title: Jack McDaniels

abstract: Jack McDaniels is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the Pass Game Coordinator, Recruiting Coordinator and Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. He played college football at Delaware State and West Alabama.

text:
# Jack McDaniels

**Jack McDaniels** (born December 21, 1998) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the Pass Game Coordinator, Recruiting Coordinator and Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. He played college football at Delaware State and West Alabama.

## Playing career

Jack McDaniels was the starting quarterback at Delaware State University for two years and the University of West Alabama for three years.

After a record breaking high school career at South County High School in Lorton, Virginia, McDaniels committed to Delaware State. He became the starter for the Hornets in his first summer with the program. While at Delaware State, McDaniels helped snapped a two-year losing streak, win consecutive games for the first time in four seasons, and was the only underclassmen member of the teams leadership council. McDaniels played under former FBS assistant coach, Kenny Carter, as well as Delaware State alum and former Super Bowl Champ, Rod Milstead.

After two seasons with Delaware State McDaniels elected to transfer to Division-II powerhouse, West Alabama, located in Livingston, AL. There, McDaniels led the Tigers to Top-10 National Rankings (D-II) and a top ranked national offense. McDaniels participated in an abbreviated Covid season as well, during the spring of 2021. At West Alabama, McDaniels played for UWA alum Head Coach Brett Gilliland and former FBS Offensive Coordinator Don Bailey.

In total, McDaniels started 47 career games, accumulated more than 9,000 total yards and 90 touchdowns.

## Coaching career

### West Alabama

Immediately after his playing career ended in the fall of 2021, McDaniels joined the West Alabama staff as an Offensive Graduate Assistant.

### Georgetown University

McDaniels joined the Georgetown coaching staff in February 2022 as the Tight Ends Coach. At the age of 23, McDaniels was the youngest full-time D-1 position coach in the country. In his first season at Georgetown, the Tight Ends saw a 50% increase in receptions. McDaniels also ran the kickoff-return unit. The kickoff-return unit led the Patriot League in all statistical categories and was nationally ranked in many.

In January 2023, McDaniels was elevated to Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. In his first season as Quarterbacks Coach, Georgetown more than doubled their win total, tying for the most improved team in the conference. McDaniels also helped Georgetown win the biggest game in program history over #14 (FCS) Fordham University, the program's first win over a ranked opponent in the modern era. McDaniels tutored first year starting quarterback, Tyler Knoop, to over 2,500 total yards, 64% completions and 21 total touchdowns. Due to injury, McDaniels started true sophomore quarterback Danny lauter against #19 (FCS) Lafayette. In his first career start, McDaniels tutored Lauter to 428 passing yards (program record) and three touchdowns. McDaniels continued to oversee the kickoff-return unit in 2023. McDaniels was selected to the OurCoachingNetwork 30under30 list, as well as winning the OurCoachingNetwork Week 7 FCS QB Coach of the Week Award.

McDaniels was later elevated to Pass Game Coordinator, Recruiting Coordinator, and Quarterback's Coach for the 2024 season.

## Personal life

Jack is the younger brother of Jeff McDaniels, former Davidson College Wide Receiver and current Wide Receivers Coach at Eastern Washington University.

1. "Jack McDaniels - Football Coach". *Georgetown University Athletics*. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
2. "Jack McDaniels - 2018 - Football". *Delaware State University*. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
3. "Football Stays in the Top 10 of the Rankings and Poll". *University of West Alabama Athletics*. October 11, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
4. "Football Adds Four to 2022 Coaching Staff, Kolt and Thames Jr. Earn Title Changes". *Georgetown University Athletics*. July 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
5. Samuels, Doug (February 15, 2023). "The Scoop - Wednesday February 15, 2023". *Footballscoop*. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
6. "https://twitter.com/OurCoachingNet/status/1629113851013914626". *X (formerly Twitter)*. Retrieved December 12, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: External link in ``|title=`` (help)
7. "https://twitter.com/OurCoachingNet/status/1714293801349693600". *X (formerly Twitter)*. Retrieved December 12, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: External link in ``|title=`` (help)
8. "Jeff McDaniels - Wide Receivers Coach - Football Coaches". *Eastern Washington University Athletics*. Retrieved December 12, 2023.

## InfoBox

Jack McDaniels
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Pass Game Coordinator, Quarterback coach, Recruiting Coordinator |
| Team | Georgetown |
| Conference | Patriot League |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1998-12-21) December 21, 1998 |
| Alma mater | University of West Alabama |
| Playing career | |
| 2017–2018 | Delaware State |
| 2019–2021 | West Alabama |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 2021 (Winter) | West Alabama (GA) |
| 2022 | Georgetown (TE) |
| 2023 | Georgetown (QB) |
| 2024-Present | Georgetown (PGC/QB/RC) |
|  | |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Awards | |
| OurCoachingNetwork - (2023 - 30under30), | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Henry Winthrop

abstract: Henry Winthrop (1608–1630) was the second son of John Winthrop, founder and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In addition to his taking part in his father's Great Migration to America in 1630, Henry is part of American history for being the first husband of Elizabeth Fones, who would later be a founding settler of what is now Greenwich, Connecticut, but also be at the center of scandal in colonial America, as captured in the popular novel, The Winthrop Woman.

text:
# Henry Winthrop

**Henry Winthrop** (1608–1630) was the second son of John Winthrop, founder and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In addition to his taking part in his father's Great Migration to America in 1630, Henry is part of American history for being the first husband of Elizabeth Fones, who would later be a founding settler of what is now Greenwich, Connecticut, but also be at the center of scandal in colonial America, as captured in the popular novel, *The Winthrop Woman*.

## Early life

Henry was born on 10 January 1608 at Great Stambridge, England, with the christening on 20 January 1608 at the Winthrop home, Groton Manor, in Suffolk. Growing up, Henry split his time between Groton and London.

As a young man, he was described as "a spritely and hopeful young gentleman." Though well-to-do in his own right through inheritances, Henry tried one major business venture, traveling to live in Barbados to start a tobacco plantation, but he was not successful.

To the dismay of his family, upon return from Barbados in 1629 he entered a whirlwind courtship with his first cousin Elizabeth Fones, daughter of his aunt Anne Winthrop, sister of Henry's father John Winthrop. Elizabeth Fones had been born at Groton Manor on 21 January 1610 to Anne and Thomas Fones, a London apothecary and a staunch Puritan. Henry and "Bess" were married on 25 April 1629, at the Church of St. Sepulchre at New Gate, London.

## To the New World

Eleven months after the marriage, Henry's father's flotilla of ships—the Winthrop Fleet—sailed west to create a "City on a Hill" in what would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony. "From John Winthrop's adult family, only Henry would sail in April 1630." Henry was supposed to be in his father's lead ship, the *Arbella*, but he missed boarding due to helping to corral a herd of cattle. Henry left a few days later aboard the ship *Talbot*, leaving his young bride behind in England on account of her pregnancy. Henry's baby, a daughter named Martha Johanna Winthrop, was born on 9 May 1630 at Groton Manor, while Henry was at sea. Because of what would transpire in the new world, Henry would not live to see his daughter.

The *Talbot* arrived at the Massachusetts Bay Colony on 1 July 1630. The next day, Henry was part of a group exploring near the Colony when they spied a native canoe on the opposite side of a river. Being the only one in the group who could swim, Henry volunteered to swim across but en route he was "seized with cramps and went down. Those standing on the shore had no means of going to his assistance. So died Henry Winthrop in his twenty-third year." As one historian noted, "The wanderer had found his last resting place."

An anguished Gov. John Winthrop, in a letter to his wife to report the tragic news, referred to "My son Henry, my son Henry, ah my poor child."

## Family Line

With infant daughter Martha Johanna Winthrop in tow, Henry's widow Elizabeth sailed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony aboard the *Lyon*, arriving on 2 November 1631. The widow and child were taken under the care of her father-in-law (and uncle), Governor John Winthrop.

Elizabeth would marry again to Lt. Robert Feake, and in the early 1640s, would move to an extensive property they acquired in Connecticut, encompassing what is now called Old Greenwich. There, their daughter Martha would meet and marry Thomas Lyon, whose family home, the Thomas Lyon House, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Martha and Thomas Lyon had one child, a daughter, Mary Lyon, born August 1649. Mary married John Willson "of Bedford, afterward of Rye," so their children continued the line of direct descent from Henry Winthrop in the American colonies.

Henry's widow Elizabeth would marry for a third time, to William Hallet, who was Lt. Feake's business manager. As Lt. Feake was still alive, and there was no proof of a divorce, scandal and the threat of legal action encouraged the Hallets to move to the more tolerant colony of New Amsterdam, settling in Queens, N.Y., where Elizabeth (Fones) Winthrop Feake Hallett died ca 1670.

### Bibliography

* Bremer, Francis J. (1995). *John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father*. Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society.
* Mayo, Lawrence Shaw (1948). *The Winthrop Family in America*. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Society.
* Mead, Spencer P. (1911). *Ye Historie of Ye Town of Greenwich, County of Fairfield and State of Connecticut*. New York, NY: Knickerbocker Press.
* Miller, Robert B., ed. (1907). *Lyon Memorial: New York Families Descended from the Immigrant Thomas Lyon, of Rye*. With an introductory chapter by Dr. G. W. A. Lyon on the English Lyon families. Detroit, MI: William Graham Printing Co.
* Winthrop, R. C. Jr. (1890). "Thomas Lyon, his family and connections". *Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society*. Second Series. **VI**: 1–20. JSTOR 25079709.


title: Galunker

abstract: Galunker is a children's novel by Douglas Anthony Cooper., Illustrated by Dula Yavne

text:
# Galunker

***Galunker*** is a children's novel by Douglas Anthony Cooper., Illustrated by Dula Yavne

## Conception

The book was funded by raising money by Kickstarter it raised $55,000 to get a publishing run. Because of the negative image of the pitbull, no mainstream book publisher would want to publish a children's book about pitbulls. The original target was $27,000.

## Plot

The book is about Galunker, a misunderstood pitbull who seeks a home after a lifetime of dog fighting .

## Reception

The book has been seen controversial as it has been accused on making pitbulls seem harmless. Barbara Kay being a notable example.

