title: Magars

abstract:
The Magars, also spelled Mangar and Mongar, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to Nepal and Northeast India, representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census. They are one of the main Gurkha tribes. The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, and Palpa.
This part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as Bahra Magarat, which included the following regions of that period: Argha, Khanchi, Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung, and Pyung.
During the medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat, a place settled and inhabited by Magars.
Another confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as Athara Magarat, also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars.

text:
# Magars

The **Magars**, also spelled **Mangar** and **Mongar**, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to Nepal and Northeast India, representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census. They are one of the main Gurkha tribes.

The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, and Palpa. This part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as *Bahra Magarat* (Confederation of Twelve Magar villages), which included the following regions of that period: Argha, Khanchi, Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung, and Pyung. During the medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat, a place settled and inhabited by Magars. Another confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as *Athara Magarat*, also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars.

## Geographical distribution

### Nepal

At the time of the 2021 Nepal census, 2,013,498 people (6.9% of the population of Nepal) identified as Magar. The frequency of Magar people by province was as follows:

The frequency of Magar people was higher than national average in the following districts:

### India, United Kingdom and other countries

Magars are scattered throughout the cities of India in Darjeeling, Sikkim, Assam and many others. The Gurkha recruitment in the Indian Gorkha Regiment, British Gurkha Regiment and the Gurkha Contingent of Singapore Police gave a huge opportunity to the hard working Magars of the hills to work and live abroad in countries like the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, India and Myanmar. A significant number of Magar population can also be found in countries like the United Arab Emirates, Japan, Australia, Saudi Arabia, the United States of America and South Korea.

## Origin

There are several mythical stories describing the origins of the Magars.

The Magar of the Bahra Magarat east of the Kali Gandaki River are said to have originated in the land of Seem. Two brothers, Seem Magar and Chintoo Magar, fought, and one remained in Seem, while the other left, ending up in Kangwachen, southern Sikkim. The Bhutia people lived at the northern end of this region. Over time, the Magars became very powerful and made the northern Bhutia their vassals. Sintoo Sati Sheng ruled in a very despotic manner, and the Bhutia conspired to assassinate him. Sheng's queen took revenge and poisoned 1,000 Bhutia people at a place now called Tong Song Fong, meaning "where a thousand were murdered". The Bhutia later drove the Magars out, forcing them to again migrate further south. As part of this migration, one group migrated to Simrongadh, one group moved towards the Okhaldhunga region, and another group seems to have returned to the east. No dates are given.

The origins of the Kaike Magars end up with the mystical tales told and retold by local people. According to one of these stories, the Kaike Magars were the sons of a woman who had fled from an unspecified village of Kalyal kingdom. She subsequently gave birth to her child, a son. The boy, when he grew up, captured an angel while she was bathing with her friends. As time went by, the son and his angel bride had three sons. These sons were the ancestors of the Buddha, Roka, and Gharti clans. The origin of the fourth major clan is different. One of the three sons was a shepherd who kept losing the same female goat every day, so one day he followed her when she wandered away from the rest of the herd. He discovered that she was giving her milk to a baby boy living in the hollow part of a bamboo tree. He brought the baby home. This boy grew up and became the ancestor of the Jhankri clan. The language was called "Kaike," meaning "language of the Gods."

## History

The first written history about the Magar people dates as far back as 1100 CE. The Magars are one of the oldest known tribes in Nepal. Their ancient homeland was known as *Magwar Bisaya*, later called Magarat.

Magarat bordered from Marsyangdi river to the Pyuthan area during that time. The Magars prospered at such a level during that period that this part of the country was divided into twelve kingdoms/thams (*Barah* *Magarant or twelve magarat)*—each under its own ruler—the members of each supposedly being of common extraction in the male line. Some records show these twelve areas as being Arghak, Khachi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Rising, Bhirkot, Payung, Garhung, Dhor and Satung. Among them, the most powerful kings were those of Gulmi, Argha, Khachi. Broadly speaking, the twelve Magarat consisted of present-day Argha, Khanchi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Baldengadhi, Rudrapurgadhi, Deuchuli, Tanahang/Tanu-hyula (Tanahu), Kanhu, Ligligkot, Gorkhakot, (Bahakot), Targhakot (Takukot), and Makawanpur areas. Similarly, Athara (eighteen) Magarat consisted of the following regions: Dhurkoi (Gulmi), Gharkoi (Arghakhachi), Paiya (Parbat), Sinkhang (Myagdi), Narikoi (Pyuthan), Balungbang (Pyuthan), Jangkoi (Rolpa), Rukumkoi (Rukum), Chhilikoi (Dang), Bhaba (Dailekh), Borekoi (Jajarkot), Tarakoi (Dolpa), Timarkoi (Jumla), Jural (Doti), Bunkot, Bahrakot, Lu Nanya (Dadeldhura) and Ru-pal (Dadeldhura).

The Magars of the middle and western regions also played an important role in Nepal's formative history. Their kingdom was one of the strongest of west Nepal in and around Palpa District during the time of the 22 Baisi Rajya and 24 Chaubisi Rajya  *principalities (17th and early 18th centuries)*. In the 16th century, Palpa ruler Mukunda Sen briefly invaded the Kathmandu valley. King Dalsur Ghale Magar (1604-1615 BS) was a king of Liglig-Kot until Dravya Shah captured LigligKot and became the king. Ganga Ram Rana Magar also helped Drabya Shah. Ligligkot is also considered the foundation of the Gorkha Kingdom and the foundation of our nation . After Dravya Shah captured LigligKot from Magar King Dalsur Ghale Magar, he captured Gorkhakot, the last Magarat area, from the Magar King, Mansingh Khadka Magar in BS 1616 Bhadra 25. In the kingdoms of Gorkha and Musikot, the Magars even seem to have taken part in their own initial defeat, revealing both the weakness of their ethnic solidarity at that time and the presence of clan rivalries. As mentioned in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, the city of Gorkha was originally the residence of Chitoria (Chitorey) Magars, and the city was built by them. To this day, large numbers of Chitoria/Chitorey Magars are found in the Gorkha District. Additionally, in the Manakamana Temple located in Gorkha, it is mandatory for a priest to be a Magar; specifically, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess. Interestingly, the main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars; it is striking to note how the Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power.

The 18th-century king, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of the modern Kingdom of Nepal announced and loved to call himself ' the King of Magarat' or 'the King of Magar country'. According to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, a senior researcher in Social Anthropology at the French National Center for Scientific Research, Prithvi Narayan Shah narrated in his autobiography about praying to a goddess whom he described as 'the daughter of Rana \[Magar\]. During the time of King Prithvi Narayan, Rana Magars were one of the six-member courtiers (*Tharghar*). Prithvi Narayan Shah in his memories also recalls his Magar *dada*—the man who looked after him during his childhood.

The Scottish contemporary writer, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, contends in his journal that the Shah dynasty was derived from the Magar tribe. He argues that:

> The family of Gorkha or Gorkha Kingdom which now governs Nepal, although it pretends to come from Chittor, according to Sadhu Ram, a good authority, is, in reality, of the Magar tribe; and, at any rate, these people are now firmly attached to its interests, by having largely shared in the sweets of conquest; and by far the greatest part of the regular troops of that family is composed of this nation.
>
> An account of the Kingdom of Nepal

He further contended on Shah family that:

> The family pretends to be of the Pamar tribe; but it is alleged, as I have already explained, that this is a mere fable, and that, on the arrival of the colony from Chitaur, this family were Magars.
>
> An account of the Kingdom of Nepal

Many prominent historians of Nepal have claimed that Aramudi, an eighth-century ruler of the Kali Gandaki region, was a Magar King. "Aramudi" derives from the word for 'river' in the Magar language. 'Ari' – 'Source of Water' + 'Modi'– 'River' = 'Arimodi' or 'Aramudi', thus the literal meaning of Aramudi is a *source of river*. But due to the lack of historical evidence, there are some conflicting ideas among the historians.

Sen dynasty of Palpa were Magar Kings as per the hand-written treatise 'Naradsmriti' and history books written in Sikkim. In a palm-leaf manuscript kept in the Kaiser Library, dated 1567 VS (1510), Mukunda Sen is described as a Magar king of Palpa who invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1581 VS (1524). Thus, in the 17th century, Malla kings of Kathmandu valley were united to fight back the invasion of Magars from Palpa. One of Mukunda Sen's wives was also the daughter of the Magar King of Parkogha: Mahadevi Suvarnamala, and she had four sons: Manishya Sen, Imbarsen, Kuvar and Lohang Sen. Similarly, Gajalaxman Singh, Magar King of Makvanpur, whose daughter Kantivati was married to Abhaya Sen (Magar King) of Palpa. From her was born the great king of kings Bhattarajadeva. Around 1700, the ruler of Baldeng (near present-day Butwal) was overthrown by Palpa and other *chaubisi* states, and he was supposedly a Magar king.

## Subdivisions

Magars are divided into the following Eight tribes *(clans)* listed here in an alphabetical order: Ale, Budha/Budhathoki, Chitorey/Chitaurey, Gharti, Pun, Rana, Roka, Thapa. These tribes all intermarry with each other, have the same customs, and are in every way equal as regards to social standing. Each tribe is subdivided into many sub-clans.

### Ale Magars

Arghali, Durungchung, Hiski, Hungchen, Limel, Pade, Rakhal, Suyal, Sirpali.

### Budhathoki / Budha Magars

Gamal, Jugjali, Pahari, Thami, Arkali, Ulange, Karmani, Kosila, Gamal, Chini, Jiyali, Thami, Janjali, Darlasi, Deowal, Namjali, Pare, Pahare, Pojange, Barkabiri, Balkoti, Ramjali, Romkhami, Sinjali/Singjali, Jujali, Lamichhane, Khame, Doyal.

### Chitorey/Chitaurey

Chitorey, Chitaurey

### Gharti Magars

Dagami, Galami, Kalikotey, Pahari or Panre, Phagami, Rangu, Rawal, Rajali, Sawangi, Sene, Surai, Sinjapati, Sijapati, Talaji, Tirukia, Wale, Thini, Bhujel.

### Pun Magars

Birkali, Baijali, Burduja, Paija, sain, Chochangi, Sinjali, Dut, Purja, Garbuja, Ramjali, Tilija, Armaja, Phungali, Sanangi, Sothi, Sutpahare, Khame, Khoroja, Thane, Tirke, Sabangi, Pahare, Gaura, Phagami/Fagami, Balali, Batha, Saureni, Sherpunja.

### Rana Magars

Aachhami, Aslami, Bangling, Chumi, Gyangmi/Gyami, Kharka/Khadka, Kyapchaki/Kepchaki, Lungeli, Makkim, Maski, Marchu, Palli, Ruchal, Shrees, Surjabansi/Suryabangsi, Limel, Deuka, Jung, Fewali, Basista

### Roka Magars

Jelbangi, Dununge, Ramjali, Bajhangi, Baijali.

### Thapa Magars

To name a few – Āthaghare, Bagale, Bakabal, Bakheti, Baraghare, Birkatta, Kala, Kammu, Khapangi, Palunge, Puwar/Punwar, Sunari, Sāthighare, Sinjali/Singjali, Saplangi, Midun, Mugmi, Pulami, Darlami, Salami, Jarga, Dhenga, Taramu, Tarami, Tarangi, Tangnami, Byangnasi, Masrangi

Gaha Thapa consists of Bucha, Gora, khangaha/khanga.

