title: Formula Two

abstract: Formula Two is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009–2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned again in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.

text:
# Formula Two

**Formula Two** (**F2** or **Formula 2**) is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 20092012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned again in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.

## History

While Formula One has generally been regarded as the pinnacle of open-wheeled auto racing, the high-performance nature of the cars and the expense involved in the series has always meant a need for a path to reach this peak. For much of the history of Formula One, Formula Two has represented the penultimate step on the motorsport ladder.

### Pre-war

Prior to the Second World War, there usually existed a division of racing for cars smaller and less powerful than Grand Prix racers. This category was usually called voiturette ("small car") racing and provided a means for amateur or less experienced drivers and smaller marques to prove themselves. By the outbreak of war, the rules for voiturette racing permitted 1.5 L supercharged engines; Grand Prix cars were permitted 3.0 L supercharged or 4.5 L naturally aspirated.

### Official beginnings (post war–1953)

In 1946, the 3.0 L supercharged rules were abandoned and Formulae A and B (later 1 and 2) introduced, effective from 1 January 1947. Formula A permitted the old 4.5 L naturally aspirated cars, but as the 3.0 L supercharged cars were more than a match for these (and the pre-War German and Italian cars were no longer available), the old 1.5 L *voiturette* formula replaced 3.0 L supercharged cars in an attempt to equalise performance.

This left no category below Formula A/Formula One, so Formula Two (originally known as Formula B) was first formally codified by the FIA as a smaller and cheaper complement to the Grand Prix cars of the era to be effective from 1 January 1948 . Among the races held in this first year of Formula Two was the 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix.

In 1948 Scuderia Ferrari built the Ferrari 166 F2, which made its racing debut at the Florence Grand Prix on September 26, 1948.

The rules limited engines to two-litre naturally aspirated or 500 cc supercharged (an option very rarely used). As a result, the cars were smaller, lighter, and cheaper than those used in Formula One. This encouraged new marques such as Cooper to move up to Formula Two, before competing against large manufacturers like Alfa Romeo and Maserati.

In fact, Formula One in its early years attracted so few entrants that in 1952 and 1953 all World Championship Grand Prix races, except the unique Indianapolis 500, were run in Formula Two (there were, however, non-championship Formula One events).

### 1.5-litre era (1957–1960)

F2 went into decline with the arrival of the 2.5 L F1 in 1954 (with small-capacity sports car racing becoming particularly popular), but a new Formula Two was introduced for 1957, for 1.5 L cars. This became dominated by rear-engined Coopers drawing on their Formula 3 and "Bobtail" sports car, with Porsches based on their RSK sports cars enjoying some success. Ferrari originally developed their "Sharknose" Dino 156 as a Formula Two car, while still racing front-engined Grand Prix cars. The dominant engine of this formula was the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder, with the rare Borgward sixteen-valve unit enjoying some success.

A slightly enlarged version of the F2 Cooper won the first two Formula One Grands Prix in 1958, marking the beginning of the rear-engined era in Formula One. The 1.5 L formula was short-lived, with Formula Junior effectively replacing first Formula Three and then Formula Two until 1963—but the 1961 1.5 L Formula One was effectively a continuation of this Formula Two. For 1960, in preparation for the new Formula One, two international championships were held, the Formula Two Constructors' Championship and the Formula Two Drivers' Championship. The Drivers' Championship was won by Jack Brabham, while the Manufacturers' Championship ended in a tie between Porsche and Cooper.

### Formula Junior (1961–1963) and 1-litre Formula Two (1964–1966)

Formula Junior was introduced in 1959, an attempt to be all things to all people (both a training formula replacing Formula Three and a high-level international category below Formula One replacing Formula Two), and it was soon realised that there was a need to split it into two new formulae; Formula Two and Formula Three were reintroduced for the 1964 season, with Formula Three requiring one-litre production-based engines, which were similar to Formula Junior with very restricted tuning, and Formula Two also having a 1.0 L engine size, but permitting pure-bred racing engines. Formula Two was largely the domain of Formula One stars on their days off. Engines were mostly by Cosworth (based on Ford blocks) and Honda, though some other units appeared, including various Fiat based units and dedicated racing engines from BMC and BRM.

### 1.6-litre era and driver grading (1967–1971)

For 1967, the FIA increased the maximum engine capacity to 1600cc. With the "return to power" of Formula One the gap between Formula One and Formula Two was felt to be too wide, and the introduction of new 1600cc production-based engine regulations for Formula Two restored the category to its intended role as a feeder series for Formula One. The FIA also introduced the European Formula Two Championship in 1967. Ickx, driving a Matra MS5, won the inaugural championship by 11 points from the Australian, Frank Gardner.

The most popular 1600cc engine was the Cosworth FVA, the sixteen-valve head on a four-cylinder Cortina block that was effectively the "proof of concept" for the legendary DFV. The 1967 FVA gave 220 bhp (160 kW; 220 PS) at 9000 rpm. Other units also appeared, including a four-cylinder BMW and a V6 Dino Ferrari.

Nevertheless, many Formula One drivers continued to drive the smaller and lighter cars on non-championship weekends, and some Grand Prix grids (notably in Germany, where the long circuit at the Nürburgring could cope with large entries) would be a mix of Formula One and Formula Two cars. Jacky Ickx made his Grand Prix debut at the Nürburgring in a Formula Two car in 1966. The following year Ickx qualified with the third fastest time overall but was forced to start behind the slower Formula One cars. Ickx quickly forced his way back into a points position, only to be forced to retire with broken suspension. Jim Clark, regarded as one of the greatest race drivers of all time, was killed in a Formula Two race early in 1968, at the Hockenheimring. A year later Gerhard Mitter was killed at the Nürburgring while practising for the 1969 German Grand Prix in a Formula Two car.

The "invasion" of Formula One drivers in Formula Two ranks (a situation similar to that of buschwhacking in modern-day NASCAR) was permitted because of the unique grading system used. Any driver with an *A* grading was not permitted to score championship points. A driver gained an *A* rating via various means which changed somewhat over the years, such as finishing in the points in two Grand Prix events or the top three in two World Sports Car events. The annual Formula Two champion was also granted an *A* rating for one year, and a Formula One World Champion was *A* graded for five. This system permitted less experienced drivers to work towards the championship and forward their careers, while allowing senior drivers to keep their hand in during the long breaks between Grands Prix of the time.

In the early years of the 1600cc formula, Brabham and Lotus were the most numerous constructors, although Ferrari intermittently entered a works team, as did BMW (with Lola and Dornier-built chassis). A number of smaller constructors such as Matra and Tecno were successful. Chevron also provided cars. The French firm Matra won the three first editions of the European championship, with Tecno winning the fourth.

### 2.0-litre era (1972–1984)

In 1972, the formula was changed to increase power by permitting 2.0 L production-based engines—Cosworth BDs and BMW four-cylinder engines dominated the early years, with BMW-powered Marches gradually establishing dominance. For 1976, engines developed purely for racing were permitted to compete, with Renault developing a particularly potent V6; allied to a sponsorship scheme from oil company Elf the formula was briefly dominated by French teams and drivers; BMW started to back a works March team and raised the stakes in the late-Seventies. Even the Ferrari engine returned briefly with minimal success. The Hart 420R (ultimately derived from the Cosworth BDA) was briefly successful in Marches and Team Surtees won the European F2 Championship in 1972 with Hart engines, driver Mike Hailwood, but most notably in the works Toleman team's cars. Dominant chassis of this era were generally from March and Ralt, with Chevron, the French Elf and Martinis and German Maurers being briefly successful.

Honda returned to Formula Two in the early 1980s with a powerful V6, but this was very much a *works* engine and the cost of competing with the works Ralt-Honda team became prohibitive. As a result, grids diminished in size and declining interest in the series threatened it with extinction.

### Superseded

After the 1984 season, the FIA replaced Formula Two with the newly created Formula 3000 category, which was designed to cut the cost of competition. The initial regulations joined F2-style chassis with the naturally aspirated 3000 cc Cosworth DFV V8 engines, that were by then obsolete in the all-turbocharged Formula One. The premier series was the FIA Formula 3000 International Championship, though a number of other championships were also run to Formula 3000 regulations.

### Revival (2009–2012)

Following an absence of 25 years, a Formula Two championship was re-established by the FIA in 2009. Unlike the previous incarnation, the FIA Formula Two Championship was a one make series, with the competitors all using the same chassis and engine. Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision company managed the championship and also operated and maintained the cars on behalf of the drivers. There were no teams in the championship – unlike other professional motorsport series each driver instead worked with engineers supplied by MotorSport Vision. The cars were designed by Williams Grand Prix Engineering, and were powered by a 1.8L turbocharged Audi engine developed by Mountune Racing, with 425 brake horsepower (317 kW; 431 PS). The cars fell between Formula One and Formula Three in performance, and cost each driver £195,000 for a season.

The 2009 championship comprised eight events in Europe between the months of May and November. There were two races per weekend – each 110 km long (around 40 minutes). Two 30-minute practice sessions and two 30-minute qualifying sessions preceded both races. The inaugural championship was won by Andy Soucek although was marred by the death of Henry Surtees during the fourth round at Brands Hatch.

The series was discontinued by the FIA and MSV after the 2012 season. The championship had struggled to attract enough drivers in the final year, with the single team concept proving to be unpopular compared to championships run on a more conventional basis. Despite being marketed as a feeder series for Formula One, the competing GP2 and Formula Renault 3.5 series had significantly more powerful cars, and no Formula Two driver had managed to progress to a Formula One team until Jolyon Palmer in 2016 with Renault Sport F1 Team.

### Second revival (2017)

In 2015, the FIA announced plans to overhaul the Super Licence system, streamlining the qualification criteria and weighting the various feeder series to allow drivers a more linear progress system. Included with this were plans for a revival of the Formula Two category, which was given priority over all other categories of competition. Further details were published by the World Motorsport Council, revealing plans to model the new Formula Two championship along the same lines as the revived European Formula 3 Championship and the newly introduced Formula 4 category. The series will be a part of the FIA Global Pathway.

Rather than reviving the series by creating a new one where none had previously existed, the FIA chose to rebrand the GP2 Series as the *FIA Formula 2 Championship* in early 2017. Since then, drivers to have graduated to F1 include Charles Leclerc, George Russell and Oscar Piastri. All eleven teams run the Dallara F2 2024 chassis, powered by a Mecachrome engine.