## InfoBox

Galunker
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Douglas Anthony Cooper |
| Illustrator | Dula Yavne |
| Language | English |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |


title: New York's 43rd State Assembly district

abstract: The 43rd Assembly district of New York is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It is currently represented by Democrat Brian Cunningham since 2022.

text:
# New York's 43rd State Assembly district

**The 43rd Assembly district of New York** is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It is currently represented by Democrat Brian Cunningham since 2022.

## Leadership

The 43rd State Assembly district of New York is currently represented by Brian Cunningham, following a special election in 2022. He succeeded Assemblywoman Diana Richardson, following her appointment as Brooklyn Deputy Borough President. Richardson was the first candidate to be elected in 2015 on the Working Families Party line. Following that election, her election victories have been on the Democratic Party line.

## Geography

The 43rd district is in Brooklyn, comprising the neighborhoods of Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights.

The district is entirely within New York's 9th congressional district, and overlaps the 20th and 21st districts of the New York State Senate, and the 35th, 36th, 40th and 41st districts of the New York City Council.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Brian Cunningham* |  |  |
|  | Working Families | *Brian Cunningham* |  |  |
|  | Total | Brian Cunningham (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.0** |

### 2022

2022 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Brian Cunningham (incumbent)** | **6,625** | **59.1** |
|  | Democratic | Jelanie DeShong | 2,186 | 19.5 |
|  | Democratic | Tim Hunter | 1,491 | 13.3 |
|  | Democratic | Pierre Albert | 910 | 8.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 25 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **11,237** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Brian Cunningham* | 23,997 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Brian Cunningham* | 5,515 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Brian Cunningham (incumbent)** | **29,512** | **99.5** |
|  | Write-in | | 156 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **29,668** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2022 special

2022 New York State Assembly special election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Brian Cunningham** | **2,074** | **63.2** |
|  | Working Families | Jelanie DeShong | 1,104 | 33.6 |
|  | Republican | *Mesidor Azor* | 68 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Mesidor Azor* | 27 |  |
|  | Total | Mesidor Azor | 95 | 2.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 9 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **3,283** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Diana Richardson (incumbent)** | **14,536** | **74.7** |
|  | Democratic | Jesse Hamilton | 4,882 | 25.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 45 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **19,463** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Diana Richardson (incumbent)** | **43,629** | **89.1** |
|  | Republican | Menachem Raitport | 5,277 | 10.8 |
|  | Write-in | | 54 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **48,960** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Working Families | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Diana Richardson* | 32,610 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Diana Richardson* | 2,985 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Diana Richardson (incumbent)** | **35,595** | **99.6** |
|  | Write-in | | 131 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **35,726** | **100.0** |
|  | Working Families **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Diana Richardson* | 36,724 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Diana Richardson* | 2,750 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Diana Richardson (incumbent)** | **39,474** | **99.5** |
|  | Write-in | | 198 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **39,672** | **100.0** |
|  | Working Families **hold** | | | |

### 2015 special

2015 New York State Assembly special election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Working Families** | **Diana Richardson** | **4,284** | **49.7** |
|  | Independence | Shirley Patterson | 2,160 | 25.1 |
|  | Republican | *Menachem Raitport* | 1,370 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Menachem Raitport* | 448 |  |
|  | Total | Menachem Raitport | 1,818 | 21.1 |
|  | Love Yourself | Geoffrey Davis | 333 | 3.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 17 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **8,612** | **100.0** |
|  | Working Families **gain** from Democratic | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Karim Camara* | 13,631 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Karim Camara* | 1,359 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Karim Camara (incumbent)** | **15,170** | **95.8** |
|  | Conservative | Cartrell Gore | 654 | 4.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 12 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **15,836** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Karim Camara* | 33,460 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Karim Camara* | 1,101 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Karim Camara (incumbent)** | **34,561** | **94.9** |
|  | Republican | *Stuart Balberg* | 1,391 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Stuart Balberg* | 449 |  |
|  | Total | Stuart Balberg | 1,840 | 5.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 12 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **36,413** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

2010 New York State Assembly election, District 43
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Karim Camara* | 16,501 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Karim Camara* | 1,422 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Karim Camara (incumbent)** | **17,923** | **92.1** |
|  | Republican | *Menachem Raitport* | 1,248 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Menachem Raitport* | 290 |  |
|  | Total | Menachem Raitport | 1,538 | 7.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 5 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **19,466** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| New York's 43rd
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Assemblymember | Brian Cunningham
Flatbush |


title: Hersilia

abstract: In Roman mythology, Hersilia was a figure in the foundation myth of Rome. She is credited with ending the war between Rome and the Sabines.

text:
# Hersilia

In Roman mythology, **Hersilia** was a figure in the foundation myth of Rome. She is credited with ending the war between Rome and the Sabines.

## Battle of the Lacus Curtius

In some accounts she is the wife of Romulus, the founder and first king of Rome in Rome's founding myths. She is described as such in both Livy and Plutarch; but in Dionysius, Macrobius, and another tradition recorded by Plutarch, she was instead the wife of Hostus Hostilius, a Roman champion at the time of Romulus. This would make her the grandmother of Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome.

Livy tells this tale in his work *Ab urbe condita*:

> While the Romans were thus occupied in the City, the army of the Antemnates seized the opportunity afforded by their absence, and made an inroad upon their territory; but so swiftly was the Roman levy led against them that they, too, were taken off their guard while scattered about in the fields. They were therefore routed at the first charge and shout, and their town was taken. As Romulus was exulting in his double victory, his wife Hersilia, beset with entreaties by the captive women, begged him to forgive their parents and receive them into the state; which would, in that case, gain in strength by harmony. He readily granted her request.

Just like her husband (who became the god Quirinus), she was deified after her death as **Hora Quirini**, as recounted in Ovid's *Metamorphoses*:

> His queen, Hersilia, wept continually,
> regarding him as lost, till regal Juno
> commanded Iris to glide down along
> her curving bow and bring to her these words:
> “O matron, glory of the Latin race
> and of the Sabines, worthy to have been
> the consort chosen by so great a man
> and now to be his partner as the god
> Quirinus, weep no more. If you desire
> to see your husband, let me guide you up
> to a grove that crowns the hill of Quirinus,
> shading a temple of the Roman king.”
> Iris obeyed her will, and, gliding down
> to earth along her tinted bow, conveyed
> the message to Hersilia; who replied,
> with modest look and hardly lifted eye,
> “Goddess (although it is not in my power
> to say your name, I am quite certain you
> must be a goddess), lead me, O lead me
> until you show to me the hallowed form
> of my beloved husband. If the Fates
> will but permit me once again to see
> his features, I will say I have won heaven.”
> At once Hersilia and the virgin child
> of Thaumas, went together up the hill
> of Romulus. Descending through thin air
> there came a star, and then Hersilia
> her tresses glowing fiery in the light,
> rose with that star, as it returned through air.
> And her the founder of the Roman state
> received with dear, familiar hands. He changed
> her old time form and with the form her name.
> He called her Hora and let her become
> a goddess, now the mate of Quirinus.

Very little concrete information is known about the deity Hora Quirini. According to Georg Wissowa, Ovid created the story of Hersilia's apotheosis into Hora Quirini. On the other hand, T.P. Wiseman argues that the story comes from an earlier Greek source.


title: Gopal Chandra Roy

abstract: Gopal Chandra Roy is an Indian politician from Tripura. He serves as a member of Tripura Legislative Assembly representing Banamalipur. He belongs to the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Gopal Chandra Roy

**Gopal Chandra Roy** is an Indian politician from Tripura. He serves as a member of Tripura Legislative Assembly representing Banamalipur. He belongs to the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Gopal Chandra Roy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2023 | |
| Preceded by | Biplab Deb |
| Constituency | Banamalipur |
| **In office**
2003–2018 | |
| Preceded by | Madhusudan Saha |
| Succeeded by | Biplab Deb |
| Constituency | Banamalipur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tripura, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Sikha roy |
| Children | Papiya Roy,Pinakshi Roy,Rumki Roy,Dipraj Roy |
|  | |


title: Villefranche-de-Rouergue station

abstract: Villefranche-de-Rouergue is a railway station in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Occitanie, France. The station is on the Brive-Toulouse line. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by SNCF.

text:
# Villefranche-de-Rouergue station

**Villefranche-de-Rouergue** is a railway station in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Occitanie, France. The station is on the Brive-Toulouse (via Capdenac) line. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Villefranche-de-Rouergue:

* local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Figeac–Aurillac

| Preceding station | TER Occitanie | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Najactowards Toulouse |  | 3 |  | Salles-Courbatièstowards Aurillac |

44°20′49″N 2°02′09″E / 44.34694°N 2.03583°E / 44.34694; 2.03583


title: Retirement community

abstract:
A retirement community is a residential community or housing complex designed for older adults who are generally able to care for themselves. Assistance from home care agencies is allowed in some communities, and activities and socialization opportunities are often provided. Some of the characteristics typically are: the community must be age-restricted or age-qualified, residents must be partially or fully retired, and the community offers shared services or amenities. There are various types of retirement communities older adults can choose from, and new types of retirement communities are being developed as the population ages. Examples of retirement community types include:
  - assisted living communities, also known as assisted living and memory care assisted living communities, which provide all the daily services seniors need in an apartment or condominium style environment - such as activities, dining, housekeeping, nursing, and wellness - usually in a locked and secured building;
  - congregate housing, which includes at least one shared meal per day with other residents;
  - continuing care retirement communities, see below;
  - elder/senior cohousing, multiple individually owned housing units oriented around a common area and a common house;
  - Independent senior living communities, also known as independent living communities, which offer no personal care services;
  - leisure or lifestyle oriented communities or LORCs, which include various amenities;
  - mobile homes or RV's for active adults;
  - subsidized housing for lower income older adults. Retirement communities are often built in warm climates, and are common in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and Texas, but they are increasingly being built in and around major cities throughout the United States. The oldest known and longest continuously running retirement community in the United States is Ryderwood, Washington. Ryderwood was originally established in 1923 as a Long-Bell logging camp, then was sold to Senior Estates, Inc. in 1953 to create a retirement community. Senior Estates, Inc. converted the town into a retirement community. Time Magazine covered the event in the real estate section with the article "Old Folks at Home". As of 2019, Ryderwood remains a retirement community. Del Webb opened Sun City, Arizona, with the active adult concept, in 1960. In 2011, The Villages, Florida became the largest of these communities.
While new retirement communities have developed in various areas of the United States, they are largely marketed to older adults who are financially secure. Lower income retirement communities are rare except for government subsidized housing, which neglects a large proportion of older adults who have fewer financial resources.

text:
# Retirement community

A **retirement community** is a residential community or housing complex designed for older adults who are generally able to care for themselves. Assistance from home care agencies is allowed in some communities, and activities and socialization opportunities are often provided. Some of the characteristics typically are: the community must be age-restricted or age-qualified, residents must be partially or fully retired, and the community offers shared services or amenities.

