title: Olav Nilsson

abstract: Olav Nilsson Skanke was a Norwegian nobleman, knight and privateer. He was a member of the Riksråd and served as commander of Bergenhus Fortress.

text:
# Olav Nilsson

**Olav Nilsson Skanke** (d. 2. September 1455) was a Norwegian nobleman, knight and privateer. He was a member of the Riksråd and served as commander of Bergenhus Fortress.

## Background

Olav was one of the members of the Skanke family who went on to serve as knights of first the Norwegian and later the Dano-Norwegian kings. He is first mentioned in written sources in 1424, as a royal official in the city of Trondheim. Later on Olav became a wealthy landowner in both Norway and Denmark and was made a knight in 1430, together with his brother Peder. The king who declared the brothers to be knights was Eric of Pomerania. Olav was also a member of the Norwegian Riksråd.

Some time after 1430 Olav married Elisabeth Eskildsdatter from Scania, a lady of high nobility who had the right to use in her coat-of-arms the Royal Lion of Denmark. The marriage of Olav and Elisabeth was one of equal partners, this as Elisabeth personally owned large properties in Scania and was of strong will and determination. Elisabeth's position in the marriage would be clearly portrayed in the pivotal role she was to play in many of the dramatic events that took place in the latter stages of Olav's life.

King Christopher wanted to improve his relations with the common people of his realm, having come to power following rebellions against his predecessor, Eric, who had allowed foreign officials and bishops to exploit the peoples he ruled over. One of the main efforts of king Christopher to mend these relations was to appoint a commission to process the complaints of the citizens of Norway. The chairman of this commission was Olav Nilsson Skanke. Olav was also appointed chief official of Bergen, the main trading centre and harbour of Norway at the time.

Perhaps chief among the foreign influences that were detested by the Norwegian people at the time was the Hanseatic League. The League operated outside Norwegian law and conducted themselves with indecency and violence. At the time, Olav was in command of Bergenhus Fortress. The citizens of Bergen complained to Olav, but the knight was not able to get support from either the king or the king's government. Acting alone, and with harsh means, Olav punished those among the Hanseatic League who had committed crimes against the city's citizens, thus earning the hatred of the League. Olav carried out attacks against both English and Hanseatic shipping. He had several captains under his command, who from the 1440s attacked ships off Western Norway. .

## Kalmar Union conflicts

After the death of king Christopher in 1448 the Kalmar Union experienced a period of crisis, due to the late king having had no direct heir with Sweden choosing Charles VIII as king while Denmark supported Christian I. Charles VIII was the first, in November 1449 to proclaim himself king of Norway, as Charles I of Norway, but only a few months later, in early 1450, he was deposed by the Dane Christian I who took over the Norwegian throne. At this point war within the union seemed certain, and in response the Swedish national council asked king Charles to withdraw his claim to the Norwegian throne.

Charles would however have nothing of the sort and in 1452 sent his knight Ørian Karlson Skanke from Jemtland to conquer Trondheim, the ancient centre of Norway's kings. Control of this vital city would have greatly strengthened Charles' claim to the throne. The answer from the Danish side came quickly with knight Ørian's own relatives, Olav Nilsson Skanke and his brother Peder, marching up from the south and pushing Ørian out of Trondheim. The same thing happened all over again in 1453 with Ørian seizing Trondheim and Olav and Peder driving him out once more. This second battle finally concluded the conflict over succession and ended the battles between knights of the Skanke family.

## Dismissal by the King

Knight Olav served King Christian as a privateer during the king's wars against the Hansa. After Christian made peace with the trading alliance, Olav continued to attack Hanseatic ships against the wishes of the king. Olav Nilsson Skanke had previously earned the hatred of the Hanseatic League through his conduct as chief official in Bergen. As early as in 1446 the League issued official complaints against Olav at a Bergen town council meeting, and after numerous complaints King Christian I of Denmark yielded to the pressure and in 1453 dismissed Olav. Magnus Green (d. ca. 1473) was made the royal official of Bergen. This dismissal greatly shook Olav who felt unjustly treated after his long and loyal service to the king of the Kalmar Union and to the people of Norway. The knight refused to take this blow lying down and soon mobilized his personal resources and those of his family to regain his former position.

## War on the Hanseatic League

After his dismissal Olav left Bergen and went to his manorial home at Talgø Island in Ryfylke. Here he began to set the wheels in motion towards his response to the Hansa's role in his dismissal. Olav soon equipped several ships and started again to wage a naval war on the League by attacking and seizing its ships in the North Sea. Operating from a base on the east coast of Scotland, Olav captured a large percentage of the Hanseatic vessels heading for Bergen. Both Olav's wife Elisabeth and his two sons were each commanding ships in the fleet harrying the Hansa vessels. Elisabeth was especially successful and rapidly became renowned all over Northern Europe for her wisdom and bravery.

## Olav Nilsson takes Älvsborg

Soon the campaign against the League became so successful that Olav expanded it to the coast of Sweden, attacking the Swedes at every weak point he could find. In one of his attacks Olav managed to capture the Swedish fortress of Älvsborg in 1455 and garrison it with his own loyal men. This fortress was of vital importance to the Swedes due to its strategic location commanding the shipping routes between Denmark and Norway. In addition to occupying this favorable blocking position Ãlvsborg was also the major Swedish strongpoint in the small strip of land the Swedes had controlled since the mid-13th century, separating the Danish province of Halland from the Norwegian Bohuslen. The small coastal area of the province Västergötland was up until the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde Sweden's only access to the Skagerrak and the North Sea.

At the time the relationship between Denmark and Sweden was very tense, and it was in this atmosphere that Olav offered to hand over the fortress to the Danes. Olav made it clear that he would only surrender the fortress into Danish hands if he was reinstituted to his former position in Bergen. If these conditions were not met he would hand Älvsborg back to the Swedes. In effect, Olav committed an act of extortion against the Danish Crown. As Ãlvsborg was of to great importance in the rivalry between Sweden and Denmark, the Danish King Christian I had no choice but to agree to the vigilante knight's demands.

## Return to Bergen and death

Following Olav's success in forcing the Danish Crown into restoring him to his former position in Bergen he and his family returned to the city in a triumphant manner. Olav was again given command of the Bergenhus Fortress. Shortly after Olav's return to Bergen, Hanseatic merchants attacked him at Munkeliv Abbey. In the attack which destroyed the abbey, Olav was killed together with Leif Thor Olafsson, Bishop of Bergen and about 60 other Norwegians. Olav's son was one of those who died with him.

## Bibliography

* Engdal, Odd G. (2006). *Norsk marinehistorisk atlas 9002005* (in Norwegian). Bergen: Vigmostad & Bjørke AS. ISBN 82-419-0454-1.
* Hetland, Ingebrigt (2008). *Pirater og sjørøvere i norske farvann* (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pantagruel Forlag. ISBN 978-82-7900-323-6.
* Øye, Ingvild (1994). *Bergen and the German Hansa*. Bergen: Bryggens Museum. ISBN 82-90289-52-9.


title: Ihor Sonevytsky

abstract: Ihor Sonevytsky (1926–2006) was a Ukrainian-born composer, conductor, pianist and musicologist.

text:
# Ihor Sonevytsky

**Ihor Sonevytsky** (Ukrainian: **Ігор Михайлович Соневицький**) (1926–2006) was a Ukrainian-born composer, conductor, pianist and musicologist.

## Life

Born on 2 January 1926 in Hadynkivtsi, Galicia (now in Western Ukraine), Ihor Sonevytsky was the son of Dr. Michael Sonevytsky (Ukrainian: Михайло Соневицький), a noted Ukrainian classical philologist, and Olha Sonevytsky, a journalist. He studied at the Vienna Musical Academy and completed his musical studies with a diploma in composition, conducting and piano performance from the Staatliche Hochschule fur Musik, Munich (1950) and the Ukrainian Free University, Munich (1961).

His family emigrated to the US short after. There he became a cofounder of the Ukrainian Music Institute of America, and served as its director from 1959 to 1961. In 1983 he established the Grazhda Music and Art Center of Greene County, New York.

Sonevytsky conducted five different Ukrainian choirs, organized and directed a Ukrainian string orchestra and opera ensemble, taught private students, and lectured at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Rome.

He wrote over 500 music-related articles for various newspapers and periodicals. He wrote several music books, including *The Dictionary of Ukrainian Composers*, which lists 522 Ukrainian composers from around the world.

He is the author of the opera "Star", the ballet "Cinderella", some chamber music, a series of piano works and a catalogue of choral and vocal music.

Sonevytsky became the first Ukrainian émigré composer to be published in his homeland, when the Ukrainian State Publishing House "Muzychna Ukraina" published a collection of his solo songs in 1993.


title: Hurricane Bob (1979)

abstract: Hurricane Bob was the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to be officially designated using a masculine name after the discontinuation of Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet names. Bob brought moderate damage to portions of the United States Gulf Coast and areas farther inland in July 1979. The storm was the first hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico to form in the month of July since 1959, and was the fifth tropical cyclone to form during the annual hurricane season. Though the origin of Bob can be traced back to a tropical wave near the western coast of Africa in late June, Bob formed from a tropical depression in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on July 9. Tracking in a general northward direction, favorable conditions allowed for quick strengthening. Less than a day after formation, the system reached tropical storm intensity, followed by hurricane intensity on July 11. Shortly after strengthening into a hurricane, Bob reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar. At the same intensity, Bob made landfall west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, and rapidly weakened after moving inland. However, the resulting tropical depression persisted for several days as it paralleled the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On July 16, the system emerged into the western Atlantic, where it was subsequently absorbed by a nearby low-pressure area. Widespread offshore and coastal evacuations took place along the United States Gulf Coast in preparation for Hurricane Bob. Effects from the hurricane on the United States were mostly marginal and typical of a minimal hurricane. The cyclone produced a moderate storm surge, damaging some coastal installments and causing coastal inundation. Strong winds were also associated with Bob's landfall, though no stations observed winds of hurricane force. The winds downed trees and blew out windows, in addition to causing widespread power outages. Heavy rainfall was also reported in some locations, peaking at 7.16 in (182 mm) in Louisiana. Further inland, the torrential rains led to flooding in Indiana, resulting in more considerable damage as opposed to the coast. Bob also spawned eight tornadoes, with two causing significant damage. Overall, Bob was responsible for one death and $20 million in damage.

text:
# Hurricane Bob (1979)

**Hurricane Bob** was the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to be officially designated using a masculine name after the discontinuation of Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet names. Bob brought moderate damage to portions of the United States Gulf Coast and areas farther inland in July 1979. The storm was the first hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico to form in the month of July since 1959, and was the fifth tropical cyclone to form during the annual hurricane season. Though the origin of Bob can be traced back to a tropical wave near the western coast of Africa in late June, Bob formed from a tropical depression in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on July 9. Tracking in a general northward direction, favorable conditions allowed for quick strengthening. Less than a day after formation, the system reached tropical storm intensity, followed by hurricane intensity on July 11. Shortly after strengthening into a hurricane, Bob reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar (hPa; 29.12 inHg). At the same intensity, Bob made landfall west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, and rapidly weakened after moving inland. However, the resulting tropical depression persisted for several days as it paralleled the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On July 16, the system emerged into the western Atlantic, where it was subsequently absorbed by a nearby low-pressure area.

