreis district | |
| Niederbachheim Niederbachheim | |
| Coordinates: 50°14′56″N 7°45′53″E / 50.24889°N 7.76472°E / 50.24889; 7.76472 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Nastätten |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Volker Palm |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.93 km2 (1.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 270 m (890 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 275 |
| Density | 94/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56357 |
| Dialling codes | 06776 |
| Vehicle registration | EMS, DIZ, GOH |


title: Honoo Hamaguchi

abstract: Honoo Hamaguchi is a Japanese basketball coach. He originates from Oshima Island. As of 2011 Hamaguchi had been a part of the Japanese basketball league longer than most of the other coaches of Japanese basketball teams had been a part. Ed Odeven of The Japan Times said that Hamaguchi works for success but does not seek attention despite being in a social media era. For six seasons of the existence of the Sendai 89ers, Hamaguchi served as the coach. He began as the coach of the Sendai 89ers after the team entered the bj-league in 2005. In 2011 Hamaguchi's coaching of the Sendai 89ers ended after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred. He is now the coach of the Kyoto Hannaryz. Ed Odeven said that Hamaguchi has "quirks" and sometimes an "overbearing coaching style." In regards to Marcus Cousin playing for the Kyoto team, in 2012 a former Hannaryz player asked "He should obviously dominate, but it is all about how his personality will deal with Honoo. Will Honoo let him be himself, or will Honoo try to control every little detail?"

text:
# Honoo Hamaguchi

**Honoo Hamaguchi** (浜口 炎, **Hamaguchi Honō**) (born in December 1971) is a Japanese basketball coach. He originates from Oshima Island. As of 2011 Hamaguchi had been a part of the Japanese basketball league longer than most of the other coaches of Japanese basketball teams had been a part. Ed Odeven of *The Japan Times* said that Hamaguchi works for success but does not seek attention despite being in a social media era.

For six seasons of the existence of the Sendai 89ers, Hamaguchi served as the coach. He began as the coach of the Sendai 89ers after the team entered the bj-league in 2005. In 2011 Hamaguchi's coaching of the Sendai 89ers ended after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred. He is now the coach of the Kyoto Hannaryz.

Ed Odeven said that Hamaguchi has "quirks" and sometimes an "overbearing coaching style." In regards to Marcus Cousin playing for the Kyoto team, in 2012 a former Hannaryz player asked "He should obviously dominate, but it is all about how his personality will deal with Honoo. Will Honoo let him be himself, or will Honoo try to control every little detail?"

## Head coaching record

Legend
| Regular season | G | Games coached | W | Games won | L | Games lost | W–L % | Win–loss % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Playoffs | PG | Playoff games | PW | Playoff wins | PL | Playoff losses | PW–L % | Playoff win–loss % |

| Team | Year | G | W | L | W–L% | Finish | PG | PW | PL | PW–L% | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sendai 89ers | 2005-06 | 40 | 18 | 22 | .450 | 4th | - | - | - |  |  |
| Sendai 89ers | 2006-07 | 40 | 19 | 21 | .475 | 5th | - | - | - |  |  |
| Sendai 89ers | 2007-08 | 44 | 29 | 15 | .659 | 1st in Eastern | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 | 3rd place |
| Sendai 89ers | 2008-09 | 52 | 31 | 21 | .596 | 3rd in Eastern | 2 | 0 | 2 | .000 | Lost in 1st round |
| Sendai 89ers | 2009-10 | 52 | 35 | 17 | .673 | 2nd in Eastern | 3 | 1 | 2 | .333 | Lost in 1st round |
| Sendai 89ers | 2010-11 | 36 | 24 | 12 | .667 | - | - | - | - |  |  |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2011-12 | 52 | 34 | 18 | .654 | 3rd in Western | 8 | 4 | 4 | .500 | 4th place |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2012-13 | 52 | 29 | 23 | .558 | 5th in Western | 7 | 5 | 2 | .714 | 3rd place |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2013-14 | 52 | 34 | 18 | .654 | 2nd in Western | 5 | 2 | 3 | .400 | 4th place |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2014-15 | 52 | 44 | 8 | .846 | 1st in Western | 5 | 3 | 2 | .600 | Lost in 2nd round |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2015-16 | 52 | 41 | 11 | .788 | 1st in Western | 6 | 4 | 2 | .667 | 4th place |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2016-17 | 60 | 26 | 34 | .433 | 4th in Western | - | - | - |  | - |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2017-18 | 60 | 34 | 26 | .567 | 2nd in Western | 2 | 0 | 2 | .000 | Lost in 1st round |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2018-19 | 60 | 31 | 29 | .517 | 3rd in Western | - | - | - |  | - |
| Kyoto Hannaryz | 2019-20 | 41 | 20 | 21 | .488 | 4th in Western | - | - | - |  | - |

## InfoBox

Honoo Hamaguchi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Toyama Grouses | |
| Position | Head coach |
| League | B.League |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1971-12-17) December 17, 1971
Ōshima, Tokyo |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Career information | |
| High school | Mukogaoka
(Bunkyō, Tokyo) |
| College | Aichi Gakusen University |
| Coaching career | 2004–present |
| Career history | |
| As coach: | |
| 2004–2005 | Toyota Alvark (asst) |
| 2005-2011 | Sendai 89ers |
| 2011-2020 | Kyoto Hannaryz |
| 2020-present | Toyama Grouses |
|  | |


title: The Scarlet Spear

abstract: The Scarlet Spear is a 1954 British drama film directed by George P. Breakston and starring John Bentley and Martha Hyer. The cast consisted mostly of Kenyan actors. The plot concerns a British District Officer who tries to prevent a ritual killing.

text:
# The Scarlet Spear

***The Scarlet Spear*** is a 1954 British drama film directed by George P. Breakston and starring John Bentley and Martha Hyer. The cast consisted mostly of Kenyan actors. The plot concerns a British District Officer who tries to prevent a ritual killing.

## Premise

In the colonial era, a young British District Officer tries to persuade the new chief of a tribe not to commit a ritual killing.

## Cast

* John Bentley as District Officer Jim T. Barneson
* Martha Hyer as Christine
* Morasi as Morasi, the chief's son
* Yusef as Yusef, the head bearer
* Faraji as Faraji, the second bearer
* Thea Gregory

1. BFI.org

## InfoBox

| The Scarlet Spear | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | George P. Breakston
C. Ray Stahl |
| Written by | George P. Breakston
C. Ray Stahl |
| Produced by | Irene Breakston
Charles Reynolds |
| Starring | John Bentley
Martha Hyer |
| Cinematography | Bernard Davies |
| Edited by | John Shirley |
| Music by | Ivor Slaney |
| Production
company | Charles Reynolds Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * 1 March 1954 (1954-03-01) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Monsonia

abstract: Monsonia is a genus of plants in the family Geraniaceae. It is named after Lady Anne Monson, 1714–76, known for her botanical knowledge and plant collecting in the Cape.

text:
# Monsonia

***Monsonia*** is a genus of plants in the family Geraniaceae. It is named after Lady Anne Monson, 1714–76, known for her botanical knowledge and plant collecting in the Cape.

## Description

*Monsonia* consists of herbs or undershrubs often with simple stem from woody rootstock or deep tap root; leaves toothed or divided; flowers regular, petals 5, separate, tip broad, blunt or slightly notched, stamens in 5 groups with 3 stamens in each, one longer than others, ovary 5 lobed; fruit beaked.

## Taxonomy

As of July 2020, the *World Checklist of Selected Plant Families* accepts 27 species:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## Distribution

Distributed in Africa, Western Asia and East India, approximately 40 species, approximately 21 in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Monsonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Monsonia emarginata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Geraniales |
| Family: | Geraniaceae |
| Genus: | *Monsonia*<br>L. |
|


title: Tom Hewitt (rugby league)

abstract: Tom Hewitt is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the NRL competition for the St George Illawarra Dragons. Hewitt's position of choice was as a wing, he could also operate at fullback.

text:
# Tom Hewitt (rugby league)

**Tom Hewitt** (born 1 October 1985) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the NRL competition for the St George Illawarra Dragons. Hewitt's position of choice was as a wing, he could also operate at fullback.

## Playing career

Hewitt made his first grade debut in round 14, 2007 with the St George Illawarra Dragons against the Parramatta Eels with Parramatta snatching a 20–12 win and Hewitt scoring a try.

Hewitt revealed on 8 August 2007, that he had signed with the Brisbane Broncos for the 2008 season but made no appearances for the club.

## InfoBox

Tom Hewitt
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Hewitt |
| Born | (1985-10-01) 1 October 1985<br>Theodore, Queensland, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 82 kg (12 st 13 lb; 181 lb) |
| Position | Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2007 St. George Illawarra 5 4 0 0 20 | |
| Source: | |