There are various types of retirement communities older adults can choose from, and new types of retirement communities are being developed as the population ages. Examples of retirement community types include:

* assisted living communities, also known as assisted living and memory care assisted living communities, which provide all the daily services seniors need in an apartment or condominium style environment - such as activities, dining, housekeeping, nursing, and wellness - usually in a locked and secured building;
* congregate housing, which includes at least one shared meal per day with other residents;
* continuing care retirement communities, see below;
* elder/senior cohousing, multiple individually owned housing units oriented around a common area and a common house;
* Independent senior living communities, also known as independent living communities, which offer no personal care services;
* leisure or lifestyle oriented communities or LORCs, which include various amenities;
* mobile homes or RV's for active adults;
* subsidized housing for lower income older adults.

Retirement communities are often built in warm climates, and are common in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and Texas, but they are increasingly being built in and around major cities throughout the United States. The oldest known and longest continuously running retirement community in the United States is Ryderwood, Washington. Ryderwood was originally established in 1923 as a Long-Bell logging camp, then was sold to Senior Estates, Inc. in 1953 to create a retirement community. Senior Estates, Inc. converted the town into a retirement community. Time Magazine covered the event in the real estate section with the article "Old Folks at Home". As of 2019, Ryderwood remains a retirement community. Del Webb opened Sun City, Arizona, with the active adult concept, in 1960. In 2011, The Villages, Florida became the largest of these communities. While new retirement communities have developed in various areas of the United States, they are largely marketed to older adults who are financially secure. Lower income retirement communities are rare except for government subsidized housing, which neglects a large proportion of older adults who have fewer financial resources.

## History

Retirement communities have been around since the 1920s and 1930s.

## Continuing care retirement communities

Continuing care retirement community (CCRC) is the primary term for a major part of the retirement scene, in books, magazines, accreditation and legislation. A typical definition, from a New York Department of Health website is "Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) and fee-for-service continuing care retirement communities (FFSCCRCs) are residential alternatives for adults that offer, under one contract, an independent living unit (an apartment or cottage), residential amenities and access to a continuum of long-term care services, as residents' health and social needs change over time." The accrediting agency CCRC/CARF uses the term CCRC with the same meaning.

In 2010, over 2,000 CCRCs existed in the United States with an estimated 640,000 residents. The popularity of CCRCs is increasing, as the number of older adults in such retirement communities has more than doubled during the last decade. The primary benefit of the CCRC model is that it allows people to age in one community and receive additional healthcare services if needed. Additionally, CCRCs embody a general sense of community and offer peace of mind for couples with the assurance that they will always be near each other, even if one spouse needs more care.

There are three levels of care in most CCRCs and when residents' health needs increase, they will transition from one level to the next. The levels are:

1. Independent living, in which residents live on their own and have access to a wide array of amenities
2. Assisted living, which provides help with daily tasks such as bathing and dressing
3. 24-hour nursing home-style care.

Most CCRCs include an entrance fee and a monthly fee, and these costs vary widely depending on several factors: the luxuriousness of the facility, the size and type of housing unit, whether the person enters alone or with a spouse, and how much future care is covered (this could be through insurance, government plans, or out of pocket). Fees tend to be expensive and usually do not include additional services such as phone and television. Additionally, residents should plan on a 3-6% increase in monthly fees each year.

CCRC's usually offer various payment plans, which are listed below:

1. **Life care:** Residents pay a large entrance fee (average $270,000) and pay a set monthly fee (average $2,750) that does not increase if additional healthcare is needed
2. **Modified:** Residents pay a lower entrance fee (average $239,000) and their initial monthly fees (average $2,400) cover a certain amount of higher-level care. The monthly fees rise when further care is needed (assisted living average $4,400; nursing care average $8,200).
3. **Pay as you go:** Residents pay a lower entrance fee (average $238,000), but initial monthly fees (average $2,000) increase when additional care is needed (assisted living average $4,300; nursing care average $7,700)

One risk of entering a CCRC is that most will refund only a portion or none of the entrance fee if a resident chooses to leave the community. The same refund policies exist when a resident passes away. Persons considering moving into a CCRC may wish to research existing CCRCs before committing to one.

According to a literature review, CCRCs have been found to be generally described by the elderly as friendly places where new friends are made. However, previous research has also highlighted the difficulty of socially integrating the frail and very old.

## Elder/senior cohousing

Elder cohousing, also known as senior cohousing, is a living arrangement in which multiple individually owned housing units are oriented around a common open area and a common house. Residents actively cooperate to live in a neighborhood characterized by socialization and mutual support. The idea for elder cohousing originated in Denmark, where intergenerational cohousing was successfully implemented; intergenerational housing communities are planned, owned, and managed by the residents, who all share in many daily activities together. This idea spun off the idea of an age-specific cohousing model for active elders, in which community designs permit easy access for all levels of physical ability. There may also be options to include studio residencies in the common house to provide living quarters for home health aids, whose services may be shared by several residents.

To be considered a "cohousing community" the following six defining characteristics must be present:

1. Participatory process – the future residents participate in the design so that it meets their needs
2. Neighborhood design – the physical layout and orientation of the buildings encourage a sense of community
3. Common facilities
4. Resident management
5. Non-hierarchical structure and decision making
6. No shared community economy

### Age requirements

At least 80% of the units in the community must include an individual aged 55 or older, to meet the age requirements to qualify as "senior housing".

### History

As previously stated, the cohousing living model was first observed in Denmark. There, the communities are known as *bofoellesskaber*, which translates to "living communities". K. McCamant and C. Durrett coined the term "cohousing", and launched it in the United States in the 1970s. Since its introduction to the U.S. intergenerational cohousing communities have been developed in at least 21 states.

## Niche retirement communities in the United States

Niche retirement communities target retirees who "share a common interest, hobby or trait". By 2011, niche retirement communities or "niche senior communities' - known as "affinity retirement communities" by industry professionals - had become "one of the biggest trends in retirement living." These communities attract those over 55 who want to be in communities of like-minded individuals from the same ethnic background (for example, Aegis Living for Asian-Americans in Fremont, California or first-generation Indian immigrants (55-and-over) in Tavares, Florida, in the Greater Orlando area, Lake County, Florida), sexual orientation (RainbowVision in Santa Fe, New Mexico~~,~~ ) or for those who share an interest such as academia and lifelong learning (in dozens of university-based retirement communities (UBRC) for example at Eckerd College, Holy Cross Village at Notre Dame, Indiana), Penn State University, Stanford University, University of Florida, creative expression and artists (for example the Burbank Senior Artists Colony, the Long Beach Senior Arts Colony, Meta Housing and EngAGE in California), astronomers, golf, RV aficionados (Escapees CARE center in Livingston, Texas)~~s~~, veterans, vegetarians, fans of Big 10 football games and country music (Nashville, Tenn).~~"~~

In the United States alone there are approximately 80 million people who were born between 1946 and 1964 - the baby boomers ~~-~~ who control about $25 trillion in wealth. By 2011 there were already over 100 niche communities.

Andrew Carle, founding director of the Program in Senior Housing Administration at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia observed that the baby boomers " ... set the record for embracing fad products, and that'll likely translate over into the niche retirement community as well ... targeted toward people with specific interests and backgrounds, from Big 10 football games and country music to gay-friendly lifestyles."

In Florida alone there are niche retirement communities for Polk County retired letter carriers (which was union-built); for car buffs and RVers, such as Lake Weir Preserve in Marion County; for first-generation Indian immigrants (55-and-over) in Tavares, in the Greater Orlando area, Lake County, Florida. The Villages, in Sumter County, Florida\- Florida's most well-known and fastest-growing retirement community development is the state's "biggest example of a culturally and ethnically homogeneous retirement community" with a 98.4% white population. The Villages, a gated community with low crime rates, offers "free golf for life" on their executive golf courses.

Colleges have created options for retired alumni who enjoy campus life, for example, at the University of Florida in Gainesville and Eckerd College in St. Petersburg's College Harbor Retirement Community, with its Academy of Senior Professionals.

There are downsides to living in niche retirement communities. According to research by Harvard Law professor Cass Sunstein, "\[p\]eople who surround themselves by like-minded people are more likely to become more extreme in their views. Sunstein observed increasing polarization in the United States in "ideologically-homogeneous communities" where groups composed of exclusively like-minded people isolate themselves from the wider, mainstream community and have limited exposure to alternative viewpoints. Carle also noted that residents in affinity communities can get burnt out with their life centered around what was once a favorite hobby.

### LGBT retirement communities in the United States

Currently, there are over 3 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons over the age of 65 in the United States, and this number is estimated to rise to 4 million by the year 2020. LGBT elders face many additional issues concerning their future retirement plans and their choice of a retirement residence. Approximately two-thirds do not have children, and up to one-half live alone, so LGBT persons may have a lack of support in their retirement years. Since LGBT couples are often not legally recognized, spouses are often excluded in late-life decisions, inheritance claims, and spousal pension and social security plans. Several healthcare concerns exist for older LGBT adults, including increased incidence of illness and disease, lack of disclosure about sexual orientation to health providers, and lack of support for individual needs. And LGBT persons have increasing concern about discrimination as they age and fear that most retirement communities do not recognize the special needs of LGBT elders or offer supportive services; one study found that LGBT persons are least likely to choose a retirement community as a residence due to fears of unmet needs and heterosexism that occurs in many retirement communities.

