title: Muhamed Bešić

abstract: Muhamed Bešić is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder. Born in Germany, he played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team. Bešić started his professional career at Hamburger SV, playing mainly in its reserve team, before joining Ferencváros in 2012. Two years later, he moved to Everton, who loaned him to Middlesbrough in 2018 and to Sheffield United in 2019. He went back to Ferencváros in 2021. A former youth international for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bešić made his senior international debut in 2010, earning over 40 caps until 2022. He represented the nation at their first major championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

text:
# Muhamed Bešić

**Muhamed Bešić** (pronounced \[muxǎmed běʃitɕ\]; born 10 September 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder. Born in Germany, he played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

Bešić started his professional career at Hamburger SV, playing mainly in its reserve team, before joining Ferencváros in 2012. Two years later, he moved to Everton, who loaned him to Middlesbrough in 2018 and to Sheffield United in 2019. He went back to Ferencváros in 2021.

A former youth international for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bešić made his senior international debut in 2010, earning over 40 caps until 2022. He represented the nation at their first major championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

## Club career

### Early career

Bešić started playing football at local clubs, before joining Hamburger SV's youth academy in 2009. He made his professional debut against Borussia Dortmund on 12 November 2010 at the age of 18.

In August 2012, he moved to Hungarian team Ferencváros. On 5 May 2013, he scored his first professional goal against Debrecen.

### Everton

In July 2014, Bešić was transferred to English side Everton for an undisclosed fee, speculated to be in the region of €5 million.

#### 2014–15 season

He made his official debut for the club on 30 August in a loss to Chelsea. On 23 September, he started his first game for Everton in an EFL Cup game against Swansea City.

#### 2015–16 season

In July 2015, Bešić picked up a hamstring injury during the pre-season clash against Swindon Town, which ruled him out for the start of the campaign. He made his season debut in an EFL Cup match against Barnsley on 26 August.

In February 2016, he was voted Everton's Player of the Month for January.

He signed a new five-year deal with the squad in March.

Bešić's season was marked by hamstring injuries, which limited his playing time and appearances. Along with the one picked up during the pre-season, he had two more, in both his legs.

#### 2016–17 season

In July 2016, Bešić changed his shirt number from 17, he wore for the previous two seasons, to 21.

In August, he suffered a severe knee injury, which was diagnosed as an anterior cruciate ligament tear and was ruled out for at least six months. He began with light training in late December, and he was given the medical all-clear in March 2017. However, he did not play any official games for Everton until the end of the campaign.

#### 2017–18 season

Bešić returned to the pitch on 17 August in the UEFA Europa League play-offs against Hajduk Split, over a year after the injury.

In February 2018, he was loaned to Middlesbrough for the remainder of the season. He made his competitive debut for the side on 17 February against Cardiff City. On 21 April, he scored his first goal for Middlesbrough in a triumph over Derby County.

#### 2018–19 season

In August, his loan was extended for an additional season. He made his season debut on 24 August against West Bromwich Albion. On 2 October, he scored his first goal of the campaign in a defeat of Ipswich Town.

#### 2019–20 season

In August 2019, Bešić was sent on a season-long loan to Sheffield United. He debuted officially for the team in an EFL Cup tie against Blackburn Rovers on 27 August. Two months later, he made his league debut against West Ham United. On 25 January 2020, he scored his first goal for Sheffield United in an FA Cup fixture against Millwall.

#### 2020–21 season

In spite of not being registered for Premier League games, Bešić decided to stay at Everton until the end of his contract. In February 2021, team manager Carlo Ancelotti decided to include him in the squad list for domestic games. Nevertheless, he finished the campaign not having played a single game and was released by the club.

### Return to Ferencváros

In September, Bešić returned to Ferencváros on a three-year deal. On 22 September, he played his first competitive game for the side since coming back against Fehérvár. He won his first trophy with the club after returning on 24 April 2022, when they were crowned league champions. On 29 April, he scored first goal for Ferencváros since his comeback in a victory over Paks.

Bešić appeared in his 100th game for Ferencváros against Honvéd on 13 November.

In February 2023, he suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament again and was expected to be sidelined for at least half a year. Over seven months after the injury, on 16 September, he made his return to action and managed to score a goal.

## International career

Bešić was a member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina under-21 team for several years.

In November 2010, he received his first senior call-up, for a friendly game against Slovakia, and debuted in that game on 17 November. He thereby became the youngest player to ever play for Bosnia and Herzegovina at senior level, breaking the previous record held by Miralem Pjanić.

In June 2014, Bešić was named in Bosnia and Herzegovina's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, country's first major competition. He made his tournament debut in the opening group match against Argentina on 15 June.

## Style of play

During his career, Bešić has been deployed as a right-back and as a centre-back, although his natural position in his own words is defensive midfielder.

He was described by then Everton manager Roberto Martínez as a "very complete footballer", who "has got a very natural balance about knowing that he can be strong and aggressive but in the same way he's a technical player on the ball."

## Personal life

Bešić has three children with his long-time girlfriend Jessica, two daughters and one son.

He is a practising Muslim; together with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić, Armin Hodžić, Izet Hajrović, Sead Kolašinac, Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during the national team's concentration.

Bešić has many tattoos, his first being the word *Bosanac* (Bosnian). Some of many are also names of his parents and brother.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 19 May 2024*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | League cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Hamburger SV II | 2010–11 | Regionalliga Nord | 23 | 0 |  | |  | |  | |  | | 23 | 0 |
| | 2011–12 | Regionalliga Nord | 15 | 0 |  | |  | |  | |  | | 15 | 0 |
| | Total | | 38 | 0 |  | |  | |  | |  | | 38 | 0 |
| Hamburger SV | 2010–11 | Bundesliga | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 3 | 0 |
| Ferencváros | 2012–13 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |  | |  | | 27 | 1 |
| | 2013–14 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 25 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |  | |  | | 33 | 0 |
| | Total | | 47 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 |  | |  | | 60 | 1 |
| Everton | 2014–15 | Premier League | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |  | | 31 | 0 |
| | 2015–16 | Premier League | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | |  | | 17 | 0 |
| | 2016–17 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2017–18 | Premier League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |  | | 8 | 0 |
| | Total | | 37 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 0 |  | | 56 | 0 |
| Middlesbrough (loan) | 2017–18 | Championship | 15 | 1 |  | |  | |  | | 2 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
| | 2018–19 | Championship | 37 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | |  | | 39 | 2 |
| | Total | | 52 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 2 | 0 | 56 | 3 |
| Sheffield United (loan) | 2019–20 | Premier League | 9 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 |  | |  | | 13 | 1 |
| Ferencváros | 2021–22 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 20 | 1 | 2 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 22 | 1 |
| | 2022–23 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |  | | 24 | 0 |
| | 2023–24 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 8 | 0 | 2 | 1 |  | | 4 | 0 |  | | 14 | 1 |
| | Total | | 44 | 1 | 5 | 1 |  | | 11 | 0 |  | | 60 | 2 |
| Career total | | | 230 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 286 | 7 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| | 2010 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2011 | 4 | 0 |
| | 2012 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2013 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2014 | 10 | 0 |
| | 2015 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2016 | 3 | 0 |
| | 2017 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2018 | 8 | 0 |
| | 2019 | 7 | 0 |
| | 2020 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2021 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2022 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 47 | 0 |