Reshmi Thapa consists of Dangal.

Saru Thapa consists of Jhapurluk, Jhendi/Jhedi, Kala. Besides these, Gurbachan, Purbachhaney, Phounja, Chauhan, Pachabhaiya, Khamcha, Khandaluk, Ghale, Baral, Somai, Pithakote, Jhakote, Rakaskoti/Raskoti, Uchai, Samal.

In former days, any Thapa who had lost three generations of ancestors in battle became a Rana, but with the prefix of his Thapa clan. Thus, a Reshmi Thapa would become a Reshmi Rana. An instance of this is to be found in the 5th Gurkhas, where a *havildar,* Lachman Thapa, and a naik, Shamsher Rana, descended from the two Thapa \[Magars\] brothers; but three generations of descendants from one of these brothers having been killed in the battle, Shamsher Rana's ancestors assumed the title of Rana while Lachman Thapa's ancestors not having been killed in battle for three generations remained a Thapa. From this custom many Rana sub clans are said to have sprung up, and this would lead one to believe that the Rana-Magar clan was looked up to amongst the Magars.

The Rana clan of Magar tribes come from the same stock of Thapa, but when they were separated from their original group and lost for three generations, they settled in a place called lamjung and called themselves by the name of *Rana* which means chief in khas tradition and language. Thus, the inhabitants of Rana Magar became the lamjung village. The Matwala Khas are generally the progeny of a Khas of Western Nepal and karnali with a Magar woman of Western Nepal. If the woman happens to belong to the khas mixed Rana clan of the Magar tribe, progeny is then called a Bhat Rana. The *Matwala Khas* doesn't wear the sacred thread. They eats pork and drinks alcohol, and in every way assimilates himself with the Magars. He invariably claims to be a matwali khas or pawai khas.

Linguistically, the Magars are divided into three groups. Baraha Magaratis speak Dhut dialect, whereas Athara Magaratis speak Pang and Kaike dialects.

Magar Dhut speakers: Rana, Ale, Thapa

Magar Kham speakers: Budhathoki, Pun, Roka, Gharti

Magar Kaike speakers: Tarali Magar of Dolpa; Budha, Gharti, Roka/Rokaya, Kayat, Jhakri all Magar clans residing in Dolpa and Karnali districts.

## Language and script

Of the 2,013,498 Magar population in Nepal, about 810,315 speak Magar language as their mother tongue while the rest speak Nepali as their mother tongue. The western inhabitants of Nepal did not speak the language in the past.  But recently, almost everyone has started learning the language.  The Magar languages are rooted in the Bodic branch of the Tibetan family.

The Magar language, *Magar Kura*, is spoken in two major dialects and a number of sub dialects reflecting the geographic distribution of the group. The Western Magars of Rapti Zone speak Magar Kham language. In Dolpa District, Magars speak Magar Kaike language. Magar Dhut language speakers are all Magar clans residing in Twelve Magarat. Similarly Magar Kham language speakers are all Magar clans from Eighteen Magarat. Magar Kaike language speakers are all Magar clans in Karnali zone.

Magar Akkha or scripts are used in Sikkim as a Magar language script. Many scholars including MS Thapa have been in forefront to implement the Akkha script to write Magar language in Nepal. New generations have been learning it. Akkha script is said to be closely associated with Brahmi script.

## Religion

As per Nepali census 79% of Magars follow Hinduism though there is high degree of syncretism with Buddhism, Animism and Ancestor Worship. Magars follow Buddhism and Hinduism. The original religions or beliefs of Magar people are Shamanism, Animism, Ancestor worship and northern Nepal's Magar follow Shamanism.

Magars are the main priests of the famous Manakamana Temple in Gorkha District, Budha Subba Temple in Dharan and Alamdevi temple (Nepal's former Shah Kings' mother Goddess or family deity) in Syangja District. In Manakamana Temple, specially, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess Durga Bhawani, an incarnation of Parvati. Similarly, Bhirkot, Gahraukot, Khilung, Nuwakot, Satahukot, Sarankot, Dhor, Lamjung, Gorkha Kalika, Salyankot Dhading also have Magar priests from Saru, Baral, Saru, Saru, Pulami, Chumi, Darlami, DudhrRana, Bhusal/Maski, Saru/Rana Magar clan respectively.

The main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars. Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power.

Most Magars also follow a form of Tibetan Buddhism, with priests known as Lama Guru, forming the religious hierarchy. Buddhism is an important part of the culture even in the southern districts, where the Magars have developed a syncretic form of religion that combines earlier shamanistic and Buddhist rituals with Hindu traditions.

Animists and shamanism form part of the local belief system; their dhami (the faith healer or a kind of shaman) is called Dangar and their jhankri (another kind of faith healer or shaman) was the traditional spiritual and social leader of the Magars. Magars have an informal cultural institution, called *Bhujel*, who performs religious activities, organizes social and agriculture-related festivities, brings about reforms in traditions and customs, strengthens social and production system, manages resources, settles cases and disputes and systematizes activities for recreation and social solidarity.

## Dress and ornaments

Men wear *kachhad* or wrap-on-loincloth, a *bhangra, a bhoto* or a shirt of vest, and the usual Nepali topi. Women wear the *phariya* or *lunghi*, *chaubandhi cholo* or a closed blouse and the heavy *patuka* or waistband, and the *mujetro* or shawl-like garment on the head.

The ornaments are the *madwari* on the ears, *bulaki* on the nose and the *phuli* on the left nostril, the silver coin necklace"\[haari\]" and the *pote* (yellow and Green beads) with the *tilhari* gold cylinder, \[jantar\], \[dhungri\], \[naugedi\], \[phul\], *kuntha, and* also *raiya* in the hand. Magar males do not wear many ornaments, but some are seen to have silver earrings, hanging from their earlobes, called *"gokkul"*. The magar girls wear the amulet or locket necklace, and women of the lower hills and the high-altitude ones wear these made of silver with muga stones embedded in them and *kantha*. The bangles of silver and glass are also worn on their hands along with the *sirbandhi*, *sirphuli* and *chandra* on their heads. These are large pieces of gold beaten in elongated and circular shapes.

## Festivals

### Maghe Sankranti

Maghe Sankranti is considered to be one of the most important annual festivals of the indigenous Magar community. In fact, Maghe Sankranti is the government declared national festival of the Magar community as well as the Tharu community (2009 AD). It is celebrated on the first day of Magh (tenth month of the Nepali calendar, in mid-January), a time that marks the transition from winter to spring. According to the Magar terminology, Maghe Sakranti commemorates the end of *udheli* (literally 'down'), which is a period that lasts for six months starting from mid-July, and the initiation of *ubheli* ('up'), the period lasting for another six months starting from the mid-January. The down and up periods probably correspond to the annual cycle of herding livestock up and down from high pastures, a historically important economic activity of the Magars. The occasion is celebrated with a host of gatherings and special invitations to *chelibetis*, one's daughters and other female members of the family. Traditional Magar songs and dances are also performed. One of the most prominent food items prepared on this day (or any other celebratory occasion) is known as *batuk* (commonly known as 'bara'). It is considered to be a traditional food of the Magar people. Shaped like western doughnuts, it is made from black lentils that have been soaked for over twenty-four hours and are grounded to form a thick paste. It is then mixed with salt, pepper and turmeric and fried in oil. A perfect round shape is formed with the help of the palm, and a small distinct hole is made in the center.

### Bhume Puja

**Bhume Puja** (also known as **Bal puja**) is one of the festivals celebrated by the Kham Magar people from Lumbini and Karnali provinces of Nepal. The term *Bhume* means 'Earth' in Nepali language. The Kham people practice a religion that worships the land (*bhumi puja*), water sprouts (*shim*), forests (*ban puja*) and weather, asking for better crop yields and cattle. The Kham people believe that the Earth is God. Earth is considered to be the mother and protector which provides shelter, food and sustenance for everyone. To make the Earth happy, people perform the dance from mid-May through mid-June. The main celebration takes place during the first week of June.

### Other Major Festivals

* Chandi Purnima, Baisakhe Purnima, Mangsir Purnima, Jestha Purnima.
* Magar people celebrates major festival like "Chhaigo" as Lhosar which is considered as the New Year for Magar community according to the Naagchi Sambat. Magar people also observe festivals like Chaiti, Rungma, Keja, Yacha etc. These festivals are based on the Tibetan Buddhism and the Bon culture.

## Folk songs and dances

Magars have contributed phenomenally in Nepali folk songs and dances. Both men and women take part in folk songs and dances.

### Sorathi

One of the most well-known Magar folk-dances is Sorathi or Maruni dance practiced during Tihar festival. In this dance, the main dancer wears a woman's dress, has someone to mimic her dance and one person to beat a *Madal* or *Rani Madal.* This dance is believed to be of divine origin and is directly linked with mythology. The role of the person beating the *Madal* is considered to be the most important, and even the one who mimics the main dancer is actually considered to be the protectors of the dancer. He wears a mask, entertains the crowd by his own gestures etc. The wearing of the dress by the dance is given a ritualistic position, as the dancer's dress, are elaborately laid along with flowers, rice etc. on a brass plate or a winnower. The dance begins with the worship of *Madal*, the dress, and other ornaments to be used by the dancer, followed by obeisance to all gods and goddesses like Saraswati, Ram, Sita. The dance ends with blessings to the family that has offered alms to the dancing group and brings the end to the dance ritualistically. The dance originated with the Magar community, and later on, people from the various communities started adopting it. Maruni in Western Nepal is different than in other places. Maruni and Sorathi dances were created in Western Nepal by the Magar community, and Magars who migrated to Eastern Nepal started to make small changes as they performed it there too.

### Kaura

Kaura, also known as "Kaanraha" in Magar language, is a folk musical performance indigenous to the hilly regions of Nepal. It is one of the most popular dances in Nepal. Kaura was originated in the Magar community of Rishing Ranipokhari, Tanahun. According to historians, it was originally called "Kaanraha". It typically involves rhythmic movements accompanied by traditional music, often performed during festivals or cultural celebrations to showcase the community's heritage and identity.

### Hurra

Hurra is a dance of the Magar community which is performed during Tihar festival. Hurra Naach was originated in the Magar community of Mudebas Village of Dhankuta. Hurra has been observed from time unknown but it is widely believed that this culture started from 1850 AD. Hurra, now is considered as a broad culture merely than just a cultural dance. After taking permission from the village Mukhiya, Hurra dance culture starts from the porch of Mukhiya’s house and then the whole village sing songs for Deusi/Bhailo and dance on the tunes of the madal. The dance is widely performed in almost all the parts of eastern Nepal.

### Bhume Naach

Bhume Naach is one of the popular dances practiced by the Kham Magar people from Lumbini and Karnali provinces of Nepal. The term *Bhume* means 'Earth' and *Naach* means 'dance' in Nepali language. The main dance of Bhume Naach, requires that the village boys dance in the center of a circle surrounded by dancing girls who wear beautiful clothing, jewellery, and flowers. The Bhume Naach highlights and celebrates the fact that without Earth there is no life.

### Salaijo

Salaijo is a popular Nepali folk song originating from the western region of Nepal. The lyrics of Salaijo typically revolve around topics of love and loss, and the song is often used as a way to express emotions.

### Yanimaya

Yanimaya Bhaka is considered to have originated from the Magar community around the villages of Baglung and Myagdi. It is a form of a *ballad* and the song is often used as a way to express emotions.

### Other Folk-Songs and Dances

Ghatu, Jhorra, Sunimaya, Rung, Bon Lama Naach.

## Occupations

Agriculture and the military are the primary sources of income. Magars constitute the largest number of *Gurkha* soldiers outside Nepal. Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar became the head of government during the regency of Queen Rajendra Laxmi. Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar winner of limbuwan, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar was a Gorkhali general of the Gorkha Kingdom and the Kingdom of Kantipur, General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar and Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar headed the Nepal army. Biraj Thapa Magar was the first army chief in Nepal Army's history.

Dor Bahadur Bista's observation of Magar's occupation during the 1960s was:

> Some of the northernmost Magars have become quite prosperous by engaging in long-range trading that takes them from near the northern border to the Terai, and even beyond to Darjeeling and Calcutta. Were it not for their role in the Gurkha regiments of the Indian and British armies, their self-sufficiency might be endangered.

Toni Hagen, who did his field research in Nepal during the 1950s, observed:

> Magars possess considerable skill as craftsmen: they are the bridge builders and blacksmiths among the Nepalese, and the primitive mining is largely in their hands. On the lower courses of the Bheri & Karnali rivers, a great number of Magars annually migrate to the Terai & there manufacture bamboo panniers, baskets, and mats for sale in the bazaars along the borders. In their most northerly settlement, on the other hand, the important trading centre of Tarakot on the Barbung river, they have largely adopted their way of life, their clothes, and their religion to that of the Tibetans; like the latter, they also live by the salt trade. As regard race, the Magars have almond-shaped eyes or even open eyes, whereas Mongoloid eyes are very rare.

## Military service

In the 1750s, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the "Father of Modern Nepal", was consolidating the many petty kingdoms scattered across the land. For this task, he counted heavily upon his Magar soldiers. The outside world, however, came to know of the Magars only after the British began recruiting soldiers in Nepal for Gurkha regiments from 1815. The British quickly came to appreciate the Magars' qualities and they became an integral part of their Gurkha Regiments.

A number of Magars have distinguished themselves in military service under Nepali, British and Indian military. During Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16), the Magar Unit/Paltan of Nepali Army, Purano Gorakh Battalion, valiantly fought the Battle of Nalapani. Brigadier General Sher Jung Thapa Magar received Mahavir Chakra and Lieutenant Colonel Dhan Singh Thapa Magar won Paramvir Chakra, the highest gallantry award, while serving Indian Army. Similarly, Dipprasad Pun Magar, a Nepalese Sergeant of the Royal Gurkha Rifles (British Army), was the first Nepali winner of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for his valor in Afghanistan in 2010. In the two World Wars, a total of 5 Victoria Cross (out of 13 VCs awarded to Gurkhas) were awarded to the Magars:

## Politics

Magars since the formation of Nepali state had been in a very influential role in the Nepali government until the Kot Massacre. During the time of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and thereafter, Magars were one of the six courtiers of Kings. Nepali military historian Brigadier General (retired) Dr Prem Singh Basnyat also confirm the high government positions held by the Magars notably Biraj Thapa Magar, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar, Kaji Bandhu Rana Magar, Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar and Abhiman Singh Rana Magar. During the Rana Dynasty, Magars almost had nil representation in any government positions, which can be considered the darkest time.

Under the leadership of minister Giri Prasad Burathoki Magar, the first ever Magar Convention was held in Bharse of Gulmi District, one of the 12 Magarat in 1957. The objective of the conference was to sensitize the Magars to come forward in the national spectrum. Later Magar political and social organisations included Nepal Langhali Pariwar (1972), Nepal Langhali Pariwar Sang, and Langhali Pariwar Sangh.

Nepal Magar Association is an un-biased and non-profit organization of Magar indigenous people. It is a common representative organization of all the Magar indigenous people of Nepal and is committed to the preservation and promotion of Magar language and culture; the upliftment of the social-economic and the overall educational condition of the Magar people.

## Notable Magars

1. National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. *Government of Nepal* (Report).
2. "Magar, Eastern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
3. "The Eastern Magar of Nepal". Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-09-12. Note: In Nepal 788,530 are Magar speakers.
4. "go to page 55 for detail data of Hinduism among various ethnicities in Nepal" (PDF).
5. National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. *Government of Nepal* (Report).
6. *Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*. Bishop's College Press. 1895.
7. Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma; Mānandhara, Triratna; Joshi, Shankar Lal (1993). *Social history of Nepal*. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-8170417996.
8. 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report
9. Dharam Vir (1988). *Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment*. Northern Book Centre. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-8185119397.
10. Eden Vansittart. 1993 (reprint). *The Gurkhas*. New Delhi:Anmol Publications. p. 21.
11. Pant and Sharma, The Two Earliest Copperplate Inscriptions from Nepal. p. 6
12. Northey, W. Brook & C. J. Morris. 1927. The Gurkhas Their Manners, Customs and Country. Delhi : Cosmo Publications. (122–125)
13. Brian Hodgson and Captain T Smith also give this information. Eden Vansittart. 1993 reprint. *The Gurkhas*. p. 84.
14. Devkota, Yadav.2076 BS. Itihas: Bahra Magaratmaa Shahi Katak. www.ekantipur.com/koseli/2019/09/14/156843133295239647.html
15. Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. *People of Nepal*. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 62.
16. "King Dalsur Ghale Magar of Liglig-Kot- The tradition of selecting the king". *Organising committee convenor, Purna Bahadur Rana*. 8 October 2016.
17. Devkota, Yadav. 2076/05/28 BS. ibid. www.ekantipur.com
18. Lecomte-Tilouine, Marie. "The Enigmatic Pig: On Magar Participation in the State Rituals of Nepal, pp. 81–120 in M. Lecomte-Tilouine: Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, "Collected Essays", 2009, 294 p." *Oxford University Press*.
19. Beine, Dave (2013-08-25). "An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty". *Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology*. **6**: 61–74. doi:10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479.
20. Hamilton 1819, p. 4.
21. Hamilton 1819, p. 26.
22. Hamilton 1819, p. 240.
23. Tek Bahadur Shrestha. 2003. Parvat Rajyako Aitihasik Ruprekha. Kirtipur: T.U.
24. Dr Swami Prapannacharya. (1994–95) Ancient Kirant History. Varanasi: Kirateshwar Prakashan. p. 518.
25. Hark Gurung, Iman Singh Chemjong, B.K. Rana, Prof. Raja Ram Subedi, Prof. Jagadish Chandra Regmi etc. support the conclusion of Aramudi being the king of Kali Gandaki Region.
26. Mahesh Chaudhary. 2007. "Nepalko Terai tatha Yeska Bhumiputraharu". p. 9
27. Tek Bahadur Shrestha. Op. cit.
28. Whelpton, John (2005). *A History of Nepal*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521804707.
29. Devkota. ibid.
30. Pradhan, Kumar. Ek Prahar. p. 6
31. Devkota. ibid.
32. Ghimire, Bishnu Prasad. Palpa Rajyako Itihas. Part 2. p. 15
33. Chemjong, Imanshing (2014-04-15). *Kirat History and Culture*. Amar Nembang.
34. Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). *Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal*. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-8170248477.
35. "Caste and ethnicities following Hinduism in 2011, go to page 55 for detailed data" (PDF). *Nepali population monograph*. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
36. Devkota, ibid.
37. 1996:66
38. . 1996. "Bheja as a Cultural Strategic Cultural Convention. Community Resource Management in the Barha Maagarat." Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology, Volume 5, Tribhuvan University.
39. Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. *People of Nepal*. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 664.
40. Eden Vansittart. 1993 (Reprint). *The Gurkhas*. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 67.
41. Rishikesh Shaha. 1975. p. 32.
42. *Army Chiefs' Historical Record*. Army Museum. Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal.
43. Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. p. 64.
44. Tony Hagen. 1970. *Nepal the Kingdom in the Himalayas*. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. p. 84.
45. Pant, Mahesh Raj (1978). "The Battle of Nalapani" Regmi Research Series. Kathmandu. 10 (11, 12): 167–70, 187–94. ISSN 0034-348X.
46. Y.M. Bammi. 2009. *Gorkhas of the Indian Army*. New Delhi: Life Span Publishers & Distributors. p. 93.
47. Pradeep Thapa Magar. 2000. *Veer Haruka pani Veer Mahaveer*. p. 9.
48. "'एकीकरणपछि लिम्बूहरूलाई फकाउन गोर्खाली भारदारले मीत लगाए'".
49. B. K. Rana – Sanchhipta Magar Itihas 2003 – p. 82
50. "Nepal Magar Association – ichcap online community". Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-02-04.

## Bibliography

* Acharya, Baburam, *Nepalako Samkshipta Itihasa* (A short history of Nepal), edited by Devi Prasad Bhandari, Purnima No. 48, Chaitra 2037 (March–April 1981), Chapter VII: *Pachhillo Licchavi Rajya*, (I. Sam. 642–880 Am.)
* Aryal, Jibnarayan. (2058BS). *Dr Harsha Bahadur Buda Magar: Bigat ra Bartaman.* Lalitpur: Dr Harsha Bahadur Budha Magar.
* Bajracharya, Dhanabajra. (2064 BS). *Gopalraj Vanshawali Aitihasik Vivechana*. Kirtipur: T.U.
* Bammi, Y.M. (2009). *Gurkhas of the Indian Army*. New Delhi: Life Span Publishers & Distributors.
* Bamzai, P. N. K. (1994). *Culture and Political History of Kashmir. Vol 1. Ancient Kashmir*. New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt Ltd.
* Bista, Dor Bahadur. (1972). *People of Nepal*. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
* Budha Magar, Harsha Bahadur. (1992)*Kirat Vansha ra Magar haru*. Kathmandu: Unnati Bohora.
* Cross, J.P. (1986). *In Gurkhas Company*. London: Arms & Armour Press Ltd.
* Gharti Magar, Balaram. (1999). *Roots*. Taranath Sharma (Tr.). Lalitpur: Balaram Gharti Magar.
* Hagen, Tony. (1970). *Nepal the Kingdom in the Himalayas*. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
* Hamilton, Francis Buchanan (1819), *An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha*, A Constable
* Ministry of Defence. (1965). *Nepal and the Gurkhas*. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
* Nepal, Gyanmani. (2040BS). *Nepal Nirukta*. Kathmandu: Nepal Rajakiya Pragyapratisthan.
* Northey, W. Brook & C. J. Morris. (1927). *The Gurkhas Their Manners, Customs and Country*. Delhi : Cosmo Publications.
* Palsokar, R.D. (1991). *History of the 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)*, Vol III. 1858 to 1991. Shillong: The Commandant, 58 Gorkha Training Centre.
* Rana, B. K. (2003). *Sanchhipta Magar Itihas* (A Concise Hiostroy of Magars)
* Shaha, Rishikesh. (1975). *An Introduction of Nepal*. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
* Stein, M.A. (2007). *Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicles of Kings of Kashmir*. Vol I, II, & III (Reprint). Srinagar: Gulshan Books.
* Sufi, G.M.D. (1974). *Kashir a History of Kashmir. Vol 1*. New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers.
* Thapa Magar, Pradeep. (2000). *Bir Haruka pani Bir Mahavir*. Kathmandu: Bhaktabir Thapa Magar.
* Vansittart, Eden. (1993)(reprint). *The Gurkhas*. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.
* Pramod Thapa (Chief engineer at Dell international Services)
* An account Kingdom of Nepal Frances Hamilton, Rishikesh Shah,

