title: Hawke–Keating government

abstract: The Hawke–Keating government is an all-encompassing term to describe the duration of the Hawke government and the Keating government, which together spanned from 11 March 1983 to 11 March 1996. Both governments were formed by the Australian Labor Party, and were led from 1983 to 1991 by Bob Hawke as Prime Minister, and from 1991 to 1996 by Paul Keating as Prime Minister, with Keating serving as Treasurer throughout the Hawke government. During the Hawke–Keating government, the Labor Party won five successive federal elections, its most electorally successful period to date; the 13-year uninterrupted period of government also remains the Labor Party's longest spell in power at the federal level. This period in Australia’s political history is also referred to as the Hawke-Keating era. The Hawke–Keating government began after the Fraser government was defeated at the 1983 election and ended with defeat at the 1996 election, which ushered in the Howard government. In between those elections were further victories in 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993. The Hawke–Keating government has been described by Labor figures as the party's most successful period in government in its history, and has generally been reviewed positively by historians for its degree of achievement. Scholars and politicians have noted the importance of the powerful political and personal partnership that developed between Hawke and Keating to the success of the government.

text:
# Hawke–Keating government

The **Hawke–Keating government** is an all-encompassing term to describe the duration of the Hawke government and the Keating government, which together spanned from 11 March 1983 to 11 March 1996. Both governments were formed by the Australian Labor Party, and were led from 1983 to 1991 by Bob Hawke as Prime Minister, and from 1991 to 1996 by Paul Keating as Prime Minister, with Keating serving as Treasurer throughout the Hawke government. During the Hawke–Keating government, the Labor Party won five successive federal elections, its most electorally successful period to date; the 13-year uninterrupted period of government also remains the Labor Party's longest spell in power at the federal level. This period in Australia’s political history is also referred to as the **Hawke-Keating era**.

The Hawke–Keating government began after the Fraser government was defeated at the 1983 election and ended with defeat at the 1996 election, which ushered in the Howard government. In between those elections were further victories in 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993. The Hawke–Keating government has been described by Labor figures as the party's most successful period in government in its history, and has generally been reviewed positively by historians for its degree of achievement. Scholars and politicians have noted the importance of the powerful political and personal partnership that developed between Hawke and Keating to the success of the government.

## Economic reforms

The economic reforms pursued by the Hawke–Keating government has been claimed by numerous economic commentators and journalists since to have been the basis for both the modernisation and internationalisation of the Australian economy, and for triggering an unprecedentedly long period of economic growth, with Australia's gross domestic product increasing every year for 30 years after 1991; commentators have also credited the government's policies with bringing to an end what had been chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties for Australia, enabling longer periods of stability and growth in both GDP and unemployment.

### Macroeconomic modernisation

According to the journalist Paul Kelly, "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system". Although the Fraser government had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the 1981 Campbell Report, opposition from Fraser himself had stalled this process. Shortly after its election in 1983, the Hawke government took the opportunity to implement a comprehensive program of economic reform, in the process "transform(ing) economics and politics in Australia". Hawke and Keating together led the process for overseeing the economic changes by launching a "National Economic Summit" one month after their election in 1983, which brought together business and industrial leaders together with politicians and trade union leaders; the three-day summit led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for widespread reform to follow.

Among other reforms, the Hawke government floated the Australian dollar, repealed rules that prohibited foreign-owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantled the protectionist tariff system, privatised several state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off part of the state-owned Commonwealth Bank. The government also pursued the establishment of a new signature industrial relations and wages policy, the Prices and Incomes Accord. This was an agreement directly between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the government to guarantee a reduction in demands for wage increases, in exchange for the government providing a significant increase in social programmes, including the introduction of Medicare and the Family Assistance Scheme; in so doing, the government was able to reduce inflation and unemployment over the decade. In the wake of the introduction of these macroeconomic reforms, in 1984 Keating was named Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year.

### Industrial relations policy

As a former ACTU President, Hawke was well-placed to engage in reform of the industrial relations system in Australia, taking a lead on this policy area as in few others. Working closely with ministerial colleagues and the ACTU Secretary, Bill Kelty, Hawke negotiated with trade unions to establish the Prices and Incomes Accord in 1983, an agreement whereby unions agreed to restrict their demands for wage increases, and in turn the government guaranteed to both minimise inflation and promote an increased social wage, including by establishing new social programmes such as Medicare.

Inflation had been a significant issue for the previous decade prior to the election of the Hawke government, regularly running into double-digits. The process of the Accord, by which the government and trade unions would arbitrate and agree upon wage increases in many sectors, led to a decrease in both inflation and unemployment through to 1990. Criticisms of the Accord would come from both the right and the left of politics. Left-wing critics claimed that it kept real wages stagnant, and that the Accord was a policy of class collaboration and corporatism. By contrast, right-wing critics claimed that the Accord reduced the flexibility of the wages system. Supporters of the Accord, however, pointed to the improvements in the social security system that occurred, including the introduction of rental assistance for social security recipients, the creation of labour market schemes such as NewStart, and the introduction of the Family Income Supplement. In 1986, the Hawke government passed a bill to de-register the Builders Labourers Federation federally due to the union not following the Accord agreements.

Despite a percentage fall in real money wages from 1983 to 1991, the social wage of Australian workers was argued by the government to have improved drastically as a result of these reforms, and the ensuing decline in inflation. The Accord was revisited six further times during the Hawke government, each time in response to new economic developments. The seventh and final revisiting would ultimately lead to the establishment of the enterprise bargaining system, although this would be finalised shortly after Hawke left office in 1991.

### Taxation, budget and interest rates

The Australian taxation system was significantly reformed during the period of the government, with income tax and company tax rates reduced and the introduction of a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax; the latter two reforms were strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but were never reversed by them when they eventually returned to office in 1996. Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community was the introduction of full dividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating. During this period, Keating advocated for the introduction of a consumption tax to address the chronic balance of payments problems being faced by Australia; after initially supporting this approach, Hawke later blocked the tax on the grounds of its unpopularity. Keating later caused considerable public comment and a degree of controversy, when he declared on a radio programme in 1986 that if Australia did not address the balance of payments, the country risked degenerating to the status of a "banana republic". The government increased efforts to deal with the issue, and no consumption tax to generate a significant increase in incomings, the government began a process to significantly reduce government outlays instead, resulting in some criticism from the grassroots of the Labor Party, who opposed any cuts to spending. Despite this criticism from some, the government was able to produce a national budget surplus for the years 1988, 1989 and 1990, with the surplus of 1988 proving to be the largest budget surplus in Australian history.

Towards the end of the 1980s, the government was heavily criticised by some for maintaining consistently high interest rates, which Hawke and Keating argued were necessary to reduce economic growth gradually so that demand for imports did not grow out of control. Throughout the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s, inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It has been suggested by some that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues. Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990, several months after the Hawke government had won an unprecedented fourth consecutive term in office. Announcing the recession, Keating memorably stated that the recession was a "recession Australia had to have". The remark was referred to by political journalist Paul Kelly as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "...however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."

### Compulsory superannuation and enterprise bargaining

During Keating's period as Prime Minister, the government legislated one of its most far-reaching achievements, the introduction of the National Superannuation Scheme, implemented to address Australia's long-term problem of chronically low national savings. This initiative built on policies that Keating had pursued whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire. In 1992, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing this retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major demographic shift in the coming decades, due to ageing population, and it was claimed that this would result in increased pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the Australian economy.

Keating's solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income, requiring compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds, permitting further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and introducing, where this was insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension. The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions. As a result of this policy, along with the gradual increases in the minimum contribution amount, Australia grew to become the fourth largest holder of pension fund assets in the world, with a balance of nearly AU$3 trillion in superannuation assets by 2020.

In the aftermath of the 1990 recession, Keating and his Treasurer, John Dawkins, countered the Opposition's 'Fightback!' proposals with a package that came to be known as 'One Nation', which involved using funding from the national budget surplus to produce new welfare-to-work programmes, as well as introducing a new degree of competition within the telecommunications and communications industries and creating the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA). 'One Nation' also proposed a series of further tax cuts for middle-income workers coming in two tranches, in 1993 and 1995, although these would later be deferred to 1995 and 1998, a move which cost the government considerable political support among the public. The final major economic policy development of the Hawke–Keating government was the introduction of an enterprise bargaining scheme as part of the final stage of the Prices and Incomes Accord, intended to allow for greater flexibility and economies of scale within industrial wage arbitration; much of this would be curtailed by the Howard government after 1996.

