title: HLA-A33

abstract:
HLA-A33 (A33) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α⁳⁳ subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A33, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*33 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. A33 and A*33 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A33 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A19. A33 is a sister serotype of A29, A30, A31, A32, and A74. A33 is more common in Subsaharan Africa.

text:
# HLA-A33

**HLA-A33** (A33) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α33 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A33, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A\*33 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. A33 and A\*33 are almost synonymous in meaning. A33 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A19. A33 is a sister serotype of A29, A30, A31, A32, and A74.

A33 is more common in Subsaharan Africa.

## Serotype

A33 recognition of some HLA A\*33 gene products
| A\*33 | **A33** | A19 | Sample |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| allele | % | % | size (N) |
| \*3301 | 87 | 3 | 687 |
| \*3303 | 95 | 0 | 807 |
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A33 has a poor serotyping rate.

## A33 frequencies

HLA A\*3301 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Pakistan Karachi Parsi | 12.2 |
|  | Portugal North | 7.6 |
|  | Tunisia | 6.1 |
|  | Morocco Nador Metalsa | 5.5 |
|  | Mongolia Buriat | 4.6 |
|  | Guinea Bissau | 4.6 |
|  | Jordan Amman | 3.5 |
|  | Cape Verde NW Islands | 3.2 |
|  | Portugal Centre | 3.0 |
|  | Iran Baloch | 2.8 |
|  | Pakistan Baloch | 2.4 |
|  | France South East | 2.3 |
|  | Sudanese | 1.8 |
|  | Japan Okinawa Ryukyuan | 1.8 |
|  | Mali Bandiagara | 1.8 |
|  | Bulgaria | 1.8 |
|  | Pakistan Kalash | 1.7 |
|  | Uganda Kampala | 1.5 |
|  | Georgia Svaneti | 1.3 |
|  | Kenya Luo | 1.3 |
|  | Oman | 1.3 |
|  | Zambia Lusaka | 1.2 |
|  | China Guangdong Meizhou | 1.0 |
|  | Romanian | 1.0 |
|  | Croatia | 1.0 |
|  | China Qinghai Hui | 0.9 |
|  | Czech Republic | 0.9 |
|  | Kenya | 0.7 |
|  | Ireland Northern | 0.7 |
|  | Singapore Chinese | 0.6 |
|  | Cameroon Bamileke | 0.6 |
|  | India North Delhi | 0.5 |
|  | Georgia Tbilisi | 0.5 |
|  | Belgium | 0.5 |
|  | Cameroon Beti | 0.3 |
|  | Kenya Nandi | 0.2 |

**A33** shows two different distributions that can be discriminated by subtyping capability of SSP-PCR.

### A\*3301 distribution

The first distribution appears to have a Western distribution that introgresses into Europe as a result of the post-Neolithic periods. It is commonly found in linkage disequilibration within the A\*3301-Cw\*0802-B\*1402 haplotype which can be extended to DRB1 and DQB1 in certain instances (see below). The source of its general expansion appears to be the Middle East or the Levant, as it is found in the Palestinian population. B14 splits into B64 (B\*1401) and B65 (B\*1402).

### A\*3303 distribution

HLA A\*3303 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Cameroon Baka | 25.0 |
|  | Cameroon Sawa | 23.1 |
|  | India West Bhils | 18.0 |
|  | Pakistan Burusho | 17.9 |
|  | South Korea (3) | 16.3 |
|  | India West Parsis | 14.0 |
|  | Singapore Thai | 13.3 |
|  | India Mumbai Marathas | 13.0 |
|  | Japan | 12.8 |
|  | Pakistan Baloch | 12.7 |
|  | China South Han | 11.5 |
|  | Singapore Riau Malay | 10.9 |
|  | Singapore Chinese | 10.1 |
|  | Hong Kong Chinese | 10.0 |
|  | Chaoshan | 9.8 |
|  | Mali Bandiagara | 9.4 |
|  | China Inner Mongolia | 9.3 |
|  | Singapore Chinese Han | 9.3 |
|  | Singapore Javan | 9.0 |
|  | India North Hindus | 8.7 |
|  | Guinea Bissau | 8.5 |
|  | Taiwan Minnan | 8.3 |
|  | Taiwan Hakka | 8.2 |
|  | Senegal Mandenka | 8.1 |
|  | Pakistan Brahui | 8.0 |
|  | Pakistan Sindhi | 7.6 |
|  | Russia Tuvan | 7.1 |
|  | Pakistan Pathan | 7.1 |
|  | South Africa Natal Tamil | 7.0 |
|  | Pakistan Karachi Parsi | 6.7 |
|  | India Tamil Nadu Nadar | 6.6 |
|  | Israel Jews | 6.4 |
|  | India Andhra Pradesh Golla | 6.3 |
|  | China North Han | 6.2 |
|  | China Beijing Tianjian | 6.2 |
|  | India New Delhi | 6.1 |
|  | Pakistan Kalash | 5.8 |
|  | Iran Baloch | 5.6 |
|  | China Qinghai Hui | 5.5 |
|  | China Guangzhou | 5.4 |
|  | Cameroon Bamileke | 4.5 |
|  | China Yunnan Nu | 4.4 |
|  | China Guangxi Maonan | 4.2 |
|  | China Guangdong Meizhou | 4.0 |
|  | Cape Verde SW Islands | 4.0 |
|  | Taiwan Pazeh | 3.6 |
|  | Uganda Kampala | 3.1 |
|  | China Beijing | 3.0 |
|  | India Khandesh Pawra | 3.0 |
|  | Cameroon Yaounde | 2.8 |
|  | Sudanese | 2.5 |
|  | Zimbabwe Harare Shona | 2.4 |
|  | Cape Verde NW Islands | 2.4 |
|  | Cameroon Beti | 2.3 |
|  | Oman | 2.1 |
|  | China Tibet | 1.6 |
|  | Croatia | 1.3 |
|  | Romanian | 1.2 |
|  | China Yunnan Lisu | 1.1 |
|  | Arab Druse | 1.0 |
|  | Georgia Tbilisi | 1.0 |
|  | Belgium | 1.0 |
|  | Kenya Luo | 0.9 |
|  | Lakota Sioux | 0.5 |
|  | Australian Indig. Cape York | 0.5 |
|  | Tunisia | 0.5 |
|  | South African Natal Zulu | 0.5 |
|  | Kenya | 0.3 |
|  | Ireland Northern | 0.3 |
|  | Kenya Nandi | 0.2 |

The distribution of A\*3303 varies across populations. It has been found at relatively low frequencies in samples of East Asian populations (Korean, 16.49; Javanese, 15.61%; Vietnamese, 11.5%). These frequencies increase in studies of populations from Western India, such as Maharashtra.

## A33 haplotypes

### A33-Cw8-B14-DR1-DQ5

HLA A\*33-B14 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Parsis (Pakistan) | 4.4 |
|  | Sardinian | 3.0 |
|  | India West Coast Parsis | 3.3 |
|  | Portuguese | 2.7 |
|  | Armenian | 2.5 |
|  | Indian | 2.0 |
|  | Polish | 2.0 |
|  | Ashkenazi Jews | 1.8 |
|  | French | 1.8 |
|  | Spanish | 1.7 |
|  | Albanian | 1.5 |
|  | German | 1.5 |
|  | Tuscan | 1.3 |
|  | Greek | 1.1 |
|  | Marathans | 1.1 |
|  | Italian | 1.0 |

When dealing with haplotypes, if one assumes that linkage disequilibrium is random, then one can estimate the time of equilibration based on the size of the haplotype, the A-B-DR haplotype is over 2 million nucleotides in length. Given this length it is unlikely it spread during the Neolithic period. A more likely guess as to when it spread was the early historic period, with the spread of the Phoenician and Mycenaean culture throughout the mediterranean. Its presence in India, particularly northern India, indicates possible spread of this haplotype within the Black Sea region prior to the migration of Indo-Aryan culture across the Indus River. The specific nomenclature for this type is:

A\*3301 : C\*0802 : B\*1402 : DRB1\*0102 : DQA1\*0102 : DQB1\*0501

### A33-B44

HLA A\*33-B44 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Iyers | 9.6 |
|  | Korea | 8.0 |
|  | Japan | 6.1 |
|  | Thais | 4.7 |
|  | Parsis (Pakistan) | 4.4 |
|  | Bharghavas | 4.0 |
|  | Java | 3.7 |
|  | Tribals (India) | 3.0 |
|  | Chinese (Thailand) | 2.8 |
|  | Vietnamese | 2.7 |

This haplotype appears to precede A33-B58 in Asia, bringing with it the DR7-DQ2 haplotype. There are two versions of the haplotype, possibly of different origins. It's a good reason why serotyping alone should not be relied upon. The first haplotype is A33-Cw14-B44-DR13-DQ6.4

A\*3303 : C\*1403 : B\*4403 : DRB1\*1302 : DQA1\*0102 : DQB1\*0604 : DPB1\*0401

This haplotype is found in Japan and Korea, and it is the most common 5 locus HLA type in Korea, high at 4.2%, 25 times higher than in China. In Japan it is 4.8% and can be extended to DPB1 at 3.6%. While clearly not showing the level of disequilibrium of the Super B8 haplotype, the level of disequilibrium is high, indicating an expansive migration into these regions at some time in the recent past, most likely in the period preceding the Yayoi period of Japan.

A\*3303 : C\*0701 : B\*4403 : DRB1\*0701 : DQA1\*0201? : DQB1\*0202

The second haplotype, like A33-B58 is found in Korea but not in Japan. This haplotype carries the other common DQ2 haplotype, DQ2.2. The Cw\*0701 is found in the A\*33-B58 haplotype and is like the result of a recombination between A33-Cw7 and a different B44-DR7 haplotype. These haplotypes indicate that interpreting population relationships by allele or even by low resolution haplotype information is error-prone and suggests the need for high resolution multigene haplotype studies.

### A33-Cw3-B58-DR3-DQ2

HLA A\*33-B58 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Chinese (Thailand) | 12.6 |
|  | Baloch (Pakistan) | 11.1 |
|  | Chaoshan (China) | 8.1 |
|  | Chinese (Singapore) | 5.5 |
|  | Burusho (Pakistan) | 4.6 |
|  | Hui | 4.0 |
|  | Mongolian | 3.7 |
|  | Kalash (Pakistan) | 3.6 |
|  | Korea | 3.5 |
|  | Yaku | 3.2 |
|  | Panthan (Pakistan) | 3.0 |
|  | Tribals (India) | 3.0 |
|  | Baloch (SE Iran) | 2.9 |
|  | Brahui (Pakistan) | 2.9 |
|  | Southern Han | 2.8 |
|  | Thais | 2.5 |
|  | Vietnamese | 2.3 |
|  | Inner Mongolian | 2.2 |
|  | Miao | 2.1 |
|  | West African | 2.1 |
|  | South African | 1.9 |
|  | Oman | 1.6 |
|  | Sindhi (Pakistan) | 1.5 |
|  | Manchu | 1.2 |
|  | Sudan | 1.2 |
|  | Cameroon Yaounde | 1.1 |

Within eastern Asia A\*3303 is in linkage disequilibrium with on haplotype in particular, the specific genetic makeup is:

A\*3303 : C\*0302 : B\*5801 : DRB1\*0301 : DQA1\*0501 : DQB1\*0201

It is interesting that the Cw allele in the Pakistani population is the same as the allele in the east Asian population C\*0302. 8.3 of 11.1% of the A33-B58 in the Baloch Pakistani can is linked to DR3 and presumably DQ2.5 (There are few exceptions outside of Africa). This extends a haplotype the forms a semicircle around the Indian subcontinent indicating a substantive and relatively recent genetic relationship. The Parsis of Pakistan lack A33-B58, as with groups to the far west of Pakistan. The A33-B58-DR3-DQ2 haplotype appears to have originated in whole from West Africa, with current possibilities for Sudan or Northern Ethiopia as points of exit from Africa and a migration by the Indian Ocean to the western side of the Indus River.

### A33-Cw7-B58-DR13-DQ6

Within eastern Asia A\*3303 is in linkage disequilibrium with on haplotype in particular, the specific genetic makeup is:

A\*3303 : C\*0701 : B\*5801 : DRB1\*1302 : DQA1\*0102 : DQB1\*0609

This haplotype is composed of genes most frequent in parts of western Africa. This includes the A\*3303, B\*5801, DRB1\*1302, and DQB1\*0609. The DRB1\*0609 haplotype in nodal in east/central Africa in the Ugandan, Rwanda, Congo, Cameroon whereas the allele is at low frequencies in Western Europe, and its distribution is also consistent with a migration from east Africa direct to the Lower Indus River.

## InfoBox

| HLA-A33 | |
| --- | --- |
| (MHC Class I,  cell surface antigen) | |
| HLA-A33 | |
| About | |
| Protein | transmembrane receptor/ligand |
| Structure | αβ heterodimer |
| Subunits | HLA-A\*33--, β2-microglobulin |
| Subtypes | |
| Subtype allele Available structures  A33 \*3301   A33.3 \*3303   {{{cNick3}}} \*33{{{cAllele3}}}   {{{cNick4}}} \*33{{{cAllele4}}} | |
| Alleles link-out to IMGT/HLA database at EBI | |


title: Ryan Flournoy

abstract: Ryan Flournoy is an American professional football wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Central Missouri Mules, Iowa Western Reivers and Southeast Missouri State Redhawks. He was selected by the Cowboys in the sixth round of the 2024 NFL draft.

text:
# Ryan Flournoy

**Ryan Flournoy** (/fləˈnɔɪ/ *flə-NOY*; born October 27, 1999) is an American professional football wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Central Missouri Mules, Iowa Western Reivers and Southeast Missouri State Redhawks. He was selected by the Cowboys in the sixth round of the 2024 NFL draft.

## Early life

Flournoy was born on October 27, 1999, and grew up in Hazel Crest, Illinois. He grew up a fan of the Chicago Bears and watched highlights of players such as Gale Sayers and Walter Payton, deciding his goal was to become a National Football League (NFL) player at age five. He first played football when he was five and continued while attending Homewood-Flossmoor High School in Flossmoor, Illinois, where he played wide receiver.

At Homewood-Flossmoor, where Flournoy also ran track, he saw limited playing time in his few years before having his best year as a senior, totaling 28 receptions for 480 yards and seven touchdowns. He received little attention as a recruit and enrolled at NCAA Division II school Central Missouri.

## College career

Flournoy redshirted his first year at Central Missouri, 2018. He missed the start of his second season due to injury and posted 17 receptions for 170 yards upon returning, while dealing with a partially-torn ACL. The 2020 season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and Flournoy transferred to Iowa Western Community College in 2021. With Iowa Western, he was the team's top receiver and totaled 32 receptions for 545 yards and five touchdowns, helping them reach the NJCAA national championship, where Flournoy scored each of the team's touchdowns in their 31–13 loss.

Flournoy had one offer to play NCAA Division I football, from the FCS Southeast Missouri State Redhawks, and transferred there in 2022. He became a top player for the team, becoming captain in his first year and recording 61 catches for 984 yards and seven touchdowns in 2022 while being chosen first-team All-Ohio Valley Conference (OVC). He returned for a final season in 2023, being named to *The Athletic'*s college football "Freaks List" entering the year. He repeated as a first-team all-conference selection despite missing time due to a broken hand, ending the year with 57 catches for 839 yards and six touchdowns. He graduated from Southeast Missouri State in December 2023 with a degree in general studies. He was invited to the Hula Bowl, the East–West Shrine Bowl, the 2024 Senior Bowl, and to the NFL Scouting Combine. At the Senior Bowl, he was among the only FCS players and was the first Southeast Missouri State player selected since 1998.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 0+34 in
(1.85 m) | 202 lb
(92 kg) | 31+58 in
(0.80 m) | 10+18 in
(0.26 m) | 4.44 s | 1.53 s | 2.57 s | 4.37 s | 7.08 s | 39.5 in
(1.00 m) | 11 ft 0 in
(3.35 m) | 19 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Flournoy was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (216th overall) of the 2024 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

Ryan Flournoy
| No. 80 – Dallas Cowboys | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1999-10-27) October 27, 1999
Hazel Crest, Illinois, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 200 lb (91 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Homewood-Flossmoor (Flossmoor, Illinois) |
| College: | Central Missouri (2018–2020)
Iowa Western CC (2021)
Southeast Missouri State (2022–2023) |
| NFL draft: | 2024 / round: 6 / pick: 216 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Roster status: | Active |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team All-OVC (2022) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Håkanstorp

abstract: Håkanstorp is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Kirseberg, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.

text:
# Håkanstorp

**Håkanstorp** is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Kirseberg, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.

## InfoBox

| Håkanstorp | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 55°35′52″N 13°02′31″E / 55.59778°N 13.04194°E / 55.59778; 13.04194 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Skåne |
| County | Skåne County |
| Municipality | Malmö Municipality |
| Borough of Malmö | Kirseberg |
| Population (1 January 2011) | |
| Total | 1,378 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


abstract: The Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 18-180mm 1:3.5-6.3 is an interchangeable superzoom lens announced by Olympus Corporation on September 26, 2005.

text:
# Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 18-180mm f/3.5-6.3

The **Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 18-180mm 1:3.5-6.3** is an interchangeable superzoom lens announced by Olympus Corporation on September 26, 2005.

## InfoBox

Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 18-180mm 1:3.5-6.3
| Maker | Olympus |
| --- | --- |
| Lens mount(s) | Four Thirds |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Zoom |
| Focus drive | Micromotor |
| Focal length | 18-180mm |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/3.5 - f/6.3 |
| Close focus distance | 0.45 metres (1.5 ft) |
| Max. magnification | 0.23 |
| Diaphragm blades | 7 |
| Construction | 15 elements in 13 groups |
| Features | |
| Manual focus override | No |
| Weather-sealing | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Aperture ring | No |
| Physical | |
| Diameter | 78 millimetres (3.1 in) |
| Weight | 435 grams (0.959 lb) |
| Filter diameter | 62mm |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | LH-65 |
| History | |
| Introduction | 2005 |


title: RFactor

abstract: rFactor is a computer racing simulator designed for hardcore simulation racers. rFactor claimed to be the most accurate race simulator of its time. Released in August 2005, it competed with games like Nascar 2003, Live for Speed, and GTR. The game featured many technical advances in tire modeling, complex aerodynamics and a 15 degrees of freedom physics engine. It also featured multiplayer. rFactor was developed by Image Space Incorporated (ISI), which has been developing simulators since the early 1990s for both commercial and military purposes. The isiMotor2 on which the game is based is a direct successor to the engine used in previous titles developed by ISI, most notably F1 Challenge '99–'02, released through EA Sports. The isiMotor2 engine was also used in many other simulation games, and in rFpro. The game was made without ISI's longtime publishing partner at the time of EA Sports, and featured exclusively custom tracks rather than licensing real ones.

text:
# RFactor

***rFactor*** is a computer racing simulator designed for hardcore simulation racers. *rFactor* claimed to be the most accurate race simulator of its time. Released in August 2005, it competed with games like Nascar 2003, Live for Speed, and GTR. The game featured many technical advances in tire modeling, complex aerodynamics and a 15 degrees of freedom physics engine. It also featured multiplayer.

*rFactor* was developed by Image Space Incorporated (ISI), which has been developing simulators since the early 1990s for both commercial and military purposes. The isiMotor2 on which the game is based is a direct successor to the engine used in previous titles developed by ISI, most notably *F1 Challenge '99–'02*, released through EA Sports. The isiMotor2 engine was also used in many other simulation games, and in *rFpro*. The game was made without ISI's longtime publishing partner at the time of EA Sports, and featured exclusively custom tracks rather than licensing real ones.

## Development

*rFactor* is an evolution of *F1 Challenge '99–'02*, but without the licensing of Formula One circuits and teams. As such, *rFactor'*s initial release only included four fictitious circuits (seven as of v1.087), with about a dozen layouts within these facilities and there were about six vehicle classes, including two open wheel and four sedan classes. Among its most notable features was a rich interface for creating custom game contents, which made it possible for amateurs to create additional vehicles and tracks for the game. In August 2006, ISI released the full update, with many changes and new features, including the new 2006 BMW Sauber F1 and a much requested manual. Another notable and often requested feature was driver-swapping, which allowed to change drivers during the race, enabling up to 24 hour events like Le Mans.

A feature was added to allow the AI to "learn a track", which teaches the AI the ideal way to drive a particular circuit. As of v1.150, the AI was improved, leading to notably faster driving styles. Version 1.250 was released in January 2007. A patch was released on October 12 the same year that brought the version to 1.255 build F. *rFactor* also advertises an advanced tire model, aiming to be much better than the Pacejka model previously used in most simulators. *rFactor'*s tire model simulates a non-linear tire use cycle according to temperature and wear.

*F1 Challenge* proved to be popular for online racing over the Internet through GameSpy, which allowed any player to find available games. *rFactor* has extended this in several ways. The central server is handled by ISI themselves, so finding other games is effectively the same, but the central server will show all races and practice sessions over a web interface known as Racecast. There are also career statistics available for registered drivers. The game server can be run from a dedicated program, free from the need to render graphics. It can run mixtures of human and computer controlled (AI) vehicles.

In an evolution from *F1 Challenge*, the circuits now include all layouts at a particular facility, which greatly reduces the need to duplicate track geometry. The game can easily accommodate different sorts of vehicles and games between multiple classes of vehicles are possible. *rFactor* also has a plugin-interface for third-party addons to hook in, which allows for features like screen-overlays or radio chatter.

## Reception

In an early review of an *rFactor* preview, published on *AutoSimSport*, Jon Denton said: "What the tire model in *rFactor* does very well is that it models the relationship between slip angle, self aligning torque and cornering force - and it does this better than anything that has come before".

Writing on *HonestGamers*, Paul Josua concluded: "It's a little unfair to hold *rFactor'*s lack of accessibility against it as it has clearly set out to be a simulation racer. It does a fine job of that, but those who don't demand flawless simulation are better served looking elsewhere".

*rFactor* was a finalist for *PC Gamer US'*s "Best Racing Game 2005" award, which ultimately went to *GTR: FIA GT Racing*.

## Sequel

ISI developed *rFactor 2*, which includes weather effects, reflections and accurate shadows on a variety of textures. It was released on March 28, 2013.

## InfoBox

| *rFactor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Image Space Incorporated |
| Publisher(s) | Image Space Incorporated |
| Designer(s) | Image Space Incorporated |
| Engine | isiMotor2 |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * NA: August 30-31, 2005 |
| Genre(s) | Racing simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Heiningen, Lower Saxony

abstract: Heiningen is a municipality in the district of Wolfenbüttel, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is part of the Samtgemeinde Oderwald.

text:
# Heiningen, Lower Saxony

**Heiningen** is a municipality in the district of Wolfenbüttel, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is part of the *Samtgemeinde* ("collective municipality") Oderwald.

## Geography

Heiningen is located on the southeastern rim of the Oderwald hill range, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of the district capital Wolfenbüttel. It has access to the BAB 395 motorway at the nearby Flöthe junction.

## History

The municipality is the site of medieval Heiningen Abbey, established about 1000 AD by the Saxon noble House of Billung. Promoted by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim, the canonesses even received immediacy by Emperor Otto III. The Rule of St. Augustine was implemented in 1126, while the building of the Sts Peter and Paul monastery church, a Romanesque basilica, began. Heiningen became the seat of an archdeacon in 1174. In the 15th century, the abbey was affiliated with the Congregation of Windesheim.

After the fierce Hildesheim Stift Feud, Heiningen was occupied by the forces of Duke Henry V of Brunswick and the monastery turned Protestant in 1569. Restored to the Bishopric of Hildesheim in 1643, the abbey church again was consecrated Catholic, while the population largely retained the Protestant faith. The convent was finally secularized in 1810, though the monastery church remained the centre of a Catholic parish up to today. Joseph Müller (1894–1944), a member of the German Resistance to Nazism, served here as priest from 1937 to 1943.

## Politics

Seats in the municipal assembly (*Gemeinderat*) as of 2011 elections:

## InfoBox

| Heiningen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Heiningen within Wolfenbüttel district | |
| Heiningen Heiningen | |
| Coordinates: 52°04′N 10°34′E / 52.067°N 10.567°E / 52.067; 10.567 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Wolfenbüttel |
| Municipal assoc. | Oderwald |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Andreas Niebuhr (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.41 km2 (3.25 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 101 m (331 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 653 |
| Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 38312 |
| Dialling codes | 05334 |
| Vehicle registration | WF |


title: USS Hollyhock

abstract: USS Hollyhock was a steamship acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was placed into service as a tugboat and as a ship’s tender and assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America.

text:
# USS Hollyhock

**USS *Hollyhock*** was a steamship acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was placed into service as a tugboat and as a ship’s tender and assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America.

## Service history

*Reliance* was a sidewheel steamer purchased by Rear Admiral David Farragut at New Orleans, Louisiana, 5 March 1863, to tow supplies upriver. She was present below Port Hudson, Louisiana, in early March as Farragut prepared for his gallant passage of the batteries 14 March, and was subsequently sent to Berwick Bay, Louisiana, to take part in the relentless pressure of the blockade which strangled the South. She was renamed *Hollyhock* in June or July 1863, and for nearly 2 years she served as a ship's tender and supply ship based at New Orleans, Louisiana. On this vital service she plied the river from New Orleans to the mouth.

*Hollyhock* did participate, however, in one of the most daring episodes of the war, the escape of the Confederate ram under Lt. Charles W. Read from the Red River. Read's ship, *William. H. Webb*, ran the blockade of the mouth of the Red River 23 April, and sped toward New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico, eventually hoping to make Havana, Cuba. As *William H. Webb* passed New Orleans, all available ships including *Hollyhock* gave chase. The fleeing *Webb* finally encountered *Richmond*, sent upriver to stop her, and ran aground on the bank to avoid capture. *Hollyhock* continued to serve at New Orleans until she was sold there to Mr. P. Bennett 5 October 1865.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Acquired | 5 March 1863 |
| Fate | Sold, 5 October 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 352 tons |
| Length | 135 ft (41 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m) |
| Depth of hold | 11 ft (3.4 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Armament | * one 20-1/2 pounder gun * one 12-pounder howitzer |


title: Pindad SS4

abstract: The SS4 is a battle rifle being developed by PT Pindad.

text:
# Pindad SS4

The **SS4** (short for Indonesian: **S**enapan **S**erbu **4**, "Assault Rifle 4") is a battle rifle being developed by PT Pindad.

## Design

The new rifle will use 7.62×51mm NATO round, have an adjustable buttstock unlike the other SS series which have fixed elevated buttstock, an adjustable iron sights, a tripod might become a permanent accessory.

Though the name bore the series name the SS (Senapan Serbu) meaning Assault Rifle it is actually a Battle Rifle (Senapan Tempur in Indonesian) which have an effective range up to 300–600 meters. PT Pindad promises that the new rifle will have three variant:

* Riflemen variant will have an effective range up to 100-300 meter.
* Marksmen variant will have an effective range up to 300-600 meter.
* Sniper variant will have an effective range up to 600-1000 meter.

* Commando Magazine 2011, volume VII, edition no. 1

## InfoBox

| Pindad SS4 Battle Rifle | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Battle rifle |
| Place of origin | Indonesia |
| Production history | |
| Designer | PT Pindad |
| Manufacturer | PT Pindad |
| Produced | TBA |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 3,4 kg (loaded) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 7.62×51mm NATO |
| Action | Gas-operated, rotating bolt |
| Rate of fire | 750 rpm |
| Effective firing range | 300-600m |
| Feed system | 15-round box magazine, 30-round box magazine |
| Sights | Iron sights, but optical sights are possible with the Picatinny rail provision. |


title: Val Andrews

abstract: Val Andrews was the manager for the Dublin Minor Football Team for the 2010 championship. Andrews is employed as a lecturer the Institute of Technology Blanchardstown (ITB). Andrews had previously managed Louth and Cavan and the Dublin Junior Football team in 2007. Andrews had previously been linked to managing the Dublin senior football team in 2001, Tommy Lyons was chosen in the end. Andrews managed IT Tralee to Sigerson Cup success in 1998, the same year he began as the new Cavan manager. Andrews managed Leinster in 2005 and 2006 and won the Railway Cup on both occasions. He had launched a campaign to become the Dublin GAA County Chairman and released a website to promote the changes he would make as a chairman for the county board. He failed in his attempts to take the position from Gerry Harrington due to a vote of 171 to 99 in the Corkman's favour.

text:
# Val Andrews

**Val Andrews** was the manager for the Dublin Minor Football Team for the 2010 championship. Andrews is employed as a lecturer the Institute of Technology Blanchardstown (ITB). Andrews had previously managed Louth and Cavan and the Dublin Junior Football team in 2007. Andrews had previously been linked to managing the Dublin senior football team in 2001, Tommy Lyons was chosen in the end. Andrews managed IT Tralee to Sigerson Cup success in 1998, the same year he began as the new Cavan manager. Andrews managed Leinster in 2005 and 2006 and won the Railway Cup on both occasions. He had launched a campaign to become the Dublin GAA County Chairman and released a website to promote the changes he would make as a chairman for the county board. He failed in his attempts to take the position from Gerry Harrington due to a vote of 171 to 99 in the Corkman's favour.

## Dublin Junior manager

In his first game as Dublin Junior manager, Dublin defeated Louth by 3–21 to 0–2. This result qualified Dublin for the Junior semi final against Wicklow. Dublin defeated Wicklow to qualify for the final after a 2–36 to 1–07 victory over their Leinster neighbours. This progress ended when Dublin met Wexford in the final and were subsequently defeated by 1–10 to 1-08.

## Leinster manager

Andrews led Leinster to consecutive Railway Cup titles in 2005 and 2006.

1. "Andrews takes charge of Dublin minors". HoganStand. 10 November 2009.
2. "About". Val Andrews.
3. "Surprise Dublin manager on cards". Irish Examiner. 17 October 2001. Archived from the original on 30 May 2003.
4. "Homepage". Val Andrews.
5. "Harrington retains chair in Dublin". Hoganstand. 11 December 2007.
6. "Leahy fires Dubs to junior win". Hill 16. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
7. "Leahy accuracy sees juniors into Leinster final". Hill 16. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
8. "Junior footballers foiled by Wexford". Hill 16. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007.
9. Croke, Denis J. (26 February 2021). "The Dempsey clan are honoured with prestigious award". Seán served as selector under Val Andrews when Leinster won Interprovincial competitions in 2005 and '06, also serving with Jack Sheedy when Longford were promoted from Division 4 in 2015.

## InfoBox

Val Andrews
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Dublin, Republic of Ireland | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| IT Tralee | ?-1998 | | |
| Cavan | 1998-2001 | | |
| Louth | 2004-2005 | | |
| Leinster | 2005-2006 | | |
| Dublin Junior Football | 2007-present | | |
| Dublin Minor Football Team | 2010 | | |


title: HIV/AIDS in Canada

abstract:
HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018, there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018.
Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

text:
# HIV/AIDS in Canada

**HIV/AIDS** was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018, there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018. Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

## History: a Canadian perspective

**1981:** Doctors in the U.S. begin reporting abnormally high rates of rare forms of pneumonia and cancer in young, gay men. At first, the disease is called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID). By the end of the year, similar diseases are reported in injection drug users.

**1982:** The disease is renamed Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and it is realized that the infection can be sexually transmitted. Cases are reported in hemophiliacs and blood transfusion recipients. The first cases of AIDS are reported in Africa and Canada reports its first case of AIDS in March of this year.

**1983:** It was discovered that women can become infected with AIDS through heterosexual sex meanwhile the World Health Organization (WHO) begins global surveillance of AIDS. Cases of AIDS are reported in multiple countries worldwide. Canada forms a national task force on AIDS. Le Comité sida aide Montréal (CSAM) is formed from a working group called ARMS that is funded by the Quebec Government with a triple mandate of prevention, advocacy, and care.

**1984:** The AIDS Committee of Toronto (ACT) initiates the first AIDS Awareness Week.

**1985:** The Canadian Red Cross begins testing all blood products for HIV and the first Canadian Conference on AIDS is held in Montreal.

**1986:** The first commercial blood test for HIV is licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is discovered that HIV can be passed from mother to child through breastfeeding. The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) is established and the first Canadian AIDS Research Conference is held in Toronto. According to Gary Kinsman, the first AIDS activist action in Canada was held in front of the British Columbia Legislature in Victoria. The march was organized by what would go on to become the Vancouver Persons With AIDS Coalition. The march was a demand for a Class D antiviral lab test and funding for AZT (azidothymidine) treatment.

**1987:** Vancouver activist Kevin Brown, a founder of the Positive Living Society of British Columbia, lobbies the federal government for access to the anti-retroviral drug, AZT. Clinique L’Actuel, specializing in HIV care, is established in Montreal. The WHO develops the first global strategy on AIDS and AIDS becomes the first disease ever to be debated at the UN General Assembly. Bill 34 is introduced in the parliament of British Columbia, which granted the government the power to quarantine individuals affected with HIV/AIDS and isolate them in a region. This incited mixed reactions, including a huge uproar from local HIV/AIDS activists.

**1989:** The lack of a coordinated government response prompted numerous Canadians, along with members of ACT UP NYC, to participate in the highly publicized demonstrations at the Fifth International AIDS Conference in Montreal in June. During the conference, Perrin Beatty, the newly appointed federal Minister of Health and Welfare, acknowledged the absence of a national AIDS plan in Canada.

**1997:** Two-Spirit activist Albert McLeod co-founds the Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network (CAAN). Since its creation CAAN has performed advocacy, engaged in research, and provided community based services with the goal of helping Canadian Indigenous people with HIV/AIDS.

**1998:** There is an explosive outbreak of HIV among injection users in Vancouver. The city becomes known as the place with the highest percentage of people living with HIV in the developed world. Doctors start to notice the first drug-resistant strains of HIV. The Canadian Working Group on HIV and Rehabilitation is established.

**1999:** The WHO announces that HIV/AIDS has become the fourth largest killer worldwide. It is discovered that a single dose of nevirapine is effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.

**2000:** The United Nations Secretary-General creates the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

**2001:** The National Aboriginal Council on HIV/AIDS is established to identify and address shared Indigenous community and Public Health Agency of Canada priorities and provide advice informed by community knowledge, lived experience and relevant practice specific to the needs of Indigenous peoples.

**2002:** AIDS becomes the leading cause of death worldwide in people aged 15–59 years.

**2003:** The WHO announces the “3 by 5” Initiative to bring treatment to 3 million people worldwide by 2005. The first officially sanctioned supervised injection site in North America opens in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside.

**2004:** UNAIDS launches the Global Coalition on Women and AIDS to raise the visibility of the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls worldwide. The WHO supports the provision of sterile injection equipment to reduce HIV transmission.

**2005:** Health Canada approves a rapid HIV antibody test for sale to health professionals in Canada, which enables point-of-care (POC) testing that can provide an accurate HIV antibody test result in two minutes.

**2006:** The UN convenes a follow-up meeting and issues a progress report on the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS. The 16th International AIDS Conference is held in Toronto.

**2007:** The WHO and UNAIDS recommend that “male circumcision should always be considered as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention package.” The Canadian HIV Vaccine Initiative (CHVI) is established as Canada's contribution to global efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine.

**2008:** The 20th anniversary of World AIDS day. With funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange (CATIE) extends its mandate to become the national Knowledge Exchange Broker of information for the prevention, treatment, care, and support for people living with and vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.

**2009:** UNAIDS calls for the implementation of programs to work toward the virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015.

**2010:** The Vienna Declaration, a statement seeking to improve community health and safety by calling for the incorporation of scientific evidence into illicit drug policies, is launched at the 18th International AIDS Conference in Vienna, Austria.

**2011:** The Supreme Court of Canada rules that InSite, Vancouver's supervised injection site, can continue to operate without the continual threat of legal interference. For the first time, WHO includes transgender people as a group at increased risk for HIV infection in their guidelines.

**2012:** New Canadian HIV guidelines for planning pregnancy are published to help health care practitioners advise HIV-positive people about issues related to fertility and pregnancy. Despite growing scientific evidence that HIV treatment dramatically reduces the risk of transmission when the viral load is undetectable, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that an HIV positive person has a legal duty to disclose his or her HIV status to a sexual partner before having sex that poses a “realistic possibility” of HIV transmission. According to the ruling, a person living with HIV does not have to disclose his or her HIV status to a sexual partner before having vaginal sex if a condom is used and the HIV-positive person has a low viral load. The Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) announces funding to support the Aboriginal HIV and AIDS Community-Based Research Collaborative Centre and the REACH CBR Collaborative Centre in HIV/AIDS.

**2013:** The Quebec Ministry of Health publishes the first Canadian interim guidance on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The Working Group on Best Practice for Harm Reduction Programs in Canada releases updated and comprehensive best practice recommendations for Canadian harm reduction programs.

**2014:** Canadian medical experts release important expert consensus statement on HIV and the criminal law. British Columbia releases new HIV testing guidelines for all adults, which recommends that providers routinely offer HIV testing to all patients. The Quebec Ministry of Health adopts a consensus statement on viral load and HIV transmission risk developed to inform the delivery of risk-reduction counseling.

**2015:** The Canadian Positive People Network (CPPN), a new independent network for and by people living with HIV and HIV co-infections, is formed to represent the needs of all persons and communities affected by HIV and HIV co-infections. Canada endorses the UNAIDS 90-90-90 global HIV treatment targets.

**2016:** Health Canada approves the use of daily oral Truvada for use as PrEP to reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada (AMMI) releases a position statement recommending that ART be initiated in adults as soon as HIV is diagnosed regardless of immune cell (CD4 T Cell) count. Nearly 250 Canadian organizations sign a statement calling for the implementation of prison-based needle/syringe programs.

**2017:** CATIE joins other national and international organizations in signing on the Prevention Access Campaign's Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U) campaign.

**2018:** PHAC releases “Reducing the health impact of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections in Canada by 2030: A pan-Canadian STBBI framework for action”, which provides a roadmap for collaborative and complementary actions to reduce the impact of STBBIs in Canada and supports and contributes the achievement of global STBBI targets.

**2019:** The Sex Information and Education Council of Canada releases updated Canadian Guidelines for sexual health education. The Government of Canada releases “Accelerating our response: Government of Canada five-year action plan on sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections,” which outlines the government's priorities for the action plan released in 2018.

## Quarantine Legislation and intervention

### Bill 34

One way the Canadian government responded to the HIV/AIDS crisis was through quarantine legislation. A prominent example of this occurred in British Columbia when Bill 34, otherwise classified as the Quarantine Bill, was presented by Premier Bill Vander Zalm of the British Columbia Social Credit Party. The Bill allowed the government to force individuals affected with HIV/AIDS to quarantine in a designated area. Isolation was to be regulated by 2 levels: isolation and modified isolation, overseen by the Solicitor General of Vancouver. The intentions of the Bill were highly controversial both before and after it was introduced in 1987. Organizations such as AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACTUP), the Coalition for Responsible Health Legislation (CRHL) and Persons With AIDS Society (PWAS) believed the Bill should be abolished. The Bill was eventually passed, but was never enforced due to the lobbying of the aforementioned activists, particularly the CRHL. The Coalition for Responsible Health Legislation argued that individuals should have personal responsibility and autonomy for themselves and their partners. Many of these organizations advocated for an anti-testing component, because the only treatment available at the time was azidothymidine (AZT). Testing for the medication was not used preventatively but rather to identify, quarantine, and discriminate against those living with AIDS.

### Section 22

Section 22 of the Health Protection and Promotion Act states that a medical officer “...may require a person to take or to refrain from taking any action that is specified in the order in respect of a communicable disease.” This caused fear, as the threat was that the Medical Officer could remand someone who is deemed to be putting other people at risk, namely HIV-positive patients. Ian Gemmill, the Associate Medical Officer of Health in Ottawa, was responsible for all of the Section 22 orders in the city. Ottawa had a disproportionately large representation of Section 22s, with thirty-seven orders in the city compared to the four from the rest of Ontario. This was criticized, namely by the Ontario AIDS Network, who complained to the Ministry of Health during the fight for anonymous testing. One point of criticism was that people would avoid testing for HIV, as the result of testing positive would entail the Medical Officer using Section 22 to trace contacts and criminalize patients who acted “unsafe”, which Gemmill would extend to any form of sexual contact.

## Prevalence across Canada

According to the 2016 national HIV estimates, there were approximately 63,110 Canadians with HIV by the end of 2016 which represents a 5% increase since 2014. The increase in deaths can be explained as new HIV infections are isolated and fewer deaths among those infected due to better treatment options. A federal study found that among the 63,110 individuals in Canada living with HIV, nearly half (49.1%) were gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and 14.6% were among people who inject drugs. This study also looked at heterosexual contact among those born in Canada or in a country no on the HIV-endemic list and found that this group represented 17.6% of the population. They also found that heterosexual contact among people born in a country where HIV is endemic was 15% of the total population of individuals affected.

The study by the Federal Government found that approximately 9.6% of individuals affected in Canada were Indigenous. This represents a 5% increase from the 2014 estimate. The HIV prevalence rate for Indigenous peoples in Canada estimated for 2016 is two times higher (362 per 100,000) than the general population. It is important to note that in this study both the general population and the Indigenous population that has been isolated both saw a 5% increase in HIV rates from 2014 to 2016. As well, there are many external factors that have contributed to the increased prevalence described. Culture, poverty, and self-determination are key health determinants for Indigenous populations. To understand the competing paradigms between western medicine and Indigenous tradition, researchers have included traditional Indigenous approaches in addressing health concerns.

This infection is distributed across geographic regions unequally and has affected provinces with varying severity. The two provinces with the largest proportion of new infections in 2017 were Ontario (38.9% of the overall total) and Quebec (27.9% of the overall total). As well, Quebec and Saskatchewan have the highest rates out of any province with 8.0 new infections per 100,000 and 15.5 new infections per 100,000 respectively.

The distribution of new infections across Canada disproportionately affects certain populations within the country such as gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, Indigenous people, and people from countries where HIV is endemic. Another factor to consider when discussing HIV/AIDS prevalence across the country is the use of injection drugs (exposure) as they have resulted in increased prevalence of HIV in users. When discussing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Canada it is important to take into account these factors and the role that they play in supporting individuals affected.

## Prevention and support

In 2019, the Government of Canada invested $22.85 million in HIV/AIDS research through the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. This money went towards supporting a thriving community of researchers, people living with HIV and their caregivers, health advocates, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to generate knowledge about prevention, treatment, management, and a cure for HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections.

Many organizations have been instituted by Indigenous peoples to combat the elevated rates of HIV/AIDS in Indigenous communities. This is seen from the Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network and similar organizations run by Indigenous peoples. Acknowledging the unique risk factors that Indigenous people face is important but the unequal access to care is also a crucial determinant in their susceptibility to health problems. Studies have concluded that research and policy that affect Indigenous peoples should be respectful and based upon community relevance. It is important to understand the colonial framework that the Federal Government has been based upon and how this influences the approaches when dealing with issues involving Indigenous peoples. Using a community-based approach, the unique needs of Indigenous communities in Canada can be addressed in a meaningful and respectful way that upholds Indigenous tradition and culture.

It is important to note that the idea that AIDS had begun in Africa, and specifically affected Haitians as well as Black people, was growing and spreading. This resulted in the blame of the spreading AIDS being placed on Black communities and overrepresentation of Black queer and Black communities being displayed as diseased people. The triple H was used to refer to those who were affected by AIDS, including homosexuals, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. There were no services for people of colour and Indigenous people. This in turn resulted in the formation of organizations such as Black CAP. Though this organization was receiving a little bit of funding, it was not equal to what other groups were receiving, clearly demonstrating the racism occurring at the time. The collaboration of Black led and focused organizations, including but not limited to COMBAT, Black CAP, and BWC, began doing work around AIDS/HIV. Some work that Black CAP did was to hand out condoms and discuss AIDS and AIDS prevention, but also provide counselling. These community outreaches were essential in giving black people living with HIV/AIDS a safe space to discuss their experience and break the barriers in their society that they were facing.

## HIV/AIDS service organizations

* AIDS Committee of Toronto (ACT) is a well established AIDS service organization, primarily recognized for their work in the 1990s. Despite the organization’s significant work for the AIDS community, it was dominated by white gay men with the notion that they needed to hold their ownership over AIDS. As a result, most work was targeted towards helping HIV-positive gay men rather than all HIV-positive individuals. This was problematic for many as the organization had control over education and funding during the AIDS epidemic but was sending away many women with the claim that they were not contracting AIDS/HIV. Indigenous people seeking service from ACT would face the same rejection, despite there being a lack of services for Indigenous people. AIDS activist Nicole Tanguay has spoken out about feeling as though there was a wall blocking out HIV-positive women. Tanguay holds the government responsible for not educating people about HIV-positive women and the divide between ACT and other HIV/AIDS organizations such as Black CAP, South Asian AIDS Network, and the Two Spirits.
* AIDS Network
* Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention (ASAAP)
* AVI Health & Community Services

* Zami was an organization for Black and West Indian gays and lesbians in Toronto. Over the years, Zami had many different initiatives. It was initially a support group for individuals who felt disconnected from Pride and the LGBT community and thus seeking a place to connect with others. Zami had opportunities to be involved in a variety of initiatives and events, notably the Simon Nkoli Anti-Apartheid Committee and eventually this led them towards HIV/AIDS work.

## Significant research

The PrEP Implementation Project (PRIMP) is a multicomponent study which began in 2020 investigating strategies for increasing PrEP uptake among urban gay, bisexual men in Ontario and British Columbia.


abstract: The Illegal Migrants (IMDT) Act was an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1983 by the Indira Gandhi government. It was struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2005 in Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India. The IMDT Act described the procedures to detect illegal immigrants and expel them from Assam. The Act was pushed through mainly on the grounds that it provided special protections against undue harassment to the “minorities” affected by the Assam Agitation. It was applicable to the state of Assam only whereas in other states, detection of foreigners is done under The Foreigners Act, 1946. The act made it difficult to deport illegal immigrants from Assam.

text:
# Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983

**The Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) (IMDT) Act** was an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1983 by the Indira Gandhi government. It was struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2005 in *Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India*.

The IMDT Act described the procedures to detect illegal immigrants (from Bangladesh) and expel them from Assam. The Act was pushed through mainly on the grounds that it provided special protections against undue harassment to the “minorities” affected by the Assam Agitation. It was applicable to the state of Assam only whereas in other states, detection of foreigners is done under The Foreigners Act, 1946.

The act made it difficult to deport illegal immigrants from Assam.

## Salient features

The Foreigners Act, 1946 defines a foreigner as a person who is not a citizen of India. Section 9 of the Act states that, where the nationality of a person is not evident as per preceding section 8, the onus of proving whether a person is a foreigner or not, shall lie upon such person.

However, under the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal ) (IMDT) Act, the burden of proving the citizenship or otherwise rested on the accuser and the police, not the accused. This was a major departure from the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946.

The accuser must reside within a 3 km radius of the accused, fill out a complaint form (a maximum of ten per accuser is allowed) and pay a fee of ten Rupees.

If a suspected illegal migrant is thus successfully accused, he is required by the Act to simply produce a ration card to prove his Indian citizenship.

And if a case made it past these requirements, a system of tribunals made up of retired judges would finally decide on deportation based on the facts.

The act also provided that 'if the application is found frivolous or vexatious' the Central Government may not accept it.

It excluded the migrants who entered India before March 25, 1971 from the illegal-migration accusation. And for post-1971 migrants too, the procedure for deporting were tough.

## Supreme Court's views

The Act was challenged by Sarbananda Sonowal in courts. In 2005 a three-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India held that the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 and rules "has created the biggest hurdle and is the main impediment or barrier in the identification and deportation of illegal migrants" and struck down the Act.

The court also observed "(the conviction rate under the IMDT act) comes to less than half per cent of the cases initiated...(the IMDT Act) is coming to the advantage of such illegal migrants as any proceedings initiated against them almost entirely ends in their favour, enables them to have a document having official sanctity to the effect that they are not illegal migrants."

On 9 August 2012, the Supreme Court hearing a public interest litigation petition seeking a direction for deportation of illegal migrants, was told that the Government of India, as a matter of policy, "does not support any kind of illegal migration either into its territory or illegal immigration of its citizens. "It was also stated that the Government is committed to deporting illegal Bangladeshi migrants, but only lawfully. It asserted that the demand for deleting the names of alleged 41 lakh doubtful voters from the list of 2006 on the basis of religious and linguistic profiling would prima facie be illegal, arbitrary and violative of the secular and democratic credentials of India. The court posted the matter for final hearing on 6 November 2012.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of India | |
| Enacted by | Parliament of India |
| **Status:** Repealed | |


title: Indian Blessing

abstract: Indian Blessing is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly in 2007 and Champion Female Sprint Horse in 2008.

text:
# Indian Blessing

**Indian Blessing** (foaled April 9, 2005, in Kentucky) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly in 2007 and Champion Female Sprint Horse in 2008.

## Background

Indian Blessing was bred by and raced for Patti and Hal Earnhardt, who also raced both her sire, Indian Charlie, and dam, Shameful. Indian Charlie won the 1998 Santa Anita Derby and then finished third in the Kentucky Derby, his final start. Shameful was purchased on behalf of the Earnhardts for $50,000 and went on to win several races including the Pine Tree Lane Stakes.

## Racing career

### 2007: two-year-old season

Trained by Bob Baffert, Indian Blessing went undefeated in three starts at age two in front running fashion. She won her first start on August 30 in a sprint race at Saratoga Race Course, running very close to the track record. She then won the one-mile Grade I Frizette Stakes at Belmont Park on October 6 by 4+12 lengths. In her final race of 2007, she won the Grade I Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies by 3½ lengths on a sloppy track at Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey. Her 2007 performances earned Indian Blessing the Eclipse Award as American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly.

### 2008: three-year-old season

Indian Blessing began her three-year-old campaign on January 13 with a win in the Grade II Santa Ynez Stakes at Santa Anita Park in California. Her time of 1:19.64 for 7 furlongs set a record for the then new Cushion-track surface. She kept her unbeaten record intact with a win in the February 9 running of the Silverbulletday Stakes at the Fair Grounds Race Course in Louisiana, holding off Proud Spell in the stretch to win by a length. However Proud Spell then beat her in the Fair Grounds Oaks on March 8. Baffert said, "\[Her jockey\] tried to get her to slow down, but she was fighting him. We realized that you've got to just let her go or she's not going to give you that extra kick."

Baffert gave the filly a layoff, then entered her in the Acorn Stakes on June 7 at a distance of one mile. Indian Blessing set fast opening fractions but was passed by Zaftig (Horse) in the stretch, finishing second by 4½ lengths. Acorn Stakes She rebounded with a win in the six-furlong Prioress Stakes, where she broke poorly and then raced from off the pace for the first time, pulling clear of the field in the stretch. Baffert said, "So, now we know she can rate and that is a dimension you always want to see."

On August 2 in the Test Stakes, heavily favored Indian Blessing left five other 3-year-old fillies at the quarter pole and drew away to a 7-length victory, covering the 7 furlongs in 1:22.70. On September 20, she took on older mares for the first time, winning the Gallant Bloom Handicap by 6¼ lengths. She entered the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint on October 24 at Santa Anita as the favorite, but was passed in the stretch by Ventura to finish second.

Indian Blessing finished her three-year-old campaign by winning her fifth Grade I race, the 7-furlong La Brea Stakes, in 1:20:89 on December 27, 2008. The race was marred by the injury of Indyanne, who battled Indian Blessing for the win. “This was a bittersweet win," Baffert said. "I’m very sad about what happened to (Indyanne)." Indian Blessing was awarded the Eclipse Award as American Champion Female Sprint Horse for 2008. "We feel very, very fortunate. It's an 'all-in-the-family' situation starting many years ago," said her owner Hal Earnhardt, referring to the fact that he had also bred Indian Blessing's sire. "We might not ever be in this position again, so, like her name says, we're blessed to be here."

### 2009: four-year-old season

In her first start in 2009, the $2-million Dubai Golden Shaheen (UAE-I) on March 28 at Nad Al Sheba, Indian Blessing lost by barely half a length to Big City Man after stumbling at the start. Scheduled to race next in the Grade I Humana Distaff Handicap on Derby Day, the filly was scratched after behaving listlessly before the race. Indian Blessing ran in the Desert Stormer Handicap, her first start at Hollywood Park, and finished fourth, the first time she had ever run out of the money. She then got sick and was treated with antibiotics, which necessitated her being scratched from the 2009 running of the Grade I Princess Rooney Handicap at Calder.

On August 29, 2009, Indian Blessing finished second behind Music Note in the Grade I Ballerina Stakes on a sloppy track. On September 26, 2009, she rebounded to win her second consecutive Gallant Bloom Handicap, this time by a nose over Sara Louise after a lengthy stretch battle. |She put up a really good fight today," said jockey John Velazquez. "I tell you, the other filly was a brave one, too. She kept coming back to me. The more I asked my filly, the more the other one kept coming back. It was a good effort for both fillies."

Baffert decided to bypass the 2009 Breeders' Cup as he felt the filly did not run her best on the synthetic surface then in place at Santa Anita. Instead Indian Blessing was retired with a record of 10 wins and five second place finishes from 16 starts.

## Breeding record

As of 2020, Indian Blessing has produced five named foals:

* a 2011 gelding by Zensational named Indian Smoke – retired in 2015 with a record of 8: 1-1-0.
* a 2013 colt by Smart Strike named Ten Blessings – euthanized in 2018 following a breakdown in the Kona Gold Stakes. His race record was of 8: 3-1-1.
* a 2014 filly by Tapit named Life's Blessings – retired in 2018 with a record of 12: 2-3-1.
* a 2015 gelding by Misremembered named Houston Mesa. Unraced.
* a 2016 filly by Pioneroof the Nile named Indian Gardens. Unraced.

## InfoBox

| Indian Blessing | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Indian Charlie |
| Grandsire | In Excess |
| Dam | Shameful |
| Damsire | Flying Chevron |
| Sex | filly |
| Foaled | 2005 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Dark Bay/Brown |
| Breeder | Patti & Hal J. Earnhardt III |
| Owner | Patti & Hal J. Earnhardt III |
| Trainer | Bob Baffert |
| Record | 16: 10-5-0 |
| Earnings | $2,995,420 |
| Major wins | |
| Frizette Stakes (2007)
Santa Ynez Stakes (2008)
Silverbulletday Stakes (2008)
Prioress Stakes (2008)
Test Stakes (2008)
Gallant Bloom Handicap (2008, 2009)
La Brea Stakes (2008) **Breeders' Cup wins:**

Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies (2007) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly (2007)
American Champion Female Sprint Horse (2008) | |
| Last updated on 16 February 2022 | |


title: Annette Kelm

abstract: Annette Kelm is a German contemporary artist and photographer who is particularly known as a conceptual artist. Kelm uses medium or large format cameras in her work, creating still life and portraits. She favours using analog photography methods in her work. Kelm graduated from the Hochschule für bildende Künst in Hamburg in 2000, after which she moved to Berlin. She was awarded the Camera Austria Award for Contemporary Photography by the City of Graz in 2015.

text:
# Annette Kelm

**Annette Kelm** (born 1975 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German contemporary artist and photographer who is particularly known as a conceptual artist. Kelm uses medium or large format cameras in her work, creating still life and portraits. She favours using analog photography methods in her work.

Kelm graduated from the Hochschule für bildende Künst in Hamburg in 2000, after which she moved to Berlin. She was awarded the Camera Austria Award for Contemporary Photography by the City of Graz in 2015.

## Work

Kelm explores ideas through "baffling narratives" which use typology, patterns and the intersection of design and technology. Her work has been inspired by traditional photography genres such as the still life, landscapes and portraits. *The New York Times* describes her work as playing with "watered-down semiotics."

## Exhibition History

* MoMA PS1 (*The Gold Standard*, 10/29/2006 - 01/15/2007)
* CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Art in San Francisco (*PASSENGERS: 1.6 ANNETTE KELM*, 02/06/2008 - 03/01/2008)
* Kunsthalle Zürich (*Annette Kelm*, 01/24/2009 - 04/26/2009)
* 54th Venice Biennale (06/04/2011 - 11/27/2011)
* Museum of Modern Art (*New Photography 2013*, 09/14/2013 - 01/06/2014)
* Whitney Museum of American Art (*Collected by Thea Westreich Wagner and Ethan Wagner*, 11/20/2015 - 03/06/2016)
* VOX Centre de l'image contemporaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (*Annette Kelm,* 05/11/2016 - 06/25/2016)

## Honours and awards

* 1999 Kodak Young Photographers Award
* 2004 Artist residency Heanavesi, Finland Working Grant for Fine Art, Hamburg
* 2005 ART COLOGNE-Award for young art Working Grant of Stiftung Kunstfonds Travel-Grant Los Angeles
* 2015 Camera Austria - Award for contemporary photography, Graz

## Galleries

* Andrew Kreps Gallery, New York, USA.
* Galerie Meyer Kainer, Vienna, Austria.
* Herald St Gallery, London, England.
* Johann König Gallery, Berlin, Germany.
* Marc Foxx Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

## Collections

Annette Kelm's work has been collected by the Centre Pompidou, Paris, the Guggenheim Museum, New York, the Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Germany, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.


title: Miratesta celebensis

abstract: Miratesta celebensis is a species of freshwater air-breathing snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids. Like all other planorbids it has a sinistral or left-coiling shell. This species is endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitat is freshwater lakes.

text:
# Miratesta celebensis

***Miratesta celebensis*** is a species of freshwater air-breathing snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids. Like all other planorbids it has a sinistral or left-coiling shell.

This species is endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitat is freshwater lakes.

## InfoBox

| *Miratesta celebensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Hygrophila |
| Superfamily: | Planorboidea |
| Family: | Planorbidae |
| Subfamily: | Bulininae |
| Tribe: | Miratestini |
| Genus: | *Miratesta* |
| Species: | ***M. celebensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Miratesta celebensis***
P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1898 | |
|


title: Pindai Caves

abstract: The Pindai Caves of New Caledonia are an archaeological and palaeontological site important for the study of prehistoric human settlement as well as of the Holocene fauna of the island. The Pindai area has been occupied by humans for varying periods over the last 2,800 years.

text:
# Pindai Caves

The **Pindai Caves** of New Caledonia are an archaeological and palaeontological site important for the study of prehistoric human settlement as well as of the Holocene fauna of the island. The Pindai area has been occupied by humans for varying periods over the last 2,800 years.

## Description

The site comprises six caves, in coral limestone upraised about 5 m (16 ft), at the seaward tip of the Népoui Peninsula on the north-west coast of Grande Terre, about 240 km (149.1 mi) north-west of Noumea. Two of the caves have easy walk-in access; they contain the richest cultural material and the fewest fossils. The other four caves are sinkholes capable of trapping animals, especially ground-dwelling and flightless birds, and contain the most fossils. All the caves broaden from their entrances into large underground chambers.

Numerous subfossils of extinct fauna have been found in the caves, including the endemic terrestrial crocodile *Mekosuchus*, the giant horned turtle *Meiolania*, and numerous bird taxa, with remains of the giant flightless *Sylviornis* being especially common.

## InfoBox

Pindai Caves
| location in New Caledonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Népoui Peninsula, north-west coast of Grande Terre |
| Region | New Caledonia |
| Coordinates | 21°21′S 164°58′E / 21.350°S 164.967°E / -21.350; 164.967 |


title: V Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery

abstract: V Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery which existed in the early part of the 20th century. It served with 8th Division on the Western Front in World War I before becoming V Army Brigade, RHA in January 1917. It was reformed after the war but was disbanded in October 1928. The successor unit, 5th Regiment, RHA, was formed in 1939 and still exists as 5th Regiment Royal Artillery. The brigade had an earlier incarnation as E Brigade, RHA, formed from the Horse Artillery Brigade of the Honourable East India Company's Bombay Army in 1862 before being broken up in 1877.

text:
# V Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery

**V Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery** was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery which existed in the early part of the 20th century. It served with 8th Division on the Western Front in World War I before becoming **V Army Brigade, RHA** in January 1917. It was reformed after the war but was disbanded in October 1928.

The successor unit, **5th Regiment, RHA**, was formed in 1939 and still exists as 5th Regiment Royal Artillery.

The brigade had an earlier incarnation as **E Brigade, RHA**, formed from the Horse Artillery Brigade of the Honourable East India Company's Bombay Army in 1862 before being broken up in 1877.

## History

### E Brigade, RHA

The Bombay Army of the Honourable East India Company was the last of the Presidency armies to form Horse Artillery, only forming the *1st Troop, Bombay Horse Artillery* on 11 November 1811 (still in existence as N Battery, RHA). By the time the Indian Rebellion of 1857 broke out, the Bombay Horse Artillery had grown to four batteries, organized as the *Horse Brigade, Bombay Artillery*.

Although the Bombay Army was almost completely unaffected by the Rebellion, the British Crown took direct control of India from the East India Company on 1 November 1858 under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858. The Presidency armies transferred to the direct authority of the British Crown and its European units were transferred to the British Army. Henceforth artillery, the mutineers most effective arm, was to be the sole preserve of the British Army (with the exception of certain Mountain Artillery batteries). On 19 February 1862, the Bombay Horse Artillery transferred to the Royal Artillery as its 4th Horse Brigade. On transfer, **4th Horse Brigade, Royal Artillery** comprised:

The 1st Brigade with 10 batteries was much larger than the other four (with four to seven batteries each). A reorganization of the Horse Artillery on 13 April 1864 saw 1st Brigade split as  and B Brigades, 2nd Brigade become C Brigade, 3rd become D Brigade, 4th become **E Horse Brigade, Royal Artillery**, and 5th become F Brigade. As battery designations were tied to the brigade the battery was assigned to, the batteries were also redesignated, the first of a bewildering series of redesignations. E Horse Brigade, RA now comprised:

From 1866, the term "Royal Horse Artillery" appeared in Army List hence the brigade was designated **E Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery** from about this time. The brigade was broken up on 1 February 1871 and the batteries were transferred to C and D Brigades. It was reformed on 31 March 1875 with five batteries. Another reorganization on 14 April 1877 saw the number of brigades reduced to three (of 10 batteries each) and E Brigade was broken up again. Its batteries were transferred to C Brigade and redesignated again, for example, A/E Battery becoming A Battery, C Brigade.

The number of brigades was further reduced to two (of 13 batteries each) in 1882. The brigade system was finally abolished in 1889. Henceforth, batteries were designated in a single alphabetical sequence in order of seniority from date of formation.

### V Brigade, RHA

#### Formation

The brigade system was revived in 1901. Each brigade now commanded just two batteries and a small staff (a Lieutenant-Colonel in command, an adjutant and a brigade sergeant major). Initially, batteries were not assigned to brigades in any particular order, but in 1906, at the insistence of Edward VII, brigades were redesignated so that batteries were roughly in order of seniority (hence I Brigade commanded A Battery and B Battery).

V Brigade, RHA was formed on 1 March 1901 as the **XI Brigade-Division, RHA** with G Battery and O Battery. In 1903 it was redesignated as **XI Brigade, RHA** and was stationed at Ambala. On 1 October 1906, it was redesignated as **V Brigade, RHA**.

#### World War I

At the outbreak of World War I, the brigade was at Ipswich attached to 5th Cavalry Brigade, still commanding G and O Batteries. On 9 October 1914, the newly reformed Z Battery, RHA joined the brigade.

It joined 8th Division at Winchester on formation. With 8th Division, it crossed to France on 4 and 5 November 1914 (landing at Le Havre on 6 and 7 November) and served with the division on the Western Front until January 1917. While with the division, it saw action at the battles of Neuve-Chapelle (Moated Grange Attack, 18 December 1914), Neuve Chapelle again (10–13 March 1915), Aubers Ridge (9 May 1915), Bois-Grenier (25 September 1915), and of the Somme (Battle of Albert on 1 July 1916 and Battle of Le Transloy on 23–30 October).

On 24 November 1914, G Battery was transferred to XV (later IV) Brigade, RHA in 3rd Cavalry Division. O and Z batteries exchanged their 13 pounders for 18 pounders on 8 June 1915. It remained as a two-battery brigade until 8 May 1916 when D() Battery joined (designated D(H)/V Battery and armed with four 4.5" howitzers). This was formed from one section of 55th (H) Battery and one section of 57th (H) Battery, both of CXXVIII (H) Brigade, RFA. D(H)/V Battery was broken up on 13 January 1917 and the sections returned to their parent batteries.

#### Army brigade

On 13 January 1917, the brigade left 8th Division and became **V Army Brigade, RHA**. On the same day, B Battery of CLXXXVIII Brigade, RFA (B/CLXXXVIII Battery) joined and was renamed as A/V Battery. A/V Battery was redesignated as 402nd Battery on 1 June. On 9 April 1918,  and N Batteries, RHA joined from XVII Army Brigade, RHA and 402nd Battery transferred to XIV Brigade, RFA as 141st Battery, RFA.

At the Armistice, the brigade was serving as Army Troops with the Fourth Army with G, N, O and Z Batteries RHA (twenty four 18 pounders).

#### Post-war reorganisation

The brigade took part in the Victory Parade in Paris in July 1919. It returned to Aldershot from Germany in October 1919. At this point, N Battery was then transferred to IX Brigade, RHA and Z Battery to VIII Brigade, RHA; E Battery, RHA joined from III Brigade, RHA. The brigade survived the immediate post-war reductions in the strength of the RHA, serving on as the junior-most brigade, but was broken up at Meerut in October 1928.

### 5th Regiment, RHA

The successor unit, **5th Regiment, RHA**, was formed on 25 November 1939 at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire with G Battery, RHA and K Battery, RHA.

1. "The Royal Artillery". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
2. Baker, Chris. "What was an artillery brigade?". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
3. Clarke 1993, p. 97
4. Frederick 1984, pp. 428–429
5. Clarke 1993, p. 102
6. Clarke 1993, p. 107
7. Clarke 1993, p. 108
8. Clarke 1993, p. 53
9. Clarke 1993, p. 136
10. Frederick 1984, p. 431
11. Frederick 1984, p. 433
12. Frederick 1984, p. 435
13. Clarke 1993, p. 54
14. Clarke 1993, p. 55
15. Clarke 1993, p. 58
16. Frederick 1984, p. 444
17. Clarke 1993, p. 142
18. Conrad, Mark (1996). "The British Army, 1914". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
19. Becke 1935, p. 94
20. Becke 1935, p. 93
21. Clarke 1993, p. 43
22. Clarke 1993, p. 45
23. Clarke 1993, p. 144
24. Frederick 1984, p. 448
25. Perry 1993, p. 19
26. BEF GHQ 1918, p. 19
27. BEF GHQ 1918, p. 78
28. Clarke 1993, p. 149
29. Clarke 1993, p. 148
30. Clarke 1993, p. 62

## Bibliography

* Becke, Major A.F. (1935). *Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions*. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 1-871167-09-4.
* Clarke, W.G. (1993). *Horse Gunners: The Royal Horse Artillery, 200 Years of Panache and Professionalism*. Woolwich: The Royal Artillery Institution. ISBN 09520762-0-9.
* Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). *Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660-1978*. Wakefield, Yorkshire: Microform Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
* Perry, F.W. (1993). *Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions*. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
* *Order of Battle of the British Armies in France, November 11th, 1918*. France: General Staff, GHQ. 1918.

## InfoBox

| E Brigade, RHA
V Brigade, RHA | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 19 February 1862 – 1 February 1871
31 March 1875 – 14 April 1877
1 March 1901 – October 1928 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Artillery |
| Size | Battalion |
| Part of | 8th Division
Fourth Army |
| Engagements | World War I Western Front |


title: HMS Abastor

abstract: HMS Abastor was a shore establishment of the Royal Navy at Tilbury used for the planning of Operation Pluto, which laid undersea pipelines to supplied the allied troops with fuel during the liberation of Europe in 1944. Another Pluto training establishment at Woolston, Southampton, was given the similar name HMS Abatos. Abastor's nominal depot ship was the NAB Interlude (43627), a Naval Auxiliary Boat which took the form of a petrol-driven harbour launch. It was in service as a depot ship from November 1, 1943, through July 1945, which was when it was transferred back to being a harbour launch.

text:
# HMS Abastor

**HMS Abastor** was a shore establishment of the Royal Navy at Tilbury used for the planning of Operation Pluto, which laid undersea pipelines to supplied the allied troops with fuel during the liberation of Europe in 1944. Another Pluto training establishment at Woolston, Southampton, was given the similar name HMS *Abatos*.

*Abastor'*s nominal depot ship was the NAB Interlude (43627), a Naval Auxiliary Boat which took the form of a petrol-driven harbour launch. It was in service as a depot ship from November 1, 1943, through July 1945, which was when it was transferred back to being a harbour launch.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Abastor* |
| Commissioned | 1 November 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 17 October 1945 |
| Fate | Decommissioned and closed down |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Stone frigate |