title: Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment

abstract: The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, most commonly known as Rawlings' Regiment in period documents, was organized in June 1776 as a specialized light infantry unit of riflemen in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The American rifle units complemented the predominant, musket-equipped, line infantry forces of the war with their long-range marksmanship capability and were typically deployed with the line infantry as forward skirmishers and flanking elements. Scouting, escort, and outpost duties were also routine. The rifle units' battle formation was not nearly as structured as that of the line infantry units, which employed short-range massed firing in ordered linear formations. The riflemen could therefore respond with more adaptability to changing battle conditions. The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment consisted of nine companies—four from Maryland and five from Virginia. The two-state composition of the new unit precluded it from being managed through a single state government, and it was therefore directly responsible to national authority as an Extra Continental regiment. Because most of the newly formed regiment surrendered to British and German forces at the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776, the service history of the unit's surviving element is complex. Although modern and contemporaneous accounts of the battle convey the impression that it marked the end of the regiment as a combat entity, a significant portion of the unit continued to serve actively in the Continental Army throughout most of the remainder of the war. Elements of the regiment served with George Washington's Main Army and participated in the army's major engagements of late 1776 through 1778. Select members of the regiment were also attached to Col. Daniel Morgan's elite Provisional Rifle Corps at its inception in mid-1777. The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was reorganized in January 1779 and was stationed at Fort Pitt, headquarters of the Continental Army's Western Department, in present-day western Pennsylvania primarily to help in the defense of frontier settlements from raids by British-allied Indian tribes. The unit was disbanded with all other Additional and Extra Continental regiments during the reorganization of the Continental Army in January 1781. It was the longest serving Continental Army rifle unit of the war.

text:
# Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment

The **Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment**, most commonly known as **Rawlings' Regiment** in period documents, was organized in June 1776 as a specialized light infantry unit of riflemen in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The American rifle units complemented the predominant, musket-equipped, line infantry forces of the war with their long-range marksmanship capability and were typically deployed with the line infantry as forward skirmishers and flanking elements. Scouting, escort, and outpost duties were also routine. The rifle units' battle formation was not nearly as structured as that of the line infantry units, which employed short-range massed firing in ordered linear formations. The riflemen could therefore respond with more adaptability to changing battle conditions.

The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment consisted of nine companies—four from Maryland and five from Virginia. The two-state composition of the new unit precluded it from being managed through a single state government, and it was therefore directly responsible to national authority as an Extra Continental regiment.

Because most of the newly formed regiment surrendered to British and German forces at the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776, the service history of the unit's surviving element is complex. Although modern and contemporaneous accounts of the battle convey the impression that it marked the end of the regiment as a combat entity, a significant portion of the unit continued to serve actively in the Continental Army throughout most of the remainder of the war. Elements of the regiment served with George Washington's Main Army and participated in the army's major engagements of late 1776 through 1778. Select members of the regiment were also attached to Col. Daniel Morgan's elite Provisional Rifle Corps at its inception in mid-1777. The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was reorganized in January 1779 and was stationed at Fort Pitt, headquarters of the Continental Army's Western Department, in present-day western Pennsylvania primarily to help in the defense of frontier settlements from raids by British-allied Indian tribes. The unit was disbanded with all other Additional and Extra Continental regiments during the reorganization of the Continental Army in January 1781. It was the longest serving Continental Army rifle unit of the war.

## Organization

During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress directed the organization of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment in resolves dated June 17 and 27, 1776. The unit comprised three of the four independent Continental rifle companies that had formed in Maryland and Virginia by decree of Congress in mid-1775, and six new companies—two from Maryland and four from Virginia. The three 1775 companies, among the first of the colonial units to join the newly constituted Continental Army, were raised and initially commanded by Capts. Michael Cresap, Thomas Price, and Hugh Stephenson. The nine-company force became a regiment on the same tables of organization as the 1st Continental Regiment, which was originally the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. Unlike this Pennsylvania unit, however, the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was an Extra Continental regiment because of its two-state composition. It was not part of a state line organization but was instead directly accountable to national authority (Congress and the Continental Army). The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment's field officers were drawn from the original three 1775 companies based on their seniority. Hugh Stephenson from Virginia became the colonel, and Marylanders Moses Rawlings of Cresap's company and Otho Holland Williams of Price's company were designated the lieutenant colonel and major, respectively. All company officers were appointed in the summer of 1776, and subsequent recruiting for the unit in the two states extended to the end of the year. Recruiting occurred in Frederick and Harford Counties, Maryland, and Berkeley, Frederick, Loudoun, Fauquier, Prince William, and Culpeper Counties, Virginia. The enlisted men of the regiment served for three years or the duration of the war.

## Battle of Fort Washington and surviving elements

By early November 1776, the majority of the regiment's officers and enlisted men had joined Washington's Main Army while it was engaged in the battle for New York City during the New York and New Jersey campaign. They were initially stationed at Fort Washington on Manhattan Island and nearby Fort Lee on the opposite side of the Hudson River. On November 16, most of the regiment was captured or killed during the Battle of Fort Washington. The riflemen were defending the northern end of the American position from a much larger force of several thousand Hessian troops. After heavy fighting that lasted most of the day and during which the Hessians suffered many casualties, the riflemen were eventually driven from the outer works into the fort where they and the rest of the outnumbered American garrison surrendered to the combined British and German attack force. Lieutenant Colonel Rawlings was commanding the regiment during the battle because Colonel Stephenson had died of illness in August or September and had not been replaced. About 140 of the regiment's officers and enlisted men—one-third of the unit's total complement of about 420 men—were not present at the battle, however, because they were still completing organization and recruiting. A few enlisted men of the regiment who escaped from their captors within the short chaotic period following the battle augmented this remaining active force, which continued to serve with the Main Army. On December 1, the first day of the army's next regular reporting period following the fall of Fort Washington, Washington provisionally grouped these remnants of the diminished regiment into two composite rifle companies commanded by the unit's highest ranking officers still free—Capts. Alexander Lawson Smith and Gabriel Long. Smith's company comprised all the remaining Marylanders in the regiment, whereas the Virginians of the unit were placed under Long's command.

The regiment's two composite companies served with the Main Army during its retreat across New Jersey in late 1776, in the ensuing Battles of Trenton and Princeton in Brig. Gen. Hugh Mercer's Brigade, and in the early 1777 skirmishing in northern New Jersey, a period termed the Forage War. While in winter quarters at Morristown during the winter and spring of 1777, the two-company force and other riflemen from Pennsylvania and Virginia Line regiments supported detached elements of line infantry units in front-line positions and conducted patrols in northern New Jersey, primarily to keep the enemy's aggressive foraging activities in check. Because the two units under Captains Smith and Long provided an experienced, if small, force, Washington also used them to bolster the new 11th Virginia Regiment commanded by Col. Daniel Morgan after its arrival at Morristown in early April by formally attaching them to this Virginia regiment. Washington's decision to join the two composite companies with the 11th Virginia Regiment was based on Morgan's earlier direct association with the original three independent Continental rifle companies of 1775 that formed the core element of Rawlings' regiment. Inasmuch as the attachment of one military unit to another was technically a temporary arrangement, however, the permanent unit of Smith's and Long's composite companies remained the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment. The first muster rolls of the two companies taken after the Battle of Fort Washington, both dated May 16, 1777, were compiled by the army staff as a result of the attachment process and show that the units comprised about 110 officers and enlisted men on active duty in the spring of 1777. The rolls also document that the units had lost a number of men over the winter months following the battle, primarily through desertion and a few deaths due to illness or wounds.

## Attachment to Morgan's Provisional Rifle Corps

The success of these rifle units during the skirmishing period, coupled with the arrival of large numbers of new army recruits, led Washington to create additional provisional rifle companies. He placed them under the command of Daniel Morgan in early June 1777, calling the unit the Provisional Rifle Corps, although it was most commonly known as Morgan's Rifle Corps in period documents. Morgan then simultaneously led the 11th Virginia Regiment, his permanent unit, and this provisional unit. Thirty-five officers and enlisted men in Smith's and Long's composite companies, as well as others selected from their regular musket regiments, were detached from their permanent units to form this elite regiment-sized force. The men from the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment all served in one of the Rifle Corps' eight companies, Capt. Gabriel Long's Provisional Rifle Company; with the exception of a single man, all other members of the company came from the 11th Virginia Regiment. Like Morgan, Long was now technically in command of two Continental Army units, one permanent and one provisional. Long served in the Rifle Corps until his resignation in May 1779, at which time command of his company passed to Marylander Lt. Elijah Evans, also one of the original officers of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment. Evans returned to Rawlings' regiment, his permanent unit, when his detached duty in the Rifle Corps ended with its formal disbanding in early November 1779. The Rifle Corps is most notable for the major role it played in the Battles of Saratoga.

Most members of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, however, were not chosen for the Rifle Corps and remained with the Main Army. The Marylanders in Smith's composite company served with the 11th Virginia Regiment in the 3rd Virginia Brigade at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, as well as at the Battle of Monmouth after they were administratively attached to the 4th Maryland Regiment of the 2nd Maryland Brigade at the end of the 1777 campaign season. The Virginians in Long's composite company remained attached to the 11th Virginia Regiment and fought at the same engagements in 1777 and 1778. Lt. (later Capt.) Philip Slaughter was the acting commander of the company during Long's nearly two-year attachment to the Rifle Corps and its permanent commander after Long's resignation.

## Fort Frederick and reorganization

Soon after Lt. Col. Moses Rawlings, a Marylander, was exchanged from British captivity in late December 1777 or January 1778, the Board of War, at the request of the Maryland state government, assigned him command of the prisoner-of-war camp at Fort Frederick, Maryland, and its state militia guard. The elements of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment in the field continued to be led by the company commanders until recruiting could bring the regiment up to greater strength. Maj. Otho Holland Williams, exchanged on January 16, 1778 (likely with Rawlings), had been promoted to colonel of the 6th Maryland Regiment in December 1776 while a prisoner of war; he took command of this unit upon his release. The position of major in the reduced Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was never refilled.