## Honours

**Ferencváros**

1. "Middlesbrough je raskrsnica za karijeru Muhameda Bešića". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
2. "Bešić debitovao za Hamburg". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 12 November 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
3. "Muhamed Bešić na probnom radu u Ferencvárosu". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 28 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
4. "Muhamed Bešić postigao prvijenac za Ferencváros". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 5 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
5. "Zvanično: Muhamed Bešić potpisao za Everton". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 24 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
6. "Ludilo na Goodisonu: Everton - Chelsea 3:6, debi Bešića". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 30 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
7. "Muhamed Bešić prvi put zaigrao za Everton od prve minute". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 23 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
8. "Muhamed Bešić propušta početak sezone u Premiershipu". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
9. "Barnsley mučio Everton, Bešić igrao 120 minuta". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 26 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
10. "Zasluženo: Bešić proglašen za najboljeg igrača Evertona u mjesecu januaru". *avaz.ba* (in Bosnian). 17 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
11. "Zvanično: Muhamed Bešić produžio ugovor sa Evertonom". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
12. "Povreda Bešića teže prirode, pauza do dva mjeseca". *oslobodjenje.ba* (in Bosnian). 22 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
13. "Muhamed Bešić se vraća na teren krajem februara". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 10 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
14. "Muhamed Bešić promijenio broj na dresu". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
15. "Bešić uspješno operisan: Hvala svima na podršci!". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
16. "Koeman: Sretan sam zbog povratka Muhameda Bešića". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 4 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
17. "Meša pozvao Muhameda Bešića za Grčku". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 24 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
18. "Bešić zaigrao nakon više od godinu dana i u svom stilu "počistio" Juranovića". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 18 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
19. "Dogovor u zadnjim minutama prelaznog roka: Bešić posuđen Middlesbroughu". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
20. "Muhamed Bešić debitovao za Middlesbrough". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 17 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
21. "Gol Bešića u velikoj pobjedi Middlesbrougha, u Bristolu 5:5!". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 21 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
22. "Muhamed Bešić ponovo u Middlesbroughu". *radiosarajevo.ba* (in Bosnian). 23 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
23. "Bešić asistent u pobjedi Middlesbrougha nad West Bromwich Albionom". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 24 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
24. "Bešić strijelac u pobjedi Middlesbrougha protiv Ipswicha". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 3 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
25. "Muhamed Bešić novi igrač Sheffield Uniteda". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 8 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
26. "Muhamed Bešić debitovao za Sheffield United". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 27 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
27. "Sheffield remizirao sa West Hamom, Bešić upisao prve minute u Premier League u dresu Oštrica". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 26 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
28. "Sheffield slavio pobjedu, Muhamed Bešić postigao prelijep prvijenac". *avaz.ba* (in Bosnian). 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
29. "Konačno vrijeme za rastanak: Muhamed Bešić nakon sedam godina napustio Everton". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 4 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
30. "Muhamed Bešić se vratio u Ferencváros, pridružio se koloniji bh. reprezentativaca". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 17 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
31. "Bešić ponovo igrao, navijači Ferencvárosa ga sjajno dočekali". *avaz.ba* (in Bosnian). 23 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
32. "Četiri bh. fudbalera slave uspjeh sa svojim klubom: Ferencváros osigurao titulu prvaka Mađarske". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 24 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
33. "Muhamed Bešić zabio prvi gol u sezoni". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
34. "Muhamed Bešić odigrao jubilarnu 100. utakmicu za Ferencváros". *scsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 13 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
35. "Bešić se vratio na teren nakon više od sedam mjeseci i odmah zabio gol". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 16 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
36. "Predstavljamo Zmajeve: Muhamed Bešić je zvijezda u usponu". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 1 June 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
37. "Sušić objavio spisak igrača za prijateljski susret sa Slovačkom". *depo.ba* (in Bosnian). 5 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
38. "Zmajevi preokrenuli protiv Slovaka za važnu pobjedu". *klix.ba* (in Bosnian). 17 November 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
39. "Sušić objavio konačan spisak za Brazil". *aljazeera.net* (in Bosnian). 2 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
40. "Argentina prejaka, ali poslana je lijepa slika u svijet". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 16 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
41. "Muhamed Bešić: Sada igram na poziciji desnog beka i dobro mi ide". *reprezentacija.ba* (in Bosnian). 12 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
42. "Martínez: Bešić ima predispozicije za nevjerovatnu karijeru". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
43. "Bešić se prisjetio trenutka koji ga je promijenio: Sjedio sam u Lamborghiniju i pomislio: Šta sad?". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 19 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
44. "Zmajevi u zeničkoj džamiji klanjali džumu". *sportsport.ba* (in Bosnian). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
45. "Zmajevi i tetovaže: Kakvi crteži krase tijela bh. fudbalera". *radiosarajevo.ba* (in Bosnian). 23 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
46. "M. Bešić". *soccerway.com*. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
47. "Muhamed Bešić". *eu-football.info*. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

## InfoBox

Muhamed Bešić
| Bešić with Everton in 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-09-10) 10 September 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Berlin, Germany | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | SpVgg Tiergarten | | |
|  | Reinickendorfer Füchse | | |
| 2007–2009 | TB Berlin | | |
| 2009–2010 | Hamburger SV | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2012 | Hamburger SV II | 38 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | Hamburger SV | 3 | (0) |
| 2012–2014 | Ferencváros | 47 | (1) |
| 2014–2021 | Everton | 37 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Middlesbrough (loan) | 52 | (3) |
| 2019–2020 | Sheffield United (loan) | 9 | (0) |
| 2021–2024 | Ferencváros | 44 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2010–2012 | Bosnia and Herzegovina U21 | 10 | (2) |
| 2010–2022 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 47 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 February 2024 | | | |


title: Uki otoshi

abstract: Uki otoshi (浮落), or "floating drop," is one of the traditional forty throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fourth group, Dai Yonkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. The technique is categorized as a hand technique, Te-waza. Uki otoshi (浮落), or "floating drop," is one of the traditional forty throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fourth group, Dai Yonkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. The technique is categorized as a hand technique, Te-waza.

text:
# Uki otoshi

**Uki otoshi** (浮落), or "floating drop," is one of the traditional forty throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fourth group, Dai Yonkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza , of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.  The technique is categorized as a hand technique, Te-waza.

## Technical description

In free fight and tournaments, this throw is rarely done in his basic form, as seen in Kata. When uke is off balance the pulling hand at the sleeve of tori guides Uke towards the ground, without an additional force and help from legs or hips, making in 100% a hand technique(Te-Waza).

In yaku soku geiko, randori of free fighting variations can be seen by pulling at the lapels. Often they are counters to actions of Uke. When Uke overcommits in hipthrows (goshi-waza), Tori can defend by stepping to the side (tai sabaki) to avoid the throw and during that action Tori can pull at the sleeves or lapel (depending the side of grip and side of the tai sabaki), further breaking the balance of Uke, enforcing the kuzushi (losing of balance) and guiding Uke to the ground. Same principle is used in Uchi Mata Sukachi.

## Similar techniques, variants, and aliases

English aliases:

* floating drop

Similar techniques:

## InfoBox

| Uki otoshi | |
| --- | --- |
| Judoka demonstrate Uki otoshi in Kata form | |
| Classification | Nage-waza |
| Sub classification | Te-waza |
| Kodokan | Yes |
| Technique name | |
| Rōmaji | Uki otoshi |
| Japanese | 浮落 |
| English | Floating drop |
| Korean | 띄어 치기 |


title: Mythe Bridge

abstract:
Mythe Bridge carries the A438 road across the River Severn at Tewkesbury. It is a cast-iron arch bridge spanning 170 feet (52 m) and 24 feet (7.3 m) wide, designed by Thomas Telford and completed in April 1826. It is a Grade II* listed structure. Telford was appointed to design the bridge in 1823, following a dispute between the bridge trustees and their existing architect, who had proposed a bridge with three shorter iron arches. Telford changed the scheme to a single span so as to reduce interference with navigation of the river, and also to eliminate the expense of constructing foundations in the river gravels. Like Telford's Craigellachie Bridge, Mythe Bridge was cast by William Hazledine, and is similar in form to Telford's Galton Bridge, which spans the Birmingham Canal at Smethwick. It has six cast iron ribs, each cast in 23-foot (7m) lengths, with spandrels filled with X-shaped bracing. Telford described the iron as "best Shropshire iron, commonly called No. 2"'. The arch rises 17 feet (5.2m), one tenth of the span. The X-bracing carries the diagonal crossed bracing to the spandrels beneath the beam, as well as to the carriageway and balustrade. The abutments at either end of the bridge houses a group of six tunnel vaults with pointed arches and stone quoins. These are separated by the attached colonnettes. Hugh McIntosh was contractor for the embankment and abutments. The total cost of the bridge including masonry approaches was £14,500, It was originally a toll bridge, but tolls were removed in 1850. An Ordnance Survey map of 1884 shows a toll booth at either end of the bridge. Telford wrote:
I reckon this the most handsomest bridge which has been built under my direction... The bridge was designated a Grade II* listed building on 4 March 1952, the reason for listing it being that it is of "technological interest as a bridge of iron construction with a 52m span designed in the early 1820s, part of the first generation of this technologically significant type of bridge" and because of its "engineering interest as a significant bridge built by Thomas Telford." Historic England has placed the bridge on the Heritage at Risk register. In 1923, the decking was strengthened by adding a reinforced concrete slab. In 1990, tests showed the bridge was too weak for many heavy goods vehicles, and traffic was limited to a 7.5 ton maximum. This was increased to 17 tons after the bridge had been strengthened in 1992. The secondary members needed strengthening and this was effected by enhancing the shear strength of the transverse cross beams by bonding steel plates to the web of the cross beams. The longitudinal cross-bracing was strengthened by using angle splints and the space between the splints and the cross-bracing was grouted. Additional transverse bracing was supplied by reinforcing the central spine of the arch, with one end bolted to steel sleeves, and the other end bolted to the cross beams at the top of the arch.

text:
# Mythe Bridge

**Mythe Bridge** carries the A438 road across the River Severn at Tewkesbury. It is a cast-iron arch bridge spanning 170 feet (52 m) and 24 feet (7.3 m) wide, designed by Thomas Telford and completed in April 1826. It is a Grade II\* listed structure.

Telford was appointed to design the bridge in 1823, following a dispute between the bridge trustees and their existing architect, who had proposed a bridge with three shorter iron arches. Telford changed the scheme to a single span so as to reduce interference with navigation of the river, and also to eliminate the expense of constructing foundations in the river gravels.

Like Telford's Craigellachie Bridge, Mythe Bridge was cast by William Hazledine, and is similar in form to Telford's Galton Bridge, which spans the Birmingham Canal at Smethwick. It has six cast iron ribs, each cast in 23-foot (7m) lengths, with spandrels filled with X-shaped bracing. Telford described the iron as *"best Shropshire iron, commonly called No. 2"'*. The arch rises 17 feet (5.2m), one tenth of the span. The X-bracing carries the diagonal crossed bracing to the spandrels beneath the beam, as well as to the carriageway and balustrade. The abutments at either end of the bridge houses a group of six tunnel vaults with pointed arches and stone quoins. These are separated by the attached colonnettes. Hugh McIntosh was contractor for the embankment and abutments.

The total cost of the bridge including masonry approaches was £14,500, It was originally a toll bridge, but tolls were removed in 1850. An Ordnance Survey map of 1884 shows a toll booth at either end of the bridge.

Telford wrote:

> *I reckon this the most handsomest bridge which has been built under my direction ...*

The bridge was designated a Grade II\* listed building on 4 March 1952, the reason for listing it being that it is of "technological interest as a bridge of iron construction with a 52m span designed in the early 1820s, part of the first generation of this technologically significant type of bridge" and because of its "engineering interest as a significant bridge built by Thomas Telford." Historic England has placed the bridge on the Heritage at Risk register.

In 1923, the decking was strengthened by adding a reinforced concrete slab. In 1990, tests showed the bridge was too weak for many heavy goods vehicles, and traffic was limited to a 7.5 ton maximum. This was increased to 17 tons after the bridge had been strengthened in 1992. The secondary members needed strengthening and this was effected by enhancing the shear strength of the transverse cross beams by bonding steel plates to the web of the cross beams. The longitudinal cross-bracing was strengthened by using angle splints and the space between the splints and the cross-bracing was grouted. Additional transverse bracing was supplied by reinforcing the central spine of the arch, with one end bolted to steel sleeves, and the other end bolted to the cross beams at the top of the arch.

* Telford, T. (1838). *The Life of Telford*.
* Witts, C., *A Century of Bridges*, River Severn Publications, 2nd edn., 1998

## InfoBox

| Mythe Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 52°00′07″N 2°09′49″W / 52.0020°N 2.1635°W / 52.0020; -2.1635 |
| Crosses | River Severn |
| Locale | Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Arch bridge |
| Material | Cast iron |
| Total length | 170 feet (52 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | Thomas Telford |
| Construction end | April 1826 |
| Construction cost | £14,500 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Gümüşdere, Kemalpaşa

abstract: Gümüşdere is a village in the Kemalpaşa District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 227 (2021).

text:
# Gümüşdere, Kemalpaşa

**Gümüşdere** (Homshetsi dialect: Xeluket) is a village in the Kemalpaşa District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 227 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Gümüşdere Xeluket | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GümüşdereLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°27′24″N 41°30′17″E / 41.4566°N 41.5046°E / 41.4566; 41.5046 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Artvin |
| District | Kemalpaşa |
| Population (2021) | 227 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt

abstract: Mary Greenleaf Leavitt was an educator and successful orator who became the first round-the-world missionary for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Setting out on virtually non-stop worldwide tours over a decade, she "went to all continents save Antarctica," where she crusaded against alcohol and its evils including domestic violence; and advocated for women's suffrage and other equal rights such as higher education for women. In 1891 she became the honorary life president of the World's WCTU.

text:
# Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt

**Mary Greenleaf Leavitt** (née Clement; September 22, 1830 – February 5, 1912) was an educator and successful orator who became the first round-the-world missionary for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Setting out on virtually non-stop worldwide tours over a decade, she "went to all continents save Antarctica," where she crusaded against alcohol and its evils including domestic violence; and advocated for women's suffrage and other equal rights such as higher education for women. In 1891 she became the honorary life president of the World's WCTU.

## Early life

Mary Greenleaf Clement was born on September 22, 1830, in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Baptist minister Rev. Joshua Clement and his wife Eliza (Harvey) Clement. Her parents totally abstained from the use of alcohol and opposed slavery. Mary was the second of nine children; and, she was educated at Thetford Academy in Thetford, Vermont, and later at the Massachusetts State Normal School at West Newton, Massachusetts, where she graduated in 1851 as valedictorian. She then taught for a year in Dover, Massachusetts, for one year; then, she taught in the Quincy Grammar School of Boston, Massachusetts, for two years. For the next three years, she served as head assistant in the Boylston Grammar School.

## Marriage and professional life as educator

She married Thomas Hooker Leavitt, a Boston real estate broker from Vermont, on June 3, 1857. They had three daughters. Thomas Leavitt later moved to Nebraska; the couple divorced in 1878. Mary Leavitt established her own private school at 115 Warren Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, from 1867 to 1881. At one time, she had sixty-five students, two full-time teachers, two assistant pupils, and four specialists for French, German, Italian and drawing. Leavitt taught French, Latin and singing.

### Leavitt's connection with the U.S. temperance movement

Mary grew up in a religious household that was influenced by such temperance leaders such as Congregational minister Lyman Beecher. The temperance campaign that was led by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was born in Ohio and New York State in 1873 when local women, concerned about alcohol's influence on home life, met in churches for prayer and then protested at saloons. The women of Fredonia, New York, became famous as they visited local saloons to pray and sing with their leader Mrs. Esther McNeil; and, on December 22, 1873, they were the first to call themselves the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Two days later, following a lecture at the Hillsboro, Ohio Music Hall the night before, the Crusade was born when Mrs. Eliza Thompson, a judge's wife and the daughter of a former governor, gathered 70 women in prayer at the Presbyterian Church and marched to the local saloons. Singing hymns as they went, the women demanded the saloons cease selling alcohol. In an age when most women were barred from voting, and when courts rarely addressed domestic violence or human trafficking, the temperance crusade offered women the moral high ground. In addition to push for banning alcohol sales and the opium trade, WCTU missionaries under the leadership of Frances Willard advocated women's suffrage, actively campaigning for the right to vote as part of the "Home Protection" campaign. Under Willard's leadership, the WCTU grew in membership to become the nation's largest women's club.

Early on, the minister's daughter became interested in the emerging women's movement, and she was among the temperance movement's earliest activists. She met Frances Willard in 1877, who at that time was head of the WCTU Publications Department. Willard described her as "a notable New England type of calm, clear intellect, masterful will, true heart, and perfect self-control. Whenever she rose to speak, the bright-eye and handsome but pathetic face, enlisted our attention." Leavitt then organized the first WCTU chapter in Boston, serving as its president, from 1879 to 1880.

## Working for the WCTU

In 1881 she left her school and began working full time for the WCTU to promote temperance and suffrage, serving as the National WCTU's first Superintendent of the Franchise Department in 1882. As Leavitt traveled through New England, she also represented the New England Women's Suffrage Association. Her daughter Edith sang at the opening of the Fourteenth convention of the New England Woman Suffrage Association in 1882, and Leavitt gave a rousing speech on women's rights, temperance and how men's attitudes about women can change.

Her father died after a long illness in June 1883, and Willard tasked her with field work in the Mississippi Valley and the West Coast. In July 1883 Leavitt traveled to California, Oregon and Washington to organize WCTU chapters there. From 1883 to 1891, Leavitt was a secretary in the WCTU.

"Past middle age and granite-faced," writes Patricia Ward D'Itri in *Crosscurrents in the International Women's Movement*, "she had what biographers described as an unfortunate family resemblance to George Washington." Frances Willard recognized Leavitt's organizational abilities and popularity as a lecturer, by asking her new emissary to undertake a mission to the Far East to assess what the WCTU could do to organize international temperance efforts. Leavitt was designated the WCTU's "Superintendent of Reconnaissance for World's WCTU." The purpose of her first mission abroad, said the organization's newsletter tentatively, would be visiting Hawaii and the Far East "endeavoring to introduce the W.C.T.U. methods and to provide for a helpful interchange of sympathy."

### World missionary

Leavitt's journey did not begin auspiciously; she left America with no financial backing from the national organization and only $35 in her pocket  from her own funds. "She has no capital save her faith", WCTU founder Frances Willard noted in the group's publication, *The Union Signal*. Willard told her followers: "Let me affectionately urge you to pray definitely for Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt and her embassy, the most distant echo of the great Ohio crusade, the farthest outreaching of the gospel temperance wave."

But the times were right for Leavitt's message. Temperance crusaders found willing listeners among women in places like New Zealand and Australia. In 1885 she championed the formation of the New Zealand Woman's Christian Temperance Union under the leadership of many suffragists who then became more organized nationally under the Franchise Superintendency of Kate Sheppard. 45,000 women in Victoria  almost a quarter of Australia's adult females  signed a petition to the government demanding that it introduce local legislation to protect the female sex from the "ill usage" said to sometimes accompany alcohol abuse.

#### Polyglot Petition

Frances Willard sent to her the Polyglot Petition in August 1885 to get signatures that would show world leaders of their people's willingness to take a stand against the alcohol traffic and opium trade. Willard started the petition process that ended up with nearly 7.5 million signatures. The text of the Polyglot Petition follows:

**To the Governments of the World (Collectively and Severally)** We, your petitioners, although physically weak, are strong of heart to love our homes, our Native Land, and the World's Family of Nations. We know that when the brain of man is clear, his home is happy, his country prosperous, and the world grows friendly. But we know that Alcoholic Stimulants and Opium, which craze and cloud the brain, make misery for man and all the world, and most of all for us and all our children. We know these stimulants and opiates are sold under legal guarantees, which make the Governs partners in the traffic, by accepting as revenue a portion of its profits, and that they are forced by treaties upon populations either ignorant or unwilling. We have no power to prevent this great iniquity under which the whole world groans and staggers, but you have the power to clense the flags of every clime from the stain of your complicity with this unmingled curse. We therefore, come to you with the united voices of representative women from every civilized nation under the sun, beseeching you to strip away the safeguards and sanctions of the law from the Drink Traffic and the Opium Trade, and to protect our Home by the Total Prohibition of this two-fold curse of civilization throughout all the territory over which your Government extends.

The Polyglot Petition and signatures from people on six continents was pasted onto nearly 100 rolls of canvas. It is currently archived at the Frances Willard Historical House and Museum in Evanston, Illinois, US.

#### Hawaii

On November 15, 1884, Leavitt sailed from San Francisco to Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands, then called the "Sandwich Islands") with $35 (approximately $1,100 value in 2024) in her purse. She had also brought with her a letter of introduction and recommendation from her own Congregational minister, Dr. Henry M. Dexter. She worked with Mrs. J.M. Whitney of Honolulu to find places to lecture in the Hawaiian Islands. She traveled to Hilo, Wiluku and Haiku, using interpreters to speak to indigenous Hawaiians, Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese audiences, where she was well received. On November 22, 1884, in the upper hall of the YMCA building Leavitt with forty women she established the Honolulu WCTU. She was sent on with additional funds (around $400) from the Honolulu WCTU members.

#### New Zealand and Australia

Leavitt boarded the Pacific Mail Steamship Co.'s steamship *S.S. Zealandia* to travel from Honolulu to Australia with a stop at Auckland, New Zealand. She arrived on the *Zealandia* with 29 passengers in steerage January 14 without much fanfare – the *New Zealand Herald* does not include her in its list of arrivals. She begins lecturing in Auckland, the commercial and financial center for New Zealand, on January 27 sharing the stage with an already recognized and popular temperance missionary, Rev. R.T. Booth.

By February 4, 1885, Leavitt presided over the founding of the Auckland branch of the WCTU. Over the next seven months, she visited large and small cities on both islands: in the Auckland area, she visited Remuera, Parnell, Ponsonby, Newton, and Onehunga. She moved south to Thames, Cambridge, Wairoa, and Tauranga, TeAroha. She spent time in Wellington, the nation's capital, and The Hutt nearby. In Wellington, she met Anne Ward (suffragist) who took over and created the national organization after Leavitt left New Zealand. Leavitt also visited the South Island: Dunedin (the largest city at the time), Port Chalmers, Ravensborne, Oamaru, Invercargill, Christchurch, Sydnenham, Papanui, Richmond. She returned to the North Island to visit Rangiora, Napier, Waipukeran, Waipawa.

By mid-August 1885, she had arrived in Sydney, Australia. There, Leavitt traveled from Sydney to MacDonaldstown, Newton, Lithgow, Bathurst, Rockhampton, Townsville, Charter's Towers, Mayborough, Ipswich, Toowoonsba, Melbourne, Queenscliff, and Adelaide. From February to March she also visited Tasmania, the island state of Australia, lecturing in Lancaster, Cressy, Beaconsfield, Hobart, Richmond, and Campbelltown before returning to Sydney.

She founded five branches of the WCTU in Queensland, one in New South Wales, one in South Australia and three in Tasmania.

#### East Asia: Japan, Korea, China

Leavitt had no more funds to continue her world tour and wrote to Willard that she must return home unless the WCTU would support her work. Suffragist Mary Livermore contributed a leaflet in tribute to Leavitt and which local WCTU chapters purchased to read in their meetings. Willard was able to promise $3,700 to Leavitt. Leavitt sailed from Sydney to Japan in April 1886 with a plan to use those funds to go through Asia and then on to Africa.

Leavitt arrived at Yokohama on June 1, 1886, with no one to greet her - the mission community members had mistakenly thought she was on her way to China first. She left the ship and went right out into the city to introduce herself at Bible Society rooms there. She met that day Clara and James Curtis Hepburn, Presbyterian missionaries, who arranged her lectures there.

While in Japan for five months (June 1 through October 12, 1886), she lectured at Yokohama, Tokio, Nikko, Hieizan, Kioto, Osaka, Wakayamo, Sakai, Kobe, Okayama, and Nagasaki. She also wrote articles on the scientific arguments for temperance that were translated into Japanese. Much of her connections in these cities came from Christian Japanese men who came from former samurai families. Several local chapters were formed that focused on temperance. The exception was the Tokyo WCTU chapter which organized on December 6, 1886—after Leavitt had already left Japan. They took on the name of "Tokyo Woman's Association for Reforming Customs" and focused more on issues of prostitution and concubinage rather than the liquor traffic. There was not much support for the Polyglot Petition in Japan.

Leavitt visited Chelmulpo, Korea on October 16, 1886; and went on from there to China. From October 21, 1886, to February 1, 1887, she gave lectures in Chefoo, Tientsin, Tungeho, Pekin, Shanghai, Foo-chow, Amoy, Swatow, Hongking, and Canton.

#### Southern Asia: Thailand, Singapore, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka

Leavitt went towards South Asia after leaving China. She arrived in Bangkok, Thailand (then called Siam) on February 2, 1887. She spent a month in Thailand, also lecturing in Phetchaburi. She then moved on to Singapore by March 16, spending a few weeks in this area, lecturing also at Johor. By April 8, she had moved on to Myanmar (then known as Burma) where she spent four months, giving speeches at Maulemien, Amhurst, Rangoon, Toungoo, Mandalay, Prine, Bassein, and Naubin.

By July 23, 1887, Leavitt had reached Calcutta in what she called "Hindostan." Her tour of India took nearly a year and included lectures also at Simla, Mussoorie, Naini Tal. Bareilly, Lucknow, Sitapur, Cawnpore, Etawela, Agra, Bombay, Poona, Nagpur, Jabalpur, Allahabad, Benares, Madras, Hydirabad, Secundirabad, Negapatam, Madura, Batalagundu, Kodaikanal, Tuticorin. She left India on June 1, 1888, and spent nearly three months in Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon), lecturing at Colombo, Kolupitiga, Colpetty, Kandy, Anarodopura, Oodooville, Batticotta, Oodoopitty, Tillipally, Nellore, Jffna, Panadere, Kalistore, and Galle. Leavitt had difficulty with local British colonials who disapproved of women speaking in public. She did succeed however in forming sixteen "European" unions and thirteen non-white unions which were composed of members "of all religions."

After having toured the country for nearly a year, Leavitt left Mrs. M.D. MacDonald (a Scottish Presbyterian missionary) as the provisional national president of the WCTU there. Leavitt continued to correspond with the sisters Margaret and Mary Leitch who, by 1888, had gathered 33,000 signatures for the Polyglot Petition.

The World Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WWCTU) When Pandita Ramabai opened her school for young Hindu widows in Mumbai in the spring of 1889, the WWCTU supported her work and commissioned her as a WCTU National Lecturer. Not until August 1893 did the WCTU of India officially organize. It was based in Lucknow with Jeannette Hauser appointed in a paid position as president.

#### Africa: Mauritius, Madagascar, South Africa

Leavitt then left India and arrived in Mauritius at Port Lewis on September 10, 1888. She spent two weeks there before traveling on south to Madagascar. She lectured in Tumatave, Antananarivo, Amboinaga, Ambatovory, and Andovoranto until December 12, 1888. She was greatly admired by the Queen who contributed funds for her travel costs. Leavitt wrote back to her media contacts in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand of her horrors of the impact of rum trafficking on the people of Madagascar. From there she traveled east through central Africa to the Congo basin; but then turned south where she began a series of lectures in the British colony of Natal. She arrived in the port city of Durban on December 14, 1888, and for the next several weeks traveled to speak in Uruzumbi, Inanda, Amamzimrole, Verulam, Umvoti, Maritzburg, Ladysmith, and Harrismith.

#### Other countries

Leavitt traveled from Africa to England, where on September 23, 1889, Margaret Bright Lucas of the British Women's Temperance Association hosted a reception with representatives from many different temperance groups. Leavitt was then invited to Greenock, Scotland where she lectured to an audience of 2,200 people. She attended the inaugural Purity Congress in Geneva, Switzerland then returned to England. She sailed to Sierra Leone in February 1890 and then to Madeira in April before she returned to the European continent. She spoke in Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, and Finland. In January 1891, she traveled across the Mediterranean and spoke fifteen times in Cairo, Egypt, then traveled to Turkey, Israel and Syria that spring. At stops along the way, Leavitt organized more WCTU chapters, often presiding over meetings at YMCAs and other gathering places where WCTU affiliates were formed and officers elected. She organized 23 branches of the White Cross Society seeking to build up support for the protection of women and children at the local levels.

Leavitt sailed from England on June 6, 1891, and arrived home in Boston on June 18. She had spent only about $8,000 of which $1,600 was donated by U.S. WCTU members – the rest was collected during her speeches along the way. It had been eight years since she left Boston. In January 1892, Leavitt traveled to South America: first to Argentina, then Uruguay and Brazil. She was ill much of the time there due to yellow fever plagues, and she met with some resistance from college men in Pernambuco, Brazil, who threw paving stones at her as she was speaking. She suffered from malaria in April and left for New York on May 9. Nevertheless, she had during this visit traveled nearly 14,000 miles and held 82 meetings. In the winter of 1895, she traveled to Mexico, and the subsequent two winters, she visited Bahamas (Winter 1896) then Jamaica (Winter 1897).

By the end of her decade of travels, Leavitt had organized over 86 worldwide WCTU international chapters, and some 21 men's temperance societies in over 40 countries. Her success encouraged the second of the World WCTU missionaries, Jessie Ackermann of California to leave for her world tour in January 1889.

### Afterwards

Leavitt's mission surpassed the wildest aspirations of WCTU's leadership. Eventually, while Leavitt was embarked on her nearly ceaseless international travels, Frances Willard created at WCTU headquarters the Leavitt Fund, designed to finance Leavitt's travels and proselytizing. Eventually, because the chapters Leavitt founded became largely self-sustaining, and because the Boston activist covered her own expenses through individual donations, the Leavitt Fund was applied towards supporting other WCTU foreign missionaries.

As the worldwide temperance movement caught fire, crusaders like Leavitt, who had helped found WCTU chapters in India, found that their reformist ideals led them to other causes as well. Leavitt and others, for instance, began questioning the need for continued British rule in India. And native Indian-born reformers, drawn to the temperance crusade, spread their reformist ideas among the temperance forces. Pandita Ramabai, for instance, who was a leading female crusader in 1880s India against confinement of widows and child brides, joined forces with the WCTU, for whom she acted as an unofficial missionary and lecturer.

But the message of Leavitt and other WCTU reformers were not always received so warmly abroad, where their mingling of temperance and suffrage and emerging women's rights issues were sometimes complicated by cultural differences or long-held taboos. In Japan, for instance, where Leavitt embarked on a campaign which, she wrote, would "work on education, on scientific and Biblical lines, tobacco and chastity at least", her campaign was regarded suspiciously. Shortly after her arrival, the American-born reformer was told by a Japanese government official that "your mission here is doing for Japanese women what Commodore Perry did for the country." In other places, Leavitt's message against tobacco, opium, alcohol and sex outside marriage did not necessarily sit well, not to mention her calls for women's right to vote. In some locales different customs presented the WCTU crusader with unlikely predicaments: in Bangkok, for instance, she met with Thailand's King Chulalongkorn at the palace where he kept his harem. (But Leavitt's attitude towards the polygamist potentate was somewhat muted, thanks to the monarch's large donation towards a home for impoverished elderly women).

Midway through Leavitt's travels, the WCTU reckoned that their emissary had "traveled over 100,000 miles in 43 different countries; crossed the Equator eight times; held over 1,600 meetings; had the services of 290 different interpreters in 47 languages and formed 130 temperance societies, 86 of them WCTUs, and 23 branches of the White Cross." Left out of the tally were the so-called "Bands of Hope" Leavitt founded for the protection of children.

#### World WCTU conventions

Leavitt brought copies of the Polyglot Petition to display at the first World WCTU Convention at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, November 10–11, 1891. She presented a plan of work for the nations where she had visited, and the plan was accepted unchanged. Leavitt was elected WWCTU secretary but refused to accept any committee work due to her poor health. She was then elected Honorary President of the WWCTU.

The second World WCTU Convention took place in Chicago in 1893 to coincide with the World Fair which drew millions of visitors from all over the world. By that point, Leavitt was living with her brother, L.H. Clement in San Francisco, California, and sent a letter of regret that she could not attend (*Minutes* 1893, page 30). She was again named Honorary President that year, and her birthday was designated WWCTU Day. By the fifth Convention in 1900, Leavitt was not listed among any of the officers.

#### Anti-lynching movement and NAACP

In 1899, she was one of the speakers at a women's anti-lynching demonstration in Boston's Chickering Hall, along with Julia Ward Howe, Alice Freeman Palmer, Florida Ruffin Ridley, and Mary Evans Wilson.

## Recognition

In recognition of Leavitt's service, she was eventually named Honorary Life President of the WCTU, in which capacity she served for 20 years. Her stature within the movement was such that she often addressed the national convention. Lillian M.N. Stevens, National President spoke about Leavitt in her 1912 presidential address to the U.S. WCTU Convention:

Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt was a woman of heroic courage and of great achievement. She possessed a sublime faith which was honored wherever she went, and she traveled for eight years in forty-three different countries; for seven years she never saw the face of a person she had ever before met. Mrs. Leavitt was a New England woman, and the last years of her earthly life were spent in her home city in Boston. White-ribboners everywhere are grateful for her splendid pioneer work. "She rests from her labors, and her works do follow her."

## Death

Towards the end of her life, Leavitt fell out with WCTU leadership, and ultimately resigned from the organization. Looking back, she told interviewers that her greatest accomplishment was not her temperance efforts, but instead building fellowship among the world's women. *"The greatest value of my years of work lies in the impetus the labors of a woman have given to development among women in remote places."* She died at her home at 18 Huntington Avenue in Boston on February 5, 1912.

The fate of the New England schoolteacher's ex-husband, Thomas H. Leavitt, a Vermont native and Boston real estate broker whom she married in 1857, was not chronicled.

Her daughter Amy, educated at "Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt's Private School in Boston", later became a translator and musician after graduating from the New England Conservatory of Music. while her daughter, Agnes, had, since the mid-1880s, managed a studio in Brockton where she sold paintings and taught art.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Mary Clement Leavitt (1887) | |
| Born | Mary Greenleaf Clement<br>(1830-09-22)September 22, 1830<br>Hopkinton, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | February 5, 1912(1912-02-05) (aged 81)<br>Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, suffragist, women's rights activist, Temperance Evangelist Missionary |
| Spouse | Thomas Hooker Leavitt (1857-1878; divorced) |
| Children | 3 |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Forevermore (Yuna song)

abstract: "Forevermore" is a song by Malaysian singer-songwriter Yuna, released as the first single from her fourth international studio album, Rouge. The song, which tells about Yuna's life experience grew up in Malaysia, it was co-written by Yuna, Alexandra Govere and Robin Hannibal and released on 5 April 2019 by Verve Music Group.

text:
# Forevermore (Yuna song)

"**Forevermore**" is a song by Malaysian singer-songwriter Yuna, released as the first single from her fourth international studio album (her seventh overall), *Rouge*. The song, which tells about Yuna's life experience grew up in Malaysia, it was co-written by Yuna, Alexandra Govere and Robin Hannibal and released on 5 April 2019 by Verve Music Group.

## Commercial performance

"Forevermore" debuted at number-one on Malaysia's RIM Domestic Chart on 11 April 2019, her first number-one since the reintroduction of the official chart in 2017.

## Music video

The music video for "Forevermore" was produced by 33.3 Creative and filmed in 11 locations in Malaysia including Kuala Lumpur and Perlis, it was directed by Yuna's husband, Adam Sinclair. According to her, the song is about growing up in a small town and coming from a small country and how that "environment made me strive to be the best that I can be". The official music video was released on the same day.

Since its release, the video has garnered more than 3 million views.

## Format and track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Forevermore" – 3:53

## Personnel

**Song**

* Yunalis Zarai – vocal
* Yunalis Zarai, Robin Hannibal – composition

**Music video**

* Adam Sinclair – director
* Edwin Raj & Ian Kirk – producer
* Samuel Lam – director of photography
* Rabbani Sujak – art director
* Karma Raines – choreographer
* Kroll Azry – assistant director
* Haida Yusof-Yeomans – stylist

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Malaysia (RIM) | 1 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Malaysia | 5 April 2019 | Digital download, streaming | Verve Music Group |

## InfoBox

| "Forevermore" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yuna | |
| from the album  *Rouge* | |
| Released | 5 April 2019 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:53 |
| Label | Verve Forecast Records, UMG Recordings |
| Songwriter(s) | Yunalis Zarai, Alexandra Govere, Robin Hannibal |
| Producer(s) | Robin Hannibal |
| Yuna singles chronology | |
| "Crush"
(2016) "**Forevermore**"
(2019) "Blank Marquee"
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Forevermore" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: The Three Hermits

abstract: "The Three Hermits" is a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy written in 1885 and first published in 1886 in the weekly periodical Niva (нива). It appeared in the short-story collection Twenty-Three Tales which was first translated into English for an edition released by Funk & Wagnalls in 1907. The title refers to its three central characters; unnamed simple monks living on a remote island in a life of prayer and contemplation "for the salvation of their souls."

text:
# The Three Hermits

"**The Three Hermits**" (Russian: Три Старца) is a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy (Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy) written in 1885 and first published in 1886 in the weekly periodical *Niva* (*нива*). It appeared in the short-story collection *Twenty-Three Tales* which was first translated into English for an edition released by Funk & Wagnalls in 1907. The title refers to its three central characters; unnamed simple monks living on a remote island in a life of prayer and contemplation "for the salvation of their souls."

## Plot

A bishop and several pilgrims are travelling on a fishing boat from Archangel to the Solovétsk Monastery. During the voyage, the bishop overhears a discussion about a remote island, nearby their course, where three old hermits live a spartan existence focused on seeking "salvation for their souls." Inquiring about the hermits, the bishop finds that several of the fishermen claim to have seen the hermits once.

The bishop then informs the captain that he wishes to visit the island. The captain seeks to dissuade him by saying, "the old men are not worth your pains. I have heard say that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word." The bishop insists and the captain steers the ship toward the island. The bishop subsequently sets off in a rowboat to visit. He is met ashore by the three hermits.

The bishop informs the hermits that he has heard of them and of their search for salvation. He inquires how they are seeking salvation and serving God, but the hermits say they do not know how, only that they pray, simply: "Three are you, three are we, have mercy upon us." Subsequently, the bishop acknowledges that they have a little knowledge but are ignorant of the true meaning of the doctrine and how to pray properly. He tells them that he will teach them "not a way of my own, but the way in which God in the Holy Scriptures has commanded all men to pray to Him" and proceeds to explain the doctrines of the incarnation and the Trinity. He attempts to teach them the Lord's Prayer, the "Our Father", but the simple hermits blunder and cannot remember the words. This compels the bishop to repeat the lesson late into the night. After he is satisfied that they have memorized the prayer, the bishop departs from the island leaving the hermits with a firm instruction to pray as he has taught them. The bishop then returns to the fisherman's vessel anchored offshore in the rowboat and continues his voyage.

While on board, the bishop notices that their vessel is being followed. At first, he thinks a boat is behind them, but he soon realizes that the three hermits are running across the surface of the water "as though it were dry land." The hermits catch up to the vessel as the captain stops the boat, and inform the bishop, "We have forgotten your teaching, servant of God. As long as we kept repeating it we remembered, but when we stopped saying it for a time, a word dropped out, and now it has all gone to pieces. We can remember nothing of it. Teach us again." The bishop is humbled and replies to the hermits, "Your own prayer will reach the Lord, men of God. It is not for me to teach you. Pray for us sinners." After this the hermits turn around and walk back to their island.

## Major themes

Tolstoy explores the nature of prayer by contrasting the simple, faithful but unknowing prayer of the illiterate hermits with the formal, doctrinal prayer of the educated bishop who is critical of the hermits' practice. Tolstoy prefaces this story with an epigraph from the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Saint Matthew: "And in praying use not vain repetitions, as the Gentiles do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. Be not therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask Him."

The hermits appear to "pray without ceasing" and their simple one-line prayer a paraphrase of the one-line Jesus Prayer that is popular in the Orthodox faith.

## Adaptation

* The episode "Teen Sadhu" by Satyen Bose, is an adaptation in the 1986 Indian anthology series *Katha Sagar*.
* American composer Stephen Paulus (1949–2014) adapted Tolstoy's short story into an opera, entitled *The Three Hermits* (1997).
* Ukrainian-American composer Paul Stetsenko (born 1962) wrote the children's church opera "The Three Hermits." Libretto by Tandy Martin and Paul Stetsenko, based on Tolstoy's story. Available at The Choral Public Domain Library (CPDL)

### Notes

## InfoBox

| "The Three Hermits" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Leo Tolstoy | |
| Original title | *Три Старца* |
| Country | Russia |
| Language | Russian |
| Genre(s) | Parable |
| Publication | |
| Published in | Niva |
| Publication type | Magazine |
| Media type | Print |
| Publication date | 1886 |
| Published in English | 1907 |


title: María Elena nitrate works

abstract:
The María Elena nitrate plant is the last nitrate works still in operation in the world. It was initially named Coya Norte, but was renamed María Elena by its founder Elias Anton Cappelen Smith. It is located in the commune of the same name, in Chile, 220 km northeast of Antofagasta.
As the population grew from 6700 in 2017 to over 7,000 in 2020 most of whom are workers living near the plant. It was declared in 1999 as a Protected Zone by the Council of National Monuments.

text:
# María Elena nitrate works

**The María Elena nitrate plant** is the last nitrate works still in operation in the world. It was initially named **Coya Norte**, but was renamed María Elena (after his wife Mary Ellen Condon) by its founder Elias Anton Cappelen Smith. It is located in the commune of the same name, in Chile, 220 km northeast of Antofagasta. As the population grew from 6700 in 2017 to over 7,000 in 2020 most of whom are workers living near the plant.

It was declared in 1999 as a Protected Zone by the Council of National Monuments.

## History

In 1926, the US based *Anglo-Chilean Consolidated Nitrate Corporation* was formed to buy out the assets of the British *Anglo-Chilean Nitrate and Railway Company*, with a view to expanding the expanding operation significantly, replacing the existing Humberstone process with the Guggenheim process. The layout of the town evokes the lines of the union jack, with four longer sides and four shorter sides.

## *Zona patrimonial*

In 1999 the status of Historical Monument was granted to the civic neighbourhood: Former Consolidated School, Grocery Store, Market, Metro Theater, San Rafael Archangel Church, Union No. 3, Former Public Baths, State Bank, Social and Sports Association.

The earthquake of 14 November 2007 damaged the church, the theatre, the school and the grocer's shop, raising fears of a possible demolition. In January 2009, SQM and the Antofagasta Regional Government signed a Protocol of Agreement to repair what was damaged by the earthquake, in which SQM undertook to repair 1,000 homes and rebuild another 50

A decree formalized in March 2009 in Antofagasta will allow future projects to preserve the harmony of the local area, which is the private property of SQM. According to the National Monuments Law, the declaration of a *Zona Típica* requires the preservation of houses, neighborhoods, streets and heritage sectors.

## Bibliography

* ARAYA PEÑA, Angel (*et al.*). (1982). Muestra cartográfica y glosario del léxico del salitre: II Región-Chile. Proyecto ALENOCH. Antofagasta: Univ. del Norte.
* ARDILES, Héctor (*et al.*). (2007). Historia de la explotación salitrera en la segunda región de Antofagasta. Antofagasta: Norte Diseño - U. Del Mar.
* BERMÚDEZ, OSCAR. (1987). Breve historia del salitre: síntesis histórica desde sus orígenes hasta mediados del siglo XX. Santiago: Eds. Pampa Desnuda.
* GONZÁLEZ PIZARRO, José Antonio (2003). La Pampa Salitrera en Antofagasta. Auge y Ocaso de una Era Histórica. La vida cotidiana durante los ciclos Shankss y Guggenheim en el desierto de atacama. Ediciones Proa, Corporación Pro Antofagasta. Antofagasta Chile.


title: María Elena Solar Power Plant

abstract:
María Elena Solar Power Plant is a concentrated solar power plant with a molten-salt technology system that is currently under construction in the commune of María Elena in the Antofagasta Region of Chilé. The María Elena complex will be made up of four separate 100 MW plants, for a total capacity of 400 MW, and will supply the northern SING grid via a 17.5 km, 220 kV double circuit transmission line connected to the Encuentro substation. The $3.6 billion thermo solar plant will be the largest plant of its kind in the world.
The project is being developed by Ibereólica Solar Atacama, a subsidiary of Madrid-based Grupo Ibereólica. It will employ 1,500 workers during the construction stage and 200 as permanent staff when in operation. Construction will take 27 months so the plant will be operational in July 2016 at the earliest.

text:
# María Elena Solar Power Plant

**María Elena Solar Power Plant** (Spanish: ***Planta Termosolar María Elena***) is a concentrated solar power plant with a molten-salt technology system that is currently under construction in the commune of María Elena in the Antofagasta Region of Chilé.

The María Elena complex will be made up of four separate 100 MW plants, for a total capacity of 400 MW, and will supply the northern SING (Sistema Interconectado del Norte Gande) grid via a 17.5 km, 220 kV double circuit transmission line connected to the Encuentro substation. The $3.6 billion thermo solar plant will be the largest plant of its kind in the world. The project is being developed by Ibereólica Solar Atacama, a subsidiary of Madrid-based Grupo Ibereólica. It will employ 1,500 workers during the construction stage and 200 as permanent staff when in operation. Construction will take 27 months so the plant will be operational in July 2016 at the earliest.

## InfoBox

| María Elena Solar Power Plant | |
| --- | --- |
| Thermosolar plant | |
|  | |
| Country | Chile |
| Location | Antofagasta |
| Coordinates | 22°10′S 69°25′W / 22.167°S 69.417°W / -22.167; -69.417 |
| Status | Project approved |
| Solar farm | |
| Type | CSP |
| CSP technology | Solar power tower |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 4 |
| Nameplate capacity | 400 MW |
| Annual net output | 110 GWh |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: The Woman's Side

abstract: The Woman's Side is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by J.A. Barry and starring Katherine MacDonald, Edmund Burns and Henry A. Barrows.

text:
# The Woman's Side

***The Woman's Side*** is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by J.A. Barry and starring Katherine MacDonald, Edmund Burns and Henry A. Barrows.

## Cast

## Preservation

The film is currently lost.

## Bibliography

* Connelly, Robert B. *The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2*. December Press, 1998.
* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| The Woman's Side | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | J.A. Barry |
| Written by | J.A. Barry
Elliott J. Clawson |
| Produced by | B.P. Schulberg |
| Starring | Katherine MacDonald
Edmund Burns
Henry A. Barrows |
| Cinematography | Joseph Brotherton |
| Production
company | Preferred Pictures |
| Distributed by | Associated First National Pictures |
| Release date | * March 1922 (1922-03) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Fort Dolorès

abstract: Fort Dolorès is a 1939 French western film directed by René Le Hénaff and starring Roger Karl, Gina Manès and Pierre Larquey. The film's sets were designed by the art director Aimé Bazin.

text:
# Fort Dolorès

***Fort Dolorès*** (French: ***Fort-Dolorès***) is a 1939 French western film directed by René Le Hénaff and starring Roger Karl, Gina Manès and Pierre Larquey. The film's sets were designed by the art director Aimé Bazin.

## Cast

1. Crisp p.378

## Bibliography

* Crisp, C.G. *Genre, Myth, and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929-1939*. Indiana University Press, 2002.

## InfoBox

| Fort Dolorès | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | René Le Hénaff |
| Written by | Jean des Vallières (novel and screenplay) |
| Produced by | Jean des Vallières |
| Starring | Roger Karl
Gina Manès
Pierre Larquey |
| Cinematography | Boris Kaufman |
| Edited by | Jean Mondollot |
| Music by | Marius-François Gaillard |
| Production
company | Société de Production et d'Exploitation du Film Fort-Dolorès |
| Distributed by | Pathé Distribution |
| Release date | * 1 March 1939 (1939-03-01) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Fort Donelson National Battlefield

abstract: Fort Donelson National Battlefield preserves Fort Donelson and Fort Heiman, two sites of the American Civil War Forts Henry and Donelson Campaign, in which Union Army Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant and Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote captured three Confederate forts and opened two rivers, the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River, to control by the Union Navy. The commanders received national recognition for their victories in February 1862, as they were the first major Union successes of the war. The capture of Fort Donelson and its garrison by the Union led to the capture of Tennessee's capital and industrial center, Nashville, which remained in Union hands from February 25, 1862, until the end of the war, and gave the Union effective control over much of Tennessee. This struck a major blow to the Confederacy early in the war. The main portion of the park, in Dover, Tennessee, commemorates the Battle of Fort Donelson. Fort Heiman, in nearby Calloway County, Kentucky, was a Confederate battery in the Battle of Fort Henry.

text:
# Fort Donelson National Battlefield

**Fort Donelson National Battlefield** preserves Fort Donelson and **Fort Heiman**, two sites of the American Civil War Forts Henry and Donelson Campaign, in which Union Army Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant and Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote captured three Confederate forts and opened two rivers, the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River, to control by the Union Navy. The commanders received national recognition for their victories in February 1862, as they were the first major Union successes of the war. The capture of Fort Donelson and its garrison by the Union led to the capture of Tennessee's capital and industrial center, Nashville, which remained in Union hands from February 25, 1862, until the end of the war, and gave the Union effective control over much of Tennessee. This struck a major blow to the Confederacy early in the war.

The main portion of the park, in Dover, Tennessee, commemorates the Battle of Fort Donelson (36°29′41″N 87°51′22″W / 36.49472°N 87.85611°W / 36.49472; -87.85611). Fort Heiman, in nearby Calloway County, Kentucky, was a Confederate battery in the Battle of Fort Henry.

## History

The most vulnerable area in the Confederate defensive line in the Western Theater was the state of Kentucky. The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers were potential avenues for a Union invasion of the South through Kentucky and into Tennessee and beyond. Since Kentucky had declared neutrality, the Confederacy could not build defensive works within the state without risking alienating the local population. The local population in western and central Kentucky was pro-Confederate. Kentucky's westernmost (First) congressional district elected a secessionist and Lincoln proclaimed it to be in rebellion.

Adna Anderson and William F. Foster, two engineers detached from the Confederate 1st Tennessee Infantry, set to work on May 10, 1861, to find suitable ground just inside the Tennessee border to cover the two strategic rivers. They surveyed possible sites along the Cumberland River, noting the high ridges and deep hollows near the Kentucky border. In mid-May, on the west bank of the river not far below Dover, Anderson laid out the water battery of Fort Donelson, twelve miles (19 km) from the Kentucky line. The new fort was named in honor of the Confederate General Daniel S. Donelson who, along with Colonel Bushrod Johnson of the Corps of Engineers, approved of the site. Construction was begun by a large force of men brought from the nearby Cumberland Iron Works.

## Administrative history of the park

The site was established as **Fort Donelson National Military Park** on March 26, 1928. The national military park and national cemetery were transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It was redesignated a national battlefield on August 16, 1985. Public Law 108-367 (October 25, 2004) increased the authorized boundary of the national battlefield from 551.69 acres (2.23 km2) to 2,000 acres (8.09 km2). On October 30, 2006, Calloway County transferred the Fort Heiman site, which was purchased through the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund, to the Park Service. Fort Heiman had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1976.

## Park today

The park preserves much of the original battle site, including the river batteries and the eroded remains of the fort, but the area in which the Confederate States Army attacked on February 15, 1862, is largely in private hands and occupied by residential development. The Cumberland River was dammed in the 1960s; this area is currently referred to as Lake Barkley. It covers an area roughly similar to the original river while at flood stage, as it was during the battle. The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 368 acres (1.49 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been conveyed to the NPS and incorporated into the battlefield park.

## Cemetery

The **Fort Donelson National Cemetery**, at 15.34 acres (62,080 m2) in Stewart County, contains 670 Union dead, reinterred in 1867. There are numerous veterans from later wars. The cemetery is presently unavailable for additional burials.

* *The National Parks: Index 2001–2003*. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
* Gott, Kendall D., *Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry—Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862*, Stackpole books, 2003, ISBN 0811700496.

## InfoBox

| Fort Donelson National Battlefield | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category III (natural monument or feature) | |
|  | |
| Location | Calloway County, Kentucky & Stewart County, Tennessee, USA |
| Nearest city | Dover, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 36°29′14″N 87°51′39″W / 36.48722°N 87.86083°W / 36.48722; -87.86083 |
| Area | 1,319 acres (5.34 km2) |
| Established | March 26, 1928 (War Dept.)
August 10, 1933 (NPS) |
| Visitors | 208,687 (in 2005) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Fort Donelson National Battlefield |


title: María Julia Mantilla

abstract: María Julia "Maju" Mantilla García is a Peruvian actress, dancer, model, teacher and beauty queen who won Miss World 2004 in China.

text:
# María Julia Mantilla

**María Julia** "**Maju**" **Mantilla García** (born 10 July 1984) is a Peruvian actress, dancer, model, teacher and beauty queen who won Miss World 2004 in China.

## Early life

Born in Trujillo, Mantilla is the youngest of the seven sons of Olmedo Lucio Mantilla Mayer and the youngest of Elvia Elizabeth García Linares two daughters. She was studying to become a high school teacher and planned to start a second degree in Tourism. One of her dreams was to own an online tourism company to promote her native town and country all over the world. Her city, Trujillo, is a mixture of colonial and pre-Columbian architecture.

In 2001, Mantilla became the Peruvian national champion of Triathlon and Pentathlon, and was elected national athlete of the year. She is a professional dancer in *The Marinera*, a typical local dance. With a group of ladies, she developed a program in Trujillo to give breakfast to hundreds of children in poor areas. She is a professional dancer.

## Miss Peru

In 2004, she was Miss La Libertad and won the right to represent Peru in the Miss World contest and was one of the major favorites in the run-up to the pageant, which was decided by a global television/telephone/online vote. Popularly known in her country as "Maju" Mantilla, her aunt María Julia Mantilla Mayer was Miss Peru 1969.

## Miss World 2004

On 4 December 2004, in the Beauty Crown Theatre located in the Chinese beach city of Sanya, she was crowned Miss World 2004 by the winner from the year before, Rosanna Davison of Ireland, becoming the second winner from Peru since Madeline Hartog-Bel in 1967. She was also crowned Miss World Americas.

Mantilla was a record breaker for Peru during the competition, and was among the semifinalists in three fast track events. In Miss World Sports, she tied for third place with Kenisha Thom of Trinidad and Tobago. In Miss World Talent, she was among the Top 25 semifinalists with a traditional Peruvian dance, *The Marinera Norteña*. And finally, in Contestants' Choice, she placed second runner-up.

Claudia Cruz of Dominican Republic and Nancy Randall of the United States were the first and second runners-up, respectively. Other contestants who made it into the final five were 20-year-old Karla Bautista of the Philippines, and 19-year-old Katarzyna Borowicz of Poland.

During her reign, Mantilla performed a variety of duties focused on fundraising for charitable organizations. She traveled to Indonesia, Russia, Peru, United States, Czech Republic, China, Tibet, Ireland, United Kingdom and many other countries during her reign.

On 10 December 2005, she crowned her successor, Unnur Vilhjálmsdóttir of Iceland.

## InfoBox

| María Julia Mantilla | |
| --- | --- |
| María Julia Mantilla (2011) | |
| Born | María Julia Mantilla García
(1984-07-10) 10 July 1984
Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru |
| Other names | Maju Mantilla |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Hair color | Light brown |
| Eye color | Hazel |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss Perú 2004
(Miss Perú Mundo)
Miss World 2004
(Winner) |
|  | |