title: Girolamo Seripando

abstract: Girolamo Seripando was an Augustinian friar, Italian theologian and cardinal.

text:
# Girolamo Seripando

**Girolamo Seripando** (Troja, Apulia, 6 May 1493 – Trento, 17 March 1563) was an Augustinian friar, Italian theologian and cardinal.

## Life

He was of noble birth, and intended by his parents for the legal profession. After their death, however, at the age of fourteen, he entered the Augustinian Order, at Viterbo, where he studied Greek and Hebrew as well as philosophy and theology.

After a short stay in Rome, where he had been called by his superior general, he was appointed lecturer at Siena (1515), professor of theology at Bologna (1517), and vicar-general (1532), a role he filled with great credit for two years. He won such a reputation for eloquence by his discourses in the principal cities of Italy, that the Emperor Charles V often made it a point to be present at his sermons.

Elected superior general in 1539, he governed for twelve years. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia describes him as displaying "singular prudence, zeal, and piety." In 1546, he attended the sessions of the Council of Trent, where he distinguished himself by his zeal for the purity of biblical texts, and also by his views concerning original sin and justification that council fathers felt were more in line with Lutheran view.

Pope Paul III sent him as his legate to the emperor and to the King of France, after which he was offered the Bishopric of Aquila. Seripando not only declined this dignity, but even resigned his position as superior general (1551), and withdrew into a small convent. He was called from this retirement (1553) on a mission from the city of Naples to Charles V. Upon completion of this he was appointed Archbishop of Salerno. The Catholic Encyclopedia describes him as a "zealous and efficient pastor."

A few years later (1561), Pope Pius IV made him cardinal and second legate of the Holy See at the Council of Trent. Upon the death of Cardinal Gonzaga, he became first president of the same council.

## Works

The Catholic Encyclopedia describes Seripando as "an elegant and prolific writer, and a vigorous controversialist, rather than an orator." The following are his principal published works:

* *Novae constitutiones ordinis S. Augustini* (Venice, 1549)
* *Oratio in funere Caroli V imperatoris* (Naples, 1559)
* *Prediche sopra il simbolo degli Apostoli, etc.* (Venice, 1567)
* *Commentarius in D. Pauli epistolas ad Galatas* (Venice, 1569)
* *Commentaria in D. Pauli epistolas ad Romanos et ad Galatas* (Naples, 1601)
* *De arte orandi* (Lyons, 1670)
* several letters, included by Lagomarsini in *Poggiani epist. et orationes* (Rome, 1762).

## Sources

* Louis Ellies du Pin, *L'histoire de l'Eglise* (Paris, 1703)
* Odorico Raynaldi and Mansi, *Annales Ecclesiastici* (Lucca, 1735–6)
* Johann Felix Ossinger, *Bibliotheca Augustiniana* (Ingolstadt, 1768)
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Girolamo Seripando". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Miranda, Salvador. "SERIPANDO, O.E.S.A., Girolamo (1493-1563)". *The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church*. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
* Abbondanza, Rocchina (1982). *Girolamo Seripando tra Evangelismo e Riforma Cattolica*. (in Italian). Naples: Editrice Ferraro 1982.
* Cesareo, Francesco C. (1999). *A Shepherd in Their Midst: The Episcopacy of Girolamo Seripando (1554-1563)*. Augustinian Press, 1999.
* Jedin, Hubert (1947). *Papal Legate at the Council of Trent: Cardinal Seripando*. trans. Frederic C. Eckhoff (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1947).
* Olivier, D. (1968). "Les deux sermons sur la double et la triple justice," (in French). *Öcumenica* 3 (1968), pp. 39–69.
* Schmitz, Edwin F. (1955). *Girolamo Seripando and Justification at the Council of Trent*. St. Mary's Seminary (Baltimore, Md.), 1955.


title: Under a Cloud (novel)

abstract: Under a Cloud is a 1916 book by Arthur Wright.

text:
# Under a Cloud (novel)

***Under a Cloud*** is a 1916 book by Arthur Wright.

## Plot

A jockey deliberately rides his horse to defeat in order to secure the hand of the girl he loves. He is disqualified from riding and the girl marries his rival. Ten years later he returns looking for revenge.

## Reception

The *West Australian* called it "a story remarkable for its sensationalism if for nothing else." A book critic from the *Australian Worker* said that:

> At times Wright moves his characters so quickly that he seems to lose tab of their doings. For instance, in his latest book, 'Under a Cloud'... he makes his hero put 5s. on a horse at 20 to 1 and collect ten sovereigns when the mare wins! Either Wright is a bad arithmetician or that bookmaker was altogether too generous to shout the odds in the ear of a wicked world. Still, the average sensation-seeker doesn't mind a mere errors in arithmetic when exciting deeds are oozing out of every page. And, unfortunately for the reputation of Australia's literary taste, the Wright class of novel, which is the wrong class, seems doomed to unprecedented success.

## InfoBox

Under a Cloud
| Author | Arthur Wright |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | sporting |
| Publisher | NSW Bookstall Company |
| Publication date | 1916 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Pages | 187 |


title: Modern Operating Systems

abstract: Modern Operating Systems is a book written by Andrew Tanenbaum, a version of his book Operating Systems: Design and Implementation. It is now in its 5th edition, published October 2022 (ISBN 9780137618880), written together with Herbert Bos. Modern Operating Systems is a popular book across the globe and includes the fundamentals of an operating system with small amounts of code written in autonomous C language. MOS describes many scheduling algorithms.

text:
# Modern Operating Systems

***Modern Operating Systems*** is a book written by Andrew Tanenbaum, a version (which does not target implementation) of his book *Operating Systems: Design and Implementation*. It is now in its 5th edition, published October 2022 (ISBN 9780137618880), written together with Herbert Bos.

*Modern Operating Systems* (mostly known as *MOS*) is a popular book across the globe and includes the fundamentals of an operating system with small amounts of code written in autonomous C language. *MOS* describes many scheduling algorithms.

## InfoBox

Modern Operating Systems
| First edition, 1992 | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Andrew S. Tanenbaum
(and Herbert Bos for 4th and 5th editions) |
| Language | English, German |
| Series | Learning |
| Subject | covers current UNIX® standards (POSIX.1-2001 /SUSv3 and POSIX.1-2008 /SUSv4 ) |
| Published | 1st edition 1992
2nd edition 2001
3rd edition 2007
4th edition March 20, 2014
5th edition 2022 |
| Publisher | Prentice Hall 1st-3rd
Pearson PLC 4th |
| Pages | 1101 |
| ISBN | 978-0133591620 |


abstract:
The modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics was represented by two events: Individual competition and Team competition. As usual in Olympic modern pentathlon, one competition was held and each competitor's score was included to the Individual competition event results table and was also added to his teammates' scores to be included to the Team competition event results table. This competition consisted of 5 disciplines:
  - Equestrian, held on July 18 at Bromont.
  - Fencing, held on July 19 at Université de Montréal.
  - Shooting, held on July 20 at L'Acadie.
  - Swimming, held on July 21 at Olympic Pool.
  - Cross-country, held on July 22 at Olympic Stadium and Maisonneuve Park.

text:
# Modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's individual

The modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics was represented by two events (both for men): *Individual competition* and *Team competition*. As usual in Olympic modern pentathlon, one competition was held and each competitor's score was included to the *Individual competition* event results table and was also added to his teammates' scores to be included to the *Team competition* event results table. This competition consisted of 5 disciplines:

## Results

| Rank | Athlete |  | Rid. | Fen. | Sho. | Swi. | Run. |  | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  | Janusz Pyciak-Peciak (POL) | 1066 | 928 | 1044 | 1164 | 1318 | 5520 |
| | |  | Pavel Lednev (URS) | 1032 | 1096 | 1022 | 1092 | 1243 | 5485 |
| | |  | Jan Bartu (TCH) | 1100 | 976 | 1044 | 1184 | 1162 | 5466 |
| | | 4 | Daniele Masala (ITA) | 1090 | 832 | 1066 | 1244 | 1201 | 5433 |
| | | 5 | Adrian Parker (GBR) | 1100 | 712 | 868 | 1240 | 1378 | 5298 |
| | | 6 | John Fitzgerald (USA) | 1036 | 952 | 1000 | 1232 | 1066 | 5286 |
| | | 7 | Jørn Steffensen (DEN) | 1100 | 856 | 1044 | 1068 | 1213 | 5281 |
| | | 8 | Boris Mosolov (URS) | 1036 | 856 | 934 | 1212 | 1162 | 5200 |
| | | 9 | Tamas Kancsal (HUN) | 866 | 990 | 956 | 1164 | 1219 | 5195 |
| | | 10 | Danny Nightingale (GBR) | 1012 | 760 | 934 | 1172 | 1309 | 5187 |
| | | 11 | Risto Hurme (FIN) | 1100 | 856 | 868 | 1088 | 1246 | 5158 |
| | | 12 | Alain Cortes (FRA) | 1036 | 784 | 956 | 1108 | 1249 | 5133 |
| | | 13 | Tibor Maracsko (HUN) | 972 | 832 | 890 | 1204 | 1228 | 5126 |
| | | 14 | Walter Esser (FRG) | 1100 | 784 | 978 | 1112 | 1120 | 5094 |
| | | 15 | Jim Fox (GBR) | 1100 | 784 | 846 | 1080 | 1264 | 5074 |
| | | 16 | Michael Burley (USA) | 1068 | 760 | 692 | 1212 | 1327 | 5059 |
| | | 17 | Bohumil Starnovský (TCH) | 1068 | 832 | 868 | 1144 | 1144 | 5056 |
| | | 18 | Szvetiszlav Sasics (HUN) | 934 | 928 | 912 | 1160 | 1117 | 5051 |
| | | 19 | Zbigniew Pacelt (POL) | 1100 | 592 | 890 | 1308 | 1138 | 5028 |
| | | 20 | Hans Lager (SWE) | 1100 | 688 | 758 | 1244 | 1225 | 5015 |
| | | 21 | Stoyan Zlatev (BUL) | 1036 | 784 | 1000 | 1140 | 1048 | 5008 |
| | | 22 | Velko Bratanov (BUL) | 1064 | 808 | 1000 | 980 | 1147 | 4999 |
| | | 23 | Jussi Pelli (FIN) | 1004 | 760 | 956 | 1020 | 1192 | 4932 |
| | | 24 | Bengt Lager (SWE) | 1068 | 688 | 802 | 1120 | 1252 | 4930 |
| | | 25 | Pier Paolo Cristofori (ITA) | 1100 | 712 | 780 | 1128 | 1207 | 4927 |
| | | 26 | Robert Nieman (USA) | 1036 | 784 | 604 | 1324 | 1153 | 4901 |
| | | 27 | Klaus Petersen (DEN) | 1036 | 712 | 890 | 1120 | 1120 | 4878 |
| | | 28 | Claude Guiguet (FRA) | 1100 | 712 | 1000 | 924 | 1123 | 4859 |
| | | 29 | Jiri Adam (TCH) | 794 | 904 | 1088 | 1072 | 1000 | 4858 |
| | | 30 | Gerhard Werner (FRG) | 972 | 736 | 824 | 1196 | 1129 | 4857 |
| | | 31 | Shoji Uchida (JPN) | 1068 | 736 | 692 | 1084 | 1270 | 4850 |
| | | 32 | Gunnar Jacobson (SWE) | 1100 | 784 | 780 | 1104 | 1075 | 4843 |
| | | 33 | Michel Gueguen (FRA) | 1100 | 712 | 714 | 1104 | 1195 | 4825 |
| | | 34 | Krzyszto Trybusiewicz (POL) | 1004 | 640 | 978 | 1072 | 1129 | 4823 |
| | | 35 | Heikki Hulkkonen (FIN) | 690 | 880 | 978 | 1120 | 1141 | 4809 |
| | | 36 | Nikolai Nikolov (BUL) | 956 | 664 | 934 | 1068 | 1102 | 4724 |
| | | 37 | Akira Kubo (JPN) | 1036 | 832 | 802 | 904 | 1126 | 4700 |
| | | 38 | Serge Bindy (SUI) | 660 | 760 | 912 | 1148 | 1183 | 4663 |
| | | 39 | Mario Medda (ITA) | 1004 | 688 | 824 | 1056 | 1075 | 4647 |
| | | 40 | Hiroyuki Kawazoe (JPN) | 1068 | 688 | 956 | 840 | 1039 | 4591 |
| | | 41 | Wolfgang Köpcke (FRG) | 940 | 592 | 824 | 1084 | 1111 | 4551 |
| | | 42 | Peter Ridgway (AUS) | 1068 | 640 | 912 | 1020 | 910 | 4550 |
| | | 43 | John Hawes (CAN) | 1068 | 856 | 230 | 1272 | 1108 | 4534 |
| | | 44 | Peter Macken (AUS) | 1068 | 544 | 802 | 752 | 1186 | 4352 |
| | | 45 | George Skene (CAN) | 1100 | 520 | 274 | 1176 | 1102 | 4172 |
| | | 46 | Jack Alexander (CAN) | 478 | 472 | 692 | 1268 | 1213 | 4123 |
| | |