In the late spring of 1778, Rawlings began marshaling his regiment, including returning prisoners of war and new recruits, to reestablish its full complement. His efforts met with only limited success, however, despite Washington's request to Maryland governor Thomas Johnson in late December 1777 in anticipation of Rawlings' imminent exchange "that the most early and vigorous measures will be adopted, not only to make \[Rawlings'\] Regiment more respectable, but compleat  \[*sic*\]." Moreover, in early October 1778 Congress permitted Rawlings and his officers to recruit outside Maryland, with each new enlistee being officially entitled to the enlistment bonus and clothing allowance of his own state's line organization. Implementation of this unusual ruling, however, added few men to the unit, reflecting the Continental Army's increasing difficulty in recruiting by this time of the war. The few existing recruiting records for the unit indicate that by the end of 1778, Rawlings' force of Continental regulars at Fort Frederick probably included no more than 30 to 40 new enlistees.

Washington initiated more definitive measures to strengthen the regiment in early 1779. At his request, Congress authorized on January 23 the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment to be reorganized into three companies, recruited to full strength, and reassigned from Fort Frederick to Fort Pitt, headquarters of the Continental Army's Western Department. The reorganization, which was implemented on March 21, served to supplement forces engaged in the defense of frontier settlements of present-day western Pennsylvania and vicinity from Indian raids that had started in early 1777. In mid-1778, after more than a year of these attacks by warriors of British-allied Iroquois tribes, Washington commenced a concerted effort to neutralize the threat to the backcountry settlements of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia—the war's western front. In support of the reorganization process, on February 16, 1779, Washington ordered that all the regiment's detached members in the Main Army be reincorporated into the unit. Pursuant to Washington's order, the enlisted men in Smith's composite company who were attached to the 4th Maryland Regiment rejoined Rawlings' command. In contrast, the Virginians of Long's composite company already had been all but formally incorporated into the 11th Virginia Regiment by order of the Virginia state government in February 1777. (Because Long's unit was a component of an Extra Continental regiment and therefore had no administrative connection to an individual state, the Virginia state government had exceeded its authority in this action, which was technically only within the purview of Congress. Washington tacitly accepted the arrangement, but the process was probably not formalized until the reorganization and redesignation of the 11th Virginia Regiment as the 7th Virginia Regiment on May 12, 1779.) Moreover, the enlisted men of Smith's and Long's companies who were still attached to the Provisional Rifle Corps, which was not part of the Main Army at this time, remained in that unit until mid-1779, at which time they left the service because their three-year enlistment periods had expired. Rawlings' force therefore now consisted of almost all Marylanders and was variously identified as the "Maryland Corps," "Maryland Rifle Corps," and "Maryland Independent Corps" during its service on the western frontier. The unit, however, remained outside the state line organization, a source of great frustration for its officers. Because no unit-redesignation orders accompanied the reorganization orders, the unit's formal name remained the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment despite significant variations from the unit's original 1776 configuration.

## Fort Pitt and the Western Department

After recruitment of the three companies had been no more than partially completed, Rawlings' regiment set off for Fort Pitt, arriving there in late May 1779. The three companies consisted of about 100 enlisted men, well below the prescribed total of about 60 enlisted men per company in a Continental Army line infantry regiment in 1779. Moreover, a month after its arrival, the unit lost almost half of its troop strength because the three-year enlistment periods of those men who had joined the regiment during its organization in mid-1776 had terminated. To further complicate matters, Rawlings resigned his command of the regiment on June 2, primarily because of his frustration over not being able to fully rebuild the unit, and did not accompany his men. He remained the commandant of Fort Frederick and subsequently served as Deputy Commissary of Prisoners for Maryland. Capt. Alexander Lawson Smith also did not proceed to Fort Pitt with the riflemen. He likely stayed with the 4th Maryland Regiment of the Main Army in a continued attached capacity until Congress approved his resignation from "the regiment formerly Rawlins  \[*sic*\]" in September 1780. The regiment was now commanded by senior captain Thomas Beall and later Capt. Adamson Tannehill, both of whom had been with the unit since its inception.

The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment complemented the existing garrison at Fort Pitt: the 8th Pennsylvania and 9th (formerly 13th) Virginia Regiments. The men of these Pennsylvania and Virginia line infantry units had been recruited from the central and western frontier counties of the two states and were assigned to the army's Western Department while at Valley Forge, reflecting a clear logic on Washington's part. With the arrival of Rawlings' regiment, Western Department commander Col. Daniel Brodhead now led a force of largely frontier raised men experienced in Indian-style woodlands warfare. In his most notable tactical achievement, Brodhead headed a campaign of about 600 of his Continental regulars, which included the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, local militia, and volunteers to the upper waters of the Allegheny River in August and September 1779, where they destroyed the villages and crops of hostile Mingo and Munsee Indians. Brodhead's expedition was part of Washington's wide-ranging, coordinated offensive of the summer of 1779 that also included the larger, concurrent Sullivan Campaign led by Maj. Gen. John Sullivan and Brig. Gen. James Clinton against enemy Iroquois and Loyalist units in southern and western New York State. From mid-1779 until late 1780, however, the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was primarily deployed in detachments to support line infantry contingents at several of the frontier outposts in the general vicinity of Fort Pitt, including Fort Laurens, Fort McIntosh, Fort Henry (Wheeling), and Holliday’s Cove Fort in what is now eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and adjacent northern West Virginia.

Change in command of the regiment occurred for the third time in late 1780. Under continual pressure to maintain sufficient troop strength in the unit, regimental commander Capt. Thomas Beall ran afoul of army regulations and Western Department commander Brodhead by approving the enlistment of a British prisoner of war in February 1780. Beall tried to rectify his lapse in judgment by discharging the recruit, although after he had already been given his recruitment bounty and service clothes. On August 14, 1780, at Fort Pitt, Captain Beall was tried by court-martial, found guilty of "discharging a Soldier after having been duly inlisted  \[*sic*\] and receiving his regimental cloathing  \[*sic*\] through private and interested views thereby defrauding the United States," and on October 13, was dismissed from the service. Capt. Adamson Tannehill succeeded Beall as commander of the regiment for the remaining few months of the unit's existence.

## Disbanding

On November 1, 1780, Washington issued orders approved by Congress that specified plans for the comprehensive reorganization of the Continental Army effective January 1, 1781. All Additional and Extra Continental regiments, such as the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, that had not been annexed to a state line organization were disbanded by that date. The much-diminished unit comprised only 2 officers and 50 enlisted men in late December 1780. The officers received discharges on January 1, 1781, and the enlisted men of the unit were transferred to the Maryland Line. Relocation of the men from their remote post at Fort Pitt to their new assignments, however, was not completed until November 1781, at least in part because their officers were not present to supervise the process.

The lineage of the regiment's Virginia elements is carried on by the 201st Field Artillery Regiment (United States).

### Primary references (books)

### Primary references (periodicals)

### Primary references (archive documents)

* Beall to Washington (May 7, 1779): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 34, frames 375–376.
* Brodhead to Washington – Return of troops in the Western Department (April 17, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Brodhead to Washington (May 29, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Callender and Debruler war-pension testimonies: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804: roll 452, frames 006–015, claim no. S 40792 (Pvt. John Callender); roll 782, frames 729–744, claim no. S 35890 (Pvt. John Debruler).
* Davenport, Callender, and Debruler war-pension testimonies: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804: roll 744, frames 038–059, claim no. S 35874 (Pvt. Adrian Davenport); roll 452, frames 006–015, claim no. S 40792 (Pvt. John Callender); roll 782, frames 729–744, claim no. S 35890 (Pvt. John Debruler).
* Dowden war-pension testimony: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804, roll 844, frames 145–161, claim no. S 30996 (Pvt. James Dowden).
* Fritts war-pension testimony: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804, roll 1029, frames 580–596, claim no. S 42732 (Pvt. Valentine Fritts).
* Harris and Smith war-pension testimonies: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804: roll 1199, frames 493–499, claim no. S 31726 (Pvt. James Harris, Long's Co.); roll 2216, frames 514–531, claim no. W 19052 (Pvt. Jacob Smith, Long's Co.).
* Hendricks to Washington (April 12, 1777): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Johnson to Washington (April 23, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Lingan and Davenport war-pension testimonies: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804: roll 1567, frames 879–891, claim no. S 34962 (Lt. Thomas Lingan, Smith's Co.); roll 744, frames 038–059, claim no. S 35874 (Pvt. Adrian Davenport, Smith's Co.).
* Lineage and honors certificate, 201st Field Artillery Regiment (March 12, 2003): United States Army Center of Military History, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
* Long's Co. muster roll (May 16, 1777): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 109, frames 492–494 ("A Muster Roll of Capt. Gabriel Long's Company of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment of Foot Commanded by Col. Daniel Morgan ... May 16th 1777 – Together with part of Capts. Shepherd, West's & Brady's Compys").
* Long's Co. muster rolls (July 1777 – May 1778): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 109, frames 495–527.
* Long's Provisional Rifle Co. pay roll (July 1777): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 133, frames 414–415 ("Pay Roll of Capt. Gabl. Long's Detach'd Comy. of Rifle men Commdd. by Colo. Danl. Morgan for the month of July 1777").
* Long's Provisional Rifle Co. pay rolls (July 1777 – May 1778): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 133, frames 414–450.
* Long's Provisional Rifle Co. pay rolls (April – September 1779): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, Microcopy M246, roll 133, frames 433–448.
* Rawlings to Congress (November 28, 1785): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 360, microcopy M247, roll 51, item 41, v. 8, pp. 361–363.
* Rawlings to Washington (August 1778): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 360, microcopy M247, roll 51, item 41, v. 8, p. 365.
* Returns of the Maryland Corps (December 25, 1780): Maryland State Archives, Maryland State Papers (Series A), Box 21, Items 119A and 119B, MSA No. S 1004-27 ("A Return of the Commissioned Officers of the Maryland Corps \[Late Rawlings's\] Specifying their Names, Rank, Claims to Promotion &c." and "Return of the Non-Commission'd officers & Rank and File of the Maryland Corps \[formerly Commanded by Lieut. Colo. Moses Rawlings\] of Foot in the Army of the United States, under the Command of His Excellency Genl. Washington, Specifying the expiration of Inlistments, Monthly from the 10th. of October 1780 to July next inclusively, together with the number engaged to Serve during the War").
* Rider and Dych war-pension testimonies: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804: roll 2045, frames 001–010, claim no. S 40341 (Pvt. Adam Rider); roll 879, frames 446–452, claim no. S 42689 (Pvt. Peter Dych).
* Smith's Co. pay roll (May 1, 1777): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 126, frames 190–200 (at end of roll 126) ("Pay Roll of Capt. Alex. Lawson Smith's Comy. with part of Capts. Griffith's, Davis' & Beall's Comys. of Lieut. Colo. Moses Rawlings Batn. Riflemen, now under Command of Colo. Danl. Morgan of the 11th Virginia Regiment ... 1st Day of May 1777").
* Smith's Co. muster roll (May 16, 1777): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93, microcopy M246, roll 126, frames 175–176 (at end of roll 126) ("A Muster Roll of Capt. Alexr. Lawson Smith's Company Including part of other Company's belonging to the same Regiment of Lieut. Colo. Rawling's Batn. of Foot now under Commnd. \[*sic*\] of Colo. Daniel Morgan of 11th Virga. Regmt.").
* Smith's Co. muster rolls (1778): Maryland Historical Society, Revolutionary War Collection, MS 1814.
* Tannehill to Roberts (April 24, 1818), in Callender war-pension testimony: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 15, microcopy M804, roll 452, frame 13, claim no. S 40792 (Pvt. John Callender).
* Tannehill to Smallwood (December 25, 1780): Maryland State Archives, Maryland State Papers (Series A), Box 21, Item 120, MSA No. S 1004-27.
* Washington to Brodhead (January 10, 1781): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Washington to Congress (July 4, 1776): U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 360, microcopy M247, roll 166, item 152, v. 2, pp. 152–157.
* Washington to Congress (September 28, 1776): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries A, Letterbook 2.
* Washington to Congress (December 24, 1776): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries A, Letterbook 2.
* Washington to Congress (January 21, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Washington General Orders (February 16, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries G, Letterbook 4.
* Washington General Orders (November 7, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries G, Letterbook 4.
* Washington General Orders (October 13, 1780): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries G, Letterbook 5.
* Washington General Orders (November 1, 1780): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries G, Letterbook 5.
* Washington to Morgan (June 13, 1777): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Washington to Rawlings (March 21, 1779): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 4.
* Washington to Shippen (January 6, 1777): Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries B, Letterbook 2.

