title: Raja Sikander Zaman

abstract: Raja Sikandar Zaman Khan was a Pakistani politician and the former Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. During a 50-year political career, he served as Minister, Senior Minister, Federal Minister of Pakistan, and opposition leader in the NWFP Assembly for a long time. His first political office was in the 1960s as a member of the Abbottabad District Council.

text:
# Raja Sikander Zaman

**Raja Sikandar Zaman Khan (Urdu/Pashto: راجہ سکندر زمان ; born** 1935  **died** 16 March 2007) was a Pakistani politician and the former Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. During a 50-year political career, he served as Minister, Senior Minister, Federal Minister of Pakistan, and opposition leader in the NWFP Assembly for a long time. His first political office was in the 1960s as a member of the Abbottabad District Council.

## Early life and education

He was born in Khanpur. His father, Sultan Capt. Raja Haider Zaman Khan was active in politics. He received his early education from Burn Hall School in Abbottabad and Aligarh University.

## Career

He started his political career as a Member of the Abbottabad District Council in the 1950s, while his brother Sultan Raja Rukan Zaman,Chief of Ghakhars(late) was a Member Legislative Assembly in West Pakistan. He remained Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Minister for WAPDA, Education, and Revenue respectively. He was also the opposition leader in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and a senior minister in the provincial cabinet.

Brief History of Political Career, MPA, 1957 Lahore Assembly Chairman, Union Council Khanpur, 1960; Senior Vice Chairman, Hazara Division, 1965 Provincial Minister for Education, Sports and Tourism, 1973 Provincial Minister for Agriculture- (1977) Federal Minister for Water, Power and Natural Resources (1981–1985), MNA and Opposition Leader (1988), Senior Minister Excise and Revenue (1990–1993)

## InfoBox

| Raja Sikander Zaman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister | Federal Minister for Water, Power and Natural Resources, Senior Minister Excise and Revenue |
| Chief Minister of North-West Frontier Province
(Caretaker) | |
| **In office**
12 November 1996  21 February 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Aftab Ahmed Sherpao |
| Succeeded by | Mehtab Abbasi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1935
Khanpur, North-West Frontier Province, British India |
| Died | 16 March 2007(2007-03-16) (aged 71–72)
Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Children | Raja Shadab Sikander
Raja Aamer Zaman
Faisal Zaman |
|  | |


title: Maximilian Mörlin

abstract: Maximilian Mörlin was a Lutheran theologian, court preacher, Superintendent in Coburg, and Reformer.

text:
# Maximilian Mörlin

**Maximilian Mörlin** ( 14 October 1516, Wittenberg, Electorate of Saxony — 20 April 1584, Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach ) was a Lutheran theologian, court preacher, Superintendent in Coburg, and Reformer.

## Life

Maximilian grew up with his older brother, Joachim Mörlin, as the sons of Jodok Mörlin ( Jodocus Morlinus, ca. 1490 – 1550 ), the Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wittenberg. After a harsh upbringing, when he learned the trade of a tailor, he switched to the profession of a scholar. Like his brother, he studied at Wittenberg in 1533 and came under the influence of Martin Luther and especially Philipp Melanchthon. From 1539, he was the pastor in Pegau and Zeitz and, after 1543, in Schalkau. On the recommendation of his teacher, he came to Coburg in 1544 as a court preacher ( *Hofprediger* ) and visited the city’s churches and schools on the behalf of the Duke of Saxony.

After Maximilian graduated in 1546 under Caspar Cruciger the Elder at Wittenberg to the rank of Doctor, he was appointed as a Superintendent. In the theological debates of the times, he was at first on the side of Matthias Flacius. He pursued the condemnation of Justus Menius, participated in the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 and wrote with and Johann Stössel the *Weimarer Konfutationsbuch* \[ the Weimarer Book of Refutations \], which was mandatory for the Lutheran churches throughout Thuringia. The Duke of Saxony, John Frederick the Middle, also took him to Heidelberg to prevent his father-in-law, Frederick III the Pious, the Elector Palatinate of the Rhine, from going over to the Reformed side. The *Heidelberger Abendmahlsgespräch* \[ Heidelberger Discussion of the Lord’s Supper \], with which Mörlin was involved on 3 and 4 July 1560, remained unsuccessful.

However, from the side of the Radicals, Flacius struck, distancing Mörlin from the Philippists. He fought against Andreas Osiander and helped in 1556 to enforce the Reformation to the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach on the behalf of its ruler, Charles II. As the Spiritual Assessor for the Consistory of Weimar, he pleaded in 1561 for peace with the terms of the mediating theologian Melanchthon. In Jena, he served in 1564 as the Pro-Chancellor and Vice-Dean in the first program for theological doctorates and upgraded Stössel’s academic degree from *Magister* to Doctor.

The next Duke of Saxony, John William, himself the supporter of Flacius, expelled Mörlin from the Duchy in 1569. A year later, Mörlin was appointed to Dillenburg and later Siegen, where he represented his side against the Reformed tendencies of the ruler, the Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, John VI, but without success. In 1573, he returned from Siegen to Coburg, where he was restored to his old offices. He dismissed the Gnesio-Lutherans and used his influence to add to the *Formula Concordiae* \[ Formula of Concord \] and to contend with its effects.

Mörlin gained importance as a preacher and the representative of church administrators.

In 1581, he married for the second time. He was survived by twelve sons.

## Literature

* (in English) John McClintock and James Strong, “Mörlin, Maximilian”, in : *Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume VI. – ME – NEV.* ( New York City : Harper & Brothers, 1894 ), pages 617 and 618
* (in English) Samuel Macauley Jackson, editor, “Moerlin, Maximilian”, in : *The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Volume VII : Liutfrand – Moralities* ( New York City and London : Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1910 ), page 434.
* (in German) Julius August Wagenmann, “Mörlin, Maximilian”, in : *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* ( ADB ) \[ *General German Biography* \], *Band 22* \[ *Volume 22* \] ( Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot, 1885 ), page 325.
* (in German) Friedrich \[ Eduard \] Lezius ( as Karl Färber ) : “Mörlin, Maximilian”, in : *Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche* ( RE ) \[ *Real Encyclopedia of Protestant Theology and Church* \], *3. Auflage, Dreizehtner Band : Methodismus in Amerika bis Neuplatonismus* \[ *3rd Edition, Thirteenth Volume : Methodism in America to Neo-Platonism* \] ( Leipzig : J. C. Hinrichs, 1903 ), pages 247 – 249.
* (in German) Wolfgang Hamm, editor, *Wittenberger Gelehrtenstammbuch* \[ *Pedigrees of the Wittenberger Scholars* \], produced by the *Deutsches Historisches Museum* \[ Museum of German History \] of Berlin in cooperation with the Mitteldeutschen Verlag ( Halle : Mitteldeutschen Verlag, 1999 ), ISBN 3-932776-76-3, page 327
* (in German) August Beck, *Johann Friedrich der Mittlere von Sachsen* \[ *John Friedrich the Middle of Saxony* \], Volumes  and  ( Weimar : Hermann Böhlau, 1858 )
* (in German) Albert Greiner, “*Das Leben und Wirken des Doktors der Theologie Maximilian Mörlin ( Superintendent zu Coburg )* \[ *The Life and Work of the Doctor of Theology Maxmilian Mörlin ( Superintendent of Coburg )* \]”, in : *Aus der Heimat ( des Coburger Landes )* \[ *From the Homeland of the Coburger Land* \], 1936


title: Heizmannia greenii

abstract: Heizmannia (Heizmannia) greenii is a species complex of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Heizmannia. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Malaya, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Indochina, China, and Borneo.

text:
# Heizmannia greenii

***Heizmannia (Heizmannia) greenii*** is a species complex of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus *Heizmannia*. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Malaya, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Indochina, China, and Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Heizmannia greenii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Superfamily: | Culicoidea |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Subfamily: | Culicinae |
| Genus: | *Heizmannia* |
| Species: | *Heizmannia greenii*<br>(Theobald, 1905) |
|


title: Nakano Museum of Art

abstract: Nakano Museum of Art Nakano Museum of Art opened in Nara, Japan, in 1984. Located across Kaerumata Pond (蛙股池) from the Yamato Bunkakan, the museum's collection of Meiji, Taishō, and Shōwa yōga, nihonga, sculptures, and copper-plate engravings, built up by Nakano Kanji (中野皖司), includes works by Asai Chū, Nakamura Tsune, Kishida Ryūsei, Suda Kunitarō (須田国太郎), and Yokoyama Taikan.

text:
# Nakano Museum of Art

**Nakano Museum of Art** (中野美術館, *Nakano Bijutsukan*) opened in Nara, Japan, in 1984. Located across Kaerumata Pond (蛙股池) from the Yamato Bunkakan, the museum's collection of Meiji, Taishō, and Shōwa yōga, nihonga, sculptures, and copper-plate engravings, built up by Nakano Kanji (中野皖司), includes works by Asai Chū, Nakamura Tsune, Kishida Ryūsei, Suda Kunitarō (須田国太郎), and Yokoyama Taikan.