## Other Formula Two series

### Soviet Formula 2 Championship

The Central Automotoclub of the USSR (CAMK) joined the FIA in October 1956, aiming to develop Soviet motorsport after seeing international races like the British F1 GP. In 1959, CAMK introduced a new classification system for racing cars in the USSR. However, F2 cars were not part of the 1960 Soviet motorsport championship because there were no suitable stock engines available, and the Soviet Union did not produce specialized racing engines at that time. Consequently, it wasn't until 1962 that the F2 category made its debut in Soviet autosport championships. Two years later, updated F2 regulations were introduced. It wasn't until 1971 that F2 cars started to regularly appear on Soviet tracks, and F2 series were included in Soviet motorsport championships until 1977.

### Japanese Formula Two

Prior to the Formula Nippon, during the 1.6 L 1967–1971 era, a Formula 2 series championship existed in Japan. Japanese teams were building their own cars and engines. As for races ran in Europe, the series was simply called Formula 2. Amongst the makes, the best known was the Mitsubishi Colt. Cars raced with parallel FIA rules, using 1600 cc displacement engines, from 1967 to 1970.

Japan ran a series known as "Japanese Formula 2000 championship" to rules similar to two-litre F2 between 1973 and 1977. Production-based single-cam engines were permitted to run at 2.4 L, but they soon came into line with FIA rules in the mid-1970s. The Japanese Formula 2 championship ran between 1978 and 1986, before Japan too adopted a set of regulations very similar to F3000 rules, with the series being known as Japanese Formula 3000 from 1987. The series is now known as Super Formula, after using the name Formula Nippon from 1996 to 2012. Japan also ran a series for full-bodied versions of F2 cars called *Fuji Grand Champion Series*—somewhat akin to the F5000-based revival of Can-Am.

### Australian Formula 2

Australia has had its own Australian Formula 2 category since 1964. From 1978 the formula has specified that cars be powered by a production-based single-cam engine with a capacity between 1100 cc and 1600 cc. Induction must be by means of carburettor/s, the engine must be naturally aspirated and an 8500 rpm rev limit is applied.

An Australian Formula 2 Championship was sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport in the years from 1964 to 1965, from 1969 to 1977 and from 1979 to 1988.

### Mexican Formula Two

Mexico ran its own Formula Two series (previously known as Formula K) for 12 years in the early 1990s. The cars were similar to Formula Atlantic vehicles, fitted with 2.2 L Chrysler engines.

### British Formula Two

Formula Two racing was popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During the 2.0 litre engine era, HWM, Connaught and Cooper were among the constructors who built cars for the class, usually powered by Bristol. When F2 was brought back in 1.5 litre form in 1956, Cooper and Lotus were the first to build cars to the new specification, taking advantage of the availability of Coventry Climax engines.

Championships were held from 1956 to 1960, 1964 to 1967 and again in 1972. Stirling Moss, Jack Brabham, Jim Clark and Niki Lauda won titles.

The British Formula 3000 series was briefly known as "Formula Two" in an attempt to make its status more apparent to casual spectators. However, the series was in terminal decline and the change of name did not help. At one point the use of 4.2 L TVR engines cars in F3000 chassis was discussed as a possible British F2, but this did not materialise.

### Trophées de France

Prior to the formation of the European Championship, France held its own, very popular championship between 1964 and 1967. Despite only running for four seasons, the Brabham marque won three titles, with the drivers going to Jack Brabham (twice), Jim Clark and Jochen Rindt. Races were held at some of the most legendary venues in France, Pau, Clermont-Ferrand and Reims, to name just three.

However once the European Championship had successfully completed this first season, the French version was abandoned.

## Formula Two champions

| Season | Driver | Team / car | Pole
positions | Wins | Podiums | Fastest
laps | Points | Margin (pnts) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 Formula Two season | | | | | | | | |
| 1960 | Jack Brabham | Cooper Car Company
CooperClimax | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 2 |
| European Formula Two Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 1967 | Jacky Ickx | Tyrrell Racing
MatraCosworth | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 45 | 11 |
| 1968 | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra Sports
MatraCosworth | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 48 | 17 |
| 1969 | Johnny Servoz-Gavin | Matra International
MatraCosworth | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 37 | 9 |
| 1970 | Clay Regazzoni | Tecno Racing Team
TecnoCosworth | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 44 | 9 |
| 1971 | Ronnie Peterson | March Engineering
MarchCosworth | 7 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 54 | 14 |
| 1972 | Mike Hailwood | Team Surtees
SurteesCosworth | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 55 | 18 |
| 1973 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | March Engineering
MarchBMW | 4 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 78 | 37 |
| 1974 | Patrick Depailler | March Engineering
MarchBMW | 3 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 54 | 11 |
| 1975 | Jacques Laffite | Ecurie Elf
MartiniBMW | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 60 | 24 |
| 1976 | Jean-Pierre Jabouille | Equipe Elf
Elf 2JRenault | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 53 | 1 |
| 1977 | René Arnoux | Ecurie Renault Elf
MartiniRenault | 1 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 52 | 12 |
| 1978 | Bruno Giacomelli | Polifac BMW Junior Team
MarchBMW | 8 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 82 | 31 |
| 1979 | Marc Surer | Polifac BMW Junior Team
MarchBMW | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 38 | 2 |
| 1980 | Brian Henton | Toleman Group
TolemanHart | 2 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 61 | 19 |
| 1981 | Geoff Lees | Ralt Racing Ltd.
RaltHonda | 1 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 51 | 14 |
| 1982 | Corrado Fabi | March Racing Ltd.
MarchBMW | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 57 | 1 |
| 1983 | Jonathan Palmer | Ralt Racing Ltd.
RaltHonda | 4 | 6 | 10 | 3 | 68 | 17 |
| 1984 | Mike Thackwell | Ralt Racing Ltd.
RaltHonda | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 72 | 28 |
| FIA Formula Two Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2009 | Andy Soucek | MotorSport Vision
WilliamsAudi | 2 | 7 | 11 | 3 | 115 | 51 |
| 2010 | Dean Stoneman | MotorSport Vision
WilliamsAudi | 6 | 6 | 13 | 6 | 284 | 42 |
| 2011 | Mirko Bortolotti | MotorSport Vision
WilliamsAudi | 7 | 7 | 14 | 7 | 316 | 121 |
| 2012 | Luciano Bacheta | MotorSport Vision
WilliamsAudi | 3 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 231.5 | 21.5 |
| FIA Formula 2 Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | Charles Leclerc | Prema Racing
Dallara-Mecachrome | 8 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 282 | 72 |
| 2018 | George Russell | ART Grand Prix
Dallara-Mecachrome | 5 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 287 | 68 |
| 2019 | Nyck de Vries | ART Grand Prix
Dallara-Mecachrome | 5 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 266 | 52 |
| 2020 | Mick Schumacher | Prema Racing
Dallara-Mecachrome | 0 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 215 | 14 |
| 2021 | Oscar Piastri | Prema Racing
Dallara-Mecachrome | 5 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 252.5 | 60.5 |
| 2022 | Felipe Drugovich | MP Motorsport
Dallara-Mecachrome | 5 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 265 | 101 |
| 2023 | Théo Pourchaire | ART Grand Prix
Dallara-Mecachrome | 2 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 203 | 11 |

## Further reading

* A Record of Grand Prix and Voiturette racing Volume 9 1970-1973 Paul Sheldon ISBN 0-9526050-0-7
* A Record of Grand Prix and Voiturette racing Volume 10 1974-1978 Paul Sheldon.


title: Framlingham Mere

abstract: Framlingham Mere is a 13.8-hectare nature reserve in Framlingham in Suffolk. It is managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust. This site has a lake and wet meadows adjoining Framlingham Castle. There are many migrating birds, and flora include marsh marigolds, ragged-robin and lady's smock. There is access from New Road and by a footpath past the castle from Badingham Road.

text:
# Framlingham Mere

**Framlingham Mere** is a 13.8-hectare nature reserve in Framlingham in Suffolk. It is managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.

This site has a lake and wet meadows adjoining Framlingham Castle. There are many migrating birds, and flora include marsh marigolds, ragged-robin and lady's smock.

There is access from New Road and by a footpath past the castle from Badingham Road.

52°13′23″N 1°20′28″E / 52.223°N 1.341°E / 52.223; 1.341

## InfoBox

| Framlingham Mere | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Nature reserve |
| Location | Framlingham, Suffolk |
| Area | 13.8 hectares |
| Managed by | Suffolk Wildlife Trust |


title: Fort de la Corne

abstract: Fort de la Corne was one of the two French forts established on the Saskatchewan River in the 20 years between the end of La Vérendrye's push west from Lake Superior in 1731–1743 and the fall of New France in 1763. It was originally called Fort St. Louis, and later also called Fort des Prairies, Nippeween and Fort à la Corne. It was located downstream from the Saskatchewan River Forks at the mouth of the Pehonan Creek a mile west of the later HBC post. It was built in 1753 by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne, the third of the four western commanders who followed La Vérendrye. It was a fur trade post, the western end of the chain of posts that diverted furs away from the English on Hudson Bay and a base for exploration of the Saskatchewan which the French thought might lead to the Pacific. For most of its existence it was an outpost of Fort Paskoya. It was closed in 1759 with the fall of New France. The site was apparently well-chosen. In 1775 the "Pedlars" built post in the area before moving upstream to Fort Sturgeon in 1776. In 1795 the Pedlars or North West Company built a Fort St Louis on the right bank of the river immediately below Peonan Creek. About five miles upstream were three more houses possibly called Isaac's House, named after Isaac Batt, and Fort aux Trembles. In 1796 the Hudson's Bay Company built the first Carleton House a mile and a half downstream. In 1846 the Hudson's Bay Company built its Fort St. Louis a few miles from original fort. This fort became linked to the Carlton Trail by a side route called Fort à la Corne Trail in the Saskatchewan Valley. Today the Fort à la Corne Provincial Forest surrounds the site of the old fur trade posts. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1926. The James Smith First Nation is nearby. In the 2000s, diamond exploration was undertaken in the Fort à la Corne kimberlite field by De Beers and ShoreGold. A partnership of Rio Tinto and Star Diamond Corporation continued work through the 2010s and in early 2021 announced significant finds of commercial-grade diamonds. It was not yet known whether the project would proceed to a commercial mining operation.

text:
# Fort de la Corne

**Fort de la Corne** was one of the two French forts established on the Saskatchewan River in the 20 years between the end of La Vérendrye's push west from Lake Superior in 1731–1743 and the fall of New France in 1763. (The other was Fort La Jonquière built two years earlier.)

It was originally called Fort St. Louis, and later also called Fort des Prairies, Nippeween and Fort à la Corne. It was located downstream from the Saskatchewan River Forks at the mouth of the Pehonan Creek a mile west of the later HBC post.

It was built in 1753 by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne, the third of the four western commanders who followed La Vérendrye. It was a fur trade post, the western end of the chain of posts that diverted furs away from the English on Hudson Bay and a base for exploration of the Saskatchewan which the French thought might lead to the Pacific. For most of its existence it was an outpost of Fort Paskoya. It was closed in 1759 with the fall of New France.

The site was apparently well-chosen. In 1775 the "Pedlars" built post in the area before moving upstream to Fort Sturgeon in 1776. In 1795 the Pedlars or North West Company built a Fort St Louis on the right bank of the river immediately below Peonan Creek. About five miles upstream were three more houses possibly called Isaac's House, named after Isaac Batt, and Fort aux Trembles. In 1796 the Hudson's Bay Company built the first Carleton House a mile and a half downstream. In 1846 the Hudson's Bay Company built its *Fort St. Louis* a few miles from original fort. This fort became linked to the Carlton Trail by a side route called *Fort à la Corne Trail* in the Saskatchewan Valley.

Today the Fort à la Corne Provincial Forest surrounds the site of the old fur trade posts. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1926. The James Smith First Nation is nearby.

In the 2000s, diamond exploration was undertaken in the Fort à la Corne kimberlite field by De Beers and ShoreGold. A partnership of Rio Tinto and Star Diamond Corporation continued work through the 2010s and in early 2021 announced significant finds of commercial-grade diamonds. It was not yet known whether the project would proceed to a commercial mining operation.

* Arthur Morton, "A History of Western Canada", no date

1. Fort à la Corne. *Directory of Federal Heritage Designations*. Parks Canada. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
2. See Cassandra Kyle, "Diamond site valued at 5.3 billion", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, August 28, 2009; www.thestarphoenix.com.
3. "Patience, luck are key to diamond mining in Saskatchewan", CBC, January 20, 2014; cbc.ca.
4. "Diamonds recovered from tenth and final trench at Fort à la Corne".

53°09′N 104°48′W / 53.150°N 104.800°W / 53.150; -104.800

## InfoBox

**Fort de la Corne**
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1753 |
| Location | Canada |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Official name | Fort à la Corne National Historic Site of Canada |
| Designated | 1926 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Francesco Facchinetti

abstract: Francesco Facchinetti, also known as Dj Francesco or as Oz, is an Italian DJ, producer, singer, musician and TV presenter. He rose to fame as a singer during the summer of 2003, when he released his debut single, "La canzone del capitano", which became a hit in Italy. Before retiring from his music career in 2007, he released three studio albums, and he competed in the Sanremo Music Festival three times. He is the founder of Italian EDM trio "We Are PresidentS". In 2004, he was also a contestant of the Italian reality show L'isola dei famosi. Three years later, he became the co-presented of the show. Starting from 2008, Facchinetti presented the first four series of X Factor, the Italian version of the talent show created by Simon Cowell in the United Kingdom. When RAI decided to discontinue the show, Facchinetti presented Star Academy, which replaced X Factor. Together with his father Roby Facchinetti, he was part of a duo coach on the third series of talent show The Voice of Italy. He was one of the Italian commentators for the second and third seasons of Netflix's Ultimate Beastmaster alongside Bianca Balti.

text:
# Francesco Facchinetti

**Francesco Facchinetti** (born 2 May 1980), also known as **Dj Francesco** or as **Oz**, is an Italian DJ, producer, singer, musician and TV presenter. He rose to fame as a singer during the summer of 2003, when he released his debut single, "La canzone del capitano", which became a hit in Italy. Before retiring from his music career in 2007, he released three studio albums, and he competed in the Sanremo Music Festival three times. He is the founder of Italian EDM trio "We Are PresidentS".

In 2004, he was also a contestant of the Italian reality show *L'isola dei famosi*. Three years later, he became the co-presented of the show. Starting from 2008, Facchinetti presented the first four series of *X Factor*, the Italian version of the talent show created by Simon Cowell in the United Kingdom. When RAI decided to discontinue the show, Facchinetti presented *Star Academy*, which replaced *X Factor*. Together with his father Roby Facchinetti, he was part of a duo coach on the third series of talent show *The Voice of Italy*. He was one of the Italian commentators for the second and third seasons of Netflix's *Ultimate Beastmaster* alongside Bianca Balti.

## Early life

Francesco Facchinetti was born in Milan on 2 May 1980, to Italian singer Roby Facchinetti, better known as a member of the pop band Pooh, and Rosaria Longoni. His elder sister, Alessandra Facchinetti, is a fashion designer.

## Career

### Music debut and *Bella di padella*

After becoming part of a punk band, Facchinetti became a presenter of the Italian satellite television channel Hit Channel 102.5, directed by the record producer and talent scout Claudio Cecchetto. The jingle for his TV programme, "La canzone del capitano", was also used during Canale 5's quiz show *Passaparola*. After being released as his debut single under the pseudonym DJ Francesco, "La canzone del capitano" became a hit in Italy, peaking at number three on the FIMI Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks and being certified gold.

His second single, "Salta", became another top 20 hit in Italy. In October of the same year, DJ Francesco received a nomination for Best Italian Revelation of the Year at the fourth Italian Music Awards. Facchinetti's third single, "Ti adoro", a rap version of Luciano Pavarotti's song with the same title, was released in February 2004. In March of the same year, DJ Francesco competed in the 54th Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Era bellissimo", placing 11th in a field of 22. The song was included in his first studio album, *Bella di padella*, also including DJ Francesco's previous singles, released in March 2004.

### *L'isola dei famosi* and *Il mondo di Francesca*

In September 2004, DJ Francesco became a contestant of the reality show *L'isola dei famosi*. In March 2005, he competed for the second time in the Sanremo Music Festival, performing the song "Francesca" as part of the DJ Francesco Band. The song compteded in the category Groups, but it was eliminated after the second round of the competition. The song became the lead single from DJ Francesco's second studio album, *Il mondo di Francesca*. In the meanwhile, Facchinetti debuted as a voice actor, dubbing Rodney in the Italian version of the animated film *Robots*.

### The third studio album and the debut as a TV presenter

In 2006, Facchinetti started to present his own radio programme, *Non esco, c'è Francesco*, broadcast by RTL 102.5. On 16 June of the same year he released his first single for Sony Music, "Non cado più", under the mononym Francesco. The single, presented during the singing competition Festivalbar, was certified gold in Italy.

In February 2007, Facchinetti competed in the 57th Sanremo Music Festival, performing the song "Vivere normale", a duet with his father Roby Facchinetti. The song placed eighth in a field of twenty, and was later included in Francesco's third studio album of the same title. The album also spawned the singles "Amante e regina" and "Superman".

On 27 June 2007, Facchinetti presented the 2nd Venive Music Awards, an award ceremony celebrating pop music. In September of the same year, he started to co-present the fifth series of *L'isola dei famosi*, from the Cayos Cochinos islands, in Honduras. As a result, he received the Premio Regia Televisiva, also known as Oscar TV, for TV Personality Revelation of the Year in March 2008.

### *X Factor*, *Star Academy* and *Rai Boh*

In March 2008, Facchinetti became the presenter of the first series of the Italian talent show *X Factor*. Facchinetti also presented the following three series of the show. In the meanwhile, Facchinetti also presented the music show *Scalo 76*, the Italian Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2008, and *Il più grande (italiano di tutti i tempi)*. In 2011, when Rai 2 decided not to confirm *X Factor* replacing it with *Star Academy*, Facchinetti was chosen as the presenter of the new show. During the same year, he presented the music-based show *Ciak si canta* with Belén Rodríguez.

In 2012, Facchinetti founded a dance trio, We Are presidents. The band's first single, "Hello World", was released in November 2012. In January 2013, Facchinetti presented a new late night show, *Rai Boh*, which experimented with chaos-based interviews.

### *Braccialetti rossi* soundtrack and *The Voice of Italy*

In 2014, Facchinetti returned to music, performing the song "Conta" for the Italian drama television series *Braccialetti rossi*. The song was released as a single in February of the same year. He also recorded the theme song for the second series of the same show, "L'inizio del mondo", a duet with Niccolò Agliardi, released as a single in 2015.

During the spring of 2015, Facchinetti was chosen as part of a duo coach for the third series of Italian talent show *The Voice of Italy*, together with his father Roby Facchinetti. Father and son won the program.

## Personal life

During the reality show *L'isola dei famosi*, Facchinetti started an on-again off-again relationship with fellow contestant and Venezuelan television personality Aída Yéspica. Their relationship lasted until July 2006. In August 2010, Facchinetti started dating Italian TV presenter Alessia Marcuzzi. On 4 September 2011, Marcuzzi gave birth to their first daughter, Mia Facchinetti. On 9 October 2012, Alessia Marcuzzi and Francesco Facchinetti announced their separation through a co-written official message posted on their Facebook and Twitter official accounts. On 11 December 2014 Facchinetti married his Lebanese Brazilian girlfriend Wilma Helena Faissol. Their son Leone was born in October 2014. In March 2016, the couple's daughter Lavinia Angelica Catherine was born.

Facchinetti has worn the brands Adidas and Plein, promoting them into the Italian press.

On 17 October 2021, mixed martial artist Conor McGregor allegedly attacked Facchinetti without provocation, in a nightclub in Rome, breaking Facchinetti's nose. Facchinetti is planning to sue McGregor for the unprovoked attack.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with chart positions and certifications
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | |
| *Bella di padella* | * Released: 2004 * Label: Universal * Formats: 2× CD | 47 |  |
| *Il mondo di Francesca* | * Released: 2005 * Label: Universal * Formats: CD | 36 |  |
| *Vivere normale* |  | 80 |  |
|

### Singles

List of singles, with chart positions and certifications in Italy
| Single | Year | Peak chart
positions | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | | |
| "La canzone del capitano" | 2003 | 3 |  | *Bella di padella* |
| | "Salta" | 20 | |  |
| "Ti adoro" (Vs. Luciano Pavarotti) | 2004 | 24 | |  |
| | "Era bellissimo" | 28 | |
| | "La mia polka" | 50 | |
| "Francesca" | 2005 | 13 |  | *Il mondo di Francesca* |
| | "Ridere ridere" |  | |  |
| | "Il panettiere" |  | |  |
| "Non cado più" | 2006 | 13 |  | *Vivere normale* |
| "Vivere normale" (with Roby Facchinetti) | 2007 |  | |  |
| | "Amante e regina" |  | |  |
| | "Superman" |  | |  |
| "Conta" | 2014 |  |  | *Braccialetti rossi* (soundtrack) |
| "L'inizio del mondo" | 2015 |  |  | *Braccialetti rossi 2* (soundtrack) |
| "—" denotes singles that did not chart | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Francesco Facchinetti | |
| --- | --- |
| Facchinetti in April 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Francesco Facchinetti |
| Also known as | Francesco, DJ Francesco, Oz |
| Born | (1980-05-02) 2 May 1980
Milan, Italy |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * DJ * singer * TV presenter * radio personality * producer * musician * talent scout * actor * writer * businessman |
| Instruments |  |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Theodora Hall

abstract: Theodora Clemens Hall was a New Zealand medical doctor. She was born in Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand on 12 June 1902. Her father was Thomas Easterfield, a professor of chemistry and physics, and her sister Dr Helen Deem. Hall attended Wellington Girls' College. She graduated MB ChB from the University of Otago in 1926. She became a house surgeon at Wellington Hospital, followed by two years as a registrar at Cook Hospital in Gisborne. She did post-graduate study in London in the early 1930s gaining her MRCP diploma in 1932. She was the second New Zealand woman to obtain the MRCP. She was appointed to Cook Hospital in Gisborne in 1935. In 1932 she married Dr Richard John Burnside Hall (1894–1907) who was surgeon superintendent at Cook Hospital. As surgeon and physician they were described as "the backbone of the Cook Hospital medical service". The Halls moved to Paihia in 1958 when Richard retired but Theodora continued to work as a physician at the Bay of Islands Hospital. She held that role until 1971.

text:
# Theodora Hall

**Theodora Clemens Hall** (née **Easterfield**; 12 June 1902 – 19 December 1980) was a New Zealand medical doctor. She was born in Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand on 12 June 1902. Her father was Thomas Easterfield, a professor of chemistry and physics, and her sister Dr Helen Deem.

Hall attended Wellington Girls' College. She graduated MB ChB from the University of Otago in 1926. She became a house surgeon at Wellington Hospital, followed by two years as a registrar at Cook Hospital in Gisborne. She did post-graduate study in London in the early 1930s gaining her MRCP diploma in 1932. She was the second New Zealand woman to obtain the MRCP. She was appointed to Cook Hospital in Gisborne in 1935. In 1932 she married Dr Richard John Burnside Hall (1894–1907) who was surgeon superintendent at Cook Hospital. As surgeon and physician they were described as "the backbone of the Cook Hospital medical service".

The Halls moved to Paihia in 1958 when Richard retired but Theodora continued to work as a physician at the Bay of Islands Hospital. She held that role until 1971.

## Personal life

The Halls had three daughters. Hall died in 1980.


title: Theodore Whitmarsh

abstract: Theodore Francis Whitmarsh was an American businessman and politician. Whitmarsh was active across several industries, including grocery, finance, and manufacturing. During World War I and in its immediate aftermath, Whitmarsh held a variety of posts in the U.S. federal government, most notably as the acting administrator of the United States Food Administration, member of the War Industries Board, and joint director of the American Relief Administration. Whitmarsh was later elected as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, serving eight years in the role.

text:
# Theodore Whitmarsh

**Theodore Francis Whitmarsh** (November 6, 1869 – May 12, 1936) was an American businessman and politician. Whitmarsh was active across several industries, including grocery, finance, and manufacturing. During World War I and in its immediate aftermath, Whitmarsh held a variety of posts in the U.S. federal government, most notably as the acting administrator of the United States Food Administration, member of the War Industries Board, and joint director of the American Relief Administration. Whitmarsh was later elected as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, serving eight years in the role.

## Early life and family

Whitmarsh was born in Brooklyn, New York on November 6, 1869, to Caroline H. (née Leggett) and Henry C. Whitmarsh. He was educated in public schools. In 1893, Whitmarsh married Lillian Ainslie Smith. They had three children.

## Career

### Private sector

In 1886, Whitmarsh began working for his uncle Francis Howard Leggett (1840–1909), who was a prominent wholesale grocer and the owner of *Francis H. Leggett & Co.* In 1896, he became a member of the firm. In 1902, he became the vice president and treasurer of the firm. After the death of his uncle in 1909, Whitmarsh assumed control of the business as president. Whitmarsh remained as chairman of the board of the company for the rest of his life.

Other business holdings of Whitmarsh included serving as president and treasurer of the Seacoast Canning Company and as treasurer of the American Can Company. Whitmarsh was the member of corporate boards including the Irving National Bank, Irving Trust Company, Famous Players–Lasky, Greenwich Savings Bank, Audley Clarke Company, Straclar Holding Corporation, New York Mercantile Exchange, and the United States Chamber of Commerce.

From 1915 to 1918, Whitmarsh was the president of the National Wholesale Grocers Association of the United States. Whitmarsh was also the chairman and a longtime fundraiser for the United Hospital Fund, raising US$300,000 for the organization in 1929 and over US$500,000 in 1932. Whitmarsh was also a close acquaintance of Swami Vivekananda, and drew up a trust fund for handling the administration and proceeds from his book sales.

### Public service

A Republican, Whitmarsh was active in New York politics. In June 1917, Whitmarsh was appointed as the chief of the Distribution Division of the newly formed United States Food Administration. In the role, he served as special assistant to Herbert Hoover, who was then serving as the director of the agency. While in the role, Whitmarsh was a member of the War Industries Board, the Priorities Committee, the Requirements Committee, and the Belgian Relief Committee. He was also the vice president, treasurer, and a board member of the U.S. Sugar Equalization Board. In 1917, Whitmarsh was described as the person who is "seeing that the whole country gets a square deal on passing around the food."

After Hoover departed for Europe in November 1918, Whitmarsh served as acting chairman of the Committee for European Food Relief, and as acting chairman of the United States Food Administration's executive committee. President Woodrow Wilson appointed Whitmarsh as acting administrator of the agency in Hoover's absence.

In 1919, Whitmarsh served as U.S. joint director of the American Relief Administration. That summer, Whitmarsh spent two months in Europe working on post-war food provision issues. In 1923, Whitmarsh was elected as a Class B director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Whitmarsh served in the role from 1924 until 1932.

## Awards and honors

In 1918, King Albert I of Belgium awarded Whitmarsh as an Officer of the Order of the Crown for his work in Europe. In 1933, Whitmarsh was a dinner guest of President Hoover at the White House.

## Death

Whitmarsh died of pneumonia at New York Hospital on May 12, 1936, aged 66. His funeral at Saint Thomas Church was attended by 1,500 people. Whitmarsh's honorary pallbearers included George L. Harrison, Gates W. McGarrah, Walter C. Teagle, and Owen D. Young. He is interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Westchester County, New York.

## InfoBox

| Theodore Whitmarsh | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Whitmarsh, c. 1917–1918 | |
|  | |
| Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1924  December 31, 1932 | |
| Preceded by | Richard H. Williams |
| Succeeded by | Walter C. Teagle |
| Joint U.S. Director of the American Relief Administration | |
| **In office**
March 2, 1919  July 1, 1919 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | *Office abolished* |
| Acting Administrator of the United States Food Administration | |
| **In office**
January 16, 1919  February 25, 1919 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Herbert Hoover *(as Administrator)* |
| Succeeded by | *Office abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Theodore Francis Whitmarsh
(1869-11-06)November 6, 1869
Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Died | May 12, 1936(1936-05-12) (aged 66)
New York City |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Lillian Ainslie Smith  (m. 1893) |
| Children | 3 |
| Profession | Politician, businessman |
|  | |


title: Francesco Trapani

abstract: Francesco Trapani,, is the former CEO of the Italian jeweler and luxury goods retailer Bulgari.

text:
# Francesco Trapani

**Francesco Trapani**, (born 1957), is the former CEO of the Italian jeweler and luxury goods retailer Bulgari.

## Family relations

Trapani is the son of a surgeon and Lia Bulgari. Lia Bulgari is the elder sister of Paolo Bulgari, the current Chairman of the Bulgari group. Lia and her three brothers - Paolo, Nicola and Gianni - are the grandchildren of Sotirio Bulgari, an Ottoman born Greek silversmith, who was the Bulgari group founder.

## Career

Trapani took over the Bulgari group in 1984. He is credited with turning the company around into one of the more successful luxury jewellery brand. In 2001, he managed the Bulgari joint venture with Marriott International to open a set of Bulgari branded hotels, named Bulgari Hotels and Resorts. In 1995, Trapani oversaw the listing of Bulgari on the Milan Stock Exchange and SEAQ International in London.

Francesco Trapani oversaw the sales and integration of Bulgari within LVMH, in 2011.

Trapani replaced Philippe Pascal as the Head of Watches and Jewelry at LVMH, following the sale of Bulgari to LVMH. until 2014, when he left the company.

He later joined Clessidra, an italian private equity fund specialized in Luxury and apparel, in 2014, as senior partner, and Tages in 2016, while serving as board members of several companies.

Together with Marco Taricco and Giuseppe Bivona, Trapani launched an activist hedge fund with 50 million euros under management, called Bluebell Active Equity Fund, on November 11, 2019.

### Bulgari sale to LVMH

Trapani described in a 2004 article that "one day, Bulgari is going to be sold, we'll see." He also described that "there are a couple of big companies that would be interested, but they have not approached us."

Regarding the sale of Bulgari to LVMH in March 2011, he indicated that the sale is because LVMH recognises Bulgari as a "star brand" and that he doesn't believe LVMH will "dilute" the brand.

## Other activities

* Salesforce, Member of the Advisory Board on Europe, the Middle East and Africa (since 2020)

## InfoBox

| Francesco Trapani | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1957
Italy |
| Alma mater | University of Naples, Economy
New York University, Business Administration |
| Known for | CEO of Bulgari |
| Spouse | Partner: Lorenza de Liechtenstein |
| Children | Rebecca, Agostino and Allegra |
| Parent | Mother: Lia Bulgari |
| Relatives | Uncles: Paolo Bulgari, Nicola Bulgari, Gianni Bulgari
Great Grandfather: Sotirio Bulgari
Grandmother: Leonilde |


title: Masterbook

abstract: Masterbook is a generic role-playing game that was published by West End Games (WEG) in 1994.

text:
# Masterbook

***Masterbook*** is a generic role-playing game that was published by West End Games (WEG) in 1994.

## Description

The generic rules of *Masterbook*, which do not have a specific campaign setting, use rules from both WEG's multi-genre role-playing game *Torg* (1990), and WEG's science fiction role-playing game *Shatterzone* (1993).

Like *Torg*, the *Masterbook* system utilizes two complementary forms of in-game conflict resolution: a unified dice mechanic, which is based on a roll of two ten-sided dice, and a game-specific deck of cards (the MasterDeck, similar to the Drama Deck in *Torg*) that is used to influence random number generation, character actions, and the game's plot.

## Publication history

*Masterbook* is a 176-page softcover book that was designed by Ed Stark, with interior art by Paul Daly, Jamie Lombardo, Ron Hill, Karl Waller, and Brian Schomburg, and cover art by Stephen Crane. It was published by WEG in 1994. A limited-edition 483-page hardbound version was made that also included the *World of Bloodshadows* and *World of Indiana Jones* material in one volume.

It was designed for use with the MasterBook Deck (also designed by Ed Stark), which contained a 108-card deck of playing-card size. It came in three types of effects. The 83 black *Enhancement* cards are handed in by the player for random benefits, like a bonus on a character's task roll, temporarily allowing extra actions, or granting extra Life Points. The 17 red *Subplot* cards are used immediately by the Game Master to create a random event or encounter. The four *Picture* cards (Disaster, Opportunity, Wild, and Interloper) are Wild Cards that can provide special effects that the gamemaster can tailor to their needs. The remaining 4 were two blank cards and 2 blank Picture cards. The deck was sold separately from the standalone rule book, but a free deck was enclosed with each worldbook box set. Expansions to the MasterDeck come with 12 blank cards and 24 *Plot Development* cards, which are Subplot cards that the players control that potentially could grant extra Skill Points.

### MasterBook 1E (1994)

The *Masterbook* system was used for several licensed properties. It was also used for their proprietary fantasy-noir setting *Bloodshadows*. Each softcover worldbook came in a box set with a copy of the MasterBook rules, a MasterBook deck, and a pair of 10-sided dice.

* *The World of Bloodshadows* box set (1994)
    + *Galitia Citybook* (1994) - Details the City-State of Galitia, the largest city on Marl.
    + *Mean Streets* (1994) - GM companion. Comes with 2 two-panel game-master screens and a campaign pack with NPCs, typical adventure locations with maps, and a gazetteer about the City-State of Albredura.
    + *The Unnaturals* (1994) - Details the non-Human Unnatural races and contains rules for creating new Unnaturals.
    + *Fires of Marl* (1995) - A mix of background essays, short fiction, and adventures dealing with the myths and legends of Marl.
    + *Padaar Citybook* (1995) - Details the City-State of Padaar.
    + *Shadows of Selastos* (1995) - Collects the adventures *Flight of Fear*, *The Lady is a Vamp*, *All That Glistens*, and *Trail of Riches* set in the City-State of Selastos. Also includes twelve new Human and Unnatural templates.
    + *Sorcerer's Crib Sheet* (1995) - Details and expands the magic rules for *Bloodshadows* and adds new spells. Also contains three new character templates.
    + *Wilderness* (1995) - Details the unexplored Wilderness outside the City-States.
* *The World of Indiana Jones* box set (1994)
    + *Raiders of the Lost Ark Sourcebook* (1994 Hardcover)
    + *Indiana Jones and the Rising Sun* (1994) - Details 1930s Japan. Contains the adventure *Indiana Jones and the Masamune Blade*
    + *Indiana Jones and the Golden Vampires* (1995) - Details 1930s San Francisco. Includes the adventure *Indiana Jones and the Golden Vampires* set in San Francisco's Chinatown.
    + *Indiana Jones and the Lands of Adventure* (1995) - Details Europe, the Middle East, South America and the Orient in the 1930s.
    + *Indiana Jones and the Tomb of the Templars* (1995) - A collection of three adventures: *The Druid's Curse*, *The Sword in the Stone*, and *The Tomb of the Templars*.
    + *Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* Sourcebook (1996 Hardcover)
    + *Indiana Jones Artifacts* (1996) - Magic items.
    + *Magic & Mysticism: The Dark Continent* (1997) - Magic rules. Also has rules for the creation of PCs and NPCs with magical powers.
* *The World of Aden* box set (1995) - Includes conversion notes from the MasterBook system to the D6 System.
    + *The World of Aden: Campaign Chronicles* (1996) - A rules companion that helps immerse the game master and players in the gameworld.
* *The World of Necroscope* box set (1995) - A worldbook based on the horror fiction of Brian Lumley's *Necroscope* series.
    + *Deadspeak Dossier* (1995) - A gamemaster companion for *The World of Necroscope* that further details the espionage horror/thriller gameworld. It also contains new espionage skills and abilities.
    + *Wamphyri* (1996) - A guidebook detailing the Wamphyri race.
    + *The E-Branch Guide to Psionics* (1996) - Psionics rules and new equipment. Includes 15 psychic character templates and a MasterBook to D6 System conversion guide.
    + *Operation: Nightside* (1997) - A globe-spanning campaign for *The World of Necroscope*.
* *The World of Species* box set (1995)
* *The World of Tank Girl* box set (1995)
* *The World of Tales from the Crypt* box set (1996)
    + *Cryptic Campaigns* (1996) - New adventures for use with the worldbook.

### MasterBook 2E (2011)

In 2011, MasterBook was re-printed by Precis Intermedia Gaming. They are currently working on an improved second edition, called *MasterBook 2E*, and have released a free simplified version, called *MasterBook EZ*.

In 2016 Precis Intermedia printed the new *Bloodshadows* 3rd Edition worldbook. It has conversion rules for use with the *Active Exploits* and *MasterBook EZ* rules.

## Reception

In the March 1995 edition of *Dragon* (Issue #215), Rick Swan was not enthusiastic about the rules, which he found too derivative of the rules from *Shatterzone* that he had roundly criticized in a previous edition of *Dragon*. But while Swan found the rules less complex than the original *Shatterzone* rules, he still found that "while less confusing \[than *Shatterzone*, *Masterbook*\] can't get over its love affair with charts and numbers." He did find several strong elements, including "a well-written text, an intriguing selection of skills, \[and\] a clever use of cards." And he lauded the included card deck, which he found "inventive, fun to use, and in contrast to the rest of the rulebook, blessedly succinct." He concluded by giving the book an average rating of 4 out of 6, saying, "even with its flaws, the *Masterbook* system remains a solid, versatile game with strong characters and clever concepts. The designers just didn’t know when to quit."

There were two core rule books. One was included with the boxed sets and the other was sold separately. Apart from the cover, they were both identical. A Companion book also compiled rules from the boxed set world books. The world books were only available in their dedicated box sets. This may have had an effect on sales, due to the world books not being available separately.

There were several licensed properties released using the Masterbook, but only *Bloodshadows* and *World of Indiana Jones* found success. These two were both later rewritten for *West End Games* D6 system, which had been adapted from their more popular Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game.

## Other reviews

1. To clarify, Life Points are experience points that can be spent to increase Attributes or Skills. One Life Point can be converted into 3 Skill Points. They can also be used to add a bonus to a skill roll before it's rolled, negate wounds, or shift a result on a table.
2. Skill points are experience points that can be spent to increase skills. They can also be spent to reroll a failed skill roll
3. As of October 13, 2020 the MasterBook 2E rules are still in a Beta form. They are currently in an annotated Playtest version. This is available in a PDF bundle with the reprinted MasterBook 1E rules.
4. As of September 22, 2020 the MasterBook EZ rules are currently in Version 2.5 .

## InfoBox

Masterbook
| Cover art by Stphen Crane, 1994 | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | Ed Stark |
| Illustrators | Paul Daly, Jamie Lombardo, Ron Hill, Karl Waller, Brian Schomburg, Stephen Crane |
| Publishers | West End Games |
| Publication | 1994 |
| Genres | Role-playing game |
| Languages | English |
| Chance | Medium (dice rolling) |
| Skills | Strategy, tactics, probability |


title: Masterbulk

abstract: Masterbulk Private Limited is a shipping company which was established in Singapore in February 1995 following a major spin off from the Bergen, Norway-based Westfal-Larsen & Co A/S, of which it remains a subsidiary. The Company owns a total of 18 open hatch general cargo vessels. Its fleet operates in the drybulk segment and is involved in the transportation of unitised, bulk cargo and break bulk cargo worldwide, specialising in bale pulp and forestry products, steel products, and project cargo. The technical management of these vessels is outsourced to Zeaborn Ship Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd and Westfal-Larsen Management AS. The commercial management is performed by Pool Manager Saga Welco AS, in Tenvik, Norway, which is a joint venture along with Saga Shipholding (Norway) AS. The Saga Welco Pool manages the largest and youngest fleet of Open Hatch Gantry Crane vessels in the market, which currently includes 52 vessels, with 1 on order. Masterbulk is based in Singapore and has 9 employees. In 2014 Masterbulk established a new venture with fellow Norwegian shipowners Saga Shipholding to operate their fleets of open hatch gantry and jib-craned bulkers in a joint pool, Saga Welco.

text:
# Masterbulk

**Masterbulk Private Limited** is a shipping company which was established in Singapore in February 1995 following a major spin off from the Bergen, Norway-based Westfal-Larsen & Co A/S, of which it remains a subsidiary.

The Company owns a total of 18 open hatch general cargo vessels. Its fleet operates in the drybulk segment and is involved in the transportation of unitised, bulk cargo and break bulk cargo worldwide, specialising in bale pulp and forestry products, steel products, and project cargo.

The technical management of these vessels is outsourced to Zeaborn Ship Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd and Westfal-Larsen Management AS. The commercial management is performed by Pool Manager Saga Welco AS, in Tenvik, Norway, which is a joint venture along with Saga Shipholding (Norway) AS. The Saga Welco Pool manages the largest and youngest fleet of Open Hatch Gantry Crane vessels in the market, which currently includes 52 vessels, with 1 on order. Masterbulk is based in Singapore and has 9 employees.

In 2014 Masterbulk established a new venture with fellow Norwegian shipowners Saga Shipholding to operate their fleets of open hatch gantry and jib-craned bulkers in a joint pool, Saga Welco.

## InfoBox

Masterbulk Pte. Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Ship Transport |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Headquarters | Singapore |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Nicholas F. Fisher (CEO) |
| Products | Break bulk cargo |
| Number of employees | 11 (2016) |
| Parent | Armadora AS |
| Subsidiaries | Westfal-Larsen Shipping Pte Ltd, Saga Welco AS |
| Website | www.masterbulk.com.sg |


title: Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford

abstract: Theodora Velma Fonteneau Rutherford was an African-American accountant, clubwoman, and college instructor. In 1960 she became the first black CPA qualified in West Virginia.

text:
# Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford

**Theodora Velma Fonteneau Rutherford** (January 28, 1904  August 15, 1993) was an African-American accountant, clubwoman, and college instructor. In 1960 she became the first black CPA qualified in West Virginia.

## Early life

Theodora Velma Fonteneau was born in Jeanerette, Louisiana, and raised in Houston, Texas. Her mother was a teacher, and her father owned a restaurant. In 1919 she was "Goddess of Liberty" in an Emancipation Day celebration parade in Houston.

## Education

She attended Howard University, graduating *summa cum laude* in 1923, at the top of her class i the School of Commerce and Finance. The following year, she was the first black student to earn a master's degree in accounting at Columbia University. Her thesis title was "An accounting system for a small school or college".

Fonteneau was unable to qualify as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) after school, because she could not meet New York's experience requirement; no firm would hire a black woman accountant, even with Fonteneau's academic credentials. When there was a rule change in 1959, she became the first black CPA in West Virginia. and the first black woman member of the West Virginia Society of Public Accountants.

## Career

Fonteneau worked addressing envelopes in New York City while she was a graduate student. She moved to West Virginia in 1925, and built the business program at West Virginia Collegiate Institute (now West Virginia State University). Because her husband also worked for the school, she was forced by nepotism rules to leave her job during their marriage, from 1933 to 1957. She returned to teaching in widowhood. She retired from college teaching in 1973.

Rutherford helped establish the West Virginia Collegiate Credit Union, was the credit union's first treasurer, and later served on the board of directors of the West Virginia Credit Union League. She was president of the West Virginia Consumer Association and served on the boards of the Community Banking and Savings Company. She taught community classes in tax preparation. In 1963, she won a Ford Foundation fellowship, to pursue doctoral studies at Indiana University. After she retired, she ran an accounting firm, specializing in taxes. "Most older people have encouraged young black women to go into teaching, but I certainly would encourage them to go into accounting if they are capable," she told an interviewer in 1977.

Rutherford was active in the Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ) sorority. She was a charter member and first president of the ΑΚΑ graduate chapter at Charleston, West Virginia when it was founded in 1929. She was also active in the League of Women Voters and the Girl Scouts, and ran a summer camp for girls on the Coal River in the 1930s.

In 1983, Rutherford was honored by Howard University for her lifetime of achievement, with fellow alumni Debbie Allen, Wayman Smith III, James E. Bowman, Gloria Twine Chisum, and Robert E. L. Perkins.

## Personal life

Theodora Fonteneau married Charles Robert Rutherford, who also worked at West Virginia State University. She was widowed when Charles died by suicide in 1956. Her only child, Rosalie (1932-1976), was disabled in an accident as a young woman; Theodora Rutherford raised her granddaughter, Elvira Morgan (1958-1976).

## Legacy

The Black Business Students Association at Columbia University awards a Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford Scholarship, named for Rutherford as the business school's first black graduate.

## InfoBox

| Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford | |
| --- | --- |
| Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford, from a 1924 publication. | |
| Born | Theodora Velma Fonteneau
(1904-01-28)January 28, 1904
Jeanerette, Louisiana, US |
| Died | August 15, 1993(1993-08-15) (aged 89) |
| Occupation | accountant |


title: Theodora Cormontan

abstract: Theodora Cormontan was a Norwegian-American singer, church musician, pianist, music publisher and composer, one of the first Norwegian women to have her classical compositions published and widely performed, and one of the first women to start a music publishing business in Norway.

text:
# Theodora Cormontan

**Theodora Cormontan** (June 9, 1840  October 26, 1922) was a Norwegian-American singer, church musician, pianist, music publisher and composer, one of the first Norwegian women to have her classical compositions published and widely performed, and one of the first women to start a music publishing business in Norway.

## Overview

Cormontan began her musical education with the town musician in Arendal, where her father served as a Lutheran pastor. She moved to Copenhagen in 1863 to continue her education and pursue a musical career. Her time there was cut short by the death of her mother in 1865, prompting her return to Arendal to run the household of her father. After returning to Copenhagen in 1867–1868 and giving a concert tour in Norway in 1869, from 1872 until 1879 she continued her career in Arendal, giving both vocal and piano concerts, composing works for the piano and voice (a number of which were published by Warmuth, the leading music publisher in the region), and establishing a music lending library. In 1879 she opened a music publishing house, focusing on the works of women composers.

In 1886, as a result of a major bank failure and a fire that destroyed the family home, Cormontan was forced to sell her music business and immigrate with her father and sister to the United States, where she continued her musical career. In 1887, shortly after her arrival in Sacred Heart, Minnesota, a train accident impaired Cormontan's mobility and her ability to stand, forcing her to give up voice recitals. She focused instead on piano and organ performances as well as giving music lessons, leading choirs, and continuing her composition work, living first with a married sister in Sacred Heart, then with two brothers in Franklin, Minnesota.

The family's economic fortunes slowly declined after 1900. In 1910, at age 70, Theodora Cormontan was the youngest of four surviving unmarried siblings and was the main wage earner in the household. After the deaths of her brothers, Cormontan and her sister entered a home for elderly Norwegian immigrants in Decorah, Iowa, in 1917. After her death in 1922, her compositions largely disappeared from view until 2011, when boxes containing her musical legacy were discovered in St. Peter, Minnesota, and recordings of her work were released in Norway, Denmark, and the US.

## Early life

Theodora Nicoline Meldal Cormontan was born June 9, 1840, in Beitstad in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway, the second youngest of seven children of Lutheran minister Even Meldal Schjelderup Cormontan and Louise Augusta Hirsch Cormontan. In 1847 her family moved to Arendal, where her father was appointed to the Trinity Church. She studied music there with F. W. Thoschlag, the town organist and proprietor of a music lending library. In 1863 she moved to Copenhagen to study music. The death of her mother in 1865 forced her return to Arendal to run the household of her father, who had taken on additional church duties as *provst* (in English, *dean*), a senior official in the diocese.

## Early career and publishing business

In 1867–1868 Cormontan returned to Copenhagen to sing professionally and offer voice lessons. She studied singing with Carl Helsted, a renowned teacher who also trained Nina Hagerup, first cousin and future wife of Edvard Grieg. In 1869 Cormontan concertized as a soprano soloist in a tour that included the Norwegian coastal towns of Grimstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, and Bergen, as well as Trondheim and Larvik. The 6 March 1869 Kristiansand newspaper announced that her program would include Gounod's "Jewel Song" from the opera *Faust* and "Tacea la note placida" from Verdi's opera *Il trovatore*. A review on 9 March in a newspaper included the following: "The concert featured a singer in possession of a full, rich and sonorous soprano voice of a rare and pleasant character. Her singing reflected favorably upon her training; we would particularly note her beautiful and correct intonation ... All the numbers were received with lively applause that was so powerful that the singer visibly shuddered, and at the end of the concert was moved to tears." A serious illness halted her professional activity in 1870 and most of 1871. She may have studied theory and harmony during this time, because in 1872 she began performing her own compositions in concert.

Subsequently, Cormontan established a music lending library. Because of the expense of publication, music lending libraries were a common feature of 19th-century musical culture. From 1875 until 1879 several of her compositions were published by Warmuth, the leading Scandinavian music publisher of the era. In addition to her vocal and piano concerts, and composing classical piano pieces and songs in Arendal, Cormontan ran a music publishing business from 1879 to 1886. Her publishing house specialized in the work of other women composers. This includes Sophie Dedekam, a composer of hymns and popular songs, and Caroline Schytte Jensen, who went on to become a well-known composer of children's songs – she was also the mother of Gabriel Scott, a Norwegian poet. Cormontan was the first to publish, in 1885, the first five of what would later become Schytte Jensen's famous collection of children's songs, as well as the highly regarded *Katharina Månsdotters vaggvisa fôr konung Erik XIV* (music set to the poem by Zachris Topelius).

From the 1870s through 1884, Cormontan's sheet music publications were distributed throughout Norway, Sweden, Denmark. Germany and Russia. Among the pieces she published was a song she dedicated to a younger pianist and composer, Agathe Backer Grøndahl (her cousin, Nils Backer, was postmaster of Arendal), proclaimed by George Bernard Shaw in 1889 "one of the greatest pianists in Europe."

## Emigration, career in the United States

As a result of a major bank failure, as well as a fire that destroyed the family home, the now-retired Reverend Cormontan, along with Theodora and her sister Eivinda, immigrated to America in 1887 to live first with his daughter and then two sons, all of whom had previously immigrated. Upon her arrival Cormontan continued her musical career in Sacred Heart, Minnesota, giving a series of recitals, both piano and voice, and advertising as a music instructor throughout the region. On December 3, 1887, she was injured in a train accident in Granite Falls, Minnesota. She suffered trauma to her spine, and for the remainder of her life experienced a level of chronic pain and physical challenges related to mobility.

In 1889, Cormontan brought a civil suit against the railroad involved in her accident. The company, after offering a $500 settlement, contested the suit over a period of several months, to the point where Cormontan's family incurred over $300 in legal fees and related expenses. The legal counsel for the railroad deposed Theodora and her sister Eivinda each for a full day of testimony, in addition to bringing witnesses to cast doubt on the extent of her injury. The jury awarded Cormontan $5,000, and the railroad was also ordered to pay all of her legal expenses.

In 1888, Cormontan, her father, and her sister Eivinda moved to Franklin, Minnesota, to live with her older brother, Gottfred Christian Vogelsang (C.G.V.). He held a degree in chemistry from Norway and opened a drug store in Franklin with his brother-in-law, Edward Lyders. The family joined the local Norwegian Synod Church and Cormontan was employed as organist for both that church and another in the area. Rev. Cormontan died in 1893 and was buried in a place of honor next to the Fort Ridgely & Dale Church.

Cormontan's train injury compelled her to cease giving voice recitals (which would have required her to stand for extended periods of time), but she continued her career as a music teacher, organist, pianist, choir director, and composer. As a performer in the 1890s, she received highly favorable reviews from numerous local newspapers for her recitals throughout southern Minnesota: her concerts were characterized as a "rare treat," with some attendees gathered outside the town hall entrance and listening from open windows.

As late as 1910, at age 69, Cormontan was performing at public gatherings such as conventions and public information sessions for the Red Cross and Farmer's Institute, being described as "a pianist of rare ability." Cormontan was composing and copyrighting works for piano as late as December 1911.

## Lutheran Synod dispute

From 1890 until 1912, Cormontan was involved in a dispute between the Norwegian Synod and the Hauge Synod. The Hauge Synod was pro-temperance and revivalist in nature, and published "spirituals" in Norwegian as an alternative to the traditional Lutheran hymns of the Norwegian Synod. Cormontan was a member of the Norwegian Synod, and her father had been a long-serving minister and official in the Norwegian Church, parent church of the Norwegian Synod.

Cormontan contributed several hymns to the Hauge Synod magazine, *Ungdommens Ven*, including one she dedicated to Reverend Bernt B. Haugan, a Hauge Synod minister and temperance advocate. He published, in partnership with Nils Nilsen Ronning, a journalist and author, the songbook *Frydetoner* (Joyful Tunes), a collection of songs from the magazine which included Cormontan's contributions. In response, the Norwegian Synod passed resolutions of disapproval in 1896 and 1901, the 1896 resolution declaring "Books such as *Harpen*, by Hoyme and Lund, and *Frydetoner*, by B. B. Haugan, ought not to be distributed by the Lutheran Publishing House in Decorah."

In the period from 1890 until 1917, while maintaining her membership first in the Norwegian Synod and then the United Synod, Cormontan's hymns continued to be included in each subsequent edition of *Frydetoner*, a hymn book that was, despite official disapproval, enormously popular in Norwegian-American communities, going through at least 25 printings. This dispute was not fully resolved until 1917, when the synods agreed to merge (along with the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America), forming the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America, although some progress was made in 1913 when the three synods collaborated in producing their first unified hymnal in English, *The Lutheran Hymnary*. Cormontan's best-known hymn, "Høgt frå den himmelske klåra" ("High from the Clearing Heavens"), remained in the Church of Norway's hymnal, and is still included in current editions.

## Changes in family fortunes, retirement

As an unmarried woman in the 19th century, Cormontan's financial fortunes were closely tied to that of her family. She lived with siblings her entire time in the U.S., first with her married youngest sister Marie and Marie's husband Edward Lyders (a pharmacist in Sacred Heart), then with her older brother in Franklin. While C.G.V. Cormontan (her brother) ran a drugstore in Franklin, the family fortunes were relatively stable. In 1891, after the $5,000 settlement from the railroad lawsuit, the Cormontan family purchased and donated a Packard organ to the Fort Ridgely & Dale Church.

After Rev. Cormontan's death in 1893, C.G.V. Cormontan became the head of the household. As he aged, the fortunes of C.G.V. declined until he was forced to close his Madelia, Minnesota, drugstore and move to Hanska, Minnesota, in 1901 to work for a pharmacist there. In 1910, the Cormontan household consisted of four siblings, of which Theodora was the youngest at age 70. As was common for the childless elderly in that era, the family slid into poverty and became dependent on county and church assistance to survive. The Cormontan household was listed on county relief records for disbursements to the poor in 1915. Shortly after C.G.V. Cormontan died in 1917, Theodora and her sister Eivinda entered the Aase Haugen Home near Decorah, Iowa, a home that had recently opened and was operated by the United Norwegian Lutheran Church. Cormontan died at the home in 1922 at age 82; her sister Eivinda died there two years later. Both were buried in the Home cemetery. Cormontan's compositions and publications were put in boxes and stored by Mollie Helgerson Schmidt, wife of Rev. Otto Schmidt, the superintendent and founder of the Home.

## Legacy

### Composing legacy

Except for one hymn and one song, Cormontan's musical legacy disappeared from view for the next 80 years. The hymn, *Høgt frå den himmelske klåra* ("High from the Clearing Heavens") remained a standard in the hymnal of the Church of Norway.

In 1988 one of Cormontan's songs, "Aftendæmring" ("Twilight"), was sung by the actor and musical theater performer Christian Steffensen as part of an album of Hans Christian Andersen poems set to music. The song was singled out for special praise in a review of the album in *Fanfare* magazine, and Steffensen continued to include it in his repertoire, releasing recordings of it in both Danish and English over the next 35 years, most recently re-releasing it in 2012 on the album *In Denmark I Was Born* (the album includes music by two Norwegian composers, Edvard Grieg and Cormontan). Norwegian pianist Monica Tomescu-Rohde released a recording of piano music composed by Theodora Cormontan on September 20, 2024. “Cor montan” is Latin for “Heart of the Mountain,” the title of the recording.

### Library and publishing legacy

Music that Cormontan published in the period 1879 to 1886 can be found in the archives of the Aust-Agder kulturhistoriske senter, Arendal, and in the collection of Michael and Bonnie Jorgensen, an emeritus professor of music at Gustavus Adolphus College, and a professional pianist, respectively.

The granddaughter of Mollie Schmidt (wife of the superintendent of the nursing home where Cormontan spent her final years) gifted Cormontan's musical library to the Jorgensens in May, 2011 after a chance meeting in a grocery store in St. Peter, Minnesota. Bonnie and Michael Jorgensen have presented lectures and concerts, recorded a number of Cormontan's compositions, and created a website, theodoracormontan.com, to document Cormontan's story and legacy.

On May 28, 2015, the Jorgensens donated Theodora Cormontan's published and manuscript scores to the National Library of Norway in Oslo and performed her music there with a group of musician friends, including Mollie Schmidt's granddaughter. On May 31, 2015, they gave a concert in Cormontan's hometown of Arendal at the Aust-Agder kulturhistoriske senter (KUBEN)."

## List of works

Published in Norway:

* *4 Sange* \[4 Songs\] Op. 2 /Hvad jeg elsker \[What I Love\] (voice/piano; Hans Christian Andersen text), Warmuth Publishing Company, 1875
* *Blandt Fjeldene* \[Among Mountains\] Op. 3 (piano), Warmuth, 1875
* *3 Religiøse Sange* \[3 Religious Songs\] Op. 5 /Dyb Sne \[Deep Snow\] (2 voices/piano; Halfdan Sommerfelt text), Warmuth, 1877
* *3 Sange* Op. 4 /Aftendæmring \[Twilight\] (voice/piano; H. C. Andersen), Warmuth, 1877
* *4 Sange* Op. 6 /Holder du af mig \[If you like me\] (voice/piano; Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson text), Warmuth, 1879
* *4 Sange* Op. 1 /Det døende Barn \[The dying Children\] (voice/piano; H. C. Andersen), Cormontan Publishing Company, c 1880
* *Hvad ønsker du mer?* \[What would you like more?\] Op. 8.1 (2 voices/piano; F. W. Krummacher text), Cormontan, c 1880
* *Fred til Bod for bittert Savn* \[Peace of Penance for bitter Longing\] Fantasie-Transcription (piano), Cormontan, 1883
* *Herre Jesu Christ* \[Lord Jesus Christ\] Fantasie-Transcription Op. 36 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *Honnør-Marsch for norske Turnere* \[Honor March for Norwegian Turners\] Op. 44 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *Kjærlighed er Livets Kilde* \[Love is the Source of Life\] Fantasie-Transcription Op. 42 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *La Eleganza* \[Elegance\] Menuet Op. 10 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *Norsk Konge-Polonaise* \[Norwegian King-Polonaise\] Op. 43 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *Norske Turneres National-Festmarsch* \[Norwegian Turners National Festival March\] Op. 46 (piano), Cormontan, 1885
* *Til Kirke* \[The Church\] Op. 8.2 (voice/piano; H. Sommerfelt), Cormontan, 1885

Published in the United States (all piano solo):

* *Waltz Gracious* Op. 53, Johnson and Lundquist, (n.d.)
* *Polka Fantasia over Swedish Song* Op. 54, Thompson, 1895
* *L'Elegance* Op. 10 (same piece as Op. 10 above), Hatch, 1900
* *A Jubilee Rhineländer* Op. 58, Pioneer, 1905
* *Dance de la Duchesse* Op. 59, (publisher unknown), 1906


title: Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit)

abstract: Francesco Piccolomini was an Italian Jesuit, elected the eighth Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.

text:
# Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit)

**Francesco Piccolomini** (22 October 1582 – 17 June 1651) was an Italian Jesuit, elected the eighth Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.

## Biography

After Vincenzo Carafa, the 7th Superior General of the Order, died on 8 February 1649, a General Congregation made of representatives of the various Jesuit provinces, met on 21 December of the same year and chose Piccolomini as his successor. He died after eighteen months in office.

Before his election as General he had been professor of philosophy at the Roman College; he died at age 68.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Pius III". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Fountain Gardens, Paisley

abstract: Fountain Gardens is in Paisley, Scotland. It has recreational parkland and garden areas which are open to the public. The park is Paisley's oldest public gardens. Within the park is Grand Central Fountain, one of only three Category A listed fountains in Scotland.

text:
# Fountain Gardens, Paisley

**Fountain Gardens** is in Paisley, Scotland. It has recreational parkland and garden areas which are open to the public. The park is Paisley's oldest public gardens. Within the park is *Grand Central Fountain*, one of only three Category A listed fountains in Scotland.

## History

Fountain Gardens was originally laid out on grounds called Hope Temple Gardens, which were created by prominent business man John Love in 1797. The Hope Temple Museum and a bowling green were sited within the original park. Love became bankrupt after a disastrous American business venture and the park grounds were sold to the famous industrialist Thomas Coats in 1866. He enlisted the help of James Craig Niven, a landscape architect, to redesign the park and gardens. A new layout was approved and constructed. It featured a geometric layout, broader walkways, drinking fountains, rock garden and alpine beds. Coats then gifted the park to the people of Paisley. The park was renamed and opened officially on 26 May 1868. Nearby Love Street was named in homage to the original park owner. Renfrewshire Council are now responsible for the upkeep of the park.

## Grand Central Fountain

In the centre of the park an ornate fountain was constructed. The A listed fountain consists of dolphins, herons, cherubs and walruses. George Smith and Company of the Sun Foundry in Glasgow constructed the fountain. Stained-glass artist and designer Daniel Cottier was enlisted to paint and colour the monument.

A £650,000 restoration project took place between 2013–14 to restore the fountain, which had deteriorated. Renfrewshire Council, Historic Scotland and the Heritage Lottery Fund provided the necessary funding required to complete the work. There was a gala day in September 2014 to commemorate the restoration of the fountain. Provost Anne Hall, nearby residents and local youth theatre group Pace were part of the celebrations.

A statue of Robert Burns was erected in the gardens in 1896. It is sited adjacent to the fountain. It was constructed by Frederick William Pomeroy.

## InfoBox

| Fountain Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Central Fountain | |
|  | |
| Location | Paisley |
| Nearest city | Glasgow |
| Coordinates | 55°51′01″N 4°25′42″W / 55.8504°N 4.4284°W / 55.8504; -4.4284 |
| Operated by | Renfrewshire Council |
| Open | 26 May 1868 |
| Status | Open |


title: The Woodlands Christian Academy

abstract: The Woodlands Christian Academy is a private, college preparatory Christian school in The Woodlands, unincorporated Montgomery County, Texas. The school covers grades Pre-kindergarten through 12th grade, serving 600 students. The forty-acre campus is located 28 miles (45 km) north of Downtown Houston. The school has a 40-acre (16 ha) campus.

text:
# The Woodlands Christian Academy

**The Woodlands Christian Academy** is a private, college preparatory Christian school in The Woodlands, unincorporated Montgomery County, Texas. The school covers grades Pre-kindergarten through 12th grade, serving 600 students. The forty-acre campus is located 28 miles (45 km) north of Downtown Houston.

The school has a 40-acre (16 ha) campus.

## History

The school opened in September 1993, covering grades Pre-kindergarten through 6. The school was founded by local pediatrician Dr. William Parks. In 1999, The Woodlands Christian Academy moved to a new campus on Academy Way. The Timothy Administrative Building was completed in 1999 as the first permanent structure there. The high school was established at that time, and the first class of twelve students graduated in 2001. In 2002, the first gym, pavilion and athletic facilities were completed, including a state-of-the-art baseball complex and lighted football field.

