title: Jim Sullivan (Irish republican)

abstract: Jim Sullivan was a leading member of the Official Irish Republican Army from the lower Falls area of Belfast. Sullivan was second in command of the Belfast Brigade of the Official IRA and played an important role in events in Belfast during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was chairman of the Central Citizens' Defence Committees established in the city after the burning of many homes by loyalist mobs in the 1969 Northern Ireland Riots. He also played an important role in the Falls Curfew, a three-day gun battle in July 1970 between the Official IRA and the British Army. In later years Sullivan played a leading role in the development of the Republican Clubs, which became the Workers' Party in 1982. In 1973 he was elected to Belfast City Council and retained his seat until the 1981 election when he lost it to the IRSP candidate, Sean Flynn. His son, Seamus, was killed by the Ulster Defence Association at his workplace on Springfield Avenue just off the Falls Road on 3 September 1991. He died on 16 September 1992 aged 60 and is buried at the OIRA/Workers' Party plot in Milltown Cemetery.

text:
# Jim Sullivan (Irish republican)

**Jim Sullivan** (c.1932 – 16 September 1992) was a leading member of the Official Irish Republican Army from the lower Falls area of Belfast.

Sullivan was second in command of the Belfast Brigade of the Official IRA (under Billy McMillen) and played an important role in events in Belfast during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was chairman of the Central Citizens' Defence Committees established in the city after the burning of many homes by loyalist mobs in the 1969 Northern Ireland Riots. He also played an important role in the Falls Curfew, a three-day gun battle in July 1970 between the Official IRA and the British Army.

In later years Sullivan played a leading role in the development of the Republican Clubs, which became the Workers' Party in 1982. In 1973 he was elected to Belfast City Council and retained his seat until the 1981 election when he lost it to the IRSP candidate, Sean Flynn.

His son, Seamus, was killed by the Ulster Defence Association at his workplace on Springfield Avenue just off the Falls Road on 3 September 1991.

He died on 16 September 1992 aged 60 and is buried at the OIRA/Workers' Party plot in Milltown Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Jim Sullivan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Belfast City Councillor | |
| **In office**
1973–1981 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Sullivan
c.1932
Lower Falls, Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Died | (1992-09-16)16 September 1992 (Aged 60)
Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Resting place | Milltown Cemetery |
| Political party | Workers' Party (from 1969)
Sinn Féin (until 1969) |
| Nickname | Solo |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Official Irish Republican Army |
| Branch/service | Belfast Brigade |
| Battles/wars | The Troubles |
|  | |


title: Hog Island Cranes

abstract: The Hog Island Cranes, located in Trenton, New Jersey, are two of 28 locomotive steam gantry cranes built in 1917 by the McMyler-Interstate Company of Cleveland, Ohio, for the Hog Island, Philadelphia, shipyard. They helped produce warships during World War I, are representative of an important era of heavy lifting equipment, and played an important role in 20th-century waterfront technology. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 1980, for their significance in commerce, engineering, industry, and transportation.

text:
# Hog Island Cranes

The **Hog Island Cranes**, located in Trenton, New Jersey, are two of 28 locomotive steam gantry cranes built in 1917 by the McMyler-Interstate Company of Cleveland, Ohio, for the Hog Island, Philadelphia, shipyard. They helped produce warships during World War I, are representative of an important era of heavy lifting equipment, and played an important role in 20th-century waterfront technology. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 1980, for their significance in commerce, engineering, industry, and transportation.

## History and description

The two cranes now in Trenton were sold as government surplus in 1930 to the municipal government for $5,000, a fifth of the original cost, and were installed at the Trenton Marine Terminal in 1932. The cranes had a 15-ton capacity and are mounted on tracks that run 1,700 feet (520 m) along the Delaware River waterfront at Trenton's southern limits. They were overhauled in 1952 and stand about 40 feet (12 m) tall. Only the substructure of the cranes is currently in place.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hog Island Cranes | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Trenton Marine Terminal, Trenton, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°11′28.7″N 74°45′22.9″W / 40.191306°N 74.756361°W / 40.191306; -74.756361 |
| Built | 1917 |
| Architect | McMyler-Interstate Company |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002500 |
| NJRHP No. | 1772 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 17, 1980 |
| Designated NJRHP | February 1, 1980 |


title: Noël Coypel

abstract: Noël Coypel was a French painter, and was also called Coypel le Poussin, because he was heavily influenced by Poussin.

text:
# Noël Coypel

**Noël Coypel** (French pronunciation: \[nɔɛl kwapɛl\]; 25 December 1628 – 24 December 1707) was a French painter, and was also called **Coypel le Poussin**, because he was heavily influenced by Poussin.

## Biography

His father, Guyon Coypel, was an unsuccessful artist, originally from Cherbourg. He began his studies in Orléans with an artist named Pierre Poncet, who had been a student of Simon Vouet. At the age of fourteen, he went to Paris. There, he found work in the studios of Noël Quillerier. His progress was rapid. In 1646, aged only eighteen, he was employed in preparing the decorations for the opera *Orfeo* by Luigi Rossi.

This attracted the attention of Charles Errard, who was responsible for the artwork at the Oratoire and the King's Bedroom at the Louvre, who engaged him to do some paintings. He would work exclusively on the orders of Louis XIV for almost twenty years, creating several paintings for the King's apartments and, following the King's marriage, the ceilings of the Queen's apartment. He also painted at the Tuileries and Fontainebleau.

In 1659, he married Madeleine Hérault (1641–1682), an art student. That same year, he presented himself at the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture but, due to the amount of work he was doing for the King, his official reception was postponed until early in 1663. Later that year, he displayed his reception piece, *The Reprobation of Cain After the Death of Abel*. He was named an assistant professor the following year, and became a full Professor a few months later.

He was appointed Director of the French Academy in Rome in 1672, succeeding his former mentor, Errard, who had served for the first six years of the Academy's existence. His son, Antoine, and his brother-in-law, the landscape painter Charles-Antoine Hérault, accompanied him. He held that office until 1675. During his administration, the Academy was finally established at the Palazzo Capranica. While there, he continued to produce paintings for the Royal Family and developed an enthusiasm for mythological themes. In 1673, he was admitted to the Académie de Saint-Luc.

Upon returning to Paris, he resumed his work for the King. In 1685, three years after his wife's death, he married Anne-Françoise Perrin (1665–1728), another young art student. They had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. A notable exception was their son, Noël-Nicolas Coypel, who also became a well-known painter.

The Marquis de Louvois and the Marquis de Villacerf engaged him to create some designs for the Gobelins Manufactory. In 1689, he was elected Deputy Rector for the Académie Royale. He was promoted to Rector in 1690, and to the Directorship in 1695, replacing the late Pierre Mignard. In 1702, he reassumed the position of Rector. Three years later, at the age of seventy-seven, he undertook a project to paint frescoes above the high altar at the Église des Invalides. This difficult work resulted in a long, serious illness that led to his death on Christmas Eve in 1707.

## Selected paintings

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Noël Coypel | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Coypel from 1677 by Academy member Florent de La Mare-Richart | |
| Born | (1628-12-25)25 December 1628
Paris, France |
| Died | 24 December 1707(1707-12-24) (aged 78)
Paris, France |
| Children | Antoine Coypel
Noël-Nicolas Coypel |
|  | |
|  | |
| Director of The French Academy in Rome | |
| **In office**
1673–1675 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Errard |
| Succeeded by | Charles Errard |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Director of the Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture | |
| **In office**
1695–1699 | |
| Monarch | Louis XIV |
| Preceded by | Pierre Mignard |
| Succeeded by | Charles de La Fosse |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tubuaia

abstract: Tubuaia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae.

text:
# Tubuaia

***Tubuaia*** is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae.

## Species

There are 18 species plus several subspecies. The 18 species are as follows:

## InfoBox

| Tubuaia | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata

clade Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Achatinellidae |
| Genus: | ***Tubuaia***
Cooke & Kondo, 1960 |
|


title: Huaquillas Canton

abstract: Huaquillas Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the El Oro Province. Its capital is the town of Huaquillas. Its population at the 2001 census was 40,285.

text:
# Huaquillas Canton

**Huaquillas Canton** is a canton of Ecuador, located in the El Oro Province. Its capital is the town of Huaquillas. Its population at the 2001 census was 40,285.

## Demographics

Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:

## InfoBox

| Huaquillas Canton | |
| --- | --- |
| Canton | |
| Location of El Oro Province in Ecuador. | |
| Cantons of El Oro Province | |
| Coordinates: 3°28′53″S 80°14′36″W / 3.48138°S 80.243207°W / -3.48138; -80.243207 | |
| Country | Ecuador |
| Province | El Oro Province |
| Area | |
| Total | 98.53 km2 (38.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Total | 56,303 |
| Density | 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (ECT) |


title: November 11 in the Roman Martyrology

abstract: In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the Roman Martyrology is a directory of liturgical commemorations for each day of the year. There are two editions of the Martyrology currently authorized for use: the 2004 edition and the 1960 revision of the 1956 edition. The following commemorations are listed for November 11 in each respective edition:

text:
# November 11 in the Roman Martyrology

| \<\< | November | | | | | \>\> |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
|  |  |  |  |  | 01 | 02 |
| 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
|
|

In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the *Roman Martyrology* is a directory of liturgical commemorations for each day of the year. There are two editions of the *Martyrology* currently authorized for use: the 2004 edition (the most recent) and the 1960 revision of the 1956 edition (as permitted under *Summorum Pontificum*). The following commemorations are listed for November 11 in each respective edition:

## Ordinary form (2004 edition)

### General calendar

### Martyrology only

## Extraordinary form (1960 edition)

### General calendar

### Martyrology only

## Sources

### 2004 edition

* *Martyrologium Romanum* (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2004. pp. 616–617.

