title: Miguel Mariano Gómez

abstract: Miguel Mariano Gómez y Arias was a Cuban politician who served as the seventh President of Cuba for just over eight months in 1936. Compared to other administrations, there was general peace and tranquillity in Cuba during Gómez's brief presidency. It is claimed that he was a talented orator and writer, and the opposite of the typical "man on a horseback" attributed to previous Cuban Presidents with military backgrounds.

text:
# Miguel Mariano Gómez

**Miguel Mariano Gómez y Arias** (October 6, 1889 – October 26, 1950) was a Cuban politician who served as the seventh President of Cuba for just over eight months in 1936. Compared to other administrations, there was general peace and tranquillity in Cuba during Gómez's brief presidency. It is claimed that he was a talented orator and writer, and the opposite of the typical "man on a horseback" attributed to previous Cuban Presidents with military backgrounds.

## Early life

Gómez was born in Sancti Spíritus, the son of Cuba's second president, José Miguel Gómez and philanthropist América Arias. He attended various schools in Cuba (including a Jesuit school in Cienfuegos) and the United States and graduated as a lawyer from University in Cuba. During his youth he attended the coronation of King George V of the United Kingdom in 1911 as a Special Attaché to the Cuban Legation in London. He married Serafina Diago y Cardenas and they had three daughters, Serafina, Graziella and Margarita Gómez y Diago.

## Political career

Gómez served several terms in the House of Representatives and in 1926 was elected mayor of Havana. In 1928, constitutional reforms abolished mayoralty of Havana and Gómez went into exile in New York City. He participated in the failed Río Verde armed expedition against the Gerardo Machado government, was imprisoned, and returned to exile. During his exile, early in the 1930s, he participated in a junta of various leaders of different anti-Machado groups which would often meet at the Biltmore Hotel.

After the ousting of Machado on August 12, 1933, Gómez returned to Havana, founded the Republican Action Party, and in 1934 was again elected mayor of Havana. However, he resigned as mayor due to a widespread doctor's strike. From 1933 to 1936 he led an opposition group known as the Marianistas. During this period of time his home was bombed twice, although he was not injured.

### Presidency

Following years of political instability, Gómez was elected President of Cuba in the 1936 general elections, and was inaugurated on May 20, 1936. However, he served only until December 24, 1936, when he was impeached by Congress following his vetoing of the Nine Cent Law, a revenue on each 250-pound bag of sugar produced in the country, that was planned to finance the Civic-Rural schools promoted by Fulgencio Batista.

Speaking in December, 1936, towards the end of Gómez's presidency, former president of Cuba, Carlos Hevia, claimed that Batista was trying to force a confrontation with Gómez, stating "A military oligarchy has ruled Cuba for two years. President Gómez has had no real power, but Col Batista now seems to want to attain openly the power he has had all the time behind the scenes. He wants to destroy Gómez by showing him up so that he will have to resign if he is not turned out."

#### Impeachment

Gómez was initially impeached by the House of Representatives. The counsel for the House of Representatives, which brought the charges against Gómez, included Antonio Martinez Fraga, a Democrat; a Nationalist named Felipe, and Carlos Palma, a Republican. Senator Rivero interrupted the trial when he announced his resignation as secretary of the impeachment tribunal and claimed "the tribunal is prejudiced, the President lacks guarantees for a fair trial."

The Senate trial charged Gómez with "threatening reprisals against members of the Congress of Cuba who opposed his legislative measures." Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Juan Federico Edelman presided over the trial. It was reported that the trial commenced with quick readings of the charges against Gómez followed by a brief defence document in which Gómez denied coercing members of Congress. Gómez claimed that the trial was "a mere political act to depose the President because of orders and pressure from a source known to all", also stating "I hereby protest against this trial as unconstitutional in the sense that I have no guarantee."

The counsel representing Gómez was Jose M. Gutierrez. Gutierrez gave a lengthy defense which was applauded from the galleries, which were filled with spectators. It was reported that Gutierrez accused the army of interfering in civilian politics and promoting the impeachment. Defending Gómez, Gutierrez claimed "Both the Senate and the public know the accusations against the President exist only in the imagination of the Representatives. Public opinion is with the President, who was duly elected by the people." Before the trial opened Gómez told the press "I think the decision is already signed. When one performs one's duty it sometimes makes a painful picture, but it leaves the conscience tranquil."

The trial concluded early on December 24, 1936 when the Senate voted to impeach Gómez by a vote of 22–12. The Senate statement read: "Dr. Miguel Mariano Gómez y Arias, President of the Republic is hereby declared guilty of transgression against the free functioning of the legislative power and is removed from the Presidency of the Republic, quitting that office upon notification."

Following the conclusion of the trial, a Senate committee travelled to the home of Vice President Federico Laredo Bru to notify him that he had become President. Later on in the day crowds gathered at the Presidential Palace cheering for Gómez as he departed to his residence in the Prado area of Havana. Later in the day, from his house, Gómez issued a statement claiming his impeachment was "highly unjust" and a victory for the military, also saying "It has all been useless. Something more is desired: to give orders from Camp Columbia \[Army Headquarters\] to the \[Presidential\] Palace." It was reported that Gómez indicated that it would have been more transparent if Batista would have openly entered the Presidential Palace.

### Post-presidency

Gómez left Cuba for the United States, but later returned to Cuba in 1939. In 1940, he ran for the mayoralty of Havana again, but lost to Raul Menocal. He then retired from public life and died in Havana in 1950 at the age of 61 following a long illness.

In 1951, Representative Manuel Dorta-Duque proposed the Moral Rehabilitation Law of Miguel Mariano Gómez Arias, thus annulling the sentence that dismissed him as President of the Republic. Although Gómez Arias died months before the approval of this law, his dignity was restored to the Cuban people.

## InfoBox

| Miguel Mariano Gómez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 7th President of Cuba | |
| **In office**
May 20, 1936  December 24, 1936 | |
| Vice President | Federico Laredo Brú |
| Preceded by | José A. Barnet
(Interim) |
| Succeeded by | Federico Laredo Brú |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1889-10-06)October 6, 1889
Sancti Spíritus, Spanish Cuba |
| Died | October 26, 1950(1950-10-26) (aged 61)
Havana, Cuba |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Spouse | Serafina Diago |
| Children | Serafina, Graziella and Margarita Gomez y Diago |
|  | |


title: Princess Mary Maternity Hospital

abstract: The Princess Mary Maternity Hospital was a health facility in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne. It is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# Princess Mary Maternity Hospital

The **Princess Mary Maternity Hospital** was a health facility in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne. It is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The hospital has its origins in the Lying-in Hospital established in Rosemary Lane in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1760. Lying-in is an archaic term for childbirth (referring to the month-long bed rest prescribed for postpartum confinement). The Lying-in Hospital moved to a purpose-built facility in New Bridge Street designed by John Dobson in 1826.

After the Lying-in Hospital in New Bridge Street was deemed inadequate, a new facility was built in Jubilee Road and officially opened by Princess Mary as the Princess Mary Maternity Hospital in 1923. During the Second World War the hospital moved to the old home of the Northern Counties Orphans' Institution in Jesmond. After maternity services transferred to the Royal Victoria Infirmary, the Princess Mary Maternity Hospital closed in 1993 and the building was converted into apartments as Princess Mary Court in 2000.

1. Historic England. "The Former Phillipson Memorial Orphanage at Princess Mary Maternity Hospital (1259614)". *National Heritage List for England*.
2. "Princess Mary Maternity Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne". National Archives. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
3. Slemons, J. Morris (1912). "The Prospective Mother: A Handbook for Women During Pregnancy".
4. "The Lying-in Hospital". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
5. "Looking back at Newcastle's 'lying-in' hospital which led the way in maternity services". Evening Chronicle. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
6. "Hotspot: Newcastle, Tyne & Wear". The Independent. 21 April 2000. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

## InfoBox

| Princess Mary Maternity Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Princess Mary Maternity Hospital in Jesmond | |
| Location in Newcastle upon TyneLocation in Tyne and Wear | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Coordinates | 54°59′15″N 1°36′49″W / 54.9875°N 1.6135°W / 54.9875; -1.6135 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | NHS England |
| Type | Maternity |
| History | |
| Opened | 1760 |
| Closed | 1993 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


title: Kolu Khedi, Huzur

abstract: Kolu Khedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block, beside Upper Lake. The nearest railway station is Bakanian Bhaunr. It is the ancestral village of the politician Najma Heptulla.

text:
# Kolu Khedi, Huzur

**Kolu Khedi** is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block, beside Upper Lake. The nearest railway station is Bakanian Bhaunr.

It is the ancestral village of the politician Najma Heptulla.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Kolu Khedi has 323 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 88.42%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 1423 | 782 | 641 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 188 | 102 | 86 |
| Scheduled caste | 331 | 172 | 159 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Literates | 1092 | 654 | 438 |
| Workers (all) | 664 | 397 | 267 |
| Main workers (total) | 546 | 330 | 216 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 256 | 151 | 105 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 221 | 119 | 102 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 9 | 8 | 1 |
| Main workers: Other | 60 | 52 | 8 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 118 | 67 | 51 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 50 | 21 | 29 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 58 | 42 | 16 |
| Non-workers | 759 | 385 | 374 |

## InfoBox

| Kolu Khedi | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Kolu KhediKolu Khedi | |
| Coordinates: 23°15′16″N 77°16′34″E / 23.254417°N 77.276137°E / 23.254417; 77.276137 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Bhopal |
| Tehsil | Huzur |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,423 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | MP-IN |
| Census code | 482465 |


title: Kolua Khurd

abstract: Kolua Khurd is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

text:
# Kolua Khurd

**Kolua Khurd** is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Kolua Khurd has 110 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 81.15%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 505 | 264 | 241 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 70 | 35 | 35 |
| Scheduled caste | 109 | 61 | 48 |
| Scheduled tribe | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Literates | 353 | 203 | 150 |
| Workers (all) | 212 | 131 | 81 |
| Main workers (total) | 170 | 120 | 50 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 43 | 36 | 7 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 20 | 16 | 4 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 107 | 68 | 39 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 42 | 11 | 31 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 39 | 8 | 31 |
| Non-workers | 293 | 133 | 160 |

## InfoBox

| Kolua Khurd | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Kolua KhurdKolua Khurd | |
| Coordinates: 23°15′11″N 77°33′24″E / 23.2529503°N 77.5565683°E / 23.2529503; 77.5565683 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Bhopal |
| Tehsil | Huzur |
| Elevation | 454 m (1,490 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 505 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | MP-IN |
| 2011 census code | 482434 |


title: Rice, Jo Daviess County, Illinois

abstract: Rice is an unincorporated community in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States.

text:
# Rice, Jo Daviess County, Illinois

**Rice** is an unincorporated community in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States.

## InfoBox

| Rice, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Rice, IllinoisRice, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 42°20′21″N 90°23′40″W / 42.33917°N 90.39444°W / 42.33917; -90.39444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Jo Daviess |
| Elevation | 718 ft (219 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 815 & 779 |
| GNIS feature ID | 423111 |


title: Richard Hill (rugby union, born 1961)

abstract: Richard Hill is a rugby union coach and former English international rugby footballer.

text:
# Richard Hill (rugby union, born 1961)

**Richard Hill** (born 4 May 1961 in Birmingham) is a rugby union coach and former English international rugby footballer.

## Biography

Born in Birmingham, Hill was educated at Bishop Wordsworth's Grammar School in Salisbury, and Exeter University. Incidentally his namesake, Richard Hill MBE, who was in the England team to win the Rugby World Cup in 2003 also attended Bishop Wordsworth's School and both played for Salisbury Rugby Football Club.

### Early successes at Schools Level

One of Richard's early successes in 1980 was winning the Wiltshire Schools U18 Sevens tournament with Salisbury's Boys Grammar school Bishop Wordsworth's defeating Swindon's St. Joseph's Comprehensive Roman Catholic School in a hard fought final at the Headlands School in Wiltshire. The Salisbury school won by two tries to one. Unfortunately for the Swindon school Bishop Wordsworth were also able to field David Egerton who was also capped by England on 9 occasions.

### Playing career

Joining Bath Rugby as a scrum-half straight from university, in these amateur times his day job was working for Lloyds Bank. Unlike his half-back partner Stuart Barnes, Hill loved training. Nicknamed *Duracell*, he spent all his available time there, and his dedication spelled the inevitable introduction of the professional era. In 1984 he debuted for England as scrum half against South Africa in Port Elizabeth on the controversial tour. In the 1987 season, he was made captain of England, losing the captaincy after the England-Wales match.

In the autumn of 1990, he rejoined the England squad and went on to play 20 consecutive games until his retirement. Richard was a major component in England's excellent form in the first three matches of the 1990 Five Nations campaign and he often provided the ammunition for the likes of Guscott, Carling and Underwood. He even managed to score his first try for England when he touched down against Wales. His final cap was in the 1991 World Cup Final against Australia. Source: http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby/england/richard-1961-hill-12718/brief-biography-of-international-rugby-career\_a03277/

### Coaching career

After assistant posts at Gloucester and Harlequins, Hill also spent a season as head coach of England Students and the backs coach as Ebbw Vale RFC. In 2002 he was appointed head coach of Newport RFC. A year later he joined Bristol Rugby, leading them back to the Guinness Premiership after two seasons, and then to third place and the playoffs in the 2006–7 season. In July 2009, he agreed to join French third division side Chalon-sur-Saône as head coach.

In May 2010, Hill was named as head coach for Worcester Warriors. Richard Hill in his first year as head coach, coached the Worcester Warriors back into the Aviva Premiership and held a contract at the Warriors until 2014.

On 16 April 2013, Hill was sacked from his post at Worcester "following the club's recent run of form".

Hill, a fluent French speaker, moved to France to continue his coaching career where he was hired as General Manager in 2013 of Rouen, where he led them to the French Amateur Championship of France. Hill is committed to Rouen until 2023.

## InfoBox

Richard Hill
| Hill at Stade Maurice Boyau on 27 April 2019 during the match between US DaxRouen Normandie Rugby | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Richard John Hill |
| Date of birth | (1961-05-04) 4 May 1961 |
| Place of birth | Birmingham, England |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) |
| Weight | 12 st 2 lb (77 kg) |
| School | Bishop Wordsworth's Grammar School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrum-Half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1983–1994 Bath  248  (260)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1984–1991 England  29  (8)  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  -1999 Gloucester  1999-2002 Harlequins  2002-2003 Newport  2003-2009 Bristol  2009-2010 Chalon-sur-Saône  2010-2013 Worcester Warriors  2013- Rouen Normandie Rugby  Correct as of 18 April 2013 | |


title: Richard L. Hay (geologist)

abstract: Richard LeRoy Hay was an American geologist whose most famous work was as the principal geologist working with Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge., the site of many important hominid finds in the study of human evolution. His scientific impacts went much further, however, including fundamental contributions to our understanding of the interactions of water, minerals, and organisms near the Earth's surface. He held the position of Professor of Geology at the University of California, Berkeley for 26 years (1957-1983) and at the University of Illinois for another 11. His life and scientific contributions were celebrated with a special session of the Geological Society of America at the national meeting in 2007.

text:
# Richard L. Hay (geologist)

**Richard LeRoy Hay** (April 29, 1926  February 10, 2006) was an American geologist whose most famous work was as the principal geologist working with Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge., the site of many important hominid finds in the study of human evolution. His scientific impacts went much further, however, including fundamental contributions to our understanding of the interactions of water, minerals, and organisms near the Earth's surface. He held the position of Professor of Geology at the University of California, Berkeley for 26 years (1957-1983) and at the University of Illinois for another 11. His life and scientific contributions were celebrated with a special session of the Geological Society of America at the national meeting in 2007.

## Early life and education

Hay was born in Goshen, Indiana, to parents Edward (a dentist) and Angela Hay. He attended Northwestern University where he received a bachelor’s degree in 1946 and a master’s in 1948. He obtained a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1952.

## Academic career

In 1955, after serving two years in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hay began his career in academia when he joined the faculty at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge as an assistant professor.

In 1957 he accepted a position as associate professor in the Geology department at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was soon advanced to full professor. The Berkeley Geology and Geophysics Department at the time included the world’s greatest concentration of distinguished petrographers, Professors Howel Williams, Francis Turner, and Charles Gilbert. Hay arrived at Berkeley around the time that the three faculty members had just published *Petrography*, which continues to be the unsurpassed book on the subject. Hay himself would become a top petrographer, a skill which would prove instrumental in much of his work.

In 1983, Hay was offered the prestigious Ralph Grim Professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and he retired from Berkeley and moved to Illinois. He retired from the University of Illinois in 1997 and moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he established new colleagues at the University of Arizona and developed new interests in geology, participating in teaching seminars and continuing to mentor young scientists despite his retirement.

## Contributions to geology

Hay made many important and far-reaching contributions to the field of Geology including his work on the significance and interpretation of sedimentary zeolites, which he showed can reveal details about the environment in which the sedimentary rocks formed. Hay’s work also provided the definitive geological framework for two famous hominid-bearing sites in East Africa, Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli, and discovered the mega-replacement of Cambrian-Ordovician strata throughout the U.S. mid-continent by low-temperature potassium feldspar.

Hay’s work at Olduvai Gorge and the establishment of a detailed understanding of that complex stratigraphy took twelve years of field study. His geological knowledge and skill in sedimentary petrography were instrumental in this long-term endeavor, during which Hay was able to work out a complete geological history and paleogeography of the gorge area, analyzing sediments which were deposited over the last two million years. In his establishment of a chronology of the various sedimentary beds at Olduvai, it could be shown among other things, that there were multiple hominid taxa living contemporaneously at Olduvai. The resulting publication of his work at Olduvai, *Geology of the Olduvai Gorge* (1976) was a seminal study of the environment of early humans in East Africa and continues to be a foundational tool for scientists studying early human origins in East Africa.

## Honors

Hay was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the Geological Society of America (GSA), and a Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences; he was recognized by each for his outstanding contributions to geology. Hay received both the Kirk Bryan Award in 1978 and the Rip Rapp Archaeological Geology Award in 2000 from GSA in recognition of his *Geology of the Olduvai Gorge*. In 2001, Hay also received the Leakey Prize, one of the most distinguished awards in the field of human origins.

The following is an excerpt from Hay’s acceptance speech for the Leakey Prize in 2001:

> “My acquaintance with Olduvai began in 1961 with a look at rock samples which my colleague Garniss Curtis brought back for K-Ar dating. At that time I was interested in the zeolites of desert lakes, and these samples were loaded with zeolites. I was quick to accept an opportunity to go there in 1962. The main purpose was to work on the stratigraphy of Bed I and resolve some of the controversy over the age of Zinjanthropus, who had been given the almost unbelievable age of 1.75 million years. The stratigraphy of the gorge quickly proved to be an irresistible puzzle. I love puzzles, and this one took me 12 years to get most of the pieces in the right places. The zeolites were great fun and developed into a nice line of evidence about the paleoclimate. … I thank you very much for this honor today, and I wish all of you the same enjoyment in your work that … I experienced at Olduvai Gorge.”

## Death

Hay died of pulmonary fibrosis on February 10, 2006, at his home in Tucson, Arizona.

## InfoBox

| Richard Hay | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard LeRoy Hay
April 29, 1926
Goshen, Indiana, U.S.A. |
| Died | February 10, 2006
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. |
| Occupation(s) | Geologist and Professor of Geology |


title: Richard L. Hunter

abstract: Richard Lawrence Hunter FBA is an Australian classical scholar. From 2001 to 2021, he was the 37th Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge.

text:
# Richard L. Hunter

**Richard Lawrence Hunter** FBA (born 30 October 1953) is an Australian classical scholar. From 2001 to 2021, he was the 37th Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge.

## Early life and education

Hunter was born on 30 October 1953. He grew up in Australia, and was educated at Cranbrook School, an independent school in Sydney. He studied at the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons) degree in 1974. He then moved to England, where he studied for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree at the University of Cambridge; he was a member of Pembroke College, Cambridge. His doctoral thesis was titled "A commentary on Euboulos", and his PhD was awarded in 1979.

## Academic career

After completing his PhD, Hunter became a lecturer at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 2001 he was appointed as the Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge in succession to P. E. Easterling and became a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He retired as Regius Professor in October 2021, giving his valedictory lecture on 27 September 2021.

Hunter is a member of the Academy of Athens, an Honorary Fellow of the University of Sydney and has an honorary degree from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He serves on the advisory board of the periodical *Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici*. Since 2013, he is president of the council of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

In 2013, Hunter was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

## Publications

* *Eubulus: The Fragments* (Cambridge, 1983)
* *A Study of Daphnis & Chloe* (Cambridge, 1983)
* *The New Comedy of Greece and Rome* (Cambridge, 1985)
* *Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica Book III (Cambridge, 1989)*
* *The 'Argonautica' of Apollonius: literary studies* (Cambridge, 1993)
* *Theocritus and the Archaeology of Greek Poetry* (Cambridge, 1996)
* *Studies in Heliodorus* (Cambridge, 1998)
* *Theocritus. A Selection* (Cambridge, 1999)
* *Theocritus: Encomium of Ptolemy Philadelphus* (Berkeley, 2003)
* *Plato's Symposium* (Oxford, 2004)
* *Tradition and Innovation in Hellenistic Poetry* (with M. Fantuzzi) (Cambridge, 2004)
* *The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Constructions and Reconstructions* (Cambridge, 2005)
* *The Shadow of Callimachus* (Cambridge, 2006)
* *On Coming After: Studies in Post-Classical Greek Literature and its Reception* (Berlin, 2008)
* *Wandering Poets in Ancient Greek Culture* (with I. Rutherford) (Cambridge, 2009)
* *Critical Moments in Classical Literature* (Cambridge, 2009)
* *Plutarch, How to study poetry* (with D. Russell) (Cambridge, 2011)
* *Plato and the Traditions of Ancient Literature: the silent stream* (Cambridge, 2012)
* *Hesiodic Voices. Studies in the Ancient Reception of Hesiod's Works and Days* (Cambridge, 2014)
* *Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Augustan Rome* (ed.; with Casper C. de Jonge) (Cambridge, 2018)
* *The Layers of the Text: Collected Papers on Classical Literature 2008–2021* (Berlin, 2023)

## InfoBox

| Richard L. HunterFBA | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Lawrence Hunter
(1953-10-30) 30 October 1953 |
| Citizenship | Australia |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Sydney
University of Cambridge |
| Thesis | *A commentary on Euboulos* (1979) |
| Doctoral advisor | C. F. L. Austin |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Classical studies |
| Sub-discipline |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Richard L. Thomas

abstract: Richard L. Thomas was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1849 and in 1854.

text:
# Richard L. Thomas

**Richard L. Thomas** (June 30, 1809 – June 17, 1888) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1849 and in 1854.

## Early life

Richard L. Thomas was born on June 30, 1809, in New Castle County, Delaware, to Hannah (née Evalt) and Samuel Thomas. His father worked at Rose Hill. While a child, the family moved to Sassafras Neck, Cecil County, Maryland. At the age of 15, he apprenticed woolen good manufacturing at Pike Creek near Stanton, Delaware. He remained there for three years until the employer failed.

## Career

Thomas moved to Cecil County and worked at the wool factory of Charles Johnson. In 1842, he began working in the mercantile business in North East. He owned a store until his death.

Thomas was a Democrat. He served as postmaster of North East for four years under both Presidents Tyler and Polk. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1849 and in 1854. In his last term, he was supportive of the temperance reform movement. In 1879, he was elected as judge of the orphans' court. He served one four-year term.

He assisted in the chartering of the Cecil Bank at Port Deposit. He also served as trustee of the almshouse for three terms and was a member of the board of managers of the Cecil County Fire Insurance Company and the board of discount of the National Bank of Elkton.

## Personal life

Thomas married Sarah Ann Johnson, daughter of wool factory owner Charles Johnson and Mary Johnson, in 1830. They had no children and she died in 1838. In 1845, he married Ruth Ann McCracken, daughter of Martha Jane and John McCracken. They had one son and seven daughters, Martha Ruth, Sarah Rebecca, Mary Ann, Mrs. Thomas A. Worrell, Elizabeth, Richard L. Jr., Emily and Ida. His wife died in 1867. His son Richard also served in the state legislature. In 1830, he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Thomas died following kidney problems on June 17, 1888, at his home in North East. He was buried in North East Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Richard L. Thomas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates
from the Cecil County district | |
| **In office**
1854–1854Serving with Richard I. Foard and Milton Y. Kidd | |
| Preceded by | John W. Morgan, George Ricketts, Cornelius Smith |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Miller, David Scott, Slater B. Stubbs |
| **In office**
1849–1849Serving with Noble Biddle, Richard I. Foard, Milton Y. Kidd | |
| Preceded by | Robert Cather, James H. Jamar, John M. Miller, Samuel A. West |
| Succeeded by | John W. Morgan, George Ricketts, Cornelius Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1809-06-30)June 30, 1809
New Castle County, Delaware, U.S. |
| Died | June 17, 1888(1888-06-17) (aged 78)
North East, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | North East Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Sarah Ann Johnson  (m. 1830; died 1838)
Ruth Ann McCracken  (m. 1845; died 1867) |
| Children | 8, including Richard L. Jr. |
| Occupation | * Politician * manufacturer * merchant * judge |
|  | |


abstract: Kosovo competed at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Qatar from 2 to 18 February.

text:
# Kosovo at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships

**Kosovo** competed at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Qatar from 2 to 18 February.

## Athletes by discipline

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Swimming | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 1 | 1 | **2** |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mal Gashi | 400 metre freestyle | 4:08.51 | 48 |  | | Did not advance | |
| | 800 metre freestyle | 8:35.97 | 41 |  | | Did not advance | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Eda Zeqiri | 50 metre backstroke | 30.69 | 41 | Did not advance | | | |
| | 100 metre backstroke | 1:06.64 | 46 | Did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Kosovo at the
2024 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Kosovo | |
| FINA code | KOS |
| National federation | Kosovo Aquatic Sports Federation |
| in Doha, Qatar | |
| Competitors | 2 in 1 sport |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Yugoslavia (1973–1991)
Serbia and Montenegro (1998–2005)
Serbia (2007–2013) | |


# Kosovo at the European Athletics Championships

Kosovo has competed in the European Athletics Championships since 2016.

## Medal count

| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 Amsterdam (details) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2018 Berlin (details) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 Paris | *Cancelled* | | | | | |
| 2022 Munich (details) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Kosovo at the<br>2018 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | KOS |
| National federation | FAK |
| Website | www.fakosova.org |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| European Athletics Championships appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Richard Lerner

abstract: Richard Alan Lerner was an American research chemist. He was best known for his work on catalytic antibodies and combinatorial antibody libraries. Lerner served as President of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) from 1987 until January 1, 2012, and was a member of its Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, in La Jolla, California.

text:
# Richard Lerner

**Richard Alan Lerner** (August 26, 1938 – December 2, 2021) was an American research chemist. He was best known for his work on catalytic antibodies and combinatorial antibody libraries. Lerner served as President of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) from 1987 until January 1, 2012, and was a member of its Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, in La Jolla, California.

## Biography

Lerner grew up on the South Side of Chicago and excelled at chemistry and wrestling as a schoolboy. He attended Hirsch High School. After attending Northwestern University as an undergraduate, Lerner obtained an MD from Stanford Medical School in 1964, then undertook postdoctoral training at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, an early incarnation of the institute he would eventually lead. In the 1970s Lerner carried out research at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia then returned to La Jolla to the now renamed Research Institute of Scripps Clinic. In 1982 he was appointed chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology, then five years later assumed the directorship. In 1991, when the TSRI was established as a nonprofit entity, Lerner became its first president.

Lerner's research into catalytic antibodies provided a method of catalyzing chemical reactions thought impossible using classical techniques. He was one of the pioneers in developing the field of combinatorial libraries, and in 1992, together with Sydney Brenner, he published a sentinel paper launching the field of DNA-encoded libraries. In addition, Lerner has led extensive studies into protein structure, characterised *cis-9,10-octadecenoamide*, a novel lipid hormone that induces sleep, and provided the first evidence of a role for ozone in human disease. In 1967 Lerner discovered the role of anti-GBM antibodies in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture's disease. As of 2007, Lerner's résumé listed 67 patents and 403 published scientific papers.

Lerner was the Lita Annenberg Hazen Professor of Immunochemistry and Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Chair in Chemistry. He has been the recipient of over 29 honors and prizes. These include the Parke-Davis Award in 1978, the San Marino Prize in 1990, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry for 1994 (with Peter Schultz). He was the Myron L. Bender and Muriel S. Bender Summer Lecturer at Northwestern University in 1994 as well. Richard Lerner was awarded the California Scientist of the Year Award in 1996 and the University of California Presidential Medal in 2002. He has also been elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of Sciences (1991). In 2010 he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Warwick to add to those he received from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2001, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 2003 and Florida Atlantic University in 2004 and University of Oxford in 2007. Richard Lerner shared the 2012 Prince of Asturias Award (now called the Princess of Asturias Award, which is often called the Spanish Nobel Prize, with Sir Gregory Winter for Professor Pieczenik's conception and their development of combinatorial antibody libraries.

Under Lerner's leadership, The Scripps Research Institute grew threefold in terms of laboratory space and more than quadrupled its staff levels, making it among the largest nonprofit biomedical research organizations in the world. He also oversaw the establishment of a sister research campus, called Scripps Florida, in Palm Beach County. In 2006, Lerner announced that he intended to "return to full-time research in \[his\] laboratory" in five years. In 2011 it was announced that Lerner's replacement as Scripps President would be Michael Marletta. Lerner officially stepped down on January 1, 2012, having led the Institute for 25 years.

When he was Scripps Research Institute president, in 2005 Lerner's salary was US$1,212,071, placing among the top ten percent of nonprofit executives in the USA. Lerner also served on the boards of six for-profit and nonprofit companies, including Kraft Foods, advised four other companies and two venture capital funds. He has declined to reveal the sum of his earnings, but acknowledged he earned $8.5 million for his part in the discovery of Humira.

Lerner's entrepreneurial activities have drawn comment. A consumer advocacy organization, Public Citizen, claimed it constitutes "a conflict of interest" while acknowledging there is "nothing illegal" in his multiple activities. Donald Kennedy described Lerner's numerous commitments as "unusually rich array... But if he can manage them fairly, then I can't make a particular criticism of it." Lerner's contract with TSRI stipulates he spends no more than 10% of his time on outside activities, however, and he says the actual amount is "far less." Lerner has also published a novel called *Epidemic 9* (ISBN 068803585X) about, according to the *St. Petersburg Times*, "a young scientific investigator who swears off wealth and status in favor of public service work".

Lerner married Nicola Green Lerner, a physician, in 1981. He has three adult children; Danica, Arik and Aaron by a previous marriage to Diana Pickett, a psychotherapist.

The Nobel laureate in chemistry Benjamin List started his career as a protegé of Lerner.

Lerner died on December 2, 2021, at the age of 83 in his home in La Jolla.

## InfoBox

| Richard Lerner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1938-08-26)August 26, 1938
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 2, 2021(2021-12-02) (aged 83)
La Jolla, San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Stanford Medical School and Northwestern University |
| Awards | Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1994)
William B. Coley Award (1999)
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (2003)
Prince of Asturias Award (2012) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry |
| Institutions | The Scripps Research Institute
Wistar Institute |
|  | |


title: Richard Lesh

abstract:
Richard Arthur Lesh, Jr. is a professor of learning sciences, cognitive science, and mathematics education at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. He retired from the IU system in 2012. He graduated from Indiana University in 1971 with a Ph.D. in mathematics, cognitive psychology, and statistics for research in the social sciences. He is also a graduate of Hanover College, where he received a B.A. in mathematics and physics. Lesh is the originator of the Models and Modeling Perspectives research area of Mathematics education and as the creator of the model-eliciting activity, which is designed to help reveal thinking processes to students, teachers, and researchers.
In his work life, Lesh has worked at a variety of career positions, including as a National Science Foundation official, dean and professor at Northwestern University, principal research scientist at Educational Testing Services, and endowed professor at both Purdue University and Indiana University, where he tried to develop various alternative assessment techniques that could be used to detect learning traditional assessment strategies did not.

text:
# Richard Lesh

**Richard Arthur Lesh, Jr.** is a professor of learning sciences, cognitive science, and mathematics education at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. He retired from the IU system in 2012. He graduated from Indiana University in 1971 with a Ph.D. in mathematics, cognitive psychology, and statistics for research in the social sciences. He is also a graduate of Hanover College, where he received a B.A. in mathematics and physics.

Lesh is the originator of the Models and Modeling Perspectives research area of Mathematics education and as the creator of the model-eliciting activity, which is designed to help reveal thinking processes to students, teachers, and researchers. In his work life, Lesh has worked at a variety of career positions, including as a National Science Foundation official, dean and professor at Northwestern University, principal research scientist at Educational Testing Services, and endowed professor at both Purdue University and Indiana University, where he tried to develop various alternative assessment techniques that could be used to detect learning traditional assessment strategies did not.

## InfoBox

| Richard A. Lesh | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Indiana University
Hanover College |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Learning sciences
Cognitive science
Mathematics education |
| Institutions | Indiana University
Northwestern University |
| Thesis | *The generalization of Piagetian operations as it relates to the hypothesized functional interdependence between class, series and number concepts* (1971) |
| Doctoral advisor | John F. LeBlanc |
|  | |


title: Richard Johnson (engineer)

abstract: Richard Johnson, MICE was a British railway engineer, latterly chief engineer for the Great Northern Railway (GNR).

text:
# Richard Johnson (engineer)

**Richard Johnson**, MICE (1827 – 9 September 1924) was a British railway engineer, latterly chief engineer for the Great Northern Railway (GNR).

## Life and career

Johnson was born in Spalding, Lincolnshire, and began his career as an apprentice carpenter in 1840. He joined the engineering firm Brydone and Evans in 1847, working on the GNR. He was promoted in 1855 to become the district engineer for the GNR's loop line and then again in 1859 to take responsibility for the Peterborough to Doncaster route. In 1861 he became chief engineer to the GNR upon the retirement of his predecessor Walter Marr Brydone. He was in-post at the time of the Welwyn Tunnel rail crash (1866). He went on to oversee the construction of the GNR Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension, which involved several significant bridges, including Giltbrook Viaduct in Nottinghamshire, Bennerley Viaduct near Ilkeston on the Nottinghamshire–Derbyshire border, and two in Derby: the Handyside Bridge over the River Derwent and the Friargate Bridge carrying the approach tracks to Derby Friargate railway station, as well as the Kimberley Cutting. Johnson was also involved in the construction of bridges at Newark (at 262 ft (80 m), the longest on the GNR, reconstructed in 1889–90, in place of the 1851-52 Warren Truss bridge), Doncaster (the Don Bridge), Peterborough, and the Copenhagen Tunnels just north of London King's Cross. He retired in 1896. In his 35 years as CE he converted the whole of the GNR from iron to steel rails.

In his personal life, Johnson was teetotal, avoiding all forms of alcohol, and a Christian missionary. He died on 9 September 1924 in Hitchin. His son, T R Johnson, was GNR Assistant Engineer and, from 1907 to 1914, New South Wales Chief Railway Commissioner.

## InfoBox

| Richard Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Richard Johnson, GNR Chief Engineer | |
| Born | 1827
Spalding, Lincolnshire, England |
| Died | 9 September 1924 (96 years old)
Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Railway engineer |
| Years active | 1847–1924 |
| Notable work | Bennerley Viaduct, Handyside Bridge, Friargate Bridge, Derby |


title: Rich Internet Application

abstract: A Rich Internet Application is a web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop application software. The concept is closely related to a single-page application, and may allow the user interactive features such as drag and drop, background menu, WYSIWYG editing, etc. The concept was first introduced in 2002 by Macromedia to describe Macromedia Flash MX product. Throughout the 2000s, the term was generalized to describe browser-based applications developed with other competing browser plugin technologies including Java applets, Microsoft Silverlight. With the deprecation of browser plugin interfaces and transition to standard HTML5 technologies, Rich Internet Applications were replaced with JavaScript web applications, including single-page applications and progressive web applications.

text:
# Rich Internet Application

A **Rich Internet Application** (also known as a **rich web application**, **RIA** or **installable Internet application**) is a web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop application software. The concept is closely related to a single-page application, and may allow the user interactive features such as drag and drop, background menu, WYSIWYG editing, etc. The concept was first introduced in 2002 by Macromedia to describe Macromedia Flash MX product (which later became Adobe Flash). Throughout the 2000s, the term was generalized to describe browser-based applications developed with other competing browser plugin technologies including Java applets, Microsoft Silverlight.

With the deprecation of browser plugin interfaces and transition to standard HTML5 technologies, Rich Internet Applications were replaced with JavaScript web applications, including single-page applications and progressive web applications.

## History

The terms "Rich Internet Application" and "rich client" were introduced in a white paper of March 2002 by Macromedia (now Adobe), though the concept had existed for a number of years earlier under names including: "Remote Scripting" by Microsoft in April 1999 and the "X Internet" by Forrester Research in October 2000.

In November 2011, there were a number of announcements that demonstrated a decline in demand for Rich Internet Application architectures based on browser plug-ins in order to favor HTML5 alternatives. Adobe announced that Flash would no longer be produced for mobile or TV (refocusing its efforts on Adobe AIR). Pundits questioned its continued relevance even on the desktop and described it as "the beginning of the end". Research In Motion (RIM) announced that it would continue to develop Flash for the PlayBook, a decision questioned by some commentators. Rumors stated that Microsoft was to abandon Silverlight after the upcoming release of version 5 -- this would later turn out to be the case. The combination of these announcements had some proclaiming it "the end of the line for browser plug-ins".

### Rich mobile applications

A **rich mobile application** (RMA) is a mobile application that inherits numerous properties from web applications and features several explicit properties, such as context awareness and ubiquity. RMAs are "energy efficient, multi-tier, online mobile applications originated from the convergence of mobile cloud computing, future web, and imminent communication technologies envisioning to deliver rich user experience via high functionality, immersive interaction, and crisp response in a secure wireless environment while enabling context-awareness, offline usability, portability, and data ubiquity".

#### Origins of RMAs

After successful deployment of web applications to desktop computers and the increasing popularity of mobile devices, researchers brought these enhanced web application functionalities to the smartphone platform. NTT DoCoMo of Japan adopted Adobe Flash Lite in 2003 to enhance mobile applications' functionality. In 2008, Google brought Google Gears to Windows Mobile 5 and 6 devices to support platform-neutral mobile applications in offline mode. Google Gears for mobile devices is a mobile browser extension for developing web applications enriched by a separate, user-installable add-on. These applications can be executed inside the mobile device with a web browser regardless of the architecture, operating system and technology. In April 2008, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Silverlight mobile to develop engaging, interactive UIs for mobile devices. Silverlight is a .NET plug-in compatible with several mobile browsers that runs the Silverlight-enabled mobile apps. Android accommodated the Google Gear plug-in in the Google Chrome Lite browser to improve the interaction experience of Android end-users.

## Technologies

### Adobe Flash

Adobe Flash manipulates vector and raster graphics to provide animation of text, drawings, and still images. It supports bidirectional streaming of audio and video, and it can capture user input via mouse, keyboard, microphone, and camera. Flash contains an object-oriented language called ActionScript and supports automation via the JavaScript Flash language (JSFL). Flash content may be displayed on various computer systems and devices, using Adobe Flash Player, which is available free of charge for common web browsers, some mobile phones and a few other electronic devices (using Flash Lite).

Apache Flex, formerly Adobe Flex, is a software development kit (SDK) for the development and deployment of cross-platform RIAs based on the Adobe Flash platform. Initially developed by Macromedia and then acquired by Adobe Systems, Flex was donated by Adobe to the Apache Software Foundation in 2011.

### Java applet

Java applets were used to create interactive visualizations and to present video, three-dimensional objects and other media. Java applets were appropriate for complex visualizations that required significant programming effort in a high level language or communications between applet and originating server.

### JavaFX

JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering RIAs that can run across a wide variety of connected devices. The current release (JavaFX 12, March 11, 2019) enables building applications for desktop, browser and mobile phones and comes with 3D support. TV set-top boxes, gaming consoles, Blu-ray players and other platforms are planned. Java FX runs as plug-in Java applet or via Webstart.

### Microsoft Silverlight

Silverlight was proposed by Microsoft as another proprietary alternative. The technology has not been widely accepted and, for instance, lacks support on many mobile devices. Some examples of application were video streaming for events including the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, and the 2008 conventions for both major political parties in the United States. Silverlight was also used by Netflix for its instant video streaming service. Silverlight is no longer under active development and is not supported in Microsoft Edge, Microsoft's most recent browser.

### Gears

*Gears*, formerly known as *Google Gears*, is a discontinued utility software providing offline storage and other additional features to web browsers, including Google Chrome. Gears was discontinued in favor of the standardized HTML5 methods. Gears was removed from Google Chrome 12.

### Other techniques

RIAs could use XForms to enhance their functionality. Using XML and XSLT along with some XHTML, CSS and JavaScript can also be used to generate richer client side UI components like data tables that can be resorted locally on the client without going back to the server. Mozilla and Internet Explorer browsers both support this.

## Security issues in older standards

RIAs present indexing challenges to Web search engines, but Adobe Flash content is now at least partially indexable.

Security can improve over that of application software (for example through use of sandboxes and automatic updates), but the extensions themselves remain subject to vulnerabilities and access is often much greater than that of native Web applications. For security purposes, most RIAs run their client portions within a special isolated area of the client desktop called a sandbox. The sandbox limits visibility and access to the file-system and to the operating system on the client to the application server on the other side of the connection. This approach allows the client system to handle local activities, reformatting and so forth, thereby lowering the amount and frequency of client-server traffic, especially versus client-server implementations built around so-called thin clients.


title: Rich Irvin (Pennsylvania politician)

abstract: Richard S. Irvin is a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 81st legislative district, first elected in 2014.

text:
# Rich Irvin (Pennsylvania politician)

**Richard S. Irvin** (born July 7, 1971) is a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 81st legislative district, first elected in 2014.

## Early life and education

Irvin was born on July 7, 1971, in Tyrone, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Juniata Valley High School in 1989, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1994.

## Political career

From 1996 until 2014, Irvin served as Treasurer of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.

In 2014, Irvin launched a primary challenge against incumbent Republican State Representative Mike Fleck to represent Pennsylvania's 81st District. Irvin was removed from the primary ballot, but ran a successful write-in campaign, defeating Fleck. In the general election, Irvin once again faced Fleck, who had won the Democratic Party nomination as a write-in candidate. Irvin ultimately won against Fleck in the general election. Irvin was later re-elected to four more consecutive terms.

In 2020, Irvin was among 26 Pennsylvania House Republicans who called for the reversal of Joe Biden's certification as the winner of Pennsylvania's electoral votes in the 2020 United States presidential election, citing false claims of election irregularities.

## Personal life

Irvin is married to his wife, Jaime Ewell. The couple lives in Spruce Creek Township, Pennsylvania, with their four children.

## InfoBox

| Richard Irvin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 81st district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 6, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Mike Fleck |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-07-07) July 7, 1971
Tyrone, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Jaime Ewell |
| Children | 4 |
| Residence(s) | Spruce Creek Township, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Indiana University of Pennsylvania |
| Website | repirvin.com |
|  | |


title: Richard Lloyd (Durham politician)

abstract: Sir Richard Lloyd (1634–1686) was an English jurist and politician. He was Admiralty Advocate from 1674 to 1686, and appointed Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1685 to 1686.

text:
# Richard Lloyd (Durham politician)

**Sir Richard Lloyd** (1634–1686) was an English jurist and politician. He was Admiralty Advocate from 1674 to 1686, and appointed Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1685 to 1686.

## Life

He was the second son of Andrew Lloyd of Aston, Shropshire. A fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, he proceeded B.C.L. in 1659 and D.C.L. in 1662. He was admitted to Gray's Inn at 1655, and an advocate at Doctors' Commons in 1664.

He was admiralty Advocate in 1674–1685, and chancellor of the dioceses of Llandaff and Durham. He was M.P. for Durham city in 1679–1681, 1681 and 1685, and was knighted on 16 January 1677. He was dean of the arches in 1684–6, and a judge of the high court of admiralty in 1685–6.

He died 28 June 1686, and was buried in the church of St. Bennet, Paul's Wharf. Nathaniel Lloyd was his son by Elizabeth, his wife.

## Footnotes

1. "Lloyd family, of Aston Hall". *National Library of Wales*.


title: Richard Easterlin

abstract: Richard Ainley Easterlin is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. He is best known for the economic theory named after him, the Easterlin paradox. Another of his contributions is the Easterlin hypothesis about long waves of baby booms and busts.

text:
# Richard Easterlin

**Richard Ainley Easterlin** (born 12 January 1926) is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. He is best known for the economic theory named after him, the Easterlin paradox. Another of his contributions is the Easterlin hypothesis about long waves of baby booms and busts.

## Early life and education

Easterlin was born in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, in 1926. He studied engineering at the Stevens Institute of Technology and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering with Distinction in 1945. He then completed an MA in economics in 1949 and his Ph.D. in economics in 1953 both at the University of Pennsylvania.

He became interested in demography and population studies through his participation as a research associate from 1953 to 1955 in the landmark *Study of population Redistribution and Economic Growth in the United States* conducted by Simon Kuznets and Dorothy Thomas.

## Academic career

Whilst completing his postgraduate studies, Easterlin worked as instructor from 1948 to 1953 at the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his Doctor of Philosophy he became an assistant professor of economics from 1953 to 1956. He was also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1955 to 1956. From 1956 to 1960 he was an associate professor of economics and also a visiting professor at Stanford University in 1960 to 1961. From 1956 to 1966 he was also a member of the Research Staff National Bureau of Economic Research. He was then a full professor of economics from 1960 to 1978 and was the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in Economics at the University of Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1982. His students included Morton Schapiro.

Whilst at the University of Pennsylvania, Easterlin served as the chairman of the Department of Economics from 1958 to 1960, from 1961 to 1962 and in 1965 and 1968. He was also the associate dean for budget and planning of the University of Pennsylvania Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1974 to 1979. He then moved to the University of Southern California in 1982 as a professor of economics and then university professor since 1999.

## Contributions

Easterlin is in particular known for his 1974 article "Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence" and the Easterlin paradox which he argued that contrary to expectation, happiness at a national level does not increase with income over time. He is also known for the Easterlin hypothesis, which states that the relationship between income and fertility is dependent on relative income (income relative to aspirations).

## Awards

He was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences from 1970 to 1971, was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978, was the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology from 1980 to 1981, was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1983, was awarded the Burlington Northern Faculty Achievement Award at the University of Southern California in 1987, was appointed to the Board of Directors as the Representative of the Economic History Association to the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1986 to 1997, was awarded the Raubenheimer Award for Teaching and Research at the University of Southern California in 1988, was selected as a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation from 1988 to 1989, was awarded the Irene B. Taeuber Award by the Population Association of America in 1993, received an Honorary Doctorate from Lund University in Sweden in 1998, was elected as a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, was awarded the Mellon Award for Excellence in Mentoring by the Center for Excellence in Teaching at the University of Southern California in 2006, was awarded the Distinguished Researcher Award by the International Society for Quality of Life Studies in 2006, was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association in 2006, was awarded the IZA Prize in Labor Economics from the Institute for the Study of Labor in 2009, and received the Laureate Award from the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Richard A. Easterlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-01-12) 12 January 1926
Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Education | Stevens Institute of Technology (BS)
University of Pennsylvania (MA, PhD) |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Demography, Economic history, Economic growth, Happiness economics |
| Institution | University of Pennsylvania
University of Southern California |
| Doctoral
advisor | Simon Kuznets |
| Influences | Dorothy Thomas |
| Contributions | Easterlin hypothesis, Easterlin paradox, Happiness economics |
|  | |


title: Kongpo

abstract:
Kongpo is a region of central-eastern Tibet, centered in modern Gongbo'gyamda County, Nyingchi Prefecture. It is situated on the Nyang River, a northern tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Kongpo Drula Gonpa is the oldest and largest monastery in the region, founded by Khenchen Dawa Sangpo in 14th century. Kongpo Drula Khenchen is the highest Lama of Kongpo.
Kongpo was an area of southeastern Tibet in the premodern period. Tsagong was one of the holy places of Kongpo and still is. Thang Tong Gyalpo, a famous architect and yogi, founded Manmogang Monastery, where the original Samding Dorje Phagmo died. Nearby are the mines from which Thang Tong Gyalpo obtained the iron for some of his bridges. Old Tsari is now part of the modern country in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region and including parts of neighboring areas of India, and New Tsari is located farther east.

text:
# Kongpo

**Kongpo** (Tibetan: ཀོང་པོ་, Wylie: *kong po*) is a region of central-eastern Tibet, centered in modern Gongbo'gyamda County, Nyingchi Prefecture. It is situated on the Nyang River, a northern tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

Kongpo Drula Gonpa is the oldest and largest monastery in the region, founded by Khenchen Dawa Sangpo in 14th century. Kongpo Drula Khenchen is the highest Lama of Kongpo. Kongpo was an area of southeastern Tibet in the premodern period. Tsagong was one of the holy places of Kongpo and still is. Thang Tong Gyalpo, a famous architect and yogi, founded Manmogang Monastery, where the original Samding Dorje Phagmo died. Nearby are the mines from which Thang Tong Gyalpo obtained the iron for some of his bridges.

Old Tsari is now part of the modern country in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region and including parts of neighboring areas of India, and New Tsari is located farther east.

## Notable people

## Sources

1. Diemberger, Hildegard (2007). *When a woman becomes a religious dynasty : the Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet*. New York \[u.a.\]: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14320-2.
2. Diemberger, page 51

29°53′23″N 93°14′39″E / 29.8897°N 93.2442°E / 29.8897; 93.2442


title: Richard Appleton (academic)

abstract: Richard Appleton MA was an English scholar, clergyman of the Church of England, and the fourth Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1907 – 1909. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a parish priest before moving to Selwyn.

text:
# Richard Appleton (academic)

**Richard Appleton** MA (17 February 1849  1 March 1909) was an English scholar, clergyman of the Church of England, and the fourth Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1907 – 1909. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a parish priest before moving to Selwyn.

## Early life

Appleton was born in Liverpool, the son of another Revd Richard Appleton and grandson, on his mother's side, of Canon John Patrick Eden, Rector of Sedgefield, Durham. Appleton was from a background that was increasingly rare in producing Cambridge undergraduates in Victorian times; his father was not well off, a clergyman with a large family, and scholarships got him through Christ's Hospital and Trinity College. At Trinity, he was Sixth Wrangler and won the Chancellor's Medal. He was awarded a second class degree in the Classical tripos.

## Career

He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College when he graduated, but he did not undertake major research work. Instead, he was a lecturer in mathematics, Theology and Hebrew in the days before teaching was expected to be specialised. He was Dean of Trinity College, 1884–91 and Tutor, 1885–94.

He was ordained a priest in 1878 and Appleton went to become warden of Trinity College Mission and vicar of St George's Church, Camberwell, 1894–1903. He was then vicar of St Mary's Church, Ware, Hertfordshire and Rural Dean, 1904–7.

Appleton had limited previous connection with Selwyn College when he was chosen as its Master, but he became an influential master of the college through various construction projects he oversaw. The college had been founded around 1880 to counter some of the effects of the "Revolution of the Dons" that occurred in the 1860s. The university was opened up to people of any religion and none, so the college was to be a haven for Anglicans. Every Master of Selwyn College was a clergyman up until 1983. As a clergyman and Master of Selwyn, Appleton was something of a throwback to the old pattern of Cambridge academic life prior to the "Revolution of the Dons".

## Legacy

After serving as Master of Selwyn College for just two years, he died from influenza. His body is buried in the Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge. A memorial brass is in the ante-chapel of Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge.

Appleton left a permanent memorial of his mastership in raising the funds to build the southern range of buildings in the Old Court, including the College Hall, and Combination room. His initials and rebus of an apple and a tun, are carved on the front of the Hall stairway.

* APPLETON, Rev. Richard, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 6 March 2013
* "Richard Appleton (APLN867R)". *A Cambridge Alumni Database*. University of Cambridge.


title: Koszanowo, Kościan County

abstract: Koszanowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Śmigiel, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Śmigiel, 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Kościan, and 48 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Koszanowo, Kościan County

**Koszanowo** \[kɔʂaˈnɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Śmigiel, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Śmigiel, 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Kościan, and 48 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Koszanowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Koszanowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°2′N 16°33′E / 52.033°N 16.550°E / 52.033; 16.550 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kościan |
| Gmina | Śmigiel |


title: Richard Frankel (producer)

abstract: Richard Frankel is an American theatrical producer and general manager who has been producing and managing on and off-Broadway since 1970. He has been working in partnership with Tom Viertel, Steve Baruch, and Marc Routh since 1985.

text:
# Richard Frankel (producer)

**Richard Frankel** is an American theatrical producer and general manager who has been producing and managing on and off-Broadway since 1970. He has been working in partnership with Tom Viertel, Steve Baruch, and Marc Routh since 1985.

## Biography

Richard Frankel was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1947. His work in the theatre began at 16 in a Catskills hotel nightclub, and he worked for The Barry Farber Show on WOR AM in New York while a student at Brooklyn College. After serving for two years in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia, he worked as a stage manager and technician in New York and Europe, including at La Mama Experimental Theatre Club and the Public Theater in New York and the Mickery Theatre in Amsterdam. Upon returning to the United States in 1973, he worked off-Broadway and in regional theaters as a stage manager, administrator, press agent and marketing director, and in 1981 became Managing Director of Circle Repertory Company.

At Circle Rep he worked on dozens of world premieres of plays by playwrights including Lanford Wilson, Sam Shepard, David Mamet and Jules Feiffer with an acting company that included Jeff Daniels, Tanya Berezin, Judd Hirsch, Barnard Hughes, William Hurt, Richard Thomas and Fritz Weaver. Plays included Talley's Folley, 5th of July, Buried Child, Fool for Love and Balm in Gilead directed by John Malkovich in a co production with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company.

In 1985, he formed Richard Frankel Productions and together with partners Tom Viertel and Steve Baruch produced Penn & Teller's first off-Broadway show, which first brought them to national attention. The show was critically acclaimed, and the new-formed producing partnership subsequently presented Penn & Teller on national tour and on Broadway.

In 1991 Marc Routh was added as a producing partner and they together produced a string of successful Off-Broadway shows including *Driving Miss Daisy*, *Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune* and *Love Letters*. In 1994 Richard Frankel Productions and Marc Routh, along with others, produced *Stomp*, which ran at the Orpheum Theatre in New York City for 29 years and still tours throughout the United States. The Viertel/Routh/Baruch/Frankel partnership's early Broadway projects included *Angels in America* Part One and Part Two, *The Sound of Music*, and *Smokey Joe's Cafe*, which would go on to become Broadway's longest-running revue.

In 2000, Frankel and his partners were selected by Mel Brooks to serve on the team of producers for *The Producers*. The musical would go on to break the all-time Tony Awards records by earning twelve awards in 2001, winning the Tony Award in all categories for which it was eligible. Frankel's partnership followed this success with another hit when they opened *Hairspray* in 2003. Other Broadway productions included the John Doyle-directed revivals of *Sweeney Todd* and *Company*, the Patti LuPone-led revival of *Gypsy*, and the Catherine Zeta-Jones-led revival of *A Little Night Music*.

During this time period, Frankel and his team also produced in London, including transfers of their Broadway mountings and new productions, and across Asia as part of a partnership with Broadway Asia, owned by Routh. They also operated the Arts Theatre in London from 2000 to 2005.

In 2008, Frankel formed Frankel Green Theatrical Management with his long-term general managing partner Laura Green in order to expand general management services. Apart from shows produced by Frankel and his partners, the company managed the Broadway productions Rock of Ages, Finian's Rainbow, and Forever Tango. Green left the company in 2013 to become the Production Manager of Paper Mill Playhouse.

In 2012, Frankel and his partners Viertel, Baruch, and Routh announced plans to build and produce a new cabaret space 54 Below. The space opened on June 2, 2012, with a two-week engagement by Patti LuPone. It has gone on to play over one thousand shows by over two hundred artists. In addition to earning many cabaret awards, 54 Below was awarded a 2022 Tony Award Honor for Excellence in the Theatre for its mission to preserve the music of Broadway and expand the art of the cabaret.

Frankel is married to playwright Kathleen Clark and has three children and four grandchildren.

## Credits

### Broadway

### Off-Broadway

### London (Producing)

## Awards

### Tony Awards

### Olivier Awards

### Drama Desk Awards

### Lortel Awards

### Outer Critics Circle Awards

## InfoBox

| Richard Frankel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Brooklyn, New York |
| Alma mater | Brooklyn College |
| Occupation(s) | Theatrical producer and general manager |
| Known for | The Producers, Hairspray |
| Spouse | Kathleen Clark |


title: Richard Redman (speaker)

abstract: Sir Richard Redman was an English nobleman, knight, administrator and politician, being elected as a Member of Parliament representing Yorkshire and later acting as the Speaker of the House of Commons for the Parliament of 1415.

text:
# Richard Redman (speaker)

**Sir Richard Redman** (or **Redmayne** or **Readman**) (died 1426) was an English nobleman, knight, administrator and politician, being elected as a Member of Parliament representing Yorkshire and later acting as the Speaker of the House of Commons for the Parliament of 1415.

## Early life

Redman was the son of Sir Matthew Redman, who served in France and Spain under John of Gaunt, and grandson of another Sir Matthew Redman who was the Member of Parliament for Westmorland in 1357 and 1358.

## Career

Redman began his career as a soldier, campaigning on the continent, and was knighted by 1376. He was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1387, 1391, 1394, 1397, 1401 and 1410 and High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1403 and 1415. In 1393 Richard was granted leave to hold a tournament in Carlisle. In 1397, after campaigning in Ireland with Richard II he was appointed Master of the Horse. Between 1399 and 1400 he travelled to Ireland with John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham before returning to England in May to create a peace with Scotland. In 1405 he was commissioned to fine members of the gentry associated with the rebellion by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and was the same year elected to represent Yorkshire as a knight of the shire (MP), a job he returned to for the Parliaments of 1414, 1415, 1420 and 1421. In 1408 he was commissioned again to fine gentry associated with the Percy Rebellion after their defeat at the Battle of Bramham Moor.

In 1409 and 1410 he attempted to gain peace with the Scots; after this failed he was tasked with raising forces against them. In 1415 along with John Strange he raised forces against the French before the Hundred Years' War (1415–1429) and was elected speaker of the 1415 parliament, which met on 4 November and lasted only eight days due to the loyalist feeling after the Battle of Agincourt before Parliament voted for supplies to maintain the war with France. In 1421 he was again commissioned to raise money for the war with France before his death in 1426.

## Later life

Redman died in 1426 and was buried in the Church of the Black Friars, York. An elaborate memorial to him was installed in Harewood church, Yorkshire, where his estates lay. He had married twice, secondly to Elizabeth, the daughter of William, 1st Lord Aldeburgh of Aldeburgh and Harewood, and sister and co-heiress of William, 2nd Lord Aldeburgh and widow of Sir Brian Stapleton of Carlton, with whom he had at least two sons and two daughters. His surviving son, Matthew Redman, died before him in 1419 and he was succeeded by his grandson, Richard. Richard Redman, the Bishop of Exeter, was most likely his great-grandson.


title: Richard Rede

abstract: Richard Rede was a leading Irish statesman and judge of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He held office as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Deputy Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland. He was born in County Meath. Rede had been a common Irish name, especially in Ulster, since the thirteenth century. Little seems to be known about his parents. His wife was Elizabeth Netterville, daughter and heiress of Richard Netterville of Dowth. One branch of the Netterville family would later become one of the most prominent landowning families in Meath, and acquired the title Viscount Netterville. Rede is best remembered for being kidnapped and held for ransom by the Fleming family, Barons of Slane. They extracted a large sum of money from him, and despite his outraged protests, escaped punishment.

text:
# Richard Rede

**Richard Rede** (died after 1416) was a leading Irish statesman and judge of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He held office as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Deputy Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland.

He was born in County Meath. Rede (also spelt Reid) had been a common Irish name, especially in Ulster, since the thirteenth century. Little seems to be known about his parents. His wife was Elizabeth Netterville, daughter and heiress of Richard Netterville of Dowth. One branch of the Netterville family would later become one of the most prominent landowning families in Meath, and acquired the title Viscount Netterville.

Rede is best remembered for being kidnapped and held for ransom by the Fleming family, Barons of Slane. They extracted a large sum of money from him, and despite his outraged protests, escaped punishment.

## The Netterville inheritance

Elizabeth Netterville, whose father died when she was very young, was made a royal ward. The question of her inheritance, which was considerable, led to bitter disputes between neighbouring landowners, each of whom hoped to gain control of her estate by marrying her to his own heir.

King Richard II appointed John Humbleton, one of his esquires of the body, as her guardian in 1394, after having withdrawn a previous grant of guardianship made to Thomas Butler, a younger son of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. Elizabeth was kidnapped by members of the Darcy and Cusack families, who no doubt hoped to gain control of her lands. She was soon released, but six years later the Crown was informed that these families still hoped to cheat her out of her inheritance. By 1400 Humbleton, no doubt finding that the wardship was more trouble than it was worth, had granted custody of Elizabeth to Rede, who married her soon afterwards, but this was not the end of the trouble over her inheritance.

## Career

Richard spent much of his career moving between Ireland and England, and seems to have been uncertain which country he wished to permanently settle in. In England, he served on a commission of the peace in Kent in 1394 and on a similar commission in Middlesex in 1407. He acted as executor of Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London, in 1404.

At the same time, he maintained close links with Ireland: he was Chief Baron in 1399-1401 and Lord Chief Justice in 1404-6. Thomas Cranley, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was due to his advanced age and ill health frequently forced to act through deputies: Rede served as his Deputy in 1404. In 1405 he was required to go to England "to prosecute certain business especially touching the King".

## Abduction and ransom

On 5 April 1401 while he was travelling from Drogheda to Trim, Rede was abducted at Rathfeigh near Skryne by Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane, and imprisoned in nearby Crewyn Castle, which belonged to Thomas's son Christopher. He was held hostage until he paid a ransom of £1000 (a vast sum at the time) to Christopher, and he was also robbed of £200 and numerous official records. What lay behind the episode, which was exceptional even in that violent age, is unclear. It has been suggested that the Flemings, like the Darcys and Cusacks, had previously had hopes of gaining the Netterville lands which Rede had acquired through his marriage to Elizabeth Netterville: while the latter families' abduction of Elizabeth in 1394 seems to have been fruitless, the Flemings' abduction of her husband brought them a substantial profit.

The outraged Rede petitioned the new King Henry IV to visit "suitable punishment" on the Flemings for their crimes so that a "suitable example be made of all who would plan such things". The English Privy Council endorsed the petition, and for a time it seemed that the Flemings would suffer heavily for their treatment of Rede: in June 1401 a powerful commission was appointed to arrest and imprison Lord Slane and his wife Elizabeth Preston. This was, however, an era when the nobility found it easy to obtain a royal pardon for even the most heinous crimes, and in October 1401 Lord Slane, on payment of £30 (a derisory sum compared to the £1200 he had extracted from Rede), was duly pardoned, as was his son Christopher, who paid the same amount in damages. Since Christopher was pardoned for "all other seditious committed in both the present and the previous reign", one must wonder how many other crimes Christopher, who was probably still in his late teens, had already committed.

## Later years

After being superseded as Lord Chief Justice in 1406 he returned to England and asked for permission to reside there permanently. Given his ill-treatment by the Flemings and his failure to obtain adequate redress for his wrongs, this was natural enough. Rather surprisingly, he returned to Ireland two years later and apparently died in Ireland. He was Deputy Treasurer of Ireland in 1413. In 1415 he was given leave to travel to England again: whether or not he did so is unclear. He and his wife were both still alive in 1416, and were still expanding their holdings with purchases of land in County Louth. The Richard Rede who with his wife Katherine was granted lands at Stackallen in 1424 may have been his son. Richard in turn sold lands to Robert Rede, son of Philip, who may have been a cousin, in 1427.


title: Richard Redwood Deupree

abstract: Richard Redwood (Red) Deupree was an American businessman, president of Procter & Gamble and chairman of its board. He was the first Procter & Gamble president, who was not a Procter or Gamble family member, and was recipient of the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal in 1959.

text:
# Richard Redwood Deupree

**Richard Redwood (Red) Deupree** (May 7, 1885 - March 14, 1974) was an American businessman, president of Procter & Gamble and chairman of its board. He was the first Procter & Gamble president, who was not a Procter or Gamble family member, and was recipient of the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal in 1959.

## Life and work

Deupree was born in 1885 in Norwood, Nelson County, Virginia to Richard Overton Deupree and Susan Elizabeth "Bettie" (Redwood) Deupree. His father descended from the Frenchman Thomas Du Pre, who in the early 1700s had settled in Virginia.

After a public school in Covington, Kentucky, Deupree started his career in industry as clerk at the South Covington Cincinnati Street Railway Company in 1901 at the age of 16. In 1905 he started his lifelong career at Procter & Gamble, where he was its president from 1930 to 1948, and its chairman of the board from 1948 to 1959.

In 1959 the American Management Association and the ASME awarded Deupree the annual Henry Laurence Gantt Medal.

## Selected publications

* Deupree, Richard Redwood. *Management's Responsibilities to Employees. A Talk Before the Alumni Conference, Harvard Business School, Boston, Mass., June 12, 1948.* Harvard University Press, 1948.


title: Konstantinos Maleas

abstract: Konstantinos Maleas was one of the most important Post-Impressionist Greek painters of the 20th century. Along with Konstantinos Parthenis, he is sometimes considered Greece's most important modern artist.

text:
# Konstantinos Maleas

**Konstantinos Maleas** (Κωνσταντίνος Μαλέας) (Constantinople, 1879 - Athens, 1928) was one of the most important Post-Impressionist Greek painters of the 20th century. Along with Konstantinos Parthenis, he is sometimes considered Greece's most important modern artist.

## Biography

Maleas was born and grew up in Constantinople, far away from the Greek artistic centre in Athens. The young painter avoided therefore the influence of the Munich School that dominated Athenian Art. He studied at the Phanar Greek Orthodox College and then left for Paris in 1901 at an age of 23 years to study initially architecture. In Paris he eventually decided to study painting until 1908 with Henri Martin.

In 1913 he returned to Greece, initially in Thessaloniki and then based in Athens. In 1917 he became founding member of the avant-garde art group *Ομάδα Τέχνη*, which imported the international contemporary art movements of the time to Greece. He travelled extensively in Greece, Western Europe, Palestine and Egypt where he drew some of the subjects for his famous landscapes. Apart from painting, he was also involved in public discussion of the modernisation of the Greek language. He was a friend of Glenos, Delmouzos and Triantafylidis. He illustrated the first alphabet book in the new modern Greek language Demotiki (Αλφαβητάρι με τον ήλιο), and wrote articles for newspapers such as *Nouma, Elefthero Vima* , as well as writing for a number of art journals. Maleas was recognised for his artistic contribution by the Greek Government, which awarded him its 'Highest Acknowledgement of Letters and Arts'.

## Work

Maleas work was influenced by the work of Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and by the art movements of symbolism, Impressionism and Fauvism. His paintings are characterised by very light and bright colours, the large brushes that revolutionalised the stagnant Athenian art of the time. Most art critics condemned his work , and it was only Fotos Politis that recognised the value of Maleas's work, also urging young artists to learn from his paintings. Maleas remains one of the most popular Greek modern artists, and his works are exhibited at the National Gallery of Athens and elsewhere.

