abstract: The National Asylum for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was established on March 3, 1865, in the United States by Congress to provide care for volunteer soldiers who had been disabled through loss of limb, wounds, disease, or injury during service in the Union forces in the American Civil War. Initially, the Asylum, later called the Home, was planned to have three branches: in the Northeast, in the central area north of the Ohio River, and in what was then considered the Northwest, the present upper Midwest. The Board of Managers, charged with governance of the Home, added seven more branches between 1870 and 1907 as broader eligibility requirements allowed more veterans to apply for admission. The effects of World War I, which resulted in a new veteran population of over five million men and women, brought dramatic changes to the National Home and all other governmental agencies responsible for veterans' benefits. In 1930 the Veterans Administration was established, to consolidate all veterans' programs into a single Federal agency. The several wars since then in the 20th and 21st centuries have resulted in more veterans needing services.

text:
# National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers

The **National Asylum for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers** was established on March 3, 1865, in the United States by Congress to provide care for volunteer soldiers who had been disabled through loss of limb, wounds, disease, or injury during service in the Union forces in the American Civil War. Initially, the Asylum, later called the Home, was planned to have three branches: in the Northeast, in the central area north of the Ohio River, and in what was then considered the Northwest, the present upper Midwest.

The Board of Managers, charged with governance of the Home, added seven more branches between 1870 and 1907 as broader eligibility requirements allowed more veterans to apply for admission. The effects of World War I, which resulted in a new veteran population of over five million men and women, brought dramatic changes to the National Home and all other governmental agencies responsible for veterans' benefits. In 1930 the Veterans Administration was established, to consolidate all veterans' programs into a single Federal agency. The several wars since then in the 20th and 21st centuries have resulted in more veterans needing services.

## Beginning of the National Home

The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was originally called the National Asylum in the legislation approved by Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln in March 1865. The term "asylum" was used in the 19th century for institutions caring for dependent members of society, such as the insane and the poor, who were thought to temporarily have conditions that could be cured or corrected. But, the term had some negative connotations. In January 1873, the Board of Managers gained approval of the name, the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.

From the Revolutionary War through the Civil War, the small number of veterans of American wars had three sources of assistance from the Federal government. The government offered land grants to veterans as compensation for their service, particularly following the Revolutionary War, when it used the land grant system to develop unsettled territories of the new nation. In 1833, the Federal government established the Bureau of Pensions, which made small cash payments to veterans. The low numbers of the veteran population and the more attractive offer of free land kept the pension system relatively small until after the Civil War.

In 1811 the United States Navy was authorized by Congress to establish a permanent shelter for its veterans; construction was started in 1827. The United States Sailors' Home, located in Philadelphia as part of the Navy Yard, was opened in 1833. In 1827, Secretary of War James Barbour suggested a similar institution for the Army, but Congressional lack of interest and funding meant such a project was delayed.

In 1851, legislation introduced by Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi and former secretary of war, was enacted by Congress. It appropriated funds for construction of the United States Soldiers' Home. The Soldiers' Home was open to all men who were regular or volunteer members of the army with 20 years' service and who had contributed to the home's support through pay withdrawals.

When the Soldiers' Home was being organized in 1851 and 1852, it was intended to have at least four branches. Its organization and administration were based on the army's command structure and staffed with regular army officers. The Soldiers' Home was managed by a board of commissioners, although drawn from army officers; each branch had a governor, deputy governor, and secretary-treasure; the members were organized into companies and the daily routine followed the military schedule; all members wore uniforms; and workshops were provided for members wanting or required to work. When the National Asylum for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was being organized in 1866, the National Soldiers' Home assisted the asylum's board by explaining its regulations and offering suggestions.

The Civil War was the first event in the history of the United States considered to be national in the scale of citizen involvement, and in its effects on the daily lives of people communities in both the North and the South. The Civil War was a war of volunteers and draftees, both military and civilian. Very early in the war, it became clear to social leaders in the North that new programs were required to deliver medical care to the wounded beyond what was available through the official military structure.

The leading civilian organization was the United States Sanitary Commission; it secured permission from President Lincoln in the summer of 1861 to deliver medical supplies to the battle front, build field hospitals staffed with volunteer nurses (mostly women), and raise funds to support the commission's programs. As the war continued, civilian leaders began to address the issue of caring for the numerous veterans who would require assistance once the war ended. Members of the Sanitary Commission favored the pension system rather than permanent institutional care for the disabled veteran; the commission feared that a permanent institution would become a poorhouse for veterans. Other groups favored as strongly the establishment of a soldiers' asylum, to ensure provision of quality care. The groups gathered information on European military asylums, particularly the *Invalides* in Paris. They tended to find evidence to support their opinions on either side of the concept of a soldiers' asylum.

When President Lincoln signed legislation creating the National Asylum for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in March 1865, the nation was in a period of heightened emotional response to the approaching peace. The victory of the Union was seen as the triumph of the nation. The creation of a national institution to serve the veterans was an affirmation of that national victory. When the institution was established, supporters likely had a limited awareness of the potential need among future veterans. But, more than 2,000,000 men served in the Union Army, a third of the white men of military age (13 to 43 years old in 1860). If the number of men disabled in service equaled a sixth of the soldiers who died in the war, the number eligible for admission to the National Asylum would have been more than 300,000.

## Board of Managers (1866–1916)

It took time for the new institution to be organized, including design and construction of the building. The original corporation could not secure a quorum for a year after being authorized. In March 1866, Congress passed new legislation to replace the 100-member corporation with a twelve-member board of managers, a more manageable group. Still, they had to select the sites, arrange supervision of construction projects, and designate local officials while serving as unpaid volunteers of an independent Federal agency. The managers of the Asylum looked to past models and local efforts to guide the creation of the institution.

The Board of Managers of the National Asylum met for the first time in Washington, D.C. on May 16, 1866. Their first priority was the selection of sites for the three branches of the national institution, based on geographic distribution. They established criteria for site evaluation: a healthy site with fresh air and ample water supply, located 3 to 5 miles (8.0 km) from a city, and consisting of a tract of at least 200 acres (0.81 km2), connected to the city by a railroad. The Board issued a bulletin to newspapers and to governors of the northern states requesting proposals for sites to be donated or sold for use by the branches. Proposals were due before July 12. In addition, the Board advertised for plans, specifications, and estimates for the construction of asylum buildings.

At the September 1866 Board meeting, General Benjamin Butler, the President of the Board, proposed the purchase of a bankrupt resort at Togus, Maine, near Augusta, as the eastern branch of the Asylum. In regards to a Milwaukee location or a northwestern branch, the Board directed that an executive committee visit the city to select a site. Possible locations for a central branch were discussed.

At the December 7, 1866 meeting of the Board, the executive committee announced its approval of a Milwaukee location. The Board directed them to return to Milwaukee to purchase a site and arrange for the construction of asylum buildings, as well as the transfer of veterans currently housed in the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home in Milwaukee, operated by the Lady Managers of the Home Society. At the same meeting, the Board approved the purchase of the Togus site. Veterans had already been moved into the former hotel on the site in November 1866. The Central Branch location in Dayton, Ohio, was not selected until September 1867.

The selection of the sites for the three branches was based on three motivations: practical, political and economic. First, the Board needed sites ready to be used immediately before the second winter after the war, and before the time of the November 1866 elections. The Togus site, having been a resort, had a sufficient number of buildings appropriate for housing the disabled veterans. Choosing Dayton as the Central Branch site satisfied the powerful Ohio faction in Congress, as well as the numerous Union generals from Ohio, particularly William Tecumseh Sherman. Locating the Northwestern Branch at Milwaukee resulted in the Board of Managers gaining a large cash donation from the Ladies Managers, enabling them both to purchase a site and have funds left to begin construction.

As the first buildings at the Northwestern Branch were being completed in 1867–1869, the Board of Managers concentrated building efforts at the Central Branch, and in rebuilding facilities at the Eastern Branch, which had been destroyed by fire in 1868. Even though membership had increased in the first few years the Asylum was open, the Board had felt membership would soon begin to decline. The Board-based this on the belief that any veteran who needed the Asylum had already entered it and that, as members regained their health or learned new work skills, they would leave the Asylum. In 1868, the Board adopted a resolution that limited the number of branches to the three existing ones. Problems with construction of the Main Building at the Northwestern Branch, and concern over the harsh winters at both the Northwestern and Eastern branches, led the Board to open a fourth branch in 1870 at a site in a warmer climate; it had existing buildings available for immediate use. In addition, an increasing number of veterans applied for services.

The Southern Branch of the National Asylum was established in October 1870, with the Board's purchase of the Chesapeake Female College at Hampton, Virginia. What became the main building of this new branch was built in 1854 and used as the principal facility of the college. The building was used as a hospital for both Union and Confederate troops. In the economic downturn following the Civil War, the women's college did not reopen. Acquisition of the property by the National Home followed the precedent four years earlier of the purchase of the Togus resort.

The Southern Branch was founded to provide a facility in a milder climate for the benefit of older veterans, to house Southern black members whom the board believed would be more accustomed to a southern location, and to be associated with Fort Monroe, adjacent to the new branch site. The Federal troops at Fort Monroe and Union veterans at the Southern Branch would establish a strong Union presence near the strategic city of Newport News in the former Confederate state of Virginia.

On January 23, 1873, Congress passed a resolution changing the name of the institution to the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, reflecting the increasing permanence of the institution and its membership. In 1875, the Board's report to Congress stressed the need for construction of larger accommodations as quickly as possible. The Broad projected an eventual decline in the population as of the early 1870s, due to an increase in death rate with aging, but also said that it expected more aging veterans to apply for admission in the late 1870s and early 1880s. In 1875, major construction projects were started at the four branches, in part to provide more housing, but also to provide more hospital facilities to meet the changing medical needs of the members.

Considering the ages for Civil War participants ranged from 13 to 43 years in 1860, the Home could have expected continuing admissions well into the 20th century. The Board indicated a new understanding of the population makeup when it recommended that Congress change the eligibility requirements for admission to the Home by allowing benefits to all destitute soldiers unable to earn a living, without having to trace their disabilities to their military service. The Board realized that denying benefits to this large group of veterans meant their only recourse was the poor house.

In 1883, the Board, recognizing the changes the Home would face with increased membership and increased medical needs of the members, conceded that an "institution like the National Home must in time become an enormous hospital." It concluded that all new buildings for the Home must be planned with that in mind. As a result, the Board asked for Congressional appropriations to enlarge the hospital at the Central Branch and to build a new hospital at the Southern Branch. At the September 1883 Board meeting, the managers considered asking Congress for the transfer of Fort Riley, Kansas, to the Home as a new facility. They understood the fort was likely to be abandoned since the end of most of the Indian Wars, and it would be easily adaptable to Home use. The Board tabled the motion, but the issue of establishing additional branches of the National Home had been raised.

On July 5, 1884, Congress approved the Board's recommendation to change the eligibility requirements for admission, allowing any veterans disabled by old age or disease to apply without having to prove a service-related disability. In effect, the Federal government assumed responsibility of providing care for the aged veterans; what had been established as a temporary asylum for disabled people in 1866, had become a permanent home for the elderly. This legislation provided for expansion of the National Home by authorizing branches to be established west of the Mississippi and on the Pacific Coast.