## InfoBox

Magars
| Magars in traditional dress | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 2,309,498 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Nepal | 2,013,498 (6.9% of Nepal's population) (2021) |
| India | 278,000 (2006) |
| Languages | |
| **Native:**<br>Magar<br>**Dialect:**<br>Magar Kham, Magar Kaike, Magar ḍhuṭ<br>**Also**:<br>Nepali | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism 79.4%, Buddhism 18%, Christianity 2.2%, Prakriti 0.4% | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Gurung, Tamang, Tibetan, Thakali and Sherpa | |


title: Task Force Leatherneck

abstract: Task Force Leatherneck or MEB-Afghanistan was a Marine Air-Ground Task Force that operated in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. The name was originally given to the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during its 2009-10 operations for OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM. On July 3, 2010, it was renamed as Regional Command Southwest, RC(SW)|, and in January of 2015 it was renamed Train Advise Assist Command - Southwest (TAAC-SW) under the new NATO mission RESOLUTE SUPPORT. It is also the name used by the 1st Marine Division and 2nd Marine Division during their deployments to Afghanistan. Task Force Leatherneck was commanded by Brigadier General Lawrence D. Nicholson with the command element at Camp Leatherneck. The task force took over the battlespace from Special Purpose MAGTF-Afghanistan on May 29, 2009. In July 2009, Task Force Leatherneck participated in Operation Strike of the Sword, the largest Marine Corps operation since the Battle of Fallujah, and then in February 2010 an even larger battle, the largest of the Afghan Campaign, Operation Moshtarak.

text:
# Task Force Leatherneck

**Task Force Leatherneck** or **MEB-Afghanistan** was a Marine Air-Ground Task Force that operated in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. The name was originally given to the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during its 2009-10 operations for OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM. On July 3, 2010, it was renamed as Regional Command Southwest, RC(SW)|, and in January of 2015 it was renamed Train Advise Assist Command - Southwest (TAAC-SW) under the new NATO mission RESOLUTE SUPPORT. It is also the name used by the 1st Marine Division and 2nd Marine Division during their deployments to Afghanistan. Task Force Leatherneck was commanded by Brigadier General Lawrence D. Nicholson with the command element at Camp Leatherneck. The task force took over the battlespace from Special Purpose MAGTF-Afghanistan on May 29, 2009. In July 2009, Task Force Leatherneck participated in Operation Strike of the Sword (Operation Khanjar), the largest Marine Corps operation since the Battle of Fallujah, and then in February 2010 an even larger battle, the largest of the Afghan Campaign, Operation Moshtarak (Operation Together).

## Order of battle

Task Force Leatherneck comprised two regimental combat teams and four separate battalions with approximately 10,700 personnel.

### Operation Enduring Freedom 9.2

* 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade(2nd MEB)/Task Force Leatherneck(TFL)/Feb 2009 - Mar 2010

5th Battalion 10th Marines (5/10th Marines) - Brigade Headquarters Group (BHG) Headquarters Battery, 5th Battalion, 10th Marines (HQ Battery 5/10th Marines) - Headquarters and Service Company (H&S Company) F Battery, 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines (Fox 2/10th Marines) - Tactical Combat Force (TFC) R Battery, 5th Battalion, 11th Marines (Romeo 5/11th Marines) - Tactical Combat Force (TFC) Military Police Company, (MPC) Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Marine Division(HQ Battalion 2nd Marine Division) - Police Mentoring Teams (PMTs) and Provost Marshal Office (PMO) 34 Squadron, Royal Air Force Regiment (34 Squadron RAF Regiment) - Force Protection Company (FP Company) 3rd Marine Regiment (RCT 3) 2nd Battalion 3rd Marines (2/3rd Marines) 1st Battalion 5th Marines (1/5th Marines) 2nd Battalion 8th Marines (2/8th Marines) 3rd Battalion 11th Marines (3/11th Marines) BATTERY N 5th Battalion 14th Marines (N/5/14th Marines) Company D, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion (D/2nd AAB)(MRAP Company) Detachment L, 4th Civil Affairs Group(L/4th CAG) 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (-) (2nd LARB) Detachment, 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion Detachment, 2nd Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (2nd ANGLICO) Detachment, 3rd Radio Battalion Marine Aircraft Group 40(MAG 40) Combat Logistics Regiment 2(CLR 2) Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division(HQ Battalion 1st Marine Division)  2nd Battalion, 11th Marines(2/11th Marines) 3rd Combat Engineer Battalion(3rd CEB) 1st Reconnaissance Battalion(1st Recon Battalion) 2nd Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment(2/9th Marine Regiment) 2nd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment(2/6th Marine Regiment) 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment(3/3rd Marine Regiment) 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion(1st LARB) Combat Logistics Battalion 1(CLB 1) 1st Battalion, 8th Marines(1/8th Marines) 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines(2/5th Marines) 1st Battalion, 7th Marines(1/7th Marines) 31st Georgian Battalion

### Operation Enduring Freedom 10.1

5th Battalion 10th Marines (5/10th Marines) - Brigade Headquarters Group (BHG) Headquarters Battery 3rd Battalion 10th Marines (HQ Battery 3/10) - Headquarters and Service Company (H&S) Company A, 4th Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (Alpha 4th LARB) - Tactical Combat Force (TFC) Military Police Company, Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division - Police Mentoring Teams (PMTs) and Provost Marshal Office (PMO) 3 Squadron, Royal Air Force Regiment (3 Squadron RAF Regiment) - Force Protection Company (FP Company) 7th Marine Regiment (RCT 7) 1st Battalion 3rd Marines (1/3rd Marines) 3rd Battalion 4th Marines (3/4th Marines) 2nd Battalion 2nd Marines (2/2nd Marines) 3rd Battalion 7th Marines (3/7th Marines) 3rd Battalion 10th Marines (3/10th Marines) Company B, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion (Bravo 2nd AAB) (MRAP Company) Detachment M, 4th Civil Affairs Group (M/4th CAG) 4th Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (-) (4th LAR) Detachment 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion Detachment 2nd Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO) Detachments 1st & 3rd Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO) Marine Aircraft Group 40 (MAG 40) Combat Logistics Regiment 2(CLR 2)

## Commanders

* 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade between 2009 and March 2010
* Brigadier General Joseph Osterman between March 2010 and March 15, 2011 (1st Marine Division (Forward))
* Brigadier General Lewis A. Craparotta between March 15, 2011 and February 25, 2012 (2nd Marine Division (Forward))
* Brigadier General Lawrence D. Nicholson

## InfoBox

| Task Force Leatherneck | |
| --- | --- |
| Task Force Leatherneck Emblem | |
| Active | 2009-2014 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Marine Expeditionary Brigade |
| Role | Expeditionary combat forces |
| Size | 10,700 |
| Part of | Regional Command Southwest |
| Garrison/HQ | Camp Leatherneck |
| Engagements |  |
| Decorations | Presidential Unit Award |
| Commanders | |
| Task Force Commander | Brigadier General Lawrence D. Nicholson |


title: Hymn of San Marino

abstract: The Hymn of San Marino, also known Giubilanti d'amore fraterno and Antico Inno Patrio, was a de facto national anthem of San Marino until 1894, with music by Ulisse Balsimelli and lyrics by Aurelio Muccioli. While occasionally played during public ensemble exhibitions, no sung performance has been recorded yet.

text:
# Hymn of San Marino

The Hymn of San Marino, also known **Giubilanti d'amore fraterno** and **Antico Inno Patrio**, was a *de facto* national anthem of San Marino until 1894, with music by Ulisse Balsimelli and lyrics by Aurelio Muccioli.

While occasionally played during public ensemble exhibitions, no sung performance has been recorded yet.

## Lyrics

### Italian (original)

> Giubilanti d’amore fraterno,
>
> Salutiam la natale pendice!
> Salutiam questa rupe felice
> Vaga gemma dell’italo suol.
> Libertà nostre case tutela
> Libertà le nostr’alme ristora
> Libertà, libertà sol c’infiora
> Di dolcezza, di pace e d’amor.
>
> CHORUS:
> Giuriam fratelli – con tutto il core,
> Al nostro tetto – perenne amor.
> Giuriam, giuriam!
>
> Qui il ladrone col mezzo suo capo
> Non lordava i purissimi colli:
> No! Di sangue non fumano molli
> Questi Sassi del nostro Titan.
> Qui fratelli, e non vili tiranni
> Della Patria fan mite governo;
> Prence e schiavo l’ammiran, né scherno
> Del prezioso suo bene si fa.
>
> CHORUS
>
> Coronata di triplice torre
> Che potenza suprema dinota,
> Ah! non crolla, non cade, ma immota
> Al variar dell’etadi si sta.
> La funesta membranza d’un Giuda
> Che rubar ci provò libertade,
> Viva sempre nell’alme contrade
> Quale storia d’orrendo squallor.
>
> CHORUS
>
> Di Marino la povera rupe
> Salva, o Cielo, da’ fieri perigli;
> E noi fidi, diletti suoi figli
> Emulando le gloria n’andrem.
> Giovanetti, se in core vi suona
> Voce santa d’amore al Titano
> Deh! posate sul petto la mano
> E giurate serbar Libertà!
>
> CHORUS

### English translation

> Jubilant of Fraternal love
>
> we salute the native slope!
> we salute this happy cliff
> vague gem of Italic land.
> Freedom protect our homes
> Freedom restore our souls
> Freedom, only freedom embellishes us
> with peace, love and kindness
> CHORUS:
> Let us vow brothers, with all our soul
> to our roof, everlasting love
> We vow! We vow!
> Here the thief with his corrupted head
> did not soil the pure hills
> NO! Of blood does not smoke soaking
> These stones of our Titan
> Here brothers and not vile Tirants
> of the Fatherland make a peaceful government
> Princes and slaves admire it and neither mockery
> of its precious good is done
>
> CHORUS
>
> Crowned by triple Tower
> that supreme power denotes
> Ah! Does not crumble, does not fall but still
> to the variation of ages it stands.
> The baleful memory of a Judah
> who tried to steal us freedom
> let it live in the roads of our souls
> as a story of horrendous misery
>
> CHORUS
>
> Of Marinus, the poor cliff
> Save, oh heavens, from brave perils
> and us, his beloved sons
> emulating his glory we shall go.
> Youngs, if in your hearts rings
> (the) Holy voice of love for the Titan
> Deh! Put your hands on your chest
> and vow to preserve Freedom!
>
> CHORUS

Source:

## InfoBox

Inno di San Marino
| English: Hymn of San Marino | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  Provisional anthem of San Marino  --- | |
| Also known as | Giubilanti d'amore fraterno (English: Jubilant of Fraternal Love)<br>Antico Inno Patrio (English: Old Patriotic Hymn) |
| Lyrics | Aurelio Muccioli |
| Music | Ulisse Balsimelli |
| Relinquished | 1894 |
| Succeeded by | "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica di San Marino" |


title: House at 216 Warren Street

abstract: House at 216 Warren Street was a historic home located at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York. It was built in 1874 and was an asymmetrical, two-story eclectic frame residence in the Second Empire style. It features a mansard roof and two-story corner tower. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The house was demolished sometime between June 2012 and October 2014.

text:
# House at 216 Warren Street

**House at 216 Warren Street** was a historic home located at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York. It was built in 1874 and was an asymmetrical, two-story eclectic frame residence in the Second Empire style. It features a mansard roof and two-story corner tower.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

The house was demolished sometime between June 2012 and October 2014 (based on Google Street Views).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 216 Warren Street | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 216 Warren St., Glens Falls, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°18′38″N 73°37′4″W / 43.31056°N 73.61778°W / 43.31056; -73.61778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1874 |
| Architectural style | Second Empire |
| Demolished | sometime between June 2012 and October 2014 |
| MPS | Glens Falls MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84003351 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1984 |


title: Gaspare Torretta

abstract: Gaspare Torretta was an Italian athlete who competed in the 1906 Summer Olympics and in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Gaspare Torretta

**Gaspare Torretta** (29 May 1883  4 July 1910) was an Italian athlete who competed in the 1906 Summer Olympics and in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

In 1906, Torretta finished 17th in the long jump event. He also participated in the 100 metres competition but was eliminated in the semi-finals. Two years later in the 100 metres event, Torretta took second place in his first round heat with a time of 12.0 seconds. He did not advance to the semifinals. Torretta died in Milan.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Performance | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1908 | Olympic Games | London | heat | 100 metres | - |  |

* Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). *The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report*. London: British Olympic Association.
* De Wael, Herman (2001). "Athletics 1908". *Herman's Full Olympians*. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
* Wudarski, Pawel (1999). "Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2006.

## InfoBox

Gaspare Torretta
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Born | 29 May 1883
Milan, Italy |
| Died | 4 July 1910(1910-07-04) (aged 27) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Italy |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Sprint
Long jump |
| Club | Mediolanum Milano |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | * 100 m: 11.6 (1905) |


title: Statue of John Peter Altgeld

abstract: A statue of John Peter Altgeld, sometimes called the John Peter Altgeld Monument, is installed in Chicago's Lincoln Park, in the U.S. state of Illinois. The work by Gutzon Borglum was installed in 1915.

text:
# Statue of John Peter Altgeld

A statue of John Peter Altgeld, sometimes called the **John Peter Altgeld Monument**, is installed in Chicago's Lincoln Park, in the U.S. state of Illinois. The work by Gutzon Borglum was installed in 1915.

## InfoBox

| Statue of John Peter Altgeld | |
| --- | --- |
| The statue in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Subject | John Peter Altgeld |
| Location | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 41°55′55.9″N 87°38′15.1″W / 41.932194°N 87.637528°W / 41.932194; -87.637528 |


title: Récré A2

abstract: Récré A2 was a French children's TV programme broadcast in the 1970s and 1980s, on Antenne 2. It was produced by Jacqueline Joubert and first aired on July 3, 1978, lasting until June 29, 1988.

text:
# Récré A2

**Récré A2** was a French children's TV programme broadcast in the 1970s and 1980s, on Antenne 2 (now France 2).

It was produced by Jacqueline Joubert and first aired on July 3, 1978, lasting until June 29, 1988.

## Presenters and staff

## Programs

* Les Musclés, a band from the following program called *Club Dorothée*

* Les années Dorothée. Jacques Pessis, 2007

## InfoBox

Récré A2
| Network | Antenne 2 |
| --- | --- |
| Launched | July 3, 1978 (1978-07-03) |
| Closed | June 29, 1988 (1988-06-29) |
| Country of origin | France |
| Format | Defunct children's block |
| Running time | 60 minutes (weekday)<br>120 minutes (Wednesday) |
| Original language(s) | French |


title: The Unseen University Cut Out Book

abstract: The Unseen University Cut-Out Book is a cut-out book that allows a reader to construct a replica of Unseen University from Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series. It was published on 1 October 2006, and includes a foreword by Terry Pratchett.

text:
# The Unseen University Cut Out Book

***The Unseen University Cut-Out Book*** is a cut-out book that allows a reader to construct a replica of Unseen University from Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series. It was published on 1 October 2006, and includes a foreword by Terry Pratchett.

## The model

The book consists of sheets of card printed with the various faces of the models that the adult reader can cut out and glue to make eight buildings, The Tower of Art at its center:

* The Tower Of Art
* The Great Hall
* The Observatory
* The High Energy Magic Building
* The Clock Tower
* Modo's Garden Shed
* The Library
* The Boathouse

The models were illustrated by illustrator and model maker Alan Batley, from the original Unseen University model by Discworld artist Bernard Pearson.

The book is a 166-page softcover book printed on full 8-1/2" x 11" cardstock. The cut-outs are highly detailed, with many \> tabs to cut by X-acto knife prior to assembly; they are printed in color on one side only throughout pages 39–165, and detailed instructions are printed on both sides of pages 9 to 38 (37-38), also printed in color on card stock.

The actual papers used by Transworld Publishers are "natural, recyclable, products made from wood grown in sustainable forests." (from the copyright page).

## Reception

Literature scholar Anne Hiebert Alton called *The Unseen University Cut Out Book* "an amazingly detailed card-board model needing assembly, along the lines of the well-known paper model of the Globe Theatre."

Unseen University


title: The Woman's World

abstract: The Woman's World was a Victorian women's magazine published by Cassell between 1886 and 1890, edited by Oscar Wilde between 1887 and 1889, and by Ella Hepworth Dixon from 1888..

text:
# The Woman's World

***The Woman's World*** was a Victorian women's magazine published by Cassell between 1886 and 1890, edited by Oscar Wilde between 1887 and 1889, and by Ella Hepworth Dixon from 1888..

## Foundation

In the late nineteenth century, the market for periodicals was growing, and interest from women, who had always been the larger part of the market for fiction, increasing. Cassell and Co. launched a new magazine, *The Lady's World* in October 1886, intended to appeal to an aspirant middle-class audience of lady readers. It concentrated on fashion and trends among high society. Impressed by Wilde's journalism on the *Pall Mall Gazette*, Wemyss Reid, the General Manager of Cassell & Co., wrote to Wilde in April 1887, enclosing several copies of the magazine. Wilde replied interestedly and suggested possible changes to the magazine. In May, he signed a contract for the editorship to work two mornings a week and paid a weekly salary of £6.

## Wilde's editorship

Wilde persuaded the publisher to change the title to *The Woman's World*, the change of description indicated it positioned itself towards an emerging class of educated women reflecting their changing place in society: Wilde designed it as "the first social magazine for women". Stephen Calloway and David Colvin characterized the change as one which eliminated connotations of "bas-bourgeois snobbery and reflected his advanced views on female emancipation". The titular change was part of a wider strategy of focusing more on what women "think and feel" and not exclusively on what they wear.

> Serious articles about women in education and politics accompanied style and society notes, short fiction and poetry and biographical pieces on famous, usually aristocratic, women. *The Woman's World* addressed an élite but expanding readership of middle and upper class educated women with literary and social credentials.

Wilde managed to entice contributions from well-known writers and distinguished figures including, Elisabeth of Wied (the Queen of Romania), Princess Christian and Marie Corelli. He even asked Queen Victoria to submit poems, but was refused. The magazine continued to publish articles on high society trends and fashion, but with a more artistic slant. Sarah Bernhardt wrote an essay on "The history of my tea gown", and Wilde offered to write an article in her name about her American tour. Charles Ricketts also contributed.

Wilde wrote a column of literary notes and responses to readers. At one point he had to defend himself against early animal rights activists who objected his promotion of the "wearing of dead animals" in his fashion notes.

Wilde soon tired of his editorial work and often failed to turn up for work or attend meetings with the publishers. As a result, he was dropped as editor, but the magazine was unable to continue without him.\`

## Bibliography

Clayworth, A. (1997) "*The Woman's World*: Oscar Wilde as Editor" *Victorian Periodicals Review*, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 84–101. Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals

Media related to The Woman's World at Wikimedia Commons


title: Hospital Sótero del Río metro station

abstract: Hospital Sótero del Río station is an elevated metro station located on the overhead section of Line 4 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile. It is named after the Sótero del Río Hospital, which is directly surrounding the station. The station is located in Concha y Toro Avenue near its junction with Gabriela Avenue. The station was opened on 30 November 2005 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Vicente Valdés and Plaza de Puente Alto. The station's surroundings include the Sótero del Río Hospital, the Josefina Martínez children's hospital, schools, a religious centre, local stores, a supermarket, and the 38th Comisaría de Puente Alto police station. The location of this station makes it useful for patients of both hospitals. Unusually for an elevated station, the ticket office and concourse are located underground. This is to create extra space due to the large number of commuters travelling through the station.

text:
# Hospital Sótero del Río metro station

**Hospital Sótero del Río station** is an elevated metro station located on the overhead section of Line 4 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile. It is named after the Sótero del Río Hospital, which is directly surrounding the station. The station is located in Concha y Toro Avenue near its junction with Gabriela Avenue.

The station was opened on 30 November 2005 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Vicente Valdés and Plaza de Puente Alto.

The station's surroundings include the Sótero del Río Hospital, the Josefina Martínez children's hospital, schools, a religious centre, local stores, a supermarket, and the 38th Comisaría de Puente Alto police station. The location of this station makes it useful for patients of both hospitals.

Unusually for an elevated station, the ticket office and concourse are located underground. This is to create extra space due to the large number of commuters travelling through the station.

## Etymology

The station takes the name from the hospital, which is named after Sótero del Río Gundián (born in Cauquenes, at March 29, 1900; died in Santiago, Chile, at May 10, 1969). Del Río was a physician, scholar, researcher, entrepreneur, business leader and Chilean politician. He served as Minister of State for the Presidents Juan Esteban Montero, Juan Antonio Ríos, Gabriel González Videla and Jorge Alessandri. His namesake hospital is the largest in southeastern Santiago, and one of the most important in Santiago.

## InfoBox

| Hospital Sótero del Río | |
| --- | --- |
| **Santiago Metro station** | |
| Inside the station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Concha y Toro Avenue / Gabriela Avenue |
| Coordinates | 33°34′37″S 70°34′56″W / 33.57694°S 70.58222°W / -33.57694; -70.58222 |
| Line(s) | Line 4 |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Transantiago buses |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | November 30, 2005 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Santiago Metro Following station  Elisa Correatowards Tobalaba  Line 4  Protectora de la Infanciatowards Plaza de Puente Alto | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Hospital Sírio-Libanês

abstract: The Hospital Sírio-Libanês is a Brazilian private hospital, located in the Bela Vista neighborhood, in the central region of São Paulo. The hospital was founded by the large Syrian and Lebanese community of São Paulo in 1965. It is one of the most well-known health facilities in Brazil due to the high quality of care. In 2024 it was ranked among the top 100 best hospitals in the world by a survey of specialists and patients, being the second best in Brazil.

text:
# Hospital Sírio-Libanês

The **Hospital Sírio-Libanês** (Syrian-Lebanese Hospital) is a Brazilian private hospital, located in the Bela Vista neighborhood, in the central region of São Paulo. The hospital was founded by the large Syrian and Lebanese community of São Paulo in 1965. It is one of the most well-known health facilities in Brazil due to the high quality of care. In 2024 it was ranked among the top 100 best hospitals in the world by a survey of specialists and patients, being the second best in Brazil.

## Complex

The main complex is located in the Bela Vista district, next to Paulista Avenue, central zone. Other units are located in Itaim Bibi and Jardins both in São Paulo and an oncology unit found in the Brazilian capital Brasilia

The hospital is divided into various units:

* Bela Vista, São Paulo \- Hospital complex, including hospitalization units, surgical center, diagnostic center and emergencies.
* Itaim Bibi, São Paulo - Diagnostics center, day hospital, health accompaniment center and check-up center, human reproduction center and vein treatment center.
* Jardins, São Paulo - Attention unit.
* Brasilia \- Oncology center.

On 1 July 2010, the hospital was visited by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma al-Assad during their official visit to Brazil, awarding its director Dr. Riad Younis with the Syrian Order of Merit.

## InfoBox

| Hospital Sírio-Libanês | |
| --- | --- |
| The "Hospital Sírio-Libanês" | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil |
| Coordinates | 23°33′25″S 46°39′16″W / 23.55694°S 46.65444°W / -23.55694; -46.65444 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.hospitalsiriolibanes.org.br |


title: Hospital Station

abstract: Hospital Station is a 1962 science fiction book by author James White and is the first volume in the Sector General series. The book collects together a series of five short stories previously published in New Worlds magazine between 1957 and 1960.

text:
# Hospital Station

***Hospital Station*** is a 1962 science fiction book by author James White and is the first volume in the Sector General series. The book collects together a series of five short stories previously published in *New Worlds* magazine between 1957 and 1960.

## Stories

* "Medic" – During the construction of Sector 12 General Hospital, construction worker O'Mara is suspected of negligently causing the death of two alien workers. Pending an investigation he is restricted to quarters and given the aliens' child to care for.
* "Sector General" – The first story of the main series' narrative. Doctor Conway has spent two months on the station and is about to be confronted with several emergencies as well as his first educator tape.
* "Trouble with Emily" – Conway is ordered to assist with a project involving a large dinosaur-like alien, dubbed Emily (after Emily Brontë) for its supposed resemblance to *Brontosaurus*.
* "Visitor at Large" – A SRTT shape-changing alien runs amok in the hospital. Conway and a newly arrived Prilicla are enlisted to capture it.
* "Out-Patient" – Following the recovery of a badly injured alien from a wrecked ship, Conway must pursue a radical treatment.

## InfoBox

Hospital Station
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | James White |
| Language | English |
| Series | Sector General |
| Genre | Anthology |
| Publisher | Ballantine |
| Publication date | 1962 |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 192 |
| Preceded by | *none* |
| Followed by | *Star Surgeon* |


title: How to See Yourself as You Really Are

abstract: How to See Yourself As You Really Are is a 2006 book by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.

text:
# How to See Yourself as You Really Are

***How to See Yourself As You Really Are*** is a 2006 book by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.

## Overview

The concept of the book as taught by the Dalai Lama is that human beings each possess the ability to achieve happiness and a meaningful life, but the key to attaining that goal is self-knowledge. He teaches how to avoid the common negative notions of self and perspective on life and how to see the world from a more loving, human viewpoint. Using personal experiences and anecdotes, the Dalai Lama explains the idea that combining meditative concentration and love, true enlightenment is attained and is the key to happiness.

He concludes the book, saying, "Even though it is necessary in the beginning to have a strong will in order to develop love and compassion, will is not sufficient to develop these altruistic attitudes limitlessly. It is important to join the practice of love and compassion with the practice of insight. Even if you seek to help someone out of concern, without insight you cannot be very clear about what benefit will come of your efforts. A combination is needed: a good human heart as well as a good human brain. Working together, we can achieve a lot."

## InfoBox

How to See Yourself As You Really Are
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Philosophy |
| Publisher | Atria |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 0-7432-9045-3 |
| Dewey Decimal | 294.3/422 22 |
| LC Class | BQ7935.B774 H69 2006 |


title: How to Sink Slowly

abstract: How to Sink Slowly is the second studio album by South Korean shoegaze musician Brokenteeth. The album was released on 23 February 2023.

text:
# How to Sink Slowly

***How to Sink Slowly*** (Korean: 추락은 천천히; RR: *Choorageun cheoncheonhi*) is the second studio album by South Korean shoegaze musician Brokenteeth. The album was released on 23 February 2023.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Sputnikmusic | 4.0/5 |

Sunnyvale of Sputnikmusic described the album as "No matter how beautiful a given moment gets, there remains a sort of ambivalence about the proceedings." Pop music critic Seojeongmingab commented, "His music stands on the side of everyone who experienced and handled the moment by beautifully embodying even the moment of fall." Yoo Seongeun of Music Y reviewed the track *138* of the album and said, "The lyrical melody and soft voice are barely audible, and most of the space is occupied by the lazy stroke sound of the electric guitar, and in the chaotic mind, emotions such as sentimentalness and sadness that you could feel when listening to Radiohead's album in the early days are swirling."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Sun is Setting" (해는 지고 있는데) | 5:00 |
| 2. | "138" | 4:34 |
| 3. | "Walkerrrr…" | 2:56 |
| 4. | "Sunset Strike" ("노을폭격") | 5:06 |
| 5. | "Two Lines" ("동상이몽") | 4:21 |
| 6. | "Sleepwalk to Sink" ("추락") | 6:12 |
| 7. | "Farewell to a Long Night" | 2:19 |
| 8. | "Heaven Express(again)" | 4:46 |
| 9. | "Spring" | 7:27 |
| 10. | "How to Avoid the Bends" ("잠수병") | 4:38 |

## InfoBox

| How to Sink Slowly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Brokenteeth | |
| Released | February 23, 2023 (2023-02-23) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 47:19 |
| Label | Poclanos |
| Producer | Brokenteeth |
| Brokenteeth chronology | |
| *The Letters*
(2021) ***How to Sink Slowly***
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *How to Sink Slowly* | |
| 1. "Spring"
Released: 2 August 2022 2. "Heaven Express(again)"
Released: 20 December 2022 | |
|  | |


title: Noel Kingsbury

abstract:
Noel Kingsbury is a British garden designer and writer on gardening, plant sciences and related topics. He is best known for his promotion of naturalistic planting design in gardens and designed landscapes, and his collaboration with Dutch garden and landscape designer Piet Oudolf on books on planting design. He writes occasionally for The Daily Telegraph, Gardens Illustrated magazine and The Garden - the membership magazine of the Royal Horticultural Society. He has worked with Nigel Dunnett of the University of Sheffield on the first book in English on green roof and related 'green architecture' technologies.
In collaboration with Tim Richardson Kingsbury has edited Vista, the Culture and Politics of Gardens and co-chairs events at the Garden Museum in London under the title 'Vista'. He has worked with several notable garden photographers, such as Marianne Majerus and Andrea Jones. Kingsbury earned a doctorate from the University of Sheffield in 2009, for a thesis on the Long term performance of ornamental herbaceous vegetation. He continues to research in this area. Kingsbury has also written a history of plant breeding, Hybrid, The History and Science of Plant Breeding (2009).

text:
# Noel Kingsbury

**Noel Kingsbury** is a British garden designer and writer on gardening, plant sciences and related topics. He is best known for his promotion of naturalistic planting design in gardens and designed landscapes (e.g. the 1996 publication of 'The New Perennial Garden', pub. Frances Lincoln, London), and his collaboration with Dutch garden and landscape designer Piet Oudolf on books on planting design. He writes occasionally for *The Daily Telegraph*, *Gardens Illustrated* magazine and *The Garden* \- the membership magazine of the Royal Horticultural Society. He has worked with Nigel Dunnett of the University of Sheffield on the first book in English on green roof and related 'green architecture' technologies. In collaboration with Tim Richardson Kingsbury has edited *Vista, the Culture and Politics of Gardens* and co-chairs events at the Garden Museum in London under the title 'Vista'. He has worked with several notable garden photographers, such as Marianne Majerus and Andrea Jones.

Kingsbury earned a doctorate from the University of Sheffield in 2009, for a thesis on the *Long term performance of ornamental herbaceous vegetation*. He continues to research in this area.

Kingsbury has also written a history of plant breeding, *Hybrid, The History and Science of Plant Breeding* (2009).

## Books

* Kingsbury, Noel (1996). *The Indoor Gardener: Creative Displays for Every Home*. Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 9780747278658.
* Potter, Jennifer; Kingsbury, Noel (1998). *Secret Gardens*. Conran Octopus. ISBN 9781850299622.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2003). *Natural Gardening in Small Spaces*. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 9780711220157.
* Dunnett, Nigel; Kingsbury, Noel (2008). *Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls*. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881929119.
* Oudolf, Piet; Kingsbury, Noel (2009). *Designing with Plants*. Conran Octopus. ISBN 9781840915266.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2011). *Hybrid: The History & Science of Plant Breeding*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226437132.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2011). *Garden Designers at Home: The Private Spaces of the World's Leading Designers*. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781862058422.
* Oudolf, Piet; Kingsbury, Noel (2011). *Landscapes in Landscapes*. The Monacelli Press. ISBN 9789089892850.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2013). *Daffodil: The Remarkable Story of the World's Most Popular Spring Flower*. Timber Press. ISBN 9781604693188.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2014). *Gardening with Perennials: Lessons from Chicago's Lurie Garden*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226437453.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2015). *Hidden Histories: Trees*. Timber Press. ISBN 9781604696172.
* Oudolf, Piet; Kingsbury, Noel (2015). *Hummelo: A Journey Through a Plantsman's Life*. Monacelli Press. ISBN 9781580934183.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2016). *Garden Flora: The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants in Your Garden*. Timber Press. ISBN 9781604697735.
* Kingsbury, Noel; de Ridder, Maayke (2016). *New Small Garden: Contemporary Principles, Planting and Practice*. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 9780711236806.
* Oudolf, Piet; Kingsbury, Noel (2016). *Planting: A New Perspective*. Timber Press. ISBN 9781604697315.
* Blake, Jimi; Kingsbury, Noel (2019). *A Beautiful Obsession: Jimi Blake's World of Plants at Hunting Brook Gardens*. Filbert Press. ISBN 9781999734527.
* Kingsbury, Noel; Takacs, Calire (2022). *Wild, the Naturalistic Garden*. Phaidon. ISBN 9781838661052.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2023). *Piet Oudolf At Work*. Phaidon Press. ISBN 9781838664244.
* Kingsbury, Noel (2023). *The Story of Flowers and How They Changed the Way we Live*. Orion. ISBN 9780857829207.

## InfoBox

| Noel Kingsbury | |
| --- | --- |
| Kingsbury in 2013 | |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | Garden designer, writer |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Sheffield |
| Thesis | *An investigation into the performance of species in ecologically based ornamental herbaceous vegetation, with particular reference to competition in productive environments* (2008) |
|  | |


title: Noel Kirsten

abstract: Noel Kirsten was a South African cricketer. He played in eighteen first-class matches for Border from 1946/47 to 1960/61. Four of Kirsten's sons played first-class cricket in South Africa, Peter, Andy, Gary and Paul, with Peter and Gary representing South Africa in Test cricket.

text:
# Noel Kirsten

**Noel Kirsten** (27 December 1925  30 September 1986) was a South African cricketer. He played in eighteen first-class matches for Border from 1946/47 to 1960/61.

Four of Kirsten's sons played first-class cricket in South Africa, Peter, Andy, Gary and Paul, with Peter and Gary representing South Africa in Test cricket.

## InfoBox

Noel Kirsten
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-12-27)27 December 1925
King William's Town, South Africa |
| Died | 30 September 1986(1986-09-30) (aged 60)
Cape Town, South Africa |
| Source: Cricinfo, 6 December 2020 | |


title: Nordisk Tonefilm

abstract:
Nordisk Tonefilm was a Swedish film production company founded in 1930 as a subsidiary of the Danish film production company Nordisk Film Kompagni. The company's most famous film was One Summer of Happiness (1951).
In early 1941, the company sought permission to distribute Veit Harlan's anti-semitic Nazi propaganda film, Jud Süß in Sweden but it was banned by the censor. Production mainly took place at the Kungsholmen Studios in Stockholm. The company's finances deteriorated in the late 1960s and the company was sold in 1969 to Omega Film AB, which moved into Apelbergsgatan 58. Omega Film AB canceled its payments on April 2, 1971 and was declared bankrupt on September 19, 1972. Tonefilm, which was a subsidiary of Omega Film, left Apelbergsgatan in 1974-75. The successor company Nya Svenska AB Nordisk Tonefilm was formed by Ingemar Ejve in June 1973. The first recording was Maria directed by Mats Arehn. The company changed its name to Nordisk Tonefilm AB in September 1976. In 1984, Ingemar Ejve ran his business together with William Aldridge, Björn Henricson and Lennart Norbäck. Nordisk Tonefilm and Ingemar Ejve were producers for Mio in the Land of Faraway (1987), a difficult-to-master co-production between Sweden, Norway and the Soviet Union. The film became the most expensive to date in Swedish film history. Nordisk Tonefilm AB changed its name to Gamma-film Aktiebolag in January 1989. Thus, the business ceased.

text:
# Nordisk Tonefilm

***Nordisk Tonefilm*** (Danish for 'Nordic sound film') was a Swedish film production company founded in 1930 as a subsidiary of the Danish film production company Nordisk Film Kompagni. The company's most famous film was *One Summer of Happiness* (1951). In early 1941, the company sought permission to distribute Veit Harlan's anti-semitic Nazi propaganda film, *Jud Süß* in Sweden but it was banned by the censor. Production mainly took place at the Kungsholmen Studios in Stockholm.

The company's finances deteriorated in the late 1960s and the company was sold in 1969 to *Omega Film AB*, which moved into Apelbergsgatan 58. *Omega Film AB* canceled its payments on April 2, 1971 and was declared bankrupt on September 19, 1972. Tonefilm, which was a subsidiary of Omega Film, left Apelbergsgatan in 1974-75.

The successor company *Nya Svenska AB Nordisk Tonefilm* was formed by Ingemar Ejve in June 1973. The first recording was *Maria* directed by Mats Arehn. The company changed its name to *Nordisk Tonefilm AB* in September 1976. In 1984, Ingemar Ejve ran his business together with William Aldridge, Björn Henricson and Lennart Norbäck. *Nordisk Tonefilm* and Ingemar Ejve were producers for Mio in the Land of Faraway (1987), a difficult-to-master co-production between Sweden, Norway and the Soviet Union. The film became the most expensive to date in Swedish film history. *Nordisk Tonefilm AB* changed its name to *Gamma-film Aktiebolag* in January 1989. Thus, the business ceased.


title: Nordisk Panorama Film Festival

abstract: Nordisk Panorama Film Festival is an annual film festival for Nordic short and documentary films, founded in 1990 and organized by Nordisk Panorama. From 1990 to 2012, the festival rotated between different cities in the five Nordic countries. Since 2013, it has taken place in Malmö, Sweden in September every year.

text:
# Nordisk Panorama Film Festival

**Nordisk Panorama Film Festival** is an annual film festival for Nordic short and documentary films, founded in 1990 and organized by Nordisk Panorama. From 1990 to 2012, the festival rotated between different cities in the five Nordic countries. Since 2013, it has taken place in Malmö, Sweden in September every year.

## Description

The festival is arranged by Nordisk Panorama, with support from the City of Malmö, Region Skåne and *Film i Skåne**,* among others. During the festival, Nordisk Panorama offers film screenings and other audiovisual experiences in cinemas, museums, libraries, clubs and other venues in Malmö.

Nordisk Panorama highlights a selection of about 100 Nordic short and documentary films from new talents as well as established filmmakers. The festival is a platform for networking between film professionals from the Nordic countries and becomes a meeting place for the general audience and for filmmakers, producers, distributors and other professionals.

Nordisk Panorama consists of the annual festival and the two industry events Forum and Market. All year, the organization promotes Nordic short films and documentaries at international festivals and events, hosts workshops for filmmakers and presents seminars.

## History

Nordisk Panorama was founded in 1990 by the Danish organization *Filmkontakt Nord*. From 1990 to 2012, the festival took place in different Nordic cities each year under the name **Nordisk Panorama – 5 Cities Film Festiva**l. In 2013, there was a will to have a more permanent base for the festival and it is now held in Malmö in September every year.

From 2013 to 2018, the festival was a project under the City of Malmö, with support from Region Skåne and the Swedish Film Institute. Since 2018, Nordisk Panorama has been its own organization and consists of Filmkontakt Nord in Denmark and *Film Festival Nord AB* in Sweden, with financial support from the City of Malmö, Region Skåne, Film i Skåne and the Swedish Film Institute. It receives additional support from all Nordic film institutes, the Nordic Council of Ministers and the European Union MEDIA programme.

The cities hosting the festival from 1990 to 2012 were:

## Awards and programmes

### Jury awards

The selected films compete in three sections, each with its own jury:

#### Best Nordic Documentary

* Sponsored by the Nordic public broadcasters DR, NRK, RUV, SVT and YLE.

#### Best Nordic Short Film

* Sponsored by the Nordic director’s associations.
* The winning short film may qualify for consideration at the Academy Awards.

#### New Nordic Voice

* Introduces short films and documentaries by promising Nordic filmmakers.
* Sponsored by Film i Skåne and AVEK.

### Audience awards

#### Young Nordic – Children’s Choice Award

* Young Nordic is a programme aimed at children and youth.
* Sponsored by Nordisk Panorama.

#### City of Malmö’s Audience Award

* All films in the main competition programmes are competing in this category.
* Sponsored by the City of Malmö.

### Special Programme

In addition to the competition programmes, Nordisk Panorama has a special programme with films that do not compete in any of the award categories.

## Nordisk Panorama Forum

Nordisk Panorama Forum for Co-financing of Documentaries is an annual meeting place and funding event for industry professionals, open to filmmakers, decision makers, experts, observers and film school students. Forum is open to projects in any stage of production and the selected projects are pitched or presented to nordic and international financiers and decision makers. To be eligible, a submitted project must qualify as an independent production, a nordic or baltic production, and have credible backing from a regional, national or international financier.

## Nordisk Panorama Market

Nordisk Panorama Market is open to distributors, buyers and film festivals. The market showcases new nordic shorts and documentary films and consists of events, seminars and opportunities to network and promote new films. Market also arranges closed screenings for shorts and docs yet to premiere internationally, and a work-in-progress event for upcoming titles.

1. "About". *Nordisk Panorama*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
2. "Report From Nordisk Panorama, 2013". Cinema Citizen. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
3. "Filmaktörer i Skåne - Region Skåne". *www.skane.se*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
4. "Nordisk Panorama Nordic Short & Doc Film Festival". *Film i Skåne* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-07-13.
5. s.r.o, Appio Digital. "Nordisk Panorama Forum for Co-financing of Documentaries | DOKweb". *dokweb.net*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
6. "Year Round". *Nordisk Panorama*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
7. "Nordisk Panorama 5 Cities Film Festival". *Nordiska kulturfonden*. Archived from the original on 2015-09-17. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
8. "Festivaler och marknader". *Svenska Filminstitutet* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-07-13.
9. "Beslutsförslag: Bidrag till Nordisk Panorama 2014" (PDF). Kulturnämnden, Region Skåne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
10. "Nordisk Panorama - Tidigare festivaler". *old.nordiskpanorama.com*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
11. Cunningham, Nick. "Nordisk Panorama Film Festival Winners 2020 – Business Doc Europe". Retrieved 2021-07-13.
12. "94th Academy Awards: Short Films Qualifying Festival List" (PDF). *Oscars.org*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
13. "Nordisk Panorama 2020: The complete winners". *MODERN TIMES REVIEW*. 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
14. "Malmö stads publikpriser". *Malmö stad*. 2021-03-31.
15. "Forum Guidelines". *Nordisk Panorama*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
16. "Market". *Nordisk Panorama*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.

## InfoBox

Nordisk Panorama Film Festival
| Location | Malmö, Sweden |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1990 |
| Website | http://www.nordiskpanorama.com |


title: Norrländska Socialdemokraten

abstract: Norrländska Socialdemokraten (NSD) is a daily regional newspaper published in Norrbotten County, Sweden.

text:
# Norrländska Socialdemokraten

***Norrländska Socialdemokraten*** (*NSD*) (Swedish: *The Norrland Social Democrat*) is a daily regional newspaper published in Norrbotten County, Sweden.

## History and profile

As of the division of the Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party in May 1917, *NSD* was founded in 1918 because the original regional organ for the party, *Norrskensflamman*, went with the vast majority of the social democratic district to join the newly founded Swedish Social Democratic Left Party. The newspaper was first published on 4 January 1919, and the stated position of the editorial page is "social democratic".

In 2010 it was the largest morning newspaper in the region, as well as the largest newspaper published north of Uppsala with a circulation of 35,600. The circulation of the paper was 32,300 copies in 2011. The paper had a circulation of 31,000 copies in 2012 and 30,100 copies in 2013.

## InfoBox

Norrländska Socialdemokraten
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Norrbottens Media AB (Norrköpings Tidningar 51 %, Piteå-Tidningen 25,3 %, Valrossen AB 23,7 %) |
| Editor | Mats Ehnbom |
| Founded | 1918 |
| Political alignment | Social democratic |
| Language | Swedish |
| Headquarters | Robertsviksgatan 5,<br>Luleå |
| Website | https://www.nsd.se |


title: Moses the Lawgiver

abstract: Moses the Lawgiver is a six-hour television miniseries filmed in 1973/74 and starring Burt Lancaster as Moses. It was an ITC/RAI co-production filmed in Rome and on location in Israel and Morocco. Many of the writers, cast and crew contributed to another ITC/RAI Biblical co-production, the ambitious miniseries Jesus of Nazareth, released in 1977.

text:
# Moses the Lawgiver

***Moses the Lawgiver*** is a six-hour television miniseries filmed in 1973/74 and starring Burt Lancaster as Moses. It was an ITC/RAI co-production filmed in Rome and on location in Israel and Morocco.

Many of the writers, cast and crew contributed to another ITC/RAI Biblical co-production, the ambitious miniseries *Jesus of Nazareth*, released in 1977.

## Plot summary

The Story of the Exodus or freedom of Hebrews from Egypt is told in a perspective which highlights Moses' efforts to persuade first the stubborn Pharaoh Merneptah, who was his adopted cousin, to release his work force of slaves. Then, once free and in the wilderness en route to the Promised Land, Moses must prove to be a pious and patient leader or lawgiver to a people who still think they want more out of him or God. For 40 years, Moses (Burt Lancaster) must carry on this load and challenge for God and Israel.

With the help of his brother Aaron (Anthony Quayle), and Joshua (Aharon Ipale), the nation or people of Israel are officially born or created after centuries ago God promised and vowed Jacob/Israel that he would be the father of a mighty nation.

## Cast

## Production

As Charlton Heston's son Fraser acted out the infant Moses in the 1956 Hollywood production of *The Ten Commandments*, so Burt Lancaster's son Bill, credited as William Lancaster, acted out the role of Moses as a young man in *Moses the Lawgiver.*

The Italian government suggested to the series' producer, Lew Grade, that he should meet Pope Paul VI, and subsequently did so at his wife's insistence. Grade and his wife Kathie had a private audience with Paul who told them of his pleasure at the film and offered his endorsement to be used for publicity purposes. Paul suggested to Grade that his next film should be called 'In the footsteps of Jesus'; the Pope's suggestion developed into the miniseries *Jesus of Nazareth*.

## Soundtrack

The "Moses Theme" was composed by Ennio Morricone; the original music was performed by Gianna Spagnulo and Coro e Orchestra dell'Unione Musicisti Romani.

## Novelization

In 1975, a tie-in book, written by Australian author Thomas Keneally, was published by Harper & Row.

## Broadcast and home media

CBS committed to airing the series in America as it went into production. The six episodes aired on Saturday nights at 10pm from 21 June to 2 August 1975. In the summer of 1978, the show was rerun on Sunday nights at 10pm.

The six-hour miniseries was later edited into a 141-minute theatrical release version under the title *Moses*.

In 2004, the edited version was released as a one-disc DVD. A 300-minute version (two-disc set) was released in 2012 for Latin America (but not dubbed into Spanish and compatible in both Regions 1 & 4); it was packaged (somewhat deceptively) as *Moises y los 10 Mandamientos*-Extended Version. The same original version was released on region 1 DVD by S'More Entertainment in the US on May 14, 2019.

1. Smith, Cecil (22 June 1975). "'MOSES THE LAWGIVER:' can Moses compete with guns and cops?". *Los Angeles Times*. p. 1.
2. Chester 2010, p. 186.
3. *Moses the Lawgiver* (1975), Harper & Row Publishers
4. Canby, Vincent (27 March 1976). "Screen: 'Moses' Opens: Burt Lancaster Stars in TV Series Revision". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

## Further reading

* Chester, Lewis (2010). *All My Shows Are Great: The Life of Lew Grade*. London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-84-513508-9.

## InfoBox

| *Moses the Lawgiver* | |
| --- | --- |
| UK DVD cover | |
| Genre | Biblical
Biography
Drama
History |
| Written by | Vittorio Bonicelli
Anthony Burgess
Gianfranco De Bosio
Bernardino Zapponi |
| Directed by | Gianfranco De Bosio |
| Starring | Burt Lancaster
Anthony Quayle
Ingrid Thulin
Irene Papas |
| Theme music composer | Ennio Morricone |
| Country of origin | Italy
United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Lew Grade
Bernard J. Kingham
Vincenzo Labella |
| Cinematography | Marcello Gatti |
| Editors | Peter Boita
Mario Bava
Alberto Gallitti |
| Running time | 360 minutes |
| Production companies | ITC Entertainment
RAI |
| Budget | $5 million |
| Original release | |
| Network | Rai 1 (Italy)
ITV (United Kingdom)
CBS (United States) |
| Release | 21 June (1975-06-21)
2 August 1975 (1975-08-02) |


title: Everything Is Changing (EP)

abstract: Everything Is Changing is the second extended play from Jonny Diaz. Centricity Music released the EP on September 18, 2015. Diaz worked with Chad Copelin, in the production of this EP.

text:
# Everything Is Changing (EP)

***Everything Is Changing*** is the second extended play from Jonny Diaz. Centricity Music released the EP on September 18, 2015. Diaz worked with Chad Copelin, in the production of this EP.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| 365 Days of Inspiring Media |  |
| *CCM Magazine* |  |
| Cross Rhythms |  |
| New Release Today |  |
| *Worship Leader* |  |

Rating the EP four and a half stars for *CCM Magazine*, Kevin Sparkman says, "Solidifying Diaz’s forthcoming longevity, there’s a cohesiveness heard throughout this album found only in the most seasoned artists." Caitlin Lassiter, giving the EP four stars from New Release Today, describes, "*Everything Is Changing* is sure to minister to Jonny's fans and encourage listeners to trust the One who holds them steady when everything else is shifting around them, because thankfully, some things just never change." Awarding the EP four and a half stars at 365 Days of Inspiring Media, Jonathan Andre writes, "Jonny continues to deliver music with a message, even after his lucrative deal to delve into the country music genre...Jonny’s music has always been the same, and the same can be said of this new EP."

Andrew Greenhalgh, writing a review for Soul-Audio, states that, "*Everything Is Changing* is a record that will speak to those who find their lives in flux, running this way and that, and who need a breath of fresh air." Rating the EP an eight out of ten by Cross Rhythms, Stella Redburn says, "The songs are not complicated but have been well produced by Chad Copelin which maintains the interest." Brendan Prout, indicating in a four star review from *Worship Leader*, responds, "An exquisitely crafted piece of artwork".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Enough In You" | 3:42 |
| 2. | "Breathe" | 3:33 |
| 3. | "Joy" | 3:03 |
| 4. | "Saved From" | 3:25 |
| 5. | "Chance" | 3:16 |
| 6. | "All Because of You" | 3:21 |
| Total length: | | 20:20 |

## Charts

Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Billboard Christian Airplay | Billboard Christian AC | Billboard AC Indicator |
| 2016 | "Breathe" | 3 | 3 | 2 |

## InfoBox

| Everything Is Changing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Jonny Diaz | |
| Released | September 18, 2015 (2015-09-18) |
| Genre | Worship, CCM, country gospel |
| Length | 20:20 |
| Label | Centricity |
| Producer | Chad Copelin |
| Jonny Diaz chronology | |
| *Let It Fly*
(2014) ***Everything Is Changing***
(2015) | |


title: Epicauta normalis

abstract: Epicauta normalis is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Epicauta normalis

***Epicauta normalis*** is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Epicauta normalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Meloidae |
| Tribe: | Epicautini |
| Genus: | *Epicauta* |
| Species: | ***E. normalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epicauta normalis***<br>Werner, 1944 | |
|


title: Now I'm a Woman

abstract: Now I'm a Woman is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in July 1970. It marked a transition in Wilson's career towards R&B-oriented material that she would record over the next decade. The production team of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, known for developing Philadelphia soul, wrote songs for Wilson and used their staff of arrangers-conductors, including Bobby Martin and Thom Bell, to create a record with "the Philly sound." David Cavanaugh, who had produced all of Wilson's albums since her 1959 debut, served as executive producer on the project. Jason Elias of AllMusic calls Now I'm a Woman "an important album in Wilson's oeuvre and the Philly sound." He notes that "Wilson falls right into the production style. The title track is a customary strong outing from Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff." He also highlights "the beautiful" Gamble-Huff song "Joe," noting Bell's production and saying, "Wilson gives an amazing performance and a particularly emotional note that might go through a listener." Reviewing the album in 1970, Billboard praised Wilson as "a talent of consistent fine quality" and said "in this album she demonstrates her versatility and professionalism." Stereo Review had mixed feelings about the album, saying, "She's as good as ever. That is, if you like last year's hits warmed over." But they also praised several songs on the second side. "Let's Fall in Love All Over Again is a wildly gushy old-fashioned love song, and I'm wild about it. Make It with You is my favorite and for me the flirt song of the year." Now I'm a Woman was a No. 5 hit on Billboard's Best Selling Soul LPs, and remained on the chart for 23 weeks, while the title track reached No. 41 on Best Selling Soul Singles. The album entered the Billboard 200 on November 28, 1970, eventually peaking at No. 54. In 2013, SoulMusic Records released a digitally remastered version of the album, paired with Can't Take My Eyes Off You, another Wilson album from 1970. The compact disc contains three bonus tracks.

text:
# Now I'm a Woman

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz* |  |

***Now I'm a Woman*** is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in July 1970. It marked a transition in Wilson's career towards R&B-oriented material that she would record over the next decade. The production team of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, known for developing Philadelphia soul, wrote songs for Wilson and used their staff of arrangers-conductors, including Bobby Martin and Thom Bell, to create a record with "the Philly sound." David Cavanaugh, who had produced all of Wilson's albums since her 1959 debut, served as executive producer on the project.

Jason Elias of AllMusic calls *Now I'm a Woman* "an important album in Wilson's oeuvre and the Philly sound." He notes that "Wilson falls right into the production style. The title track is a customary strong outing from Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff." He also highlights "the beautiful" Gamble-Huff song "Joe," noting Bell's production and saying, "Wilson gives an amazing performance and a particularly emotional note that might go through a listener."

Reviewing the album in 1970, *Billboard* praised Wilson as "a talent of consistent fine quality" and said "in this album she demonstrates her versatility and professionalism." Stereo Review had mixed feelings about the album, saying, "She's as good as ever. That is, if you like last year's hits warmed over." But they also praised several songs on the second side. "Let's Fall in Love All Over Again is a wildly gushy old-fashioned love song, and I'm wild about it. Make It with You is my favorite and for me the flirt song of the year."

*Now I'm a Woman* was a No. 5 hit on *Billboard*'s Best Selling Soul LPs, and remained on the chart for 23 weeks, while the title track reached No. 41 on Best Selling Soul Singles. The album entered the *Billboard* 200 on November 28, 1970, eventually peaking at No. 54.

In 2013, SoulMusic Records released a digitally remastered version of the album, paired with *Can't Take My Eyes Off You*, another Wilson album from 1970. The compact disc contains three bonus tracks.

## Track listing

### Side 1

1. "Now I'm a Woman" (Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff) – 2:50
2. "Joe" (Allan Felder, Kenny Gamble, Norman Harris) – 2:23
3. "(They Long to Be) Close to You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 3:30
4. "The Long and Winding Road" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:28
5. "Bridge over Troubled Water" (Paul Simon) – 5:00

### Side 2

1. "Let's Fall in Love All Over" (Bobby Martin) – 3:12
2. "Lonely, Lonely" (Gamble, Huff) – 2:58
3. "How Many Broken Wings" (Helen Lewis, Kay Lewis) – 3:13
4. "The Real Me" (Gamble, Huff) – 2:50
5. "Make It with You" (David Gates) – 3:01

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Now I'm a Woman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nancy Wilson | |
| Released | July 1970 |
| Venue | Los Angeles |
| Genre | Vocal jazz, soul |
| Length | 33:00 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Staff for Gamble-Huff Productions |
| Nancy Wilson chronology | |
| *Can't Take My Eyes Off You*
(1970) ***Now I'm a Woman***
(1970) *But Beautiful*
(1971) | |