title: Francis Hugo

abstract: Francis John Bennett Marks Hugo was a Canadian-American politician.

text:
# Francis Hugo

**Francis John Bennett Marks Hugo** (March 5, 1870 – December 30, 1930) was a Canadian-American politician.

## Biography

He was born on March 5, 1870, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, to Nicholas Trevanion Hugo and Mary Rendle Marks.

Hugo attended Queen's College (now Queen's University) at Kingston and held Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees. He also earned a law degree from Cornell University.

He married Florence Goodale on June 8, 1899, in Watertown, New York, and their son was Francis Goodale Hugo.

He served as Mayor of Watertown, New York. He was a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention.

In 1912, he ran for Secretary of State of New York but was defeated by Democrat Mitchell May. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1915 to 1920, elected in 1914, 1916 and 1918. As Secretary of State, he signed the joint resolution of the Senate and Assembly submitting a women's suffrage ballot question.

In Watertown, Hugo practiced law with Nicholas Doxtater Yost, father of Charles Woodruff Yost.

In 1923, Hugo was appointed by National Non-Theatrical Motion Pictures, Inc. to screen non-commercial films, a function similar to that performed by Will H. Hays for commercial films.

He died on December 30, 1930, at his home at 789 West End Avenue in Manhattan, New York City.


title: Miller Bridge (Winterset, Iowa)

abstract: The Miller Bridge is a historic structure, originally located northeast of Winterset, Iowa, United States. It spanned an unnamed stream for 128 feet (39 m). The Madison County Board of Supervisors contracted with King and Twiss of Des Moines to supply the wrought iron Pratt pony truss. Local contractors H.P. Jones and G.K. Foster built the iron tube substructure and erected the truss manufactured by the King Iron Bridge & Manufacturing Company of Cleveland. The total cost of the project was $2,197.55. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The span was moved in 2008.

text:
# Miller Bridge (Winterset, Iowa)

The **Miller Bridge** is a historic structure, originally located northeast of Winterset, Iowa, United States. It spanned an unnamed stream for 128 feet (39 m). The Madison County Board of Supervisors contracted with King and Twiss of Des Moines to supply the wrought iron Pratt pony truss. Local contractors H.P. Jones and G.K. Foster built the iron tube substructure and erected the truss manufactured by the King Iron Bridge & Manufacturing Company of Cleveland. The total cost of the project was $2,197.55. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The span was moved in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Miller Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | McBride Trail over an unnamed stream |
| Nearest city | Winterset, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 41°24′45″N 93°56′34″W / 41.41250°N 93.94278°W / 41.41250; -93.94278 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1884 |
| Built by | H.P. Jones<br>G.K. Foster |
| Architect | King Iron Bridge & Manufacturing Company |
| Architectural style | Pratt pony truss |
| MPS | Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000508 |
| Added to NRHP | May 15, 1998 |


title: Mimic 3: Sentinel

abstract: Mimic 3: Sentinel is a 2003 science fiction horror film written and directed by J. T. Petty, with a script inspired by a short story of the same name by Donald A. Wollheim. The movie was a direct-to-DVD sequel to Mimic (1997) and Mimic 2 (2001). Mimic 3: Sentinel stars horror film veteran Lance Henriksen and takes a departure from the tone of the first two films, as it has a feel similar to Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window rather than the action/horror tone of its predecessors.

text:
# Mimic 3: Sentinel

***Mimic 3: Sentinel*** is a 2003 science fiction horror film written and directed by J. T. Petty, with a script inspired by a short story of the same name by Donald A. Wollheim. The movie was a direct-to-DVD sequel to *Mimic* (1997) and *Mimic 2* (2001).

*Mimic 3: Sentinel* stars horror film veteran Lance Henriksen and takes a departure from the tone of the first two films, as it has a feel similar to Alfred Hitchcock's *Rear Window* rather than the action/horror tone of its predecessors.

## Plot

Unable to leave the germ-free confines of his sterilized bedroom for any real stretch of time, environmentally hypersensitive Marvin (Karl Geary) spends his days taking pictures of his neighbors from his window. Occasionally catching glimpses of his young sister Rosy (Alexis Dziena) hanging out with the neighborhood drug dealer, Marvin's lens remains mostly fixed on a mysterious neighbor known as the Garbageman (Lance Henriksen) and pretty neighbor Carmen (Rebecca Mader), while his slightly overbearing mother (Amanda Plummer) rests on the couch. As neighbors begin disappearing and mysterious figures move in and out of Marvin's viewfinder, the secluded voyeur begins to suspect that a sinister force is at work in his neighborhood. Though Rosy and Carmen are anxious to assist in a little detective work, the situation soon begins to spiral out of control upon the discovery that the Judas breed is far from extinct.

## Cast

* Lance Henriksen as Garbageman
* Karl Geary as Marvin Montrose
* Alexis Dziena as Rosy Montrose
* Keith Robinson as Desmond
* Tudorel Filimon as Birdman (credited as Filimon Tudorel)
* Rebecca Mader as Carmen
* Maria Oprescu as Ma Bell
* Mircea Constantinescu as Mr. Pasture
* Mircea Anca Jr. as Noah Pasture
* Amanda Plummer as Simone Montrose
* John Kapelos as Detective Gary Dumars
* Ion Haiduc as Moustache
* Nicolae Constantin Tanase as Thug #1 (credited as Nicolae Constantin)
* Luana Stoica as Female Victim #1
* Marius Silviu Florentin as Thug #2
* Nick Phillips as CDC Worker
* Alex Cioalca as Adam Pasture
* Mike J. Regan as Mimic Bug #1 (uncredited)
* Alex Revan as Mutant Elite (uncredited)
* Gary J. Tunnicliffe as Mimic Bug #2 (uncredited)

## InfoBox

| Mimic 3: Sentinel | |
| --- | --- |
| Official DVD cover | |
| Directed by | J. T. Petty |
| Written by | J. T. Petty |
| Produced by | Ron Schmidt |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Alex Sterian |
| Edited by | Kirk M. Morri |
| Music by | Henning Lohner |
| Distributed by | Dimension Films |
| Release date | * October 14, 2003 (2003-10-14) |
| Running time | 77 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | 10 million |


title: Mimic 2

abstract: Mimic 2 is a 2001 science fiction horror film, directed by Jean de Segonzac, with a script inspired by a short story of the same name by Donald A. Wollheim. The movie was a direct-to-DVD sequel to Mimic (1997), and was followed by Mimic 3: Sentinel (2003). The thriller stars long-time film veteran Edward Albert, along with Alix Koromzay, Bruno Campos and Jon Polito.

text:
# Mimic 2

***Mimic 2*** is a 2001 science fiction horror film, directed by Jean de Segonzac, with a script inspired by a short story of the same name by Donald A. Wollheim. The movie was a direct-to-DVD sequel to *Mimic* (1997), and was followed by *Mimic 3: Sentinel* (2003).

The thriller stars long-time film veteran Edward Albert, along with Alix Koromzay, Bruno Campos and Jon Polito.

## Plot

Four years after the events of the first film, after three men are discovered hideously mutilated (their faces have been removed) and strung up among New York City's high-tension wires, Detective Klaski (Bruno Campos) stumbles upon a link: Each of the men knew entomologist Remy (Alix Koromzay), a teacher at an inner-city high school. Klaski considers Remy to be a prime, albeit unlikely, suspect in the killings until he witnesses for himself the shape-shifting creature that has been stalking Remy: an intelligent mutant insect with the face of its previous victim that wants to mate with Remy.

Klaski, Remy and a pair of her students get trapped inside the school as the creature hunts them down. Remy gets separated and runs into the creature which does not harm her but instead seems interested in her. Remy then gets cornered and the creature attempts to give her pizza. Meanwhile, a special forces unit, headed by the militant leader known only as Darksuit (Edward Albert), gets ready to fumigate the school with poisonous gas. After all the trapped humans seem to have escaped the fumigation, and with the help of a heroic Klaski in Remy's case, inspection teams following through find the creature's recently vacated husk and, later on, the mangled corpse of Klaski.

It appears that the creature, impersonating Klaski, has been caring for Remy's well-being with a mind to fulfill its base purpose. Unfortunately for it, when they finally meet in a suspenseful setting in Remy's apartment, she decapitates it. However, it is not dead as cockroaches can live up to two weeks without a head and Remy and one of the students, who is now living with her, are left wondering how to handle the situation.

## Cast

## Reception

### Critical response

The film received negative reviews. Christabel Padmore from Apollo Movie Guide said: "The only reason you might watch *Mimic 2* is if you're a fan of some of the special effects used in the first movie". Keith Brown from *Eye for Film* judged: "There's nothing particularly wrong with *Mimic 2*, as B-movie monster movies go". Nathan Rabin for The Onion wrote: "*Mimic 2* is the very definition of an arbitrary sequel: it essentially remakes its little-loved predecessor, which combined Cronenbergian weird science, Alien-style claustrophobia, and abundant gore to little discernible effect". eFilmCritic reviewer Jack Sommersby called "incompetent and unimaginative on just about every level". The Horror Review felt: "Though it doesn’t set any genre or cinematic precedence, it does take the time to develop character relationships, create atmosphere, and establish dread within its viewer, resulting in an enjoyable second outing that, in many respects, trumps its forerunner". The publication gave it 4 out of 5 stars. The film holds 8% positive critics on Rotten Tomatoes.

### Accolades

* Won: Video Premiere Award – Best Visual Effects
* Nominated: Video Premiere Award – Best Cinematography
* Nominated: Video Premiere Award – Best Editing

## Sequel

*Mimic 3: Sentinel* was released in 2003. Directed by J.T. Petty, its script was also inspired by the short story "Mimic" by Donald A. Wollheim. While a direct-to-DVD sequel to both *Mimic* and *Mimic 2*, it takes a different thematic approach.

## InfoBox

| Mimic 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Official DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Jean de Segonzac |
| Written by | Joel Soisson |
| Produced by | Joel Soisson <br>Michael Leahy |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Nathan Hope |
| Edited by | Kirk M. Morri |
| Music by | Walter Werzowa |
| Distributed by | Dimension Films |
| Release date | * July 17, 2001 (2001-07-17) |
| Running time | 82 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $10 million |
| Box office | $81,531 (Hong Kong) |


title: Miller Creek Bridge

abstract: The Miller Creek Bridge is a historic bridge, carrying Miller Creek Road across Miller Creek, just north of the city limits of Batesville, Arkansas. Built in 1914, it is the state's oldest surviving concrete bridge. It is a two-span arched structure with a total length of 123 feet (37 m), and a width of 12 feet (3.7 m), carrying a single lane of traffic. The bridge is somewhat overengineered, as the use of concrete in bridge construction was then relatively new, and knowledge of the material's properties in this application was not well understood. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

text:
# Miller Creek Bridge

The **Miller Creek Bridge** is a historic bridge, carrying Miller Creek Road across Miller Creek, just north of the city limits of Batesville, Arkansas. Built in 1914, it is the state's oldest surviving concrete bridge. It is a two-span arched structure with a total length of 123 feet (37 m), and a width of 12 feet (3.7 m), carrying a single lane of traffic. The bridge is somewhat overengineered, as the use of concrete in bridge construction was then relatively new, and knowledge of the material's properties in this application was not well understood.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Miller Creek Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| HAER photo, 2008 | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Nearest city | Batesville, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°46′56″N 91°37′19″W / 35.78222°N 91.62194°W / 35.78222; -91.62194 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1914 (1914) |
| Architect | Jack Hanford, W. E. Fugett |
| Architectural style | Concrete arch |
| MPS | Historic Bridges of Arkansas MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 09001249 |
| Added to NRHP | January 21, 2010 |


title: Tyranna Resources

abstract: Tyranna Resources is an Australian listed mineral exploration company. It was formed in 2015 by the merger of Ironclad Mining Limited and its major shareholder, Trafford Resources Limited. IronClad Mining's major focus was iron ore exploration at the Wilcherry Hill Iron Project in South Australia. The company was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange on 11 July 2007. Trafford Resources Limited was the company's most substantial shareholder. IronClad Mining's head office was in Adelaide. Tyranna Resources' registered office is in Perth. At the end of 2014, IronClad Mining announced a merger with its largest shareholder Trafford Resources through a scheme of arrangement in which IronClad bought all of the shares in Trafford. The merger took effect in May 2015 and the combined entity was renamed Tyranna Resources. Following the merger, the focus of the combined company moved from Wilcherry Hill to exploration prospects near the Challenger mine.

text:
# Tyranna Resources

**Tyranna Resources** is an Australian listed mineral exploration company. It was formed in 2015 by the merger of Ironclad Mining Limited and its major shareholder, Trafford Resources Limited.

IronClad Mining's major focus was iron ore exploration at the Wilcherry Hill Iron Project in South Australia. The company was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange on 11 July 2007. Trafford Resources Limited was the company's most substantial shareholder. IronClad Mining's head office was in Adelaide. Tyranna Resources' registered office is in Perth.

At the end of 2014, IronClad Mining announced a merger with its largest shareholder Trafford Resources through a scheme of arrangement in which IronClad bought all of the shares in Trafford. The merger took effect in May 2015 and the combined entity was renamed Tyranna Resources.

Following the merger, the focus of the combined company moved from Wilcherry Hill to exploration prospects near the Challenger mine.

## Wilcherry Hill

The Wilcherry Hill mine has received State and Federal mine development approvals, but is yet to secure its export pathway. The company initially considered exporting its iron ore via Port Adelaide by road freighting it firstly to a standard gauge rail siding at Whyalla. The company later abandoned the idea in favor of a plan to expand the existing passenger ferry harbor at Lucky Bay to facilitate iron ore exports.

1. Australian Stock Exchange "Ironclad Mining IFE - Company Snapshot" Retrieved 2013-11-21.
2. "IronClad Mining and Trafford to emerge with leaner structure". Proactive Investors. 29 December 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
3. England, Cameron (14 May 2015). "IronClad Mining to go after gold near the Challenger mine in far west South Australia". *The Advertiser*. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
4. Lloyd's List Australia "Ironclad drops Port Adelaide, opts for container system at Lucky Bay" Retrieved 2013-11-21.

## InfoBox

Tyranna Resources
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Traded as | ASX: TYX |
| Industry | mineral exploration |
| Predecessors | IronClad Mining, Trafford Resources |
| Founded | May 2015 (2015-05) |
| Headquarters | Perth, Australia |
| Website | www.tyrannaresources.com |


title: Tyran Donaldson

abstract: Tyran Donaldson II, also known as Scum, Pete Nebula and The Antydote, is an American songwriter, producer and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work with Rihanna ("Consideration"), SZA, Kendrick Lamar, and Isaiah Rashad, among many others. He is currently an in-house producer for label Top Dawg Entertainment. Donaldson, a novice guitarist and early music industry friend of fellow producer ThankGod4Cody, began playing several melancholy guitar chords while in the studio with SZA, who requested a looped recording of the chords at the conclusion of the studio session. This loop would become the soundscape for 2017 Ctrl album opener "Supermodel", later Grammy-nominated for Best R&B Song.

text:
# Tyran Donaldson

**Tyran Donaldson II**, also known as **Scum**, **Pete Nebula** and **The Antydote**, is an American songwriter, producer and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work with Rihanna ("Consideration"), SZA ("Love Galore"), Kendrick Lamar ("Complexion (A Zulu Love)"), and Isaiah Rashad ("Rope // rosegold"), among many others. He is currently an in-house producer for label Top Dawg Entertainment.

Donaldson, a novice guitarist and early music industry friend of fellow producer ThankGod4Cody, began playing several melancholy guitar chords while in the studio with SZA, who requested a looped recording of the chords at the conclusion of the studio session. This loop would become the soundscape for 2017 *Ctrl* album opener "Supermodel", later Grammy-nominated for Best R&B Song.

## Songwriting and production credits

Credits are courtesy of Discogs, Tidal, Spotify, and AllMusic.

| Title | Year | Artist | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Part III" | 2013 | Isaiah Rashad | *Welcome to the Game/Pieces of a Kid* |
| | | | "Hurt Cobaine" |
| | | | "Mani Lux" |
| "Ronnie Drake" (Featuring SZA) | | 2014 | *Cilvia Demo* |
| | | "West Savannah" (Featuring SZA) |
| | | "Banana" |
| | | "Shot You Down (Remix)" (Featuring Schoolboy Q & Jay Rock) |
| | "Warm Winds" (With Isaiah Rashad) | SZA | *Z (EP)* |
| | "Cuban Pete" (Featuring SZA) | Willow Smith | Non-album single |
| "Complexion (A Zulu Love)" (Featuring Rapsody) | 2015 | Kendrick Lamar | *To Pimp a Butterfly* |
| | "Easy Bake" (Featuring Kendrick Lamar & SZA) | Jay Rock | *90059* |
| | | "Wanna Ride" (Featuring Isaiah Rashad) |
| "Consideration" (Featuring SZA) | 2016 | Rihanna | *Anti* |
| | "Rope // rosegold" (Featuring SiR) | Isaiah Rashad | *The Sun's Tirade* |
| | | "Don't Matter" |
| | "Portishead in the Morning" / / / "HER World" | Ab-Soul | *Do What Thou Wilt.* |
| | "Untitled" (Featuring Isaiah Rashad) | GoldLink | Non-album single |
| "Supermodel" | 2017 | SZA | *Ctrl* |
| | | | "Love Galore" (Featuring Travis Scott) |
| | | | "Drew Barrymore" |
| | | | "Prom" |
| | | | "Go Gina" |
| | | | "Anything" |
| | | | "Normal Girl" |
| | | | "Pretty Birds" (Featuring Isaiah Rashad) |
| | | | "20 Something" |
| "Heaven's Gate" | 2018 | James Fauntleroy | *Dying From Crying* (Shelved) |
| "Blue Moon" | 2019 | EarthGang | *Mirrorland* |
| | "Wires In The Way" | SiR | *Chasing Summer* |
| | "Afraid to Fall" | Tayla Parx | *We Need to Talk* |
| | | "Read Your Mind" (Featuring Duckwrth) |
| | | "Tomboys Have Feelings Too (Interlude)" |
| "Static" | 2020 | Knox Fortune | *Stock Child Wonder* |
| "HB2U" | 2021 | Isaiah Rashad | *The House Is Burning* |
| | "What About Heaven" | Mustafa the Poet | *When Smoke Rises* |
| "Love Galore (Alt Version)" | 2022 | SZA | *Ctrl (Deluxe)* |
| | | | "Miles" |
| | | | "Percolator" |
| | | "Seek & Destroy" | *SOS* |
| | | "Far" |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Ceremony | Award | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | 60th Annual Grammy Awards | Grammy Award for Best R&B Song ("Supermodel") | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Tyran Levon Donaldson Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1994-08-01) August 1, 1994<br>Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States |
| Other names | Scum, The Antydote, Pete Nebula |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Songwriter * producer * multi-instrumentalist |
| Labels | Top Dawg Entertainment |
|  | |


title: Tyramine N-methyltransferase

abstract:
In enzymology, a tyramine N-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tyramine ⇌ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methyltyramine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and tyramine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and N-methyltyramine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include DIB O-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase, and tyramine methylpherase. This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism.

text:
# Tyramine N-methyltransferase

In enzymology, a **tyramine N-methyltransferase** (EC 2.1.1.27) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tyramine $\rightleftharpoons $ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methyltyramine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and tyramine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and N-methyltyramine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase**. Other names in common use include **DIB O-methyltransferase (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid)**, **S-adenosyl-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase**, and **tyramine methylpherase**. This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism.

* Mann JD, Mudd SH (1963). "Alkaloids and plant metabolism. IV. The tyramine methylpherase of barley roots". *J. Biol. Chem*. **238**: 381–385.

## InfoBox

| tyramine N-methyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.1.1.27 |
| CAS no. | 37256-96-5 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Tyromyces galactinus

abstract: Tyromyces galactinus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in North America, is a plant pathogen that causes a white rot in broad-leaved trees. The fungus was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847. The type was collected near Waynesville, Ohio, where it was found growing on rotting trunks. Although originally placed in genus Tyromyces by Russian mycologist Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev in 1953, the name is invalid as it did not confirm to the rules for naming species. Josiah Lincoln Lowe transferred the fungus to Tyromyces validly in 1975.

text:
# Tyromyces galactinus

***Tyromyces galactinus*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in North America, is a plant pathogen that causes a white rot in broad-leaved trees. The fungus was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847. The type was collected near Waynesville, Ohio, where it was found growing on rotting trunks. Although originally placed in genus *Tyromyces* by Russian mycologist Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev in 1953, the name is invalid as it did not confirm to the rules for naming species. Josiah Lincoln Lowe transferred the fungus to *Tyromyces* validly in 1975.

## InfoBox

| *Tyromyces galactinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Polyporaceae |
| Genus: | *Tyromyces* |
| Species: | ***T. galactinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyromyces galactinus***<br>(Berk.) J.Lowe (1975) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polyporus galactinus* Berk. (1847) * *Leptoporus galactinus* (Berk.) Pat. (1900) * *Spongipellis galactinus* (Berk.) Pat. (1900) * *Polyporus iowensis* Lloyd (1925) * *Tyromyces galactinus* (Berk.) Bondartsev (1953) * *Leptoporellus galactinus* (Berk.) Spirin (2001) | |


title: Tyrrhenian painted frog

abstract: The Tyrrhenian painted frog is a species of frog in the family Alytidae. Endemic to the Tyrrhenian Sea basin, it is found in a handful of Western Mediterranean islands, namely Sardinia, Corsica, and the Tuscan Archipelago. A species with high stakes in terms of conservation, it is very similar to the related Corsican painted frog, Discoglossus montalentii, with whom it shares part of its habitat in Corsica. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It can be found from sea level up to more than 1 700 meters of altitude. Able to endure slight water pollution, it is nevertheless threatened by habitat loss. The species isn't immediately threatened and is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. It still fragile and subject to several threats justifying strong conservation efforts in both France and Italy, where it is fully protected and part of Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive. On top of habitat loss caused by urbanization, the species is sensible to chytridiomycosis, a skin disease threatening amphibian species across the globe. Not well known from the wider public, the Tyrrhenian painted frog figures among the emblematic species of several protected area, including the Port-Cros National Park in France.

text:
# Tyrrhenian painted frog

The **Tyrrhenian painted frog** (***Discoglossus sardus***) is a species of frog in the family Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae).

Endemic to the Tyrrhenian Sea basin, it is found in a handful of Western Mediterranean islands, namely Sardinia, Corsica, and the Tuscan Archipelago. A species with high stakes in terms of conservation, it is very similar to the related Corsican painted frog, *Discoglossus montalentii*, with whom it shares part of its habitat in Corsica.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It can be found from sea level up to more than 1 700 meters of altitude. Able to endure slight water pollution, it is nevertheless threatened by habitat loss.

The species isn't immediately threatened and is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. It still fragile and subject to several threats justifying strong conservation efforts in both France and Italy, where it is fully protected and part of Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive. On top of habitat loss caused by urbanization, the species is sensible to chytridiomycosis, a skin disease threatening amphibian species across the globe.

Not well known from the wider public, the Tyrrhenian painted frog figures among the emblematic species of several protected area, including the Port-Cros National Park in France.

## Description

The Tyrrhenian painted frog is a short amphibian species of robust build, ranging from 5 to 7.5 cm (2.0 to 3.0 in) in length.

Its color varies from dark brown to grey, black or reddish brown. Lighter spots are very commonplace, with plain individuals being rare. Most of the time, a large light spot is present between the shoulders and a large dark spot between the eyes, with a lighter, straight front edge. A bright crescent-shaped spot can sometimes be present on the top of the head between the snout and the midpoint of the eyes, near the shoulder girdle.

The belly is yellowish to cream white. The pupil is shaped like a reverse droplet, with the iris divided between a lighter golden upper half and a darker lower half, as characteristic of *Discoglossus*. As with other species of the genus, the eardrum is barely visible.

Skin is most often smooth. However, during mating season, males present a dry, rough skin. Soft warts are present on the neck and limbs, often in line patterns. The head is larger than it is wide, with the snout being slightly pointed and thinned out - noticeably more so than *D. montalentii*. The fourth finger of its front foot is spatulated rather than tapering and its hind legs are shorter.

## Distribution and habitat

The Tyrrhenian painted frog is found in most parts of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, but it is not present in the central highlands. It is also present on several small islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, such as Iles d'Hyères, Giglio, Montecristo, and the Monte Argentario peninsula in Tuscany. Its habitats include coastal plains, forest streams, maquis shrubland, and upland coniferous forests. Slow streams and pools are used for breeding, and this frog can tolerate brackish water.

## Biology

Like other members of its family, the Corsican painted frog eats small invertebrates. Whether observations of this frog in the past were of *D. sardus* or *D. montalentii* is unclear, because they are so similar in appearance and were only recognised as different species in the late 20th century. Consequently, its reproductive habits are uncertain, but it is believed to lay its eggs in small groups or singly on the bottom of watercourses. They are brownish-black and 1 to 1.5 mm (0.04 to 0.06 in) in diameter with a thick, gelatinous casing.

## Status

The IUCN has listed this frog as being of least concern. The populations in Corsica and Sardinia seem stable, but mainland populations are decreasing and populations on smaller islands may suffer from lack of genetic diversity. The main threats faced by this frog are degradation of its woodland and aquatic habitats, but it seems adaptable and able to tolerate some disturbance to its habitat.

## InfoBox

| Tyrrhenian painted frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Alytidae |
| Genus: | *Discoglossus* |
| Species: | ***D. sardus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Discoglossus sardus***
Tschudi, 1837 | |
|
|  | |


title: Tyrrhenian wall lizard

abstract: The Tyrrhenian wall lizard is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is native to the islands Corsica and Sardinia and their associated islets. There are ten recognized subspecies.

text:
# Tyrrhenian wall lizard

The **Tyrrhenian wall lizard** (***Podarcis tiliguerta***) is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is native to the islands Corsica and Sardinia and their associated islets. There are ten recognized subspecies.

## Habitat

The natural habitats of *P. tiliguerta* are temperate forests, temperate shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, temperate grassland, rocky areas, sandy shores, arable land, pastureland, and rural gardens.

## Conservation status

*P. tiliguerta* is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.

## Subspecies

Ten subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.

*Nota bene*: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than *Podarcis*.

## Etymology

The subspecific name, *granchii*, is in honor of Italian herpetologist Edoardo Granchi of the *Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze*.

## Further reading

* Brizzi R, Lanza B (1975). "The natural history of the Macinaggio Islets (northeastern Corsica) with particular reference to their herpetofauna". *Natura* (Milan) **66** (1–2): 53–72. (*Podarcis tiliguerta rudolphisimonii*, new subspecies, p. 61). (in English, with an abstract in Italian).
* Gmelin JF (1789). *Caroli a Linné Systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III.* Leipzig: G.E. Beer. pp. 1033–1516. (*Lacerta tiliguerta*, new species, p. 1070). (in Latin).
* Lanza B (1966). "*Su due nuove razze insulari di* Lacerta sicula *e di* Lacerta tiliguerta". *Archivio Zoologico Italiano* (Naples) **51**: 511–522. (*Lacerta tiliguerta ranzii*, new subspecies, p. 516). (in Italian, with an abstract in English).
* Lanza B (1972). "The natural history of the Cerbicale Islands (southeastern Corsica) with particular reference to their herpetofauna". *Natura* (Milan) **63** (4): 345–407. (*Lacerta tiliguerta eiselti*, new subspecies, p. 381; *L. T. grandisonae*, new subspecies, p. 387; *L. t. maresi*, new subspecies, p. 389). (in English, with an abstract in Italian, and quotations in French).
* Lanza B, Brizzi R (1974). "On two new Corsican microinsular subspecies of *Podarcis tiliguerta* (Gmelin, 1789) (Reptilia Lacertidae)". *Natura* (Milan) **65** (3–4): 155–193. (*Podarcis tiliguerta granchii*, new subspecies, p. 184; *P. t. pardii*, new subspecies, p. 174). (in English, with an abstract in Italian).
* Lanza B, Brizzi R (1977). "The lizard of Piana di Cavallo Island (southeastern Corsica): *Podarcis muralis contii subsp. nova* ". *Natura* (Milan) **68** (3–4): 157–165. (*Podarcis muralis contii*, new subspecies, p. 158). (in English, with an abstract in Italian).
* Mertens R (1932). "*Zur Verbreitung und Systematik einiger Lacerta-Formen der Apenninischen Halbinsul und der Tyrrhenischen Inselwelt* ". *Senckenbergiana* **14**: 235–259. (*Lacerta muralis toro*, new subspecies, p. 246). (in German).

## InfoBox

| Tyrrhenian wall lizard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Lacertidae |
| Genus: | *Podarcis* |
| Species: | ***P. tiliguerta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Podarcis tiliguerta***
(Gmelin, 1789) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lacerta tiliguerta*
Gmelin, 1789 * *Lacerta muralis tiliguerta*
Mertens, 1932 * *Podarcis tiliguerta*
Engelmann et al., 1993 | |


title: German submarine U-664

abstract:
German submarine U-664 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 11 July 1941 by Howaldtswerke, Hamburg as yard number 813, launched on 28 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 June 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Adolf Graef.

text:
# German submarine U-664

**German submarine *U-664*** was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* for service during World War II. She was laid down on 11 July 1941 by Howaldtswerke, Hamburg as yard number 813, launched on 28 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 June 1942 under *Oberleutnant zur See* Adolf Graef.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-664* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-664* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 8th U-boat Flotilla on 17 June 1942, followed by active service on 1 November 1942 as part of the 9th Flotilla for the remainder of her service.

In five patrols she sank three merchant ships, for a total of 19,325 gross register tons (GRT).

### First Patrol

On her first day of active service she was attacked by a US Catalina. The depth charge attack was so effective that she had to return to base in France.

### Convoy ONS 167

Outward bound from Biscay on her second patrol, *U-664* made a chance sighting of the slow convoy and radioed its position to base. Karl Dönitz ordered Graef to shadow the convoy while other boats were rounded up to form Wolfpack *Sturmbock*. However the boats were well scattered and failed to make contact with the convoy, so on the night of 21 February 1943, Graef became impatient with waiting and decided to attack alone.

With one spread of torpedoes, Graef sank the 4,659 GRT American steamer *Rosario* and the 8,807 GRT Panamanian tanker *H H Rogers*.

### Wolfpacks

U-664 took part in eight wolfpacks, namely:

* Raufbold (11 – 22 December 1942)
* Spitz (22 – 31 December 1942)
* Sturmbock (21 – 26 February 1943)
* Wildfang (26 February – 5 March 1943)
* Raubgraf (7 – 20 March 1943)
* Without name (5 – 10 May 1943)
* Lech (10 – 15 May 1943)
* Donau 2 (15 – 26 May 1943)

### Fate

On 8 August 1943 *U-664* fired three torpedoes at the escort carrier USS *Card* in a surprise attack, before USS *Card* was able to respond and forced her to dive. The following day, on 9 August 1943, *U-664* was sunk in the North Atlantic in position 40°12′N 37°29′W / 40.200°N 37.483°W / 40.200; -37.483, by depth charges from USN Grumman Avenger aircraft launched from the carrier. Seven crew members were killed and 44 rescued by *USS Borie* after seven hours in the water.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 December 1942 | *Emile Francqui* | Belgium | 5,859 | Sunk |
| 21 February 1943 | *H H Rogers* | Panama | 8,807 | Sunk |
| 21 February 1943 | *Rosario* | United States | 4,659 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

* Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-664". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
* Hofmann, Markus. "*U 664*". *Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de* (in German). Retrieved 29 December 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-664* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Howaldtswerke, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 813 |
| Laid down | 11 July 1941 |
| Launched | 28 April 1942 |
| Commissioned | 17 June 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 9 August 1943 in the North Atlantic in position 40°12′N 37°29′W / 40.200°N 37.483°W / 40.200; -37.483, by depth charges from USN Grumman Avenger aircraft. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40-56 ratings |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 05 024 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S.* Adolf Graef * 17 June 1942 – 9 August 1943 |
| Operations: | * 5 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 20 October – 10 November 1942 * 2nd patrol: * 5 December 1942 – 13 January 1943 * 3rd patrol: * 14 February – 28 March 1943 * 4th patrol: * 29 April – 9 June 1943 * 5th patrol: * 21 July – 9 August 1943 |
| Victories: | 3 merchant ships sunk
(19,325 GRT) |


title: German submarine U-668

abstract: German submarine U-668 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 11 October 1941 at the Howaldtswerke yard at Hamburg, launched on 5 October 1942, and commissioned on 16 November 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang von Eickstedt. Attached to 5th U-boat Flotilla based at Kiel, U-668 completed her training period on 31 March 1944 and was assigned to front-line service.

text:
# German submarine U-668

**German submarine *U-668*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 11 October 1941 at the Howaldtswerke yard at Hamburg, launched on 5 October 1942, and commissioned on 16 November 1942 under the command of *Oberleutnant zur See* Wolfgang von Eickstedt.

Attached to 5th U-boat Flotilla based at Kiel, *U-668* completed her training period on 31 March 1944 and was assigned to front-line service.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-668* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-668* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

*U-668* completed six war patrols with no ships sunk.

## Fate

The U-boat surrendered at Narvik, Norway on 9 May 1945. On 31 December 1945 *U-668* was sunk by gunfire from HMS *Onslaught* in position 56°3′N 9°24′W / 56.050°N 9.400°W / 56.050; -9.400 as part of Operation Deadlight.

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999a). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999b). *Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-668* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Howaldtswerke, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 817 |
| Laid down | 11 October 1941 |
| Launched | 5 October 1942 |
| Commissioned | 16 November 1942 |
| Fate |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement | * 769  (757 long tons) surfaced * 871 t (857 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) (o/a) * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) (pressure hull) |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 49 834 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S. / Kptlt.* Wolfgang von Eickstedt * 16 November 1942 – April 1945 * *Kptlt.* Fritz Henning * April – 9 May 1945 |
| Operations: | * 6 patrols: * 1st patrol: * a. 22 May – 25 June 1944 * b. 6 – 7 July 1944 * 2nd patrol: * 19 July – 27 August 1944 * 3rd patrol: * a. 14 September – 3 October 1944 * b. 14 October 1944 * 4th patrol: * 15 October – 11 November 1944 * 5th patrol: * 22 November – 19 December 1944 * 6th patrol: * a. 1 March – 17 April 1945 * b. 12 May 1945 * c. 15 – 19 May 1945 |
| Victories: | None |


title: Tyrolean Music Station

abstract: The Tyrolean Music Station was a believed French shortwave numbers station that transmitted from Chartres in the Centre-Val de Loire region, France, from the early 1970s until late 1975. The station played several folk music songs by German yodeller Franzl Lang, prior to broadcasting one or several coded messages, and a music-box rendition of "The Internationale". The station was of unknown origin during the time it was broadcasting, until a French magazine, Interférences, claimed in their Autumn 1975 issue that the station was operated by the French intelligence service, SDECE. Shortly after this magazine was published, the station ceased broadcasting.

text:
# Tyrolean Music Station

The **Tyrolean Music Station** was a believed French shortwave numbers station that transmitted from Chartres in the Centre-Val de Loire region, France, from the early 1970s until late 1975. The station played several folk music songs by German yodeller Franzl Lang, prior to broadcasting one or several coded messages, and a music-box rendition of "The Internationale". The station was of unknown origin during the time it was broadcasting, until a French magazine, Interférences, claimed in their Autumn 1975 issue that the station was operated by the French intelligence service, SDECE. Shortly after this magazine was published, the station ceased broadcasting.

## Schedule and format

The station, given its nickname due to the yodelling music played during its broadcasts, would begin broadcasting on Saturday and Sunday each week, at 11:30UTC, with three songs played by the German yodeller, Franzl Lang. Following this, the carrier would remain silent until 11:55UTC, when a music-box rendition of the first seven notes of socialist anthem The Internationale would play, increasing in speed until 12:00, when a live or taped announcer would, speaking in German, call out several names, and read coded messages in the form of groups of five numbers. These messages were suspected to be sent to intelligence agents within the Eastern Bloc, to be decoded using a one-time pad.

The station would occasionally vary its typical format - during the songs being played, the music would fade out, and the announcer would call out names in German, providing them with a cryptic sentence, before wishing them farewell. This variation was recorded and was made available on The Conet Project, a compilation CD of numbers station recordings.

The station would frequently suffer from technical glitches, with audible clicks and whirrs of tapes being rewound and set, the wrong songs being played, or coughs and sneezes being heard in the background of the station.

The station ceased operation in Autumn 1975, shortly after an article in French magazine "Interférences" was published, claiming the station to be operated by the SDECE.

## Cultural impact

The Conet Project recording of this station could be found within the data files of the video game Half-Life 2.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

"Tyrolean Music Station"
| Broadcast area | Chartres, France |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 6.425 and 6.660 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | German |
| Format | Numbers station |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | SDECE (speculated) |
| History | |
| First air date | 1970s - Autumn 1975 |


title: Milperra

abstract: Milperra, a suburb of local government area City of Canterbury-Bankstown, is located 24 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the state of New South Wales, Australia, and is a part of the South Western Sydney region.

text:
# Milperra

**Milperra**, a suburb of local government area City of Canterbury-Bankstown, is located 24 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the state of New South Wales, Australia, and is a part of the South Western Sydney region.

## History

Milperra is an Aboriginal word for *a gathering of people*. The land at Milperra was taken over by George Johnson Jr. After World War I, returning soldiers established poultry farms and vegetable gardens in the area. The area commonly known as Thorns Bush, became officially known as Bankstown Soldier Settlement in 1917. Many streets in the area are named after World War 1 battles and officers.

The Milperra College of Advanced Education was established in 1974, bringing tertiary education to south-western Sydney. It became the Macarthur Institute of Higher Education in 1983, and then became the Bankstown campus of Western Sydney University in 1989.

In September 1984, on Father's Day, members of rival motorbike gangs the Comanchero and the Bandidos had a showdown in the car park of the Milperra Viking Tavern, which is technically located in Revesby. This altercation has since been called the 'Milperra Massacre'. Six bikies (bikers) and a 14-year-old girl were killed.

## Parks

Milperra sits on the bank of the Georges River and features a number of parks and reserves along the river, including Deepwater Park, Bankstown Golf Course and Vale of Ah Reserve.

## Schools

Milperra is home to Western Sydney University Bankstown Campus.

Milperra is also home to Mount Saint Joseph, Milperra, an all-girls high school with grades 7-12.

Milperra Public School is located on Pozieres Avenue.

## Commercial areas

Milperra features a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas. A number of small retail strips are scattered throughout the suburb including Milperra Shopping Village on Bullecourt Avenue and Ashford Village on the corner of Bullecourt Avenue and Ashford Avenue. Another small group of shops is located on the corner of Pozieres Avenue and Amiens Avenue, opposite the public school and many commercial developments are situated along Milperra Road.

## Transport

Milperra Road is a major road on the northern border which links to Newbridge Road and Moorebank, on the western side of the Milperra Bridge, over the Georges River. The M5 South Western Motorway runs along the southern border and Henry Lawson Drive is the other major road through the area.

## Notable residents

33°56′34″S 150°58′49″E / 33.94282°S 150.98037°E / -33.94282; 150.98037

## InfoBox

| Milperra<br>Sydney, New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Deepwater Park, Georges River, Milperra | |
|  | |
| Population | 4,074 (2021 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2214 |
| Elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Location | 24 km (15 mi) west of Sydney CBD |
| LGA(s) | City of Canterbury-Bankstown |
| State electorate(s) | East Hills |
| Federal division(s) | Banks |
| **Suburbs around Milperra:**  Picnic Point Bankstown Aerodrome Condell Park  Padstow Milperra Revesby  Revesby Heights Voyager Point Panania | |


title: Gerald Danzer

abstract: Gerald A. Danzer is professor emeritus of history at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a specialist in historical geography, world history, and the use of old maps as historical sources.

text:
# Gerald Danzer

**Gerald A. Danzer** (born November 9, 1938) is professor emeritus of history at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a specialist in historical geography, world history, and the use of old maps as historical sources.

## Early life

Gerald Danzer was born on November 9, 1938. He received his Ph.D from Northwestern University in 1967 for a dissertation on the subject of "America's Roots in the Past: Historical Publication in America to 1860".

## Career

Danzer is professor emeritus of history at the University of Illinois Chicago where he has taught an MA program for teachers of history for over thirty years. He is a specialist in historical geography, world history, and the use of old maps as historical sources. He is a former director of the Chicago Neighborhood History Project.

## Selected publications

### 1980s

* *People Space and Time. The Chicago Neighborhood History Project: An Introduction to Community History for Schools*. University Press Of America, 1986. (Joint author) ISBN 0819152226
* *Public Places: Exploring Their History*. Altamira Press, 1987. ISBN 0761989315

### 1990s

* *Discovering Western Civilization Through Maps and Views*. Harper Collins, 1991. (With David Buisseret) ISBN 0673535967
* *Mapping World History: A Guide for Beginning Students*. Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 0065005600
* *The Americans*. McDougal Littell, Evanston, 1998. (Multiple later and variant editions) ISBN 0395851823
* *World History: An Atlas and Study Guide*. Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN 0130953822

### 2000s

* *An Atlas of World History*. Borders Press, 2000. ISBN 0681465727
* *The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century*. McDougal Littell, Evanston, 2003.
* *Maps in Context: A Workbook for American History, Volume I*. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2004. ISBN 978-0312434816
* *Maps in Context: A Workbook for American History, Volume II*. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2004. ISBN 978-0312434823
* *Chicago's Historic Maps: Resources for Understanding the City*. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, 2007. ISBN 9780942579253
* *Illinois: A History in Pictures*. University of Illinois Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0252032882
* *The World's Columbian Exposition, 1893: Reconstructing the Geography of Chicago's World's Fair by way of a Fire Insurance Atlas*. Privately printed, Chicago, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Gerald Danzer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gerald A. Danzer<br>(1938-11-09) November 9, 1938 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Northwestern University (PhD) |
| Occupation | Historian |


title: Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet

abstract: The Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet (GDSQ) was a Canadian music ensemble formed in 1968. It was founded in Montreal by McGill University professor Gerald Danovitch.

text:
# Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet

The **Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet** (*GDSQ*) was a Canadian music ensemble formed in 1968. It was founded in Montreal by McGill University professor Gerald Danovitch.

## History

The saxophone quartet performed music in many styles, from Classical to Jazz. The original group members were Danovitch on soprano saxophone, Donald Hughes on alto, Shane Nestruck on baritone, and Abe Kestenberg on tenor. In 1976 Danovitch's student, Peter Freeman, took the place of Donald Hughes, and in 1978 Nancy Newman became the baritone player for the quartet in place of Shane Nestruck. Janis Steprans, also a student of Danovitch, began performing with the group in 1994.

In 1983 GDSQ won the du Maurier Search for Stars Contest organized by the du Maurier Council for the Performing Arts. In 1986 the quartet performed Pierre Max Dubois' concerto for saxophone quartet and strings with the Orchestre Métropolitain, conducted by the composer.

In 1988 the quartet performed at the ninth World Saxophone Congress, in Tokyo, Japan, and toured the Far East. In 1989 Paquito D'Rivera composed *New York Suite* for the GDSQ. CBC JazzImage also made a recording of the composition that same year, featuring the New York Saxophone Quartet.

After the sudden death of Gerald Danovitch from cancer in 1997, Newman and Kestenberg formed the Phoenix Saxophone Quartet. They broadcast a tribute to Danovitch on 8 January 1999 on the CBC Radio 2 program "In Performance".

## Discography

1985 – Esquisses. Dubois Quatuor – M. Perrault Esquisses québécoises – McGill University Records 85022 1986 – *Jones Three Preludes and a Fugue*. 5-ACM 24 1987 – *Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet* – CBC Records \[1018\] 1988 – *Patriquin Earthpeace One*. L. and I. Zuk piano. A Tempo 29588 (cass) 1989 – *Free Trade*. D. Matthews – Arnold – D'Rivera – et al. New York Saxophone Quartet. CBC JazzImage 2-0118 (CD) 1991 – *Celebration: One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Saxophone.* – featuring Eugene Rousseau – McGill University Records 750042-2 (CD)

## Further reading

* Rowland, Hilary. 'Meet the man behind all that campus jazz,' Montreal Gazette, 27 Oct 1984
* McLean, Eric. 'Sax quartet makes strange mix,' Montreal Gazette, 12 Mar 1988
* Tanner, David. 'Gerald Danovitch,' Saxophone Journal, vol 14, Jul–Aug 1989
* Ginsberg, Murray. "Canadian Scene." International Musician, Nov 1992

## InfoBox

| Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Classical
Jazz |
| Years active | 1968 (1968)–1997 (1997) |
|  | |
| Past members | Gerald Danovitch
Donald Hughes
Shane Nestruck
Abe Kestenberg
Peter Freeman
Nancy Newman
Janis Steprans |


title: Albanian Road Authority

abstract: The Albanian Road Authority or (ARrSh), is an independent, public institution in Albania, whose purpose is to construct and maintain roads and infrastructure in rural areas and between urban areas. It belongs to the Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy and is the legal owner of the roads and has the authority to execute construction of infrastructures on demand from the ministry.

text:
# Albanian Road Authority

The **Albanian Road Authority**  (Albanian: *Autoriteti Rrugor Shqiptar*) or *(ARrSh)*, is an independent, public institution in Albania, whose purpose is to construct and maintain roads and infrastructure in rural areas and between urban areas. It belongs to the Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy and is the legal owner of the roads and has the authority to execute construction of infrastructures on demand from the ministry.

## InfoBox

Albanian Road Authority
| Autoriteti Rrugor Shqiptar | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of ARrSh | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 15 October 2009 |
| Preceding agency | * General Roads Directorate (Drejtoria e Pergjithshme e Rrugeve) |
| Jurisdiction | Albania |
| Headquarters | Tirana |
| Employees | 166 |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Agency executive | * Gentian Gjyli, Director General |
| Website | www.arrsh.gov.al |


title: Milwaukee Irish Fest

abstract:
Milwaukee Irish Fest is a yearly Irish-American festival held at the Henry Maier Festival Park, on Lake Michigan, United States, every third weekend in August. Over 130,000 people attend the Fest each year to watch nearly 250 acts on 17 stages. The four-day festival started in 1981, founded by Edward J. Ward. Irish Fest is the largest of the ethnic festivals held at the Summerfest grounds which report attendance, and holds claim to the largest celebration of Irish Culture in the world. Festival highlights include:
  - Performances from local Milwaukee Irish Dance troupes
  - Music from nearly 250 artists from around the world, sung in both English and Irish
  - Stages for Céilí dancing
  - An area to learn Céilí dance
  - Celebrations of Irish sport:Gaelic Football, Hurling, and Currach racing
  - Authentic Irish Cuisine
  - A 5k Run/Walk to the festival
  - Poetry and photography contests
  - Liturgy for Peace and Justice held in the Marcus Amphitheater on Sunday morning The annual closing event is the Scattering, a gathering of many of the festival's musicians playing together in one combined session, with fifty or more musicians on the stage at one time not uncommon. Irish Fest celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2005, which saw the opening of the new Celtic Roots stage. President of Ireland, Mary McAleese also attended that year's fest. There was no Irish Fest in 2020 as officials cited the COVID-19 pandemic as grounds for scrapping most events & moving others online.

text:
# Milwaukee Irish Fest

**Milwaukee Irish Fest** (locally known as **Irish Fest**) is a yearly Irish-American festival held at the Henry Maier Festival Park, on Lake Michigan, United States, every third weekend in August. Over 130,000 people attend the Fest each year to watch nearly 250 acts on 17 stages. The four-day festival started in 1981, founded by Edward J. Ward. Irish Fest is the largest of the ethnic festivals held at the Summerfest grounds which report attendance, and holds claim to the largest celebration of Irish Culture in the world.

Festival highlights include:

* Performances from local Milwaukee Irish Dance troupes
* Music from nearly 250 artists from around the world, sung in both English and Irish
* Stages for Céilí dancing
* An area to learn Céilí dance
* Celebrations of Irish sport:Gaelic Football, Hurling, and Currach racing
* Authentic Irish Cuisine
* A 5k Run/Walk to the festival
* Poetry and photography contests
* Liturgy for Peace and Justice held in the Marcus Amphitheater on Sunday morning

The annual closing event is the Scattering, a gathering of many of the festival's musicians playing together in one combined session, with fifty or more musicians on the stage at one time not uncommon.

Irish Fest celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2005, which saw the opening of the new Celtic Roots stage. President of Ireland, Mary McAleese also attended that year's fest. There was no Irish Fest in 2020 as officials cited the COVID-19 pandemic as grounds for scrapping most events & moving others online.


title: Mimorista matronulalis

abstract: Mimorista matronulalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1886. It is found in Jamaica.

text:
# Mimorista matronulalis

***Mimorista matronulalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1886. It is found in Jamaica.

## InfoBox

| *Mimorista matronulalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mimorista* |
| Species: | ***M. matronulalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimorista matronulalis***<br>(Möschler, 1886) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botys matronulalis* Möschler, 1886 | |


title: Tịnh Biên (ward)

abstract: Tịnh Biên is an urban municipality and capital town of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam. Tịnh Biên was depicted in Robin Moore's fiction book The Green Berets; chapter 1 described a real-life battle during the Vietnam War in which all of the members of a United States Army Special Forces detachment were injured during the fighting.

text:
# Tịnh Biên (ward)

**Tịnh Biên** is an urban municipality (*phường thuộc Thị xã*) and capital town of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Tịnh Biên was depicted in Robin Moore's fiction book *The Green Berets*; chapter 1 described a real-life battle during the Vietnam War in which all of the members of a United States Army Special Forces detachment were injured during the fighting.

## InfoBox

| Tịnh Biên | |
| --- | --- |
| Urban municipality and town | |
| Tịnh Biên town | |
| Tịnh BiênLocation in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 10°35′N 105°0′E / 10.583°N 105.000°E / 10.583; 105.000 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | An Giang Province |
| District | Tịnh Biên District |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm

abstract: Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm is a Buddhist temple in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam. It was founded in 1965 and is the spiritual birthplace of the khất sĩ tradition of Vietnamese Buddhism that attempts to recreate the original tradition of the Buddhist sangha by walking barefoot and begging for alms. The temple is located at 7 Nguyễn Trung Trực Street, in Bình Thạnh District. It is known for its weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới retreat, which is staged more frequently than at other institutions in the city, and has a reputation among its followers for rigour and discipline. The attendees of the temple are typically over 40 years of age and are overwhelmingly female. The temple is set on a plot of 5,490 square metres (59,100 sq ft), and construction took ten years. Initially, the complex comprised two halls, two compounds for the sangha other buildings. The temple was the headquarters of the Vietnamese khất sĩ Sangha Association until 1980. In 1998, an octagonal nine-story tower, named the Buddha Gem Tower, was built. The tower is lit at night and is visible throughout the surrounding area. The bottom four floors form the library as well as the repository for some relics of Gautama Buddha. Many of the inner walls of the halls of the temple are adorned with relief carvings and paintings depicting important events in the life of Buddha. In the courtyard stands a statue of Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva.

text:
# Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm

**Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm** is a Buddhist temple in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam. It was founded in 1965 and is the spiritual birthplace of the *khất sĩ* tradition of Vietnamese Buddhism that attempts to recreate the original tradition of the Buddhist sangha by walking barefoot and begging for alms. The temple is located at 7 Nguyễn Trung Trực Street, in Bình Thạnh District. It is known for its weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới (Eight Precept Ritual) retreat, which is staged more frequently than at other institutions in the city, and has a reputation among its followers for rigour and discipline. The attendees of the temple are typically over 40 years of age and are overwhelmingly female.

The temple is set on a plot of 5,490 square metres (59,100 sq ft), and construction took ten years. Initially, the complex comprised two halls, two compounds for the sangha other buildings. The temple was the headquarters of the Vietnamese *khất sĩ* Sangha Association until 1980. In 1998, an octagonal nine-story tower, named the Buddha Gem Tower, was built. The tower is lit at night and is visible throughout the surrounding area. The bottom four floors form the library as well as the repository for some relics of Gautama Buddha. Many of the inner walls of the halls of the temple are adorned with relief carvings and paintings depicting important events in the life of Buddha. In the courtyard stands a statue of Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva.

## History

The founding patriarch of the *khất sĩ* tradition was Thích Minh Đăng Quang, who was born Nguyễn Thành Đạt in 1923 to a peasant family from the village of Phú Hậu, Bình Phú prefecture, Tam Bình District in Vĩnh Long Province in the Mekong Delta. He founded the tradition in 1944 with the vow "Nối truyền Thích-ca chánh pháp Đạo Phật Khất sĩ Việt Nam" (*Transmitting the correct dharma of Sakyamuni, Khất sĩ Buddhism of Vietnam*), which came to be the motto of the *khất sĩ* tradition. Although he disappeared in 1954, his followers continued to expand and went on to open Tinh Xa Trung Tam.

## Buildings and development

The temple is set on a plot of 5,490 square metres (59,100 sq ft); construction of the building began in April 1965 and took ten years. The plot of land was donated by a Buddhist layperson named Nguyễn Văn Chà. Initially, the complex comprised a main ceremonial hall, a patriarch hall, two compounds for the sangha and a set of huts for solitary religious practice. The temple was the headquarters of the *khất sĩ* Sangha Association from 1966 until 1980.

In November 1980, the abbot Thích Giác Toàn along with Thích Giác Phúc organised an expansion that involved the erection of a two-storied compound that included the main ceremonial hall. The compound was built in an octagonal shape, as planned by the architect Nguyễn Hữu Thiện. The tower part of the compound is 4.40 metres (14.4 ft) tall, with octagonal sides of length 2.25 metres (7.4 ft). At the top of the temple are 13 miniature levels, which represent the 13 realms of existence. The tower was constructed from wood, with lotuses depicted on the exterior walls. There are 12 paintings that depict various events in the life of Gautama Buddha, including the birth at Lumbini, the enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, the first dharma talk at Deer Park in Varanasi and the entering of nirvana at Kushinagar. Further parts of the wall display quotes from the Dhammapada written in Vietnamese. The entire artwork on and within the tower was the work of Thiện Ngộ and his group of artists from the Art School of Long An. The artwork was created between 1982 and 1984. The main lecture hall on the ground floor has wooden benches and can house several hundred people. A large statue of the patriarch Thich Minh Dang Quang stands at the front of the hall, in front of the wall paintings and a table on a platform where the speaking monk sit while giving a dharma talk.

The centrepiece of the main ceremonial hall on the second level is a statue of Gautama Buddha in the Buddha Hall. It is carved from wood, is 6 metres (20 ft) tall, and is enclosed in a glass case. Also on this level is a ceramic statue depicting the birth of Prince Siddhartha. It depicts the traditional account of the prince taking seven steps, which resulted in seven lotuses blooming spontaneously, followed by Siddhartha pointing to the sky with his index finger and declaring that this life would be his last in samsara. On the internal wall of the temple are eight murals of the life of Gautama Buddha by Minh Dung and Hai Long. They are 2 metres (6.6 ft) high and carved into the wall.

There are two other chambers on the second floor. Behind the Buddha Hall is the patriarch's alcove. The founder of any Vietnamese monastery is typically commemorated there, but in this case, Thích Minh Đăng Quang left no remains, so only his begging bowl and robe are present, protected by a glass enclosure. The bowl is smaller than usual and the robe is of a saffron-dark orange colour. Buddhists often prostrate before the two objects, although as the glass enclosure and the Buddha statues in the main hall lie on the central symmetry axis of the building, they do so at an angle so that their posteriors are not pointing towards the statue of the Buddha. Behind the patriarch's alcove is another chamber, the centre of which is a statue of the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha. Instead of being depicted with the typical staff with six rings around it representing the six realms of existenceKsitigarbha is shown with a "wish-granting gem". To either side of Ksitigarbha are photos of deceased monks and nuns. To the extreme left and right are photographs and names of deceased lay Buddhists, and their ashes are stored in urns below the altar.

In the front courtyard of the temple is a statue Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva, which stands 9 metres (30 ft), on a lotus seat 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. This is unusually high for an Avalokiteshvara statue in an outdoor courtyard. Before 1975, the *khất sĩ* Sangha Association had around 300 temples in southern Vietnam, and the temple was the headquarters of the organization.

In 1998, an octagonal nine-story tower, named the Buddha Gem Tower, was built next to the Bodhi tree. It is 37 metres (121 ft) high and has a symbolic Torch of Wisdom at the top, which is lit at night and is visible throughout the surrounding area. The bottom four floors form the library as well as the repository for some of the Buddha's relics. The top five levels are used to enshrine the ashes of monks and nuns.

To the left of the gate is the bookstore, which is run by the lay disciples of the temple. Unlike many other Buddhist institutions, the publications are generally not free. The outlet offers journals published by the government-run Buddhist media, as well as material written by Vietnamese monks, translations of canonical texts, works by internationally renowned Buddhist scholars, and audiovisual recordings of dharma talks by Vietnamese monks. It also sells images and statues of Gautama and Amitabha Buddha, and Avalokiteshvara. Next to the bookstore is the medical clinic, Tue Tinh Duong (Tue Tinh Hall), named after a Trần Dynasty monk and herbal medicine practitioner who was famed for attending to the impoverished and compiling the first known book on Vietnamese herbal medicine. As is the case with medical clinics named in Tue Tinh's honour, the services dispensed are complimentary. The outlet at Tinh Xa Trung Tam is the mendicant sect's most active medical facility.

The Triple Gate (Tam Quan) is accessible by both pedestrians and vehicles. Two-wheeled vehicles and pedestrians use the left and right wings respectively, and cars, buses, and trucks can use the central wing. The three gates represent emptiness, impermanence and middle-view. It is decorated with sculptures and engravings of lotuses, lanterns and swastikas, all prominent symbols in Buddhism. On the left hand side of the grounds, there is a Bodhi tree, a symbol of the enlightenment of the Buddha. The tree is located in a concrete lotus, and around it are eight samsara-wheel-shaped signs that represent the Noble Eightfold Path. Signs with text explain each of the eight paths.

Aside from the two tower complexes, there is a reception office, administrative block, monastic quarters, meditation halls and a kitchen complex where lay supporters prepare meals for the monks and visitors. The monastic quarters and meditation hall are not open to laypeople and can provide accommodation for hundreds of monks. This large capacity is often utilised during the Rains Retreat. This retreat commemorates events during the life of the Buddha, when the rainy season came between the full moons of the fourth and seventh lunar months. As a result, monks of the time stayed in one place to practice rather than travel from place to place.

## Intrusions

As with other Buddhist temples in Ho Chi Minh City, rapid urban sprawl in the city has enveloped Tinh Xa Trung Tam and disturbed the serenity that existed when it was first constructed. The area surrounding Tinh Xa Trung Tam is now a noisy neighborhood, and most prominent among the sources of disturbances is a karaoke bar located on an alley leading to the temple. Due to overcrowding in the neighbourhood, joggers often use the monastery grounds, so a sign has been erected indicating "Ladies and gentlemen exercisers please follow this route" so that they circle the Dharma Tower in a clockwise direction, a path usually taken by Buddhists around stupas as an act of devotion.

In response to the growing noise, a sign has been placed at the gate to remind visitorsBuddhists and non-Buddhistsabout etiquette. It says that bicycles and motorcycles should be pushed into the yard with engines turned off. A policy of locking the halls when they are not in use has also been enacted to prevent homeless people from camping there. Some stray dogs have adopted Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm as their home and traipse about during rituals; they are fed vegetarian food. Although begging is not allowed inside the monastery grounds, it is allowed on the footpath outside the camp, and several handicapped people have made themselves a regular presence there.

## Social outreach

The monastery runs a fundraising program for cataract operations in the city, and receives wide support due to public suspicion of charities affiliated with the ruling Communist Party government, due to the communists' strong reputation for rampant corruption. Following the fall of Saigon and the communist takeover, religious bodies were required to be registered with and loyal to the party. The khat si complied and became one of the nine schools within the state-sanctioned Vietnamese Buddhist Congregation. However, the temple does not fly the national flag, and the only government material or symbols on display within Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm are letters of congratulations for charity initiatives.

## Demographics and activities

The lay attendees at Tinh Xa Trung Tam are predominantly female by a ratio of around 5 to 1, and most of the temple-goers are over 40. Most of the younger lay disciples are relatives of regular, older attendees. In addition to local residents, who make up the bulk of the disciples, some are from other parts of Vietnam, as well as overseas Vietnamese who are temporarily in the country. According to the American professor of Vietnamese history and religion Mark W. McLeod, who did fieldwork at Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm, he did not survey the laypeople about their income, for fear of embarrassing them, but conjectured that most had an above average income as they were able to devote a considerable amount of time to organized religious activity instead of working longer hours. A regular occurrence at the temple is the weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới (Eight Precepts Ritual). As part of this, the participants take on three additional vows apart from the Five Precepts and stay at the temple for a 24-hour period. These vows prohibit adornments such as makeup and jewellery, the use of comfortable beds and chairs, and eating impurely. During the retreat day, meals are taken in silence and talking is avoided, apart from during dharma talks, sutra chanting and religious debate. Meditation is also a part of the routine. Tinh Xa Trung Tam holds the Eight Precepts Ritual more often than any other institution in the city; the next most frequent temple holds the retreat once every two weeks. Dharma talks are held weekly by the resident monks and nuns, which is generally more frequent than at other places in the city. The disciples and monks at the temple told McLeod that they chose Tinh Xa Trung Tam because of what they regarded as a higher level of discipline, rigor and scholarship at the institution. The monks are transported by their disciples as they are forbidden to drive.

The founder of khất sĩ had been a supporter of freeing birds as an act of compassion, and this has been continued by some monks and lay people as it is believed to be meritorious, but others have spoken out against on the grounds that the demand for birds used for such ceremonies merely prompt more people to capture them in the first place.

According to the scholar Mark McLeod, the temple incorporated aspects of both Mahayana and Theravada traditions in its style of practice and architecture. He felt that the modest and uncomplicated wooden statue of the Buddha is more reminiscent of Theravada architecture, while the Ksitigarbha and Avalokiteshvara statues are distinctly Mahayana, as these figures are absent from Theravada teachings. One monk interviewed by McLeod said that his temple's interpretation of Buddhism and its inclusiveness of Mahayana and Theravada aspects is "like a tree, which needs roots, a trunk, branches, and leaves; it cannot survive if any is missing." He added that the appropriateness of a teaching, practice, symbol, is independent of its origin, but is determined by "whether or not it accords with the Buddha's Teachings."

* McLeod, Mark W. (2009). "The Way of the Mendicants: History, Philosophy, and Practice at the Central Vihara in Hồ Chí Minh City". *Journal of Vietnamese Studies*. **4** (2). University of California Press: 69–116. doi:10.1525/vs.2009.4.2.69.


title: Gheorghe Caranda

abstract: Gheorghe Caranda was a Romanian army officer and early aviator. He registered at Cotroceni Piloting School founded by George Valentin Bibescu in 1911, and earned his pilot license in 1912. On June 20, 1912 he crashed his biplane and died on Cotroceni field in Bucharest, thus becoming the first Romanian airplane accident fatality. The Farman III airplane was among those used at Chitila Piloting School, and reportedly had a longitudinal stability problem, and in addition the engine was under-performing on the day of the accident. Caranda received the Military Virtue Medal posthumously and his name is listed first on the Romanian Airmen Heroes Memorial in Bucharest, before that of aircraft builder and pilot Aurel Vlaicu.

text:
# Gheorghe Caranda

**Gheorghe Caranda** (April 21, 1884 – June 20, 1912) was a Romanian army officer and early aviator. He registered at Cotroceni Piloting School founded by George Valentin Bibescu in 1911, and earned his pilot license in 1912.

On June 20, 1912 he crashed his biplane and died on Cotroceni field in Bucharest, thus becoming the first Romanian airplane accident fatality. The Farman III airplane was among those used at Chitila Piloting School, and reportedly had a longitudinal stability problem, and in addition the engine was under-performing on the day of the accident.

Caranda received the Military Virtue Medal posthumously and his name is listed first on the Romanian Airmen Heroes Memorial in Bucharest, before that of aircraft builder and pilot Aurel Vlaicu.

## InfoBox

| Gheorghe Caranda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1884-04-21)April 21, 1884
Iași, Romania |
| Died | June 20, 1912(1912-06-20) (aged 28)
Bucharest, Romania |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Occupation | Army Officer |
| Known for | first Romanian plane crash casualty |


title: Mindflex

abstract: Mindflex is a toy by Mattel by which, according to its description, the operator uses their brain waves to steer a ball through an obstacle course. Brain waves are registered by the enclosed EEG headset, which allows the user to control an air stream by concentrating, thus lifting or lowering a foam ball. The game was released in the fall of 2009, and uses the same microchip as the MindSet from NeuroSky and homebuilt EEG machines.

text:
# Mindflex

**Mindflex** is a toy by Mattel by which, according to its description, the operator uses their brain waves to steer a ball through an obstacle course. Brain waves are registered by the enclosed EEG headset, which allows the user to control an air stream by concentrating, thus lifting or lowering a foam ball. The game was released in the fall of 2009, and uses the same microchip as the MindSet from NeuroSky and homebuilt EEG machines.

## Controversy

Despite the science behind the technology developed by Mattel, outside scientists have questioned whether the toy actually measures brain waves or just randomly moves the ball, exploiting the well-known illusion of control. However, despite the John-Dylan Haynes experiments, supporters of the game stand behind the research that went into the development of Mindflex, and believe that the headset does indeed read EEGs.


title: Ghanghran

abstract: Ghanghran is a small town in district Narowal District, Pakistan, under Shakargarh Tehsil. Hundreds of years ago on the bank of river Ravi there was a boat parking place which connected the people on both side of the river. A person who was riding that boat its on his name Ganra singh. The town is also known as saint village because of its saint's places from every corner. Slowly the Ravi changed its flow to the south side but the town is still there.

text:
# Ghanghran

**Ghanghran** is a small town in district Narowal District, Pakistan, under Shakargarh Tehsil.

Hundreds of years ago on the bank of river Ravi there was a boat parking place which connected the people on both side of the river. A person who was riding that boat its on his name Ganra singh. The town is also known as saint village because of its saint's places from every corner. Slowly the Ravi changed its flow to the south side but the town is still there.

## Amenities

Nowadays this village is facilitated by BHU (basic health unit), girls and boys high schools linked about eight more small and big towns.

32°08′12″N 75°01′39″E / 32.1368°N 75.0274°E / 32.1368; 75.0274


abstract: Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution is one of Lenin's early writings.

text:
# Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution

***Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution*** is one of Lenin's early writings.

## Background

It was written in June and July 1905, while the Russian Revolution of 1905 was taking place.

## Content

Lenin's preface poses a certain question: "in educating and organising the working class;...where should we place the main political emphasis in this work of education and organisation? On the trade unions and legally existing associations, or on an insurrection, on the work of creating a revolutionary army and a revolutionary government?"


title: Two Tahitian Women

abstract: Two Tahitian Women is an 1899 painting by Paul Gauguin. It depicts two topless women, one holding mango blossoms, on the Pacific Island of Tahiti. The painting is part of the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and was donated to the museum by William Church Osborn in 1949. Although Tahiti is depicted as an innocent paradise, the two women in the painting confront the viewer in a way similar to that in Manet's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (1863) or Olympia (1863), and follow an artistic tradition of comparing woman's breasts to flowers or fruit. The women in the painting also appear in two other works by Gauguin, Faa Iheihe (1898) and Rupe, Rupe (1899). The painting was attacked April 1, 2011, while on loan to the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Due to the protection of the plexiglass, the painting was not harmed.

text:
# Two Tahitian Women

***Two Tahitian Women*** is an 1899 painting by Paul Gauguin. It depicts two topless women, one holding mango blossoms, on the Pacific Island of Tahiti. The painting is part of the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and was donated to the museum by William Church Osborn in 1949.

Although Tahiti is depicted as an innocent paradise, the two women in the painting confront the viewer in a way similar to that in Manet's *Le déjeuner sur l'herbe* (1863) or *Olympia* (1863), and follow an artistic tradition of comparing woman's breasts to flowers or fruit. The women in the painting also appear in two other works by Gauguin, *Faa Iheihe (Tahitian Pastoral)* (1898) and *Rupe, Rupe* (1899).

The painting was attacked April 1, 2011, while on loan to the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Due to the protection of the plexiglass, the painting was not harmed.

## InfoBox

| Two Tahitian Women | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Paul Gauguin |
| Year | 1899 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Movement | Post Impressionism |
| Dimensions | 94 cm × 72 cm (37 in × 28.5 in) |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City |


title: Türksat 1C

abstract: Türksat 1C was a Turkish communications satellite as part of a project to form an instant network with two geosynchronous satellites that is supervised by the companies Türksat A.Ş. in Turkey and Aérospatiale of France. Türksat 1C was launched by Arianespace atop an Ariane-44L H10-3 launch vehicle along with Saudi Arabian satellite Arabsat-2A in a dual-payload launch on July 9, 1996, from ELA-2 at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. It was built under the insurance terms of the turnkey system contract to replace the first Turkish satellite Türksat 1A, which was lost following a launch failure on January 24, 1994. The contract was modified so that the coverage area of Türksat 1C was enlarged by two big zones. Turksat 1C was successfully placed into geostationary transfer orbit and positioned at 31.3°E on July 10, 1996. Completing the orbital tests, the satellite shifted to longitude 42°E. After this process, which took 17 days, the broadcast traffic of the Türksat 1B was transferred to Türksat 1C. Finally, when these processes completed Türksat 1B was positioned at 31.3°E following similar orbital manoeuvres. Turksat 1C was designed for covering Turkey and Europe on west spot by vertical emission and Turkey and Central Asia on east spot by horizontal emission so as to serve simultaneously between Europe, Turkey and Central Asia, and to provide direct connection between Europe and Central Asia. It is based on the Aerospatiale Spacebus 2000 series having an on-orbit mass of 1,062 kg (2,341 lb). The communications payload consists of 16 Ku band transponders with eight backup, nine with 36Mhz, two with 54Mhz and five 72Mhz bandwidth. On July 16, 2008, all traffic on Turksat 1C was transferred to Turksat 3A, which was launched on June 13, 2008 and its television broadcast was terminated on October 3, 2010.

text:
# Türksat 1C

**Türksat 1C** was a Turkish communications satellite as part of a project to form an instant network with two geosynchronous satellites that is supervised by the companies Türksat A.Ş. in Turkey and Aérospatiale of France.

Türksat 1C was launched by Arianespace atop an Ariane-44L H10-3 launch vehicle along with Saudi Arabian satellite Arabsat-2A in a dual-payload launch on July 9, 1996, from ELA-2 at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. It was built under the insurance terms of the turnkey system contract to replace the first Turkish satellite Türksat 1A, which was lost following a launch failure on January 24, 1994. The contract was modified so that the coverage area of Türksat 1C was enlarged by two big zones.

Turksat 1C was successfully placed into geostationary transfer orbit and positioned at 31.3°E on July 10, 1996. Completing the orbital tests, the satellite shifted to longitude 42°E. After this process, which took 17 days, the broadcast traffic of the Türksat 1B was transferred to Türksat 1C. Finally, when these processes completed Türksat 1B was positioned at 31.3°E following similar orbital manoeuvres.

Turksat 1C was designed for covering Turkey and Europe on west spot by vertical emission and Turkey and Central Asia on east spot by horizontal emission so as to serve simultaneously between Europe, Turkey and Central Asia, and to provide direct connection between Europe and Central Asia. It is based on the Aerospatiale Spacebus 2000 series having an on-orbit mass of 1,062 kg (2,341 lb). The communications payload consists of 16 Ku band transponders with eight backup, nine with 36Mhz, two with 54Mhz and five 72Mhz bandwidth.

On July 16, 2008, all traffic on Turksat 1C was transferred to Turksat 3A, which was launched on June 13, 2008 and its television broadcast was terminated on October 3, 2010.

## InfoBox

Türksat 1C
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Communication |
| Operator | Türksat |
| COSPAR ID | 1996-040B |
| SATCAT no. | 23949 |
| Mission duration | 14 years |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | Spacebus 2000 |
| Manufacturer | Aérospatiale |
| Launch mass | 1,062 kg (2,341 lb) |
| Power | 2,800 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 9, 1996 (1996-07-09) |
| Rocket | Ariane 44L H10-3 |
| Launch site | Kourou ELA-2 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Deactivated | October 3, 2010 (2010-10-04) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Geostationary |
| Longitude | 31.3°E |
| Perigee altitude | 35,802.6 kilometres (22,246.7 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 35,835.7 kilometres (22,267.3 mi) |
| Period | 1,437.4 minutes |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | 16 Ku band \+ 8 backup |
| Bandwidth | 9×36 MHz
2×54 megahertz
5×72 megahertz |
| EIRP | 53 dBW west spot: Europa & Turkey
53 decibel-watts east spot: Asia & Turkey |
|  | |
| Türksat program | |


title: Million Clouds

abstract: .mw-parser-output.tracklist{border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr:nth-child(2n-1){background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist caption{text-align:left;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist td,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="col"]{text-align:left;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-length-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-number-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"],.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length,.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{padding-right:10px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-number-header{width:2em;padding-left:10px}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length-header{width:4em}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr.tracklist-total-length{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.tracklist.tracklist-total-length th{padding:0;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length th>span{float:right;padding:0 10px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;padding:0 10px 0 0} "Million Clouds" is a song recorded by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. It was released as a single on July 27, 2016, through FlyingDog. It was written by Sakamoto and composed by Swedish singer-songwriter Frida Sundemo. The song served as the opening theme to the Tokyo MX anime Amanchu!.

text:
# Million Clouds

"**Million Clouds**" is a song recorded by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. It was released as a single on July 27, 2016, through FlyingDog. It was written by Sakamoto and composed by Swedish singer-songwriter Frida Sundemo. The song served as the opening theme to the Tokyo MX anime *Amanchu!*.

## Chart performance

The single debuted at number 24 on the Oricon Singles Chart, with 8,000 copies on its first week. It went on to chart for six weeks, selling a reported total of 11,000 copies.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Million Clouds" |  | * Shin Kōno | 4:15 |
| 2. | "Ромашка" (ロマーシカ, *Romāshika*, "Chamomile") | * Sakamoto | * Kōno | 4:33 |
| 3. | "Dive" (featuring Gontiti) |  | * Gontiti | 4:59 |
| 4. | "Million Clouds" (Piano Version) | * Sundemo | * Kōno | 3:20 |
| 5. | "Hajimari no Umi" (Live Version) |  | * Kōno | 4:05 |
| Total length: | | | | 21:57 |

## Credits and personnel

**Personnel**

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan Daily Singles (Oricon) | 14 | 11,000 |
| Japan Weekly Singles (Oricon) | | 24 |
| Japan Hot 100 (*Billboard*) | | 35 |
| Japan Hot Animation (*Billboard*) | | 12 |
| Japan Top Singles Sales (*Billboard*) | | 26 |

## InfoBox

| "Million Clouds" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Maaya Sakamoto | |
| Released | July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27) |
| Genre | * Pop |
| Length | 4:58 |
| Label | FlyingDog |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Maaya Sakamoto |
| Maaya Sakamoto singles chronology | |
| "Anata o Tamotsu Mono" / "Mada Ugoku"
(2015) "**Million Clouds**"
(2016) "Clear"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Million Clouds" | |
|  | |