### 1960 edition

* *Martyrologium Romanum* (in Latin) (revised post-typical 4th ed.). Justitias Books. 2017 \[1956 with 1960 revisions\]. p. 277.
* *The Roman Martyrology*. Translated by O'Connell, Canon J.B. (revised post-typical 4th ed.). Westminster: Newman Press. 1962. p. 246.


title: Mycena acicula

abstract: Mycena acicula, commonly known as the orange bonnet, or the coral spring Mycena, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Asia, the Caribbean, North America and Europe. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors, especially along streams and other wet places. They have small orange-red caps, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge. Several other Mycena species look similar, but may be distinguished by differences in size and/or microscopic characteristics. M. acicula is considered inedible because of its small size.

text:
# Mycena acicula

| *Mycena acicula*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **conical** or **campanulate** |
|  | Hymenium is **adnate** |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Spore print is **white** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **inedible** |

***Mycena acicula***, commonly known as the **orange bonnet**, or the **coral spring Mycena**, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Asia, the Caribbean, North America and Europe. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors, especially along streams and other wet places. They have small orange-red caps, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge. Several other *Mycena* species look similar, but may be distinguished by differences in size and/or microscopic characteristics. *M. acicula* is considered inedible because of its small size.

## Taxonomy

First named *Agaricus acicula* by the German scientist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, the species was also referred to as *Agaricus miniatus* by another German, naturalist August Batsch. It was given its current name in 1871 by Paul Kummer. Rolf Singer transferred the species to the genera *Hemimycena* and *Marasmiellus*, but the binomials resulting from these transfers are now considered synonyms. The fungus is classified in the section *Aciculae* of the genus *Mycena*.

The specific epithet *acicula* is derived from the Latin word meaning "small needle". The mushroom is commonly known as the "orange bonnet", or the "coral spring Mycena".

## Description

The cap is initially convex, but as it matures, it expands to a bell-shape, typically reaching 0.3 to 1 cm (0.1 to 0.4 in) in diameter. The cap sometimes has a small abrupt umbo (a central bump), and the cap margin is pressed closely against the stem when young, often flaring or curving slightly inward. As the cap expands, a narrow sterile (i.e., without any reproductive cells typical of the hymenium) band which frequently becomes lobed or irregularly-jagged often forms at the extreme margin. The cap surface is smooth, faintly translucent-striate when moist, at first pruinose but soon naked. The color is red when young, soon becoming yellowish toward the margin, and slowly fading to bright orange-yellow. The flesh is thin, brittle, yellow, and has no distinctive odor or taste.

The gills are adnate (with gills broadly attached to the stem, slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem) or slightly rounded next to the stem. The individual gills are close to subdistant, with between 10–14 reaching the stem, and two or three tiers of lamellulae (short gills that do not reach the stem). The gills are moderately broad, pale orange to whitish, often yellowish at the base and whitish along the edges. The stem is 1 to 6 cm (0.4 to 2.4 in) long, and up to 1 mm thick; flexuous (winding from side to side), brittle, with the base covered with sharp, straight, and stiff white hairs. The surface is densely white-pruinose initially, but soon becomes naked with a subsequent color shift to orange-yellow or lemon yellow. This species has been described as "a delight to behold", but "one usually has to get down on hands and knees to find it!"

The fruit bodies of *Mycena acicula* are considered inedible, as they are too small and insubstantial to be considered for consumption.

### Microscopic characteristics

The spores are roughly spindle-shaped (i.e., tapering at each end), with dimensions of 9–11 by 3.5–4.5 μm. They are nonamyloid, meaning they do not take up iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped, four-spored and measure 20–22 by 5–6 μm. The cheilocystidium and pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the edge and face, respectively, of a gill) are similar, club-shaped to spindle-shaped or egg-shaped, and have apices that are often covered with a resinous secretion. The hyphae that comprise the cap cuticle are up to 3.5 μm wide, clamped, and covered with cylindrical excrescences that measure 2–9 by 1–3 μm. The hyphae of the cortical layer of the stem are up to 4.5 μm wide, clamped, and densely covered with simple to somewhat branched, cylindrical to inflated excrescences that are up to 20 by 5 μm. These latter excrescences are embedded in gelatinous matter.

### Similar species

*Mycena adonis*, *M. floridula*, and *M. leptophylla* are larger species of the section *Adonidae* in the genus *Mycena*. In that section, among other differences, the hyphae of the cortical layer (the outer layer of tissue) of the stem are smooth. *M. oregonensis* is similar in appearance to *M. acicula*, but the cap is yellower, the gills are broadly adnate or decurrent with a short tooth, the gill edge is orange to bright yellow, and the stem is dry, not sticky. The hyphae of the cortical layer of the stem are smooth and not embedded in gelatinous matter, and in European collections the basidia are two-spored and do not have clamps. *M. strobilinoides*, a North American and European species, looks similar with its orange cap, but may be distinguished microscopically by the cheilocystidia which are densely covered by excrescences; it also has a larger cap, up to 2 cm (0.8 in). *M. aurantiidisca* can be distinguished by the reddish-orange cap which tends to become paler at the margin. *Mycena* specialist Alexander H. Smith further noted of *M. acicula* that it could readily be mistaken for a *Hygrophorus*.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Mycena acicula* grow singly, in groups, or somewhat clustered on debris in wet places, especially along streams or the borders of swamps. The appearance of the fruit bodies is not significantly influenced by the effect of rainfall, perhaps because "such minute fungi are largely determined by the microenvironment prevailing under dense vegetation, etc., which is no doubt less affected by recent rain than more exposed situations." The fungus is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States and Canada and occurs in Washington, Oregon, and California along the Pacific Coast. It has also been reported from Trinidad, Britain, Norway, Spain, Korea, and the Ussuri River Valley in the northeast of China.

### Cited text

* Smith AH. (1947). *North American species of* Mycena. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

## InfoBox

| *Mycena acicula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Mycenaceae |
| Genus: | *Mycena* |
| Species: | ***M. acicula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mycena acicula***
(Schaeff.) P.Kumm. (1871) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Agaricus acicula* Schaeff. (1774)
*Agaricus miniatus* Batsch (1783)
*Hemimycena acicula* (Schaeff.) Singer (1938)
*Marasmiellus acicula* (Schaeff.) Singer (1951) | |


title: Tucumán mountain finch

abstract: The Tucumán mountain finch is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is endemic to shrubby woodland in the Andes of north-western Argentina, but it is possible its distribution extends marginally into adjacent Bolivia. Together with the closely related Cochabamba mountain finch, it is placed in the genus Poospiza. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Tucumán mountain finch

The **Tucumán mountain finch** (***Poospiza baeri***) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is endemic to shrubby woodland in the Andes of north-western Argentina, but it is possible its distribution extends marginally into adjacent Bolivia. Together with the closely related Cochabamba mountain finch, it is placed in the genus *Poospiza*. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| Tucumán mountain finch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| specimen | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | *Poospiza* |
| Species: | ***P. baeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Poospiza baeri***
(Oustalet, 1904) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Poospiza baeri* | |


abstract: Washington Township is one of the sixteen townships of Belmont County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 505 people in the township.

text:
# Washington Township, Belmont County, Ohio

**Washington Township** is one of the sixteen townships of Belmont County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 505 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:

No municipalities are located in Washington Township, although the unincorporated community of Alledonia lies in the township's center.

## Name and history

Washington Township was organized about 1831.

It is one of forty-three Washington Townships statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Washington Township, Belmont County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Countryside along Clover Ridge Road | |
| Location of Washington Township in Belmont County | |
| Coordinates: 39°54′9″N 80°57′12″W / 39.90250°N 80.95333°W / 39.90250; -80.95333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Belmont |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.9 sq mi (92.9 km2) |
| Land | 35.4 sq mi (91.7 km2) |
| Water | 0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,165 ft (355 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 505 |
| Density | 14/sq mi (5.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-81088 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1085788 |


title: Peter John Stephens

abstract: Peter John Stephens was a writer of historical fiction books for teens and three children’s books. He was also a poet, a lyricist for operas and musicals, and a playwright. His play, A Power of Dreams, was produced off-Broadway with Anne Meara of Stiller and Meara starred. He died of prostate cancer in Streatham, London.

text:
# Peter John Stephens

**Peter John Stephens** (31 July 1912 in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire  11 June 2002) was a writer of historical fiction books for teens and three children’s books. He was also a poet, a lyricist for operas and musicals, and a playwright.

His play, *A Power of Dreams*, was produced off-Broadway with Anne Meara of Stiller and Meara starred.

He died of prostate cancer in Streatham, London.

## Works

### Plays

* *Hugh of the Glen and his clogs are all one* The Best One-Act Plays (1951-1952)
* *A Power of Dreams* Off-Broadway Production

### Children’s books

* The Story of Fire Fighting, Harvey House, 1966
* Lillapig, Ernest Benn Limited, 1972
* Faster Than Anything, Ernest Benn Limited, 1974

### Teen historical fiction books

* The Outlaw King, Atheneum, 1964
* Perrely Plight, Atheneum, 1965
* Towappu, Atheneum, 1966
* Battle for Destiny, Atheneum, 1967
* Claim to the Wilderness, W. W. Norton & Company, 1967
* The Crime of Jairus Posey, Andre Deutsch, 1969
* The Thief-Takers, W. W. Norton & Company, 1970
* The Shadow over Welesmere Gap, Andre Deutsch, 1971
* The Rogue, George G. Harrap & Co, 1973
* A Shot from a Sling, Andre Deutsch, 1975

**Opera Librettos (Composer Jan Meyerowitz)**

* Simoon, Aug 2 1949 Tanglewood/Mass (from a Strindberg play)
* Godfather Death, June 1, 1961 New York; Conducted by Peter Paul Fuchs 1962

## Family

His paternal great-great grandfather, Matthew Stephens, was a successful Welsh smuggler near Aberthaw in the Vale of Glamorgan.

He was the brother of Richard Waring, the US-based actor, and son of Thomas E. Stephens, whose portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower hangs in the Smithsonian Gallery of Presidents and Evelyn Mary Waring. Retaining his British citizenship, Peter John wrote articles for the British Information Service, Rockefeller Center, New York City.

He was briefly married to the novelist, Henrietta Buckmaster, before Marcia Nichols Holden, a foster daughter of Harry Sidney Nichols, was a poet and editor. Her son from a previous marriage was Anton Holden, Emmy winning sound editor and the author of *Prince Valium*, Stein and Day, 1982 and *Dolly Vardon*, Boustrophedon Press, 2013. They had two children Dylan Stephens and Gillian Stephens, both musicians. Divorced in 1968 and moving to England, he married Eliane Falconi, an opera singer. Her children from a previous marriage were Guy Cremnitz, Monique Cremnitz, Christiane Sasportas, Noelle Sasportas, John Sasportas, Louis Sasportas, Marie Therese Sasportas.They had one child, Dilys Stephens, an artist.

