title: Waterloo campaign

abstract: The Waterloo campaign was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army had been commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, who took command at the request of the French Provisional Government. The Anglo-allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by Field Marshall Graf von Blücher. The war between France and the Seventh Coalition came when the other European Great Powers refused to recognise Napoleon as Emperor of the French upon his return from exile on the island of Elba, and declared war on him, rather than France, as they still recognised Louis XVIII as the king of France and considered Napoleon a usurper. Rather than wait for the Coalition to invade France, Napoleon decided to attack his enemies and hope to defeat them in detail before they could launch their combined and coordinated invasion. He chose to launch his first attack against the two Coalition armies cantoned in modern-day Belgium, then part of the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, but until the year before part of the First French Empire. Hostilities started on 15 June when the French drove in the Prussian outposts and crossed the river Sambre at Charleroi placing their forces between the cantonment areas of Wellington's army and Blücher's army to the east. On 16 June the French prevailed with Marshal Ney commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the Battle of Ligny. On 17 June, Napoleon left Grouchy with the right wing of the French army to pursue the Prussians while he took the reserves and command of the left wing of the army to pursue Wellington towards Brussels. On the night of 17 June the Anglo-allied army turned and prepared for battle on a gentle escarpment, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village of Waterloo. The next day the Battle of Waterloo proved to be the decisive battle of the campaign. The Anglo-allied army stood fast against repeated French attacks, until with the aid of several Prussian corps that arrived at the east side of the battlefield in the early evening they managed to rout the French army. Grouchy with the right wing of the army engaged a Prussian rearguard at the simultaneous Battle of Wavre, and although he won a tactical victory his failure to prevent the Prussians marching to Waterloo meant that his actions contributed to the French defeat at Waterloo. The next day he left Wavre and started a long retreat back to Paris. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it, but returned to Paris to try to secure political support for further action. He failed to do so, and was forced to abdicate on 22 June. Two days later, a Provisional Government took over French politics. Meanwhile, the two Coalition armies hotly pursued the French army to the gates of Paris, during which the French on occasion turned and fought some delaying actions, in which thousands of men were killed. Initially the remnants of the French left wing and the reserves that were routed at Waterloo were commanded by Marshal Soult while Grouchy kept command of the right wing. However, on 25 June Soult was relieved of his command by the Provisional Government and was replaced by Grouchy, who in turn was placed under the command of Davout. When the French Provisional Government realised that the French army under Marshal Davout was unable to defend Paris, they authorised delegates to accept capitulation terms which led to the Convention of St. Cloud which ended hostilities between France and the armies of Blücher and Wellington. The two Coalition armies entered Paris on 7 July. The next day Louis XVIII was restored to the French throne, and a week later on 15 July Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of HMS Bellerophon. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he died on 5 May 1821. Under the terms of the peace treaty of November 1815, Coalition forces remained in Northern France as an army of occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington.

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# Waterloo campaign

Hundred Days  3000km
2,000miles  St.Helena5 Rochefort4 Waterloo3  Paris2  Elba1

The **Waterloo campaign** (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army had been commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, who took command at the request of the French Provisional Government. The Anglo-allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by Field Marshall Graf von Blücher.

The war between France and the Seventh Coalition came when the other European Great Powers refused to recognise Napoleon as Emperor of the French upon his return from exile on the island of Elba, and declared war on him, rather than France, as they still recognised Louis XVIII as the king of France and considered Napoleon a usurper. Rather than wait for the Coalition to invade France, Napoleon decided to attack his enemies and hope to defeat them in detail before they could launch their combined and coordinated invasion. He chose to launch his first attack against the two Coalition armies cantoned in modern-day Belgium, then part of the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, but until the year before part of the First French Empire.

Hostilities started on 15 June when the French drove in the Prussian outposts and crossed the river Sambre at Charleroi placing their forces between the cantonment areas of Wellington's army (to the west) and Blücher's army to the east. On 16 June the French prevailed with Marshal Ney commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the Battle of Ligny. On 17 June, Napoleon left Grouchy with the right wing of the French army to pursue the Prussians while he took the reserves and command of the left wing of the army to pursue Wellington towards Brussels.

On the night of 17 June the Anglo-allied army turned and prepared for battle on a gentle escarpment, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village of Waterloo. The next day the Battle of Waterloo proved to be the decisive battle of the campaign. The Anglo-allied army stood fast against repeated French attacks, until with the aid of several Prussian corps that arrived at the east side of the battlefield in the early evening they managed to rout the French army. Grouchy with the right wing of the army engaged a Prussian rearguard at the simultaneous Battle of Wavre, and although he won a tactical victory his failure to prevent the Prussians marching to Waterloo meant that his actions contributed to the French defeat at Waterloo. The next day (19 June) he left Wavre and started a long retreat back to Paris.

After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it, but returned to Paris to try to secure political support for further action. He failed to do so, and was forced to abdicate on 22 June. Two days later, a Provisional Government took over French politics. Meanwhile, the two Coalition armies hotly pursued the French army to the gates of Paris, during which the French on occasion turned and fought some delaying actions, in which thousands of men were killed.

Initially the remnants of the French left wing and the reserves that were routed at Waterloo were commanded by Marshal Soult while Grouchy kept command of the right wing. However, on 25 June Soult was relieved of his command by the Provisional Government and was replaced by Grouchy, who in turn was placed under the command of Davout.

When the French Provisional Government realised that the French army under Marshal Davout was unable to defend Paris, they authorised delegates to accept capitulation terms which led to the Convention of St. Cloud (the surrender of Paris) which ended hostilities between France and the armies of Blücher and Wellington.

The two Coalition armies entered Paris on 7 July. The next day Louis XVIII was restored to the French throne, and a week later on 15 July Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of HMS *Bellerophon*. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he died on 5 May 1821.

Under the terms of the peace treaty of November 1815, Coalition forces remained in Northern France as an army of occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington.

## Prelude

Napoleon returned from his exile on the island of Elba on 1 March 1815, King Louis XVIII fled Paris on 19 March, and Napoleon entered Paris the next day. Meanwhile, far from recognising him as Emperor of the French, the Great Powers of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and their allies, who were assembled at the Congress of Vienna, declared Napoleon an outlaw, and with the signing of this declaration on 13 March 1815, so began the War of the Seventh Coalition. The hopes of peace that Napoleon had entertained were gone – war was now inevitable.

A further treaty (the Treaty of Alliance against Napoleon) was ratified on 25 March in which each of the Great European Powers agreed to pledge 150,000 men for the coming conflict. Such a number was not possible for Great Britain, as her standing army was smaller than the three of her peers. Besides, her forces were scattered around the globe, with many units still in Canada, where the War of 1812 had recently ceased. With this in mind she made up her numerical deficiencies by paying subsidies to the other Powers and to the other states of Europe that would contribute contingents.

Some time after the allies began mobilising, it was agreed that the planned invasion of France was to commence on 1 July 1815, much later than both Blücher and Wellington would have liked as both their armies were ready in June, ahead of the Austrians and Russians; the latter were still some distance away. The advantage of this later invasion date was that it allowed all the invading Coalition armies a chance to be ready at the same time. Thus they could deploy their combined numerically superior forces against Napoleon's smaller, thinly spread forces, thus ensuring his defeat and avoiding a possible defeat within the borders of France. Yet this postponed invasion date allowed Napoleon more time to strengthen his forces and defences, which would make defeating him harder and more costly in lives, time and money.

Napoleon now had to decide whether to fight a defensive or offensive campaign. Defence would entail repeating the 1814 campaign in France but with much larger numbers of troops at his disposal. France's chief cities, Paris and Lyon, would be fortified and two great French armies, the larger before Paris and the smaller before Lyon, would protect them; *francs-tireurs* would be encouraged, giving the Coalition armies their own taste of guerrilla warfare.

Napoleon chose to attack, which entailed a pre-emptive strike at his enemies before they were all fully assembled and able to co-operate. By destroying some of the major Coalition armies, Napoleon believed he would then be able to bring the governments of the Seventh Coalition to the peace table to discuss results favourable to himself, namely peace for France with himself remaining in power as its head. If peace were rejected by the allies despite any pre-emptive military success he might have achieved using the offensive military option available to him, then the war would continue and he could turn his attention to defeating the rest of the Coalition armies.

Napoleon's decision to attack in Belgium was supported by several considerations. First, he had learned that the British and Prussian armies were widely dispersed and might be defeated in detail. The other major coalition armies of Russia and Austria would not be able to reinforce the Prussians and British. This was because the Russian army was still moving across Europe and the Austrian army was still mobilising. Also, the British troops in Belgium were largely second-line troops; most of the veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to America to fight the War of 1812. In addition, the army of the United Netherlands was reinforcing the British. These Dutch troops were ill-equipped and inexperienced. And, politically, a French victory might trigger a pro-French revolution in French-speaking Belgium.

## Deployments

### French forces

During the Hundred Days both the Coalition nations and Napoleon mobilised for war. Upon resumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by Louis XVIII. There were 56,000 soldiers of which 46,000 were ready to campaign. By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training but not yet ready for deployment.

Napoleon placed some corps of his armed forces at various strategic locations as armies of observations. Napoleon split his forces into three main armies; first, he placed an army in the south near the Alps. This army was to stop Austrian advances in Italy. Second, there was an army on the French/Prussian border where he hoped to defeat any Prussians attacks. Last, the L'Armee du Nord was placed on the border with the United Netherlands to defeat the British, Dutch and Prussian forces if they dared to attack. (see Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days). Lamarque led the small Army of the West into La Vendée to quell a Royalist insurrection in that region.

By the end of May Napoleon had formed *L'Armée du Nord* (the "Army of the North") which, led by himself, would participate in the Waterloo campaign and had deployed the corps of this army as follows:

Once the campaign was underway Napoleon, on the evening of 15 June, would send Marshal Ney with the left wing of the army (I and II corps) to face Wellington at Quatre Bras. During the morning of 17 June Napoleon detached the right wing (III and IV corps) under Marshal Grouchy to pursue the retreating Prussians (who retreated to Wavre), while he led the reserves (Imperial Guard, VI Corps, and I, II, III, and IV Cavalry Corps) to rejoin Ney's detachment and pursue Wellington to Waterloo.