## Healthcare, education and social policy

### Introduction of universal health care

From 1983 to 1989, the government oversaw the permanent establishment of universal health care in Australia, with the creation of Medicare. Universal health care had already been introduced under the branding of *Medibank* by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, but this had been quickly curtailed by the Fraser government. Hawke and Keating argued that it would be necessary for Labor to win over several elections in order to embed Medicare, so that any future Coalition government could not dismantle it; this proved to be correct, with the Coalition accepting ahead of the 1996 election that Medicare would remain permanent. The establishment of Medicare formed part of the Prices and Incomes Accord, under which terms trade unions agreed to restrain their demands for wage increases in exchange for the establishment of social benefits such as Medicare.

The government also oversaw the introduction of a Pharmaceutical Allowance to help pay the cost of prescription medicines. The government's response to the 1980s AIDS crisis is also considered to have been a success by international standards. In addition, nursing education was transferred from hospital-based programs to the tertiary education sector, while Australia's first ever national mental health policy was proclaimed.

### Overhaul of education

The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a significantly increased period of funding for Australian education, with both men arguing that it would be one of the government's principle objectives to widen educational opportunities for all Australians. Increased funding was made available for most schools, while both TAFE and higher education were dramatically expanded. Measures were also taken to improve educational opportunities for Aborigines, as demonstrated by the government providing funding of almost $100 million from 1984 to 1992 for parental education, student support and tutorial assistance through its Aboriginal Education Direct Assistance Program. In addition, an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Capital Grants Program was established to construct and renovate school buildings in remote area communalities.

Government expenditure on education, on a per-student basis, amounted to 136% for government schools and 71% for non-government schools. A Participation and Equity Program was also established which provided around $250 million mainly to schools with low retention to the end of secondary education. Student numbers in training and vocational education (mainly in TAFE colleges) rose by over 25% under Hawke. University enrolments rose by almost 57%, from 357,000 in 1984 to 559,000 in 1992. The percentage of students in secondary education rose substantially, from 35% in 1982 to 77% in 1992, partly as a result of greater financial assistance to students from low-income backgrounds. Most notably, at the beginning of the Hawke–Keating government, approximately 3 in 10 Australian children completed high school; by the end of the government in 1996, that number had risen to 9 in 10.

In 1989, the government gradually began a policy of re-introducing some fees for university study. It set up the **Higher Education Contributions Scheme** (HECS), which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). Under the original HECS, a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount (in which case it was called a HECS debt) and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means. The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and continues to this day.

### Welfare and social reforms

The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a massive expansion of targeted welfare assistance throughout its period in office, creating subsidised homecare services, eliminating poverty traps in the welfare system, increasing the real value of the old-age pension, reintroducing the six-monthly indexation of single-person unemployment benefits, and establishing a wide-ranging programme for paid family support, known as the Family Income Supplement. During the 1980s, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher than under the previous Fraser and Whitlam governments.

During the course of the government, benefits substantially improved the incomes of the bottom 20% of households, with rent assistance, family payments, and sole parent benefits all substantially boosted in real terms. According to some historians, when examining the economic reforms carried out during the Eighties in both Australia and New Zealand, "some modest case can be mounted for Labor in Australia as refurbisher of the welfare state". From 1983 to 1996, improved service provision, higher government transfer payments, and changes to the taxation system "either entirely offset, or at the very least substantially moderated, the increase in inequality of market incomes over the period". During the period 1983 to 1996, Australia was one of the leading OECD countries in terms of social expenditure growth, with total social spending increasing by more than four percentage points of GDP compared to an OECD average of around 2.5 percentage points.

"Active society" measures were also introduced in an attempt to limit the growth of poverty and inequality. From 1980 to 1994, financial assistance for low-income families in Australia increased from 60% of the OECD average in 1980 to 140% in 1994, and it is argued that the social and economic policies delivered under the government-trade union Accord had some substantial success in reducing family poverty, as characterised by reductions in child poverty from the early Eighties onwards. According to the OECD, the percentage of Australians living in poverty fell during the Hawke government's time in office, from 11.6% of the population in 1985–86 to 9.3% in 1989–90. Child poverty also fell dramatically under the Hawke–Keating government, with the percentage of children estimated to be living in poverty falling from nearly 16% in 1985 to around 11% by 1995. As noted by Brian Howe, social policy under Hawke was effective in reducing poverty and protecting those most vulnerable to massive social and economic change. According to some observers, "improvements in government policies and programs in income support payments, and services such as education, health, public housing and child care, and the progressive nature of the income tax system, have all contributed to the result that Australia appears to have become a more equal society over the period from 1981–82 to 1993–94".

The government's achievements in boosting financial support to low-income households were regarded by experts in the field as substantial, with the family assistance package bringing significant benefits to millions of low-income families in the years ahead. As noted by Ann Harding at the University of Canberra

"To appreciate the scale of these changes, let us look at the Browns, a hypothetical family. Mr Brown works for a low wage, Mrs Brown looks after two children, and they rent their home. In late 1982 the Browns received just under $13 a week in family allowance – about $25 per week in 1995–96 dollars. In contrast, in January 1996 a family like the Browns would receive $93.10 in family payment and up to $40 a week in rent assistance. You put this in perspective; such a family would have received assistance worth about 4 per cent of average weekly ordinary time earnings in November 1982, but 20 per cent of such earnings in early 1996. We are thus talking about very major changes in the amount of assistance available to low-income working families with children".

Further social reforms were achieved in the field of gender equality, with the passage of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the first bill of its kind in Australian history, which prohibited discrimination on the grounds of sexism.

## Aboriginal affairs

Although Hawke spoke throughout his time as Prime Minister of the idea of a treaty between Aboriginal Australians and the government, no such treaty was ever concluded though subsequent events. While Hawke did appointed Charles Perkins as Secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, making him the first Indigenous Australian to head a Commonwealth department, little concrete policy action was taken during this time. However, in 1985 the government did return ownership of Uluru (formerly known as Ayers Rock), with Governor General Sir Ninian Stephen presiding over the ceremony handing the title deeds to the local Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal people. The transfer was done on the basis that a lease-back to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and joint management by members of the local Mutijulu community would be settled upon.

### Land rights

During Keating's time as Prime Minister, he gave a high priority to progressing and defining Aboriginal Reconciliation. Robert Tickner was the Federal Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs from 1990 to 1996. The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established in February 1992 and in 1993 the government passed the *Native Title Act* in response to the High Court's historic decision in Mabo v Queensland. It was Australia's first national native title legislation. Six months after the Mabo Decision, Keating delivered his Redfern Park Speech to launch the *International Year for the World's Indigenous People*. Written by Keating's advisor Don Watson, it articulated the philosophical backdrop to the Keating government's subsequent *Native Title Act* and *Land Fund and Indigenous Land Corporation (ATSIC Amendment) Act 1995*, which amended the *Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989* to establish the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund and Indigenous Land Corporation. Little noticed at the time, the Redfern Speech is now recognised by many observers as historic and significant. Addressing remarks to non-indigenous Australia, Keating said:

> It begins, I think, with the act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the disasters. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion.

## Constitutional reforms and national debates

In April 1984, the Hawke government proclaimed *Advance Australia Fair* as Australia's national anthem, settling an ongoing debate, and at the same time declared green and gold as the national colours of Australia. The government later secured passage of the Australia Acts in 1986, officially severing remaining constitutional ties to the United Kingdom, and ending the inclusion into Australian law of British Acts of Parliament, and abolishing remaining provisions for appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.

Canberra's New Parliament House was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in a grand ceremony in May 1988 and Australian Bicentenary was marked by huge pomp and ceremony across Australia to mark anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney in 1788. The government refused to fund the tall ship First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage which was staged on Sydney Harbour on Australia Day because it believed this might offend indigenous Australians.

### Republicanism

During Keating's time as Prime Minister, he launched a significant period of public debate and discussion around the constitutional settlement within Australia, announcing that he wanted Australia to change its national flag because it contained the Union Jack within its design, and supporting Australian republicanism. In February 1992, Elizabeth II visited Australia for the Sydney Council's 150th anniversary and Keating greeted the Queen with a speech in which he spoke of a growing "national purpose" and "independence" in Australia. He was then accused by the British press of breaching protocol by putting his arm around the Queen's back. When queried about these events in Parliament on 27 February 1992, Keating launched a repudiation of Australian ties to Britain and called the Liberals "'bootlickers" and "lickspitters" and accused them of "cultural cringe to a country which decided not to defend the Malay peninsula, not to worry about Singapore, not to give us our troops back to keep ourselves free from Japanese domination".

