title: Hajdúdorog

abstract: Hajdúdorog is a town in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. Hajdúdorog had a population of 8,797 in 2014, with a population density of 8,997 people per km⁲. The city is 130 m above sea level and the district area is 100.65 km⁲.

text:
# Hajdúdorog

**Hajdúdorog** (Hungarian: \[ˈhɒjduːdoroɡ\] ) is a town in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. Hajdúdorog had a population of 8,797 in 2014 (down from 8,888 in 2006), with a population density of 8,997 people per km2. The city is 130 m above sea level and the district area is 100.65 km2.

## History

The city is one of the "old haiduk towns" and appears to have been inhabited since Paleolithic times, but the first written records come from 1301. Archaeological remains of the so-called *rézbalta culture* from 1380 to 2200 BCE have been found in the area as have Iron Age Scythians settlements. Roman era tombs were found in the area in 1938. Sarmatian, Celtic, and Roman tombs were located near the church and the area appears to have been the frontier between Roman and Sarmatian lands at the time.

Avars immigrated into the area in 567 CE and Hungarian Magyars in 896 CE. The Ottoman Empire took the town in 1566 CE, but by the 17th century it was in Habsburg hands.

The City Hall was built around 1660, and remains standing today despite being damaged during World War II. The city was occupied by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Hungary, and remained as such until the Red Army captured the city on 24 October.

Cholera swept the city in the 19th century and in 1843 Hajdúdorog was divided into the seven municipalities. The town's history is presented in the Museum of Local History.

## Religion

Traditionally the area was Catholic; however, since the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of the city has been from the Hungarian Greek Catholic Church, in contrast to the surrounding area. The differences in religion have created a distinct local culture.

### Catholicism

The city is the seat of the Hungarian Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Hajdúdorog. The Greek Catholic Cathedral is one of the city's main points of interest with its 200-year-old icons. In 2001, 80.9% of the population of Hajdúdorog was Greek Catholic.

### Judaism

Before World War II, the city was home to a large Jewish population, located predominantly in three streets near the edge of town. There had been some antisemitism through the 1930s. When Nazi Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944, Jewish businesses were closed and ghettoisation began. A memorial to the community is located near the centre of the town.

## Geography

Geographically the town is located in the Northern Great Plains and three different geographical microregions dominate the area:

* Hortobágy
* Hajdúhát
* South-Nyírség

The area is known for its high-quality spa towns, Hajdúdorog medicinal and thermal water gushing to the surface.

The climate is moderately warm, and dry. The wettest month, July, averages 80 mm (3 in), while the driest, January, averages 25.5 mm (1.0 in).

Northwest of Hajdúdorog is a floodplain ecological landscape and to the north is the Tisza River's catchment area, and also the Nagylapos River.

## Economy

The region's main source of livelihood, is agriculture, mainly vineyards and agricultural activity related to them and cattle.

## Landmarks

## Twinnings

47°49′N 21°30′E / 47.817°N 21.500°E / 47.817; 21.500

## InfoBox

| Hajdúdorog | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| The Cathedral of Hajdúdorog from above | |
|  | |
| Hajdúdorog | |
| Coordinates: 47°49′N 21°30′E / 47.817°N 21.500°E / 47.817; 21.500 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Hajdú-Bihar |
| District | Hajdúböszörmény |
| Area | |
| Total | 100.65 km2 (38.86 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 8,888 |
| Density | 89.97/km2 (233.0/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4087 |
| Area code | (+36) 52 |
| Website | www.hajdudorog.hu |


title: Railways in Agra

text:
# Railways in Agra

Agra has a north-south broad gauge line intersecting an east-west broad gauge line. The crossing is around the Rui Ki Mandi area where the east west line passes under the North South line.

Two broad gauge lines come from Bharatpur and Bayana respectively. Both of these lines are single and electrified. These two lines converge just before Idgah Jn. and the common line continues up to Tundla Jn on Delhi - Howrah line.

## Railway Stations

Agra railway stations are:

### In Agra

### Near Agra

## Arriving

Agra is well connected to most of the major cities in India.

### Towards Maharashtra and Madhya pradesh

There are direct trains between Agra and Mumbai, but all of them take around 24 hours. It is much better to take August Kranti Rajdhani Express or the Garib Rath which take only around 16 hours from Mathura, which is one hour's drive from Agra.

### Towards Kolkata and North East

There are direct trains from Agra Fort Railway Station to Kolkata, most of them pass through Tundla Junction, which is a 40-minute drive from Agra.

### Towards Rajasthan

There are many trains which go to Jaipur and further westwards in Rajasthan. Most of them go via Bayana and Bharatpur.


title: The New School (album)

abstract: The New School is the debut studio album by Swedish indie pop duo The Tough Alliance. The album was released on 20 April 2005 on the Swedish label Service.

text:
# The New School (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 7/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.5/10 |

***The New School*** is the debut studio album by Swedish indie pop duo The Tough Alliance. The album was released on 20 April 2005 on the Swedish label Service.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by The Tough Alliance (Eric Berglund and Henning Fürst)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tough II" | 2:13 |
| 2. | "The New School" | 3:51 |
| 3. | "In the Kitchen" | 4:21 |
| 4. | "My Hood" | 4:02 |
| 5. | "Koka-Kola Veins" | 4:04 |
| 6. | "Babylon" | 6:03 |
| 7. | "Keep It Pure" | 3:40 |
| 8. | "Forever Utd." | 4:39 |
| 9. | "Take No Heroes" | 3:43 |
| 10. | "I'll Be Right There" | 4:04 |
| 11. | "Sirens Outro" | 1:45 |
| Total length: | | 42:25 |

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 14 |
|

## InfoBox

| The New School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Tough Alliance | |
| Released | 20 April 2005 (2005-04-20) |
| Genre | Indie pop |
| Length | 42:25 |
| Label | Service |
| Producer | The Tough Alliance |
| The Tough Alliance chronology | |
| ***The New School***
(2005) *Escaping Your Ambitions*
(2006) | |


abstract: A fixed link or fixed crossing is a permanent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, and causeways and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries. A bridge–tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links. This is a list of proposed and actual transport links between continents and to offshore islands. See also list of bridge–tunnels for another list of fixed links including links across rivers, bays and lakes.

text:
# Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links

A **fixed link** or **fixed crossing** is a permanent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, and causeways and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries. A bridge–tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links.

This is a list of proposed and actual transport links between continents and to offshore islands. See also list of bridge–tunnels for another list of fixed links including links across rivers, bays and lakes.

## History

### Cosmopolitan Railway

In 1890 William Gilpin first proposed to connect all the continents by land via the Cosmopolitan Railway. Significant elements of that proposal, such as the English Channel Tunnel, have been constructed since that era. However, the improvement of the global shipping industry and advent of international air travel has reduced the demand for many intercontinental land connections.

## Europe

### English Channel

There is no public highway connection between Great Britain and the European mainland; only a rail connection, the Channel Tunnel.

A cross channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and construction actually started in 1881 before being abandoned. Roll-on/roll-off ferry services provided links across the channel for vehicles.

A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but not considered viable. Construction of the Channel Tunnel started in 1988 and the tunnel opened in 1994. Automobiles and lorries/transport trucks are loaded onto the Eurotunnel Shuttle's enclosed railway cars (similar to auto rack/motorail railway cars) for the trip through the tunnel. A service road tunnel runs the entire length of the crossing, but is closed to general use and used only during emergencies and for maintenance. Cyclists – both amateur and professional – have crossed the channel via the tunnel on special occasions.

There have been proposals at various times for a second channel tunnel of some kind.

### Irish Sea

Various ferry services link Ireland to Britain and France. A number of options for an Irish Sea fixed crossing have been proposed over the years, but none are currently under serious consideration. Additionally, there was a short-lived proposal for an underground roundabout beneath the Isle of Man, connecting tunnels to Ireland, Scotland, and two to England. Another proposal was for an additional route from Scotland to the Isle of Man.

### Channel Islands to France

In July 2009, the States of Jersey were considering the feasibility of building a 14-mile (23 km) tunnel between Jersey (a British Crown dependency) and Lower Normandy in France. There was a revival of the idea in 2018 and 2021. It was reported in the local media that a link between Jersey and the neighbouring island of Guernsey would cost £2.6 billion.

### Kerch Strait

The Crimean Bridge is a pair of parallel bridges constructed by the Russian Federation following the annexation of Crimea, to span the Kerch Strait between the Taman Peninsula of Krasnodar Krai and the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea. The bridge complex provides for both vehicular traffic and for rail. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the bridge has been attacked or damaged on three occasions: 8 October 2022, 17 July 2023 and 12 August 2023. As of August 2023, the bridge reopened at a limited capacity.

### Germany to Denmark to Sweden

The Øresund Bridge links southern Sweden to the Danish island of Zealand. Zealand is linked to the Danish mainland and the rest of Europe by the Great Belt Fixed Link. Most travellers between Sweden and Germany, both by road and train use the 160 km (99 mi) shorter route with a ferry over the Fehmarn Belt southwestwards towards Hamburg or southwards to Rostock. The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link is planned to be opened in 2029. A Gedser-Rostock Bridge is also under consideration but has been put back as the Fehmarn Belt crossing is now under construction. Proposals also exist for a fixed link from Rügen to southern Sweden, linking Berlin and the Øresund region.

### Sweden to Finland

Ferry services link Sweden to Finland via Åland. There are proposals of fixed links between Sweden and Finland. A tunnel could be built between Sweden and Åland, about 50 km (30 mi) long, and 100–200 m (330–660 ft) deep, with the lowest depth around Märket, a little detour. The area between Åland and Finland is shallow with many islands, able to be connected with bridges - some of which already exist. Between Umeå and Vaasa further north, there is a proposal to build the Kvarken Bridge, a series of bridges, the longest 26 km (16 mi), in total 40 km (25 mi). None of these proposals have been seriously investigated.

### Finland to Estonia

Ferry services link Finland to Estonia as well as overground rail and road routes via Saint Petersburg in Russia. Rail Baltica is a proposal for a rail link from Finland to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, bypassing Russia via a Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel. The gulf has heavy ferry traffic, and the port of Helsinki has the largest number of international passengers of any port in Europe, and most travel to Tallinn or back. Finland and Estonia share close linguistic, cultural, economic and historical ties and proponents of what they call "Talsinki" (a portmanteau of the names of the two capitals) point to the Øresund region as an example of a cross-national metropolitan area linked by an underwater bridge-tunnel. A combination of a Finland to Estonia and a Finland to Sweden fixed link would reduce the need for ferries on the route the MS *Estonia* was on when it sank in 1994 causing a loss of 852 lives, the biggest peacetime maritime disaster in the Baltic.

### Italian mainland to Sicily

The Strait of Messina has a busy ferry traffic. The Strait of Messina Bridge is planned, but the construction date has been postponed several times.

### Italian mainland to Elba

There is a project to link Elba with mainland Italy (through Piombino in Tuscany) crossing the Piombino Channel in a Road Tunnel of 16 km. The feasibility project was launched by the Cacelli Partners Ltd of Riccardo Cacelli, in collaboration with the Adu London studio of the architect David Ulivagnoli.

### Sardegna-Maddalena

There's a project of underwater tunnel that will link Palau (in Sardinia) with the island of La Maddalena, crossing a 3 km stretch of sea.

### Corsica-Sardegna

During April's Fool, was suggested an underwater tunnel between Santa Teresa (Sardinia) and Bonifacio (Corsica). Other April's fool jokes involucrate a Bridge between both islands. However, there were proposals of linking Mainland Italy, Elba and Capraia to the hypothetical route of Corsica-Sardegna connection. Also, there was interest from Hyperloop One, in his Global Challenge, on using Hyperloop to connect both islands.

### France-Corsica

During April's Fool, was proposed a Tunnel of 326 km beneath the Mediterranean Sea that will connect La Ciotat (continental France) and Ajaccio (Corsica) that will be finish on 2042.

### Italy-Croatia Bridge

There were proposals to build a railway and highway bridge over the Adriatic sea to connect Italy and Croatia, from Ancona to Zadar following a 120 km route. The idea was presented by the Roman architect Giorgio De Romanis, and also called for the creation of a special company "Il ponte sull'Adriatico Srl". The bridge would be suspended above the sea at a height of between 30 and 70 meters, and would also allow the laying of pipes for water, oil and gas, as well as the accommodation of telecommunication cables. The idea received the support of the ex-governor of the Marche, Gian Mario Spacca. Some sources considered the project as being more realistic than a bridge between Calabria and Sicily

### Norway

The Boknafjord tunnel (main part of the Rogfast project) is under construction and will in 2033 be the world's longest and deepest undersea tunnel, 26.7 kilometres (88,000 ft) long and reach 392 metres (1,286 ft) under sea level. It will connect the island of Bokn with the mainland at Stavanger under the open Bokna fjord.

### Faroe Islands

Tunnels and bridges are an important part of the Faroe Islands transportation network. The longest proposed one is the 25 km Suðuroyartunnilin (Suðuroy tunnel).

## Europe to Africa

### Gibraltar Tunnel

The Gibraltar Tunnel is proposed to be a rail tunnel linking Africa and Europe. A tunnel would likely be an electrified rail tunnel with car shuttles due to the depth of the Strait of Gibraltar (up to 900 metres (3,000 ft)) and the length of the tunnel making it a great challenge to remove vehicle exhaust. Similar considerations led to the Channel Tunnel linking the UK and France not being a highway tunnel. There have also been proposals for a bridge over the strait, although ship traffic would complicate this solution. Car ferries currently operate across the strait.

### Strait of Sicily

The proposed Strait of Sicily Tunnel would link Sicily to Tunisia. Together with the proposed Strait of Messina Bridge from Sicily to Italy this would provide a fixed link between Italy and Tunisia.

## Europe to Asia

The Turkish Straits are the channel between European Turkey and Asian Turkey and consist of the (from south to north) the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus.

### The Bosphorus

Three suspension bridges cross the Bosphorus. The first of these, the Bosphorus Bridge, is 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long and was completed in 1973. The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge, is 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km (3 mi) north of the first bridge. The Bosphorus Bridge forms part of the O1 Motorway, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the Trans-European Motorway.

Construction of a third suspension bridge, the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, began on May 29, 2013; it was opened to traffic on August 26, 2016. The bridge was built near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of Garipçe on the European side and Poyrazköy on the Asian side. It is part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", which will be further integrated with the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and will allow transit traffic to bypass city traffic.

The Marmaray project, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersea railway tunnel, opened on 29 October 2013. Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft).

An undersea water supply tunnel with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft), named the Bosporus Water Tunnel, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in Düzce Province (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern Anatolia) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).

The Eurasia Tunnel is a road tunnel between Kazlicesme and Goztepe, which began construction in February 2011 and opened to traffic on 21 December 2016. The Great Istanbul Tunnel, a proposed undersea road and railway tunnel, will connect Şişli and Beykoz districts.

### The Dardanelles

The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge opened in 2022, crossing the strait between the cities of Gelibolu and Lapseki.

## Africa to Asia

### Suez Canal Bridge

The Mubarak Peace Bridge, also known as the Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge, Al Salam Bridge, or Al Salam Peace Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Suez Canal at El-Qantara, whose name means "the bridge" in Egyptian Arabic. The bridge links the continents of Africa and Asia.

### Saudi–Egypt Causeway

The Saudi–Egypt Causeway is a proposal for a causeway and bridge between the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and the northern part of Saudi Arabia. This would provide a direct road route between Egypt and Saudi Arabia without going through Israel or Jordan. A causeway faces considerable political hurdles as the disruption of Israeli shipping access to the Red Sea was seen as a casus belli by Israel ahead of the Six-Day War. There is a car ferry between Safaga, Egypt and Duba, Saudi Arabia. The two uninhabited islands in the strait (Tiran island and Sanafir island), which might be used for a bridge, tunnel or causeway, were disputed between Egypt and Saudi Arabia until President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi of Egypt officially ceded them to Saudi Arabia in 2016/2017. The potential construction of a fixed link was cited in some media reports as contributing to the cession.

### Bridge of the Horns

The Bridge of the Horns is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of Djibouti and Yemen across the Bab-el-Mandeb, the strait between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. There are no ferry services on this route as of 2018.

### Jazan-Massawa Tunnel

Saudi Arabia considers to develop a 440 km tunnel across the Red Sea to link its industrial city of Jazan with Massawa's port in Eritrea. It had the support of Pakistan and the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.

## Asia

### Sri Lanka

The Palk Strait bridge proposal between India to Sri Lanka. India Boat Mail train and ferry service provided a train and ferry service from India to Sri Lanka until the First World War. An India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection is under consideration to link the electricity networks of these countries.

### South East Asian islands

Mainland Peninsular Malaysia is linked to Penang Island by two road bridges: the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge (Penang Second Bridge). To the south, it is linked to Singapore Island across the Straits of Johor by the Johor–Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link; the former also carries Malaysia's West Coast Line to the island.

There are proposals to link Johor (in Malaysia) and Riau (in Indonesia), in a Malacca Strait Bridge or underwater tunnel crossing Strait of Malacca and some islands. The longest connection is a 17.5 kilometer. The total length is between 39 and 40 kilometers. There's also a proposal of a Singapore Strait crossing linking Singapore with the Riau archipelago of Indonesia, most likely with the island of Batam. Both projects would link Indonesia (specifically Sumatra and Java islands) to Mainland Asia.

Passenger and vehicle ferries link the various islands of Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.

There are proposals to link Java, the most populated Island of Indonesia, to Sumatra via a proposed Sunda Strait Bridge and from Sumatra to Singapore and/or Malaysia via the Malacca Strait Bridge. While its construction has not yet started, but the completion date of the bridge is set to August 2025.

### Hainan Island

The Guangdong–Hainan Ferry, or the Yuehai Ferry (part of the Guangdong–Hainan Railway) is a vehicle and train ferry connecting Hainan Island to Guangdong in mainland China. The ferries run across the Qiongzhou Strait, between Zhanjiang, Guangdong and Haikou, Hainan. A road-rail bridge has been proposed.

### Bohai Strait

Bohai Strait tunnel project is a proposed connection that would connect the Chinese cities of Yantai and Dalian across the Bohai Strait.

### Taiwan

The Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project is a proposed undersea tunnel to connect Pingtan in the People's Republic of China to Hsinchu in northern Taiwan as part of the G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway. First proposed in 1996, the project has since been subject to a number of academic discussions and feasibility studies, including by the China Railway Engineering Corporation. There exist cross strait ferries, both within outlying islands of Taiwan and between the PRC and Taiwan. The political status of Taiwan complicates any such proposal.

### Korea to China

The Korean government considered building underwater tunnels with China, the proposed route would be between Incheon-Weihai, being considerate to build an intermediary artificial island in the route of 341 kilometers. Other Korean cities, like Ongjin, Hwaseong and Pyeongtaek, are considered to be part of the routes to China. Also, is part of the Chinese comprehensive development plan for the Bohai area.

### Mokpo-Jeju

The Jeju Undersea Tunnel is a project to connect the South Korean provinces of South Jeolla and Jeju across the Jeju Strait, with intermediate stops at the islands of Bogildo and Chujado. The total length of the proposed railway is 167 km, including a 66 km surface interval from Mokpo to Haenam, a 28 km bridge section from Haenam to Bogil Island, and a 73 km stretch from Bogil to Chuja and Jeju Islands.

### Busan–Geoje Bridge

The Busan–Geoje Fixed Link (or Geoga Bridge) is an 8.2-km bridge-tunnel fixed link that connects the South Korean city of Busan to Geoje Island.

### Korea to Japan

The "Korea Japan Friendship Tunnel System" is a proposal for a fixed link from the city of Fukuoka on Kyūshū, Japan, to the port city of Busan in Korea via four islands. The maximum ocean depth in this area is 146 m (479 ft). Similar proposals have been discussed for decades by Korean and Japanese politicians. A road bridge links Kyūshū to the main Japanese island of Honshu.

### Japan to Russia

The Seikan Tunnel has provided a rail link from the main Japanese Island of Honshu to the northernmost Japanese island of Hokkaido since 1988. The proposed Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel would link Hokkaido to the Russian island of Sakhalin. When combined with the proposed Sakhalin Tunnel between Sakhalin and the Russian Mainland and an extension of the Baikal Amur Mainline this would give a rail link from Japan to Russia and the mainland of Asia.

### Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge links Hong Kong and Macau, and Zhuhai in China. Opened on October 24, 2018, it is the longest fixed crossing in the world.

### Hōyo Strait

Shikoku and Kyushu are the only adjacent major Japanese islands not directly connected by a fixed link. Road travel between the two is possible only via Honshu, a detour of up to 600 km.

Since 1995, the Ōita and Ehime prefectures have been jointly conducting research into the technical feasibility of bridges over the Hōyo Strait and conducting basic research into natural and social conditions, and in 1998, in the "Hoyo Kaikyo Bridge Survey Report" it was concluded that the bridge would be technically feasible. The bridge proposed in the report uses a four-span suspension bridge with a central tower height of 376 m, central span length of 3,000 m, and bridge length of about 8,400 m as the main bridge, connecting the Toyo Strait with two bridges, the extension would be about 12.7 km. The total project cost is currently estimated to be about 1.3 trillion yen (US$12.1 billion).

The Hoyo Kaikyo Route Promotion Council conducted a survey comparing various crossing technologies (bridges, tunnels) and modes of transportation (automobiles, railways) in 1997, and "Transportation method comparison study report" was published. According to the report, in the case of bridges, road bridges are technically possible, but due to the long span, it is difficult to use them as railway bridges and combined bridges.

### Qatar–Bahrain Causeway

The Qatar Bahrain Causeway was a planned causeway between the two Arab states of Qatar and Bahrain. It was expected that a ferry service would be established between the two countries in 2017.

Due to the Qatar diplomatic crisis and Bahrain's siding with Saudi Arabia, the bridge is very unlikely ever to be built.

### King Fahd Causeway

The King Fahd Causeway is a series of bridges and causeways connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. At 25 km (16 mi), the western terminus of the causeway is the *al-Khour* neighbourhood of Khobar, Saudi Arabia and the eastern terminus is Al Jasra, Bahrain.

### Iran-Qatar-Saudi Arabia Tunnel

Iran and Qatar (who will take most part of the project's financing) have plans for an underwater tunnel connecting the two countries, being planned to be the longest tunnel in the world (having 190 km), it's planned to link the Iranian port of Bandar-e Deyr to an unspecified location in Qatar across the Persian Gulf in both road and railway sections; however, a road tunnel is not considered very feasible due to the long distance. It had the support of Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation managing director, Ali Akbar Safaei, and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, who expect the creation of a joint Qatar-Iran committee with the Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Also, it will create a straight and direct route between Saudi Arabia and Iran.

### Iran-Oman Causeway

Iran proposed to build an overpass bridge over the strait of Hormuz that will link Iran economically to GCC countries and Yemen through 39 km road link between Oman's Musandam exclave and southern Iran. The idea was having the support of Iranian Ambassador to Oman Ali Akbar Sibeveih. However, Oman's minister of transport and communications, Ahmed bin Mohammed al Futaisi, said that for the moment there were no plans to construct the bridge proposed from the Iranian officials.

### Persian Gulf Bridge

The Persian Gulf Bridge in QeshmBandar Abbas (Iran) will be a 2.4 km- (1.5 mi-) long road-rail bridge, connecting Qeshm Island to mainland Iran, from the historic port of Laft to Pahal port in Bandar Abbas (Hormozgan Province). It was proposed to build an undersea tunnel instead of a bridge, but was rejected due to high costs.

### Masirah island Bridge

In 2010, Oman's ruler, Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed, asked the government to plan for the construction of a bridge connecting Masirah Island on Oman's eastern coast to the mainland in a railroad.

### Saudi Arabia-Pakistan

The Saudis were exploring two options to build a 400 km tunnel or bridge to link Gwadar (in Pakistan) with Muscat (in Oman) at the mouth of Strait of Hormuz at one end. The objective was to bypass its trade routes (including for oil supplies) with Iran and Qatar, because of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, also to extend the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.

### United Arab Emirates-India Tunnel

A 1,200 miles (2000 km) tunnel, carrying Maglev trains, is planned to connect India’s biggest city Mumbai and emirate Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) through the Arabian Sea in a high-speed railway line to transport passengers, tourists and workers in just 2 hours. It had the support of Abdullah Alshehhi, chief consultant of Abu Dhabi National Advisory Office (a Masdar City-based consultancy), and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It is considered the longest submarine tunnel project in the world and will have a depth of 15,000 feet below the surface of the Indian Ocean.

Also, Karachi (Pakistan) and Muscat (Oman) are also included future plans of train stations, making provision for a road to be constructed within the tunnel for cars and trucks as well as a floating hotel, shopping centres and fuel stations, featuring pipelines for oil and water. Expansion of the project might include the One Belt One Road Initiative, linking China to Pakistan economic corridor at Gwadar Port with UAE, through the Fujairah port to complement the Chinese silk road.

### Seikan tunnel

One of the longest tunnels in the world and - depending on definitions (total length versus length actually under water) - either the longest or the second longest underwater tunnel ahead or behind of the Channel Tunnel, the Seikan Tunnel links Japan's northernmost main island Hokkaido to Honshu. Initially only built to Cape gauge, the rail line running through the tunnel has since been converted to dual gauge to allow standard gauge services, particularly Shinkansen. The *Tōya Maru* accident of 1954, in which a train ferry sank in a typhoon, killing over a thousand people, was a major factor in tilting the decision towards construction of the tunnel. The tunnel opened in 1988 and Hokkaido Shinkansen started running through it in 2016.

The Philippines is planning to build a bridge that will span Manila Bay and connect the provinces of Bataan and Cavite. The Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge, once completed, will be 32.15 kilometers (19.98 mi) long and will consist of two cable-stayed bridges, with a span of 400 meters (1,300 ft) and 900 meters (3,000 ft) each. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) approved the bridge project in early 2020 with a budget of ₱175.7 billion. The implementation of the bridge project is projected to last six years.

In October 2020, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) signed a $59 million engineering design contract, awarded to the joint venture of T. Y. Lin International from the US and Korea's Pyunghwa Engineering Consultants Ltd., who are working in tandem with Geneva-based Renardet S.A. and local firm DCCD Engineering Corporation.

As of March 2023, the project's detailed engineering design is already 70% complete, according to DPWH. The construction of the bridge is targeted to start in late 2023.

## Asia to America

### Bering Strait bridge or tunnel

There is a proposal to span the Bering Sea with a bridge or tunnel called the **Intercontinental Peace Bridge**, the **TKM-World Link** or the **AmerAsian Peace Tunnel**. This would link the American Cape Prince of Wales with the Russian Cape Dezhnev. The link would consist of three tunnels connecting Alaska and Russia via two islands: Little Diomede (USA) and Big Diomede (Russia). The longest single tunnel would be 24 miles (39 km). Since the Bering Sea at the site of the proposed crossing has a maximum known depth of 170 feet (52 m), the tunnels might be dug with conventional tunnel boring machines of the type used to build the Channel Tunnel. The three tunnel proposal is considered to be preferable over a bridge due to severe environmental conditions, especially the inescapable winter ice damage.

Each proposed tunnel would be shorter than some current tunnels. The Channel Tunnel linking England with mainland Europe is about 31.34 miles (50.44 km) long; the Seikan Tunnel, an ocean tunnel linking Hokkaido with Honshu in Japan is 33.46 miles (53.85 km) long; and the Swiss Gotthard Base Tunnel through the Alps, opened in 2016, is 35.7 miles (57.5 km) long.

For a bridge or tunnel to be useful, a road or railway must be built to connect it, despite the very difficult climate and very sparse local population. In Alaska, a 700-mile (1,100 km) link would be needed, and in Russia, a link more than 1,200 miles (1,900 km) long must be constructed. Until around 2010, such road connections were suggested by enthusiasts only, but at that time both the Russian government and the Alaskan state government started to consider such roads. The Alaska Railroad is currently the only railroad in Alaska, and is not connected to the wider North American rail network, but plans for an A2A Railway linking it to Alberta, Canada and from there to the rest of the North American rail network are under consideration.

## Asia to Oceania

There are no viable options for a fixed link between Asia and Oceania. Excluding the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border that divides the island of New Guinea, the shortest distances between Southeast Asia and Oceania still cover a significant distance across the sea between Indonesia and Australia. The closest would be Badu Island in Queensland's Torres Strait Islands, which is 123 kilometres (76 mi) away from Merauke Regency's coastal border with Papua New Guinea. Otherwise, in the Arafura Sea, Rimbija Island in the Northern Territory's uninhabited Wessel Islands is 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of Yos Sudarso Island, also in Merauke Regency; and across the Timor Sea, the northern tip of Melville Island is still 317 kilometres (197 mi) south of Selaru in the Tanimbar Islands of Maluku.

## Oceania

### Australia–Papua New Guinea Tunnel

A tunnel/bridge between the Australian mainland and the island of New Guinea, bridging the Torres Strait, is not considered economically feasible owing to the great distance. Cape York in northern Queensland is 140 km away from New Guinea. This is a very long distance compared to existing tunnels or bridges, and the demand for car travel is not so high; as of 2009 there are no car ferries between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Passenger travel is by air or private boat only.

### Cook Strait

The Cook Strait between North Island and South Island of New Zealand has been suggested for a fixed link. The length would be at least 22 km, and the water depth is around 200 meters. This is mostly considered a too complicated and costly project to be realised.

## The Americas

### Vancouver Island

Ferry services link Vancouver Island to British Columbia on the Canadian Mainland and to the State of Washington in the US.

Proposals have been made for a fixed link to Vancouver Island for over a century. Because of the extreme depth and soft seabed of the Georgia Strait, and the potential for seismic activity, a bridge or tunnel would face monumental engineering, safety, and environmental challenges at a prohibitive cost.

### Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is linked to New Brunswick on the Canadian mainland by the Confederation Bridge which opened in 1997.

### Newfoundland

Various proposals have been considered for a fixed link consisting of bridges, tunnels, and/or causeways across the Strait of Belle Isle, connecting the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador's mainland Labrador region with the island of Newfoundland. This strait has a minimum width of 17.4 km (10.8 mi).

### Long Island

Nine bridges and 13 tunnels (including railroad tunnels) connect the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, on Long Island, to Manhattan and Staten Island and, via these, to Newark in New Jersey and The Bronx on the mainland of New York state. However, no fixed crossing of the Long Island Sound exists east of New York City; most traffic from the mainland United States must pass through the city to access Long Island. Passenger and auto ferries connect Suffolk County on Long Island northward across the Sound to the mainland of New York state and eastward to the state of Connecticut. There have been various proposals, none successful, to replace these ferries with a fixed link across Long Island Sound to provide an alternate route around New York City for Long Island-bound traffic.

### Delmarva

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel (CBBT) is a 23-mile-long (37 km) fixed link crossing the mouth of the United States' Chesapeake Bay, connecting the Delmarva Peninsula with Virginia Beach, Virginia. It opened in 1964.

### Overseas Highway

The Overseas Highway is a 113-mile (181.9 km) highway carrying U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the Florida Keys to Key West.

### Florida to Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico

Ferry services between the US and Cuba and between Cuba and Haiti were common before 1960, but were suspended due to the United States embargo against Cuba. After the normalization of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic relations by U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro, some American companies began plans to provide regular ferry services between Florida and Cuba. However, President Donald Trump reinstated many travel restrictions towards Cuba during his term, including prohibition of direct ferry services.

There is only one regular ferry to Havana from a foreign port: Cancún, Mexico.

A ferry travels between Mayagüez in Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.

There have been proposals for a direct link between Key West (US) to Havana (Cuba) by tunnel or bridge. Also to a direct tunnel between Florida and The Bahamas.

### Ceiba-Vieques Bridge

On 2009, there was a proposal to build a bridge between Ceiba (on Puerto Rico island) and Vieques island, having an estimated cost of $600 millions. The main goal was to cut travel time to and from the small island town that is actually served by daily ferry runs.

### Gulf of Paria crossing

After the independence of Trinidad and Tobago, members in the government have spoken of constructing a physical link between the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, wanting to physically unify the country. As public discussion and commentary ensued over feasibility and cost, an alternative proposal of a Gulf of Paria crossing was made of constructing a shorter connection which would connect Trinidad and Venezuela.

In 2017, China showed interest in the construction of a mega bridge in the Caribbean Sea to connect Tobago and Trinidad.

On modern times, there have been studies from the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, from University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, that have developed studies for a possible bridge linking between Venezuela and Tobago, but only as case study, without official support.

### Maracaibo Crossing

In Venezuela, the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects Maracaibo with much of the rest of the country, being a bridge that crosses the narrowest part of Lake Maracaibo, in Zulia (northwestern Venezuela). There is another plan of a Second bridge over Lake Maracaibo for the construction of a mixed road-rail bridge that would link the Zulia cities of Santa Cruz de Mara and Punta de Palmas, located on both sides of Lake Maracaibo, in the Miranda Municipality.

### Darién Gap

A notable break in the Pan-American Highway is a section of land located in the Darién Province in Panama and the Colombian border called the Darién Gap. It is an 87-kilometre (54 mi) stretch of rainforest. The gap has been crossed by adventurers on bicycle, motorcycle, all-terrain vehicle, and foot, dealing with jungle, swamp, insects, kidnapping, and other hazards.

Some people, groups, indigenous populations, and governments are opposed to completing the Darién portion of the highway. Reasons for opposition include protecting the rain forest, containing the spread of tropical diseases, protecting the livelihood of indigenous peoples in the area, and reducing the spread of drug trafficking and its associated violence from Colombia.

### Santa Catarina Island

The Hercilio Luz Bridge is the first bridge constructed to link the Island of Santa Catarina to the mainland Brazil. Two additional crossings connecting the island to the mainland exist: Colombo Salles Bridge and Pedro Ivo Campos Bridge.

### Chacao Channel bridge

It's a construction project for a bridge that will cross the Chacao Channel. It is intended to unite the Isla Grande de Chiloé with the Chilean continental territory, in the Los Lagos Region. The opening of the bridge is planned for 2025. It will be the longest suspension bridge in Latin America. Previously there were suggestion of a connection by tunnel, but were rejected due to financial problems.

### Terrestrial connection project through the Río de la Plata

At the end of the 19th century, Argentine President Domingo Sarmiento presented the "Argirópolis" project; which included building railway bridges uniting both countries through the Martín García island.

Several land connection projects through the Río de la Plata were evaluated by the governments of Argentina and Uruguay (also Mercosur), with the objective of erecting a road for vehicular, rail or both types of transit. Although most of the proposals involve the construction of bridges, others also mention sub-fluvial tunnels as a possible alternative. The project would consist to link Colonia del Sacramento in Uruguay to Punta Lara in Argentina.

## Transatlantic tunnel

A **transatlantic tunnel** is a theoretical tunnel that would span the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe, perhaps enabling mass transit. Some proposals envision technologically advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8,000 kilometres per hour (300 to 5,000 mph). Most conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the United States and the United Kingdom ‒ or more specifically between New York City and London.

Advantages compared to air travel would be increased speed and use of electricity instead of oil-based fuel.

The main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are cost, with estimates of between $88 billion and $175 billion, as well as the limits of current materials science.

The proposed routes are a direct link from the US to Europe, or from the US, crossing Canada, Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, to the United Kingdom, using an underwater Vacuum tube train.

The Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (Marin), in 2019, tested a model trans-Atlantic underwater tunnel between the United States and Europe capable of supporting hyperloop.

* "The Three Americas Railway: An International and Intercontinental Enterprise" book written in 1881 by Hinton Rowan Helper discusses the need for an Intercontinental Highway, using railroads, starting on page 418.
* "The Rotarian", January 1936. Article "Seeking Peace in a Concrete Way" starting on page 42.
* "Looking far north: the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, 1899" written in 1982 by William H. Goetzmann, Kay Sloan, writes that Harriman in 1899 proposed a "Round the World Railroad" (page 128). The authors go on to write that Harriman traveled to Japan a few years later to continue this proposal.
* "The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West" by James Oliver published in 2006 (256 pages) mentions extensively the Intercontinental Highway. He goes on to mention that the notion of a global highway has been around for hundreds of years including William Gilpen, who suggests it in 1846 was a proponent of a global rail highway to link to the then being proposed European and Asiatic Railway.
* "Planning and Design of Bridges" by M. S. Troitsky, 1994 describes many of the bridges and tunnels proposed in the Trans Global Highway article including on page 39 this book mentions that in 1958, T.Y. Lin mentions the possible construction of a Bering Strait bridge (and obviously a needed highway network).
* Alaska History: A Publication of the Alaska Historical Society, Volumes 4-6 (1989) mentions on page 6 that in 1892, a man named Strauss proposed a global highway and a man made bridge over the Bering Strait. The article goes on to mention the Lin proposal of 1958.
* "Maritime Information Review" a publication of the Netherlands Maritime Information Centre, in 1991 had an extensive article, on "strait crossings" covering the then proposed Bering Strait bridge, the Gibraltar Tunnel and so on, and mentions the proposed global highway network.
* Popular Mechanics Apr 1994 has an article "Alaska Siberia Bridge" and the article goes on to mention the construction of a global highway.


title: Herbert Benjamin Edwardes

abstract: Major-General Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes DCL was a British administrator, soldier, and statesman active in the Punjab region of British India. He is best known as the "Hero of Multan" for his pivotal role in securing British victory in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

text:
# Herbert Benjamin Edwardes

Major-General **Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes** KCB KCSI DCL (12 November 1819 – 23 December 1868) was a British administrator, soldier, and statesman active in the Punjab region of British India. He is best known as the "Hero of Multan" for his pivotal role in securing British victory in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

## Background and early life

Edwardes was born at Frodesley in Shropshire on 12 November 1819, the 2nd son of the Rev. Benjamin Edwardes (1790/1-1823), rector of Frodesley, a younger son of Sir John Thomas Cholmondeley Edwardes, 8th Baronet, of Shrewsbury (1764–1816). The Edwardes Baronetcy of Shropshire had been conferred on his ancestor Sir Thomas Edwardes by King Charles I in 1644/5.The baronetcy eventually became dormant on the death of the 10th Baronet Sir Henry Hope Edwardes to extant with Edwardes-Iddon which Edwardes are descended claiming succession to the title.

Edwardes's mother died during his infancy, and from the age of four, following his father's death in 1823, he was brought up in the household of a deeply religious aunt, from whom he developed his own strongly Protestant Christian faith. At the age of ten, he was sent to a boarding school at Richmond, Surrey, where he did not early distinguish himself. He went on to study Classics and Mathematics at King's College, London, and developed there a great interest in modern literature, composing poetry and drawing. He played a prominent role in the debating society.

## Early service in India

Having been prevented from going up to Oxford by pressure from his guardians, Edwardes determined himself on a career in India. He applied directly to Sir Richard Jenkins, of Bicton Hall, Salop, a deputy chairman of the East India Company, formerly of the Bombay Civil Service, Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury in 1837, and family friend, for a cadetship in the Bengal Infantry. He landed at Calcutta early in 1841, aged 22, and from July 1842 served as a Second Lieutenant in the 1st Bengal European Regiment, first at Dinapore and then at Karnal, a frontier station. He remained with this regiment about five years, during which time he obtained a good knowledge of the Hindustani, Urdu and Persian languages, passing exams in all 3 subjects, which qualified him for the position of interpreter, which he obtained in November 1845, aged 26. He developed a deep understanding of military, political and social affairs in India, which showed itself in his many literary contributions to the *Delhi Gazette* entitled *"Brahminee Bull's letters to his Cousin John Bull"*, expressing bold political opinions often critical of British Indian policy. His essays became well-read throughout British India and particularly impressed the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army himself, Sir Hugh Gough, who appointed Edwardes a member of his personal staff.

## First Anglo-Sikh War

Edwardes served as aide-de-camp to Gough during the First Anglo-Sikh War and fought at Mudki on 18 December 1845, where he was wounded, and at the final bloody rout of the Sikhs at Sobraon on 10 February 1846. Following the British victory, the Punjab came to be ruled by a British Resident seated at the historic capital of Lahore, supported by a Regency Council acting for the infant Maharaja Duleep Singh. In 1846, aged 27, Edwardes was appointed by the new British Resident Sir Henry Lawrence, as Assistant Resident. After three months at Lahore he was posted to the court of the Maharaja of Jammu, recently established by the British as ruler of Kashmir, divested from Punjab territorial lands following the Treaty of Lahore in 1846. Here he helped to suppress a local rebellion against the Maharaja, Gulab Singh.

## Founding of Edwardesabad

In February 1847, aged 28, Edwardes was detached on special duty as Political Agent to the remote trans-Indus district of Bannu, where he was to improve the district's tax-revenue yield to Lahore, much lessened of late by evasion and non-payment. Here backed by a small force of Sikh troops, but largely on the strength of his own personality, he completely reformed the administration. He settled local feuds and demolished local fortresses, built roads and canals and encouraged agriculture. The town established by him was named after his death in his honour *Edwardesabad*, a name which gave way after independence to Bannu, unlike the surviving name of Abbottabad, which commemorates Edwardes's contemporary, General Sir James Abbott.

## Second Anglo-Sikh War

The events and disturbances which grew into the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848–49 started at Multan, in southern Punjab, under the governorship of Dewan Mulraj, near which fortified town Edwardes found himself at the time, devoid of military support. Sensing that time was of the essence to prevent the rebellion spreading rapidly to the whole of the Punjab, and having no senior officer to consult, Edwardes made his response at first on his own initiative. He immediately raised a body of Pathan Irregulars and on 18 June 1848, having been joined by a force of Sikh troops, at Kineyri he routed a rebel force loyal to Dewan Mulraj. Subsequently, on 3 July, with reinforcements from his neighbouring District Officer Lieutenant Lake, and with troops sent by the Nawab of Bahawalpur from south of Multan, he defeated the rebels a second time at Sadusam, near Multan. Here he permanently injured his right hand in an accident with his pistol. Edwardes then forced the rebels to retreat to the fort of Multan, where they remained contained until the arrival of General William Sampson Whish and the Bombay column, whereupon, assisted by the further action of Edwardes's force, a siege was established. On 22 January 1849 Dewan Mulraj surrendered, following negotiations directed by Edwardes. Sir Henry Lawrence praised Edwardes's pivotal role in the war, stating that "Since the days of Clive no man had done as Edwardes". All had been achieved by personal initiative, without formal military training. He was commended by Gough and the Government, promoted brevet major in September 1848 and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB), in October 1849. The East India Company awarded him a specially struck gold medal for services in the Punjab.

He returned to a hero's welcome in England and Shropshire, was thanked by both Houses of Parliament and on 12 June 1850 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by Oxford University. He was entertained at civic banquets in London and Liverpool, and made many well-received public speeches. While in England, on 9 July 1850, aged 31, he married Emma Sidney, daughter of James Sidney of Richmond, Surrey. It was most probably at this time his portrait was painted by Henry Moseley, showing him dressed as an Indian nobleman, which was presented by his widow in 1905 to the National Portrait Gallery. He published in 1851 an account in 2 volumes of his experiences during the war entitled *A Year on the Punjab Frontier.*

## Treaty with Afghanistan

Edwardes believed that the security of British India against the designs of Russia would be improved on the North-Western Frontier by the existence of a strong and independent Afghanistan and he urged the signing of a British Treaty of Friendship with the Amir Dost Mohammad Khan. Although opposed by Sir John Lawrence, then Chief Commissioner of the Punjab, as the new ruling magistrate was known following the 1849 British annexation of Punjab, Edwardes's suggestion received the approval of the Governor General of India Lord Dalhousie. The treaty was signed by Lawrence and the Amir on 30 March 1855. It contained a strict non-interference clause which turned out to be vital in maintaining calm in the Punjab during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 2 years later, thus allowing Punjab troops to be sent away to assist in the relief of Delhi and in subsequent operations. A second treaty was signed in January 1857.

## Indian Rebellion of 1857

On the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at far away Meerut and Delhi, Edwardes received the sanction of Sir John Lawrence, the successor in the chief magistracy of the Punjab to his elder brother Sir Henry Lawrence, to raise native troops in the Punjab to form a moveable column to maintain order in the Punjab. Lawrence later sent the large part of these troops and other units previously raised by his brother and new units raised by himself to assist in the Siege of Delhi. It was this decisive action of Sir John Lawrence's, in taking the risk to leave the Punjab undefended, a policy opposed by Edwardes, which earned for him the sobriquet "The Saviour of India".

## Interlude in England

Aged 40, in mid-1859 Edwardes once more returned to England, his health so greatly impaired by the continual strain of arduous work that it was doubtful whether he could ever return to India. During his stay he was created KCB, with the rank of brevet colonel; and the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Cambridge. In 1860, he was invited to speak at the Wenlock Olympian Games, when he praised their founder William Penny Brookes and the local Olympian Society's work but showed disagreement with the Greek influence of the name by publicly suggesting the games be called "'The Shropshire Class of British Work and Play', or anything else you will; but let it tell of English men and women."

## Commissioner of Ambala

Early in 1862, aged 43, with improved health he again returned to the Punjab, and was appointed to the prestigious Commissionership of Ambala and as agent for the Cis-Sutlej states. After he had held the posts for 3 years, the health of both him and his wife deteriorated and on 1 January 1865, aged 46, he left British India for the last time.

## Later life and death

Following his final return to England he was made Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI) on 24 May 1866 and promoted Major-General on 22 February 1868. He received a "good conduct" pension of £100.

He had been engaged for some time on writing a biography of his old chief Sir Henry Lawrence, and high expectations were held for the work, which he did not, however, live to complete, which task was performed by Herman Merivale. He suffered a bad attack of pleurisy in March 1868 from which he temporarily recovered, upon which he was offered the post of Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab in March 1868. His recovery however relapsed and he died in London on 23 December 1868, aged 49, after a severe haemorrhage.

He was buried in *the Meadow* on the western side of Highgate Cemetery and is commemorated by a mural tablet in Westminster Abbey and a stained glass window in the chapel of King's College London.

He was survived by his wife, Emma (nee Sydney), whom he had married in 1850.

## Christian Evangelism

Edwardes was a devout Christian of the Protestant anti-ritualist variety. A contemporary point of contention on his career could be stated to be his propensity to evangelise amongst the indigenous populations of India. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857–8, caused in some measure by the sepoys' belief that their ancient religions were under attack with the sanction of the British-Indian regime, he continued, on his return to India in 1862, to enthusiastically urge the Government of India to publicly support the propagation of Christianity in India. Reputable biographers have gone so far as to call this attitude of his "a considerable lack of common sense",. He shared his strong evangelical Christian attitudes with his brother officer and close friend Brigadier-General John Nicholson. During his final period in England, he served as vice-president of the Church Missionary Society.

On 19 December 1853, a meeting was arranged under the Commissioner of Peshawar, Sir Herbert Edwardes, to discuss a Christian Mission to the city. The very first school in the province was established in 1853 by one of the first missionaries, Robert Clarke, under the patronage of Edwardes, today the High School, Kohati Gate Peshawar, Pakistan.

## Literary works

* *A Year on the Punjab Frontier*, 2 vols., 1851.
* *Political Diaries of Lieut. H. B. Edwardes, Assistant to the Resident at Lahore 1847 – 1849*, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, Pakistan 2006 (Reprint version) ISBN 969-35-1770-9

## Commemorations

## Further reading

* *Memorials of the Life and Letters of Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes*, by his wife Emma Simpson (2 vols., London, 1886)
* T. H. E. Holmes, *Four Soldiers* (London, 1889)
* John Ruskin, *Bibl. pastorum, iv. A Knight's Faith* (1885), passages from the life of Edwardes.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes | |
| --- | --- |
| Major Herbert Benjamin Edwardes, CB, DCL (1819–1868), *The Hero of Multan*, dressed as an Indian nobleman, by Henry Moseley, c.1850. National Portrait Gallery, London, (NPG 1391) | |
| Born | (1819-11-12)12 November 1819
Frodesley, Shropshire, United Kingdom |
| Died | 23 December 1868(1868-12-23) (aged 49)
London, United Kingdom |
| Buried | Highgate Cemetery |
| Allegiance | East India Company
British India |
| Service/branch | Bengal Army |
| Years of service | 1842–1868 |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Unit | 1st Bengal European Regiment |
| Battles/wars | First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Indian Mutiny |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knight Commander of the Star of India
Doctor of Civil Law |
| Other work | Commissioner of Ambala (1862–1865) |


title: Ollie Canning

abstract: Oliver Canning is an Irish retired hurler who played as a left corner-back for the Galway senior team. Born in Ballinasloe, County Galway, Canning first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of fourteen when he first linked up with the Galway minor team, before later joining the under-21 team. He made his senior debut during the 1996 championship. Canning went on to play a key role for Galway for the next fifteen years, and won three Connacht medals and four National Hurling League medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions. As a member of the Connacht inter-provincial team at various times throughout his career, Canning won two Railway Cup medals. At club level he is a four-time All-Ireland medallist with Portumna. In addition to this he has also won three Connacht medals and six championship medals. Throughout his career Canning made 34 championship appearances for Galway. His announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 27 July 2010.

text:
# Ollie Canning

**Oliver Canning** (born 9 July 1976) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a left corner-back for the Galway senior team.

Born in Ballinasloe, County Galway, Canning first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of fourteen when he first linked up with the Galway minor team, before later joining the under-21 team. He made his senior debut during the 1996 championship. Canning went on to play a key role for Galway for the next fifteen years, and won three Connacht medals and four National Hurling League medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.

As a member of the Connacht inter-provincial team at various times throughout his career, Canning won two Railway Cup medals. At club level he is a four-time All-Ireland medallist with Portumna. In addition to this he has also won three Connacht medals and six championship medals.

Throughout his career Canning made 34 championship appearances for Galway. His announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 27 July 2010.

## Early and private life

Ollie Canning was born in Portumna, County Galway in 1976. He was educated locally and from an early age he showed a great interest in hurling. Canning later attended the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) where he studied mechanical engineering. Here he played on the college hurling team, winning a Fitzgibbon Cup title in the mid-1990s. Canning currently works as a Business Development Manager with Kirby Group Engineering in Galway. Ollie is an elder brother of 2017 Hurler of the year and former hurler Joe Canning.

## Playing career

### Club

Canning plays his club hurling with his local Portumna team. He enjoyed some success at underage level and won a senior county championship medal in 2003. It was the club's first county triumph. This was later converted into a Connacht club hurling title. Two years later in 2005 Canning won his second county championship title before once again claiming a provincial club medal. On St. Patrick's Day, 2006 Portumna defeated Newstownshandrum to win the All-Ireland club final. A third set of county and provincial medals followed in 2007 and he received the Tommy Moore cup as captain of the club side when they were successful again in the All-Ireland club championship of 2008. Portumna defeated Offaly champions Birr on that occasion.

### Inter-county

In the early 1990s Canning's hurling talent was spotted and he quickly joined the Galway minor hurling panel. He played in the All-Ireland minor final in 1993, however, Galway were defeated on that occasion by Kilkenny. The following year Canning's side bounced back and defeated Cork to capture the All-Ireland title. Two years later Canning was a member of the GAlway under-21 panel as the county captured the All-Ireland title in that grade.

That same year Canning earned a call up to the Galway senior team. He was a member of the panel as the county won the National Hurling League. Later that summer he made his senior championship debut as a substitute against Wexford in the All-Ireland semi-final. Canning played as a forward for a number of years before moving to the corner-back position in 2000. That year he won his first National League medal on the field of play. In 2001 Galway reached the All-Ireland final for the first time in eight years. Tipperary provided the opposition on that occasion, however, Galway were unable to withstand the Tipp attack and lost the game by three points. In spite of this Canning's performance in the championship earned him his first All-Star award. Galway's hurlers faced a lean period following this, however, Canning's performances earned him a second All-Star award in 2003. Two years later in 2005 Galway were back on top. The team defeated Kilkenny in a thrilling All-Ireland semi-final before later meeting Cork in the All-Ireland final. Unfortunately Canning ended up on the losing side in an All-Ireland final for the second time, however, he did win a third All-Star award. Following Galway's exit from the 2006 championship Canning decided to retire from inter-county hurling.

In the 2008 National League Canning's brother, Joe, made his long-awaited senior debut. Shortly after this Ollie Canning announced that he was coming out of retirement to rejoin the Galway senior hurling team. He captained the Galway team in 2008 and 2009, and won a fourth All Star in 2009.

In July 2010, following Galway's elimination from the All Ireland Championship with a defeat to Tipperary, Canning retired from inter-county hurling but continues to line out for his club Portumna.

### Inter-provincial

Canning also lined out for Connacht in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He captured two Railway Cup medals in 1999 and 2004.

## Media work

Canning has worked as an analyst for Sky Sports.

## InfoBox

Ollie Canning
| Canning holding the 2013 Galway Senior Hurling Championship trophy on behalf of Portumna at Pearse Stadium, Galway | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Irish name | *Olibhéar Ó Cainín* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Left Corner Back | | |
| Born | (1976-07-09) 9 July 1976<br>Ballinasloe, Ireland | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1992–2019 | Portumna | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Galway titles | 6 | | |
| Connacht titles | 3 | | |
| All-Ireland Titles | 4 | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1996–2010 | Galway | 34 (1–5) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Connacht titles | 3 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NHL | 4 | | |
| All Stars | 4 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 23:04, 17 March 2014. | | | |


title: Moke Belliss

abstract: Ernest Arthur "Moke" Belliss was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing forward and loose forward, Belliss represented Wanganui at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1920 to 1923. He played 17 matches for the All Blacks—six as captain—including three internationals.

text:
# Moke Belliss

**Ernest Arthur** "**Moke**" **Belliss** (1 April 1894 – 22 April 1974) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing forward and loose forward, Belliss represented Wanganui at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1920 to 1923. He played 17 matches for the All Blacks—six as captain—including three internationals.

## InfoBox

Moke Belliss
| Birth name | Ernest Arthur Belliss |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1894-04-01)1 April 1894 |
| Place of birth | Palmerston North, New Zealand |
| Date of death | 22 April 1974(1974-04-22) (aged 80) |
| Place of death | Taihape, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 91 kg (201 lb) |
| Notable relative(s) | Peter Belliss (grandson) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Wing forward<br>Loose forward  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1914–1931 Wanganui  44  ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1920–23 New Zealand  3  (3) | |


title: Vilém Heš

abstract: Vilém Heš, German Wilhelm (Willy) Hesch, was a Czech operatic bass. He notably enjoyed a close artistic partnership with Gustav Mahler, singing in his opera companies in Hamburg and Vienna. He had a beautiful rich vocal tone, although at times his voice would take on a harsher quality in heavier repertoire. Heš studied singing with bandleader J. Hartl. From 1880 to 1984 he was committed to the Provisional Theatre. He joined the National Theatre in Prague in 1884 where he remained for the next decade. While there he notably created roles in several world premieres, including Diego in Zdeněk Fibich's The Bride of Messina and Filip in Antonín Dvořák's The Jacobin. In 1894 Heš joined the roster of principal singers at the Hamburg State Opera where he stayed for two seasons. In 1896 he became a member of the Vienna State Opera, performing roles there until his death twelve years later. In 1901 he was a celebrated guest artist at the Salzburg Festival as Leporello in Don Giovanni. He was also often engaged at the Burgtheater in Vienna. In the Czech repertoire, Heš was particularly admired for his portrayals of Mícha in The Bartered Bride, Mumlal in The Two Widows, and Rarach in The Devil's Wall. His other signature roles included Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro, Mephistopheles in Faust, Papageno in The Magic Flute, and Rocco in Fidelio among others.

text:
# Vilém Heš

**Vilém Heš**, German **Wilhelm (Willy) Hesch**, (3 June 1860, in Týnec nad Labem – 4 January 1908, in Vienna) was a Czech operatic bass. He notably enjoyed a close artistic partnership with Gustav Mahler, singing in his opera companies in Hamburg and Vienna. He had a beautiful rich vocal tone, although at times his voice would take on a harsher quality in heavier repertoire.

Heš studied singing with bandleader J. Hartl. From 1880 to 1984 he was committed to the Provisional Theatre. He joined the National Theatre in Prague in 1884 where he remained for the next decade. While there he notably created roles in several world premieres, including Diego in Zdeněk Fibich's *The Bride of Messina* (28 March 1884) and Filip in Antonín Dvořák's *The Jacobin* (12 February 1889).

In 1894 Heš joined the roster of principal singers at the Hamburg State Opera where he stayed for two seasons. In 1896 he became a member of the Vienna State Opera, performing roles there until his death twelve years later. In 1901 he was a celebrated guest artist at the Salzburg Festival as Leporello in *Don Giovanni*. He was also often engaged at the Burgtheater in Vienna.

In the Czech repertoire, Heš was particularly admired for his portrayals of Mícha in *The Bartered Bride*, Mumlal in *The Two Widows*, and Rarach in *The Devil's Wall*. His other signature roles included Bartolo in *Le nozze di Figaro*, Mephistopheles in *Faust*, Papageno in *The Magic Flute*, and Rocco in *Fidelio* among others.

## Sources


title: Orthogonius poggii

abstract: Orthogonius poggii is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2007.

text:
# Orthogonius poggii

***Orthogonius poggii*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2007.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius poggii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. poggii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius poggii***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2007 | |
|


title: Warren Miller (ice hockey)

abstract: Warren Fredrick Miller is an American former professional ice hockey player. He played 238 games in the World Hockey Association and 262 games in the National Hockey League between 1976 and 1983. Internationally Miller played for the American national team at the 1977 and 1981 World Championships and the 1981 Canada Cup.

text:
# Warren Miller (ice hockey)

**Warren Fredrick Miller** (born June 15, 1953) is an American former professional ice hockey player. He played 238 games in the World Hockey Association and 262 games in the National Hockey League between 1976 and 1983. Internationally Miller played for the American national team at the 1977 and 1981 World Championships and the 1981 Canada Cup.

## Playing career

After playing for South St. Paul High School in Minnesota, Miller enrolled at the University of Minnesota where he had a four-year collegiate career. Miller helped the Golden Gophers to two NCAA championship titles in his sophomore (1974) and senior (1976) seasons while playing for Hall of Fame coach Herb Brooks.

Miller was drafted by the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 21st Round (241st overall) of the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft and was also selected by the Vancouver Blazers of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft. The Calgary Cowboys retained Miller's rights after the franchise relocated from Vancouver, and following his college career Miller elected to play with Calgary where he played 83 games in parts of two seasons with the Cowboys tallying 55 points (23 G, 32 A) before the franchise folded.

Obtained by the Edmonton Oilers before the 1977-78 he played 18 games scoring two goals with four assists before being traded to the Quebec Nordiques with Dave Inkpen, Rick Morris and Ken Broderick for Don McLeod and Pierre Guité. In 60 games with Quebec, he had 38 points (14 goals, 24 assists).

Before the 1978-79 season Miller was traded to the New England Whalers for Jean-Louis Levasseur. In the WHA's final season, he notched a career high in goals with 26 adding 23 assists for 49 points. In the NHL-WHA merger before the 1979-80 season, Miller was re-claimed during the expansion draft by the Rangers, who held his NHL rights. In one season in New York, he played 55 games but had only 13 points on six goals and seven assists.

The following season he was sold back to the Hartford Whalers for cash considerations. He played the final three seasons of his career in the mall scoring 33 goals, assisting on 44 others for 77 points in his final 207 games.

Overall he played in 262 games in the NHL and 238 games in the WHA for five franchises over eight professional seasons.

## International play

Miller was also a member of the American national team at the 1981 Canada Cup and 1977 and 1981 World Championships.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1971–72 | South St. Paul High School | HS-MN | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | University of Minnesota | WCHA | | 32 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1973–74 | University of Minnesota | WCHA | | 40 | 11 | 16 | 27 | 34 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | University of Minnesota | WCHA | | 41 | 16 | 21 | 37 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1975–76 | University of Minnesota | WCHA | | 44 | 26 | 31 | 57 | 52 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1975–76 | Calgary Cowboys | WHA | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 28 |
| 1976–77 | Calgary Cowboys | WHA | | 80 | 23 | 32 | 55 | 51 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1977–78 | Edmonton Oilers | WHA | | 18 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1977–78 | Quebec Nordiques | WHA | | 60 | 14 | 24 | 38 | 50 | | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 1978–79 | New England Whalers | WHA | | 77 | 26 | 23 | 49 | 44 | | 10 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 28 |
| 1979–80 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 55 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 17 | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1980–81 | Hartford Whalers | NHL | | 77 | 22 | 22 | 44 | 37 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Hartford Whalers | NHL | | 74 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 68 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982–83 | Hartford Whalers | NHL | | 56 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 15 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| WHA totals | | | | 238 | 65 | 83 | 148 | 163 | | 31 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 56 |
| NHL totals | | | | 262 | 40 | 50 | 90 | 137 | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | United States | WC | | 10 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| 1981 | United States | WC | | 7 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 |
| 1981 | United States | CC | | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 23 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 10 |

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| All-NCAA All-Tournament Team | 1975 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Warren Miller | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-06-15) June 15, 1953
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Right Wing | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | Calgary Cowboys
Edmonton Oilers
Quebec Nordiques
New England Whalers
New York Rangers
Hartford Whalers | | |
| National team | United States | | |
| NHL draft | 241st overall, 1974
New York Rangers | | |
| WHA draft | 132nd overall, 1974
New England Whalers | | |
| Playing career | 19761983 | | |


title: The Mint (British game show)

abstract: The Mint was a live, late night, interactive quiz show with celebrity guests and live studio contestants filmed on a large extravagant set designed to look like the inside of a mansion. The programme, which was dogged by criticism that its questions were ambiguous and arbitrary, aired on ITV and ITV2, Sunday to Wednesday. On 26 February 2007, ITV announced that The Mint would return to screens later in 2007, however an announcement on 12 September 2007 confirmed that the show, along with similar late night phone ins, would not be returning.

text:
# The Mint (British game show)

***The Mint*** was a live, late night, interactive quiz show with celebrity guests and live studio contestants filmed on a large extravagant set designed to look like the inside of a mansion. The programme, which was dogged by criticism that its questions were ambiguous and arbitrary, aired on ITV and ITV2, Sunday to Wednesday. On 26 February 2007, ITV announced that *The Mint* would return to screens later in 2007, however an announcement on 12 September 2007 confirmed that the show, along with similar late night phone ins, would not be returning.

## Overview

*The Mint* was produced by Ludus:ETV, and was one of the main programmes showing nightly on ITV and ITV2. One of the criticisms levelled against the programmes makers ITV, is that the presenters created an illusion that the lines were "open" for calls when in fact the programme continued to take vast numbers of calls from so-called contestants.

Cash prizes on offer were usually larger than other British phone-in quizzes and the programme gave away large sums of money (usually £10,000–£30,000 for top answers depending on the bonuses they were doing at the time e.g. Top money – £10,000 but on quadruple money it would be £40,000).

The programme was first shown early in the morning on Saturday 1 April 2006 (Late Friday night). It typically lasted for anything from 2 hours to 4 hours, depending on ITV scheduling. To win money viewers had to either call in at a cost of seventy five pence (previously sixty pence) from a BT landline, text the word 'MINT' to a special number or enter through the ITV website and, if selected, would be issued a freephone number and PIN valid for one entry. If they were successful they would be placed on hold then, if the computer selected them at random, they would be transferred live to *The Mint* mansion, where they went on to give their answer.

## The Mint

The titular 'Mint' was a large vault situated at the back of the themed set and inside was a £100,000 prize. £1 was added to the £100,000 jackpot for every minute the programme was on air without finding a winner. A chance to play for the jackpot was given to winners of the standard games whenever a correct answer was given, the jackpot prize was awarded if players could guess the 4-digit code that opened *The Mint*. This code was locked in the computer and only changed when someone had won the prize. No-one in the studio or on the production team knew the code. After a number of wrong guesses the producers would reveal the first number and later, the second, leaving viewers having to guess the remaining digits.

On 12 May 2006, the last two numbers were guessed correctly and over £108,000 was won.

On 20 October 2006 at about 2.15 am, *The Mint's* second jackpot was given away totalling just over £130,721.

## The Mint Mansion

*The Mint* Mansion was not referred to as a 'set' and the presenters played along with the fiction that they were all friends who lived in the mansion. The other presenters who were not working on a particular night were said to be "upstairs sleeping". Some of the presenters occasionally slipped up and called the mansion a set or mentioned that certain other presenter were not in that day; when this occurred they normally corrected themselves and tried to maintain the illusion.

When the presenters needed to refer to the producer/director (and other people who normally reside in the gallery of such TV shows) they called them "people in the Utility Room" or the "Butlers". The camera men were referred to as 'the window cleaner' (due to them looking in on the proceedings).

When celebrity guests were about to appear a doorbell sound effect was played, and when their time on the programme was up a distant car horn sound effect was played (this was supposed to be the guest's cab home).

Segments were linked by canned footage of (supposedly) the mansion and its grounds with Securicor style security guards standing outside the front door.

## Games

## Champagne bottle

In addition to the clock that all other phone-in game shows used to spur callers on (and get them waiting on the phone lines), The Mint also used a large animated graphic of a champagne bottle in the lower portion of the screen. This would pop (accompanied by a sound effect and relevant animation) at random moments signifying when a caller would be plucked from the lines and come through to the studio. Some of the presenters made gags about this bottle "popping its cork" and they often pretended to interact with it in a variety of ways, this was especially true of Brian Dowling.

## Added incentives to play

* Bonus amount of cash for a limited time (e.g. extra £2000, sometimes the top answer increased to £15,000 and even £30,000)
* Turbo Round (Back-to-back calls taking only callers names and answers. The presenters occasionally played their own game of trying to take as many calls as possible in the allotted five minutes. The record stands at 54 callers)
* Chance at *The Mint* (Chance to guess *The Mint's* 4 digit combination, potentially winning over £100,000)
* Added money each time a wrong answer was received (prize money on offer grows)
* Double money, Triple Money, Quadruple Money, Quintuple Money or Sextuple Money
* Caller got two guesses at the puzzle
* Occasionally special prizes were offered instead of cash prizes, such as a brand-new Mini or a holidays.

## Caller selection

When a caller was selected at random a message was played to them over the telephone that said the computer would try to connect the call through to the studio. However, not everyone got through immediately. Calls were not vetted so when the contestants got through they could, and occasionally did, say anything. Some contestants had to wait around 5 minutes (still only charged one flat rate of 75p) to be selected.

### 2007 British television phone-in scandal

The 2007 British television phone-in scandal involved allegations against phone-in segments of television programmes and quiz channels conning viewers.

On 23 April 2007, the long-running BBC programme *Panorama* showed a brief clip of *The Mint* where viewers were shown a wordsearch-style 4x4 grid and asked to find the name of an animal. The grid contained many animal names, but only one would win the viewer the prize money. The grid was set up as follows:

| C | A | T | Y |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| D | O | G | A |
| L | V | S | K |
| H | E | N | R |
|

After no-one was able to find the prize winning answer, the grid was removed from the screen and the answer was revealed to be tuna. When Panorama, who had recorded an episode of *The Mint*, looked back at the grid, they discovered that "Tuna" was not, in fact, present within the grid as the letter "U" was absent.

## Music

An excerpt from "Celebration" by Kool & The Gang used to be played whenever a contestant won money.

An excerpt from "Yeh Yeh" by Georgie Fame used to be played whenever a contestant won money.

## Extra Mint and The Mint Extra

***The Mint Extra***, originally called ***Extra Mint***, was an early evening version of *The Mint* shown on ITV's newly-launched ITV Play channel. *Extra Mint* was produced by Granada Productions & Gallowgate and presented by one presenter and gave away much smaller sums of money to winners, featuring very different games than the late-night edition. There was no Mint to be opened in this version of the show and the vault was covered up by a false wall with a painting hung on it.

## Mr. and Mrs. Mint

Towards the end of November 2006, *The Mint* started a search for Mr. and Mrs. Mint, the presenters asked viewers to submit pictures of themselves via E-mail. On Monday 27 November presenters Beverley French and Mark Rumble unveiled the top 3 females, the night after (28 November), Beverley French and Brian Dowling unveiled the top 3 males.

The 6 finalists were live in the studio on the night of the final (29 November), they were:

### Female finalists

* Ria, a former child model.
* Adele, self-proclaimed vegan warrior princess.
* Erin, a barmaid.

### Male finalists

* Adam Greeno, a railway engineer.
* Patrick Cooney, a part-time Latin American.
* Jay, who had just graduated from college with an HNC in construction and was working in a call centre.

### Celebrity judges

On Wednesday 29 November 3 celebrity judges joined presenters Yiolanda Koppel, Craig Stevens and the 6 finalists in the Mint Mansion to ask the finalists questions and then cast the final vote on who should become Mr. or Mrs. Mint.

* Beccy Jones, a Fitness Instructor.
* Page 3 model Phil Spencer.
* Actor Simon Cole, who played Jeremy Peterson in British soap opera, *Hollyoaks*.

### Result

After questioning all of the contestants the judges were sent away to make their decision. They were recalled towards the end of the programme to give their scores, each judge having to mark the contestant on a scale of 1–10, then the 3 judges scores were added together to give the final result.

| # | Rob | Leilani | Simon | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ria | 8 | 9 | 8 | 25 |
| Adele | 9 | 8 | 9 | 26 \[Mrs. Mint\] |
| Erin | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |
| Adam | 8 | 8 | 9 | 25 |
| Andrew | 8 | 9 | 9 | 26 \[Mr. Mint\] |
| Jay | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |

The winners were given £5,000 each and the runners up a bottle of champagne.

## Final broadcast of the series

The final episode of the series of *The Mint* aired on 15 February 2007. The presenters insisted that the programme was 'taking a break' and would return later in the year. An announcement by ITV on 12 September 2007 confirmed that the programme, along with similar late night phone ins, would not be returning.

## InfoBox

| *The Mint* | |
| --- | --- |
| The Mint logo | |
| Genre | Game show |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Production | |
| Running time | Various |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV
ITV2
ITV Play |
| Release | 1 April 2006 (2006-04-01)
15 February 2007 (2007-02-15) |
| Related | |
| *The Mint Extra* | |


title: Intercontinental final

abstract: The Intercontinental final was a Motorcycle speedway final sanctioned by the FIM as the final qualifying round for the Speedway World Championship between 1975 and 2001. After being introduced in 1975, it replaced the European final as the final qualifying round for Commonwealth, American and Nordic riders in 1976. The Intercontinental final was not run from 1991 to 1994 when it was replaced by the World Semi-finals. It returned to the World Championship calendar in 1995, though unlike from 1975 to 1991 riders would be vying for a place in the following years Speedway Grand Prix World Championship series and not for the current year World final. Peter Collins (1976), Ole Olsen (1978) and Bruce Penhall (1981) are the only riders who won the Intercontinental final to go on and win the World Championship in the same year. Collins (1977) and Erik Gundersen (1986) are the only reigning World Champions to win the Intercontinental final.

text:
# Intercontinental final

The **Intercontinental final** was a Motorcycle speedway final sanctioned by the FIM as the final qualifying round for the Speedway World Championship between 1975 and 2001.

After being introduced in 1975, it replaced the European final as the final qualifying round for Commonwealth, American and Nordic riders in 1976.

The Intercontinental final was not run from 1991 to 1994 when it was replaced by the World Semi-finals. It returned to the World Championship calendar in 1995, though unlike from 1975 to 1991 riders would be vying for a place in the following years Speedway Grand Prix World Championship series and not for the current year World final.

Peter Collins (1976), Ole Olsen (1978) and Bruce Penhall (1981) are the only riders who won the Intercontinental final to go on and win the World Championship in the same year. Collins (1977) and Erik Gundersen (1986) are the only reigning World Champions to win the Intercontinental final.

## Editions

| **Year** | **Venue** | **Winner** | **Runner-up** | **3rd place** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 | Göteborg Ullevi | Ivan Mauger | Anders Michanek | Bernt Persson |
| 1976 | London Wembley Stadium | Peter Collins | Ivan Mauger | Phil Crump |
| 1977 | London White City Stadium | Peter Collins | Ole Olsen | Billy Sanders |
| 1978 | Fredericia Fredericia Stadion | Ole Olsen | Ivan Mauger | Scott Autrey |
| 1979 | London White City Stadium | Michael Lee | Peter Collins | Finn Thomsen |
| 1980 | London White City Stadium | Chris Morton | Bruce Penhall | Billy Sanders |
| 1981 | Vojens Vojens Speedway Center | Bruce Penhall | Erik Gundersen | Hans Nielsen |
| 1982 | Vetlanda Vetlanda Motorstadion | Les Collins | Kenny Carter | Dennis Sigalos |
| 1983 | London White City Stadium | Hans Nielsen | Michael Lee | Erik Gundersen |
| 1984 | Vojens Vojens Speedway Center | Shawn Moran | Simon Wigg | Lance King |
| 1985 | Vetlanda Vetlanda Motorstadion | Shawn Moran | Lance King | Hans Nielsen |
| 1986 | Bradford Odsal Stadium | Erik Gundersen | Hans Nielsen | Tommy Knudsen |
| 1987 | Vojens Vojens Speedway Center | Erik Gundersen | Jimmy Nilsen | Hans Nielsen |
| 1988 | Vetlanda Vetlanda Motorstadion | Jan O. Pedersen | Hans Nielsen | Erik Gundersen |
| 1989 | Bradford Odsal Stadium | Kelvin Tatum | Erik Gundersen | Hans Nielsen |
| 1990 | Harndrup Fjelsted Speedway Stadium | Shawn Moran | Per Jonsson | Hans Nielsen |
| 1991-94 | *not held because format changed to World Semi finals* | | | |
| 1995 | Varhaug Elgane Speedway | Brian Karger | Joe Screen | Leigh Adams |
| 1996 | Holsted Holsted Speedway Center | Jimmy Nilsen | Brian Andersen | Gerd Riss |
| 1997 | Västervik Ljungheden | Ryan Sullivan | Jason Crump | Craig Boyce |
| 1998 | Vojens Vojens Speedway Center | Brian Karger | Peter Karlsson | Sam Ermolenko |
| 1999 | Poole Wimborne Road | Todd Wiltshire | Gary Havelock | Kai Laukkanen |
| 2000 | Holsted Holsted Speedway Center | Niklas Klingberg | Rune Holta | Nicki Pedersen |
| 2001 | Västervik Ljungheden | Kai Laukkanen | Scott Nicholls | Andreas Jonsson |

### Winners by country

| Country | Wins | Winner(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Denmark | 7 | Erik Gundersen (2), Brian Karger (2), Ole Olsen (1), Hans Nielsen (1), Jan O. Pedersen (1) |
| England | 6 | Peter Collins (2), Michael Lee (1), Chris Morton (1), Les Collins (1), Kelvin Tatum (1) |
| United States | 4 | Shawn Moran (3), Bruce Penhall (1) |
| Sweden | 2 | Jimmy Nilsen (1), Niklas Klingberg (1) |
| Australia | 2 | Ryan Sullivan (1), Todd Wiltshire (1) |
| New Zealand | 1 | Ivan Mauger (1) |
| Finland | 2 | Kai Laukkanen (1) |

## InfoBox

Intercontinental final
(World Championship qualifier)
| Sport | Motorcycle speedway |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1975 |


abstract: The New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) is the agency of the government of New York City responsible for the management of much of New York City's transportation infrastructure. Ydanis Rodriguez is the Commissioner of the Department of Transportation, and was appointed by Mayor Eric Adams on January 1, 2022. Former Commissioners have included Polly Trottenberg, Janette Sadik-Khan, and Iris Weinshall. The NYCDOT has a training center in eastern Queens.

text:
# New York City Department of Transportation

The **New York City Department of Transportation** (**NYCDOT**) is the agency of the government of New York City responsible for the management of much of New York City's transportation infrastructure. Ydanis Rodriguez is the Commissioner of the Department of Transportation, and was appointed by Mayor Eric Adams on January 1, 2022. Former Commissioners have included Polly Trottenberg, Janette Sadik-Khan, and Iris Weinshall. The NYCDOT has a training center in eastern Queens.

## Responsibilities

The Department of Transportation's responsibilities include day-to-day maintenance of the city's streets, highways, bridges, sidewalks, street signs, traffic signals, and street lights. DOT supervises street resurfacing, pothole repair, parking meter installation and maintenance, and municipal parking facility management. DOT also operates the Staten Island Ferry. DOT is the exclusive provider of day-to-day operations and maintenance on state-maintained roads and highways in city limits, while major repairs and capital improvements on state-owned roads are performed by the State DOT (NYSDOT). Both DOT and NYSDOT reserve the right to install signage, signals, and other roadway features on state highways, which then become maintained on a daily basis by DOT. DOT sets the speed limit on all roads and highways in the city, including those owned by NYSDOT.

DOT is also responsible for oversight of transportation-related issues, such as authorizing jitney van services and permits for street construction. DOT also advocates for transportation safety issues, including promotion of pedestrian and bicycle safety.

Its regulations are compiled in title 34 of the *New York City Rules*.

### Traffic and street lights

The first traffic lights in New York City originated from traffic towers installed along Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the 1910s. The first such towers were installed in 1920 and were replaced in 1929 by bronze traffic signals. As of June 30, 2011, the DOT oversaw 12,460 intersections citywide with traffic lights. By 2017, the DOT controlled nearly 13,000 signalized intersections, almost all of which had pedestrian signals; of these, over half (7,507) had countdown timers for pedestrians. In addition, 635 signalized intersections under the DOT's control had exclusive pedestrian phases as of 2017.

As of 2019, the DOT maintained 548 accessible pedestrian signals for blind and visually impaired pedestrians. The first such signals were installed in 1957, but few accessible signals were added for the next half-century. In 2021, a federal judge ruled that the DOT had to install accessible signals at 9,000 intersections; the DOT plans to install these signals through 2031. All remaining intersections are planned to have accessible signals by 2036.

The DOT maintains 250,000 streetlamps as of 2019. Most of them are LED lamps, installed between 2013 and 2018.

One of the larger groups of traffic restrictions implemented by the DOT is in Midtown Manhattan, where the DOT maintains a system of "thru streets" and split traffic-signal phases to prevent congestion on west–east streets.

## Organization

* Commissioner of Transportation
    + First Deputy Commissioner
        - Sidewalk Inspection and Management
        - Staten Island Ferry Service
        - Bridges
        - Transportation Planning & Management
        - Roadway Repair and Maintenance
        - Information Technology and Telecommunications
        - Borough Commissioners
            * Brooklyn Borough Commissioner
            * Manhattan Borough Commissioner
            * Bronx Borough Commissioner
            * Queens Borough Commissioner
            * Staten Island Borough Commissioner
    + Policy
    + External Affairs
    + Finance, Contracting, and Program Management
    + Human Resources and Facilities Management
    + Legal

## Management and budget

As of 2017, DOT had the budget and staff as follows:

| Division | Number of Employees | Budget (millions) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Executive | 598 | $116.8 |
| Highway Operations | 1492 | $277.8 |
| Transit Operations | 694 | $91.8 |
| Traffic Operations | 1418 | $353.3 |
| Bureau of Bridges | 858 | $106.3 |
| **Total** | **5060** | **$943.3** |

## Bridges

The DOT operates 794 roadway and pedestrian bridges throughout New York City, including 25 movable bridges. The agency's portfolio includes most of the East River and Harlem River bridges, as well as smaller bridges throughout the city. DOT operates two retractable bridges (the Borden Avenue and Carroll Street bridges). Other agencies that operate road bridges in New York include the MTA, the PANYNJ, and the NYSDOT.

## InfoBox

Department of Transportation
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Department overview | |
| Jurisdiction | New York City |
| Headquarters | 55 Water Street<br>Manhattan, New York, NY |
| Employees | 5,762 (FY 2024) |
| Annual budget | $1.41 billion (FY 2024) |
| Department executives |  |
| Key document |  |
| Website | www.nyc.gov/dot |