title: Harburg S-Bahn

abstract: The Harburg S-Bahn line is a railway line in southern Hamburg, Germany. It starts at Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and runs via Harburg to Stade. It mostly runs parallel with the line to Hanover and the Lower Elbe line and is now part of the Hamburg S-Bahn lines S3 and S31.

text:
# Harburg S-Bahn

The **Harburg S-Bahn line** is a railway line in southern Hamburg, Germany. It starts at Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and runs via Harburg to Stade. It mostly runs parallel with the line to Hanover and the Lower Elbe line and is now part of the Hamburg S-Bahn lines S3 and S31.

## Route

The route begins at the Hauptbahnhof, where it climbs a steep ramp before crossing the tracks of the main lines to Berlin and to Lübeck. After running on a concrete viaduct, on which, Hammerbrook station is located, the line crosses the southern freight railway bypass and the Northern Elbe bridge. The line now runs directly parallel with the line to Hanover. After Veddel and Wilhelmsburg stations the line moves away from the Hanover line and dives into a tunnel. The line passes through the stations of Harburg, Harburg Rathaus (which has three platforms) and Heimfeld and then climbs to the surface and runs parallel with the Lower Elbe line. It then passes through the stations of Neuwiedenthal and Neugraben, which has a parking area. After this station there is a change in electrical systems, where S-Bahn trains switch from third rail to overhead wire electrification. The S-Bahn trains then run along the Lower Elbe line, which was upgraded for S-Bahn services in 2006 and 2007.

## History

After the inclusion of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg in Hamburg in 1937, the Harburg–Neugraben line was included in the Hamburg S-Bahn network for ticketing purposes. After the founding of the Hamburg Transport Association in 1967, locomotive-hauled trains provided S-Bahn services on the route, marketed as line S3. The long-distance tracks were used between Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and Hamburg-Harburg station. Although this section of the line had four tracks, one pair of tracks was reserved for freight traffic.

Due to the heavy destruction of the port of Hamburg in 1945, Oberhafen and Elbbrücke stations were not reopened.

While the population of the Hamburg district of Hausbruch and Neugraben-Fischbek grew strongly in the 1960s and 70s with the construction of new housing estates, transport connections with central Hamburg was poor: to reach Hamburg Hauptbahnhof a change of trains was required at Harburg. Moreover, trains did not operate at regular intervals.

On 24 September 1983, the S-Bahn line commenced operations from Hamburg to Harburg Rathaus with DC-powered trains. The new line separates from the Hamburg-Altona link line between the Hauptbahnhof and Berliner Tor station. A new station was built on the line at Hammerbrook. Between the Northern Elbe bridge and Harburg the line runs parallel with the main line. The old Veddel and Wilhelmsburg stations on the main line were replaced with stations on the new line. In 1984, S-Bahn line (operating as lines S3 and S31) was extended from Harburg Rathaus to Neugraben. The line runs for about seven kilometres from the Heimfeld district parallel and south of the Lower Elbe line.

A new S-Bahn station was established near the large settlement of Neuwiedenthal. Neugraben station was expanded to five platform tracks and its late nineteenth reception building was replaced with an interchange in the concrete style of the 1980s. An extension of the S-Bahn to the densely populated area of Fischbek was dropped so as not to undermine the viability of the newly established shopping centre in Neugraben.

With the opening of the new S-Bahn line the stations of Unterelbe, Tempo-Werk and Hausbruch on the old main line were abandoned.

Since the timetable change in December 2007, Hamburg S-Bahn operation have been extended from Neugraben via Buxtehude to Stade. These operations use new or remodelled two-system S-Bahn electric multiple units of class 474.3. These services run in mixed operations with *Metronom* regional trains and with freight trains, using alternating current from the overhead line. In addition, an additional station was established at Fischbek.

## InfoBox

| Harburg S-Bahn | |
| --- | --- |
| Platforms of the Harburg Rathaus station in 2009 | |
| Overview | |
| Line number | 1271 |
| Locale | Hamburg, Germany |
| Service | |
| Route number | 101.3, 101.31 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 22.732 km (14.125 mi) * AC: 22.262 km (13.833 mi) * DC: 0.470 km (0.292 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification |  |
| Operating speed | 100 km/h (62 mph) |
| Route map | |


title: Gibson Creek (Banister River tributary)

abstract: Gibson Creek is a 5.26 mi (8.47 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Banister River in Halifax County, Virginia.

text:
# Gibson Creek (Banister River tributary)

**Gibson Creek** is a 5.26 mi (8.47 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Banister River in Halifax County, Virginia.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

* Stewart Gibson Creek

## Course

Gibson Creek rises about 1.5 miles northwest of Scottsburg, Virginia in Halifax County and then flows south to join the Banister River about 1 mile east of Wolf Trap.

## Watershed

Gibson Creek drains 6.80 square miles (17.6 km2) of area, receives about 45.6 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 460.64, and is about 57% forested.

## InfoBox

| Gibson Creek
Tributary to Banister River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Gibson Creek mouthGibson Creek (Banister River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Halifax |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Long Branch divide |
| location | about 1.5 miles northwest of Scottsburg, Virginia |
| coordinates | 36°46′40″N 078°48′50″W / 36.77778°N 78.81389°W / 36.77778; -78.81389 |
| elevation | 378 ft (115 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | about 1 mile east of Wolf Trap, Virginia |
| coordinates | 36°43′09″N 078°48′01″W / 36.71917°N 78.80028°W / 36.71917; -78.80028 |
| elevation | 305 ft (93 m) |
| Length | 5.26 mi (8.47 km) |
| Basin size | 6.80 square miles (17.6 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Banister River |
| average | 8.45 cu ft/s (0.239 m3/s) at mouth with Banister River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Banister RiverDan RiverRoanoke RiverAlbemarle SoundPamlico SoundAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Roanoke River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | S Terrys Bridge Road, Wolf Trap Road |


title: Quancheng Euro Park

abstract: Quancheng Euro Park is a theme park located in the Qihe County of Dezhou in the Shandong province of China, part of the Quancheng Euro Park International Tourism Resort. Quancheng Euro Park is classified as an AAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration. The park opened on 27 April 2014. The park features a variety of attractions including 9 roller coasters. Attractions range from children rides such as Children Coaster to more intense thrill rides such as Battle of Blue Fire.

text:
# Quancheng Euro Park

**Quancheng Euro Park** (Chinese: 泉城欧乐堡梦幻世界; pinyin: *Quánchéng ōu lè bǎo mènghuàn shìjiè*) (also known as **Euro Park Dreamworld** or simply **Euro Park**) is a theme park located in the Qihe County of Dezhou in the Shandong province of China, part of the Quancheng Euro Park International Tourism Resort. Quancheng Euro Park is classified as an AAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.

The park opened on 27 April 2014. The park features a variety of attractions including 9 roller coasters. Attractions range from children rides such as Children Coaster to more intense thrill rides such as Battle of Blue Fire.

## History

Quancheng Euro Park opened on 27 April 2014 with 5 roller coasters and several of other rides and attractions. On 1 May 2014, the park opened 3 new roller coasters, Mine Coaster, Motor Coaster and White Horse Coaster. The Galaxy Coaster was opened in October 2014. In 2016, the park relocated the Children Coaster to another area of the park.

## Rides and attractions

The park offers a variety of rides and attractions split across 8 different themed areas, including 9 roller coasters. The 8 themed areas are:

* Castle in the Sky
* Dragon Heart
* Dutch Town
* Fairytale Town
* Oz the Great and Powerful
* Uncharted Lake
* Wild Africa

### Castle in the Sky

### Dragon Heart

### Dutch Town

* **Arc de Triomphe** \- a 180 metres (590 ft) long and 59 metres (194 ft) tall arch located at the front of the park. Inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.
* **Train** \- a theme park train ride which travels around the park's perimeter and through several of landmarks.
* **Dutch Town** \- a Dutch themed town.

### Fairytale Town

* **Bouncing Kangaroo** \- a children rotating ride.
* **Bumper Cars** \- a bumper cars attraction.
* **Children Coaster** \- a children's roller coaster built by Beijing Jiuhua Amusement Rides Manufacturing Co. in 2018. Relocated in 2016.
* **Couple Dance** \- an Oktoberfest themed moving tea cup ride.
* **Fairytale Carousel** \- a carousel ride.
* **Frog Jump** \- a kids drop tower.
* **Happy Straw Hat** \- a family rotating ride.
* **Haunted House Black Death** \- a haunted house attraction.
* **Magic Castle**
* **Magic Umbrella Tower** \- a children's ride.
* **Samba Balloons** \- a samba balloons ride.

### Oz the Great and Powerful

### Uncharted Lake

### Wild Africa

## Live performances

Quancheng Euro Park has two major live performances:

* **Euro Park Dream Circus**  \- a live circus show themed around several of countries such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Mongolia. The hour-long show features high-rise acrobatic acts, naive animal games, clown comedy, Kazakh knights, Russian-styled dances and other acts.
* **Horse Fighting Equestrian Show** \- a live horse fighting equestrian show themed to Genghis Khan. The show portrays Khan's wars across the Eurasian continent and its history.

## Transport

Bus routes K906 and K915 serves the Quancheng Ocean World bus station. Quancheng Euro Park is also a 20 minutes drive away from Jinan West railway station and 35 minutes drive away from Jinan railway station. The park is also a 45-minute drive from Jinan Yaoqiang Airport.

## InfoBox

Quancheng Euro Park
泉城欧乐堡梦幻世界
Quánchéng ōu lè bǎo mènghuàn shìjiè
| Location | Qihe County, Dezhou, Shandong, China |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 36°45′03.7″N 116°50′09.7″E / 36.751028°N 116.836028°E / 36.751028; 116.836028 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opened | 27 April 2014 (2014-04-27) |
| Theme | Europe |
| Operating season | Year-round |
| Attractions | |
| Total | 36 |
| Roller coasters | 9 |
| Water rides | 3 |
| Shows | 2 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Piaszno Małe

abstract: Piaszno Małe is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Tuchomie, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Tuchomie, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Bytów, and 89 km (55 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Piaszno Małe

**Piaszno Małe** \[ˈpjaʂnɔ ˈmawɛ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Tuchomie, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Tuchomie, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Bytów, and 89 km (55 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

54°5′31″N 17°21′3″E / 54.09194°N 17.35083°E / 54.09194; 17.35083

## InfoBox

| Piaszno Małe | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Piaszno Małe | |
| Coordinates: 54°5′31″N 17°21′3″E / 54.09194°N 17.35083°E / 54.09194; 17.35083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Bytów |
| Gmina | Tuchomie |


title: Lasnet Nkouka

abstract: Lasnet Nkouka is a Congolese sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Lasnet Nkouka

**Lasnet Nkouka** (born 28 January 1970) is a Congolese sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Lasnet Nkouka
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Lasnet Lellise Nkouka |
| Nationality | Congolese |
| Born | (1970-01-28) 28 January 1970<br>Bacongo (Congo Brazzaville) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 400 metres |


title: United Nigeria Airlines

abstract:
United Nigeria Airlines Limited, trading as United Nigeria Airlines, is a private
airline in Nigeria. The new start-up received its Air Operators Certificate (AOC), on 1 February 2021. Headquartered in the city of Enugu, with an office in Abuja, and with its operations base at Enugu International Airport, United Nigeria Airlines started with four aircraft to operate scheduled flights between nine Nigerian cities: Abuja, Onitsha, Asaba, Yenagoa, Warri, Enugu, Owerri, Lagos, and Port Harcourt.

text:
# United Nigeria Airlines

**United Nigeria Airlines Limited**, trading as **United Nigeria Airlines** (IATA: **U5**, ICAO: **UNA**), is a private airline in Nigeria. The new start-up received its Air Operators Certificate (AOC), on 1 February 2021. Headquartered in the city of Enugu, with an office in Abuja, and with its operations base at Enugu International Airport, United Nigeria Airlines started with four aircraft to operate scheduled flights between nine Nigerian cities: Abuja, Onitsha, Asaba, Yenagoa, Warri, Enugu, Owerri, Lagos, and Port Harcourt.

## Overview

United Nigeria Airlines was established in 2020. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of United Nigeria Airlines Limited, a Nigerian company affiliated with Obiorah Okonkwo, a Russian-trained political scientist, businessman and entrepreneur.

The airline took delivery of four 50-seater Embraer ERJ-145LR aircraft during the second half of 2020. After rigorous examination by the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA), which included test flights, NCAA granted the airline an AOC on 1 February 2021. The initial AOC was valid until 31 January 2023.

On 12 February 2021, United Nigeria Airlines made its inaugural flight from Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos State, to Akanu Ibiam International Airport, Enugu State. The flight had a 100 percent passenger load factor.

## Destinations

As of April 2021, United Nigeria Airlines maintained regular scheduled services to the following destinations:

| Country | City | Airport | Notes | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nigeria | Abuja | Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport |  |  |
| | Asaba | Asaba International Airport |  |  |
| | Enugu | Akanu Ibiam International Airport | Hub |  |
| | Owerri | Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport |  |  |
| | Yenagoa | Bayelsa International Airport |  |  |
| | Umuleri | Anambra International Cargo Airport |  |  |
| | Lagos | Murtala Muhammed International Airport |  |  |
| | Osubi | Warri Airport |  |
| | Port Harcourt | Port Harcourt International Airport |  |  |
|

## Fleet

The United Nigeria Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as of October 2023:

**United Nigeria Airlines fleet**
| Aircraft | In fleet | **Order** | Passengers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Embraer ERJ-145LR | 4 | 2 | 50 |  |
| **Total** | **5** | 2 |  |  |

## Incidents and accidents

* On 8 September 2023, one of their aircraft overshot the runway while attempting to land by 20 meters at Lagos airport after returning from Owerri. There were no casualties reported in the incident.

1. Chinedu Eze (12 February 2021). "Nigeria: United Nigeria Airlines Secures AOC From NCAA". *This Day*. Lagos. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
2. "Contact Us". United Nigeria. Retrieved 20 March 2021. Address Plot C2A Garden Avenue, GRA, Enugu, Enugu State. No. 8A David Ejoor Crescent (Opp. Ibeto Hotel), Adisa Estate, Apo-Gudu, Abuja.
3. Scramble (1 December 2020). "Start-up United Nigeria Airlines Takes Delivery Of First Two Planes". Schiphol, The Netherlands: Scramble Netherlands. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
4. AutoJosh (3 February 2021). "See The Nigerian Billionaire That Is Set To Float An Airline". Nigeria: Autojosh.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
5. Ricardo Meier (25 September 2020). "United Nigeria is the new customer of Embraer ERJ-145 jets". Airways1.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
6. Lawani Mikairu (11 February 2021). "United Nigeria Airlines begins inaugural flight on Lagos, Enugu, Abuja routes". Lagos: Vanguard Nigeria. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
7. Wole Oyebade (13 February 2021). "United Nigeria airline begins local flight services". *The Guardian Nigeria*. Lagos. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
8. Abdullateef Aliyu (22 April 2021). "Nigeria: United Nigeria Airlines Begin Flights to Port Harcourt" (via AllAfrica.com). *Daily Trust*. Abuja. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
9. "Serious Incident Preliminary Report 5N-BWW 17th November 2021" (PDF). AIB Nigeria. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
10. "A United Nigeria Airlines aircraft overshot runway at Murtala Muhammed Airport". *TikTok*. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

## InfoBox

United Nigeria Airlines
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  U5 UNA UNITED NIGERIA | |
| Founded | 2020 |
| Operating bases | Enugu International Airport |
| Focus cities | Abuja, Anambra, Asaba, Enugu, Lagos, Osubi, Owerri, Port Harcourt, Yenagoa |
| Fleet size | 4 |
| Destinations | 9 |
| Parent company | United Nigeria Airlines Limited |
| Headquarters | Enugu |
| Key people | Prof. Obiorah Okonkwo,<br>Executive Chairman |
| Website | flyunitednigeria.com |


abstract: The Northside Historic District encompasses two of the earliest significant settlement areas of Yarmouth, Massachusetts. Stretching along Massachusetts Route 6A from the Barnstable line in the west to White Brook in the east, the district includes almost 300 buildings on 50 acres (20 ha). It includes the two villages of Yarmouth Center and Yarmouthport, which were important 18th and 19th century centers of civic and economic activity. Although the district includes a number of early colonial First Period structures, the majority of its buildings date between 1780 and 1860, and are either Federal or Greek Revival in character. There are a number of important early Cape-style homes in the district; these are typically smaller single story buildings, where the later buildings have larger floor plans and are two stories or two and a half stories in height. There are a modest number of houses in styles popular in the second half of the 19th century, including a Gothic Revival house at 134 Hallett Street and Italianate houses at 282 and 364 Hallett. Institutional buildings in the district include three churches, all from the late 19th century; one of them, the First Congregational Church, dates its congregation to the establishment of Yarmouth's first meeting house in 1640. All three buildings are from the later decades of the 19th century. There are three civic buildings: two school buildings, and the library, an 1870 Gothic Revival structure. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

text:
# Northside Historic District (Yarmouth, Massachusetts)

The **Northside Historic District** encompasses two of the earliest significant settlement areas of Yarmouth, Massachusetts. Stretching along Massachusetts Route 6A from the Barnstable line in the west to White Brook in the east, the district includes almost 300 buildings on 50 acres (20 ha). It includes the two villages of Yarmouth Center and Yarmouthport, which were important 18th and 19th century centers of civic and economic activity.

Although the district includes a number of early colonial First Period structures (the oldest being the c, 1690 Timothy Hallett House, 24 Hallett Street), the majority of its buildings date between 1780 and 1860, and are either Federal or Greek Revival in character. There are a number of important early Cape-style homes in the district; these are typically smaller single story buildings, where the later buildings have larger floor plans and are two stories or two and a half stories in height. There are a modest number of houses in styles popular in the second half of the 19th century, including a Gothic Revival house at 134 Hallett Street and Italianate houses at 282 and 364 Hallett.

Institutional buildings in the district include three churches, all from the late 19th century; one of them, the First Congregational Church, dates its congregation to the establishment of Yarmouth's first meeting house in 1640. All three buildings are from the later decades of the 19th century. There are three civic buildings: two school buildings (the 1880 Queen Anne Sloyd Building, and the c. 1881 Colonial Revival Lyceum Hall), and the library, an 1870 Gothic Revival structure.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Northside Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The New Church, 1870 | |
|  | |
| Location | Yarmouth, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 41°42′10″N 70°14′45″W / 41.70278°N 70.24583°W / 41.70278; -70.24583 |
| Architect | Multiple |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Georgian, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 87001777 |
| Added to NRHP | November 24, 1987 |


title: NGC 4607

abstract: NGC 4607 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 56 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. NGC 4607 was discovered by astronomer R. J. Mitchell on April 24, 1854. The galaxy is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

text:
# NGC 4607

**NGC 4607** is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 56 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. NGC 4607 was discovered by astronomer R. J. Mitchell on April 24, 1854. The galaxy is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

## Interaction with NGC 4606

NGC 4607 may be a possible companion of NGC 4606 and they are separated from each other by a projected distance of about ~55,000–65,000 ly (17–20 kpc). Despite this, NGC 4607 does not show any evidence in the optical or H I of having been tidally disturbed unlike NGC 4606. This would be inconsistent if a strong tidal interaction has occurred between the two galaxies. Also, both galaxies' redshifts differ by about 600 km/s making it unlikely that they are a gravitationally bound pair.

## InfoBox

| NGC 4607 | |
| --- | --- |
| Sloan Digital Sky Survey image of NGC 4607. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Virgo |
| Right ascension | 12h 41m 12.4s |
| Declination | 11° 53 12 |
| Redshift | 0.007572 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 2270 km/s |
| Distance | 56.39 Mly (17.290 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | Virgo Cluster |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.75 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | Sb |
| Size | ~52,500 ly (16.09 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 2.9 x 0.7 |
| Other designations | |
| CGCG 70-216, Ho 436b, IRAS 12386+1209, MCG 2-32-176, PGC 42544, UGC 7843, VCC 1868 | |


title: Old Love / New Love

abstract: "Old Love / New Love" is a song by American singer-songwriter Twin Shadow featuring D'Angelo Lacy. It was written for the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V, broadcast on the fictional radio station Radio Mirror Park, which Shadow hosted. To promote the video game, the song was released as a single on September 13, 2013, and Rockstar Games included it on their soundtrack album The Music of Grand Theft Auto V, on the Vol. 1: Original Music side. Musically, "Old Love / New Love" is a dance and house song with R&B and Hi-NRG influences, whose lyrics describe the protagonist being confused by a phone call he received from an ex-girlfriend whom he still loves despite his sorrow. The song was included in the final track list of Shadow's third studio album Eclipse, which Warner Bros. published in 2015. When "Old Love / New Love" was first released, it was praised by music critics for its composition, which set it apart from previous Shadow tracks, and reviewers named it a dance-floor-friendly song. The singer promoted the song in several live performances that same year, and it was remixed by American DJ Armand Van Helden.

text:
# Old Love / New Love

"**Old Love / New Love**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Twin Shadow featuring D'Angelo Lacy. It was written for the 2013 video game *Grand Theft Auto V*, broadcast on the fictional radio station Radio Mirror Park, which Shadow hosted. To promote the video game, the song was released as a single on September 13, 2013, and Rockstar Games included it on their soundtrack album *The Music of Grand Theft Auto V*, on the *Vol. 1: Original Music* side. Musically, "Old Love / New Love" is a dance and house song with R&B and Hi-NRG influences, whose lyrics describe the protagonist being confused by a phone call he received from an ex-girlfriend whom he still loves despite his sorrow.

The song was included in the final track list of Shadow's third studio album *Eclipse*, which Warner Bros. published in 2015. When "Old Love / New Love" was first released, it was praised by music critics for its composition, which set it apart from previous Shadow tracks, and reviewers named it a dance-floor-friendly song. The singer promoted the song in several live performances that same year, and it was remixed by American DJ Armand Van Helden.

## Background

Rockstar Games published the action-adventure game videogame *Grand Theft Auto V* (*GTA V*) on September 17, 2013. Its soundtrack contained 214 songs when it was first released, including the track "Old Love / New Love", which was written specifically for the video game by George "Twin Shadow" Lewis Jr., D'Angelo Lacy and Dennis Herring. In an interview for Ouch, My Ego! Shadow explained he was involved in the project because he "kind of become friends with" some developers and they wanted to work with him "for a long time". Shadow also hosted the in-game radio station known as Radio Mirror Park. He responded positively when they contacted him and asked if he "wanted to host the radio show and do songs for the soundtrack."

The lyrics, according to Shadow, are "a little bit about someone trying to get back into your life and have you repeat what has happened but then again, you know, to the top \[he tries and talks\] about how sometimes doing everything over again, even though it's all messed up, it's also important". A music critic from *Tiny Mix Tapes* said "Old Love / New Love" depicts "a relationship of extremes". According to Ascher Kulich of *The Tufts Daily*, Shadow still has feelings for his ex-lover despite her "calling and hurting him". The refrain of "Old Love / New Love" includes the line "Drill me to the floor, this hurts even more than I expected it to do", which Christopher Monk from *musicOMH* considered it a "desperate death throe", and Andrew Unterberger defined the phone call from the ex-girlfriend to influence "evocative and discomfiting lyrics".

## Composition

Herring and Shadow record produced "Old Love / New Love"; the latter also played bass guitar, drums, guitar, and keyboards. Ted Jensen and Joe LaPorta handled the track's mastering, while Wynne Bennett added additional keyboards, Ryan Gilligan audio mixing, and Lacy contributed featured vocals. Musically, while Shadow described it as "dance-y", music critics labeled it as a dance, dance-pop, and house act, that is influenced by R&B and '90s Hi-NRG. *Tiny Mix Tapes* compared the vocals to those of Michael McDonald, and wrote the song features a disco-influenced guitar, a "Geiger counter" drum program, and a simple house beat. The track has a tempo of 116 beats per minute, and it incorporates piano house elements, guitars, drum beats, combined with a synthesizer. Kulich said the refrain is sung with a "catchy, drum-and-piano \[sound\] in the background"; Jamie Milton defined it for *DIY* as a "gigantic trance chorus", and Dan Reilly, from *Spin*, said that during that verse the song becomes "an electrifying jam".

## Release and promotion

To promote *GTA V*, "Old Love / New Love" was released as a single, on September 13, 2013. The single cover features the black-and-white face of Shadow sticking his tongue out; music critics Alex Young and Josiah Hughes complimented it. On September 24, Rockstar Games released the soundtrack album *The Music of Grand Theft Auto V*, and the song was featured on the *Vol. 1: Original Music* album. In March 2015, Warner Bros. released Shadow's third album titled *Eclipse*, which included "Old Love / New Love". In that year Shadow gave several performances of the song, including the Troubadour, in Los Angeles, the Music Hall of Williamsburg, in New York City, the South Side Music Hall, in Dallas, at Fordham University's WFUV radio station, after a cross-country train trek, and the Landmark Music Festival. In 2015, when asked about if he would film more music videos, Shadow commented about filming one for "Old Love / New Love", but it would be difficult because of his touring schedule. The song was remixed by American DJ Armand Van Helden that same year.

## Critical reception

After its 2013 release Dan Reilly called "Old Love / New Love" "soulful"; Ian Cohen wrote for *Pitchfork* that the song's "gleaming piano" flirts with Shadow's sincere "heatseaking lyricism". In a Death and Taxes review, Alex Moore praised its introduction as Shadow "makes you wade through about 30 seconds of wind-up" and the singer chants the hook "about 50 seconds \[later\]". According to him, when the hook happens it is "good", and lauded the conclusion, and that unlike Lorde's "Team", which was released on the same day, "Old Love / New Love" "is your new fucking jam". Jamie Milton penned for *DIY* it fits to the "mass rampages and elaborate bank robberies" featured in *GTA V*, and he compared it to David Guetta's music. Alex Young mentioned in *Consequence of Sound* the song was more suitable for the dance clubs than "six-star killing spree"; During his *The Music of Grand Theft Auto V* soundtrack review, Gerrit Feenstra called "Old Love / New Love", for KEXP-FM, as "one of the finest tracks" from it, a feeling Pat Levy shared in a *Consequence of Sound* review, adding it is Shadow's best efforts ever, and marked it as an "essential track". Feenstra, in a separate review for the same radio station, claimed its "over-dramatic \[tone\]" matches without the context of the soundtrack. The song was ranked at number 71 on *Rolling Stone*'s 100 Best Songs of 2013, with a commentary comparing it to "Get Lucky" (2013) by Daft Punk and Pharrell Williams.

After the release of *Eclipse*, Embling for *Tiny Mix Tapes* praised the song and Shadow. In his analysis for *Slant Magazine* Jesse Cataldo examined it as cheerful and "less focused on grandiloquence" so it achieves to "\[build\] up an uncanny, off-kilter momentum"; Ian Gormely considered for *Exclaim!* that Shadow created a "sublime catharsis"; AllMusic's Heather Phares lauded its contemporary sound; Philip Cosores from *Paste* commented it is Shadow's funniest song; Jayson Greene from *Pitchfork* labeled it as "sexy"; Sand Avidar-Walzer described it for *Glide* as "a straight-up summer house jam"; Ryan Leas wrote for *Stereogum* that it could not be rare to hear "Old Love / New Love" in a music club, a feeling shared by Andy Battagli, who compared it to Daft Punk in the Current review; George Schlesinger noted for *The Village Voice* the song "\[reminds\] of the good stuff, the midnight mystique and inherent sexiness that help pull you back in"; and Andrew Unterberger mentioned for *Spin* that although it is the most aged song from *Eclipse*, it is "the most exciting for Shadow's future", as well. However, Samuel Tolzmann from Pretty Much Amazing called it "cheesy", and Joseph Moore asserted for No Ripcord that its millennial whoop is monotonous.

Several music critics graded "Old Love / New Love" as a highlight from *Eclipse*. But some of them criticized the album for this reason. In a review for *The Observer*, Daniel O'Boyle was disappointed of the result it "could have been"; J. Moore considered the "harmonies with Lacy \[hinting\] at a darkness far greater than what is expressed on" the album; Tom Walters named it for *DIY* "an infectious dance floor belter" but felt discomforted it became the focal point on a "brand new material \[record\]"; and David Turner from *Rolling Stone* added that "Old Love / New Love" gives "rave-level bliss on an album that more often sticks to cocksure swagger or somber introspection".

## Track listing

*The Music of Grand Theft Auto V, Vol. 1: Original Music* (2013) 3. "Old Love / New Love" – 3:55 Armand Van Helden Remix (2015) 1. "Old Love / New Love \[Armand Van Helden Remix\]" (featuring D'Angelo Lacy) – 6:15 *Eclipse* (2015) 8. "Old Love / New Love" (featuring D'Angelo Lacy) – 3:49

## Credits

Liner notes adapted from *Eclipse*, published by Warner Bros. Records.

## InfoBox

| "Old Love / New Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Twin Shadow featuring D'Angelo Lacy | |
| from the album  *The Music of Grand Theft Auto V* and *Eclipse* | |
| Released | September 13, 2013 (2013-09-13) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Twin Shadow * Herring |
| Twin Shadow singles chronology | |
| "The One"
(2012) "**Old Love / New Love**"
(2013) "To the Top"
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Remix cover | |
|  | |
| "Old Love / New Love \[Armand Van Helden Remix\]" | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Harburg Hills

abstract: The Harburg Hills are a low ridge in the northeastern part of the German state of Lower Saxony and the southern part of the city state of Hamburg. They are up to 155 metres (509 ft) high.

text:
# Harburg Hills

The **Harburg Hills** (German: **Harburger Berge**) are a low ridge in the northeastern part of the German state of Lower Saxony and the southern part of the city state of Hamburg. They are up to 155 metres (509 ft) high.

## Geography and history

The Harburg Hills lie northwest of the Lüneburg Heath in the Lower Saxon district of Landkreis Harburg and in the Hamburg quarters of Eißendorf, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Marmstorf and Neugraben-Fischbek within the Harburg borough. Thus they are located between the city of Hamburg to the north, Seevetal to the east, the Lüneburg Heath to the southeast, Handeloh, Welle and Otter to the south, Tostedt and Buchholz in der Nordheide to the southwest, Hollenstedt and Beckdorf to the west and Neu Wulmstorf to the northwest. At the centre of this hill country is the municipal district of Rosengarten (which consists of ten separate villages and covers an area of some 64 km² (25 sq. miles)). The geographic centre of the Harburg Hills is the Buchholz motorway (*Autobahn*) interchange on the A 1. The hills are framed by the Seeve river in the east and the Este river in the west.

The Harburg Hills are end moraines that were formed in the Saalian glaciation and Weichselian Ice Age. They are a popular recreation area.

## Terrain

The Harburg Hills form a landscape of hilly forests, heaths and farmland. They contain protected nature reserves: the Fischbeker Heide (Fischbek Heath, 1958), the *Schwarze Berge* (Black Hills), Buchenwälder im Rosengarten and Landschaftsschutzgebiet Rosengarten–Kiekeberg–Stuvenwald (1965), and Neugrabener Heide, as well as the Wildpark Schwarze Berge.

## Access

The area is crossed by the A 1 and A 261 *Autobahns*; junctions Neu Wulmstorf-Rade, Buchholz-Dibbersen (both on the A 1) and Rosengarten-Tötensen (A 261) enabling easy access to the hills. The A 7 runs through the northeastern part of the region; leave at the Marmstorf exit.

## Hills

* Gannaberg (155 m), Harburg district, Langenrehm village (with the Rosengarten radio and TV tower)
* Hülsenberg (155 m), Harburg district
* Brunsberg (129 m), Harburg district
* Kiekeberg (127 m), Harburg district, Black Hills (*Schwarze Berge*)
* Hasselbrack (116.2 m), highest elevation in Hamburg.
* Fistelberge (107 m), Harburg district, Black Hills
* Flidderberg (107 m), Harburg district, *Lohberge*

## InfoBox

| Harburg Hills<br>Harburger Berge | |
| --- | --- |
| Relief map | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Hülsenberg |
| Elevation | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Geography | |
| State | Germany |
| Range coordinates | 53°25′21.82″N 9°51′13.34″E / 53.4227278°N 9.8537056°E / 53.4227278; 9.8537056 |


title: Anha

abstract: Anha or Vila Nova do Anha is a civil parish in the municipality of Viana do Castelo, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,415, in an area of 9.40 km⁲. Town status was given in July 1985.

text:
# Anha

**Anha** or **Vila Nova do Anha** is a civil parish in the municipality of Viana do Castelo, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,415, in an area of 9.40 km2. Town status was given in July 1985.

## Background

Anha is located south of Viana do Castelo, 4 km from the left bank of Lima River. The Faro mountain protects it from the North winds and it spreads over a valley of fertile land, crossed by the Anha stream, which debouches into the Atlantic Ocean. It is surrounded by Darque, to the north, Mazarefes and Vila Fria, to the east and Chafé, to the south.

## InfoBox

| Anha | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| AnhaLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 41°39′50″N 8°47′35″W / 41.664°N 8.793°W / 41.664; -8.793 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Intermunic. comm. | Alto Minho |
| District | Viana do Castelo |
| Municipality | Viana do Castelo |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.40 km2 (3.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,415 |
| Density | 260/km2 (670/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: John Cromar

abstract: John "Jock" Cromar (1859/1860–1942) was a Scottish-Australian seaman and author, who wrote the book Jock of the Islands, a supposed retelling of his experiences in Melanesia during the late 19th century. Described by Charles Morris Woodford as a "derelict of the labor trade", Cromar was for several decades active in the recruiting industry in the Solomon Islands.

text:
# John Cromar

**John "Jock" Cromar** (1859/1860–1942) was a Scottish-Australian seaman and author, who wrote the book *Jock of the Islands*, a supposed retelling of his experiences in Melanesia during the late 19th century. Described by Charles Morris Woodford as a "derelict of the labor trade", Cromar was for several decades active in the recruiting industry in the Solomon Islands.

## Life and career

Cromar was born in Aberdeen, and entered into sailing "at a young age". At the age of 23, Cromar was recruited onto the schooner *Forest King*, which recruited kanaka labour for sugar and cotton plantations in Queensland. From 1885 to 1886 Cromar was a recruiting officer on the ship *Helena*, under the command of Aisiselaus Tonarus. Throughout his life, he managed numerous plantations on the Solomon Islands, and was the captain of several small ships. He had good relations with Kwaisulia, the strongest political leader in the area, but somewhat more strained relations with Foulanga, another prominent local leader, who Cromar described as "a man who it was unsafe to put any trust in at all". In his later years, he mostly operated as a trader on Marovo Island. He lived in the Solomon Islands until late 1936, when he left for Australia. Cromar continued to sail until the age of 75.

### *Jock of the Islands*

In 1935, Cromar's book *Jock of the Islands*, published by Faber & Faber and edited by Stanley Knibbs, was released. The book was noted as one of the few first-hand accounts of experiences in Melanesia during the time period it covered. It was originally released for the price of eight shillings and sixpence. Cromar claimed in *Jock of the Islands* that, while aboard the *Forest King*, he had been told a story of the murder of John Gibson Paton and his wife, who in actuality died peacefully. Cromar also claimed to have seen an islander with an eight-inch tail.

*Jock of the Islands* was well received by critics. The Melbourne-based newspaper *The Australasian* gave a positive review of the book, describing it as "a tale of romance and strange adventure", and "though dark with tragedy...an entertaining book", while also praising its illustrations, and noting Cromar's frankness when discussing sexual liaisons between sailors and local women. H.M. Hall, whose comments were published in *The Worker*, described it as "interesting", declaring that it would "be of interest to old-school Laborites". In their review of the book, *The Sun* declared that Cromar "tells picturesquely the story, as he saw it, of an almost forgotten phase of our industrial story", and declared that "There is not much literary grace in the writing, but it is a lively narrative, and well worth reading." As a work, *Jock of the Islands* is not focused on the routine business of recruiting, instead being focused more on stories of the dangerous and romantic encounters Cromar claims to have experienced during his career. This has made it somewhat frustrating for historians to study and analyse the book.

## Death

Cromar passed away shortly prior to 4 December 1942 in Brisbane, of unspecified causes at the age of 82. He remained unmarried throughout his life.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| John Cromar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1859/1860
Aberdeen, Scotland |
| Died | 1942 (age 82)
Brisbane, Queensland |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation(s) | Sailor and author |
| Years active | unknown-1935 |
| Notable work | *Jock of the Islands* |


title: Laurie B. Friedman

abstract: Laurie B. Friedman is an American author. Friedman is best known for the Mallory McDonald chapter book series for 7–10-year olds, published by Darby Creek, a division of Lerner Publishing Group. She has also written Ruby Valentine Saves the Day, I'm Not Afraid of this Haunted House, and Back-to-School Rules. In 2013, she was to release a new journal-format series for older readers entitled The Mostly Miserable Life of April Sinclair.

text:
# Laurie B. Friedman

**Laurie B. Friedman** (born 1964) is an American author.

Friedman is best known for the Mallory McDonald chapter book series for 7–10-year olds, published by Darby Creek, a division of Lerner Publishing Group. She has also written *Ruby Valentine Saves the Day*, *I'm Not Afraid of this Haunted House*, and *Back-to-School Rules*. In 2013, she was to release a new journal-format series for older readers entitled *The Mostly Miserable Life of April Sinclair*.

## Mallory McDonald Books

1. *Mallory on the Move* (2004)
2. *Back to School, Mallory* (2004)
3. *Mallory vs. Max* (2005)
4. *Happy Birthday, Mallory!* (2005)
5. *In Business with Mallory* (2006)
6. *Heart to Heart with Mallory* (2006)
7. *Mallory on Board* (2007)
8. *Honestly, Mallory!* (2007)
9. *Campfire Mallory* (2008)
10. *Step Fourth, Mallory!* (2008)
11. *Red, White & True Blue Mallory* (2009)
12. *Happy New Year, Mallory!* (2009)
13. *Mallory Goes Green!* (2010)
14. *Mallory in the Spotlight* (2010)
15. *Mallory's Guide to Boys, Brothers, Dads and Dogs* (2011)
16. *Mallory's Super Sleepover* (2011)
17. *Oh Boy, Mallory* (2012)
18. *Mallory McDonald, Super Snoop* (2012)
19. *Mallory and Mary Ann Take New York* (2013)
20. *Play It Again, Mallory* (2013)
21. *Three's company, Mallory!* (2014)
22. *Mallory McDonald, Baby Expert* (2014)
23. *Game Time, Mallory!* (2015)
24. *Change Is in the Air, Mallory* (2015)
25. *On the Road with Mallory* (2016)
26. *High Five, Mallory!* (2016)
27. *Mallory McDonald, Super Sitter* (2017)
28. *Mallory Makes a Difference* (2017)

## Other books

* *Angel girl* (2008), Carolrhoda Books, ISBN 978-0822-58739-2


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1643, adopted unanimously on 15 December 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the Council extended an arms embargo and travel and financial restrictions against the country until 15 December 2006, and included a ban on the trade of diamonds.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1643

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1643**, adopted unanimously on 15 December 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), the Council extended an arms embargo and travel and financial restrictions against the country until 15 December 2006, and included a ban on the trade of diamonds.

## Resolution

### Observations

The Security Council expressed concern about the continuing crisis in the country. It called upon the Ivorian government and Forces Nouvelles to renounce violence, particularly against civilians and foreigners, and co-operate with the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI).

The preamble of the resolution also took note of a decision by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme to prevent the introduction of diamonds from Côte d'Ivoire into the diamond trade and recognising the link between the illegal trade and exploitation of natural resources, arms trafficking and use of mercenaries in fuelling the conflict.

### Acts

Under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council extended sanctions imposed in Resolution 1572 (2004) for one year, further demanding that the government and rebels provide a list of weapons in their possession. A ban on the import of rough diamonds was imposed. All countries had to prevent the import of Ivorian diamonds on their territory and report within 90 days on measures they had taken to implement this measure. Further measures were also threatened against individuals who attempted to block the peace process, or who had committed violations of human rights and incited violence. It considered an attack on UNOCI, supporting French forces and others to constitute a threat to the national reconciliation process.

Finally, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was instructed to establish a group of five experts for six months to investigate violations of the international sanctions and make recommendations on how countries in the region could implement the measures.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1643 | |
| --- | --- |
| Beach at Dagbego, Côte d'Ivoire | |
| Date | 15 December 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,327 |
| Code | S/RES/1643 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in Côte d'Ivoire** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Hung Up (Paul Weller song)

abstract: "Hung Up" is a song by British singer-songwriter Paul Weller released in March 1994. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1994, making it Weller's highest-charting solo single at the time. The single was re-released as a track on Modern Classics: The Greatest Hits.

text:
# Hung Up (Paul Weller song)

"**Hung Up**" is a song by British singer-songwriter Paul Weller released in March 1994. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1994, making it Weller's highest-charting solo single at the time. The single was re-released as a track on *Modern Classics: The Greatest Hits*.

## Lyrical content

The song is written from the viewpoint of an old man refusing to admit defeat. The lyrics begin "Hidden in the back seat of my head / Some place, I can't remember where."

## InfoBox

| "Hung Up" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Paul Weller | |
| from the album  *Wild Wood* | |
| Released | 28 March 1994 (1994-03-28) |
| Length | 2:42 |
| Label | Go! Discs |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul Weller |
| Producer(s) | Paul Weller, Brendan Lynch |
| Paul Weller singles chronology | |
| "Wild Wood"
(1993) "**Hung Up**"
(1994) "Out of the Sinking"
(1994) | |


title: Gynnidomorpha attenuata

abstract: Gynnidomorpha attenuata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Sri Lanka.

text:
# Gynnidomorpha attenuata

***Gynnidomorpha attenuata*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Gynnidomorpha attenuata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Gynnidomorpha* |
| Species: | ***G. attenuata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gynnidomorpha attenuata***<br>(Razowski, 1984) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phalonidia attenuata* Razowski, 1984 | |


title: Ider Luvsandanzan

abstract:
(other names include Ider Luvsandanzangiin and Ider Luvsandanzangyn) Mrs. Luvsandanzan Ider was born in March 1937 and served Mongolia as a diplomat from 1963 until 1992. She was a first woman in her country to be endowed with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Success include EDUCATION:
  - 1963-Diploma, Institute of International Relations, Moscow, former USSR,
  - 1982- Diploma, Diplomatic Academy, Moscow, former USSR.
  - 1965- English Language Course, Leeds University, London, Britain. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
  - 1963-1972- Desk Officer, Department of International Organizations, Ministry
  - of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
  - 1973-1976- Second Secretary, Embassy of Mongolia in London, Britain.
  - 1977-1979 and 1981-1986- Director, Department of International Organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
  - 1986-1989 — Chargé d'affaires of Mongolia in France and Permanent Delegate of Mongolia to UNESCO.
  - 1989-1992- Director, Department of Treaty and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
  - 1993-up to August 2006 – Adviser for Foreign Affairs, Supreme Court of Mongolia. PARTICIPATION AND POSTS IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS:
  - 1962-1985 - UN General Assembly sessions;
  - 1972- Rapporteur Third Committee, UN General Assembly for Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;
  - 1977- Vice-chairperson, Third Committee, UN General Assembly;
  - 1977—Chairperson, Working Group, Third Committee, UN General Assembly on drafting a Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women;
  - 1977—1986— Representative of Mongolia, UN Commission for Social Development;
  - 1979- Vice-chairperson, UN Commission for Social Development;
  - 1985- chairperson, UN Commission for Social Development;
  - 1982-1984- First Chairperson for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
  - 1984-1986- Member of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women;
  - 1991-1994 - Member the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Twice served as a member of the sessional working group; DOMESTICALLY IN MONGOLIA
  - 1991- Member, Working Group of Experts on drafting the New Constitution of Mongolia.
  - 1993-2005 – Established and developed foreign relations of Supreme Court of Mongolia.
  - 1992 — Initiated a comprehensive project on promotion and implementation of human rights in Mongolia, which was successfully implemented by the United Nations Human Rights Centre under UN Technical Assistance Program.
  - 1993 - Translated in cooperation with two other translators the text of the old Code of Criminal Procedure of Mongolia from Mongolian into English
  - 2005 — Checked and edited the translation from English into Mongolian of the Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers.
  - 2006- Translated from English into Mongolian 8 Modules on combating money laundry prepared by World Bank. AWARDS Received several awards including Ryoko Akamatsu Award of the Japanese Association of International Women's Rights for the significant contribution to the elaboration of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Tokyo); and from the Government of Mongolia including award for the contribution to drafting of the present Constitution of Mongolia; and the most recent one ________________________ First women to have the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Foreign Languages - English, Russian, French, Hindi

text:
# Ider Luvsandanzan

(other names include Ider Luvsandanzangiin and Ider Luvsandanzangyn)

Mrs. **Luvsandanzan Ider** was born in March 1937 and served Mongolia as a diplomat from 1963 until 1992. She was a first woman in her country to be endowed with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

Success include

**EDUCATION**:

* 1963-Diploma, Institute of International Relations, Moscow, former USSR,
* 1982- Diploma, Diplomatic Academy, Moscow, former USSR.
* 1965- English Language Course, Leeds University, London, Britain.

**PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:**

* 1963-1972- Desk Officer, Department of International Organizations, Ministry
* of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
* 1973-1976- Second Secretary, Embassy of Mongolia in London, Britain.
* 1977-1979 and 1981-1986- Director, Department of International Organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
* 1986-1989 — Chargé d'affaires of Mongolia in France and Permanent Delegate of Mongolia to UNESCO.
* 1989-1992- Director, Department of Treaty and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia.
* 1993-up to August 2006 – Adviser for Foreign Affairs, Supreme Court of Mongolia.

**PARTICIPATION AND POSTS IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS:**

* 1962-1985 - UN General Assembly sessions (as an expert, adviser, member of delegation);
* 1972- Rapporteur (a rapporteur is a person who is officially appointed by an organisation to investigate a problem or attend a meeting and to report on it) Third Committee, UN General Assembly for Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;
* 1977- Vice-chairperson, Third Committee, UN General Assembly;
* 1977—Chairperson, Working Group, Third Committee, UN General Assembly on drafting a Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women;
* 1977—1986— Representative of Mongolia, UN Commission for Social Development;
* 1979- Vice-chairperson, UN Commission for Social Development;
* 1985- chairperson, UN Commission for Social Development;
* 1982-1984- First Chairperson for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
* 1984-1986- Member of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women;
* 1991-1994 - Member the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Twice served as a member of the sessional working group;

**DOMESTICALLY IN MONGOLIA**

* 1991- Member, Working Group of Experts on drafting the New Constitution of Mongolia. (Particularly parts of the Constitution related Fundamental Human Rights and Judicial Power)
* 1993-2005 – Established and developed foreign relations of Supreme Court of Mongolia.
* 1992 — Initiated a comprehensive project on promotion and implementation of human rights in Mongolia, which was successfully implemented by the United Nations Human Rights Centre under UN Technical Assistance Program.
* 1993 - Translated in cooperation with two other translators the text of the old Code of Criminal Procedure of Mongolia from Mongolian into English (for analysis by UN experts on Human Rights)
* 2005 — Checked and edited the translation from English into Mongolian of the Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers. (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in cooperation with the International Bar Association)
* 2006- Translated from English into Mongolian 8 Modules on combating money laundry prepared by World Bank.

**AWARDS**

Received several awards including Ryoko Akamatsu Award of the Japanese Association of International Women's Rights for the significant contribution to the elaboration of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Tokyo); and from the Government of Mongolia including award for the contribution to drafting of the present Constitution of Mongolia (award was given on the occasion of the Anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution); and the most recent one \________________________

**First women to have the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary**

**Foreign Languages** \- English, Russian, French, Hindi (the last two – read and understand)

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (un.org)

Microsoft Word - Chairpersons of CEDAW 1982-2008.doc (un.org)

The Concept of Race in International Criminal Law - Carola Lingaas - Google Books

2085th Plenary Meeting of General Assembly: 27th Session | United Nations UN Audiovisual Library (unmultimedia.org)

2104th, 2107th Plenary Meetings of General Assembly: 27th Session | United Nations UN Audiovisual Library (unmultimedia.org)

Index to Proceedings of the Economic and Social Council, 1992


title: National Hobo Association

abstract: The National Hobo Association is an organization for enthusiasts of the hobo lifestyle, founded in Los Angeles as part of a "hobo revival" in the US in the late 1970s and during the Reagan administration. It was last headquartered in Nisswa, Minnesota. The National Hobo Association was founded in 1977 by actor Bobb Hopkins and others in Los Angeles who were interested in the hobo lifestyle as a hobby, and was part of a romantic interest in hoboes during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The group had approximately 2,000 members nationwide in 1987, approximately 3,000 in 1990, 3,800 in 1991, when 100 people attended its annual regional convention in San Francisco, and 4,500 in 1992. One recreational hobo attended NHA gatherings by corporate jet. In 1992 it endorsed Ross Perot's candidacy for President of the US. From November 1987 until 2000 the NHA published the Hobo Times, which appeared bimonthly and was also read by full-time hoboes; it included articles such as "Seeing America on Zero Dollars a Day", "Mulligan Stew Recipes", "The Glossary of Hobo Vernacular", "The 10 Most Scenic Train Rides", and "The Slowest Freights in the Land". Hopkins was the first editor; it was later edited by Garth Bishop. By 1999, yuppies were less inclined to ride the rails for fun because of the hunt for Rafael Resendez Ramirez, whose serial murders in railroad towns had given hoboing a bad name. Edwin C. "Buzz" Potter, who had helped found The Hobo Times, was then its editor and president of the National Hobo Association, which under his leadership organized a Hobo Festival in Elko, Nevada in 2000. Bud Webster's "The Ballad of Kansas McGriff" won the poetry contest; he read it to an audience of 5,000 attendees. The last known headquarters for the organization was Nisswa, Minnesota.

text:
# National Hobo Association

The **National Hobo Association** is an organization for enthusiasts of the hobo lifestyle, founded in Los Angeles as part of a "hobo revival" in the US in the late 1970s and during the Reagan administration. It was last headquartered in Nisswa, Minnesota.

The National Hobo Association was founded in 1977 by actor Bobb Hopkins and others in Los Angeles who were interested in the hobo lifestyle as a hobby, and was part of a romantic interest in hoboes during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The group had approximately 2,000 members nationwide in 1987, approximately 3,000 in 1990, 3,800 in 1991, when 100 people attended its annual regional convention in San Francisco, and 4,500 in 1992. One recreational hobo attended NHA gatherings by corporate jet. In 1992 it endorsed Ross Perot's candidacy for President of the US.

From November 1987 until 2000 the NHA published the ***Hobo Times***, which appeared bimonthly and was also read by full-time hoboes; it included articles such as "Seeing America on Zero Dollars a Day", "Mulligan Stew Recipes", "The Glossary of Hobo Vernacular", "The 10 Most Scenic Train Rides", and "The Slowest Freights in the Land". Hopkins was the first editor; it was later edited by Garth Bishop.

By 1999, yuppies were less inclined to ride the rails for fun because of the hunt for Rafael Resendez Ramirez, whose serial murders in railroad towns had given hoboing a bad name. Edwin C. "Buzz" Potter, who had helped found *The Hobo Times*, was then its editor and president of the National Hobo Association, which under his leadership organized a Hobo Festival in Elko, Nevada in 2000. Bud Webster's "The Ballad of Kansas McGriff" won the poetry contest; he read it to an audience of 5,000 attendees. The last known headquarters for the organization was Nisswa, Minnesota.


title: Tūtaekurī River (West Coast)

abstract: The Tūtaekurī River starts near the Hope Pass, in the Southern Alps and flows north-west to join the Ahaura River. The Ahaura joins the Grey River which flows to the Tasman Sea at Greymouth. Tūtaekurī River has been its official name since 21 June 2019. Tūtae kurī is a grass with the latin name agropyron multiflorum. The Tūtaekurī flows down a long, low valley and is predominantly a shingle bed river flowing through beech forest with a margin of tussock grass along the banks. It can be kayaked, except during summer droughts. A pack-track ran to Canterbury via the 951 m (3,120 ft) Hope Pass and the Hope River. In 1875 it was the route recommended for what later became the Midland Railway, on a route further southwest. It was still being considered in 1887. A route is still used over the pass, taking about 7 hours for the walk to Top Hope Hut from Tutaekuri Hut. Tutaekuri Hut has 6 beds, is 371 m (1,217 ft) above sea level and was built in 2008 to replace a hut about 20 minutes downstream, at the Trent River confluence. A 4x4 track runs to the hut, but is often washed out at the river crossings. In the opposite direction, the Elizabeth Hut on the Haupiri River can be reached in about 9 hours, via the 1,071 m (3,514 ft) Trent Saddle, on the Elizabeth Hut Route. The valley is part of the West Coast Divide TB Management Area, where pigs, deer and possums are controlled to minimise the spread of tuberculosis.

text:
# Tūtaekurī River (West Coast)

The **Tūtaekurī River** starts near the Hope Pass, in the Southern Alps and flows north-west to join the Ahaura River. The Ahaura joins the Grey River which flows to the Tasman Sea at Greymouth. Tūtaekurī River has been its official name since 21 June 2019. Tūtae kurī is a grass with the latin name agropyron multiflorum.

The Tūtaekurī flows down a long, low valley and is predominantly a shingle bed river flowing through beech forest with a margin of tussock grass along the banks. It can be kayaked, except during summer droughts.

A pack-track ran to Canterbury via the 951 m (3,120 ft) Hope Pass and the Hope River. In 1875 it was the route recommended for what later became the Midland Railway, on a route further southwest. It was still being considered in 1887. A route is still used over the pass, taking about 7 hours for the walk to Top Hope Hut from Tutaekuri Hut. Tutaekuri Hut has 6 beds, is 371 m (1,217 ft) above sea level and was built in 2008 to replace a hut about 20 minutes downstream, at the Trent River confluence. A 4x4 track runs to the hut, but is often washed out at the river crossings. In the opposite direction, the Elizabeth Hut on the Haupiri River can be reached in about 9 hours, via the 1,071 m (3,514 ft) Trent Saddle, on the Elizabeth Hut Route.

The valley is part of the West Coast Divide TB Management Area, where pigs, deer and possums are controlled to minimise the spread of tuberculosis.

42°33′45″S 171°58′51″E / 42.56260°S 171.98074°E / -42.56260; 171.98074

## InfoBox

| Tūtaekurī River | |
| --- | --- |
| Trent River (left) joins the Tūtaekurī River | |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Southern Alps |
| elevation | 1,600 m (5,200 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Ahaura River |
| elevation | 270 m (890 ft) |
| Length | 25 km (16 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Trent River |


title: Anh Vu

abstract: Anh Vu is a Norwegian singer and actress. She took part in the 2004 Norwegian version of Pop Idol. Since then she has also had a role in the 2005 teen film Tommys Inferno and in 2024 in teen show Rykter, as Felix' mom. She was born and grew up in Stavanger and Sandnes to Vietnamese parents She is a Roman Catholic.

text:
# Anh Vu

**Anh Vu** (born 15 March 1986) is a Norwegian singer and actress. She took part in the 2004 Norwegian version of *Pop Idol*. Since then she has also had a role in the 2005 teen film *Tommys Inferno* and in 2024 in teen show *Rykter*, as Felix' mom.

She was born and grew up in Stavanger and Sandnes to Vietnamese parents She is a Roman Catholic.

## External sources

## InfoBox

| Anh Vu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1986-03-15) 15 March 1986<br>Sandnes, Norway |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actress |
| Years active | 2004  present |


title: Pierre Chany

abstract: Pierre Chany was a French cycling journalist. He covered the Tour de France 49 times and was for a long time the main cycling writer for the daily newspaper, L'Équipe.

text:
# Pierre Chany

**Pierre Chany** (French pronunciation: \[pjɛʁ ʃani\]; 16 December 1922  18 June 1996) was a French cycling journalist. He covered the Tour de France 49 times and was for a long time the main cycling writer for the daily newspaper, *L'Équipe*.

## Biography

Chany was born in Langeac, Haute-Loire, the son of a near-illiterate father who worked in the horse industry. The family then moved to Paris, to run a small bar in the rue Guillaume Bertrand, in the 11th arrondissement. Chany grew up there and, in his teens, escaped from the city on his bicycle, sometimes riding as far as Melun. He became interested in cycle-racing after reading L'Auto, Paris-Soir and Match and looking at sepia pictures of riders such as André Leducq. He rode several races, including the Premier Pas Dunlop event which in other years showed the talent of young riders such as Louison Bobet and Raphaël Géminiani. In Chanaleilles, he won a cycle and a running race on the same day, winning two packets of Gauloises cigarettes. After that he joined the CV des Marchés club in Paris.

He raced for five years and then, in 1942 when he was 20, went into hiding rather than be sent to Germany as a worker.

He was arrested and jailed first at Puy-en-Velay and then Riom. He escaped - on his birthday - from a train taking him to Germany. He joined a branch of the Resistance, the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, then joined an Algerian regiment. He was wounded three times and awarded the Croix de Guerre.

The war ended his aspirations as a cyclist and he turned to sports reporting, having briefly tried the transport business in buying two army lorries with a friend, Jacques Michelon. Encourage by another friend, Stanilas Gara, he wrote his first pieces, in 1946, for an agency which sold articles to *La Marseillaise* among others. It was in *La Marseillaise* that his first writing appeared. He then took a job with *Front National*, a Resistance publication edited by Jacques Debu-Bridel. He was to replace Albert Baker d'Isy (1906–1968), an author and one of France's best-known contemporary writers. Baker d'Isy was already Chany's hero and the move brought them together for the first time and led to a lifelong friendship.

From there Chany moved to *Sport* and to *Ce Soir*, publications associated with the Communist Party but which employed journalists of various opinions. It was when *Ce Soir* went out of business in 1953 that he joined L'Équipe. He was head of cycling there from 1953 to 1987.

He also wrote under the pen name Jacques Périllat for 'Miroir Sprint and 'Miroir du Cyclisme'. Chany insisted that L'Équipe's editor, Jacques Goddet, knew Chany was doing it but chose to say nothing rather than lose his leading cycling writer.

## Cycling writer

Pierre Chany wrote not only journalistic pieces but numerous other works, including books of cycling history which went to several new editions. He wrote a history of the Tour de France and then of the cycling classics and the world championships. He wrote a history of all cycle racing from the days of the first bicycle to his death in 1996. From 1974, he produced a roundup of each season, called *L'Année du Cyclisme*. He wrote biographies of Fausto Coppi and Jacques Anquetil and a novel called *Une Longue Échappée* \- A Long Break, a reference to a group of cyclists breaking away from the main field.

Chany received the Prix Martini in 1967 for the best sports article of the year and the Grand Prix of Sporting Literature in 1972 for his work on the Tour de France.

Jacques Anquetil said of the insight of Chany's journalism: "Don't ask me to tell you what happened during the race. There's someone more competent than I am to do that... Even I will wait until tomorrow's article by Pierre Chany in L'Équipe to find what I did, why and how I did it. What gives him authority is that he is competent, that he knows me and understands me. His version will be better than mine and it will become mine."

The Prix Pierre Chany is now awarded each year to the writer of the season's best cycling work in French. It was established in 1989. It was awarded in 2008 to Philippe Bouvet for an article about the Carrefour de l'Arbre, a section of cobbles in Paris–Roubaix.

A cyclo-sportive race is held in Chany's name in Haute-Loirehim.

## "The Man of 50 Tours"

Pierre Chany sat through a succession of interviews with the writer Christophe Penot, who planned to publish them under the title *Pierre Chany, l'homme aux 50 Tours de France*. Chany would have followed his 50th Tour in 1996. He attended the Classique des Alpes, won by Laurent Jalabert on 1 June and then next day went to the prologue of the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. There he fell ill. He died of pleurisy on 18 June. By then production of the book was in progress and the author and the publisher, Éditions Cristel, kept the name in homage.

Among those at his funeral was the former professional and radio and television commentator, Robert Chapatte. It proved his last appearance in public and he died in Paris shortly afterwards.

*L'Équipe* said of Chany the day after his death: "Our newspaper has lost one of those who made his own history: sports journalism has lost one of its masters."

## Bibliography

* *Les rendez-vous du cyclisme, ou Arriva Coppi* (1960)
* *Anquetil* (1971)
* *La Fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France* (1985)
* *La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme* (1988)
* *L'Année du cyclisme* (1974)

## InfoBox

| Pierre Chany | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1922-12-16)16 December 1922<br>Langeac, Haute-Loire, France |
| Died | 18 June 1996(1996-06-18) (aged 73) |
| Nationality | French |
| Other names | Jacques Périllat (pen name) |
| Occupation | Sports journalist |


title: Roy McEachen

abstract: Roy McEachen was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). McEachen first broke into the South Melbourne team in the third round of the 1935 VFL season and played in every game until round 15, when he received a four-week suspension for striking Jack Smith of North Melbourne. He returned in time to appear as South Melbourne's reserve in the 1935 VFL Grand Final and kicked the only goal of his career in the loss. Early in 1936, McEachen left the state to take up the position of captain-coach of New South Wales club Narrandera in the South West Football League. In December 1937, McEachen died after a short illness. He had moved back to Melbourne and had re-joined South Melbourne with the aim to play in the 1938 season.

text:
# Roy McEachen

**Roy McEachen** (7 June 1913 – 22 December 1937) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

McEachen first broke into the South Melbourne team in the third round of the 1935 VFL season and played in every game until round 15, when he received a four-week suspension for striking Jack Smith of North Melbourne. He returned in time to appear as South Melbourne's reserve in the 1935 VFL Grand Final and kicked the only goal of his career in the loss.

Early in 1936, McEachen left the state to take up the position of captain-coach of New South Wales club Narrandera in the South West Football League (New South Wales).

In December 1937, McEachen died after a short illness. He had moved back to Melbourne and had re-joined South Melbourne with the aim to play in the 1938 season.

## InfoBox

| Roy McEachen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Roy McEachen | | |
| Date of birth | (1913-06-07)7 June 1913 | | |
| Date of death | 22 December 1937(1937-12-22) (aged 24) | | |
| Original team(s) | Caulfield | | |
| Height | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1935–1936 | South Melbourne | 17 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1936. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: United Nations War Crimes Commission

abstract: The United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC), initially the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, was a United Nations body that aided the prosecution of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers during World War II. Operating from 1943 to 1948, the UNWCC was mandated to identify and record war crimes; prepare indictments; ensure suspected war criminals were arrested; determine the legal basis for extradition and punishment; and help define crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide. It registered over 36,000 suspected war criminals and opened over 8,000 cases. The Commission did not adjudicate war crimes itself, but rather advised, supervised, and coordinated with Allied states to conduct their own trials. The UNWCC also called for the creation of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and other courts to adjudicate war crimes, and its research and expertise were subsequently utilized in support of these judicial bodies. The creation of the UNWCC is considered a landmark in the history of international law. It formulated the legal principles and procedures that would underpin international criminal law.

text:
# United Nations War Crimes Commission

The **United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC)**, initially the **United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes**, was a United Nations body that aided the prosecution of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers during World War II.

Operating from 1943 to 1948, the UNWCC was mandated to identify and record war crimes; prepare indictments; ensure suspected war criminals were arrested; determine the legal basis for extradition and punishment; and help define crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide. It registered over 36,000 suspected war criminals and opened over 8,000 cases. The Commission did not adjudicate war crimes itself, but rather advised, supervised, and coordinated with Allied states to conduct their own trials. The UNWCC also called for the creation of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and other courts to adjudicate war crimes, and its research and expertise were subsequently utilized in support of these judicial bodies.

The creation of the UNWCC is considered a landmark in the history of international law. It formulated the legal principles and procedures that would underpin international criminal law.

## History

The UNWCC was proposed by Lord Chancellor John Simon in the British House of Lords on 7 October 1942, in parallel to a similar statement issued by the United States government the same day.

> The proposal is to set up with the least possible delay a United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes.
>
> The Commission will be composed of nationals of the United Nations, selected by their Governments. The Commission will investigate war crimes committed against nationals of the United Nations recording the testimony available, and the Commission will report from time to time to the Governments of those nations cases in which such crimes appear to have been committed, naming and identifying wherever possible the persons responsible. The Commission should direct its attention in particular to organized atrocities. Atrocities perpetrated by or on the orders of Germany in Occupied France should be included.
>
> The investigation should cover war crimes of offenders irrespective of rank, and the aim will be to collect material, supported wherever possible by depositions or by other documents, to establish such crimes, especially where they are systematically perpetrated, and to name and identify those responsible for their perpetration.
>
> Lord Chancellor John Simon at the House of Lords on 7 October 1942.

The commission was formally established roughly a year later, on 20 October 1943, at a meeting held at the British Foreign Office in London; it was supported by the governments of seventeen Allied nations: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, India, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Yugoslavia. The UNWCC preceded the formal establishment of the United Nations in 1945.

## Functions and activities

The commission's objectives and powers were conferred as follows:

> 1. It should investigate and record the evidence of war crimes, identifying where possible the individuals responsible.
> 2. It should report to the Governments concerned cases in which it appeared that adequate evidence might be expected to be forthcoming.

One of the commission's main tasks was to carefully collect evidence of war crimes for the arrest and fair trial of alleged Axis war criminals. After the war, Centers of Documentation of Nazi War Crimes were established throughout Germany to support its research and activities. However, the commission had no power to prosecute criminals by itself. It merely reported back to the government members of the UN. These governments then could convene tribunals, such as the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The commission was headed by Cecil Hurst from 1943 to 1945, then by Lord Wright until 1948 before being dissolved in 1949.

According to British academic Dan Plesch, Adolf Hitler was put on the UNWCC's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, a month before Hitler's death, "the commission had endorsed at least seven separate indictments against him for war crimes."

Vahagn Avedian states that the designation of the subsequent report as "restricted" might explain why it is relatively unknown in the literature and has been overlooked in many relevant discussions about e.g. Crimes Against Humanity, the UN Genocide Convention and their applicability on historical cases. One such highly debated case is the Armenian Genocide, both within the scholarly and the political communities, but also in regard to the conducted UN Genocide studies: the 1973 Ruhashyankiko Report and the 1985 Whitaker Report.

The UNWCC report dedicated an entire chapter to the historical background of the term "Crimes Against Humanity", a new indictment beside the existing "Crimes Against Peace" and "War Crime ". The seven-page historical background used mainly the Armenian massacres during World War I and the findings of the 1919 Commission of Responsibilities to substantiate the usage of the term Crimes Against Humanity as a precedent for the Nuremberg Charter's Article 6, in turn being the basis for the impending review of the UN Genocide Convention.

Considering the controversies surrounding both the Ruhashyankiko Report and the Whitaker Report, in which the Armenian case played a pivotal role, Avedian notes that the UNWCC Report were seemingly unknown to the entire Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, including Nicodème Ruhashyankiko and Ben Whitaker (politician) and could have been a highly significant resource in justifying respective Rapporteur's arguments.

### Citations

1. Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (2005). *A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937-1945*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–. ISBN 978-0-521-83432-2.
2. "About – United Nations War Crimes Commission archive". *unwcc.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
3. United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies
4. "UNWCC archives – United Nations War Crimes Commission archive". *unwcc.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
5. "Symposium on the UNWCC: 21st Century Value of the 1943-1948 UN War Crimes Commission". *Opinio Juris*. 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Statement on the Plan to Try Nazi War Criminals.," October 7, 1942.
7. Effie Pedaliu (2004). Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945-48. (JStor.org preview) Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503-529
8. Bathurst, M. E. (1945). "The United Nations War Crimes Commission". *American Journal of International Law*. **39** (3): 565–570. doi:10.1017/S0002930000138059. ISSN 0002-9300.
9. Robert F. Gorman (2001). *Great Debates at the United Nations: An Encyclopedia of Fifty Key Issues 1945-2000*. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-313-31386-8.
10. New York University. Law Library (1953). *A Catalogue of the Law Collection at New York University: With Selected Annotations*. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 655–. ISBN 978-1-886363-91-5.
11. "Out of the 'darkness': UN War Crimes Commission records hailed as vital international justice tool". 11 November 2014.
12. Daniel Plesch 2017, p. 158.
13. "E/CN.4/W.19". UN.org.
14. Ruhashyankiko, Nicodème (1978). "Study of the question of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide". Retrieved 08 November 2022 – via Digital Library.
15. Whitaker, Benjamin (1985). "Revised and updated report on the question of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide / prepared by B. Whitaker.". Retrieved 08 November 2022 – via Digital Library.
16. Avedian, Vahagn (2018). *Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-831885-4.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| United Nations War Crimes Commission | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Founded | October 20, 1943 (1943-10-20) |
| Disbanded | 1948 (1948) |


title: Ichocán

abstract: Ichocán is a town in the Ichocán District, San Marcos Province, Cajamarca region, Peru. It is the capital of Ichocán District.

text:
# Ichocán

**Ichocán** is a town in the Ichocán District, San Marcos Province, Cajamarca region, Peru. It is the capital of Ichocán District.

## Geography

Ichocán is at an altitude of 2,596 metres (8,517 ft). It is 124 kilometres (77 mi) from Cajamarca. The imposing hills called "The Church" and "The Bell" can be seen when approaching this district. Ichocán was formerly known as *Ichoca*. Actress and artist Yma Sumac was born in Ichocán, according to some sources; other sources cite her place of birth as Callao.

7°22′S 78°08′W / 7.367°S 78.133°W / -7.367; -78.133

## InfoBox

| Ichocan Ichocán | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Ichocán District |


title: Norway Cup

abstract: The Norway Cup is an international youth football tournament in Oslo, Norway. It has been held annually since 1972, with the exception of 1976, 2020 and 2021. It is the world's largest football tournament and sees a typical 1400 to 1700 participating teams per year - in 2023 Norway Cup hit an all-time record with 2183 teams.. The Norway Cup consists of tournaments for ages 10 through 19 for both genders, with over 53,049 teams having participated during its history. The tournament takes place at Ekebergsletta. The tournament is organized by Bækkelagets Sportsklub with Pål Trælvik as its general secretary. Participants come from 50 to 60 countries. Amazon Grimstad won the first Norway Cup tournament for women, winning 2–1 over Vestar, after a penalty shoot-out.

text:
# Norway Cup

The **Norway Cup** is an international youth football tournament in Oslo, Norway. It has been held annually since 1972, with the exception of 1976 (due to a conflicting arrangement), 2020 and 2021 (due to the COVID-19 Pandemic). It is the world's largest football tournament and sees a typical 1400 to 1700 participating teams per year - in 2023 Norway Cup hit an all-time record with 2183 teams. . The Norway Cup consists of tournaments for ages 10 through 19 for both genders, with over 53,049 teams having participated during its history. The tournament takes place at Ekebergsletta.

The tournament is organized by Bækkelagets Sportsklub with Pål Trælvik as its general secretary. Participants come from 50 to 60 countries. Amazon Grimstad won the first Norway Cup tournament for women, winning 2–1 over Vestar, after a penalty shoot-out.

## The world's biggest tournament

From 1972 to 2016, 53,049 teams have participated in the tournament. In recent years around 1600-2200 teams participated each year and the tournament is therefore referred to often as "the world's biggest football tournament." The participants in the tournament come from 50-60 different nations. In 1972 the first edition of the Norway Cup played with women's teams, while the NFF did not recognize women's football officially until 1976. Amazon Grimstad Grimstad won the first Norway Cup for women. The team won 2–1 against IL Vestar after a penalty shootout.

Several players who have participated in the Norway Cup have subsequently made football their profession, including Erik Mykland, John Carew, Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Steffen Iversen.

59°53′50″N 10°46′38″E / 59.89722°N 10.77722°E / 59.89722; 10.77722


title: Gynnidomorpha definita

abstract: Gynnidomorpha definita is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Assam, India.

text:
# Gynnidomorpha definita

***Gynnidomorpha definita*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Assam, India.

## InfoBox

| *Gynnidomorpha definita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Gynnidomorpha* |
| Species: | ***G. definita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gynnidomorpha definita***<br>(Meyrick, 1928) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phalonia definita* Meyrick, 1928 | |


title: Oldroyd Island

abstract: Oldroyd Island is a small island 0.4 kilometres (0.2 nmi) northwest of Magnetic Island, lying off the Vestfold Hills in the east part of Prydz Bay. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. Remapped by ANARE (1957–58) and named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for K.C. Oldroyd, weather observer at Davis Station in 1960.

text:
# Oldroyd Island

**Oldroyd Island** is a small island 0.4 kilometres (0.2 nmi) northwest of Magnetic Island, lying off the Vestfold Hills in the east part of Prydz Bay. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. Remapped by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) (1957–58) and named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for K.C. Oldroyd, weather observer at Davis Station in 1960.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Oldroyd Island". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Oldroyd Island
| Oldroyd IslandLocation in Antarctica | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 68°32′S 77°54′E / 68.533°S 77.900°E / -68.533; 77.900 |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited |


title: National Science Summer School Inc.

abstract: The National Science Summer School Inc. is the council that reviews and appoints staff that run the National Youth Science Forum (NYSF). It is a nonprofit organisation charged with overseeing the operation of the National Youth Science Forum in Australia

text:
# National Science Summer School Inc.

The **National Science Summer School Inc.** is the council that reviews and appoints staff that run the National Youth Science Forum (NYSF). It is a nonprofit organisation charged with overseeing the operation of the National Youth Science Forum in Australia

## InfoBox

National Science Summer School Inc.
| Company type | non-profit organisation |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 5 June 1984 |
| Headquarters | Canberra, Australia |
| Key people | Prof Tanya Monro (Chair), Andrew Metcalfe AO (Deputy Chair), Rowley Tompsett (Secretary), James Palmer (Finance Director), Dr Renee Kidson (NYSF Alumnus representative), Mr Rob Woolley (Rotary Liaison Officer), Dr Damien Pearce (CEO: NYSF) |
| Number of employees | Several members from several areas including Education, Science and Rotary International |
| Website | www.nsss.org.au |


title: Minehama, Akita

abstract: Minehama was a village located in Yamamoto District, Akita Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,687 and a density of 38.55 persons per km⁲. The total area was 121.57 km⁲. On March 27, 2006, the Minehama, along with the town of Hachimori, was merged to create the town of Happō.

text:
# Minehama, Akita

**Minehama** (峰浜村, *Minehama-mura*) was a village located in Yamamoto District, Akita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,687 and a density of 38.55 persons per km2. The total area was 121.57 km2.

On March 27, 2006, the Minehama, along with the town of Hachimori (also from Yamamoto District), was merged to create the town of Happō.

## InfoBox

| Minehama 峰浜村 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Japan |
| Prefecture | Akita |
| District | Yamamoto |


title: Anhalamine

abstract: Anhalamine is a naturally occurring alkaloid which can be isolated from Lophophora williamsii. It is structurally related to mescaline.

text:
# Anhalamine

**Anhalamine** is a naturally occurring alkaloid which can be isolated from *Lophophora williamsii*. It is structurally related to mescaline.

## InfoBox

Anhalamine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C11H15NO3/c1-14-9-5-7-3-4-12-6-8(7)10(13)11(9)15-2/h5,12-13H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3Key: DVQVXTPSJBCBJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1/C11H15NO3/c1-14-9-5-7-3-4-12-6-8(7)10(13)11(9)15-2/h5,12-13H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3Key: DVQVXTPSJBCBJI-UHFFFAOYAR | |
| SMILES * COC1=C(C(=C2CNCCC2=C1)O)OC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C11H15NO3 |
| Molar mass | 209.245 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Picton Airport

abstract: Picton Airport is located on the southeast side of Picton, Ontario, Canada, near the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. The airport is used for general aviation, including glider flying. The runway is also used for competitive, amateur automobile racing events such as arm-drop drag races and autocross with the St Lawrence Automobile Club.

text:
# Picton Airport

**Picton Airport** (TC LID: **CNT7**) is located on the southeast side of Picton, Ontario, Canada, near the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. The airport is used for general aviation, including glider flying. The runway is also used for competitive, amateur automobile racing events such as arm-drop drag races and autocross with the St Lawrence Automobile Club.

## History

During World War II, the airport hosted the *No. 31 Bombing and Gunnery School* for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, operating Avro Anson, Fairey Battle, Bristol Bolingbroke, and Westland Lysander aircraft. In 1953, the Prince Edward Flying club took over operation of the airport. The airport was known as CFB Picton. The airport has been owned by Loch-Sloy Holdings Limited since 1970. During the summer it is home to the Air Cadet Gliding Program along with CFB Mountainview. It is also used for motor-sport events such as autoslalom by the St. Lawrence Automobile Club. There are also regular "Armdrop" drag racing events and tractor pulls were held here as well in 2010 and 2011. In 2005, the base served as the Driver Rehabilitation Centre for *Canada's Worst Driver.*

## InfoBox

| Picton Airport | |
| --- | --- |
| Picton Airport (CNT7), Ontario, 28 May 2013 | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | PEC Community Partners |
| Location | Picton, Ontario |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 465 ft / 142 m |
| Coordinates | 43°59′21″N 077°08′21″W / 43.98917°N 77.13917°W / 43.98917; -77.13917 |
| Map | |
| CNT7Location in OntarioCNT7CNT7 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  05/23 2,580 786 Asphalt  10/28 2,550 777 Asphalt  17/35 2,520 768 Asphalt | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert

abstract: Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, affectionately known in Korea as Bishop Laurentius Bum Sehyeong was a Roman Catholic French bishop in Asia. He was most notable for his Christian missionary work among the Koreans, he was appointed by Pope Gregory XVI in August 1836 when first Bishop Barthélemy Bruguière died in Manchuria. Eventually, he was executed in the Kingdom of Joseon for his Catholic faith; it is estimated that 8,000 to 10,000 were killed for their faith in 19th-century Korea—the Korean Martyrs. 103 of them, including Imbert, were canonized by the Catholic Church as saints in 1984. His feast day is 21 September, and he is also venerated with the rest of the 103 Korean martyrs on 20 September.

text:
# Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert

| **Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 범세형 |
| Hanja | 范世亨 |
| Revised Romanization | *Beom Sehyeong* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Pŏm Sehyŏng* |

**Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert** (Born: 23 March 1796 – Died: 21 September 1839), affectionately known in Korea as **Bishop Laurentius Bum Sehyeong** (Korean: 범세형 라우렌시오/) was a Roman Catholic French bishop in Asia. He was most notable for his Christian missionary work among the Koreans, he was appointed by Pope Gregory XVI in August 1836 when first Bishop Barthélemy Bruguière died in Manchuria.

Eventually, he was executed in the Kingdom of Joseon for his Catholic faith; it is estimated that 8,000 to 10,000 were killed for their faith in 19th-century Korea—the Korean Martyrs. 103 of them, including Imbert, were canonized by the Catholic Church as saints in 1984. His feast day is 21 September, and he is also venerated with the rest of the 103 Korean martyrs on 20 September.

## Biography

Imbert was born at Marignane, to parents who were residents of the hamlet of Callas, in the commune of Cabriès in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhône. When he became of age, he was sent to Aix to pursue his studies. According to reports, he paid his expenses by making and selling rosaries. He then enrolled at the seminary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society on 8 October 1818.

On 5 March 1819, Imbert was incardinated in the Archdiocese of Paris, and ordained on 18 December of that same year, having received an indult from the Holy See due to his not having reached the legal age. He then set sail from France on 20 March 1820, bound for missionary service in China.

Imbert's first stop was in Penang, Malaya, where he was asked to replace a teacher at the College General (Major Seminary), who had taken ill. He taught there from April 1821 to January 1822

In 1821, Esprit-Marie-Joseph Florens, the Vicar Apostolic of Siam, requested for him to call at Singapore. The bishop had been contemplating opening a missionary station in Singapore. He was not very certain, though, whether there was any urgency or he was aware of the circumstances prevailing in the island. Therefore, the young missionary was to check on the situation. He reached Singapore on 11 December 1821 and spent about a week there. Imbert might have been the first priest to celebrate Mass on the island.

In February 1822, Imbert sailed for Macau, but unable to go directly there, he spent the next two years in Tonkin, French Indochina. Only then was he able to enter China, where he spent twelve years in Sichuan and founded a seminary in Moupin.

On 26 April 1836, Imbert was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Korea and Titular Bishop of Capsa. He was consecrated on 14 May 1837 by Giacomo Luigi Fontana M.E.P., the Vicar Apostolic of Szechwan. He then crossed secretly from Manchuria to Korea that same year. During this time, Korea was going through a period of Christian persecution.

On 10 August 1839, Imbert, who was secretly going about his missionary work, was betrayed. Realizing that it was only a matter of time before he was arrested and killed, he celebrated Mass and surrendered himself to those who lay in waiting for him. He was taken to Seoul, where he was tortured to reveal the whereabouts of foreign missionaries. Mistakenly believing that his converts would be spared if all foreign missionaries came out from hiding and gave themselves up, he wrote a note to his fellow missionaries, Pierre-Philibert Maubant and Jacques-Honoré Chastan, asking them to surrender to the Korean authorities as well, which they did.

All three of them were imprisoned together. They were taken before an interrogator and questioned for three days to reveal the names and whereabouts of their converts. As torture failed to break them down, they were sent to another prison and beheaded on 21 September 1839 at Saenamteo, Korea. Their bodies remained exposed for several days but were finally buried on Nogu Mountain.

The three were among the 79 Korean Martyrs beatified in 1925, and among the 103 Korean Martyrs canonized by Pope John Paul II in Seoul on 6 May 1984.

The feast day of Saint Laurent Imbert is celebrated on 20 September (formerly 10 June). Accordingly, a religious statue of Imbert Bum is also enshrined at a side chapel of the Myeongdong Cathedral, where pious women have vested the image in the traditional Hanbok costume of South Korea.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Saint
Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert
Bishop Bum Sehyeong
M.E.P. | |
| --- | --- |
| Second Roman Catholic Bishop of Korea | |
| French missionary, bishop and martyr | |
| Born | (1796-03-23)23 March 1796
Marignane, Bouches-du-Rhône, France |
| Died | 21 September 1839(1839-09-21) (aged 43)
Saenamteo, Kingdom of Joseon |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church
(Korea and the Paris Foreign Missions Society) |
| Beatified | 5 July 1925, Vatican City, by Pope Pius XI |
| Canonized | 6 May 1984, Seoul, South Korea, by Pope John Paul II |
| Major shrine | Saenamteo Memorial Church, Seoul, South Korea |
| Feast | 21 September
20 September (along with Korean Martyrs) |