## InfoBox

| Konstantinos Maleas
*Κωνσταντίνος Μαλέας* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1879
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 1928
Athens, Greece |
| Occupation | painter |


title: Richard Kadrey

abstract: Richard Kadrey is an American novelist, freelance writer, and photographer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Richard Kadrey

**Richard Kadrey** (born August 27, 1957) is an American novelist, freelance writer, and photographer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Fiction

Kadrey has written nineteen novels, including fifteen *New York Times* Best Sellers. Kadrey's other works include collaborative graphic novels and over 50 published short stories.

### *Sandman Slim* series

The first *Sandman Slim* novel was published in 2009. The story's main character, James "Sandman Slim" Stark, escapes from Hell to take his revenge on the people that killed his lover. He wanders a dark Los Angeles haunted by vampires and demons. After 11 years of combat as a gladiator against demons in Hell, he is more than prepared to fight back. Further Sandman Slim novels were published between 2010 and 2021.

In 2016, it was reported that Studio 8 acquired the rights to the series and were hoping to launch a franchise. In February 2018, it was announced that Chad Stahelski would be directing an adaptation of the first novel, with Kerry Williamson set to write the latest draft of the script.

### *Metrophage*

*Metrophage*, first published in 1988, is a cyberpunk novel set in a dystopic future Los Angeles. It has been referred to in reviews as "one of the quintessential 1980s cyberpunk novels".

### *Dead Set*

On October 29, 2013, Kadrey released *Dead Set*, a novel dealing with an uninvited presence that has entered dreams of Zoe and her lost brother Valentine.

### "Carbon Copy: Meet the First Human Clone"

Kadrey's short story "Carbon Copy: Meet the First Human Clone" was filmed as *After Amy*, a 2001 made-for-television movie starring Bridget Fonda.

## Non-fiction

Kadrey's non-fiction books as a writer and/or editor include *The Catalog of Tomorrow* (2002), *From Myst to Riven* (1997), *The Covert Culture Sourcebook* and its sequel (1993 and 1994).

Kadrey hosted a live interview show on HotWired in the 1990s called *Covert Culture*. He was an editor at print magazines *Shift* and *Future Sex*, and at online magazines *Signum* and *Stim*. He has published articles about art, culture and technology in publications including *Wired*, *Omni*, *Mondo 2000*, the *San Francisco Chronicle*, *SF Weekly*, *Ear*, *Artforum*, *ArtByte*, *Bookforum*, *World Art*, *Whole Earth Review*, *Reflex*, *Science Fiction Eye*, *Street Tech*, and *Interzone*.

Kadrey was the co-founder of the now-defunct Dead Media Project along with cyberpunk author and futurist Bruce Sterling.

## Publications

### Sandman Slim series

* *Sandman Slim* (2009)
* *Kill The Dead* (2010)
* *Aloha from Hell* (2011)
* "Devil in the Dollhouse" (short story, 2012)
* *Devil Said Bang* (2012)
* *Kill City Blues* (2013)
* *The Getaway God* (2014)
* *Killing Pretty* (2015)
* *The Perdition Score* (2016)
* *The Kill Society* (2017)
* *Hollywood Dead* (2018)
* *Ballistic Kiss* (2020)
* *King Bullet* (2021)

### Coop novels

* *The Everything Box* (2016)
* *The Wrong Dead Guy* (2017)

### Other novels

* *Metrophage* (1988)
* *Kamikaze L'Amour: A Novel of the Future* (1995)
* *Butcher Bird: A Novel of the Dominion* (2007)
* *Dead Set* (2013)
* *The Grand Dark* (2019)
* *The Dead Take the A Train* (with Cassandra Khaw) (2023)

### Other works

* *Carbon Copy: Meet 'The First Human Clone'* (short story, 1998)
* *The Pale House Devil* (novella, 2023)
* *The Secrets of Insects* (short stories, 2023)

## InfoBox

| Richard Kadrey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-08-27) August 27, 1957<br>New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Novelist, writer, photographer |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | American |


title: Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn

abstract: Richard Ferdinand Kahn, Baron Kahn, CBE, FBA was a British economist. Kahn was born in Hampstead into the orthodox Jewish family of Augustus Kahn, inspector of schools and former German schoolmaster, and Regina Schoyer. He was brought up in England and educated at St Paul's School, London. He attended King's College, Cambridge. Kahn took a 1st in Mathematics, Part I, at Cambridge, followed in 1927 by a 2nd in Physics in the Natural Sciences tripos. Taught economics by Gerald Shove and John Maynard Keynes from 1927 to 1928, he gained a 1st in Economics, Part II, in 1928. In 1930, he was elected a Fellow of King's College. Kahn worked in the Faculty of Economics and Politics from 1933. He became Director of Studies for economics students at King's College in 1947, a post he held for four years. Kahn was appointed professor of economics in 1951, and succeeded Keynes as Bursar of King's College. He served in numerous other government and agency positions, such as the research and planning division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1955 and the UK National Coal Board in 1967. Kahn retired from Cambridge in 1972, but continued to live at King's College. Kahn's most notable contribution to economics was his principle of the multiplier. The multiplier is the relation between the increase in aggregate expenditure and the increase in net national product (output). It is the increase in aggregate expenditure that causes the increase in output. His findings on the multiplier were first published in his 1931 article, "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment". There has been extensive debate on whether Kahn's thinking on the multiplier was foreshadowed or aided by the work of other economists such as Lyndhurst Giblin. Kahn was one of the five members of Keynes' Cambridge Circus. Kahn was also one of Keynes' closest collaborators on the creation of Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Kahn was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1946 and became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1960, and was created a life peer with the title Baron Kahn, of Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden on 6 July 1965.

text:
# Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn

**Richard Ferdinand Kahn, Baron Kahn**, CBE, FBA (10 August 1905 – 6 June 1989) was a British economist.

Kahn was born in Hampstead into the orthodox Jewish family of Augustus Kahn, inspector of schools and former German schoolmaster, and Regina Schoyer. He was brought up in England and educated at St Paul's School, London. He attended King's College, Cambridge. Kahn took a 1st in Mathematics, Part I, at Cambridge, followed in 1927 by a 2nd in Physics in the Natural Sciences tripos. Taught economics by Gerald Shove and John Maynard Keynes from 1927 to 1928, he gained a 1st in Economics, Part II, in 1928. In 1930, he was elected a Fellow of King's College.

Kahn worked in the Faculty of Economics and Politics from 1933. He became Director of Studies for economics students at King's College in 1947, a post he held for four years. Kahn was appointed professor of economics in 1951, and succeeded Keynes as Bursar of King's College. He served in numerous other government and agency positions, such as the research and planning division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1955 and the UK National Coal Board in 1967. Kahn retired from Cambridge in 1972, but continued to live at King's College.

Kahn's most notable contribution to economics was his principle of the multiplier. The multiplier is the relation between the increase in aggregate expenditure and the increase in net national product (output). It is the increase in aggregate expenditure (for example government spending) that causes the increase in output (or income). His findings on the multiplier were first published in his 1931 article, "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment". There has been extensive debate on whether Kahn's thinking on the multiplier was foreshadowed or aided by the work of other economists such as Lyndhurst Giblin.

Kahn was one of the five members of Keynes' Cambridge Circus. Kahn was also one of Keynes' closest collaborators on the creation of Keynes' *General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money*.

Kahn was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1946 and became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1960, and was created a life peer with the title **Baron Kahn**, of Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden on 6 July 1965.

## Further reading

* N. Aslanbeigui and G. Oakes. *The Provocative Joan Robinson: The Making of a Cambridge Economist*, Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2009, pp. 103–8, 125–33 et passim. ISBN 9780822345381

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Kahn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Ferdinand Kahn
(1905-08-10)10 August 1905
Hampstead, England, UK |
| Died | 6 June 1989(1989-06-06) (aged 83)
Cambridge, England, UK |
| Nationality | British |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Political economy |
| School or
tradition | Keynesian economics |
| Influences | Gerald Shove, John Maynard Keynes |
| Contributions | Economic multiplier |
|  | |
| Website | https://richardkahn.org |


title: Richard Kadison

abstract: Richard Vincent Kadison was an American mathematician known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras.

text:
# Richard Kadison

**Richard Vincent Kadison** (July 25, 1925 – August 22, 2018) was an American mathematician known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras.

## Career

Born in New York City in 1925, Kadison was a Gustave C. Kuemmerle Professor in the Department of Mathematics of the University of Pennsylvania.

Kadison was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (elected in 1996), and a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (elected 1974) and of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was a 1969 Guggenheim Fellow.

Kadison was awarded the 1999 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement by the American Mathematical Society. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Personal life

Kadison was a skilled gymnast with a specialty in rings, making the 1952 US Olympic Team but later withdrawing due to an injury. He married Karen M. Holm on June 5, 1956, and they had one son, Lars.

Kadison died after a short illness on August 22, 2018.

## Selected publications

### Books

* with John Ringrose: *Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras* 2 vols., Academic Press 1983; new edition, *Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras: Elementary theory*, Vol. 1, 1997 *Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras: Advanced theory*, Vol. 2, 1997 AMS 1997
* with John Ringrose: *Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras, III-IV. An exercise approach*, Birkhäuser, Basel, III: 1991, xiv+273 pp., ISBN 0-8176-3497-5; IV: 1992, xiv+586 pp., ISBN 0-8176-3498-3

### *PNAS* articles

## InfoBox

| Richard Kadison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-07-25)July 25, 1925
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 22, 2018(2018-08-22) (aged 93)
Narberth, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Education | University of Chicago |
| Known for | Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture
Kadison's inequality
Kadison–Singer problem
Kadison transitivity theorem
Kadison–Kastler metric |
| Awards | Steele Prize (1999) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Pennsylvania |
| Thesis | *A Unified Representation Theory for Topological Algebra*  (1950) |
| Doctoral advisor | Marshall Harvey Stone |
| Doctoral students | James Glimm
Richard Lashof
Marc Rieffel
Mikael Rørdam
Erling Størmer |
|  | |