The first permanent classroom building for the high school, the Nehemiah Academic Center, opened during the summer of 2009. In 2014, the Joshua Academic Center, providing permanent classrooms for lower and middle school students, and a second gym, the David Gymnasium, was completed.

In early May 2014 the school held a gala, raising $2.5 million for capital improvements. It plans to install a synthetic track lane around the American football facilities, to be completed in October 2016. The next project is to be a high school facility.

In late 2015, Warrior Stadium, complete with a turf field, Woodforest National Bank Field, and the 8-lane Tom Earle Track were completed.

## Facilities

The Joshua Academic Center houses the lower school. The Nehemiah Academic Center houses the middle school. The Micah Academic Center houses the high school. The Timothy Administration Building houses the administration and Library, the Warrior Cafe a large multi-purpose room, and school store "The Armory". The Student Life Center houses the main gym, as well as the sports medicine office and main locker rooms. The David Gym houses a full court gym, two half-court goals, and two indoor batting cages.

In late 2015, Warrior Stadium was completed with a turf field, Woodforest Bank© Field, and a competitive 8 lane track, Tom Earle track. The campus also has a state of the art baseball field, and softball field.

Sports that are offered include Volleyball, Basketball, Football, Golf, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, Cheer, Baseball, Softball and Soccer. The Woodlands Christian Academy's mascot is the Warrior. School colors are green and gold.

### Track

In 2015, The Woodlands Christian Academy boys' Cross Country took second in state, TAPPS 3A. The boys' track team won state, TAPPS 3A.

### Basketball

In 2018, the boys' basketball team were TAPPS 4A State Champions. In 2021, the boys' basketball team were TAPPS 5A State Champions.

### Football

The Warrior Football team is in District 3 of TAPPS 5A.

### Division

The Woodlands Christian Academy competes in the TAPPS 5A division.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| The Woodlands Christian Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 5800 Academy Way
The Woodlands, Texas 77384
United States | |
| Coordinates | 30°12′19″N 95°29′16″W / 30.205257°N 95.487714°W / 30.205257; -95.487714 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1993 |
| Head of school | Julie Ambler |
| Faculty | 142 |
| Grades | Pre-K to 12th |
| Number of students | 650 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 12:1 |
| Campus size | 40 acres |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Green/Gold |
| Mascot | Warriors |
| Website | www.twca.net |


title: Masuaki Kiyota

abstract: Masuaki Kiyota is a Japanese psychic known for his alleged ability of thoughtography. Kiyota was tested by investigators in London by Granada Television and the results were negative. It was discovered that with tight controls, Kiyota was unable to project mental images onto film. He could only achieve success when he had the film in his possession without any control for at least 2 hours. Kiyota feats such as metal bending were endorsed by Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff as evidence for psychokinesis. However, skeptics and magicians have written that Kiyota is a clever "trickster" who performed his feats by magic tricks. According to James Randi "Kiyota's Polaroid photos were apparently produced by preexposing the film, since it was noted that he made great efforts to obtain a film pack and spend time with it in private." In a 1984 television interview, Kiyota confessed to fraud.

text:
# Masuaki Kiyota

**Masuaki Kiyota** (清田 益章, *Kiyota Masuaki*, born 1962) is a Japanese psychic known for his alleged ability of thoughtography.

Kiyota was tested by investigators in London by Granada Television and the results were negative. It was discovered that with tight controls, Kiyota was unable to project mental images onto film. He could only achieve success when he had the film in his possession without any control for at least 2 hours.

Kiyota feats such as metal bending were endorsed by Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff as evidence for psychokinesis. However, skeptics and magicians have written that Kiyota is a clever "trickster" who performed his feats by magic tricks. According to James Randi "Kiyota's Polaroid photos were apparently produced by preexposing the film, since it was noted that he made great efforts to obtain a film pack and spend time with it in private." In a 1984 television interview, Kiyota confessed to fraud.


title: Francis Aqorau

abstract: Francis Aqorau Talasasa was a Solomon Islands civil servant and politician. He briefly served as a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1976.

text:
# Francis Aqorau

**Francis Aqorau Talasasa** (1928 – 26 December 1976) was a Solomon Islands civil servant and politician. He briefly served as a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1976.

## Biography

Aqorau was born in the New Georgia village of Kokeqolo in 1928. His father Milton Talasasa was a politician, serving as president of Roviana Council and on the Solomon Islands Advisory Council. He attended All Hallows' School in Pawa, Queen Victoria School in Fiji and St Andrew's College in Christchurch in New Zealand, finishing his schooling in 1953.

Aqorau then studied at the University of Canterbury and in 1956 became the first Solomon Islander to graduate with a bachelor's degree. He remained at the university until the following year to earn a master's degree. He married Merle Aqorau in 1958, later adopting her surname. The two relocated to England, where he spent a year at the University of Cambridge studying colonial administration, also visiting local councils, while his wife studied domestic science in London. After returning to the Solomon Islands, he became a Cadet Administrative Officer in Malaita in 1959. He was soon promoted to Deputy Commissioner, the first Solomon Islander to reach such a position. In June 1962 he was also the first Solomon Islander to be appointed as a magistrate.

After serving as Clerk to the Legislative Council in 1964 and 1965, he transferred to the administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, where was appointed a District Officer in 1966. He returned to the Solomon Islands as District Commissioner for Eastern District, before retiring in 1974.

Aqorau then entered politics, becoming president of Western Council. In June 1976 he contested the elections to the Legislative Assembly, and was elected from the Vona Vona/Rendova/Tetepari constituency. However, he died in December the same year, suffering a heart attack while playing tennis on Boxing Day.

## InfoBox

| Francis Aqorau | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1976 | |
| Succeeded by | John Talasasa |
| Constituency | Vona Vona/Rendova/Tetepari |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1928
Kokeqolo, Solomon Islands |
| Died | 26 December 1976
Honiara, Solomon Islands |
|  | |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 1500 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters M50 1500 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 1500 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Hand | Auto | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4:05.2 |  | Tom Roberts | Australia | 27.02.1934 | Murrumbeena | 22.03.1984 |
| 4:05.8 |  | Ray Hatton | United States | 05.02.1932 |  | 08.07.1982 |
| 4:13.2 |  | Bill Fitzgerald | United States | 20.05.1925 |  | 13.07.1975 |
| 4.14.6 |  | Jack Ryan | Australia | 30.04.1922 | Sydney | 23.11.1974 |
| 4:15.0 |  | Theo Orr | Australia | 12.03.1924 |  | 06.04.1974 |
|

Masters Athletics 1500 m list


title: Mat Johnson

abstract: Mat Johnson is an American fiction writer who works in both prose and the comics format. In 2007, he was named the first USA James Baldwin Fellow by United States Artists.

text:
# Mat Johnson

**Mat Johnson** (born August 19, 1970, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American fiction writer who works in both prose and the comics format. In 2007, he was named the first USA James Baldwin Fellow by United States Artists.

## Life and career

Johnson was born and raised in the Germantown and Mount Airy communities in Philadelphia

His mother is African-American and his father is Irish Catholic. Johnson attended Abington Friends School, Greene Street Friends School, West Chester University, University of Wales, Swansea, and ultimately received his B.A. from Earlham College. In 1993 he was awarded a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Johnson received his M.F.A. from Columbia University School of the Arts in 1999.

Johnson has taught at Rutgers University, Columbia University, Bard College, and *The Callaloo Journal* Writers Retreat. He was a faculty member at the University of Houston Creative Writing Program. He is currently a professor at the University of Oregon's Creative Writing Program.

Johnson's first novel, *Drop* (2000), was a coming-of-age novel about a self-hating Philadelphian who thinks he has found his escape when he takes a job at a Brixton-based advertising agency in London, UK. The work was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection; *Interview* magazine named Johnson as a "Writer on the Verge"; and *Drop* was listed among "Best Novels of the Year" by *Progressive Magazine.*

In 2003, Johnson published *Hunting in Harlem* (2003), a satire about gentrification in Harlem and an exploration of belief versus fanaticism. *Hunting in Harlem* won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Legacy Award for Novel of the Year in 2004.

Johnson made his first move into the comics form with the publication of the five-issue limited series *Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite* (Vertigo 2005), where he took an existing character of the Hellblazer franchise and created an origin story that strove to offer depth and dignity to a character who was arguably a racial stereotype of the noble savage. The work was set in 18th-century Manhattan, and was based on the research that Johnson was conducting for his first historical work, *The Great Negro Plot*.

*The Great Negro Plot* is a creative nonfiction that recounts the New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 and the resultant trial and hysteria.

In February 2008, Vertigo Comics published Johnson's graphic novel *Incognegro*, a noir mystery that deals with the issue of passing and the lynching past of the American South. The work is illustrated by British artist Warren Pleece with cover artwork by Stephen John Phillips.

From 2006 to 2007, Johnson wrote the blog *Niggerati Manor*, which discussed African-American literature and culture.

## Awards

In 2004, Johnson's *Hunting in Harlem* won the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award.

Johnson was named a 2007 USA James Baldwin Fellow and awarded a $50,000 grant by United States Artists, a public charity that supports and promotes the work of American artists. On September 21, 2011, Johnson was awarded the Dos Passos Prize for Literature for his body of work focused on American themes and the human experience.

## Works

### Comics

* *Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite* (Vertigo, 5-issue limited series, 2005; tpb, 2006, ISBN 1-4012-1003-1)
* *Incognegro* (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2008, hardcover, ISBN 1-4012-1097-X)
* *Dark Rain: A New Orleans Story* (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2010, 160 pages, ISBN 978-1-4012-2160-7)
* *Right State* (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2012, 144 pages, ISBN 1-4012-2943-3)
* Incognegro: Renaissance (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2018, 128 pages, ISBN 978-1506705637)

### Novels

### Nonfiction

### Anthologies

* *Gumbo: Anthology of African American Literature* (Harlem Moon, 2002)
* *Not Guilty: Twelve Black Men Speak Out on Law, Justice, and Life* (Amistad Press, 2002)
* *Mixed: An Anthology of Short Fiction on the Multiracial Experience* (W. W. Norton, 2006)
* *Black Cool: One Thousand Streams of Blackness* (Soft Skull Press, February 2012)

## InfoBox

| Mat Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Johnson at the 2011 Texas Book Festival | |
| Born | (1970-08-19) August 19, 1970
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Greene Street Friends School
West Chester University
University of Wales, Swansea |
| Alma mater | Earlham College (BA)
Columbia University School of the Arts (MFA) |
| Notable works | *Pym* (2011)
*Incognegro* (2008)
*Loving Day* (2015) |
| Website | |
| matjohnson.info | |