Widespread offshore and coastal evacuations took place along the United States Gulf Coast in preparation for Hurricane Bob. Effects from the hurricane on the United States were mostly marginal and typical of a minimal hurricane. The cyclone produced a moderate storm surge, damaging some coastal installments and causing coastal inundation. Strong winds were also associated with Bob's landfall, though no stations observed winds of hurricane force. The winds downed trees and blew out windows, in addition to causing widespread power outages. Heavy rainfall was also reported in some locations, peaking at 7.16 in (182 mm) in Louisiana. Further inland, the torrential rains led to flooding in Indiana, resulting in more considerable damage as opposed to the coast. Bob also spawned eight tornadoes, with two causing significant damage. Overall, Bob was responsible for one death and $20 million in damage.

## Meteorological history

The origin of Hurricane Bob can be traced to a tropical wave that was first located near Cape Verde towards the end of June. The disturbance tracked westward with minimal signs of development, and reached the northwestern Caribbean Sea on July 6. The following day, the tropical system tracked across the Yucatán Peninsula the following day, and upon emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the cluster of storms began to develop a weak circulation center. This enabled for more rapid tropical cyclogenesis, and at 1200 UTC on July 9, the disturbance was analyzed to have organized into a tropical depression – the third of such in the Atlantic that year. The depression strengthened rather quickly, and on the morning of July 10 a United States Air Force reconnaissance flight indicated that the tropical cyclone had strengthened to tropical storm intensity while situated 740 mi (1,190 km) south of Louisiana. Due to the storm's intensity, the system was consequentially named *Bob*, making it the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to receive a masculine name since 1952. At the time the flight measured a minimum barometric pressure of 998 mbar (hPa; 29.47 inHg).

Upon reaching tropical storm intensity, Bob began to curve further northward as opposed to its prior, northeasterly track, due to the presence of a strengthening, upper-level trough to the storm's west. The trough greatly enhanced atmospheric conditions around Bob, allowing for the tropical cyclone to intensify rapidly. At 0000 UTC on July 11, Bob was estimated to have strengthened to hurricane intensity based on additional reconnaissance flight data. This made Bob the first July hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico since Hurricane Debra in 1959. Though the hurricane's maximum sustained winds would hold steady at 75 mph (120 km/h) for approximately the ensuing twelve hours, the storm's barometric pressure would fluctuate before reaching a minimum of 981 mbar (hPa; 28.98 inHg) at 1200 UTC that day; this would be Bob's lowest documented barometric pressure. At around the same time, the hurricane made landfall west of Grand Isle, Louisiana. After moving inland, Bob quickly weakened due to land interaction, and was a mere tropical depression by July 12. However, the resulting depression would maintain its intensity for the next several days. On July 13, the low-pressure area drifted into southern Ohio and afterwards curved eastward. On July 16, Bob's remnants moved into the western Atlantic, where they were subsequently absorbed by another low-pressure area.

## Preparations

As Bob moved towards the U.S. Gulf Coast, the National Weather Service issued gale warnings for coastal regions extending from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana to Biloxi, Mississippi at 1600 UTC on July 10. These warnings were upgraded to hurricane warnings upon Bob's strengthening to such an intensity. During the storm's existence, forecasts and predictions from the National Hurricane Center were of greater accuracy than on average. In addition to tropical cyclone warnings and watches, the agency also advised small craft from Port Arthur, Texas to Pensacola, Florida to remain in port.

In preparation for the storm, 8,000 offshore oil workers were evacuated. Despite typical evacuation procedure, Chevron Corporation immediately evacuated their offshore oil staff rather than executing a three phase evacuation plan. On land, 2,500 residents and tourists on Grand Isle were also evacuated. In total, as many as 80,000 people evacuated from coastal areas leading up to Bob's eventual landfall. In New Orleans, 4,000 people checked into the city's 19 evacuation centers. The Mississippi River was temporarily closed to shipping by the United States Coast Guard for eight hours before reopening after the storm.

## Impact

Effects in the United States as a result of Bob were typical of a minimal hurricane, and were not of considerable nature. At the coast, Bob caused moderate storm surge, resulting in coastal waters rising to as high as 5 ft (1.5 m) above normal. The rough seas sunk several boats and caused significant damage to piers. A levee on Grand Isle was breached by the surge, resulting in some coastal inundation. Minor beach erosion occurred on the coast of Mississippi. In Mobile County, Alabama, the wave action damaged cars near the shore and disrupted seafood operations in the Bayou La Batre area.

Strong winds were reported in association with the storm, but no station documented sustained winds within hurricane force. The highest wind observation was taken on an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana, which clocked sustained winds at 63 mph (101 km/h). However, the strongest wind gust in association with the hurricane was measured in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, at 64 mph (103 km/h). In New Orleans, these strong winds damaged trees and power lines, and also broke several windows in the city's central business district. In addition, widespread power outages impacted 53,000 electricity customers in the city's area. Similar incidents took place in Houma, Louisiana. In Lafitte, Louisiana, two men were blown off of the roof of a marina, and one of them was killed; this would be the only death associated with the hurricane. Further east, in Florida, trees and power lines were downed in Niceville.

Hurricane Bob also produced a widespread area of rain that was heavy in localized areas. Rainfall associated with the hurricane peaked at 7.16 in (182 mm) in Louisiana, where the storm made landfall. Statewide rainfall totals peaked at 6.64 and 4.81 in (169 and 122 mm) in Pascagoula, Mississippi and Robertsdale, Alabama, respectively. Further inland, the remnants of Bob dropped heavy rainfall in the Midwestern United States, peaking at 5.72 in (145 mm) at a station in Indiana University Bloomington. In addition to the strong winds and heavy rain, Bob produced eight tornadoes across the southern United States. One of these tornadoes caused $27,500 in damage after striking areas of Biloxi, Mississippi. Another tornado impacted areas near Red Level, Alabama destroying or damaging several buildings and uprooting trees. Overall, Hurricane Bob caused approximately $20 million in damage. However, $15 million in damage resulted from flooding in Indiana, with the rest of the storm's monetary impacts arising from coastal regions.

1. Schmid, Randolph E. (May 27, 1979). "Men to Share Hurricane Blame". *Palm Beach Post-Times*. Vol. 47, no. 23. Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. p. A8. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
2. National Hurricane Center. Preliminary Report for Hurricane Bob, Page 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 1. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
3. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2024.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
4. "Severe Weather Kills 1, Injures 4". *Florence Times Daily*. Vol. 110, no. 193. Florence, Alabama. United Press International. July 12, 1979. p. 31. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
5. Hebert, Paul J. (July 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). *Monthly Weather Review*. **108** (7). Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society: 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108\<0973:AHSO\>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
6. "Hurricane Bob Is First of the Season". *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*. Vol. 52, no. 296. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. July 11, 1979. p. 4. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
7. "Hurricane Bob Aims For Louisiana". *Daytona Beach Morning Journal*. Vol. 54, no. 165. Daytona Beach, Florida. Associated Press. July 11, 1979. p. 1. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
8. "Hurricane Bob sweeps across Louisiana, killing one man". *The Ledger*. Vol. 73, no. 262. Lakeland, Florida. Associated Press. July 12, 1979. p. 3A. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
9. National Climatic Data Center (July 1979). "Storm Data" (PDF). *Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena*. **21** (7). Asheville, North Carolina: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
10. National Hurricane Center. Preliminary Report for Hurricane Bob, Page 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
11. Roth, David M. "Hurricane Bob - July 9-16, 1979". *Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima*. Silver Springs, Maryland: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
12. Roth, David M. "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast". *Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima*. Silver Springs, Maryland: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
13. Roth, David M. "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Midwest". *Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima*. Silver Springs, Maryland: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved December 3, 2013.

## InfoBox

Hurricane Bob
| Bob intensifying over the Gulf of Mexico on July 10 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | July 9, 1979 (July 9, 1979) |
| Dissipated | July 16, 1979 (July 16, 1979) |
| Category 1 hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 75 mph (120 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 986 mbar (hPa); 29.12 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 1 |
| Damage | $20 million (1979 USD) |
| Areas affected |  |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **1979 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Idlewild Farm Complex

abstract: The Idlewild Farm Complex is a 26-acre (11 ha) plot of land in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. It was originally part of the Welsh Tract and is now a portion of the Bridlewild Trails Association.

text:
# Idlewild Farm Complex

The **Idlewild Farm Complex** is a 26-acre (11 ha) plot of land in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. It was originally part of the Welsh Tract and is now a portion of the Bridlewild Trails Association.

## Early Times

In 1698, Welsh farmer Robert Lloyd was deeded 400 acres (160 ha) of land near "the road leading through the Black Rocks" now known as Black Rock Road. In 1700, Lloyd built a one room with loft house on the property, complete with beehive oven and walk-in fireplace for help with cooking. Over the next 14 years, Lloyd had eight kids and tended to the farm. However, in 1714, Robert Lloyd died.

Lloyd's wife, Lowry Lloyd, soon remarried. Her new husband added a new portion to the house in 1717 and a wooden barn was built.

The Farm changed hands a few times over the next century. Along with the change of ownership, the barn was rebuilt to stone in 1825, the two portions of the farmhouse were connected in 1825, and a wagon house was added (1827). Eventually the farm was bought by John Williamson (for whom Williamson Road, where the farm currently sits, is named.) He added a springhouse (1860) at the base of the hill, used both as a cool place to store food and a water source. Upon his death in 1864, the farm was partitioned between his two sons, Garret and Samuel Williamson. Garret sold his share back to Samuel, who over the next few years added a carriage house, milkhouse, bull pen, and horse stable.

## Saunders Times

In 1897, Frances Saunders (wife of medical publisher Walter Saunders) bought what was Idylwild Farm from Samuel Williamson. She bought only 87 of the remaining 104 acres (42 ha) of the farm. Around 1900, the farm was changed from a crop and horse farm to a dairy farm, using Ayrshire cows. Although they had a house in the Overbrook neighborhood of Philadelphia, the Saunders wanted a place to work and play during the summer months, for example, they dug a pool in 1924, which is still there today. Mrs. Saunders bought neighboring properties, increasing the size of the farm to 167 acres (68 ha), and tried to keep most of the buildings as original as possible. Although going deaf, she continued to work the farm until Walter deeded it over to his children, Lawrence and Emily, in 1927.

Lawrence Saunders, who had married Dorothy Love in 1924, moved onto the farm and began to work the dairy produce. In 1927, Lawrence began the Bridlewild Trails Association on the property. He also formed in 1951 the Saunders Foundation to maintain a plot called Saunders Woods, which he had bought in 1922. In 1968, Lawrence Saunders died, leaving the farm to his estate. Dorothy Saunders, his widow, bought the farm from his estate, along with 26 acres (11 ha). She wrote poetry, worked the farm, and enjoyed farm life. A book of poetry, titled "Unbroken Time" was written at Idlewild and published in 1982.

### Natural Lands

In 1983 Idlewild Farm was entered on the National Register of Historic Places for Pennsylvania. In 1992 Mrs. Saunders gave both Saunders Woods and 21 acres (85,000 m2) of Idlewild to Natural Lands, a nonprofit organization dedicated to land preservation and stewardship in southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey.

## Further reading

Lower Merion Historical Society. "The First 300: The Amazing and Rich History of Lower Merion." Lower Merion: Lower Merion Historical Society, 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Idlewild Farm Complex | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 617 Williamson Rd., Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°2′9″N 75°17′36″W / 40.03583°N 75.29333°W / 40.03583; -75.29333 |
| Area | 26 acres (11 ha) |
| Built | 1740, although original building was built in 1699. |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 84003505 |
| Added to NRHP | January 20, 1984 |


title: Hypomecis gnopharia

abstract: Hypomecis gnopharia is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Hypomecis gnopharia is 6440.

text:
# Hypomecis gnopharia

***Hypomecis gnopharia*** is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Hypomecis gnopharia* is 6440.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Hypomecis gnopharia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Boarmiini |
| Genus: | *Hypomecis* |
| Species: | ***H. gnopharia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypomecis gnopharia***<br>(Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1858) | |
|


title: Novato Advance

abstract: Novato Advance is a weekly newspaper in Novato, California.

text:
# Novato Advance

***Novato Advance*** is a weekly newspaper in Novato, California.

## History

The *Novato Advance* has been published since July 1, 1922. Its first editor was William Hanen. Subsequent owners include Scripps Enterprises. It is now owned by Marinscope Community Newspapers, a private company dedicated to the revitalization of community newspapers, who acquired it from Scripps in 2008. It is owned and operated by veteran newsman Sherman R. Frederick.

The papers owned by Marinscope include the *Novato Advance*, the *Sausalito Marin* *Scope*, the *San Rafael News Pointer*, the *Mill Valley Herald*, the *Twin Cities Times* (Larkspur & Corte Madera) and the *Ross Valley Reporter*.

## InfoBox

Novato Advance
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Marinscope Community Newspapers |
| Founded | July 1, 1922 (1922-07-01) |
| Language | English |
| City | Novato, California |
| Country | United States |
| Website | marinlocalnews.com |
| Free online archives | https://novatoadvance-ca.newsmemory.com/ |
|  | |


title: Novation X-Station

abstract: The Novation X-Station is a virtual analog synthesizer, audio interface and MIDI controller that was released in early 2004, and made by the British company Novation. It is the end-result of adding an audio interface, a KS-class synthesizer and an effects section to the company's ReMOTE controllers. The product was sold for a short time under the name ReMOTE Audio, before being re-branded as the X-Station. Functionally there are no differences between the two, apart from the software, that can be updated through a USB connection, at. It came in three variants  : 25, 49 and 61 keys. The Novation X-Station uses a unique process that manipulates algorithms, called "Liquid Analogue Sound Modelling" a technique that mimics the subtle distortions introduced at the filter stage by analog synthesis, originally developed by Novation for their classic synth, the Supernova. You could call the synthesizer of the X-Station "Supernova Light". The audio interface is 24 bits, with 2 phantom powered XLR/Jack inputs, and S/PDIF out. It also has an assignable 'Xpression' pad and spring-loaded X/Y joystick. The X-Station can be powered by USB, rechargeable batteries, or power adaptor. The Novation X-Station was discontinued May, 2009.

text:
# Novation X-Station

The **Novation X-Station** is a virtual analog synthesizer, audio interface and MIDI controller that was released in early 2004, and made by the British company Novation. It is the end-result of adding an audio interface, a KS-class synthesizer and an effects section to the company's ReMOTE controllers. The product was sold for a short time under the name ReMOTE Audio, before being re-branded as the **X-Station**. Functionally there are no differences between the two, apart from the software, that can be updated through a USB connection, at . It came in three variants  : 25, 49 and 61 keys (2,4 and 5 octaves, respectively).

The Novation **X-Station** uses a unique process that manipulates algorithms, called "Liquid Analogue Sound Modelling" a technique that mimics the subtle distortions introduced at the filter stage by analog synthesis, originally developed by Novation for their classic synth, the Supernova. You could call the synthesizer of the X-Station "Supernova Light".

The audio interface is 24 bits, with 2 phantom powered XLR/Jack inputs, and S/PDIF out. It also has an assignable 'Xpression' pad and spring-loaded X/Y joystick. The X-Station can be powered by USB, rechargeable batteries, or power adaptor.

The Novation X-Station was discontinued May, 2009.

## InfoBox

| X-Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Novation X-Station 49 Keyboard | |
| Manufacturer | Novation |
| Dates | 2004 - 2009 |
| Technical specifications | |
| Polyphony | 8 voices |
| Timbrality | Monotimbral |
| Oscillator | 3 oscillators per voice, 17 waveforms each (Sine/Triangle/Sawtooth/Square/White Noise/HP, BP, HBP Noise/Organ/Harpsiord/ElecPiano/Slap Bass/RhodPiano/RhodTine/Whurly EP/Clavinet/Analog Bass) |
| LFO | Sine/Triangle/Saw/Square/Sample & Hold/Sample & Hold/Quantize/Random 24 Intricate Wavetables |
| Synthesis type | Virtual analog subtractive synthesis, FM-synthesis |
| Filter | 2 resonant 12/24 db low/high/bandpass |
| Attenuator | 1 ADSR |
| Aftertouch expression | Yes |
| Storage memory | 200 patches |
| Effects | Distortion, reverb, chorus, flange, phaser, delay, compression, 3-band EQ, usable on synth and audio I/O |
| Input/output | |
| Keyboard | 25 / 49 / 61 keys velocity = Yes |
| External control | MIDI, USB, sustain and expression pedals |


title: Norton Guides

abstract: Norton Guides were a product family sold by Peter Norton Computing. The guides were written in 1985 by Warren Woodford for the x86 Assembly Language, C, BASIC, and Forth languages and made available to DOS users via a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program that integrated with programming language editors on IBM PC type computers. Norton Guides appears to be one of the first Online help systems and the first example of a commercial product where programming reference information was integrated into the software development environment. The format was later used by independent users to create simple hypertexts before this concept was more popular. Hypertext capabilities however were limited, links between entries were only possibly by "see also" references at the end of each entry. The concept of providing "information at your fingertips", as he called it, via a TSR program was a signature technology developed by Woodford in 1980 and used in other programs he created in that era including MathStar, WordFinder/SynonymFinder and a TEMPEST WWMCCS workstation developed for Systematics General Corporation. Warren's Guides, aka the Norton Guides, were the last application of this type written by Woodford. Norton Guides were compiled from ASCII source files with a tool called NGC. Morten Elling wrote an alternative guides compiler NGX in 1994 or earlier. A utility to view Norton Guides.ng files is found at http://www.davep.org/norton-guides/

text:
# Norton Guides

**Norton Guides** were a product family sold by Peter Norton Computing. The guides were written in 1985 by Warren Woodford for the x86 Assembly Language, , BASIC, and Forth languages and made available to DOS users via a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program that integrated with programming language editors on IBM PC type computers.

Norton Guides appears to be one of the first Online help systems and the first example of a commercial product where programming reference information was integrated into the software development environment. The format was later used by independent users to create simple hypertexts before this concept was more popular. Hypertext capabilities however were limited, links between entries were only possibly by "see also" references at the end of each entry.

The concept of providing "information at your fingertips", as he called it, via a TSR program was a signature technology developed by Woodford in 1980 and used in other programs he created in that era including MathStar, WordFinder/SynonymFinder and a TEMPEST WWMCCS workstation developed for Systematics General Corporation. Warren's Guides, aka the Norton Guides, were the last application of this type written by Woodford.

Norton Guides were compiled from ASCII source files with a tool called `NGC`. Morten Elling wrote an alternative guides compiler `NGX` in 1994 or earlier.

A utility to view Norton Guides .ng files is found at http://www.davep.org/norton-guides/

## Editions

* *Norton on-line programmer's guides. An on-line reference library of programming data.* Version 1.0. 4 5-1/4" floppy disks. System requirements: IBM PC or compatible computer; 128K RAM; DOS 2.0 or higher; one disk drive.


title: Hyundai MB 490i

text:
# Hyundai MB 490i

The MB-490i is a tri-band/3G touchscreen phone made by Korean manufacturer Hyundai Mobile. It was first publicly shown at Mobile World Congress 2009.

Its design and styling is shaped to resemble a dolphin’s head while other elements include rippling water around the camera. The dolphin theme is also carried through into software, with a dolphin assistant to help navigate menus.

The MB-490i was Hyundai’s first attempt to push the styling and functionality of its devices into the midrange dominated by the likes of Nokia, Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson.

It has a 400 x 240 pixel WQVGA touchscreen and is designed for multimedia playback. In particular, its audio components including speakers come from Yamaha. Other elements include an FM radio, audio and movie player and a 2MP camera.

## InfoBox

Hyundai MB-490i Dolphin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Hyundai Mobile |
| Compatible networks | GSM 900/1800/1900, GPRS, EDGE |
| Form factor | Touchscreen |
| Memory | microSD |
| Display | 400 x 240 WQVGA |
| Rear camera | 2MP |
| Connectivity | Bluetooth 2.0 |
| Data inputs | Touchscreen |


title: Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance

abstract: Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. is an insurance company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the largest non-life insurers in South Korea alongside Samsung Fire & Marine, DB Insurance, and KB Insurance.

text:
# Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance

**Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.** (Korean: 현대해상화재보험 주식회사; Hanja: 現代海上火災保險 株式會社; RR: *Hyeondae Haesang Hwajae Boheom Jusik Hoesa*) is an insurance company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the largest non-life insurers in South Korea alongside Samsung Fire & Marine, DB Insurance, and KB Insurance.

## History

Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance was established as Dongbang Marine Insurance in 1955. Hyundai Group acquired Dongbang in 1983 and changed its name to Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance in 1985. However, due to Hyundai's break up caused by a feud between the group founder Chung Ju-yung's sons, Hyundai Insurance was split from the original Group in 1999. Chung Mong-yoon, the founder's seventh son, took control of the company.

## Operations

Hyundai Insurance is one of the four domestic insurers that dominates the South Korean non-insurance market. In the global market, Hyundai acquired a 25% interest in Vietinbank Insurance in 2018. The company also formed a joint venture with DiDi Chuxing and Legend Holdings for China market in 2020.

* Official website: Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance
* Official website: Hyundai Insurance USA
* Business data for Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance:

## InfoBox

Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
|
| Native name | 현대해상화재보험 주식회사 |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | KRX: 001450 |
| Industry | Insurance |
| Founded | 1955 (1955) |
| Headquarters | Seoul, South Korea |
| Website | www.hi.co.kr |


title: Olle Anderberg

abstract: Olle Henrik Martin Anderberg was a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics in freestyle and Greco-Roman events and won a silver medal in the Greco-Roman featherweight in 1948 and a gold in the freestyle lightweight in 1952. Between 1942 and 1962 Anderberg won three world, two European and 27 national titles. Anderberg's father Frans and brother Gunnar played football in the Swedish premier division. Olle tried football too, but had a much better career in wrestling, both as a competitor and a coach. He worked with the national teams of Finland, Turkey and Iran (1957–1960), and was personally known to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

text:
# Olle Anderberg

**Olle Henrik Martin Anderberg** (13 September 1919 – 26 September 2003) was a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics in freestyle and Greco-Roman events and won a silver medal in the Greco-Roman featherweight in 1948 and a gold in the freestyle lightweight in 1952. Between 1942 and 1962 Anderberg won three world, two European and 27 national titles.

Anderberg's father Frans and brother Gunnar played football in the Swedish premier division. Olle tried football too, but had a much better career in wrestling, both as a competitor and a coach. He worked with the national teams of Finland, Turkey and Iran (1957–1960), and was personally known to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

## InfoBox

Olle Anderberg
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 13 September 1919
Asmundtorp, Sweden |
| Died | 26 September 2003 (aged 84)
Linköping, Sweden |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Wrestling |
| Club | Eskilstuna GAK, Eskilstuna
Örgryte IS, Göteborg |
| Medal record      Representing  Sweden  Olympic Games  1952 Helsinki  Freestyle 67 kg  1948 London  Greco-Roman 62 kg  World Championships  1950 Stockholm Greco-Roman 62 kg  1951 Helsinki Freestyle 67 kg  1953 Naples Greco-Roman 62 kg  1954 Tokyo Freestyle 67 kg  European Championships  1947 Prague Greco-Roman 62 kg  1949 Istanbul Freestyle 62 kg  1946 Stockholm Freestyle 62 kg | |


title: Iffley Road

abstract: Iffley Road is a major arterial road in Oxford, England. It leads from the Plain, near Magdalen Bridge, southeast towards the village of Iffley. While it becomes Henley Avenue at Iffley Turn, and then Rose Hill, the whole stretch from the ring road to the Plain is referred to by some as Iffley Road. Formerly named as Henley Road in the 19th century, as it leads towards Henley-on-Thames, this entire route is designated the A4158. The road is the location for the Oxford University athletics venue, the Iffley Road Track, where Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile in under four minutes, on 6 May 1954. The feat is commemorated by blue plaque on Iffley Road. The track is next door to Iffley Road rugby ground, home of Oxford University Rugby Football Club. Also in Iffley Road is Greyfriars, a Capucin priory that was formerly a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford. The Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics is based at 91 Iffley Road, and the headquarters of Transun are to be found at the start of the road. There are a number of public houses including the Cape of Good Hope at the Plain and 1 Iffley Road, the Cricketers' Arms, now a cocktail bar renamed The Mad Hatter in 2013, and the Fir Tree Tavern.

text:
# Iffley Road

**Iffley Road** is a major arterial road in Oxford, England. It leads from the Plain, near Magdalen Bridge, southeast towards the village of Iffley. While it becomes Henley Avenue at Iffley Turn, and then Rose Hill, the whole stretch from the ring road to the Plain is referred to by some as Iffley Road. Formerly named as **Henley Road** in the 19th century, as it leads towards Henley-on-Thames, this entire route is designated the A4158.

The road is the location for the Oxford University athletics venue, the Iffley Road Track, where Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile in under four minutes, on 6 May 1954. The feat is commemorated by blue plaque on Iffley Road. The track is next door to Iffley Road rugby ground, home of Oxford University Rugby Football Club. Also in Iffley Road is Greyfriars, a Capucin priory that was formerly a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford. The Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics is based at 91 Iffley Road, and the headquarters of Transun are to be found at the start of the road.

There are a number of public houses including the Cape of Good Hope at the Plain and 1 Iffley Road, the Cricketers' Arms, now a cocktail bar renamed The Mad Hatter in 2013, and the Fir Tree Tavern.

Iffley Road is referenced in Emerald Fennel's 2023 film, Saltburn, of which the first act is set in Oxford at a fictional college of the University of Oxford. The two main protagonists, Oliver Quick and Felix Catton first meet as Felix's bicycle is immobilised with a punctured tyre. Oliver offers his own bicycle to Felix so he may proceed to his tutorial class on Iffley Road. This encounter is the genesis of their friendship.

51°44′49″N 1°14′31″W / 51.747°N 1.242°W / 51.747; -1.242


title: Old Wishek City Hall

abstract: The old Wishek City Hall was a historic building in Wishek, North Dakota. The one-story building was built in 1916 and demolished c. 2011. This building may or may not have originally been the power plant built by the Krein Brothers in 1916, and likely was sold after the Krien Brothers sold their properties to a predecessor of Montana-Dakota Utilities in 1925. The Wishek City Council decided in April 2010 to sell the building to the Wishek Heritage Society for restoration. However, they later reversed their decision, believing that restoring the building was too much of a task for the new owner. The Historical Society sued the city, and the outcome of the suit is unknown.

text:
# Old Wishek City Hall

The old **Wishek City Hall** was a historic building in Wishek, North Dakota. The one-story building was built in 1916 and demolished c.2011. This building may or may not have originally been the power plant built by the Krein Brothers in 1916, and likely was sold after the Krien Brothers sold their properties to a predecessor of Montana-Dakota Utilities in 1925. The Wishek City Council decided in April 2010 to sell the building to the Wishek Heritage Society for restoration. However, they later reversed their decision, believing that restoring the building was too much of a task for the new owner. The Historical Society sued the city, and the outcome of the suit is unknown.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wishek City Hall, Old | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 21 Centennial St., Wishek, North Dakota |
| Coordinates | 46°15′30″N 99°33′28″W / 46.25833°N 99.55778°W / 46.25833; -99.55778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1916 |
| Built by | L. H. Jennings |
| Architect | Frederick W. Keith |
| Architectural style | Mission Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001141 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 04, 2005 |
| Delisted | July 14, 2015 |


title: Hyundai Kia R&D Museum

abstract: The Hyundai Kia R&D Museum was opened in 2007. It is located in Hyundai Kia R&D center, Hwaseong Gyeonggi, South Korea. It displays significant cars from Hyundai Motors and Kia Motors. It has 20 cars on display, and 190 cars in storage due to storage considerations. It displays some remarkable cars such as Hyundai Pony, Hyundai Stellar, Kia Bongo, Kia Sephia, Kia Elan, Hyundai Porter and Hyundai Accent. Hyundai Motors is still looking for its previous models, such as Ford Cortina, which was Hyundai's first production car. Hyundai is planning to make Hyundai Motor Museum which is scheduled to open in 2016. The museum will be constructed by Hyundai Construction.

text:
# Hyundai Kia R&D Museum

The **Hyundai Kia R&D Museum** was opened in 2007. It is located in Hyundai Kia R&D center, Hwaseong Gyeonggi, South Korea. It displays significant cars from Hyundai Motors and Kia Motors. It has 20 cars on display, and 190 cars in storage due to storage considerations. It displays some remarkable cars such as Hyundai Pony, Hyundai Stellar, Kia Bongo, Kia Sephia, Kia Elan, Hyundai Porter and Hyundai Accent. Hyundai Motors is still looking for its previous models, such as Ford Cortina, which was Hyundai's first production car. Hyundai is planning to make Hyundai Motor Museum which is scheduled to open in 2016. The museum will be constructed by Hyundai Construction.

## Visiting

To visit the museum, one must be invited by Hyundai Motor Group or be an employee who works for the group. Visits are limited to small groups, and, because the museum is located at the R&D center, there are limitations on photography.

## Other museums

Hyundai and Kia Motors also own the other museum. It is located in the factory complex for visitors to take a look at the history of the company. The rest of the South Korean Motor companies like GM Korea and SsangYong Motor Company does not collect or have their museums. The "R&D Museum" is one of the two automaker-owned museums in South Korea; the other being the Renault Samsung Motors Gallery, which was established in 1998.


title: Old Witch Boneyleg

abstract: Old Witch Boneyleg is a 1978 anthology of 13 fairy tales from around the world that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. It is part of a long series of fairy tale anthologies by Manning-Sanders. This is a companion volume to The Haunted Castle. The book's title story is a Baba Yaga tale, although it does not mention the witch by name.

text:
# Old Witch Boneyleg

***Old Witch Boneyleg*** is a 1978 anthology of 13 fairy tales from around the world that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. It is part of a long series of fairy tale anthologies by Manning-Sanders. This is a companion volume to *The Haunted Castle*. The book's title story is a Baba Yaga tale, although it does not mention the witch by name.

## Table of contents

1. Old Witch Boneyleg (Russia)
2. The Bunyip (Australia)
3. The Farmer and the Water Fairies (Iceland)
4. Iron Hans (Transylvania)
5. Two Minutes (Russia)
6. The Broken Pitcher (France)
7. Natasha Most Lovely (Russia)
8. The King's Beard (Greece)
9. The Gold Stag (German soldier story)
10. The Dancing Pigs (Germany)
11. Giant Babolna (Hungary)
12. The Cauld Lad of Hilton (England)
13. Tossen the Fool (Denmark)

## InfoBox

Old Witch Boneyleg
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ruth Manning-Sanders |
| Illustrator | Kilmeny Niland |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fairy Tales |
| Publisher | Angus & Robertson |
| Publication date | 1978 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 95 pp |


title: Hypomyces completus

abstract: Hypomyces completus is a parasitic ascomycete in the order Hypocreales. The fungus grows on boletes, typically Suillus spraguei in North America, although the type collection was found on growing on Boletinus oxydabilis in Siberia. The color of its subiculum ranges from white initially to yellow-brown to greenish-brown to brown to black; the fruitbodies (perithecia) range from pale brown to dark brown to black. Spores measure 35–40 by 4–6 μm. The species was described as new to science in 1971 by G. R. W. Arnold, who placed it in Peckiella, a genus segregated from Hypomyces by Pier Andrea Saccardo to contain species having unicellular ascospores. In their 1989 review, Rogerson and Samuels did not accept this genus as valid, stating "variations in these features occur, occasionally in a single perithecium", and they reclassified the fungus in Hypomyces. The anamorph species associated with H. completus is Sepedonium brunneum, first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1887.

text:
# Hypomyces completus

***Hypomyces completus*** is a parasitic ascomycete in the order Hypocreales. The fungus grows on boletes, typically *Suillus spraguei* in North America, although the type collection was found on growing on *Boletinus oxydabilis* in Siberia. The color of its subiculum (a crust-like growth of mycelium) ranges from white initially to yellow-brown to greenish-brown to brown to black; the fruitbodies (perithecia) range from pale brown to dark brown to black. Spores measure 35–40 by 4–6 μm.

The species was described as new to science in 1971 by G. R. W. Arnold, who placed it in *Peckiella*, a genus segregated from *Hypomyces* by Pier Andrea Saccardo to contain species having unicellular ascospores. In their 1989 review, Rogerson and Samuels did not accept this genus as valid, stating "variations in these features occur, occasionally in a single perithecium", and they reclassified the fungus in *Hypomyces*. The anamorph species associated with *H. completus* is *Sepedonium brunneum*, first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1887.

## InfoBox

| *Hypomyces completus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hypomyces completus* parasitizing the bolete *Suillus spraguei* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Hypocreaceae |
| Genus: | *Hypomyces* |
| Species: | ***H. completus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypomyces completus***<br>(G. R. W. Arnold) Rogerson & Samuels (1985) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Peckiella completa* G.R.W.Arnold (1971) | |


title: Old Winters Ranch/Winters Mansion

abstract: The Old Winters Ranch/Winters Mansion, near Carson City, Nevada, was completed in 1864. Also known as Rancho del Sierra, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was argued to be significant for its historical associations, for its architecture, and for its "continuing educational possibilities." It is located in what is now known as old Washoe City.

text:
# Old Winters Ranch/Winters Mansion

The **Old Winters Ranch/Winters Mansion**, near Carson City, Nevada, was completed in 1864. Also known as **Rancho del Sierra**, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was argued to be significant for its historical associations, for its architecture, and for its "continuing educational possibilities."

It is located in what is now known as old Washoe City.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Winters Ranch/Winters Mansion | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | North of Carson City |
| Nearest city | Carson City, Nevada |
| Coordinates | 39°18′43″N 119°49′18″W / 39.31194°N 119.82167°W / 39.31194; -119.82167 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | 1862 |
| Built by | Steele, Mr. |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival, Carpenter's Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001150 |
| Added to NRHP | July 30, 1974 |


title: Novirhabdovirus

abstract: Novirhabdovirus is a genus of the family Rhabdoviridae containing viruses known to infect aquatic hosts. They can be transmitted from fish to fish or by waterborne virus, as well as through contaminated eggs. Replication and thermal inactivation temperatures are generally lower than for other rhabdoviruses, given the cold-blooded nature of their hosts. Hosts include a large and growing range of marine and freshwater fish. A common characteristic among novirhabdoviruses is the NV gene, an approximately 500-nucleotide-long gene located between the glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L) genes. The expected protein encoded by the NV gene is not found in the virions, leading to its being named a "nonvirion" (NV) protein. This is the origin of the genus name Novirhabdovirus.

text:
# Novirhabdovirus

***Novirhabdovirus*** is a genus of the family *Rhabdoviridae* containing viruses known to infect aquatic hosts. They can be transmitted from fish to fish or by waterborne virus, as well as through contaminated eggs. Replication and thermal inactivation temperatures are generally lower than for other rhabdoviruses, given the cold-blooded nature of their hosts. Hosts include a large and growing range of marine and freshwater fish.

A common characteristic among novirhabdoviruses is the NV gene, an approximately 500-nucleotide-long gene located between the glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L) genes. The expected protein encoded by the NV gene is not found in the virions, leading to its being named a "nonvirion" (NV) protein. This is the origin of the genus name *Novirhabdovirus*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Novirhabdovirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Negative stain electron micrograph of *Piscine novirhabdovirus* | |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Riboviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Orthornavirae* |
| Phylum: | *Negarnaviricota* |
| Class: | *Monjiviricetes* |
| Order: | *Mononegavirales* |
| Family: | *Rhabdoviridae* |
| Subfamily: | *Gammarhabdovirinae* |
| Genus: | ***Novirhabdovirus*** |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Noviomagus Cantiacorum

abstract: Noviomagus is a Latinization of a Brittonic placename meaning "new plain" or "new fields", a clearing in woodland. The element Cantiacorum is a modern coinage that distinguishes it from other places with the name Noviomagus. It was a Roman settlement in southeastern Britain, named on Iter II of the Antonine Itinerary, ten Roman miles from Londinium and nineteen to Vagniacis, thence nine miles to Durobrivae. Its location has been given as modern Crayford, but is now suggested to be near West Wickham following excavation of the Roman site there; the distances also fit West Wickham better than Crayford. Thousands of sherds of pottery and hundreds of Roman coins have been found near West Wickham, but only slight evidence of housing. The main activity at the site in the Roman period may have been trading in an open-air market, rather than settlement.

text:
# Noviomagus Cantiacorum

**Noviomagus** is a Latinization of a Brittonic placename meaning "new plain" or "new fields", a clearing in woodland. The element **Cantiacorum** (Latin for "of the Cantiaci") is a modern coinage that distinguishes it from other places with the name Noviomagus. It was a Roman settlement in southeastern Britain, named on Iter II of the Antonine Itinerary, ten Roman miles from Londinium and nineteen to Vagniacis, thence nine miles to Durobrivae. Its location has been given as modern Crayford, but is now suggested to be near West Wickham following excavation of the Roman site there; the distances also fit West Wickham better than Crayford.

Thousands of sherds of pottery and hundreds of Roman coins have been found near West Wickham, but only slight evidence of housing. The main activity at the site in the Roman period may have been trading in an open-air market, rather than settlement.

51°27′09″N 0°10′44″E / 51.4526°N 0.1788°E / 51.4526; 0.1788


title: Old Winona Middle School

abstract: The Old Winona Middle School is a former school complex in Winona, Minnesota, United States. The east building was originally constructed as the Winona High School from 1915 to 1917 and the west building was added as the Winona Junior High School in 1926. An auditorium was added to the rear of the east building in 1928. In 1988 the complex became the Winona Middle School. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Winona High School and Winona Junior High School in 2004 for its local significance in the theme of education. It was nominated for representing local efforts to implement progressive educational trends in updated facilities, while offering cultural experiences to the wider community through professional music performances in the auditorium. An adaptive reuse project completed in 2004 converted the former school into the Washington Crossing apartments.

text:
# Old Winona Middle School

The **Old Winona Middle School** is a former school complex in Winona, Minnesota, United States. The east building was originally constructed as the **Winona High School** from 1915 to 1917 and the west building was added as the **Winona Junior High School** in 1926. An auditorium was added to the rear of the east building in 1928. In 1988 the complex became the **Winona Middle School**. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the **Winona High School and Winona Junior High School** in 2004 for its local significance in the theme of education. It was nominated for representing local efforts to implement progressive educational trends in updated facilities, while offering cultural experiences to the wider community through professional music performances in the auditorium.

An adaptive reuse project completed in 2004 converted the former school into the **Washington Crossing** apartments.

## Construction

Winona's original high school was built on the site of the west building in 1887. By the early 20th century the student body had swollen to twice the intended capacity of the building, pushing instructional spaces into the attic, basement, and stairwells. The Winona Board of Education began planning a new high school in 1913, purchasing the neighboring lot across Washington Street and ultimately hiring architect Clarence H. Johnston Sr. of Saint Paul, who had recently designed what is now Phelps Hall at Winona State University. The board also took the opportunity to incorporate the latest trends in education, such as classrooms for both academic and vocational training, and large windows for maximum sunlight (which was considered to promote student health and cleanse classrooms). Construction began in September 1915 and the district's 10th, 11th, and 12th grades moved into the new building in February 1917.

The 1887 building was adapted for another new educational trend, the junior high school, created to provide more of a transition for students between elementary and high school. Initially only eighth and ninth grade met there, leaving seventh grade at the elementary school. In 1922 the board of education prioritized construction of a new junior high school building on the site of the old. The firm of Croft & Boerner was hired, with William B. Ittner of St. Louis as a consulting architect. The new facility was designed to complement the high school across the street. Construction began in February 1925, with half the building complete and available for classes in September of that year and the other half ready in January 1926.

The district's next priority project was a gymnasium, another reflection of new educational principles. William B. Ittner was hired back to design a combined gymnasium and auditorium, with a swimming pool in the basement. Again it was closely matched to the style and color of the existing facilities. Construction began in summer 1927 and was complete in December of the following year.

## Changing use

In 1967 the Winona Senior High School was constructed at 901 Gilmore Avenue, and both buildings on Broadway became the Winona Junior High School. In 1988 the junior high school was renamed the Winona Middle School as ninth grade was shifted to the new high school and sixth grade moved in from the elementary school. However the facility was noticeably aging, lacked space for athletic fields, and was awkwardly split into two buildings. Whether to renovate or relocate proved to be a contentious local issue for years. Two referendums to renovate the existing facilities were defeated, but a referendum to construct a new middle school passed in 1997.

Proposals for what to do with the existing school buildings included reuse for subsidized housing, a university dormitory, a teen community center, or expansion space for the adjacent Winona Public Library. A special task force ultimately voted in 1998 to sell the buildings to MetroPlains, a Saint Paul-based redeveloper, for conversion into affordable housing.

Meanwhile, the new Winona Middle School was constructed at 1570 Homer Road. The final day of classes in the old school was June 7, 2000. That fall, as students began attending the new middle school, renovation work was delayed when the Winona County Courthouse flooded and the west school building was pressed into service to house county offices. Renovations to convert the old middle school into the Washington Crossing apartment complex ultimately took place from July 2003 to October 2004, and new tenants began moving in that December.

## Auditorium

The Washington Crossing renovation did not include the 1928 auditorium/gymnasium attached to the east building, and it has sat vacant since 2000. Pipes that burst over the winter of 2015–2016 have left standing water in the auditorium's balcony and in front of the stage, though the facility remains structurally sound. Options for reuse are complicated by the fact that the city has already restored the Winona Masonic Temple into a community theater space just a block away.

## InfoBox

| Old Winona Middle School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alternative names | Washington Crossing |
|  | |
| Winona High School and Winona Junior High School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The East Building/former high school (top) and West Building/former junior high (bottom) | |
|  | |
| Location | 166 and 218 West Broadway Street, Winona, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°3′3″N 91°38′31″W / 44.05083°N 91.64194°W / 44.05083; -91.64194 |
| Area | 2.95 acres (1.19 ha) |
| Built | 1915–1917, 1925–1926, 1928 |
| Architect | Clarence H. Johnston Sr., Croft & Boerner, William B. Ittner |
| Architectural style | Neoclassical |
| NRHP reference No. | 03001350 |
| Designated | January 2, 2004 |
|  | |


title: Hypernova

abstract: A hypernova is a very energetic supernova which is believed to result from an extreme core collapse scenario. In this case, a massive star collapses to form a rotating black hole emitting twin astrophysical jets and surrounded by an accretion disk. It is a type of stellar explosion that ejects material with an unusually high kinetic energy, an order of magnitude higher than most supernovae, with a luminosity at least 10 times greater. Hypernovae release such intense gamma rays that they often appear similar to a type Ic supernova, but with unusually broad spectral lines indicating an extremely high expansion velocity. Hypernovae are one of the mechanisms for producing long gamma ray bursts (GRBs), which range from 2 seconds to over a minute in duration. They have also been referred to as superluminous supernovae, though that classification also includes other types of extremely luminous stellar explosions that have different origins.

text:
# Hypernova

A **hypernova** is a very energetic supernova which is believed to result from an extreme core collapse scenario. In this case, a massive star (\>30 solar masses) collapses to form a rotating black hole emitting twin astrophysical jets and surrounded by an accretion disk. It is a type of stellar explosion that ejects material with an unusually high kinetic energy, an order of magnitude higher than most supernovae, with a luminosity at least 10 times greater. Hypernovae release such intense gamma rays that they often appear similar to a type Ic supernova, but with unusually broad spectral lines indicating an extremely high expansion velocity. Hypernovae are one of the mechanisms for producing long gamma ray bursts (GRBs), which range from 2 seconds to over a minute in duration. They have also been referred to as superluminous supernovae, though that classification also includes other types of extremely luminous stellar explosions that have different origins.

## History

In the 1980s, the term *hypernova* was used to describe a theoretical type of supernova now known as a pair-instability supernova. It referred to the extremely high energy of the explosion compared to typical core collapse supernovae. The term had previously been used to describe hypothetical explosions from diverse events such as hyperstars, extremely massive population III stars in the early universe, or from events such as black hole mergers.

In February 1997, Dutch-Italian satellite BeppoSAX was able to trace GRB 970508 to a faint galaxy roughly 6 billion light years away. From analyzing the spectroscopic data for both the GRB 970508 and its host galaxy, Bloom et al. concluded in 1998 that a hypernova was the likely cause. That same year, hypernovae were hypothesized in greater detail by Polish astronomer Bohdan Paczyński as supernovae from rapidly spinning stars.

The usage of the term *hypernova* from the late 20th century has since been refined to refer to those supernovae with unusually large kinetic energy. The first hypernova observed was SN 1998bw, with a luminosity 100 times higher than a standard Type Ib. This supernova was the first to be associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB) and it produced a shockwave containing an order of magnitude more energy than a normal supernova. Other scientists prefer to call these objects simply broad-lined type Ic supernovae. Since then the term has been applied to a variety of objects, not all of which meet the standard definition; for example ASASSN-15lh.

In 2023, the observation of the highly energetic, non-quasar transient event AT2021lwx was published with an extremely strong emission from mid-infrared to X-ray wavelengths and an overall energy of 1.5 1046 Joule. This object is not thought to be a hypernova; instead, it is likely to be a huge gas cloud being absorbed by a massive black hole. The event was also assigned the random name "ZTF20abrbeie" by the Zwicky Transient Facility. This name and the seeming ferocity of the event led to nickname "Scary Barbie", drawing the attention of the mainstream press.

## Properties

Hypernovae are thought to be supernovae with ejecta having a kinetic energy larger than about 1045 joule, an order of magnitude higher than a typical core collapse supernova. The ejected nickel masses are large and the ejection velocity up to 99% of the speed of light. These are typically of type Ic, and some are associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts. The electromagnetic energy released by these events varies from comparable to other type Ic supernova, to some of the most luminous supernovae known such as SN 1999as.

The archetypal hypernova, SN 1998bw, was associated with GRB 980425. Its spectrum showed no hydrogen and no clear helium features, but strong silicon lines identified it as a type Ic supernova. The main absorption lines were extremely broadened and the light curve showed a very rapid brightening phase, reaching the brightness of a type Ia supernova at day 16. The total ejected mass was about 10 M and the mass of nickel ejected about 0.4 M. All supernovae associated with GRBs have shown the high-energy ejecta that characterises them as hypernovae.

Unusually bright radio supernovae have been observed as counterparts to hypernovae, and have been termed "radio hypernovae".

## Astrophysical models

Models for hypernova focus on the efficient transfer of energy into the ejecta. In normal core collapse supernovae, 99% of neutrinos generated in the collapsing core escape without driving the ejection of material. It is thought that rotation of the supernova progenitor drives a jet that accelerates material away from the explosion at close to the speed of light. Binary systems are increasingly being studied as the best method for both stripping stellar envelopes to leave a bare carbon-oxygen core, and for inducing the necessary spin conditions to drive a hypernova.

### Collapsar model

The collapsar model describes a type of supernova that produces a gravitationally collapsed object, or black hole. The word "collapsar", short for "collapsed star", was formerly used to refer to the end product of stellar gravitational collapse, a stellar-mass black hole. The word is now sometimes used to refer to a specific model for the collapse of a fast-rotating star. When core collapse occurs in a star with a core at least around fifteen times the Sun's mass (M) — though chemical composition and rotational rate are also significant — the explosion energy is insufficient to expel the outer layers of the star, and it will collapse into a black hole without producing a visible supernova outburst.

A star with a core mass slightly below this level — in the range of 5–15 M — will undergo a supernova explosion, but so much of the ejected mass falls back onto the core remnant that it still collapses into a black hole. If such a star is rotating slowly, then it will produce a faint supernova, but if the star is rotating quickly enough, then the fallback to the black hole will produce relativistic jets. Those powerful jets plough through stellar material produce strong shock waves, with the vigorous winds of newly-formed 56Ni blowing off the accretion disk, detonating the hypernova explosion. The ejected radioactive decay of 56Ni renders the visible outburst substantially more luminous than a standard supernova. The jets also beam high energy particles and gamma rays directly outward and thereby produce x-ray or gamma-ray bursts; the jets can last for several seconds or longer and correspond to long-duration gamma-ray bursts, but they do not appear to explain short-duration gamma-ray bursts.

### Binary models

The mechanism for producing the stripped progenitor, a carbon-oxygen star lacking any significant hydrogen or helium, of type Ic supernovae was once thought to be an extremely evolved massive star, for example a type WO Wolf-Rayet star whose dense stellar wind expelled all its outer layers. Observations have failed to detect any such progenitors. It is still not conclusively shown that the progenitors are actually a different type of object, but several cases suggest that lower-mass "helium giants" are the progenitors. These stars are not sufficiently massive to expel their envelopes simply by stellar winds, and they would be stripped by mass transfer to a binary companion. Helium giants are increasingly favoured as the progenitors of type Ib supernovae, but the progenitors of type Ic supernovae is still uncertain.

One proposed mechanism for producing gamma-ray bursts is induced gravitational collapse, where a neutron star is triggered to collapse into a black hole by the core collapse of a close companion consisting of a stripped carbon-oxygen core. The induced neutron star collapse allows for the formation of jets and high-energy ejecta that have been difficult to model from a single star.

* Gamma-ray burst progenitors – Types of celestial objects that can emit gamma-ray bursts
* Quark star – Compact exotic star which forms matter consisting mostly of quarks
* Quark-nova – Hypothetical violent explosion resulting from conversion of a neutron star to a quark star

## Further reading


title: Hydrocorella africana

abstract: Hydrocorella africana, the shell-mimic hydroid, is a small colonial encrusting hydroid in the family Hydractiniidae.

text:
# Hydrocorella africana

***Hydrocorella africana***, the **shell-mimic hydroid**, is a small colonial encrusting hydroid in the family Hydractiniidae.

## Description

Shell-mimic hydroids grow as calcified colonies of 0.5–2 cm thick on shells of living snails. The colony has a pale chalky skeleton and cream to orange hydranths (feeding individuals).

## Distribution

This colonial animal is found only off the South African coast from the west coast to Durban subtidally and to 500m under water.

## Ecology

After the death of the mollusc the colony may continue growing in an open spiral. The colony often develops into spines and outgrowths, growing to such an extent that the colonised shell becomes unrecognisable.

## InfoBox

| *Hydrocorella africana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| shell-mimic hydroid on shell occupied by pink hermit crab | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Anthoathecata |
| Family: | Hydractiniidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrocorella* |
| Species: | ***H. africana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydrocorella africana***<br>Stechow, 1921 | |
|


title: Icelandic Men's Hockey League

abstract: The Icelandic Men's Hockey League, also known as Hertz deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is an ice hockey league in Iceland. It currently has three active teams. It is run by Ice Hockey Iceland.

text:
# Icelandic Men's Hockey League

The **Icelandic Men's Hockey League**, also known as **Hertz deild karla** for sponsorship reasons, is an ice hockey league in Iceland. It currently has three active teams. It is run by Ice Hockey Iceland.

## History

Hockey was first played in Iceland in around 1950, on ponds and rivers. The weather made it very hard to play, so Icelandic hockey did not develop for some time. In 1987, the first outdoor ice arena was built with an artificial surface, and a second was built three years later. The first indoor arena was built in 1997, and a second was built in 2000.

The league was formed in 1991, originally with three teams. The league season usually starts at the beginning of October and ends in March/April. As of 2018, there are three teams competing in the league.

## Current teams

| Team | City | Arena |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Skautafélag Akureyrar Víkingar | Akureyri | Skautahöllin á Akureyri |
| Skautafélag Reykjavíkur | Reykjavík | Skautahöllin í Laugardal |
| Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir | Reykjavík | Skautasvellið í Egilshöll |

## Former teams

## League champions

## Titles by team

| Titles | Club | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 23 | Skautafélag Akureyrar | 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 |
| 6 | Skautafélag Reykjavíkur | 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2023 |
| 1 | Björninn | 2012 |
| 1 | Esja Reykjavík | 2017 |
|

## InfoBox

Hertz deild karla
| Icelandic Men's Hockey League | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Founded | 1991 (1991) |
| No. of teams | 3 |
| Country | Iceland |
| Most recent<br>champion(s) | Skautafélag Akureyrar (6th title) |
| Most titles | Skautafélag Akureyrar (23 titles) |
| Official website | www.ihi.is |


title: Hydrocortisone/oxytetracycline

abstract: Hydrocortisone/oxytetracycline is a combination drug, consisting of the anti-inflammatory drug hydrocortisone and the antibiotic drug oxytetracycline. It is indicated, for example, in steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions where bacterial infection or a risk of bacterial ocular infection exists.

text:
# Hydrocortisone/oxytetracycline

**Hydrocortisone/oxytetracycline** (trade name **Terra-Cortril**) is a combination drug, consisting of the anti-inflammatory drug hydrocortisone and the antibiotic drug oxytetracycline.

It is indicated, for example, in steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions where bacterial infection or a risk of bacterial ocular infection exists.

## InfoBox

Hydrocortisone/oxytetracycline
| Combination of | |
| --- | --- |
| Hydrocortisone | Topical steroid |
| Oxytetracycline | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Terra-Cortril |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |


title: Hydrocorella

abstract: Hydrocorella is a small genus of athecate hydroids in the family Hydractiniidae.

text:
# Hydrocorella

***Hydrocorella*** is a small genus of athecate hydroids in the family Hydractiniidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Hydrocorella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hydrocorella africana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Anthoathecata |
| Family: | Hydractiniidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrocorella*<br>Stechow, 1921 |
|


title: Olive Wheeler

abstract: Dame Olive Annie Wheeler, DBE was a Welsh educationist and psychologist, and Professor of Education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, now Cardiff University.

text:
# Olive Wheeler

**Dame Olive Annie Wheeler**, DBE (4 May 1886 – 26 September 1963) was a Welsh educationist and psychologist, and Professor of Education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, now Cardiff University.

## Early life

Born at the High Street in Brecon, Olive Wheeler was the younger daughter of Annie Wheeler, née Poole, and her husband, Henry Burford Wheeler. Henry Wheeler was a master printer and publisher. She attended Brecon County School for Girls. She received an Honours Central Welsh Board Certificate in 1904. She attended University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and graduated with a BSc in Chemistry in 1907, and a MSc in 1911. At Aberystwyth she was elected president of the Students' Representative Council. In 1908 she was awarded a double first in a Secondary Teachers Certificate, University of Wales.

Wheeler completed a DSc (Doctor of Science) in Psychology at Bedford College, London (now part of Royal Holloway, University of London) in 1916. She enrolled for the DSc in the Michaelmas term of 1911 at the age of twenty five. Her mother, Annie Wheeler, was a signatory on the form (her father was already dead), along with A. H. Lewis, a Baptist Minister in Brecon, and Uma Wright, Secretary to Brecon Gas Company.

## Career

Her first teaching appointment was as lecturer in mental and moral science at Cheltenham Ladies College. She was later appointed to a lectureship in education at the University of Manchester, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Education. In 1921 she applied for the Chair in Education at Swansea University College. Wheeler stood as the Labour candidate for the University of Wales parliamentary constituency in the 1922 general election against Thomas Arthur Lewis. She was President of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association in 1923–24.

Wheeler was appointed as Professor of Education (Women) at University College at Cardiff in 1925, as well as (temporarily) the Dean of the Faculty of Education. She was the first female head of department in the University of Wales. Her title was officially changed to Professor of Education in 1933. In 1947 she became chairperson of the Welsh Advisory Council on Youth Employment and chairman of the South Wales District of the Workers Education Association.

Wheeler was a fellow of the British Psychological Society. Three years after her retirement in 1951 she went to Canada on a lecture tour.

## Damehood

She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 New Year Honours for education and social work in Wales, particularly for her work with the University of Wales, the Workers’ Educational Association and the Welsh Joint Education Committee.

## Death

She died suddenly in the Kardomah Café in Queen Street, Cardiff on 26 September 1963. In her will she left £27,434. She bequeathed her library of educational materials to Cardiff University, as well as funds to create an annual prize of £500 (equivalent to £13,000 in 2023) to be awarded to the university's top student in the department of education. She left £250 to the South Wales District of the Workers' Educational Association and Park End Presbyterian Church, Cardiff.

## Affiliations

## Bibliography

* ; William Phillips; Joseph P. Spillane (1961). *Mental Health and Education*. London: University of London Press.
* Wheeler, Olive A. (June 1943). "The Service of Youth". *British Journal of Educational Psychology*. **13** (2): 69–73. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1943.tb02723.x. S2CID 145128369.
* *Youth: The Psychology of Adolescence and its Bearing on the Reorganization of Adolescent Education*. London: London University Press. 1933; second edition, 1937.
* *Creative Education and the Future*. London: University of London Press. 1936.

## InfoBox

| Olive Annie Wheeler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1886-05-04)May 4, 1886
Brecon |
| Died | September 26, 1963(1963-09-26) (aged 77)
Cardiff |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University College of Wales, Aberystwyth; Bedford College, London |
| Thesis | *Anthropomorphism and science : a study of the development of ejective cognition in the individual and the race (DSc)* (1916) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Educational Psychology |
| Institutions | University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire |
|  | |


title: Noxa (band)

abstract: Noxa is an Indonesian grindcore band formed in Jakarta in 2002 by drummer Robin Hutagaol and guitarist Ade Himernio Adnis. The band are known for playing grindcore accompanied by political and humanistic lyrics.

text:
# Noxa (band)

**Noxa** is an Indonesian grindcore band formed in Jakarta in 2002 by drummer Robin Hutagaol and guitarist Ade Himernio Adnis. The band are known for playing grindcore accompanied by political and humanistic lyrics.

## History

### Formation

The band was formed by Ade Himernio Adnis and Robin Hutagaol. They soon picked up vocalist Tonny Christian Pangemanan and bassist Dipa Biomantara. The four member of the band shared the same university as students and have known each other for years, occasionally doing some local gigs together. At first they played cover songs from grindcore bands like Nasum and Napalm Death. The name Noxa was chosen because the members of the band were interested in its meaning. Noxa itself means something that exerts a harmful effect on the body.

### Debut and second album

Soon after its inception, the band entered the studio in November 2002 for the recording of debut album. Under their own label Noxa Records, the band released self-titled debut album *Noxa* in August 2003. This was followed by some gigs in Malaysia and Singapore.

Two years after the release of *Noxa*, the band once again entered the studio to record their second album *Grind Viruses*. The album was released in 2006 and featured some musician including Keijo Niinimaa of Rotten Sound as lyricist in the song "Starvation". Originally released by Noxa Records, the album was later re-released by Finnish label, Stay Heavy Records, in 2008. In the same year, the band played in Tuska Open Air Metal Festival.

### Third album and recent member changes

On January 17, 2009, drummer Robin Hutagaol died in a motorcycle accident. 6 months later, he was replaced by Alvin Eka Putra, this was followed by planning for recording the third album. During this times, Noxa played in Obscene Extreme Festival in Czech Republic.

The third album *Legacy* was recorded in early 2011. It contains 19 tracks, seven of which were previously drum tracked by Robin Hutagaol before his death. The album was released in July 2011 through Off The Records and once again also featuring other musicians including Jason Netherton of Misery Index and Shane McLachlan of the band Phobia.

On September 14, 2019, vocalist Tonny Christian Pangemanan left the band due to health reason. A new singer Diego Shefa was first announced to public in December 2019. After a year of battling his illness, Tonny Pangemanan died on November 13, 2020.

## Musical style

Noxa are known to bring political sociology and humanity theme lyrics in their music. Most of their songs are grindcore typical with short duration, lasting only 1 or 2 minutes or even a few seconds.

## Band members

Current members * Ade Himernio Adnis – guitars (2002–present)
* Dipa Biomantara – bass guitar (2002–present)
* Alvin Eka Putra – drums (2009–present)
* Diego Shefa Dila Negara – vocals (2020–present)

Former member * Robin Hutagaol – drums (2002–2009; died 2009)
* Tonny Christian Pangemanan – vocals (2002–2019; Died 2020)

Timeline

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Noxa* | * Released: November 1, 2003 * Label: Noxa Records, Off The Records * Formats: CD, cassette |
| *Grind Viruses* | * Released: October 1, 2006 * Labels:     + Indonesia: Noxa Records, Off The Records     + Finland: Stay Heavy Records * Formats: CD, digital download |
| *Legacy* | * Released: July 2011 * Label: Off The Records * Format: CD |

### Extended plays

| Title | EP details |
| --- | --- |
| *Buka Mata* | * Released: February 14, 2016 * Label: Armstretch Records * Format: CD |

## InfoBox

| Noxa | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | * Noxa Records * Stay Heavy Records * Off The Records |
|  | |
| Members | Ade Himernio Adnis
Dipa Biomantara
Alvin Eka Putra
Diego Shefa Dilanegara |
|  | |
| Past members | Robin Hutagaol
Tonny Christian Pangemanan (Deceased) |
|  | |
| Website | noxagrind.com |


title: Omidenepag

abstract: Omidenepag, sold under the brand name Eybelis among others, is a medication used for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Omidenepag was approved for medical use in Japan in 2018, and in the United States in September 2022.

text:
# Omidenepag

**Omidenepag**, sold under the brand name **Eybelis** among others, is a medication used for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Omidenepag was approved for medical use in Japan in 2018, and in the United States in September 2022.

## Medical uses

Omidenepag is indicated for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

## Adverse effects

The most common adverse effects of omidenepag are conjunctival hyperemia and macular edema, including cystoid macular edema.

## Pharmacology

Omidenepag isopropyl is a prodrug that is converted by hydrolysis of its isopropyl ester to the active metabolite omidenepag. Omidenepag is a selective prostaglandin E2 receptor agonist.

## History

Omidenepag was developed by Ube Industries and Santen Pharmaceutical.

## InfoBox

Omidenepag
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Eybelis, Omlonti |
| Other names | UR-7276, DE-117, Omidenepag isopropyl (JAN JP) |
| Routes of
administration | Topical eye drops |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * Propan-2-yl 2-\[\[6-\[\[(4-pyrazol-1-ylphenyl)methyl-pyridin-3-ylsulfonylamino\]methyl\]pyridin-2-yl\]amino\]acetate | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C26H28N6O4S |
| Molar mass | 520.61 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CC(C)OC(=O)CNC1=CC=CC(CN(CC2=CC=C(C=C2)N2C=CC=N2)S(=O)(=O)C2=CC=CN=C2)=N1 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C23H22N6O4S/c30-23(31)15-25-22-6-1-4-19(27-22)17-28(34(32,33)21-5-2-11-24-14-21)16-18-7-9-20(10-8-18)29-13-3-12-26-29/h1-14H,15-17H2,(H,25,27)(H,30,31) * Key:YHGSTSNEOJUIRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N *
InChI=1S/C26H28N6O4S/c1-20(2)36-26(33)17-28-25-8-3-6-22(30-25)19-31(37(34,35)24-7-4-13-27-16-24)18-21-9-11-23(12-10-21)32-15-5-14-29-32/h3-16,20H,17-19H2,1-2H3,(H,28,30) * Key:VIQCWEGEHRBLAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Hungary national beach soccer team

abstract: The Hungary national beach soccer team represents Hungary in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség, the governing body for football in Hungary.

text:
# Hungary national beach soccer team

The **Hungary national beach soccer team** represents Hungary in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the *Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség*, the governing body for football in Hungary.

## Competitive record

### FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Qualification (UEFA)

| FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Qualification Record | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Pld | W | WE | WP | L | GS | GA | Dif | Pts |
| 2008 | Round of 16 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 22 | -11 | 6 |
| 2009 | Group Stage | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 18 | -8 | 0 |
| 2011 | Quarter-Finals | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 26 | 29 | -3 | 7 |
| 2013 | Playoff Stage | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 22 | 27 | -5 | 9 |
| 2015 | 7th Place | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 36 | 30 | +6 | 11 |
| 2017 | 15th Place | 8 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 41 | -14 | 5 |
| 2019 | Round of 16 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 11 | -2 | 5 |
| 2021 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | |
| **Total** | 7/9 | 39 | 12 | 2 | 3 | 22 | 141 | 168 | -27 | 43 |

## Current squad

*Correct as of July 2012*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  HUN Csaba Borszéki  4 DF  HUN Szabolcs Badalik  7 FW  HUN Viktor Fekete  8 MF  HUN Márk Ughy *(captain)*  9 DF  HUN Ferenc Besenyei  10 DF  HUN Ábel Peter | No. Pos. Nation Player  13 MF  HUN László Berkes  14 FW  HUN Péter Jaksa  15 MF  HUN Renáto Takács  20 GK  HUN Tamás Weisz  12 GK  HUN Dávid Ficsor |
| --- | --- |

**Coach**: Tamás Weisz

**HFF Head of Beach Soccer**: Zsolt Izsvak

## InfoBox

Hungary
| Association | *Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség* (MLSZ) |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | UEFA (Europe) |
| Head coach | Tamás Weisz |
| Captain | Márk Ughy |
| Most caps | László Berkes (72) |
| Top scorer | Viktor Fekete (56) |
| FIFA code | HUN |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| First international | |
| France 12–4 Hungary
(Tignes, France; 4 July 2008) | |
| Biggest win | |
| Hungary 16–2 Denmark
(Siófok, Hungary; 12 August 2017) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Russia 8–0 Hungary
(Belgrade, Serbia; 29 June 2016) | |


title: Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places

abstract: The Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places (HRHP) is a listing of sites of historical significance located in Hawaii. It is maintained by the Hawaiʻi State Historic Preservation Division. It was established when the Hawaii State Legislature passed Chapter 6E in 1976, in an effort to preserve its historic sites, as economic growth on the islands threatened to destroy numerous state landmarks. As of February 2022, there are 1,054 properties listed on the state register, many of which are also on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places

The **Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places** (**HRHP**) is a listing of sites of historical significance located in Hawaii. It is maintained by the Hawaiʻi State Historic Preservation Division. It was established when the Hawaii State Legislature passed Chapter 6E in 1976, in an effort to preserve its historic sites, as economic growth on the islands threatened to destroy numerous state landmarks.

As of February 2022, there are 1,054 properties listed on the state register, many of which are also on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Nomination

To be listed on the Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places, a property or district needs to meet several criteria, including all of those set by the National Register of Historic Places. The property must be older than 50 years (with some exceptions made). In addition to these criteria, Chapter 6E sets forth several additional criteria:

1. Must have maintained its architectural or geographical integrity, and must be significant to Hawaii's culture, history, archaeology, and/or architecture, which might entail:
    1. Having an association with an important historical event, period, or person;
    2. Being architecturally or artistically significant, e.g. being deemed a quality example of an architectural style or a notable architect's work;
2. Must have a positive environmental impact on its surroundings; and
3. Preserving the property would be beneficial to the cultural and historical understanding of Hawaii, Oceania, or the United States.

An architectural historian is typically consulted to complete the nomination forms. Once these criteria are met and paperwork has been submitted, the Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places Review Board meets to review and vote on whether or not to induct the property, which they might also submit to the National Register of Historic Places. Board members hold their position for four years and are nominated by the Governor of Hawaii as experts in the fields of state history, architecture, archaeology, and sociology.


title: Piletocera nudicornis

abstract: Piletocera nudicornis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in India.

text:
# Piletocera nudicornis

***Piletocera nudicornis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in India.

## InfoBox

| *Piletocera nudicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Piletocera* |
| Species: | ***P. nudicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Piletocera nudicornis***<br>Hampson, 1897 | |
|