Boris Onischenko (URS) was ejected from the competition during the fencing event after it was discovered he had wired his epée with a concealed push button circuit breaker that enabled him to register a hit at any time. Onischenko's results were deleted from the records, and he was spirited away from the Olympic Village almost immediately, never competing in events outside the USSR again.

## InfoBox

| Men's individual modern pentathlon<br>at the Games of the XXI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | July 18–22 |
| Competitors | 47 from 17 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Janusz Pyciak-Peciak  Poland  Pavel Lednev  Soviet Union  Jan Bartu  Czechoslovakia | |
|


abstract:
The modern pentathlon at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by two events: Individual competition and Team competition. As usual in Olympic modern pentathlon one competition was held and each competitor's score was included to the Individual competition event results table and was also added to his teammates' scores to be included to the Team competition event results table. This competition consisted of 5 disciplines which were held in 4 venues:
  - Equestrian held on July 20 at the Trade Unions Equestrian Centre situated in the Bitsa forest park
  - Fencing held on July 21 at the Sports Palace of the Central Sports Club of the Army
  - Shooting held on July 22 at the Dynamo Shooting Range in Mytishchi
  - Swimming held on July 23 at the Swimming Pool of the Olympiski Sports Complex
  - Cross-country held on July 24 at the Trade Unions Equestrian Centre

text:
# Modern pentathlon at the 1980 Summer Olympics

The modern pentathlon at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by two events (both for men): *Individual competition* and *Team competition*. As usual in Olympic modern pentathlon one competition was held and each competitor's score was included to the *Individual competition* event results table and was also added to his teammates' scores to be included to the *Team competition* event results table. This competition consisted of 5 disciplines which were held in 4 venues:

1. *Equestrian* held on July 20 at the *Trade Unions Equestrian Centre* situated in the *Bitsa forest park* (southern part of Moscow)
2. *Fencing* held on July 21 at the *Sports Palace of the Central Sports Club of the Army* (north-western part of Moscow)
3. *Shooting* held on July 22 at the *Dynamo Shooting Range* in Mytishchi (north-eastern part of Moscow)
4. *Swimming* held on July 23 at the *Swimming Pool* of the *Olympiski Sports Complex* (central part of Moscow)
5. *Cross-country* held on July 24 at the *Trade Unions Equestrian Centre*

## Participating nations

A total of 43 athletes from 17 nations competed at the Moscow Games:

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Individual
 | Anatoly Starostin
Soviet Union | Tamás Szombathelyi
Hungary | Pavel Lednev
Soviet Union |
| Team
 | Soviet Union (URS)
Anatoly Starostin
Pavel Lednev
Yevgeny Lipeyev | Hungary (HUN)
Tamás Szombathelyi
Tibor Maracskó
László Horváth | Sweden (SWE)
Svante Rasmuson
Lennart Pettersson
George Horvath |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| Men's modern pentathlon
at the Games of the XXII Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | July 20–24, 1980 |
| Competitors | 43 from 17 nations |
|


title: Giulio Antamoro

abstract: Giulio Antamoro was an Italian film director mainly active during the silent era.

text:
# Giulio Antamoro

**Giulio Antamoro** (1 July 1877 – 8 December 1945) was an Italian film director mainly active during the silent era.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. *The Oxford History of World Cinema*. Oxford University Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| Giulio Antamoro | |
| --- | --- |
| Giulio Antamoro in a December 1926 publication | |
| Born | (1877-07-01)1 July 1877
Rome, Lazio, Italy |
| Died | 8 December 1945(1945-12-08) (aged 68)
Rome, Lazio, Italy |
| Occupation | Director |
| Years active | 1910-1943 (film) |


title: Giulio Antonio Santoro

abstract: Giulio Antonio Santoro was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cosenza (1624–1638).

text:
# Giulio Antonio Santoro

**Giulio Antonio Santoro** (1580 – 28 September 1638) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cosenza (1624–1638).

## Biography

Giulio Antonio Santoro was born in Caserta, Italy. On 29 January 1624, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Archbishop of Cosenza. On 4 February 1624, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Garzia Mellini, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati, with Alessandro di Sangro, Archbishop of Benevento, and Agostino Morosini, Titular Archbishop of *Damascus*, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Archbishop of Cosenza until his death on 28 September 1638. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Consalvo Caputo, Bishop of San Marco (1630).

* Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]
* Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano (Italy)". *GCatholic.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Giulio Antonio Santoro | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Cosenza | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Cosenza |
| In office | 1624–1638 |
| Predecessor | Paolo Emilio Santori |
| Successor | Martino Alfieri |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 4 February 1624
by Giovanni Garzia Mellini |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1580
Caserta, Italy |
| Died | 28 September 1638 (age 58)
Cosenza, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |


title: Giuseppe Nicolini (writer)

abstract: Giuseppe Nicolini was an Italian poet, literary critic, and politician active in the risorgimento, the nineteenth century nationalist movement that led to the creation of Italy as a unified nation. Nicolini wrote for the progressive periodical Il Conciliatore, composed poetry, and published prose as well. He translated much of Lord Byron's poetry into Italian and wrote one of the earliest biographies of Byron. He was born in Brescia, the son of merchant, and after studying philosophy there, went on to study law at the University of Bologna, where he graduated in 1807. He preferred teaching to law, however, and after a few years as a lawyer took up an appointment as a professor in the Brescia Ginnasio. For a brief period he was also a professor of history at the principal Liceo in Verona. When his political activities cost him his teaching job in 1821, writing became his main profession. He lived the rest of his life in Brescia, where he married in 1840 and became the father of seven children. Giuseppe Nicolini died in the cholera epidemic that struck the city in 1855.

text:
# Giuseppe Nicolini (writer)

**Giuseppe Nicolini** (28 October 1788 – 26 August 1855) was an Italian poet, literary critic, and politician active in the risorgimento, the nineteenth century nationalist movement that led to the creation of Italy as a unified nation. Nicolini wrote for the progressive periodical *Il Conciliatore*, composed poetry, and published prose as well. He translated much of Lord Byron's poetry into Italian and wrote one of the earliest biographies of Byron.

He was born in Brescia, the son of merchant, and after studying philosophy there, went on to study law at the University of Bologna, where he graduated in 1807. He preferred teaching to law, however, and after a few years as a lawyer took up an appointment as a professor in the Brescia Ginnasio. For a brief period he was also a professor of history at the principal Liceo in Verona. When his political activities cost him his teaching job in 1821, writing became his main profession. He lived the rest of his life in Brescia, where he married in 1840 and became the father of seven children. Giuseppe Nicolini died in the cholera epidemic that struck the city in 1855.

## Sources


title: Międzylesie, Olsztyn County

abstract: Międzylesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre Miasto, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Dobre Miasto and 23 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn. Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany.

text:
# Międzylesie, Olsztyn County

**Międzylesie** \[mjɛnd͡zɨˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre Miasto, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Dobre Miasto and 23 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany (East Prussia).

## InfoBox

| Międzylesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Międzylesie | |
| Coordinates: 53°59′N 20°30′E / 53.983°N 20.500°E / 53.983; 20.500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Olsztyn |
| Gmina | Dobre Miasto |


title: Giuseppe Alberigo

abstract: Giuseppe Alberigo was an Italian Catholic historian and editor of a history of the Second Vatican Council that focuses on alleged discontinuities and departures from previous Church teaching.

text:
# Giuseppe Alberigo

**Giuseppe Alberigo** (Cuasso al Monte, 21 January 1926 – Bologna, 15 June 2007) was an Italian Catholic historian and editor of a history of the Second Vatican Council that focuses on alleged discontinuities and departures from previous Church teaching.

## Biography

Giuseppe Alberigo received a graduate degree in law, studying under the German historian Hubert Jedin, under Delio Cantimori in Florence. and under the diocesan vicar and monk Giuseppe Dossetti who was one of the most influential progressives at the Second Vatican Council.

Alberigo's most important work was the direction of the editorial initiative Storia del Concilio Vaticano II, but its progressive character did not have unanimous acceptance among Catholics, with critical reviews appearing in L'Osservatore Romano. The work of Giuseppe Alberigo and the "School of Bologna" is criticized because it supports the hermeneutics of discontinuity, an interpretation of the Second Vatican Council which considers it a crucial event that marks a turning point in the history of the Catholic Church.

Following the presentation of the bill on the "Rights and duties of people living together" (DiCo) presented by the ministers Rosy Bindi and Barbara Pollastrini and the criticisms coming from the ecclesiastical hierarchy, on 13 February 2007 Alberigo promoted a public appeal in which he invited the Episcopal Conference of Italy to not intervene in a proposal for an official vote among Italian Catholic politicians. The bill has never been approved.

On 20 April 2007, after his admission to the hospital Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Alberigo's relatives were informed by the Bologna Prefect Vincenzo Grimaldi that the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano had conferred on him the honor of a Knight of the Grand Cross of the Italian Republic, saying that his was "an authoritative voice emphasizing with critical awareness the importance of the contribution of Catholic culture in the debate on ideas in our country.

## Works

* *Giuseppe Dossetti. Un itinerario spirituale*, in collaboration with Melloni Alberto, Ravignani Eugenio Edizioni Nuova Dimensione, 2006
* *Breve storia del concilio Vaticano II (1959-1965)*, Il Mulino editions, 2005
* *Papa Giovanni (1881-1963)*, EDB editions, 2000
* *Dalla laguna al Tevere. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli da S. Marco a San Pietro*, Il Mulino editions, 2000
* *Storia del Concilio Vaticano II \[vol 4\]*, Ed. Il Mulino, 1999
* *Il Concilio adulto. Il secondo periodo e la seconda intersessione (Settembre 1963-settembre 1964)*, Il Mulino, 1998
* *Il cristianesimo in Italia*, Edizioni Laterza, 1997
* *Chiesa santa e peccatrice*, Edizioni Qiqajon, 1997
* *Il concilio di Trento. Istanze di riforma e aspetti dottrinali* in collaboration with Scarpati Claudio, Alberigo Giuseppe Edizioni Vita e Pensiero, 1997
* *Il cristianesimo in Italia*, Mondadori, 1992
* *La pace: dono e profezia* in collaboration with Enzo Bianchi, Carlo Maria Martini, Edizioni Qiqajon, 1991, 2nd ed.
* *Storia dei concili ecumenici*  (cur.), Editrice Queriniana, 1990.
* *La riforma protestante. Origini e cause*, Editrice Queriniana, 1988, 2nd ed.

## Honour

* Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (18 April 2007)

* Giuseppe Alberigo, in *Dizionario biografico degli italiani*, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.


title: Glenroy Football Club

abstract:
Glenroy Football Club is an Australian rules football club located 14 km north of Melbourne in the suburb of Glenroy. The club was founded in 1946 and affiliated with the Essendon District Football League. The club fields open age and junior teams.
Glenroy are known as the Wallabies and wear a red jumper with a white sash. The club enjoys strong community support from a range of small businesses and institutions. Their last B-Grade premiership in 2008 resulted in their promotion to A-Grade under former premiership player Ash Manning. Due to a mass exodus of player personnel, Glenroy's young list struggled to match it with the hardened quality opposition in 2009. In 2010, former Northcote Park veteran Brett Jeffrey took the reins of player coach. The club had an up and down year, finally settling for 6th position and failing to make the finals. In 2012 Former Carlton Legend & Captain Lance Whitnall took over as playing coach. In his second year he took Glenroy to the 2013 B grade Grand Final only to just fall short of winning the game.

text:
# Glenroy Football Club

**Glenroy Football Club** is an Australian rules football club located 14 km north of Melbourne in the suburb of Glenroy. The club was founded in 1946 and affiliated with the Essendon District Football League. The club fields open age and junior teams. Glenroy are known as the Wallabies and wear a red jumper with a white sash. The club enjoys strong community support from a range of small businesses and institutions. Their last B-Grade premiership in 2008 resulted in their promotion to A-Grade under former premiership player Ash Manning. Due to a mass exodus of player personnel, Glenroy's young list struggled to match it with the hardened quality opposition in 2009. In 2010, former Northcote Park veteran Brett Jeffrey took the reins of player coach. The club had an up and down year, finally settling for 6th position and failing to make the finals. In 2012 Former Carlton Legend & Captain Lance Whitnall took over as playing coach. In his second year he took Glenroy to the 2013 B grade Grand Final only to just fall short of winning the game.

## Senior Premierships (14)

* A Grade
    + 1966, 1982, 1983, 1986
* B Grade
    + 1949, 1951, 1974, 1980, 1997, 2008, 2017
* A3 Grade
    + 1983, 1985
* C Grade
    + 1963.

## VFL/AFL players

## Sources

## InfoBox

Glenroy
| Full name | Glenroy Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname | The Wallabies |
| Sport | Australian rules football |
| Founded | 1946 |
| League | Essendon District Football League |
| Home ground | Sewell Reserve, Glenroy |
| Colours | Red and White |
| Website |  |


title: Giuseppe Garampi

abstract: Giuseppe Garampi was an Italian scholar and collector of documents and books.

text:
# Giuseppe Garampi

**Giuseppe Garampi** (29 October 1725 – 4 May 1792) was an Italian scholar and collector of documents and books.

## Biography

He was born in Rimini, the son of Count Lorenzo Garampi, a patrician of the city of Rimini. As a youth he studied in Rimini under the preceptorship of the naturalist Janus Plancus (Giovanni Bianchi). When Rimini was invaded by foreign armies, however, he went to Florence, where he became a follower of Johannes Lamius. He then went to Modena, where he became acquainted with Ludovico Antonio Muratori, the antiquarian and historian. He returned to Rimini, in 1741, where he continued his antiquarian and historical researches, working in the Biblioteca Gambalunga. In 1745 he became a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, whose branch at Rimini had been refounded by Janus Plancus. Garampi turned to an ecclesiastical career, taking minor Holy Orders in Rimini in 1746.

He then decided to seek a wider and more remunerative field for his talents in Rome. In September 1747, he was ordained a Subdeacon, and then a Deacon, and on 31 March 1749 he was ordained a priest.

In 1749, at the age of twenty-four, he published in Rome a numismatic and historical treatise on Pope Benedict III (855–858), which drew him to the attention of the scholarly community attached to the papal court, including Pope Benedict XIV himself.

He served as Prefect of the Archives from 1751 until 1772, during which time he compiled the *Schedario Garampi*, a massive card index for the Vatican Secret Archives. Although never completed, it is still in use. A few weeks after his appointment as Archivist, on 20 October 1752, Garampi was appointed a Canon of the Vatican Basilica by Pope Benedict XIV.

On 16 January 1772, Garampi was granted the degree *Doctor in utroque iure* by Pope Clement XIV by means of an apostolic rescript. On 27 January 1772, Garampi was appointed titular Archbishop of Berytus (Beirut, Lebanon); he was consecrated on 9 February by Cardinal Lazzaro Pallavicini. On 20 March 1772, he was appointed papal Nuncio to the King of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski. He served as Nuncio until October 1775.

He was appointed papal Nuncio in Vienna, from 16 March 1776 to 1785. On 20 May 1776, Pope Pius V transferred him from the titular diocese of Berytus to the diocese of Corneto e Montefiascone (1776–1792), allowing him to retain the title of archbishop.

Pope Pius VI named him a Cardinal in the consistory of 14 February 1785, and on 3 April 1786 appointed him to the Titular church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.

On 20 August 1790, Garampi was named protector of the German college in Rome.

He died in Rome at the German College on 4 May 1792, and was buried temporarily in the church of S. Apollinare. On 16 November 1792, the remains were taken to Ss. Giovanni e Paolo for permanent entombment.

## Sources


title: Mohammed Shahid (MMA)

abstract: Mohammed Shahid is a Bahraini businessman who serves as president of the Brave Combat Federation, a Bahrain-based global mixed martial arts organization. He is the first mixed martial artist to represent Bahrain in a global MMA event. He is the advisor to President of the Bahrain Olympic Committee and the founder of the KHK MMA fight team.

text:
# Mohammed Shahid (MMA)

**Mohammed Shahid** (born July 8, 1989) is a Bahraini businessman who serves as president of the Brave Combat Federation, a Bahrain-based global mixed martial arts organization. He is the first mixed martial artist to represent Bahrain in a global MMA event. He is the advisor to President of the Bahrain Olympic Committee and the founder of the KHK MMA fight team.

## Background

Mohammed Shahid started his career as a mixed martial artist and then transitioned into management at KHK MMA and later became the president of the Brave Combat Federation.

### KHK MMA

Mohammed Shahid was assigned to develop mixed martial arts in Bahrain as the CEO of KHK MMA. Bahrain established a national team alongside bringing global talent to facilitate the growth of MMA in Bahrain. The alumnus at KHK MMA fight team includes former UFC lightweight champion, Khabib Nurmagomedov, John Kavanagh, Frankie Edgar, Hamza Kooheji, and Jose Torres.

### BRAVE Combat Federation

Mohammed Shahid was appointed as the first President of the BRAVE Combat Federation. As the President of BRAVE Combat Federation, Mohammed Shahid announced the partnership with International Mixed Martial Arts Federation to host the IMMAF World Championships in November 2017, which kept renewed till 2023. Till date, with Mohammed Shahid as the President, Brave Combat Federation has organized 74 events in 29 nations after its formation on 23 September 2016. Since Brave Combat Federation was launched back in July 2016, the promotion has held shows in Bahrain, Brazil, UAE, India, and Kazakhstan.

In 2018, Mohammed Shahid revealed a partnership with MTV, the youth channel from Viacom18 to host the 30th edition of the event in India. In 2019, Brave Combat Federation and ESPN5 announce partnership for entry into Philippines in a press conference with the Brave president Mohammed Shahid and TV5 president Vincent "Chot" Reyes. In July 2021, Mohammed Shahid was nominated for the Leading Man Of The Year award at the World MMA Awards. In May 2023, Mohammed Shahid announced a partnership with French promotion Hexagone MMA and Brave Combat Federation for a special co-promoted event in Nantes, France on Thursday, 7 September 2023.

## Mixed Martial Arts career

Mohammed Shahid started his career as a professional fighter in the Super Fight League. He became the first fighter from GCC to be featured in the Super Fight League. He holds a record of 4-2-0 in his professional career.

Professional record breakdown
| **6 matches** | **4 wins** | **2 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 3 | 1 |
| **By submission** | 0 | 1 |
| **By decision** | 1 | 0 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 4–2 | Prince Alamgeer Khan | TKO (Punches and Elbows) | SFL 38 - India vs. Pakistan | February 27, 2015 | 1 | 2:50 | Dubai, United Arab Emirates |  |
| Win | 3–2 | Mohammad Younus Bayat | TKO (Doctor Stoppage) | BFMMA - BodyForce MMA 1 | October 10, 2014 | 1 | 2:55 | Bangalore, India |  |
| Loss | 3–1 | Satendar Bankura | Submission | SFL 24-25 - Super Fight League 24-25 | August 31, 2013 | 1 | 0:52 | Mumbai, India |  |
| Win | 2–1 | Abdul Hamid | TKO (Knees) | SFL 16 - Super Fight League 16 | August 26, 2013 | 3 | 3:17 | Mumbai, India |  |
| Loss | 1–1 | Vikas Singh Ruhil | DQ (Illegal Knee to Grounded Opponent) | SFL 14 - Super Fight League 14 | March 29, 2013 | 1 | 0:20 | Mumbai, India |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Mayura Dissanayake | SFL 1 - Super Fight League 1 | URCC 5 - Beyond Fear | March 11, 2012 | 3 | 5:00 | Mumbai, India |  |

## InfoBox

| Mohammed Shahid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Mohammed Shahid
(1989-07-08) July 8, 1989
Manama, Bahrain |
| Other names | The Hawk |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight | 169 lb (76.65 kg) |
| Team | KHK MMA |
| Occupation | President, Brave Combat Federation |


title: Glenmore, Ohio

abstract: Glenmore is an unincorporated community in eastern Willshire Township, Van Wert County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the intersection of the north-south Glenmore Road with the east-west Glenmore Road. Twentyseven Mile Creek, a subsidiary of the St. Marys River, runs on the western edge of Glenmore after rising a short distance to the south of the community. It is located 8½ miles southwest of Van Wert, the county seat of Van Wert County.

text:
# Glenmore, Ohio

**Glenmore** is an unincorporated community in eastern Willshire Township, Van Wert County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the intersection of the north-south Glenmore Road with the east-west Glenmore Road. Twentyseven Mile Creek, a subsidiary of the St. Marys River, runs on the western edge of Glenmore after rising a short distance to the south of the community. It is located 8½ miles (13¾ kilometers) southwest of Van Wert, the county seat of Van Wert County.

40°47′05″N 84°41′54″W / 40.78472°N 84.69833°W / 40.78472; -84.69833


title: Un bugiardo in paradiso

abstract: Un bugiardo in paradiso is a 1998 Italian comedy film directed by Enrico Oldoini.

text:
# Un bugiardo in paradiso

***Un bugiardo in paradiso*** (lit.'A liar in Heaven') is a 1998 Italian comedy film directed by Enrico Oldoini.

## Cast

* Paolo Villaggio as Gino
* Gabriele Cirilli as Tino
* Flavio Insinna as Mino
* Antonella Attili as Teresa
* Mariolina De Fano as Ersilia
* Lars Bloch as Mino's father
* Nathalie Guetta as Agata
* Maria Teresa Battaglia as the butcher's wife
* Salvatore Caruso as Matto
* Fiorenzo Fiorentini as the tramp
* Massimiliano Pazzaglia as Fernando
* Claudio Ricci as Leo
* Annie Depardieu as Zaira
* Giorgio Podo as Piero
* Francesca Perini as Alessia
* Lucilla Diaz as the model
* Anna Scalfi as Martina
* Diletta Ciancio as Damiana
* M.M. Josè Calandra Achde as Tatù
* Renato Mancini as the butcher

## InfoBox

| Un bugiardo in paradiso | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Enrico Oldoini |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Fabrizio Lucci |
| Edited by | Raimondo Crociani |
| Music by | Manuel De Sica |
| Release date | * December 4, 1998 (1998-12-04) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Glenda R. Carpio

abstract: Glenda R. Carpio is tenured professor of African and African American Studies and English at Harvard University. Her book, Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery was published by Oxford University Press in 2008. Her book, Migrant Aesthetics: Contemporary Fiction, Global Migration, and the Limits of Empathy was published by Columbia University in 2023. Carpio has been named one of the ROOT.com 100 for 2010.

text:
# Glenda R. Carpio

**Glenda R. Carpio** is tenured professor of African and African American Studies and English at Harvard University. Her book, *Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery* was published by Oxford University Press in 2008. Her book, *Migrant Aesthetics: Contemporary Fiction, Global Migration, and the Limits of Empathy* was published by Columbia University in 2023. Carpio has been named one of the ROOT.com 100 for 2010.

## Education

Carpio received her B.A. at Vassar College in 1991 and a Ph.D. in English from the University of California, Berkeley in 2002. She was awarded tenure at Harvard University in both the English and African and African American Studies departments in 2009.

## Career

Carpio started her teaching career in Compton, California where she taught 8th grade English and 4th grade through the Teach for America program. She taught at University of California at Berkeley, Pace University, and New York University prior to coming to Harvard University. She has received Harvard University's Abramson Award for Excellence and Sensitivity in Undergraduate Teaching.In

## Books

* Carpio, Glenda. *Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery*. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 9786611341930. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 1296 libraries
    + Review: Goddu, T.A. 2010. "Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery by Glenda R. Carpio". *American Literature*. 82, no. 2: 421-42
    + ZYGMONSKI, AIMEE. 2009. "Book Review: Laughing Fit To Kill: Black Humor In The Fictions Of Slavery". *Theatre Journal*. 61, no. 3: 498-499.
* Carpio, G. (2019). (ed) *The Cambridge companion to Richard Wright.* Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2019.
* Carpio, Glenda R., Werner Sollors, and Zora Neale Hurston. *African American Literary Studies: New Texts, New Approaches, New Challenges*. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag 2010.
    + Review: Fishkin, S.F. 2011. "Glenda R. Carpio and Werner Sollors, Eds., African American Literary Studies: New Texts, New Approaches, New Challenges". *African American Review*. 44, no. 1/2: 280-282.
    + Review:"Book Review: Glenda R. Carpio and Werner Sollors (eds.), African American Literary Studies: New Texts, New Approaches, New Challenges *Journal of American Studies. 46.2 (2012).*

## Personal life

At 12, Carpio came to America as a Guatemalan immigrant without knowing a word of English. She splits her time between Harvard and Venice, where her husband lives.

{{| 9781108475174}}


title: Global Goal: Unite for Our Future

abstract: Global Goal: Unite for Our Future was a virtual event held on June 27, 2020. Created by Global Citizen and the European Commission, it consisted of a summit and a concert featuring different personalities aimed to highlight the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized communities. The event was produced in collaboration with companies such as Live Nation Entertainment, The Lede Company, and Roc Nation, and also by individuals such as Michele Anthony of the Universal Music Group, Declan Kelly of Teneo, Scooter Braun, Adam Leber, and Derrick Johnson.

text:
# Global Goal: Unite for Our Future

***Global Goal: Unite for Our Future*** was a virtual event held on June 27, 2020. Created by Global Citizen and the European Commission, it consisted of a summit and a concert featuring different personalities aimed to highlight the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized communities.

The event was produced in collaboration with companies such as Live Nation Entertainment, The Lede Company, and Roc Nation, and also by individuals such as Michele Anthony of the Universal Music Group, Declan Kelly of Teneo, Scooter Braun (with his company SB Projects), Adam Leber (on behalf of Maverick), and Derrick Johnson (on behalf of the NAACP).

## Summit

The summit, titled *Global Goal: Unite for Our Future—The Summit*, featured panel discussions and interviews with world leaders, corporations and philanthropists as they announce new commitments to help develop equitable distribution of COVID-19 tests, treatments and vaccines, as well as rebuild communities devastated by the pandemic. It will be produced by Michael Dempsey and hosted by journalists Katie Couric, Mallika Kapur, Morgan Radford, Isha Sesay, and Keir Simmons.

### Participants

| Name | Occupation |
| --- | --- |
| Angela Merkel | Chancellor of Germany |
| Ursula von der Leyen | President of the European Commission |
| Boris Johnson | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
| Emmanuel Macron | President of France |
| Angélique Kidjo | Singer and activist |
| Brittany Packnett Cunningham | Activist |
| Daryl Davis | Singer and activist |
| António Guterres | Secretary-General of the United Nations |
| Derrick Johnson | President and CEO of the NAACP |
| Eddie Ndopu | Activist |
| Erna Solberg | Prime Minister of Norway |
| Gayle Smith | President and CEO of the ONE Campaign |
| Justin Verlander | Baseball player |
| Kate Upton | Actress |
| Ken Jeong | Actor |
| Melinda Gates | Philanthropist |
| Miley Cyrus | Singer |
| Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala | Economist |
| Nikolaj Coster-Waldau | Actor |
| Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka | Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of UN Women |
| Vinod Gupta | Businessman and philanthropist |

## Concert

The concert, titled *Global Goal: Unite for Our Future—The Concert*, was hosted by actor Dwayne Johnson. It was a worldwide music and entertainment special claiming to celebrate the commitments made due to the actions Global Citizens have taken.

### Performers

| Artist | Song |
| --- | --- |
| Jennifer Hudson | "Where Peaceful Waters Flow" |
| Miley Cyrus | "Help!" |
| Lin-Manuel Miranda
Original Broadway cast of *Hamilton*
Jimmy Fallon & The Roots | "Helpless" |
| Usher | "I Cry" |
| Shakira | "Sale el Sol" |
| Justin Bieber
Quavo | "Intentions" |
| Coldplay | "Paradise" |
| J Balvin | "Mi Gente" |
| Yemi Alade | "Shekere" |

#### Additional performers

### Appearances

## Broadcast

The event was broadcast in the United States on NBC, MSNBC, Bloomberg Television, iHeartRadio, Sirius XM, and InsightTV.

### International broadcasters

### Online streaming

The special was also available on several digital platforms worldwide such as Apple Music, Apple TV, Beats 1, Deezer, Facebook, Tidal, Twitch, Twitter, Yahoo!, and YouTube. It will also be streamed live on the Facebook pages of Brut, LADbible, and *Vogue Paris*.

## Production

The producers aimed for each musical performance to have a unique setting.

## Impact

The special raised $6.9 billion from 41 countries towards a COVID-19 vaccine.

## InfoBox

| *Global Goal: Unite for Our Future* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Global Citizen
European Commission |
| Presented by |  |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Michael Dempsey (The Summit)
Hamish Hamilton (The Concert)
Michele Anthony
Declan Kelly
Scooter Braun
Adam Leber
Derrick Johnson |
| Production location | Virtual |
| Production companies | Live Nation Entertainment
The Lede Company
Roc Nation
Done and Dusted
Global Citizen |
| Original release | |
| Network | Syndication |
| Release | June 27, 2020 (2020-06-27) |
| Related | |
| *Together at Home* | |


title: Global Girmit Museum

abstract: The Global Girmit Institute (GGI) Museum is co-located with the GGI Library at its headquarters in Saweni, Lautoka, Fiji. Girmit is a corruption of the English word, “agreement” from the indenture agreement the British government made with Indian labourers that consisted of specifics such as the length of stay in Fiji. The labourers came to be known as Girmityas.

text:
# Global Girmit Museum

The **Global Girmit Institute (GGI) Museum** is co-located with the GGI Library at its headquarters in Saweni, Lautoka, Fiji. *Girmit* is a corruption of the English word, “agreement” from the indenture agreement the British government made with Indian labourers that consisted of specifics such as the length of stay in Fiji. The labourers came to be known as *Girmityas*.

## Background

Under the GGI Organisation, the Museum records *Girmitiya* history in Fiji from 1879 to 1916 when some 60,500 labourers came to Fiji. One of the outcomes of the first conference organised by the GGI in 2017 was the establishment of a *girmit* museum.

## History

The museum has been in the current location in Lautoka since the opening in May 2018 with the introduction of a library.

## Collections

The museum will hold a collection of Fiji Indian artefacts as well as recordings of oral history of peoples from different linguistic backgrounds and cultures. Objects relating to farming and the sugar industry, lifestyle, music, food preparation, clothing and religious events will be displayed as well as objects that record the impact of colonialism on the islands.