* National Library of Wales – Llanmaes College – David Jones MSS, Ms 18507, Book 8, pp 321–323 (Matthew Stephens, smuggler)
* The Best One-Act Plays, ed. Margaret Mayorga, New York, Dodd, Mead, 1937-1951/52)


title: Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden

abstract: Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden is a fjord located in King Frederick VIII Land, in Northeast Greenland National Park of northeastern Greenland. It is located at latitude 79° N between Lambert Land and Hovgaard Island. The fjord was named by the Denmark expedition in April 1907. The 79° North Glacier, also called Nioghalvfjerdsbrae, drains into this fjord. The uninhabited Tobias Island is located 80 km east of the fjord. In September 2020, satellite imagery showed that a big chunk of ice shattered into many small pieces from the last remaining ice shelf in Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden.

text:
# Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden

**Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden** is a fjord located in King Frederick VIII Land, in Northeast Greenland National Park of northeastern Greenland. It is located at latitude 79° N (hence the name, which in Danish means "the fjord of seventy-nine") between Lambert Land and Hovgaard Island. The fjord was named by the Denmark expedition in April 1907. The 79° North Glacier, also called Nioghalvfjerdsbrae, drains into this fjord. The uninhabited Tobias Island is located 80 km east of the fjord.

In September 2020, satellite imagery showed that a big chunk of ice shattered into many small pieces from the last remaining ice shelf in Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden.

## InfoBox

| Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden | |
| --- | --- |
| NioghalvfjerdsfjordenLocation in Greenland | |
| Location | Arctic |
| Coordinates | 79°33′N 21°00′W / 79.550°N 21.000°W / 79.550; -21.000 |
| Ocean/sea sources | Greenland Sea |
| Basin countries | Greenland |


title: Lake Sherburne

abstract: Lake Sherburne is located in the Many Glacier region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. The lake is a reservoir, formed by Lake Sherburne Dam, which held back Swiftcurrent Creek and was constructed between 1914 and 1921. The construction of the dam filled up several small lakes and highly productive river transition and wetland areas, and due to its fluctuating water levels, the surrounding area supports little vegetation. However, trumpeter swans are often observed along the lake in the spring and fall. The lake stretches nearly 6 mi (9.7 km) when full. The reservoir is the principal water storage component of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Milk River Project, which provides irrigation water to north central Montana farms. The name Lake Sherburne is derived from an early settler and businessman in the area, Joseph H. Sherburne. He settled in the area (Browning) in 1896 and was the proprietor of the Sherburne Mercantile Company which had stores in towns in the area Browning, Babb and East Glacier. During this time he had a cabin for summer use by his family on the shore of what became known as Sherburne Lakes (plural). Once the dam was built in 1919 the name was revised to Lake Sherburne. Fishing along the lake is less than spectacular, but brook trout and northern pike can be caught there. A boat is generally required for fishing, but since there is no boat dock along the lake, it is usually necessary to park alongside the road and walk down to the lakeshore.

text:
# Lake Sherburne

**Lake Sherburne** is located in the Many Glacier region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. The lake is a reservoir, formed by Lake Sherburne Dam, which held back Swiftcurrent Creek and was constructed between 1914 and 1921. The construction of the dam filled up several small lakes and highly productive river transition and wetland areas, and due to its fluctuating water levels, the surrounding area supports little vegetation. However, trumpeter swans are often observed along the lake in the spring and fall. The lake stretches nearly 6 mi (9.7 km) when full. The reservoir is the principal water storage component of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Milk River Project, which provides irrigation water to north central Montana farms.

The name Lake Sherburne is derived from an early settler and businessman in the area, Joseph H. Sherburne. He settled in the area (Browning) in 1896 and was the proprietor of the Sherburne Mercantile Company which had stores in towns in the area Browning, Babb and East Glacier. During this time he had a cabin for summer use by his family on the shore of what became known as Sherburne Lakes (plural). Once the dam was built in 1919 the name was revised to Lake Sherburne.

Fishing along the lake is less than spectacular, but brook trout and northern pike can be caught there. A boat is generally required for fishing, but since there is no boat dock along the lake, it is usually necessary to park alongside the road and walk down to the lakeshore.

## InfoBox

| Lake Sherburne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lake SherburneLake Sherburne | |
| Location | Glacier National Park (U.S.), Glacier County, Montana |
| Coordinates | 48°48′54″N 113°34′48″W / 48.81500°N 113.58000°W / 48.81500; -113.58000 |
| Type | Manmade |
| Primary inflows | Swiftcurrent Creek |
| Primary outflows | Swiftcurrent Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 6 mi (9.7 km) |
| Max. width | 0.8 mi (1.3 km) |
| Surface elevation | 4,788 ft (1,459 m) |


title: Hudishi

abstract: Hudishi is a Union council in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Geographically, it is situated in the central-most region of the state.

text:
# Hudishi

**Hudishi** is a Union council in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Geographically, it is situated in the central-most region of the state.

27°04′N 65°54′E / 27.067°N 65.900°E / 27.067; 65.900

## InfoBox

| Hudishi | |
| --- | --- |
| Hudishi | |
| Coordinates: 27°24′N 65°32′E / 27.4°N 65.54°E / 27.4; 65.54 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Balochistan |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase

abstract: Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HADH gene.

text:
# Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase

**Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase** (**HADH**) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the *HADH* gene.

## Structure

The HADH gene is located on the 4th chromosome, with its specific location being identified as 4q22-q26. The gene has 10 exons. The HADH gene encodes a 34.3 kDa protein that has 314 amino acids and 124 observed peptides.

## Function

This gene is a member of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene family. The encoded protein functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidation of straight-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs as part of the beta-oxidation pathway. Its enzymatic activity is highest with medium-chain-length fatty acids.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene cause one form of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. A deficiency is associated with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Mutations also cause 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. There are a wide variety of mutations that have been identified to cause this disease. Among them are missense mutations (A40T, P258L, D57G, Y226H) and nonsense mutations (R236X) in the protein, and splicing mutations (261+1G\>A, 710-2A\>G) and some small deletions (587delC) in the cDNA. One mutation, 636+471G\>T in the HADH gene, was shown to create a cryptic splice donor site and an out-of-frame pseudoexon. Most of the described cases have homozygous mutations. This disease has fairly homogenous clinical presentation across cases. The symptoms first appear in early life, between 1.5 hours post birth and 3 years of age, and the most common symptoms are hypoglycemia and seizures/convulsions directly related to the hypoglycemia. There are other clinical presentations that have been identified, namely: myoglobinuria, dicarboxylic aciduria, feeding difficulties in infancy, muscular hypotonia, hepatic steatosis, growth delay, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hepatic necrosis, and fulminant hepatic failure. The disorder may be diagnosed by either the analysis of the molecular genetics of the individual, or by detection of abnormal metabolite levels in blood and/or plasma. Individuals with this deficiency have an elevated amount of 3-hydroxyglutarate excreted through the urine; a heightened level of C4-OH acylcarnitine in the blood plasma is also a characteristic of this FAO disorder. Most documented cases thus far have shown that individuals are responsive to diazoxide treatment, and highlight the need for diagnosis and treatment administration as early as possible in order to correct hypoglycemia and avoid irreversible brain damage.

## Interactions

HADH has been shown to interact with Vpr, such that HIV-1 Vpr regulates mitochondrial respiration and enhances the activity of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) through PPARbeta/delta.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| HADH | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | HADH, HAD, HADH1, HADHSC, HCDH, HHF4, MSCHAD, SCHAD, Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601609; MGI: 96009; HomoloGene: 55888; GeneCards: HADH; OMA:HADH - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001184705
NM\_005327
NM\_001331027   NM\_008212   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001171634
NP\_001317956
NP\_005318   NP\_032238   Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 107.99 – 108.04 Mb Chr 3: 131.03 – 131.07 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: My World (book)

abstract: My World: A Companion To Goodnight Moon is an American children's picture book written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd. The third book in Brown and Hurd's "classic series", it is the "companion" to Brown & Hurd's Goodnight Moon. My World was published in December 1949.

text:
# My World (book)

***My World: A Companion To Goodnight Moon*** is an American children's picture book written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd. The third book in Brown and Hurd's "classic series" (or "Runaway Bunny" series), it is the "companion" to Brown & Hurd's *Goodnight Moon*. *My World* was published in December 1949.

## Publication history

*My World* was published in 1949, just two years after *Goodnight Moon*. It is dedicated to Clement Hurd's son, Thacher Hurd, who was born shortly before the book was published.

*My World* was out of print by the 1970s, with some speculating that one scene showing the mother, father, and child sharing the bathroom may have been scandalous for that time period. In 2001, HarperFestival republished the book, recolored by Thacher Hurd.

In addition to multiple octavo and duodecimo paperback editions, *My World* is available in a board book edition, a book whose pages are actually stiff cardboard to make it suitable to give to a very young child.

*My World*, *The Runaway Bunny*, and *Goodnight Moon* have been published together as a collection titled *Over the Moon*.

## Synopsis

*My World* features what appears to be the same rabbit child from its predecessor, but the bunny's consciousness now expands in scope beyond the green bedroom to a wide world. The child's understanding of the world exists in relation to his parents: "My slippers. / My pajamas. / Daddy's pajamas," and "Mother's chair. / My chair. / A low chair. / A high chair. / But certainly my chair." The child engages in various activities in parallel to his parents: brushing his teeth, playing with his toy car, etc. The book ends with his parents sitting nearby as the rabbit child swings from a tree branch, thinking "Your world. / My world. / I can swing / Right over the world."

As with *Goodnight Moon*, Brown's text is minimal, with a dreamlike quality and a narrative that conforms to a child's sense of logic. The artwork is composed of alternating spreads, mostly black-and-white with occasional color spreads.

## Reception

Upon its release in 1949, the *New York Times* wrote of the book,

> *My World* is for the very youngest readers, onlookers, and listeners of 2 to 4, who will recognize in the snug bunny home many of those first objects they are learning to call by name. ... \[T\]he book does furnish a pleasant mnemonic device while interest lasts, and there are cozy pictures by Clement Hurd full of familiar, recognizable details to help give a small child a comfortable sense of belonging.

*Publishers Weekly* wrote of the re-issued edition, "The volume's words and pictures stretch the boundaries of its time-honored predecessor, affirming that there is, indeed, a warm and welcoming world beyond the great green room."

Hillary Williamson of *BookLoons* wrote that although, "the author's poetic style and the illustrator's familiar scenes convey the same charm and subtle comfort as the original," *My World* lacked "... the focus of ... *Goodnight Moon*."

In Claudia Pearson's *Have a Carrot: Oedipal Theory and Symbolism in Margaret Wise Brown's Runaway Bunny Trilogy*, the author posits that "*My World* ... explores the bunny-boy's competitive approach to the father he simultaneously resents, admires and loves, while the mother rabbit slips from prominence in his life and into the shadows."

## InfoBox

My World: A Companion to Goodnight Moon
| The cover of the book. Artwork by Clement Hurd | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Margaret Wise Brown |
| Illustrator | Clement Hurd |
| Cover artist | Clement Hurd |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's literature |
| Publisher | Harper & Brothers |
| Publication date | Dec. 1949 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 36 |
| ISBN | 0-06-024798-3 |
| Preceded by | *Goodnight Moon* |
| Followed by | *N/A* |


title: Miembeni S.C.

abstract: Miembeni Sport Club is a Zanzibari football club based in Unguja.

text:
# Miembeni S.C.

**Miembeni Sport Club** is a Zanzibari football club based in Unguja.

## Achievements

1987, 2007, 2008 1985, 1986, 1987 2008, 2009

## Performance in CAF competitions

2008 – Preliminary Round 2009 – Preliminary Round 2010 – Preliminary Round 1986 – Second Round 1987 – Second Round 1988 – First Round

## InfoBox

Miembeni SC
| Full name | Miembeni Sport Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Kwala |
| Founded | 1945 |
| Ground | Amaan Stadium<br>Zanzibar (Tanzania) |
| Capacity | 20,000 |
| Chairman | Amaani Ibrahim Makugu |
| Manager | Ali Bushri |
| League | Zanzibar Premier League |
| 2009 | 2nd |


title: Halifax East

abstract: Halifax East was a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was formed in 1933 when Halifax County was divided into five distinct electoral districts. In 1966, it was renamed Halifax County East, and in 1967, its boundaries were reformed to create the current district of Halifax Eastern Shore.

text:
# Halifax East

**Halifax East** was a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was formed in 1933 when Halifax County was divided into five distinct electoral districts. In 1966, it was renamed **Halifax County East**, and in 1967, its boundaries were reformed to create the current district of Halifax Eastern Shore.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Halifax East elected the following members to the Legislative Assembly:

| Legislature | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 48th | 1963-1967 |  | Nelson Gaetz | Progressive Conservative |
| 47th | 1960-1963 |  | Duncan MacMillan | Liberal |
| 46th | 1956-1960 | | | |
| 45th | 1953-1956 |  | Geoffrey W. Stevens | Liberal |
| 44th | 1949-1953 | | | |
| 43rd | 1945-1949 | | | |
| 42nd | 1941-1945 | | | |
| 41st | 1937-1941 | | | |
| 40th | 1933-1937 | | | |

## Election results

### 1933

| 1933 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 6,273 | 52.86% |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | Josiah Frederick Fraser | 5,595 | 47.14% |
| Total | | | 11,868 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1933). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1937

| 1937 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 6,082 | 52.27% | -0.59% |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | Josiah Frederick Fraser | 5,554 | 47.73% | 0.59% |
| Total | | | 11,636 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1937). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1941

| 1941 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 5,094 | 60.39% | 8.12% |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | Norman Dudley Murray | 3,341 | 39.61% | -8.12% |
| Total | | | 8,435 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1941). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1945

| 1945 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 6,206 | 53.48% | -6.91% |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | A. L. Mattatall | 3,033 | 26.14% | -13.47% |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | Cecil Clyde Russell | 2,366 | 20.39% |  |
| Total | | | 11,605 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1945). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1949

| 1949 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 7,703 | 52.22% | -1.25% |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | R. Graham Murray | 4,274 | 28.98% | 2.84% |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | Wallace Mason | 2,773 | 18.80% | -1.59% |
| Total | | | 14,750 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1949). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1953

| 1953 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 8,436 | 50.83% | -1.39% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Lt. Col. R. D. King | 7,196 | 43.36% |  |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | Harper Power | 964 | 5.81% | -12.99% |
| Total | | | 16,596 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1953). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1956

| 1956 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Duncan MacMillan | 3,015 | 57.84% | 7.00% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Reid Denton Sangster | 2,198 | 42.16% | -1.20% |
| Total | | | 5,213 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1956). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1960

| 1960 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Duncan MacMillan | 2,787 | 50.49% | -7.35% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Nelson Gaetz | 2,432 | 44.06% | 1.89% |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | Wallace H. Mason | 301 | 5.45% |  |
| Total | | | 5,520 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1960). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

### 1963

| 1963 Nova Scotia general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Nelson Gaetz | 3,061 | 52.62% | 8.56% |
|  | Liberal | Duncan MacMillan | 2,756 | 47.38% | -3.11% |
| Total | | | 5,817 |  |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Eastern Shore" (PDF). *nslegislature.ca*.
Nova Scotia Legislature (1963). *Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns* (PDF). Queen's Printer. | | | | | | |

1. "Electoral History for Halifax East" (PDF). *Nova Scotia Legislature*. October 30, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2019.


title: Peter John Olivi

abstract: Peter John Olivi, also Pierre de Jean Olivi or Petrus Joannis Olivi, was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher who, although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church, remained a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the 14th century. In large part, this was due to his view that the Franciscan vow of poverty also entailed usus pauper. While contemporary Franciscans generally agreed that usus pauper was important to the Franciscan way of life, they disagreed that it was part of their vow of poverty. His support of the rigorous view of ecclesiastical poverty played a part in the ideology of the groups coming to be known as the Spiritual Franciscans or Fraticelli.

text:
# Peter John Olivi

**Peter John Olivi**, also **Pierre de Jean Olivi** or **Petrus Joannis Olivi** (1248 – 14 March 1298), was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher who, although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church, remained a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the 14th century. In large part, this was due to his view that the Franciscan vow of poverty also entailed *usus pauper* (*i.e.*, 'poor' or 'restricted' use of goods). While contemporary Franciscans generally agreed that *usus pauper* was important to the Franciscan way of life, they disagreed that it was part of their vow of poverty. His support of the rigorous view of ecclesiastical poverty played a part in the ideology of the groups coming to be known as the Spiritual Franciscans or Fraticelli.

## Biography

Born at Sérignan, Diocese of Béziers, 1247/48, at twelve he entered the Friars Minor at Béziers, studied at Montpellier, and later attended the University at Paris. He was present there in 1268, when Bonaventure gave his *Collationes de septem donis Spiritus sancti*, and was probably still there in 1273 for Bonaventure's *Collationes in Hexaemeron*. Returning to his native province, he taught in different places, and was probably in Narbonne around 1277–79.

During the preparation of Nicholas III's Bull *Exiit qui seminat*, in the summer of 1279, Olivi accompanied his provincial minister to Italy, but was not himself part of the commission that worked on the Bull. He was asked to express briefly his opinion with regard to Franciscan poverty, but composed much longer questions on the evangelical perfection. Upon his return to Languedoc, he was accepted as lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Montpellier, but later turned to Scripture Studies. He produced a number of biblical commentaries: *Genesis, Isaiah, Job, Matthew, John, Romans*, and *Revelation*, among others. One opponent (described as "brother Ar.", to be identified with Arnaud Gaillard, then a formed bachelor back from Paris) voiced his opposition to Olivi's views on the Franciscan vow of poverty, which prompted him to write a *Treatise on poor use* (*De usu paupere*). The controversy between the two young theologians raged on many different issues, which attracted the attention of the General Chapter of Strasbourg in 1282. Only Olivi's fate is recorded, but both were probably suspended from teaching. His doctrine was examined by seven Franciscan theologians at Paris, who first drew up a list of errors (*Littera septem sigillorum*) and then substantiated it by a roll (*rotulus*) of citations from Olivi's writings.

Olivi defended himself in several responses (1283–85), and finally the General Chapter of Montpellier (1287) decided in his favor. The new general superior, Matthew of Aquasparta, sent him as lector in theology to the convent of Santa Croce in Florence. Next, Matthew's successor, Raymond Gaufredi, sent Olivi back to Montpellier as lector in theology. At the General Chapter of Paris in 1292, Olivi again gave explanations, which were apparently satisfactory. He spent his last years in the convent of Narbonne lecturing and writing his masterwork on the *Apocalypse of John*, revising his commentary on the *Sentences of Peter Lombard*, corresponding, and acting as pastor to a community of "Spiritual" Franciscans and devout laypersons. He died surrounded by his friends, who familiarly called him "Saint Peter," after an earnest profession of his Catholic Faith (published by Wadding ad a. 1297, n. 33) on 14 March 1298.

## Characteristic teaching

A glance at Olivi’s literary output indicates—considering his relatively short life of fifty years, full-time teaching duties, and lost years when he lived under the cloud that “Friar Ar.” cast over him—that he was remarkably productive. A near contemporary stated, not quite accurately, that he had written commentaries on every book in the Bible: he never fulfilled his plan to comment on the prophecy of Daniel or the epistles to the Corinthians.

Olivi commented on the Lombard’s *Sentences—*much of *Book III* and *IV,* and all of *Book II* in which he demonstrated himself to be an unsurpassed proponent of human free will. He was also a prominent critic of Averroës. His indirect, fragmentary commentary on Lombard *Book I*, *De Deo Cognoscendo,* is published as an appendix to the commentary on the Lombard's *Sentences* *Book* *II* (pp. 525–554). His argument there carries Anselm’s ontological argument to its fullness by affirming the superlative perfection (*summe infinitum*) of all of God’s attributes in a way analogous to, and reflective of, Olivi’s “superabundant hermeneutics” of the *Apocalypse* (See Lewis, *Olivi’s Revelation*, “Olivi’s Superabundant Hermeneutics”).

Olivi’s thinking and large body of writing on “evangelical poverty” has been much discussed, and made of him the leader of the so-called “Spiritual Franciscans,” oft maligned by the 14th-century papacy and others more interested in wealth than in the spirituality of Gospel self-control. He was a consistent believer in, and practitioner of, the holy life as taught by Jesus, lived by the Apostles, and restored to the church by Francis of Assisi, without, however, indulging in the personal extremism that characterized certain skeletal figures. Olivi’s work on contracts demonstrates his ability to think outside the realm of religion, and his balanced and reasonable attitude towards the appropriate use of money. Olivi was interested in practical matters as well as philosophy. His work *On Sale, Purchase, Usury and Restitution*, or more simply *On Contracts* (as in the latest edition by S. Piron, 2012), contains a subtle discussion of the pricing of risks and probabilities in connection with valuing compensation due for compulsory requisitioning of property. This work has earned for Olivi a place in the history of the development of thinking about the right use of capital.

Olivi’s rethinking of the meaning of the Bible on it own terms, apart from Aristotelian categories, in some cases led to a refreshing reliance on the simple meaning of the text, and in other cases to an unparalleled theological inventiveness. Olivi was unique in the 13th century, for example, in his realization of the Jewish quality of the *Apocalypse* (cf. Lewis, *Olivi’s Revelation,* “Olivi and the Jews”). He identified the “144,000 Friends of the Lamb” (Rev 7:4-8,14:1-5) as a Jewish, militant wing of the Church of the Endtime. Fascinated by Jewish music, Olivi, described the two wings of the Apocalyptic army, Jew and Gentile, as playing their harps and singing a twofold song in unison, the *Song of Moses* *and the Lamb* (Rev 15:3). Olivi foresaw a reunion of Jew and Gentile in the one People of God at the End as it had been at the Beginning. Quite the reverse of the Churchmen and Royals who in 1306, scarcely eight years after Olivi’s death, led France and Olivi’s neighbors into yet another spasm of European anti-semitism.

## Legacy and controversy

Controversy continued after his death. His friends, friars and laity alike, venerated their leader, and even honored his tomb as that of a saint; on the other hand, the General Chapter of Lyon in 1299, ordered his writings to be collected and burned as heretical.

The General Council of Vienne in 1312 established in the Decretal *Fidei catholicæ fundamento* (Bull. Franc., V, 86) the Catholic doctrine against three points of Olivi's teaching, although without mentioning Olivi by name. These points were:

* the moment when Christ's body on the cross was transfixed by the lance
* the manner in which the soul is united to the body
* the baptism of infants.

In 1318, anti-Olivi Friars destroyed Olivi's tomb, and are presumed to have thrown his body in the Rôhne River. In the next year, two further steps were taken against him. His writings were absolutely forbidden by the General Chapter of Marseilles, and a special commission of theologians examined Olivi's *Lectura super Apocalypsim* and marked sixty sentences as heretical, chiefly citations of Joachim of Flora. In 1326, those sentences were condemned by Pope John XXII when the use of them by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian in his Appeal of Sachsenhausen (1324) came to the attention of the Pope. Though Olivi was never officially condemned as a heretic, his name was included as a banned author in several editions of the *Index of Prohibited Books*.

Franz Ehrle considers (*Archiv, III*, 440) that Olivi was not the impious heretic that he was painted to be in some writings of his opponents, and states (ibid., 448) that the denunciation of his theological doctrine was rather a tactical measure of the adversaries of the rigorous principles of poverty and reform professed by Olivi. It is clear that Olivi follows in many points the doctrine of St. Bonaventure, but equally clear that in his *Lectura super Apocalypsim* he was a thoroughgoing follower of Joachim*,* which, for some, was enough to mark him as a heretic.

## Writings

The numerous works of Olivi, many of them now critically edited, can be divided into six classes:

### Philosophic works

* Bernhard Jansen (ed.). *Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum* 3 vols. \[= Summa Quaestionum, II\]. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1922-1926.
* Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). *De perlegendis philosophorum libris*. *Antonianum* *16* (1941): 31-44.
* Ferdinand Delorme (ed.).*Quid ponat ius vel dominium*. *Antonianum* *20* (1945): 309-330. Revised edition, S. Piron, *Oliviana*, *5*, 2016, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/882
* Stephen Brown (ed.).*Quaestiones logicales*. *Traditio* *42* (1986): 337-388.
* *Sylvain Piron* (ed.). *Quaestio de locutionibus angelorum*. *Oliviana*, 1, 2003.
* Sylvain Piron (ed., trans.) *Tractatus de contractibus.Traité des contrats*. Paris, Les Belles-Lettres, 2012. English translation : Ryan Thornton, Michael Cusato (trans.) *A Treatise on Contracts*, Saint Bonaventure (NY), Franciscan Institute Publications, 2016. Portuguese translation : Joice Beatriz da Costa, Luis Alberto de Boni (trans). *Tratado sobre os Contrato*. Porto, Edições Afrontamento, 2016.
* S. Piron (ed.). *Quaestio de divino velle et scire*, *Quaestio de ideis*, *Oliviana*, *6,* 2020, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/977
* Giacomo Todeschini. *Un trattato francescano di economia politica: il "De emptionibus et venditionibus, De usuris, De restitutionibus" di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi*. Rome: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo. 1980.

### Exegetical and hermeneutical works

* Marco Bartoli, *Super Lamentationum Ieremie* (ed.). in *La Caduta di Gerusalemme. Il commento al Libro delle Lamentazioni di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi*. Roma, ISIME, 1991.
* David Flood, Gedeon Gal (eds.). *Peter of John Olivi on the Bible. Principia quinque in Sacram Scripturam, Postilla in Isaiam et in I ad Corinthios*. St. Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997.
* Johannes Schlageter (ed.). *Expositio in Canticum Canticorum*. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 1999.
* David Flood (ed.). *Peter of John Olivi on the Acts of the Apostles*. St Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001.
* Johannes Schlageter (ed.). *Lectura super Proverbia, Lectura super Ecclesiasten*. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2003.
* David Flood (ed.). *Peter of John Olivi on Genesis*. St Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2006.
* Alain Boureau (ed.). *Lecturae super Pauli Epistolas*, Brepols (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 233), 2010.
* Fortunato Iozzelli (ed.). *Lectura Super Lucam et Lectura Super Marcum*, Grottaferrata, Frati Editori di Quaracchi-Fondazione Collegio San Bonaventura, 2010.
* Sylvain Piron (ed.). *Lectura super Mattheum, prologus*, Oliviana *4* (2012) : http://oliviana.revues.org/498
* Warren Lewis (ed.), *Lectura super Apocalypsim*, Saint Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2015; English edition, *Peter of John Olivi: Commentary on the Apocalypse--Translation, Notes and Introduction,* 2017.
* Alain Boureau (ed.), *Lectura super Iob*, Brepols (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 275), 2015.
* Stefano Defraia (ed.)*.Quodlibeta quinque,* inter alia, *Questionibus de textualibus.* Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2002.

### Theological works

* Bernhard Jansen (ed.). *Quaestiones De Deo Cognoscendo* (Appendix), pp. 453–554. in Q*uaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum* 3 vols. \[= Summa Quaestionum, II\]. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1922-1926.
* Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). *Quaestio de angelicis influentiis*, in Bonaventura. *Collationes in Hexaemeron et bonaventuriana quaedam selecta*. Quaracchi, 1934, pp. 363–412.
* Aquilino Emmen, Ernst Stadter (eds.). *Quaestiones de incarnatione et redemptione. Quaestiones de virtutibus.* Grottaferrata, Collegium San Bonaventurae, 1981.
* Pietro Maranesi (ed.). *Quaestiones de novissimis ex Summa super IV Sententiarum*. Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 2004.
* Michele Maccarone. (ed.) "*Una questione inedita dell'Olivi sull'infallibilità del Papa*". (*Quaestiones de perfectione evangelica 12* ). *Rivista della Chiesa in Italia*. 3 (1949): 309-343.
* Livarius Oliger (ed.). *"Petri Iohannis Olivi de renuntiatione papae Coelestini V quaestio et epistola"*. (*QPE 13*)*. Franciscanum Historicum*. 11 (1918): 340-366.
* Marco Bartoli (ed.). *Quaestiones de Romano pontifice.* Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2002.
* Pierre Péano (ed.). "La *Quaestio fr. Petri Iohannis Olivi* sur l'indulgence de la Portiuncule", *Archivum Franciscanum Historicum*. 74 (1981): 64-76.

### Works on observance of the Rule of Saint Francis and evangelical perfection

* David Flood (ed.). *Peter Olivi's Rule Commentary*. *Edition and Presentation.* Wiesbaden, F. Steiner, 1972.
* Aquilinus Emmen, Feliciano Simoncioli (ed.). "La dottrina dell'Olivi sulla contemplazione, la vita attiva e mista". (*QPE 1-4* ). *Studi Francescani,* 60 (1963) : 382-445; 61 (1964): 108-167.
* Aquilinus Emmen (ed.). "La dottrina dell'Olivi sul valore religioso dei voti". (*QPE 5*)*. Francescani,* 63 (1966): 88-108.
* Aquilinus Emmen (ed.). "Verginità e matrimonio nella valutazione dell'Olivi". (*QPE 6). Studi Francescani*, 64 (1967): 11-57.
* Johannes Schlageter (ed.). *Das Heil der Armen und das Verderben der Reichen. Petrus Johannis Olivi, OFM, Die Frage nach der höchsten Armut*. (*QPE 8*). Werl i. Westphalen, Dietrich-Coelde-Verlag, 1989.
* David Burr (ed.). *De usu paupere. The Quaestio and the Tractatus*, (*QPE 9*). Firenze-Perth, Leo S. Olschki-University of Western Australia Press, 1992.
* David Flood (ed.) *"Peter Olivi Quaestio de mendicitate, critical édition*". (*QPE 10/15 ). Franciscanum Historicum,* 87 (1994): 299-347.
* David Burr, David Flood (eds.). *"Peter Olivi: On property and revenue"*. (*QPE 16*). *Franciscan Studies,* 40 (1980): 18-58.
* Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). "*Fr. P. J. Olivi questio de voto regulam aliquam profitentis*". (*QPE 17* ).16 (1941): 131-164.

### Apologetical works and letters

* Franz Ehrle (ed.). *Epistola ad regis Siciliae filios*. *Archiv für Literatur- und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters*, *3* (1887): 534-540.
* Albanus Heysse (ed.). *De obitu fratris Petri Iohannis et quid receptis sacramentis dixit*. "Descriptio codicis Bibliothecae Laurentaniae S. Crucis plut. 31 sin. cod. 3," *Archivum franciscanum historicum*, *11* (1918): 267-269.
* Damase Laberge (ed.). *"Fr. Petri Iohannis Olivi, O.F.M., tria scripta sui ipsius apologetica annorum 1283 et 1285"*, *Archivum Franciscanum Historicum,* *28* (1935): 115-155, 374-407, *29* (1936): 98-141, 365-395.
* Sylvain Piron, Elsa Marmursztejn, Cynthia Kilmer (eds)."*ad fratrem R."*. *Archivum Franciscanum Historicum,* *91* (1998): 33-64.

### Devotional works

* Dionisio Pacetti (ed.)*. Quaestiones quatuor de Domina*. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1954.
* Raoul Manselli (ed.). *Modus quomodo quilibet postest referre gratias Deo de beneficiis ab eo receptis*, *Miles armatus*, *Informatio Petri Iohannis*, *Remedia contra temptationes spirituales.* Roma, *Spirituali e beghini in Provenza*. ISIME, 1959, pp. 274–290.
* Antonio Montefusco. *"L’opuscolo Miles armatus di Pierre de Jean Olieu. Edizione critica e commento"*. *Studi Francescani*. *108* (2011): 50-171.

1. Piron, Sylvain (2003). "The Formation of Olivi's Intellectual Project". *Oliviana*.
2. Burr, David (1976). "The Date of Olivi's Commentary on Matthew". *Collectanea Franciscana*.
3. Burr, David (1989). *Olivi and Franciscan Poverty The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy*. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4. Burr, David (1976). *The Persecution of Peter Olivi*. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871696656.
5. Piron, Sylvain (2006). "Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi : enquête dans les marges du Vatican". *Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Moyen Âge*. 118–2 (2): 313. doi:10.3406/mefr.2006.9421.
6. J. Franklin, *The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal*, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 265-267.
7. For text, see Baluzius-Mansi, "Miscellanea", II, Lucca, 1761, 258–70; cf. also Henry Denifle, "Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis", II, i, Paris, 1891, 238–9
8. Piron, Sylvain (2002). *Bonagrazia de Bergame, auteur des Allegationes sur les articles extraits par Jean XXII de la Lectura super Apocalipsim d'Olivi*. Vol. 2. Rome: Edizioni Antonianum. pp. 1065–1087. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
9. Alexander VII (1664). *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*. Rome: Ex Typographia Reuerendae Camerae Apostolicae. p. 128.

## Further reading

* David Burr, *The Persecution of Peter Olivi*, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., 66, part 5, 1976.
* David Burr, *Olivi and Franciscan Poverty: The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy*. (Middle Ages Series.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
* David Burr, *Olivi's Peaceable Kingdom. A Reading of the Apocalypse Commentary, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press*, 1993.
* Alain Boureau et Sylvain Piron (éd.), *Pierre de Jean Olivi. Pensée scolastique, dissidence spirituelle et société*, Paris: Vrin, 1999.
* Robert J. Karris, "Peter of John Olivi: Commentary on the Gospel of Mark", St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011. ISBN 978-1-57659-234-2.
* Catherine König-Pralong, Olivier Ribordy, Tiziana Suarez-Nani (dir.), *Pierre de Jean Olivi. Philosophe et théologien*, Berlin, De Gruyter (Scrinium Friburgense *29*), 2010; cf. S. Piron, *Le métier de théologien selon Olivi. Philosophie, théologie, exégèse et pauvreté*, pp. 17–85 - available on line : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00530925/
* Warren Lewis, *Olivi's Revelation: An Introduction to the* Lectura super Apocalpsim of Peter John Olivi, St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2022.
* Kevin Madigan, *Olivi and the Interpretation of Matthew in the High Middle Ages*, University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.
* Antonio Montefusco, Per l’edizione degli opuscula di Pierre de Jean Olivi : sul corpus e la cronologia, *Oliviana*, *4* (2012), online : http://oliviana.revues.org/555
* Sylvain Piron, Olivi et les averroïstes, *Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie*, *53*-1 2006, pp. 251–309 - available on line : http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/halshs-00089021
* S. Piron, Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi : enquête dans les marges du Vatican, *Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Moyen Âge118*/2, 2006, pp. 313–373, available on line : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00179543/
* S. Piron, « Chronologie des écrits de Pierre de Jean Olivi », *Oliviana*, 6, 2020, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/1035
* S. Piron, *Pietro di Giovanni Olivi e gli Spirituali francescani*, Milano: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2021.


title: Nishikata Station

abstract: Nishikata Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Satsumasendai, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by third-sector railway company Hisatsu Orange Railway.

text:
# Nishikata Station

**Nishikata Station** (西方駅, *Nishikata-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Satsumasendai, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by third-sector railway company Hisatsu Orange Railway.

## Lines

The station is served by the Hisatsu Orange Railway Line that follows the former coastal route of the JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line connecting Yatsushiro and Sendai. It is located 99.6 km from the starting point of the line at Yatsushiro.

## Station layout

The station consists of two side platforms and two tracks. It is unattended station. A maintenance siding is provided on the upper side. During the former JNR era, it was a staffed station with two platforms and three tracks, with a large white concrete station building, a freight siding and freight platform, and JNR official housing on both sides of the station building. During its peak in the 1970s, it was very busy, especially during summer vacation and long weekends, with beachgoers at the nearby Nishikata Beach, tourists at Kawauchi Takagi Onsen. Express trains made special stops, and several special trains were scheduled to stop at the station from the direction of Nishi-Kagoshima Station. In 1983, the station was unattended and the government housing was removed, reducing the size of the station premises. In 1988, the station building was demolished and a simple waiting room was installed. Around 2000, the center track was discontinued, leaving the station with two tracks and two platforms, which is the case today. After the center track was discontinued, the signals, overhead wires, and the points rail that crossed the main line were removed, and it was left abandoned for many years, but when it was transferred to the Hisatsu Orange Railway in March 2004, the tracks were completely removed.

### Platforms

| **1** | Hisatsu Orange Railway | for Izumi, Minamata, and Yatsushiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Hisatsu Orange Railway | for Sendai |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hisatsu Orange Railway Line | | | | |
| Satsuma Ohkawa | |  | Satsuma Taki | |
| Rapid Express *Ocean Liner Satsuma*: Does not stop at this station | | | | |

## History

Nishikata Station was opened on 1 July 1922 as a station on the Japanese Government Railways Sendai Line, which was incorporated into the Kagoshima Main Line on 17 October 1927. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways on 1 April 1987, the station was transferred to JR Kyushu. On 13 March 2004, with the opening of the Kyushu Shinkansen, the station was transferred to the Hisatsu Orange Railway.

## Passenger statistics

The average daily passenger traffic in fiscal 2019 was 23 people.

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| Nishikata Station
* 西方駅 * にしかた | |
| --- | --- |
| Nishikata station building and footbridge in 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nishikatacho, Satsumasendai-shi, Kagoshima-ken 899-1801
Japan |
| Coordinates | 31°54′59″N 130°13′25″E / 31.9164°N 130.22375°E / 31.9164; 130.22375 |
| Operated by | Hisatsu Orange Railway Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Hisatsu Orange Railway Line |
| Distance |  |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Other information | |
| Station code | OR24 |
| Website | Official website (in Japanese) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1922 (1922-07-01) |
| Original company | Japanese Government Railways |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 23 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Nishikata StationLocation within Kagoshima PrefectureNishikata StationNishikata Station (Japan) | |


title: Héctor Javier Velazco

abstract: Héctor Javier Velazco is an Argentine boxer.

text:
# Héctor Javier Velazco

**Héctor Javier Velazco** (20 May 1973,Avellaneda) is an Argentine boxer.

## Professional career

Known as "El Artillero", Velazco turned pro in 1996 and compiled a record of 28-1-1 in his first 31 fights before he defeated András Gálfi on 3 March 2003 for the vacant WBO interim middleweight title. He was elevated to full champion when original titleholder Harry Simon failed to make his mandatory defense due to injuries suffered in a car accident. He would go on to lose the belt in his first defense to Felix Sturm in what would be his first fight outside of his native Argentina. Velazco had a record of 8–6 in his final 14 fights before deciding to retire from the sport in 2010.

## Professional boxing record

| 47 fights | 37 wins | 9 losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 16 | 5 |
| By decision | 19 | 3 |
| By disqualification | 2 | 1 |
| Draws | 1 | |

| No | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 47 | Loss | 37–9-1 | Braimah Kamoko | TKO | 10 (12) | 31 Jul 2010 | Ohene Djan Sports Stadium, Accra, Ghana |  |
| 46 | Loss | 37–8-1 | Gusmyr Perdomo | TKO | 2 (11) | 3 Jul 2008 | Estadio Luna Park, Buenos Aires, Argentina | For vacant WBA Fedelatin super middleweight title |
| 45 | Win | 37–7-1 | Martin David Islas | UD | 6 | 15 May 2008 | Sociedad Española, San Luis, Argentina |  |
| 44 | Win | 36–7-1 | Martin David Islas | UD | 10 | 5 Jan 2008 | Polideportivo Municipal, Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 43 | Loss | 35–7–1 | Mads Larsen | UD | 8 | 23 Apr 2007 | Stadthalle, Zwickau, Germany |  |
| 42 | Loss | 35–6–1 | Jürgen Brähmer | UD | 12 | 19 May 2007 | Color Line Arena, Altona, Germany | For vacant WBO Inter-Continental super middleweight title |
| 41 | Win | 35-5-1 | Martin David Islas | KO | 2 (6) | 20 Jan 2007 | Monte Hermoso, Argentina |  |
| 40 | Win | 34-5-1 | Juan Italo Meza | UD | 8 | 2 Sep 2006 | Shopping Alas, Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 39 | Win | 33-5-1 | Walter Lucio Martinez | UD | 6 | 16 Dec 2005 | Polideportivo Municipal, Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 38 | Win | 32-5-1 | Hugo Ricardo Rodriguez | KO | 3 (10) | 12 Nov 2005 | Ce.De.M. N° 1, Caseros, Argentina |  |
| 37 | Loss | 31-5-1 | Arthur Abraham | KO | 5 (12) | 23 Apr 2005 | Arena Westfalenhalle, Dortmund, Germany | For WBA Inter-Continental middleweight title |
| 36 | Win | 31-4-1 | Luis Daniel Parada | UD | 8 | 19 Mar 2005 | Club Independiente, Bahia Blanca, Argentina |  |
| 35 | Loss | 30-4-1 | Mariano Natalio Carrera | TKO | 10 (12) | 19 Jun 2004 | Estadio Luna Park, Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 34 | Win | 30-3-1 | Ramon Arturo Britez | UD | 8 | 6 Mar 2004 | Estadio Luna Park, Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 33 | Loss | 29-3-1 | Felix Sturm | SD | 12 | 13 Sep 2003 | Estrel Convention Center, Neukoelln, Germany | Lost WBO middleweight title |
| 32 | Win | 29-2-1 | András Gálfi | RTD | 8 (12) | 10 May 2003 | Estadio Luna Park, Buenos Aires, Argentina | Won vacant WBO interim middleweight title |
| 31 | Win | 28-2-1 | Lorenzo Marquez | KO | 2 (8) | 5 Oct 2002 | Ce.De.M. N° 2, Caseros, Argentina |  |
| 30 | Win | 27-2-1 | Leonardo Javier Gonzalez | RTD | 8 (12) | 25 May 2002 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 29 | Win | 26-2-1 | Juan Italo Meza | TKO | 7 (8) | 19 Jan 2002 | Estadio F.A.B., Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 28 | Win | 25-2-1 | Hugo Daniel Sclarandi | UD | 12 | 21 Jul 2001 | Polideportivo Municipal, Pinamar, Argentina |  |
| 27 | Win | 24-2-1 | Rogerio Cacciatore | KO | 8 (12) | 21 Apr 2001 | Ex Expreso Castellano, Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 26 | Win | 23-2-1 | Jose Luis Loyola | UD | 8 | 8 Dec 2000 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 25 | Win | 22-2-1 | Hugo Daniel Sclarandi | PTS | 8 | 13 Oct 2000 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 24 | Win | 21-2-1 | Ramon Arturo Britez | UD | 12 | 21 Jul 2000 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 23 | Win | 20-2-1 | Nestor Jesus Gil | KO | 2 (8) | 26 May 2000 | Pinamar, Argentina |  |
| 22 | Win | 19-2-1 | Juan Carlos Lettieri | PTS | 6 | 21 Apr 2000 | Club Social y Deportivo Mar de Ajó, Argentina |  |
| 21 | Win | 18-2-1 | Mario Javier Moreno | UD | 8 | 25 Feb 2000 | Estadio Polideportivo, Pinamar, Argentina |  |
| 20 | Draw | 17-2-1 | Cristian Oscar Zanabria | PTS | 8 | 7 Dec 1999 | Dolores, Argentina |  |
| 19 | Win | 17-2 | Marcelo Hugo Pablo Lamadrid | PTS | 8 | 15 Oct 1999 | Pinamar, Argentina |  |
| 18 | Win | 16-2 | Argentino Raul Lopez | TKO | 3 (8) | 12 Jun 1999 | Pinamar, Argentina |  |
| 17 | Win | 15-2 | Jose Laercio Bezerra de Lima | PTS | 8 | 18 Dec 1998 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 16 | Loss | 14-2 | Ariel Patricio Arrieta | KO | 4 (10) | 29 Aug 1998 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 15 | Win | 14-1 | Jose Luis Saldivia | PTS | 8 | 16 May 1998 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 14 | Win | 13-1 | Fernando Roberto Vera | DQ | 5 (8) | 4 Apr 1998 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 13 | Win | 12-1 | Javier Alberto Lescano | PTS | 8 | 20 Dec 1997 | Estudios Canal 9 TV, Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 12 | Win | 11-1 | Antonio de la Cruz Perez | DQ | 4 (8) | 22 Nov 1997 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 11 | Win | 10-1 | Ariel Patricio Arrieta | RTD | 5 (6) | 8 Nov 1997 | Estudios Canal 9 TV, Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 10 | Win | 9-1 | Raul Norberto Guichapani | UD | 8 | 27 Sep 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 9 | Win | 8-1 | Carlos Alberto Rene More | RTD | 3 (8) | 19 Jul 1997 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 8 | Win | 7-1 | Gustavo Fabian Maceda | PTS | 8 | 28 Jun 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 7 | Win | 6-1 | Fernando Roberto Vera | TKO | 4 (6) | 14 Jun 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 6 | Win | 5-1 | Carlos Marcelo Romero | TKO | 3 (10) | 3 May 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 5 | Win | 4-1 | Gustavo Fabian Maceda | PTS | 6 | 29 Mar 1997- | Estudios Canal 9 TV, Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 4 | Loss | 3-1 | Jorge Javier Arias | DQ | 1 (8) | 1 Feb 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
| 3 | Win | 3-0 | Hector Eduardo Villarreal | KO | 4 (6) | 23 Nov 1996 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 2 | Win | 2-0 | Sandro Walter Barrionuevo | TKO | 4 (6) | 12 Oct 1996 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |
| 1 | Win | 1-0 | Jose Maria Escobar | KO | 3 (6) | 7 Sep 1996 | Villa Gesell, Argentina |  |

## InfoBox

| Héctor Velazco | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Héctor Javier Velazco
(1973-05-20) 20 May 1973
Avellaneda, Argentina |
| Other names | "El Artillero" (The Gunner) |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) |  |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 47 |
| Wins | 37 |
| Wins by KO | 16 |
| Losses | 9 |
| Draws | 1 |
|  | |


title: Lake Sherwood (Florida)

abstract: Lake Sherwood, just southeast of Florida State Road 429, is a natural freshwater lake west of Orlando, Florida, in Orange County, Florida. This lake is surrounded by residential housing and retail establishments. Two roads cross the lake via bridges. Colonial Drive, an east to west street, crosses its middle and Florida State Road 429 cuts across the southern portion of the lake. Much of the lake shore is swampy. Lake Sherwood is listed in the Orange County Wateratlas as a private lake; there is no public access along its shores.

text:
# Lake Sherwood (Florida)

**Lake Sherwood**, just southeast of Florida State Road 429, is a natural freshwater lake west of Orlando, Florida, in Orange County, Florida. This lake is surrounded by residential housing and retail establishments. Two roads cross the lake via bridges. Colonial Drive, an east to west street, crosses its middle and Florida State Road 429 cuts across the southern portion of the lake. Much of the lake shore is swampy. Lake Sherwood is listed in the Orange County Wateratlas as a private lake; there is no public access along its shores.

## InfoBox

| Lake Sherwood | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake SherwoodLake Sherwood | |
| Location | between Ocoee, Florida and Orlando, Florida |
| Coordinates | 28°33′04″N 81°29′52″W / 28.55116872°N 81.49785187°W / 28.55116872; -81.49785187 |
| Type | Natural freshwater lake |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 5,000 ft (1,500 m) |
| Max. width | 2,650 ft (810 m) |
| Surface area | 160 acres (65 ha) |
| Average depth | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Water volume | 565,221,888 US gallons (2.13959760×109 L; 470,645,675 imp gal) |
| Surface elevation | 79 ft (24 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | 1 islet |


title: Tungstonia, Nevada

abstract: Tungstonia, Nevada, is a ghost town on the Southern flank of the Kern Mountains of Eastern White Pine County, Nevada, along Tungstonia Wash.

text:
# Tungstonia, Nevada

**Tungstonia, Nevada,** is a ghost town on the Southern flank of the Kern Mountains of Eastern White Pine County, Nevada, along Tungstonia Wash.

## History

Tungsten was discovered here in 1910 by George Sims and C. Olsen, and full-scale mining began in 1914 with the introduction of two companies from Utah: the Salt Lake Tungstonia Mines Company and the Utah-Nevada Mining and Milling company. The community that developed in support of the mining operations reached a population of about fifty in 1916, with the usual kind of business commensurate with a mining camp of this size, including "a couple of saloons and stores, a boardinghouse, and several wood-frame buildings." The community was also briefly granted a post office, under the name *Tugstonia,* which served the locale from January 4 to August 3, 1917. Kirby Smith served as the postmaster.

After the Salt Lake Tungstonia Mines Company ceased operations in early 1918, the population dwindled precipitously immediately thereafter. That company's property was leased by the Griffin Mining Company during the summer of 1918, but this venture proved fruitless and most of the remaining residents abandoned the site.

The area saw a brief resurgence in the years 1935-1942 when three new mines, the Dandy, the Whiskey Bottle, and the Tungstonia, renewed activity; only sporadic leasing activity has occurred in the district since 1942, with the total valuation of ores removed around $126,000.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tungstonia (historical)
2. *Nevada Road & Recreation Atlas*, Benchmark Maps, Medford, Oregon 2003, p. 53
3. Hall, Shawn (1994). *Romancing Nevada's Past*. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
4. Carlson, Helen S. (1985). *Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary*. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
5. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tungstonia Post Office (historical)

## InfoBox

| Tungstonia, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Tungstonia, Nevada | |
| Coordinates: 39°39′27″N 114°09′52″W / 39.65750°N 114.16444°W / 39.65750; -114.16444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| District | White Pine County |
| Elevation | 7,648 ft (2,331 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |


title: Ana Redondo García

abstract: Ana Carmen Redondo García is a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party appointed as minister of Equality since November 2023.

text:
# Ana Redondo García

**Ana Carmen Redondo García** (pronounced \[ˈana reˈðondo gaɾˈθi.a\]; born 16 July 1966) is a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party appointed as minister of Equality since November 2023.

## InfoBox

| The Most ExcellentAna Redondo García | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2023 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Equality | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 November 2023 | |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Sánchez |
| Preceded by | Irene Montero |
| Second Deputy Mayor of Valladolid | |
| **In office**
13 June 2015  17 June 2023Serving with Manuel Saravia Madrigal | |
| Member of the Cortes of Castile and León | |
| **In office**
27 May 2007  16 June 2015 | |
| Constituency | Valladolid |
| Member of the Valladolid City Council | |
| **In office**
13 June 2015  21 November 2023 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ana Carmen Redondo García
(1966-07-16) July 16, 1966
Valladolid, Spain |
| Political party | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Groningen Protocol

abstract: The Groningen Protocol is a medical protocol created in September 2004 by Eduard Verhagen, the medical director of the department of pediatrics at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in Groningen, the Netherlands. It contains directives with criteria under which physicians can perform "active ending of life on infants" without fear of legal prosecution.

text:
# Groningen Protocol

The **Groningen Protocol** is a medical protocol created in September 2004 by Eduard Verhagen, the medical director of the department of pediatrics at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in Groningen, the Netherlands. It contains directives with criteria under which physicians can perform "active ending of life on infants" (child euthanasia) without fear of legal prosecution.

## Origin

The protocol was created by a committee of physicians and others at the University Medical Center Groningen, in consultation with the Groningen district attorney, and has been ratified by the Dutch National Association of Pediatricians.

According to its authors, the Groningen Protocol was developed to assist with the decision-making process when considering actively ending the life of a newborn, by providing the information required to assess the situation within a legal and medical framework. In July 2005 the protocol was declared to be mandatory by the Dutch Society for Pediatrics.

## Protocol

The protocol, drawn up after extensive consultation between physicians, lawyers, parents and the Prosecution Office, offers procedures and guidelines to achieve the correct decision and performance. The final decision about "active ending of life on infants" is *not* in the hands of the physicians but with the parents, with physicians and social workers agreeing to it. Criteria are, amongst others, "unbearable suffering" and "expected quality of life". Only the parents may initiate the procedure. The procedure is reported to be working well.

For the Dutch public prosecutor, the termination of a child's life (under age 1) is acceptable if four requirements were properly fulfilled:

1. The presence of hopeless and unbearable suffering.
2. The consent of the parents to termination of life.
3. Medical consultation having taken place.
4. Careful execution of the termination.

Doctors who end the life of a baby must report the death to the local medical examiner, who in turn reports it to both the district attorney and to a review committee. The procedure differs in this respect from the black letter law governing voluntary euthanasia. There, the medical examiner sends the report only to the regional review committee, which alerts the district attorney only if it judges that the physician acted improperly.

The Dutch euthanasia laws require people to ask for euthanasia themselves (voluntary euthanasia), and it is legal for people of 12 years and older. In the Netherlands, euthanasia remains technically illegal for patients under the age of 12. The Groningen Protocol does not give physicians unassailable legal protection. Case law has so far protected physicians from prosecution as long as they act in accordance with the protocol, but no black-letter law exists in this area. In April 2023 the Dutch parliament released a statement that an arrangement will be introduced for the termination of life of seriously ill and untreatable children aged 1 to 12. This arrangement follows some areas of the Groningen protocol: "It will concern children with such a serious illness or disorder that death is inevitable and the death of these children is expected in the foreseeable future."

## Review

In 2005 a review study was undertaken of all 22 reported cases between 1997 and 2004. All cases concerned newborns with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. In all cases, at least 2 doctors were consulted outside the medical team. In 17 of 22 cases, a multidisciplinary spina bifida team was consulted. All parents consented to the termination of life; in 4 cases they explicitly requested it. The mean time between reporting of the case and the decision concerning prosecution was 5.3 months. None of the cases led to prosecution. The study concluded that all cases of active termination of life reported were found to be in accordance with good practice.

## Reception

The protocol is controversial and has been attacked by anti-euthanasia campaigner Wesley J. Smith, Senior Fellow at the conservative think tank Discovery Institute, who described it as an attempt to legalize infanticide.

Several studies have questioned the basis for the protocol and have recommended abandoning it; however, bioethicist Jacob M. Appel of New York University has said that the protocol is a success and should be expanded. Hilde Lindemann and Marian Verkerk said that the policy must be evaluated in the context of Dutch culture and medicine, but Eric Kodish has harshly criticized the protocol and its premises in an article published in *The Lancet*. Kodish concluded by inviting resistance to the protocol by means of civil disobedience against the medical institutionalization of infanticide.

**Notes**

**Further reading**


title: Turbonilla valida

abstract: Turbonilla valida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla valida

***Turbonilla valida*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla valida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. valida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla valida***<br>Verrill & Bush, 1900 | |
|


title: Wayne Evans (rugby union)

abstract: Wayne Evans is a Welsh rugby union footballer who plays scrum half and has gained international honours with Wales under 18s, 21s and Sevens. Evans started playing rugby St Clears and Narberth at junior level, before playing for the youth team at Carmarthen Quins. In 2001, Evans played for the Scarlets Academy and Carmarthen Quins Seniors XV. Cardiff Blues signed Evans in 2005, where he was also involved in playing for Pontypridd RFC prior to joining Newport Gwent Dragons. Evans signed an extended contract with Newport Gwent Dragons in January 2010. In July 2014 Evans joined Coventry

text:
# Wayne Evans (rugby union)

**Wayne Evans** (born 3 June 1984) is a Welsh rugby union footballer who plays scrum half and has gained international honours with Wales under 18s, 21s and Sevens (Dubai, George, Commonwealth Games, Hong Kong, Adelaide, London and Murreyfield).

Evans started playing rugby St Clears and Narberth at junior level, before playing for the youth team at Carmarthen Quins. In 2001, Evans played for the Scarlets Academy and Carmarthen Quins Seniors XV. Cardiff Blues signed Evans in 2005, where he was also involved in playing for Pontypridd RFC prior to joining Newport Gwent Dragons.

Evans signed an extended contract with Newport Gwent Dragons in January 2010.

In July 2014 Evans joined Coventry

## InfoBox

Wayne Evans
| Date of birth | (1984-06-03) 3 June 1984 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Carmarthen, Wales |
| Height | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 85 kg (13 st 5 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Current team** Coventry R.F.C.  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2007–2014
2014- NG Dragons
Coventry  142
0  (65)
(0)  Correct as of 16:23, 22 November 2011 (UTC) | |


title: Peter John Nicholson

abstract: Peter John M. Nicholson is a Canadian economist, former politician, and science policy expert. He represented the electoral district of Victoria in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1978 to 1980, as a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

text:
# Peter John Nicholson

**Peter John M. Nicholson** (born May 3, 1942) is a Canadian economist, former politician, and science policy expert. He represented the electoral district of Victoria in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1978 to 1980, as a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

## Early life and education

Nicholson was born at Halifax in 1942, the son of former Nova Scotia MLA Peter M. Nicholson. He attended Dalhousie University and Stanford University and holds Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees.

## Personal life

In 1982, he married Penelope Jane Connolly.

## InfoBox

| Peter John Nicholson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MLA for Victoria | |
| **In office**
1978  March 6, 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Maynard MacAskill |
| Succeeded by | Fisher Hudson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-05-03) May 3, 1942
Halifax, Nova Scotia |
| Political party | Nova Scotia Liberal Party |
| Residence(s) | Halifax, Nova Scotia |
| Occupation | Consultant |
|  | |


title: Nishikawa Sukenobu

abstract: Nishikawa Sukenobu, often called simply "Sukenobu", was a Japanese printmaker from Kyoto. He was unusual for an ukiyo-e artist, as he was based in the imperial capital of Kyoto. He did prints of actors, but gained note for his works concerning women. His Hyakunin joro shinasadame, in two volumes published in 1723, depicted women of all classes, from the empress to prostitutes, and received favorable results.

text:
# Nishikawa Sukenobu

**Nishikawa Sukenobu** (西川 祐信, 1671 – August 20, 1750), often called simply "Sukenobu", was a Japanese printmaker from Kyoto. He was unusual for an ukiyo-e artist, as he was based in the imperial capital of Kyoto. He did prints of actors, but gained note for his works concerning women. His *Hyakunin joro shinasadame* (*Appreciating 100 women*), in two volumes published in 1723, depicted women of all classes, from the empress to prostitutes, and received favorable results.

## Life and career

Nishikawa Sukenobu was born in Kyoto in 1671 and studied painting there under Kanō Einō of the Kanō school of painting; he may also have studied under Tosa Mitsusuke of the Tosa school. Sukenobu's earliest known works are book illustrations that date to 1699; the earliest signed in his name is the seven-volume *Shin Kanninki* ("New patience story"). While most ukiyo-e artists were based in Edo (modern Tokyo), Sukenobu spent his career in Kyoto.

Sukenobu specialized in depictions of female beauties from different classes in their daily lives. He also produced books of kimono patterns, *Musha-e* portraits of warriors, illustrations of classical literature, and paintings.

Sukenobu died in Kyoto on 20 August 1750. He was also known under the names Uemon, Jitokusō, Jitokusai, Bunkado, Ukyō, Saiō. The influence of his style of depicting women is seen in the works of such artists as Suzuki Harunobu and Kitao Shigemasa.

## Collections

Sukenobu's work is held in the permanent collections of several institutions, including the Dallas Museum of Art, the Carnegie Museum of Art, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Harvard Art Museums, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Seattle Art Museum, the Suntory Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

### Works cited


title: Hygrocybe cantharellus

abstract: Hygrocybe cantharellus, commonly known as chanterelle waxy cap, is an agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in eastern North America and Australia. The European Hygrocybe lepida was previously referred to this name, but is now known to be distinct.

text:
# Hygrocybe cantharellus

***Hygrocybe cantharellus***, commonly known as **chanterelle waxy cap**, is an agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in eastern North America and Australia. The European *Hygrocybe lepida* was previously referred to this name, but is now known to be distinct.

## InfoBox

| *Hygrocybe cantharellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | *Hygrocybe* |
| Species: | ***H. cantharellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hygrocybe cantharellus***<br>(Schwein.) Murrill (1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agaricus cantharellus* Schwein. (1822) * *Craterellus cantharellus* (Schwein.) Fr. (1838) * *Hygrophorus cantharellus* (Schwein.) Fr. (1838) * *Trombetta cantharella* (Schwein.) Kuntze (1891) * *Camarophyllus cantharellus* (Schwein.) Murrill (1916) * *Pseudohygrocybe cantharella* (Schwein.) Kovalenko (1988) | |