title: Western non-interpolations

abstract: Western non-interpolations is a term coined by F. J. A. Hort for certain phrases that are absent in the Western text-type of New Testament manuscripts, but present in one of the two major other text-types. The Alexandrian text-type is generally terse or concise; the Western text-type is larger and paraphrased at places; the Byzantine text-type is a combination of those two. Nevertheless, the Western text is in certain places shorter than the Alexandrian text. All these shorter readings Hort named Western non-interpolations. Because New Testament scholars have generally preferred the shorter reading – lectio brevior – of textual variants since the 19th century, B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort concluded that these shorter readings in Western manuscripts represented the authentic original Biblical text. When they printed The New Testament in the Original Greek (1882), in almost all cases, it followed the Alexandrian text with the few exceptions that use these Western non-interpolations instead. According to Westcott and Hort, on some rare occasions Western textual witnesses have preserved the original text, against all other witnesses.

text:
# Western non-interpolations

**Western non-interpolations** is a term coined by F. J. A. Hort for certain phrases that are absent in the Western text-type of New Testament manuscripts, but present in one of the two major other text-types. The Alexandrian text-type is generally terse or concise; the Western text-type is larger and paraphrased at places (using more words to convey a similar meaning); the Byzantine text-type is a combination of those two. Nevertheless, the Western text is in certain places shorter than the Alexandrian text. All these shorter readings Hort named *Western non-interpolations*. Because New Testament scholars have generally preferred the shorter reading – *lectio brevior* – of textual variants since the 19th century, B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort concluded that these shorter readings in Western manuscripts represented the authentic original Biblical text. When they printed *The New Testament in the Original Greek* (1882), in almost all cases, it followed the Alexandrian text (which critical scholars agree is the most reliable text-type) with the few exceptions that use these Western non-interpolations instead. According to Westcott and Hort, on some rare occasions Western textual witnesses have preserved the original text, against all other witnesses.

## Alleged Western non-interpolations

Nine probable non-interpolations

Westcott and Hort concluded that the shorter Western reading of these nine passages (eight in the Gospel of Luke, one in the Gospel of Matthew) were probably in the original text of the New Testament:

* Matthew 27:49 – ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἔνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὕδωρ καὶ αἷμα (*the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood*), this reading was derived from John 19:34 – is found in **א**, , , , , , 1010, 1293, syrpal, ethmss, but is omitted by all other texts, including , , , , , , , , , , , , , 090, Byz, it, vg, syrcur, copsa, copbo, arm, geo); it was omitted also in late witness of the Alexandrian text-type in Minuscule 892
* Luke 22:19b-20 – τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον... τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον (*which is given for you... which is shed for you*), omitted by D, a, (b, e have a different word order) d, ff2, ,  (syrcur omits only verse 20)
* Luke 24:3 – τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (*of the Lord Jesus*), omitted by D, , , , , ff2, l, r1, (579, 1071, 1241, syrcur have του Ιησου but omit κυριου)
* Luke 24:6 – οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἀλλ(ὰ) ἠγέρθη (*He is not here, but is risen!*), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1, armmss, geoB
* Luke 24:12 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d, e, l, r1
* Luke 24:36 – καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (*and said to them: Peace to you*), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1
* Luke 24:40 – καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας (*and when He said this, He showed them His hands and His feet*), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1, syrsin, syrcur
* Luke 24:51 – καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (*and carried up into heaven*), omitted by א\*, D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, (hiat r1), sin (syrcur) geo1
* Luke 24:52 – προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (*worshiped Him*), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l (hiat r1), sin (syrcur), geo2

Twelve possible but improbable non-interpolations

Westcott and Hort concluded that the shorter Western reading of these twelve passages were possibly in the original text of the New Testament, but it is more likely that they emerged later as a shortening of the original (longer) text:

* Matt. 9:34 – οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον ἐν τᾡ ἂρχωντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια (*But the Pharisees said, "He casts out demons by the ruler of the demons*), omitted by D, a, d, , sin, Hilary (hiat e syrcur)
* Matt. 21:44 – entire verse omitted by 𝔓104, D, 33, a, b, d, e, ff1, ff2, r1, syrsin, Irenaeus (lat), Origen
* Mark 2:22
* Mark 14:39 – τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπών (*spoke the same words*), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, ff2, k, (syrcur)
* Luke 5:39 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff2, l, r1 (syrsin syrcur)
* Luke 10:41–42 – instead μεριμνας και θορυβαζη περι πολλα, ολιγων (ενος) δε εστιν χρεια Μαριαμ γαρ (*you are worried and troubled about many things, but not much (one thing) is needed*) has only θορυβαζη (*worried*) with (D has Μαριαμ) (a, b, d, e, ff2, i, l, r1, syrsin, Ambrose omit θορυβαζη)
* Luke 12:19
* Luke 12:21 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d
* Luke 12:39
* Luke 22:62 – entire verse omitted by (0171 does not appear to leave space) a, b, e, ff2, i, l, r1
* John 3:32
* John 4:9 – ου γαρ συγχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις (*Jews have no dealings with Samaritans*), omitted by א\*, D, a, b, d, , , copfay

Six improbable non-interpolations

Westcott and Hort concluded that, although these six passages are shorter in the Western text-type, the longer versions were very likely in the original text of the New Testament:

* Matt. 6:15
* Matt. 6:25
* Matt. 13:33
* Matt. 23:26
* Mark 10:2 – προσελθοντες Φαρισαιοι (*the Pharisees came*), or προσελθοντες οι Φαρισαιοι (word order varies), omitted by D, a, b, d, k, r1, syrsin (syrcur)
* Luke 24:9 – απο του μνημειου (*from the tomb*), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff2, l, r1, arm, geo

Other possible non-interpolations * Matt. 6:15 – τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν (*their trespasses*), omitted by א D -118-205-209-1582, 22, 892\*, , aur, , ff1, g1, syrh
* Matt. 13:33 – ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς omitted by D, d, (k), sin, syrcur
* Rom. 6:16 – εις θανατον (*for death*) omitted by D, 1739\*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, armmss, Ambrosiaster
* Matt. 23:26 – καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (*and dish*), found in: B, C, L, , 33, Byz, cop; but omitted by , , -118-209-1582, 700, a, d, e, ff1, r1, sin, geo, Irenaeuslat, Clement (hiat, b, syrcur)
* Rom. 10:21 – και αντιλεγοντα (*and contrary*), omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary
* Rom. 16:20 – η χαρις του κυριου ημων Ιησου (Χριστου) μεθ υμων omitted (*The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you*), by D\*vid, , , d, , , , *bodl* Ambrosiaster Pelagiusms
* Rom. 16:25-27 – verses omitted by F, G, 629, d\**?, g, goth?, Jeromemss
* 1 Cor. 15:3 – ο και παρελαβον (*I received*), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, Irenaeuslat, Tertullian?
* 1 Cor. 15:15 – ειπερ αρα νεκροι ουκ εγειρονται (*if in fact the dead do not rise*), omitted by D, a, b, r, bam, ful\**, harl\*, kar, mon, reg, val\*, pesh, Ambrosiaster, Irenaeus (lat), Tertullian?
* 2 Cor. 10:12-13 – ου συνιασιν. ημεις δε omitted (*are not wise. We, however*), by D\*, F, G, a, b, d, f, (429?) Ambrosiaster
* 1 Tim. 5:19 – εκτος ει μη επι δυο η τριων μαρτυρων (*except from two or three witnesses*), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius, Cyprian

## Influence on the New Testament editions

The "Western non-interpolations" were not included in the main text of Westcott-Hort edition (1881), but were instead moved to the footnotes. The editions of Nestle and Nestle-Aland did the same. In 1968, "the editorial committee (or more precisely its majority) decided to abandon the theories of Westcott-Hort and the Western non-interpolations." Since 1968 they are included in the main text, but marked with brackets.

Ehrman (1996) claimed that Westcott and Hort's observations still largely held merit, although he suggested that a better term for the alleged longer readings would be "non-Western interpolations". He made a case that most (but not all) of the longer readings in non-Western witnesses had an anti-docetic character. This might be the reason why they were deleted by docetic Christians in Western manuscripts, but more likely, why they were added to non-Western texts by (proto-orthodox) anti-docetic Christians at a very early stage (before the end of the 2nd century). Whereas scholars such as Aland and Fitzmyer have maintained that new findings such as 𝔓75 have refuted Hort's hypothesis, Ehrman concluded they are in line with what Hort expected, and don't undermine his argument.

## Further reading

* Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", *Oxford University Press*, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
* Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, *United Bible Societies*, London & New York, pp. 164–166.
* M. W. Martin, *Defending the "Western non-interpolations": The case for an anti-separationnist Tendenz in the longer Alexandrian readings* JBL 124 (2005), pp. 269–294.
* J. K. Elliot, "The Case for Thoroughgoing Eclectism", in *Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism*, ed. D. A. Black, Baker Academic 2006, pp. 115–116.


title: Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal

abstract: Wentworth is an area of Durban, South Africa in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is completely located inside the South Durban Basin. The Wentworth area is located near the major freeways M4 and M7 and is approximately 11 km south of the Durban city center.

text:
# Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal

**Wentworth** is an area of Durban, South Africa in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is completely located inside the South Durban Basin. The Wentworth area is located near the major freeways M4 and M7 and is approximately 11 km south of the Durban city center.

## History

Wentworth forms part of the South Durban Basin, Initiated in 1938 by British colonialists, the area's original purpose was to serve as an army base. Due to the 1950 Group Areas Act Apartheid-era policy, the region was split into districts depending on ethnic background. Wentworth is still primarily inhabited by people who identify as Coloured. The Bluff Nature Reserve on Tara Road divides Wentworth from the Bluff, and thus the Coloured population from the white one.

In the 1960s, Coloured people were relocated to the swampy, unused land of Wentworth (also known as Austerville). The red-brick buildings in this area, once occupied by white military families, were then converted into homes for Coloured people. Affluent Coloured families were also allowed to purchase prime real estate on Treasure Beach, which was originally set aside for Coloured development.

An area known as "Happy Valley" separates Treasure Beach from Tara Road and Wentworth. This bushland was the site of many informal settlements and tin shanties, but they were soon demolished when the area's two largest oil refineries, Engen and SAPREF, moved in 1952 and 1963, respectively. These two refineries are still both physical and economic landmarks in the area.

Further down Tara Road and past Wentworth is an area known as Merebank: this is where Indians were relocated and where the population is still concentrated today.

## Culture and activities

The languages primarily spoken in Wentworth and the surrounding areas are English, isiZulu and Afrikaans.