1. Long, Maebh (November 2018). "Girmit, postmemory, and Subramani" (PDF). *Pacific Dynamics: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research*. 2 ( 2 ): 161–175. ISSN 2463-641X.
2. Lal, Brij V. (1998). *Crossing the Kala Pani: A Documentary History of Indian Indenture in Fiji*. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 9780731528912.
3. Tinker, Hugh (1993). *A New System of Slavery: Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920* (2nd ed.). Hansib Publishing.
4. "Global Girmit Museum". *FBC News*. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
5. Lal, Brij V. (2012). *Chalo Jahaji: On a journey through indenture in Fiji*. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 9781922144607.
6. Siegel, Jeff (2009). *Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji*. Cambridge University Press, UK. ISBN 978-0521106160.
7. Lal, Brij V., ed. (2004). *Bittersweet: the Indo-Fijian Experience* (PDF). Canberra: Pandanus Books. ISBN 1-74076-117-0.
8. Chand, Asha (2007). "The Fiji Indian chutney generation : the cultural spread between Fiji and Australia". *International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics*. **3** (2): 131–148. doi:10.1386/macp.3.2.131\_1.
9. Gillion, Kenneth L. (1977). *The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance, 1920-1946*. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 978-0708112915.
10. Prasad, Rajendra (2014). *Tears in Paradise: Suffering and Struggles of Indians in Fiji 1879-2004*. Glade Publishers. ISBN 978-0473171148.

17°38′30.02″S 177°25′15.33″E / 17.6416722°S 177.4209250°E / -17.6416722; 177.4209250

## InfoBox

Global Girmit Museum
|
|  |
| Type | Museum |
| Location |  |
| Origins | Global Girmit Museum Project Team |
| Area served | Fiji |
| Services | Research and curation of Fiji's Girmitiya national heritage |
| Website | globalgirmitinstitute.org |


title: Global Governance Institute

abstract:
The Global Governance Institute (GGI) is an independent, international non-profit think tank based in Brussels. It was founded in 2010 and brings together senior policy-makers, scholars and practitioners in order to devise, strengthen and improve forward-looking approaches to global governance through research, education and policy advice. GGI's vision is a more equitable, peaceful and sustainable global order based on effective and accountable international organizations, the global rule of law and the empowerment of the individual across borders and cultures. GGI places particular emphasis on the impact of the United Nations system and its mutual reinforcement with strong regional organizations, civil society and progressive coalitions of member states.
GGI is the only think tank in Brussels that predominantly focuses its work on the United Nations system and examines cross-border challenges from a global governance perspective. Next to its research, education and policy advice activities, it also runs a Global Governance Traineeship scheme for young and talented undergraduate and graduate students, supported by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme. The Global Governance Institute also serves as the Secretariat for the European Network on Teaching Excellence (E-NOTE), based at GGI's Global Education & Innovation Unit and as the Brussels hub for the European University for Well-Being (EUniWell).

text:
# Global Governance Institute

The **Global Governance Institute** (**GGI**) is an independent, international non-profit think tank based in Brussels. It was founded in 2010 and brings together senior policy-makers, scholars and practitioners in order to devise, strengthen and improve forward-looking approaches to global governance through research, education and policy advice.

GGI's vision is a more equitable, peaceful and sustainable global order based on effective and accountable international organizations, the global rule of law and the empowerment of the individual across borders and cultures. GGI places particular emphasis on the impact of the United Nations system and its mutual reinforcement with strong regional organizations, civil society and progressive coalitions of member states. GGI is the only think tank in Brussels that predominantly focuses its work on the United Nations system and examines cross-border challenges from a global governance perspective. Next to its research, education and policy advice activities, it also runs a Global Governance Traineeship scheme for young and talented undergraduate and graduate students, supported by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme.

The Global Governance Institute also serves as the Secretariat for the European Network on Teaching Excellence (E-NOTE), based at GGI's Global Education & Innovation Unit and as the Brussels hub for the European University for Well-Being (EUniWell).

## History and organisation

GGI was founded in 2010 by the international security scholar Joachim Koops, Christof Tatschl (former chief of staff of the Standby High-Readiness Brigade for UN Operations), Benedikt Franke (CEO of the Munich Security Conference) and Aaron Leopold (sustainable development expert). It is a not-for-profit non-governmental organisation (ASBL/VZW) under Belgian law. The objective of GGI's creation was to launch in the Brussels-based policy-maker environment an independent research, education and policy think tank entirely dedicated to the issues of global governance with the United Nations system at its core. Particular emphasis has been placed on how global challenges could be addressed more effectively and inclusively by member states, civil society and regional organisations in the spirit of the 1995 Report on Global Governance by the Commission on Global Governance. GGI received its initial funding from the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom and focused in particular on the intersection of sustainable development, human rights and peace. Initial projects explored ramifications of "land grab" and land property rights in developing countries as well as on wider issues of global governance from an "emerging powers" perspective.

Much of GGI's work has also focused on how the European Union and United Nations can cooperate to address major global governance challenges, particularly in the field of peace and security, international criminal justice and crisis management. In 2015, GGI co-organized the only Europe-wide consultation of the United Nations High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) and ran various projects on EU–UN cooperation in peacebuilding. In more recent years, GGI's initiatives in research, education and policy advice included projects on regional approaches to UN peace operations, strengthening urban resilience at the local-global policy nexus, conflict prevention and mediation, the protection of civilians as well as the global governance of artificial intelligence.

GGI currently has a full-time managing team and more than 40 resident and non-resident fellows based in Brussels as well as across four different continents, working on policy-oriented research, education and training and policy advice in core areas of global governance in the fields of

* Peace and security (with a particular emphasis on United Nations peace operations and peacebuilding)
* Global justice and human rights (including international humanitarian law and the protection of civilians)
* Global environmental governance
* Global economy
* Education and innovation in a global context
* The global governance of artificial intelligence
* European and global implications of Russia's war against Ukraine (the Ukraine Programme)

GGI's board of directors consists of:

* Joachim Koops (chair)
* Silviu Piros (managing director)
* Benedikt Franke
* Christof Tatschl
* Clara Cotroneo
* Eitan Buchalter

## Research and policy advice projects

GGI conducts a wide range of externally funded or self-funded research and policy advice projects on transnational global governance challenges, including issues related to higher education from a European and global perspective. Funding bodies include the European Commission (under FP7, Erasmus+), the European External Action Service, the European Parliament, the German Ministry of Defence, the French Ministry of Defence and the Heinrich Boell Foundation. The institute does not receive any structural subsidy by any organisation or government.

## Education and training

GGI's mission also includes the provision of training and education on core issues of global governance as well as trainings on European and Global dimensions of Education itself. The institute cooperates with a variety of universities, such as the European University for Well-being (EUniWell), the Belgian Royal Military Academy, Georgetown University in Washington D.C., John Cabot University in Rome and Linnaeus University in Sweden. GGI has also been a founding partner of the European Network on Teaching Excellence (E-NOTE) and serves as its Secretariat, advancing trainings for higher education teachers, staff and managers on how to advance evidence-based excellent teaching. GGI also runs, in cooperation with the Belgian Royal Military Academy, a 10-day intensive summer school on global peace, security and strategic studies as well as a one-week summer school on artificial intelligence and global governance. The institute also focuses on traineeship programmes for young undergraduate and graduate students via its Global Governance Traineeship programme.

## Workshops and events

The institute organises regular workshops and events to increase awareness and engagement with experts and the wider public about core global governance challenges and potential solutions. These events are either self-funded by the institute or part of externally funded research or education projects. Often events are co-organized with higher education institutions, civil society organisations or regional and international organisations.

## Publications

GGI regularly publishes open-access analyses (full-length in-depth studies), briefing papers and policy advice reports.

## Podcast "Age of AI: Politics, Law, Society"

GGI's AI and Global Governance section hosts the interdisciplinary podcast "Age of IA: Politics, Law, Society" (formerly known as On Air "IR in the Age of AI" podcast). The podcast is moderated by Medlir Mema and Christopher Lamont and includes in-depth conversations about the political, legal and societal dimensions of artificial intelligence from a global perspective.

## InfoBox

Global Governance Institute (GGI)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | "Research, education and advice for tackling Global Challenges" |
| Established | 2010 |
| Focus | Global Governance; Peace & Security; Global Justice & Human Rights; Global Economic Governance; Global Environmental Governance; Global Education and Innovation; AI and Global Governance |
| Chair | Joachim Koops |
| Head | Silviu Piros (Managing Director) |
| Key people | Benedikt Franke (Member of the Board) Christof Tatschl (Member of the Board) Silke Rusch (UN / GGI Senior Expert, Peace & Security) Steve Utterwulghe (UNDP / GGI Senior Expert, Global Economy) Alexandra Novosseloff (GGI Senior Expert Peace & Security) Andreas Goldthau (Erfurt University / GGI Senior Expert, Global Economy) Medlir Mema (Head of the AI and Global Governance Programme)<br>Christopher Lamont (Deputy Head of the AI and Global Governance Programme) |
| Address | Cours Saint Michel 30A |
| Location | Brussels, Belgium |
| Website | www.globalgovernance.eu |


title: Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia

abstract: The Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia was a liberal political party in the SFR Yugoslavia led by Ante Marković that opposed the dissolution of Yugoslavia.

text:
# Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia

The **Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia** (Serbo-Croatian: Савез реформских снага Југославије, *Savez reformskih snaga Jugoslavije*; abbr. СРСЈ or **SRSJ**) was a liberal political party in the SFR Yugoslavia led by Ante Marković that opposed the dissolution of Yugoslavia.

## History

The party was short-lived and fairly unsuccessful, but it later served as a basis for liberal parties in Serbia (the Reform Party of Serbia, later Civic Alliance of Serbia and Reformists of Vojvodina) and in North Macedonia (the Reformist Forces of Macedonia-Liberal Party, later the Liberal Party of Macedonia).

In Montenegro, it was the main opposition to the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists, as a coalition formed from the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Socialist Party of Montenegro, Social Democratic Party of Reformists, Independent Organization of Communists of Bar and Party of National Equality. It won 17 seats.

In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was a basis for the Social Democrats, led by Selim Bešlagić, which merged into Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Republika Srpska it was a basis for the Party of Independent Social Democrats (later Alliance of Independent Social Democrats).

In Slovenia, it was organized under the name Social Democratic Union (Socialdemokratska unija, SDU), but it failed to gain any significant weight in the political spectrum, remaining a small extra-parliamentary party.

## Parliamentary elections

### Montenegro

Parliament of Montenegro
| Year | no. | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Overall seats won | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *#2* | 42,840 | 14.05% | 17 / 125 | opposition |

### Macedonia

Parliament of Macedonia
| Year | no. | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Overall seats won | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *#4* | 128,449 | 16.1% | 11 / 120 | opposition |

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

Chamber of Citizens
| Year | no. | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Overall seats won | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *#5* | 201,018 | 8.9% | 12 / 130 | opposition |

Chamber of Municipalities
| Year | no. | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Overall seats won | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *#5* | 281,436 | 11% | 1 / 110 | opposition |

### Serbia

Parliament of Serbia
| Year | no. | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Overall seats won | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *#6* | 71,865 | 1.43% | 2 / 250 | opposition |

## InfoBox

| Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia Savez reformskih snaga Jugoslavije
Савез реформских снага Југославије | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Abbreviation | SRSJ |
| Leader | Ante Marković |
| Founded | July 1990 |
| Dissolved | 1991 |
| Split from | League of Communists of Yugoslavia |
| Succeeded by | Civic Alliance of Serbia
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
Liberal Alliance of Montenegro
Reformists of Vojvodina
Liberal Party of Macedonia
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats |
| Ideology | Liberalism
Neoliberalism
Yugoslavism
Anti-nationalism |
| Colors | Pink
Grey |
|  | |


title: Glenn Beckert

abstract: Glenn Alfred Beckert was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973, before ending his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was a four-time All-Star and a Gold Glove Award winner.

text:
# Glenn Beckert

**Glenn Alfred Beckert** (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973, before ending his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was a four-time All-Star and a Gold Glove Award winner.

## Baseball career

Beckert attended Perry Traditional Academy in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1958. He was named All-City in baseball and basketball. He attended Allegheny College, where he played college baseball, graduating with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1962.

The Boston Red Sox signed Beckert as an amateur free agent in 1962. He was selected later that year by the Chicago Cubs from the Red Sox in the First-Year Player Draft on November 26. He spent three years in the minors as a shortstop, where he led the Pacific Coast League in putouts and assists in 1964.

Following the sudden death of Cubs second baseman Ken Hubbs in 1964, the Cubs brought Beckert to the major leagues as their second baseman for the 1965 season. Beckert played nine seasons as the Cubs' second baseman. During his entire Cub tenure, he played alongside shortstop Don Kessinger and third baseman Ron Santo. Beckert led the National League in assists during his rookie year. He was a tough batter, leading the league five times in fewest strikeouts per at bats.

In 1968, Beckert led the league in runs scored. He also won the National League's Gold Glove Award for second basemen, ending Bill Mazeroski's run of five consecutive Gold Glove Awards. In 1969, he was chosen for his first of four consecutive All-Star Games. He had his best offensive season in 1971 when he hit for a career-high .342 batting average to finish third in the National League batting championship behind Joe Torre and Ralph Garr.

After the 1973 season, the Cubs traded Beckert, along with Bobby Fenwick, to the San Diego Padres for Jerry Morales. Beckert was a utility infielder and pinch hitter with the Padres before being released in May 1975. He is an inductee in the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame.

## Career statistics

In an 11-year career, Beckert played in 1,320 games, accumulating 1,473 hits in 5,208 at bats for a .283 career batting average along with 22 home runs and 360 runs batted in. He posted a .973 career fielding percentage.

## Personal life

Beckert married Mary Marshall, a flight attendant, in November 1967.

Beckert died on April 12, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Glenn Beckert | |
| --- | --- |
| Beckert in 1973 | |
| **Second baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1940-10-12)October 12, 1940
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Died:** April 12, 2020(2020-04-12) (aged 79)
Englewood, Florida, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 12, 1965, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| April 27, 1975, for the San Diego Padres | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .283 |
| Home runs | 22 |
| Runs batted in | 360 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Moose House

abstract: The Moose House is a historic house at 711 Green Street in Morrilton, Arkansas. It is a 2½-story wood-frame structure with a gabled roof and weatherboard siding. A two-story gabled porch projects from the center bay, supported by paired square columns. The house was built around 1832 in Lewisburg on the Arkansas river and known as the Markham Tavern. It was moved to its current location after the Civil War by James Miles Moose, one of the two founders of Morrilton. The area where this house was built was farmland until the 1880s, when the railroad arrived in the area, prompting the two men to lobby for a railroad station, around which the town grew. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Moose House

The **Moose House** is a historic house at 711 Green Street in Morrilton, Arkansas. It is a 2½-story wood-frame structure with a gabled roof and weatherboard siding. A two-story gabled porch projects from the center bay, supported by paired square columns. The house was built around 1832 in Lewisburg on the Arkansas river and known as the Markham Tavern. It was moved to its current location after the Civil War by James Miles Moose, one of the two founders (along with Edward Morrill) of Morrilton. The area where this house was built was farmland until the 1880s, when the railroad arrived in the area, prompting the two men to lobby for a railroad station, around which the town grew.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Moose House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 711 Green St., Morrilton, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°8′56″N 92°44′15″W / 35.14889°N 92.73750°W / 35.14889; -92.73750 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| NRHP reference No. | 74000472 |
| Added to NRHP | October 22, 1974 |


title: Erynia (fungus)

abstract: Erynia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The genus name of Erynia was originally named by the Polish scientist Leon Nowakowski in 1881. It was named after the Greek mythological creatures known as the Erinyes or as the Romans called them, the Furies, who were described as spirits that claimed vengeance against a crime. It could be classed as an insect pest feeding on a plant, being a specific crime for which the fungus would kill the insect, thus exacting vengeance.

text:
# Erynia (fungus)

***Erynia*** is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).

The genus name of *Erynia* was originally named by the Polish scientist Leon Nowakowski in 1881. It was named after the Greek mythological creatures known as the Erinyes or as the Romans called them, the *Furies*, who were described as spirits that claimed vengeance against a crime. It could be classed as an insect pest feeding on a plant, being a specific crime for which the fungus would kill the insect, thus exacting vengeance.

## Distribution

It has a cosmopolitan distribution (scattered worldwide). Including Switzerland.

## Hosts

Species *Erynia conica* infects two types of mosquitos; *Aedes aegypti* and *Culex restuans*.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;

Former species; (all family Entomophthoraceae)

## InfoBox

| *Erynia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Entomophthoromycota |
| Class: | Entomophthoromycetes |
| Order: | Entomophthorales |
| Family: | Entomophthoraceae |
| Genus: | *Erynia*
(Nowak. ex A. Batko) Remaud. & Hennebert, 1980 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Erynia* Nowak., 1881
 * *Zoophthora* subgen. *Erynia* Nowak. ex A. Batko, 1966 | |


title: James P. Nichols

abstract: James P. Nichols is an American recording industry executive producer and master engineer.

text:
# James P. Nichols

**James P. Nichols** is an American recording industry executive producer and master engineer.

## Education

Nichols' involvement in the recording industry began in 1973 when after studying recording at The New School for Social Research, he obtained an Assistant Engineer position at A1 Studios in New York City, where he worked for two years under Herb Abramson, one of the founders of Atlantic Records. He then moved on in 1975, to Sound Mixers, which was primarily a jingle studio recording Burger King and Volkswagen 30 second spots in the day and dance records at night. He then worked for Electric Lady Studios where most notably he assisted, engineered, and performed with The Clash on the *Sandinista!* album. He is credited under the alias "J. P. Nicholson".

He continued his education enrolling at New York Technical College studying Electronics for Communications, Prototype Fabrications and Microprocessors. After graduation, he rekindled old associations in the industry and landed a job at A&R Studios home of Phil Ramone in 1980. Encouraged to record, one of his "Weekend Album Projects" was the first Boogie Down Productions LP on B-Boy Records with Scott La Rock and KRS-One. The single "The Bridge Is Over" remains par for Rap Hip-Hop’s historical course.

A&R Studios is also where he gained his first experiences in music/film engineering and lockup. In 1982 he went to work as a systems prototype fabricator with TimeLine Inc. headed by Gerry Block, formerly studio head for Sigma Sound Studios in New York City. There he built the first working prototype and proceeding first line of The Lynx Time Code Module, a staple device in studios worldwide.

## Career

Because of his experience with the Lynx, RCA Recording Studios hired him in 1984. The studios, whose history was in Broadway cast recordings, wanted to become a presence in large-scale orchestra film scoring in New York. RCA Recording soon became the major scoring stage on the east coast and there he was promoted to Master Engineer which led to his working as Scoring Engineer, Recording Engineer, and Mastering Engineer for Jazz, Broadway, and Classical products. One of his pinnacle works with RCA/BMG Studios was the recording, mixing, and mastering of the audio for the Motion Picture *Malcolm X*, by film director Spike Lee in 1992.

In 1996, after a previous three nominations, he won a Grammy Award for “Best Historical Recording” of “The Jascha Heifetz Collection”. Also in 1996 he moved on to Manhattan Center Studios, New York, as a producer/engineer. He completed several projects, including *Ed Wood*, starring Johnny Depp, and *The Butcher Boy*, featuring the music of critically acclaimed composer Elliot Goldenthal, as well as The Pat McGuire Band for Inverin Records.

Again in 1997 he received a Producer Grammy nomination for the Broadway hit “Bring in 'Da Noise, Bring in 'Da Funk” for RCA Victor.

In 2000, he traveled the world creating live sound environments with the Nicholas Payton Quintet and Big Band Orchestra. He also heads an organization founded by himself, entitled “Commercial Free Jazz” whose function as an institution is to support and provide a platform for experimentation in recording and helping artists worldwide realize the potential of their work.

In 2005, Nichols began the next phase of his career by expanding the bounds of his sonic expertise as a Film Applications Engineer for Dolby Laboratories.

In 2008, Nichols became an off Broadway Executive Producer of performance art Operas "Madwoman: A Contemporary Opera", "Femme Fractale: An Opera of Reflection", and "Mon Electro Magnetisme: An Opera on Attraction" all written & performed by Mem Nahadr.


title: Zoom Airlines Limited

abstract: Zoom Airlines Ltd was a British scheduled, low-fare, transatlantic airline, the sister company to Zoom Airlines Inc., based in Canada. Zoom Airlines Ltd was based in Crawley, West Sussex, England. Zoom Airlines Ltd operated year-round scheduled services to the United States, United Kingdom, and Bermuda, as well as charter services to Asia, South America and the Caribbean destinations with several European tour operators. Zoom Airlines Limited held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, which permitted it to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. On 28 August 2008 Zoom suspended all operations and filed for bankruptcy protection due to deteriorating financial position.

text:
# Zoom Airlines Limited

**Zoom Airlines Ltd** was a British scheduled, low-fare, transatlantic airline, the sister company to Zoom Airlines Inc., based in Canada. Zoom Airlines Ltd was based in Crawley, West Sussex, England.

Zoom Airlines Ltd operated year-round scheduled services to the United States, United Kingdom, and Bermuda, as well as charter services to Asia, South America and the Caribbean destinations with several European tour operators.

Zoom Airlines Limited held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence (Number OL/A/540), which permitted it to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

On 28 August 2008 Zoom suspended all operations and filed for bankruptcy protection due to deteriorating financial position.

## History

Zoom Airlines Limited was founded in the summer of 2006 as a low-fare transatlantic airline. The carrier, based in London, was conceived by two Scottish brothers Hugh and John Boyle, to fill an emerging opportunity in the UK-US leisure travel market.

During the summer of 2006, the Bank of Scotland Growth Equity acquired a minority stake in Zoom Airlines Inc. as part of a £5.7m investment package. This provided the additional funds for the start up of the UK airline now called Zoom Airlines Ltd.

In the summer of 2007, Zoom Airlines Ltd commenced flights to Bermuda and New York.

In December 2007, Zoom Airlines Ltd announced two new US routes to San Diego and Fort Lauderdale, due to commence in the summer of 2008.

On 28 August 2008, Zoom announced that they were ceasing operations due to rising oil prices. All aircraft will be returned to their respective lessors, and all flights were cancelled.

## Destinations

### Europe

### North America

### South America

### Caribbean

## Fleet

The Zoom Airlines Limited fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of 10 July 2008):

**Zoom Airlines Limited fleet**
| Aircraft | Total | Passengers
(Premium Economy/Economy) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boeing 757-200 | 1 | 201 (44/167) | Operated by Air Finland |
| Boeing 767-300ER | 2 | 266 (84/182)
270 (63/207) | Aircraft named *City of London* Aircraft named *City of Brighton and Hove* |

## InfoBox

Zoom Airlines Limited
| IATA ICAO Call sign  ZX UKZ FLYZOOM | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | August 2006 |
| Ceased operations | August 2008 |
| Hubs | London Gatwick Airport |
| Fleet size | 3 |
| Destinations | 5+3 |
| Parent company | Zoom Airlines Inc. |
| Headquarters | Crawley, West Sussex, England, United Kingdom |
| Key people | John Boyle - Chairman, Jonathan Hinkles - UK Managing Director |
| Website | http://www.flyzoom.com |


title: Mercantile agencies

abstract: Mercantile agencies, or commercial agencies, are organizations that are designed to collect, record, and distribute to regular clients information relative to the standing of commercial firms. They thus act as a sort of clearing house of information on customers' reliability. In Great Britain and other some European countries, trade protective societies composed of merchants and tradesmen have been formed for the promotion of trade; their members exchange information regarding the standing of business houses. The societies had their origin in the associations formed in the mid-18th century for the purpose of disseminating information regarding bankruptcies, assignments and bills of sale. The mercantile agency in the United States is a much more comprehensive organization and came into existence after the financial crisis of 1837. Trade in the United States had become scattered over a wide territory, communications were slow, and town merchants lacked adequate information as to the standing of many businessmen seeking credit. The severity of the collapse of 1837 was partly caused by to the insufficiency of that information. New York City merchants had suffered so severely that they were determined to organize a headquarters where reports regarding the standing of customers could be exchanged. Lewis Tappan (1788–1873), the founder of the Journal of Commerce (1828) and a prominent abolitionist leader, undertook the work by establishing there in 1841 the Mercantile Agency, later Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, the first organization of its kind. The system has been developed and extended since. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mercantile Agencies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.

text:
# Mercantile agencies

**Mercantile agencies**, or **commercial agencies**, are organizations that are designed to collect, record, and distribute to regular clients information relative to the standing of commercial firms. They thus act as a sort of clearing house of information on customers' reliability.

In Great Britain and other some European countries, trade protective societies composed of merchants and tradesmen have been formed for the promotion of trade; their members exchange information regarding the standing of business houses. The societies had their origin in the associations formed in the mid-18th century for the purpose of disseminating information regarding bankruptcies, assignments and bills of sale.

The mercantile agency in the United States is a much more comprehensive organization and came into existence after the financial crisis of 1837. Trade in the United States had become scattered over a wide territory, communications were slow, and town merchants lacked adequate information as to the standing of many businessmen seeking credit. The severity of the collapse of 1837 was partly caused by to the insufficiency of that information. New York City merchants had suffered so severely that they were determined to organize a headquarters where reports regarding the standing of customers could be exchanged. Lewis Tappan (1788–1873), the founder of the *Journal of Commerce* (1828) and a prominent abolitionist leader, undertook the work by establishing there in 1841 the *Mercantile Agency*, later Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, the first organization of its kind. The system has been developed and extended since.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mercantile Agencies". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.


title: U.S. Route 36 in Colorado

abstract: U.S. Route 36 is a United States highway that travels from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. In Colorado, the highway traverses an east–west route mostly in the northern portion of the Great Plains. At its west end, the road connects several small mountain towns such as Estes Park and Lyons to the larger metropolitan areas of Boulder and Denver. As it continues eastward, it connects to several other small towns and rural highways on the plains before crossing the state line into Kansas.

text:
# U.S. Route 36 in Colorado

**U.S. Route 36** (**US 36**) is a United States highway that travels from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. In Colorado, the highway traverses an east–west route mostly in the northern portion of the Great Plains. At its west end, the road connects several small mountain towns such as Estes Park and Lyons to the larger metropolitan areas of Boulder and Denver. As it continues eastward, it connects to several other small towns and rural highways on the plains before crossing the state line into Kansas.

## Route description

### Rocky Mountain National Park to Boulder

US 36 begins at Deer Ridge Junction in Rocky Mountain National Park, where it intersects US 34 (Trail Ridge Road) on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. It exits the park at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center and enters the town of Estes Park, where it is briefly overlapped with US 34 Business until it meets (but does not cross) the main US 34 again at an intersection shaped like the letter K. On its way out of Estes Park it intersects SH 7 at South St. Vrain Avenue, for the first of three times.

It then descends southeast through North St. Vrain Canyon to the town of Lyons, which it enters on Main Street. At 5th Avenue in Lyons, it intersects SH 7 again, beginning an overlap to Boulder which is signed only as US 36. At 5th Avenue and Main Street in Lyons, it divides into a pair of one-way streets with the eastbound direction traveling one block south on 5th Avenue and turning east onto Broadway Street, and the westbound direction using Main Street. The two directions reunite in two blocks and leave Lyons southeastward as four-lane Ute Highway. Just outside Lyons, US 36 turns south at a signalized intersection onto two-lane North Foothills Highway, while SH 66 continues east to Longmont. From Lyons to Boulder, US 36 pretty much traces the edge of the foothills.

US 36 enters Boulder on four-lane-wide 28th Street, where it serves the city's main shopping area. On the north side of Boulder, it intersects SH 119 at Diagonal Highway, beginning a 1.4-mile (2.3 km) overlap that extends until SH 119 turns west onto Canyon Boulevard towards Nederland. One block farther south, SH 7 diverges from its overlap with US 36 by turning east onto Arapahoe Avenue. Leaving the Boulder shopping district, US 36 crosses Boulder Creek and passes through the University of Colorado campus area as an expressway to the interchange with Baseline Road, where it meets Spur US 36, a two-block long connector along 27th Way to SH 93, signed only as "To SH 93" and "To US 36".

### Boulder to Denver

Just after the Baseline Road interchange, US 36 changes to a southeasterly direction, using the route of the original Denver-Boulder Turnpike, a toll road from its opening in 1952 until 1967. The road intersects SH 157 (Foothills Parkway) on its way out of Boulder. Northwestbound traffic approaching Boulder on the turnpike can stop at the Davidson Mesa Overlook, a scenic overlook providing a panoramic view of the Front Range mountains, the City of Boulder, and its famous Flatirons rock formation; a monument to the Denver-Boulder Turnpike's original builders is also located here. Continuing southeast, the road enters the fast-growing Denver suburbs of Broomfield and Westminster, which have become popular locations for High-Tech businesses, which can be seen lining the turnpike. An interchange at 96th Street provides access to the Northwest Parkway and thereby to the E-470 outer beltway around Denver. At an interchange with SH 121 and SH 128 in Broomfield, it meets (but does not cross) US 287. It then has another interchange with US 287 again at Federal Boulevard near 76th Avenue in Westminster. The interchange at 76th and Federal was the terminus of the original Denver-Boulder Turnpike when it was still a toll road, but in common parlance the Denver-Boulder Turnpike now extends all the way east to I-25.

The US 36 bikeway, part of the multi-modal Fastracks US 36 Express Lanes Project, mostly parallels the road between Table Mesa Drive in Boulder and 80th Avenue in Westminster, the first 11-mile stretch between Westminster and Louisville/Superior opening on Bike-to-Work Day in June 2015, the full route to Table Mesa in Boulder in March 2016.

### Denver to Byers (unsigned)

At the very complicated junction of US 36, I-25, I-76, and I-270, US 36 emerges overlapped and unsigned with I-270, and continues overlapped and unsigned with I-70 when I-270 ends near the former Stapleton Airport site. At Colfax Avenue, this I-70/US 36 overlap is also joined by US 287 (the third time the two highways come into proximity) and US 40. From the interchange with Colfax Avenue, the road continues to Watkins and then to Byers, unsigned in its four-way overlap with I-70, US 40, and US 287.

### Byers to Kansas state line

At Byers, US 36 heads eastward on its own as a separate rural highway, while the I-70/US 40/US 287 overlap curves to the southeast. US 36 passes through several very small settlements including Last Chance, Lindon, Anton, and Cope in Washington County and Joes and Idalia in Yuma County. Many of the towns on this desolate 105-mile (169 km) section of highway are so small that they do not provide basic traveler services such as gasoline, and signs caution winter drivers that there is no snowplowing at night. At Cope, it is joined by SH 59 for about 6 miles (9.7 km). In Yuma County, near Idalia, it jogs north, becoming concurrent with US 385 for about 3 miles (4.8 km) before turning east again and continuing about 10 miles (16 km) to the Kansas border.

## Tolls

### Denver-Boulder Turnpike

The **Denver-Boulder Turnpike** was championed by business and university interests in Boulder due to there being no direct route between Denver and Boulder. The 17.3-mile (27.8 km) toll road stretched from Federal Boulevard (US 287) in Westminster to Baseline Road in Boulder, and opened on January 19, 1952, with a toll of $0.25. The Valley Highway from downtown Denver opened in 1952–1954, feeding directly into the Turnpike. Most of the new highway carried SH 185 (US 87), but traffic continuing north on that route initially had to exit at 70th Avenue, now SH 224, with the remainder of the route to Federal Boulevard becoming a realignment of SH 382. When the bonds for the Turnpike were paid off ahead of time in 1967, tolls were removed.

### Express lanes

Beginning in July 2012, the Colorado Department of Transportation built a high-occupancy toll lane (HOT lane) in each direction between Federal Boulevard and 88th Street in Louisville, Colorado. Phase 1 of the project, costing $497 million, will open in summer 2015. High-occupancy vehicles and buses like RTD's Flatiron Flyer travel free in the HOT lanes, while single-occupancy vehicles must pay between $1.25 to $7.60, depending on time of day, or up to $13.68 without an electronic toll collection pass. To accommodate the lanes, several bridges were replaced and shoulders were widened along the highway. Phase 2 of the project, anticipated to be complete by early 2016, will extend the HOT lanes from 88th Street to Table Mesa Drive in Boulder, Colorado, through a public–private partnership.

## History

The road from Strasburg east to the Kansas state line was added to the state highway system in 1922 as the Colorado part of a proposed "Kansas City-Denver Airline Highway" that would have cut 72 miles (116 km) from the existing highways between Denver and Kansas City. The planned route followed present U.S. Route 36 in Kansas to Mankato, but then turned southeasterly via Concordia and Clay Center to Manhattan, where it met the Victory Highway (now US 24 and US 40). The new state highway was assigned the Primary Road No. 102 designation, and kept its number when many others were changed in 1923.

The west end of **State Highway 102** was initially at Strasburg, but by 1924 it had been shifted to Byers, using the present County Roads 10 and 197 to return to current US 36. In 1927–1929 the entire SH 102 became part of US 36, which was realigned to go west rather than southwest from Norton, Kansas. The west end was moved back to Strasburg in 1932–1934, and a number of right-angle turns were eliminated by constructing diagonal cutoffs west of Cope and at the state line in 1934–1935. US 36 was extended west in 1936–1937 as an overlap with US 40 on Colfax Avenue to downtown Denver, where it would end for the next 30 years. Paving began in 1937–1939 and was completed in 1947–1949, including a realignment off County Roads DD and 12 north of Idalia. The junction with US 40 near Strasburg-Byers was changed again in 1954–1955, now following County Road 181 east of Byers. Finally in 1958–1959 a realignment west of Idalia eliminated four more 90-degree turns.

When the tolls were removed from the Denver-Boulder Turnpike, the road became **State Highway 49**, which also replaced all of SH 382. US 36 was also extended at this time, following the Valley Highway (by then part of I-25) from Colfax Avenue north to SH 49, and then overlapping SH 49 to the end at Baseline Road, SH 119 on 28th Street, SH 7 to Lyons, and SH 66 to end at US 34 in Estes Park. Late in 1968 these redundant state highway designations were dropped, resulting in the elimination of SH 49 and SH 102, realignment of SH 119 to go more directly in Boulder, and creation of gaps on SH 7 and SH 66. In 2012, the turnpike was also given the honorary name *Buffalo Highway* in recognition of the University of Colorado's mascot, though this name has not achieved common use.

Returning to Colfax Avenue east of Denver, the first part of I-70 in that area opened in 1961–1962, bypassing Watkins and Bennett and carrying US 36 (and US 40/US 287). The freeway was extended east past Strasburg and Byers in 1963–1964, including the final realignment of US 36 northeast of Byers. The old alignment was initially removed from the state highway system, but in 1964–1965 it returned as part of SH 8. When this route was largely eliminated in late 1968, this bypassed highway instead became **State Highway 36** (and SH 40 east of Byers), with US 36 remaining on I-70. US 36 was realigned through Denver in 1970, following I-70 and I-270 north of downtown. (Note that, until 2000, I-270 ended at I-76, and US 36 traffic had to use short pieces of I-76 and I-25.) A final westerly extension came in 1977–1978, when US 36 replaced the western segment of SH 66 (except for a spur) from Estes Park into Rocky Mountain National Park and another junction with US 34.

In early September 2013, a 31-mile (50 km) section of US 36 from Estes Park to Boulder was closed due to damage from the 2013 Colorado floods. For a time, the only route available in and out of Estes Park was a long detour through Nederland, Blackhawk, and Golden. The section in North St. Vrain Canyon west of Lyons was especially heavily damaged. The road was finally reopened two months later with the help of the National Guard. Permanent repairs were started in January, 2014.

In July 2019, cracks appeared on the eastbound lanes of the highway in Westminster due to shifting soil underneath. The highway has been closed as construction crews try to address the problem.

## Major junctions

The mileposts in Larimer County temporarily reset at the concurrency with US 34. All exits are unnumbered.

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Larimer | Deer Ridge Junction | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 34 (Trail Ridge Road) Grand Lake, Horseshoe Park, Estes Park, Rocky Mountain National Park | Western terminus |
| | Rocky Mountain National Park | 2.900 | 4.667 | Bear Lake Road Moraine Park, Glacier Basin, Bear Lake |  |
| | 3.089 | 4.971 | Beaver Meadows Entrance Station
Rocky Mountain National Park entrance fee required | |
| | 4.959 | 7.981 | Highway 66 YMCA Center | Former SH 66 |
| | Estes Park | 6.982  ---  1.306 | 11.236  ---  2.102 |

US 34 Bus. west (Elkhorn Avenue) | Western end of US 34 Bus. concurrency |
| | 1.690  ---  0.000 | 2.720  ---  0.000 |

US 34 (Wonderview Avenue / Big Thompson Avenue) / US 34 Bus. ends Grand Lake, Loveland, Greeley | Eastern end of US 34 Bus. concurrency |
| | 0.395 | 0.636 |
SH 7 south (South St. Vrain Avenue) Allenspark |  |
| Boulder | Lyons | 20.357 | 32.761 |
SH 7 west (5th Avenue) Allenspark | Western end of SH 7 concurrency |
| |  | 21.764 | 35.026 |
SH 66 east Longmont | Western terminus of SH 66 |
| | Boulder | 35.005 | 56.335 |
SH 119 north (Diagonal Highway) Longmont | Western end of SH 119 concurrency |
| | 36.342 | 58.487 |
SH 119 south (Canyon Boulevard) Nederland, Eldora Ski Area, Pearl Street Mall, Business District | Eastern end of SH 119 concurrency |
| | 36.533 | 58.794 |
SH 7 east (Arapahoe Avenue) Lafayette | Eastern end of SH 7 concurrency |
| | 37.601 | 60.513 |
To SH 93 / Baseline Road | West end of Denver-Boulder Turnpike |
| | 39.198 | 63.083 |
SH 157 north (Foothills Parkway) / Table Mesa Drive / South Boulder Road CU Stadium |  |
| | LouisvilleSuperior line | 43.198 | 69.520 |
SH 170 west / McCaslin Boulevard Superior, Louisville | Eastern terminus of SH-170; diverging diamond interchange opened Oct. 19, 2015 |
| City and County of Broomfield | | 45.3 | 72.9 | West Flatiron Crossing Drive | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | 45.825 | 73.748 | Northwest Parkway / Interlocken Loop Broomfield, Louisville | Access to Denver International Airport |
| | 46.194 | 74.342 | East Flatiron Crossing Drive | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 48.035 | 77.305 | US 287 / SH 121 Broomfield, Arvada, Lafayette |  |
| Jefferson | Westminster | 50.378 | 81.076 | 104th Avenue / Church Ranch Boulevard |  |
| Adams | | 52.571 | 84.605 | SH 95 (Sheridan Boulevard) / 92nd Avenue |  |
| | | 54.858 | 88.285 | US 287 (Federal Boulevard) |  |
| |  | 55.931 | 90.012 | Pecos Street |  |
| |  | 55.956 | 90.052 |

I-25 Express south | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| |  | 56.993 | 91.721 |

SH 224 east (Broadway) to SH 53 | No eastbound entrance |
| |  | 57.418 | 92.405 |
I-25 south (US 87 south) Denver | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | |  |
I-270 begins | East end of Denver-Boulder Turnpike; western end of I-270 concurrency |
| | See I-270 | | | | | | | |
| |  |  |  |

I-70 west / I-270 ends | Eastern end of I-270 concurrency; western end of I-70 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; I-70 exit 279A |
| See I-70 | | | | | | | |
| Arapahoe | Byers | 100.998 | 162.541 |
I-70 east (US 40 east / US 287 south) / SH 36 west Byers | East end of SH 36; eastern end of I-70/US/40/US 287 concurrency; I-70 exit 316 |
| Washington | Last Chance | 135.583 | 218.200 | SH 71 Brush, Limon |  |
| | Anton | 155.614 | 250.436 |
SH 63 north Akron, Arriba |  |
| |  | 178.048 | 286.540 |

SH 59 south to I-70 | Western end of SH 59 concurrency |
| Yuma |  | 185.382 | 298.343 |
SH 59 north Haxtun, Yuma | Eastern end of SH 59 concurrency |
| |  | 211.109 | 339.747 |
US 385 south Burlington | Western end of US 385 concurrency |
| |  | 213.654 | 343.843 |
US 385 north Wray | Eastern end of US 385 concurrency |
| |  | 224.718 | 361.649 |
US-36 east St. Francis | Kansas state line |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

## Colorado State Highway 36

| State Highway 36 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | AuroraByers |

**SH 36** is the stretch of former US 36 that runs from Aurora to Byers. Its western terminus is at exit 292 of I-70. Form there, it goes east through Watkins, Bennett, and Strasburg, meeting I-70 twice along the way before meeting I-70 for a third time at its eastern terminus (exit 316). This first junction with I-70 east of Aurora is in Bennett, at exit 306. The second such junction is at an underpass near Strasburg, with no access to or from the Interstate.

The highway was originally signed as part of SH 8.

### Major intersections

Mileposts are based on US 36 mileage.

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adams | Aurora | 76.394 | 122.944 | I-70 (US 36 / US 40 / US 287) | Western terminus; I-70 exit 292 |
| | Watkins | 79.730 | 128.313 |
Watkins Road (I-70 BS south) to I-70 | Northern terminus of I-70 Bus. |
| | Bennett | 88.836 | 142.968 |

SH 79 south (1st Street) to I-70 | Western end of SH 79 concurrency |
| | 89.210 | 143.570 |
SH 79 north (Adams Street) Prospect Valley | Eastern end of SH 79 concurrency |
| | AdamsArapahoe
county line | 91.188 | 146.753 | I-70 Denver | No access to I-70 east; I-70 exit 306 |
| Arapahoe | Strasburg | 95.000 | 152.888 |
To I-70 / Wagner Street |  |
| | Byers | 100.937 | 162.442 |
SH 40 east | Former US 40 east |
| | 100.998 | 162.541 | I-70 (US 40 / US 287) / US 36 | Eastern terminus; I-70 exit 316; highway continues as US 36 east. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 36 in ColoradoKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Highway 36 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 36 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by CDOT | |
| Length | 232.406 mi (374.021 km)SH 36: 24.60 miles (39.59 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 34 near Estes Park |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | US-36 at Kansas state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| Counties | Larimer, Boulder, Broomfield, Jefferson, Denver, Adams, Arapahoe, Washington, Yuma |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Colorado State Highway System** | |
| SH 35   SH 39 | |


title: Masahira Yoshikata

abstract: Masahira Yoshikata Masahira Yoshikata is a Japanese hurdler who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles. He competed at the 2007 World Championships.

text:
# Masahira Yoshikata

**Masahira Yoshikata** (吉形 政衡, *Yoshikata Masahira*, born 23 August 1982 in Fukuoka Prefecture) is a Japanese hurdler who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles. He competed at the 2007 World Championships.

## Personal best

| Event | Time (s) | Competition | Venue | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 400 m hurdles | 48.66 | Super Meet | Yokohama, Japan | 19 September 2005 |
|

## International competition

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Japan | | | | | |
| 2001 | Asian Junior Championships | Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei | 2nd | 400 m hurdles | 51.32 |
| | | | 1st | 4×400 m relay | 3:12.11 (relay leg: 3rd) |
| 2003 | Universiade | Daegu, South Korea | 7th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 49.80 |
| 2007 | Asian Championships | Amman, Jordan | 4th | 400 m hurdles | 50.94 |
| | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 29th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 50.59 |
|

## InfoBox

Masahira Yoshikata
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Born | 23 August 1982 (1982-08-23) (age 42)<br>Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan |
| *Alma mater* | Fukuoka University |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 70 kg (150 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Japan |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event | 400 metres hurdles |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 48.66 (Yokohama 2005) |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  Japan  Asian Junior Championships  2001 Bandar Seri Begawan 4×400 m relay  2001 Bandar Seri Begawan 400 m hurdles | |