Keating proceeded with measures to remove the symbolism of Monarchy in Australia, removing reference to the Queen from Citizenship and Ministerial Oaths. In April 1993, the establishment of a Republic Advisory Committee was announced; Keating advocated a minimalist change model involving parliamentary appointment of a president – this was criticised by members of the ALP left and by the new leader of the Australian Democrats, Cheryl Kernot who wanted more substantial change, such as direct election. The committee, chaired by Malcolm Turnbull of the Australian Republican Movement, submitted its report to the government on 5 October 1993 and Keating announced a working party of ministers to develop a paper for cabinet. Keating ultimately put forward a minimalist republican model. In June 1995, in a televised speech to Parliament entitled "An Australian Republic: The Way Forward", Keating outlined a minimalist plan for a republic involving a president selected by a two-thirds majority of Parliament, following nomination by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The reserve powers and ceremonial duties of the Governor-General were to be maintained. This was proposed to be put to a referendum in 1998 or 1999. After John Howard won the 1996 election and established the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998, which settled on a similar republican model to that proposed by Keating, this proposal was defeated in the 1999 Australian republic referendum.

## Foreign affairs

The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a period of significant change in Australia's foreign affairs and international policy. Hawke sought to raise Australia's international profile in the United States, Russia, China, Japan and south-east Asia and also took an interest in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; Keating, when Prime Minister, became a fierce advocate of greater Australian integration within ASEAN.

### Creation of APEC

Arguably the most significant foreign policy achievement of the government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The first APEC meeting duly took place in Canberra in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the Keating government's later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum.

Upon becoming Prime Minister, Keating developed this idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently elected US President Bill Clinton and Chinese Premier Li Peng to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating government's proposals for what became known as the Bogor Declaration, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, Keating became involved in a diplomatic incident with Malaysia when he described Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 APEC summit. Keating said, *"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Mahathir and any other recalcitrants."* The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.

### Asia

Elsewhere in Asia, the government played a significant role in the build-up to the United Nations peace process for Cambodia, culminating in the Transitional Authority; Foreign Minister Gareth Evans, who served under both Hawke and Keating, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiations. Hawke also took a major public stand in the aftermath of the Tiananmen square massacre in 1989; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered asylum to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.

Throughout his time as Prime Minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than Indonesia, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian Prime Minister to do so. Keating made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with Indonesian President Suharto, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. Keating's friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence, and by Nobel Peace Prize winner José Ramos-Horta. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the Timor Gap Treaty, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.

As part of a policy of cultivating ties with neighbouring Indonesia, the Hawke government negotiated a zone of co-operation in an area between the Indonesian province of East Timor and northern Australia, known as the Timor Gap Treaty, signed between the governments of Australia and Indonesia. The signatories to the treaty were then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans and then Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas. The treaty was signed on 11 December 1989 and came into force on 9 February 1991. It provided for the joint exploitation of petroleum resources in a part of the Timor Sea seabed which were claimed by both Australia and Indonesia and was considered controversial for its overt recognition of Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor.

### United States

Hawke developed a close relationship with Republican Party Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H W Bush, as well as Secretary of State George Shultz. By Hawke's own account, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the US Alliance, though, on various occasions, he had to persuade less enthusiastic members of his caucus to agree to the party line. In 1985, the MX Missile controversy saw Hawke, under pressure from within the Labor Party, withdraw support for the splash down and monitoring of long range missile tests planned by the United States in Australian waters. That same year, the ANZUS Alliance was shaken by the decision of New Zealand to block visits by nuclear ships of the United States Navy at New Zealand ports. Hawke unsuccessfully lobbied New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange to change the policy and the ANZUS Treaty faced its most serious test.

### Gulf War

In the biggest mobilisation of Australian Armed Forces since the Vietnam War, the government committed Australian naval forces to the 1991 Gulf War in support of the United States-led coalition against the regime of Saddam Hussein, following the invasion of oil-rich Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990.

The United States amassed a 30-nation coalition of some 30,000 troops and the UN Security Council issued an ultimatum to Iraq for the withdrawal. Operation Desert Storm, an air bombardment, followed by a 43-day war followed Iraq's failure to withdraw. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) provided vessels for the multi-national naval force, patrolling the Persian Gulf to enforce the UN sanctions. The government elected to maintain an Australian naval presence in the Gulf following the surrender of Iraq and 1991 Peace Treaty. Ultimately, though Iraq withdrew from Kuwait, its failure to adhere to other conditions of the 1991 Treaty led to the second Iraq War a decade later. In an address to the nation explaining Australia's involvement, Hawke said that to protect small nations, sometimes "tragically", we must fight for peace.