With the loosening of restrictions, the Home rapidly had an increase of 12% in membership, but it had not gained additional funding from Congress. The Board returned to Congress with a request for deficiency funding, arguing that the Home could either go into debt, which was illegal under its organic law, or it would have to discharge a large number of members to save on expenses.

Expansion at the four original branches proceeded more slowly after 1884. The 1884 Board of Surgeons Report recommended that the Central Branch was already too large and should not be expanded; the severe climate at the Eastern and Northwestern branches should limit their growth; and the Southern branch should not be allowed to grow to more than 1500–2000 members. The surgeons suggested that new branches were a better solution than enlarging the older ones. They also recommended that certain diseases would benefit from treatment at the various branches. The establishment of new branches in the west and on the Pacific coast limited the expansion of the older branches.

In September 1884, the Board selected Leavenworth, Kansas, as a new location, contingent on the city donating a tract of 640 acres (2.6 km2) and $50,000 to provide for "ornamentation"; the city accepted in April 1885. At the same meeting, the Board took under consideration the establishment of a Pacific Branch; the Sawtelle Veterans Home opened near Santa Monica, California in January 1888. Even with the creation of two new branches, the Board realized that membership would continue to increase; it proposed four alternatives to manage the needs. Additional branches could be established; existing branches could be enlarged; states could be encouraged to erect state soldiers' homes through partial funding from the Federal government; and financial relief to veterans outside the Home system could be increased.

Congress established a new Home branch in Grant County, Indiana, on March 23, 1888, with an initial appropriation of $200,000, based on the county residents' providing natural gas supply sufficient for the heating and lighting of the facility. The site selected was near Marion, Indiana, and the new facility was called the Marion Branch. The Marion Branch was the seventh of ten homes and one sanatorium that were built between 1867 and 1902. These homes were primarily intended to provide shelter for the veterans. The homes gradually developed as complete planned communities, with kitchens, gardens and facilities for livestock, designed to be nearly self-sufficient. It appears that these homes were the first non-religious planned communities in the country.

Additionally, Congress passed legislation to provide $100 annually for every veteran eligible for the National Home who was housed in a state soldiers' home. In 1895, the Indiana legislature authorized the establishment of a state soldiers' home, which was built in West Lafayette, Indiana.

The National Home continued to face problems of overcrowding and the need for more specialized medical care. In 1898, Congress approved an eighth branch, to be established at Danville, Illinois. The Mountain Branch was established in 1903 near Johnson City, Tennessee. The last of the National Home facilities was established as the Battle Mountain Sanitariumt at Hot Springs, South Dakota, in 1907. It was not a full-service branch, but a specialized institution open to members from any of the nine branches who had rheumatism or tuberculosis. Neither disease could be cured at the time, but patients were believed to benefit from the dry air prevalent at that location. Between 1900 and 1910, the Board of Managers were directed most of their attention to developing these three new branches.

## 1916–1930

In 1916, the Board of Managers believed that membership had begun to decline, due to aging and deaths of veterans. But, on April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I. By the time of the armistice on November 11, 1918, almost five million Americans had entered the armed forces. On October 6, 1917, an amendment to the War Risk Insurance Act, originally enacted in 1914 to insure American ships and cargo against risks of war, extended eligibility for National Home membership to all troops serving in the "German War." Most importantly, it provided that all veterans were entitled to medical, surgical and hospital care by the federal government.

Prior to the 1917 amendment, the only veterans entitled to such medical care were members of the National Home who had access to the Home hospitals. All other veterans were dependent on civilian medical services. The 1917 amendment meant that all veterans were eligible for the same medical care as the members of the National Home. Existing hospital facilities at the ten Home branches were insufficient to care for the potentially high number of World War I veterans needing medical care.

In 1919, the responsibility for veterans' services was distributed among several agencies: the United States Public Health Service (PHS) took over the provision of medical and hospital services; the Federal Board for Vocational Rehabilitation organized rehabilitation programs; and the War Risk Insurance Bureau managed compensation and insurance payouts. The burden on PHS government hospitals was so great that the Service began to contract with private hospitals to provide health care for veterans.

On March 4, 1921, in response to the need for veterans' hospitals, Congress appropriated funds to construct additional hospitals for veterans covered by the War Risk Insurance Act amendment. In addition, in 1926 Congress required the Bureau of War Risk Insurance to make allotments to the National Home to fund alterations or improvement to existing Home facilities to care for beneficiaries.

Immediately after the war, the National Home took actions to accommodate the large number of returning veterans:

1) transformed facilities of two branches into hospitals and classified them for specialized care (Marion for neuropsychiatric cases and Mountain for tuberculosis, which were the two classes of illness with the highest numbers of patients), 2) modernized existing facilities and established tuberculosis wards (Central and Pacific); and 3) built entirely new hospitals (Northwestern), using funding from the Treasury Department.

In August 1921, Congress established the Veterans Bureau to manage all veterans' benefits. On April 29, 1922, this agency assumed responsibility for fifty-seven veterans' hospitals operated by the Public Health Service, as well as nine under construction by the Treasury Department.

The participation of African Americans in World War I and issues of racism in US society added to the complexity of caring for veterans. African Americans pressed their case to the federal government, feeling that their service had created an obligation by the government to help them in the war's aftermath. African Americans had difficulty gaining medical care, especially in the South. The federal government authorized construction of what was originally called the "Tuskegee Home", now the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center, on land adjacent to Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Opened in 1923 with 600 beds, it was intended to serve the 300,000 African-American veterans in the South. The complex eventually had 27 buildings, and more than 2300 beds by 1973.

By 1926, the Board began to see a new trend in veterans' use of the National Home. For the most part, the World War I veterans were receiving medical treatment and returning to civilian life, rather than entering the domiciliary program for the Home. The Board noted that hospital care costs were almost three times the cost of domiciliary care, and it required large capital investments in hospitals, medical equipment, and professional staff. By 1928, the Board concluded that it was not capable of managing the National Home as a national medical service.

In June 1929, the president of the Board of Managers was appointed to the Federal Commission for Consideration of Government Activities Dealing with Veterans' Matters. The Commission recommended the founding of the Veterans Administration as a federal agency.

On July 21, 1930, the Veterans Bureau, the Bureau of Pensions, and the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers were consolidated into the Veterans Administration. The National Home was designated the "Home Service." In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt's relief program during the Great Depression put a temporary hold on funding for Veterans Administration construction projects, in favor of projects that could quickly put people to work and be completed more rapidly. Two years later, in August 1935, plans were announced for a $20,000,000 building program for the Veterans Administration. Several of the former National Home branches received funding for new medical treatment buildings, domiciliaries, storage buildings, and garages for staff quarters.

On December 7, 1941, another war brought a new period of change to the former National Home. More citizens were drafted for military service. To meet the demand for services after World War II, and later the Korean and Vietnam wars, the former branches of the National Home were expanded and adapted to serve veterans. To ensure high-quality development and training for personnel, in the postwar years the Veterans Administration and its hospital officials worked to establish medical residency programs at veterans hospitals, accredited through collaboration with local and regional universities.

During its life, the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was also known "officially" as the National Military Home and colloquially as the Old Soldiers Home. The formal organizational name was not changed by statute. But, the mailing address for most branches became "National Military Home," in the appropriate city and state. In the early days, the designation of "old soldier" had no bearing on an individual veteran's age. It was used for all veterans.

## Meals

Breakfast meals included ham, sausage, corned beef hash, baked beans with pork, beef fricassee with hominy, potatoes. bread, butterine. Dinners might include string beans, lima beans, dried peas, pickles, pies, roast mutton, soups like vegetable or bean, roast beef and crackers. Supper would be a light fare like stewed dried fruits, watermelons, sugar cookies, tea, fresh berries, corn meal or rolled oats with syrup, cheese and biscuits.

The quantities of food required were enormous, including 2,800 pounds of ham for the Sunday breakfast, or 2,950 pounds of sausage. 1,250 pies were eaten for dinner, 800 pounds of bread at each meal, and so forth. Preparing these meals required 126 cooks, 44 bakers, 18 butchers, 22 bread cutters, along with farm hands, dishwashers, servers and gardeners.

## Branches of the National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers

| Home | Location | Date Established |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Eastern Branch | Togus, Maine | 1866 |
| Central Branch | Dayton, Ohio | 1867 |
| Northwestern Branch | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 1867 |
| Southern Branch | Hampton, Virginia | 1870 |
| Western Branch | Leavenworth, Kansas | 1885 |
| Pacific Branch | Sawtelle, Los Angeles, California | 1888 |
| Marion Branch | Marion, Indiana | 1888 |
| Roseburg Branch | Roseburg, Oregon | 1894 |
| Danville Branch | Danville, Illinois | 1898 |
| Mountain Home Branch | Mountain Home, Johnson City, Tennessee | 1903 |
| Battle Mountain Sanitarium | Hot Springs, South Dakota | 1907 |
| Tuskegee Home | Tuskegee, Alabama | 1923 |
| Bath Branch | Bath, New York | 1929 |
| St. Petersburg Home | St. Petersburg, Florida | 1930 |


title: Hospital Show

abstract: Hospital Show is a Canadian comedy web series about the cast of the fictional hit primetime medical drama Critical Condition. The series was created, written, directed, produced and edited by Adam Greydon Reid. The short form series premiered in late 2019 on YouTube in ten 5–7 minute chapters, and Telus's Optik streaming platform in its feature length form. Hospital Show received two Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for Best Lead Performance in a Program or Series Produced for Digital Media (Canning) and Best Supporting Performance in a Program or Series Produced for Digital Media (Reid). Hospital Show was the winner of the Best Web/TV series at the 2020 Florence Film Awards Competition. In March 2022, it was announced that Saloon Media and Bullrush Pictures would co-develop and co-produce a full half-hour television series adaptation of Hospital Show.

text:
# Hospital Show

***Hospital Show*** is a Canadian comedy web series about the cast of the fictional hit primetime medical drama *Critical Condition*. The series was created, written, directed, produced and edited by Adam Greydon Reid. The short form series premiered in late 2019 on YouTube in ten 5–7 minute chapters, and Telus's Optik streaming platform in its feature length form.

*Hospital Show* received two Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for Best Lead Performance in a Program or Series Produced for Digital Media (Canning) and Best Supporting Performance in a Program or Series Produced for Digital Media (Reid). *Hospital Show* was the winner of the Best Web/TV series at the 2020 Florence Film Awards Competition.

In March 2022, it was announced that Saloon Media and Bullrush Pictures would co-develop and co-produce a full half-hour television series adaptation of *Hospital Show*.

## Plot

Charlie Nielson is a medical school dropout come actress, who was on track to become a respected doctor, but plays one on television instead. Now she has had enough of working for the network and wants to become a real doctor.

## Cast and characters

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Number One" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Charlie Nielson is a med-school dropout who, instead of becoming a real doctor, is pretending to be one on television. | | | |
| 2 | "Droopy" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| *Critical Condition*'s showrunner, Rosanna, thinks Charlie's scrubs make everything look "droopy". Will wants to prove he is still a good fake surgeon. | | | |
| 3 | "Not That Kind of Ball" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Rich has got something on his left testicle, but Charlie refuses to diagnose him. Vince receives a secret surprise envelope to open in front of his followers. | | | |
| 4 | "Lefty Lucy" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Vince, Will and Astrid perform surgery on a banana. Charlie finally inspects Rich's left testicle. | | | |
| 5 | "The Surprise" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Vince finds out what's inside Astrid's envelope, as do all his followers. | | | |
| 6 | "The Wiz" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Vince finds out that he is going to be a father. | | | |
| 7 | "Butt Flies" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Charlie realizes she wants to be a real doctor. Vince gets angry faces on his feed. | | | |
| 8 | "New Zealand's for Pussies" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Vince steps on Astrid's surprise. Will's patient dies. Charlie meets a real doctor. | | | |
| 9 | "Kiss Her" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Rich tries to kiss Charlie. | | | |
| 10 | "Not Dead Yet" | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| The actor-doctors manage to save a real life. | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Hospital Show* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre |  |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Adam Greydon Reid |
| Editor | Adam Greydon Reid |
| Original release | |
| Network | Telus TV |
| Release | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |


title: Ron and Fez

abstract: The Ron and Fez Show was an American talk radio show hosted by Ron Bennington and Fez Whatley, which aired from August 1998 to April 2015. After a run in Tampa, Florida as part of The Ron and Ron Show, and then several other stints in Daytona Beach, Florida, New York City, and Washington, D.C., and on Sirius XM Radio.

text:
# Ron and Fez

***The Ron and Fez Show*** was an American talk radio show hosted by Ron Bennington and Fez Whatley, which aired from August 1998 to April 2015.

After a run in Tampa, Florida as part of *The Ron and Ron Show*, and then several other stints in Daytona Beach, Florida, New York City, and Washington, D.C., and on Sirius XM Radio.

## History

### Formation

In 1987, stand-up comedian Ron Bennington joined Ron Diaz to create a wildly popular and raunchy morning radio program, *The Ron and Ron Show* at Tampa Bay's WYNF-FM, *95ynf* (now WWRM). On December 21, 1994, Ron Diaz announced that his wife Debbie was diagnosed with AIDS, and Diaz began periodically missing broadcasts to care for her. Debbie died on November 13, 1995. Diaz announced his departure on-air from *The Ron & Ron Show* in early 1997, and on September 29, 1997, after a successful 11-year run, the show ended. Fez Whatley, a producer at the time, became Bennington's new co-host.

### 1998–2000: WKRO Daytona Beach

On August 24, 1998, *The Ron and Fez Show* debuted on WKRO-FM in Daytona Beach in the morning drive-time slot. Just a few months earlier, on May 22, 1998, *The Monsters in the Morning* (then known as *The Monsters of the Midday*), briefly reunited several regulars from the cancelled *Ron and Ron Show*, including Bennington, Whatley, Billy "The Phone Freak," and Paul O, where on-air Ron and Fez announced their return to radio. Using the formula they helped develop in Tampa, Ron and Fez recruited new employees, interns and characters for the new show. They were on WKRO until January 2000, when they left for New York.

### 2000–2003: WNEW-FM New York

The Ron and Fez show debuted on WNEW in New York City on February 21, 2000, and within one month their program was syndicated to Washington, D.C.'s WJFK.

New York's WNEW-FM was converted from a long-respected rock station to all-talk in 1999, with afternoon drive show *Opie and Anthony* as the focal point. Ron and Fez signed on to host an overnight talk show named *Ron and Fez Dot Com*, beginning February 21, 2000 and broadcast from 11pm–3am. Ron and Fez eventually moved to evenings (7:00–11:00 pm), then to early afternoon (12:00–3:00pm) and later back to the evening timeslot. Buoyed by Opie and Anthony's lead-in ratings, the duo began to enjoy success.

During this period, several memorable characters joined their on-air team, including taciturn producer Hawk; Dumpy, Tasteless Ginny; and the call-in prankster Joe Poo. The show's web-based premise inspired the founding of several websites devoted to the show, including RFBabies.com (once a haven for the show's cadre of young female fans), and the unofficial site for the show. Though "Dot Com" was soon dropped from the show's title, Ron and Fez have garnered an admirable online following due to RonFez.net.

#### Big ASS Cards

Ron and Fez developed the "Big ASS Card" for those wanting to join their "All Secret Society." Aside from providing discounts at sponsors' establishments, the "Big ASS Card" identified cardholders with the show. Whenever "Big ASS Card" holders gave their card number at the beginning of the call, a sound clip was played of Al Pacino yelling "HOO-AH!". Though the promotion was discontinued, some callers still announce their "BAC" numbers, and the clip is usually played when producers are paying attention.

#### September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks

On the evening of September 11, the team stayed on the air taking calls from distressed listeners, some of whom were unsure if loved ones were still alive inside the Twin Towers. It is said that Hawk walked across the Queensboro Bridge against outpouring hordes of people to get to his job; Billy Staples hid in a Long Island Rail Road bathroom so he could return to work because only medical and rescue personnel were allowed into the city. Ron and Fez expressed heartfelt sympathy and related the feelings of many New Yorkers, and staged several "bar crawls" and other events under the motto "New York Forever," designed to encourage listeners to patronize businesses in lower Manhattan. "The 2001 Halloween Bar Crawl" was particularly memorable thanks to the heavy turnout and shenanigans that ensued. The bars most publicized included The Slaughtered Lamb and Karavas' Place.

#### AFRO Shows

*Ron and Fez* enjoyed amicable relationships with WNEW's other personalities, particularly Opie and Anthony (O&A), who would sometimes sit in with the *Ron and Fez* show. These shows were known as "AFRO Shows" (AFRO being an acronym for **A**nthony, **F**ez, **R**on, **O**pie).

### 2002–2005: WJFK-FM Washington, D.C.

Jeremy Coleman (PD of New York's WNEW in 2000) became aware of Ron and Fez when he was a program director for WJFK-FM, the sister station he nurtured. He originally intended to bring the show to DC, but instead became WNEW's program director. One month later, on March 27, 2000, *Ron and Fez* began tape delay syndication in DC where they found a small but loyal fan base in a late night timeslot. In November 2002, WJFK's evening radio show *The Sports Junkies* relocated to WHFS, opening a timeslot for Ron and Fez to syndicate their show live in Washington DC (7p.m.–11 p.m.), following *The Don and Mike Show*.

#### Relocation to Washington, D.C.

After WNEW changed formats in early 2003, *Ron and Fez* began broadcasting the show on WJFK. Although heard only in Washington DC, Ron and Fez chose to remain in New York until June 2003, when they finally relocated to the WJFK studios in Fairfax, Virginia. During the following year, several memorable characters, listeners and staff gave the show a fresh identity. While the WNEW show had been heavily influenced by a dedicated and funny core group of callers, WJFK proved to be fertile ground for eccentric visitors who each brought their own unique humor to the show. Perrynoid, Cherrynoid, Mikeyboy, David Lee Kinison (aka Elfish), Cigar Sid (aka Sidcada) Crazy Jen and Don the Hypnotist became call-in and studio regulars. During the late summer of 2003, *Ron and Fez* took calls for 2 extra hours on the evening of Hurricane Isabel. All of the DC, Northern Va and Maryland areas were without power or under water.

Known for being team players, Ron and Fez worked on split shifts, did drop-ins for WJFK's Redskins broadcasts, did live commercials and appearances, and helped mentor the hosts of a weekend show (later to become weeknight show), *The Hideout*. A good relationship with lead-in show *Don and Mike*, along with improved call-ins, freshly funny bits, and a community needing a good laugh during the 2004 presidential election propelled *Ron and Fez* to stellar ratings in January 2005.

#### *The Fastest Hour in Radio*

In mid-2003, after being on WJFK exclusively for a mere few months, Ron and Fez agreed to host a one-hour midday show entitled *The Fastest Hour in Radio*, scheduled between Howard Stern and commentator Bill O'Reilly. This timeslot would supplement their evening duties, and would not be caller driven. Instead, Ron and Fez emphasized their own witty social commentary. When the nighttime show was syndicated in Baltimore, Maryland and Tampa, Florida in the summer of 2004, Ron and Fez focused on their evening show, with the *Fastest Hour in Radio* scheduled 7:00–8:00 pm.

#### Politics

Until 2003, Ron and Fez were not known for political commentary. But their move to the nation's capital, their experience on *The Fastest Hour of Radio*, and the 2004 presidential election seemed to make their discussions more political in nature.

In 2003, before becoming the cornerstone for Air America Radio, Al Franken did an interview. Shortly after the 2004 election, Tom Shales from the *Washington Post* called in to discuss the political ramifications of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) crackdown on terrestrial radio. To their credit, Ron and Fez managed simulcasts of the 2004 presidential debates and election returns.

#### DC area appearances

Ron and Fez continued to reach out to listeners with several local appearances during their time in DC. These included:

* **Ron and Fez Pool Tournament at** (2003) – Included a billiards tournament, Fez performing a karaoke version of "Harper Valley PTA", Cigar Sid performing "Sugar Sugar", J Dubs' "Hot Pepper Challenge" and "Fairyoke" (listeners performing karaoke versions of effeminate songs).
* **Caddyshack Movie Night** (2003) – Included a screening of "Caddyshack" (Paul O. was featured as a waiter), "Nut Putt" (where listeners tried to putt golf balls at J Dubs' genitals), "Bobbing for Baby Ruths" (where listeners bobbed for fecal looking candy bars in a kiddie pool), "Gopher Hunt" (where listeners fired paintballs at Paul O), and a new "I Blow" tattoo for Paul O.
* **Ron and Fez Poker Tournament** (2003) – Included a poker tournament, the "Honeymooner Game", the "Gong Show", the "Mating Game", J Dubs' and Crazy Jen's Fire and Ice Challenge", performances by Monty Love, and a very drunk Silera.
* **Hard Rock Cafe – New York Reunion** (2003) – Ron and Fez returned to New York for a Crankcase gig at the Hard Rock Cafe and played to a packed upstairs room. Many of the show's alumni like Hawk, Tasteless Ginny, MikeyD, Tenacious C and Billy Staples dropped in along with many NY friends of the show. Anthony Cumia made a surprise appearance and a huge O&A chant erupted, causing WJFK to pull the plug on the show for over an hour, playing a "Best-Of Show" due to "technical difficulties".
* **The St. Pat's Spat** (2004) – included the following boxing matches: Spoon vs Tommy Bateman, El Jefe vs J Dubs, and Mikey D vs Wonderboy (during Mikey D quit in the ring). Also featured were the "Monster Toss" (a competition to see who could throw intern Monster the furthest) and Crazy Jen's failed attempt to eat 50 hard boiled eggs.
* **2nd Annual Ron and Fez Pool Tournament** (2004) – included billiards tournament, hypnotism of Fez, Crazy Jen and listeners by "Don The Hypnotist", football trivia, and a listener jingle contest.
* **Battle of the Local, Unsigned Bands** (2004) – *Ron and Fez* hosted a showcase of unsigned area bands.

In addition, Fez raced in 2004 and 2005 in an annual charity 5K with fans of the show. In 2005, Fez would meet fans and friends every Friday night to party at a Fairfax, VA bar called "Thursdays", in a tradition that became known as "Friday Night Lights". Ron made his only appearance at the final "*Friday Night Lights*" on July 29, 2005.

#### "The Worst Kept Secret in Radio"

The future looked bleak for Ron and Fez at 106.7 in January 2005 when (after their best ratings to date at WJFK) the station was forced to absorb staff from WHFS—a "sister station" that switched formats from modern rock to Spanish dance. Ironically, the new staff included *The Sports Junkies*, who were given the midday spot many had hoped would go to Ron and Fez. The first station casualty, however, was *The Hideout*, which lost the late night shift and eventually relocated to WTKS 104.1 from Orlando, Florida and were subsequently canned. With nowhere to advance in the station lineup—and with little apparent respect for the show evidenced by frequent preemptions for infomercials on University of Maryland Terrapins basketball (*Man on Man*) and *Redskins Radio* Monday nights—Ron and Fez began to entertain internet rumors that they would leave terrestrial radio to join old WNEW-FM friends Opie and Anthony on XM satellite radio. 2005 was a year of hints and speculation, but nothing was confirmed until the very last segment, on their last airing in Washington, D.C.: Friday, July 29, 2005.

### 2006–2007: WFNY-FM syndication

On December 20, 2006, *The Ron and Fez Show* debuted on WFNY-FM in the 6-9PM time slot. The Free-FM show was different from the XM show in that it is aired later in the day, and was a completely independent "evening edition" of the show. Besides the obvious FCC-compliant content of the Free-FM show, the focus was different in that it tended to focus on events local to the New York City area, in contrast to the national focus of the XM show.

*The Ron and Fez Show* was discontinued when WFNY reverted to a rock format as WXRK on May 24, 2007.

### 2005–2015: Satellite radio and final years

On August 2, 2005, three days after *Ron and Fez* signed off from WJFK-FM, the official announcement was made that they would go to XM Satellite Radio beginning September 12. On August 9, and then again one month later on September 8 and 9, Ron and Fez went on *The Opie and Anthony Show* to provide behind-the-scenes stories about their time at WNEW-FM and the years since they last worked together. On September 9, the four hosts of both shows (as well as O&A co-host Jim Norton) met hundreds of fans at a preshow kickoff party at B.B. King's Blues Cafe in Times Square which doubled as a welcome back party to New York City for Ron and Fez.

On November 9, 2005, May 9, 2007, and September 24, 2010, Fez suffered heart attacks.

On January 16, 2009, Executive Producer Earl Douglas announced his resignation live on the air, which was not immediately believed due to his pathological lying. On May 18, 2009, the show format was extended from three hours (Noon–3pm EST) to four hours (11am–3pm EST).

In June 2010, East Side Dave McDonald departed from the show. He was one of the show's longest running producers. East Side was replaced by Chris Stanley who was promoted to Executive Producer. Chris Stanley has the longest tenure of any producer for the Ron and Fez show.

On February 24, 2012, Fez came out as gay.

On December 6, 2013, it was announced that Ron and Fez would be leaving The Opie & Anthony Channel, moving to Raw Dog Comedy Sirius XM Channel 99 effective January 6, 2014. They continue to have replays on Opie Radio at midnight and Sirius XM Indie at 6am.

On April 1, 2015, Fez announced his retirement, with their final show being April 3. The show was replaced with Bennington beginning April 20, 2015.

Fez Whatley died of heart failure at age 57 on August 14, 2021

## Characters/impersonations

Throughout their time on WNEW and WJFK, the show featured multiple recurring characters and impersonations, often voiced by Ron and Fez themselves or the shows' staff. They typically would "call" the show when a particularly boring guest appeared on the phone, although they would also call during the show in order to annoy Ron and Fez.

* **Iris** (voiced by Ron) was an elderly Jewish woman who lived in Brooklyn, and was the most frequent character on the show. She spoke with a hoarse voice and often reported "News for the Jews that You Can Use." Her husband was in a coma, and she frequently worried about the constant change in ethnic groups in her neighborhood.
* **André the Giant** (voiced by Fez) was an impersonation of the wrestler of the same name. Andre always introduced himself as being 7 foot 4, 560 pounds and hailing from Grenoble, France, similar stats of his real-life counterpart. Andre would mention his crippling fear of snakes at least once during every call in reference to the real Andre's legendary fight against Jake the Snake. Ron sometimes would taunt Andre about his by replacing words or parts of words with "snakes" while addressing him. (i.e. "We'll snake you later Andre.")
* **Kenny Allen** (voiced by Miles Bennington, Ron's son) was an eleven-year-old boy. He frequently called the show to engage in fantasies either with Ron and Fez or their guest, but would often change the rules of the fantasy or game to his advantage. He lived in the same neighborhood as Iris.
* **Jan Brady** (voiced by Fez) was an impersonation of the character from the Brady Bunch. She often referenced plots of the Brady Bunch sitcoms (both famous and obscure), and complained about attention paid to her sister Marcia during her calls.
* **Fred Rogers** (voiced by "Giant" Brian Carothers) was an impersonation of the children's show host. Like the real Mr. Rogers, Fred spoke in a quiet monotone voice and would talk about his neighbors and puppet shows. If a guest said a very obscure or difficult word, Fred would ask them to repeat it again and then tell them "I knew that you could."

## Music

Ron and Fez have long used eclectic music during their show's opening, closing and rejoiners from commercial breaks. For many years their closing song was "Vertigogo" by Combustible Edison featured in the movie *Four Rooms*, which was changed to "Satellite of Love" by Lou Reed. During their WNEW days, the opening music bed was "Oddities" by Insane Clown Posse, and also "Fired" by Ben Folds. When the show was on terrestrial WFNY in 2007, "Oddities" made a comeback, as well as other recognizable music beds from the WNEW era. The closing music of their FM show was the "Theme from the Last Waltz" by The Band.

The theme music in 2005 received a lot of attention from listeners who believed that Ron and Fez might leave WJFK for satellite radio. Some songs, like the January 2005 opening with the J Geils Band *Crusin For A Love* (with its lyric "I'm back on Broadway") turned out to be prophetic. Using various versions of *I Shall Be Released* in early summer 2005 was a clear sign that they wanted out of their contract. On that final DC broadcast, they also played *We Want The Airwaves*, *Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone*, *Radio, Radio*, *So Long Baby Goodbye*, and *Satellite of Love*—their last song played on WJFK.

Until early 2010, the show openers were created by Mooch Cassidy & Chris Stanley. The openings mixed drop-ins from movies and pop culture into a song followed by "North American Scum" by LCD Soundsystem. For a brief period in early 2010, the show opened with a brief introduction that cuts to Ron in the studio speaking in medias res. By the mid-summer of 2010, the LCD Soundsystem intro to the program returned with the Cassidy/Hicks-style intros used from time to time.

## InfoBox

The Ron and Fez Show
| Ron Bennington and Fez Whatley | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Talk show |
| Running time | 3 hours |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Language(s) | English |
| Starring | Ron Bennington
Fez Whatley |
| Executive producer(s) | Chris "Pepper" Stanley |
| Recording studio | New York City |
| Original release | August 24, 1998
April 3, 2015 |
| Audio format | Stereophonic sound |
| Opening theme | "North American Scum" by LCD Soundsystem |
| Ending theme | "Satellite of Love" by Lou Reed |
| Website | Ron and Fez Official Site |


title: Miles Lee

abstract: Miles Allday Lee, later Miles Ahmed Lee, FRSA was a British puppeteer and radio producer. While working for Radio Uganda, he played an important role in the encouragement of East African literature. Paul Theroux recalled him in memorable terms: I knew the producer, Miles Lee, an authentic Gypsy whose training for Radio Uganda consisted of working for many years as a fortuneteller at the Goose Fair in Nottingham. He too had become a Muslim, changing his middle name, Allday, to Ahmed... He was another one who said, 'Of course Muslims can drink. But not during prayers.'

text:
# Miles Lee

**Miles Allday Lee**, later **Miles Ahmed Lee**, FRSA (died June 1986) was a British puppeteer and radio producer. While working for Radio Uganda, he played an important role in the encouragement of East African literature. Paul Theroux recalled him in memorable terms:

> I knew the producer, Miles Lee, an authentic Gypsy whose training for Radio Uganda consisted of working for many years as a fortuneteller at the Goose Fair in Nottingham. He too had become a Muslim, changing his middle name, Allday, to Ahmed... He was another one who said, 'Of course Muslims can drink. But not during prayers.'

## Life

Before World War II Lee was Stage Director at the Birmingham Repertory Company. After serving in the RAF during the war, he became an Advisor to the Scottish Community Drama Association. In 1951 he founded the Belgrave Mews Puppet Theatre in Edinburgh. He was a freelance producer for the BBC and commercial television, before moving to Uganda to work for Radio Uganda. In autumn 1964 Lee persuaded David Cook, a literature lecturer at Makarere University, to chair a monthly radio programme about East African writing. Lee and Cook collaborated on an anthology of East African plays in 1968, and some of the broadcasts they made together were later collected and published.

## Works

* *Puppet Theatre Production and Manipulation*, 1958. Introduction by Cyril Beaumont.
* (ed. with David Cook) *Short East African Plays in English: ten plays in English*. London & Nairobi: Heinemann Educational, 1968. African Writers Series, No. 28.
* 'Theatre for Development', *Africa Media Review*, Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1986), p. 69
* *Techniques of Radio Production*, 1986


title: USS Resolute (SP-3003)

abstract: Note: This ship should not be confused with the third USS Resolute (SP-1309) or fourth USS Resolute (SP-3218), which were in commission at the same time. The fifth USS Resolute (SP-3003), also referred to by the designation ID-3003, was a motorboat that entered service in the United States Navy as a ship's tender in 1918. Resolute was built as a private motorboat during 1913 at the yard of Robert Jacob at City Island, New York. The U.S. Navy acquired her on 21 January 1918 from her owner, George A. Cormack of New York City, for use during World War I, placing her in service as USS Resolute, designated either SP-3003 or ID-3003, the difference in reported designation occurring perhaps because the U.S. Navy sometimes used the "SP" and "Id. No." designations interchangeably for civilian vessels procured for World War I service. Resolute served her entire U.S. Navy career as a ship's tender for the transport USS Mount Vernon (ID-4508), and was carried aboard Mount Vernon for use at Mount Vernon's various ports of call. Records of Resolute's career otherwise are lacking. Mount Vernon was decommissioned in September 1919, and it is likely that Resolute was disposed of, perhaps by sale, around that time.

text:
# USS Resolute (SP-3003)

*Note: This ship should not be confused with the third USS *Resolute* (SP-1309) or fourth USS *Resolute* (SP-3218), which were in commission at the same time.*

The fifth **USS *Resolute* (SP-3003)**, also referred to by the designation **ID-3003**, was a motorboat that entered service in the United States Navy as a ship's tender in 1918.

*Resolute* was built as a private motorboat during 1913 at the yard of Robert Jacob at City Island, New York. The U.S. Navy acquired her on 21 January 1918 from her owner, George A. Cormack of New York City, for use during World War I, placing her in service as USS *Resolute*, designated either SP-3003 or ID-3003, the difference in reported designation occurring perhaps because the U.S. Navy sometimes used the "SP" and "Id. No." designations interchangeably for civilian vessels procured for World War I service.

*Resolute* served her entire U.S. Navy career as a ship's tender for the transport USS *Mount Vernon* (ID-4508), and was carried aboard *Mount Vernon* for use at *Mount Vernon*'s various ports of call.

Records of *Resolute*'s career otherwise are lacking. *Mount Vernon* was decommissioned in September 1919, and it is likely that *Resolute* was disposed of, perhaps by sale, around that time.

## InfoBox

| USS *Resolute* aboard transport USS *Mount Vernon* (ID-4508) in 1918 or 1919. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Resolute* |
| Namesake | Resolute: marked by firm determination; resolved (previous name retained) |
| Builder | Robert Jacob, City Island, New York |
| Completed | 1913 |
| Acquired | 12 January 1918 |
| Fate | Probably discarded ca. 1919 |
| Notes | In use as private motorboat 1913-1918 and probably from 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Ship's tender |
| Displacement | 7.8 tons |
| Length | 36 ft (11 m) |
| Beam | 7 ft 9 in (2.36 m) |
| Draft | 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) |
| Speed | 10 knots |


title: I Just Found Out About Love

abstract: "I Just Found Out About Love" is a popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Harold Adamson for the short-lived musical Strip for Action. After several pre-Broadway tryouts, the show finally came to Boston in April 1956, where it "fell off the rails completely." The city authorities tried to ban it for gratuitous nudity, because of a scene involving two girls in flesh-colored body stockings who posed discreetly upstage. The show closed early and never made it to Broadway. Other songs in the musical were "Too Young to Go Steady", "Dame Crazy" and "Love Me As Though There Were No Tomorrow".

text:
# I Just Found Out About Love

"**I Just Found Out About Love**" is a popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Harold Adamson for the short-lived musical *Strip for Action*. After several pre-Broadway tryouts, the show finally came to Boston in April 1956, where it "fell off the rails completely." The city authorities tried to ban it for gratuitous nudity, because of a scene involving two girls in flesh-colored body stockings who posed discreetly upstage. The show closed early and never made it to Broadway.

Other songs in the musical were "Too Young to Go Steady", "Dame Crazy" and "Love Me As Though There Were No Tomorrow".

## Notable recordings


title: Válgame Dios

abstract: Válgame Dios is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Carolina de Jacobo for Venevisión. Sabrina Seara and Eduardo Orozco star as the main protagonists while Ricardo Alamo, Carlota Sosa and Raquel Yanez star as the main antagonists. From March 13, 2012 to October 3, 2012, Venevisión broadcast ¡Válgame Dios! replacing Natalia del Mar. Official production of Válgame Dios began on November 28, 2011. The finale episode on Venevisión received a high rating of 63.4% audience share.

text:
# Válgame Dios

***Válgame Dios*** is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Carolina de Jacobo for Venevisión.

Sabrina Seara and Eduardo Orozco star as the main protagonists while Ricardo Alamo, Carlota Sosa and Raquel Yanez star as the main antagonists.

From March 13, 2012 to October 3, 2012, Venevisión broadcast *¡Válgame Dios!* replacing *Natalia del Mar*. Official production of *Válgame Dios* began on November 28, 2011.

The finale episode on Venevisión received a high rating of 63.4% audience share.

## Plot

The women in the Lopez clan have suffered a terrible curse that has lasted for 100 years. This curse prevents them from having true love. They always fall on the misfortune of falling in love with two men: one a wonderful man who is serious and responsible while the other is an irresponsible scoundrel, but they end up choosing the bad one.

Yamilet Lopez (Sabrina Seara), like all the Lopez women, is beautiful, smart, funny, hardworking and caring. She also falls victim to the family curse. On the day of her job interview, she meets two men. Ignacio Castillo (Eduardo Orozco) is a taxi driver and fireman who is sweet, kind and responsible and Jose Alberto Gamboa (Ricardo Alamo), a mischievous womanizer who has been married for 25 years to Mariela (Gigi Zanchetta) a high school guidance counselor and has a mistress Dinorah (Flavia Gleske) who he has been seeing for 10 years.

Both men will try to conquer Yamilet's heart. However, she doesn't know who is the good one or who is the bad one.

The Lopez women have hope that the curse can be broken. What they do not know is that it all depends on a secret that Marbelis Castillo (Carlota Sosa) Ignacio's mother knows. Everyone believes that she is a saint, but in reality she is an evil woman that will stop at nothing, even to the extent of killing, to make sure that her secret is not revealed.

## Cast

### Main cast

### Also as main cast

### Supporting cast

* Carlota Sosa as Marbelis Rodríguez de Castillo
* Beatriz Valdés as Guillermina López
* Virginia Urdaneta as Mércedes Rodriguez
* Aura Rivas as Gumercinda López
* María Cristina Lozada as Eduvigis Martinez
* Judith Vásquez as Luz Moncada
* Juan Carlos Gardié as Jesús "Chuo" Calcaño
* Alejandro Mata as Remberto Pérez
* Pedro Durán as Padre Efrain
* Yuvana Montalvo as Mayerling Torres
* Erick Ronsó as Jefferson José Bracho
* Alexander Da Silva as Remigio Pérez
* Gabriela Santeliz as Andreína
* Anthony Lorusso as Pablo
* Absalom de los Rios as Constantino "Tino" Durán
* Michelle Taurel as Ligia Elena Sarría
* Ever Bastidas as Alberto José Gamboa Campos
* Hernán Iturbe as Joya Uribe
* Franco Purroy as Brad Pitt Sarría

### Special participation

* Luz Marina Peña
* Mayra Moreno
* Thaimar Rodríguez
* Jordán Peña
* Danny Valdivieso
* Daniel Méndez
* Dorian Laya
* Ricardo Zerpa
* Rafael Alcalde
* Viviana Ramos as La Nueva 3° de Gamboa
* María Antonieta Duque as Gloria Zamora
* Elba Escobar as La bruja del maleficio
* Beba Rojas as La peor es nada
* Josué Villae as Ángel
* Claudia La Gatta as Liseth
* José Gabriel Madonia as Augusto "Guto" Vázco

## Venezuela broadcast

* Release dates, episode name & length, based on Venevisión's broadcast.

List of *Válgame Dios* episodes, by broadcast date
| Air date | Number | Episode title | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 13, 2012 | 001 | "*El día en que Yamilet conoció al hombre de su vida...y al que la hará sufrir*" | 50 minutes |
| March 14, 2012 | 002 | "*La Bruja vio todo...y más*" | 43 minutes |
| March 15, 2012 | 003 | "*¡Y todo por culpa de un pasticho de berenjena!*" | 42 minutes |
| March 16, 2012 | 004 | "*Trampa a ritmo de tango*" | 42 minutes |
| March 19, 2012 | 005 | "*Guillermina descubre una verdad...que es mentira*" | 44 minutes |
| March 20, 2012 | 006 | "*Las peripecias de José Alberto*" | 44 minutes |
| March 21, 2012 | 007 | "*La noche en que 10 años de esfuerzo..¡se empasticharon!*" | 45 minutes |
| March 22, 2012 | 008 | "*Hasta que la muerte, mejor dicho, las madres los separen*" | 44 minutes |
| March 23, 2012 | 009 | "*El inexpicable portazo de Guillermina*" | 43 minutes |
| March 24, 2012 | 010 | "*La carta que le faltaba a la increible Marbelis*" | 43 minutes |
| March 25, 2012 | 011 | "*¿Cómo se le dice a un novio que es...tu hermano?!!!*" | 43 minutes |
| March 27, 2012 | 012 | "*El descaro de Inocente*" | 45 minutes |
| March 29, 2012 | 013 | "*Ya a Ignacio nada le cuadra*" | 46 minutes |
| March 30, 2012 | 014 | "*La inolvidable Marbelis*" | 44 minutes |
| April 2, 2012 | 015 | "*Preferible la honestidad...aunque duela*" | 41 minutes |
| April 3, 2012 | 016 | "*La Viuda del Escorpión*" | 41 minutes |
| April 4, 2012 | 017 | "*La Palabra de una Santa Madre*" | 46 minutes |
| April 5, 2012 | 018 | "*¿Dónde está José Alberto?*" | 43 minutes |
| April 6, 2012 | 019 | "*El tecito de Merceditas*" | 43 minutes |
| April 11, 2012 | 020 | "*La Peor pesadilla de Marbelis*" | 40 minutes |
| April 12, 2012 | 021 | "*La uno, la dos, la tres¡La Torta!*" | 44 minutes |
| April 13, 2012 | 022 | "*Por un pelito*" | 43 minutes |
| April 14, 2012 | 023 | "*El arma de Santa Marbelis*" | 45 minutes |
| April 16, 2012 | 024 | "*El pecado mortal*" | 43 minutes |
| April 17, 2012 | 025 | "*El internet lo aguanta todo*" | 47 minutes |
| April 18, 2012 | 026 | "*Los límites de José Alberto*" | 46 minutes |
| April 19, 2012 | 027 | "*Seria pecado mortal ¡Si no fuera mentira!*" | 46 minutes |
| April 20, 2012 | 028 | "*La mujer de su vida...por hoy*" | 43 minutes |
| April 21, 2012 | 029 | "*Yamilet ya tiene con quien ir a la boda*" | 47 minutes |
| April 23, 2012 | 030 | "*¡Si Gamboa no va a la boda, Yamilet se muere...y él también!*" | 46 minutes |
| April 24, 2012 | 031 | "*La rata de las fotocopias...*" | 46 minutes |
| April 25, 2012 | 032 | "*Sería perfecto, pero...es imposible*" | 46 minutes |
| April 26, 2012 | 033 | "*La agenda de Gamboa*" | 46 minutes |
| April 27, 2012 | 034 | "*¿Mentira? ¿Burla? ¿O Amor?*" | 45 minutes |
| April 28, 2012 | 035 | "*Lo que Guillermina tení años esperando*" | 46 minutes |
| May 1, 2012 | 036 | "*Los milagros sí pasan...a otras*" | 42 minutes |
| May 2, 2012 | 037 | "*La llamadita que tumbaríe el plan*" | 42 minutes |
| May 3, 2012 | 038 | "*La habitatión 505*" | 43 minutes |
| May 4, 2012 | 039 | "*El morado que creció y creció ¡y creció!*" | 42 minutes |
| May 5, 2012 | 040 | "*¡El colmo ya!*" | 44 minutes |
| May 7, 2012 | 041 | "*¡A que no vas a su casa voy!*" | 44 minutes |
| May 8, 2012 | 042 | "*El único cuerno...¿o seràn varios?*" | 44 minutes |
| May 9, 2012 | 043 | "*¿Qué te pasa con la López?*" | 48 minutes |
| May 10, 2012 | 044 | "*Si te digo la verdad...te miento*" | 44 minutes |
| May 11, 2012 | 045 | "*La inagotable Marbelis*" | 44 minutes |
| May 12, 2012 | 046 | "*¿Qué hace la Guillermina con un Chúo?*" | 44 minutes |
| May 14, 2012 | 047 | "*El vestido de novia que faltaba!!!*" | 45 minutes |
| May 15, 2012 | 048 | "*¡El ponquecito¡*" | 41 minutes |
| May 16, 2012 | 049 | "*¡El raro divorcio del Jose..!*" | 45 minutes |
| May 17, 2012 | 050 | "*¿Imposible Cómo?*" | 42 minutes |
| May 18, 2012 | 051 | "*El problemita*" | 43 minutes |
| May 19, 2012 | 052 | "*El día más esperado*" | 42 minutes |
| May 21, 2012 | 053 | "*La boda de Dinorah*" | 43 minutes |
| May 22, 2012 | 054 | "*Diez años de palabras y hoy...mudo*" | 42 minutes |
| May 23, 2012 | 055 | "*¿Dónde está La Rata?*" | 42 minutes |
| May 24, 2012 | 056 | "*El maleficio de las López y la suerte de los muérganos*" | 43 minutes |
| May 25, 2012 | 057 | "*Si Yamilet supiera!!!*" | 46 minutes |
| May 26, 2012 | 058 | "*Juntos para siempre...*" | 43 minutes |
| May 28, 2012 | 059 | "*La Felicidad de unos es la tristeza de otros*" | 42 minutes |
| May 29, 2012 | 060 | "*La sinceridad de José Alberto*" | 44 minutes |
| May 30, 2012 | 061 | "*Yamilet lo sabe todo pero..¡pero sigue con Gamboa!*" | 44 minutes |
| May 31, 2012 | 062 | "*Si el hijo de Nieves no fuera de Ignacio*" | 43 minutes |
| June 1, 2012 | 063 | "*Los otros hijos de Inocente*" | 43 minutes |
| June 4, 2012 | 064 | "*¡Cuidado con el policía!*" | 43 minutes |
| June 5, 2012 | 065 | "*La coartada de Inocente*" | 42 minutes |
| June 6, 2012 | 066 | "*Yamilet no sólo sabe...¡también dice!*" | 43 minutes |
| June 7, 2012 | 067 | "*Lo que Ignacio debería saber antes de casarse*" | 42 minutes |
| June 8, 2012 | 068 | "*La bomba de Ignacio y Nieves...perdón la boda*" | 44 minutes |
| June 11, 2012 | 069 | "*La despedida*" | 42 minutes |
| June 12, 2012 | 070 | "*Falsas Esperanzas*" | 43 minutes |
| June 13, 2012 | 071 | "*El plan de Inocente que Marbelis no sabe...cree él*" | 44 minutes |
| June 14, 2012 | 072 | "*La santa y boba mujer...que no lo es tanto*" | 44 minutes |
| June 15, 2012 | 073 | "*Merceditas lo sabe todo*" | 44 minutes |
| June 18, 2012 | 074 | "*¡Lo de Marbelis con Chúo lo sabe hasta Dios!*" | 42 minutes |
| June 19, 2012 | 075 | "*El incendio*" | 43 minutes |
| June 20, 2012 | 076 | "*Se pierden las esperanzas*" | 43 minutes |
| June 21, 2012 | 077 | "*¿Qué hacía Marbelis en el incendio?*" | 43 minutes |
| June 22, 2012 | 078 | "*¿Quién le dice que no a su santa madre?*" | 45 minutes |
| June 25, 2012 | 079 | "*Un policía en el Castillo*" | 42 minutes |
| June 26, 2012 | 080 | "*El cuento de Chúo*" | 42 minutes |
| June 27, 2012 | 081 | "*Gamboa no sabe vivir sin estar casado*" | 43 minutes |
| June 28, 2012 | 082 | "*10 años esperando un sueño ¿y se cumple ahora?*" | 44 minutes |
| June 29, 2012 | 083 | "*¡Esta vez si es verdad!*" | 42 minutes |
| July 2, 2012 | 084 | "*¡Otra vez Eulogio!*" | 42 minutes |
| July 3, 2012 | 085 | "*El hijo de Marbelis*" | 42 minutes |
| July 4, 2012 | 086 | "*El hijo del Maracucho*" | 42 minutes |
| July 6, 2012 | 087 | "*La venganza de Dinorita*" | 41 minutes |
| July 9, 2012 | 088 | "*¡Para mí, tú eres perfecta!*" | 41 minutes |
| July 10, 2012 | 089 | "*Yamilet no es como Dinorah...¿o sí?*" | 42 minutes |
| July 11, 2012 | 090 | "*Asumir las consecuencias*" | 42 minutes |
| July 12, 2012 | 091 | "*La sinvergüenzura de la Santa con el Maracucho*" | 42 minutes |
| July 13, 2012 | 092 | "*La decisión de Guillermina*" | 41 minutes |
| July 16, 2012 | 093 | "*¿Qué es lo que pasa con Cayo*" | 43 minutes |
| July 18, 2012 | 094 | "*El mal trago de Inocente*" | 41 minutes |
| July 19, 2012 | 095 | "*Lo más lindo que le han dicho a Guillermina*" | 43 minutes |
| July 20, 2012 | 096 | "*Las maletas de Inocente*" | 43 minutes |
| July 23, 2012 | 097 | "*A José Alberto le salió un Cayo, y no precisamente el el pie*" | 45 minutes |
| July 25, 2012 | 098 | "*¿Se va o se queda?*" | 43 minutes |
| July 26, 2012 | 099 | "*La pesadilla de Nieves*" | 43 minutes |
| July 27, 2012 | 100 | "*El infarto*" | 43 minutes |
| July 30, 2012 | 101 | "*Gamboa, el sincero*" | 42 minutes |
| July 31, 2012 | 102 | "*¡Con él sí vas a ser feliz¡*" | 43 minutes |
| August 1, 2012 | 103 | "*Más claro...¡el agua!*" | 45 minutes |
| August 3, 2012 | 104 | "*Gamboa sincero,¿pero con cuál*" | 43 minutes |
| August 4, 2012 | 105 | "*Un Inocente en manos de una santa ¡susto!*" | 39 minutes |
| August 7, 2012 | 106 | "*¿Sabes qué? No te creo!*" | 42 minutes |
| August 8, 2012 | 107 | "*¡Santa desmemoria!*" | 43 minutes |
| August 9, 2012 | 108 | "*¿Alucinado yo?*" | 44 minutes |
| August 10, 2012 | 109 | "*Igual que a Mariela...!O más*" | 44 minutes |
| August 13, 2012 | 110 | "*El padre Efraín cree en santos ¡pero en ésa no!*" | 45 minutes |
| August 15, 2012 | 111 | "*¿Qué hago con esta mentira?*" | 45 minutes |
| August 16, 2012 | 112 | "*La tipa que estaba en el pasillo*" | 45 minutes |
| August 17, 2012 | 113 | "*Pasaron 4 meses y más*" | 43 minutes |
| August 20, 2012 | 114 | "*El inesperado*" | 43 minutes |
| August 21, 2012 | 115 | "*Entonces no es mío*" | 46 minutes |
| August 22, 2012 | 116 | "*Nieves no quiere ser como Santa Marbelis, ya no*" | 44 minutes |
| August 23, 2012 | 117 | "*La culpa es mía*" | 44 minutes |
| August 27, 2012 | 118 | "*Mariela ligerita...¡y Cayo oyendo!*" | 46 minutes |
| August 28, 2012 | 119 | "*No te pido que me perdones*" | 44 minutes |
| August 29, 2012 | 120 | "*¡Será que me lo explicas!*" | 41 minutes |
| August 30, 2012 | 121 | "*El cuento del monstruo*" | 44 minutes |
| August 31, 2012 | 122 | "*¡¿Cómo pudiste...Marbelis?!*" | 42 minutes |
| September 3, 2012 | 123 | "*La prueba de ADN*" | 45 minutes |
| September 4, 2012 | 124 | "*El regreso del padre Efraín*" | 44 minutes |
| September 5, 2012 | 125 | "*El que se queda...¡y el que se va!*" | 44 minutes |
| September 6, 2012 | 126 | "*¡¿No te vas a casar, hija?!*" | 42 minutes |
| September 7, 2012 | 127 | "*La Lopecitadesumadre*" | 43 minutes |
| September 10, 2012 | 128 | "*Ojo por ojo*" | 43 minutes |
| September 11, 2012 | 129 | "*El otro hombre de mi vida*" | 42 minutes |
| September 12, 2012 | 130 | "*Doña Guillermina y sus dos amores*" | 43 minutes |
| September 13, 2012 | 131 | "*¡Válgame Dios!*" | 44 minutes |
| September 17, 2012 | 132 | "*El atrevimiento de Merceditas*" | 44 minutes |
| September 18, 2012 | 133 | "*Atrapar a una Santa*" | 42 minutes |
| September 19, 2012 | 134 | "*Debajo de la matica*" | 45 minutes |
| September 20, 2012 | 135 | "*Ni una es santa, ni la otra es bruja, pero de que vuelan, vuelan*" | 44 minutes |
| September 21, 2012 | 136 | "*Humilada, derrotada y esposada*" | 43 minutes |
| September 24, 2012 | 137 | "*No dejes para mañana, lo que es rico hacer hoy*" | 43 minutes |
| September 25, 2012 | 138 | "*¡Y se cumplen dos sueños!...O casi*" | 46 minutes |
| September 26, 2012 | 139 | "*Y serán felices para siempre*" | 45 minutes |
| September 27, 2012 | 140 | "*El papá de medio país*" | 46 minutes |
| September 28, 2012 | 141 | "*Lo peor que le podía pasar a Gamboa*" | 44 minutes |
| October 1, 2012 | 142 | "*La pobre viejita*" | 45 minutes |
| October 2, 2012 | 143 | "*El sueño de Guillermina*" | 43 minutes |
| October 3, 2012 | 144 | "*La boda que Santa Marbelis tanto quiso impedir*" | 43 minutes |

## Awards

### Premios Inter 2013

Awards and nominations for *Válgame Dios*
| Category | Nominated | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Best Telenovela | Válgame Dios | Won |
| Best Original Script | Válgame Dios | Won |
| Best Principal Actress | Sabrina Seara | Nominated |
| Best Principal Actor | Ricardo Álamo | Nominated |
| Best Supporting Actor | Jean Carlo Simancas | Nominated |
| Best Female Villain | Carlota Sosa | Won |
| Best Costume | Annick Corro | Won |
| Best Supporting Actress | Rosmery Marval | Nominated |
| Best Supporting Actress | Yuvanna Montalvo | Won |

## InfoBox

| *Válgame Dios* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Created by | Mónica Montáñez |
| Written by | * Gerardo Blanco * Mónica Montáñez * Doris Seguí * Ángel del Cerro |
| Directed by | José Alcalde |
| Starring |  |
| Opening theme | "Blanco y negro" by Malú |
| Country of origin | Venezuela |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of episodes | 144 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Carolina De Jacobo |
| Producers | * Francisco De Pasquale * Jesús Gavidia |
| Production locations | Caracas, Venezuela |
| Running time | 42-45 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Venevisión |
| Release | March 13 (2012-03-13) <br>October 3, 2012 (2012-10-03) |


title: Johan David Carel Pagenstecher

abstract: Johan David Carel Pagenstecher was a colonial administrator who served as acting commander of the Dutch Gold Coast.

text:
# Johan David Carel Pagenstecher

**Johan David Carel Pagenstecher** (15 February 1784 – unknown) was a colonial administrator who served as acting commander of the Dutch Gold Coast.

## Biography

Johan David Carel Pagenstecher was born in Osnabrück to Gabriel Christoph Pagenstecher and Clara Elisabeth Gösling. His father was a lawyer and senior councillor in Osnabrück and belonged to the Pagenstecher family, which enjoyed good relations with the Dutch royal House of Orange-Nassau. On 1 November 1816, Pagenstecher joined the Dutch army à la suite for six years and went over to the battalion for the colonies on 1 January 1817. He departed to the Gold Coast on 11 December 1817.

Following the death of acting commander Hendrik Adriaan Mouwe on 11 February 1824, Pagenstecher was designated acting commander of the Dutch Gold Coast on 17 February 1824, and took his oath of office on 21 February. He served until Friedrich Last arrived three days later to succeed him.

Pagenstecher had a troubled working relationship with colonial administrators and Euro-Africans on the coast. In late 1824, several colonial administrators complained to acting commander Friedrich Last about the conduct of Pagenstecher, which apart from heavy drinking included making condescending remarks about the abilities of virtually all Europeans and Euro-Africans on the Dutch Gold Coast and spreading rumours about their misconduct. It was also alleged that Pagenstecher had threatened acting commander Hendrik Adriaan Mouwe with a gun when Pagenstecher was sentenced to imprisonment in Fort St. Jago for taking ammunition from the commander's room without authorization, and that he deleted references to this incident from the governor's journal after Mouwe died and he took over as acting commander. He was also accused of having poisoned commander Willem Poolman, whose death was considered suspicious by the British surgeon major Beresford.

When Pagenstecher was again accused of transgressions on 22 January, acting commander Last decided to send Pagenstecher back to the Netherlands, "so that he could explain his grievances to the Minister". At the end of March a ship was found that was willing to take Pagenstecher, and after selling his last belongings, Pagenstecher left the Gold Coast on 24 March 1825.

## InfoBox

| Johan David Carel Pagenstecher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commander of the Dutch Gold Coast | |
| ***ad interim*** | |
| **In office**
17 February 1824  24 February 1824 | |
| Monarch | William I of the Netherlands |
| Preceded by | Hendrik Adriaan Mouwe |
| Succeeded by | Friedrich Last |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1784-02-15)15 February 1784
Osnabrück, Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, Holy Roman Empire |
|  | |


title: Normal, Alabama

abstract: Normal, Alabama is the home of Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (AAMU), the largest HBCU in Alabama. The university is situated in Huntsville, Alabama's northern city limits in Madison County. Normal was established in 1890, when AAMU was then known as State Normal and Industrial School of Huntsville. It was designated a land grant college of Alabama. At that time student enrollment was 300 with 11 teachers. That same year, a United States Post Office was established there. Normal's ZIP Code is 35762. Students were called "Normalites".

text:
# Normal, Alabama

**Normal, Alabama** is the home of Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (AAMU), the largest HBCU in Alabama. The university is situated in Huntsville, Alabama's northern city limits in Madison County.

Normal was established in 1890, when AAMU was then known as State Normal and Industrial School of Huntsville. It was designated a land grant college of Alabama. At that time student enrollment was 300 with 11 teachers. That same year, a United States Post Office was established there. Normal's ZIP Code is 35762. Students were called "Normalites".

## InfoBox

| Normal, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Populated place | |
| Coordinates: 34°47′20″N 86°34′19″W / 34.78889°N 86.57194°W / 34.78889; -86.57194 | |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | Alabama |
| Counties | Madison |
| Named for | "Normal" school |
| Demonym | Normalite |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 35762 |
| Area code(s) | 256, 938 |


title: Laqaya (La Paz)

abstract: Laqaya is a 4,825-metre-high (15,830 ft) mountain in the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, at the border of the Jesús de Machaca Municipality and the Tiwanaku Municipality.

text:
# Laqaya (La Paz)

**Laqaya** (Aymara for ruins of a building, also spelled *Lakaya*) is a 4,825-metre-high (15,830 ft) mountain in the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, at the border of the Jesús de Machaca Municipality and the Tiwanaku Municipality.

## InfoBox

| Laqaya | |
| --- | --- |
| LaqayaBolivia
La Paz Department | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,825 m (15,830 ft) |
| Coordinates | 16°40′07″S 68°43′08″W / 16.66861°S 68.71889°W / -16.66861; -68.71889 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia
La Paz Department |
| Parent range | Andes, Chilla-Kimsa Chata |


title: Ochsenheimeria urella

abstract:
Ochsenheimeria urella is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found in large parts of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine and Lithuania. The wingspan is 9–12 mm. Antennae in male hardly, in female
rather strongly thickened with rough scales to above middle. Forewings narrower than in Ochsenheimeria taurella, in male rather dark fuscous, in female greyish-ochreous more or less mixed with fuscous. Hindwings are brassy-purplish-fuscous, thinly scaled towards base. Adults are on wing in July and August. The larvae feed on Agropyron, Bromus, Hordeum vulgare, Melica, Secale cereale and Triticum aestivum. They possibly mine the leaves of their host plant for a few days. Later, they bore in the stems. Larvae can be found from April to May.

text:
# Ochsenheimeria urella

***Ochsenheimeria urella*** is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found in large parts of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine and Lithuania.

The wingspan is 9–12 mm. Antennae in male hardly, in female rather strongly thickened with rough scales to above middle. Forewings narrower than in *Ochsenheimeria taurella*, in male rather dark fuscous, in female greyish-ochreous more or less mixed with fuscous. Hindwings are brassy-purplish-fuscous, thinly scaled towards base.

Adults are on wing in July and August.

The larvae feed on *Agropyron*, *Bromus*, *Hordeum vulgare*, *Melica*, *Secale cereale* and *Triticum aestivum*. They possibly mine the leaves of their host plant for a few days. Later, they bore in the stems. Larvae can be found from April to May.

## InfoBox

| *Ochsenheimeria urella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Ypsolophidae |
| Genus: | *Ochsenheimeria* |
| Species: | ***O. urella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ochsenheimeria urella***<br>Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1842 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ochsenheimeria bisontella* Lienig & Zeller, 1846 * *Ochsenheimeria scabrosella* Tengström, 1848 * *Ochsenheimeria hirculella* Tengström, 1848 * *Ochsenheimeria porpyrella* Tengström, 1848 * *Ypsolophus taurellus* Haworth, 1828 * *Ochsenheimeria rupicaprella* Mobius, 1935 | |


title: USS Salute (AM-294)

abstract: USS Salute (AM-294), was a U.S. Navy oceangoing minesweeper, laid down on 11 November 1942 by Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Co., Seattle, Washington; launched on 6 February 1943; sponsored by Miss Patricia Lindgren; and commissioned on 4 December 1943.

text:
# USS Salute (AM-294)

**USS Salute (AM-294),** was a U.S. Navy oceangoing minesweeper, laid down on 11 November 1942 by Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Co., Seattle, Washington; launched on 6 February 1943; sponsored by Miss Patricia Lindgren; and commissioned on 4 December 1943.

## World War II Pacific Theatre operations

After shakedown, *Salute* sailed from San Francisco on 21 March 1944 for Hawaii. Between April and September 1944, she escorted convoys between Pearl Harbor, Majuro, Kwajalein, Eniwetok, Guam, and Saipan, before reporting to the 7th Fleet at Manus on 8 October for the Leyte invasion. On 20 October, she joined her division, Mine Division 34, off the Leyte beaches for a four-day sweep of the main transport channel, and then anchored with the transports to provide antiaircraft support. Between 27 and 31 October, she helped search for survivors at the scene of the Battle off Samar, where a group of escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts, had repulsed the attack of a more powerful Japanese fleet. For the next month, she carried out local patrols and sweeps in the vicinity of Leyte.

*Salute* participated with her division in most of the subsequent landings in the Philippines. She carried out pre-invasion sweeps at Ormoc Bay on 6 December, Mindoro Island on 14 December, Lingayen Gulf on 6 January 1945, and Zambales and Subic Bay on 29 and 31 January. During and after the initial troop landings, she helped extend the mineswept areas and provided antisubmarine and antiaircraft protection for the transports anchored off the beaches. Few mines were encountered, but kamikaze resistance was intense, and the ships saw much antiaircraft action.

On 13 February, *Salute* and her division began pre-invasion sweeps in Manila Bay in preparation for the landings at Mariveles and Corregidor. While sweeping off Corregidor on the 14th, the minesweepers came within 5,000 yards of the island and were repeatedly straddled by Japanese fire before supporting ships silenced the island's guns.  *Salute* continued sweeping in Manila Bay through 18 February, and her division earned a Navy Unit Commendation for the operation.

During the next two and one-half months, *Salute* carried out several local sweeps in support of ground operations in the Philippines, the most notable being a pre-assault sweep for the landings at Legaspi, Luzon, on 1 April, and an 8-day sweep in the Sulu Sea off Palawan beginning on 22 April. On 9 May, the ship arrived at Morotai to prepare for operations in the Netherlands East Indies.

## Sinking

With Mine Division 34, *Salute* began the pre-invasion sweep for the landings in Brunei Bay, Borneo, on 7 June 1945. The next day, she struck a mine, buckled amidships, and both bow and stern began to sink. Two landing craft attempted to salvage the minesweeper, but they were unable to control her flooding, and the ship sank, with 6 deaths and 3 sailors reported as missing, for a total of 9 lost. *Salute* was struck from the Navy list on 11 July 1945.

She now lies at 5°8′N 115°5′E / 5.133°N 115.083°E / 5.133; 115.083 in 30 meters of water, broken in two pieces, one lying across the other. It is a popular and challenging dive site with a lot of munitions both on and nearby the wreck. The Malaysian navy recently removed her unexploded depth charges.

## Awards

USS *Salute* received 5 battle stars for her World War II service.

## Artifact Recovery

14 November 2016, A memorial plaque was presented to the US Embassy in Brunei which contains a folded american flag, a picture of USS Salute in service and the names of the 9 sailors who perished in the explosion.

On 18 November 2016, the United States Navy's Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) announced that they had reclaimed four artifacts - an ink well, a gas mask, and two plates from divers who had removed them from the wreck. The items will be conserved if possible.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Salute* |
| Builder | Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Company |
| Laid down | 11 November 1942 |
| Launched | 6 February 1943 |
| Commissioned | 4 December 1943 |
| Stricken | 11 July 1945 |
| Fate | Struck a mine off Brunei and sank, 8 June 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Admirable*-class minesweeper |
| Displacement | 795 tons |
| Length | 184 ft 6 in (56.24 m) |
| Beam | 33 ft (10 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 9 in (2.97 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 15 knots (27.8 km/h) |
| Complement | 104 |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: | US Pacific Fleet (1943–1945) |
| Operations: | Philippines campaign (1944–45) |
| Awards: | 5 Battle stars |


title: IC 1189

abstract: IC 1189 is a S0-a lenticular galaxy with a ring structure located in Hercules. It is located 557 million light-years away from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 145,000 light-years. IC 1189 was discovered on June 7, 1888, by Lewis Swift. It is a member of the Hercules Cluster. IC 1189 has an active galactic nucleus and is classified as a starburst galaxy meaning to say, it is a powerhouse star factory making stars at a rate hundred of times greater compared to the Milky Way. Additionally, it falls into the Markarian galaxies category as Mrk 300, in which its core shines in ultraviolet rays.

text:
# IC 1189

**IC 1189** is a S0-a lenticular galaxy with a ring structure located in Hercules. It is located 557 million light-years away from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 145,000 light-years. IC 1189 was discovered on June 7, 1888, by Lewis Swift. It is a member of the Hercules Cluster.

IC 1189 has an active galactic nucleus and is classified as a starburst galaxy meaning to say, it is a powerhouse star factory making stars at a rate hundred of times greater compared to the Milky Way. Additionally, it falls into the Markarian galaxies category as Mrk 300, in which its core shines in ultraviolet rays.

1. "HyperLeda -object description". *atlas.obs-hp.fr*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
2. Astronomy, Go. "IC 1189 | galaxy in Hercules | IC List | GO ASTRONOMY". *Go-Astronomy.com*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
3. Ford, Dominic. "IC1189 (Galaxy)". *In-The-Sky.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
4. "Your NED Search Results". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
5. "Index Catalog Objects: IC 1150 - 1199". *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
6. "Reference Lookup | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
7. Bakich, Michael E. (2024-01-01). "The Hercules galaxy cluster". *Astronomy Magazine*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
8. "Hercules Cluster of Galaxies". *pages.astronomy.ua.edu*. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
9. "Starburst Galaxies". *Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian*.
10. Mazzarella, Joseph M.; Balzano, Vicki A. (1986). "1986ApJS...62..751M Page 751". *The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series*. **62**: 751. Bibcode:1986ApJS...62..751M. doi:10.1086/191155. Retrieved 2024-05-02.

## InfoBox

| IC 1189 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of IC 1189 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Hercules |
| Right ascension | 16h 06m 14.8s |
| Declination | +18° 10 58.3 |
| Redshift | 0.039400 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 11,812 km/s |
| Distance | 557 Mly (171 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | Hercules Cluster |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.5 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | (R)SB(rs)0/a, Sbrst |
| Size | 145,000 ly |
| Notable features | Starburst galaxy |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 57135, KUG 1604+143, Mrk 300, CGCG 108-144, MCG +03-41-119, 2MASX J16061486+1810582, IRAS F16039+1819, WBL 607-030, ASK 564476.0, NSA 099884, ABELL 2151:\[D80\] 126, SDSS J160614.83+181058.3, LEDA 57135 | |


title: Võigaste

abstract: Võigaste is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County in Estonia.

text:
# Võigaste

**Võigaste** is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Võigaste | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 58°42′47″N 23°38′27″E / 58.713055°N 23.640833°E / 58.713055; 23.640833 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Pärnu County |
| Parish | Lääneranna Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Jodocus de Weerdt

abstract: Jodocus de Weerdt was a Belgian author of Neo-Latin poetry. He is remembered for the two strange collections of Latin chronograms, palindromes, acrostics, anagrams, and tautograms that are listed below. The first celebrates the Twelve Years' Truce, while the second, which appeared posthumously, covers political events in Europe from 1621 to 1625.

text:
# Jodocus de Weerdt

**Jodocus de Weerdt** (Josse van Weerdt, ca. 1555-1560 in Antwerp – August 4 or 5, 1625) was a Belgian author of Neo-Latin poetry. He is remembered for the two strange collections of Latin chronograms, palindromes, acrostics, anagrams, and tautograms that are listed below. The first celebrates the Twelve Years' Truce, while the second, which appeared posthumously, covers political events in Europe from 1621 to 1625.

## Life

Josse de Weerdt was born in Antwerp. After studying law in Cologne, by 1609 he had become syndic of Antwerp. Little else is known of his life. He is said to be buried in the Franciscan monastery in Antwerp.

## Works

* *Concordiae Belgicae panegyricus Parnassicus*. Officina Plantiniana, apud Ioannem Moretum. 1609.
* *Parnassi bicipitis de pace vaticinia, chronographicis, retrogradis, acrostichis, & anagrammatis explicata. Libri dvo ...* Officina Plantiniana. 1626. The prior book reprints a lightly revised text of the 1609 *Panegyricus*.


title: Naru Island (Solomon Islands)

abstract: Naru Island is a small island in the New Georgia Islands of Western Province, Solomon Islands, lying to the southeast of Gizo. About 600 metres long and up to 300 metres wide. Coastline is about 1,65 km. The island is primarily notable for its role in the events after the sinking of PT-109 involving future American president John F. Kennedy.

text:
# Naru Island (Solomon Islands)

**Naru Island** is a small island in the New Georgia Islands of Western Province, Solomon Islands, lying to the southeast of Gizo. About 600 metres long and up to 300 metres wide. Coastline is about 1,65 km.

The island is primarily notable for its role in the events after the sinking of *PT-109* involving future American president John F. Kennedy.

## InfoBox

Naru Island
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Solomon Islands |
| Coordinates | 8°08′20″S 156°55′02″E / 8.138825°S 156.917307°E / -8.138825; 156.917307 |
| Archipelago | New Georgia Islands |
| Area | 0.15 km2 (0.058 sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Normal, Kentucky

abstract: Normal is a residential unincorporated community, located within the city of Ashland, Kentucky along U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 60 and the Ohio River. It was annexed by the City of Ashland in 1905. Previously, Normal was an independent community with post office. Normal Presbyterian Church, founded in 1890, is one of the last surviving remnants of the original community of Normal. The originally wooden church was razed in 1957 when the current brick structure was completed across 44th Street. Normal was named after the Eastern Kentucky Normal School, a teachers school that was opened here in 1867, by Mrs Mordecai Williams, wife of the original landowner of the community. Mordecai Williams was an Iron master who owned 600 acres of land of the present day area of Normal, from Cliffside Branch to Haney Branch at the Catlettsburg city limits. His stately residence is still standing at Normal, a brick mansion of Colonial style, located on U.S. Routes 23 and 60 at the Catlettsburg-Ashland City Limits. Williams wife operated the Normal School from the home from 1878 to 1889. It is one of the oldest homes in the entire area and has long served as landmark to the community. Most residential zones in this section of the city have been transferred to commercial and industrial zones. Cintas Corporation operates a large facility in the former Washington Avenue section located east of the CSX railroad tracks. The community originally grew up around the coke plant built and operated by Semet Solvay and later owned by Armco/AK steel. The Normal coke plant was in operation from 1891 until it was finally closed due to its inability to comply with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations in July 2011. The only concentrations of residential dwellings remaining in Normal are along Blackburn Avenue, Daniels Street, and from Chestnut Avenue south to the Catlettsburg city limits, which is also known as Williams Addition.

text:
# Normal, Kentucky

**Normal** is a residential unincorporated community, located within the city of Ashland, Kentucky along U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 60 and the Ohio River. It was annexed by the City of Ashland in 1905. Previously, Normal was an independent community with post office. Normal Presbyterian Church, founded in 1890, is one of the last surviving remnants of the original community of Normal. The originally wooden church was razed in 1957 when the current brick structure was completed across 44th Street.

Normal was named after the Eastern Kentucky Normal School, a teachers school that was opened here in 1867, by Mrs Mordecai Williams, wife of the original landowner of the community. Mordecai Williams was an Iron master who owned 600 acres of land of the present day area of Normal, from Cliffside Branch to Haney Branch at the Catlettsburg city limits. His stately residence is still standing at Normal, a brick mansion of Colonial style, located on U.S. Routes 23 and 60 at the Catlettsburg-Ashland City Limits. Williams wife operated the Normal School from the home from 1878 to 1889. It is one of the oldest homes in the entire area and has long served as landmark to the community.

Most residential zones in this section of the city have been transferred to commercial and industrial zones. Cintas Corporation operates a large facility in the former Washington Avenue section located east of the CSX railroad tracks. The community originally grew up around the coke plant built and operated by Semet Solvay and later owned by Armco/AK steel. The Normal coke plant was in operation from 1891 until it was finally closed due to its inability to comply with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations in July 2011. The only concentrations of residential dwellings remaining in Normal are along Blackburn Avenue (also known as 45th Street), Daniels Street, and from Chestnut Avenue south to the Catlettsburg city limits, which is also known as Williams Addition.

## InfoBox

| Normal | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| NormalLocation within the state of KentuckyNormalNormal (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°26′37″N 82°36′45″W / 38.44361°N 82.61250°W / 38.44361; -82.61250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Boyd |
| Elevation | 564 ft (172 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EST) |
| GNIS feature ID | 499521 |


title: Romilly-sur-Seine

abstract: Romilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

text:
# Romilly-sur-Seine

**Romilly-sur-Seine** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɔmiji syʁ sɛn\], literally *Romilly on Seine*) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1793  1,989       1800  2,166 +1.23%  1806  2,294 +0.96%  1821  2,478 +0.52%  1831  3,117 +2.32%  1836  3,341 +1.40%  1841  3,737 +2.27%  1846  3,831 +0.50%  1851  3,738 −0.49%  1856  3,945 +1.08%  1861  4,290 +1.69%  1866  4,534 +1.11%  1872  5,030 +1.75%  1876  5,190 +0.79%  1881  5,283 +0.36%  1886  6,938 +5.60%  1891  7,244 +0.87%  1896  7,978 +1.95% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1901  9,001 +2.44%  1906  9,929 +1.98%  1911  11,371 +2.75%  1921  12,943 +1.30%  1926  13,399 +0.69%  1931  14,073 +0.99%  1936  13,977 −0.14%  1946  13,314 −0.48%  1954  13,731 +0.39%  1962  15,753 +1.73%  1968  17,038 +1.32%  1975  17,397 +0.30%  1982  15,937 −1.24%  1990  15,557 −0.30%  1999  14,616 −0.69%  2007  14,167 −0.39%  2012  13,968 −0.28%  2017  14,451 +0.68% |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) | |

## International relations

Romilly-sur-Seine is twinned with:

## Notable people

* Béatrice Saubin (1959–2007), first foreign national to be sentenced to death for drug smuggling in Malaysia

## InfoBox

| Romilly-sur-Seine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Romilly-sur-Seine | |
|  | |
| Location of Romilly-sur-Seine | |
| Romilly-sur-SeineRomilly-sur-Seine | |
| Coordinates: 48°31′00″N 3°43′39″E / 48.5167°N 3.7275°E / 48.5167; 3.7275 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Canton | Romilly-sur-Seine |
| Intercommunality | Portes de Romilly-sur-Seine |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Eric Vuillemin |
| Area**1** | 25.32 km2 (9.78 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 14,766 |
| Density | 580/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10323 /10100 |
| Elevation | 100–126 m (328–413 ft)
(avg. 75 m or 246 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |