title: Walter Ritte

abstract: Walter Ritte Jr. is a Native Hawaiian activist and educator from Ho‘olehua, Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i. He began his activism as one of the "Kaho‘olawe Nine," a group of activists who were the first to land on the island of Kaho‘olawe in January 1976 in opposition to the military bombing that was then taking place on the island. Other occupations took place and Ritte, along with Richard Sawyer, occupied and stayed hidden on the island for 35 days, an act which led to his arrest and brief imprisonment. The island was eventually returned to the State of Hawai‘i. Ritte remains an activist, focusing his opposition on overdevelopment and GMOs. He is also a Hawaiian practitioner and educator. He is married to Loretta Ritte, a fellow activist and a former Miss Hawai‘i (1966).

text:
# Walter Ritte

**Walter Ritte Jr.** (born April 12, 1945) is a Native Hawaiian activist and educator from Ho‘olehua, Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i. He began his activism as one of the "Kaho‘olawe Nine," a group of activists who were the first to land on the island of Kaho‘olawe in January 1976 in opposition to the military bombing that was then taking place on the island. Other occupations took place and Ritte, along with Richard Sawyer, occupied and stayed hidden on the island for 35 days, an act which led to his arrest and brief imprisonment. The island was eventually returned to the State of Hawai‘i.

Ritte remains an activist, focusing his opposition on overdevelopment and GMOs. He is also a Hawaiian practitioner and educator. He is married to Loretta Ritte, a fellow activist and a former Miss Hawai‘i (1966).

## Birth and early life

Walter was born on April 12, 1945, on the island of Maui. His father is also named Walter Ritte Jr. and his mother is Hi'iaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele (née Purdy). Ritte attended Kamehameha Schools beginning from the 7th grade. He graduated from Kamehameha Schools (Kapalama Campus) in 1963. He attended the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and then returned to Moloka‘i.

## Activism

The effort to regain Kaho‘olawe from the U.S. Navy began in the early 1970s with the *Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana*, who began protesting on the island of Molokaʻi, which inspired a new political awareness and activism within the Hawaiian community. Kahu Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island, which was then under Navy control. The effort for the "first landing" began in Waikapu (Maui) on January 5, 1976. Over 50 people from across the Hawaiian islands, including a range of cultural leaders, gathered on Maui with the goal of "invading" Kahoolawe on January 6, 1976. The date was selected because of its association with the United States' bicentennial anniversary.

As the larger group headed towards the island, they were intercepted by military crafts. "The Kaho‘olawe Nine" continued and successfully landed on the island. They were Walter Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Aunty Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup/Muckleshoot tribe (Washington State). The effort to retake Kaho‘olawe would eventually claims the lives of George Helm and Kimo Mitchell. In an effort to reach Kaho‘olawe, Helm and Mitchell (who were also accompanied by Billy Mitchell, no relation) ran into severe weather and were unable to reach the island. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they were never recovered. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals and ocean resources. He currently leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of GMOs in Hawai‘i.

In 2017, Ritte founded the nonprofit ‘Āina Momona with longtime collaborator Trisha Kehaulani Watson-Sproat. He serves as its executive director. The organization focuses on environmental health, social justice, food security, and Hawaiian sovereignty. The group is based at Keawanui Fishpond on Moloka‘i. The organization is unique in that it is one of the only Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) in Hawai‘i lead entirely by kānaka maoli. The organization actively works to improve public history on Hawai‘i and Native Hawaiians. It has a substantial social media following and appears regularly in media due to its unique expertise and leadership in the Hawaiian community.

In July 2019, Ritte was arrested while protesting the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea.


title: Walter Risse

abstract: Walter Risse was a German footballer who played for Düsseldorfer SC 99 and Hamburger SV and the Germany national team.

text:
# Walter Risse

**Walter Risse** (2 December 1893 – 16 June 1969) was a German footballer who played for Düsseldorfer SC 99 and Hamburger SV and the Germany national team.

## InfoBox

Walter Risse
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1893-12-02)2 December 1893 | | |
| Place of birth | Düsseldorf, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 16 June 1969(1969-06-16) (aged 75) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1922–1923 | Düsseldorfer SC 99 |  |  |
| 1924–1933 | Hamburger SV |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1923–1928 | Germany | 8 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1934–1947 | Eimsbütteler TV | | |
| 1948–1949 | Eimsbütteler TV | | |
| 1949–1950 | Harburger TB | | |
| 1950–1952 | FC St. Pauli | | |
| 1955–1957 | Arminia Hannover | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Walter Tille

abstract: Walter Tille was a German trade union leader. Born in Crimmitschau, Tille worked as a bricklayer. He joined the German Construction Workers' Union and the Socialist Workers' Youth in 1921, and then Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1923. He was frequently arrested for his political activities, and in 1933 fled to Czechoslovakia. However, he returned the following year and worked as a bricklayer again until 1940, when he was drafted into the Wehrmacht. Tille was interned in Norway in 1945, but escaped back to Germany. There, he joined the Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB) and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). He was appointed as head of the Crimmitschau Commission for the Expropriation of Nazi and War Criminals, and was also elected to the city council. From 1947, Tille worked managing a construction company, and then in the city's civil engineering department, where he developed a quick and cheap method of creating wall and door openings. This brought him increased prominence, and he held various roles in the Industrial Union of Construction, becoming president of the executive of its successor, the Industrial Union of Construction and Wood, in 1953. From 1954, he was also an FDGB member of the Volkskammer, and from 1957, he was the president of the Trade Union International of Building, Wood, Building Materials and Industries. In 1958, Tille was appointed as secretary of the FDGB's executive committee, and he also joined the SED's central committee. He left most of his roles in 1962 and 1963, becoming a leader of the centre for innovation in civil engineering. From 1967, he again served on the executive of IG Bau-Holz, representing retired members, and he remained in the post until his death, in 1986.

text:
# Walter Tille

**Walter Tille** (6 October 1906  12 April 1986) was a German trade union leader.

Born in Crimmitschau, Tille worked as a bricklayer. He joined the German Construction Workers' Union and the Socialist Workers' Youth in 1921, and then Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1923. He was frequently arrested for his political activities, and in 1933 fled to Czechoslovakia. However, he returned the following year and worked as a bricklayer again until 1940, when he was drafted into the Wehrmacht.

Tille was interned in Norway in 1945, but escaped back to Germany. There, he joined the Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB) and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). He was appointed as head of the Crimmitschau Commission for the Expropriation of Nazi and War Criminals, and was also elected to the city council.

From 1947, Tille worked managing a construction company, and then in the city's civil engineering department, where he developed a quick and cheap method of creating wall and door openings. This brought him increased prominence, and he held various roles in the Industrial Union of Construction, becoming president of the executive of its successor, the Industrial Union of Construction and Wood (IG Bau-Holz), in 1953. From 1954, he was also an FDGB member of the Volkskammer, and from 1957, he was the president of the Trade Union International of Building, Wood, Building Materials and Industries.

In 1958, Tille was appointed as secretary of the FDGB's executive committee, and he also joined the SED's central committee. He left most of his roles in 1962 and 1963, becoming a leader of the centre for innovation in civil engineering. From 1967, he again served on the executive of IG Bau-Holz, representing retired members, and he remained in the post until his death, in 1986.

1. "Tille, Walter". *FDGB-Lexikon*. Freidrich Ebert Stiftung. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
2. Baumgartner, Gabriele; Hebig, Dieter (2012). *Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR*. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 932–933. ISBN 3111699137.


title: Walter Timilty

abstract: Walter F. Timilty Jr. is an American politician serving as a member of the Massachusetts Senate from the Norfolk, Plymouth and Bristol district. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented the 7th Norfolk District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1999 to 2017.

text:
# Walter Timilty

**Walter F. Timilty Jr.** (born July 19, 1969) is an American politician serving as a member of the Massachusetts Senate from the Norfolk, Plymouth and Bristol district. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented the 7th Norfolk District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1999 to 2017.

## Academic and political career

He is a graduate of Milton Academy, Boston College, and the Southern New England School of Law. In addition to his time in the House, Timilty served as a Town Meeting Member in Milton, and as a member of the Milton Democratic Town Committee. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998. He was re-elected in 2010, 2012, and 2014 without opposition. Timilty's district included portions of Milton and Randolph, Massachusetts. In 2016, Timilty ran for State Senate and defeated independent candidate Jonathan Lott in the general election with 73.9% of the vote.

## Timilty family

Timilty's cousins include State Senator James Timilty and James' sister Kelly Timilty (a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council). His uncle, their father, is former State Senator Joseph Timilty.

## InfoBox

| Walter Timilty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Massachusetts Senate
from the Norfolk, Plymouth and Bristol district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 4, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Brian A. Joyce |
| Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 7th Norfolk district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1999  January 4, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Brian A. Joyce |
| Succeeded by | William Driscoll |
| Member of Milton Town Meeting | |
| **In office**
1997–1998 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Walter F. Timilty Jr.
(1969-07-19) July 19, 1969
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Parent | * Walter F. Timilty, Sr. (father) |
| Education | Southern New England School of Law
Boston College |
| Occupation | legislator |
|  | |


title: Wallace (lunar crater)

abstract: Wallace is the remains of a lunar impact crater that has been flooded by lava. It was named after British natural historian Alfred Russel Wallace. It lies in the southeastern part of Mare Imbrium, northeast of the crater Eratosthenes. The crater rim forms a somewhat polygonal outline, and is broken in the southeast. The floor is flat and devoid of significant features, but it is overlain by ray material from Copernicus to the southwest. The rim ascends to an altitude of 0.4 km above the lunar mare.

text:
# Wallace (lunar crater)

**Wallace** is the remains of a lunar impact crater that has been flooded by lava. It was named after British natural historian Alfred Russel Wallace. It lies in the southeastern part of Mare Imbrium, northeast of the crater Eratosthenes. The crater rim forms a somewhat polygonal outline, and is broken in the southeast. The floor is flat and devoid of significant features, but it is overlain by ray material from Copernicus to the southwest. The rim ascends to an altitude of 0.4 km above the lunar mare.

## Satellite craters

By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint closest to Wallace.

| Wallace | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 19.2° N | 5.6° W | 4 km |
| C | 17.6° N | 6.4° W | 5 km |
| D | 17.9° N | 5.7° W | 4 km |
| H | 21.3° N | 9.1° W | 2 km |
| K | 19.3° N | 6.8° W | 3 km |
| T | 21.9° N | 5.1° W | 2 km |

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.

## View

## InfoBox

Wallace
| Apollo 17 Mapping Camera image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 20°18′N 8°42′W / 20.3°N 8.7°W / 20.3; -8.7 |
| Diameter | 26 km |
| Depth | 160 m |
| Colongitude | 9° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Alfred R. Wallace |


title: Walter Lloyd (1580–1661)

abstract: Walter Lloyd (1580–1661) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1644. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Lloyd was the son of John Lloyd of Llanfair, Clydogan and Llanney. He matriculated at Lincoln College, Oxford on 7 November 1595 aged 15. He was admitted a student at Inner Temple in November 1615. In 1621 he was High Sheriff of Cardiganshire. In November 1640, Lloyd was elected Member of Parliament for Cardiganshire in the Long Parliament. He was a commissioner of Array for Charles I and was knighted on 24 March 1643. On 5 February 1644 he was disabled from sitting in parliament for supporting the King. He was fined £1,003 9s 0d on 15 July 1647 and a further £261 on 9 July 1650. His estate was ordered to be sequestered on 13 May 1651. Lloyd was described as "a gent and a scholar, elegant in his tongue and pen, nobly just in his deportment. naturally fit to manage the affayred of his country which he did before these times." He was married to Bridget Lloyd, and lived to the age of over 80, having survived to see the Restoration.

text:
# Walter Lloyd (1580–1661)

**Walter Lloyd** (1580–1661) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1644. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.

Lloyd was the son of John Lloyd of Llanfair, Clydogan and Llanney. He matriculated at Lincoln College, Oxford on 7 November 1595 aged 15. He was admitted a student at Inner Temple in November 1615. In 1621 he was High Sheriff of Cardiganshire.

In November 1640, Lloyd was elected Member of Parliament for Cardiganshire in the Long Parliament. He was a commissioner of Array for Charles I and was knighted on 24 March 1643. On 5 February 1644 he was disabled from sitting in parliament for supporting the King. He was fined £1,003 9s 0d on 15 July 1647 and a further £261 on 9 July 1650. His estate was ordered to be sequestered on 13 May 1651. Lloyd was described as "a gent and a scholar, elegant in his tongue and pen, nobly just in his deportment. naturally fit to manage the affayred of his country which he did before these times."

He was married to Bridget Lloyd (née Pryse), and lived to the age of over 80, having survived to see the Restoration.


title: Walter Lock (cricketer)

abstract: Walter George Lock was a cricketer who played one first-class match for Somerset in 1928. Lock batted at No 9 in the first Somerset innings of the match against Essex at Chelmsford, and did not bat in the second innings of a match that Somerset won convincingly. Cricket websites do not indicate his batting style, and in his one first-class match, he did not bowl.

text:
# Walter Lock (cricketer)

**Walter George Lock** (11 October 1907 in Bristol  10 March 1980 in Taunton, Somerset) was a cricketer who played one first-class match for Somerset in 1928.

Lock batted at No 9 in the first Somerset innings of the match against Essex at Chelmsford, and did not bat in the second innings of a match that Somerset won convincingly. Cricket websites do not indicate his batting style, and in his one first-class match, he did not bowl.

Walter Lock at www.cricketarchive.com

## InfoBox

Walter Lock
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter George Lock |
| Born | (1907-10-11)11 October 1907
Bristol, England |
| Died | 10 March 1980(1980-03-10) (aged 72)
Taunton, Somerset, England |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1928 | Somerset |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 1  Runs scored 2  Batting average 2.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 2  Catches/stumpings 0/ | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 22 December 2015 | |


title: Nampha

abstract: Nampha is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

text:
# Nampha

**Nampha**  is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Nampha | |
| --- | --- |
| NamphaLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 24°18′N 97°16′E / 24.300°N 97.267°E / 24.300; 97.267 | |
| Country | Burma |
| State | Kachin State |
| District | Bhamo District |
| Township | Bhamo Township |
| Population | |
| Religions | Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (UTC \+ 6:30) |


title: Jackson Callow

abstract: Jackson Callow is a professional Australian rules footballer who most recently played with the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

text:
# Jackson Callow

**Jackson Callow** (born 11 June 2002) is a professional Australian rules footballer who most recently played with the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

## Early career

Jackson Callow is a Tasmanian who grew up in Launceston. Callow first came to notice as a junior at Prospect Hawks Junior Football Club. He played in the Club's NTJFA U13 premiership in his first season (2015) and then captained the Hawks NTJFA U14 premiership team in 2016. Following another season at the Club and in the Tasmanian talent programs he was transferred to the Tasmanian State League.

Thereafter Callow developed his craft playing for the North Launceston and the Tasmanian Devils. He was a member of the North Launceston team that won a Tasmanian State League flag in 2019.

In 2021 Callow made the journey across Bass Strait to Norwood and later spent the pre-season training with Hawthorn. He had hoped to get rookie drafted but was not selected. Callow accepted an offer from Norwood in South Australia where he lined up at centre half forward.

## AFL career

Callow was selected with Pick 17 in the 2021 mid-season draft, having made an impression playing for Norwood in the SANFL during the first half of the 2021 SANFL season. The following week Callow lined up for Box Hill Hawks in the Victorian Football League where he played out the season.

In 2022 the well developed big man was rushed into the Hawthorn side after injuries to the senior side's big men Ben McEvoy, Max Lynch and Ned Reeves. A baptism of fire for Callow as he was pitted against the leading ruckman in the league, Max Gawn of Melbourne. He was selected again the following week before being dropped back to Box Hill.

## Statistics

*Updated to the end of the 2022 season.*

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | |
| 2021 | Hawthorn | 45 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
| 2022 | Hawthorn | 45 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0 |
| Career | | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Jackson Callow | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Jackson Callow | | |
| Date of birth | (2002-06-11) 11 June 2002 | | |
| Place of birth | Launceston, Tasmania, Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | North Launceston, Norwood | | |
| Draft | No. 17, 2021 mid-season rookie draft | | |
| Debut | Round 7, 2022, Hawthorn vs. Melbourne, at Melbourne Cricket Ground | | |
| Height | 194 cm (6 ft 4 in) | | |
| Weight | 96 kg (212 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2021–2022 | Hawthorn | 3 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2022 season. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Order Shall Prevail

abstract: Order Shall Prevail is the ninth studio album by American death metal band Jungle Rot, released through Victory Records on June 30, 2015.

text:
# Order Shall Prevail

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| HeavyMetal.About.com |  |
| New Noise Magazine |  |

***Order Shall Prevail*** is the ninth studio album by American death metal band Jungle Rot, released through Victory Records on June 30, 2015.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Doomsday" | 3:58 |
| 2. | "Paralyzed Prey" | 3:50 |
| 3. | "Blood Revenge" | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Fight Where You Stand (feat. Max Cavalera of Soulfly)" | 4:13 |
| 5. | "Order Shall Prevail" | 4:33 |
| 6. | "The Dread Pestilence" | 3:46 |
| 7. | "I Cast the First Stone" | 2:50 |
| 8. | "E.F.K." | 2:24 |
| 9. | "Trench Tactics" | 3:47 |
| 10. | "Nuclear Superiority" | 3:47 |
| Total length: | | 36:33 |

## Personnel

* David Matrise: Guitars/Lead Vocals
* James Genenz: Bass Guitar/Backing Vocals
* Geoff Bub: Lead Guitar
* Joey Muha: Drums
* Chris "Wisco" Djuricic: Producer
* Gyula Havancsak: Artwork & Design

## InfoBox

| Order Shall Prevail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jungle Rot | |
| Released | June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30) |
| Recorded | Belle City Sound Company, Racine, Wisconsin |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Length | 36:33 |
| Label | Victory |
| Producer | Chris "Wisco" Djuricic & Jungle Rot |
| Jungle Rot chronology | |
| *Terror Regime*
(2013) ***Order Shall Prevail***
(2015) *Jungle Rot*
(2018) | |


title: Oswald Glaidt

abstract: Oswald Glait was a German Anabaptist and Sabbatarian. Originally a follower of Balthasar Hubmaier, in 1527 in the Nikolsburg dispute he sided with the pacifist position of Hans Hut. He then appears in Silesia, along with Andreas Fischer, as a leader of an Anabaptist group there. He penned a booklet, Vom Sabbat, advocating the (re)institution of Saturday/Sabbath keeping as a Christian practice, thus restoring what Glaidt argued had been the original practice of the Apostolic church of the New Testament. There is also good evidence in this writing that Glaidt strongly believed that Christ's Second Coming was to occur in the very near future. Glaidt appears later in the sources attached to the nascent Hutterite group in Moravia. He was arrested and imprisoned in Vienna in 1545, then taken out at night and drowned in autumn 1546.

text:
# Oswald Glaidt

**Oswald Glait** (Cham 1490 – Vienna 1546) was a German Anabaptist and Sabbatarian. Originally a follower of Balthasar Hubmaier, in 1527 in the Nikolsburg dispute he sided with the pacifist position of Hans Hut. He then appears in Silesia, along with Andreas Fischer, as a leader of an Anabaptist group there. He penned a booklet, Vom Sabbat, advocating the (re)institution of Saturday/Sabbath keeping as a Christian practice, thus restoring what Glaidt argued had been the original practice of the Apostolic church of the New Testament. There is also good evidence in this writing (lost, but carefully reconstructed by Daniel Liechty based on Caspar Schwenckfeldt's refutation of it) that Glaidt strongly believed that Christ's Second Coming was to occur in the very near future (this shows the extent of Hans Hut's influence on Glaidt at this time). Glaidt appears later in the sources attached to the nascent Hutterite group in Moravia. He was arrested and imprisoned in Vienna in 1545, then taken out at night and drowned in autumn 1546.


title: The Hazaras

abstract: The Hazāras is a 1989 book on the history of the Hazara people by Hassan Poladi.

text:
# The Hazaras

***The Hazāras*** is a 1989 book on the history of the Hazara people by Hassan Poladi.

## Reception

In the Asia Society's newsletter *Afghanistan Forum*, Washington University in St. Louis scholar Robert L. Canfield wrote, "after extensive summaries of such diverse works he usually comes to defensible conclusions of his own, and, despite his evident apologetic purpose, he presents a reasonable and plausible image of the Hazara experience. Indeed, weaknesses aside, this book is a rich mine of information on the Hazaras, for Poladi's inclusion of everything that is known about them makes it an incomparable source on the subject".

Reinhard F. Hahn wrote in *Central Asiatic Journal*, "*The Hazāras* has more than its fair share of grammatical and orthographic errors, inconsistencies and inadequacies. ... Being an important addition to the hitherto all too meager store of publications about this interesting nation, *The Hazāras* definitely deserves the attention of those interested in any Central-Asia-related aspect of Afghan studies."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

The Hazāras
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Hassan Poladi |
| Language | English |
| Subject |  |
| Genre | History |
| Publisher | Mughal Publishing Company |
| Publication date | February 1, 1989 |
| Publication place | Pakistan and United States |
| Pages | 431 |
| ISBN | 978-0-929824-00-0 |


title: Transuranic waste

abstract: Transuranic waste (TRU) is stated by U.S. regulations, and independent of state or origin, to be waste which has been contaminated with alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than 20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg). Elements having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium are called transuranic. Elements within TRU are typically man-made and are known to contain americium-241 and several isotopes of plutonium. Because of the elements' longer half-lives, TRU is disposed of more cautiously than low level waste and intermediate level waste. In the U.S. it is a byproduct of weapons production, nuclear research and power production, and consists of protective gear, tools, residue, debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements. Under U.S. law, TRU is further categorized into "contact-handled" (CH) and "remote-handled" (RH) on the basis of the radiation field measured on the waste container's surface. CH TRU has a surface dose rate not greater than 2 mSv per hour, whereas RH TRU has rates of 2 mSv/h or higher. CH TRU has neither the high radioactivity of high level waste, nor its high heat generation. In contrast, RH TRU can be highly radioactive, with surface dose rates up to 10 Sv/h. The United States currently permanently disposes of TRU generated from defense nuclear activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, a deep geologic repository. Other countries do not include this category, favoring variations of High, Medium/Intermediate, and Low Level waste.

text:
# Transuranic waste

**Transuranic waste** (TRU) is stated by U.S. regulations, and independent of state or origin, to be waste which has been contaminated with alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than 20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg).

Elements having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium are called transuranic. Elements within TRU are typically man-made and are known to contain americium-241 and several isotopes of plutonium. Because of the elements' longer half-lives, TRU is disposed of more cautiously than low level waste and intermediate level waste. In the U.S. it is a byproduct of weapons production, nuclear research and power production, and consists of protective gear, tools, residue, debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements (mainly plutonium).

Under U.S. law, TRU is further categorized into "contact-handled" (CH) and "remote-handled" (RH) on the basis of the radiation field measured on the waste container's surface. CH TRU has a surface dose rate not greater than 2 mSv per hour (200 mrem/h), whereas RH TRU has rates of 2 mSv/h or higher. CH TRU has neither the high radioactivity of high level waste, nor its high heat generation. In contrast, RH TRU can be highly radioactive, with surface dose rates up to 10 Sv/h (1000 rem/h).

The United States currently permanently disposes of TRU generated from defense nuclear activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, a deep geologic repository.

Other countries do not include this category, favoring variations of High, Medium/Intermediate, and Low Level waste.


title: Francis Eyles (died 1750)

abstract: Francis Eyles, of Soho Square, London, and Earnshill, near Taunton, Somerset, was a British Army officer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1742. Eyles was the eldest son of John Eyles of Southbroom, Wiltshire and his wife Mary Eyles, daughter of John Eyles of Chalford, Gloucestershire. He joined the army and was a cornet in the 4th Dragoons in 1723 and a lieutenant in 1726 and became a captain by 1731. At the 1727 British general election Eyles was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Devizes on the Eyles family interest. He became a member of the gaols committee of the House of Commons and voted with the Government. In 1732 he became one of the founding Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America. He was described as one of Walpole's ‘creatures’ and in 1734, he obtained a place as commissioner for victualling the navy worth £500 a year. He was returned unopposed again for Devizes at the 1734 British general election when he also stood at Calne. In 1735, he succeeded to the estates of his uncle Francis Eyles who had been expelled from Parliament in the South Sea Bubble scandal. He was returned unopposed again for Devizes at the 1741 British general election. After the fall of Walpole in 1742, he gave up his seat and exchanged his place for a sinecure appointment as superintendent of the King's foundries. Eyles died on 21 September 1750.

text:
# Francis Eyles (died 1750)

**Francis Eyles** (c. 1704–1750), of Soho Square, London, and Earnshill, near Taunton, Somerset, was a British Army officer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1742.

Eyles was the eldest son of John Eyles of Southbroom, Wiltshire and his wife Mary Eyles, daughter of John Eyles of Chalford, Gloucestershire. He joined the army and was a cornet in the 4th Dragoons in 1723 and a lieutenant in 1726 and became a captain by 1731.

At the 1727 British general election Eyles was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Devizes on the Eyles family interest. He became a member of the gaols committee of the House of Commons and voted with the Government. In 1732 he became one of the founding Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America. He was described as one of Walpole's ‘creatures’ and in 1734, he obtained a place as commissioner for victualling the navy worth £500 a year. He was returned unopposed again for Devizes at the 1734 British general election when he also stood at Calne. In 1735, he succeeded to the estates of his uncle Francis Eyles who had been expelled from Parliament in the South Sea Bubble scandal. He was returned unopposed again for Devizes at the 1741 British general election. After the fall of Walpole in 1742, he gave up his seat and exchanged his place for a sinecure appointment as superintendent of the King's foundries.

Eyles died on 21 September 1750.


title: German submarine U-422

abstract: German submarine U-422 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out one patrol. She was a member of one wolfpack. She did not sink or damage any ships. She was sunk by an American aircraft north of the Azores on 4 October 1943.

text:
# German submarine U-422

**German submarine *U-422*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II.

She carried out one patrol. She was a member of one wolfpack. She did not sink or damage any ships.

She was sunk by an American aircraft north of the Azores on 4 October 1943.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-422* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-422* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The submarine was laid down on 11 February 1942 at the Danziger Werft (yard) at Danzig (now Gdansk), as yard number 123, launched on 10 October and commissioned on 10 February 1943 under the command of *Oberleutnant zur See* Wolfgang Poeschel.

She served with the 8th U-boat Flotilla from 10 February 1943 and the 1st flotilla from 1 August 1943.

### Patrol and loss

The boat's only patrol was preceded by a trip from Kiel in Germany to Bergen in Norway. *U-422* then left Bergen on 8 September 1943 and headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. *U-422* was depth charged and strafed by what was reported as a Handley Page Halifax on the 23rd. Three men were wounded, two of them seriously. Medical assistance could only be given when the submarine rendezvoused with *U-460*, a 'milch cow' supply vessel.

On 4 October, she was attacked and sunk by a FIDO homing torpedo dropped by an American TBM Avenger which was accompanied by a F4F Wildcat. Both aircraft had come from the escort carrier USS *Card*.

Forty-nine men went down with the U-boat; there were no survivors.

### Wolfpacks

*U-422* took part in one wolfpack, namely:

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Kemp, Paul (1999). *U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars*. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-422* |
| Ordered | 10 April 1941 |
| Builder | Danziger Werft, Danzig |
| Yard number | 123 |
| Laid down | 11 February 1942 |
| Launched | 10 October 1942 |
| Commissioned | 10 February 1943 |
| Fate | Sunk by an American aircraft north of the Azores on 4 October 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 50 330 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S.* Wolfgang Poeschel * 10 February – 4 October 1943 |
| Operations: | * 1 patrol: * 8 September – 4 October 1943 |
| Victories: | None |


title: Melanomyinae

abstract: The Melanomyinae are a subfamily of Calliphoridae, or blow flies. According to Whitworth, the most distinguishing characteristic of this subfamily is its dull color; however, the biology is poorly known.

text:
# Melanomyinae

The **Melanomyinae** are a subfamily of Calliphoridae, or blow flies. According to Whitworth, the most distinguishing characteristic of this subfamily is its dull color; however, the biology is poorly known.

## Selected genera

## InfoBox

| Melanomyinae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Calliphoridae |
| Subfamily: | Melanomyinae |
|
| Genera | |
| see text | |


title: Walt Flanagan's Dog

abstract: In the comic Oni Double Feature #1, a story titled "Walt Flanagan's Dog" appears and tells the adventure of Jay and Silent Bob having an encounter with Walt Flanagan's dog, Krypto.

text:
# Walt Flanagan's Dog

In the comic *Oni Double Feature* #1, a story titled "**Walt Flanagan's Dog**" appears and tells the adventure of Jay and Silent Bob having an encounter with Walt Flanagan's dog, Krypto.

## Plot

While Jay and Silent Bob deal outside RST Video, Randal Graves calls the cops on them. The duo leaves and ends up smoking marijuana with Walt Flanagan's dog (Flanagan and Steve Dave are practicing strip comic book trivia at the time). The dog gets a "stoner boner" and chases them around New Jersey after Silent Bob pokes it. By the time the dog calms down, it is dawn. Jay and Bob then decide to go to the Eden Prairie Mall for an Orange Julius.

## In the Askewniverse

Chronologically, "Walt Flanagan's Dog" is the earliest story to take place in the View Askewniverse. It leads into *Mallrats* which takes place before *Clerks*.

## Askewniverse references

* The comic features a strip where there is an ambulance in front of the local YMCA. This is a reference to Julie Dwyer's death, which is mentioned in *Clerks*, *Mallrats* and *Chasing Amy*.
* Dante Hicks is talking to Veronica, his girlfriend from *Clerks*, on the phone in the beginning of the comic. They discuss a game show at the Eden Prairie Mall, a reference to *Mallrats*.
* In *Mallrats*, Jay refers to the events of the comic after being chased by Lafours, saying he is "faster than Walt Flanagan's dog".
* One of the usernames on an early internet message board shown in a flashback in *Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie* is "Walt Flanagan's Dog".
* One of the usernames on an internet message board shown in *Jay & Silent Bob Strike Back* is "Walt Flanagan's Dog".
* While not technically in the Askewniverse, the View Askew film *Vulgar* contains the line "Only humans can be heroes, right? Well tell that to Walt Flanagan's Dog".


title: Party Girl (1995 film)

abstract: Party Girl is a 1995 American comedy-drama film starring Parker Posey, directed by Daisy von Scherler Mayer, and the first feature film to premiere on the Internet.

text:
# Party Girl (1995 film)

***Party Girl*** is a 1995 American comedy-drama film starring Parker Posey, directed by Daisy von Scherler Mayer, and the first feature film to premiere on the Internet.

## Synopsis

Mary is a free-spirited young woman living in New York City who fills her days by going to nightclubs and house parties. When she is arrested for organizing an underground rave, she gets her godmother Judy to pay her bail. To repay the bail, Mary reluctantly agrees to work as a clerk at a branch of the New York Public Library that Judy manages. Despite her initial misgivings, Mary is inspired to learn how to use the Dewey Decimal System after smoking a joint and strikes up a romance with Mustafa, a Lebanese street vendor and aspiring teacher. Gradually, she becomes highly adept at her job but is later fired after having sex with Mustafa in the library. With no money to pay the accumulating rent, she and her roommate, club DJ Leo, face eviction from their apartment. In desperation, Mary sells her vintage couture to pay the bills.

During one of her parties, Mary takes drugs to forget a fight with Mustafa. The next day, she decides to seriously commit to being a librarian and investigates getting a graduate degree in library science. She invites Judy over for a serious talk but then Mary is dismayed to discover a raucous surprise birthday party complete with a male stripper. Mary implores with a skeptical Judy that she has finally found her calling in life, then Leo and Mustafa each share how Mary used her library science skills to help them improve their careers. Impressed, Judy gives Mary her job back, then joins the party.

## Cast

## Production

The film had a budget of $150,000 and was shot in 19 days. Much of the cast and crew were already immersed in the queer downtown club scene long before the film was made. In an interview with *The Wall Street Journal*, Posey recalls that in the early 1990s she "would go out rollerblading at The Roxy on Sundays and to \[the party\] Love Machine, where I first saw RuPaul", and that, much like in *Party Girl*'s club scenes, Posey "would dance with the queens, and they would just annihilate me on the dance floor with their moves."

According to director Daisy von Scherler Meyer, "the fashion was really invented for the film. \[Michael Clancy\] created an aesthetic for the character and for the movie and combined that with Parker Posey's own fashion obsession." Posey says that they relied on favors to assemble the outfits: "The wardrobe designer, Michael Clancy, and his assistant Vicky Farrell ... pulled a lot of things from their friends", such as designer Todd Oldham.

## Internet broadcast

*Party Girl* had an Internet premiere ahead of its wide release, transmitted from the office of Glenn Fleishman and his Point of Presence Company on June 3, 1995. While the early video transmission was limited to black and white, it marked the first time a feature film with an American movie theater release was broadcast generally online. Appearing live in the PoPCo offices, Posey welcomed Internet viewers and then introduced the film.

Fleishman recalled the event:

I helped launch the first official full-length \[Internet\] movie premiere in 1995 in my offices in Seattle. The film was broadcast to several hundred people worldwide over a CU-SeeMe reflector at Point of Presence Company's offices in downtown and then \[in\] a few minutes, it was projected at The Egyptian in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood. Parker Posey was in our offices to hit the start button on the broadcast. I was one cog in a larger set of wheels that involved the Seattle International Film Festival, Film.com (now part of RealNetworks), First Look Releasing, and the film's producers, as well as another online development company and a CUSeeMe engineering consultant, Joseph Kahan who also worked at NASA down in Texas. The launch was shown on *NBC Nightly News* in a five-minute segment at the bottom of the Sunday broadcast that week.

## Music

With much of the action driven by clubs, party scenes, and a DJ character, most of the film's music is diegetic, with characters often engaging with music appropriate to the mid-1990s club scene.

| Track | Written by | Performed by | Scene in film |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Mama Told Me Not to Come" | Randy Newman | The Wolfgang Press | Opening party |
| "Beautiful" | C. Frantz T. Weymouth | Tom Tom Club | Mary, Leo, and Derrick getting ready to go to Rene's |
| "Les Ailes" | Hadj Brahim Khaled | Khaled | Mustafa's Falafel Stand |
| "Let's Go" | Joseph Longo | Pal Joey | Outside Rene's with Mary, Leo, Nigel, and Derrick |
| "Aase Hechchagide (Desire Soars Up High" | S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam | S.P. Balasubrahmanyarn & Vani Jairarn | Mary's Mustafa fantasy dance |
| "The Boom" | Eric Hilton | Peace Bureau | The "Imitate a Cat Puking" scene |
| "What You About? (Vocal Version)" | The Angel | The Angel featuring Cokni O'Dire | Outside Rene's with Mustafa and Nigel |
| "Puerto Rico" | Frankie Cutlass | Frankie Cutlass Show | Mary walking out of the library after she yells at the patron who put the book back incorrectly |
| "In The Dark We Live (Thee Lite)" (Dave Clarke's 312 Mix) | Felix Stallings | Aphrohead, AKA Felix Da Housecat | The song just before Leo puts on Teddy Rogers |
| "To Be Loved" | Heiner Zwahlen, Elisa Burchett | Basscut | When Leo flirts with Venus |
| "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" | Dawn Penn | Dawn Penn | After Beautiful is done playing |
| "U Got Me Up" | Cajmere, Dajae | Dajae | The Natasha scene inside Rene's club |
| "Big Apple Boogaloo" | Arthur Baker, Lati Kronlund | Brooklyn Funk Essentials | Derrick and Mary stealing clothes |
| "My Adidas / Peter Piper" | Darryl McDaniels, Joseph Simmons | Run-DMC | Leo and Mustafa |
| "Anyone Could Happen to Me" | A Baker, A. Kroell, C. Reeves | Nation of Abel | During Leo's first night working as a DJ at Rene's club |
| "If You Believe (Believer Mix)" | Chantay Savage, Eric Miller, Michael Dawson | Chantay Savage | Leo's first night working as a DJ at Rene's club, intercut with Mary's drunken adventure learning the Dewey Decimal System at the library |
| "Lick It! (No Afro Sheen Mix House of Love More Phearce)" | Karen Finley | Karen Finley | The song supposedly produced by the fictional Teddy Rogers, when Rene screams at Leo to turn it off |
| "Mustafa's Theme" | Peter Daou, Vanessa Daou | The Daou | *Unknown* (possibly Mustafa and Mary in the library) |
| "House Of Love (In My House)" | Erick Morillo, Kenny Lewis | Smooth Touch | Mary's Arabic-style party |
| "Keep It Up!" | Lutz Ludwig, Klaus Jankuhn | L.U.P.O. | Final scene while the stripper is dancing |
| "Throw" | Carl Craig | Carl Craig Presents Paper Clip People | Mary's Arabic-style party (mixed with Les Ailes) |
| 'Music Selector Is the Soul Reflector" | Dmitry Brill | Deee-Lite | Mary's Drunken Dance |
| "Never Take Your Place" | Larry Heard | Mr. Fingers | Leo and Derrick setting up Mary's party |
| "I'll Keep Coming Back" | Charlene Munford, Al Mack, Terry Jeffries | Chanelle | Mary harassing Mustafa |
| "Hopefully Yours" | Stina Nordenstam | Stina Nordenstam | Leo and Mary in the shower |
| "Carnival '93 (Mardi Gras Mix)" | G. Pizaro, R. Morillo | Club Ultimate | Mary's surprise party |
| "Party Girl (Turn Me Loose)" | U. Nate, A. Mack | Ultra Naté | End Credits |

### Soundtrack album

Selected tracks were compiled for the *Party Girl* soundtrack released June 8, 1995 by Relativity Records.

1. "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" – The Wolfgang Press
2. "Beautiful" – Tom Tom Club
3. "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" – Dawn Penn
4. "Les Ailes" – Khaled
5. "I'll Keep Coming Back" – Chanelle
6. "Big Apple Boogaloo" – Brooklyn Funk Essentials
7. "Anyone Could Happen to Me" – Nation of Abel
8. "Peter Piper" – Run–D.M.C.
9. "To Be Loved" – Basscut
10. "Never Take Your Place" – Mr. Fingers
11. "Music Selector Is the Soul Reflector" – Deee-Lite
12. "Party Girl (Turn Me Loose)" – Ultra Naté

## Reception

The film opened June 9, 1995, and grossed $472,370 during its initial theatrical release, and has since become a cult classic. Posey says she often gets approached by librarians who are fans of the film: "Librarians and people who work in bookstores are like 'Oh my God, thank you so much. *Party Girl* made me want to become a librarian.'" Von Scherler Meyer believes *Party Girl* resonates with audiences because of the film's authentic depiction of underrepresented communities: "When people say 'Oh, the world \[in *Party Girl*\] is so diverse,' it's like 'No. That's the world. You don't represent the world in your stuff. Why is your world so segregated?' I think the world is messed up, and *Party Girl* is normal." On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.

The film often is noted for its influence on fashion, particularly in the case of Mary's wardrobe.

## Television spin-off

A television series based on the film was produced in 1996, starring Christine Taylor as Mary and Swoosie Kurtz as Judy. Although six episodes were filmed, only four were aired and the show was quickly cancelled.

## Home video

The 2023 Blu-ray release includes audio commentary by radio personality Jake Fogelnest.

## InfoBox

| Party Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Daisy von Scherler Mayer |
| Screenplay by | * Harry Birckmayer * Daisy von Scherler Mayer |
| Story by | * Harry Birckmayer * Daisy von Scherler Mayer * Sheila Gaffney |
| Produced by | * Harry Birckmayer * Stephanie Koules |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Michael Slovis |
| Edited by | Cara Silverman |
| Music by | Anton Sanko |
| Production<br>company | Party Pictures |
| Distributed by | First Look Pictures |
| Release dates | * January 1995 (1995-01) (Sundance) * June 3, 1995 (1995-06-03) (Internet broadcast for SIFF) * June 9, 1995 (1995-06-09) (US wide release) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $150,000 |
| Box office | $472,370 |


abstract: The men's 200 metre backstroke event at the 1988 Summer Olympics took place on 22 September at the Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool in Seoul, South Korea. There were 44 competitors from 32 nations. Each nation had been limited to two swimmers in the event since 1984. The event was won by Igor Polyansky of the Soviet Union. Frank Baltrusch of East Germany took silver, while Paul Kingsman of New Zealand earned bronze. The medals were the first in the men's 200 metre backstroke for the Soviet Union and New Zealand; East Germany had not medaled in the event since Roland Matthes won gold in 1968 and 1972. For the first time, the United States competed and did not earn at least silver. The award ceremony did not go smoothly. Kingsman was erroneously introduced as being from the Soviet Union. When his nationality was corrected to New Zealand, it was also announced that the New Zealand national anthem would be played. This had to be corrected as well, and the Soviet anthem was played.

text:
# Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre backstroke

The men's 200 metre backstroke event at the 1988 Summer Olympics took place on 22 September at the Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool in Seoul, South Korea. There were 44 competitors from 32 nations. Each nation had been limited to two swimmers in the event since 1984. The event was won by Igor Polyansky of the Soviet Union. Frank Baltrusch of East Germany took silver, while Paul Kingsman of New Zealand earned bronze. The medals were the first in the men's 200 metre backstroke for the Soviet Union and New Zealand; East Germany had not medaled in the event since Roland Matthes won gold in 1968 and 1972. For the first time, the United States competed and did not earn at least silver.

The award ceremony did not go smoothly. Kingsman was erroneously introduced as being from the Soviet Union. When his nationality was corrected to New Zealand, it was also announced that the New Zealand national anthem would be played. This had to be corrected as well, and the Soviet anthem (for the winner, Polyansky) was played.

## Background

This was the eighth appearance of the 200 metre backstroke event. It was first held in 1900. The event did not return until 1964; since then, it has been on the programme at every Summer Games. From 1904 to 1960, a men's 100 metre backstroke was held instead. In 1964, only the 200 metres was held. Beginning in 1968 and ever since, both the 100 and 200 metre versions have been held.

None of the 8 finalists from the 1984 Games returned. The medalists at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships had been Igor Polyansky of the Soviet Union, Frank Baltrusch of East Germany, and Frank Hoffmeister of West Germany. All three competed in Seoul. Polyansky was also the world record holder, having set it in a Soviet-East German dual meet in 1985. He was the heavy favourite in the event, with his only loss since 1985 being the European championship (to fellow Soviet Sergei Zabolotnov).

Costa Rica, Guam, Iceland, Lebanon, Singapore, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and Zimbabwe each made their debut in the event. Australia and Great Britain each made their seventh appearance, tied for most among nations to that point.

## Competition format

The competition used a two-round (heats and final) format. The advancement rule followed the format introduced in 1952. A swimmer's place in the heat was not used to determine advancement; instead, the fastest times from across all heats in a round were used. A "consolation final" had been added in 1984. There were 6 heats of up to 8 swimmers each. The top 8 swimmers advanced to the final. The next 8 (9th through 16th) competed in a consolation final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties.

This swimming event used backstroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of four lengths of the pool.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

| **World record** | Igor Polyansky (URS) | **1:58.14** | Erfurt, East Germany | 3 March 1985 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Olympic record** | Rick Carey (USA) | **1:58.99** | Los Angeles, United States | 31 July 1984 |

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time adjusted for daylight savings (UTC+10)

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thursday, 22 September 1988 | **10:00**
**20:00** | **Finals** |

## Results

### Heats

The eight fastest swimmers advanced to Final A, while the next eight went to Final B.

| Rank | Heat | Swimmer | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 6 | Sergei Zabolotnov | Soviet Union | 2:01.27 | QA |
| 2 | 5 | Frank Baltrusch | East Germany | 2:01.49 | QA |
| 3 | 4 | Dirk Richter | East Germany | 2:01.54 | QA |
| 4 | 6 | Igor Polyansky | Soviet Union | 2:01.70 | QA |
| 5 | 4 | Dan Veatch | United States | 2:01.73 | QA |
| 6 | 6 | Jens-Peter Berndt | West Germany | 2:01.77 | QA |
| 7 | 6 | Paul Kingsman | New Zealand | 2:02.20 | QA |
| 8 | 5 | Rogério Romero | Brazil | 2:02.26 | QA |
| 9 | 4 | Georgi Mihalev | Bulgaria | 2:02.71 | QB |
| 10 | 6 | Tamás Deutsch | Hungary | 2:03.17 | QB |
| 11 | 5 | Martín López-Zubero | Spain | 2:03.33 | QB |
| 12 | 4 | Frank Hoffmeister | West Germany | 2:03.34 | QB |
| 13 | 5 | Daichi Suzuki | Japan | 2:03.36 | QB |
| 14 | 5 | Stefano Battistelli | Italy | 2:03.63 | QB, WD |
| 15 | 4 | Steve Bigelow | United States | 2:03.64 | QB |
| 16 | 3 | Gary Binfield | Great Britain | 2:03.79 | QB |
| 17 | 4 | Sean Murphy | Canada | 2:03.81 | QB, WD |
| 18 | 5 | Mark Tewksbury | Canada | 2:04.02 | QB |
| 19 | 3 | Alejandro Alvizuri | Peru | 2:04.29 |  |
| 20 | 3 | John Davey | Great Britain | 2:04.70 |  |
| 21 | 6 | David Holderbach | France | 2:04.83 |  |
| 22 | 3 | Ernesto Vela | Mexico | 2:05.08 |  |
| | 6 | Simon Upton | Australia | 2:05.08 |  |
| 24 | 5 | Eðvarð Þór Eðvarðsson | Iceland | 2:05.61 |  |
| 25 | 3 | Richard Gheel | Ireland | 2:05.71 |  |
| 26 | 6 | Lars Sørensen | Denmark | 2:05.73 |  |
| 27 | 2 | Stephen Cullen | Ireland | 2:06.98 |  |
| 28 | 4 | Pavel Vokoun | Czechoslovakia | 2:07.24 |  |
| 29 | 2 | Patrick Ferland | Switzerland | 2:07.77 |  |
| 30 | 3 | Lin Laijiu | China | 2:08.28 |  |
| 31 | 2 | David Lim Fong Jock | Singapore | 2:08.65 |  |
| 32 | 3 | Shigemori Maruyama | Japan | 2:09.16 |  |
| 33 | 2 | Wladimir Ribeiro | Brazil | 2:11.48 |  |
| 34 | 2 | Horst Niehaus | Costa Rica | 2:12.83 |  |
| 35 | 2 | Eric Greenwood | Costa Rica | 2:15.42 |  |
| 36 | 2 | Patrick Sagisi | Guam | 2:15.82 |  |
| 37 | 1 | Brett Halford | Zimbabwe | 2:17.84 |  |
| 38 | 1 | Pablo Barahona | Honduras | 2:21.61 |  |
| 39 | 1 | Mohamed Abdullah | United Arab Emirates | 2:29.64 |  |
| 40 | 1 | Mohamed Bin Abid | United Arab Emirates | 2:36.21 |  |
| 41 | 1 | Rami Kantari | Lebanon | 2:40.29 |  |
|  | 2 | Park Dong-pil | South Korea | DSQ |  |
| | 3 | Charalambos Papanikolaou | Greece | DSQ |  |
| | 5 | Tamás Darnyi | Hungary | DSQ |  |

### Finals

The finals were held in the evening of 22 September.

#### Final B

| Rank | Lane | Swimmer | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | 6 | Frank Hoffmeister | West Germany | 2:01.65 |
| 10 | 7 | Steve Bigelow | United States | 2:02.95 |
| 11 | 3 | Martín López-Zubero | Spain | 2:03.70 |
| 12 | 8 | Mark Tewksbury | Canada | 2:03.79 |
| 13 | 4 | Georgi Mihalev | Bulgaria | 2:04.24 |
| 14 | 5 | Tamás Deutsch | Hungary | 2:04.42 |
| 15 | 2 | Daichi Suzuki | Japan | 2:04.67 |
| 16 | 1 | Gary Binfield | Great Britain | 2:04.90 |

#### Final A

Zabalotnov led at the halfway mark. Polyansky took the lead during the third length, with Baltrusch and Kingsman also passing Zabolotnov.

| Rank | Lane | Swimmer | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 6 | Igor Polyansky | Soviet Union | 1:59.37 |  |
|  | 5 | Frank Baltrusch | East Germany | 1:59.60 |  |
|  | 1 | Paul Kingsman | New Zealand | 2:00.48 | **NR** |
| 4 | 4 | Sergei Zabolotnov | Soviet Union | 2:00.52 |  |
| 5 | 3 | Dirk Richter | East Germany | 2:01.67 |  |
| 6 | 7 | Jens-Peter Berndt | West Germany | 2:01.84 |  |
| 7 | 2 | Dan Veatch | United States | 2:02.26 |  |
| 8 | 8 | Rogério Romero | Brazil | 2:02.28 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 200 metre backstroke
at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Silver medalist Frank Baltrusch (earlier in 1988) | |
| Venue | Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool |
| Date | 22 September 1988 (heats & finals) |
| Competitors | 44 from 32 nations |
| Winning time | 1:59.37 |
| Medalists | |
| Igor Polyansky  Soviet Union  Frank Baltrusch  East Germany  Paul Kingsman  New Zealand | |
|


title: Ion Aramendi

abstract: Ion Aramendi Urrestarazu is a Spanish journalist, television presenter and former basketball player.

text:
# Ion Aramendi

**Ion Aramendi Urrestarazu** (born 11 February 1977) is a Spanish journalist, television presenter and former basketball player.

## Biography

Born in San Sebastián in the Basque Country, Aramendi moved to Salamanca in Castile and León in 1996 to play basketball for CB Tormes and CB Avenida. During his time there, he also studied journalism at the Pontifical University of Salamanca. In 2002, he returned home to play for Santurtzi CB.

He began in television in 2009 as a reporter on the tabloid television programme *Sálvame* on Telecinco. In 2016, he moved to ETB 2 in his native region to present the current affairs programme *¡Qué me estás contando!*, as well as New Year's Eve programmes on EITB.

In December 2019, Aramendi returned to national television as the host of *El cazador* on La 1, the Spanish adaptation of the British game show *The Chase*. In March and April of the following year, he presented *Todos en casa*, a variety show at the start of the COVID-19 lockdown. It was broadcast from his home, with his family.

In February 2021, Aramendi was announced as the co-presenter of *The Dancer* with Sandra Cervera, an adaptation of *The Greatest Dancer* on La 1.

In 2022, Aramendi returned to Telecinco to present the debate show of *Survivor Spain*. Later in the year, Aramendi was tipped to host a new daily show titled *El ático*, but after the project failed to make it past the pilot stage, in November he was announced as the presenter of *Reacción en cadena*, the Spanish adaptation of the American game show *Chain Reaction*.

In 2023, he became the host of the nightly "debate" episodes of the *Gran Hermano VIP* reality show reboot.

In February 2024, he was announced as the host for the upcoming fourth season of the relaunched *Factor X*.

## Personal life

Aramendi married María in Salamanca in 2011. As of 2020, they had two sons. He is the third of four brothers, who were all teammates at CB Avenida in 2000–01.

## InfoBox

| Ion Aramendi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ion Aramendi Urrestarazu
(1977-02-11) 11 February 1977
San Sebastián, Spain |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, television presenter, basketball player |


title: Feelin' Good (Sarah Vaughan album)

abstract: Feelin' Good is a 1972 studio album by Sarah Vaughan, featuring arrangements by Allyn Ferguson, Jack Elliott, Michel Legrand, and Peter Matz.

text:
# Feelin' Good (Sarah Vaughan album)

***Feelin' Good*** is a 1972 studio album by Sarah Vaughan, featuring arrangements by Allyn Ferguson, Jack Elliott, Michel Legrand, and Peter Matz.

## Track listing

1. "And the Feeling's Good" (Norman Gimbel, Charles Fox) - 4:20
2. "Just a Little Lovin' Early In the Mornin'" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) - 3:07
3. "Alone Again (Naturally)" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) - 4:25
4. "Rainy Days and Mondays" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams) - 3:42
5. "Deep In the Night" (Helen Miller, Eve Merriam) - 3:17
6. "Run to Me" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb) - 3:00
7. "Easy Evil" (Alan O'Day) - 3:04
8. "Promise Me" (Peter Matz, Carol Hall) - 4:00
9. "Take a Love Song" (Donny Hathaway, Nadine McKinnon) - 3:25
10. "Greatest Show On Earth" (Jerry Marcellino, Mel Larson) - 3:00
11. "When You Think of It" (Robert Allen, Arthur Kent) - 4:00

## Personnel

Arranger, conductor

## InfoBox

| Feelin' Good | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sarah Vaughan | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Recorded | November 16–26, 1971 |
| Genre | Vocal jazz |
| Length | 54:43 |
| Label | Mainstream |
| Producer | Bob Shad |
| Sarah Vaughan chronology | |
| *Sarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand*
(1972) ***Feelin' Good***
(1972) *Live in Japan*
(1973) | |


title: Transurethral resection of the prostate

abstract: Transurethral resection of the prostate is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. It has been the standard treatment for BPH for many years, but recently alternative, minimally invasive techniques have become available. This procedure is done with spinal or general anaesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. The outcome is considered excellent for 80–90% of BPH patients. The procedure carries minimal risk for erectile dysfunction, moderate risk for bleeding, and a large risk for retrograde ejaculation.

text:
# Transurethral resection of the prostate

**Transurethral resection of the prostate** (commonly known as a **TURP**, plural **TURPs**, and rarely as a **transurethral prostatic resection**, **TUPR**) is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. It has been the standard treatment for BPH for many years, but recently alternative, minimally invasive techniques have become available. This procedure is done with spinal or general anaesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. The outcome is considered excellent for 80–90% of BPH patients. The procedure carries minimal risk for erectile dysfunction, moderate risk for bleeding, and a large risk for retrograde ejaculation.

## Indications

BPH is normally initially treated medically through alpha antagonists such as tamsulosin, or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride. If medical treatment does not reduce a patient's urinary symptoms, a TURP may be considered following a careful examination of the prostate or bladder through a cystoscope. If TURP is contraindicated, a urologist may consider a simple prostatectomy, in and out catheters, or a supra-pubic catheter to help a patient void urine effectively. As the medical management of BPH improves, the number of TURPs has been decreasing.

## Types of TURP

Traditionally, a cystoscope (a "resectoscope") has been used to perform TURP. The scope is passed through the urethra to the prostate where surrounding prostate tissue can then be excised. There are two types of modalities:

* **Monopolar TURP:** A monopolar device utilizing a wire loop with electric current flowing in one direction (thus monopolar) can be used to excise tissue via the resectoscope. A grounding ESU pad and irrigation by a non conducting fluid is required to prevent this current from disturbing surrounding tissues. This fluid (usually glycine) can cause damage to surrounding tissue after prolonged exposure, resulting in TUR syndrome, so surgery time is limited.
* **Bipolar TURP:** This is a newer technique that uses bipolar current to remove the tissue. Bipolar TURP allows saline irrigation and eliminates the need for an ESU grounding pad thus preventing post-TURP hyponatremia (TUR syndrome) and reducing other complications. As a result, bipolar TURP is also not subject to the same surgical time constraints of conventional TURP.

A 2019 Cochrane review of 59 studies including 8924 men with BPH urinary symptoms found that bipolar and monopolar TURP probably result in comparable improvements in urinary symptoms, as well as in similar erectile function, incidence of urinary incontinence and need for retreatment. Bipolar surgery likely reduces the risk of TUR syndrome and the need for blood transfusion.

Another transurethral method utilizes laser energy to remove tissue. With laser prostate surgery a fiber optic cable pushed through the urethra is used to transmit lasers such as holmium-Nd:YAG high-powered "red" or potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) "green" to vaporize the adenoma. More recently the KTP laser has been supplanted by a higher power laser source based on a lithium triborate crystal, though it is still commonly referred to as a "Greenlight" or KTP procedure. The specific advantages of utilizing laser energy rather than a traditional electrosurgical TURP is a decrease in the relative blood loss, elimination of the risk of post-TURP hyponatremia (TUR syndrome), the ability to treat larger glands, as well as treating patients who are actively being treated with anticoagulation therapy for unrelated diagnosis.

A further transurethal method utilizes a robotically-controlled waterjet to remove prostate tissue. Visualization is provided by a combination of cystoscope and transrectal ultrasound methods. This procedure claims risk reduction advantages as a result of being heat free.

## Risks

Because of bleeding risks associated with the procedure, TURP is not considered safe for many patients with cardiac problems.

Postoperative complications include:

### Acute complications

* Bleeding (most common). Bleeding may be reduced by pre-treatment with an anti-androgen such as finasteride or flutamide.
* Clot retention and clot colic. The blood released from the resected prostate may become stuck in the urethra and can cause pain and urine retention.
* Bladder wall injury, such as perforation (rare). Intraperitoneal bladder rupture will present with upper abdominal pain and referred pain to the shoulder. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture may present with inguinal, peri-umbilical pain.
* TURP syndrome: Hyponatremia and water intoxication caused by an overload of fluid absorption from the open prostatic sinusoids during the procedure. This complication can lead to confusion, changes in mental status, vomiting, nausea, and even coma. To prevent TURP syndrome, the length of the procedure is limited to less than one hour in many centers, and the height of the container of irrigating solution above the surgical table – determining the hydrostatic pressure driving fluid into the prostatic veins and sinuses – is kept to a minimum. The classic triad of TURP syndrome includes elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures with increased pulse pressure, bradycardia, and mental status changes (assuming an awake patient under regional anesthesia).\<
* The different types of irrigation fluids used for TURP each have specific disadvantages. Glycine irrigating solution may cause transient blindness. Distilled water has the highest risk for intravascular hemolysis, hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia. Balanced salt solutions (such as normal saline) cause electrical current dispersion during TURP, but significantly reduce the risk of TURP syndrome. Sorbitol and mannitol solutions may lead to hyperglycemia (sorbitol), intravascular fluid expansion with absorption (mannitol), and osmotic diuresis (sorbitol and mannitol).

### Chronic complications

In most cases, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction resolve on their own within 6 to 12 months post-TURP. Therefore, many doctors will postpone invasive treatment until a year after the surgery.

Additionally, transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with a low risk of mortality.

## Research

The UNBLOCS trial compared using TURP to the thulium laser transurethral vaporesection of the prostate (ThuVARP). Both methods led to similar improvements, number of complications and lengths of hospital stay. Both were effective as treatment but TURP resulted in a better urinary flow rate.

## InfoBox

| Transurethral resection of the prostate | |
| --- | --- |
| Micrograph of a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) specimen, showing BPH (nodular hyperplasia of the prostate) – left-of-center in image. H&E stain. | |
| Other names | TURP |
| ICD-9-CM | 60.29 |
| MeSH | D020728 |
| MedlinePlus | 002996 |


title: Thomas Greenall

abstract: Thomas Greenall was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Farnworth in Lancashire from 1922 to 1929. Born at Tarbock in Lancashire, Greenall began working at the age of nine. He followed his father in working as a coal miner for twenty years, then became a full-time agent for the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation (LCMF). In 1906, Greenall became president of the LCMF, and he served on the executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, and as vice-president of the Lancashire, Cheshire and North Staffordshire Miners' Wages Board. Greenall stood unsuccessfully for Labour in Leigh at the January 1910 United Kingdom general election, and then in Farnworth at the 1918 United Kingdom general election. He won the seat in 1922, serving until 1929, when he retired.

text:
# Thomas Greenall

**Thomas Greenall** (5 May 1857 – 22 December 1937) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Farnworth in Lancashire from 1922 to 1929.

Born at Tarbock in Lancashire, Greenall began working at the age of nine. He followed his father in working as a coal miner for twenty years, then became a full-time agent for the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation (LCMF).

In 1906, Greenall became president of the LCMF, and he served on the executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, and as vice-president of the Lancashire, Cheshire and North Staffordshire Miners' Wages Board.

Greenall stood unsuccessfully for Labour in Leigh at the January 1910 United Kingdom general election, and then in Farnworth at the 1918 United Kingdom general election. He won the seat in 1922, serving until 1929, when he retired.


title: Mill Creek (West Kill)

abstract: Mill Creek is a river that converges with West Kill by North Blenheim, New York.

text:
# Mill Creek (West Kill)

**Mill Creek** is a river that converges with West Kill by North Blenheim, New York.

## InfoBox

| Mill Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | West Kill |
| location | North Blenheim, New York, United States |
| coordinates | 42°28′08″N 74°27′36″W / 42.46889°N 74.46000°W / 42.46889; -74.46000 |
| Basin size | 7.58 sq mi (19.6 km2) |


title: Melanomys robustulus

abstract: Melanomys robustulus, also known as the robust melanomys or robust dark rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus Melanomys of family Cricetidae. It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador.

text:
# Melanomys robustulus

***Melanomys robustulus***, also known as the **robust melanomys** or **robust dark rice rat**, is a species of rodent in the genus *Melanomys* of family Cricetidae. It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador.

## Literature cited

## InfoBox

| *Melanomys robustulus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Melanomys* |
| Species: | ***M. robustulus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanomys robustulus***
(Thomas, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oryzomys robustulus* Thomas, 1914 | |


title: Wandel durch Handel

abstract: Wandel durch Handel, also known as Wandel durch Annäherung, is a political and economic notion, mostly associated with German foreign policy, of increasing trade with authoritarian regimes in an effort to induce political change. Although most strongly associated with Germany, similar policies have been pursued by several Western countries. After being a central tenet in German, and European Union, politics since the 1970s, the policy came under intense scrutiny following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In April 2022, European Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni stated that "[t]he notion of 'Wandel durch Handel', of bringing about change through trade, has shown its limitations", saying that "[w]e need to rethink our relations with autocratic regimes and strengthen our ties with like-minded partners". Similarly, European Trade Commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis stated four days into the Russian invasion that "[t]he weaponization of trade shows no signs of abating. We have no choice but to face up to this reality, and adapt".

text:
# Wandel durch Handel

**Wandel durch Handel** (WdH, German for "Change through trade"), also known as ***Wandel durch Annäherung***, is a political and economic notion, mostly associated with German foreign policy, of increasing trade with authoritarian regimes in an effort to induce political change. Although most strongly associated with Germany, similar policies have been pursued by several Western countries.

After being a central tenet in German, and European Union, politics since the 1970s, the policy came under intense scrutiny following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In April 2022, European Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni stated that "\[t\]he notion of 'Wandel durch Handel', of bringing about change through trade, has shown its limitations", saying that "\[w\]e need to rethink our relations with autocratic regimes and strengthen our ties with like-minded partners". Similarly, European Trade Commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis stated four days into the Russian invasion that "\[t\]he weaponization of trade shows no signs of abating. We have no choice but to face up to this reality, and adapt".

## Background

A perceived connection between trade and conflict-avoidance has been noted a long time, with some tracing it back to writing from Ancient Greece. Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu is often credited with creating the concept of *doux commerce*, theorizing that trade had a tendency to civilize. The idea is that with trade will come dialogue, and that interdependence makes conflict less likely. Montesquieu wrote "wherever the ways of man are gentle, there is commerce; and wherever there is commerce, there the ways of men are gentle" and that "\[t\]he natural effect of commerce is to lead to peace".

Despite the connection to Montesquieu, the idea has been traced to earlier workings, like those of Michel de Montaigne. The idea was prevalent among some Enlightenment philosophers, like Thomas Paine, who argued that "\[i\]f commerce were permitted to act to the universal extent it is capable, it would extirpate the system of war". Other associated philosophers are Voltaire, Smith, and Hume, as well as Immanuel Kant. Despite not using the term himself, Montesquieu remains most associated with the doux commerce philosophy.

## History

The policy of *Wandel durch Annäherung* (English: "change through rapprochement") was first formulated in 1963 in a speech by Egon Bahr before the Evangelischen Akademie Tutzing.

The policy started in the early 1970s, directed towards the German Democratic Republic and the other communist dictatorships of Eastern Europe, as part of *Ostpolitik*. Started under the first Social Democratic chancellor of postwar Germany, Willy Brandt, WdH became a "defining pillar" of successive Social Democratic administrations, culminating under the 1998-2005 reign of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.

The WdH philosophy was embraced by a succession of chancellors and politicians, as well as and supported or lobbied for by industry leaders, labor unions and journalists.

In 2007 then-Minister of Foreign Affairs Frank-Walter Steinmeier published a long article explaining his rationale on EU being such a exceptional role model on international cooperation that Putinite Russia will unavoidably get "like us" by merely "intertwining of interests" (*Verflechtung*), and also that "a pan-European peace order and a lasting solution to important security problems (…) can only be achieved with Russia, not without it or even against it". Steinmeier helped in 2011 to admit Putin into the WTO.

According to Steven Blockmans of the Centre for European Policy Studies, WdH was a viable policy after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the European Union had both the economic and soft power to aid democratization. According to Blockmans, however, this came to an end with the 2008 financial crisis, making WdH a "fig leaf" to maintain commercial relations with authoritarian states.

Angela Merkel, Gerhard Schröder's successor as chancellor, and her governments have been closely associated with the WdH policy; in fact she resurrected the career of Foreign Minister Steinmeier from 2013 to 2017, whereupon he left for the presidency. She came under criticism of putting business interests above speaking out against China's human rights abuses.

By 2020 several critics like Andreas Fulda, Senior Fellow at the University of Nottingham, believed WdH had run its course. Despite this, German Minister of Finance Peter Altmaier stated "I have always been convinced and I still believe that change can be achieved through trade". The criticism however grew exponentially after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

The concept came under renewed scrutiny in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Due to decades of pursuing close economic ties with Russia, and deepening dependence on gas, coal and oil, Germany and other states struggled to break economic ties to prevent indirectly financing the war. Due to German energy dependence on Russia, Germany was the last EU country to oppose strong economic sanctions on Russia in the wake of invasion.

In a speech following the invasion, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz declared a break with past policies, calling it a *Zeitenwende*. Due to the Russian invasion, German politicians have abandoned the policy of WdH. Former Bundeswehr general Hans-Lothar Domröse called WdH "refuted". Wolfgang Kubicki stated that "50 years of my political agenda have vanished into thin air". Rolf Mützenich, SPD parliamentary leader, stated that "Europe urgently needs to define a common economic foreign policy ... with the war in Ukraine and the aftermath, it will probably no longer be about change through trade \[Wandel durch Handel\]. It's probably all about stability through trade \[Stabilität durch Handel\]".

The Russian invasion caused shockwaves in German politics, leading to large introspection of former policies. Although all parties came under criticism, especially the SPD came under criticism for its perceived naivete. *Die Welt* described Merkel's "trade-based diplomacy" as an "error", writing "what Germany and Europe have experienced over the last days is nothing short of a reversal of Merkel's policies of guaranteeing peace and freedom through treaties with despots". According to Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff, vice-president of the German Marshall Fund, "Germany believed that trade would be a peacemaker, that interconnectedness would prevent us from going to war with each other \[...\] There was a belief that trading with Russia  notably with what it does best, namely oil and gas  was a strategy for peace. But that strategy has failed."

Internationally, the policy also came under strong criticism. In an article on those "most to blame for Germany’s misguided approach", Politico wrote that "\[r\]arely has a country’s confidence about itself and its place in the world been so thoroughly pulverized overnight", holding the entire country complicit in selling its "soul" to Russia. Since the war, politicians like Angela Merkel's policies have come under scrutiny both domestically and abroad, particularly the green-lighting of Nord Stream 2 even after the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the start of the war in Donbas. Similarly, those of President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, as well as other German business leaders and administration officials, have come under strong criticism. Steinmeier had, according to Christoph Heusgen, Angela Merkel's chief foreign policy advisor until 2017, been the main supporter in the Merkel government of Schröder's Nord Stream 2 push, together with Sigmar Gabriel. On 12 April 2022, Steinmeier was denied a visit to the Ukrainian government in Kyiv, based on his former policies and ties with Schröder. Joe Kaeser, of Siemens, described as the one pushing hardest for deepening ties by Politico, also apologized for previous remarks, stating "I was among those who believed in the principle of Wandel durch Handel". In May 2022 Steinmeier described his past policy towards Russia as "failure on many points", caused in part by long-term culture of ignoring warnings from Eastern European countries, especially after 2014.

In a criticism of the WdH policy, British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss stated that instead of bringing about democratization in Russia, Putin "took the money from oil and gas and used it to consolidate power and gain leverage abroad", stating also that "Wandel durch Handel  the assumption that economic integration drives political change  didn't work". According to Vasyl Cherepanyn of the Visual Culture Research Center in Kyiv, WdH "has simply been a *maskirovka*, a deception that has allowed German corporations to maintain ties with their Russian oligarch counterparts all this time". Similarly, philanthropist and economist George Soros strongly criticized the policies of former Chancellor Merkel at the 2022 World Economic Forum, blaming her "special deals" with Moscow for making Europe dependent on Russian gas, as well as criticizing her for making "China Germany's largest export market".

On 7 June 2022, Merkel made her first public interview since leaving office the preceding year. Merkel claimed she had "at no time given in to illusions" that the WdH policy would lead to actual change in Putin's authoritarian behavior, stating she "was not naive" in her policies. She also claimed she had repeatedly warned allies that Putin wanted "to destroy the EU because he sees it as a precursor to NATO". She gave no explanation as to her misunderstanding of the directionality of time nor how she saw this being compatible with deepening dependence on Russian gas, only saying she considered it proper to have "at least some trade relations".

On 25 October 2022 Steinmeier was allowed to visit Kyiv where he had a rapprochement with Zelensky. Polish professor of international affairs Sławomir Dębski stated that WdH policy "did not change Russia, but it did change Germany" but mainstreaming the "business model based on the interconnections of business, politics, secret services and the criminal world".


title: Walter Plowright

abstract: Walter Plowright CMG FRS FRCVS was an English veterinary scientist who devoted his career to the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest. Plowright received the 1999 World Food Prize for his development of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV), the key element in the quest to eliminate rinderpest. Rinderpest became the first animal disease to be eliminated worldwide. He was the second son of Jonathan and Mahala Plowright. He attended Moulton Grammar School which transferred to Spalding Grammar School in 1939. He graduated from the Royal Veterinary College in London in 1944 and was commissioned into the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. As a young veterinary pathologist, Plowright carried out research in Kenya and Nigeria. The East African Veterinary Research Organization at Muguga in Kenya provided the base for Plowright and his colleagues to adopt the cell-culture techniques used to develop the polio vaccine to produce a live attenuated (non-pathogenic) virus for use as a rinderpest vaccine. Plowright used a mono-layer of kidney cells to culture the virus until it became non-virulent and could be transmitted from one cattle to another, producing lifelong immunity against rinderpest. Unlike its predecessors, tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) could be used safely in all types of cattle, it could be produced very economically and conferred lifelong immunity. The research and application techniques that brought Plowright success in fighting rinderpest were later replicated by his colleagues to vaccinate against sheeppox and lumpy skin disease. In 1964, Plowright returned to the United Kingdom to oversee animal disease research there until his 1983 retirement. He chaired the Royal Veterinary College’s microbiology and parasitology department from 1971 to 1978. He was Head of Microbiology at the Institute for Animal Health in Compton, Berkshire from 1978 to 1983. In addition to rinderpest, Plowright also contributed to the study of such viral animal diseases as African swine fever, malignant catarrhal fever, poxviruses, and herpesviruses. He was awarded a Fellowship of the Royal Society of London and received the Order of St Michael and St George. He also received the World Organisation for Animal Health's Gold Medal and the Animal Health Trust’s Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award. He was awarded the King Baudouin International Development Prize 1984-1985 by the Belgian monarch.

text:
# Walter Plowright

**Walter Plowright** CMG FRS FRCVS (20 July 1923 in Holbeach, Lincolnshire – 19 February 2010 in London) was an English veterinary scientist who devoted his career to the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest. Plowright received the 1999 World Food Prize for his development of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV), the key element in the quest to eliminate rinderpest. Rinderpest became the first animal disease to be eliminated worldwide.

He was the second son of Jonathan and Mahala Plowright. He attended Moulton Grammar School which transferred to Spalding Grammar School in 1939. He graduated from the Royal Veterinary College in London in 1944 and was commissioned into the Royal Army Veterinary Corps.

As a young veterinary pathologist, Plowright carried out research in Kenya and Nigeria. The East African Veterinary Research Organization at Muguga in Kenya provided the base for Plowright and his colleagues to adopt the cell-culture techniques used to develop the polio vaccine to produce a live attenuated (non-pathogenic) virus for use as a rinderpest vaccine.

Plowright used a mono-layer of kidney cells to culture the virus until it became non-virulent and could be transmitted from one cattle to another, producing lifelong immunity against rinderpest. Unlike its predecessors, tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) could be used safely in all types of cattle, it could be produced very economically and conferred lifelong immunity.

The research and application techniques that brought Plowright success in fighting rinderpest were later replicated by his colleagues to vaccinate against sheeppox and lumpy skin disease.

In 1964, Plowright returned to the United Kingdom to oversee animal disease research there until his 1983 retirement. He chaired the Royal Veterinary College’s microbiology and parasitology department from 1971 to 1978. He was Head of Microbiology at the Institute for Animal Health in Compton, Berkshire from 1978 to 1983. In addition to rinderpest, Plowright also contributed to the study of such viral animal diseases as African swine fever, malignant catarrhal fever, poxviruses, and herpesviruses.

He was awarded a Fellowship of the Royal Society of London and received the Order of St Michael and St George. He also received the World Organisation for Animal Health's Gold Medal and the Animal Health Trust’s Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award. He was awarded the King Baudouin International Development Prize 1984-1985 by the Belgian monarch.

## Honours and awards

*source:*

* 1965 J.T. Edwards Memorial Medal, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
* 1972 R.B. Bennett Commonwealth Prize of the Royal Society of Arts, London
* 1974 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
* 1977 Fellow, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
* 1979 Bledisloe Veterinary award, Royal Agricultural Society of England
* 1981 Fellow of the Royal Society of London
* 1984 King Baudouin Prize for International Development
* 1984 Dalrymple-Champneys Award, British Veterinary Association
* 1987 Fellow, Royal Veterinary College
* 1988 Gold Medal, International Office of Epizootics, Paris
* 1991 Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award, Animal Health Trust
* 1994 Gold Medal, European Society for Veterinary Virology
* 1994 Theiler Memorial Trust Lecture and Award
* 1999 World Food Prize


title: Paris selon Moussa

abstract: Paris selon Moussa, is a 2003 Franco-Guinean drama film directed by Cheik Doukouré and produced by Danielle Ryan. The film stars director himself in the lead role whereas Élisabeth Vitali, Vincent McDoom and Magloire Delcros-Varaud made supportive roles. The film revolves around Moussa Sidibé, a farmer in Guinea who sent to France to buy a water pump and the problems faced during the journey. The film received critics acclaim and screened worldwide. The film later won the Human Rights Award by the United Nations in 2003. In the same year, director and ead actor Doukouré won the Best Actor award at FESPACO 2003.

text:
# Paris selon Moussa

***Paris selon Moussa*** (**Paris According to Moussa**), is a 2003 Franco-Guinean drama film directed by Cheik Doukouré and produced by Danielle Ryan. The film stars director himself in the lead role whereas Élisabeth Vitali, Vincent McDoom and Magloire Delcros-Varaud made supportive roles. The film revolves around Moussa Sidibé, a farmer in Guinea who sent to France to buy a water pump and the problems faced during the journey.

The film received critics acclaim and screened worldwide. The film later won the Human Rights Award by the United Nations in 2003. In the same year, director and ead actor Doukouré won the Best Actor award at FESPACO 2003.

## Cast

* Cheik Doukouré as Moussa Sidibé
* Élisabeth Vitali as Nathalie
* Vincent McDoom as Zanzie
* Magloire Delcros-Varaud as Naomie
* Andrée Damant as La mère de Nathalie
* Mariam Kaba as Mame Traoré
* Suzanne Kouamé as Aïssatou
* Louis Navarre as Le père Albert
* Martial Odone as James
* Mamadou Fomba as Fodé Sangaré
* Sylvie Flepp as La vendeuse de pompes
* Claude Koener as Le vendeur de pompes
* Jean-Marc Truong as Chou
* Mariama Samba Baldé as Mouna
* Pascal N'Zonzi as Zanga
* Sylvestre Amoussou as Abraham
* Jean-Louis Cassarino as Julien
* Jim Adhi Limas as Ginseng
* Marie-Christine Laurent as L'hôtesse à l'aéroport
* Michel Melki in uncredited role
* Diouc Koma in uncredited role

## InfoBox

| Paris selon Moussa | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Cheik Doukouré |
| Written by | Cheik Doukouré
Danielle Ryan |
| Produced by | Danielle Ryan |
| Starring | Élisabeth Vitali
Cheik Doukouré
Mariam Kaba
Louis Navarre |
| Cinematography | Hugues de Haeck |
| Edited by | Michèle Robert-Lauliac |
| Music by | Hélène Blazy |
| Production
companies | Bako BroductionsLes
Films de l'Alliance |
| Distributed by | Les Films de l'Alliance
Visual Factory |
| Release date | * 15 May 2003 (2003-05-15) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Countries | France
Guinea |
| Language | French |
| Box office | $8,243 |


title: Parvoolithus

abstract: Parvoolithus is an oogenus of Mongolian fossil eggs from the Campanian Barun Goyot Formation. They are known from a single small, smooth egg, which cannot be assigned to any known oofamily. It is very similar to the eggs of modern birds in many aspects; in fact, a cladistic analysis by Zelenitsky and Therrien found it to be a sister taxon to the guinea fowl, indicating that they represent the eggs of birds, rather than a non-avialan theropod.

text:
# Parvoolithus

***Parvoolithus*** is an oogenus of Mongolian fossil eggs from the Campanian Barun Goyot Formation. They are known from a single small, smooth egg, which cannot be assigned to any known oofamily. It is very similar to the eggs of modern birds in many aspects; in fact, a cladistic analysis by Zelenitsky and Therrien found it to be a sister taxon to the guinea fowl (genus *Numida*), indicating that they represent the eggs of birds, rather than a non-avialan theropod.

### Bibliography

* K. E. Mikhailov. 1996. New genera of fossil eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 30(2):246-248

## InfoBox

| *Parvoolithus*
Temporal range: Campanian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Egg fossil classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Oogenus: | *Parvoolithus*
Mikhailov, 1996 |
|
| Oospecies | |
| *P. tortuosus* | |


title: Parvoplaca

abstract: Parvoplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulrik Søchting, Patrik Frödén, and Ulf Arup.

text:
# Parvoplaca

***Parvoplaca*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulrik Søchting, Patrik Frödén, and Ulf Arup.

## Species

## Description

*Parvoplaca* is a genus of crustose lichens with small, usually yellow or blackened apothecia. The spores are polar-diblastic with a septum. No pycnidia are seen.

## Distribution and habitat

*Parvoplaca* is mainly distributed in polar regions but also in the boreal zone and the Mediterranean.

Species of *Parvoplaca* generally grow on moss or detritus but are also found growing on bark.

## InfoBox

| *Parvoplaca* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Caloplaca tiroliensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | *Parvoplaca*
Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Parvoplaca tiroliensis*
(Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013) | |
| Species | |
| see text | |