The mix of cultures leads to a mix of cuisine. Common street foods include samosas, veda and "bunnies", with roots in the Indian community, and biryani is also popular. British tea culture is also found in Wentworth.

Another fixture in Wentworth culture is the use of "combis," or share taxis. The taxis in Wentworth are particularly interesting because of the elaborate way the drivers name and decorate their cars.

There are many local soccer, rugby, and cricket leagues for people of all ages. Because of Wentworth's proximity to the coast, the area is also ideal for fishing, spending time at the beach, and recreational swimming. During June and July, thousands of sardines can be seen migrating along the coast.

## Government and infrastructure

Wentworth is part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Currently, the Wentworth area votes primarily for the Democratic Alliance (DA), the party that is in direct opposition with the African National Congress (ANC).

Wentworth Hospital is a district level government hospital located on the Bluff.

The South African Post Office is situated on Austerville Drive.

## Violence and crime

The South African Police Service has a significant presence in the area, with their offices and local cells located in Austerville Drive. It also operates a Victim Friendly Center for victims of abuse, and the Majesterial district has one of the major courts in the Durban South. However, crime is common in the area, largely due to two significant factors: much of the area lives below the poverty line, and there is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and associated drug and alcohol abuse.

The only community-based Addiction Recovery Centre locally open to all in the South Durban Basin is that of Place of Grace which operates a full rehabilitation programme on an out-patient basis with an optional safe-house residence, situated at The Blue Roof Wellness Centre, (which as of 2017 is a youth centre run by Zoë-Life) and is run by Act of Grace 145.

Historically, most of the crime in the area stemmed from either gang violence, drugs, or acts by locals to defend the area from unscrupulous outsiders. In the 1980s in particular, gang violence in Wentworth was supposedly so bad that "people were afraid to walk the streets at night...it was like a war zone". A current major contributing factor is that sometimes outsiders move in, and bring a culture of violence.

Along with the Addiction Recovery Centre and Victim Friendly Centre, other notable forces of change include the national organization Brothers For Life and the Violence Free Zones. The Violence Free Zones were launched in 2008 with the combined efforts of the Brothers For Life and the Prevention in Action (PIA) movement, with the goal of providing community-based action and support against gender-based violence. These zones can be spotted easily because of the neon-coloured houses and signs that mark their beginning and end.

Wentworth is becoming a safe zone and is low on the list of high-crime areas in KwaZulu-Natal. For example, the number of people murdered in 2015 was ten, well below the national average. This includes the deaths of people who lost their lives in the industrial area close by, and business robbery-related deaths.

## Economy and environment

Currently, there are approximately 350 businesses in the Wentworth area, the major ones being the SAPREF and Engen oil refineries, and the Mondi and Sappi paper mills. Other industries that make up the Wentworth area include landfills, and water treatment sites.

Environmental justice and apartheid are closely related. Under the Group Areas Act, Blacks, Coloured and Indians were placed in environmentally and aesthetically less pleasing areas, closer to centres of heavy industry, which ultimately led to those communities being exposed to more environmental hazards resulting in "a historically tense relationship between residents, big businesses, and environmentalists" that still continues. Organizations like the South Durban Community Environmental Alliance (SDCEA) fight to change policies surrounding both environmental and social issues.

Despite the fact that Wentworth is a relatively industrialized area, the current unemployment rate still falls somewhere around 40 percent.

## Education

### Primary schools

* Assegai Primary: Assegai Primary School was founded in 1961 with the motto “Prosperity, Peace, Progress". The current classrooms were completed about twenty years later. The school's facilities include a computer room, library and grounds with basketball and netball courts as well as a soccer field. The school begins with grade R and continues until grade 7, with four classes of about forty students per grade (excluding grade R, which has two classes). Each class has one teacher. However, the senior primary (grades 4 through 7) has recently adopted a successful program of specialization in which educators are assigned a subject and move from class to class to teach that particular discipline. Assegai's students come from many different areas including both the surrounding Wentworth community and the nearby township of Umlazi. They are taught three languages (English, Zulu, and Afrikaans) in addition to the basic subjects such as Mathematics, Arts and Culture, Geography, etc. Learners also have the option to participate in after-school activities such as soccer, baseball, and rugby.
* Austerville Primary was founded in 1960. It was the first school for so-called mixed races. The motto is "Progress through knowledge". From 1960 to 1978 the school was housed in the K2 building. In February 1978 the school moved into the building on Silvertree Road. Facilities at the school include a computer room, audio-visual room and a library.

Other primary schools are:

* Collingwood Primary
* Durban East Primary
* Gardenia Primary
* Wentworth Primary
* Bluff Christian Academy

### Secondary schools

* Fairvale Secondary
* Umbilo Secondary
* Wentworth Secondary
* Bluff Christian Academy

### Public libraries

Austerville Library is located on Austerville Drive next to the local community hall.

## InfoBox

| Wentworth | |
| --- | --- |
| WentworthWentworth | |
| Coordinates: 29°55′S 31°00′E / 29.917°S 31.000°E / -29.917; 31.000 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| Municipality | eThekwini |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.28 km2 (1.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 24,365 |
| Density | 7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 16.7% |
| Coloured | 81.7% |
| Indian/Asian | 1.1% |
| White | 0.3% |
| Other | 0.2% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| English | 86.4% |
| Zulu | 7.2% |
| Afrikaans | 2% |
| Xhosa | 1.2% |
| Other | 3.2% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 4052 |


title: International Childfree Day

abstract: International Childfree Day is celebrated annually on 1 August. It was created in 1973 in the United States by the National Alliance for Optional Parenthood, at the time the National Organisation for Non-Parents (N.O.N.), under the name of Non-Parents' Day. The day is aimed at celebrating people who voluntarily choose not to have children and to foster acceptance of the childfree choice. It has also been described as "a day of celebration worldwide for those couples who have faced criticism, ridicule, and rejection because they chose to be Childless by Choice." The initiative, resurrected in 2013 by author Laura Carroll, also bestows annual Non Parent of the Year Award, which initially consisted of a male and a female. As of 2018, the 'male' and 'female' categories were replaced by Childfree Person of the Year and Childfree Group of the Year. Winners include Belgian writer Théophile de Giraud and American author Jennifer Thorpe-Moscon in 2013. The 2020 winners were Elizabeth Hintz, an American doctoral candidate who "has dedicated her professional career to understanding and normalizing childfree experiences", and the Russian internet community "Childfree", which "has helped so many people to find a point of support in so pro-child, so patriarchal Russian society."

text:
# International Childfree Day

**International Childfree Day** is celebrated annually on 1 August. It was created in 1973 in the United States by the National Alliance for Optional Parenthood, at the time the National Organisation for Non-Parents (N.O.N.), under the name of Non-Parents' Day. The day is aimed at celebrating people who voluntarily choose not to have children and to foster acceptance of the childfree choice. It has also been described as "a day of celebration worldwide for those couples who have faced criticism, ridicule, and rejection because they chose to be Childless by Choice."

The initiative, resurrected in 2013 by author Laura Carroll, also bestows annual Non Parent of the Year Award, which initially consisted of a male and a female. As of 2018, the 'male' and 'female' categories were replaced by Childfree Person of the Year (a person of any gender identification) and Childfree Group of the Year (a couple, duo, trio, or a group, whether childfree romantic partners, social media groups, forum leaders, or website founders). Winners include Belgian writer Théophile de Giraud and American author Jennifer Thorpe-Moscon in 2013.

The 2020 winners were Elizabeth Hintz, an American doctoral candidate who "has dedicated her professional career to understanding and normalizing childfree experiences", and the Russian internet community "Childfree", which "has helped so many people to find a point of support in so pro-child, so patriarchal Russian society."


title: Morionia

abstract: Morionia is a genus of moths of the family Zygaenidae. It consists of only one species, Morionia sciara, which is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Morionia

***Morionia*** is a genus of moths of the family Zygaenidae. It consists of only one species, ***Morionia sciara***, which is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Morionia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Zygaenidae |
| Subfamily: | Procridinae |
| Genus: | *Morionia*
Jordan, 1910 |
| Species: | ***M. sciara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Morionia sciara***
Jordan, 1910 | |
|


title: Protajny

abstract: Protajny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Stary Dzierzgoń, 27 km (17 mi) east of Sztum, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Protajny

**Protajny** \[prɔˈtai̯nɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Stary Dzierzgoń, 27 km (17 mi) east of Sztum, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Protajny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Protajny | |
| Coordinates: 53°52′40″N 19°25′56″E / 53.87778°N 19.43222°E / 53.87778; 19.43222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Sztum |
| Gmina | Stary Dzierzgoń |
| Population | 40 |


title: Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory

text:
# Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory

Hollóháza porcelain is produced by the Porcelain Manufactory of Hollóháza, Hungary. The manufactory was founded in 1777, originally as glassworks. It is one of the oldest remaining, now state-owned porcelain manufactury in Hungary.

## History

Hollohazi porcelain is one of the oldest porcelain manufactory in Europe and it is the oldest in Hungary, dating back to 1777. The factory just recently celebrated its 240th year in business, still on the original site in rural Northeastern Hungary amid lush forests and rolling hills. In the beginning, they only made rudimentary, although visually appealing glass cups, bottles and dishes. At the dawn of the 19th century, the glass industry has flourished. However, the main transport routes and the raw materials needed to manufacture glass were far from the factory site. So, the owner of the factory, Count Karolyi decided to turn it into a ceramic manufactory in 1831, using the kaolin clay found nearby.

From the very beginning, there were multiple owners of the manufactory, but the first real upswing came in 1857 under the ownership of Ferenc Istvanyi. He developed the small plant into a major manufacturing facility. This ensured full employment in the barely 700 soul village. Although the products were made in a factory, they were still very folksy artifacts. The decorations and motifs were passed on from father to son, hand to hand. Ornamental porcelain such as figurines, lamps, wall clock appeared with the advent of the 20th century. After the post-World War I restart in 1923, the management went to great lengths to ensure the correct material composition of the porcelain. The price of porcelain goes ever higher, new products are being developed; However -due to the lending banks bankruptcy- the factory closes for 8 months. Another upswing begins in 1939, when a new tenant, a trader named Karoly Szakmary takes over. He sets off with great ambition to improve production and capacity of the artistically and technically outdated manufactory. He had installed a new coal-fired furnace; replaced the outdated steam-powered generator for new, electrical equipment, three modern electric furnaces were also installed which allowed for new production methods to be implemented for the newest designs. The factory can finally satisfy the needs and tastes of not only the rural population, but of the metropolitan gentry as well. Unfortunately, Karoly Szakmary is prevented from finishing his plans, when the factory is nationalized by the communist state after World War II, in 1948.