### Coalition forces

In the early days of June 1815, Wellington and Blücher's forces were disposed as follows:

Wellington's Anglo-allied army of 93,000 with headquarters at Brussels were cantoned:

Blücher's Prussian army of 116,000 men, with headquarters at Namur, was distributed as follows:

The frontier in front of Binche, Charleroi and Dinant was watched by the Prussian outposts.

Thus the Coalition front extended for nearly 90 miles (140 km) across what is now Belgium, and the mean depth of their cantonments was 30 miles (48 km). To concentrate the whole army on either flank would take six days, and on the common centre, around Charleroi, three days.

## Start of hostilities (15 June)

Napoleon moved the 128,000 strong Army of the North up to the Belgian frontier in relative secrecy, and crossed the frontier at Thuin near Charleroi on 15 June 1815. The French drove in Coalition outposts and secured Napoleon's favoured "central position" – at the junction between Wellington's army to his north-west, and Blücher's Prussians to his north-east. Wellington had expected Napoleon to try to envelop the Coalition armies by moving through Mons and to the west of Brussels. Wellington feared that such a move would cut his communications with the ports he relied on for supply. Napoleon encouraged this view with misinformation. Wellington did not hear of the capture of Charleroi until 15:00, because a message from Wellington's intelligence chief, Colquhoun Grant, was delayed by General Dörnberg. Confirmation swiftly followed in another message from the Prince of Orange. Wellington ordered his army to concentrate around the divisional headquarters, but was still unsure whether the attack in Charleroi was a feint and the main assault would come through Mons. Wellington only determined Napoleon's intentions with certainty in the evening, and his orders for his army to muster near Nivelles and Quatre Bras were sent out just before midnight.

The Prussian General Staff seem to have divined the French army's intent rather more accurately. The Prussians were not taken unawares. General Zieten noted the number of campfires as early as 13 June and Blücher began to concentrate his forces.

Napoleon considered the Prussians the greater threat and so moved against them first with the right wing of the Army of the North and the Reserves. Graf von Zieten's I Corps rearguard action on 15 June held up Napoleon's advance, giving Blücher the opportunity to concentrate his forces in the Sombreffe position, which had been selected earlier for its good defensive attributes. Napoleon placed Marshal Ney in command of the French left wing and ordered him to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras towards which Wellington was hastily gathering his dispersed army. Ney's scouts reached Quatre Bras that evening.

## 16 June

### Quatre Bras

Ney, advancing on 16 June, found Quatre Bras lightly held by Dutch troops of Wellington's army. Despite outnumbering the Anglo-allies heavily throughout the day, Ney fought a cautious and desultory battle which failed to capture the crossroads. By the middle of the afternoon Wellington had taken personal command of the Anglo-allied forces at Quatre Bras. The position was reinforced steadily throughout the day as Anglo-allied troops converged on the crossroads. The battle ended in a tactical draw. The next day the Allies ceded the field at Quatre Bras to consolidate their forces on more favourable ground to the north along the road to Brussels as a prelude to the Battle of Waterloo.

### Ligny

Napoleon, meanwhile, used the right wing of his army and the reserve to defeat the Prussians, under the command of General Blücher, at the Battle of Ligny on the same day. The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French attack but the flanks held their ground. Several heavy Prussian cavalry charges proved enough to discourage French pursuit. Indeed, they would not pursue the Prussians until the morning of 18 June. D'Erlon's I Corps wandered between both battles contributing to neither Quatre Bras nor to Ligny. Napoleon wrote to Ney warning him that allowing D'Erlon to wander so far away had crippled his attacks on Quatre Bras. However, he made no move to recall D'Erlon when he could easily have done so. The tone of his orders shows that he believed he had things well in hand at Ligny without assistance (as in fact he had).

## Interlude (17 June)

After the fighting at Quatre Bras the two opposing commanders Ney and Wellington initially held their ground while they obtained information about what had happened at the larger Battle of Ligny.

With the defeat of the Prussians Napoleon still had the initiative, for Ney's failure to take the Quatre Bras cross roads had actually placed the Anglo-allied army in a precarious position. Ney, reinforced by D'Erlon's fresh corps, lay in front of Wellington, and Ney could have fastened upon the Anglo-allied army and held it in place during the early morning of 17 June, sufficiently long to allow Napoleon to close round his foe's open left flank and deal him a deathblow.

But it did not happen because the French were desultory in the aftermath of Ligny. Napoleon wasted the morning of 17 June by taking a late breakfast and going to see the previous day's battlefield before organising a pursuit of the two Coalition armies. He took the reserves and marched with Ney in pursuit of the Duke of Wellington's Anglo-allied army, and he gave instructions to Marshal Grouchy to pursue the Prussians wherever they were going and harry them so that they had no time to reorganise.

After their defeat at the Battle of Ligny the Prussians successfully disengaged and withdrew to north west to Wavre where they reorganised. Leaving one corps in Wavre as a blocking rearguard, the three other corps advanced westward to attack the right flank of the French army in front of Waterloo. Both Napoleon and Grouchy assumed that the Prussians were retreating towards Namur and Liège, with a view to occupy the line of the river Meuse, and so during 17 June Grouchy sent the bulk of his cavalry ranging in that direction as far as Perwez. In his despatch to Napoleon written at 22:00 he was still thought that most of the Prussian army was retreating north-east, although by then he realised that two Prussian corps were heading north towards Wavre. In a second dispatch written four hours later he informed Napoleon that he now intended to advance either on Corbais or Wavre. The problem for the French was that by the end of 17 June, most of Grouchy's detachment was now behind the Prussians, on the far side of the Dyle. This meant that they were incapable of preventing the Prussians moving from Wavre towards Waterloo and too far away themselves to go directly to the aid of Napoleon on 18 June should Wellington turn and fight south of Brussels.

Upon receiving the news of Blücher's defeat, Wellington organised the retreat of the Anglo-allied army to a place he had identified a year before as the best place in front of Brussels for him to be able to employ his reverse slope tactics when fighting a major battle: Mont-Saint-Jean escarpment close to the village of Waterloo.

Aided by thunderstorms and torrential rain, Wellington's army successfully extricated itself from Quatre Bras and passed through the defile of Genappe. The infantry marched ahead and were screened by a large cavalry rearguard. The French harried Wellington's army, and there was a cavalry action at Genappe. However the French were unable to inflict any substantial casualties before night fell and Wellington's men were ensconced in bivouacs on the plain of Mont-Saint-Jean.

## Waterloo (18 June)

It was at Waterloo on 18 June 1815 that the decisive battle of the campaign took place. The start of the battle was delayed for several hours as Napoleon waited until the ground had dried from the previous night's rain. By late afternoon the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington's forces from the rise on which they stood. Once the Prussians arrived, attacking the French right flank in ever increasing numbers, Napoleon's key strategy of keeping the Seventh Coalition armies divided had failed and his army was driven from the field in confusion, by a combined coalition general advance.

On the morning of 18 June 1815 Napoleon sent orders to Marshal Grouchy, commander of the right wing of the Army of the North, to harass the Prussians to stop them reforming. These orders arrived at around 06:00 and his corps began to move out at 08:00; by 12:00 the cannon from the Battle of Waterloo could be heard. Grouchy's corps commanders, especially Gérard, advised that they should "march to the sound of the guns". As this was contrary to Napoleon's orders ("you will be the sword against the Prussians' back driving them through Wavre and join me here") Grouchy decided not to take the advice. It became apparent that neither Napoleon nor Marshal Grouchy understood that the Prussian army was no longer either routed or disorganised. Any thoughts of joining Napoleon were dashed when a second order repeating the same instructions arrived around 16:00.

## Wavre (18–19 June)

Following Napoleon's orders Grouchy attacked the Prussian III Corps under the command of General Johann von Thielmann near the village of Wavre. Grouchy believed that he was engaging the rearguard of a still-retreating Prussian force. However, only one Corps remained; the other three Prussian Corps (I, II and the still fresh IV) had regrouped after their defeat at Ligny and were marching toward Waterloo.

The next morning the Battle of Wavre ended in a hollow French victory. Grouchy's wing of the Army of the North withdrew in good order and other elements of the French army were able to reassemble around it. However, the army was not strong enough to resist the combined coalition forces, so it retreated toward Paris.

## Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris (18 June – 7 July)

### First week (18 – 24 June)

After the combined victory at Waterloo by the Anglo-allies under the command of the Duke of Wellington and the Prussians under the command of Prince Blücher, it was agreed by the two commanders, on the field of Waterloo, that the Prussian army, not having been so much crippled and exhausted by the battle, should undertake the further pursuit, and proceed by Charleroi towards Avesnes and Laon; whilst the Anglo-allied army, after remaining during the night on the field, should advance by Nivelles and Binche towards Péronne.

The 4,000 Prussian cavalry, that kept up an energetic pursuit during the night of 18 June, under the guidance of Marshal Gneisenau, helped to render the victory at Waterloo still more complete and decisive; and effectually deprived the French of every opportunity of recovering on the Belgian side of the frontier and to abandon most of their cannons.

A defeated army usually covers its retreat by a rear guard, but since France had such limited military resources, wasted away largely by Napoleon over the years, there was nothing of the kind. The rearmost of the fugitives having reached the river Sambre, at Charleroi, Marchienne-au-Pont, and Châtelet, by daybreak of 19 June 1815, indulged themselves with the hope that they might then enjoy a short rest from the fatigues which the relentless pursuit by the Prussians had entailed upon them during the night; but their fancied security was quickly disturbed by the appearance of a few Prussian cavalry, judiciously thrown forward towards the Sambre from the Advanced Guard at Gosselies. They resumed their flight, taking the direction of Beaumont and Philippeville.