## InfoBox

| Nakano Museum of Art | |
| --- | --- |
| 中野美術館 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 946-2 9-Chōme, Ayameike-minami |
| Town or city | Nara, Nara Prefecture |
| Country | Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°41′39″N 135°45′21″E / 34.694234°N 135.755945°E / 34.694234; 135.755945 |
| Opened | March 1984 |
| Website | |
| www.nakano-museum.jp | |


title: West Stockbridge Grange No. 246

abstract: West Stockbridge Grange No. 246 is a historic grange hall at 5 Swamp Road in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The Greek Revival building was constructed in 1838 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. This early Grange Hall was originally built as the Methodist Church in the Village of West Stockbridge in 1838. Located on Swamp Road the property is bordered by the Williams River. A handsome example of Greek Revival architecture, which still retains its original 36 over 36 sashes with glazed gothic arches, the church closed its doors in 1910. The building remained vacant for a number of years. In 1918 the building was purchased by the West Stockbridge/Alford Grange and underwent extensive renovations to the interior making it one of the "best Grange Halls of its day in Western Massachusetts." These improvements included electricity, wainscoting the walls and vaulted ceiling, the installation of some of the original church pews on sidewall platforms, and the addition of rock maple flooring. The choir was also enclosed and glazed pocket doors with early stained glass decals were installed. A dramatic theatrical stage was constructed at the back of the large open meeting room with a spectacular hand-painted theater curtain which remains there today. The building was dedicated by members of that Grange on August 1, 1919, and the lofty 17’ ceiling, gothic windows, moldings, and wainscoting remain intact from this time period. This building has been privately owned since 2007 and continues to be a meeting place for the West Stockbridge Grange which still houses their ceremonial artifacts there. These include a number of podiums, staff, early wind and rain machines, and various other items of historic interest. Occasionally the current owner has offered the building for use and as a fundraising tool by non-profit organizations. Amenities include a sound system, digital projector, 14’ x 9’ movie screen, spot-lit mirror ball, dimmable lighting, comfortable upholstered seating, numerous side chairs, and various folding tables. The building is not officially open to the public, but it is able to be shown by appointment.

text:
# West Stockbridge Grange No. 246

**West Stockbridge Grange No. 246** is a historic grange hall at 5 Swamp Road in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

The Greek Revival building was constructed in 1838 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

This early Grange Hall was originally built as the Methodist Church in the Village of West Stockbridge in 1838. Located on Swamp Road the property is bordered by the Williams River. A handsome example of Greek Revival architecture, which still retains its original 36 over 36 sashes with glazed gothic arches, the church closed its doors in 1910. The building remained vacant for a number of years.

In 1918 the building was purchased by the West Stockbridge/Alford Grange and underwent extensive renovations to the interior making it one of the "best Grange Halls of its day in Western Massachusetts." These improvements included electricity, wainscoting the walls and vaulted ceiling, the installation of some of the original church pews on sidewall platforms, and the addition of rock maple flooring. The choir was also enclosed and glazed pocket doors with early stained glass decals were installed. A dramatic theatrical stage was constructed at the back of the large open meeting room with a spectacular hand-painted theater curtain which remains there today. The building was dedicated by members of that Grange on August 1, 1919, and the lofty 17’ ceiling, gothic windows, moldings, and wainscoting remain intact from this time period.

This building has been privately owned since 2007 and continues to be a meeting place for the West Stockbridge Grange which still houses their ceremonial artifacts there. These include a number of podiums, staff, early wind and rain machines, and various other items of historic interest.

Occasionally the current owner has offered the building for use and as a fundraising tool by non-profit organizations. Amenities include a sound system, digital projector, 14’ x 9’ movie screen, spot-lit mirror ball, dimmable lighting, comfortable upholstered seating, numerous side chairs, and various folding tables. The building is not officially open to the public, but it is able to be shown by appointment.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| West Stockbridge Grange No. 246 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| West Stockbridge Grange No. 246 | |
|  | |
| Location | West Stockbridge, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°20′9″N 73°22′7″W / 42.33583°N 73.36861°W / 42.33583; -73.36861 |
| Built | 1838 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 99000134 |
| Added to NRHP | February 5, 1999 |


title: Harburger Theater

abstract: Harburger Theater is a theatre in Hamburg, Germany. It showcases classic plays, comedies, modern pieces and musicals. The theater hall is located in the main building of the Hamburg Archaeological Museum and the Museumplatz in Harsburg. The head of the theater is Axel Schneider, who also heads the Altona Theater and the Hamburger Kammerspiele. He has been with the Harburger Theater since 2003.

text:
# Harburger Theater

**Harburger Theater** is a theatre in Hamburg, Germany. It showcases classic plays, comedies, modern pieces and musicals. The theater hall is located in the main building of the Hamburg Archaeological Museum (Helms Museum) and the Museumplatz in Harsburg. The head of the theater is Axel Schneider, who also heads the Altona Theater and the Hamburger Kammerspiele. He has been with the Harburger Theater since 2003.

## History

The theater was founded in 1893 as the Harburg city theater of what was then the independent city of Harburg (Elbe). During the construction, parts of the previously burnt down Oldenburgische Staatstheater were used. The house on Kerschensteiner Strause was destroyed in 1944 in the World War II bombings. A sports hall was built in the same place in 1961.

After the war ended in 1945, Hans Fitze took over the management of the Städtische Bühne Harburg. When the city of Hamburg decided not to finance the theater any more, Fitze directed the stage as a private theater starting in 1949. While successfully managing the theater, Hans Fitze also took over the management of the Altona Theater in 1954. Both theaters experienced financial problems and closed in 1994.

From 1995 to 2003, the Harburg Theater was performed by the Stadttheater Lüneburg. Then Axel Schneider, who was previously successful at the Altona Theater, also took over the management in Harburg in 2003 and achieved a space utilization of 75% (approximately 1,100 subscribers in 2009).

In 2009, the theater and museum foyer were expanded by a glass porch with cash register and eatery.

## People

### Directors

Hans Fitze from 1945 to 1994

### Actors

* Siegfried Arno stage decoration
* Bruno Kastner First engagement around 1910
* Gustav Knuth 1919 to 1922
* Hans Jürgen Diedrich Stage education and actors until 1954
* Kai Möller stage decoration 1920
* Arthur Schröder stage debut in 1910

53°27′33″N 9°58′38″E / 53.459028°N 9.977306°E / 53.459028; 9.977306


title: Oscar Asche

abstract: John Stange(r) Heiss Oscar Asche, better known as Oscar Asche, was an Australian actor, director, and writer, best known for having written, directed, and acted in the record-breaking musical Chu Chin Chow, both on stage and film, and for acting in, directing, or producing many Shakespeare plays and successful musicals. After studying acting in Norway and London, Asche made his London stage debut in 1893 and soon joined the F R Benson Company, where he remained for eight years, playing more than a hundred roles including important Shakespearean parts. He married the actress Lily Brayton in 1898, and the two were often paired onstage for many years. He played Maldonado in Arthur Wing Pinero's Iris in the West End in 1901, his first important part in modern comedy. He repeated the role on Broadway the following year, and then joined Herbert Beerbohm Tree's theatre company in London in 1902, playing more Shakespearean roles over the next few years. Asche and his wife became managers of the Adelphi Theatre in 1904 and His Majesty's Theatre in 1907; he made his first tour of Australia in 1909–10, and was much moved by his reception in his native land. In 1911 Edward Knoblock wrote the play Kismet for him; Asche revised and shortened it, and the production enjoyed great success in London and on tour with Asche in the leading role of Hajj. Asche most famously wrote and produced Chu Chin Chow, starring himself and his wife, which ran for an unprecedented 2,238 performances, from 31 August 1916 to 22 July 1921. During the run, among other projects, he directed the hit London production of The Maid of the Mountains. From 1922 to 1924 he toured in Australia with the J C Williamson company. As a result of his high-spending lifestyle, he was declared bankrupt in 1926. Though his success as a producer waned, he continued to direct and act, including in several films, until the mid-1930s.

text:
# Oscar Asche

**John Stange(r) Heiss Oscar Asche** (24 January 1871 – 23 March 1936), better known as **Oscar Asche**, was an Australian actor, director, and writer, best known for having written, directed, and acted in the record-breaking musical *Chu Chin Chow*, both on stage and film, and for acting in, directing, or producing many Shakespeare plays and successful musicals.

After studying acting in Norway and London, Asche made his London stage debut in 1893 and soon joined the F R Benson Company, where he remained for eight years, playing more than a hundred roles including important Shakespearean parts. He married the actress Lily Brayton in 1898, and the two were often paired onstage for many years. He played Maldonado in Arthur Wing Pinero's *Iris* in the West End in 1901, his first important part in modern comedy. He repeated the role on Broadway the following year, and then joined Herbert Beerbohm Tree's theatre company in London in 1902, playing more Shakespearean roles over the next few years.

Asche and his wife became managers of the Adelphi Theatre in 1904 and His Majesty's Theatre in 1907; he made his first tour of Australia in 1909–10, and was much moved by his reception in his native land. In 1911 Edward Knoblock wrote the play *Kismet* for him; Asche revised and shortened it, and the production enjoyed great success in London and on tour with Asche in the leading role of Hajj.

Asche most famously wrote and produced *Chu Chin Chow*, starring himself and his wife, which ran for an unprecedented 2,238 performances, from 31 August 1916 to 22 July 1921. During the run, among other projects, he directed the hit London production of *The Maid of the Mountains*. From 1922 to 1924 he toured in Australia with the J C Williamson company. As a result of his high-spending lifestyle, he was declared bankrupt in 1926. Though his success as a producer waned, he continued to direct and act, including in several films, until the mid-1930s.

## Life and career

Asche was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. His father, Thomas, born in Norway, studied law at Christiania University; he did not pursue a legal career in Australia because he failed to master the English language. After being a digger, a mounted police officer and a storekeeper, Thomas Asche became a prosperous hotel-keeper and publican in Melbourne and Sydney. Asche's mother, Thomas Asche's second wife, Harriet Emma, *née* Trear, was born in England.

### Early life and training

Asche was educated at Laurel Lodge in Dandenong and the Melbourne Grammar School, which he left at 16. He then went on a holiday voyage to China, and after his return to Australia was articled to an architect who died soon afterwards. A few months later, he ran away and lived in the bush for some weeks and then obtained a position as a jackaroo. He returned to his parents and obtained a position in an office, but he had now decided to become an actor and made a beginning by getting up private theatricals at his home. He travelled to Fiji and on his return his father agreed to send him to Norway to study acting.

At Bergen, Asche was instructed in deportment, voice production and theatre arts. He found the Norwegian acting technique to be easy and natural. Two months later, he went to Christiania to study acting. There he met Henrik Ibsen, who advised him to go to his own country and work in his own language. Asche then went to London and was so impressed by Henry Irving and Ellen Terry in *Henry VIII*, that he saw the performance six times in succession. More study followed in London, where he worked to lose his Australian accent. He was fortunate in having an allowance of £10 a week from his father, but could not obtain work. In December 1892 he went to Norway again to give a Shakespeare recital, which was successful and brought him a little money.

### Early stage career

On 25 March 1893 Asche made his first appearance on the stage, at the Opera Comique Theatre, London, as Roberts in *Man and Woman*. He then joined the F. R. Benson Company and for eight years gained experience an actor. Among other venues, they played at the summer Stratford festivals. He started with small parts and was eventually cast as Charles the Wrestler in *As You Like It*, being well suited because of his excellent physique. His other early roles included Biondello in *The Taming of the Shrew*. He was paid a salary of £2 10s. a week, but his father had been involved in a financial crisis and was unable to send him any allowance. At holiday times when he had no salary, Asche sometimes slept on the Thames Embankment and was glad to earn trifling tips for calling cabs. His salary was raised to £4 a week, and he was never in such straits again. Asche played more than a hundred roles with Benson's company including Brutus, Claudius and other important Shakespearian parts. His resonant voice and his dignified, formal bearing are often mentioned in the reviews of his performances. He was a good athlete and a fair cricketer. He said that he owed his place in Benson's company as much to his cricketing as to his acting abilities: the Benson company fielded a cricket team wherever it toured in the summer months.

Asche married Lily Brayton, another member of the company, in 1898, and the two were often cast in the same productions for many years. In 1900 Asche appeared with the Benson Company at the Lyceum Theatre in London. Asche's biographer Richard Foulkes writes, "When Benson brought his itinerant troupe to the Lyceum Theatre in the spring of 1900 Asche appeared in six of the eight productions, most notably as Pistol, Claudius, and Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, raising that smallish part to one of sinister grandeur." Asche had another success at the Garrick Theatre in 1901 when he played Maldonado in Arthur Wing Pinero's *Iris*, his first important part in modern comedy. Both *The Times* and *The Observer* remarked that Asche had a difficult role but carried it off. He travelled to America to repeat the role on Broadway in 1902. Back in London, he joined Herbert Beerbohm Tree's theatre company in 1902, and in 1903 he played Benedick in *Much Ado About Nothing* opposite the Beatrice of Ellen Terry. Other parts were Bolingbroke in *Richard II*, Christopher Sly and Petruchio in *The Taming of the Shrew*, Bottom in *A Midsummer Night's Dream*, and Angelo in *Measure for Measure*.

### Actor-manager years

In 1904 Asche became co-manager with Otho Stuart of the Adelphi Theatre on a three-year lease. Their productions included *The Prayer of the Sword*, *A Midsummer Night's Dream*, *The Taming of the Shrew*, *Measure for Measure*, *Count Hannibal* (which he wrote with F. Norreys Connell) and Rudolf Besier's *The Virgin Goddess*. In 1906 he played King Mark in J. Comyns Carr's play *Tristram and Iseult* at the Adelphi Theatre, with Lily Brayton as Iseult and Matheson Lang as Tristram. In 1907 Asche and his wife took over the management of His Majesty's Theatre and produced Laurence Binyon’s *Attila*, with Asche in the title role, and innovative productions of Shakespeare plays, such as *As You Like It*, with Asche as Jacques, and *Othello*, with Asche in the title role. They made their first tour in Australia in 1909–10, with Asche playing Petruchio, Othello and other roles. Asche was much touched by his reception at Melbourne. In his 1929 autobiography he said, "What a home-coming it was! Nothing, nothing can ever deprive me of that."

On Asche's return to London in 1911, Edward Knoblock wrote the play *Kismet* for him, with the understanding that Asche could revise it. He shortened and partly re-wrote it and produced it with much success, playing Hajj. The production ran for two years, and a successful tour in Australia followed in 1911–12, with *Kismet*, *A Midsummer Night's Dream*, and *Antony and Cleopatra*. Back in London, *Kismet* was revived successfully, but in October 1914 Asche's own play *Mameena* based on H. Rider Haggard's novel, *A Child of the Storm*, though at first well received, proved a financial failure, largely on account of the conditions in London at the beginning of World War I.

In 1916, Asche produced his play *Chu Chin Chow*, music by Frederic Norton, starring himself and his wife, which ran for 2,238 performances, from 31 August 1916 to 22 July 1921. The run easily broke the existing record of 1,466 performances, set by *Charley's Aunt* in the 1890s. The new record stood for decades. The show drew some criticism for the ladies' scanty costumes, which Tree described as "more navel than millinery", but it was just what war-weary audiences wanted. Asche played the part of *Abu Hassan* and confessed that "it got terribly boring going down those stairs night after night to go through the same old lines". But Asche was a perfectionist, and the performance was never allowed to get slack. *Chu Chin Chow* also played in New York City in 1917 and Australia in 1920. Asche collaborated in 1919 with Dornford Yates on a musical adaptation of *Eastward Ho!* Also during the run of *Chu Chin Chow*, Asche directed the hit London production of *The Maid of the Mountains* for Robert Evett and the George Edwardes Estate, which had an outstanding run of 1,352 performances. As a director, Asche was an innovator in stage lighting and one of the first to use it as a dramatic factor in productions rather than as mere illumination. He was also known for his use of colour and his sensitivity about the dividing line between opulence and vulgarity.

### Later years

Though Asche had been making a large income for many years, he also spent largely. He was much interested in coursing, kept many greyhounds, and lost tens of thousands of pounds gambling on them. He bought a farm in Gloucestershire that was a constant expense, and he eventually had to sell it to pay his debts.

After the success of *Chu Chin Chow*, Asche wrote another musical that opened on Broadway in 1920 under the name *Mecca* and then in London the following year under the name *Cairo*. It was not a huge success on either side of the Atlantic; in London it ran for 267 performances at His Majestys's. In 1922, Asche visited Australia again, under contract to J. C. Williamson Ltd., and made successful appearances as Hornblower in John Galsworthy's *The Skin Game*, Maldonado in Pinero's *Iris*, his usual roles in *Chu Chin Chow* and *Cairo*, the title character in *Julius Caesar*, and in other Shakespeare plays. His wife declined to join him on this tour. After disagreements with the Williamson company, his contract was abruptly terminated in June 1924. On his return to Britain, as a result of excessive gambling, tax debts and unwise investments, he was declared bankrupt in 1926.

Further successes eluded Asche as he tried to mount musicals, including *The Good Old Days of England* (1928), financed by his wife. He continued to direct shows. His 1930 production of *The Intimate Revue* at the Duchess Theatre was a failure. In 1933 Asche made his last stage appearance in *The Beggar’s Bowl* at the Duke of York's Theatre. Asche also made appearances in seven films between 1932 and 1936, including in *Two Hearts in Waltz Time* (1934), as the Spirit of Christmas Present in the 1935 film *Scrooge*, and in *The Private Secretary* (1935). He also wrote several books, including his autobiography, but these ventures did not solve his financial troubles.

In his final years, Asche became obese, poor, argumentative and violent. He and his wife separated, but, at the end, he returned to her and died at the age of 65 in Bisham, Berkshire, of coronary thrombosis. He was buried in the riverside cemetery there. He had no children.

## Writings

Asche's autobiography, *Oscar Asche: His Life* (1929), must be read with caution whenever figures are mentioned. He also wrote two novels: the *Saga of Hans Hansen* (1930), an improbable but exciting story, and *The Joss Sticks of Chung* (1931). His play *Chu Chin Chow* was published in 1931, and the vocal score of *Cairo* was published in 1921, but the other plays of which he was author or part author have not been printed. Among these were *Mameena* (1914), *The Good Old Days*, *The Spanish Main* (under the name Varco Marenes) and the libretto of *Cairo*.

1. "Oscar Asche (1871-1936)", National Library of Australia, accessed 5 April 2015
2. Foulkes, Richard, "Asche, (Thomas Stange Heiss) Oscar (1871–1936)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2011, accessed 17 April 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
3. Asche pp. 16 and 21
4. Asche, p. 26
5. Asche, pp. 40–48
6. Asche, pp. 64–67
7. Parker, pp. 29–30
8. Asche, p. 72
9. "Comedy Theatre", *The Times*, 17 January 1901, p. 3
10. "Garrick Theatre", *The Times*, 23 September 1901, p. 5; and "Mr. Pinero's New Play: "Iris" at The Garrick" *The Observer* , 22 September 1901, p. 5
11. Singleton, Brian. *Oscar Asche, Orientalism, and British Musical Comedy*, Praeger Publishing (2004), p. 49
12. Asche, p. 126
13. *Kismet* in *The Play Pictorial* Vol. XVIII, No. 106 (1911), accessed at the Stagebeauty website on 22 December 2009
14. Asche, p. 159
15. Gaye, p. 1525
16. "Oscar Asche 1871–1936", Liveperformance.com.au, 2007, accessed 8 February 2018
17. Asche, p. 166
18. "Theatres", *The Times*, 10 September 1919, p. 8
19. Blake, L. J., "Asche, Thomas Stange Heiss Oscar (1871–1936)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University , accessed 5 April 2013
20. Gaye, p. 1529
21. "Mr. Oscar Asche's Affairs", *The Times*, 5 April 1928, p. 4
22. "Entertainments" *The Times,* 27 February 1930, p. 12
23. "Duchess Theatre", *The Times*, 31 March 1930, p. 12
24. "Oscar Asche", British Film Institute, accessed 5 March 2013

## Sources

* Asche, Oscar (1929). *Oscar Asche, his life: by himself*. London: Hurst & Blackett. OCLC 1968577.
* Gaye, Freda, ed. (1967). *Who's Who in the Theatre* (fourteenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 5997224.
* Parker, John (1925). *Who's Who in the Theatre* (fifth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 10013159.


title: Royal Navy Submarine Museum

abstract: The Royal Navy Submarine Museum at Gosport is a maritime museum tracing the international history of submarine development from the age of Alexander the Great to the present day, and particularly the history of the Royal Navy Submarine Service from the navy's first submarine, Holland 1, to the nuclear-powered Vanguard-class submarines. The museum is located close to the former shore establishment HMS Dolphin, the home of the Royal Navy Submarine Service from 1904 until 1999.

text:
# Royal Navy Submarine Museum

The **Royal Navy Submarine Museum** at Gosport is a maritime museum tracing the international history of submarine development from the age of Alexander the Great to the present day, and particularly the history of the Royal Navy Submarine Service from the navy's first submarine, *Holland 1*, to the nuclear-powered *Vanguard*-class submarines. The museum is located close to the former shore establishment HMS *Dolphin*, the home of the Royal Navy Submarine Service from 1904 until 1999.

## History

The museum's collection originated as the Submarine Branch Collection in 1963, housed above St Ambrose Church in HMS *Dolphin*. Few were aware of the existence of the museum, and those that were had limited access to the collection due to security considerations. The museum was officially recognised by the Ministry of Defence in 1967, along with the Fleet Air Arm Museum and the Royal Marines Museum. The museum's first full-time curator was appointed the following year.

The museum was officially registered as a charity in 1970, and has undergone significant development. In 1978 the museum was moved outside HMS *Dolphin*, allowing full public access. It was at this time that the Royal Navy's training and static display submarine, HMS *Alliance* was donated to the museum. £410,000 was raised to pay for the submarine to be lifted out of the water and put in place at the museum.

The new museum complex opened in August 1981 with HMS *Alliance* as the principal exhibit. Over the years since, more submarines and submarine memorabilia have been added to the collection. In 1983 the museum gained a new display building and members of the public were allowed into HMS *Alliance*. In 2001 the museum opened a climate-controlled building that houses *Holland 1*. Visitors to the museum can tour HMS *Alliance* with a submariner guide, explore the interactive science gallery, step on board the Royal Navy's first submarine *Holland I* (built in 1901), or wander around the museum exhibits.

## Submarines and other submersibles

These submarines may be viewed on site

## Historic and Modern Galleries

Entitled "From Pirate to Peacekeeper", these include:

## Other nearby historic naval exhibits

50°47′17″N 1°07′10″W / 50.788°N 1.1195°W / 50.788; -1.1195


title: Graham Brody

abstract: Graham Brody is a Gaelic footballer from County Laois. He made his Laois senior inter county debut in 2014 having starred at minor and under-21 level in previous years. He received an All-Star nomination in 2018 following a season in which he appeared in the Leinster SFC final and played in the Round 4 qualifier against Monaghan.

text:
# Graham Brody

**Graham Brody** (born 29 October 1993) is a Gaelic footballer from County Laois.

He made his Laois senior inter county debut in 2014 having starred at minor and under-21 level in previous years.

He received an All-Star nomination in 2018 following a season in which he appeared in the Leinster SFC final and played in the Round 4 qualifier against Monaghan.

## InfoBox

Graham Brody
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport | Gaelic Football | | |
| Position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Born | (1993-10-29) 29 October 1993<br>Portlaoise, Ireland | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 2010- | Portlaoise | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Laois titles | 7 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 2014- | Laois | 9 |


title: Mirza Valiyev

abstract: Mirza Dovlet oglu Valiyev was an Azerbaijani Red Army senior sergeant and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Valiyev was posthumously awarded the title for his actions in the Budapest Offensive. Commanding a 45mm anti-tank gun, he reportedly destroyed a number of German tanks after his crew was killed, and was himself killed. On 24 March 1945 Valiyev was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

text:
# Mirza Valiyev

**Mirza Dovlet oglu Valiyev** (Azerbaijani: Mirzə Dövlət oğlu Vəliyev; 1923 – 6 November 1944) was an Azerbaijani Red Army senior sergeant and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Valiyev was posthumously awarded the title for his actions in the Budapest Offensive. Commanding a 45mm anti-tank gun, he reportedly destroyed a number of German tanks after his crew was killed, and was himself killed. On 24 March 1945 Valiyev was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

## Early life

Valiyev was born in 1923 in Yuxarı Ləgər in the Azerbaijan SSR to a peasant family. He received lower (incomplete) secondary education.

## World War II

Valiyev volunteered for the Red Army in June 1941. He became a 45mm anti-tank gunner. During his first battle, after his gun commander was killed, Valiyev reportedly took over the gun. He later became a senior sergeant and became a gun commander in the 3rd Rifle Battalion of the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 109th Guards Rifle Division. Valiyev fought in the Battle of the Caucasus, the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive, and the Belgrade Offensive. He was wounded four times during the war and received the Medal "For Courage". In 1944, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944 he was awarded the Order of Glory 3rd class for destroying one gun and two heavy machine guns blocking the advance of the infantry during the battles for Yasynovo on 2 October.

Valiyev fought in the Budapest Offensive in November 1944. On 6 November in Vasad a village southeast of Budapest, the rifle battalion supported by his gun crew was attacked by German infantry reportedly supported by twenty tanks. Valiyev's crew was killed or wounded. He reportedly destroyed while alone more than three tanks, an armored personnel carrier, and a troop-carrying vehicle. Valiyev reportedly continued to fire until he was killed. He was buried in Vasad at the site of the battle. For his actions, he was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin on 24 March 1945.

**Hero of the Soviet Union citation**

> In the battles for the Soviet homeland in the fight against the German-Fascist invaders he showed himself to be an exceptionally steadfast, courageous, decisive and selfless commander.
>
> In the battles on the approaches to the city of Budapest, Hungary, in the area of the village of Vasad, on the line of the highway Monor-Üllő-Budapest the enemy, concentrating in this narrow sector the 13th Panzer Division, 4th Panzer Regiment and 682nd Grenadier Regiment of the Germans, under the support of massed artillery and mortar fire, covered from the air by aviation, went over to a decisive offensive, aspiring to encircle and destroy our advancing units and give themselves the opportunity to free the line of retreat of German units along the highway Monor-Üllő-Budapest highway, striking from the right flank with one desperate counterattack after another.
>
> At 4:00 on 6 November 1944 the Germans with two reinforced battalions, supported by twenty tanks, began to counterattack the 3rd Rifle Battalion from the right flank. At this time, the gun of Senior Sergeant Veliyev barred the path of the advancing tanks of the enemy, shooting at point-blank range from an open firing position, at a range of 250 to 300 meters. In the first minutes of this battle the crew of the gun annihilated the lead tank. The remaining tanks of the enemy called down all their artillery and machine gun fire against the gun of the Guardsmen and the crew of the gun was put out of action. Guards Senior Sergeant Veliyev, remaining alone by the gun, continued the unequal fight with the approaching tanks of the enemy and in this annihilated three tanks, one armored vehicle, and one truck with infantry and ammunition.
>
> The Germans, deciding to annihilate the gun of the hero at any price, rushed at him from three sides and with a direct shell hit the gun was destroyed and Veliyev himself died the death of the brave, embracing his gun.
>
> As a result of this action the counterattack of the Germans misfired and, suffering heavy losses in personnel, equipment and weapons, they went back to their starting positions.
>
> In this battle, Guards Senior Sergeant Mirza Davletovich Veliyev annihilated three tanks with their entire crews, one armored vehicle and one truck with infantry and ammunition, ensuing the repulse of the desperate tank counterattack of the Germans with heavy losses for them and himself died the death of a hero.
>
> Deserving of the award - Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

A monument to Valiyev was created in Yuxarı Ləgər. A street in Qusar was named after him.

1. "Mirza Valiyev". *Герои страны ("Heroes of the Country")* (in Russian).
2. Shkadov, Ivan, ed. (1988). *Герои Советского Союза: Краткий биографический словарь* \[*Heroes of the Soviet Union: A Brief Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 2 Lyubov-Yashchuk. Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5203005362.
3. Hero of the Soviet Union citation, available online at pamyat-naroda.ru
4. Order No. 39 109th Guards Rifle Division, available online at pamyat-naroda.ru

## InfoBox

| Mirza Dovlet oglu Valiyev | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | Mirzə Dövlət oğlu Vəliyev |
| Born | 1923
Yuxarı Ləgər, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 6 November 1944
Vasad, Hungary |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Service/branch | Red Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1944 |
| Rank | Senior sergeant |
| Unit | 109th Guards Rifle Division |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Raja Sumanapala

abstract: Navaratne Bandara Raja Sumanapala [Sinhala]), popularly known as Raja Sumanapala, was an actor in Sri Lankan cinema, stage drama and television.

text:
# Raja Sumanapala

**Navaratne Bandara Raja Sumanapala** (born 1936 – died 2003 as රාජා සුමනපාල) \[Sinhala\]), popularly known as **Raja Sumanapala**, was an actor in Sri Lankan cinema, stage drama and television.

## Personal life

He was born on 1936 in Pelmadulla. He completed education from Gankanda Central College, Pelmadulla.

He was married to popular actress Rathna Sumanapala. The couple has two daughters - Waruni, Manjula - and two sons - Prabash and Mahesh.

Grandchildrens - Dushantha Deshan Samayamanthri , Dulhan Tanishka Sumanapala , Bisandi Laknara Sumanapala , Dulan Hansaja Sumanapala , Dinali Shenara Sumanapala , Bihandu Yethmin perera , Vidusha Sumanapala

## Acting career

He worked in Pelmadulla Art Forum in music department where he met future wife Rathna.

He has acted in several popular television serials in the early periods. His character as "Ali James" in *Kopi Kade* was highly popularized.

### Selected television serials

* *Hathe Wasama*
* *Hiru Sandu Hamuwe*
* *Hiruta Muwawen*
* *Laa Hiru Dahasak*
* *Lokanthaya*
* *Wetath Niyarath*
* *Yashorawaya*

## Awards

## Filmography

Sumanapala started his film career with 1977 film *Pembara Madhu* directed by Sugathapala Senarath Yapa. Some of his popular cinema acting came through *Mangala Thegga*, *Wadula*, *Palama Yata*, *Gini Avi Saha Gini Keli* and his final film *Parliament Jokes*.

| Year | Film | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | *Pembara Madhu* | Win doubter |  |
| 1978 | *Selinage Walawwa* |  |  |
| 1980 | *Jodu Walalu* |  |  |
| 1980 | *Sinhabahu* |  |  |
| 1981 | *Induta Mal Mitak* |  |  |
| 1982 | *Adhishtana* |  |  |
| 1983 | *Manik Maliga* |  |  |
| 1984 | *Wadula* | Fisherman |  |
| 1987 | *Mangala Thegga* | Eranda |  |
| 1987 | *Kiwulegedara Mohottala* | Cave meeting onlooker |  |
| 1989 | *Siri Medura* | Siri supporter |  |
| 1990 | *Palama Yata* | Mudalali |  |
| 1991 | *Golu Muhude Kunatuwa* | Pappa mahaththaya |  |
| 1993 | *Chaya Maya* |  |  |
| 1993 | *Ordinary Magic* | Sabish |  |
| 1994 | *Ambu Samiyo* |  |  |
| 1994 | *Sandamadala* | Gramasevaka |  |
| 1996 | *Thunweni Aehe* |  |  |
| 1997 | *The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo* | Buldeo's servant |  |
| 1997 | *Apaye Thappara 84000k* |  |  |
| 1998 | *Gini Avi Saha Gini Keli* | Guney |  |
| 1998 | *Aege Vairaya 3* | Larry |  |
| 2000 | *Rajya Sevaya Pinisai* | Shot shop owner |  |
| 2002 | *Parliament Jokes* | Guneris |  |
| 2010 | *Kshema Bhoomi* | Mendis |  |

## InfoBox

| Raja Sumanapala
රාජා සුමනපාල | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Navaratne Bandara Raja Sumanapala
(1936-Missing required parameter 1=*month*!-00)Missing required parameter 1=*month*! , 1936
Palmadulla, Sri Lanka |
| Died | 2003(2003-00-00) (aged 70–71) |
| Nationality | Sri Lankan |
| Education | Gankanda Central College, Pelmadulla |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Dramatist, Musician |
| Years active | 1963–2003 |
| Spouse | Rathna Sumanapala (m. 1965) |
| Children | 4 |


title: Maximilian Nagel

abstract: Maximilian Nagel was a German theologian.

text:
# Maximilian Nagel

**Maximilian Nagel** (29 November 1747 - 20 January 1772) was a German theologian.

## Life

Maximilian Nagel was born in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, the eldest of the 14 recorded children of the Hebrew scholar and Orientalist Johann Andreas Michael Nagel and of that man's wife, Maria Magdalena Riederer, daughter of the Nuremberg market superintendent. While Maximilian was still a child he was seen to be exceptionally talented, as a result of which his father paid particular attention to his education. In part he was taught directly by his father: in part he was sent to city school under Rector Kleemann. He thereby acquired a broad schooling that centred on Philosophy, but which also took in Latin, Greek, French, Arabic, Hebrew and Rabbinic languages.

After this he attended Michael Adelbulner's lectures in Mathematics at the local University of Altdorf. In April 1762 he was accepted into the Altdorf academic community and progressed his university studies further. It was also during this period that he read the works of the great Greek and Latin poets (and in other languages). He was attending lectures from various of the scholars at the university, including his own father.

Nagel as a student also practiced oral skills, presenting disputation arguments, sermons and catechisms in public. He wrote poetry in both German and Latin, but preferred Latin. And he helped his father in his work. He belonged to university societies such as the Altdorf German Society, and he was treasurer of the Latin Society. However, by the time he was in his twentieth year he was ill: Georg Andreas Will identified his illness as Hypochondriasis. He noted that Nagel often worked through the night and then was still the first in his father's house to get out of bed in the morning. Nagel kept his illness from his father, taking care always to appear cheerful and energetic in his father's presence, because he feared that if his father thought him ill he would forbid him from working. Eventually, however, the father realised that his son was unwell. In order to broaden his son's experience he now sent him to Nuremberg as a possible candidate for the ministry.

From 1769 Maximilian Nagel lived in Nuremberg, supporting himself by working as a private tutor. After two years he passed the exam necessary to become a candidate preacher. After that he practiced his preaching and at the same time found time to produce a catalogue of the Nuremberg city library. Early in 1772 he returned to his father's home at Altdorf, however, and here he died, aged just 24, on 20 January 1772. Nagel senior was much affected by the death of his eldest son. The cause of death is given as Auszehrung, a wasting disease most commonly associated with tuberculosis or cancer.


title: Piskanja

abstract: Piskanja is a village in the municipality of Raška, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 486 people.

text:
# Piskanja

**Piskanja** is a village in the municipality of Raška, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 486 people.

43°23′N 20°39′E / 43.383°N 20.650°E / 43.383; 20.650

## InfoBox

| Piskanja | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
| Piskanja | |
| Coordinates: 43°23′N 20°39′E / 43.383°N 20.650°E / 43.383; 20.650 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Raška District |
| Municipality | Raška |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 486 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Walter Löffel

abstract: Walter Löffel is a Swiss former footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s as midfielder. Löffel first played for Grenchen from 1955 to 1960. In 1959 he was part of the Grenchen team that won the Swiss Cup against Servette 1–0 in the final. A year later they reached the final again, but this time they lost against Luzern. For the 1962–63 season Löffel moved on to play for FC Moutier in the second highest tier of Swiss football. Löffel joined FC Basel's first team at the end of their 1962–63 season under manager Jiří Sobotka. In this season he played in only one game. This was the Cup of the Alps match on 19 June 1963 as Basel drew 1–1 with Grasshopper Club. In the 1963–64 season Löffel played in five test games and his first competition match for his new club was the away match on 9 October in the Celtic Park in Glasgow in the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Basel lost the match 5–0. Löffel played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 13 October 1963 as Basel lost 1–2 against Cantonal Neuchatel. A well-documented curiosity was the fact that during the winter break of the 1963–64 season the team travelled on a world tour. This saw them visit British Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, French Polynesia, Mexico and the United States. First team manager Jiří Sobotka together with 16 players and 15 members of staff, supporters and journalists participated in this world tour from 10 January to 10 February 1964. Team captain Bruno Michaud filmed the events with his super-8 camara. The voyage around the world included 19 flights and numerous bus and train journeys. Club chairman, Lucien Schmidlin, led the group, but as they arrived in the hotel in Bangkok, he realised that 250,000 Swiss Francs were missing. The suitcase that he had filled with the various currencies was not with them. He had left it at home, but fortunately Swiss Air were able to deliver this to him within just a few days. During the tour a total of ten friendly/test games were played, these are listed in their 1963–64 season. Five wins, three draws, two defeats, but also three major injuries resulted from these test matches. A broken leg for Peter Füri, an eye injury for Walter Baumann and a knee injury for Bruno Michaud soon reduced the number of players to just 13. Löffel was a member of this tour. He played in eight of these games and scored one goal. Löffel scored his first domestic league goal for his club on 26 April 1965 in the home game at the Landhof as Basel won 3–2 against Cantonal Neuchatel. In his somewhat more than one season with the club, Löffel played a total of 24 games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. Five of these games were in the Nationalliga A, one in the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup, one in the Cup of the Alps and 17were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league, the other two were scored during the test games. Following his time in Basel, Löffel moved on to play for FC Solothurn, who at that time played in the second tier of Swiss football.

text:
# Walter Löffel

**Walter Löffel** (born 20 June 1936) is a Swiss former footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s as midfielder.

Löffel first played for Grenchen from 1955 to 1960. In 1959 he was part of the Grenchen team that won the Swiss Cup against Servette 1–0 in the final. A year later they reached the final again, but this time they lost against Luzern. For the 1962–63 season Löffel moved on to play for FC Moutier in the second highest tier of Swiss football.

Löffel joined FC Basel's first team at the end of their 1962–63 season under manager Jiří Sobotka. In this season he played in only one game. This was the Cup of the Alps match on 19 June 1963 as Basel drew 1–1 with Grasshopper Club.

In the 1963–64 season Löffel played in five test games and his first competition match for his new club was the away match on 9 October in the Celtic Park in Glasgow in the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Basel lost the match 5–0. Löffel played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 13 October 1963 as Basel lost 1–2 against Cantonal Neuchatel.

A well-documented curiosity was the fact that during the winter break of the 1963–64 season the team travelled on a world tour. This saw them visit British Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, French Polynesia, Mexico and the United States. First team manager Jiří Sobotka together with 16 players and 15 members of staff, supporters and journalists participated in this world tour from 10 January to 10 February 1964. Team captain Bruno Michaud filmed the events with his super-8 camara. The voyage around the world included 19 flights and numerous bus and train journeys. Club chairman, Lucien Schmidlin, led the group, but as they arrived in the hotel in Bangkok, he realised that 250,000 Swiss Francs were missing. The suitcase that he had filled with the various currencies was not with them. He had left it at home, but fortunately Swiss Air were able to deliver this to him within just a few days. During the tour a total of ten friendly/test games were played, these are listed in their 1963–64 season. Five wins, three draws, two defeats, but also three major injuries resulted from these test matches. A broken leg for Peter Füri, an eye injury for Walter Baumann and a knee injury for Bruno Michaud soon reduced the number of players to just 13. Löffel was a member of this tour. He played in eight of these games and scored one goal.

Löffel scored his first domestic league goal for his club on 26 April 1965 in the home game at the Landhof as Basel won 3–2 against Cantonal Neuchatel. In his somewhat more than one season with the club, Löffel played a total of 24 games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. Five of these games were in the Nationalliga A, one in the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup, one in the Cup of the Alps and 17were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league, the other two were scored during the test games.

Following his time in Basel, Löffel moved on to play for FC Solothurn, who at that time played in the second tier of Swiss football.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Walter Löffel
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter Löffel | | |
| Date of birth | (1936-06-20) 20 June 1936 | | |
| Place of birth | Bern, Switzerland | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | FC Grenchen | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1955–1960 | FC Grenchen | 66 | (1) |
| 1962–1963 | FC Moutier | 16 | (7) |
| 1963–1964 | FC Basel | 5 | (1) |
| 1964–1966 | FC Solothurn | 20 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Harkatta

abstract: Harkatta is a village in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal.

text:
# Harkatta

**Harkatta** is a village in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 18 December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Harkatta हर्कट्टा | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Motto(s): My legacy, My pride, My Harkatta | |
| HarkattaLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 27°34′N 83°43′E / 27.567°N 83.717°E / 27.567; 83.717 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Development Region | Western |
| Zone | Lumbini Zone |
| District | Nawalparasi District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 22,630 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |
| Postal code | 33000 (DPO) |
| Area code | +078 |


title: National Science Library (Georgia)

abstract: The National Scientific Library is a library in Tbilisi, Georgia. National Scientific Library is a biggest library in Georgia. Established in 1941, it initially served only the employees of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Presently library has three buildings: founded in 1941 former Central Library of Georgian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1965 Science and Technology Library and founded in 1961 Library-Museum of Ioseb Grishashvili.

text:
# National Science Library (Georgia)

The **National Scientific Library** (Georgian: ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ბიბლიოთეკა) is a library in Tbilisi, Georgia. National Scientific Library is a biggest library in Georgia. Established in 1941, it initially served only the employees of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Presently library has three buildings: founded in 1941 former Central Library of Georgian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1965 Science and Technology Library and founded in 1961 Library-Museum of Ioseb Grishashvili.

## InfoBox

| National Scientific Library<br>Georgian: ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ბიბლიოთეკა | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 41°42′57″N 44°46′58″E / 41.71583°N 44.78278°E / 41.71583; 44.78278 | |
| Location | Tbilisi, Georgia, Georgia |
| Type | Public, library. |
| Established | 1941 (1941) |
| Branches | 3 |
| Collection | |
| Legal deposit | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.sciencelib.ge/en/ |


title: Integrated Soldier System Project

abstract:
The Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP) is Canada's program to equip dismounted soldiers with state-of-the-art equipment, using a combination of commercial, off-the-shelf technologies (COTS) and current-issue military gear. The equipment is designed to improve command execution, target acquisition and situational awareness by:
  - Providing communications, command and control at the soldier level
  - Integrating small arms with high-tech equipment
  - Promoting a view of the individual soldier as a system rather than as a segment of a larger force
  - Providing different variants for low level commanders, assaulters and supporters

text:
# Integrated Soldier System Project

The **Integrated Soldier System Project** (**ISSP**) is Canada's program to equip dismounted soldiers with state-of-the-art equipment, using a combination of commercial, off-the-shelf technologies (COTS) and current-issue military gear. The equipment is designed to improve command execution, target acquisition and situational awareness by:

* Providing communications, command and control at the soldier level
* Integrating small arms with high-tech equipment
* Promoting a view of the individual soldier as a system rather than as a segment of a larger force
* Providing different variants for low level commanders, assaulters and supporters

## Background

Canada's desire for a Soldier System dates back to November 1988 and closely follows efforts in many NATO countries. The first research effort, called Integrated Protective Clothing and Equipment (IPCE), was initiated in 1995, but then was cancelled due to its high cost and its failure to meet the majority of requirements. Ongoing operations in the mid 1990s led to the creation of the Clothe the Soldier (CTS) Project, which directly addressed the NATO Soldier System Capability areas of Survivability and Sustainability. The Canadian Disruptive Pattern was implemented during the Clothe Soldier Project (CTS).

### Integrated Soldier System Project

The Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP) is intended to provide an integrated suite of equipment that may include weapons and electronic devices. The $310 million project program will provide the Canadian Army with new equipment, not only to allow troops to track each other as they move throughout the battlefield, but to feed communication and targeting information to their Battle Management Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (BMC4I) systems. The project is expected to unfold over the next ten years. The Department of National Defence confirmed that approximately 17,000 integrated soldier systems would be bought by 2011. The ISSP will address the remaining NATO Soldier System capabilities of Lethality, Mobility and Survivability, while balancing the baseline needs.

### Small Arms Replacement Project

In October 2007, the Department of National Defence approved the Small Arms Replacement Project II (SARP II), which will deliver integrated, direct fire, multi-effect, portable anti-personnel and anti-material capability through weapons, munitions, fire control systems, training systems and logistic support. The cost for SARP II exceeds $1 Billion for the 2012-2022 period.


title: Royal Hotel, Norwich

abstract: The Royal Hotel is a Grade II listed building and was a former hotel located in the English city of Norwich in the county of Norfolk. The hotel closed its doors in 1977 and is now used as a business centre.

text:
# Royal Hotel, Norwich

The **Royal Hotel** is a Grade II listed building and was a former hotel located in the English city of Norwich in the county of Norfolk. The hotel closed its doors in 1977 and is now used as a business centre.

## History

### Origins

The building is located at the western end of Prince of Wales Road, at its junction with Agricultural Hall Plain. The building you see today was built to replace an old coaching inn of the same name which stood on Gentleman's Walk overlooking Norwich marketplace and was approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the present building. The previous inn was one of a number of old inns in that area which had originally been built to providing lodgings for travellers on the stagecoaches to the city up until the mid-19th century, when the stagecoach gave way to rail travel, the old Royal coaching inn was demolished and, in its place, the Royal Arcade was constructed. The new shopping arcade was designed in the Art Nouveau style by Norwich architect, George Skipper in 1899.

### New site

The new site in the area now called Agricultural Hall Plain was at the heart of Norwich's commercial district. The site of the new hotel had to be cleared of buildings previously occupied by a firm of solicitors, Fosters, Burroughs and Robberds and the yard of the stonemason company of Barnabas Barrett. During the site clearance in 1896 discoveries were made of sections of Norwich Castle outer precincts. The new hotel was designed by the Norwich architect Edward Boardman, who was one of the most successful Norwich architects in the second half of the 19th century.

### Builder

A local building company called John Youngs and Son was used for the construction and the building was completed, along with the demolishing and clearance of the old Hotel in Gentlemen's Walk, for the sum of £23,905.

### Design and construction

The new hotel was designed by Boardman to be spacious, luxurious and to have installed the latest modern fixtures and fittings of the time. Boardman also incorporated into the design of the new hotel part of the interior decoration of the former solicitor's offices which had stood on the site. The offices had contained a particularly fine example of a plasterwork ceiling laid on oak lath measuring 17 feet (5.2 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m). This section of ceiling had been very carefully removed and was installed in the new first floor drawing room in the hotel, along with French casements to the balcony. The hotel was six storeys high which included a basement. Many of the front elevation windows were mullioned. Over the front entrance to the Hotel there is a balcony with intricately sculpted brick latticework. This exterior decorative brickwork is known as Costesseyware, with the materials for this work being supplied from the brick works of George Gunton in Costessey. These bricks are to be found on many building in and around Norwich and were used and promoted by local architects such as Boardman and George Skipper. This method of brickwork was easily rubbed and shaped to form intricate patterns and sculptures. The front elevation of the building is a built in a semicircular curve running from the top of Prince of Wales Road into Bank Plain and has three gable ends incorporated into the curve all of which have further alternating brickwork decorative detailing. The front elevation at street level was constructed from stone masonry of a colour to match the brickwork, which begins at the first lift at ground floor level. The roof of the hotel was originally tiled with green slate.

### Interior

The interior fixtures and fitting of the hotel were of the most modern and up to date of the era and providing the very latest in technology and building standards, whilst the design intent was to create the feel of a comfortable country mansion. The hotel was fully electrified, and the staircases were fully fireproofed. The hotel also had a large ventilation shaft included in the design. The storeys were also connected by lifts which were installed by Laurence Scott & Co, who also installed the lighting and bells. Some of the hotel windows were illuminated with stained glass, fabricated by the Norwich firm of J & J King. The heating system and the Kitchen cookers and equipment were supplied by R. and A. Main of Edmonton, London. Boardman's design gave the hotel a total of 65 guest rooms over four of the storeys with the semi-circular shape of the frontage creating the attic bedrooms to have angular corners and sloping ceilings. The hotel's first floor dining room was to facilitate private dinners and wedding receptions and consisted of a suite which could accommodate twenty people. The basement floor contained the servants' hall, and included a pantry, pastry room and several kitchens along with a suite of rooms allocated to the plate man. There were also a plate room and office rooms, including a further bedroom.

### Naming

The new hotel wanted to retain the name of *Royal Hotel* of the demolished hotel. The new company had to seek permission and approval for the *Royal* designation from the Sovereign. An application was sent to Queen Victoria at Balmoral for Her Gracious Majesty's permission, which was duly granted. The hotel owners also applied to the Norwich Brewster Sessions in August 1896 for a provisional licence to sell spirits and despite some objections from local restaurateurs a licence was granted. The Manager of the new Hotel was to be Mr. Charles Butcher who had previously managed the previous Royal Hotel in Norwich marketplace.

### Opening

The *Royal Hotel* was officially opened on the 16 November 1897 with a grand luncheon which was hosted by the Company Chairman, Mr T. C. Blofield. There were one hundred and ten invited guests who included the Local Member of Parliament Sir Harry Bullard, many civic dignitaries, senior members of the local clergy, leading industrialists and many local businessmen. Sir Harry Bullard proposed a toast to the hotel's success and praised "the very elegant palace that had been erected". The contractors involved in the construction along with Mr Edward Boardman, Junior, the architect were all thanked and commended for bring the completion of the hotel ahead of its scheduled completion date.

### Room tariffs

According to information quoted in a guidebook which was published for the hotel owners in 1899, room tariffs for a private suite in the hotel costs from 15 shillings. Each suite comprised a sitting-room, dressing room and bedroom and also included attendants. Single bedrooms were priced at 4 shillings. Patrons would also be required to pay extra charges for fires, lights and baths. The 1899 guidebook, which was printed for the hotel by Jarrolds & Sons, also described the main entrance of the hotel to contain *marbles of various colours* beyond which there was a *winter garden with mosaic floor*.

### Heyday

For the first 75 years of the 20th century, the Royal was at the heart of the city's social and political life. The hotel hosted such events as socialite weddings, political and business conferences. The hotel was also popular for reunion lunches and also held occasional property auctions. Local MPs used the hotel's hospitality during election campaigns and was frequented by several prime ministers. In 1964 Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan stayed at the hotel. On one occasion the Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson and some members of his cabinet stayed at the hotel. He is recorded as not being very impressed with the hotel's beer and sent out to the Bank Tavern across the road for a beer more to his taste. The regional television company Anglia Television began its operations from the old Agricultural Hall, renaming it *Anglia House*, across the road from the hotel in 1959. For the next 20 years the hotel became popular with actors and actress who appeared in Anglia's network drama programmes or in their regular local series. The hotel was often used by the first chairman of Anglia Television, Lord George Townshend.

### Decline

During the 1970s the hotel's fortunes began to fall into steep decline. This was mainly due to the fact that there have never been any car parking facilities at the Hotel nor was there any prospect of providing such facilities in the future, given the location and environs of the hotel. Things came to a head when the hotel's owners applied for planning permission to demolish the building and replace it with glass towered office block. The application was refused after much consultation. In 1977 the hotel was no longer receiving guests. The third and fourth floors of the hotel had been leased to Anglia Television as offices. The ground floor bar and restaurant continued in business but in March 1986 both these businesses closed down. Today the hotel is used as various offices and a business center.

## InfoBox

| Royal Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
| The Former Royal Hotel, Norwich | |
| Norfolk | |
| General information | |
| Location | Agricultural Hall Plain, Norwich, Norfolk, England |
| Address | Agricultural Hall Plain
Norwich
NR3 1HA |
| Coordinates | 52°37′46.26″N 1°17′54.37″E / 52.6295167°N 1.2984361°E / 52.6295167; 1.2984361 |
| Opening | 16 November 1897 |
| Closed | 1977
Bar and buttery closed in March 1986 |
| Owner | Mr T C Blofield (Company Chairman in 1897) |
| Management | The Royal Hotel, Norwich Ltd |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | Six storeys including a basement |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Edward Boardman |
| Developer | John Youngs & Son |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 65 bedrooms over four storeys |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Designated | 8 April 1986 |
| Reference no. | 1372725 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vaiva Grainytė

abstract: Vaiva Grainytė is a Lithuanian writer, playwright and poet. She works with interdisciplinary projects.

text:
# Vaiva Grainytė

**Vaiva Grainytė** is a Lithuanian writer, playwright and poet. She works with interdisciplinary projects.

## Early life and education

In 2007 Grainytė graduated from the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre with a BA in Art Theory, and in 2009—with an MA in Theatrology. During the period of 2010–2011 Grainytė studied Chinese language at the Central Academy of Drama (Beijing). From 2015 Grainytė participated in various international residencies, including *KulturKontakt* residency in Vienna (Austria), *Villa Clementine* writers residency in Wiesbaden (Germany), Akademie Schloss Solitude residency in Stuttgart (Germany), and Nordic House artist residency in Reykjavík (Iceland).

## Creative work

Since 2004 Grainytė is a published author of various essays, reviews and commentaries. Grainytė worked as a writer for the *Miesto IQ* Magazine (2008–2009), and the Theatre Column Editor for *The Economist Magazine* (2010–2012). During the period of 2013–2015 she was a senior editor at the *Kamane.lt*, a professional art news website.

The year 2012 saw a publication of her book *Beijing Diaries* (*Pekino dienoraščiai*, Vilnius: Vaga Publishers). Her book of poems *Gorilla's Archives* (*Gorilos archyvai*, Vilnius: Lithuanian Writers’ Union Publishing House) was published in 2019.

In her writing, Grainytė uses personal and collective memories, reflections on everyday life, and social themes which she expertly endows with poetic, absurdist and surrealist undertones. Equipped with the gaze of an ironic anthropologist, she brings out processes that often escape our notice, while her reserved skepticism lightly mocks the overly emphasized aspects of social life. In her writings, Grainytė pays a lot of attention to the sentence structure, the topicality, and the paradoxical quality of the imagery she constructs. The writer often erases the boundaries between literary discourse and everyday speech

Grainytė combines individual writing practice with collaborative work. The contemporary operas *Have a Good Day!*(2013) and *Sun & Sea* (2017) are among the most notable examples. In her collaborative work Grainytė pays particular attention to the relation between documentality and fiction, the correspondence between realism and poetry, and the interdisciplinary input from theatre, music and visual arts.

## Dramaturgy and stage writing

* 2013 *Have a Good Day!*, a contemporary opera for 10 singing cashiers, supermarket sounds and piano. Co-authors: composer Lina Lapelyt\] and theatre and film director Rugilė Barzdžiukaitė. The libretto has been translated into English, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Latvian, Estonian and Chinese.
* 2016 *Lucky Lucy*, a show of dance and environmental action. Choreographers and dancers: Agnija Šeiko, Annika Ostwald (Sweden); dramatist: PeO Sanders (Sweden); composer: Magnus Bugge (Norway).
* 2017 *Sun & Sea*, a contemporary opera; co-producers: Rugilė Barzdžiukaitė and Lina Lapelytė. The project was chosen to represent Lithuania at the 58th Venice Biennale in 2019.
* 2018 *Ubu the King* (*Karalius Ubu*), a puppet show-grotesque at the Vilnius Puppet Theatre Lėlė. Director: Neville Tranter; composer: Faustas Latėnas.
* 2018 *Cuckoos* (*Gegutės*), a musical performance at the MO Museum, Vilnius. Vo-producer: composer Arturas Bumšteinas.

## Radio plays

* 2014 *Witches Don't Eat Gummies* (*Raganos nevalgo guminukų*). The play has been included in the Reading Program of the Women Playwrights International (Cape Town, RSA).
* 2015 *From the Axis* (*Nuo Ašies*). Director: Saulė Norkutė; sound director and engineer: Vladas Dieninis. The play was awarded a 2nd place at the National Dramaturgy Competition *Kviečia radijo teatras* (Lithuania).

## Awards

In 2012, together with other two co-creators of the opera *Have a Good Day!*, Grainytė received an award at the *Music Theatre NOW*, a competition organised by the International Theatre Institute.

The opera *Have a Good Day!* was shown in a series of international festivals of music, theatre and opera around the world, including *Golden Mask* (Moscow), *Shanghai International Theatre Festival*, *Prototype Annual Festival of Opera-Theatre and Music-Theatre* (New York), as well as *Automne En Normandie*, *NEXT – La Rose Des Vents*, *Le Bateau Feu*, *Passages*, *Horizon*, *EXIT* and *Théâtre en Mai* festivals in France. The opera was also featured in various theatre festivals in (Germany), Switzerland, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine. The opera was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 (UK) and LRT (Lithuania).

The works have been co-produced by institutions such as Kammerspiele in Munich and Dresden State Theatre ( (Germany)).

In 2012 Grainytė's book *Beijing Diaries* was nominated for the Lithuanian Book of the Year category and made it to the list of 12 Most Creative Books. In 2013 the book received The Augustinas Gricius Award.

In 2014 all three co-authors were nominated for the Best Lithuanian Production category and received the Golden Cross of the Stage Award. The same year Grainytė, Lapelytė, and Barzdžiukaitė took part at the Baltic Theatres Festival (Latvia) and received two Competition Programme Awards for the "sensitivity toward the social reality" and "dramaturgy".

In 2015 Grainytė received the Young Artist Award (Lithuania) and the Main Prize at Fast Forward the European Festival for New Directors (Braunschweig, (Germany)).

In 2018, together with Lapelytė and Barzdžiukaitė, Grainytė received the Borisas Dauguvietis Earring Award for the innovative and original approaches.

In 2019, the opera-performance *Sun & Sea (Marina)* (co-authors: Rugilė Barzdžiukaitė and Lina Lapelytė) won Lithuania the Golden Lion for the best national participation at the 58th Venice Biennale.

## InfoBox

| Vaiva Grainytė | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kaunas, Lithuania |
| Occupation | Writer, playwright, poet |
| Nationality | Lithuanian |
| Notable awards | 2019 Golden Lion for the best national participation at the 58th Venice Biennale |


title: Gil Cabral

abstract: Gil Cabral (1300s–1362) was a Portuguese nobleman, who served as priest and bishop of Guarda, Portugal.

text:
# Gil Cabral

**Gil Cabral** (1300s–1362) was a Portuguese nobleman, who served as priest and bishop of Guarda, Portugal.

## Biography

Cabral was born in Portugal, the son of João Martins Cabral, a noble medieval knight, belonging to the Portuguese elite. The name of his wife is unknown, Cabral had two sons Maria Gil Cabral and Álvaro Gil Cabral, noble knight, who held important political and military positions during the reign of Ferdinand I of Portugal.

Gil Cabral was the direct ancestor of Pedro Álvares Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil. According to ancient sources, the Cabral family were descendants of Carano founder of The Macedonian Empire.

## InfoBox

| Gil Cabral | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of Arms of Cabral | |
| Born | c.1300
Portugal |
| Died | 1362
Guarda, Portugal |
| Noble family | Cabral |
| Occupation | Bishop |


title: FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies

abstract: The FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies (FCVT) was a national Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy program developing more energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly highway transportation technologies to enable the United States to use less petroleum. Run by Michael Berube, it had long-term aims to develop "leap-frog" technologies to provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, lower costs, and reduce environmental impacts.

text:
# FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies

**The FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies (FCVT)** was a national Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy program developing more energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly highway transportation technologies to enable the United States to use less petroleum. Run by Michael Berube, it had long-term aims to develop "leap-frog" technologies to provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, lower costs, and reduce environmental impacts.

## Office

The office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies (FCVT) was in the US Department of Energy.

## Clean Cities Program

The Clean Cities Program was part of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program.

Its mission was to advance the US economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local decisions to adopt practices to contribute to the reduction of petroleum consumption. Clean Cities carried out that mission through a network of more than 80 volunteer coalitions, which developed public and private partnerships to promote alternative fuels and vehicles, fuel blends, fuel economy, hybrid vehicles, and idle reduction.

## Partnerships

The goal of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership was the development of emission- and petroleum-free cars and light trucks. It focused on the high-risk research needed to develop the necessary technologies such as fuel cells and advanced hybrid propulsion systems to provide a full range of affordable cars and light trucks free of foreign oil and harmful emissions without sacrificing freedom of mobility and freedom of vehicle choice.

To address the research and development needs of commercial vehicles, the goal of the partnership was for US trucks and buses to move safely and cost-effectively larger volumes of freight and greater numbers of passengers but emit little or no pollution, with a dramatic reduction in dependence on imported petroleum.

## Plug-in hybrids

In 2007, the Department of Energy announced that it would invest nearly $20 million in research on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). They have the potential to displace a large amount of gasoline by delivering up to 40 miles of electric range without recharging, a distance that includes most daily roundtrip commutes. Five projects would be cost-shared with the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) to allow up to $38 million for battery research and development. Five lithium ion battery companies were selected for the projects:

* EnerDel, Inc. of Indianapolis, Indiana, selected for an award of up to $1.25 million from DOE (total DOE/industry cost share: $2.5 million) over two years to develop cells for 10- and 40-mile range PHEVs using nanophase lithium titanate coupled with a high voltage Nickel-Manganese cathode material;
* A123Systems of Watertown, Massachusetts; Compact Power Inc. in Michigan, selected for an award of up to $6.25 million from DOE (total DOE/industry cost share: $12.5 million) over three years for a project to develop batteries based on nanophase iron-phosphate chemistry for 10- and 40-mile range PHEVs;
* Compact Power Inc. of Troy, Michigan, selected for an award of up to $4.45 million from DOE (total DOE/industry cost share: $12.7 million) over three years to develop batteries for 10-mile range PHEVs using high energy and high power Manganese-spinel;
* 3M in Saint Paul, Minnesota, selected for an award of up to $1.14 million from DOE (total DOE/industry cost share: $ 2.28 million) over two years to screen nickel/manganese/cobalt (NMC) cathode materials through building and testing of small-sized cells;
* and Johnson Controls – Saft Advanced Power Solutions of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, selected for an award of up to $4.1 million from DOE (total DOE/industry cost-share: $8.2 million) over two years to develop batteries using a nickelate/layered chemistry for 10- and 40-mile range PHEVs.

The projects would focus on developing batteries and cells for 10- and 40-mile range PHEVs and building small cells to test new cathode materials.

In addition, the University of Michigan would receive nearly $2 million to explore the future of PHEVs in a two-year study conducted with DOE's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and DTE Energy. The study would evaluate how PHEVs would share the power grid with other energy needs; monitor the American public's view of PHEVs and their driving behavior in such vehicles; assess the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; and identify how automakers can optimize PHEV design to increase performance and reduce cost. See the DOE press release, the PNNL press release, and the Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Plan on the FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program website.

A number of other efforts also aimed to advance PHEV technologies. In early September, Google.org, the philanthropic arm of Google Inc., offered $10 million to for-profit companies that are working to advance PHEV technologies. Meanwhile, California's Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) announced that it was working with Tesla Motors to study the remote control of the charging of electric vehicles. Such "smart charging" could allow a utility to vary the electric charging load on its system in response to intermittent energy sources. In effect, electric vehicles would serve as a large energy storage system that utilities could direct energy to at times when ample supplies are available and the load on the electrical grid is low.

Also, DoE and China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) signed a five-year agreement in September 2007 to support the large-scale deployment of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles in both countries.

## Criticisms

With the hydrogen-focused FCVT, whose goal is decades away, the George W. Bush administration was criticized for ignoring any intermediate-term solutions, and of funding it largely with monies redirected from other renewable-energy and energy-efficiency programs. As Ashok Gupta, the lead energy economist at the Natural Resources Defense Council, put it, "The FreedomCAR is really about Bush's freedom to do nothing about cars today."

## Reduction in 2010 funding

The Department of Energy's congressional budget request for 2010 budget cuts funding for fuel cell technologies by 60% to US$70 million. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu's presentation portrays this as "moving away from funding vehicular hydrogen fuel cells to technologies with more immediate promise."

### FreedomCAR plug-ins


title: Hemmoor

abstract: Hemmoor is a small town in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the river Oste, approx. 40 km northeast of Bremerhaven, and 25 km south of Brunsbüttel.

text:
# Hemmoor

**Hemmoor** (German pronunciation: \[ˈhɛmˌmoːɐ̯\] ) is a small town in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the river Oste, approx. 40 km northeast of Bremerhaven, and 25 km south of Brunsbüttel.

## History

Hemmoor belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown—interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715)—and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which—after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814—incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Hemmoor, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

The Portland cement factory operating between 1866 and 1983 delivered concrete for the Statue of Liberty in the New York City.

## Other

Hemmoor is also the seat of the *Samtgemeinde* ("collective municipality") Hemmoor.

It is twinned with the small market town of Swaffham, which is situated in the east of England.

## InfoBox

| Hemmoor | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Church of Saint Ansgar | |
|  | |
| Location of Hemmoor within Cuxhaven district | |
| Hemmoor Hemmoor | |
| Coordinates: 53°42′9″N 9°8′22″E / 53.70250°N 9.13944°E / 53.70250; 9.13944 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Cuxhaven |
| Municipal assoc. | Hemmoor |
| Subdivisions | 6 Ortschaften |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Lasse Weritz (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 45.08 km2 (17.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 9,026 |
| Density | 200/km2 (520/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 21745 |
| Dialling codes | 04771 |
| Vehicle registration | CUX |
| Website | www.hemmoor.de |


title: Walter C. Ramsay

abstract: Walter C. Ramsay was an American politician and newspaper editor who served as the 15th secretary of state of Iowa from 1919 to 1929.

text:
# Walter C. Ramsay

**Walter C. Ramsay** (August 15, 1878  February 9, 1928) was an American politician and newspaper editor who served as the 15th secretary of state of Iowa from 1919 to 1929.

## Early life

Born in Ford County, Illinois, Ramsay attended public schools in Paxton, Illinois and Owatonna High School in Owatonna, Minnesota.

## Career

In 1900, Ramsey and his brother purchased the *Iowa Valley Press* in Belmond, Iowa. In 1924, Ramsay and his brother purchased the *Belmond Herald,* which later become the *Belmond Herald-Press*. He served as assistant clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1904 to 1906. He then was appointed postmaster of Belmond, Iowa in 1906 and served until 1914. From 1914 to 1918, Ramsay served as mayor of Belmond. He also served as chief clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1915 to 1919. In 1919, Ramsay was appointed Iowa secretary of state and served until his death in 1928. He was a Republican.

## Death

Ramsay died from a stroke at his home in Des Moines, Iowa.

## InfoBox

| Walter Ramsay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 15th Secretary of State of Iowa | |
| **In office**
1919–1928 | |
| Preceded by | William S. Allen |
| Succeeded by | Edward McMurray Smith |
| Mayor of Belmond, Iowa | |
| **In office**
1906–1914 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 15, 1878
Ford County, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | February 9, 1928 (aged 50)
Des Moines, Iowa, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


abstract: National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent, 375 U.S. 311 (1964), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that service of process upon a party's designated agent does not invalidate personal jurisdiction that would otherwise be established, if the agent gives prompt notice to the party.

text:
# National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent

***National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent***, 375 U.S. 311 (1964), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that service of process upon a party's designated agent does not invalidate personal jurisdiction that would otherwise be established, if the agent gives prompt notice to the party.

## Background

Defendants Szukhents, farmers in Michigan, entered into a contractual relationship with plaintiff National Equipment Rental, a New York-based company, for the leasing of farm equipment. This contract, written by National Equipment Rental, included a term designating Florence Weinberg, at a New York address, as agent for service of process regarding the contract. The Szukhents had never met Ms. Weinberg. In suing the Szukhents in Federal court (E.D.N.Y.), National Equipment Rental served process upon Ms. Weinberg, who then notified the Szukhents of the suit via mail. Subject-matter jurisdiction was founded upon diversity of citizenship. The Szukhents challenged personal jurisdiction on the grounds that there was no constitutional basis for personal jurisdiction.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court upheld the ability of parties to a contract to agree in advance to the jurisdiction of a particular court. The Court then proceeded to consider the validity of the agency relationship between Ms. Weinberg and the Szukhents, and found that since Ms. Weinberg appropriately notified the Szukhents, the agency was valid under relevant laws, and therefore the service upon Ms. Weinberg was effective service upon the Szukhents.

With effective service, the Court held that personal jurisdiction over the Szukhents had been established in the District Court, pursuant to the then-effective Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(1).

Justice Black dissented, and would have found the agency relationship invalid by applying of New York state appellate court precedent, thus affirming the District Court's quashing of service. Alternatively, if defining agency law for the purposes of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Justice Black would not include the relationship in question in such a definition. Finally, Justice Black questioned whether the Szukhents had received due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which form parts of the basis for Constitutional personal jurisdiction jurisprudence.

Justice Brennan, with whom the Chief Justice and Justice Goldberg joined, agreed with Justice Black's second contention, and would have held that 4(d)(1) requires a Federal standard for agency, and that the relationship with Ms. Weinberg would not meet such requirements.

## InfoBox

| National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 20, 1963
Decided January 6, 1964 | |
| Full case name | *National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent* |
| Citations | 375 U.S. 311 (*more*)84 S. Ct. 411; 11 L. Ed. 2d 354; 1964 U.S. LEXIS 2032 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 311 F.2d 79 (2d Cir. 1962) |
| Holding | |
| Service of process upon a party's designated agent does not invalidate personal jurisdiction that would otherwise be established, if the agent gives prompt notice to the party. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Earl Warren  Associate Justices Hugo Black **·**  William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark **·**  John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Arthur Goldberg | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Stewart |
| Dissent | Black |
| Dissent | Brennan, joined by Warren, Goldberg |