title: Henry Hurwitz Jr.

abstract: Henry Hurwitz Jr. was a physicist at General Electric Company who pioneered the theory and design of nuclear power plants and helped engineer the reactor for the Seawolf nuclear submarine.

text:
# Henry Hurwitz Jr.

**Henry Hurwitz Jr.** (December 25, 1918 – April 14, 1992) was a physicist at General Electric Company who pioneered the theory and design of nuclear power plants and helped engineer the reactor for the Seawolf nuclear submarine.

## Biography

He was born in Manhattan on December 25, 1918. He graduated from Cornell University in 1938, with an M.S. in physics. He then went to Harvard University in 1939 and received a Ph.D. in quantum mechanics in 1941. His first marriage ended in divorce.

In 1943 he was recruited by Hans Bethe to help Edward Teller's staff of researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico develop the thermonuclear reactions for the hydrogen bomb. In 1946, Hurwitz became one of the first scientists to work at GE's Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. In 1947 he transferred to the GE Research and Development Center to become manager of the Nucleonics and Radiation Branch. His team of scientists used advanced theta-pinch techniques to harness fusion reactions.

In 1955, a year after Fortune Magazine named him as one of the top 10 scientists in U.S. industry, Hurwitz contributed to establishing the first atomic containment sphere for GE. The development advanced industry-wide safety protocols for enclosing nuclear reactors. He held 15 patents. He was elected in 1953 a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

His interest in electronic devices, computer applications, and chemical engineering prompted GE to recognize Hurwitz's accomplishments in 1975 by naming him a Coolidge Fellow, the GE R&D Center's highest honor. Hurwitz also is noted for his efforts to raise awareness about the dangers of radon, and later received the Glenn T. Seaborg Medal in 1989 from the American Nuclear Society.

> ... in his later years he became a competitive downhill skier, windsurfer and sailor, and he was very proud of earning medals in these endeavors. Once he had mastered sailing to his own satisfaction, he contributed to its science with a technical paper in *Yachting Magazine* on an optimal strategy for sailing upwind.

He died on April 14, 1992, in Schenectady, New York, of cancer, at age 73.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Henry Hurwitz Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Hurwitz (left) receiving the E.O. Lawrence Award in 1961 | |
| Born | (1918-12-25)December 25, 1918 |
| Died | April 14, 1992(1992-04-14) (aged 73) |
| Education | Cornell University (1938)
Harvard University (1941) |
| Employer(s) | Manhattan Project
General Electric Company |
| Spouse | Alma Rosenbaum  (m. 1951) |
| Parent | Henry Hurwitz Sr. |


title: Gonatista

abstract:
Gonatista is a genus of praying mantises in the family Epaphroditidae. The following species are recognised in the genus Gonatista:
  - Gonatista grisea
  - Gonatista jaiba
  - Gonatista major
  - Gonatista phryganoides
  - Gonatista reticulata According to a 2004 paper by entomologists from the University of Catania and the National Museum of Natural History this genus:...is widely distributed in North America and the Caribbean area. There are (five) homogeneous species...whose specific differences such as chromatic models and body size, as shown in literature, do not help us in their identification. On the basis of the material studied here we have verified that a valid diagnostic character is the morphology of the external copulatory apparatus

text:
# Gonatista

***Gonatista*** is a genus of praying mantises in the family Epaphroditidae.

The following species are recognised in the genus *Gonatista*:

According to a 2004 paper by entomologists from the University of Catania and the National Museum of Natural History this genus:

> ...is widely distributed in North America and the Caribbean area. There are (five) homogeneous species...whose specific differences such as chromatic models and body size, as shown in literature (Caudell 1912), do not help us in their identification. On the basis of the material studied here we have verified that a valid diagnostic character is the morphology of the external copulatory apparatus

## InfoBox

| *Gonatista* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *G. grisea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Epaphroditidae |
| Subfamily: | Gonatistinae |
| Genus: | *Gonatista*<br>Saussure, 1869 |
|
| Species | |
| *See text* | |


title: Renate Bartsch

abstract: Renate Irmtraut Bartsch is a German philosopher of language. She was a professor at the University of Amsterdam between 1974 and 2004.

text:
# Renate Bartsch

**Renate Irmtraut Bartsch** (born 12 December 1939) is a German philosopher of language. She was a professor at the University of Amsterdam between 1974 and 2004.

## Career

Bartsch was born on 12 December 1939 in Königsberg. She earned her Doctor title at Heidelberg University in 1967 with a thesis titled: "Grundzüge einer empiristischen Bedeutungstheorie". Bartsch worked as professor of philosophy of language at the University of Amsterdam from 1974 until she retired in 2004.

Bartsch became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000.


title: Happy Landings and Lost Tracks

abstract: Happy Landings and Lost Tracks is a compilation album by the Fixx released on 11 December 2001.

text:
# Happy Landings and Lost Tracks

***Happy Landings and Lost Tracks*** is a compilation album by the Fixx released on 11 December 2001.

## Happy Landings 1996 planned album release

The ***Happy Landings and Lost Tracks*** compilation comprises tracks recorded during sessions that commenced at Fairless Masterman's flat, Castellain Road, Maida Vale, London on 26 February 1996 and concluded on 28 April, for the planned ***Happy Landings*** album to be released later that year with the following track listing (other tracks recorded during these sessions included "House Arrest" and "Prove Yourself"):

1. "Modern World" – 4:08
2. "Two Different Views" – 5:11
3. "Going Without" – 4:41
4. "Freeman" – 6:06
5. "Happy Landings" – 4:25
6. "Ocean Blue" – 6:05
7. "We Once Held Hands" – 7:48
8. "Sweet Pandemonium" – 4:01
9. "Mayfly" – 5:42
10. "Elected" – 2:54

## Happy Landings 1997 planned album release

The 1996 version of the ***Happy Landings*** album was not released, but eight of the tracks were subsequently re-recorded/remixed by Stephen W. Tayler and Sadia Sadia during February and March 1997 for a planned release of the album later that year, with the newly recorded tracks of "Lonely As A Lighthouse" (recorded 10–12 February 1997 at Route One Studios, London) and "Life's What's Killing Me" replacing "Mayfly" and "Elected" (another track under development at this time was titled, "Peace Louise"):

1. "Modern World"
2. "Two Different Views"
3. "Going Without"
4. "Happy Landings"
5. "Freeman"
6. "We Once Held Hands"
7. "Lonely As A Lighthouse"
8. "Ocean Blue"
9. "Life's What's Killing Me"
10. "Sweet Pandemonium"

* Cy Curnin – lead vocals, guitar
* Rupert Greenall – keyboards, vocals
* Jamie West-Oram – guitar, vocals, lead vocals on "Sweet Pandemonium"
* Adam Woods – drums

**Additional personnel**

* Jeff Scantlebury – percussion
* Chris Tait – bass on "Modern World" and "Two Different Views"
* Dennis Bovell – bass on "Going Without", "Freeman" and "We Once Held Hands"
* Dan K. Brown – bass on "Sweet Pandemonium"
* Matthew Kleinman & Jason McDermot – brass on "Freeman"
* Liz Skillings – background vocals on "Two Different Views", "Ocean Blue" and "Sweet Pandemonium"

Six of the 1997 session tracks ("Two Different Views", "Going Without", "Happy Landings", "We Once Held Hands", "Ocean Blue" and "Life's What's Killing Me") were subsequently re-recorded/remixed/edited for the *Elemental* album released on 7 April 1998.

The 1997 version of "Sweet Pandemonium" was made available as a digital download.

## Happy Landings 1997 five-track EP

A limited edition (1000 copies) five-track EP of *"tracks from the forthcoming album Happy Landings"* was pressed and made available for sale on the band's tour commencing on 10 July 1997. The versions of these five tracks are unique to this EP, except for "Two Different Views" and "Going Without", which also appeared on the 3 July 2001 re-release of the "Missing Links" compilation on the Fuel 2000 label. This version of "Two Different Views" also appeared on the *Ultimate Collection* compilation album released on 9 November 1999.

1. "Two Different Views" – 5:50
2. "Going Without" – 4:58
3. "Happy Landings" – 5:03
4. "Freeman" – 4:33
5. "We Once Held Hands" – 8:23

* Produced and engineered by Martin Rex
* Additional production and mixing by Stephen W. Tayler and Sadia
* Executive production: Sadia
* Mastered at Metropolis Studios, London
* Mastering engineer: Ian Cooper
* Management: Jeff Neben / Axis Management
* All songs written by the Fixx
* Hit & Run Music Publishing Inc. JARC Ltd.
* (ASCAP) 1997 Administration by Warner Chappell Music
* Hit & Run Music MMR8080

## Additional notes

*Happy Landings and Lost Tracks* marks the first time all ten session tracks from 1996 have been released as originally recorded, five\* for the first time, although "Modern World" and "Elected" had previously been available as digital downloads.

Of the ten tracks re-recorded/remixed with Stephen W. Tayler and Sadia Sadia in early 1997, only "Modern World", "Lonely As A Lighthouse", "Ocean Blue" and "Life's What's Killing Me" remain unreleased.

A new version of “Lonely As A Lighthouse” was recorded and released on the Every Five Seconds album on 3 June 2022.

"House Arrest" and "Peace Louise" remain unreleased in any form whatsoever and truly are "lost" tracks.

An earlier (1991–1994) recorded version of "Mayfly" (written by Cy Curnin and Stuart Zaltz) appears on the same-titled first solo album by Cy Curnin released on 22 February 2005.

## Track listing

1. "Modern World" – 4:08\*
2. "Going Without" – 4:41
3. "Freeman" – 6:06\*
4. "Elected" – 2:54\*
5. "Mayfly" – 5:42\*
6. "Two Different Views" – 5:11
7. "Ocean Blue" – 6:05
8. "We Once Held Hands" – 7:48
9. "Sweet Pandemonium" – 4:01\*
10. "Happy Landings" – 4:25

## Personnel

* Cy Curnin – lead vocals, guitar
* Adam Woods – drums
* Rupert Greenall – keyboards, vocals
* Jamie West-Oram – guitar, vocals

**Additional personnel**

* Jeff Scantlebury — percussion
* Dennis Bovell — bass on "Going Without", "Freeman" and "We Once Held Hands"
* Dan K. Brown — bass on "Mayfly" and "Sweet Pandemonium"; Suzaphone on "Elected"
* Chris Tait — bass on "Modern World"
* Matthew Kleinman and Jason McDermot — brass on "Freeman" and "Elected"
* Liz Skillings — background vocals on "Ocean Blue"

## Production

* Produced and engineered by Martin Rex (mixed by Martin Rex at Howard Jones' shed on a Euphonix console)
* Mastered by Steve Hall at Future Disc
* All songs written by the Fixx
* All songs published by Yadu Music Inc. (ASCAP)

## InfoBox

| Happy Landings and Lost Tracks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by the Fixx | |
| Released | 11 December 2001 |
| Recorded | 26 February – 28 April 1996 |
| Genre | Pop / rock |
| Length | 51:10 |
| Label | Beyond/Rainman
398 578 250-2 |
| Producer | Martin Rex |
| The Fixx chronology | |
| *Extended Versions*
(2000) ***Happy Landings and Lost Tracks***
(2001) *Then and Now*
(2002) | |


title: Museo Archivo de la Fotografía

abstract: The Museo Archivo de la Fotografía is a museum in the Historic center of Mexico City located in "La Casa de las Ajaracas", built at the end of the 16th century, at Guatemala street #34. The museum is dedicated to the conservation, research and distribution of photography.

text:
# Museo Archivo de la Fotografía

The **Museo Archivo de la Fotografía** (**MAF**; Museum of the Photographic Archive) is a museum in the Historic center of Mexico City located in "La Casa de las Ajaracas", built at the end of the 16th century, at Guatemala street #34. The museum is dedicated to the conservation, research and distribution of photography.

## InfoBox

Museo Archivo de la Fotografía
| Museum of the Photographic Archive | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| location in the Historic center of Mexico City | |
| Location | Guatemala street #34, Historic center of Mexico City |
| Coordinates | 19°26′06″N 99°07′56″W / 19.435056°N 99.132143°W / 19.435056; -99.132143 |


title: The Little Rebel

abstract: The Little Rebel is a 1914 American silent film produced by Gene Gauntier Feature Players and distributed by United Film Services. It was directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier and Jack J. Clark in the leading roles.

text:
# The Little Rebel

***The Little Rebel*** is a 1914 American silent film produced by Gene Gauntier Feature Players and distributed by United Film Services (Warner's Features). It was directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier and Jack J. Clark in the leading roles.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Little Rebel | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertising published by The Moving Picture World, Vol 22, p 1325. | |
| Directed by | Sidney Olcott |
| Produced by | Gene Gauntier Feature Players |
| Starring | Gene Gauntier
Jack J. Clark |
| Distributed by | United Film Service (Warner's Features) |
| Release date | * December 1914 (1914-12) |
| Running time | 3 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | silent
English intertitles |


title: Tomi Okawa

abstract: Tomi Okawa is a former international table tennis player from Japan.

text:
# Tomi Okawa

**Tomi Okawa** (born 26 February 1932) is a former international table tennis player from Japan.

## Career

From 1953 to 1961 Okawa won five medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships. The five World Championship medals included three gold medals in the singles at the 1956 World Table Tennis Championships and two in the team event at the 1957 World Table Tennis Championships and 1961 World Table Tennis Championships. Okawa also won an English Open title.

## InfoBox

| Tomie Okawa | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | OKADA-OKAWA Tomi |
| Nationality | Japan |
| Born | (1932-02-26) 26 February 1932 |
| Medal record      Women's table tennis  Representing  Japan  World Championships  1961 Beijing  Team  1957 Stockholm  Team  1956 Tokyo  Singles  1956 Tokyo  Doubles  1956 Tokyo  Team | |


title: Herman Lommel

abstract: Herman Lommel, born Hermann Lommel, was a German Indologist and Iranologist who was Chair of Indo-European Studies at the Goethe University Frankfurt from 1917 to 1950.

text:
# Herman Lommel

**Herman Lommel** (7 July 1885 – 5 October 1968), born **Hermann Lommel**, was a German Indologist and Iranologist who was Chair of Indo-European Studies at the Goethe University Frankfurt from 1917 to 1950.

## Biography

Herman Lommel was born in Erlangen, Germany on 7 July 1885, the son of physicist Eugen von Lommel (1837-1899). Since 1905, Lommel studied comparative philology, Indology and Iranian studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the University of Göttingen under Jacob Wackernagel (Indo-European), Hermann Oldenberg (Indology) and Friedrich Carl Andreas (Iranian studies).

Lommel gained his Ph.D. at Göttingen in 1912 under the supervision of Wackernagel. He completed his habilitation at Göttingen in 1914, and subsequently lectured there. Lommel served in the German Army during World War I. From 1917 to 1950, Lommel was Chair of Indo-European Studies at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Lommel specialized in the study of Indo-Iranian languages and cultures. He was the author of notable works on the Avesta, Yasht, Yasna and Gathas, and the Rigveda. His most important work, *Die Religion Zarathustras* (1930), provides a survey on Zoroastrianism, and is still considered one of the best works available on the subject.

Lommel retired from Frankfurt in 1950. He died in Prien am Chiemsee, Germany on 5 October 1968.

## Selected works

* *Studien über indogermanische Femininbildungen*, Ph.D. diss., Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, 1911, pub. Göttingen, 1912.
* “Untersuchungen über die Metrik des jüngeren Awesta,” ZII 1, 1922, pp. 185–245; 5, 1927, pp. 1–92.
* *Die Yäšt’s des Awesta, übersetzt und eingeleitet*, Göttingen and Leipzig, 1927.
* *Die Religion Zarathustras, nach dem Awesta dargestellt*, Tübingen, 1930; repr., Hildesheim, 1971.
* *Grundfragen der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft*, Berlin and Leipzig, 1931 (Lommel's tr. of Cours de linguistique générale, by Ferdinand de Saussure).
* “Gāthās des Zarathustra: Yasna 43-46, mit Benützung der Entwürfe von F. C. Andreas übersetzt und erklärt,” Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. New Series, 1/3, 1934, pp. 67–119.
* “Gāthās des Zarathustra: Yasna 47-51, mit Benützung der Entwürfe von F. C. Andreas übersetzt und erklärt,” Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, New Series, 1/4, 1935a, pp. 121–69.
* *Die alten Arier: von Art und Adel ihrer Götter*, Frankfurt, 1935b.
* “Yasna 29: Die Klage des Rindes,” ZII 10, 1935–36, pp. 96–115.
* “Yasna 32,” Wörter und Sachen 19, 1938, pp. 237–65.
* *Der arische Kriegsgott*, Frankfurt, 1939.
* “Yasna 34,” ZVS 67, 1942, pp. 6–26.
* *Gedichte des Rig-Veda: Auswahl und Übersetzung*, Munich, 1955.
* *Altbrahmanische Legenden*, Zürich and Stuttgart, 1964.
* *Die Gathas des Zarathustra*, ed. Bernfried Schlerath, Basel and Stuttgart, 1971.
* *Kleine Schriften*, ed. Klaus L. Janert, Wiesbaden, 1978 (with Lommel's full bibliography on pp. VII-XIX).

## Sources

* Schmitt, Rüdiger (1 January 2000). "LOMMEL, HERMAN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

## InfoBox

| Herman Lommel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1888-07-07)7 July 1888
Erlangen, Germany |
| Died | 13 March 1957(1957-03-13) (aged 61)
Prien am Chiemsee, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Jacob Wackernagel |
| Other advisors |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Main interests |  |
|  | |


title: Heydon, Cambridgeshire

abstract: Heydon is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. The parish of Heydon was transferred from Essex to Cambridgeshire in 1894. The area of the parish is 862 hectares. It is situated on one of the highest places in Cambridgeshire, with the nearby village of Great Chishill being the very highest. Heydon has the King William IV as its only pub. The village also has the Wood Green Animal Shelter Small Animals Rescue Home. And on the edge of Heydon it has its own golf course, Heydon Grange Golf Club, consisting of an 18-hole and 9-hole golf course with driving range. Holy Trinity church, in the centre of the village, was seriously damaged in a bombing raid in 1940. The south arcade was undamaged as was the chancel but the north aisle and the nave were entirely rebuilt. Holy Trinity is part of the parish of the Icknield Way together with the Chishills, Chrishall, Elmdon with Wenden Lofts and Strethall churches. The Anglo-Saxon earthwork Bran Ditch rises in Heydon and runs to Fowlmere. The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists, also passes close to the village.

text:
# Heydon, Cambridgeshire

**Heydon** is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England.

The parish of Heydon was transferred from Essex to Cambridgeshire in 1894. The area of the parish is 862 hectares (2,130 acres). It is situated on one of the highest places in Cambridgeshire, with the nearby village of Great Chishill being the very highest.

Heydon has the King William IV as its only pub. The village also has the Wood Green Animal Shelter Small Animals Rescue Home. And on the edge of Heydon it has its own golf course, Heydon Grange Golf Club, consisting of an 18-hole and 9-hole golf course with driving range.

Holy Trinity church, in the centre of the village, was seriously damaged in a bombing raid in 1940. The south arcade was undamaged as was the chancel (which is from 1866) but the north aisle and the nave were entirely rebuilt. Holy Trinity is part of the parish of the Icknield Way together with the Chishills, Chrishall, Elmdon with Wenden Lofts and Strethall churches.

The Anglo-Saxon earthwork Bran Ditch rises in Heydon and runs to Fowlmere.

The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists, also passes close to the village.

## InfoBox

| Heydon | |
| --- | --- |
| HeydonLocation within Cambridgeshire | |
| Population | 243 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | TL429393 |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Royston |
| Postcode district | SG8 |
|


title: Gold Coast Water

abstract:
Allconnex Water is the water and wastewater business for the Gold Coast, Logan and Redland districts. It was established on 1 July 2010 under the Queensland State Government’s South East Queensland (SEQ) Water Reform. The reform was initiated to improve the delivery of water services in SEQ and to make this rapidly growing region drought resilient. The Gold Coast, Logan and Redland councils own the business. Its earnings are therefore invested back into these districts through the three councils. Managing water and wastewater is Allconnex’s single focus. The business provides more than 900,000 consumers with water services. These services were previously provided by the local councils. Allconnex Water's services include:
  - Purchasing water from the State Government managed SEQ Water Grid and delivering this water to residents and businesses.
  - Collecting, treating and disposing of wastewater.
  - Building new infrastructure.
  - Managing and maintaining infrastructure and assets, including water supply mains and wastewater networks.
  - Operating water and wastewater pumping stations.
  - Providing a specialised recycled water service to businesses.

text:
# Gold Coast Water

**Allconnex Water** is the water and wastewater business for the Gold Coast, Logan and Redland districts. It was established on 1 July 2010 under the Queensland State Government’s South East Queensland (SEQ) Water Reform. The reform was initiated to improve the delivery of water services in SEQ and to make this rapidly growing region drought resilient.

The Gold Coast, Logan and Redland councils own the business. Its earnings are therefore invested back into these districts through the three councils. Managing water and wastewater is Allconnex’s single focus. The business provides more than 900,000 consumers with water services. These services were previously provided by the local councils.

Allconnex Water's services include:

* Purchasing water from the State Government managed SEQ Water Grid and delivering this water to residents and businesses.
* Collecting, treating and disposing of wastewater.
* Building new infrastructure.
* Managing and maintaining infrastructure and assets, including water supply mains and wastewater networks.
* Operating water and wastewater pumping stations.
* Providing a specialised recycled water service to businesses.

http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/environment/water-wastewater-7844.html


title: Kiliwa people

abstract: The Kiliwa are an indigenous people of Mexico living in northern Baja California. Historically they occupied a territory lying between the Cochimí on the south and the Paipai on the north, and extending from San Felipe on the Gulf of California to San Quintín on the Pacific coast. Their traditional language is the Kiliwa language. The Nyakipa have sometimes been distinguished from the Kiliwa as a separate ethnolinguistic group within the southwestern portion of what is here considered Kiliwa territory. The limited linguistic evidence that is available for the Nyakipa indicates that they spoke the same language as the eastern Kiliwa.

text:
# Kiliwa people

The **Kiliwa** (Kiliwa: **Ko’leeu**) are an indigenous people of Mexico living in northern Baja California. Historically they occupied a territory lying between the Cochimí on the south and the Paipai on the north, and extending from San Felipe on the Gulf of California to San Quintín on the Pacific coast. Their traditional language is the Kiliwa language.

The Nyakipa have sometimes been distinguished from the Kiliwa as a separate ethnolinguistic group within the southwestern portion of what is here considered Kiliwa territory. The limited linguistic evidence that is available for the Nyakipa indicates that they spoke the same language as the eastern Kiliwa.

## Prehistory

Little archaeological research has as yet been done within Kiliwa territory. A partial exception is a sampling program of systematic survey along the west coast between El Rosario and San Quintín by Jerry D. Moore.

Radiocarbon dates and Clovis points from farther south on the peninsula suggest that the initial occupation to the north must have occurred prior to 11,000 years ago.

## History

The Kiliwa first encountered Europeans when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo reached the San Quintín area in 1542. There were few subsequent contacts during the next two centuries. The Jesuit missionary-explorer Wenceslaus Linck came overland from the south into the eastern part of Kiliwa territory in 1766. The expedition to establish Spanish settlements in California, led by Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra passed through the western portions.

The Dominican mission of Santo Domingo was founded in Kiliwa territory near the coast in 1775. It was followed by an inland mission of San Pedro Mártir in 1794. By around the time of Mexican independence in 1821, the population at the Kiliwa missions had sharply declined.

In 1929, Meigs reported that only 36 adult Kiliwa were then living, primarily at three settlements around Arroyo León, at San Isidoro, and in Valle Trinidad. Twenty years later in 1949, Hohenthal found 30 adult Kiliwa living at four settlements, including Arroyo León, Agua Caliente, La Parra, and Tepí.

## Population

Meigs suggested that the aboriginal population of the Kiliwa was about 1,300 individuals, or a density of about 0.3 persons per square kilometer. He excluded the southwestern "Nyakipa" territory from his estimates, which would raise the total to at least 2,000. Meigs considered his estimate to be a "conservative" one. However, Roger C. Owen has argued that Meigs' population estimates were substantially too high. They currently live in the Ensenada Municipality (settlements of Arroyo de León (Ejido Kiliwas), Ejido San Francisco R. Serrano (Valle San Matías), Ensenada, Francisco Zarco (Guadalupe), Juntas Neji, La Zorra, Lázaro Cárdenas (Valle de la Trinidad), Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Parcela Número 19 (Familia Castro Ejido Nalta), and Rancho las Pinzas).

## Culture

Information about the cultural practices of the pre-contact Kiliwa comes from a variety of sources. These include accounts of early explorers, such as Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and Sebastián Vizcaíno; from late eighteenth and early nineteenth century observers, such as Luis Sales and José Longinos Martínez; and from twentieth century ethnographers, including Peveril Meigs, William D. Hohenthal, and Jesús Ángel Ochoa Zazueta.

### Subsistence

Aboriginal Kiliwa subsistence was based on hunting and gathering of natural animal and plants rather than on agriculture. At least two dozen different plants were food resources, and many others were used for medicine or as materials for construction or craft products. Pit-roasted *Agave* (mezcal; *maal*) was the most important plant food. In the fall season, harvesting of acorns and pine nuts from the higher-elevation portions of Kiliwa territory was a major activity.

Rabbits and deer were the most important animal food sources, but a wide range of others were also hunted, including pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, medium-sized mammals such as mountain lions, many small mammal species, birds, reptiles, fish, and shellfish. Jackrabbits and quail were hunted communally, by being driven into nets. Treks were made to San Felipe on the east coast to harvest fish and shellfish and to collect salt.

Crop growing and stock raising were introduced during the historic period. Another highly valued food resource that was introduced during the historic period was wild honey.

### Material culture

The traditional material culture of the Kiliwa was not highly elaborate, as would be expected for a seasonally mobile group.

* **Structures** included semi-subterranean houses with willow poles and thatching, ramadas, and sweat houses.
* **Hunting equipment** included willow bows; arrows with carrizo reed shafts, wooden foreshafts, and stone points; wooden throwing sticks; and agave fiber nets.
* **Processing equipment** included manos and metates for grinding seeds, wooden drills and hearths for making fire, and pottery and basketry for cooking, storing, and transporting.
* **Clothing** was generally lacking for men. Women wore deer hide aprons and reed caps. Both sexes wore agave fiber sandals. Rabbitskin blankets provided warmth, and human hair capes were used in ceremonies. Cradles were used to transport infants.

### Social organization

Traditional leadership roles in communities and kin groups were held on a hereditary basis, but subject to an assessment of the individual leader's competence. Leaders' authority does not seem to have been extensive.

Kinship and community membership seems to have been defined to a large extent on the basis of patrilineal inheritance. Two levels of patrilineages (or clans, sibs) were recognized, corresponding to the *šimułs* of other western Yuman groups. *Maselkwa* were the smaller, more strongly localized groups. Several *maselkwa* might collectively constitute an *ichiupu*. On the broadest level, all Kiliwa were believed to be descended from four mythic brothers, the sons of the creator.

Social recreations included a variety of games: racing with balls, shinny, top spinning, archery, dice, a guessing game, and, most importantly, peón. Music was produced by singing and by instruments, including flutes, rattles, clappers, and bullroarers.

### Ceremonies

Shamans were believed to be able to effect magical cures of disease or injuries, or to cause them. They presided at some religious ceremonies, and they were thought to transform themselves into animals or birds and to bring rain.

Most documented Kiliwa ceremonies were linked to rites of passage in the lives of individuals:

* **Birth** involved various taboos or special requirements, but it was primarily a private family matter. The father observed a couvade.
* **Boys' initiation** for groups of boys aged around 15 years was marked by the nose-piercing ceremony (*mipípŭsá*) and other activities extending over two months.
* **Girls' initiation** at the time of first menstruation involved being baked in ashes for five days, washed in cold water for five days, and made to observe various prescriptions and taboos.
* **Marriage** involved little ceremony, other than the groom giving gifts to the bride's parents. Marrying up to two wives was permitted, and divorce was easy for either party.
* **Death** was the focus of the most elaborate Kiliwa ceremonies, occurring both immediately after an individual's death and as subsequent collective mourning observances. Talking to the dead and burning his possessions are among the formal actions.

### Traditional narratives

Traditional narratives are conventionally classed as myths, legends, tales, and oral histories. The oral literature recorded for the Kiliwa includes narratives that can be assigned to each of these categories.

The Kiliwa creation myth conspicuously diverges from those of the other Yuman-speaking groups. However, the Kiliwa name for the creator, Metipá, recalls similar figures in other Yuman myths.

#### Sources of traditional narratives

* Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. *The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California*. Iberoamericana No. 15. University of California, Berkeley.(Myths narrated by Emiliano Uchurte and José Espinosa, ca. 1928–1936, pp. 64–82.)
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1976. "Kiliwa Texts". *International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Text Series* 1:92–101.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1983. *Kiliwa Texts: "When I Have Donned My Crest of Stars"* University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 107. Salt Lake City. (Myths and legends narrated by Rufino Ochurte and Braulio Espinosa after 1966.)
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1993. "Kiliwa Mountain Sheep Traditions". In *Counting Sheep: Twenty Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn Sheep*, edited by Gary Paul Nabhan, pp. 37–41.
* Ochoa Zazueta, Jesús Ángel. 1978. *Los kiliwa y el mundo se hizo así*. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico City. (Ochoa's account of Kiliwa traditions is inconsistent with Meigs' data and other Yuman accounts, and its authenticity has been questioned by Mixco.)

* Hohenthal, William D. Jr. 2001. *Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid Century*. Edited by Thomas Blackburn. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.
* Magaña Mancillas, Mario Alberto Gerardo. 1995. "Los ñakipá: grupo indígena extinto de Baja California". *Estudios Fronterizos* 35/36:205-213.
* Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. *The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California*. Iberoamerica No. 15. University of California, Berkeley.
* Michelsen, Ralph C. 1977. "The Construction of a Kiliwa House". *Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly* 10(1):39-47.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1971. *Kiliwa Grammar*. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Linguistic Affiliation of the Ñakipa and Yakakwal of Lower California". *International Journal of American Linguistics* 43:189-200.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1985. *Kiliwa Dictionary*. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 109. Salt Lake City.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 1996. *Kiliwa de Arroyo León, Baja California*. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México No. 18. Colegio de México, Mexico City.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 2000. *Kiliwa*. Lincom, Munich, Germany.
* Mixco, Mauricio J. 2006. "The Indigenous Languages". In *The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula*, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 24–41. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
* Moore, Jerry D. 1999. "Archaeology in the Forgotten Peninsula: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in Northern Baja California". *Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology* 21:17–44.
* Moore, Jerry D. 2006. "The San Quintín-El Rosario Region". In *The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula*, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 179–195. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
* Ochoa Zazueta, Jesús Ángel. 1978. *Los kiliwa y el mundo se hizo así*. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico City.

## InfoBox

Kiliwa
| Ko’leeu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Baja California | |
| Languages | |
| Kiliwa language, Spanish | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Nyakipa | |


title: Nephelomys moerex

abstract: Nephelomys moerex is a species of rodent in the genus Nephelomys of family Cricetidae. The type locality is at Mindo in western Ecuador, where it has been recorded together with three other rodents of the oryzomyine group, Sigmodontomys aphrastus, Mindomys hammondi, and Handleyomys alfaroi, as well as three opossums, Chironectes minimus and unidentified species of Didelphis and Marmosa. Mindo is a "tiny agricultural community" located at 0°02'S, 78°48'W and 1,264 metres (4,150 ft) above sea level. It was originally described by Oldfield Thomas as a subspecies of Oryzomys albigularis. It remained synonymized under this species until it was recognized as a separate species when the genus Nephelomys was established for Oryzomys albigularis and related species in 2006. Unlike in the type species of the genus, N. albigularis, the lacrimal bone of the skull is connected primarily to the maxillary bone, not equally to the maxillary and frontal bones. The incisive foramina, perforations in the palate between the incisors and the molars, are shorter than in some other Nephelomys species, not extending between the molars, and closer to the molars they are wider than further to the front, also unlike in some other species of the genus. These foramina are similar in shape to those in N. nimbosus. The alisphenoid strut, an extension of the alisphenoid bone of the skull which separates two openings in the skull, the buccinator–masticatory foramen and the accessory oval foramen, is usually present, although it is more commonly absent in other Nephelomys.

text:
# Nephelomys moerex

***Nephelomys moerex*** is a species of rodent in the genus *Nephelomys* of family Cricetidae. The type locality is at Mindo in western Ecuador, where it has been recorded together with three other rodents of the oryzomyine group, *Sigmodontomys aphrastus*, *Mindomys hammondi*, and *Handleyomys alfaroi*, as well as three opossums, *Chironectes minimus* and unidentified species of *Didelphis* and *Marmosa*. Mindo is a "tiny agricultural community" located at 0°02'S, 78°48'W and 1,264 metres (4,150 ft) above sea level. It was originally described by Oldfield Thomas as a subspecies of *Oryzomys albigularis*. It remained synonymized under this species until it was recognized as a separate species when the genus *Nephelomys* was established for *Oryzomys albigularis* and related species in 2006.

Unlike in the type species of the genus, *N. albigularis*, the lacrimal bone of the skull is connected primarily to the maxillary bone, not equally to the maxillary and frontal bones. The incisive foramina, perforations in the palate between the incisors and the molars, are shorter than in some other *Nephelomys* species, not extending between the molars, and closer to the molars they are wider than further to the front, also unlike in some other species of the genus. These foramina are similar in shape to those in *N. nimbosus*. The alisphenoid strut, an extension of the alisphenoid bone of the skull which separates two openings in the skull, the buccinator–masticatory foramen and the accessory oval foramen, is usually present, although it is more commonly absent in other *Nephelomys*.

## Literature cited

* Anthony, H.E. 1926. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 7. *American Museum Novitates* 240:1–6.
* Ellerman, J.R. 1941. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 2. Family Muridae. London: British Museum of Natural History, 690 pp.
* McCain, C.M., Timm, R.M. and Weksler, M. 2007. Redescription of the enigmatic long-tailed rat *Sigmodontomys aphrastus* (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) with comments on taxonomy and natural history. *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington* 120:117–136.
* Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
* Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (19 October 2006). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)". *American Museum Novitates* (3537). American Museum of Natural History: 1–29. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537\[1:TNGOOR\]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5815. S2CID 84088556.

## InfoBox

| *Nephelomys moerex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Nephelomys* |
| Species: | ***N. moerex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelomys moerex***
(Thomas, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzomys albigularis moerex* Thomas, 1914
*\[Nephelomys\] moerex*: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006 | |


title: Happy List

abstract: The Happy List is a list of 100 people in the United Kingdom "who give back, volunteer, and who make Britain a better balanced, happier country." In 2017, the list was reduced and has featured 50 people since then. It was published annually in April by the Independent on Sunday, a British national Sunday newspaper, between 2008 until 2022. No further lists have been published since 2022. The BBC welcomed the first Happy List as "an antidote" to the Sunday Times Rich List, a longer-standing institution, which is published on the same day. Following widespread comment in the UK and abroad, the Independent announced a week later that it would make the Happy List an annual fixture. The Wall Street Journal floated the idea of a Happy List for the United States, but this was not taken up. The newspaper accepts that the list is an artificial exercise, but seeks to celebrate people representing much-needed values, in the hope that they will be seen as role models.

text:
# Happy List

The ***Happy List*** is a list of 100 people in the United Kingdom "who give back, volunteer, and who make Britain a better balanced, happier country." In 2017, the list was reduced and has featured 50 people since then. It was published annually in April by the *Independent on Sunday*, a British national Sunday newspaper, between 2008 until 2022. No further lists have been published since 2022.

The BBC welcomed the first Happy List as "an antidote" to the *Sunday Times Rich List*, a longer-standing institution, which is published on the same day. Following widespread comment in the UK and abroad, the *Independent* announced a week later that it would make the Happy List an annual fixture. The *Wall Street Journal* floated the idea of a Happy List for the United States, but this was not taken up.

The newspaper accepts that the list is an artificial exercise, but seeks to celebrate people representing much-needed values, in the hope that they will be seen as role models.

## The first Happy List

The first list included Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, cricketer and fundraiser Ian Botham, and author and philanthropist J. K. Rowling.

Notably, the first happy list also included the character Tinky Winky from *Teletubbies*, a popular British children's show.

The *Wall Street Journal* noted that the list included wealthy individuals such as Duncan Bannatyne, quoting his opinion that "Britain’s rich don’t do enough for good causes."

It also included ten less well-known people, who had featured in Gordon Brown's 2007 book, co-authored with Community Links, with a somewhat similar aim, *Britain's Everyday Heroes*.

## Selection criteria

The Happy List 2010 was published as a supplement in the *Independent on Sunday* on 25 April 2010. The selection reflected the newspaper's own research, nominations from the public, and recommendations from national organisations, including Heritage Lottery Fund, Barnardo's, Christian Aid, National Trust, Save the Children, NCVO and Amnesty International. The compilers took care to include some people working only at a local level, as representative examples of volunteers around the country.

They avoided repeating people from previous years' lists unless they had made an exceptional contribution in the preceding 12 months. Camila Batmanghelidjh was included in 2008 and 2009. Peter Kay made the list in 2009 as "simply Britain's best comedian", and again in 2010 for also raising funds for Children in Need.

As it would be invidious to attempt to rank the individuals, the lists are generally presented alphabetically. However, six exceptional individuals headed the 2010 list: Heather Brooke, who broke the MPs' expenses scandal; Brian Cox for making science "cool"; Kate Humble, wildlife enthusiast; playwright Kwame Kwei-Armah, bringing wider attention to Britain's black community; Jasvinder Sanghera, campaigner against forced marriage; and Archbishop John Sentamu, "thoughtful and provocative contributor to national debate".

The 100 in 2010 were not all adults, but include duos, a child, a Royal National Lifeboat Institution team and a few other organisations. The 2008 list included fictional character Tinky Winky, followed by Thomas the Tank Engine in 2009. The second list also included Simba, a therapy dog.


title: Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera

abstract: The Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera is a museum located in San Sebastián de La Gomera, Spain. It is based in the Casa Echeverría, a manor house built in the 18th century, and is focused on the culture of the Gomeros, the ancient people of the island. It was founded on 25 April 2007 in an attempt to gather the existing pieces and to act as a center of archaeological research on the island. The museum is publicly owned and managed by the Cabildo Insular de La Gomera, in particular by its Servicio de Patrimonio Histórico.

text:
# Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera

The **Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera** (*Archaeological Museum of La Gomera*) is a museum located in San Sebastián de La Gomera, Spain. It is based in the Casa Echeverría, a manor house built in the 18th century, and is focused on the culture of the Gomeros, the ancient people of the island. It was founded on 25 April 2007 in an attempt to gather the existing pieces and to act as a center of archaeological research on the island.

The museum is publicly owned and managed by the Cabildo Insular de La Gomera, in particular by its Servicio de Patrimonio Histórico (*Historical Heritage Service*).

## Site

The museum is located in Casa Echevarría, in San Sebastián de La Gomera. According to Hernández Marrero, the location of the current building could have been the site of an older construction, destroyed by a pirate attack on the island in 1619. The current building dates from the 18th century and was originally the manor house of Miguel de Echeverría y Mayora, a nobleman from Navarre who gave it its current name. During the 20th century, the building, which was popularly known as "La Casa del Cañón" (*The House of the Cannon*) because of a cannon that acted as a buttress on a corner, housed dwellings on its first floor, the island's courthouse on the second floor and a brassworks on its front. The Casa Echeverría was later bought in 1994 by the island's council and rehabilitated to house the museum, which opened to the public in 2007.

## Collections

The museum gathers pieces related to the Gomero aboriginal culture. The most prominent period in the collection is the Gomero prehistory, although, while it technically ends in 1489 with the capture of the island by Castilian conquerors, the aboriginal culture of the island lasted much longer. The exhibition space has four rooms (corresponding to the geographical and historical context, manufactures, anthropology and social issues, and beliefs and symbolism, respectively) and a central patio with 68 original pieces and 5 recreations, as well as a large number of information panels, despite the total collection held by the museum amounting to more than 21,000 pieces.

## InfoBox

Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera
| Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | April 25, 2007 (2007-04-25) |
| Location | Casa Echeverría, San Sebastián de La Gomera, Spain |
| Coordinates | 28°5′33.2″N 17°6′38.7″W / 28.092556°N 17.110750°W / 28.092556; -17.110750 |
| Type | Archaeological museum |
| Collection size | 21,000 pieces |
| Owner | Canary Islands Government |
| Website | www.museoslagomera.es/museo-arqueologico/ |


title: The Madras Players

abstract: The Madras Players are the oldest English-language theatre group in Chennai, India. The Madras Players have staged over 240 theatre productions for more than 50 years.

text:
# The Madras Players

**The Madras Players** are the oldest English-language theatre group in Chennai, India. The Madras Players have staged over 240 theatre productions for more than 50 years.

## History

The Madras Players has its origins from Kilpauk General/Mental Hospital in the Psychiatric Ward, a theatre group exclusively for the mentally disabled, that mounted comedies and bedroom farces in the early 1950s. In 1955, the British Council first hosted Robert Newton's *Othello* which featured a mix of British and Indian actors. Shortly after, the Madras Dramatic Society closed down, and bequeathed most of their props and make-up equipment to The Madras Players founding members N. S. Yamuna and Gayathri (Grace) Krishnaswamy.

The group members in the early 1960s included Thambi Kadambavanam, Ammu Mathew, Girish Karnad, and Stewart Melluish. In their early days, the group staged British works from Terence Rattigan, Shakespeare, Ibsen, Osborne with the help of directors like John Shepherd and Peter Coe and with constant support from the British Council. In the 1970s, they turned their attention to the newly available English translations of Indian-language plays, a venture which was well received by the audiences. Noted Kannada director Girish Karnad translated his plays to English for the group, who also performed translated works of playwrights like Mohan Rakesh, Vijay Tendulkar and Gurucharan Das.

Noted performers for the Players in this period include comedian Naushir Ratnagar, back-stage artist Mithran Devanesan and voice-artist P. C. Ramakrishna, who has been a member of the group since 1969.

## Activities

The Players' notable theatre productions include adaptations of Vijay Tendulkar's *Kanyadaan*, Shreekumar Varma's *Midnight Hotel* and Girish Karnad's *Hayavadana*. The group's longest running play was the 2007 adaptation of Chetan Bhagat's novel *Five Point Someone*.

1. Ramachander, S. (28 May 2004). "A life in amateur theatre". *Business Line*. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
2. Batool, Aliakbar Lehry (4 January 2008). "High on Drama". *Business Line*. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
3. Roy, Elizabeth (13 August 2004). "Playing for 50 years". *The Hindu*. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2010.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
4. Muthiah, S. (31 January 2005). "An old theatre tradition". *The Hindu Metro Plus*. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2010.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
5. Sachindananda (2006). "Girish Karnad". *Authors speak*. Sahitya Akademi. p. 57. ISBN 81-260-1945-X.


title: Jack Norton (filmmaker)

abstract: Jack Norton is an American filmmaker, television producer, musician, songwriter, and author. He is the director of the 2015 film Jug Band Hokum. He is best known as the co-creator of the Emmy Award-winning preschool television show and brand,. He co-directed and co-starred in the PBS show, "Totally, Zinghoppers!" Norton is of Dutch and French descent. He grew up in a musical family. His babysitter was Tiny Tim, who gave Norton his first ukulele. Blues singer Leon Redbone taught Norton how to play guitar and authors Nick Tosches and Hubert Selby, Jr. were family friends. After high school, Norton studied Early Childhood Education and his experience as a preschool teacher helped form the educational principals found in the Zinghoppers music. Norton's senior thesis, helped form the Zinghoppers core goals of "educating, entertaining and engaging" young children. While in college, Norton's love of hip-hop culture and dance music led him to attend raves and underground rap house parties. Electro, hip-hop, Disney pop and dance music serves as the basis of Norton's musical influences. The Nortons moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 2009 to begin production of "Totally, Zinghoppers!", a series for public television. In 2015 Norton announced his directorial debut with Jug Band Hokum, a documentary film that stars Brooklynd Turner and Anne Baggenstoss and follows the lives of band members competing in the Minneapolis Annual Battle of the Jug Bands. Guests appearing in the film include Garrison Keillor, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony and others. In 2017 it was announced Norton's next film will be Infinite Chaos, a feature-length horror film. Four songs written and performed by Jack Norton and Kitty Norton are included in The Florida Project a 2017 film by Sean Baker. Jack's work as a musicologist and historian has led him to publish biographies on Emmett Miller, Freddie Fisher (Schnickelfritz) and Stan Fritts of the Korn Kobblers. His work "Cornstars: Rube Music In Swing Time" earned the prestigious Certificate of Merit for “Best Historical Research in Recorded Popular Music” from the Association for Recorded Sound Collections. Norton's best-selling series, "Dirty Little Comics" is a pictorial history of Tijuana bibles and underground adult comics from the 1920s through the 1950s.

text:
# Jack Norton (filmmaker)

**Jack Norton** is an American filmmaker, television producer, musician, songwriter, and author. He is the director of the 2015 film Jug Band Hokum. He is best known as the co-creator of the Emmy Award-winning preschool television show and brand, (The Zinghoppers). He co-directed and co-starred in the PBS show, "Totally, Zinghoppers!"

Norton is of Dutch and French descent. He grew up in a musical family. His babysitter was Tiny Tim, who gave Norton his first ukulele. Blues singer Leon Redbone taught Norton how to play guitar and authors Nick Tosches and Hubert Selby, Jr. were family friends.

After high school, Norton studied Early Childhood Education and his experience as a preschool teacher helped form the educational principals found in the Zinghoppers music. Norton's senior thesis (entitled, "The Childhood Dignity Movement"), helped form the Zinghoppers core goals of "educating, entertaining and engaging" young children. While in college, Norton's love of hip-hop culture and dance music led him to attend raves and underground rap house parties. Electro, hip-hop, Disney pop and dance music serves as the basis of Norton's musical influences.

The Nortons moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 2009 to begin production of "Totally, Zinghoppers!", a series for public television.

In 2015 Norton announced his directorial debut with Jug Band Hokum, a documentary film that stars Brooklynd Turner and Anne Baggenstoss and follows the lives of band members competing in the Minneapolis Annual Battle of the Jug Bands. Guests appearing in the film include Garrison Keillor (of Prairie Home Companion fame), Bone Thugs-N-Harmony and others.

In 2017 it was announced Norton's next film will be *Infinite Chaos*, a feature-length horror film.

Four songs written and performed by Jack Norton and Kitty Norton are included in The Florida Project a 2017 film by Sean Baker.

Jack's work as a musicologist and historian has led him to publish biographies on Emmett Miller, Freddie Fisher (Schnickelfritz) and Stan Fritts of the Korn Kobblers. His work "Cornstars: Rube Music In Swing Time" earned the prestigious Certificate of Merit for “Best Historical Research in Recorded Popular Music” from the Association for Recorded Sound Collections. Norton's best-selling series, "Dirty Little Comics" is a pictorial history of Tijuana bibles and underground adult comics from the 1920s through the 1950s.


title: Tonga baskets

abstract: Tonga baskets\Binga baskets are baskets woven by the Tonga people|Tonga women of the Southern Province of Zambia, who are renowned for their basket weaving. The baskets have a distinctive design with a square bottom forming the foundation of the basket. It takes approximately two weeks to complete a basket about 35 cm in diameter. The baskets are made from the ilala or malala palm, which, although growing freely, is also planted by Tonga women for the purpose of basket making. This re-planting became standard practice in the late 1980s with the opening of the Tonga Craft Centre in Binga village, Zimbabwe a centre funded by the Danish government, which exported thousands of baskets a year. This craft centre was meant to keep the traditional crafts alive: basket-making, drum making, carving, pottery, and beading. The Tonga live in an area prone to drought and poverty, and the basket making helped the women feed their families. Traditionally, the baskets were used for carrying maize or sorghum from the fields and then winnowing the grain. Traditional designs includes stripes, a spider web type pattern and a lightning pattern. Some Tonga, typically women, partake in basket weaving as a source of income.

text:
# Tonga baskets

**Tonga baskets\Binga baskets** are baskets woven by the Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga women of the Southern Province of Zambia, who are renowned for their basket weaving. The baskets have a distinctive design with a square bottom forming the foundation of the basket.

It takes approximately two weeks to complete a basket about 35 cm in diameter. The baskets are made from the ilala or malala palm (*mapokwe* in Tonga), which, although growing freely, is also planted by Tonga women for the purpose of basket making. This re-planting became standard practice in the late 1980s with the opening of the Tonga Craft Centre in Binga village, Zimbabwe a centre funded by the Danish government, which exported thousands of baskets a year. This craft centre was meant to keep the traditional crafts alive: basket-making, drum making, carving, pottery, and beading. The Tonga live in an area prone to drought and poverty, and the basket making helped the women feed their families.

Traditionally, the baskets were (and still are) used for carrying maize or sorghum from the fields and then winnowing the grain. Traditional designs includes stripes, a spider web type pattern and a lightning pattern. Some Tonga, typically women, partake in basket weaving as a source of income.

https://www.etsy.com/shop/AfricaDecorCentre/


title: Pontecchio Polesine

abstract: Pontecchio Polesine is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Venice and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of Rovigo. On 1 January 2019, it had a population of 2,191 and an area of 11.5 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi). The municipality of Pontecchio Polesine contains the frazioni Borgo, Busi, Ca'Zanforlin, Chiaviche Roncagalle, L'Olmo, and Selva. Pontecchio Polesine borders the following municipalities: Bosaro, Crespino, Guarda Veneta, Rovigo.

text:
# Pontecchio Polesine

**Pontecchio Polesine** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Venice and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of Rovigo. On 1 January 2019, it had a population of 2,191 and an area of 11.5 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi).

The municipality of Pontecchio Polesine contains the *frazioni* (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Borgo, Busi, Ca'Zanforlin, Chiaviche Roncagalle, L'Olmo, and Selva.

Pontecchio Polesine borders the following municipalities: Bosaro, Crespino, Guarda Veneta, Rovigo.

## Demographic evolution

## Notable persons

Adelmo Landini was born in Pontecchio Polesine in 1896. He moved to Bologna to obtain a technical license, and later served in the Italian army during World War I. Landini died in August 1965, and the Municipality of Sasso named a street for him near the Marconi Museum and Mausoleum.

## InfoBox

| Pontecchio Polesine | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Pontecchio Polesine | |
|  | |
| Location of Pontecchio Polesine | |
| Pontecchio PolesineLocation of Pontecchio Polesine in ItalyPontecchio PolesinePontecchio Polesine (Veneto) | |
| Coordinates: 45°1′N 11°49′E / 45.017°N 11.817°E / 45.017; 11.817 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Veneto |
| Province | Province of Rovigo (RO) |
| *Frazioni* | Borgo, Busi, Ca'Zanforlin, Chiaviche Roncagalle, L'Olmo, Selva |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (Jan. 2019) | |
| Total | 2,191 |
| Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Pontecchiani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 45030 |
| Dialing code | 0425 |


title: Gonionota vivida

abstract: Gonionota vivida is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found in Bolivia. The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The forewings are bright yellow more or less suffused irregularly rosy orange with the costal edge white except at the base, narrowly suffused clear yellow beneath except towards the middle, more strongly posteriorly. Beneath this, a broad suffused ferruginous-brown band is found from the base to above the middle, occupying nearly the costal half of the wing, beyond this some faint brownish suffusion extends above the middle to near the apex. The discal stigmata are minute and blackish, sometimes obsolete and there is a narrow terminal fascia of ferruginous-brown suffusion. The hindwings are rosy grey or light rosy brownish.

text:
# Gonionota vivida

***Gonionota vivida*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found in Bolivia.

The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The forewings are bright yellow more or less suffused irregularly rosy orange with the costal edge white except at the base, narrowly suffused clear yellow beneath except towards the middle, more strongly posteriorly. Beneath this, a broad suffused ferruginous-brown band is found from the base to above the middle, occupying nearly the costal half of the wing, beyond this some faint brownish suffusion extends above the middle to near the apex. The discal stigmata are minute and blackish, sometimes obsolete and there is a narrow terminal fascia of ferruginous-brown suffusion. The hindwings are rosy grey or light rosy brownish.

## InfoBox

| *Gonionota vivida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Gonionota* |
| Species: | ***G. vivida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonionota vivida***<br>(Meyrick, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hypercallia vivida* Meyrick, 1926 | |


title: Kinetic theory

abstract:
Kinetic theory may refer to:
  - Kinetic theory of matter: A general account of the properties of matter, including solids liquids and gases, based around the idea that heat or temperature is a manifestation of atoms and molecules in constant agitation.
  - Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases
  - Phonon, explaining properties of solids in terms of quantal collection and interactions of submicroscopic particles
  - Free electron model, a model for the behavior of charge carriers in a metallic solid
  - Kirkwood–Buff solution theory, a theory for solutions linking macroscopic (bulk) properties to microscopic (molecular) details
  - Kinematics, the part of mechanics that describes the motion of points, particles, bodies, and systems of bodies, without reference to the forces, energies and interactions that govern their motion

text:
# Kinetic theory

**Kinetic theory** may refer to:

* Kinetic theory of matter: A general account of the properties of matter, including solids liquids and gases, based around the idea that heat or temperature is a manifestation of atoms and molecules in constant agitation.
* Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases
* Phonon, explaining properties of solids in terms of quantal collection and interactions of submicroscopic particles
* Free electron model, a model for the behavior of charge carriers in a metallic solid
* Kirkwood–Buff solution theory, a theory for solutions linking macroscopic (bulk) properties to microscopic (molecular) details
* Kinematics, the part of mechanics that describes the motion of points, particles, bodies, and systems of bodies, without reference to the forces, energies and interactions that govern their motion


title: Henry Parker (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Rear-Admiral Henry Hardyman Parker, CB is a retired senior Royal Navy officer who served as Director.

text:
# Henry Parker (Royal Navy officer)

Rear-Admiral **Henry Hardyman Parker**, CB (born 20 December 1963) is a retired senior Royal Navy officer who served as Director (Carrier Strike).

Parker was commissioned into the engineering branch of the Royal Navy and served on the aircraft carrier HMS *Invincible*. He became Director (Maritime capability and Transformation) and Controller of the Navy in 2012 and continued as Director (Carrier Strike) at the Ministry of Defence in 2013. He retired from the Royal Navy on 11 December 2016.

Parker was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2016 Birthday Honours.

## InfoBox

| Henry Parker | |
| --- | --- |
| Rear Admiral Parker in 2013 | |
| Born | 20 December 1963<br>Cheltenham, United Kingdom |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | –2016 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath |


title: Harald Nævdal

abstract: Harald Nævdal, known by his stage name Demonaz Doom Occulta, or simply Demonaz, is a Norwegian musician best known as the founding guitarist and chief lyricist for the black metal band Immortal. He is currently the only official member of Immortal, and has previously been a member of Old Funeral and Amputation.

text:
# Harald Nævdal

**Harald Nævdal** (born 6 July 1970), known by his stage name **Demonaz Doom Occulta**, or simply **Demonaz**, is a Norwegian musician best known as the founding guitarist and chief lyricist for the black metal band Immortal. He is currently the only official member of Immortal, and has previously been a member of Old Funeral and Amputation.

## Career

Demonaz formed Immortal together with Abbath in 1991, alongside other former members of Old Funeral and Amputation. As a guitarist, he is known for his simplistic and fast guitar parts which heavily features power chords. Demonaz' lyrics focus on icy landscapes and a fictional land called Blashyrkh. The story of Blashyrkh is gradually told throughout Immortal's albums. When writing lyrics he often takes long walks in the Norwegian countryside near his hometown of Bergen for inspiration. Demonaz and Abbath comprised the core of Immortal in its early years, with an unstable lineup until drummer Horgh joined the band in 1997.

Demonaz played guitar on the albums *Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism*, *Pure Holocaust*, *Battles in the North* and *Blizzard Beasts*. In 1997, he was diagnosed with acute tendinopathy and could no longer play guitar at the speed required for Immortal. Demonaz continued writing lyrics for the band and assumed the role of manager, often accompanying the band on tour.

Immortal split-up in 2002 and later reunited in 2006. That same year, Demonaz contributed lyrics to the black metal supergroup  and their album *Between Two Worlds*. He released his first solo album, *March of the Norse*, in 2011. After having surgery to correct his tendinitis in 2013, Demonaz was able to play guitar again and returned to Immortal as a guitarist and vocalist following Abbath's departure in 2015. Immortal's first album to feature instrumental contributions from Demonaz in 21 years, *Northern Chaos Gods*, was released on 6 July 2018. Following a legal dispute over the rights to the band's name between Demonaz and Horgh, the latter left the band in 2022. Immortal's first album to only feature Demonaz as a band member, *War Against All*, was released on 26 May 2023.

## Discography

### With Immortal

#### Lyrics only

### With

### Solo

## InfoBox

| Harald Nævdal | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Harald Nævdal |
| Also known as | Demonaz Doom Occulta |
| Born | (1970-07-06) 6 July 1970 |
| Origin | Bergen, Norway |
| Genres | Black metal |
| Occupations |  |
| Instruments |  |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Labels | Nuclear Blast Records |
| Member of | Immortal |
| Formerly of |  |


title: Murdoch MacKay

abstract: Murdoch MacKay was a Canadian lawyer and politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was president of the New Democratic Party of Manitoba during the 1970s, and later joined the breakaway Progressive Party. His son-in-law, Paul Edwards, was leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party from 1993 to 1996.

text:
# Murdoch MacKay

**Murdoch MacKay** (1 March 1930 – 18 July 2023) was a Canadian lawyer and politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was president of the New Democratic Party of Manitoba during the 1970s, and later joined the breakaway Progressive Party.

His son-in-law, Paul Edwards, was leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party from 1993 to 1996.

## Early life and career

MacKay was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba on 1 March 1930. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Winnipeg in 1950, and a Bachelor of Law degree from the Manitoba Law School in 1955. He led an inquiry into labour negotiations into the glass industry, and subsequently served as chair of the Manitoba Labour Board for seven years. He was also a member of the Manitoba Development Corporation board. Once a member of the Liberal Party, he later joined the New Democratic Party and served as its provincial president from 1972 to 1974.

## Political career

MacKay was the New Democratic Party's candidate for the division of Wolseley in the 1973 provincial election. On election night, official results showed that he had received the same number of votes as Liberal Party leader Izzy Asper. Jim Maloway, the returning officer, cast a tiebreaking vote for MacKay and declared him as the elected member; a subsequent recount, however, determined that Asper actually won by four votes. Herb Schulz's memoirs indicate that MacKay would have been appointed as Justice Minister in Edward Schreyer's government, had he been elected.

Asper resigned his seat in 1975, and MacKay contested a by-election to replace him. He finished third against Progressive Conservative candidate Robert Wilson in a close three-way contest. He contested Wolseley for a third time in the 1977 provincial election, and lost to Wilson by only 74 votes.

MacKay was a founding member of the Progressive Party, which was created by former NDP cabinet minister Sidney Green in 1981. He again sought election in Wolseley in the 1981 provincial election, and was resoundingly defeated.

## After politics

MacKay was also part-owner of Superior Cheese Canada Ltd. in the 1980s. He initially supported a union shop for the plant, but later announced that he had "second thoughts" and argued for an open shop structure. In 1996, he argued that Manitoba should abandon the Rand formula of mandatory dues collection and allow workers to opt out of union membership. Peter Olfert, president of the Manitoba Government Employees' Association, described this suggestion as regressive. In 2003, MacKay argued that Manitoba's labour laws were anti-business, and preventing economic growth.

MacKay was a founding board member of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. The Centre's 2001 annual report lists him a lawyer with the Winnipeg firm, Duboff, Edwards, Haight and Schachter, specializing in corporate and labour law, as well as a director of Jory Capital Inc. and the Mount Caramel Clinic, and a Secretary of the Frontier Centre.

MacKay debated former political rival Al Mackling in a series of letters to the editor in 2006, on the subject of collective bargaining.

MacKay died in Winnipeg on 18 July 2023, at the age of 93.

## Footnotes


title: The Madras Sappers Museum and Archives

text:
# The Madras Sappers Museum and Archives

'''The Madras Sappers Museum & Archives''' depicts the history of the Madras Engineering Group also known as Sappers. The museum was established in the year 1979 and is situated in Karnataka, Banglore. The Museum showcases the army artifacts, historical achievements, gallery of sapper generals, attires, armours, more than 4800 books and maps used by the regiment. Local public is not allowed to visit the museum and only people with special permission from the Indian Army are allowed to enter the museum. The Museum also contains rare and Antique artifacts from the 18th and 19th Century and has history written on its walls.

Some of the famed possessions of the Museum include the picture of three Indian Soldiers supporting the Banglore torpedo, the Victoria Cross and five Indian Orders of Merit (IOM), which was highest honor by the British to Indian Soldiers at that time.

1. "Madras Sappers Museum and Archives". *www.museumsofindia.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
2. "The fascinating history of the Madras Sappers". *DNA India*. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
3. Thakur, Aksheev (2019-11-17). "MEG Museum: Treasuring two centuries of bravery". *Deccan Chronicle*. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
4. "Bangalore Torpedo: Mine that defeated Nazis, and a malt". *The New Indian Express*. Retrieved 2022-03-15.


title: Pan (band)

abstract: Pan is a Filipino folk/punk rock band formed in 2002. The band was formed as a duo composed of former Yano bandmates Dong Abay on vocals and Onie Badiang on bass; the duo later added Duane Cruz and Melvin Leyson to play the bass and drums live. The band only released one album, Parnaso ng Payaso. The song "Hula" from that album won as Best Folk/Pop Recording at the 2003 Awit Awards. In early 2005, Abay left Pan to pursue an indie career, resulting in the band going inactive.

text:
# Pan (band)

**Pan** is a Filipino folk/punk rock band formed in 2002. The band was formed as a duo composed of former Yano bandmates Dong Abay on vocals and Onie Badiang on bass; the duo later added Duane Cruz and Melvin Leyson to play the bass and drums live.

The band only released one album, *Parnaso ng Payaso*. The song "Hula" (transl."Prediction") from that album won as Best Folk/Pop Recording at the 2003 Awit Awards.

In early 2005, Abay left Pan to pursue an indie career, resulting in the band going inactive.

## Discography

Parnaso ng Payaso
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mabuhay" | 3:37 |
| 2. | "Kahimanawari" | 4:11 |
| 3. | "Rebolusyon" | 4:36 |
| 4. | "Hula" | 3:32 |
| 5. | "Kawatan" | 5:12 |
| 6. | "Dumpsite" | 4:38 |
| 7. | "Gusto" | 4:38 |
| 8. | "Eko" | 4:28 |
| 9. | "Precious" | 3:44 |
| 10. | "Tayo" | 2:59 |
| 11. | "Huling Hiling" | 2:59 |
| 12. | "Totoy T." | 3:21 |
| 13. | "Himig" | 4:32 |
| 14. | "Tagpuan" | 4:23 |

## Awards

| Year | Award Giving Body | Category | Nominated Work | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2003** | "16th Awit Awards" | **Best Folk Pop Recording** | "Hula" | Won |
| **2003** | NU Rock Awards | **Best Album Packaging** | "Parnaso ng Payaso" | Won |
| | | **Album of the Year** | "Parnaso ng Payaso" | Nominated |
| | | **Best New Artist** |  | Nominated |
| | | **Artist of the Year** |  | Nominated |
| | | **Song of the Year** | "Dumpsite" | Nominated |
| | | **Best Music Video** | "Dumpsite" | Nominated |
| | | **Vocalist of the Year** | "Dong Abay" | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Pan | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Metro Manila |
| Genres | folk/punk rock |
| Years active | 2002–2005 |
|  | |
| Past members | Dong Abay \- vocals
Onie Badiang - bass
Duane Cruz - bass
Melvin Leyson - drums |


title: Gara (raga)

abstract: Gara is a Hindustani classical raga belonging to the Khamaj Thaat. This raga is similar to raga Jaijaiwanti. Both ragas i.e. raga Jaijaiwanti and raga Gara, have the same svaras. Gara is a rare raga. It is rendered in the late evening. The raga uses all the seven notes, six in the ascent and seven in the descent. Therefore, the Jati of the raga is Shaadav-Sampurna. While some say that seven svaras are played in the ascent and seven in the descent. Therefore, the Jati then becomes Sampurna-Sampurna. It uses both, the Komal (flat) and Shuddha (full) Nishad, and all other notes are Shuddha (full). The derivative ragas out of this structure are grouped under the broad head of Khamaj Thaat. Gara belongs to a family of melodic entities, which were apparently derived from folk melodies, and entered art-music in association with the thumri genre. This family includes ragas like Kafi, Piloo, Jangula, Barwa, and Zilla, along with several others. This raga expresses the feeling of happiness and satisfaction of achievement, however it simultaneously conveys the sadness of losing. This raga is also a vivacious and romantic one.

text:
# Gara (raga)

**Gara** is a Hindustani classical *raga* belonging to the Khamaj Thaat. This raga is similar to raga Jaijaiwanti. Both ragas i.e. raga Jaijaiwanti and raga Gara, have the same svaras. Gara is a rare raga. It is rendered in the late evening. The raga uses all the seven notes, six in the ascent and seven in the descent. Therefore, the Jati of the raga is *Shaadav-Sampurna*. While some say that seven svaras are played in the ascent and seven in the descent. Therefore, the Jati then becomes *Sampurna-Sampurna*. It uses both, the Komal (flat) and Shuddha (full) Nishad, and all other notes are Shuddha (full). The derivative ragas out of this structure are grouped under the broad head of Khamaj Thaat. Gara belongs to a family of melodic entities, which were apparently derived from folk melodies, and entered art-music in association with the thumri genre. This family includes ragas like Kafi, Piloo, Jangula, Barwa, and Zilla, along with several others. This raga expresses the feeling of happiness and satisfaction of achievement, however it simultaneously conveys the sadness of losing. This raga is also a vivacious and romantic one.

## Composition

Raga Jaijaiwanti bears the closest resemblance to Gara. However, some also believe that raga Gara is a combination of Khamaj, Piloo and Jhinjhoti. The raga belongs to the Khamaj parent scale, and is characterised by a notional scale-base at Pa of the lower octave, rather than the customary Sa. Sometimes it is considered to be in the Kafi parent scale too. The types of raga Gara can be separated by one, the bright Gara (which gravitates more towards Khamaj thaat and maybe a little into the Bilaval Thaat) from the more somber Gara which is the other type, which gets more into Kafi thaat and even Piloo-ang. Raga Gara can also be influenced by certain ragas like, raga Maand or even raga Bhinna Shadja, raga Pancham se Gara, raga Pahadi, raga Piloo, raga Sindura, raga Zilla and raga Manjh Khamaj in terms of playing Thumris or Bhajans (Semi-classical music). But this doesn't include the Raga Vistar (aalap) or Khyal Gayaki (Classical music) because a ragas original composition and structure doesn't change in the raga vistar. This factor may change in the semi-classical forms of any raga.

**Aarohana**

S G (komal) m P D N S

**Avaroha**

S N D P m G (komal) S

**Pakad** / **Chalan**

R g R S D n P D N S G (komal) M R g R

**Vadi**

Ga

**Samavadi**

Ni

## List of Film songs

| Song | Movie | Composer | Artists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aise To Na Dekho | Teen Devian | S. D. Burman | Mohammed Rafi |
| Tere Mere Sapne Ab Ek Rang Hain | Guide (film) | S. D. Burman | Mohammed Rafi |
| Jivan Men Piya Tera Sath Rahe | Goonj Uthi Shehnai | Vasant Desai | Mohammed Rafi & Lata Mangeshkar |
| Kabhi Khud Pe Kabhi Haalaath Pe Ronaa Aayaa | Hum Dono (1961 film) | Jaidev | Mohammed Rafi |
| Mohe Panghat Pe Nandalal Ched Gayo Re | Mughal-e-Azam | Naushad | Lata Mangeshkar |
| Hamsafar Saath Apna Chhod Chale | Aakhri Daao(1958 film) | Madan Mohan (composer) | Mohammed Rafi & Asha Bhosle |
| Unke Khayal Aye To Ate Chale Gaye | Lal Patthar | Shankar–Jaikishan | Mohammed Rafi |
| Diwana Kahe Ke Aaj Mujhe Phir Pukariye | Mulzim (1963 film) | Ravi (composer) | Mohammed Rafi |

(The references of all songs that are given below are - )

```
**Aise To Na Dekho**
**Film - Teen Deviyan**
**Year - 1965**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - S. D. Burman**
**Singer - Mohd. Rafi**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaginwwacJI
```

```
**Diwana Kahe Ke Aaj Mujhe Phir Pukariye**
**Film - Mulzim**
**Year -1963**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - Ravi**
**Singer - Mohd. Rafi**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDuQcRX6hXg
```

```
**Hamsafar Saath Apna Chhod Chale**
**Film - Aakhri Daao**
**Year -1958**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - Madan Mohan**
**Singer - Mohd. Rafi, Asha Bhosle**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIZaLYIfPXg
```

```
**Tere Mere Sapne Ab Ek Rang Hain**
**Film - Guide**
**Year - 1965**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - S.D. Burman**
**Singer - Mohd. Rafi**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngch5NKgPh8
```

```
**Jivan Mein Piya Tera Sath Rahe**
**Film - Gunj Uthi Shehnai**
**Year - 1959**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Kaherava**
**Music Director - Vasant Desai**
**Singers - Lata Mangeshkar, Mohd. Rafi**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10c6TeWZmVE
```

```
**Kabhi Khud Pe Kabhi Haalaath Pe Ronaa Aayaa**
**Film - Hum Dono**
**Year - 1961**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - Jaidev**
**Singer - Mohd. Rafi**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzpHlGxDzqE
```

```
**Mohe Panghat Pe Nandalal Ched Gayo Re**
**Film - Mughal-e-Azam**
**Year - 1960**
**Raga - Gara**
**Tala - Dadra**
**Music Director - Naushad**
**Singer - Lata Mangeshkar**
**Video link** - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4y8tXUlJjA
```

```
**Unnai Kaanadhu naan**
**Language - Tamil**
**Movie    - Vishwaroopam**
**Raga     - Gara**
**Year     - 2013**
**Composer - Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy**
 **Vocal   - Shankar Mahadevan & Kamal Haasan**
```

```
**Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram**
**Raga - Gara**
**Composer - Tulsidas or Ramdas**
**Tuned by - Vishnu Digambar Paluskar**
**Popularised by Mahatma Gandhi**
```

```
 **Chanthu Thottile**
 **Film     - Banaras**
 **Language - Malayalam**
 **Year     - 2009**
 **Raga     - Mishra Gara**
           with touches of Malhar
 **Composer - M Jayachandran**
 **Lyricist - Gireesh Puttenchery**
 **Vocal    - Shreya Ghoshal**
```

## InfoBox

**Raga Gara**
| Thaat |  |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Sampurna - Sampurna |
| Time of day | 6 pm / 9 pm - late evening |
| Arohana | S G (komal) m P D N S |
| Avarohana | S N D P m G (komal) S |
| Pakad | R g R S D n P D N S G M R g R |
| Chalan | R g R S D n P D N S G M R g R |
| Vadi | Ga |
| Samavadi | Ni |
| Similar | Piloo, Jaijaiwanti |


title: Hidradenitis

abstract: Hidradenitis is any disease in which the histologic abnormality is primarily an inflammatory infiltrate around the eccrine glands. This group includes neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis and recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis. It can also be defined more generally as an inflammation of sweat glands. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic cutaneous condition originally thought to be primarily characterized by suppurative inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. Recent evidence supports that the primary event is follicular hyperkeratosis and obstruction, but the term hidradenitis supperativa has continued to be used in major medical journals.

text:
# Hidradenitis

**Hidradenitis** is any disease in which the histologic abnormality is primarily an inflammatory infiltrate around the eccrine glands. This group includes neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis and recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis.

It can also be defined more generally as an inflammation of sweat glands.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic cutaneous condition originally thought to be primarily characterized by suppurative inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. Recent evidence supports that the primary event is follicular hyperkeratosis and obstruction, but the term hidradenitis supperativa has continued to be used in major medical journals.

## Symptoms

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, considered a member of the acne family of disorders. It is sometimes called acne inversa. The first signs of HS are small bumps on the skin that resemble pimples, cysts, boils, or folliculitis. As the disease progresses and abscesses reoccur, they become larger and more painful; eventually tunnels of scar tissue connect the lesions. These lesions may open up if they become too enlarged and drain bloodstained pus.

## Risk factor

One risk factor is age; HS usually starts after puberty, usually in the teens and twenties. The condition is much more common in women than in men but is usually more serious and debilitating in men. Other associated conditions include obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, acne, and other inflammatory disorders. Early diagnosis of this disease is very important to decrease the number of flares, pain, and discomfort.

## Treatment

The Mayo Clinic suggests the following: antibiotics (generally the lowest side effect profile compared to other treatments); corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone); but corticosteroids have many side effects, including "moon face" for the duration of the medication's trial usage, as well as unwanted hair growth for females and/or osteoporosis with long-term use. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors like infliximab (Remicade) and adalimumab (Humira) have shown promise for some, but they should probably be considered a third-line treatment, as treatment is associated with increased risk of infection, heart failure and certain cancers. Surgery is also available for those overwhelmed by the condition, but it will not cure the condition, just relieve the skin-related issues for a while. The disease is pernicious and is almost always guaranteed to return, if not in the same spot where the surgery was performed.

Some products for adult acne may help relieve some symptoms for people with hidradenitis, although there is no guarantee it will work in all or even most individuals. Birth control medication may relieve some symptoms for women; there is a hormonal treatment for men as well, but that has not been proven to be safe or effective as of yet.

Alternative treatments not approved by the FDA include alpha hydroxy acids (naturally available in small amounts in citrus fruits), Azelaic acid, and zinc. It is not thought that they are as effective as standard medical treatment, but they tend to have less side effects. Some suggest tea tree oil and a specific strain of brewer's yeast, called CBS 5926. However, tea tree oil can cause contact dermatitis for some as well as breast development in teenage boys and should not be used if one has rosacea due to the potentiality of worsening the symptoms of that skin condition. CBS 5962 can also cause migraines and intestinal issues for some.

## InfoBox

| Hidradenitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Dermatology |


title: Gooding Drive

abstract: Gooding Drive is a major road on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The road begins at the intersection of Hinkler Drive in Worongary where it passes over the Pacific Motorway and runs through the suburb of Merrimac before terminating in Carrara where it joins up with Nerang–Broadbeach Road. As part of the most direct route from the Gold Coast Highway at Broadbeach to the Pacific Motorway it is a key component of Gold Coast infrastructure.

text:
# Gooding Drive

**Gooding Drive** (state route 50) is a major road on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The road begins at the intersection of Hinkler Drive in Worongary where it passes over the Pacific Motorway and runs through the suburb of Merrimac before terminating in Carrara where it joins up with Nerang–Broadbeach Road (state route 90). As part of the most direct route from the Gold Coast Highway at Broadbeach to the Pacific Motorway it is a key component of Gold Coast infrastructure.

## History

The road was probably named for the Gooding family, who ran a dairy farm in the area for many years.

*Braeside*, a home built early in the twentieth century, is on Gooding Drive. It now functions as a wedding and funeral centre.

## Major intersections

The road is in the City of Gold Coast local government area.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worongary | 0 | 0.0 | Mudgeeraba Road (State Route 50) – south – Mudgeeraba /
Hinkler Drive – north – Nerang | Western end of Gooding Drive (State Route 50) |
| Worongary /
Mudgeeraba midpoint | 0.1 | 0.062 | Pacific Motorway (M1)
– M1 entry ramp – north – Nerang /
– M1 exit ramp – from south (Mudgeeraba) | Roundabout |
| Merrimac | 0.25 | 0.16 | Pacific Motorway (M1)
– M1 entry ramp – south – Robina /
– M1 exit ramp – from north (Nerang) | Roundabout |
| Merrimac
Clear Island Waters,
Carrara tripoint | 3.8 | 2.4 | Nerang–Broadbeach Road (State Route 90) – north – Nerang / east – Broadbeach /
Robina Parkway (State Route 7) – south – Robina | Roundabout. Eastern end of Gooding Drive |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Australian Roads portal

1. "Gooding Drive" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
2. "Worongary to Broadbeach" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
3. "Merrimac history (last para)". City of Gold Coast. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
4. "Braeside - Our History". Braeside Events. 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.

## InfoBox

| Gooding Drive
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Type | Road |
| Length | 3.8 km (2.4 mi) |
| Route number(s) | State Route 50 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Hinkler Drive, Worongary |
|  | Pacific Motorway (M1) |
| East end | Nerang–Broadbeach Road  State Route 90, Carrara |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Merrimac |


title: Kinetic smallest enclosing disk

abstract: A kinetic smallest enclosing disk data structure is a kinetic data structure that maintains the smallest enclosing disk of a set of moving points.

text:
# Kinetic smallest enclosing disk

A **kinetic smallest enclosing disk** data structure is a kinetic data structure that maintains the smallest enclosing disk of a set of moving points.

## 2D

In 2 dimensions, the best known kinetic smallest enclosing disk data structure uses the farthest point delaunay triangulation of the point set to maintain the smallest enclosing disk. The farthest-point Delaunay triangulation is the dual of the farthest-point Voronoi diagram. It is known that if the farthest-point delaunay triangulation of a point set contains an acute triangle, the circumcircle of this triangle is the smallest enclosing disk. Otherwise, the smallest enclosing disk has the diameter of the point set as its diameter. Thus, by maintaining the kinetic diameter of the point set, the farthest-point delaunay triangulation, and whether or not the farthest-point delaunay triangulation has an acute triangle, the smallest enclosing disk can be maintained. This data structure is responsive and compact, but not local or efficient:

* **Responsiveness:** This data structure requires $O(\log ^{2}n)$ time to process each certificate failure, and thus is responsive.
* **Locality:** A point can be involved in $\Theta (n)$ certificates. Therefore, this data structure is not local.
* **Compactness:** This data structure requires O(n) certificates total, and thus is compact.
* **Efficiency:** This data structure has $O(n^{3+\epsilon })$ events total.(for all $\epsilon \>0$ The best known lower bound on the number of changes to the smallest enclosing disk is $\Omega (n^{2})$. Thus the efficiency of this data structure, the ratio of total events to external events, is $O(n^{1+\epsilon })$.

The existence of kinetic data structure that has $o(n^{3+\epsilon })$ events is an open problem.

## Approximate 2D

The smallest enclosing disk of a set of n moving points can be ε-approximated by a kinetic data structure that processes $O(1/\epsilon ^{5/2})$ events and requires $O((n/{\sqrt {\epsilon })\log n)}$ time total.

## Higher dimensions

In dimensions higher than 2, efficiently maintaining the smallest enclosing sphere of a set of moving points is an open problem.


title: Neocogniauxia monophylla

abstract: Neocogniauxia monophylla is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Epidendroideae, and family Orchidaceae. It grows in Jamaica from elevations of 3,300 to 5,300 ft.

text:
# Neocogniauxia monophylla

***Neocogniauxia monophylla*** is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily *Epidendroideae*, and family *Orchidaceae*. It grows in Jamaica from elevations of 3,300 to 5,300 ft.

## InfoBox

| *Neocogniauxia monophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Neocogniauxia* |
| Species: | ***N. monophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocogniauxia monophylla***<br>(Griseb.) Schltr. | |
|


title: Murdoch Grant

abstract: Murdoch Grant was an itinerant peddler and murder victim of which the unusual circumstance regarding the capture of the murderer resulted from a local tailor who claimed to have witnessed the events in a dream. During the spring of 1830, Grant visited the village of Assynt in the Scottish Highlands of Sutherlandshire to attend a wedding on March 19. However, after disappearing between Drumbeg and Nedd on March 11, his body was discovered four weeks later by a farm servant passing by the Loch-for-na-eigin, a remote mountain loch located almost a mile from Drumbeg. After dragging his body ashore, the servant observed the peddler's pockets had been emptied and turned inside out and his backpack missing as well as marks on his face showing signs of foul play. However, local authorities were unable to solve the crime and Grant's murder remained unsolved for some time. However, after the local postmaster casually mentioned to Sheriff Lumsden about changing a £10 note with a suspicious looking man shortly after Grant's disappearance, Sheriff Lumsden questioned schoolteacher Hugh Macleod. After Macleod denied the postmaster's claim, the sheriff arrested Macleod and ordered a search of his house. None of the peddler's belongings were found however and, shortly before the sheriff was to release Macleod, a tailor named Kenneth Fraser came forward claiming he had experienced a dream in which he saw a vision of Macleod's cottage and in which he heard a voice speaking in Gaelic which told him "The merchant's pack is lying in a cairn of stones, in a hole near their house." Leading authorities to Macleod's home, several articles belonging to Grant were found under a pile of stones. While there was some doubt to the tailor's story, the discovery of a pair of stockings later found in Macleod's possession later provided enough evidence to bring Macleod before a Court of Justice. Tried before Lord Moncreiff of the circuit court in Inverness on September 27, Fraser testified against Macleod, who was found guilty of his murder for which he later confessed before his execution.

text:
# Murdoch Grant

**Murdoch Grant** (died March 19, 1830) was an itinerant peddler and murder victim of which the unusual circumstance regarding the capture of the murderer resulted from a local tailor who claimed to have witnessed the events in a dream.

During the spring of 1830, Grant visited the village of Assynt in the Scottish Highlands of Sutherlandshire to attend a wedding on March 19. However, after disappearing between Drumbeg and Nedd on March 11, his body was discovered four weeks later by a farm servant passing by the Loch-for-na-eigin, a remote mountain loch located almost a mile from Drumbeg. After dragging his body ashore, the servant observed the peddler's pockets had been emptied and turned inside out (Grant was known to be carrying a considerable amount of money) and his backpack missing as well as marks on his face showing signs of foul play.

However, local authorities were unable to solve the crime and Grant's murder remained unsolved for some time. However, after the local postmaster casually mentioned to Sheriff Lumsden about changing a 10 note with a suspicious looking man shortly after Grant's disappearance, Sheriff Lumsden questioned schoolteacher Hugh Macleod. After Macleod denied the postmaster's claim, the sheriff arrested Macleod and ordered a search of his house. None of the peddler's belongings were found however and, shortly before the sheriff was to release Macleod, a tailor named Kenneth Fraser came forward claiming he had experienced a dream in which he saw a vision of Macleod's cottage and in which he heard a voice speaking in Gaelic which told him *"The merchant's pack is lying in a cairn of stones, in a hole near their house."*

Leading authorities to Macleod's home, several articles belonging to Grant were found under a pile of stones. While there was some doubt to the tailor's story, the discovery of a pair of stockings later found in Macleod's possession later provided enough evidence to bring Macleod before a Court of Justice. Tried before Lord Moncreiff of the circuit court in Inverness on September 27, Fraser testified against Macleod, who was found guilty of his murder for which he later confessed before his execution.

## Further reading

* Robertson, James. *Scottish Ghost Stories*. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996. ISBN 0-7515-1393-8