After the nationalization, Hollohazi Porcelain was only allowed to manufacture industrial porcelain, such as electrical insulators. The first applied art pieces will come only in 1957. Starting from the 1960s young and talented artists are taking over the new product development, establishing Hollohazi Porcelain Mfg as an important site for the Hungarian and lately, all- European art scene.

Demand has been constantly growing for Hollohazi porcelain’s newly designed and traditional ornaments and table wares. People appreciate the beauty of Hollohazi porcelain from Japan to America and beyond.

Hollohazi porcelain wares are available on the American continent as well, through the factory's authorized importer, Raven Relix Inc.

## Artists

## Sources

1. History of Hollohazi porcelain, Raven Relix


title: Arnell Creek (Love Creek tributary)

abstract: Arnell Creek is a 3.09 mi (4.97 km) long 1st order tributary to Love Creek, in Sussex County, Delaware.

text:
# Arnell Creek (Love Creek tributary)

**Arnell Creek** is a 3.09 mi (4.97 km) long 1st order tributary to Love Creek, in Sussex County, Delaware.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

* Arnells Creek
* Arnold Creek

## Course

Arnell Creek rises on the Munchy Branch divide at Breezewood in Sussex County, Delaware. Arnell Creek then flows south-southeast to meet Love Creek at Robinson Landing.

## Watershed

Arnell Creek drains 1.63 square miles (4.2 km2) of area, receives about 45.3 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 547.46 and is about 8.0% forested.

## InfoBox

| Arnell Creek
Tributary to Love Creek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Delaware |
| County | Sussex |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Munchy Branch divide |
| location | at Breezewood, Delaware |
| coordinates | 38°42′55″N 075°08′06″W / 38.71528°N 75.13500°W / 38.71528; -75.13500 |
| elevation | 20 ft (6.1 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Love Creek |
| location | at Robinson Landing, Delaware |
| coordinates | 38°41′24″N 075°08′16″W / 38.69000°N 75.13778°W / 38.69000; -75.13778 |
| elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Length | 2.09 mi (3.36 km) |
| Basin size | 1.63 square miles (4.2 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 1.96 cu ft/s (0.056 m3/s) at mouth with Love Creek |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | South-southeast |
| River system | Rehoboth Bay |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |


title: Izabela Lemańczyk

abstract: Izabela Lemańczyk is a Polish volleyball player who plays for MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza. She played for the under-18 and under-20 teams of Poland women's national volleyball team.

text:
# Izabela Lemańczyk

**Izabela Lemańczyk** (née **Śliwa**) (born 11 December 1990) is a Polish volleyball player who plays for MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza. She played for the under-18 and under-20 teams of Poland women's national volleyball team.

## Personal life

Her mother is Magdalena Śliwa, a double European Champion (2003, 2005), who played 359 matches for Poland women's national volleyball team. Izabela and her mother played together in the same team - Atom Trefl Sopot during the 2010–11 season.

## Clubs

## Sporting achievements

### Clubs

#### National championships

## InfoBox

| Izabela Lemańczyk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Izabela Lemańczyk (née Śliwa) |
| Nickname | *Pestka* |
| Nationality | Poland |
| Born | (1990-12-11) 11 December 1990<br>Kraków, Poland |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 61 kg (134 lb) |
| Spike | 290 cm (110 in) |
| Block | 270 cm (110 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Libero |
| Current club | MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza |
| Number | 11 |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2006–2009 Wisła Kraków  2009–2011 Atom Trefl Sopot  2011–2012 KS Murowana Goślina  2012–2013 KPS Chemik Police  2013–2014 VT Aurubis Hamburg  2014–2015 VC Wiesbaden  2015–2016 Muszynianka Muszyna  2016– MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza | |
| Last updated: 12 December 2016 | |


title: Through the Dark (2016 film)

abstract: Through the Dark is a 41⁄2 minute 3D-animated interactive film, which is viewed in a web browser and rendered in real-time. The film is a collaboration between Google Play Music and Australian hip hop group Hilltop Hoods, featuring the band's song of the same title. The song was written by band member MC Pressure after his son was diagnosed with leukemia at eight-years-old. Based on this experience, which is told through the song's lyrics, the film tells an emotional story of a boy and his father. Through the Dark has been awarded over 50 accolades at international award shows.

text:
# Through the Dark (2016 film)

***Through the Dark*** is a 412 minute 3D-animated interactive film, which is viewed in a web browser and rendered in real-time. The film is a collaboration between Google Play Music and Australian hip hop group Hilltop Hoods, featuring the band's song of the same title ("Through the Dark"). The song was written by band member MC Pressure (Daniel Smith) after his son was diagnosed with leukemia at eight-years-old. Based on this experience, which is told through the song's lyrics, the film tells an emotional story of a boy and his father. *Through the Dark* has been awarded over 50 accolades at international award shows.

## Technical aspects

*Through the Dark* is experienced within a web browser and uses standard web technologies such as WebGL and Web Audio API. When viewed on a mobile device, the film's virtual camera is mapped to the device's accelerometer. The camera angle within the film is changed when the device is rotated or tilted, allowing the viewer to move between two worlds of light and dark. When viewed on a computer, the movement of the camera is controlled by scrolling.

## Accolades

| Awards Show | Date | Category / Award | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FWA Awards 2016 | 16 January 2017 | FWA of the Year 2016 | Won |
 |
| | People's Choice Award 2016 | Won | |
| D&AD Awards 2017 | 27 April 2017 | Crafts for Design / Animation & Illustration for Websites & Digital Design | Yellow Pencil |
 |
| | Graphic Design / Digital & Mobile | Wood Pencil | |
| ADC Annual Awards 2017 | 8 May 2017 | Interactive / Interactive Film | Gold |
 |
| | Craft in Digital / Art Direction | Silver | |
| Creative Review 'The Annual' 2017 | 8 May 2017 | Interactive Film & Virtual, Augmented or Mixed Reality | Won |  |
| The One Show 2017 | 12 May 2017 | Mobile: Craft / Visual Effects / Animation | Bronze |  |
| The Webby Awards 2017 | 15 May 2017 | Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics | Won |
 |
| | Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics, People's Voice Award | Won | |
| AWARD Awards 2017 | 26 May 2017 | Craft In Advertising / Film - Best Use and/or Arrangement of Existing Music | Gold |
 |
| | Design / Entertainment Design | Gold | |
| | Film & Video / Interactive Film, Individual. Any Length | Silver | |
| | Craft In Advertising / Film - Direction | Silver | |
| | Craft In Advertising / Film - Animation | Silver | |
| | Craft In Advertising / Branded Entertainment and Content | Silver | |
| | Branded Entertainment & Content / Mobile | Silver | |
| | Branded Entertainment & Content / Experiential - Interactive | Silver | |
| | Craft In Advertising / Digital - Animation | Bronze | |
| | Direct Marketing / Art Direction for Direct, Individual | Bronze | |
| | Digital / Mobile - Other | Bronze | |
| | Digital / Online Film, Over 3 Minutes | Bronze | |
| | Branded Entertainment & Content / Entertainment - Online | Bronze | |
| AICP Next Awards 2017 | 6 June 2017 | Website Category | Gold |  |
| Cannes Lions 2017 | 24 June 2017 | Digital Craft - Overall Aesthetic Design | Gold |

 |
| | Digital Craft - Video & Moving Image | Gold | |
| | Digital Craft - Digital Illustration | Silver | |
| | Film - Music Video | Silver | |
| | Cyber - Interactive Video | Bronze | |
| | Digital Craft - Technological Achievement | Bronze | |
| | Mobile - Innovative Technology | Bronze | |
| AMY Awards 2017 | 7 July 2017 | Best Content Led Marketing Campaign | Won |  |
| MMA Awards 2017 | 25 September 2017 | Mobile Website | Silver |  |
| | Innovation | Silver | |
| | Mobile Video | Silver | |
| Clio Awards 2017 | 27 September 2017 | Digital/Mobile Technique - Graphic Design | Silver |
 |
| | Digital/Mobile - Website | Bronze | |
| Spikes Asia 2017 | 29 September 2017 | Digital Craft | Grand Prix |

 |
| | Music - Excellence In Brand / Music Sponsorship or Partnership | Gold | |
| | Digital Craft - Overall Aesthetic Design | Silver | |
| | Music - Excellence In Music Video | Silver | |
| | Digital Craft - Digital Illustration | Bronze | |
| | Design - Digital & Interactive Design | Bronze | |
| Ciclope Festival 2017 | 27 October 2017 | Digital Craft - Interactive Film | Gold |  |
| London International Awards 2017 | 30 October 2017 | Digital - Animation/Motion Graphics | Gold |  |
| | Digital - Branded Content | Silver | |
| | Digital - Innovative Use of Digital | Bronze | |
| AdFest 2018 | 25 March 2018 | Design Lotus - Motion & Digital Design | Gold |  |
| | Film Lotus - Interactive Film | Silver | |
| | Interactive Lotus - Interactive VDO | Silver | |
| | Mobile Lotus - Video Viral VDO & Interactive VDO | Silver | |
| | Mobile Lotus - Use of Technology for Mobile | Silver | |

## InfoBox

| Through the Dark | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Directed by | Mike Daly |
| Written by | Mike Daly
Michael Armstrong |
| Produced by | Kim Wildenburg
Garett Mayow |
| Music by | Hilltop Hoods |
| Production
companies | R/GA
XYZ Studios
Exit |
| Release date | * 11 November 2016 (2016-11-11) |
| Running time | 4 12 minutes |
| Country | Australia |


title: Harati High School

abstract: Harati High School is located in Esfahan, Iran. The school is regarded as a well-known landmark. It is located on Kamal Esmaeel Avenue between the Khaju and the Si-o-se-pol bridges.

text:
# Harati High School

**Harati High School** (Persian: دبیرستان ماندگار و نمونه دولتی هراتی) is located in Esfahan, Iran. The school is regarded as a well-known landmark. It is located on Kamal Esmaeel Avenue (or Boulevard) between the Khaju and the Si-o-se-pol bridges.

## History

In the year 1951, the construction of the primary school and high school began under the initiative of Sheikhzadeh Herati Yazdi in Isfahan. The construction operations spanned three years, and the official inauguration took place in the year 1954.

In 2015, Harati High School was registered as a "Mandegar" (Persian: ماندگار, meaning: lasting) school by the Provincial and National Council of Education. "Mandegar" schools are old educational establishments or units with a history of at least 50 years, and they are deemed suitable for educational activities in terms of their structural integrity.

Harati High School holds a coveted "Nemooneh" license from the Ministry of Education, indicating its commitment to superior education quality. Governed by the government, Nemooneh high schools, like Harati, admit students through a competitive entrance exam. These institutions focus on nurturing students' talents and abilities, aiming to empower them to reach their full potential.

## Honors and Alumni

Every year, a considerable number of students from Harati High School achieve excellent ranks in Khwarizmi Award, national Olympiads, cultural and educational competitions, sports events, and nationwide university entrance exams (known as کنکور).

## InfoBox

| Harati High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Kamal Esmaeel Ave.
Esfahan
Esfahan
Iran | |
| Coordinates | 32°38′22″N 51°40′37″E / 32.6395°N 51.677°E / 32.6395; 51.677 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, Nemooneh (All students must pass the entrance exam), and Mandegar (A historical school that was constructed more than 50 years ago) |
| Founded | 1954 |
| Founder | Mohammad Sheikh Zadeh Harati |
| Website | https://www.haratischool.ir/ |


title: West Cross (electoral ward)

abstract: West Cross is the name of an electoral ward in the Mumbles community and a suburb in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, UK. The ward falls within the Mumbles community. The electoral ward consists of some or all of the following areas: Manselfield, Norton, West Cross, Mumbles and Newton, in the parliamentary constituency of Gower. It is bordered by the wards of Mayals to the north; Swansea Bay to the east; Oystermouth and Newton to the south; and Bishopston to the west.

text:
# West Cross (electoral ward)

**West Cross** is the name of an electoral ward in the Mumbles community and a suburb in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, UK. The ward falls within the Mumbles community.

The electoral ward consists of some or all of the following areas: Manselfield, Norton, West Cross, Mumbles and Newton, in the parliamentary constituency of Gower. It is bordered by the wards of Mayals to the north; Swansea Bay to the east; Oystermouth and Newton to the south; and Bishopston to the west.

## 2008 Swansea Council election

The turnout for the 2008 local council elections for West Cross was 47.19%. The results were:

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mark Child | Labour | 1050 | Labour hold |
| Desmond Thomas | Labour | 1034 | Labour hold |
| Elaine Hughes | Conservatives | 894 |  |
| Philip Swinnerton | Conservatives | 771 |  |
| Simon Arthur | Liberal Democrats | 440 |  |
| William Jones | Liberal Democrats | 377 |  |
| Marion Williams | Green Party | 187 |  |
| Erica Powell | Green Party | 144 |  |

51°34′58″N 4°00′27″W / 51.58267°N 4.00758°W / 51.58267; -4.00758

## InfoBox

| West Cross ward | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Area | 2.48 km2 (0.96 sq mi) |
| Population | 6,448 (2011 census) |
| Density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
| Principal area |  |
| Preserved county |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
| Councillors | * Sara Keeton (Labour) * Rebecca Fogarty (Labour) |
|


title: Instituto de Estudos Medievais

abstract: The Instituto de Estudos Medievais is a centre for advanced research on medieval studies attached to the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences (FCSH) of Universidade Nova de Lisboa, in Portugal. Founded in 2002 by Portuguese medieval historians Luis Krus and José Mattoso, the IEM is one of the largest centres of its kind in the Portuguese and Spanish-speaking world and the largest in Portugal. The IEM emphasizes a strong collaborative and interdisciplinary tradition, spanning history, archaeology, medieval languages], art history, manuscript studies and musicology. The centre's research and teaching activities focus primarily on the society, culture, and institutions of the westernmost region of the Iberian Peninsula between 700 and 1500, and its framing in the wider backdrop of Europe.

text:
# Instituto de Estudos Medievais

The **Instituto de Estudos Medievais** (**IEM**, Institute for Medieval Studies) is a centre for advanced research on medieval studies attached to the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences (FCSH) of Universidade Nova de Lisboa, in Portugal. Founded in 2002 by Portuguese medieval historians Luis Krus and José Mattoso, the IEM is one of the largest centres of its kind in the Portuguese and Spanish-speaking world and the largest in Portugal.

The IEM emphasizes a strong collaborative and interdisciplinary tradition, spanning history, archaeology, medieval languages\] (including Arabi), art history, manuscript studies and musicology. The centre's research and teaching activities focus primarily on the society, culture, and institutions of the westernmost region of the Iberian Peninsula between 700 and 1500, and its framing in the wider backdrop of Europe.

## Governance

The IEM's internal structure resembles that of most academic research institutions in Portugal. It is modeled on guidelines set by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT). The centre is overseen by a steering committee that is chaired by Maria João Branco, and advised by a general assembly and an external audit commission.

It is divided into two broad research clusters that together reflect the centre's current research rationale:

* Images, texts and representations
* Territories and powers: A global perspective. The IEM's core membership includes more than forty integrated researchers in addition to dozens of associated researchers, whose primary affiliations are NOVA and similar academic institutions.

## Activities

Activities revolve around advanced research in medieval studies in the form of individual and collaborative projects. Annually since 2001 the IEM has published the peer-reviewed e-journal *Medievalista Online*, as well as a book series on medieval topics in Portuguese, French and English. IEM has often been a partner to public institutions in Portugal for activities such as the curation of exhibitions. The centre provides undergraduate and advanced teaching for NOVA, and it has begun to award and administer graduate scholarships.

## Directors

* Luís Krus†, 2002–2005
* Bernardo de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 2006–2008
* Maria de Lurdes Rosa, 2008–2011
* Amélia Aurora Aguiar Andrade, 2011–2016
* Maria João Branco, 2016–present


title: VTV4

abstract: VTV4 is a Vietnamese state-owned pay television network, serving as an International broadcaster of Vietnam Television. Launched on January 7, 1998, it offers the three domestic channels to the Vietnamese diaspora worldwide. From March 31, 2018, Vietnam Television stopped broadcasting foreign satellite channels on VTV4. Specifically, Vietnam Television will stop broadcasting via satellites Thaicom5, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13B, Hispasat 30W-5, and Galaxy 19.

text:
# VTV4

**VTV4** is a Vietnamese state-owned pay television network, serving as an International broadcaster of Vietnam Television. Launched on January 7, 1998, it offers the three domestic channels (VTV1, VTV2 and VTV3) to the Vietnamese diaspora worldwide. From March 31, 2018, Vietnam Television stopped broadcasting foreign satellite channels on VTV4. Specifically, Vietnam Television will stop broadcasting via satellites Thaicom5 (Asia and North Africa), Eutelsat Hot Bird 13B (European region), Hispasat 30W-5 (South America region), and Galaxy 19 (North America region).

## Broadcast hours

**NOTES: All times are in UTC+07:00.**

* January 1995 – 3 February 1998: 21:45 to 22:45 (1/24h)
* Feb - end of March 1998: 00:00 to 02:00 (2/24h)
* April 1998 – 2001: 00:00 to 04:00 (4/24h)
* Before 1 November 2004: 00:00 to 08:00 (official programs); 08:00 to 24:00 (reruns) (24/24h)
* 15th May 2005 – 31st August 2008: 24 hours per day (programme officially starts at 00:00 - 08:00 and were repeated twice until midnight worldwide - Thaicom 3's region had 24 hours broadcast prior in 2002, which were available for Asia, Africa and a small part of Europe)
* 1st September 2008: 24/7.

## InfoBox

VTV4
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Broadcast area | Worldwide |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Vietnamese
English
Mandarin
French
Russian |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vietnam Television |
| Sister channels | VTV1
VTV2
VTV3
VTV5
VTV5 Tây Nam Bộ
VTV5 Tây Nguyên
VTV7
VTV8
VTV9
VTV Cần Thơ (formerly VTV6) |
| History | |
| Launched | January 1, 1998 (1998-01-01) |
| Links | |
| Website | https://vtv4.vtv.vn |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| DVB-T2 | UHF 25, 26, 27 |
| Thaicom 6 (Thailand) | 4034 H 19200 |
|  | |


title: Protein-synthesizing GTPase

abstract: Protein-synthesizing GTPases are enzymes involved in mRNA translation into protein by the ribosome, with systematic name GTP phosphohydrolase (mRNA-translation-assisting). They usually include translation initiation factors such as IF-2 and translation elongation factors such as EF-Tu.

text:
# Protein-synthesizing GTPase

**Protein-synthesizing GTPases** (EC 3.6.5.3, *elongation factor (EF)*, *initiation factor (IF)*, *peptide-release or termination factor*) are enzymes involved in mRNA translation into protein by the ribosome, with systematic name *GTP phosphohydrolase (mRNA-translation-assisting)*. They usually include translation initiation factors such as IF-2 and translation elongation factors such as EF-Tu.

## InfoBox

| Protein-synthesizing GTPase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.6.5.3 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Hopea utilis

abstract: Hopea utilis is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is native to Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India.

text:
# Hopea utilis

***Hopea utilis*** is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is native to Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India.

## InfoBox

| *Hopea utilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A *hopea utilis* in the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in India | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Dipterocarpaceae |
| Genus: | *Hopea* |
| Species: | ***H. utilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hopea utilis***
Bedd. Bole | |
|


title: Arnell Horton

abstract: Arnell Horton was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for Tasmania in 1928/29.

text:
# Arnell Horton

**Arnell Horton** (21 September 1892  15 September 1987) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for Tasmania in 1928/29.

## InfoBox

Arnell Horton
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-09-21)21 September 1892
Burnie, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 15 September 1987(1987-09-15) (aged 94)
Launceston, Tasmania, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1928/29 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 4 March 2016 | |


title: Pahvische

abstract: Pahvische is a 2002 album by the Finnish group Eläkeläiset.

text:
# Pahvische

***Pahvische*** is a 2002 album by the Finnish group Eläkeläiset.

## Track listing

1. "Kiitokset humpasta" (Kristian Voutilainen) – 3:24
2. "Hanurissa Arja" (Onni Varis) – 2:56 Halonen Ja Kinnunen Ja Santaharju
3. "Kuuma humppa" (Lassi Kinnunen) – 3:19
4. "Humppanautinto" (Martti Varis) – 3:25
5. "Jenkkapolkkahumppa" (Voutilainen) – Santaharju 3:21
6. "Päivätanssit" (Kinnunen) – 2:54
7. "Humpataan, jumalauta" (O. Varis) – 2:02
8. "Miksei täällä humppa soi?" (Voutilainen) – 3:52
9. "Ranttalihumppa" (M. Varis) – 3:50
10. "Sukellan humppaan" (O. Varis) – 3:22
11. "Bingohon" (Kinnunen) – 3:24
12. "Kiikkustuolissa" (Voutilainen) – 2:22
13. "Humpalle vaan" (M. Varis) – 3:15
14. "Humppastara" (Kinnunen) – 3:25
15. "Humppauskonto" (Voutilainen) – 3:33

The CD also contains a 25-minute extra track, not listed on the cover, consisting of radio noise mixed with speech and fragments of songs. Some sources list this final track with the name "Humppaviritys".

## InfoBox

| Pahvische | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eläkeläiset | |
| Released | 2002 (2002) |
| Genre | Humppa |
| Eläkeläiset chronology | |
| *Joulutorttu*
(2002) ***Pahvische***
(2002) *Katkolla Humppa*
(2003) | |


title: Tiaraway

abstract: Chiyomaru Shikura Tiaraway was a Japanese voice actress duo consisting of Saeko Chiba and Yuuka Nanri.

text:
# Tiaraway

**Tiaraway** (often stylized as **tiaraway**) was a Japanese voice actress duo consisting of Saeko Chiba and Yuuka Nanri.

## Biography

Tiaraway started out as a fix-termed voice actress duo in 2003, formed after the pair had recorded a song for the anime *Memories Off 2nd*. Their music, written and produced by Chiyomaru Shikura (志倉千代丸, *Shikura Chiyomaru*), featured in various anime and games.

The group released three singles and one album before holding their first (and final) live concert on 6 March 2005, the same day they announced that Tiaraway would be dissolved.

After the disbandment, the two members now concentrate on their own work: for Chiba voice-acting, and Nanri singing.

## Discography

### Singles

| # | Information |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | ***Your Shade/Usual Place**** Released: December 21, 2003 * Oricon peak: #109 (3 weeks) * Track list:     1. Your Shade     2. Usual Place     3. Your Shade (off vocal)     4. Usual Place (off vocal) |
| 2 | ***Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara/Love Binetsu!?
(超絶特急Go Tiara/Love 微熱!?)**** Released: July 22, 2004 * Oricon peak: #165 (1 week) * Track list:     1. Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara (超絶特急Go Tiara, *Super Express Go Tiara*)     2. Love Binetsu!? (Love 微熱!?, *Love Slight Fever*)     3. Chōzetsu Tokkyū GoTiara (off vocal)     4. Love Binetsu!? (off vocal) |
| 3 | ***Omoide Good Night/Can You Feel Crying Alone?
(想い出 Good Night/Can You Feel Crying Alone?)**** Released: October 27, 2004 * Oricon peak: #83 (2 weeks) * Track list:     1. Omoide Good Night (想い出 Good Night, *Reminiscence Good Night*)     2. Can You Feel Crying Alone?     3. Omoide Good Night (off vocal)     4. Can You Feel Crying Alone? (off vocal) |

### Albums

| # | Information |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | ***Two:Leaf**** Released: January 26, 2005 * Oricon peak: #66 (2 weeks) * First and only album, including all of their past singles plus new songs. * Track list:     1. Introduction     2. Tabikounen Sora e (旅光年空へ)     3. From Silent Sky     4. Your Shade     5. Koi no Jellybeans (恋のジェリービーンズ, *Jeallybeans of Love*)     6. Metal Moon     7. Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara (超絶特急Go Tiara, *Super Express Go Tiara*)     8. I Fall There: Yume no tsuzuki e (I Fall There: 夢の続きへ, *I Fall There: To Another Dream*)     9. Can You Feel Crying Alone?     10. Shiroki Kagirohi (シロキカギロヒ)     11. Omoide Good Night (想い出 Good Night, *Reminiscence Good Night*)     12. Love Binetsu!? (Love 微熱!?, *LOVE Slight Fever*)     13. Aqua: Harukanaru Blue (Aqua: 遥かなるブルー, *Aqua: Faraway Blue*)     14. Two:Leaf     15. Usual Place |

## Appearances

### Radio

* tiaraway Iroiro Very Night (tiaraway色々ベリーnight, *tiaraway Iroiro berī night*) (October 2003September 2004)
* tiaraway's All Night Nippon.com (tiarawayの@llnightnippon.com, *tiaraway no ōru night nippon.com*) (January 2002)

1. From the Japanese wikipedia.

## InfoBox

| Tiaraway | |
| --- | --- |
| Tiaraway (2004) in a promotional photo for Omoide good night | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Saeko Chiba & Yuuka Nanri |
| Origin | Japan |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 2003–2005 |
| Labels | King Records |
|  | |
| Members | Saeko Chiba
Yuuka Nanri
**Band members**
Chiyomaru Shikura |


title: West Crow Wing, Minnesota

abstract: West Crow Wing is an unorganized territory in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,144 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. In 2016, county commissioners considered plans to organize the territory as a township or city.

text:
# West Crow Wing, Minnesota

**West Crow Wing** is an unorganized territory in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,144 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area.

In 2016, county commissioners considered plans to organize the territory as a township or city.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 48.8 square miles (126.4 km2), of which 35.1 square miles (91.0 km2) is land and 13.7 square miles (35.4 km2) (27.99%) is water. The GNIS also notes it as First Assessment Unorganized Territory. The unincorporated community of Legionville is located within the area.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,144 people, 1,870 households, and 1,477 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 146.4 inhabitants per square mile (56.5/km2). There were 2,387 housing units at an average density of 67.9 per square mile (26.2/km2). The racial makeup of the unorganized territory was 98.60% White, 0.08% Black or African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 1,870 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.3 males.

The median income for a household in the unorganized territory was $51,127, and the median income for a family was $55,821. Males had a median income of $40,917 versus $25,922 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $21,796. About 4.2% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

46°24′44″N 94°14′10″W / 46.41222°N 94.23611°W / 46.41222; -94.23611


title: Oreohelix idahoensis

abstract: Oreohelix idahoensis, the costate mountain snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oreohelicidae. This species is endemic to the United States.

text:
# Oreohelix idahoensis

***Oreohelix idahoensis***, the **costate mountain snail**, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oreohelicidae. This species is endemic to the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Oreohelix idahoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Oreohelicidae |
| Genus: | *Oreohelix* |
| Species: | ***O. idahoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreohelix idahoensis***
(Hemphill, 1890) | |
|


title: J. T. Stinson

abstract: Professor John T. Stinson (1866–1958) was a notable 20th-century fruit specialist and the first director of the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station in 1900 He is best remembered for his remark "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," given during a 1904 address to the St. Louis World's Fair. This phrase was an adaptation of a medical summary regarding the supposed health benefits of apples given to a 12th-century medical conference at the Salerno Medical School. The now-famous "apple-a-day" slogan gained national acclaim from "Apple Day" that Mr Stinson had staged when he was the director of horticulture for the St. Louis World Fair, 1903–4. He was the director of agricultural development of the Missouri Pacific Rail Lines from 1922 to 1946, He was an early advocate of crop rotation and diversification, and fertilizing depleted land. A native of Montgomery County, Iowa, he joined Missouri Pacific in 1905. The next year he introduced agricultural exhibit trains. The trains stopped a day in each town along the lines and held open house and educational meetings in conjunction with county agents and university extension services. He was credited with helping thousands of farmers in the south and west. For seven years he served as secretary of the Missouri State Fair at Sedalia. He died in 1958 at the age of 92.

text:
# J. T. Stinson

Professor **John T. Stinson** (1866–1958) was a notable 20th-century fruit specialist and the first director of the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station in 1900 He is best remembered for his remark "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," given during a 1904 address to the St. Louis World's Fair. This phrase was an adaptation of a medical summary regarding the supposed health benefits of apples given to a 12th-century medical conference at the Salerno Medical School.

The now-famous "apple-a-day" slogan gained national acclaim from "Apple Day" that Mr Stinson had staged when he was the director of horticulture for the St. Louis World Fair, 1903–4.

He was the director of agricultural development of the Missouri Pacific Rail Lines from 1922 to 1946, He was an early advocate of crop rotation and diversification, and fertilizing depleted land.

A native of Montgomery County, Iowa, he joined Missouri Pacific in 1905. The next year he introduced agricultural exhibit trains. The trains stopped a day in each town along the lines and held open house and educational meetings in conjunction with county agents and university extension services. He was credited with helping thousands of farmers in the south and west.

For seven years he served as secretary of the Missouri State Fair at Sedalia.

He died in 1958 at the age of 92.


title: VTV8

abstract: VTV8 is TV Channel country region Central, Central highland region Vietnam. Channel VTV8 is broadcast with a duration of 24 hours a day, including news, sports and entertainment programming targeting the audience in the Central and Central highland regions of Vietnam. The official channel is broadcast from 00:00 on 1 January 2016 according to the approved National Press Planning Scheme, is the result of merging 3 TV channels regions of VTV before, including VTV Huế, VTV Da Nang and VTV Phu Yen.

text:
# VTV8

**VTV8** is TV Channel country region Central, Central highland region Vietnam. Channel VTV8 is broadcast with a duration of 24 hours a day, including news, sports and entertainment programming targeting the audience in the Central and Central highland regions of Vietnam. The official channel is broadcast from 00:00 on 1 January 2016 according to the approved National Press Planning Scheme, is the result of merging 3 TV channels regions of VTV before, including VTV Huế, VTV Da Nang and VTV Phu Yen.

## History

### VTV Da Nang

Before 2016, in addition to producing the program TV, VTV Da Nang also took on the task of regional broadcasting and relaying the broadcast channels of VTV. Every year, VTV Da Nang produces more than 100 programs including news bulletins, many categories, products of art, science, entertainment of the same class. variety of programs are selected, exploited from many sources to meet viewers requirements. In addition, VTVDa Nang also participates in production direct production of many major programs in the region such as: Coffee Festival Buon Me Thuot, Gong Festival Central Highlands, Quang Nam - Festival of Heritage Journeys, The Ceremony Danang International Fireworks Festival, the soccer awards, the sports tournaments in the area... VTVDa Nang is also the successful organizer of the events. VTV's programs and contests such as Sao Mai, Round K National Robocon festival and ABU Robocon 2013, 31st National Television Festival...

With VTV equipped with HD standard color car in 2015, the channel began to be broadcast in the picture format 16:9. From 1 January 1, 2016, implementing the scheme of system structure television, VTV Da Nang stopped broadcasting regionally and together with VTVHuế, VTVPhu Yen produce programs for TV channel country VTV8 and Da Nang was also selected as the place to the total control of VTV8 channel.

### VTV Phu Yen

From broadcasting 3 times a week when it was first established, in 1991, the station broadcasts television daily on PTV channel. Due to the increase in broadcast time, in addition to self-produced programs, exchanging programs with other stations, PTV also pays great attention to the exploitation of programs by foreign stations via satellite. fine to compile and edit. In 1990, when VTVhad not yet covered the whole country, PTV exploited and compiled daily current news international news. June 6 of the same year, Radio held live commentary 1990 World Cup. In Central at that time, PTV was the only station broadcasting this event live. At the beginning of 1992, PTV aired the Mexican TV series *Rich people also cry*, then shared it with many other stations in the country to broadcast, creating a phenomenon television in Vietnam.

On August 22, 2001, Prime Minister Government signed the decision to become Establishment of Radio Television Area Phu Yen, later the Center of Vietnamese Literature in Phu Yen on the basis of transferring THPY Station managed by the province Phu Yen to Phu Yen Vietnam Television, acting as the unit television of the province as well as the region South Central Coast. With strong investment and requiring professional qualifications commensurate with national television stations in the region, the team of VTVPhu Yen is constantly growing in quantity and quality. In charge of producing programs for VTV in 6 provinces Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan and Lam Dong.

After 14 years of broadcasting VTVPhu Yen, from 1 January 2016, VTVPhu Yen, with VTVHue and VTVDa Nang\]merged into VTV8. In 2018, VTVestablished a Vietnamese Media Center at Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa (VTV Nha Trang), replacing the VTVPhu Yen ago.

## Airtime duration

### VTV Da Nang

Daily:

* 2004 – 2010: 06h00 – 23h00.

### VTV Phu Yen

* July – September 1989: 07h00 – 10:00, 12h00 – 15:00, 20h00 – 24h00
* October 1989: 06:00–08:00, 10:00–12:00, 14:00–16:00, 18:00–20:00, 22:00
* February 3, 1991 – August 9, 1999: Aired daily from 18:00–23:00.
* From August 10, 1999: 08:00–12:00, 18:00–23:00.
* 2004 – 2010: 10:00–13:30, 17:00–23:00 (relaying VTV2 on channel 7 from 13:30 – 17:00).

## Programmes broadcast

## InfoBox

VTV8
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Broadcast area | Vietnam |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Vietnamese |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vietnam Television |
| Sister channels | VTV1, VTV2, VTV3, VTV4, VTV5, VTV7, VTV9 |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 January 2016 (2016-01-01) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Watch live |
| Website | vtv.vn<br>vtv.vn/vtv8.htm |


title: Justin Holbrook

abstract: Justin Holbrook is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player who is currently an assistant coach with the Sydney Roosters in the National Rugby League (NRL). He previously coached St Helens in the Super League, the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL, and Papua New Guinea. He played as a goal-kicking halfback in the 1990s and 2000s for the Newcastle Knights, Penrith Panthers and the Sydney Roosters in the NRL.

text:
# Justin Holbrook

**Justin Holbrook** (born 13 January 1976) is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player who is currently an assistant coach with the Sydney Roosters in the National Rugby League (NRL).

He previously coached St Helens in the Super League, the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL, and Papua New Guinea. He played as a goal-kicking halfback in the 1990s and 2000s for the Newcastle Knights, Penrith Panthers and the Sydney Roosters in the NRL.

## Playing career

Holbrook commenced his National Rugby League career with the Newcastle Knights in 1999 under coach Warren Ryan. He spent the 2001 NRL season with the Penrith Panthers under coach Royce Simmons. For the 2002 NRL season Holbrook played for the Sydney Roosters under coach Ricky Stuart. That year he played for the Roosters in the first ever ANZAC Day Cup match, kicking a goal. 2002 would be Holbrook's last season at the top level.

## Coaching career

Holbrook turned to coaching after retiring from playing. He worked on the coaching staff of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, St George Illawarra and Parramatta before joining the Sydney Roosters as right-hand man to Trent Robinson. Holbrook also coached at representative level for Australia (under-21).

### St Helens

He was appointed to replace Keiron Cunningham as head coach of English Super League club St. Helens.

On 31 July 2019, it was announced that Holbrook signed a contract to become the new head coach at the Gold Coast for the 2020 season. In the weeks leading up to the announcement, Gold Coast Chairman Dennis Watt said that the next coaching appointment at the Gold Coast would be the club's last stand if results were to not improve under the new coach.

He was the St. Helens coach in the 2019 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Warrington Wolves at Wembley Stadium.

During the Super League XXIV season, Holbrook guided St Helens to the League Leaders Shield after finishing 16 points clear of second placed Wigan. Holbrook then coached St Helens to their 14th championship win after defeating Salford 23–6 in the 2019 Super League Grand Final at Old Trafford.

### Gold Coast Titans

Holbrook's reign as the Gold Coast head coach got off to a difficult start with the club losing their first three games. In round 4 against the Wests Tigers, Holbrook guided the club to their first win in 364 days as they won the match 28–23 at Suncorp Stadium. The Gold Coast would go on to finish the 2020 season in 9th position, a major improvement on the previous year in which they finished last. In the 2021 season, Holbrook guided the Gold Coast into the finals for the first time since 2016, as the club finished 8th. They were defeated 24–25 in the first week of the finals by the Sydney Roosters. Following Round 16 of the 2023 season, Holbrook and the Gold Coast Titans agreed to part ways effective immediately. Former Manly Warringah Sea Eagles coach, Des Hasler was signed and is due to take over in 2024. Assistant Coach Jim Lenihan is due to take over for the rest of the season beginning with their Round 17 match against the Brisbane Broncos before Hasler joins Following his departure from the Gold Coast club, Holbrook spoke with the media saying "I did not see this coming at all, that’s what I am pissed off about, I could understand if they said, 'Look you have three games or whatever time period to do something', but to be moved on like this, I’m still coming to terms with it".

### Papua New Guinea

On 24 August 2023, it was reported that Holbrook had taken a deal to coach the Papua New Guinea national rugby league team for the end of season pacific championship. Holbrook's appointment as head coach is part of Papua New Guinea's strategic approach to creating an internal pathways system which is a part of their bid to join the National Rugby League. On 21 November 2023 it was announced Holbrook will continue as assistant coach at the Sydney Roosters alongside head coach Trent Robinson.

## InfoBox

Justin Holbrook
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Justin Holbrook |
| Born | (1976-01-13) 13 January 1976<br>Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Halfback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1999–00 Newcastle Knights 5 2 10 0 28  2001 Penrith Panthers 8 1 0 0 4  2002 Sydney Roosters 4 1 13 0 30  Total 17 4 23 0 62 | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  201719 St Helens 87 70 0 17 80  202023 Gold Coast Titans 81 30 0 51 37  Total 168 100 0 68 60  Representative  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  2023 PNG PM's XIII 1 0 0 1 0  2023 Papua New Guinea 3 2 0 1 67 | |
| Source: As of 5 November 2023 | |


title: Arnett Independent School District

abstract: The Arnett Independent School District is a school district based in Arnett, Oklahoma United States. It contains an elementary school and a combined middle/high school.

text:
# Arnett Independent School District

The **Arnett Independent School District** is a school district based in Arnett, Oklahoma United States. It contains an elementary school and a combined middle/high school.

List of school districts in Oklahoma

## InfoBox

| Arnett Independent School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Arnett, Oklahoma United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |


title: Pahuvere

abstract: Pahuvere is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Pahuvere located 25 km south of the town of Viljandi. The population as of 2011 was 88 individuals. Pahuvere was first mentioned in German chronicles in 1429 and was called Willust by Baltic German settlers. The village is the site of Pahuvere manor, built by Baltic German nobility. Pahuvere is the birthplace of Estonian poet, prose writer, critic, translator, essayist and politician Johannes Semper (1892–1970).

text:
# Pahuvere

**Pahuvere** is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Pahuvere located 25 km (15 miles) south of the town of Viljandi. The population as of 2011 was 88 individuals.

Pahuvere was first mentioned in German chronicles in 1429 and was called *Willust* by Baltic German settlers. The village is the site of Pahuvere manor, built by Baltic German nobility. Pahuvere is the birthplace of Estonian poet, prose writer, critic, translator, essayist and politician Johannes Semper (1892–1970).

## InfoBox

| Pahuvere | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PahuvereLocation in Estonia | |
| Coordinates: 58°11′05″N 25°41′59″E / 58.18472°N 25.69972°E / 58.18472; 25.69972 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Viljandi County |
| Municipality | Viljandi Parish |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 88 |


title: Tilt (optics)

abstract: In optics, tilt is a deviation in the direction a beam of light propagates.

text:
# Tilt (optics)

In optics, **tilt** is a deviation in the direction a beam of light propagates.

## Overview

Tilt quantifies the average slope in both the X and Y directions of a wavefront or phase profile across the pupil of an optical system. In conjunction with piston (the first Zernike polynomial term), X and Y tilt can be modeled using the second and third Zernike polynomials:

X-Tilt: $a\_{1}\rho \cos(\theta )$ Y-Tilt: $a\_{2}\rho \sin(\theta )$

where $\rho $ is the normalized radius with $0\leq \rho \leq 1$ and $\theta $ is the azimuthal angle with $0\leq \theta \leq 2\pi $.

The $a\_{1}$ and $a\_{2}$ coefficients are typically expressed as a fraction of a chosen wavelength of light.

Piston and tilt are not actually true optical aberrations, as they do not represent or model curvature in the wavefront. Defocus is the lowest order true optical aberration. If piston and tilt are subtracted from an otherwise perfect wavefront, a perfect, aberration-free image is formed.

Rapid optical tilts in both X and Y directions are termed **jitter**. Jitter can arise from three-dimensional mechanical vibration, and from rapidly varying 3D refraction in aerodynamic flowfields. Jitter may be compensated in an adaptive optics system by using a flat mirror mounted on a dynamic two-axis mount that allows small, rapid, computer-controlled changes in the mirror X and Y angles. This is often termed a "fast steering mirror", or FSM. A gimbaled optical pointing system cannot mechanically track an object or stabilize a projected laser beam to much better than several hundred microradians. Buffeting due to aerodynamic turbulence further degrades the pointing stability.

Light, however, has no appreciable momentum, and by reflecting from a computer-driven FSM, an image or laser beam can be stabilized to single microradians, or even a few hundred nanoradians. This almost totally eliminates image blurring due to motion, and far-field laser beam jitter. Limitations on the degree of line-of-sight stabilization arise from the limited dynamic range of the FSM tilt, and the highest frequency the mirror tilt angle can be changed. Most FSM's can be driven to several wavelengths of tilt, and at frequencies exceeding one kilohertz.

As the FSM mirror is optically flat, FSM's need not be located at pupil images. Two FSM's can be combined to create an **anti-beamwalk** pair, which stabilizes not only the beam pointing angle but the location of the beam center. Anti-beamwalk FSM's are positioned prior to a deformable mirror (which must be located at a pupil image) to stabilize the position of the pupil image on the deformable mirror and minimize correction errors resulting from wavefront movement, or shearing, on the deformable mirror faceplate.

* Malacara, D., *Optical Shop Testing - Second Edition*, John Wiley and Sons, 1992, ISBN 0-471-52232-5.


abstract: Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, also known as Wells Reserve, is a National Estuarine Research Reserve located in Wells, Maine.

text:
# Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve

**Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve**, also known as **Wells Reserve**, is a National Estuarine Research Reserve located in Wells, Maine.

## History

Established in 1984, Wells Reserve manages 2,250 acres (9.1 km2) of coastal habitat and is headquartered at the historic Laudholm Farm. The land managed by the reserve lies partially within the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge. Funding for the reserve is provided in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as well as by the nonprofit Laudholm Trust.

## Description

Wells Reserve is located along the coast of the Gulf of Maine. The land managed by the reserve includes fields, forests, salt marsh, tidal freshwater marsh, and sandy beaches. The reserve includes the campus of Laudholm Farm, which serves as the reserve's headquarters. Laudholm Farm is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The reserve also features a visitor center and the Maine Coastal Ecology Center, which hosts educational exhibits featuring the landscape, history, and ecology of the reserve. The Maine Coastal Ecology Center also has research facilities for visiting scientists.

## Research and monitoring

Since the 1980s, the Wells Reserve research program has been expanding knowledge of coasts and estuaries with an emphasis on ensuring healthy salt marsh ecosystems. Some key areas of research include:

* Fish distribution and growth
* Salt marsh restoration
* Coastal watershed land use
* Invasive species
* Biological productivity in estuaries
* Patterns in plant communities
* Avian productivity and survivorship
* Lyme disease ecology

Staff scientists also monitor trends in weather, water quality, nutrients, and plant and animal communities, contributing to a national effort that promotes effective coastal zone management.

## Education and training

Wells Reserve educators engage people in environmental education, both on-site and in local communities. Each year, more than 3,000 children and adults participate in a variety of educational programs at the site, which serves as a living laboratory. The Wells Reserve also maintains indoor facilities to enrich teaching opportunities. Formal educational offerings include:

* school field trips
* teacher trainings
* guided tours and programs
* lectures and workshops
* curriculum kit rentals
* activity backpacks and trail guides
* summer day camps

The nationally recognized Coastal Training Program provides resource managers, regulators, politicians, and other decision-makers with information on sound coastal management, as well as opportunities to collaborate on watershed initiatives.

## Conservation and stewardship

Wells Reserve resource specialists manage about 500 acres (2.0 km2) representing many habitats that support impressive flora and fauna. Acting as a model site for stewardship, methods of active management employed at the Wells Reserve include:

* controlling invasive plant species
* maintaining and creating shrublands as wildlife habitat
* protecting rare plants and endangered animals
* maintaining fields for grassland nesting birds
* managing an over-abundant deer population

The Wells Reserve also involves communities in conservation by providing mapping services, technical assistance, training programs, and conservation data useful for the protection and care of land and water resources.

## Protection and preservation

The protected lands comprising the Wells Reserve are entirely within the Town of Wells, Maine. These conservation lands are owned by the Maine Department of Conservation (533 acres), United States Fish and Wildlife Service/Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge (1,428 acres), Town of Wells (249 acres), and Wells Reserve Management Authority (40 acres).

The Wells Reserve site, farmed for over three centuries, holds a prominent place in the town's history. The Laudholm Farm campus reflects New England's progressive farming era. By the 1970s, farming had ceased to be viable, but the effort to permanently protect Laudholm stimulated the establishment of Maine's only National Estuarine Research Reserve. Laudholm Farm's buildings were restored and renovated to respect a treasured heritage while creating a platform for Wells Reserve research, education, and stewardship programs.

## InfoBox

| Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Laudholm Farm buildings. | |
| Map of the United States | |
| Location | Wells, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°20′19″N 70°33′13″W / 43.3387°N 70.5537°W / 43.3387; -70.5537 |
| Area | 2,250 acres (9.1 km2) |
| Established | 1984 |
| www.wellsreserve.org | |


abstract: The International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art was a World's fair held in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1886.

text:
# International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art

The **International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art** was a World's fair held in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1886.

## Summary

The exhibition was held in The Meadows. It was opened on 6 May by Prince Albert Victor and ran to 30 October, occupied 30 acres, had 2,770,000 visits and made £5,555 profit.

## Exhibits

Exhibits included an *Old Edinburgh Street* exhibit which included reconstructions of, by then, demolished buildings of the Royal Mile including the Netherbow Port; Czech violins; Turkish embroidery; and Scotch whisky. Neilson and Company of Glasgow exhibited the Caledonian Railway Single steam locomotive.

Perth's Magnus Jackson was awarded the bronze medal and diploma of merit for his photographs of ferns and foxgloves.

## Legacy

The Zetland and Fair Isle exhibit gave Edinburgh city whale jawbones which formed an arch on Jawbone Walk. The jawbones were removed for restoration in 2014 due to deterioration and lack of maintenance. The Brass Founders' Pillar from the Exhibition was moved from the Meadows to Nicolson Square.

## InfoBox

| International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art | |
| --- | --- |
| The Meadows | |
| Overview | |
| BIE-class | Unrecognized exposition |
| Name | International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art |
| Area | 30 acres |
| Visitors | 2,770,000 |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| City | Edinburgh |
| Venue | The Meadows |
| Timeline | |
| Opening | 6 May 1886 |
| Closure | 30 October 1886 |


title: Paphiopedilum tranlienianum

abstract: Paphiopedilum tranlienianum is a species of orchid endemic to Vietnam.

text:
# Paphiopedilum tranlienianum

***Paphiopedilum tranlienianum*** is a species of orchid endemic to Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| *Paphiopedilum tranlienianum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flower of *Paphiopedilum tranlienianum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cypripedioideae |
| Genus: | *Paphiopedilum* |
| Species: | ***P. tranlienianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paphiopedilum tranlienianum***<br>O.Gruss. & Perner | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paphiopedilum caobangense* N.T.Tich * *Paphiopedilum tranlienianum* f. *alboviride* O.Gruss | |


title: VBER-300

abstract:
The VBER-300 is a proposed Russian pressurized water reactor of 325-MWe generating capacity designed for remote locations. The exterior containment structure is 16 meters high and the working section, built with transportable modules, weighs 1300 tonnes. The external steam plant can have a 917 MW thermal-steam only capacity, or 325 MW steam-turbine-electrical capacity, or a mixture of capacities relating to the four primary steam loops. In particular, it has been proposed in a more powerful sister ship to the Akademik Lomonosov (2010) for possible use on the Russian floating nuclear power station. The reactor could be used on a 200–500 MW barge that is expected to be completed by 2030. The reactor has been proposed for use in water desalination, district heating and/or electrical generation. The VBER-300 would use VVER-type fuel.
It was developed by OKBM Afrikantov in cooperation with Kurchatov Institute.

text:
# VBER-300

The **VBER-300** is a proposed Russian pressurized water reactor of 325-MWe generating capacity designed for remote locations. The exterior containment structure is 16 meters high and the working section, built with transportable modules, weighs 1300 tonnes. The external steam plant can have a 917 MW thermal-steam only capacity, or 325 MW steam-turbine-electrical capacity, or a mixture of capacities relating to the four primary steam loops.

In particular, it has been proposed in a more powerful sister ship to the *Akademik Lomonosov* (2010) for possible use on the Russian floating nuclear power station (two reactors on a 49,000-tonne barge). The reactor could be used on a 200500 MW barge that is expected to be completed by 2030.

The reactor has been proposed for use in water desalination, district heating and/or electrical generation.

The VBER-300 would use VVER-type fuel. It was developed by OKBM Afrikantov in cooperation with Kurchatov Institute.


title: Justin Holland

abstract: Justin Holland was an American classical guitarist, a music teacher, a community leader, an African American man who worked with Euro-American people to help slaves on the Underground Railroad, and an activist for equal rights for African Americans. Holland was known nationally, not only as a musician but also as a civil rights activist who worked in the same national circles as Frederick Douglass. His goal was to develop his personal growth, in order to stand as an example for others to see. As a teacher, he deliberately chose a "cautious and circumspect" bearing, keeping his relationships with students strictly professional. He chose work that was considered honorable and held high standards, and the professional respect that accompanied his position aided his civil rights goals. A measure of his success in showcasing the admirable African American to the world came after he died, when he was given eulogies, by white people as well as African Americans, about his skill as a musician and his personal character.

text:
# Justin Holland

**Justin Holland** (July 26, 1819 – March 24, 1887) was an American classical guitarist, a music teacher, a community leader, an African American man who worked with Euro-American people to help slaves on the Underground Railroad, and an activist for equal rights for African Americans.

Holland was known nationally, not only as a musician but also as a civil rights activist who worked in the same national circles as Frederick Douglass. His goal was to develop his personal growth, in order to stand as an example for others to see. As a teacher, he deliberately chose a "cautious and circumspect" bearing, keeping his relationships with students strictly professional. He chose work that was considered honorable and held high standards, and the professional respect that accompanied his position aided his civil rights goals.

A measure of his success in showcasing the admirable African American to the world came after he died, when he was given eulogies, by white people as well as African Americans, about his skill as a musician and his personal character.

## Background

Holland grew up in Norfolk County, Virginia, the son of a farmer, Exum Holland. He showed talent for music while he was young, writing music to go with pre-existing lyrics, but there were few opportunities to hear music or learn to play where he lived. His chief opportunity was at church.

When he was 14 years old in 1833 his parents both died, and he left home for Boston. He then moved on to the nearby town of Chelsea, Massachusetts, staying there for several years. In Boston he met Signor Mariano Perez, a Spanish musician and "clever performer on the guitar." Perez taught Holland to play guitar. Another music teacher for Holland was Simon Knabel, a member of Ned Kendall's Brass Band. Knabel had some success arranging music. Holland also studied under William Schubert, also of Kendall's band. Schubert was a "brilliant performer on the guitar" and Holland made good progress on his instrument. Another teacher, a Scottishman named Pollock, taught him how to play the concert flute.

Being young and not living with parents, Holland had to work as a laborer to support himself while he learned his craft. The work was hard, the education took money, and he gave up sleep in order to have time to practice.

## College and career

In 1841 (about age 20) he entered Oberlin College in northern Ohio. He stayed there for two years. Afterward, he traveled to Mexico in order to learn Spanish. He wanted to know more about Spanish guitar and the methods of Fernando Sor, Dionisio Aguado y García and others, and needed to be able to understand Spanish to read their works. Holland returned to Oberlin in 1845, married, and moved to Cleveland, Ohio, becoming "The first black professional in Cleveland."

Holland had at least two children. His daughter Clara Monteith Holland was an accomplished pianist and guitarist. Justin Minor Holland, Jr. also a guitarist, was a teacher, composer and the author of *Method for the Guitar*, published in 1888.

In Cleveland he gave guitar lessons and found a demand for his services. He settled then and devoted himself to teaching and arranging music for the guitar. He became known nationally for his arrangements, which were issued in collections of approximately 20 pieces, including *Winter Evenings*, *Gems for the Guitar*, *Boquet of Melodies*, and *Flowers of Melody*. He also arranged about 30 duos for two guitars and another 30 for guitar and violin. It was his music method books that gave him his fame as "one of America's most influential guitar pedagogues." Holland taught with a conservative approach, looking to European guitar masters and their traditional techniques. His method books were *Modern Method for the Guitar* (1874) and *Comprehensive Method for the Guitar* (1876).

## Civil rights

Holland was born to free black parents in Norfolk County, Virginia, in 1819. The area had adopted a liberal attitude toward African Americans, which had resulted in a large number being free. That attitude was changing, however, as the demand for labor for producing cotton grew stronger. Slavery was becoming based on the concept of racial inferiority, and the presence of successful, free African Americans contradicted this. Also, the presence of free Blacks showed slaves that freedom was possible.

Starting with himself, Holland would work all his life, working to better the conditions for African Americans. He attended a college, Oberlin College, at a time when very few African Americans could get a college education. He studied languages, learning Spanish, French, Italian and German. As an adult, between 1848 and 1854, he acted as an assistant secretary and member of council at National and State Negro Conventions. He was secretary of the "Colored Americans of Cleveland". He worked with the Underground Railroad. He also worked toward establishing a free-black colony in South America, acting as secretary for the Central American Land Company.

In 1845 he moved to the Cleveland, Ohio, in the Western Reserve, where he worked on his dream of complete acceptance for African Americans by white Americans, with complete equality. Cleveland was another place where white people were sympathetic toward African Americans. He saw the area as a place that gave him the opportunity to work toward that goal. He consciously embraced education and assimilation as the best ways to overcome racial barriers and prejudices. He looked to European culture as a source of admirable standards (and hoped that middle-class Americans around him would associate him with those standards as well.) He spoke of his own music in terms of European excellence, teaching the "correct system" to fret the strings on the guitar, as done by "the best Masters of Europe." He also wrote a 324-page treatise on subjects of moral reform.

Not only working on himself, he tried to help other black people, assisting with the Underground Railroad. When the Freemasons would not accept African Americans into their society, or recognize the free-black Prince Hall Masons, he corresponded with masonry groups in Europe, seeking support and recognition there. He gained recognitions from Masons in several European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Hungary) and two from the Americas (Peru and the Dominican Republic).

## Works

The following works are online at the Library of Congress:

### Arranged

* *La prima donna waltz*, 1854
* *Fra Diavolo*, 1858
* *Fille du regiment*, 1868
* *Lucia di Lamermoor*, 1868
* *Lucrezia Borgia*, 1868
* *Norma*, 1868
* *Oberon*, 1868
* *Rigoletto*, 1868
* *Giertrude's dream waltz*, 1871
* *Delta Kappa Epsilon march*, 1881

Works by Justin Holland on IMSLP.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Justin Holland | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait from the book Men of Mark (1887). | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | William J.H. White |
| Born | (1819-07-26)July 26, 1819
Norfolk County, Virginia |
| Died | March 24, 1887(1887-03-24) (aged 67)
New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Genres | classical |
| Occupation(s) | music teacher, arranger, composer, textbook author; civil rights activist |
| Instrument | guitar |
| Years active | 1845–87 |


title: Nikolas Berger

abstract: Nikolas "Nik" Berger is an Austrian beach volleyball player. Berger began his career in indoor volleyball in 1986. Among his major achievements are the Austrian national championships runner-up with PLO/ASV Salzburg in 1992 and after he moved to the capital for playing with the club Donaukraft Vienna, he was four times Austrian champion and Austrian Cup winner. At the 1999 European Championship, play at home in Vienna, Berger finished his career in indoor volleyball. In 1993, he had also begun parallel career with the beach volleyball. With Oliver Stamm, Berger competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney, but they lost to the Brazilian duo Zé Marco de Melo/Ricardo Santos. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens, he plays with Florian Gosch after an injury to his season partner Clemens Doppler. A year earlier he won the European Championships with Doppler. After the 2005 season the duo Berger/Doppler went their separate ways. Berger plays with Robert Nowotny until the 2008 season.

text:
# Nikolas Berger

**Nikolas "Nik" Berger** (born March 18, 1974, in Salzburg) is an Austrian beach volleyball player.

Berger began his career in indoor volleyball in 1986. Among his major achievements are the Austrian national championships runner-up with *PLO/ASV Salzburg* in 1992 and after he moved to the capital for playing with the club *Donaukraft Vienna*, he was four times Austrian champion and Austrian Cup winner. At the 1999 European Championship, play at home in Vienna, Berger finished his career in indoor volleyball.

In 1993, he had also begun parallel career with the beach volleyball. With Oliver Stamm, Berger competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney, but they lost to the Brazilian duo Zé Marco de Melo/Ricardo Santos. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens, he plays with Florian Gosch after an injury to his season partner Clemens Doppler. A year earlier he won the European Championships with Doppler.

After the 2005 season the duo Berger/Doppler went their separate ways. Berger plays with Robert Nowotny until the 2008 season.

## InfoBox

| Nikolas Berger | |
| --- | --- |
| Berger in 2010 | |
| Personal information | |
| Nickname | "Nik" |
| Nationality | Austria |
| Born | (1974-03-18) March 18, 1974<br>Salzburg, Austria |
| Height | 1.99 m (6 ft 6+12 in) |
| Weight | 92 kg (203 lb) |
| Honours      Men's beach volleyball  Representing  Austria  European Championships  2003 Alanya  Beach | |


title: Arnett Gardens F.C.

abstract: The Arnett Gardens Football Club is a Jamaican professional football club based in Kingston, which currently plays in the Jamaica Premier League. The team is based in the Arnett Gardens community of South Saint Andrew, Jamaica, and plays in the Anthony Spaulding Sports Complex.

text:
# Arnett Gardens F.C.

The **Arnett Gardens Football Club** is a Jamaican professional football club based in Kingston, which currently plays in the Jamaica Premier League.

The team is based in the Arnett Gardens community of South Saint Andrew, Jamaica, and plays in the Anthony Spaulding Sports Complex.

## History

The team came out of a merger between the *All Saints* and *Jones Town Football* teams in 1977. Arnett's fans originate primarily from Arnett Gardens and its adjoining communities – Jones Town, Craig Town, Hannah Town & Admiral Town. The *Junglists*, as their fans are known, are very passionate and vociferous about their team and will travel all over the country in support of the team. The Arnett Gardens part of Kingston is popularly known as the *Concrete Jungle*, hence the nickname of the club.

The club won the league in its first season, 1978. Although it suffered a long drought after that, it re-emerged at the start of the new millennium, winning both the 2000–01 and 2001–02 championships.

### Recent seasons and managerial changes

The start of the 2007–08 season proved to be one of their worst ever and forced coach Max Straw to resign on 14 January 2008 to be replaced by former coach Jerome Waite, who led Arnett Gardens to the celebrated back-to-back titles of 2001 and 2002. They then finished the season four points above the relegation zone after winning 3 of their final 4 games.

Waite himself was axed after only four games into the 2008–09 season, losing all games and managing to score only one goal. He was replaced by Fabian Davis, who left his post at the end of 2009. As of January 2010, Wayne Fairclough was the team's coach but he decided to quit in October 2010. Fairclough was succeeded by former national team striker Paul Davis.

Davis took them to a creditable 5th place in the 2012–13 season, his third with the club, before he resigned in November 2012 citing a lack of commitment from the players and other issues within the club. In October 2013, his successor Calvin Lewis resigned and his place was taken by former coach Jerome Waite.

Alex Thomas took over the reins for the 2019–20 season. On October 22, 2021, he had resigned from his position as head coach.

On October 26, 2021, Paul Davis was announced as the newly appointed head coach.

Xavier Gilbert was appointed as the new head coach on August 21, 2023. On August 5, Arnett Gardens F.C. won their first ever international cup, the CFU Club Shield, by defeating Grenades F.C. at the Stadion Rignaal 'Jean' Francisca, Willemstad.

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 23 August 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  JAM Asher Hutchinson  4 DF  JAM Earl Simpson  5 DF  JAM Roshawn Amos  6 DF  JAM Joel Jones  7 MF  JAM Jamone Shephard  8 MF  JAM Marlon Martin  9 FW  JAM Warner Brown  10 MF  JAM Rushike Kelson  11 FW  JAM Shai Smith  13 MF  JAM Fabian Reid  14 MF  JAM Roderick Granville  15 FW  JAM Jahvon James  16 FW  JAM Kevoan McGregor  18 MF  JAM Jaheim Thomas  19 DF  JAM Phillando Wing  20 DF  JAM Gerald Neil Jr.  21 DF  JAM Joel Cunningham | No. Pos. Nation Player  22 MF  JAM Rushane Thompson  23 DF  JAM Deandre Cunningham  25 MF  JAM Chavany Willis  26 DF  JAM Shane Watson  28 MF  JAM Amarlie King  30 MF  JAM Malike Stephens  31 DF  JAM Keneldo Brown  40 GK  JAM Richardo White  45 GK  JAM Croccifixio Thompson  55 GK  JAM Eric Edwards  DF  JAM Nickache Murray  DF  LCA Shanoi Evans  DF  JAM Osani Ricketts  MF  JAM Jahiem Harris  FW  JAM Kimani Arbourine  JAM Shadeko Wizzard |
| --- | --- |

### Other players under contract

## Achievements

### Domestic

### International

## InfoBox

Arnett Gardens F.C.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Arnett Gardens Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Junglists* |
| Founded | 1977 (1977) |
| Ground | Anthony Spaulding Sports Complex
Kingston, Jamaica |
| Capacity | 7,000 |
| President | Chris Bicknell |
| Chairman | Mark Golding |
| Manager | Xavier Gilbert |
| League | Jamaica Premier League |
| 2023–24 | Regular season: 5th
Playoffs: Third place |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |