title: Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata

abstract: Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Europe and Alaska, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ulf Arup, Jan Vondrák, and Mehmet Halıcı. The type specimen was collected in the Nyhem Parish, Jämtland (Sweden), where it was growing on the bark of Populus tremula. In Turkey, it has been recorded at high altitudes on the bark of Juniperus excelsa and Abies cilicica, while in a single record from Alaska it is growing on Populus. In 2018 it was reported from the sacred groves of Epirus in Greece, and in 2020 from Norway.

text:
# Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata

***Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata*** is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Europe and Alaska, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ulf Arup, Jan Vondrák, and Mehmet Halıcı. The type specimen was collected in the Nyhem Parish, Jämtland (Sweden), where it was growing on the bark of *Populus tremula*. In Turkey, it has been recorded at high altitudes on the bark of *Juniperus excelsa* and *Abies cilicica*, while in a single record from Alaska it is growing on *Populus*. In 2018 it was reported from the sacred groves of Epirus in Greece, and in 2020 from Norway.

## Description

The main distinguishing characteristics of *Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata* include its endophloeodal thallus (i.e., immersed in the bark substrate), the black blastidia that resemble small spots (the species epithet refers to this feature), and zeorin-lecanorine apothecia featuring an orange disc and a black thalline margin. *Caloplaca turkuensis* is a similar in appearance and morphology, but differs in the form of the apothecia and the dark grey-black instead of grey thalline margin. Other potential lookalikes include *Caloplaca ahtii* and *Caloplaca turkuensis*.

Both the disc of the apothecia and the true exciple contain the lichen product parietin as a major metabolite; there are smaller amounts of fallacinal, emodin, teloschistin, and parietinic acid. The thallus and the thalline margin contain Sedifolia-grey, a pigment that give a positive reaction with two chemical spot tests: K+ (violet) and N+ (brownish red).

## InfoBox

| *Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | *Parvoplaca* |
| Species: | ***P. nigroblastidiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata***<br>Arup, Halıcı & Vondrák (2015) | |
|


title: Jakob Nacken

abstract: Jakob Hudson Nacken or Jacob Nacken was a German circus performer active in Europe and the United States. He began his career as an exceptionally tall person while a teenager, performing in a traveling circus, and appeared in the 1939 New York World's Fair. Nacken was the tallest soldier in the German Army during World War II at a height of seven feet three inches (2.21 m). He was employed as a giant Santa Claus and appeared on American television as a figure of high stature and in freak shows as the World's Tallest Man.

text:
# Jakob Nacken

**Jakob Hudson Nacken** or **Jacob Nacken** (15 February 1906  29 March 1987) was a German circus performer active in Europe and the United States. He began his career as an exceptionally tall person while a teenager, performing in a traveling circus, and appeared in the 1939 New York World's Fair. Nacken was the tallest soldier in the German Army during World War II at a height of seven feet three inches (2.21 m). He was employed as a giant Santa Claus and appeared on American television as a figure of high stature and in freak shows as the World's Tallest Man.

## Early life

Nacken was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, on 15 February 1906. Both his parents were six feet (1.8 m). His sister Josephine was six feet two inches (1.88 m) tall; his two-years-younger brother Wilhelm grew to be six feet four inches (1.93 m) tall; his other brother, who was eight years older than Nacken, became six feet seven inches (2.01 m).

## Mid-life and career

Nacken began his career in show business performing as "Uranus" and the "giant from the Rhineland" in a German traveling circus. He was called Germany's tallest man and was credited as being the world's tallest man at the time. Nacken wore size 17 boots as an adult. He had bruises on his head from hitting the tops of doorways that were built to accommodate people of normal height.

He appeared at Luna Park, an amusement park in Paris, in 1922. Nacken was internationally known for his height of seven feet three inches (2.21 m) and earned an engagement at the 1939 New York World's Fair.

He returned to Germany at the beginning of World War II and was immediately drafted into the army, becoming their tallest soldier on record. Nacken was put into a gun crew with 250 soldiers who were captured at Calais, France, in August 1944. Nacken and his men were taken to England as prisoners of war and remained there until the end of the war.

In August 1949, newspapers announced Nacken was to return to the United States because he wanted to leave post-war Germany. Nacken's sister, who already lived in the United States, prepared a place for him and his wife to live in Paterson, New Jersey. Nacken and his wife emigrated to the United States on the SS *Atlantic* from Genoa, Italy, arriving in the port of New York City on 6 December 1950.

Nacken sought work that would suit his stature. Through newspaper pictures and Pathé newsreels, he was well-known. During December 1949, he worked as Santa Claus. Children were able to walk between his legs and he was dubbed the world's tallest Santa. Nacken worked in *Ripley's Believe It or Not!* shows as the "World's Tallest Man". He appeared on several television shows as a celebrity known as "Germany's Long Jake".

## Personal life

On 10 August 1927, Nacken married Maria from Kematen an der Ybbs, Austria, in Brussels, Belgium. She stood five feet eight inches (1.73 m) tall.

He became a citizen of the United States on 16 December 1955.

## Later life and death

Nacken's last appearance as "World's Tallest Man" was in 1959 at Ripley's Odditorium on Broadway in Manhattan, New York City. He died in Europe at age 81.

## InfoBox

| Jakob Nacken | |
| --- | --- |
| Ripley's Odditorium 1935 | |
| Born | (1906-02-15)15 February 1906
Düsseldorf, Rhenish Prussia, Germany |
| Died | 29 March 1987(1987-03-29) (aged 81)
Europe |
| Other names | * "Uranus" * World's Tallest Man * Giant from Rhineland |
| Occupations | * sideshow artist * circus performer |
| Height | 7 ft 3 in (221 cm) |
| Spouse | Maria |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany (to 1945) |
| Service/branch | Wehrmacht |
| Years of service | 1939–1945 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Parvigondolella

abstract: Parvigondolella is an extinct genus of Late Triassic conodonts. The most common species in the genus, Parvigondolella andrusovi, is used as an index fossil for part of the Sevatian substage of the Norian stage. Kozur & Mock, 1991 named two additional species, P. rhaetica and P. vrielyncki. Moix et al. (2007) later argued that "Misikella" rhaetica was a species of Parvigondolella. In order to prevent having two different species with the same name within the genus, they renamed Kozur & Mock (1991)'s P. rhaetica to P. prorhaetica. However, this would be unnecessary if "Misikella" rhaetica was not related to Parvigondolella. Parvigondolella is typically considered a direct descendant of Mockina/Epigondolella bidentata.

text:
# Parvigondolella

***Parvigondolella*** is an extinct genus of Late Triassic (late Norian-earliest Rhaetian) conodonts. The most common species in the genus, *Parvigondolella andrusovi*, is used as an index fossil for part of the Sevatian substage of the Norian stage. Kozur & Mock, 1991 named two additional species, *P. rhaetica* and *P. vrielyncki*. Moix *et al*. (2007) later argued that *"Misikella" rhaetica* was a species of *Parvigondolella*. In order to prevent having two different species with the same name within the genus, they renamed Kozur & Mock (1991)'s *P. rhaetica* to *P. prorhaetica*. However, this would be unnecessary if "*Misikella" rhaetica* was not related to *Parvigondolella*. *Parvigondolella* is typically considered a direct descendant of *Mockina/Epigondolella bidentata*.

## InfoBox

| *Parvigondolella*
Temporal range: Late Triassic,
 | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Conodonta |
| Genus: | *Parvigondolella*
Kozur & Mock, 1972 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Parvigondolella andrusovi***
Kozur & Mock, 1972 | |
| Other species | |
| * *P. lata*? Kozur & Mock, 1974 * *P. prorhaetica*? Kozur & Mock, 1991 *sensu* Moix *et al.*, 2007 * *P. rhaetica*? Mostler, 1978 * *P. vrielyncki*? Kozur & Mock, 1991 | |


title: Jactellina clathrata

abstract: Jactellina clathrata, commonly known as the shiborizakura tellin, is a species of tellinid, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Tellinidae.

text:
# Jactellina clathrata

***Jactellina clathrata***, commonly known as the **shiborizakura tellin** (squeezed cherry blossom tellin), is a species of tellinid, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Tellinidae.

## Description

The shells of these burrowing tellins are oval, elongated and much flattened. The two valves are connected by a large external ligament. They burrow into neritic (or sublittoral) sand habitats. Deshayes originally described Jactellina clathrata as having characteristics similar to Fabulina fabula, which burrows into silty sand in sublittoral habitats and extends an inhalant siphon above the sediment surface to feed. The inhalant siphon sucks in suspended particles and vacuums up detritus from the sediment surface. A second siphon expels the filtered intake.

## Distribution

This species occurs widely in Western Pacific Ocean and along northern Australia, East Timor, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Japan, Hawaii and Vanuatu. On some tropical shores they are among the most abundant occur bivalves.

## Habitat

These tellins live in sands in the neritic zone (sublittoral zone).

## InfoBox

| *Jactellina clathrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shell of *Jactellina clathrata*. Note portion of large external ligament still attached to upper left of each oval, elongated valve. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Cardiida |
| Family: | Tellinidae |
| Genus: | *Jactellina* |
| Species: | ***J. clathrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Jactellina clathrata***<br>(Deshayes, 1835) | |
|


title: Jalukie Upper Khel

abstract: Jalukie Upper Khel is a village in the Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Jalukie Circle.

text:
# Jalukie Upper Khel

**Jalukie Upper Khel** is a village in the Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Jalukie Circle.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Jalukie Upper Khel has 77 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of the population, excluding children ages 6 and below) is 25.66%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 282 | 154 | 128 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 56 | 37 | 19 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 268 | 144 | 124 |
| Literates | 58 | 38 | 20 |
| Workers (all) | 147 | 78 | 69 |
| Main workers (total) | 143 | 77 | 66 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 132 | 67 | 65 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 11 | 10 | 1 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 135 | 76 | 59 |

## InfoBox

| Jalukie Upper Khel Jalukie Upper Khel (UR) | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Jalukie Upper KhelLocation in Nagaland, IndiaJalukie Upper KhelJalukie Upper Khel (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°33′12″N 93°44′09″E / 25.553410°N 93.735960°E / 25.553410; 93.735960 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Peren |
| Circle | Jalukie |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 282 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Census code | 268320 |


title: Passages (Frank Gambale album)

abstract: Passages is the sixth studio album by guitarist Frank Gambale, released in 1994 by Victor Entertainment and reissued on 24 April 2001 by Samson Records.

text:
# Passages (Frank Gambale album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Passages*** is the sixth studio album by guitarist Frank Gambale, released in 1994 by Victor Entertainment and reissued on 24 April 2001 by Samson Records.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Frank Gambale, except where noted

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Little Charmer" | 5:38 |
| 2. | "6.8 Shaker" | 5:52 |
| 3. | "Passages" | 6:23 |
| 4. | "White Room" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce) | 4:05 |
| 5. | "D-Day" | 4:03 |
| 6. | "Nunzio's Near" | 5:19 |
| 7. | "Free Spirit" | 5:07 |
| 8. | "One with Everything" | 9:14 |
| 9. | "Roxana" | 5:10 |
| 10. | "Uluru" | 5:57 |
| 11. | "Another Alternative" | 8:11 |
| Total length: | | 64:59 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Passages | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Frank Gambale | |
| Released | 1994 (1994) |
| Studio | Milagro Sound Recorders, Glendale, California |
| Genre | Instrumental rock, jazz fusion |
| Length | 64:59 |
| Label | Victor |
| Producer | Frank Gambale |
| Frank Gambale chronology | |
| *The Great Explorers*
(1993) ***Passages***
(1994) *Thinking Out Loud*
(1995) | |


title: Passages (Jesus Jones album)

abstract: Passages is the sixth album by the British alternative rock band Jesus Jones, released independently in 2018 through PledgeMusic.

text:
# Passages (Jesus Jones album)

***Passages*** is the sixth album by the British alternative rock band Jesus Jones, released independently in 2018 through PledgeMusic.

## Track listing

All songs written by Mike Edwards.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Where Are All the Dreams?" | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Suck It Up" | 3:04 |
| 3. | "Chemistry" | 3:34 |
| 4. | "Fall" | 5:02 |
| 5. | "Rounding Out the Square Holes" | 3:31 |
| 6. | "How's This Even Going Down?" | 4:08 |
| 7. | "So Welcome" | 4:17 |
| 8. | "Grateful" | 3:46 |
| 9. | "One Day at a Time" | 2:38 |
| 10. | "Stripped" | 5:18 |

## Personnel

Jesus Jones * Mike Edwards - vocals, guitar
* Jerry De Borg - guitar, trumpet
* Alan Doughty \- bass
* Iain Baker - keyboards
* Gen Mathews - drums

1. "Jesus Jones: how we made Right Here, Right Now". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

## InfoBox

| Passages | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jesus Jones | |
| Released | 20 April 2018 (2018-04-20) |
| Length | 39:08 |
| Label | Jesus Jones Recording, PledgeMusic |
| Producer | Mike Edwards |
| Jesus Jones chronology | |
| *Culture Vulture*
(2004) ***Passages***
(2018) | |


abstract: Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage is the third studio album by American post-punk band Savage Republic, released in 1988 by Fundamental Records. It was reissued on Mobilization Records with bonus instrumental tracks in 2002.

text:
# Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage*** is the third studio album by American post-punk band Savage Republic, released in 1988 by Fundamental Records. It was reissued on Mobilization Records with bonus instrumental tracks in 2002.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Philip Drucker, Greg Grunke, Thom Furhmann, Brad Laner, Bruce Licher and Ethan Port, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "So It Is Written" |  | 3:06 |
| 2. | "Spice Fields" |  | 5:40 |
| 3. | "Viva la Rock 'n' Roll" (Alternative TV cover) | Mark Perry, Chris Bennett, Dennis Burns | 2:28 |
| 4. | "Tabula Rasa" |  | 6:46 |
| 5. | "Il Papa Sympatico" |  | 3:27 |
| 6. | "Pios den mila yia ti lambri" | Theodorakis | 3:47 |
| 7. | "Lethal Musk" |  | 4:11 |
| 8. | "Lebanon 2000" |  | 3:40 |
| 9. | "Moujahadeen" |  | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Jamahiriya" |  | 7:22 |

Reissue bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Il Papa Sympatico" (instrumental version) |  | 3:26 |
| 12. | "Viva la Rock 'n' Roll" (instrumental version) | Perry, Bennett, Burns | 2:33 |
| 13. | "Moujahadeen" (instrumental version) |  | 3:31 |
| 14. | "\[untitled\]" |  | 0:54 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage* liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1988 | Fundamental | CD, CS, LP | SAVE 61 |
| | 2002 | Mobilization | CD | MOB 103 |

## InfoBox

| Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Savage Republic | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | Lyceum Sound, Santa Monica, CA |
| Genre | Post-punk, experimental rock |
| Length | 43:59 |
| Label | Fundamental |
| Producer | Vitus Mataré, Savage Republic |
| Savage Republic chronology | |
| *Live Trek 1985 - 1986*
(1987) ***Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage***
(1988) *Customs*
(1989) | |


title: Jagar, Hindaun

abstract: Jagar is a Gram Panchayat in Hindaun Block, Karauli District, Rajasthan. Approximately 9000 people live there.

text:
# Jagar, Hindaun

**Jagar** is a Gram Panchayat in Hindaun Block, Karauli District, Rajasthan. Approximately 9000 people live there.

## Demographics

Inhabitants of Jagar speak Hindi.

## InfoBox

| Jagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Gram Panchayat | |
| JagarLocation in India | |
| Coordinates: 26°47′N 77°08′E / 26.79°N 77.13°E / 26.79; 77.13 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Karauli District |
| Subdistricts | Hindaun Block |
| Area | |
| Total | 7 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 235 m (771 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 9,997 |
| Area code | 322236 |
| Vehicle registration | RJ 34 |
| Sex ratsioratio | 1000:877 / |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Karauli–Dholpur |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Hindaun |


title: Passed midshipman

abstract: A passed midshipman, sometimes called as "midshipman, passed", is a term used historically in the 19th century to describe a midshipman who had passed the lieutenant's exam and was eligible for promotion to lieutenant as soon as there was a vacancy in that grade.

text:
# Passed midshipman

A **passed midshipman**, sometimes called as "**midshipman, passed**", is a term used historically in the 19th century to describe a midshipman who had passed the lieutenant's exam and was eligible for promotion to lieutenant as soon as there was a vacancy in that grade.

## Royal Navy

Passed midshipman was never an official rank or rating in the Royal Navy, but was commonly used to describe midshipmen who had passed the lieutenant examination but were waiting on a roster to be commissioned. Between 1800 and 1815, due to a shortage of officers to command small craft, passed midshipmen were titled sub-lieutenant but this also was not an official rank.

Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mate, an experienced seaman role as assistant to the master. Though formally the rating did not lead to promotion to lieutenant, master's mates were paid more than any other rating and were the only ratings allowed to command any sort of vessel. A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £2 15s to £3 16s per month, but initially reduced his chances at a commission. Over time, however, an appointment of master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles – master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission – held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.

By the first years of the 19th century, the prefix "master's" was dropped for passed midshipmen, to distinguish them from master's mates in the navigator's branch. In 1824 two further grades were also introduced, consisting of master's assistants and second-class volunteers. These corresponded to midshipmen and first-class volunteers respectively in the executive line. From this point, passed midshipmen had the rating master's mate, abbreviated as mate, and prospective masters had the rating master's assistant. These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch. In 1838 a Royal Commission, presided over by the Duke of Wellington, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant. In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub-lieutenant.

## United States Navy

Passed midshipman was first used in 1819, and unlike the Royal Navy was an official rank of the United States Navy. With the establishment of the rank of ensign in 1862, the ranking structure was changed. The term *midshipman* came to mean an officer that passed his exams, while a cadet midshipman was one that had not or was still an undergraduate. A passed midshipman would be appointed a commission to the rank of ensign, rather than lieutenant.

## Footnotes

* Lewis, Michael (1939). *England's Sea-Officers*. London: George Allen & Unwin. OCLC 1084558.
* Lewis, Michael (1960). *A Social History of the Navy*. London: Ruskin House. OCLC 2832855.
* Walker, C.F. (1938). *Young Gentlemen: The Story of Midshipmen from the XVIIth Century to the Present Day*. London: Longmans, Green. OCLC 2936648.


title: Passaconaway

abstract: Passaconaway was a 17th century sachem and later bashaba of the Pennacook people in what is now southern New Hampshire in the United States, who was famous for his dealings with the Plimouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies.

text:
# Passaconaway

**Passaconaway** was a 17th century sachem and later *bashaba* (chief of chiefs) of the Pennacook people in what is now southern New Hampshire in the United States, who was famous for his dealings with the Plimouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies.

## Name

17th century records spell his name in a variety of ways, including Papisseconewa, Papisseconeway, Passeconneway, Papisseconneway, Passeconewa, Passaconaway, and Peasconaway. In New English Canaan (1637) Thomas Morton wrote the name as "Papasiquineo". At some point in the late 1830s American author Samuel G. Drake either theorized, or encountered someone else's theory, that these names are all derived from words for "child" and "bear" - he made the claim for the first time in the 1841 8th edition of his *Indian Biographies*. Chandler Potter's 1856 *History of Manchester* derived the name from *papoeis* "a child" and *kunnaway* "a bear", but does not provide citations for this (the two terms he uses most likely came from Roger Williams' A Key Into the Language of America, which includes *papoòs* "infant" and *paukunnawaw* "bear" and "Ursa Major"). The alleged "child of the bear" translation has become a staple in subsequent accounts about Passaconaway, but is linguistically problematic, despite looking plausible. Modern speculative reconstructions based on 17th century orthography point to the name most likely having been something (in modern orthography) like Papisseconneway. There are no extant contemporaneous accounts of the name's literal meaning, nor about whether it was related to his lineage, his status as a *powow*, or other social significance, whether it was an autonym or heteronym, or even from which of the various Algonquian languages it came (the English colonists were much better acquainted with Wampanoag, Massachusett and Narragansett communities than with the Pennacook, and Williams' glossary is of Narragansett words).

In 19th century and subsequent publications he has sometimes been equated with the Catholic sachem called St. Aspenquid, but this is erroneous.

## Life

Passaconaway was widely respected by contemporaneous Native Americans in the New England region, by English colonists (even those who said that his supernatural abilities were satanic in origin), and was taken seriously as a political leader by colonial English settlers. One of the key native figures in the colonial history of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, he is believed to have been born between 1550 and 1570, and had died by 1669 (his birth and death dates are imprecise, and reckoning is skewed by the claim of one reporter, who says that he met Passaconaway when the latter was 120 years old). During his lifetime English colonial settlement in New England began in earnest, intersecting with an ongoing series of socio-political and demographic changes arising from warfare over the fur trade and the introduction of Eurasian diseases. In particular, an epidemic in 1616 ravaged the Native American populations in southeast New England, and that event's demographic consequences probably motivated sachems to allow the settlement of English colonists in their territories, usually under the framework of "land sales", to bolster their ability to engage in inter-group raids and warfare with other Native communities.

He was a powerful and widely respected *powow* (a ritual expert and mediator between humans and spirits similar to a shaman); English accounts by figures like Thomas Morton and John \[Eliot?\] note that he was allegedly able to make water burn, produce ice in the summer, make trees dance, call up thunderstorms, make dried leaves turn green, and make living snakes out of dead snake skin. Prior to, and during the early period of, colonial encroachment Passaconaway presumably followed traditional New England Native lifeways in the Pennacook territories around the Merrimack River, moving among established village sites like Amoskeag and Pawtucket seasonally, which accounts for his historical association with several places in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Colonial records specify that Passaconaway lived at the top of the Pawtucket Falls (today's Lowell, Massachusetts). Local New Hampshire history says that he lived and moved seasonally among various fishing and planting spots along the Merrimack River, including the Amoskeag Falls in present-day Manchester, several fertile islands, present-day Horseshoe Pond, and sites along the nearby coast.

There are no records about the earlier part of his career beyond his reported abdication speech, which said that he had fought against the Mohawk as a younger man. At some point prior to the Pilgrims' arrival he became sachem (chief) of the Pennacook, and eventually *bashaba* (chief of chiefs) of a multi-tribal confederation in parts of today's New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine, members of which originally drew together for mutual protection from attacks by other Native groups. Passaconaway was one of the first native chieftains to lease land to English settlers in New England, and the 1629 Wheelwright Deed (the authenticity of which is debated, but which is generally accepted as legitimate) specifies that Passaconaway and other sachems were willing to sell territory to the English for the explicit purpose of making alliances against the Tarrantines (an exonym given to a confederation of Native groups in today's Maine which made a habit of attacking the groups in southeast New England) and the Mohawks. The English were problematic allies at best, and for the rest of his life Passaconaway repeatedly dealt with English transgression, affronts, and challenges to his autonomy.

In 1632, when a Native American murdered an English settler and fled, Passaconaway oversaw his capture and turned him over to colonial authorities. In 1642, when a rumor falsely claimed that there was an anti-English conspiracy developing among the local Native Americans, a militia was sent to apprehend Passaconaway and seize his guns. When the militia's forward progress was stopped by a thunderstorm, they instead seized his son, Wonalancet, his daughter-in-law, and his grandchild. When the authorities in Boston sent him an apology and invited him to come to the town to discuss the matter, Passaconaway insisted that the captives be freed. After they were, Passaconaway turned over his guns. In 1648 the English missionary John Eliot reported that he had gone to Pawtucket Falls, met Passaconaway, and preached to him there. According to Eliot, Passaconaway was receptive to his preaching, and invited him to come live with the Pennacook, which Eliot did not do. Whether Passaconaway converted is uncertain - no records indicate it, but legends among English colonists and their descendants maintained that he did. His son Wonalancet eventually became a Christian, and as his policies often continued his father's, it seems likely that Passaconaway was at least open to some form of Christian influence.

Passaconaway voluntarily abdicated in approximately 1660 and designated his second son Wonalancet as next sachem of the Pennacook (a position he actively held no later than 1664), which announcement was part of a larger speech he delivered urging his people to always keep peace with the English colonists. His larger family remained active in Native politics: his oldest son Nanamocomuck became sachem of the neighboring Wachusett. His daughter Wanunchus married Montowampate, a sagamore of the Naumkeag in Saugus, who lived north of what is now Boston (their marriage was the topic of John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "The Bridal of Penacook"), and another daughter, known only as Bess, married Nobhow, the sachem of the Pawtucket.

In his old age Passaconaway, having relinquished his position of authority and having seen most traditional subsistence practices abandoned or rendered impossible by English colonial practices and laws, became dependent on the goodwill of the Massachusetts General Court and colonial government, petitioning in 1664 for a land grant for territory over which he once exercised some form of sovereignty. In October 1665, Passaconaway's daughter, Bess (wife of Nobb How), sold the Pennacook territory called Augumtoocooke (present-day Dracut, Massachusetts) to Captain John Evered, for the sum of four yards of "Duffill" and one pound of tobacco. Capt. Evered in turn sold tracts of the land to European families for a great deal of money. However, it is important to remember that by that time, the Pennacook and Pawtucket families had been arrested, harassed, enslaved, and shipped to Barbados in some cases.

The details of his death, including date, cause, and the location of his grave, are unknown. His son and successor, Wonalancet, kept to his father's policies regarding the English, including forbearing to take part in King Philip's War. His first son, Nanamocomuck, was the father of Kancamagus, who became Pennacook sachem after Wonalancet, and was far more inclined to fight back against the English than his grandfather and uncle had been. Kancamagus eventually removed the remnants of the Pennacook northward to the settlements along the Saint Lawrence River.

Passaconaway was later heroized by non-native New Englanders as a representative of a "good" Indian, largely due to his lifelong policy of nonaggression with the English colonists, the repeated positive comments on his character from English contemporaries such as John Eliot, and he has been commemorated in various places in New Hampshire and elsewhere.

## Legends

Legends in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine are mostly drawn from, and elaborate upon, colonial accounts. Even before the Pilgrims' 1620 landing on the Massachusetts coast, a European ship's captain reported seeing a huge native standing atop a coastal cliff, surmising he was probably the native often referred to as Conway.

Another legend indicates that Passaconaway was summoned to the Plymouth area of Massachusetts by the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit, asking Passaconaway to use his supernatural powers to rid the land of the Pilgrims who were building a village on the shore (this is tied to versions of his abdication speech where he allegedly said he did everything to get rid of the English that he could - which does not line up with his lifelong policy of appeasement). At Massasoit's village, says the folklore, Passaconaway was for the first time in his life unable to bring up a storm. After conversing with the Great Spirit, Passaconaway declared that the Great Spirit had commanded him to live the rest of his life in peace with the white-faced tribes. From this time on, Passaconaway would not allow his sons or his tribe to fight with any European settlers, and counseled peace to all his native associates.

Local New Hampshire history says that in 1647 John Elliot attempted to speak with Passaconaway but was refused audience again and again before he was finally allowed to talk with the *bashaba*. Eventually the minister was invited to live with the Pennacook people and teach the elderly sachem about Christianity. Legend says that after the preacher died suddenly from an illness, Passaconaway decided to step down from his position of authority, announcing before an enormous crowd at the yearly native gathering that his son Wonalancet was now sachem of the Pennacook. This account closely follows the events narrated in Eliot's letter and descriptions of Passaconaway's farewell speech, but presents the two as somehow causally related.

The commemorative statue in Edson Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts is historically inaccurate - it depicts Plains Indian clothing and headdress. The other most frequently presented image of Passaconaway is a drawing that first appeared in Potter's History of Manchester, and has a somewhat better connection to period-accurate clothing, but the conspicuously displayed bearskin was almost certainly included due to the folk etymology of his name (discussed above).

Anglo-American legends about Passaconaway's death say that his body was buried in a cave in the sacred native mountain Agamenticus in southern Maine, and that at least one member of his people saw his spirit carried up to the Great Spirit's earthly abode of Agiocochook (Mount Washington) atop a sled pulled by wolves and covered with hundreds of animal skins given to him by his people and his fellow sachems. There he burst into flame and was carried up to the heavens to live with the Great Spirit. This legend is almost certainly due to Passaconaway being confused with St. Aspinquid, who was allegedly buried (without miracles) on Agamenticus. The details about wolf-drawn sleds and flaming translation are 18th and 19th century elaborations without any clear Native American antecedent.

Shortly before his death, Passaconaway was granted extensive tracks of land on both sides of the Merrimack as far north as the Souhegan River (although others, like Potter, have claimed without evidence that he settled in present-day Concord). He most likely died and was buried near the island where he was last known to be living, in the Merrimack River not far north of the mouth of the Souhegan.

## Village

The present-day Kancamagus Highway, a scenic two-lane highway through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, bears the name of Passaconaway's grandson, Kancamagus. The Kancamagus Highway passes the former village of Passaconaway, much of which is now part of the White Mountain National Forest. The village of Passaconaway once contained a sawmill, hotel and post office, as well as several farms and homes. For a few years a logging railroad ran through the area. The short-lived Passaconaway Mountain Club was based there. The former settlement is located in the incorporated town of Albany, New Hampshire. Today the area is noted for its hiking and cross-country skiing trails. The U.S. Forest Service maintains the Passaconaway Campground and the Jigger Johnson Campground in this area, as well as the historic Russell-Colbath House and adjacent cemetery.

## Mountain

Mount Passaconaway, a 4,043-foot (1,232 m) summit in the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains lying between the village of Wonalancet and the Kancamagus Highway, bears the sachem's name.

## Legacy

The Daniel Webster Council of the Boy Scouts of America, which serves most of New Hampshire, honors Passaconaway by naming their Order of the Arrow lodge for the sachem.

1. Potter, Chandler Eastman (1856). *The History of Manchester, Formerly Derryfield, in New Hampshire: Including that of Ancient Amoskeag, Or the Middle Merrimack Valley; Together with the Address, Poem, and Other Proceedings, of the Centennial Celebration, of the Incorporation of Derryfield; at Manchester, October 22, 1851*. C.E. Potter. p. 52.
2. Beals, Charles Edward (1916). *Passaconaway in the White Mountains*. Cornell University Library. Boston : R.G. Badger. p. 54.
3. Hampshire., Potter, C. E. (Chandler Eastman), 1807-1868. History of Manchester, formerly Derryfield in New (2008). *Master index to History of Manchester, New Hampshire, parts 1 & 2 by C.E. Potter 1856*. Berkshire Family History Association. OCLC 501187191.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
4. Mary Ellen Lepionka, "Sachems and Shamans," in "History of Cape Ann and Beyond," at *Indigenous History of Essex County, Massachusetts,* 2017-2022
5. Wood, William, active (2009). *Wood's vocabulary of Massachusett*. Evolution Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-889758-97-8. OCLC 426796430.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. Morton, Thomas (2001). *New English Canaan*. Ye Galleon Press. ISBN 0-87770-736-7. OCLC 46975008.
7. Bragdon, Kathleen J. (1999). *Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650*. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806131269.
8. Stewart-Smith, David (1998). *The Pennacook Indians and the New England frontier, circa 1604–1733* (Thesis). ProQuest 304504354.
9. Lyford, John (1896). *History of Concord, New Hampshire*. p. 72.
10. *History of Dracut, Massachusetts, called by the Indians Augumtoocooke and before incorporation, the wildernesse north of the Merrimac. First permanent settlement in 1669 and incorporated as a town in 1701.* Silas Roger Coburn (1922)
11. Jones, Leslie, *Passaconaway Indian statue in Lowell Edson Cemetery*, retrieved 2022-10-31
12. Beals, Charles Edward, Jr., *Passaconaway in the White Mountains* (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1916). The author was a summer resident of the village, and later a ranger in the White Mountain National Forest. The title of the book refers to the village, not to the Pennacook leader (who had no known connection to the White Mountains).
13. WMNF official website
14. "Hiking Mount Passaconaway - Appalachian Mountain Club". *www.outdoors.org*.
* Beals, Charles Edward, Jr., Passaconaway in the White Mountains (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1916)
* Carter, George Calvin, "Passaconaway: The Greatest of the New England Indians" (published transcript of 1947 speech) (Manchester, NH: Granite State Press, 1947)
* Drake, Samuel Adams, "St. Aspenquid of Agamenticus," A Book of New England Legends and Folk Lore (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884), pp. 359–362
* Lyford, James O., ed., History of Concord, Vol I (Concord, NH: The Rumford Press, 1903)
* Potter, C. E., The History of Manchester (Manchester, NH: C. E. Potter, 1856)

## InfoBox

| Passaconaway | |
| --- | --- |
| Papisseconneway | |
| A 19th century representation of Passaconaway, Pennacook Sachem | |
|  | |
| Pennacook leader | |
| Preceded by | Nanepashemet |
| Succeeded by | Wonalancet (sachem) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | around 1570<br>near Merrimack River |
| Died | before 1669 |
| Relations | Montowampate |
| Children | 5, including Wonalancet |
|  | |


title: Passacaille (record label)

abstract: Passacaille records is a Belgian classical music record label, owned by Musurgia BVBA, based in Halle, Belgium. The company's artistic director is the flautist and flute-maker Jan De Winne.

text:
# Passacaille (record label)

**Passacaille records** is a Belgian classical music record label, owned by Musurgia BVBA, based in Halle, Belgium. The company's artistic director is the flautist and flute-maker Jan De Winne.

1. "Passacaille – Independent label for classical music". *www.passacaille.be*.
2. Powell, Ardal (2009). *Traverso: Historical Flute Newsletter*. Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-183-8. Jan de Winne studied at the conservatories of Ghent and Brussels. He was the Three flutists were selected to proceed to ... He performs regularly as soloist with several European orchestras, has recorded on Eufoda, Naxos, Passacaille,
3. *Diapason*. Vol. 559–564. Editions mondiales presse centres d'interêt. 2008. p. 87. DIHE Lorenzo Ghielmi reprend, ... encore plus enflammée, encadrée par deux sonates pour flûte et clavier obligé avec l'excellent Jan De Winne – la grande BWV ...
4. "Jan de Winne". *naxos.com*. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
5. "Jan De Winne". *il gardellino*. Retrieved 2019-09-01. Jan De Winne studied flute, chamber music and transverse flute at the conservatories of Ghent and ... He is also the artistic director of the CD-label 'Passacaille'


title: Passam National High School

abstract: Passam National High School is one of the six government-run national high schools in Papua New Guinea (PNG), which are also known as "schools of excellence". It is a coeducational school for Grades 11 and 12 and has a student population of around 600, consisting of both boarders and day-students. In 2020 and 2021 it was ranked as the top national high school in the country, based on exam results.

text:
# Passam National High School

**Passam National High School** is one of the six government-run national high schools in Papua New Guinea (PNG), which are also known as "schools of excellence". It is a coeducational school for Grades 11 and 12 and has a student population of around 600, consisting of both boarders and day-students. In 2020 and 2021 it was ranked as the top national high school in the country, based on exam results.

## History

The school is situated about 20 km (12.4 mi) south of the town of Wewak in the East Sepik Province of PNG. It was converted to being a national high school in the late 1960s and its boarders come from all over the country. The aim of having such national schools was to develop a concept of national unity in a culturally diverse society. In 1984 and 1985, students from the 1984 intake were the subject of a detailed research study by the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute, which aimed to investigate the impact of the school on how they became Papua New Guineans in a country with such diverse cultures, just a decade after independence. The research addressed questions of coeducation and inter-ethnic communication; and the need to balance the aim of schools to develop their students’ capacity to play professional roles in later life, against the need of students to bond with their own community.

In 2010 the school was forcefully blockaded by traditional landowners who were seeking compensation for the use of their land. It also suffered a serious arson attack. A combination of these events meant that it closed in June 2011 and did not re-open until 2014, initially with relatively few boarders as the male dormitories had yet to be rebuilt. However, the school slowly regained its fortunes and by 2020 it had become the best-performing national school, as measured by exam results. Almost all of the students go on to university and other tertiary educational institutions.

The subjects taught at the school are English, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, economics, accounting, business studies, geography, and physical education. In 2021 it was equipped with 40 new computers.

## Former students

## InfoBox

| Passam National High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Paliama, East Sepik Province<br>Papua New Guinea | |
| Coordinates | 3°41′40″S 143°38′06″E / 3.6945°S 143.635°E / -3.6945; 143.635 |
| Information | |
| Religious affiliation(s) | None |
| Established | ?? |
| Gender | Coeducational 11th and 12th grades |
| Enrolment | 600 |


title: Pasukan Kuning

abstract: The Pasukan Kuning, were the personal traditional army of the Sultan of Ternate, then governor of North Maluku province, Indonesia. It was founded by Mudaffar Syah in Late 1999, it was defeated and dissolved on 28 December 1999 during the Tidore-Putihan invasion of Ternate.

text:
# Pasukan Kuning

The **Pasukan Kuning** ("yellow troops"), were the personal traditional army of the Sultan of Ternate, then governor of North Maluku province, Indonesia. It was founded by Mudaffar Syah in Late 1999, it was defeated and dissolved on 28 December 1999 during the Tidore-Putihan invasion of Ternate.

## Background

### North Maluku and Ternate

The formation of North Maluku province in 1999 was a major political event that involved many local elites and communities. However, soon after the province was inaugurated, a fierce competition for the governorship emerged among four candidates: Mudaffar Syah, the Sultan of Ternate; Bahar Andili, the District Head of Central Halmahera; Syamsir Andili, the Mayor of Ternate City; and Thaib Armain, the Regional Secretary of the provincial bureaucracy. The first provincial parliament, which was dominated by the ruling Golkar Party, was supposed to elect the governor in 2000 based on the results of the 1999 district elections. The two frontrunners, Bahar Andili and Mudaffar Syah, had different visions for the province: the former wanted to emphasize its administrative and economic development, while the latter wanted to highlight its historical and cultural identity as the land of the sultanates (Maloko Kie Raha) and seek a special status within Indonesia. These political rivalries soon overshadowed the initial unity and solidarity that had characterized the secession movement from Maluku province, eventually Sultan Muadaffar Syah won the election as the Golkar candidate, by commanding his traditional authority among the local population.

### Expulsion of the Christians

The conflict in Malifut, especially the attack by the Kaos in October, increased the distrust and hostility between different ethnic and political groups in Ternate. Many Makians (a lot of whom were internally displaced to Ternate) and some Tidores accused Mudaffar Syah, the Sultan of Ternate, of instigating the Kaos to oppose the establishment of Malifut Sub-District and to launch a violent assault on the area. They claimed that the Sultan wanted to secure the support of the Kaos and other Christian communities on Halmahera, who had historical ties with the sultanate, for his governorship campaign. This suspicion was common among Makians, but also existed among some Tidores and other southern groups in Ternate City and on Tidore Island.

The Sultan of Ternate, Mudaffar Syah, also angered many Makians in Ternate by refusing to evacuate the Malifut community to Ternate after the attack by the Kaos. He wanted the Makians to stay on Halmahera until a peaceful solution could be found. The Mayor of Ternate, Syamsir Andili, disagreed with him and sent trucks to transport the Makians from Malifut to Sidangoli, where they could take boats to Ternate. Andili cited the urgent humanitarian situation and the risk for Makians on Halmahera. This made Thaib Armain, Bahar Andili and Syamsir Andili, and their followers, join forces against Mudaffar Syah. The arrival of Makian IDPs from Malifut in October increased the tension between Ternates and Mudaffar Syah's supporters and the other southern groups in Ternate City. After some violent incidents occurred, Mudaffar Syah deployed his traditional troops, the Pasukan Kuning, to patrol the city and protect some Christian property and infrastructure. When anti-Christian riots erupted in Ternate on 6 November, the Pasukan Kuning rescued many Christians and brought them to the sultan's palace and nearby areas, such as Dufa Dufa.

The Sultan of Ternate, Mudaffar Syah, provoked many Muslims, especially Makians and their allies, by protecting Christians during and after the November riots. He deployed his traditional troops, the Pasukan Kuning, to patrol the city and rescue Christians from the violence. Many Muslims accused him of being a Christian sympathizer and supporting the Kaos in the Malifut conflict. They also resented the presence and behavior of the Pasukan Kuning, who set up checkpoints and bases around the city and harassed and attacked migrants, especially Makians and Tidores. Some sources claimed that the Pasukan Kuning had a list of 100 Makians to kidnap and torture. The Pasukan Kuning also controlled the political center of the city, where most government offices and infrastructure were located. Most government activities were suspended over this period. Despite this situation, Mudaffar Syah still had a strong chance of becoming the governor of North Maluku, as he had the majority of the provincial parliament on his side. He was also respected by some Tidores and other Muslims for his Islamic and cultural traditions and his opposition to authoritarianism and corruption. He had shown his defiance against the former district head, Abdullah Assagaf, in 1998 by attacking his offices with the Pasukan Kuning.

## Invasion of Ternate

The rioting in Ternate started in late December, around the same time as the violence in Tobelo City. It began with a small incident on Monday 27 December at night, when the Pasukan Kuning guarding the Golkar Party building beat up a car driver who had hit their roadblock. The driver ran away to his home in Kampung Pisang. Later that night, he came back with a large group of youths from Kampung Pisang and Tanah Tinggi, and attacked the Pasukan Kuning near the Ternate Municipality offices. They threw stones and spears at each other until a police unit (Brimob) tried to stop them. But when the unit commander was hurt by an explosion, the police left and the fighting continued.

During the fighting, the Kampung Pisang youths set fire to the ‘Maria Bintang Laut’ Catholic school, where dozens of the Pasukan Kuning were staying. The school was one of the few Catholic buildings that had survived the November riot. After that, both sides withdrew, the Pasukan Kuning to the Golkar Party building, their main base in the city center, and the growing numbers of Pasukan Putih to an area near the governor's office on Ahmad Yani Street.

The next day, 28 December, at 5 a.m., hundreds of the Pasukan Kuning gathered with petrol cans and attacked Kampung Pisang, where the youths who had fought them lived. They burned down houses in Kampung Pisang and Maliaro, killing two people and forcing the residents to flee.33 Then they moved south to Tanah Tinggi and Takoma. A large number of Pasukan Putih assembled near the sports stadium and called for more people to join them. Kampung Pisang had many migrants from Tidore, whose houses were burned by the Pasukan Kuning. This news reached Tidore and angered their relatives there. Abu Bakar Wahid told hundreds of young men that the Sultan of Ternate was burning Tidores’ houses and had taken over Ternate. Many men from Tidore came to Ternate by boat to help the Makians and Tidores fight the Pasukan Kuning. They used spears, bows and arrows, homemade firearms and bombs to push the Pasukan Kuning back north. The Pasukan Kuning were outnumbered by the Pasukan Putih, who had thousands of men from Tidore. They could not hold their positions in the city center. By late afternoon, the Pasukan Putih had driven them back to the sultan's palace in the north-east of the city. The sultan arranged for the remaining Christians in Ternate to be evacuated by ship from Dufa Dufa to Halmahera. The Pasukan Putih destroyed the Golkar building, which was the base of the Pasukan Kuning. They said that Golkar should have been neutral, but it seemed to support the sultan in the conflict. They also destroyed a small building near the palace that was the headquarters of the Pasukan Kuning's youth wing. Many of them wanted to burn down the palace too, but Haji Kotu stopped them and said that the palace was a cultural treasure of North Maluku.

The same day, 28 December, the interim governor of North Maluku, Surasmin, asked the Sultan of Tidore to stop the Tidores from fighting.The Sultan of Tidore and his delegation, including hundreds of traditional guards, came to Ternate that afternoon. He ordered to protect the new governor's office, saying that it was important for the whole North Maluku community. He also went to the Sultan of Ternate's palace, where the fighting stopped at 5 p.m. The leaders of the Pasukan Kuning and the Pasukan Putih met in front of the palace and made peace. The Pasukan Kuning took off their yellow hats as a sign of surrender. The Sultan of Tidore and the Pasukan Putih entered the palace and made the Sultan of Ternate sign a document taking responsibility for the conflict and promising to rebuild the houses that were burned. After that, the Pasukan Kuning and the Pasukan Putih went back to their homes. Mudaffar Syah left Ternate for Jakarta soon after. He said he was not forced to leave, but just went on a business trip. But many people said that he had to give up his authority in Ternate and North Maluku. The conflict killed between 18 and 200 people. Many more were injured. It also destroyed 241 houses, mostly in Kampung Pisang and near the palace. There were no military or police personnel during the fighting. In January, the provincial parliament removed Mudaffar Syah as parliamentary chairman. Some of his supporters had fled or changed their minds or been threatened. He was blamed for causing the violence and using it for his political goals. A North Malukan sociologist and a human rights commission called for an investigation of his role in the violence, but he was never charged with anything.

## InfoBox

| Pasukan Kuning | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founding leader | Mudaffar Sjah |
| Dates of operation | October 1999 - 28 December 1999 |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Allegiance | Sultanate of Ternate |
| Group(s) | Ternateans |
| Motives | Serving the Sultan of Tidore |
| Headquarters | Golkar building, Ternate |
| Major actions | Attacking civilians |
| Status | Dissolved |
| Size | Few hundred |
| Opponents | Pasukan Jihad |
| Battles and wars | Invasion of Ternate (part of Maluku sectarian conflict) |
| Colours | Yellow |


title: Jamal E Malinzi

abstract: Jamal Malinzi is a Tanzanian former football administrator. He was the president of the Tanzania Football Association (TFF) from 2013 until 2017. Malinzi and Oden Mbaga are two sports executives football officials in Tanzania who are banned by FIFA Ethics Committee.

text:
# Jamal E Malinzi

**Jamal Malinzi** is a Tanzanian former football administrator. He was the president of the Tanzania Football Association (TFF) from 2013 until 2017.

Malinzi and Oden Mbaga are two sports executives football officials in Tanzania who are banned by FIFA Ethics Committee.

## InfoBox

| Jamal Malinzi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Tanzania Football Federation | |
| **In office**
2013–2017 | |
| Preceded by | Leodgar Tenga |
| Succeeded by | Wallace Karia |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kagera Region, Tanzania |
| Occupation | Entrepreneur
Football administrator |
|  | |


title: James D. Foley

abstract: James David Foley is an American computer scientist and computer graphics researcher. He is a Professor Emeritus and held the Stephen Fleming Chair in Telecommunications in the School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Institute of Technology. He was Interim Dean of Georgia Tech's College of Computing from 2008–2010. He is perhaps best known as the co-author of several widely used textbooks in the field of computer graphics, of which over 400,000 copies are in print and translated in ten languages. Foley most recently conducted research in instructional technologies and distance education.

text:
# James D. Foley

**James David Foley** (born July 20, 1942) is an American computer scientist and computer graphics researcher. He is a Professor Emeritus and held the Stephen Fleming Chair in Telecommunications in the School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). He was Interim Dean of Georgia Tech's College of Computing from 2008–2010. He is perhaps best known as the co-author of several widely used textbooks in the field of computer graphics, of which over 400,000 copies are in print and translated in ten languages. Foley most recently conducted research in instructional technologies and distance education.

## Early life and education

Foley was born in Pennsylvania. He attended Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1964. Foley was initiated into the Phi Beta Kappa Society and Tau Beta Pi while at Lehigh. He received his Ph.D. in computer, information, and control engineering from the University of Michigan in 1969.

## Career

After completing his graduate studies, Foley was first employed by the University of North Carolina. In 1977, he accepted a faculty position at George Washington University, where he became chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Foley joined the Georgia Tech faculty in 1991.

Shortly after moving to Georgia Tech, Foley founded the GVU Center, which in 1996 was ranked first by *U.S. News & World Report* for graduate computer science work in graphics and user interaction. That same year, he was appointed director of the Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Foley also served as editor-in-chief of *ACM Transactions on Graphics* from 1991 to 1995.

In 1997, Foley was recognized by ACM SIGGRAPH with the prestigious Steven A. Coons Award. The receipt of this biannual award places Foley among the company of computer graphics pioneers such as Andy van Dam, Jim Blinn, Edwin Catmull and Ivan Sutherland.

In 2007 he was recognized by ACM SIGCHI with their Lifetime Achievement Award.

Foley accepted the position of chairman and CEO of Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology Center America (MEITCA) in 1998, directing corporate R&D at four labs in North America. He returned to Georgia as Executive Director and then CEO of Yamacraw, Georgia's economic development initiative in the design of broadband systems, devices and chips.

Foley became chairman of the Computing Research Association (CRA) in 2001. He stepped down from this position in 2005 but remained on CRA's board of directors until 2006.

## Foley Scholars Endowment

The Foley Scholars Endowment was established in honor of James Foley as part of the GVU Center's 15th anniversary celebration. The endowment funds two $5,000 scholarships awarded annually to GVU-affiliated students who demonstrate "overall brilliance and potential impact." The first two Foley Scholars were named in 2008.

## Notable awards

* IEEE Fellow, 1986. "For contributions to computer graphics."
* ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics, 1997.
* ACM Fellow, 1999. "Through his books, courses, papers, organizational, and professional contributions, Foley has had a broad and lasting impact on the computer graphics field and on ACM."
* ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Achievement Award, 2007. "It is difficult to think of anyone who had a larger role in the institutionalization of HCI as a discipline."
* National Academy of Engineering Member, 2008. "For contributions to the establishment of the fields of computer graphics and human-computer interaction."
* Georgia Tech Class of 1934 Distinguished Professor Award, 2008. "The highest honor Georgia Tech bestows on faculty."

## Selected publications

* Foley, James; A. van Dam; S. Feiner; J. Hughes (1995). *Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice* (2nd C ed.). Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley. p. 1174.
* ; ; ; ; R. Phillips (1993). *Introduction to Computer Graphics*. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley. p. 559.
* ; ; ;  (1990). *Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice*. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley. p. 1174.
* ;  (1982). *Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics*. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley (IBM Systems Programming Series). p. 664. Bibcode:1982ficg.book.....F.

## InfoBox

| James David Foley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-07-20) July 20, 1942
Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan,
Lehigh University |
| Known for | Computer graphics, Human-Computer Interaction |
| Awards | IEEE Fellow, ACM Fellow, AAAS Fellow, NAE Member, ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award, ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Achievement Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer graphics,
Human-computer interaction |
| Institutions | Georgia Tech,
GVU Center |
| Doctoral advisor | Keki Irani |
|  | |


title: Pasión Española

abstract: Pasión Española is a 2008 album by Plácido Domingo with Miguel Roa and the Madrid Community Orchestra from Deutsche Grammophon which won a Latin Grammy Award.

text:
# Pasión Española

***Pasión Española*** is a 2008 album by Plácido Domingo with Miguel Roa and the Madrid Community Orchestra from Deutsche Grammophon which won a Latin Grammy Award.

## Track listing

1. "Falsa Moneda" – Juan Mostazo Morales
2. "La Cruz De Mayo" – Manuel Font De Anta
3. "La Bien Pagá" – Juan Mostazo Morales
4. "Porque Te Quiero" – Genaro Monreal Lacosta
5. "El Día Que Nací Yo" – Juan Mostazo Morales\*
6. "¡Ay, Maricruz!" – Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel
7. "Me Embrujaste" – Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel
8. "Cariño Verdá" – Genaro Monreal Lacosta\*
9. "Te Lo Juro Yo" – Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel
10. "¡No Me Quieras Tanto!" – Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel
11. "Antonio Vargas Heredia" – Francisco Merenciano Bosch, Juan Mostazo Morales\*
12. "Ojos Verdes" – Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel
13. "Suspiros De España" – Antonio Álvarez Alonso

## InfoBox

| Pasión Española | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Plácido Domingo | |
| Released | 2008 (2008) |
| Label | Deutsche Grammophon |
| Plácido Domingo chronology | |
| *Gitano*
(2007) ***Pasión Española***
(2008) *Plácido Domingo: Amore Infinito*
(2008) | |


title: Passalora fulva

abstract: Passalora fulva is a fungal plant pathogen that causes tomato leaf mold.

text:
# Passalora fulva

***Passalora fulva*** is a fungal plant pathogen that causes tomato leaf mold.

## InfoBox

| *Passalora fulva* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Topside of tomato leaf infected by *Passalora fulva* | |
|  | |
| Underside of tomato leaf infected by *Passalora fulva* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Capnodiales |
| Family: | Mycosphaerellaceae |
| Genus: | *Passalora* |
| Species: | ***P. fulva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Passalora fulva***<br>(Cooke) U.Braun & Crous, (2003) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Jamelie Hassan

abstract: Jamelie Hassan is a Canadian multidisciplinary artist, lecturer, writer and independent curator.

text:
# Jamelie Hassan

**Jamelie Hassan** (born 1948) is a Canadian multidisciplinary artist, lecturer, writer and independent curator.

## Early life and education

Hassan was born in London, Ontario, to a Lebanese immigrant family and grew up in an Arabic speaking household with ten siblings. Her maternal grandfather and her father travelled from mountain villages in Lebanon to North America in the early 1900s, fleeing Turkish military conscription and World War I.

After completing her high school studies, Hassan travelled to Rome in 1967 and to Beirut in 1968, where she studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Rome and then the Académie libanaise des beaux-arts, Beirut. This trip to Lebanon confirmed her Lebanese cultural background. Upon her return to Canada, she established an artist's studio and became active in the cultural community of London, Ontario, learning of it through *The Heart of London* exhibition. She sold her first work of art in 1971.

Hassan is a Graduate of the University of Windsor in Windsor, Ontario. In 1978–79, she travelled to Baghdad, Iraq, and studied Arabic at Al-Mustansiriya University. Extensive travel continues to enrich her work, which often reflects this artist's respect for popular, traditional and indigenous art forms.

## Themes

In 1976–1977, Hassan was politicized by encountering postcolonial cultures during her travels in Central and South America. Hassan started exhibiting ceramics or fiberglass objects called 'actualizations'.

Her installation-based art practice spans over thirty years and is both personal and political. It addresses worldwide concerns on racism, the subjection of women, cultural interactions, colonialism and political conflicts. Hassan often works with traditional or contemporary cultural artifacts, to make cross-cultural references, such as cultural displacement, Argentinian dictatorship (*Los Desaparecidos*, 1981), or the narratives of intersecting cultures (*Boutros Al Armenian / Mediterranean Modern*, 1997).

A survey exhibition in 2009 at Museum London in London Ontario, combined elements of photography, text, ceramics, neon light and video to tie in language and the politics of place that connects Hassan as a Canadian artist to her Arabic background.

In 1983, Hassan co-founded the London artist cooperative, Embassy Cultural House, serving on its board from 1985 to 1990.

## Projects and collaborations

Among the projects in which Hassan has taken part are:

* curating the Havana/London Exchange in 1988
* *Indian Summer*, an exhibition shown in several locations in London and Brantford in 1990.
* a collaborative bookwork titled *Jamelie-Jamila Project* with Jamila Ismail in 1992.
* *Trespassers and Captives* in 1999, an examination of colonialism through the collections of the historic Eldon House in London, Ontario, that included an interdisciplinary writing project published as its catalogue.
* Pasiechnik, Jenelle M. Embodied Engagements: The Artwork of Jamelie Hassan & Soheila Esfahani in Translations, Exhibition catalogue, Campbell River Art Gallery, Campbell River, BC. 2020

## Major exhibitions

### Selected solo exhibitions

* *Jamelie Hassan* (2013), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, curated by Suzanne Luke.
* *Re-enacting Resistance* (2012), Art Gallery of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, curated by Srimoyee Mitra
* *Jamelie Hassan: At the Far Edge of Words*, survey exhibition (2009–2013), curated by Melanie Townsend, Museum London, London, Ontario, and Scott Watson, Morris & Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; travelled to the University of Lethbridge Art Gallery, Lethbridge, Alberta; Dalhousie University Art Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa, Ontario; MOCCA, Toronto, Ontario; publication Museum London and Belkin Art Gallery
* *The Films of Jamelie Hassan*, a film program curated by Miriam Jordan and Julian Jason Haladyn, Museum London and the Film Department of the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
* *King’s Kian: In & Out of Place (2007)*, King's University College, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
* *Smurfistan (2004)*, La Chambre Blanche, Québec City, Quebec
* *Sister Speak to Me, A Tribute to Zahra Kazemi*, organized event including premiere screening of film (collaborative documentary film produced with Tyson Haller) and forum, London Public Library, London, Ontario
* Caribbean Books (2002), exhibition (collaboration with Richard Bolai), Caribbean Contemporary Arts, Port of Spain, Trinidad
* *L’espace de l’alphabet (2000)*, with performance by Jim Drobnick, Oboro Gallery, Montreal, Quebec
* *Trespassers & Captives (1999)*, artist in residence, Eldon House & London Regional Art & Historical Museums, London, Ontario with catalogue
* *Aldin’s Gift (1996)*, Art Gallery of York University, North York, ON; Art Gallery of Windsor and Boutros Al Armenian/Mediterranean Modern, 2381 Windermere, Windsor, Ontario (1997); Publication ISBN 0921972172/978-0921972174
* *In the Realm of Freedom* (1996), YYZ Gallery, Toronto, Ontario
* *Seek Knowledge Even Onto China* (1995), Artspeak Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia
* *Si-murgh et La Montagne du Lotus*, *Chine (1993)*, La Chambre Blanche, Québec City, Quebec
* *The Conference of the Birds* (1992), Or Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia
* *Two Women in One* (1991), Presentation House Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia Publication: *The Jamila Jamelie Project* (a collaboration and bookwork with writer/performer Jamila Ismail) (published 1992)
* *Inscription* (1990), Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan; Publication text by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
* *vitrine 448* (1988), Mercer Union Gallery, Toronto, Ontario
* *Primer for War* (1985), Mount St. Vincent University Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia

### Selected group exhibitions

* *Embodiment* (2017–2018), Museum London, London, Ontario
* *From the Vaults: Recent Acquisitions* (2017–2018), Museum London, London, Ontario
* *Carry Forward* (2017–2018), Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener, Ontario. Curated by Lisa Myers, touring to Rodman Hall Art Centre, St. Catharine's, Ontario and Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan
* *Deconstructing Comfort, Open Space* (2017), Victoria, British Columbia, curated by Michelle Jacques, France Trepanier and Doug Jarvis
* *What is left? What is Right? (2017)* Forest City Gallery, London, Ontario, curated by Christina Battle and Jenna Faye Powell
* *Cold Front* (2017), McIntosh Gallery, Western University, London, Ontario
* *Geopoetics* (2017), Stewart Hall, Point-Claire, Quebec, curated by Kasia Basta
* *Here: Locating Contemporary Canadian Artist* (2017), Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, Ontario, curated by Swapnaa Tamhane.
* *Toronto:Tributes + Tributaries, 1971–1989 (2016–2017)*, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, curated by Wanda Nanibush
* *Uncovering Artists' Books, survey exhibition (2016–2017)*, Grimsby Public Art Gallery, Grimsby, Ontario, School of Art Gallery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, curated by Geraldine Davis
* *Disorientated: works from the Collection* (2016), St. Mary's University Art Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia
* *What can we do together that we can't do alone?* (2016) (6th CAFKA, public art project, Kitchener City Hall, Kitchener, Ontario
* *Sign, Sign, Everywhere a Sign, selections from permanent collection* (2015), Hart House and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
* *Nur (2014)*, off-site project of the Transformation of Canadian Landscape Art: The Inside and Outside of Being, Library of the Great Mosque of Xi'an, China, curated by Yan Zhou, Christine Platt, and Yang Chao
* *Resistance, Manif d'art* 7 (2014), La Biennale de Quebec, Quebec curated by Vicky Chainey Gagnon
* *Restless Precinct, a multi-media group exhibit* (2014), The Guild, Scarborough, Ontario, curated by SUM°, Reena Katz and Alize Zorlutuna
* *The World is a Garden: Ron Benner & Jamelie Hassan* (2013), La Biblioteca Andrés Henestrosa, Oaxaca, Mexico, curator Freddy Aguilar, with some works installed in the courtyard of this restored colonial site which was converted to a library and exhibition space.
* *A Circle of Friends: The Doreen Curry Collection (2013),* McIntosh Gallery, Western University, London, Ontario
* *In Order to Join* (2013–2015), Museum Abteiberg, Monchengladbach, Germany, and Goethe-Institut, Mumbai, India, curated by Swapnaa Tamhane and Susanne Titz
* *Magic Squares: The Patterned Imagination of Muslim Africa in Contemporary Culture* (2011), Textile Museum of Canada, Toronto, Ontario
* *Location-Dislocation* (2011), Jackman Humanities Institute, University of Toronto\] Toronto, Ontario
* Where will you be in eternity? Assemblage/Series (2011), Thielsen Gallery, London, Ontario
* Conflict Resolution site installation for LOLA (2011), in Victoria Park, London, Ontario
* *A(l)lure of the Local* (2010), Museum London, London, ON

## Awards and recognition

In 2001, Hassan received a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts in recognition of her artistic achievement. Her activism, curatorial work and contributions to the artist-run centre movement in Canada were also mentioned by the jury in their statement.

In 2018, OCAD University, Toronto conferred honorary doctorate degrees upon four prominent Canadians: visual artist Jamelie Hassan, fashion journalist Jeanne Beker, filmmaker David Cronenberg, and Dr. William Reichman, CEO of Baycrest Health Sciences.

## Further reading

* "The Lands Within Me: Expressions by Canadian Artist of Arab Origin." Canadian Museum of Civilization Publication, 2003.

## InfoBox

| Jamelie Hassan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1948 (age 7576)
London, Ontario, Canada |
| Education | University of Windsor,
Al-Mustansiriya University |


title: Passerida

abstract: Passerida is, under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, one of two parvorders contained within the suborder Passeri. While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida, is not a monophyletic grouping, the Passerida as a distinct clade are widely accepted.

text:
# Passerida

**Passerida** is, under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, one of two parvorders contained within the suborder Passeri (standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder). While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida, is not a monophyletic grouping, the Passerida as a distinct clade are widely accepted.

## Systematics and phylogeny

The Passerida quite certainly consist of the 3 *major* subclades outlined by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). However, their content has been much revised. In addition, it has turned out that not all passeridan lineages neatly fit into this arrangement. The kinglets are so distinct that they might actually form a separate infraorder, as they are only slightly less basal than the Corvoidea or the Picathartidae. See Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) for details on phylogeny.

### Superfamily Sylvioidea

Mostly smallish insectivores, distribution centered on the Indo-Pacific region. Few occur in the Americas, highest diversity of families probably in subtropical East Asia and tropical Africa. Relationships of the latter are still not well-resolved as of 2019.

Includes the "Old World babblers" and "Old World warbler", two highly paraphyletic "wastebin taxa" which for long united the bulk of the thrush-sized and sparrow-sized sylvioids, respectively. Sometimes, they were even united with the muscicapoids as one huge "family" including most "songsters". Usually skulking in shrubby vegetation, many are extremely drab (most of birdwatchers' "little brown jobs" belong here) and rely on complex and often melodious vocalizations as social signals; others are less accomplished singers but produce a diversity of squeaking and twittering calls. The sexes usually look alike, though in some the males are noticeably brighter, typically with vivid yellow, green and blackish hues. Red plumage is usually due to phaeomelanins rather than carotins, and blue coloration is rarely found in this superfamily. Even in the more colorful species the plumage is usually quite cryptic in the natural habitat, but numerous have contrasting facial patterns.

### Superfamily Muscicapoidea

Generally middle-sized insectivores, with frugivory also very important; near-global distribution centered on Old World tropics. One family is endemic to the Americas, two are almost cosmopolitan, but half the families are absent or nearly so from the Americas (and Australia). Many have strong legs and are capable of running on the ground quickly. Some brightly colored (often with dark bluish hues and/or iridescence) and in such cases usually strongly sexually dimorphic; more often, however, sexes rather alike, with drab brownish plumage spotted and streaked (particularly on the underside) for camouflage. Many have highly accomplished, complex, melodious and loud songs; a considerable number is capable of sophisticated vocal mimicry.

* Cinclidae: dippers
* Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation.
* Turdidae: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation.
* Buphagidae: oxpeckers. Formerly usually included in Sturnidae.
* Sturnidae: starlings and possibly Philippine creepers. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems robust, but inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae.
* Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers

### Superfamily Passeroidea

Mostly smallish herbivores, near-global distribution centered on Palearctic and Americas. Often pronounced sexual dimorphism with males among the most colorful birds alive. Songs tend to be fairly simple warbling and chirping, with many species relying as much or more on visual mating displays. Includes the nine-primaried oscines (probably a subclade). The basal radiation is mostly found in the Old World, with only Motacillidae naturally occurring in the Americas and Estrildidae in Australia.

The nine-primaried oscines unite most birds commonly called "sparrows" in North American and "finches" in European English, as well as a number of other mostly American groups. They are divided into the fringillid radiation which is largely restricted to the Old World, and the numerous emberizoid families of the Americas, of which in turn only Emberizidae and the Arctic circumpolar Calcariidae have reached the Old World unaided by humans. Besides these, the singular olive warbler from North to Central America apparently represents a very ancient "living fossil" passeroid; its relationships were long disputed as its outward appearance and ecology resemble *Setophaga* warblers, but its anatomy is in some aspects convergent or symplesiomorphic with sylvioids.

### Passerida *incertae sedis*

Rather basal Passerida, most of which seem to constitute several small but distinct superfamilies. Most occur in Asia, Africa and North America.

* Possible superfamily "Dicaeoidea" – sunbirds and flowerpeckers. Small frugivores/nectarivores of the Old World tropics, typically sexually dimorphic, with bright and/or iridescent colors in males. Songs are simple chirping whistles.
* Possible superfamily Bombycilloidea – waxwings and allies. Mid-sized, mostly Holarctic frugivores; plumage silky and dark to greyish-brownish, with little if any sexual dimorphism. Ringing calls and usually quite vocal, but no dedicated song.
* Possible superfamily Paroidea – titmice and allies. Small, round-headed, with tiny pointed bills. Forage acrobatically among twigs, mostly eating small insects and seeds. Generally Palaearctic, ranging into the Old World tropics and North America. Little if any sexual dimorphism; may be brownish-grey or fairly bright and multicolored. In any case head plumage usually either fairly uniform and greyish, or with black markings, and/or crested. Songs usually repetitive chirped phrases.
    + Paridae: tits, chickadees and titmice
    + Remizidae: penduline tits. Sometimes included in Paridae.
    + Stenostiridae: stenostirids ("flycatcher-tits"). A newly assembled family; sometimes included in Paridae.
* Possible superfamily Certhioidea (or Sittoidea) – wrens and allies. Insectivores, usually tiny. Expert climbers, most are capable of running up vertical trees or cliffs, some can even climb head-downwards. Predominantly palearctic, but two families entirely or almost so American, and one restricted to the Old World tropics. Little sexual dimorphism; plumage either greyish and fairly uniform at least on the upperside, or brown above, lighter below, and heavily streaked. Clear whistled vocalizations, usually melodic and louder than one would expect from birds of their size. Songs often complex, e.g. with social duetting, and apparently very important in species recognition.
* Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.: sugarbirds (Promeropidae).
Relatives of the Australasian honeyeaters; 2 species restricted to the Cape Floral Region and mainly feeding on Proteaceae nectar and associated insects. Medium-sized, with extremely long tails; drab coloration resembling a muscicapoid, sexes almost alike. Vocalizations similar to honeyeaters; males have specialized wing feathers that produce noise during courtship flights.
* Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.: hyliotas (Hyliotidae; formerly in Sylviidae).
4 species of smallish insectivorous "warblers" from tropical African woodlands. Two- or three-toned, medium grey to blackish above, more or less intense yellowish below, some species with white wing markings. Sexual dimorphism slight; whistling calls.
* Possible monotypic superfamily Reguloidea – kinglets (Regulidae).
Tentatively placed here; may belong in Certhioidea. Some 5 species of tiny rotund Holarctic woodland insectivores. The smallest songbirds, and as a family the smallest living birds altogether by average length. Greenish-brownish above, dull whitish below, and with a bright yellow to red central patch on the top of the head. Rapid twittering high-pitched chirps, easier heard than seen. Unlike hummingbirds which lay only 2 eggs per clutch and can live up to a dozen years or more, kinglets are (together with some small quails) the most *r*-selected birds alive, with clutch sizes of around 10 eggs, a maximum lifespan of merely around 5 years even in captivity, and an annual mortality of 80%.

### Probably not Passerida

These lineages have been assigned to the Passerida in recent times, often based on DNA-DNA hybridization data. However, they are probably more basal among the songbirds and would belong either to the Corvoidea or the allied basal lineages. Most of them are either African or Wallacean groups.

* Aegithinidae: ioras. Formerly in Irenidae, and may be closely related; possibly Corvoidea closely related to cuckooshrikes.
* Chloropseidae: leafbirds. Formerly in Irenidae, and may be closely related.
* Irenidae; fairy-bluebirds. Formerly in "Timaliidae" or Pycnonotidae.
* Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers and longbills. Formerly in Dicaeidae; possibly Corvoidea closely related to cuckooshrikes.
* Paramythiidae: tit berrypecker and crested berrypeckers. Formerly in Dicaeidae or Melanocharitidae; possibly Corvoidea closely related to whipbirds.
* Picathartidae: rockfowl. Formerly in "Timaliidae", but possibly close to rockjumpers (*Chaetops*) and sometimes considered the basal living branch of the Passerida.
* Chaetopidae: rockjumpers. Possibly close to rockfowls (*Picathartes*).
* Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes or puffback flycatchers. Formerly in Muscicapidae; probably Corvoidea closely related to bush-shrikes.

## InfoBox

| Passerida | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Eurasian tree sparrow (*Passer montanus*) | |
|  | |
| Grey-streaked flycatcher (*Muscicapa griseisticta*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Suborder: | Passeri |
| Infraorder: | Passerida |
|
| Superfamilies | |
| and see text | |


title: Pathirappally

abstract: Pathirappally is a coastal village in Alleppey District, Kerala state, India. It lies along the new coastal road, about 5 km from the town of Alleppey. It is a village in Mararikulam South and Aryad panchayats of Alappuzha district, Kerala.

text:
# Pathirappally

**Pathirappally** is a coastal village in Alleppey District, Kerala state, India. It lies along the new coastal road, about 5 km from the town of Alleppey. It is a village in Mararikulam South and Aryad panchayats of Alappuzha district, Kerala.

## Nearer Places

The most famous Film Studio Named Udaya Studio is situated here. KSDP (Kerala State Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited) is situated near this Studio.

## InfoBox

| Pathirappally | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| PathirappallyLocation in Kerala, IndiaPathirappallyPathirappally (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°32′0″N 76°19′0″E / 9.53333°N 76.31667°E / 9.53333; 76.31667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Alappuzha |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 688521, 688006 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-04 |
| Nearest city | Alappuzha |


title: Jainism in Nagaland

text:
# Jainism in Nagaland

Nagaland, a state in north eastern India has had a long association with Jainism. Today the state has two Jain temples and has become home to hundreds of Jain families living prosperously and peacefully.

## History

The first Jain temple in Nagaland was established in Kohima. The temple was established in 1920 by a group of 8 Jain families, prominent among them being Hardev Sethi, Hiralal Sethi, Phulchand Sethi, Jethmal Sethi, Devalal Sethi. These families then moved to Dimapur in 1944 due to Japanese Invasion during World War II. These families established the Jain temple in Dimapur in 1947.

## Dimapur Jain Temple

Dimapur Jain Temple was built in 1947. The temple is architecturally very well built and has an impressive structure. The temple has some intricate glass work. The temple is considered very auspicious by the people of Dimapur. The Moolnayak of the temple is Lord Mahavira. Dimapur is the business center of Nagaland today and most of the Jain families are settled in Dimapur.

## Kohima Jain Temple

The first Jain temple in Nagaland was established in Kohima. The temple was established in 1920

## Community

Jains constitute only about 0.1% of the total population of Nagaland yet they control a chunk of the businesses in Nagaland. The Dimapur Jain community actively participates in various social causes. They also regularly organize free health camps, relief camps. The Dimapur Jain community runs the SD Jain Charitable Hospital, SD Jain High School and SD Jain Girls' college. The SD Jain Hospital and the SD Jain School and Jain Bhavan were established as a result of the untiring efforts of Shri Phulchand Sethi, Shri Phulchand Binaykia, Shri Mangilal Chhabra, Shri Jethmal Sethi, Shri Kanhaiyalal Sethi, Shri Madan Lal Sethi and other Sethi and Chhabra families of Dimapur.

## Major centers

Major Jain centers include:

## Population

According to 2011 census, the population of Jains in Nagaland is 2,093, which is approximately 0.1% of the total population.

## Eminent Personalities

* Late Phulchand Sethi
* Late Jethmal Sethi
* Late Champalal Sethi
* Late Kanhaiyalal Sethi
* Late Mangilal Chabra
* Late Subhkaran Sethi
* Late Ramchandra Sethi
* Binod Sethi

## Sources

* Sethi, Raj Kumar (2021), 100 years of Jainism in Nagaland - (A journey from 1885 to 1985), Walnut Publication, ISBN 978-93-91522-04-9


title: Jainism in North Karnataka

abstract: Jainism in North Karnataka flourished under the Chalukyas, Kadamba, Rashtrakutas, and Vijayanagara Empire. Imbued with religious feeling, patronage was extended towards the building of Jain temple and it garnered high repute among the people, particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community; effectively getting treated as the state religion.

text:
# Jainism in North Karnataka

**Jainism in North Karnataka** flourished under the Chalukyas, Kadamba, Rashtrakutas, and Vijayanagara Empire. Imbued with religious feeling, patronage was extended towards the building of Jain temple and it garnered high repute among the people, particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community; effectively getting treated as the state religion.

## Literature

The Kannada poet Adikavi Pampa’s wrote Vikramarjuna Vijaya, also known as *Pampa Bharata*, and also the *Adipurana,* which narrates the story of Rishabhanatha, the first tirthankara. The *Neminatha Purana,* which offers information of the 22nd tirthankara Neminatha, provides a Jain interpretation for the story of Krishna and the Pandavas.

## Jain architecture

Jain architecture can be classified into two categories namely *basadi* and *betta*. *Basadi* is a Jain monastery or temple where an image of one of the twenty-four tirthankaras (saints) is installed and worshipped. They were built in the Dravidian style and the oldest basadi can be traced back to at least the first century AD. *Betta* is a hill with an open courtyard containing the image of Gommata or Gommateswara.

The earliest dated structure is a basadi at Halasi built under the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi laying the foundation for Jain architecture in North Karnataka.

Rastrakutas period is the golden age of Jainism in Karnataka. The Jaina monuments of the Rashtrakutas period are found at Pattadakal, Malkhed, Lakshmeshwar, Koppal, Bankur, of North Karnataka. Jainism exerted considerable influence over the cultural life of Karnataka during the rule of the Rashtrakutas. Several basadi were erected for the further propagation of the religion in the State. Important among them is the Parsvanatha Basadi at Ron with its exquisitely carved grills depicting gandharvas in scrollwork.

Kadambas of Banavasi were known to be patrons of Jainism. After the rule of the Kadambas of Banavasi most parts of north Karnataka came under the rule of the early Chalukya or Badami Chalukyas.

Aihole has Jaina cave temple, it has an open mandapa and a Sabhamandapa. Garbhagriha has the sculpture of Mahavira in *padmasana*. On the sides are a yaksha and yakshi standing. Shanka Basadi at Lakshmeshwar was built in 7th century during Rashtrakuta period. This Jinalaya is dedicated to Neminatha and Jinalya got his name from a shankha, the symbol of Neminatha. The Adi Purana was written by Adikavi Pampa in this Basadi. Other Jain temple includes Jinalaya at Hallur, The Jinalaya at Adur built by Dharmagamunda.

Jain Narayana temple located on the Pattadakal, was built in the Dravidian style by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta in 9th century. It consists of a *mukhamandapa* (main hall), a *navaranga*, *shukanasa,* and garbhagriha. The principle deity of the temple is Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara of Jainism.

Badami cave temples were built in 7th century by Chalukya dynasty. It features detailed carvings of the tirthankaras Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Adinatha, and Bahubali, and Indrabhuti Gautama. Idols of Yakshas, Yakshis, Padmavati are also present here.

Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi was built during Western Chalukya rule in mid-11th century. The temple has single shrine connected to a closed hall via a vestibule that is connected to a mandapa. The temple has idol of Mahavira, Brahma, Saraswati, and Gajalakshmi.

Padmabbarasi basadi is the biggest Rashtrakuta temple in Karnataka. This temple was built during the period of Krishna III, by Padmabbarasi, the queen of Ganga Permadi Bhutayya in 950 AD.

Navagraha Jain Temple at Varur near Hubli is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of other eight tirthankaras. The statue stands on a 48-foot high pedestal making the total height 109 feet. The statue is the tallest statue of the Parshvanatha.

## Dakshina Bharatha Jain Sabha

Dakshina Bharati Jain Sabha is a social service organization of the Jains of South India. The organization has its headquarter at Kolhapur. The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa.

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title: Patience Sonko-Godwin

abstract: Patience Sonko-Godwin is a Gambian historian. Born in Banjul, Patience Sonko-Godwin was educated in the Gambia before going to St. Edwards Senior Secondary School in Freetown, Sierra Leone to have her sixth form education. She studied history at Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone, and gained a masters at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Sonko-Godwin worked as a teacher at Nusrat High School until 1989, when she was appointed Principal Cultural Officer at the National Council for Arts and Culture. Executive Director of the Council from 1991 to 1998, she retired in 1998 to concentrate on her research and writing.

text:
# Patience Sonko-Godwin

**Patience Sonko-Godwin** (born 1943) is a Gambian historian.

Born in Banjul, Patience Sonko-Godwin was educated in the Gambia before going to St. Edwards Senior Secondary School in Freetown, Sierra Leone to have her sixth form education. She studied history at Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone, and gained a masters at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Sonko-Godwin worked as a teacher at Nusrat High School until 1989, when she was appointed Principal Cultural Officer at the National Council for Arts and Culture. Executive Director of the Council from 1991 to 1998, she retired in 1998 to concentrate on her research and writing.

## Works

* *Ethnic groups of the Senegambia: a brief history*, 1985
* *Ethnic groups of the Senegambia Region: social and political structures: precolonial period*, 1986
* *Trade in the Senegambia region : precolonial period*, 1988
* *Leaders of the Senegambia region: reactions to European infiltration, 19th-20th centuries*, 1995
* *Social and political structures in the precolonial periods: ethnic groups of the Senegambia Region*, 1997
* *Trade in the Senegambia region: from the 12th to the early 20th century*, 2004
* *Development of local industries in the Senegambia region: from pre-colonial to the colonial period*, 2004


title: Patrick J. Miller

abstract: Patrick J. Miller is a computer scientist and high performance parallel applications developer with a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of California, Davis, in run-time error detection and correction. Until recently he was with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is most noted for building and assembling the largest temporary supercomputer in the world, FlashMob I, in an attempt to break into the Top 500 list of supercomputers with students from his "Do-it-yourself Supercomputing" class at the University of San Francisco in April 2004. This effort was featured on the front page of the New York Times on February 23, 2004. In September 2005, he and others at Bryn Mawr recreated a FlashMob Supercomputer to calculate the value of pi to 15,000 digits and performed 15,800 steps to simulate the unfolding of a protein interacting with an anthrax toxin. More recently he is the author of the popular pyMPI distributed parallel version of the Python programming language. Miller now works as a software developer for Aurora Innovation in Palo Alto, California.

text:
# Patrick J. Miller

**Patrick J. Miller** is a computer scientist and high performance parallel applications developer with a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of California, Davis, in run-time error detection and correction. Until recently he was with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

He is most noted for building and assembling the largest temporary supercomputer in the world, FlashMob I, in an attempt to break into the Top 500 list of supercomputers with students from his "Do-it-yourself Supercomputing" class at the University of San Francisco in April 2004. This effort was featured on the front page of the New York Times on February 23, 2004.

In September 2005, he and others at Bryn Mawr recreated a FlashMob Supercomputer to calculate the value of pi to 15,000 digits and performed 15,800 steps to simulate the unfolding of a protein interacting with an anthrax toxin.

More recently he is the author of the popular pyMPI distributed parallel version of the Python programming language.

Miller now works as a software developer for Aurora Innovation in Palo Alto, California.


title: James Duggan (politician)

abstract: James Duggan was a union leader and politician who was described by Joey Smallwood as one of the earliest and staunchest supporters of Newfoundland's entry into Canada. Duggan was born in Riverhead, Newfoundland Colony. At the age of 17 he obtained a job with the Reid Newfoundland Company as a railway telegrapher and also worked as a station agent and dispatcher. He became active as a trade unionist at the age of 20 and, in 1939, became general chairman of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. In the 1940s he was a prominent member of the Newfoundland Confederate Association which promoted union with Canada. After Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949, the Confederate Association reorganized itself as the Newfoundland Liberal Party. He was named to the Senate of Canada in 1966 by Prime Minister Lester Pearson and retired from the body in 1978.

text:
# James Duggan (politician)

**James Duggan** (September 18, 1903 – August 13, 1980) was a union leader and politician who was described by Joey Smallwood as one of the earliest and staunchest supporters of Newfoundland's entry into Canada.

Duggan was born in Riverhead, Newfoundland Colony. At the age of 17 he obtained a job with the Reid Newfoundland Company as a railway telegrapher and also worked as a station agent and dispatcher. He became active as a trade unionist at the age of 20 and, in 1939, became general chairman of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. In the 1940s he was a prominent member of the Newfoundland Confederate Association which promoted union with Canada. After Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949, the Confederate Association reorganized itself as the Newfoundland Liberal Party.

He was named to the Senate of Canada in 1966 by Prime Minister Lester Pearson and retired from the body in 1978.