From Charleroi, Napoleon proceeded to Philippeville; whence he hoped to be able to communicate more readily with Marshal Grouchy (who was commanding the detached and still intact right wing of the Army of the North). He tarried for four hours expediting orders to generals Rapp, Lecourbe, and Lamarque, to advance with their respective corps by forced marches to Paris (for their corps locations see the military mobilisation during the Hundred Days): and also to the commandants of fortresses, to defend themselves to the last extremity. He desired Marshal Soult to collect together all the troops that might arrive at this point, and conduct them to Laon; for which place he himself started with post horses, at 14:00.

The French army, under Soult, retreated on Laon in great confusion. The troops commanded by Grouchy, which had reached Dinant, retired in better order; but they were cut off from the wreck of the main army, and also from the direct road to Paris. Grouchy, therefore, was compelled to take the road to Rethel whence he proceeded to Rheims; and by forced marches he endeavoured to force a junction with Soult, and thus reach the capital before the Coalition armies.

In the meantime, Wellington proceeded rapidly into the heart of France; but as there was no enemy in the field to oppose his progress, the fortresses alone demanded his attention. On 20 June 1815 an order of the day was issued to the British army before they entered France. It placed the officers and men in his army under military order to treat the ordinary French population as if they were members of a Coalition nation. This by and large Wellington's army did paying for food and lodgings. This was in sharp contrast to the Prussian army, whose soldiers treated the French as enemies, plundering the populace and wantonly destroying property during their advance.

From Beaumont, the Prussians advanced to Avesnes, which surrendered to them on 21 June. The French at first seemed determined to defend the place to the last extremity, and made considerable resistance; but a magazine having blown up, by which 400 men were killed, the rest of the garrison, which consisted chiefly of national-guards, and amounting to 439 men, surrendered at discretion. On capture of the town the Prussian soldiers treated it as a captured enemy town (rather than one liberated for their ally King Louis XVIII), and on entering the town, the greatest excesses were committed by the Prussian soldiery, which instead of being restrained was encouraged by their officers.

On his arrival at Malplaquet—the scene of one of the Duke of Marlborough's victories—Wellington issued the Malplaquet proclamation to the French people on the night 21/22 June 1815, in which he referred to the order of the day addressed to his army, as containing an explanation of the principles by which his army would be guided.

Napoleon arrived in Paris, three days after Waterloo (21 June), still clinging to the hope of concerted national resistance; but the temper of the chambers and of the public generally forbade any such attempt. Napoleon and his brother Lucien Bonaparte were almost alone in believing that, by dissolving the chambers and declaring Napoleon dictator, they could save France from the armies of the powers now converging on Paris. Even Davout, minister of war, advised Napoleon that the destinies of France rested solely with the chambers. Clearly, it was time to safeguard what remained; and that could best be done under Talleyrand's shield of legitimacy.

Napoleon himself at last recognised the truth. When Lucien pressed him to "dare", he replied, "Alas, I have dared only too much already". On 22 June 1815 he abdicated in favour of his son, Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte, well knowing that it was a formality, as his four-year-old son was in Austria.

With the abdication of Napoleon (22 June) the French Provisional Government led by Fouché appointed Marshal Davout, Napoleon's minister of war, as General in Chief of the army, and opened peace negotiations with the two Coalition commanders.

On 24 June, Sir Charles Colville took the town of Cambrai by escalade, the governor retiring into the citadel, which he afterwards surrendered on 26 June, when it was given up to the order of Louis XVIII. Saint-Quentin was abandoned by the French, and was occupied by Blücher: and, on the evening of 24 June, the castle of Guise surrendered to the Prussian army. The Coalition armies, at least 140,000 strong, continued to advance.

### Second week (25 June – 1 July)

On 25 June Napoleon received from Fouché, the president of the newly appointed Provisional Government (and Napoleon's former police chief), an intimation that he must leave Paris. He retired to Malmaison, the former home of Joséphine, where she had died shortly after his first abdication.

On 27 June, Le Quesnoy surrendered to Wellington's army. The garrison, which amounted to 2,800 men, chiefly national-guards, obtained liberty to retire to their homes.

On 26 June, Péronne was taken by the British troops. The first brigade of guards, under Major-general Maitland, took by storm the horn-work which covers the suburbs on the left of the Somme, and the place immediately surrendered, upon the garrison obtaining leave to retire to their homes.

On 28 June, the Prussians, under Blücher, were at Crépy, Senlis, and La Ferté-Milon; and, on 29 June, their advanced guards were at Saint-Denis and Gonesse. The resistance experienced by the British army at Cambrai and Péronne, detained them one day behind the Prussian army; but forced marches enabled them to overtake it in the neighbourhood of Paris.

In the meantime, Soult was displaced from the chief command of the army, which was conferred on Marshal Grouchy. The reason of this remarkable step, according to Soult, was because the Provisional Government suspected his fidelity. This was very likely the true reason; or they could scarcely at this moment have dismissed a man clearly superior to his successor, in point of abilities.

The rapid advance of the Coalition armies caused Grouchy to redouble his speed to reach Paris before them. This he effected, after considerable loss, particularly on the 28th, at the Battle of Villers-Cotterêts where he fell in with the left wing of the Prussian army, and afterwards with the division under General Bülow, which drove him across the river Marne, with the loss of six pieces of cannon and 1,500 prisoners. Grouchy fairly acknowledged, that his troops would not fight, and that numbers deserted. In fact, though the French army was daily receiving reinforcements from the towns and depots in its route, and also from the interior, the desertion from it was so great that its number was little if any thing at all augmented.

With the remainder, however, Grouchy succeeded in retreating to Paris, where he joined the wreck of the main army, the whole consisting of about 40 or 50,000 troops of the line, the wretched remains (including also all reinforcements) of 150,000 men, which fought at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. To these, however, were to be added the national-guards, a new levy called *les Tirailleurs de la Garde*, and the *Federés*. According to Bonaparte's portfolio, found at Waterloo, these latter amounted to 14,000 men. Altogether, these forces were at least 40,000 more, if not a greater number. Paris was, therefore, still formidable, and capable of much resistance.

On 29 June the near approach of the Prussians, who had orders to seize Napoleon, dead or alive, caused him to retire westwards toward Rochefort, whence he hoped to reach the United States. The presence of blockading Royal Navy warships under Vice Admiral Henry Hotham with orders to prevent his escape forestalled this plan.

Meanwhile, Wellington continued his operations with unabating activity. As the armies approached the capital, Fouché, president of the Provisional Government, wrote a letter to the British commander, asking him to halt the progress of war.

On 30 June Blücher made a movement which proved decisive of the fate of Paris. Blücher having taken the village of Aubervilliers, made a movement to his right, and crossing the Seine at Lesquielles-Saint-Germain, downstream of the capital, threw his whole force, (apart from a skeleton force holding the Coalition line north of the city) upon the west-south side of the city, where no preparations had been made to receive an enemy.

On 1 July Wellington's army arrived in force and occupied the Coalition lines north of Paris. South of Paris, at the Battle of Rocquencourt a combined arms French force of commanded by General Exelmans destroyed a Prussian brigade of hussars under the command of Colonel von Sohr (who was severely wounded and taken prisoner during the skirmish), but this did not prevent the Prussians moving their whole army to the south side.

### Third week (2–7 July)

By the morning of 2 July, Blücher had his right at Plessis-Piquet, and his left at Meudon, with his reserves at Versailles. This was a thunderbolt to the French; and it was then that their weakness and the Coalition strength was seen in the most conspicuous point of view; because, at that moment, the armies of Wellington and Blücher were separated, and all the French army, between them, yet the French could not move to prevent their junction (to shorten their lines of communications Wellington threw a bridge over the Seine at Argenteuil, crossed that river close to Paris, and opened the communication with Blücher). After the war Lazare Carnot (Napoleon's Minister of Internal Affairs) blamed Napoleon for not fortifying Paris on the south side, and said he forewarned Napoleon of this danger.

To defend against the Prussian move, the French were obliged to move two corps over the Seine to meet Blücher. The fighting to the south of Paris on 2 July, was obstinate, but the Prussians finally surmounted all difficulties, and succeeded in establishing themselves firmly upon the heights of Meudon and in the village of Issy. The French loss, on this day, was estimated at 3,000 men.

The early next morning (3 July) at around 03:00, General Dominique Vandamme (under Davout's command) was decisively defeated by General Graf von Zieten (under Blücher's command) at the Battle of Issy, forcing the French to retreat into Paris. All further resistance, it was now obvious, would prove unavailing. Paris now lay at the mercy of the Coalition armies. The French high command decided that, providing terms were not too odious, they would capitulate and ask for an immediate armistice.

Delegates from both sides met at Palace of St. Cloud and the result of the delegates' deliberations was the surrender of Paris under the terms of the Convention of St. Cloud. As agreed in the convention, on 4 July, the French Army, commanded by Marshal Davoust, left Paris and proceeded on its march to the southern side of Loire. On 6 July, the Anglo-allied troops occupied the Barriers of Paris, on the right of the Seine; while the Prussians occupied those upon the left bank. On 7 July, the two Coalition armies entered the centre of Paris. The Chamber of Peers, having received from the Provisional Government a notification of the course of events, terminated its sittings; the Chamber of Representatives protested, but in vain. Their president (Lanjuinais) resigned his chair; and on the following day, the doors were closed, and the approaches guarded by Coalition troops.

## Aftermath

On 8 July, the French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into Paris, amidst the acclamations of the people, and again occupied the throne.

On 10 July, the wind became favourable for Napoleon to set sail from France. But a British fleet made its appearance and made escape by sea impossible. Unable to remain in France or escape from it, Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS *Bellerophon* early in the morning of 15 July and was transported to England. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he died as a prisoner-of-war in May 1821.

Some commandants of the French fortresses did not surrender upon the fall of the Provisional Government on 8 July 1815 and continued to hold out until forced to surrender by Commonwealth forces. The last to do so was Fort de Charlemont which capitulated on 8 September (see reduction of the French fortresses in 1815).

In November 1815 a formal Peace treaty between France and the Seventh Coalition was signed. The Treaty of Paris (1815) was not as generous to France as the Treaty of Paris (1814) had been. France lost territory, had to pay reparations, and agreed to pay for an army of occupation for not less than five years.

## Analysis

This campaign was the subject of a major strategic-level study by the famous Prussian political-military theorist Carl von Clausewitz, *Feldzug von 1815: Strategische Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1815*, Written c.1827, this study was Clausewitz's last such work and is widely considered to be the best example of Clausewitz's mature theories concerning such studies. It attracted the attention of Wellington's staff, who prompted him to write his only published essay on the campaign (other than his immediate, official after-action reports (such as the "Waterloo dispatch to Lord Bathurst"), his 1842 *Memorandum on the Battle of Waterloo*. This exchange with Clausewitz was quite famous in Britain in the 19th century (it was heavily discussed in, for example, Chesney's *Waterloo Lectures* (1868).

## Timeline

See also Timeline of the Napoleonic era

| Dates | Synopsis of key events |
| --- | --- |
| 26 February | Napoleon slipped away from Elba. |
| 1 March | Napoleon landed near Antibes. |
| 13 March | The powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. |
| 14 March | Marshal Ney, who had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, joined him with 6,000 men. |
| 15 March | After he had received word of Napoleon's escape, Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and the King of Naples, declared war on Austria in a bid to save his crown. |
| 20 March | Napoleon entered Paris – The start of the One Hundred Days. |
| 25 March | The United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end Napoleon's rule. |
| 9 April | The high point for the Neapolitans as Murat attempted to force a crossing of the River Po. However, he is defeated at the Battle of Occhiobello and for the remainder of the war, the Neapolitans would be in full retreat. |
| 3 May | General Bianchi's Austrian I Corps decisively defeated Murat at the Battle of Tolentino. |
| 20 May | The Neapolitans signed the Treaty of Casalanza with the Austrians after Murat had fled to Corsica and his generals had sued for peace. |
| 23 May | Ferdinand IV was restored to the Neapolitan throne. |
| 15 June | French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Netherlands (in modern-day Belgium). |
| 16 June | Napoleon beat Field Marshal Blücher at the Battle of Ligny. Simultaneously Marshal Ney and The Duke of Wellington fought the Battle of Quatre Bras at the end of which there was no clear victor. |
| 18 June | After the close, hard-fought Battle of Waterloo, the combined armies of Wellington and Blücher decisively defeated Napoleon's French Army of the North. The concurrent Battle of Wavre continued until the next day when Marshal Grouchy won a hollow victory against General Johann von Thielmann. |
| 21 June | Napoleon arrived back in Paris. |
| 22 June | Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte. |
| 26 June | Napoleon II is deposed when the French Provisional Government issued a public proclamation in the name of the French People. |
| 29 June | Napoleon left Paris for the west of France. |
| 3 July | French requested a ceasefire following the Battle of Issy. The Convention of St. Cloud (the surrender of Paris) ended hostilities between France and the armies of Blücher and Wellington. |
| 7 July | Graf von Zieten's Prussian I Corps entered Paris along with other coalition forces. |
| 8 July | Louis XVIII was restored to the French throne – The end of the One Hundred Days. |
| 15 July | Napoleon surrendered to Captain Maitland of *HMS Bellerophon*. |
| 13 October | Joachim Murat is executed in Pizzo after he had landed there five days earlier hoping to regain his kingdom. |
| 16 October | Napoleon is exiled to St Helena. |
| 20 November | Treaty of Paris signed. |
| 7 December | After being condemned by the Chamber of Peers, Marshal Ney is executed by firing squad in Paris near the Luxembourg Garden. |

1. Chandler 1966, p. 1120.
2. Baines 1818, p. 433.
3. Barbero 2006, p. 2.
4. Glover 1973, p. 178.
5. Chartrand 1998, pp. 9, 10.
6. Houssaye 2005, p. 327.
7. Houssaye 2005, p. 53.
8. Chandler 1981, p. 25.
9. Houssaye 2005, pp. 54–56.
10. Chandler 1966, p. 1016.
11. Chandler 1966, p. 1093.
12. Chesney 1868, p. 34.
13. Chesney 1868, p. 35.
14. Beck 1911, p. 371.
15. Beck 1911, pp. 372, 373.
16. Beck 1911, p. 372.
17. Beck 1911, p. 373.
18. Chesney 1868, p. 51.
19. Hofschroer 2006, pp. 152–157.
20. Longford 1971, p. 501.
21. Chesney 1868, pp. 66–67.
22. Chesney 1868, p. 66.
23. Hofschroer 2006, pp. 172–180.
24. Wit, p. 3.
25. Beck 1911, p. 377.
26. Chesney 1868, pp. 126–129.
27. Beck 1911, p. 378.
28. Siborne 1895, pp. 306–315.
29. Siborne 1895, pp. 269–318.
30. Chandler 1999, p. .
31. Chesney 1868, p. 157.
32. Siborne 1895, p. 628.
33. Siborne 1895, p. 597.
34. Parkinson 2000, p. 241.
35. Siborne 1895, pp. 627–628.
36. Siborne 1895, p. 632.
37. Gifford 1817, p. 1493.
38. Gifford 1817, pp. 1493–1494.
39. Gifford 1817, p. 1494.
40. Rose 1911, p. 211.
41. Siborne 1895, pp. 660–758.
42. Gifford 1817, p. 1495.
43. Cordingly 2013, p. 7.
44. Gifford 1817, p. 1505.
45. Siborne 1895, pp. 748–753.
46. Wood 1907, Issy.
47. Siborne 1895, p. 754.
48. Siborne 1895, pp. 754–756.
49. Siborne 1895, p. 757.
50. Waln 1825, p. 463.
51. Siborne 1895, p. 780.
52. Clausewitz 1990, pp. 936–1118.
53. Moran 2010.
54. "Memorandum on the Battle of Waterloo".
55. Bassford 2010.
* Baines, Edward (1818), *History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the breaking out of the wars in 1792, to, the restoration of general peace in 1815 (in 2 volumes)*, vol. 2, Longman, Rees, Orme and Brown, p. 433
* Barbero, Alessandro (2006), *The Battle: A New History of Waterloo*, Walker & Company, ISBN 0-8027-1453-6
* Chandler, David (1966), *The Campaigns of Napoleon*, New York: Macmillan
* Chandler, David (1981) \[1980\], *Waterloo: The Hundred Days*, Osprey Publishing
* Chandler, David (1999) \[1979\], *Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars*, Wordsworth editions, ISBN 1-84022-203-4
* Chartrand, Rene (1998), *British Forces in North America 1793–1815*, Osprey Publishing
* Chesney, Charles Cornwallis (1868), *Waterloo Lectures: A Study of the Campaign of 1815*, London: Longmans Green and Co.
* Clausewitz, Carl von; Wellesley, Arthur (2010), Bassford, Christopher; Moran, Daniel; Pedlow, Gregory (eds.), *On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815*, Clausewitz.com, ISBN 978-1-4537-0150-8 This on-line text contains Clausewitz's 58-chapter study of the *Campaign of 1815* and Wellington's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz, as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors.
    + Bassford, Christopher, "Introduction", *On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815*
    + Moran, Daniel, "Waterloo: Napoleon at Bay", *On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815*
* Clausewitz, Carl von (1966–1990), "Feldzug von 1815: Strategische Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1815", in Hahlweg, Werner (ed.), *Schriften—Aufsätze—Studien—Briefe*, vol. 2 (part 2) (2 volumes in 3 ed.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 936–1118 — English title: "The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview of the Campaign".
* Cordingly, David (2013), *Billy Ruffian*, A&C Black, p. , ISBN 978-1-4088-4674-2
* Glover, Michael (1973), *Wellington as Military Commander*, London: Sphere Books
* Hofschroer, Peter (2006), *1815 The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras*, vol. 1, Greenhill Books
* Houssaye, Henri (2005), *Napoleon and the Campaign of 1815: Waterloo*, Naval & Military Press Ltd
* Longford, Elizabeth (1971), *Wellington: the Years of the Sword*, Panther
* Parkinson, Roger (2000), *Hussar General: The Life of Blucher, Man of Waterloo* (illustrated ed.), Wordsworth Editions, p. 241, ISBN 9781840222531
* Rose, John Holland (1911), "Napoleon I.", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, vol. 19 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 190–211
* Waln, Robert (1825), *Life of the Marquis de La Fayette: Major General in the Service of the United States of America, in the War of the Revolution...*, J. P. Ayres, p. 463
* Wit, Pierre de, "Part 5: The last Anglo-Dutch-German reinforcements and the Anglo-Dutch-German advance" (PDF), *The campaign of 1815: a study*, p. 3, retrieved 1 June 2012
* Wood, James, ed. (1907), "Issy", *The Nuttall Encyclopædia*, London and New York: Frederick Warne

**Attribution:**

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Beck, Archibald Frank (1911), "Waterloo Campaign, 1815", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, vol. 28 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–381
* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Gifford, C. H. (1817), *History of the Wars Occasioned by the French Revolution, from the Commencement of Hostilities in 1792, to the End of 1816: Embracing a Complete History of the Revolution*, W. Lewis, p. 1493–1495
* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Siborne, William (1895), *The Waterloo Campaign, 1815* (4th ed.), Westminster: A. Constable

## Further reading

**Maps:**

## InfoBox

| Waterloo campaign | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of War of the Seventh Coalition | |
| <br>Click an image to load the battle.<br>Left to right, top to bottom:<br>Battles of Quatre Bras, Ligny, Waterloo | |
| Date 15 June – 8 July 1815<br>(3 weeks and 2 days)  Location *   Result  Coalition victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| French Empire | United Kingdom<br>Prussia<br>Netherlands <br>Brunswick<br>Hanover<br>Nassau |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Napoleon I<br>Michel Ney<br>Emmanuel de Grouchy<br>Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon <br>Jean-de-Dieu Soult <br>Louis-Nicolas Davout | Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington<br>Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher<br>Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten |
| Strength | |
| 124,000–126,000<br>c.350 guns | Wellington: 107,000 Blücher: 123,000 <br>Total: 230 000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 63,000 | 61,000 |


title: Vladimir Balić

abstract: Vladimir Balić is a Croatian former football goalkeeper who last played for Hajduk.

text:
# Vladimir Balić

**Vladimir Balić** (born 29 September 1970) is a Croatian former football goalkeeper who last played for Hajduk.

## Club career

Balić played for Vukovar '91, Osijek and Zadar before joining Hajduk.

He was sporting director of HNK Cibalia in 2017 and 2018.

## InfoBox

Vladimir Balić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Vladimir Balić | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-09-29) 29 September 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Vinkovci, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2000 | Vukovar '91 | 31 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Osijek | 26 | (0) |
| 2001–2002 | Zadar | 4 | (0) |
| 2002–2008 | Hajduk | 66 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Herbert Knoblich

abstract: Herbert Knoblich was a German physicist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, he served as president of the Landtag of Brandenburg from 1990 to 2004.

text:
# Herbert Knoblich

**Herbert Knoblich** (11 June 1939 – 5 December 2021) was a German physicist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, he served as president of the Landtag of Brandenburg from 1990 to 2004.

## InfoBox

| Herbert Knoblich | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Landtag of Brandenburg | |
| **In office**
14 October 1990  19 September 2004 | |
| Preceded by | *position established* |
| Succeeded by | Gunter Fritsch |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 June 1939
Alt Jauernick, Silesia, Prussia, Germany |
| Died | 5 December 2021(2021-12-05) (aged 82) |
| Political party | SPD |
|  | |


title: The Pope's Jews

abstract: The Pope's Jews: The Vatican's Secret Plan to Save Jews from the Nazis is a 2012 book by the British author Gordon Thomas concerning the efforts of Pope Pius XII to protect Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. The Observer reported in 2013 that "Gordon Thomas, a Protestant, was given access to previously unpublished Vatican documents and tracked down victims, priests and others who had not told their stories before" and had uncovered "evidence on Pius XII's wartime efforts to save Jewish refugees".

text:
# The Pope's Jews

***The Pope's Jews: The Vatican's Secret Plan to Save Jews from the Nazis*** is a 2012 book by the British author Gordon Thomas concerning the efforts of Pope Pius XII to protect Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. *The Observer* reported in 2013 that "Gordon Thomas, a Protestant, was given access to previously unpublished Vatican documents and tracked down victims, priests and others who had not told their stories before" and had uncovered "evidence on Pius XII's wartime efforts to save Jewish refugees".

## The book

The book examines the actions taken by Pope Pius XII and the Catholic Church in Italy to protect Jews and escaped Allied Prisoners of War during World War II. According to *The Pope's Jews*, Pius XII appointed a priest supplied with funds to provide food, clothing and medicine, while more than 4,000 Jews found safety in hidden monasteries and convents in Italy. Catholic priests were told to supply baptism certificates to hundreds of hidden Jews across Italy during the war, and more than 2,000 Jews in Hungary were given Vatican papers identifying them as Catholics, while a Church network rescued German Jews by bringing them to Rome.

Thomas also examines the relationship between the papacy and the diplomatic community situated in Rome and the Vatican, and their relationships with groups such as Rome's Jewish community, the pro-papal Italian aristocracy, local bishops and priests. Other than the Pope himself, Thomas gives accounts of the city's Chief Rabbi, Israel Zolli; the Gestapo Chief Herbert Kappler; the famous Vatican rescuer of Jews and PoWs, Hugh O'Flaherty; the Pope's secretary and housekeeper Sr. Pascalina Lehnert; and the British Ambassador to the Vatican, Sir D'Arcy Osborne.

## Critical reception

In a review for *The Irish Times*, Emeritus Professor of History Peter C. Kent wrote that the book is a "good read" and that Thomas' style is journalistic narrative, which centres on the Pope attempting to lead his Church through the "chaos of war" and "provide humanitarian assistance" to its victims and while "unprepared to challenge the perpetrators of these cruelties, he was concerned that the suffering should be contained and lent his secret support and funding to the work of a variety of people who helped Jews to escape the Holocaust and anti-fascist soldiers and politicians to hide from their pursuers. The pope encouraged the creation of a network to hide the fugitives in church buildings, monasteries and convents in Italy. Thomas writes that the Pope was kept informed by his secretary and his housekeeper of the way the Vatican was able to help people in Rome during this trying time."

In a review for the Jewish Book Council, professor emeritus of history Jack Fischel described the book as "riveting narrative, which reads like a novel rather than a work of scholarship (conversations are recorded without footnoting sources)". Fischel noted that the actions of Pius XII during the war have become one of the more contentious issues in Holocaust historiography, and that Thomas' book adds a further examination of the controversy of whether Pius "by ordering the use of convents and monasteries as sanctuaries for Jews, had done all in his power to confront the Nazi perpetrators of the Holocaust". Fischel wrote that Thomas reveals that the Pope devised a strategy of "silence" in the belief that denunciation would provoke further reprisals against the Jews. Fischel added this assessment of the topic: "Pius’s 'silence,' however, was deafening during the deportation of Rome’s Jews (let alone the rest of European Jewry) to Auschwitz and other death camps. Thomas recreates the agony of the Nazi roundup and deportation of Rome’s Jews, which took place almost under the pope’s window, thus raising the question why he had not warned the Jews that mass extermination was about to happen? The Pope’s strategy of silence also does not explain other questions dealing with his response to Hitler’s war against the Jews: When it was apparent that the strategy of “silence” was not effective, why didn’t the Pope issue an encyclical condemning the Holocaust? Why did he not excommunicate Nazi Catholics, including Hitler and Himmler? Why did the pope’s Christmas message both in 1942 and 1943 not address the deportation of the Jews?"

## Further reading

* Thomas, G. (2012). *The Pope's Jews: The Vatican's Secret Plan to Save Jews from the Nazis*. Thomas Dunne Books. p. 336. ISBN 9780312604219.

## InfoBox

The Pope's Jews
| Book cover, first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Gordon Thomas |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Thomas Dunne Books |
| Publication date | 2 October 2012 |
| ISBN | 978-1250013552 |


title: Igor Nikitin (weightlifter)

abstract: Igor Nikitin is a Soviet weightlifter. He won the Silver medal in 100 kg category in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow..

text:
# Igor Nikitin (weightlifter)

**Igor Nikitin**  (born February 29, 1952) is a Soviet weightlifter. He won the Silver medal in 100 kg category in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. .

## InfoBox

Igor Nikitin
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Soviet Union | | |
| Men's weightlifting | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1980 Moscow | 100 Kg |


title: Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach

abstract: The Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach is a painting by the German master of the Renaissance Hans Holbein the Younger. It is deposited in the Basler Kunstmuseum as part of the Amerbach Cabinet. It is painted in mixed technique on pine panel and measures 29.9 cm x 28.3 cm.

text:
# Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach

The ***Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach*** is a painting by the German master of the Renaissance Hans Holbein the Younger. It is deposited in the Basler Kunstmuseum as part of the Amerbach Cabinet. It is painted in mixed technique on pine panel and measures 29.9 cm x 28.3 cm.

## Description

The painting was commissioned in 1519 by Bonifacius Amerbach, in order to leave a memory to his family in case he died during his stay in Avignon. Holbein portrayed him shortly after his return to Basel from Lucerne. Amerbach worked closely with Holbein during work on the portrait and also composed the scripture in Latin letters hanging from a tree in the left of the painting. Several of Amerbach's annotations concerning the text are to be found in the University Library of Basel. He carefully composed the text on the painting, the first words *Picta licet* are annoted twenty times on a sheet. There was also a version of a six-line verse but eventually he opted for a verse of three phrases. It is assumed he drafted the text in one day, as the ink on the sheet is of the same color. It was the first time Holbein included a panegyric text in a portrait. As with some of the later examples, the text is presented in combination with an image of a fig tree. Modern research with infrared reflectography resulted in the assumption that Bonifacius had encouraged Holbein to adapt the text, as Amerbach had prepared the original script for the painting which included *COLORIBVS* for *colors*, but in the painting *LINEOLIS* for *lines* is to be seen. Through the analysis with infrared reflectography, the adaptions could be detected. On the right beside Amerbach there is a fig tree, while in the background there are snowy mountains. The 14 October 1519 refers to the birthday of Bonifacius Amerbach. The portrait is one of the earliest paintings by Holbein as a member of the painters guild of Basel. As a member of the guild he was allowed to sign the painting with his full name. A text drafted for a second portrait without a beard was also found, but it is not known whether such a painting was ever realized.

## Provenance

The painting became a part of the Amerbach cabinet, which was bought in its entirety by the city of Basel and the University of Basel in 1666. The portrait was later exhibited in two different locations near the Münster of Basel. In 1936 the Kunstmuseum Basel inaugurated a new building at the St. Alban Graben in which the portrait is exhibited.

1. "*Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach*". *Kunstmuseum Basel*. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
2. "1495: Zum 500. Geburtstag des Bonifacius Amerbach - Basler Stadtbuch 1995". *Basler Stadtbuch* (in German). Retrieved 18 April 2021.
3. Gantner, Joseph; Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel (1960). *Die Malerfamilie Holbein in Basel*. Basel: Kunstmuseum. p. 180. OCLC 221830028.
4. Jacob-Friesen, Holger; Jenny, Beat R.; Müller, Christian, eds. (1995). *Bonifacius Amerbach 1495-1562: zum 500. Geburtstag des Basler Juristen und Erben des Erasmus von Rotterdam* (in German). Basel: Schwabe. p. 44. ISBN 9783796510083.
5. Müller, Christian (2006). *Hans Holbein the Younger: The Basel Years, 1515-1532*. Prestel. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-3-7913-3580-3.
6. Sander, Jochen (2005). *Hans Holbein, Tafelmacher in Basel 1515 – 1532*. Munich: Hirmer Publishers. p. 123. ISBN 3-7774-2375-0.
7. Jacob-Friesen, Jenny & Müller 1995, p. 45.
8. Jacob-Friesen, Jenny & Müller 1995, p. 46.
9. Müller, Michael (2001). "Holbeins Gemälde "Der Leichnam Christi im Grabe" und die Grabkapelle der Familie Amerbach in der Basler Kartause". *Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte*. **58**: 281.
10. "Geschichte der Öffentlichen Kunstsammlung Basel". *Kunstmuseum Basel*. Retrieved 5 June 2023.

## InfoBox

| Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Hans Holbein the Younger |
| Year | 1519 |
| Medium | mixed technique on pine panel |
| Dimensions | 29.9 cm × 28.3 cm (11.8 in × 11.1 in) |
| Location | Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel |
| Accession | Inv. 314 |
| Website | kunstmuseumbasel.ch |


title: Oscar Edward Meinzer

abstract: Oscar Edward Meinzer was an American hydrogeologist who has been called the "father of modern groundwater hydrology". He was awarded the William Bowie Medal in 1943. The O. E. Meinzer award is named for him. He collaborated with Norah Dowell Stearns, one of the first women hydrogeologists.

text:
# Oscar Edward Meinzer

**Oscar Edward Meinzer** (November 28, 1876 – June 14, 1948) was an American hydrogeologist who has been called the "father of modern groundwater hydrology". He was awarded the William Bowie Medal in 1943. The O. E. Meinzer award is named for him. He collaborated with Norah Dowell Stearns, one of the first women hydrogeologists.

## Selected works

* (1923). The occurrence of ground water in the United States, with a discussion of principles (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 489. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 494. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* ; Hard, Herbert A (1925). The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 520. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* (1927). Plants as indicators of ground water (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 577. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* (1928). "Compressibility and elasticity of artesian aquifers". *Economic Geology*. **23** (3): 263–291. Bibcode:1928EcGeo..23..263M. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.23.3.263.
* (1929). A study of ground water in the Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut : with special reference to intake and discharge (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 597-B. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* ; Stearns, Norah Dowell (1929). Problems of the soft-water supply of the Dakota sandstone, with special reference to the conditions at Canton, South Dakota (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 597-C. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* (1932). Outline of methods for estimating ground-water supplies (PDF) (Report). Water Supply Paper 638. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
* ; Fishel, V. C (1934). "Tests of permeability with low hydraulic gradients". *Transactions, American Geophysical Union*. **15** (2): 405. Bibcode:1934TrAGU..15..405M. doi:10.1029/TR015i002p00405.
* , ed. (1942). *Hydrology*. McGraw-Hill.

## InfoBox

| Oscar Edward Meinzer | |
| --- | --- |
| Meinzer in 1916 | |
| Born | (1876-11-28)November 28, 1876
Davis, Illinois |
| Died | June 14, 1948(1948-06-14) (aged 71)
Washington, D.C. |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Known for | Father of groundwater hydrology |
| Spouse | Alice Breckenridge Crawford |
| Children | Robert William Meinzer and Roy Crawford Meinzer |
| Awards | William Bowie Medal |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | United States Geological Survey |
| Thesis | *The occurrence of ground water in the United States, with a discussion of principles* (1922) |
|  | |


title: Hallock Homestead

abstract: Hallock Homestead is a historic farm complex located at Northville in Suffolk County, New York. The farmstead includes five contributing buildings: the main house, barn, milk house, shop / wood house, and privy. The farmhouse was originally built in 1765 as a one-story, five bay structure with a central chimney. In 1833, a small room was added to the west side and in 1845, the original dwelling was raised to two stories and capped with a broad gable roof. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Hallock Homestead

**Hallock Homestead** is a historic farm complex located at Northville in Suffolk County, New York. The farmstead includes five contributing buildings: the main house, barn, milk house, shop / wood house, and privy. The farmhouse was originally built in 1765 as a one-story, five bay structure with a central chimney. In 1833, a small room was added to the west side and in 1845, the original dwelling was raised to two stories and capped with a broad gable roof.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hallock Homestead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Hallock Homestead, October 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | 6038 Sound Ave., Northville, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°59′2″N 72°35′12″W / 40.98389°N 72.58667°W / 40.98389; -72.58667 |
| Area | 2.6 acres (1.1 ha) |
| Built | 1765 |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002992 |
| Added to NRHP | June 07, 1984 |


title: Heterosilpha

abstract: Heterosilpha is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae. There are at least two described species in Heterosilpha.

text:
# Heterosilpha

***Heterosilpha*** is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae. There are at least two described species in *Heterosilpha*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Heterosilpha*:

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Heterosilpha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Silphidae |
| Genus: | *Heterosilpha*<br>Portevin, 1926 |
|


title: Glyn Davis

abstract: Glyn Conrad Davis is an Australian academic and public servant, who serves as the Secretary of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. He was appointed by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on 30 May 2022, and commenced on 6 June 2022. From January 2005 until September 2018, he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He was previously a Distinguished Professor at the Australian National University's Crawford School of Public Policy.

text:
# Glyn Davis

**Glyn Conrad Davis** AC FASSA (born 25 July 1959) is an Australian academic and public servant, who serves as the Secretary of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. He was appointed by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on 30 May 2022, and commenced on 6 June 2022.

From January 2005 until September 2018, he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He was previously a Distinguished Professor at the Australian National University's Crawford School of Public Policy.

## Personal life

Davis was educated at Marist Brothers College, Kogarah. He later studied political science at the University of New South Wales and the Australian National University where he completed a doctoral thesis on the political independence of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, before undertaking post-doctoral appointments as a Harkness Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, the Brookings Institution in Washington DC and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Davis is married to Margaret Gardner, the 30th Governor of Victoria and former Vice-Chancellor of Monash University and RMIT. When Davis was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, he and his spouse were described by The Guardian as "Melbourne's top academic couple".

## Career

For nearly 14 years Davis served as vice-chancellor and Principal of the University of Melbourne and as Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Arts. He publishes on public policy.

Davis began his academic career at Griffith University. He commenced as a lecturer in public policy in 1985 and was appointed as a professor in 1998.

### Political appointments

Davis served simultaneously as an academic while appointed to various roles in government. He served as Commissioner for Public Sector Equity with the Public Sector Management Commission from 1990 to 1993, and as Director-General of the Office of the Cabinet from 1995 to 1996 under Queensland Premier Wayne Goss. He also served as Director-General of the Department of the Premier and Cabinet to Peter Beattie, from 1998 to 2002.

### Vice-chancellorships

Davis became vice-chancellor and president of Griffith University in 2002.

In January 2005 he was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne and led the introduction of the university's "Melbourne Curriculum" academic structure. While at the University of Melbourne he was paid a salary of $1.6m AUD annually.

### Secretary of Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet

In June 2022, Davis became the Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

### Other academic activities

In 2008, Davis co-chaired the Australia 2020 Summit and, in the same year, served as a member of the Innovation Taskforce, an expert group commissioned to review Australia's research and innovation systems.

His career memberships include; the chair of Universitas 21, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities steering committee, the Hong Kong Grants Commission, and a director of the Menzies Centre for Australian Studies at King's College London.

He is a patron of Australia 21, former president of the Group of Eight, and founding chairman of the Australia and New Zealand School of Government.

He presented the ABC's 51st Boyer Lectures series, speaking on higher education in Australia.

In October 2018, Davis joined the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University as a distinguished professor. He is also a visiting professor at the Policy Institute, King's College London, visiting professor in the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford, and in 2018 was elected a visiting fellow at Exeter College Oxford. Davis is also an honorary professor of public policy at Manchester University.

In December 2018, Davis became the CEO of the Paul Ramsay Foundation.

## Honours

Davis is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and the Institute of Public Administration Australia, received the Centenary Medal "in recognition of contribution to public service".

On 26 January 2002, Davis was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for his "service to public administration, particularly as an advocate for good governance, constitutional reform and the creation of infrastructure to enable the development of a "knowledge-based" nation, to tertiary education in the field of political science, and to the community."

He holds honorary doctorates from Griffith University and the University of New South Wales. There are buildings named after him on the campus of Griffith University at Nathan, and the Melbourne School of Design at the University of Melbourne Parkville.

## Publications

Davis has written widely on policy and governance. His most recent publications are:

* *On Life's Lottery*, Hachette, 2021.
* *The Australian Idea of a University*, Melbourne University Publishing, 2017.
* *The Australian Policy Handbook* (6th edition with Peter Bridgman and Catherine Althaus), Routledge, 2017.
* *The Future of Australian Governance* (co-editor with Michael Keating), St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2000.
* *Are You Being Served? State, Citizens and Governance* (co-editor with Patrick Weller), Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2001.
* *The Republic of Learning: higher education transforms Australia*, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (Boyer Lectures), 2010.
* 'Universities in the Service of the Nation' in *Melbourne University Law Review* (2015) Volume 38(3) special issue in memory of Sir Zelman Cowen Current Issue

1. "Appointment of Professor Glyn Davis AC as Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet". *pm.gov.au*. 30 May 2022.
2. Grattan, Michelle. "Albanese appoints former University of Melbourne vice-chancellor Glyn Davis to head PM&C". *The Conversation*.
3. "'Positive change': Albanese heralds new appointment for prime minister's department". *7NEWS*. 30 May 2022.
4. Rood, David (22 January 2005). "RMIT's new chief one of a vice-chancellor pair". *The Age*. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
5. *The thinking Australian's Posh and Becks* (David Cohen), The Guardian – 10 January 2006
6. "Vice-Chancellor". University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
7. "Wayne Goss, a modernising leader who left Queensland a better place".
8. "Top 10 Vice-Chancellor Salary Packages AUD$ – Australian University Ranking | UniversityRankings.com.au". Retrieved 18 June 2023.
9. "Boyer Lectures". *Abc.net.au*. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
10. "Chief Executive Officer Announcement". *Paul Ramsay Foundation*. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
11. "Academy Fellow – Professor Glyn Davis AC, FASSA, FIPAA". *Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia*. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
12. "DAVIS, Glyn Conrad". *itsanhonour.gov.au*. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
13. "DAVIS, Glyn Conrad". *itsanhonour.gov.au*. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2007.

## InfoBox

| Glyn DavisAC FASSA | |
| --- | --- |
| Davis in 2022 | |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
6 June 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Phil Gaetjens |
| Chief Executive Officer of the Ramsay Foundation | |
| **In office**
5 December 2018  6 June 2022 | |
| Preceded by | *position established* |
| Succeeded by | Kristy Muir |
| Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne | |
| **In office**
10 January 2005  30 September 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Kwong Lee Dow |
| Succeeded by | Duncan Maskell |
| Vice-Chancellor of Griffith University | |
| **In office**
January 2002  31 December 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Roy Webb |
| Succeeded by | Ian O'Connor |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-07-25) 25 July 1959
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Spouse | Margaret Gardner |
| Alma mater | The Australian National University (PhD)
University of New South Wales (BA (Hons)) |
|  | |


title: The Pop Ups

abstract: The Pop Ups are a children's musical duo consisting of Jason Rabinowitz and Jacob Stein. After their national TV debut on Sprout's "Sunny Side Up Show" in April 2014, the duo released their third album, Appetite For Construction, in August 2014. The Pop-Ups perform regularly around New York City venues using cardboard props, hand-painted sets and a cast of "Original Puppets". They also have toured nationally, including a tour with Yo Gabba Gabba! Live.

text:
# The Pop Ups

**The Pop Ups** are a children's musical duo consisting of Jason Rabinowitz and Jacob Stein. After their national TV debut on Sprout's "Sunny Side Up Show" in April 2014, the duo released their third album, *Appetite For Construction*, in August 2014. The Pop-Ups perform regularly around New York City venues using cardboard props, hand-painted sets and a cast of "Original Puppets". They also have toured nationally, including a tour with Yo Gabba Gabba! Live.

## Overview

Jason Rabinowitz is a performer and musician and has appeared in Broadway shows "One Man, Two Guvnors" and "Encores! City Center". Jacob Stein studied art at Yale and Columbia and has taught music and education at a university level. The duo created a puppet musical for their two previous albums. The Pop Ups held their first stage show, "PASTA: A Pop Ups Puppet Musical", in New York and Los Angeles. The Pop Ups's music is recorded from Jason's home in South Brooklyn, which is also where their stage shows, videos and merchandise are made.

"Radio Jungle" (2012) features other artists, including Shawana Kemp (Shine & the Moonbeams), Peter Stampfel (The Fugs and Holy Modal Rounders) and Oran Etkin, a clarinetist-educator. In 2012, they also released "40 Things To Do In A Blackout", a post-Hurricane Sandy relief single. *Appetite For Construction* (2014) gained critical acclaim from the *Huffington Post*, *Cool Mom Picks* and *Parents*. SiriusXM program director Mindy Thomas described the sound as "sophisticated pop beats, juxtaposed with kid-centric lyrics, in a way that's simultaneously masterful and comical".

## Critical reception

Released in 2012, "Radio Jungle" garnered a GRAMMY nomination and accolades from Parents' Choice, the Fids and Kamily Awards (a national critics' poll) and PopDose. The first single from their most recent album, *Appetite For Construction*, hit number 1 on SiriusXM's Kids Place Live. The Pop Ups have won two Parents' Choice Awards, two National Parenting Publication Awards, and won the #1 Song of the Year on Kid's Corner. The duo have also been featured in *Wall Street Journal* and *New York Times*.

*Appetite For Construction* was featured in September 2014 on NPR's All Things Considered by children's music reviewer Stefan Shepherd, who noted that "if MTV had a kids music channel in their video heyday, this song, 'All These Shapes' would have been in constant rotation". In December 2014, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Children's Album category.

## Discography

* *Outside Voices* – 2010
* *Radio Jungle* – 2012
* *Appetite For Construction* – 2014
* *Great Pretenders Club* – 2015
* *Giants of Science* – 2018

## InfoBox

| The Pop Ups | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Website | thepopups.com |


abstract: Olszówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Golub-Dobrzyń, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Golub-Dobrzyń and 28 km (17 mi) east of Toruń.

text:
# Olszówka, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Olszówka** \[ɔlˈʂufka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Golub-Dobrzyń, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Golub-Dobrzyń and 28 km (17 mi) east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Olszówka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Olszówka | |
| Coordinates: 53°5′47″N 19°0′27″E / 53.09639°N 19.00750°E / 53.09639; 19.00750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Golub-Dobrzyń |
| Gmina | Golub-Dobrzyń |
| Population | 220 |


title: Joseph J. Nahra

abstract: Joseph J. Nahra was an American lawyer and long-serving judge in Ohio, whose service included sitting by designation on cases before the Supreme Court of Ohio. Raised in Cleveland, Ohio, in a family of Lebanese descent, Nahra served in the United States Army, and received a B.A. from Case Western Reserve University in 1949, followed by a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1952. He entered the private practice of law, and held several offices in the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. In 1969 he was nominated to the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, to which he was elected in 1970, serving there until 1977. In his final year on the court, he presided over the trial of Owen and Martin Kilbane, "two brothers convicted of orchestrating the murder of a former Euclid judge's wife". Nahra became a probate judge in 1977. He was the Republican nominee for the 1980 United States House of Representatives election for Ohio's 22nd congressional district. Nahra lost the election to Dennis E. Eckart, but had the best showing for a Republican candidate in that district in over a decade. In 1982, he became a judge of the Ohio 8th District Court of Appeals, where he remained for 17 years. In May 1990, Nahra was one of three appellate judges named to sit by designation on the Supreme Court of Ohio, to hear an appeal of a criminal conviction of bank officials charged with making unauthorized transfers of state funds. Nahra again sat by designation on the supreme court in a 1992 case in which the court considered an appeal of a ruling by Ohio Secretary of State Bob Taft denying a request by Hamilton County, Ohio, Republican Party officials to hold a special congressional primary. Ohio Chief Justice Thomas J. Moyer had recused himself from consideration of the matter. He married Barbara, with whom he had three sons and a daughter. He died in Cleveland, at the age of 94.

text:
# Joseph J. Nahra

**Joseph J. Nahra** (March 20, 1927 – February 27, 2022) was an American lawyer and long-serving judge in Ohio, whose service included sitting by designation on cases before the Supreme Court of Ohio.

Raised in Cleveland, Ohio, in a family of Lebanese descent, Nahra served in the United States Army, and received a B.A. from Case Western Reserve University in 1949, followed by a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1952. He entered the private practice of law, and held several offices in the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. In 1969 he was nominated to the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, to which he was elected in 1970, serving there until 1977. In his final year on the court, he presided over the trial of Owen and Martin Kilbane, "two brothers convicted of orchestrating the murder of a former Euclid judge's wife".

Nahra became a probate judge in 1977. He was the Republican nominee for the 1980 United States House of Representatives election for Ohio's 22nd congressional district. Nahra lost the election to Dennis E. Eckart, but had the best showing for a Republican candidate in that district in over a decade. In 1982, he became a judge of the Ohio 8th District Court of Appeals, where he remained for 17 years.

In May 1990, Nahra was one of three appellate judges named to sit by designation on the Supreme Court of Ohio, to hear an appeal of a criminal conviction of bank officials charged with making unauthorized transfers of state funds. Nahra again sat by designation on the supreme court in a 1992 case in which the court considered an appeal of a ruling by Ohio Secretary of State Bob Taft denying a request by Hamilton County, Ohio, Republican Party officials to hold a special congressional primary. Ohio Chief Justice Thomas J. Moyer had recused himself from consideration of the matter.

He married Barbara, with whom he had three sons and a daughter. He died in Cleveland, at the age of 94.


title: Oscar Efren Reyes

abstract: Oscar Efrén Reyes, was a historian, journalist, politician, researcher and an Ecuadorian teacher. He is remembered for his teachings as well as his historic research of Ecuador and America.

text:
# Oscar Efren Reyes

**Oscar Efrén Reyes** (June 13, 1896, Baños – December 6, 1966, Quito), was a historian, journalist, politician, researcher and an Ecuadorian teacher. He is remembered for his teachings as well as his historic research of Ecuador and America.

## Early life and education

Reyes was born in Baños, Tungurahua Province on June 13, 1896, the only child of María Petronila Reyes Noboa. His father was an *arriero* (muleteer). His grandparents, Francisco Reyes Hidalgo and Regina Noboa, owned a farm called *La Escudilla*. I After the death of his mother in 1909 due to cancer, he was placed in the care of his aunt and uncle, Rosita Romo de Reyes and Juan Reyes Noboa.

Eventually he received education in grammar and mathematics, paid for by Dominican parish priest Fray Juan Halflants, who had admired the literary knowledge of Reyes at the age of 15. After two years of instruction and study, and under the watch of Halflants, the young 16 year old Reyes started his work as a teacher of children in the city of Baños, who still remember him for his introversion and kindness.

In 1914, with a scholarship from the State, Reyes enrolled at the Juan Montalvo Normal. He graduated in 1916 with the highest honors.

## Death

Reyes died in the city of Quito in the early morning of December 1, 1966, at a Military Hospital. His remains were moved to Baños, his birthplace, on June 13, 1985.


abstract: Outrigger canoeing at the 2015 Pacific Games in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea was held on July 6–11, 2015.

text:
# Outrigger canoeing at the 2015 Pacific Games

**Outrigger canoeing** at the **2015 Pacific Games** in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea was held on July 6–11, 2015.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

*   Host nation (Papua New Guinea)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | French Polynesia | 10 | 2 | 0 | 12 |
| 2 | Cook Islands | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
| 3 | Papua New Guinea* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | New Caledonia | 0 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 5 | Wallis and Futuna | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 6 | Fiji | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 7 | Guam | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | | 12 | 12 | 12 | 36 |

### Men's results

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| V1 500 m | Tuatini Makiroto-Piritua (TAH) | 2:35.47 | Titouan Puyo (NCL) |  | Jacky Tuakoifenua (WLF) |  |  |
| V6 500 m | Tahiti
 |  | New Caledonia
 |  | Wallis and Futuna
 |  |  |
| V6 1500 m | Tahiti
 |  | Cook Islands
 |  | Guam
 |  |  |
| V12 500 m | Tahiti
 | 1:59.94 | New Caledonia
 | 2:02.01 | Wallis and Futuna
 | 2:02.71 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
| V1 15 km
(time= hr:min:sec) | Revi Thon Sing (TAH) |  | Tituoan Puyo (NCL) |  | Joseph Amo (COK) |  |  |
| V6 30 km
(time= hr:min:sec) | Tahiti
 | 2:22:02 | New Caledonia
 |  | Cook Islands
 |  |  |

### Women's results

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| V1 500 m | Brenda Vaimiti Maoni (TAH) | 3:05.48 | Lovaina Tetuira (NCL) |  | Serena Hunter (COK) |  |  |
| V6 500 m | Tahiti
 |  | Papua New Guinea
 |  | Wallis and Futuna
 |  |  |
| V6 1500 m | Tahiti
 |  | Cook Islands
 |  | Fiji
 |  |  |
| V12 500 m | Papua New Guinea
 | 2:26.61 | Tahiti
 | 2:26.70 | Fiji
 | 2:42.51 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
| V1 10 km
(time= hr:min:sec) | Serena Hunter (COK) |  | Brenda Vaimiti Maoni (TAH) |  | Lovaina Tetuira (NCL) |  |  |
| V6 20 km
(time= hr:min:sec) | Tahiti
 | 1:14.30 | Cook Islands
 |  | New Caledonia
 |  |  |


title: Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead

abstract: Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead is a historic farm complex located at Jamesport in Suffolk County, New York. The farmstead includes seven contributing buildings: the farmhouse, barns, sheds, workshops, and other accessory structures. The farmhouse was built in 1880, and is a two-story gable-roofed residence clad in wood shingles and wrapped by an open porch on the south and east elevations. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

text:
# Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead

**Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead** is a historic farm complex located at Jamesport in Suffolk County, New York. The farmstead includes seven contributing buildings: the farmhouse, barns, sheds, workshops, and other accessory structures. The farmhouse was built in 1880, and is a two-story gable-roofed residence clad in wood shingles and wrapped by an open porch on the south and east elevations.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Hallock-Bilunas Farmstead, October 2008 | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Jamesport, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°58′42″N 72°35′30″W / 40.97833°N 72.59167°W / 40.97833; -72.59167 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1880 |
| NRHP reference No. | 03000251 |
| Added to NRHP | April 18, 2003 |


title: Vujinovača

abstract: Vujinovača is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 258 people.

text:
# Vujinovača

**Vujinovača** is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 258 people.

44°11′N 19°42′E / 44.183°N 19.700°E / 44.183; 19.700

## InfoBox

| Vujinovača | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
|  | |
| Vujinovača | |
| Coordinates: 44°11′N 19°42′E / 44.183°N 19.700°E / 44.183; 19.700 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Kolubara District |
| Municipality | Valjevo |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 258 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Hidden Glacier

abstract: Hidden Glacier is located in the US state of Montana. The glacier is situated in the Beartooth Mountains at an elevation of 10,500 feet (3,200 m), nestled within a cirque between Mount Villard to the east and Glacier Peak to the west. The glacier covers approximately 10 acres (0.040 km⁲).

text:
# Hidden Glacier

**Hidden Glacier** is located in the US state of Montana. The glacier is situated in the Beartooth Mountains at an elevation of 10,500 feet (3,200 m), nestled within a cirque between Mount Villard to the east and Glacier Peak to the west. The glacier covers approximately 10 acres (0.040 km2).

## InfoBox

| Hidden Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Hidden GlacierLocation in Montana | |
| Type | Mountain glacier |
| Location | Beartooth Mountains, Park County, Montana, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 45°09′08″N 109°50′23″W / 45.15222°N 109.83972°W / 45.15222; -109.83972 |
| Area | Approximately 10 acres (0.040 km2) |
| Terminus | Barren rock |
| Status | Unknown |


title: Molina, Colorado

abstract: Molina is an unincorporated community in Mesa County, Colorado, United States. The Molina Post Office has the ZIP Code 81646. The population was 189 in the 2020 United States Census.

text:
# Molina, Colorado

**Molina** is an unincorporated community in Mesa County, Colorado, United States. The Molina Post Office has the ZIP Code 81646. The population was 189 in the 2020 United States Census.

## InfoBox

| Molina, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| MolinaMolina | |
| Coordinates: 39°11′21″N 108°03′37″W / 39.18917°N 108.06028°W / 39.18917; -108.06028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Mesa |
| Elevation | 5,601 ft (1,707 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 189 |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 81646 |
| Area code | 970 |
| GNIS feature ID | 204661 |


title: Rampura Agucha

abstract: Rampura Agucha is a zinc and lead mine located on a massive sulfide deposit in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, India. Rampura Agucha is located 220 km (140 mi) from Jaipur. It is north of Bhilwara, and northwest of Shahpura. Rampura Agucha is 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gulabpura on NH 79. The mine is owned by Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), and has the world's largest deposits of zinc and lead.

text:
# Rampura Agucha

**Rampura Agucha** is a zinc and lead mine located on a massive sulfide deposit in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, India. Rampura Agucha is located 220 km (140 mi) from Jaipur. It is north of Bhilwara, and northwest of Shahpura. Rampura Agucha is 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gulabpura on NH 79. The mine is owned by Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), and has the world's largest deposits of zinc and lead.

## History

Rampura Agucha deposits were discovered in August 1977 by T. C. Rampuria, a geologist with the Government of India's Directorate of Mines and Geology. Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) started drilling in February 1980 and a report regarding the estimate of the deposit was submitted in 1981. The development of this mine started in 1988 and the first ore production was in March 1991. Rampura Agucha has a combination of open-pit mine and underground mine.

## Geology

Rampura Agucha is a zinc-lead sulfide deposit that is located in the Sikar belt which is part of the Aravalli-Delhi orogen. The Bhilwara belt is mostly metasedimentary, metamorphosed dolomite and a small amount of igneous rocks. The deposit was originally a sedimentary exhalative deposit before experiencing a metamorphic event. The high grade metamorphic event is theorized to have occurred approximately 1 billion years ago. There are a few sulphides and oxide minerals that form within the ore that are a particular interest, the major one being sphalerite. Galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite commonly occur with the sphalerite along with some minor arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Gahnite and rutile are the most common oxide minerals that form within the ore, with rutile being the most abundant. Graphite is also a mineral that is commonly found within the ore and surrounding rock.

## Processing

Extracted deposits through drilling, blasting, and underground mining methods are loaded and taken to be processed while leftovers of debris, rock, and other waste, are brought to specific areas for removal. The first step to processing is feeding the deposits through a ball mill to broken into smaller material. Further breakdown of the material is then completed through the use of a semi-autogenous grinding mill an additional three times before specifically targeting the extraction of the ore from the parent material. The processed material is separated to retrieve the lead and zinc concentrates through flotation methods. The different densities of the material allow for the retrieval of the two different metals separately. The lead and zinc concentrates are transported to the Chanderiya Smelter Complex to further refine the metals collected. The Rampura Agucha mine has an ore production capacity of 6.15 lakh tonnes per year and in 2017 it was reported that the mine produced 528,459 tonnes of lead and zinc.

### Byproducts

The process of retrieving the ore from the parent material results in a heterogeneous slurry of materials, such as water, rock, and others, called tailings. Tailings have several different impacts on the environment due to the large amounts of sulfides contained in the waste. This waste is stored in an on-site dam structure after thickening to ensure no contamination to the surrounding environment occurs. The tailings are treated to neutralize the waste for reclamation purposes through the use of calcium hydroxide. This can allow for the potential use of using the water from tailings to be available for other uses in the mine. The Rampura Agucha mine produced 108,000 tonnes per month of tailings waste in the year 2008.

## Environmental effects

There are several different forms of air pollutants produced during the mining process, including suspended particulate matter and respirable suspended particulate matter. Preventive measures are taken to reduce these pollutants through practices such as using water to reduce dust accumulation during drilling and using several different forms of scrubbers along the mining and processing of the materials to prevent excess release of dust to surrounding areas.

The location of the mine has minimal surrounding water reserves for use in the mining process. All well water used is located at the Banas River bed 60 km (37 mi) away from the mine, which makes a pipeline required to obtain the necessary water for mining. Drains and a 50,000 cubic meter reservoir structure were implemented to collect any used run-off water during the mining process. Water is also retrieved from the tailings due to the extensive amount of water used during the processing of the extracted material. Retrieval of tailings water is achieved through flocculent additions in tailings thickeners to separate water from the waste material. The reclaimed water is then treated and used in all mining practices as a replacement for fresh water use when possible. Water conservation management of this extent resulted in a zero discharge status of contaminated water, which has reportedly resulted in no groundwater pollution in the surrounding mine site. The input of these practices has also shown a decrease in freshwater usage for the mine from 1.36 cubic meters per tonne of metal in 2003 to only 0.66 cubic meters per tonne in 2006.

## Recovery of metals

Efforts have also been made to retrieve low grade zinc and lead found in tailings through bioleaching. Minimal results have been shown through this method. Although, HZL research teams have been attempting to retrieve zinc from these tailings through microwave irradiation. It was concluded that this method showed a greater than 90% extraction of zinc found in tailings. This is a much higher recovery of zinc compared to more traditional methods such as bioleaching and conventional heating. This also provides a viable economic retrieval method to be used for the Rampura Agucha mines tailings for zinc.

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## InfoBox

Rampura Agucha
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Bhilwara district |
| Production | |
| Products | Zinc, lead |
| Type | Underground and open-pit mine |
| Owner | |
| Company | Hindustan Zinc Limited |