### Secondary references

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Continental Army riflemen skirmishing with enemy troops at the Battle of Saratoga. Painting by H. Charles McBarron Jr. | |
| Active | June 17, 1776 – January 1, 1781: organized June 17, 1776; reorganized January 23, 1779; disbanded January 1, 1781 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | Continental Army |
| Type | Light Infantry |
| Size | ~420 officers and enlisted men in late 1776, 52 officers and enlisted men in late 1780 |
| Garrison/HQ | Fort Lee, Fort Washington, Fort Frederick, Fort Cumberland, Fort Pitt |
| Nickname(s) | Stephenson's Rifle Regiment, Rawlings' (or Rawlins') Regiment, Maryland Corps, Maryland Rifle Corps, Maryland Independent Corps |
| Engagements | Battle of Fort Washington<br>Battle of Trenton<br>Battle of Princeton<br>Philadelphia Campaign (Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown)<br>Battle of Monmouth<br>Brodhead Campaign<br>Battles of Saratoga (elements)<br>Battle of White Marsh (elements)<br>Butler Campaign (elements)<br>Sullivan Campaign (elements) |
| Commanders | |
| First Commander | Col. Hugh Stephenson (June–September 1776) |
| Second Commander | Lt. Col. Moses Rawlings (September 1776 – June 1779) |
| Final Commanders | Capt. Thomas Beall (June 1779 – October 1780), Capt. Adamson Tannehill (October 1780 – January 1781) |


title: María Victoria Angulo

abstract: María Victoria Angulo González is a Colombian politician who served as Minister of National Education from 2018 to 2022.

text:
# María Victoria Angulo

**María Victoria Angulo González** (born 28 January 1975) is a Colombian politician who served as Minister of National Education from 2018 to 2022.

## InfoBox

| María Victoria Angulo | |
| --- | --- |
| Angulo in 2019. | |
|  | |
| Minister of National Education | |
| **In office**
August 7, 2018  August 7, 2022 | |
| President | Iván Duque |
| Preceded by | Yaneth Giha Tovar |
| Succeeded by | Alejandro Gaviria |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | María Victoria Angulo González
(1975-01-28) January 28, 1975
Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia |
| Education | University of the Andes
Pompeu Fabra University |
|  | |


title: The World According to Paris

abstract: The World According to Paris is an American reality television series focusing on the daily life of Paris Hilton. It aired on Oxygen from June 1, to July 20, 2011. On August 23, 2011, it was announced that Oxygen did not renew the series for a second season.

text:
# The World According to Paris

***The World According to Paris*** is an American reality television series focusing on the daily life of Paris Hilton. It aired on Oxygen from June 1, to July 20, 2011. On August 23, 2011, it was announced that Oxygen did not renew the series for a second season.

## Overview

*The World According to Paris* focuses on Hilton's daily life as well as her relationships with family, friends and then-boyfriend Cy Waits. It also features her court-ordered community service stemming from her arrest in Las Vegas, Nevada for cocaine possession and the planning of her 30th birthday party.

## Cast

## Production

On September 30, 2010, it was announced that Oxygen had greenlighted a reality television series revolving around Paris Hilton. The project was produced by A. Smith & Co. Productions. Arthur Smith, Kent Weed, Paris Hilton, Richard Hilton and Jamie Freed served as executive producers. Filming took place from November 2010 to February 2011. On August 23, 2011, Oxygen cancelled the series after its first season.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Breaking and Entering" | June 1, 2011 (2011-06-01) | 0.409 |
| Paris moves into sister Nicky's house after a man breaks into her home. Meanwhile, a text message from an ex jeopardizes her romance with Cy. | | | | |
| 2 | "Brooke's Breakdown" | June 8, 2011 (2011-06-08) | 0.227 |
| Paris and Cy set Brooke up on a blind date with Marco Andretti, but the evening takes an unforeseen twist. | | | | |
| 3 | "Vegas Virgin" | June 15, 2011 (2011-06-15) | 0.349 |
| Paris, Jennifer, Allison, and Paris's cousin Brooke take Lexi to Las Vegas, Nevada, but things get dicey when a feud erupts between Lexi and Allison. | | | | |
| 4 | "New Year, Old Drama" | June 22, 2011 (2011-06-22) | 0.223 |
| Paris and Cy's New Year's Eve trip to Cabo San Lucas ends in a fight. Brooke leaves rehab to be with her family in Aspen, but is haunted by a notorious fight with Charlie Sheen. | | | | |
| 5 | "Hola, Baby?" | June 29, 2011 (2011-06-29) | 0.372 |
| Kathy and Paris's cousin Brooke try to help Paris lose weight before her trip to Madrid to announce the launch of her motorcycle racing team. The unflattering photos of Paris at Madrid spark rumors. | | | | |
| 6 | "Paris, We Have A Problem" | July 6, 2011 (2011-07-06) | 0.226 |
| Jennifer and Paris's cousin Brooke suspect that Lexie is still writing scripts for adult films, and talk Paris into spying on her. | | | | |
| 7 | "Off the Wagon" | July 13, 2011 (2011-07-13) | 0.260 |
| Having been set up on another blind date by Paris and Cy, Brooke breaks her sobriety, and winds up spending the night with Charlie. | | | | |
| 8 | "Every Day is My Birthday" | July 20, 2011 (2011-07-20) | 0.274 |
| Paris plans her birthday bashes, tries to reconcile with Brooke, and contemplates marrying Cy. | | | | |

## Reception

### Critical response

*Entertainment Weekly* gave the series a "D", stating that, unlike *Keeping Up with the Kardashians*, it "fails to deliver any frothy fun and the star comes across as completely unlikable". Alessandra Stanley of *The New York Times* writes that Paris comes off as "a Sony Walkman in an iPod era, a Friendster in the age of Facebook." Brian Lowry of *Variety* writes the show reeks of hypocrisy: "Paris laments how the paparazzi intrude on her life, and then she allows a camera crew to watch her bathe", and sticks to her "old tricks" like "showing up for court-ordered community service in Louboutin high heels." Melissa Coleman of The Shizz writes that Hilton's attempt to be seen as a serious businesswoman backfires: "If Hilton thinks that insulting her friends, whining to her boyfriend to get her way, and refusing to lift a finger will portray her as a serious businesswoman, she's delusional." Radio personality Howard Stern called it "the greatest reality show I ever saw because I've never seen a human being so devoid of any humanity. There is nothing in Paris Hilton that indicates that there's a heart or a soul; she is, I said, vomitous." Hilton and her mother later requested to appear on *The Howard Stern Show* but backed out afterwards; Stern speculated that they asked for the interview upon hearing that he called it his favorite reality show, then learned of the context in which he said it and rescinded the offer.

### Viewership

The series' eight-week run averaged only 293,000 viewers and a 0.2 rating among adults 18-49, making it Oxygen's least-watched series of 2011.

## InfoBox

| *The World According to Paris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality |
| Starring | Paris Hilton |
| Theme music composer | Kari Kimmel |
| Opening theme | "Taking a Ride" |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Production company | A. Smith & Co. Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Oxygen |
| Release | June 1 (2011-06-01)
July 20, 2011 (2011-07-20) |


abstract: The World Should Know is the second album released Dave Couse since the breakup of A House, and his first on 1969 Records. Rather than being solely credited to Dave Couse, the record is credited to Couse and the Impossible. Couse received nominations for "Best Album" and "Best Irish Male" for the 2006 Meteor Music Awards. The album was initially released in Ireland in 2005, and then received a UK release in 2006.

text:
# The World Should Know (Couse and the Impossible album)

***The World Should Know*** is the second album released Dave Couse (or more specifically, Couse and The Impossible) since the breakup of A House, and his first on 1969 Records. Rather than being solely credited to Dave Couse, the record is credited to Couse and the Impossible. Couse received nominations for "Best Album" and "Best Irish Male" for the 2006 Meteor Music Awards. The album was initially released in Ireland in 2005, and then received a UK release in 2006.

## Track listing

1. "A Celebration"
2. "Batman And Robin"
3. "Beauty Is"
4. "The Right Choice"
5. "\***** \[stars\]"
6. "Celebrity"
7. "Fakers"
8. "As The Colours"
9. "The World Should Know"
10. "I Have Lived"
11. "All I See"
12. "Into You"
13. "Little Darlin'" (features Briana Corrigan)

(All songs written by Couse except "Little Darlin'", written by Couse and Corrigan.)

## InfoBox

| The World Should Know | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Couse and the Impossible | |
| Released | October 31, 2005 |
| Label | 1969 Records nice 0004 |
| Producer | Dave Couse |
| Couse and the Impossible chronology | |
| *Genes*
(2003) ***The World Should Know***
(2005) *Alonewalk*
(2010) | |


title: The World Ruler

abstract: Alumina the WORLD Ruler is Nightmare's fourth full-length studio album. Nightmare's experimentation with the styles of electronica, ambience, and usage of live brass began in this album. Three different versions of this album were released: a CD-only version; a CD+DVD version; and a bonus CD, DVD and photobook pack. It peaked at #6 in the Oricon Charts. The tracks "The World" and "Alumina" were featured in Death Note as the first opening and ending songs, respectively.

text:
# The World Ruler

***the WORLD Ruler*** is Nightmare's fourth full-length studio album. Nightmare's experimentation with the styles of electronica, ambience, and usage of live brass began in this album. Three different versions of this album were released: a CD-only version; a CD+DVD version; and a bonus CD, DVD and photobook pack. It peaked at #6 in the Oricon Charts. The tracks "The World" and "Alumina" were featured in Death Note as the first opening and ending songs, respectively.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "BOYS, BE SUSPICIOUS" | 4:03 |
| 2. | "PHANTOM" | 1:33 |
| 3. | "the WORLD" | 3:48 |
| 4. | "Criminal Baby" | 3:34 |
| 5. | "Alice" | 4:15 |
| 6. | "crevasse" | 4:55 |
| 7. | "*18Sai* (18歳)" | 3:28 |
| 8. | "Black Sick Spider" | 3:32 |
| 9. | "*Gianizm Shichi* (ジャイアニズム叱)" | 5:06 |
| 10. | "The FOOL" | 0:47 |
| 11. | "*Alumina* (アルミナ)" | 5:05 |
| 12. | "Morpho" | 5:51 |
| 13. | "*～Lulu～* (縷々)" | 5:29 |
| Total length: | | 51:27 |

## Single information

* ***theWORLD***/****Alumina**** (アルミナ)

Released: October 18, 2006 Oricon Chart peak position: #5 "The WORLD" and "Alumina" were used as the first opening and ending theme, respectively, for the anime Death Note.

## Covers

"the WORLD" was covered by Fantôme Iris, a fictional visual kei band from multimedia franchise Argonavis from BanG Dream! and added in the game started on January 14, 2021. The full version of the song will be featured on *Argonavis Cover Collection -Mix-* which will be released on November 17, 2021.

## InfoBox

| the WORLD Ruler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nightmare | |
| Released | February 27, 2007 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 51:27 |
| Label | VAP |
| Producer | Nightmare |
| Nightmare chronology | |
| *Gianism Best Ofs*
(2006) ***the WORLD Ruler***
(2007) *Nightmare 2003-2005 Single Collection*
(2008) | |


title: Forss, Highland

abstract: Forss is a small hamlet, situated 3 miles west of Thurso, in Caithness, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Brims Castle is located in Forss and was the former stronghold of the Sinclairs of Dunbeath. The ancient 12th century chapel known as St Mary's Chapel is located nearby at Crosskirk. Forss Water flows through Forss, flowing north to Crosskirk, with the outflow at Crosskirk Bay.

text:
# Forss, Highland

**Forss** is a small hamlet, situated 3 miles west of Thurso, in Caithness, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Brims Castle is located in Forss and was the former stronghold of the Sinclairs of Dunbeath. The ancient 12th century chapel known as St Mary's Chapel is located nearby at Crosskirk.

Forss Water flows through Forss, flowing north to Crosskirk, with the outflow at Crosskirk Bay.

## InfoBox

| Forss | |
| --- | --- |
| Forss Water entering the Pentland Firth at Crosskirk Bay. | |
| ForssLocation within the Caithness area | |
| OS grid reference | ND040680 |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Thurso |
| Postcode district | KW14 7 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
|


title: Maryland Route 464

abstract: Maryland Route 464 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Point of Rocks Road, the state highway runs 8.10 miles (13.04 km) from MD 17 and MD 79 in Rosemont east to Ballenger Creek Pike in Point of Rocks. MD 464 connects Brunswick with U.S. Route 15 in Point of Rocks in southern Frederick County. The state highway was constructed from Brunswick starting in the early 1930s. The highway was constructed west from Point of Rocks in the late 1930s; the gap in the middle was filled in the early 1940s. In 1950, MD 464 was extended west through Brunswick to Knoxville. MD 464 was placed on its present course between Brunswick and Rosemont in 1968.

text:
# Maryland Route 464

**Maryland Route 464** (**MD 464**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Point of Rocks Road, the state highway runs 8.10 miles (13.04 km) from MD 17 and MD 79 in Rosemont east to Ballenger Creek Pike in Point of Rocks. MD 464 connects Brunswick with U.S. Route 15 (US 15) in Point of Rocks in southern Frederick County. The state highway was constructed from Brunswick starting in the early 1930s. The highway was constructed west from Point of Rocks in the late 1930s; the gap in the middle was filled in the early 1940s. In 1950, MD 464 was extended west through Brunswick to Knoxville. MD 464 was placed on its present course between Brunswick and Rosemont in 1968.

## Route description

MD 464 begins at an intersection with MD 17 and MD 79 (Petersville Road) just north of the boundary between the town of Brunswick and the village of Rosemont. MD 17 heads west as Burkittsville Road and south as Petersville Road into Brunswick. MD 464 heads southeast as two-lane undivided Souder Road between residential subdivisions and farmland and enters the town of Brunswick. At its intersection with Ninth Avenue and Cummings Drive west of Brunswick High School, the state highway turns northeast onto Point of Rocks Road. MD 464 crosses Little Catoctin Creek and Catoctin Creek, then starts heading southeast, paralleling Catoctin Creek until shortly before its intersection with Lander Road. The state highway meets the southern end of Lander Road prior to crossing Catoctin Mountain. MD 464 descends the mountain and meets US 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a roundabout on the edge of Point of Rocks. The state highway continues east a short distance to its eastern terminus at Ballenger Creek Pike south of St. Paul's Episcopal Church.

## History

MD 464 was constructed east from the intersection of Souder Road and Ninth Avenue to Olive School Road starting shortly after 1930 and completed in 1933; this section included a new concrete T-beam bridge over Little Catoctin Creek. The state highway was extended east to Lander Road, including a new through truss bridge over Catoctin Creek, between 1933 and 1935. One mile (1.6 km) of highway was constructed from Ballenger Creek Pike toward the southern end of Lander Road in 1938. The gap in MD 464 was filled in 1941. In 1944, the Maryland State Roads Commission suggested extending the state highway east to US 15 (now MD 28); this proposal has yet to pass.

MD 464 was extended into Brunswick in 1950. The state highway followed Ninth Avenue to Potomac Street, then Potomac Street to the western limit of Brunswick. There, MD 464 continued west along Knoxville Road, assuming all of what was then MD 70 to US 340 (now MD 180) in Knoxville. In 1968, MD 464 was removed from downtown Brunswick and routed west from Ninth Avenue along Souder Road to the intersection of MD 17 and MD 79 in Rosemont. Knoxville Road was designated MD 478 by 1971. MD 464's roundabout at US 15 was constructed in 2009. The state highway's bridge over Catoctin Creek was replaced in 2010 and 2011. MD 464 was closed to through traffic between Olive School Road and just past Horine Road when the old bridge was dismantled starting in June 2010. MD 464 reopened when the new bridge was completed in February 2011.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Frederick County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rosemont | 0.00 | 0.00 |
MD 17 (Burkittsville Road/Petersville Road) / MD 79 north (Petersville Road) Brunswick, Burkittsville, Petersville | Western terminus; southern terminus of MD 79 |
| Point of Rocks | 7.98 | 12.84 | US 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) Frederick, Leesburg | Roundabout |
| | 8.10 | 13.04 | Ballenger Creek Pike | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 464KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 464 | |
| --- | --- |
| Maryland Route 464 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 8.10 mi (13.04 km) |
| Existed | 1933–present |
| Tourist
routes | Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MD 17 / MD 79 in Rosemont |
| Major intersections | US 15 in Point of Rocks |
| East end | Ballenger Creek Pike in Point of Rocks |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Frederick |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 462   MD 468 | |


title: Maryland Route 478

abstract: Maryland Route 478 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Knoxville Road, the state highway runs 1.88 miles (3.03 km) from MD 180 in Knoxville east to Florida Avenue in Brunswick. MD 478 was constructed as MD 70 in the late 1920s. In 1950, MD 70 was replaced with an extended MD 464. MD 478 was assigned to Knoxville Road after MD 464 was rerouted to its present terminus in 1968.

text:
# Maryland Route 478

**Maryland Route 478** (**MD 478**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as **Knoxville Road**, the state highway runs 1.88 miles (3.03 km) from MD 180 in Knoxville east to Florida Avenue in Brunswick. MD 478 was constructed as MD 70 in the late 1920s. In 1950, MD 70 was replaced with an extended MD 464. MD 478 was assigned to Knoxville Road after MD 464 was rerouted to its present terminus in 1968.

## Route description

MD 478 begins at an intersection with MD 180 (Jefferson Pike) in Knoxville. Westbound MD 180 provides access to westbound US 340 toward Harpers Ferry and Charles Town. MD 478 heads east as a two-lane undivided highway through a forested area parallel to the Potomac River, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and CSX's Metropolitan Subdivision railroad line. The state highway crosses several streams that flow into the Potomac River. After passing through the community of New Addition, MD 478 enters the town of Brunswick, where the state highway ends at Florida Avenue. The roadway continues east as Potomac Street, the main street of Brunswick that passes through the Brunswick Historic District. Potomac Street leads to Maple Street, which heads south to the historic Brunswick station on MARC's Brunswick Line.

All of MD 478, Potomac Street east from MD 478 to Maple Street, and Maple Street south to the train station are part of the National Highway System as an intermodal connector.

## History

| Maryland Route 70 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | KnoxvilleBrunswick |
| Existed | 1927–1950 |

MD 478 was originally constructed as MD 70 starting in 1926. The highway was paved from Brunswick halfway to Knoxville in 1927 and completed in 1928. The MD 70 designation was removed in 1950 when MD 464 was extended through Brunswick to Knoxville; MD 70 was reused for Roscoe Rowe Boulevard in Annapolis starting in 1954. MD 464 was removed from Knoxville Road in 1968 when the state highway was rerouted on Souder Road to its present terminus at MD 17 and MD 79. MD 478 was assigned to Knoxville Road by 1971.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Frederick County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Knoxville | 0.00 | 0.00 |

MD 180 (Jefferson Pike) to US 340 west Jefferson, Charles Town | Western terminus |
| Brunswick | 1.88 | 3.03 | Potomac Street east / Florida Avenue north | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 478KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 478 | |
| --- | --- |
| Knoxville Road | |
| Maryland Route 478 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 1.88 mi (3.03 km) |
| Existed | 1971–present |
| Tourist
routes | Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MD 180 in Knoxville |
| East end | Florida Avenue in Brunswick |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Frederick |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 472   MD 480 | |


title: The Top Dog

abstract: The Top Dog is a 1918 British silent drama film directed by Arrigo Bocchi and starring Kenelm Foss, Mary Odette and Hayford Hobbs. It was made at Catford Studios.

text:
# The Top Dog

***The Top Dog*** is a 1918 British silent drama film directed by Arrigo Bocchi and starring Kenelm Foss, Mary Odette and Hayford Hobbs. It was made at Catford Studios.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| The Top Dog | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Arrigo Bocchi |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Windsor Films |
| Distributed by | Walturdaw |
| Release date | * September 1918 (1918-09) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages |  |


title: The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2

abstract: The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2 is a 1976 anthology of fantasy stories, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books.

text:
# The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2

***The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2*** is a 1976 anthology of fantasy stories, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books.

## Summary

The book collects twelve novelettes and short stories by various fantasy authors, originally published in the years 1975 and 1976 that were deemed by the editor the best from the period represented, together with an introductory survey of the year in fantasy, an essay on the year's best fantasy books, and introductory notes to the individual stories by the editor. The pieces include a "posthumous collaboration" (the story by Smith and Carter).

An Italian edition published in 1992 also included the novel *The Witch's Daughter* by R. A. Salvatore.

## Contents

## InfoBox

The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2
| Cover art from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lin Carter (editor) |
| Cover artist | George Barr |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Year's Best Fantasy Stories |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | DAW Books |
| Publication date | 1976 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 192 pp |
| Preceded by | *The Year's Best Fantasy Stories* |
| Followed by | *The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 3* |


title: Thekkattur

abstract: Thekkattur is a village in the Arimalam revenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Thekkattur

**Thekkattur**  is a village in the Arimalam revenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Thekkattur had a total population of 1,043 with 531 males and 512 females. As of the 2001 census, 66% of the population was literate.

## InfoBox

| Thekkattur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ThekkatturLocation in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates: 10°17′58″N 78°47′20″E / 10.29944°N 78.78889°E / 10.29944; 78.78889 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Pudukkottai |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,043 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


abstract: The founding legends of the Goryeo royal family is a mythical account of the ancestral family of Wang Kŏn, who united the Korean Peninsula during the Later Three Kingdoms period and founded the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

text:
# Founding legends of the Goryeo royal family

The **founding legends of the Goryeo royal family** is a mythical account of the ancestral family of Wang Kŏn, who united the Korean Peninsula during the Later Three Kingdoms period and founded the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

## Legends

According to the *Pyeonnyeon Tongnok* (편년통록; 編年通錄) written by Kim Gwan-ui during the Goryeo period, the origin of the Goryeo royal family is from Goguryeo. Hogyŏng, who called himself General Seonggol, came from Mount Baekdu and traveled far and wide, finally settling down in Songak (modern Kaesong) and starting a family. While hunting on Mount Pyeongna, he met a widowed mountain spirit who asked for his hand in marriage and to become the king of the mountain.

Gang Chung, a son of Hogyŏng, planted pine trees on Mount Songak so that rocks wouldn't be visible in order to fulfill a prophecy, based on feng shui, that his descendant would unite the "Sam Han" (삼한; 三韓), another name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He begot a son named Po-yuk, whose daughter Chin-ŭi had a child named Chakchegŏn with a member of the royal family of the Tang dynasty; according to the Goryeosa, which cites the *Pyeonnyeon Tongnok*, the father of the child was Emperor Suzong. The union fulfilled a prophecy given to Boyuk by a sage that the Son of Heaven from the Tang dynasty would come to him and become his son-in-law.

After reaching adulthood, Chakchegŏn, who was described as courageous and exceptionally intelligent, set sail for Tang to meet his father Emperor Suzong. However, he was caught in a storm in the middle of the Yellow Sea and encountered a dragon woman (용녀; 龍女) whom he brought back home and married. The *Seongwonnok* (성원녹; 聖源録) identifies the "dragon woman" as the daughter of a man from Pyongsan County named *Tu Ŭn-chŏm* (두은점; 豆恩坫), Pyongsan County was called Pyeongju (평주; 平州) during the Goryeo period, and was home to General Sin Sung-gyŏm of the Pyongsan Sin clan, who sacrificed himself to save Wang Kŏn at the Battle of Gongsan. The dragon woman, known posthumously as Queen Wonchang, gave birth to Wang Ryung, whose son Wang Kŏn would become the founder of Goryeo.

### Interpretations

The story that Wang Kŏn was descended from either Suzong or Xuanzong was dismissed in the Goryeosa. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture interprets Chakchegŏn being the son of Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty as a hagiography and his marriage to the dragon woman from the Yellow Sea as symbolic of the maritime influence of Wang Kŏn's ancestors, who engaged in trade with China for generations. Likewise, the Doosan Encyclopedia agrees that the claim of Emperor Suzong being Wang Kŏn's great-grandfather was invented to increase the legitimacy of the Goryeo royal family by linking it to the Tang royal family. According to Bae Han-cheol, the father of Chakchegŏn was a Korean merchant from one of the "Silla Quarters" (신라방; 新羅坊) in China, which were autonomous settlements of Korean merchants in the Tang dynasty.

### Foreign accounts

Xu Jing (서긍; 徐兢), an envoy from the Song dynasty who went to Goryeo in 1123, documented in the *Gaoli Tujing* (선화봉사고려도경; 宣和奉使高麗圖經) that the ancestors of the Goryeo royal family were a great clan of Goguryeo.

## Sinchon Gang clan

The *daedongbo* (a compilation genealogy book of related clans) of the Sinchon Gang clan claims that Gang Hogyeong was the 67th generation descendant of Gang Hu (강후; 康侯), a grandson of King Wen of the Zhou dynasty. However, the historical veracity of that claim cannot be verified. Furthermore, the true progenitor of the Sinchon Gang clan is considered to be Gang Ji-yeon, a 14th generation descendant of Gang Hogyeong, not Gang Hogyeong himself.

Korean mythology


title: Foungbesso

abstract:
Foungbesso is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Touba Department in Bafing Region, Woroba District. Foungbesso was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Foungbesso was 18,033.

text:
# Foungbesso

**Foungbesso** (also spelled **Foungouésso**) is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Touba Department in Bafing Region, Woroba District.

Foungbesso was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished. In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Foungbesso was 18,033.

## Villages

The thirty five villages of the sub-prefecture of Foungbesso and their population in 2014 are

1. Bafingdalla (693)
2. Bakandesso (1,736)
3. Baniga (277)
4. Bémasso (115)
5. Boutisso (394)
6. Danduly (261)
7. Dépanon (395)
8. Dolla (1 174)
9. Douasso (321)
10. Fouenan (755)
11. Foungbesso (1,958)
12. Gasso (435)
13. Goh (670)
14. Gouana (557)
15. Gouékolo 1 (284)
16. Gouékolo 2 (137)
17. Gouéla (208)
18. Lawasso 2 (97)
19. Massasso (658)
20. N'gamonsso (449)
21. Niena (536)
22. Ohisso (236)
23. Singosso (216)
24. Sogbeni (875)
25. Sogbesso 2 (283)
26. Sokouralla Gouana (310)
27. Souatiesso (872)
28. Tiéfinisso (143)
29. Tiekourasso (242)
30. Tiemonisso (369)
31. Vahibasso (522)
32. Wagnangoro (642)
33. Yaala Fouenan (274)
34. Yamatoullo (723)
35. Zouandesso (216)

## InfoBox

| Foungbesso Foungouésso | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and sub-prefecture | |
| FoungbessoLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 7°57′N 7°40′W / 7.950°N 7.667°W / 7.950; -7.667 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Woroba |
| Region | Bafing |
| Department | Touba |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 18,033 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Masini Situ-Kumbanga

abstract: Masini Situ-Kumbanga is a Congolese long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres and the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Masini Situ-Kumbanga

**Masini Situ-Kumbanga** (born 21 October 1955) is a Congolese long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres and the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Masini Situ-Kumbanga
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Congolese |
| Born | (1955-10-21) 21 October 1955 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Long-distance running |
| Event | Marathon |


title: Four-toed amapasaurus

abstract: The four-toed amapasaurus is a lizard that was discovered in 1970 by Osvaldo Rodrigues da Cunha. It is the only species in the genus Amapasaurus.

text:
# Four-toed amapasaurus

The **four-toed amapasaurus** (***Amapasaurus tetradactylus***) is a lizard that was discovered in 1970 by Osvaldo Rodrigues da Cunha. It is the only species in the genus *Amapasaurus*.

## Geographic range

This species is found in Brazil and Guyana.

## Description

It has small atrophied legs. It is very similar to the genus *Leposoma*, except for the number of fingers. *Amapasaurus tetradactylus* has four digits, and the lizards of the genus *Leposoma* have five.

## Habitat and behavior

It lives on the forest floor and is diurnal.

## Reproduction

*Amapasaurus tetradactylus* is oviparous.

## InfoBox

| Amapasaurus | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Amapasaurus*
Cunha, 1970 |
| Species: | ***A. tetradactylus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amapasaurus tetradactylus***
Cunha, 1970 | |
|


title: The Yenepoya School

abstract: The Yenepoya School is a school situated in Mangalore city of Karnataka in India. It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). A Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Robotics and Automation is present in this school.

text:
# The Yenepoya School

**The Yenepoya School** is a school situated in Mangalore city of Karnataka in India. It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). A Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Robotics and Automation is present in this school.

## Facilities and Amenities

Some of the facilities offered by this school are as follows

* Physics Lab
* Chemistry Lab
* Biology Lab
* Swimming pool
* Gym
* Skateboarding ramp
* Bowling machine
* Music classes
* Dance classes
* Arts/craft classes
* Theatre classes

## InfoBox

| The Yenepoya School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Mangalore, Karnataka<br>India | |
| Coordinates | 12°50′57″N 74°50′48″E / 12.84917°N 74.846723°E / 12.84917; 74.846723 |
| Information | |
| Type | CBSE |


title: Mask of the Andes

abstract: Mask of the Andes, also known as The Liberators in the US, is a 1971 novel written by Australian author Jon Cleary set in Bolivia, where Cleary spent several weeks. Cleary says he had been thinking about its themes for over ten years. The result was one of his most critically acclaimed works, with some critics drawing comparison to Graham Greene. In 1975 Cleary said he thought it was his best book to date. The book did not sell well in Britain, the US or Australia, but was a big seller in Germany and South America. Cleary even received a fan letter from some of Che Guevara's former guerrillas.

text:
# Mask of the Andes

***Mask of the Andes***, also known as ***The Liberators*** in the US, is a 1971 novel written by Australian author Jon Cleary set in Bolivia, where Cleary spent several weeks.

Cleary says he had been thinking about its themes for over ten years. The result was one of his most critically acclaimed works, with some critics drawing comparison to Graham Greene. In 1975 Cleary said he thought it was his best book to date.

The book did not sell well in Britain, the US or Australia, but was a big seller in Germany and South America. Cleary even received a fan letter from some of Che Guevara's former guerrillas.

## InfoBox

Mask of the Andes
| First UK edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jon Cleary |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Collins (UK)<br>William Morrow (US) |
| Publication date | 1971 |
| Publication place | Australia |


title: Fort Sage Mountains

abstract: The Fort Sage Mountains are a mountain range running across the state borders in western Washoe County, Nevada and eastern Lassen County, California.

text:
# Fort Sage Mountains

The **Fort Sage Mountains** are a mountain range running across the state borders in western Washoe County, Nevada and eastern Lassen County, California.

## InfoBox

| Fort Sage Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Sage MountainsLocation of Fort Sage Mountains on the border of California and Nevada | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,393 m (7,851 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| States | Nevada and California |
| Districts | Washoe County and Lassen County |
| Range coordinates | 40°1′47.658″N 119°58′52.726″W / 40.02990500°N 119.98131278°W / 40.02990500; -119.98131278 |
| Topo map | USGS State Line Peak |


title: Four-Power Pact

abstract: The Four-Power Pact, also known as the Quadripartite Agreement, was an international treaty between the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany that was initialed on 7 June 1933 and signed on 15 July 1933 in the Palazzo Venezia, Rome. The Pact was not ratified by the French Parliament.

text:
# Four-Power Pact

The **Four-Power Pact**, also known as the **Quadripartite Agreement**, was an international treaty between the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany that was initialed on 7 June 1933 and signed on 15 July 1933 in the Palazzo Venezia, Rome. The Pact was not ratified by the French Parliament.

## Background

The creator and chief promoter of the pact was Benito Mussolini, who completed its original manuscript during one of his short stays at Rocca delle Caminate, in March 1933. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression and the Nazi rise to power, Mussolini called for the creation of the Four-Power Pact on 19 March 1933 as a better means of ensuring international security. Under the plan, smaller nations would have less of a voice in great power politics. Representatives of the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy signed a diluted version of Mussolini's Four-Power Pact proposal.

Mussolini's chief motive in suggesting the pact was his wish for closer relations with France. Though Mussolini's purpose may have been to calm Europe's nerves, the pact actually caused the opposite result. It reaffirmed each country's adherence to the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Locarno Treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

The pact was intended to be the solution to the issue of sovereign powers coming together and operate in an orderly way, which had been the purpose of the League of Nations. Mussolini's goal was to reduce the power of the small states in the League of Nations by a bloc of major powers.

The Four-Power Pact had little significance but was not completely devoid of merit. The Four-Power Pact was supposed to be a solution to the exploitation of the balance of power, which was of interest to Italy and also appealed to the British.

However, the pact faced speculation in France and Germany. Since London and Rome were close enough to mediate between Paris and Berlin, France was alarmed.

## Negotiation, initialing and signing

The pact was ultimately supported by all the four great powers, as well as other states. MacDonald was the first to come to Italy to discuss the pact, anticipating Mussolini, according to Salata, evidently informed of the *Duce'*s idea. France ultimately approved the pact, and in April 1933 Daladier and Paul-Boncour expressed their support for the continuation of negotiations of the pact. Likewise, the Grand Council of Fascism gave its strong support to the "action of the head of the Fascist government." In April 1933 Rome was informed that Belgium hailed Mussolini's idea of a pact among the four powers, only pointing out that it expected to be included in the discussions when these touched upon Belgium's interests, especially when discussing the colonies in Africa, receiving assurances from Italy in this regard. In the same month von Papen hailed the "genial idea of Mussolini", while Hitler, in his 17 May speech, reiterated his support and approval of the pact.

### The Pentecost incident

During the negotiations occurred what came to be known as the "Pentecost incident". When it was thought that the four powers had reached an agreement, with the 31 May issue of the *Times* even giving for granted the publication of the pact for the following day, it turned out that France had agreed by negotiating on a previous version of the treaty, different from those considered at the moment by the other countries, and everything had to be started over again. The last text, which was thought to have been approved by everyone, was not known in Paris, from which the French government had negotiated on the basis of a different text. The text on whose basis the French were negotiating was a previous version, proposed by the French themselves. The telephone, which had substituted letters and telegrams in the last part of the negotiations, was deemed responsible; further, suspicions of a scheme were raised. The French ambassador de Jouvenel, a strong supporter of Mussolini's pact, took the blame on himself, adding that any mistakes must have happened in good faith. The negotiations had quickened in the last days, after having been very sluggish in the beginning. Salata notes that the "modern tools had played a bad trick". He further notes that the extensive use of the telephone in the last part of the negotiations will make it difficult for future historians of the Four-Power Pact, who won't find written documents for all phases of this negotiation.

### Initials and signature

Mussolini (top) and the French, English and German ambassadors to Italy signing the Four-Power Pact

The difference between the texts, and the root of the disagreement, was linked to the article three of the proposed Pact, which had to do with the question of the disarmament, which especially interested Germany. After the Pentecost incident, the French then proposed to simply suppress the article 3, an idea which was immediately rejected by the other powers. Eventually the four great powers agreed on an apparently more generic version of the article 3, proposed by the British, and close to the original draft by Mussolini.

At half past five PM, after the consent from Berlin, the four powers agreed on initialling the pact. Mussolini then reached Palazzo Madama, where he pronounced to the senate his speech regarding the pact, whose central part he had composed in the past few days, retouching it till the last moment, perhaps even during his trip to Palazzo Madama. His speech was warmly praised, with Salata calling it the greatest speech ever pronounced by any Italian head of state or minister, and the greatest interpretation of the "feelings and life's purpose of the others and of the universality". After Mussolini's speech at the senate, the pact was initialed at Palazzo Venezia at half past seven in the evening that same day.

The pact would eventually be signed on 15 July in Palazzo Venezia. In the protocol of the initials it was agreed that, whatever the day of the signature, the pact would bear the date of 7 June 1933, an expressive act of the will of the governments.

## Outcome

The document that was signed bore little resemblance to the initial proposal. In practice, the Four-Power Pact proved of little significance in international affairs, but it was one of the factors contributing to the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934.

It has been argued that the Four-Power Pact could have safeguarded the European balance of power with the hope of balancing peace and security in Europe. However, the Great Depression was abundant in Europe, and the rise of Hitler to power also makes the idea unlikely. Poland's reliance on France had been weakened, and differing attitudes emerged of the pact between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Opposition to the revision of the Four-Power Pact was expressed by Poland and the Little Entente, as apparent in the French dilution of the pact in this final form. It is apparent that the Four-Power pact had a negative impact of France's allies in Central and Eastern Europe.

## Role of Hitler

The rise of Adolf Hitler to power was an adequate reason to propose alternative power arrangements. However, what had started as an alternative to the League of Nations ended as a reassertion of devotion to that failing institution. Hitler was willing to accept the gratuitous triumph of the League of Nation's death. The pact soon failed, but the United Kingdom, in particular, did not easily throw away the Pact's idea. Germany's withdrawal from the League put the Pact on hold.

The Pact had major impact on modern law. For six years, the United Kingdom would make vain attempts to make it work at nearly any cost, but the failure of the Four-Power Pact served as a warning of Germany's continued withdrawal from diplomatic relations with France and the United Kingdom in the buildup to the Second World War.

## Literature

1. David G. Williamson. "War and Peace: International Relations 1878-1941". 2009. Hodder Education.
2. Salata 1933, p. 315.
3. Asquini, Alberto (2001). *Memorie*. Casamassima. p. 84. The instrument devised by Mussolini to overcome the closed front of the Western powers, which was a legacy of the war already long ago, was the four-party pact
4. Giordano, Giancarlo (2000). *Storia diplomatica del patto a quattro*. FrancoAngeli. p. 173. ISBN 9788846423214. The four-power pact had entered a crisis. This was demonstrated by the fact that even Mussolini, its creator, considered the opportunity obsolete, preferring to remain inactive.
5. Rotfeld, Adam Daniel; Torkunov, Anatoly V. (2015). *White Spots—Black Spots Difficult Matters in Polish-Russian Relations, 1918–2008*. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822980957. Benito Mussolini unveiled the idea of creating a directorate of four powers\[...\] Mussolini used persuasive phraseology, rooted in the spirit of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, to promote his concept.
6. Salata 1933, p. 23.
7. Salata 1933, p. 35.
8. Salata 1933, p. 329.
9. Salata 1933, p. 34.
10. Albrecht-Carrie, Rene; Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (January 1967). "The Four Power Pact, 1933". *The American Historical Review*. **72** (2): 571. doi:10.2307/1859293. JSTOR 1859293.
11. Salata 1933, p. 75.
12. Salata 1933, p. 76.
13. Salata 1933, p. 78.
14. Salata 1933, p. 100.
15. Salata 1933, pp. 117–118.
16. Salata 1933, p. 118.
17. Salata 1933, p. 119.
18. Salata 1933, pp. 119–120.
19. Salata 1933, pp. 125–126.
20. Salata 1933, p. 133.
21. Salata 1933, p. 122.
22. Mazur, Z. "Pakt Czterech." The American Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 4. (October 1981), p.880
23. Wallace, W. V. "International Affairs" *Royal Institute of International Affairs,* Vol. 43, No. 1. (Jan. 1967), pp. 104-105

## Sources


title: Four-Square (Walk Through)

abstract: Four-Square is a 4.3 metres (14 ft) high bronze sculpture by British artist Barbara Hepworth. It was cast in 1966 in an edition of 3+1. The four casts are displayed at the Barbara Hepworth Museum, the Norton Simon Museum, Churchill College, Cambridge, and the Mayo Clinic.

text:
# Four-Square (Walk Through)

***Four-Square (Walk Through)*** (BH 433) is a 4.3 metres (14 ft) high bronze sculpture by British artist Barbara Hepworth. It was cast in 1966 in an edition of 3+1 (three casts for sale, plus one artist's copy). The four casts are displayed at the Barbara Hepworth Museum, the Norton Simon Museum, Churchill College, Cambridge, and the Mayo Clinic.

## Description

The large sculpture comprises five quadrilateral slab-like metal elements: a horizontal base, on which stand two thick parallel square slabs on edge, on which stand two similar parallel square slabs at right angles to the lower two. Each of the standing slabs is pierced off-centre by a round hole.

Although the five slabs are similar in appearance, each around 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) square, so approximately the height of a typical person, each differs slightly in its linear dimensions, convexity, and surface detail. One of each pair of the standing elements is slightly larger than the other, so they are arranged in echelon. The holes are not perfect circles, and they taper and change shape slightly through the thickness of the slabs. The interior and exterior surfaces have different patination \- greenish outside, reddish within, particularly inside the holes. The holes may once have been polished and lacquered, to contrast with the dull exterior: they appear reflective in early photographs, but as the works are displayed outdoors they have also weathered.

Hepworth intended the viewer to engage directly with the sculpture, to notice the surface details and the differences between the pieces: literally, to walk around and through the sculpture. In comments published in 1971 by her son-in law, the art historian Alan Bowness, Hepworth agreed that part of the motivation for the monumental work was her diagnosis with cancer of the throat in 1965.

## Background

Unlike Henry Moore, Hepworth did not usually make maquettes \- small preliminary studies of the composition - before proceeding to the full-size work. However, in this case, she made several smaller works on similar themes.

The sculpture develops the geometrical theme of quadrilateral planes pierced by circles from her 1963 bronze *Squares with Two Circles* (BH 347). Parallels can also be drawn to the abstract paintings and panel relief sculptures of Hepworth's former husband Ben Nicholson (they were divorced in 1951). In 1966 Hepworth made two slate sculptures, the 12 inches (30 cm) high *Maquette for Large Sculpture: Four-Square (Four Circles)* (BH 407) in an edition of 3, and then the unique 24 inches (61 cm) high *Four-Square (Four Circles)* (BH 416). The larger slate sculpture was cast in bronze in 1966 as *Four-Square (Four Circles)* (BH 428) in an edition of "7+1" (seven casts for sale and one artist's model).

Scaling up these smaller sculptures, Hepworth made a plaster model of the full-size sculpture, 4.29 by 1.99 by 2.295 metres (14.07 ft × 6.53 ft × 7.53 ft), on an aluminium armature. The five slab-like elements were then cast separately in bronze by the Morris Singer foundry in London. The separate pieces were welded together to create the completed sculpture, in an edition of "3+1" (three casts for sale, plus one artist's copy).

The artist's copy (0/3) is owned by the Hepworth estate, and is displayed on loan in the gardens of the Barbara Hepworth Museum in St Ives, Cornwall. Cast 1 has been held by the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena since 1969. Cast 2 has been displayed in the grounds of Churchill College, Cambridge since 1968, where students are encouraged to walk or with within the work; it was allocated to the Fitzwilliam Museum in 2000, after being accepted in lieu of inheritance tax by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, from the estate of the artist. Cast 3 was donated to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in 1979, as a memorial for Constantine P. Goulandris, member of the Greek shipping dynasty that included Basil Goulandris and Nikos Goulandris.

An example of the 12 inches (30 cm) slate maquette was put on sale at Bonhams in 2003, estimated at £40,000 to £60,000, but failed to sell. An example was sold in England in 2009 for £60,000, and resold in at Deutscher and Hackett in Australia in 2014 for AUS$348,000. An example of the 24 inches (610 mm) bronze *Four-square (Four circles)* was sold at Christie's in 2010 for US$314,500, and one at Sotheby's in 2017 for £488,750.

## InfoBox

| Four-Square (Walk Through) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Four-Square (Walk Through)* at Churchill College, Cambridge | |
| Artist | Barbara Hepworth |


title: Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild

abstract: The Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild (METG), previously known as the Massachusetts High School Drama Guild, is a theater arts located in Massachusetts supporting middle and secondary school students and teachers. METG organizes the statewide high school theatre festival in March.

text:
# Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild

The **Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild (METG)**, previously known as the **Massachusetts High School Drama Guild**, is a theater arts located in Massachusetts supporting middle and secondary school students and teachers. METG organizes the statewide high school theatre festival in March.

## History

METG began in 1931 with the establishment of “Massachusetts Drama Day.” Four schools participated in the original competition, which was held at the old Huntington Chambers building in Copley Square in Boston. In the 1940s, the Massachusetts Secondary School Administrators Association became the educational sponsor of the state event.

1954 marked the beginning of two important corporate partnerships with the Guild: The Boston Globe became the lead patron, and John Hancock Hall became one of the Festival’s sponsors. It was also in this year that the Festival was relocated to John Hancock Hall in the Back Bay Events Center, where it has remained ever since. In 1989 the Guild’s horizons expanded with incorporation as a nonprofit organization. During the 1998-1999 school year, the Massachusetts Middle School Drama Festival, Inc. and the Massachusetts High School Drama Guild, Inc. merged. Since then the Guild has increased its membership to over 160 schools across the Commonwealth. In 2010 the name was changed to Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild.

In 2012, through the support of Broadway In Boston, the METG announced a new education project which offers both middle and high school members an opportunity to bring experienced adjudicators into their theaters where they will receive professional feedback on their hard work creating musical theater productions.


title: Theatre in Omaha, Nebraska

abstract: - Note on spelling: "While most Americans use "er", the majority of venues, performers and trade groups for live theatre use "re." "Theatre" references the artform. "Theater" references the venue in which that artform is performed. Theatre in Omaha has existed since the founding of the city in 1856. Nationally notable actors have come from the city. There are active community theatres, and some theatres and acting companies have reached national prominence.

text:
# Theatre in Omaha, Nebraska

*Note on spelling: "While most Americans use "er" (as per American spelling conventions), the majority of venues, performers and trade groups for live theatre use "re." "Theatre" references the artform. "Theater" references the venue in which that artform is performed.*

**Theatre in Omaha** has existed since the founding of the city in 1856. Nationally notable actors have come from the city. There are active community theatres, and some theatres and acting companies have reached national prominence.

## Theatres

Omaha is home to the Omaha Community Playhouse. It is the largest, one of the most famous, and one of the best-endowed community theaters in the United States. It produces its own season of plays and musicals. The city has a number of other long-standing theatres, including the Orpheum Theater and the Rose Theater. And The Sokol Auditorium are booked for dramatic performances or touring productions occasionally, as well. Other theatres in Omaha include the Blue Barn Theatre, Holland Performing Arts Center, Ralston Community Theatre, and Papillion-LaVista Community Theatre

The Magic Theatre has provided a space for experimental theatre in the city for more than 30 years. The John Beasley Theater & Workshop produces contemporary plays as well as providing many aspects of theater training in the Near North Side community. The Chanticleer Community Theater in neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa also serves the greater metropolitan area. The Grande Olde Players Theater Company has been performing throughout the city for some time, as well. The Shelterbelt Theatre focuses on the development of original theatrical works and provides practical theater education to playwrights, performers, creative and technical staff.

## Actors and actresses

These are actors who were either born in Omaha or lived there for an extensive period of time.


title: Formula Super Vee

abstract: Formula Super Vee was an open-wheel racing series that took place in Europe and the United States from 1970 to 1990. The formula was created as an extension of Formula Vee, a racing class that was introduced in 1959. Formula Super Vee in Europe was similar to F3 or Formula Renault today, a stepping stone to F1. In the United States, Formula Super Vee, often referred to as Super Vee, was a natural progression to Indy Car and Can-Am. On both sides of the Atlantic the series also was a platform for the promotion of VW products, similar to how Formula Renault promotes Renault products today. Initially it was seen as a simple step up from Formula Vee, using the same Volkswagen Type 3 engines, but in 1600cc. However it soon transformed to using the very different and more powerful fuel injected water-cooled engines from the VW Golf/Rabbit.

text:
# Formula Super Vee

**Formula Super Vee** was an open-wheel racing series that took place in Europe and the United States from 1970 to 1990. The formula was created as an extension of Formula Vee, a racing class that was introduced in 1959. Formula Super Vee in Europe was similar to F3 or Formula Renault today, a stepping stone to F1. In the United States, Formula Super Vee, often referred to as Super Vee, was a natural progression to Indy Car and Can-Am. On both sides of the Atlantic the series also was a platform for the promotion of VW products, similar to how Formula Renault promotes Renault products today.

Initially it was seen as a simple step up from Formula Vee, using the same Volkswagen Type 3 engines, but in 1600cc. However it soon transformed to using the very different and more powerful fuel injected water-cooled engines from the VW Golf/Rabbit.

## History

To assist the launch of the new formula Volkswagen of America's, Jo Hoppen, commissioned Gene Beach, an established constructor of Formula Vee cars, to design and build the first Super Vee and put this car on display at the Daytona 24 hour race. Beach was one of the first three constructors of Formula Vees, along with Autodynamics and Formcar. It is therefore appropriate that a Super Vee designed and built by Ray Caldwell's Autodynamics concern soon joined the Beach Super Vee. This second Super Vee (the Caldwell D-10) was put on display at the New York Auto Show. Other manufacturers soon followed suit, with Formula Vee constructors such as Zink Cars joined by more mainstream firms such as Lola. John Zeitler also built his first cars around the same time as Beach and Caldwell. As a matter of fact, John Zeitler won the very first Super Vee race at Lime Rock Park in 1970. This race was run with the Formula Ford class.

Initially the series allowed 1600cc air-cooled engines of either type 3 (as used in the VW 1500 and 1600) or type 4 (as used in the VW 411, 412 and the VW-Porsche 914/4 sports car), however at a late stage VW had a change of heart and decided that the type 4 engines would be a better option. The type 4 engine is without doubt a better engine. However, this motor was never produced in a 1600cc version so VW decided to produce a "special" 1600cc version through their industrial engines division (the 127V unit), with smaller pistons and barrels, which reduced the capacity to 1600cc.

As with any formula, Formula Super Vee progressed through a number of changes during its life. Initially, for example, the cars ran without wings and used drum brakes at the rear. Later the regulations allowed the use of 8-inch rear wheels, rear disc brakes and 34 mm exhaust valves (1973) and then rear wings (1975). Since slick tyres had yet to be introduced into racing, the cars ran with treaded racing tyres, such as the Firestone "No-DOT", but later moved onto slicks.

The original regulations specified a non-Hewland gearbox and cars ran with fixed ratio VW boxes. In Europe a company called Metso began building Hewland-like boxes which provided the ability to change ratios to suit each circuit and exploited the wording of the regulations, which had simply banned Hewland boxes rather than explicitly specifying the fixed ratio VW box. Once the cars started to use Metso boxes the regulations were changed and Hewland Gearboxes were also allowed. This change, combined with start money being offered by Hewland to drivers using its products, effectively put Metso out of business, although the company did build boxes for other formula cars such as Formula Fords.

Much later, engine regulations were also opened up, allowing fuel injected water-cooled engines from the Volkswagen Golf (or Rabbit as the Mk1 was known in North America). The water-cooled engines inevitably replaced the air-cooled, which were rendered uncompetitive, and many air-cooled cars were converted to accept the water-cooled engine. Some constructors, such as Lola, offered "conversion kits" which allowed the fitment of the Golf/Rabbit engine to earlier air-cooled chassis. The SCCA in the USA did allow 1700cc air-cooled engines towards the end of the air-cooled period, to remain competitive while the water-cooled cars joined the grid.

Ultimately the most developed version of Super Vee was to be found in the US, since they continued with a Super Vee series years after the formula had died away elsewhere. Indeed, by late 70s Super Vee in the USA had become the feeder formula for Indy cars, referred to as the "Mini-Indy" series. This series was run in conjunction with the much older VW-Bosch "Gold Cup" for Super V. This series lasted until 1990 and, unlike the oval track USAC Mini Indy Series, was a road racing series. Each series crowned its own champion each year. In the late 70s the Ron Tauranac designed the Ralt RT1 and RT5, based on his Formula 3 designs, had a virtual monopoly in the USA series.

## The original Formula Super Vee series specifications

* Engine: Type 3 1600cc (actually a stroke of 69 mm and a bore of 85.5 mm for a displacement of 1582cc). Dry sump not allowed.
* Cooling: air, with external oil coolers and oil filters.
* Carburetion: free, however most used Weber 48 IDA or Solex 40P11 dual downdraft. Some use of Weber IDF and DCNF. (Note: two dual down draft carbs allowed, any manufacturer with dual port VW or aftermarket intake manifolds).
* Transmission: stock VW from the 1969 Square back/fastback series. However, gear ratios were open and almost immediately Webster and Hewland gear sets were adopted for the VW transaxle.
* Ignition: coil and distributor.
* Clutch: VW stock, with Hydraulic linkage.
* Brakes: Girling hydraulic with VW discs front, VW Drums in the rear.
* Wheels: 6" X 13" front and rear. Magnesium allowed.
* Tires: 5:00/8:30 X 13 front, Treaded (no slicks) 5:50/9/20 X 13 rear, Treaded (no slicks)
* Steering: Rack and Pinion
* Suspension: free, front and rear
* Shocks: free, front and rear
* Sway bars: free, front and rear
* Rear uprights: free (and usually proprietary by car manufacturer)
* Curb Weight: Dry, without driver, 825 lbs minimum.
* Wheelbase: free (most manufacturers were between 88" and 94")
* Track, Front/Rear: Up to 92"
* Fuel Tank Capacity: Free, but most manufacturers located the tank under and behind the driver but in front of the firewall, which pretty much limited the capacity to 6.0 gallons.
* Construction: tubular space frame, flat bottom, no wings or tabs to induce downforce.
* Body: any material, but full coverage (including engine compartment) required.

## Champions

### SCCA Super Vee Gold Cup (professional) (USA)

| Season | Champion Driver | Chassis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | Bill Scott | Royale RP9 |
| 1972 | Bill Scott | Royale RP14 |
| 1973 | Bertil Roos | Tui BH3 |
| 1974 | Elliott Forbes-Robinson | Lola T320 |
| 1975 | Eddie Miller | Lola T324 |
| 1976 | Tom Bagley | Zink Z11 |
| 1977 | Bob Lazier | Lola T324 |
| 1978 | Bill Alsup | Argo JM2 |
| 1979 | Geoff Brabham | Ralt RT1 |
| 1980 | Peter Kuhn | Ralt RT1/RT5 |
| 1981 | Al Unser Jr. | Ralt RT5 |
| 1982 | Michael Andretti | Ralt RT5 |
| 1983 | Ed Pimm | Anson SA4 |
| 1984 | Arie Luyendyk | Ralt RT5 |
| 1985 | Ken Johnson | Ralt RT5 |
| 1986 | Didier Theys | Martini MK-47/MK-50 |
| 1987 | Scott Atchison | Ralt RT5 |
| 1988 | Ken Murillo | Ralt RT5 |
| 1989 | Mark Smith | Ralt RT5 |
| 1990 | Stuart Crow | Ralt RT5 |

### USAC Mini-Indy Series (professional) (USA)

| Season | Champion Driver | Chassis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 19771 | Tom Bagley | Zink Z11 |
| | Herm Johnson | Lola T324 |
| 1978 | Bill Alsup | Argo JM2 |
| 1979 | Dennis Firestone | March |
| 1980 | Peter Kuhn | Ralt RT1/RT5 |

1Bagley and Johnson tied in the points and were declared co-champions.

### Formel Super Vau GTX (Germany)/German Formula Super Vee Championship

| Season | Champion Driver | Chassis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | Manfred Schurti | Royale RP9 |
| 1973 | Kennerth Persson | Kaimann |
| 1974 | Kennerth Persson | Kaimann |
| 1975 | Keke Rosberg | Kern-Kaimann |
| 1976 | Mika Arpiainen | Veemax Mk VIII |
| 1977 | Dieter Engel | Veemax Mk VIII |
| 1978 | Helmut Henzler | March 783 |

### Formula Super Vau Gold Pokal (Europe)/European Formula Super Vee Championship

| Season | Champion Driver | Chassis |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | Erich Breinberg | Austro Kaimann |
| 1972 | Manfred Schurti | Royale RP9 |
| 1973 | Helmuth Koinigg | Austro Kaimann |
| 1974 | Freddy Kottulinsky | Lola T320 |
| 1975 | Mikko Kozarowitzky | Lola T324 |
| 1976 | Mika Arpiainen | Veemax Mk VII |
| 1977 | Arie Luyendyk | Lola T326 |
| 1978 | Helmut Henzler | March 783 |
| 1979 | John Nielsen | Ralt RT1 |
| 1980 | John Nielsen | Ralt RT5 |
| 1981 | John Nielsen | Ralt RT5 |
| 1982 | Walter Lechner | Ralt RT5 |


title: Formula Two Codasur

abstract: Formula Two Codasur, or South American Formula Two Championship, was a Formula Two championship organized by the Confederación Deportiva Automovilística Sudamericana (CODASUR) held in South America between 1983 and 1986. This series only had one champion in its four championships: Guillermo Maldonado (Berta-Volkswagen). CODASUR decided to unify the national Formula Two championships of Argentina and Brazil, and thus the South American championship was born in 1983, which visited circuits in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and other countries. In 1982, two test events were held in Tarumã (Brazil) and Buenos Aires. This series was replaced in 1987 by the South American Formula Three, introducing exported chassis. The cars were local chassis, equipped with engines from different manufacturers, for example Volkswagen and Renault. The most successful chassis were those of the Argentine engineer Oreste Berta. Maldonado won all championships with Berta chassis equipped with 1800 cc L4 engines based on the Volkswagen 1500 engine.

text:
# Formula Two Codasur

**Formula Two Codasur**, or **South American Formula Two Championship**, was a Formula Two championship organized by the Confederación Deportiva Automovilística Sudamericana (CODASUR) held in South America between 1983 and 1986. This series only had one champion in its four championships: Guillermo Maldonado (Berta-Volkswagen).

CODASUR decided to unify the national Formula Two championships of Argentina (which was already about 20 years old) and Brazil (created in 1980 from the remnants of Formula Super Vee), and thus the South American championship was born in 1983, which visited circuits in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and other countries. In 1982, two test events were held in Tarumã (Brazil) and Buenos Aires. This series was replaced in 1987 by the South American Formula Three, introducing exported chassis.

The cars were local chassis, equipped with engines from different manufacturers, for example Volkswagen and Renault. The most successful chassis were those of the Argentine engineer Oreste Berta. Maldonado won all championships with Berta chassis equipped with 1800 cc L4 engines based on the Volkswagen 1500 (Hillman Avenger) engine.

## Champions

| Year | Driver | Car |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1984 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1985 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1986 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| Source: | | |

## InfoBox

Formula Two Codasur
| Category | Single seaters |
| --- | --- |
| Country | South America |
| Inaugural season | 1983 |
| Folded | 1986 |
| Constructors | Berta, Muffatão and others |
| Engine suppliers | Volkswagen, Renault, Fiat, Ford and others |
| Tyre suppliers | Pirelli and others |
| Last Drivers' champion | Guillermo Maldonado (four times) |