## Naturally occurring retirement communities

The NORC model allows people to retire in their existing homes and encourages communities of seniors to band together to provide mutual assistance. NORCs can be very effective mechanisms to identify populations of people who need government-provided services and then provide those services in cost-effective ways. They may serve people of all income levels, e.g., those who get together to furnish cost-effective transportation services; they may involve low-income residents receiving a richer mix of public services through a NORC model; or they may serve relatively affluent households and charge $1,000 or even more in annual dues to support staffers who provide a rich variety of support services and cultural enrichment activities.

## Recreation

Focus groups indicate a strong correlation between life in retirement communities, and participation in recreational and leisure activities. Residents of retirement communities mirror the general population in associating positive emotions with active engagement and negative emotions (particularly guilt) with idleness. There are many forms of recreation within each retirement community:

* Tabletop games
* Social activities
* Spiritual enrichment
* Dancing
* Sports
* Arts

"As per the American Therapeutic Recreation Association, recreation therapy can be defined as 'a systematic process that utilizes recreation and other activity-based interventions to address the assessed needs of individuals with illnesses and/or disabling conditions, as a means to psychological and physical health, recovery and well-being.'

In simple terms, a recreational therapist helps his patients take part in recreational activities that they enjoy. Recreational therapy has been shown to improve cognitive skills, social interactions and reduce depression in seniors living in several senior cares and assisted living facilities across the country.~~"~~

"Overall, recreational therapy is a tool that should be utilized by all seniors. This form of therapy allows seniors to socialize, stimulate their brains, and participate in activities that help build overall health and self-confidence." Therapeutic Recreation can add value to retirement communities in ways of achieving goals like no other program can. A certified therapeutic recreation specialist undergoes extensive training on how to rehabilitate and help individuals in their perspective field. They achieve this through a series of different interventions complied from evidence based research such as:

* Art therapy
* Music therapy
* Equine therapy
* Aqua therapy
* Cognitive-behavioral therapy
* Psychodynamic therapy
* Family therapy

## Best places to retire lists

Although the total number of retirement communities continues to increase as the elderly population continues similar growth, certain places, cities, and locations are considered higher rated than others. A number of publishers have created lists of the 100 best retirement communities or "100 best places (or towns) to retire". For the most part these lists are helpful in terms of finding desirable communities to live in. The extent to which desirable amenities are "priced" in labor markets (lower wages in nice places) or housing markets (higher housing prices in nice places) will have a large impact on their appeal for elderly retirees who no longer have to pay in the labor market. Generally, the more amenities and services offered, the more you may expect to pay for retirement living in a senior community. Living in a highly desirable area where senior housing options are limited could also push up the final price tag

## Some non-U.S. retirement communities

### Canada

### India

In India, the traditional family system in which elders would be cared for by their children is still in vogue but a new generation of elders who value their independence has evolved. This has necessitated the development of retirement homes and communities in India. In response, one recent trend beginning to emerge in the Indian retirement industry is the "retirement resort": a long-term rental unit within a resort-like community that features many of the amenities of a traditional vacation resort.

### New Zealand

In New Zealand about half the *retirement villages* are provided by the '*Big Six* commercial operators (Ryman, Metlife Care, Summerset, Bupa, Arvida and Oceania. Some are provided by charitable organisations e.g. churches and Freemasons.

The *New Zealand Retirement Commission* (Te Ara Ahunga Ora) offers advice on choosing a retirement village.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom retirement villages have become increasingly prevalent; according to a BBC report of August 2009, there were approximately 25,000 people across the UK living within a retirement village model at that date. Another growing trend, witnessed recently, is the emergence of Holiday Retirement Community Living.

Models vary, from local authority funded and charitable schemes such as Hartrigg Oaks in York, led by the Joseph Rowntree Trust, to privately funded projects and retirement communities such as Audley Cooper's Hill in Englefield Green by Audley Villages, Roseland Parc in Cornwall by Retirement Villages Ltd, Fleet house retirement village in Devon, and Boughton Hall in Chester by Enterprise Retirement Living Ltd.

The ExtraCare Charitable Trust operates 14 retirement villages across the UK. Founded in 1988, ExtraCare has collaborated with numerous universities to develop their services. Research projects have included working with local nurseries to bring groups of children into retirement villages, as documented on the Channel 4 series "Old People's Home For 4 Year Olds".

An umbrella organisation called the Associated Retirement Community Operators works to collaborate thinking and best practice in the retirement homes market.

A study of 2,799 residents from 81 retirement communities run by 15 operators, compared with 1000 people considering moving into a community carried out in 2019, found that community residents stayed healthier for longer, were more active, less lonely and felt more secure.

* In the HBO series *The Sopranos*, Tony Soprano, Paulie Gualtieri, and several other Mafiosi move their mothers to Green Grove, an upscale retirement community in New Jersey, which figures prominently in the plot lines of several seasons. In multiple episodes, characters correct those who refer to Green Grove as a nursing home, advising that it is a "retirement community". Additionally, Junior Soprano seems sharp and gets up to his old tricks while incarcerated at an upscale residence, where he undergoes court-ordered evaluation and which stay is financed by Tony, but in season 6 Junior is moved to a downscale government-run home, and his mental condition has shown to have considerably worsened.
* The British 1990s sitcom *Waiting for God* is set at the fictional Bayview Retirement Home (more accurately a retirement village, with a main house and separate living areas for residents), with the main characters being home's residents, their families, and the home's staff.
* The British 2020 murder mystery novel *The Thursday Murder Club'* is set in a luxurious retirement village *Cooper's Chase* near the fictitious village of Fairhaven in Kent. England. The author Richard Osman has written three sequel novels,
* *The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel* is a 2011 British comedy-drama film about a group of British pensioners who move to an Indian retirement hotel, and was among the highest'grossing film releases in 2012. Based on a 2004 novel by Deborah Moggach, a sequel film and a stage play have been made.


title: The Mighty (1929 film)

abstract: The Mighty is a 1929 American action film directed by John Cromwell. The film was written by Grover Jones, Robert N. Lee, Herman J. Mankiewicz, William Slavens McNutt and Nellie Revell. It stars George Bancroft, Esther Ralston, Warner Oland, Raymond Hatton, Dorothy Revier, Morgan Farley and O.P. Heggie. Released on November 16, 1929, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# The Mighty (1929 film)

***The Mighty*** is a 1929 American action film directed by John Cromwell.

The film was written by Grover Jones, Robert N. Lee, Herman J. Mankiewicz, William Slavens McNutt and Nellie Revell. It stars George Bancroft, Esther Ralston, Warner Oland, Raymond Hatton, Dorothy Revier, Morgan Farley and O.P. Heggie. Released on November 16, 1929, by Paramount Pictures.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Mighty | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | John Cromwell |
| Screenplay by | Grover Jones
Robert N. Lee
Herman J. Mankiewicz
William Slavens McNutt
Nellie Revell |
| Starring | George Bancroft
Esther Ralston
Warner Oland
Raymond Hatton
Dorothy Revier
Morgan Farley
O.P. Heggie |
| Cinematography | J. Roy Hunt |
| Edited by | Otho Lovering
George Nichols Jr. |
| Music by | Oscar Potoker |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * November 16, 1929 (1929-11-16) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Paradummy

abstract: A paradummy is a military deception device first used in World War II, intended to imitate a drop of paratroop attackers. This can cause the enemy to shift forces or fires unnecessarily, or lure enemy troops into staged ambushes. The dolls used for Operation Titanic were nicknamed Rupert by British troops and Oscar by American troops. The official name was "Device Camouflage No. 15". They were made of burlap and filled with straw or green waste. The dolls were immobile and about 85 cm tall, consequently smaller than a person, but on the ground during twilight it was difficult to discern the difference between them and real parachutists. The dummies contained explosives which detonated on impact with the ground, in order to confuse nearby defenders. In addition, real parachutists would hang motionless from their parachutes during the jump, so that the ground troops could not discern them from real jumpers or comrades who had been shot while airborne. Some were found in a warehouse on an old British airfield in the 1980s. Some of the original dolls from this find are now exhibited in war museums.

text:
# Paradummy

A **paradummy** is a military deception device first used in World War II, intended to imitate a drop of paratroop attackers. This can cause the enemy to shift forces or fires unnecessarily, or lure enemy troops into staged ambushes.

The dolls used for Operation Titanic were nicknamed **Rupert** by British troops and **Oscar** by American troops. The official name was "Device Camouflage No. 15". They were made of burlap and filled with straw or green waste. The dolls were immobile and about 85 cm tall, consequently smaller than a person, but on the ground during twilight it was difficult to discern the difference between them and real parachutists. The dummies contained explosives which detonated on impact with the ground, in order to confuse nearby defenders. In addition, real parachutists would hang motionless from their parachutes during the jump, so that the ground troops could not discern them from real jumpers or comrades who had been shot while airborne.

Some were found in a warehouse on an old British airfield in the 1980s. Some of the original dolls from this find are now exhibited in war museums.

## Further reading


title: Tomorrow's Love

abstract: Tomorrow's Love is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by Paul Bern, written by Charles Brackett and Howard Higgin, and starring Agnes Ayres. Pat O'Malley, Raymond Hatton, Jane Winton, Ruby Lafayette, and Dale Fuller. It was released on January 5, 1925, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Tomorrow's Love

***Tomorrow's Love*** is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by Paul Bern, written by Charles Brackett and Howard Higgin, and starring Agnes Ayres. Pat O'Malley, Raymond Hatton, Jane Winton, Ruby Lafayette, and Dale Fuller. It was released on January 5, 1925, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

As described in a review in a film magazine, Judith (Ayres) marries Robert Stanley (O'Malley), they go on a honeymoon, and for a time they are very happy. However, by the end of the first year she has become irritated by his stubbornness and petty fault-finding. An open window causes him to catch a cold, but he still goes to work anyway in the rain. His car breaks down and an old friend, Bess Carlysle (Winton), a vamp, happens along and takes him to her apartment. There she makes him take a hot foot bath and gives him whiskey for his cold. Judith discovers that he is with Bess and uses this to her advantage to sue for divorce. She obtains a decree that becomes effective in one year. She goes to Europe but, after being the target of some sophisticated retorts by the philanderer Brown (Hatton), soon discovers that she is still in love with Robert. When Robert's Grandmother (Lafayette) advices her to hurry home lest Robert marries Bess, she does so, arriving just minutes prior to midnight, being the last day before the divorce becoming final. There is a mad struggle where the wife attempts to outwit the clever vamp. Through a ruse by the Grandmother's, Judith gets Robert away from Bess, and the couple become reconciled and agree to start all over again.

## Cast

## Preservation

With no copies of *Tomorrow's Love* located in any film archives, it is a lost film.

## InfoBox

| Tomorrow's Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement | |
| Directed by | Paul Bern |
| Screenplay by | Howard Higgin |
| Based on | "Interlocutory"
by Charles Brackett |
| Produced by | Jesse L. Lasky
Adolph Zukor |
| Starring | Agnes Ayres
Pat O'Malley
Raymond Hatton
Jane Winton |
| Cinematography | Bert Glennon |
| Production
company | Famous Players–Lasky Corporation |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * January 5, 1925 (1925-01-05) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: New Synagogue (Przemyśl)

abstract: The New Synagogue, also called Scheinbach’s Synagogue, is a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at Juliusza Słowackiego 15, in Przemyśl, in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship of Poland. Designed by Stanisław Majerski and completed in 1918, the synagogue served as a house of prayer until World War II when it was desecrated by Nazis in 1939. Since 1967, the building has been used as the Ignacy Krasicki Przemyśl Public Library.

text:
# New Synagogue (Przemyśl)

The **New Synagogue**, also called **Scheinbach’s Synagogue**, is a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at Juliusza Słowackiego 15, in Przemyśl, in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship of Poland. Designed by Stanisław Majerski and completed in 1918, the synagogue served as a house of prayer until World War II when it was desecrated by Nazis in 1939.

Since 1967, the building has been used as the Ignacy Krasicki Przemyśl Public Library.

## History and architecture

Construction on the synagogue began in 1910 and was completed in 1918 after delays caused by the First World War. The spacious, high-ceilinged building survives, although Communist-period renovations stripped so much of the exterior detail that it presents an appearance in marked contrast to the building shown in old photographs.

The synagogue is a free-standing brick building in an eclectic blend of Rundbogenstil and Classical Revival styles with decoration attributed to contain elements of the Baroque Revival style. Designed by Stanisław Majerski, the elaborate interior decoration once featured Biblical scenes and scenes of Eretz Israel painted on the walls and ceiling.

Reincarnated as a public library, the building's interior is sedate and functional, with bookshelves and walls painted white. The synagogue also had a notable set of stained glass windows. The windows and paintings were by Adolf Bienenstock, a Jewish Przemyśl artist who was a graduate of the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts. Kraków, like Przemyśl, was then part of Austrian Galicia (also known as Austrian Poland). Bienenstock, who taught art at the Przemyśl Gymnasium, had studied under the notable Polish artist Józef Mehoffer. The interior reflected the influence of the Young Poland movement of which Mehoffer was part. Young Poland was the Polish version of the jugendstil (Art Nouveau) movement.

The synagogue was used for profane purposes including as a stable by the German army during World War II, and then later as a textile factory under the Communist post-War government, before being turned into a library in 1967.

Media related to New Synagogue in Przemyśl at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| New Synagogue | |
| --- | --- |
| The former synagogue, now library, in 2010 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Orthodox Judaism (former) |
| Rite | Nusach Ashkenaz |
| Ecclesiastical or organisational status |  |
| Ownership | * Congregation of the Jewish Faith in Przemyśl (19181968); * Ignacy Krasicki Przemyśl Public Library (since 1968) |
| Status | * Abandoned (as a synagogue); * Repurposed |
| Location | |
| Location | Juliusza Słowackiego 15, Przemyśl, Podkarpackie Voivodeship |
| Country | Poland |
| Location of the former synagogue<br>in Podkarpackie Voivodeship | |
| Geographic coordinates | 49°46′52″N 22°46′33″E / 49.781216°N 22.775930°E / 49.781216; 22.775930 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Stanisław Majerski |
| Type | Synagogue architecture |
| Style |  |
| Groundbreaking | 1910 |
| Completed | 1918 |
| Materials | Brick |
|  | |


title: Montpellier Fire Sharks

abstract:
The Fire Sharks of Montpellier are a French Australian Rules Football club based in Montpellier. They're the 7th Australian football club in France, after the Tasmania Montivilliers, Paris Cockerels, Strasbourg Kangourous, Senlis Razorbacks, Saint-Estève Saints and the Bordeaux Bombers. The Fire Sharks are the 4th oldest active club from the Mediterranean Coast in France, seeing that the clubs of Montivilliers, Senlis and Saint-Estève have all since folded.
More information :
  - fr:Montpellier Fire Sharks
  - https://www.facebook.com/MontpellierFiresharks

text:
# Montpellier Fire Sharks

The **Fire Sharks of Montpellier** are a French Australian Rules Football club based in Montpellier. They're the 7th Australian football club in France, after the Tasmania Montivilliers, Paris Cockerels, Strasbourg Kangourous, Senlis Razorbacks, Saint-Estève Saints and the Bordeaux Bombers. The Fire Sharks are the 4th oldest active club from the Mediterranean Coast in France, seeing that the clubs of Montivilliers, Senlis and Saint-Estève have all since folded. More information :

## History

The Australian football club of Montpellier was founded in April 2008 by Benjamin Hamon, 2 months after he had discovered the sport on the Internet. The primary goal of the club is very ambitious : to take part in the first Coupe de France of Australian football, which took place at the end of June, 2008 in Paris. However, the very young President (18 years old at the time) succeeded in assembling a team and thus confirming the presence of the Montpellier Fire Sharks at the first French Championship in history. The first Coupe de France was played between the Paris Cockerels, Strasbourg Kangaroos, Bordeaux Bombers and the Montpellier Fire Sharks at stadium Polygon, in the woods of Vincennes, Paris.

August 2014, a player from Montpellier (Jerome Canonici) integrates the France team that will participate in the International Cup 2014 in Melbourne, Australia. Competition which takes place every 3 years, organized by the Professional Australian League (Australian Football League)

October 2014, three players Firesharks Hérault Montpellier (Jeremy Sardin, Gregoire Chatel, Jerome Canonici) integrate the national team participating in London, the Euro cup 2014.

## InfoBox

| Montpellier Fire Sharks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Nickname(s) | Fire Sharks |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 8 April 2008 |
| Colours | Blue and Orange |
| Competition | Union Française de Football Australien |
| Coach | Jerome Canonici |
| Captain(s) | Kevin Mc Guinness |
| Premierships | 0 |
| Ground(s) | Montpellier |
| Other information | |
| Official website | https://www.facebook.com/MontpellierFiresharks |


title: Kingshouse

abstract:
Kingshouse may refer to:
  - Kingshouse, a hamlet in Stirling council area, formerly served by the Kingshouse railway station, which opened 1871 and closed 1965
  - Kings House Hotel in Glen Coe, built in the 17th century
  - King's House, Winchester, a late 17th-century planned royal palace in the English county of Hampshire, started 1683, structurally completed but never finished, gutted by fire in 1894 and demolished
  - King's House School, an independent day preparatory school in Richmond, London, founded in 1947

text:
# Kingshouse

**Kingshouse** may refer to:

* Kingshouse, a hamlet in Stirling council area, formerly served by the Kingshouse railway station, which opened 1871 and closed 1965
* Kings House Hotel in Glen Coe, built in the 17th century
* King's House, Winchester, a late 17th-century planned royal palace in the English county of Hampshire, started 1683, structurally completed but never finished, gutted by fire in 1894 and demolished
* King's House School, an independent day preparatory school in Richmond, London, founded in 1947


title: The Missing Partners

abstract: The Missing Partners is a 1928 mystery detective novel by the British writer Henry Wade. It was his second novel following his successful debut The Verdict of You All in 1926.

text:
# The Missing Partners

***The Missing Partners*** is a 1928 mystery detective novel by the British writer Henry Wade. It was his second novel following his successful debut *The Verdict of You All* in 1926.

## Synopsis

James and Charles Morden, cousins and partners in a Liverpool shipping company, both disappear at the same time. When James turns up dead on a mudflat the investigating officer Superintendent Dodd concludes that it was his cousin who killed him and fled to America. However, two of the other employees of the company are not convinced and launch their own attempt to solve the case.

## Bibliography

* Herbert, Rosemary. *Whodunit?: A Who's Who in Crime & Mystery Writing*. Oxford University Press, 2003.
* Magill, Frank Northern. *Critical Survey of Mystery and Detective Fiction: Authors, Volume 4*. Salem Press, 1988.
* Reilly, John M. *Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers*. Springer, 2015.

## InfoBox

The Missing Partners
| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Henry Wade |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Detective |
| Publisher | Constable (UK)<br>Payson and Clarke (US) |
| Publication date | 1928 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |


title: Paradwys

abstract: Paradwys is a village in Anglesey, in north-west Wales.

text:
# Paradwys

**Paradwys** is a village in Anglesey, in north-west Wales.

## InfoBox

| Paradwys | |
| --- | --- |
| ParadwysLocation within Anglesey | |
| Principal area |  |
| Preserved county |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
|


title: Henry B. Plant Museum

abstract: The Henry B. Plant Museum is located in the south wing of Plant Hall on the University of Tampa's campus. It is located at 401 West Kennedy Boulevard in Tampa, Florida. Plant Hall was originally built by Henry B. Plant as the Tampa Bay Hotel; a 511-room resort-style hotel that opened on February 5, 1891, near the terminus of the Plant System rail line, also forged and owned by Plant. The Plant Museum's exhibits focus on historical Gilded Age tourism in the Tampa Bay area of Florida, the elite lifestyle of the hotel's guests, and the Tampa Bay Hotel's use during the Spanish–American War. As such, the Plant Museum is set up in the Historic House Museum style. Exhibits display artifacts in a manner that reflects the original placement and usage within the related historic building. The Tampa Bay Hotel was designed by architect J.A. Wood, who also designed the Old Hillsborough County Courthouse in 1892 in Tampa, Florida, as well as the Oglethorpe Hotel and the Mahoney-McGarvey House in Brunswick, Georgia.

text:
# Henry B. Plant Museum

The **Henry B. Plant Museum** (Plant Museum) is located in the south wing of **Plant Hall** on the University of Tampa's campus. It is located at 401 West Kennedy Boulevard in Tampa, Florida. Plant Hall was originally built by Henry B. Plant as the **Tampa Bay Hotel**; a 511-room resort-style hotel that opened on February 5, 1891, near the terminus of the Plant System rail line, also forged and owned by Plant. The Plant Museum's exhibits focus on historical Gilded Age tourism in the Tampa Bay area of Florida, the elite lifestyle of the hotel's guests, and the Tampa Bay Hotel's use during the Spanish–American War. As such, the Plant Museum is set up in the Historic House Museum style. Exhibits display artifacts in a manner that reflects the original placement and usage within the related historic building.

The Tampa Bay Hotel was designed by architect J.A. Wood, who also designed the Old Hillsborough County Courthouse in 1892 in Tampa, Florida, as well as the Oglethorpe Hotel and the Mahoney-McGarvey House in Brunswick, Georgia.

## Accreditation, awards, and registrations

The Plant Museum is listed as an Accredited Museum and a Core Documents Verified Museum by the American Alliance of Museums.

On April 18, 2012, the American Institute of Architects' Florida Chapter placed the University of Tampa's Plant Hall on its list of *Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places*.

The Henry B. Plant Museum through the University of Tampa's Plant Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated as such on December 5, 1972, under the name of the Tampa Bay Hotel.

## History

### Tampa Bay Hotel

The Tampa Bay Hotel was built by railroad magnate Henry B. Plant between 1888 and 1891. The construction cost was over $3 million. The Tampa Bay Hotel was considered the premier hotel of the eight that Plant built to anchor his rail line. The hotel covers 6 acres (24,000 m2) and is a quarter-mile long. The Tampa Bay Hotel was equipped with the first elevator ever installed in Florida, and the elevator is still functional today, making it one of the oldest continually operational elevators in the nation. The 511 rooms and suites were the first in Florida to have electric lighting and telephones. Most rooms also included private bathrooms, complete with a full-size tub. Room Pricing ranged from $5.00 to $15.00 a night at a time when the average hotel in Tampa charged $1.25 to $2.00. The poured-concrete, steel-reinforced structure of the building was advertised as fireproof.

The grounds of the hotel spanned 150 acres (0.61 km2) and included a golf course, bowling alley, racetrack, casino and an indoor heated swimming pool. In all, 21 buildings could be found on the hotel's grounds. The Moorish Revival architectural theme was selected by Plant for its exotic European appeal to the widely traveled Victorians who would be his primary customers. The hotel has six minarets, four cupolas, and three domes spanning five stories all trimmed in ornate Victorian Gingerbread. In the early 1990s, all were restored to their original stainless steel state.

From 1889 to 1891, Plant scoured Europe collecting lavish objects to decorate the hotel in grandeur. Art arrived "by the trainload". Despite the immense size of the hotel, the purchases Plant made overflowed the space and the surplus had to be disposed of at auction. Much of the original art and furnishings have been removed, but the wing in Plant Hall conserved as the Henry B. Plant Museum contains "a bewildering assortment of rococo bronzes, furniture, clocks, tapestries, paintings, and vases, one vase being a gift from the Emperor of Japan."

During the Tampa Bay Hotel's operating period from 1891 to 1930, it housed thousands of guests, including hundreds of celebrities and political figures. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Plant convinced the United States military to use his hotel as a base of operations. Generals and high-ranking officers stayed in the hotel to plan invasion strategies, while enlisted men encamped on the hotel's acreage. Colonel Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt and his Rough Riders were also stationed at the hotel during this time. Roosevelt retained a suite and during the day led his men in battle exercises on the grounds. Other notable visitors of the Tampa Bay Hotel included Sarah Bernhardt, Clara Barton, Stephen Crane, the Queen of the United Kingdom, the Prince of Wales, Winston Churchill, and Ignacy Paderewski. Babe Ruth was also a guest of the hotel during its latter days and signed his first baseball contract in the Grand Dining Room. In 1919, Ruth hit his longest home run during a spring training game at Plant Field, adjacent to the hotel.

## Closing and renewal

The Tampa Bay Hotel officially closed its doors in 1930, due to the Great Depression severely curtailing tourism. The hotel remained empty and unused for three years. On August 2, 1933, the Tampa Bay Junior College was granted permission to move into the hotel, using the rooms that were once suites as classrooms, laboratories, and administration offices, and due to the large amount of space afforded by the hotel, the scope of the junior college expanded, causing it to become the University of Tampa. The **Tampa Municipal Museum** was established by the city to preserve the hotel in its original form and co-exist with the newly established University. In 1941, the city of Tampa signed a 99-year lease with the University of Tampa for $1.00 a year. The lease excluded the southeast wing of the building to allow for the housing of the museum. In 1974, the Tampa Municipal Museum was renamed the Henry B. Plant Museum.

## Recent

Today, in addition to serving as offices, laboratories, and classrooms for the University of Tampa, the south wing of Plant Hall is dedicated to preserving the opulence of the historic Tampa Bay Hotel. Various rooms in the wing display authentic artifacts from the old hotel, many of which were purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Plant themselves on various European shopping trips. These displays use the Historic House Museum method and depict suites, dining, war life, Victorian activities, and more with exhibits displaying artifacts laid out awaiting their Victorian user's return. The Plant Museum offers the option to book guided tours with a docent, as well as self-guided audio tours and a video entitled *The Tampa Bay Hotel: Florida's First Magic Kingdom*, all to showcase a life of leisure in historic Florida.

### Events at the museum

*Music in the Museum* is a live, classical music performance of violin, harp, or guitar that takes place on the third Thursday of every month at 11 am to memorialize the live music that was so much a part of the Tampa Bay Hotel.

*Fourth Friday* The Henry B. Plant Museum participates in Tampa's Fourth Friday celebration promoting cultural venues by offering free entertainment on the Veranda from 5 pm-7 pm, January through October.

*Sunday Tour* Guided tours are offered by docents followed by the Upstairs/Downstairs theater performance - September - May (excluding December).

*Upstairs/Downstairs at the Tampa Bay Hotel* Occurs every Sunday at 2 pm, September through May. Single-character performances transport visitors back in time by discussing their experiences in the hotel. Characters are based either wholly or in part on actual guests or staff of the hotel.

*Picnic in the Park* is a program where adults and families can relax in the garden or try their hand at Victorian games, such as horseshoes, badminton, and croquet. Character actors are present in traditional Victorian attire and there is live entertainment on the Center Stage.

*Victorian Christmas Stroll* Visitors can witness Victorian Christmas via a walk through the museum and gardens.

*The Great Gatsby Party* is hosted annually in the Fletcher Lounge as a 1920's speakeasy featuring live period music, an open bar, food, games of chance, and vintage 1929 Bentley photo-ops.

*An Eerie Evening at the Tampa Bay Hotel* is held in October. Visitors tour the museum by moonlight and hear spooky stories from a bygone era.

The Plant Museum occasionally holds antique evaluations, similar to those done on Antiques Roadshow.

### Special exhibitions

The museum also hosts special exhibitions outside of its permanent collection. One such exhibit was *The Sportin' Life* from March 21, 2020 - February 21, 2021. Popular sporting paraphernalia from the Gilded Age was displayed, including Babe Ruth signed baseballs, assorted swimming suits, golf equipment, and racing equipment. Other notable exhibits included *Imperial Designs: From the Habsburg’s Herend to the Romanov’s Fabergé* and *Red Cross Nursing and the War of 1898*. In 2015, the Plant Museum hosted *Passionate Design: The American Arts & Crafts Movement*, a special exhibition of material from the collection of the Museum of the American Arts and Crafts Movement, now complete as of 2020 in St. Petersburg, Florida.

## Plant Park and hotel grounds

The hotel once featured many attractions, most located in what is now known as **Plant Park**. Today, as part of both the University of Tampa's campus and the museum's grounds, several of these attractions can still be seen. At the entrance to the park is the "Henry Bradley Plant Memorial Fountain," commissioned by Margaret Plant in 1899 after her husband's death. The fountain's title is *Transportation*, and reflects Mr. Plant's system of trains and ships with carved representations of each on the sculpture. The eagle holding the strongbox is the logo of The Southern Express Company, Plant's first company. The fountain was carved from solid stone by George Grey Barnard and is the oldest public art in the city of Tampa. Conservation of this fountain was completed in 1995.

Facing the Hillsborough River near the University of Tampa's library are two historic cannons from Fort Brooke, the early 19th-century military post (established 1824) around which Tampa was developed. These are model 1819 iron 24-pounder seacoast guns and were originally part of a three-gun Confederate battery guarding Tampa Bay during the Civil War. On May 6, 1864, a Union naval raiding party captured Fort Brooke and, before withdrawing the next day, disabled the three heavy cannons by blowing one trunnion off of each (trunnions are the side projections on which cannons pivot to elevate or depress). This damage is still evident on the two Plant Park guns today.

In the 1890s, Henry Plant moved two of the long-abandoned cannons from the site of Fort Brooke to the grounds of Tampa Bay Hotel, placing them in a small earthwork revetment as a curiosity for the hotel's guests. Later the guns were placed on plinths made of coquina blocks. Recently, Tampa's Rough Riders civic group remounted the Fort Brooke cannons on replica gun carriages in a new stone revetment in Plant Park. For many years the lost third Fort Brooke cannon was a lawn decoration at 901 Bayshore Boulevard but was donated to a World War II scrap metal drive on October 9, 1942.

Facing Kennedy Boulevard in Plant Park is another historic weapon, a turn-of-the-century coast defense gun. This gun memorializes the important part Tampa played in the 1898 Spanish–American War and symbolically points south toward Cuba. The inscription on the monument base describes it as an eight-inch (203 mm) gun on a "disappearing carriage" taken from Fort Dade, an old coastal defense fort located on Egmont Key at the mouth of Tampa Bay. The true story is a bit more complicated.

The original Fort Dade gun described on the base was placed in Plant Park in November 1927 but was donated to a steel scrap drive during World War II. Following the war, an eight-inch (203 mm) gun of similar vintage (both were M1888 weapons) was obtained from Fort Morgan, Alabama and installed on the 1927 memorial's vacant plinth. The new gun is mounted on the top portion of a 1918 railway gun carriage dating from World War I rather than the "disappearing carriage" of the original Fort Dade weapon.

Plant Park once housed a small zoo located along Biology Creek, a stream that runs through part of the park. The creek is fed from an underground spring beneath the hotel and empties a few hundred yards away into the Hillsborough River. While in operation, the zoo contained a bear, an alligator, plus many smaller animals. The zoo was famous for its hundreds of squirrels and small lizards, which are still on campus. The bear and alligator were eventually moved upriver and became the core attractions for what became Lowry Park Zoo. The creek's name derives from a later period in its history when students from the university used its water to conduct various biology experiments.

A statue called *Au Coup de Fusil*, meaning *The Shot* (as in gunshot or rifle shot), can be found outside the hotel. These two bronze hounds represent two-pointers being alerted by the sound of a gunshot. The statues were sculpted by famed canine sculptor Eglantine Lemaître (French, 1852–1920) and were cast in France by Maurice Denonvilliers in 1890. Originally, they faced south rather than north and their rapt attention was focused on a small bronze squirrel placed on a low-hanging oak limb. However, this was a misinterpretation of the piece, as evidenced by the hounds' attention being diverted in different directions. The squirrel was eventually stolen, and the dogs were moved to their current location. Supposedly, the two dogs represent Mr. Plant's personal favorite hunting dogs and the hotel itself had kennels stocked with hunting dogs for guests to use on hunting expeditions.

The Friends of Plant Park (FoPP) is a Florida non-profit corporation with the mission to (a) assist with the restoration, preservation and maintenance of The Henry B. Plant Park, as a botanical garden open to the general public, (b) research and publicize the Victorian history of The Henry B. Plant Park, and (c) educate the public and cultivate community interest in and support for the foregoing activities. This group was formed in 1993.

Since 1997 the FoPP has hosted the annual *GreenFest* activities in Henry B. Plant Park to raise money. To date those funds, along with contributions from individuals, organizations, the City of Tampa, and Hillsborough County, have allowed for the restoration of and new exhibit of the cannons, the Victorian star-shaped garden bed, and a replica of the 112-foot flagpole with a 12X18-foot replica of the 45-star American flag (1891). The original flagpole was probably a ship's mast. A Florida state flag and a University of Tampa flag fly from the replica's crossbars.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tampa Bay Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, Florida |
| Coordinates | 27°56′43.7″N 82°27′50.45″W / 27.945472°N 82.4640139°W / 27.945472; -82.4640139 |
| Area | 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) |
| Built | 1888–1891 |
| Architect | John A. Wood |
| Architectural style | Moorish Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 72000322 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | December 5, 1972 |
| Designated NHL | May 11, 1976 |


title: Torrebruna

abstract: Torrebruna is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

text:
# Torrebruna

**Torrebruna** is a *comune* and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

## Main sights

* Fortified borough of Torrebruna (13th and 18th centuries). It has a concentrical plan with the parish church at the center.
* Fortified borough of Guardiabruna (16th and 18th centuries)
* Church of *Trasfigurazione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo* (17th century)

## InfoBox

| Torrebruna | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Torrebruna | |
| Location of Torrebruna | |
| TorrebrunaLocation of Torrebruna in ItalyTorrebrunaTorrebruna (Abruzzo) | |
| Coordinates: 41°52′N 14°32′E / 41.867°N 14.533°E / 41.867; 14.533 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | Chieti (CH) |
| *Frazioni* | Guardiabruna |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Angela Cristina Lella |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.29 km2 (8.99 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 857 m (2,812 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2014) | |
| Total | 859 |
| Density | 37/km2 (96/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Torresi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 66050 |
| Dialing code | 0873 |
| Patron saint | Saint Placidus |
| Saint day | 5 October |
| Website | Official website |


title: Urban thermal plume

abstract: An urban thermal plume describes rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere caused by urban areas being warmer than surrounding areas. Over the past thirty years there has been increasing interest in what have been called urban heat islands (UHI), but it is only since 2007 that thought has been given to the rising columns of warm air, or ‘thermal plumes’ that they produce. Common on-shore breezes at the seaside on a warm day, and off-shore breezes at night are caused by the land heating up faster on a sunny day and cooling faster after sunset, respectively. Thermals, or warm airs, that rise from the land and sea affect the local microscale meteorology; and perhaps at times the mesometeorology. Urban thermal plumes have as powerful although less localized an effect. London is generally 3 to 9 Celsius hotter than the Home Counties. London’s meteorological aberrations were first studied by Luke Howard, FRS in the 1810s, but the notion that this large warm area would produce a significant urban thermal plume was not seriously proposed until very recently. Microscale thermal plumes, whose diameters may be measured in tens of metres, such as those produced by industrial chimney stacks, have been extensively investigated, but largely from the point of view of the plumes dispersal by local micrometeorology. Though their velocity is generally less, their very much greater magnitude (diameter) means that urban thermal plumes will have a more significant effect upon the mesometeorology and even continental macrometeorology.

text:
# Urban thermal plume

An **urban thermal plume** describes rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere caused by urban areas being warmer than surrounding areas. Over the past thirty years there has been increasing interest in what have been called urban heat islands (UHI), but it is only since 2007 that thought has been given to the rising columns of warm air, or ‘thermal plumes’ that they produce. Common on-shore breezes at the seaside on a warm day, and off-shore breezes at night are caused by the land heating up faster on a sunny day and cooling faster after sunset, respectively. Thermals, or warm airs, that rise from the land and sea affect the local microscale meteorology; and perhaps at times the mesometeorology. Urban thermal plumes have as powerful although less localized an effect.

London is generally 3 to 9 Celsius hotter than the Home Counties. London’s meteorological aberrations were first studied by Luke Howard, FRS in the 1810s, but the notion that this large warm area would produce a significant urban thermal plume was not seriously proposed until very recently.

Microscale thermal plumes, whose diameters may be measured in tens of metres, such as those produced by industrial chimney stacks, have been extensively investigated, but largely from the point of view of the plumes dispersal by local micrometeorology. Though their velocity is generally less, their very much greater magnitude (diameter) means that urban thermal plumes will have a more significant effect upon the mesometeorology and even continental macrometeorology.

## Climate change

Decreasing Arctic sea ice cover is one of the most visible manifestations of climate change, often linked to rising global temperatures. However, there are several reports that shrinking polar ice is due more to changes in ambient wind direction than to increasing environmental temperatures *per se*.

In 2006-07, a team led by Son Nghiem of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, studied trends in Arctic perennial ice cover by combining data from NASA's QuikSCAT satellite, which can identify and map different classes of sea ice, including older, thicker perennial ice and younger, thinner seasonal ice. The scientists observed that the Arctic Ocean was dominated by thinner seasonal ice that melts faster. This ice is more easily compressed and responds more quickly to being pushed out of the Arctic by winds. Those thinner seasonal ice conditions facilitated the ice loss, leading to this 2007’s record low amount of total Arctic sea ice. Nghiem concluded that the rapid decline in winter perennial ice the past two years was caused by unusual wind patterns that compressed the sea ice, loaded it into the Transpolar Drift Stream and then sped its flow out of the Arctic, where it rapidly melted in the warmer waters at lower latitudes.

It has been severally reported that in a stratified atmosphere cross-stream exchange occurs above the planetary boundary layer when there is a vertical motion of significant moment. While recognising that the steady lessening of vertical motion towards the edges of urban thermal plumes will have an ameliorating effect, Rail proposed that such urban thermal plumes play a critical part in producing the changes in ambient wind direction over the Arctic and have had a direct impact on Arctic shrink. The impact of urban thermal plumes will vary depending on a large variety of factors including the diameter and temperature gradient of the Urban heat island, the latitude, the thermal stability of the stratiform, and the synoptic wind. Thus, for example, urban thermal plumes will have far greater impact at higher latitudes (above 40°N and above 40°S), where the Earth-atmosphere system undergoes net *cooling* by radiation.


title: Viral symphOny

abstract: viral symphOny is a collaborative electronic noise music symphony created by the postconceptual artist Joseph Nechvatal. It was created between the years 2006 and 2008 using custom artificial life C++ software based on the viral phenomenon model. It is 1 hour and 40 minutes in length. The first movement of viral symphOny - and raw viral field material - was released in 2006 as a CD by The Institute for Electronic Arts in Alfred, New York. A low resolution extract from the pOstmOrtem section of viral symphOny was published in NME magazine.

text:
# Viral symphOny

**viral symphOny** is a collaborative electronic noise music symphony created by the postconceptual artist Joseph Nechvatal. It was created between the years 2006 and 2008 using custom artificial life C++ software based on the viral phenomenon model. It is 1 hour and 40 minutes in length. The first movement of *viral symphOny* \- and raw viral field material - was released in 2006 as a CD by The Institute for Electronic Arts in Alfred, New York. A low resolution extract from the *pOstmOrtem* section of *viral symphOny* was published in NME (The New Musical Express) magazine.

## Awards and acknowledgements

* January 2009 *viral symphOny* was selected by artist/musician James Hoff for inclusion into UbuWeb's *Top Ten*
* *viral symphOny* was chosen as prize winner at the *9th Festival Internacional de Investigación Artística de Valencia, After The Net*, 5–29 June 2008, Valencia, Spain
* *viral symphOny* was voted #2 in the top ten at *free103.9 radio* in 2007
* *SoundLAB VI* selected artist: Joseph Nechvatal

## Movements

* **Movement 1 : the enthrOning** (28.10 min)
* Joseph Nechvatal : original concept viral structures
* Matthew Underwood : nano, micro, meso and macro structures
* Andrew Deutsch : meso and macro structures
* Stephane Sikora : C++ programming
* Steven Mygind Pedersen : IEA project technician
* **Movement 2 : murmuring tOngue Of Ovid** (20.53 min)
* Joseph Nechvatal : original concept, viral structures, & synthesizer
* Matthew Underwood : nano, micro, meso and macro structures
* Stephane Sikora : C++ viral programming
* Ovid's *Metamorphoses* : text
* Jane Lawrence Smith : voice
* **Movement 3 : pastOral pleasures** (12.08 min)
* Joseph Nechvatal : original concept, viral structures, and text
* Matthew Underwood : nano, micro, meso and macro structures
* Stephane Sikora : C++ programming
* **Movement 4 : viractual terminate** (10.10)
* Joseph Nechvatal : original mix concept
* Matthew Underwood : nano, micro, meso and macro structures
* Andrew Deutsch : meso and macro structures
* Stephane Sikora : C++ programming
* Kevin Harkins: orchestration for percussion, didgeridoo, piano, violin and strings
* **pOstmOrtem** (28:10)
* Joseph Nechvatal : original mix concept
* Matthew Underwood : nano, micro, meso and macro structures
* Andrew Deutsch meso and macro structures
* Stephane Sikora : C++ programming
* Kevin Harkins: orchestration for String Section (Violins, Cello and Bass), Dijeridoo, E-pad (sort of harmonium-ish) Air Pizz (hammered calliope, sometimes including the hammered operator), Grand Piano, Orchestral Percussion Section, English Horn, Bassoon, Harp and Horn Section (French Horns, Trumpets, Trombone)

## Performance history

* July 2, 2021 (7pm) Cramer Âû Florian played on Radio WORM Rotterdam the complete *viral symphOny*
* On June 23, 2020 Harvestworks broadcast the 28.10 min *Movement 1 : the enthrOning* from the *viral symphOny* CD on Twitch.tv, with an excerpt introduction from a 2009 video interview of Joseph Nechvatal with Anthony Masterson.
* On June 6, 2020, Wave Farm Radio WGXC 90.7-FM broadcast the complete *viral symphOny* from 10pm-11:59pm, and subsequently archived the broadcast.
* In May 2020, White Page Gallery at Fuori Visioni art center in Piacenza Italy exhibited the first movement of *viral symphOny* online with a digital animation. Piacenza is one of the Northern Italian cities that had the world's largest coronavirus outbreaks.
* On October 3, 2013, Gen Ken Montgomery performed and recorded *3 pOstmOrtems (for Robert Rauschenberg)* \- an adaptation of the last movement from *viral symphOny* \- as part of his Generator Sound Art exhibition held at Audio Visual Arts gallery (AVA) in New York City.
* *viral symphOny* was re-mastered into 5.1 surround sound and presented by Joseph Nechvatal as an immersive concert on April 12, 2012, at Harvestworks in New York City.
* The complete *viral symphOny* was performed as the soundtrack to a digital art projection by Joseph Nechvatal on April 28, 2012, at Galerie Richard in New York.
* The complete *viral symphOny* was performed at Diapason at 882 Third Avenue, Brooklyn, New York on Friday February 13, 2009.
* In 2010, the first three movements of *viral symphOny* were net broadcast by WebSYNradio four times a day from September 30 to October 7.
* In 2010, *viral symphOny* was web cast in its entirety as part of the *W2F Festival*.
* *Viral Concerto* by Rhys Chatham (based on the *viral symphOny*) was performed at Galerie Richard Paris on September 26, 2010.
* The complete *viral symphOny* was performed as the soundtrack to a digital art projection by Joseph Nechvatal on September 26, 2010, at Galerie Richard in Paris.
* In 2008 *viral symphOny* was uploaded to archive.org and made downloadable for free by Joseph Nechvatal. Included here is an extensive music review of *viral symphOny* by Laurent Fairon from the Continuo music blog.

## *Orlando et la tempête viral symphOny redux suite*

In 2020, Joseph Nechvatal and Andrew Deutsch went back to virus-modelled audio material unused in the creation of *viral symphOny* and reworked it into the *Orlando et la tempête viral symphOny redux suite* by also integrating an anonymous reading of the novel *Orlando*, written by Virginia Woolf in 1928. *Orlando et la tempête viral symphOny redux suite* was created in connection with Joseph Nechvatal's art exhibition *Orlando et la tempête*, held in the Fall of 2020 at Galerie Richard Paris and was broadcast and archived on January 16, 2021, at 4pm on WGXC 90.7-FM: Radio for Open Ears.

*Orlando et la tempête viral symphOny redux suite* is one of the two LP vinyl records that make up Nechvatal's 2022 release *The Viral Tempest* on Pentiments Records. The other being *pour finir avec le jugement de dieu viral symphOny plague*.

In 2024 an audio art installation was created by Nechvatal mixing the two LPs called *Le mariage d’Orlando et Artaud, même* at La Générale Nord-Est: Laboratoire artistique politique et social in Paris.

Tracklist:

* 1. *wOOlf wOrdings Of OrlandO*
* 2. *OrlandO et la tempête viral symphOny redux*
* 3. *rampage at the capitOl OrlandO viral tempest*
* 4. *OrlandO shOegazer strides tOwards fiascO*
* 5. *slOw OrlandO Of cOntestatiOn and decOmpOsitiOn*
* 6. *OrlandO undOne by scOrnful dOg star*

## *Selected Sound Works (1981-2021)*

In 2021, a retrospective of Joseph Nechvatal's sound art, that included multiple aspects of *viral symphOny*, was produced by Pentiments Records as a 28 track 60minute audio cassette with digital download at Bandcamp with *Liner Notes* by Laurent Fairon. It was released on October 15, 2021.

Tracklist:

* 1. *Crown of Thorns* (1981)
* 2. *Ego Masher* (1983)
* 3. *Announcing Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine Party at Paradise Garage* (1983)
* 4. *chOke* (1983)
* 5. *Excerpt from Sleep* (1983)
* 6. *Excerpt I from Reckless* (1984)
* 7. *Excerpt II from Reckless* (1984)
* 8. *Dalychtocracy* (1985)
* 9. *Excerpt from Absurd* (1985)
* 10. *mOther :: Excerpt from Absurd* (1985)
* 11. *Excerpt from TRUE and FALSE* (1985)
* 12. *How to Kill* (1986)
* 13. *Psychedelic Hermeneutic* (1988)
* 14. *Excerpt from Information Noise Culture* (1990)
* 15. *Excerpt from Endless Entertainment* (1990)
* 16. *cOre* (2000)
* 17. *rainOnme* (2001)
* 18. *cOde flOw* (2002)
* 19. *13:25, 27 November 2021 (UTC)13:25, 27 November 2021 (UTC)13:25, 27 November 2021 (UTC)~~venus©-~Ñ~vibrator, even* 01 (2003)
* 20. *Excerpt from viral symphOny* (2006)
* 21. *degeneratiOns* (2006)
* 22. *Excerpt from cOncertO viral* (2010)
* 23. *trail Of tears* (2013)
* 24. *viral symphOny compressed* (2018)
* 25. *viral sympOny13:25, 27 November 2021 (UTC)13:25, 27 November 2021 (UTC)~~vibrator, even* (2011)
* 26. *viral symphOny redux* (2020)
* 27. *on the defeat of don the con* (2020)
* 28. *pour finir avec le jugement de dieu viral symphOny plague 1* (2021)

## Recording reference

## Footnotes


title: Kimi ga Kureta Mono

abstract: "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" is a song recorded by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo. It was released as a single by Pony Canyon on October 17, 2012. It was featured as the thirteenth ending theme on the TX anime series Fairy Tail, from episode 151 through 166. The song marks Kudo's first TV anime tie-in in fifteen years, since the Dragon Ball GT ending theme "Blue Velvet".

text:
# Kimi ga Kureta Mono

"**Kimi ga Kureta Mono**" (キミがくれたもの, lit. "What You've Given Me") is a song recorded by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo. It was released as a single by Pony Canyon on October 17, 2012. It was featured as the thirteenth ending theme on the TX anime series *Fairy Tail*, from episode 151 through 166. The song marks Kudo's first TV anime tie-in in fifteen years, since the *Dragon Ball GT* ending theme "Blue Velvet".

## Background

"Kimi ga Kureta mono" is Kudo's first single in four years. It was written and composed by Ayaka. The song, for which Ayaka also recorded backing vocals, was arranged and produced by Akihisa Matsūra, a regular collaborator of both Kudo and Ayaka. "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" marks Kudo's first time collaborating with Ayaka, as well as being the singer-songwriter's first time writing a song for another artist. Ayaka revealed in a press release that she was nervous at first, but when she heard Kudo's final cut of the song, she was moved by the way it all came together. Kudo was glad to have worked with Ayaka on this single, which was released in celebration of her 25th anniversary, and expressed really liking the song Ayaka wrote.

## Composition

The song is composed in the key of E-flat major, and Kudo's vocals span from B3 to C5. Lyrically, the song is about the importance of living authentically. Ayaka writes from the perspective of a protagonist being moved by the realization of all the things she gains from putting an honest foot forward in life.

## Critical reception

The midtempo ballad is described as the perfect showcase for Kudo's voice. Ayaka was praised for crafting a dynamic melody with a subtle, but emotional, message. Kudo received acclaim for her "maternal and pointed" vocal performance, which was noted to be a perfect match with the theme of the song.

## Chart performance

"Kimi ga Kureta Mono" debuted at number 50 on both the Oricon Singles Chart and the *Billboard Japan* Hot Singles Sales chart. It charted on the Oricon Singles Chart for three weeks and Oricon reports total sales of 2,000 copies.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" (キミがくれたもの, "What You've Given Me") |  | * Akihisa Matsūra | 5:55 |
| 2. | "Glass no Hana" (ガラスの花, *Garasu no Hana*, "Glass Flower") |  | * Ittetsu | 5:03 |
| 3. | "Baroque Pearl" (バロックパール, *Barokku Pāru*) |  | * Reo | 3:42 |
| 4. | "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" (Karaoke) | * Ayaka | * Matsūra | 5:55 |
| 5. | "Glass no Hana" (Karaoke) | * Ittetsu | * Ittetsu | 5:03 |
| 6. | "Baroque Pearl" (Karaoke) | * Reo | * Reo | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | | 29:23 |

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japan Weekly Singles (Oricon) | 50 |
| Japan Hot Singles Sales (*Billboard*) | 50 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Shizuka Kudo | |
| Released | October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 5:55 |
| Label | Pony Canyon |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Akihisa Matsūra |
| Shizuka Kudo singles chronology | |
| "Night Wing" / "Yukigasa"
(2008) "**Kimi ga Kureta Mono**"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Kimi ga Kureta Mono" | |
|  | |