### Apartheid South Africa

Through his role on the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment into South Africa, building on work undertaken by his predecessor Malcolm Fraser, and in the process clashing publicly with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse of apartheid, and resulted in a high-profile visit by Nelson Mandela in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.

## Environmental policies

The government drew international attention for a series of notable environmental decisions, particularly in its second and third terms. In 1983, Hawke personally vetoed the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania, responding to a groundswell of protest around the issue. Hawke also secured the nomination of the Wet Tropics of Queensland as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, preventing the forests there from being logged. Hawke would later appoint Graham Richardson as Environment Minister, tasking him with winning the second-preference support from environmental parties, something which Richardson later claimed was the major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the 1990 election. In the government's fourth term, Hawke personally led the Australian delegation to secure changes to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, ultimately winning a guarantee that drilling for minerals within Antarctica would be totally prohibited until 2048 at the earliest. Hawke later claimed that the Antarctic drilling ban was his "proudest achievement".

## Bibliography

* Paul Kelly (1992). *The End of Certainty: The story of the 1980s*. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-227-6.
* Edwards, John (1996). *Keating: The Inside Story*. Penguin. ISBN 9780140266016.

## InfoBox

| Hawke–Keating government<br> | |
| --- | --- |
| <br> | |
| In office | |
| 11 March 1983 – 11 March 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | Bob Hawke (1983–1991)<br>Paul Keating (1991–1996) |
| Party | Labor |
| Origin | Won 1983 election |
| Demise | Lost 1996 election |
| Predecessor | Fraser government |
| Successor | Howard government |


title: John Dighton

abstract: John Gervase Dighton was a British playwright and screenwriter. Dighton was born in London to Basil Lewis Dighton, of West Kensington, an antiques dealer, author and poet, and his wife Beatrice Mary. He was educated at Charterhouse School and Caius College, Cambridge. His output during the 1940s included the last starring features of comedian Will Hay, and several George Formby films as well as the 1947 adaptation of Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby, and the 1943 war movie Undercover starring John Clements and Michael Wilding. In 1947, Dighton wrote his first play for the theatre, The Happiest Days of Your Life, which ran in the West End for more than 600 performances in 1948 and 1949. For Ealing Studios, he collaborated on the screenplays of such comedies as Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) and The Man in the White Suit (1952), sharing an Academy Award nomination for the latter. He gained a second nomination for the American-financed Roman Holiday (1953). Two of his stage plays, The Happiest Days of Your Life and Who Goes There!, were successfully adapted for the screen by Dighton himself, the former in collaboration with Frank Launder. He also wrote the 1955 comedy play Man Alive! that transferred to the West End the following year with Robertson Hare in the lead. He adapted the play Summer of the Seventeenth Doll. His final screen credit was his adaptation of Shaw's The Devil's Disciple, written in collaboration with Roland Kibbee. Dighton married Kathleen Marie Philipps in 1934.

text:
# John Dighton

**John Gervase Dighton** (8 December 1909  16 April 1989) was a British playwright and screenwriter.

Dighton was born in London to Basil Lewis Dighton, of West Kensington, an antiques dealer, author and poet, and his wife Beatrice Mary (née Franks). He was educated at Charterhouse School and Caius College, Cambridge.

His output during the 1940s included the last starring features of comedian Will Hay, and several George Formby films as well as the 1947 adaptation of Charles Dickens' *Nicholas Nickleby*, and the 1943 war movie *Undercover* starring John Clements and Michael Wilding.

In 1947, Dighton wrote his first play for the theatre, *The Happiest Days of Your Life*, which ran in the West End for more than 600 performances in 1948 and 1949. For Ealing Studios, he collaborated on the screenplays of such comedies as *Kind Hearts and Coronets* (1949) and *The Man in the White Suit* (1952), sharing an Academy Award nomination for the latter. He gained a second nomination for the American-financed *Roman Holiday* (1953).

Two of his stage plays, *The Happiest Days of Your Life* and *Who Goes There!* (known as *The Passionate Sentry* in the USA), were successfully adapted for the screen by Dighton himself, the former in collaboration with Frank Launder. He also wrote the 1955 comedy play *Man Alive!* that transferred to the West End the following year with Robertson Hare in the lead. He adapted the play *Summer of the Seventeenth Doll*.

His final screen credit was his adaptation of Shaw's *The Devil's Disciple*, written in collaboration with Roland Kibbee.

Dighton married Kathleen Marie Philipps in 1934.

## Partial filmography as screenwriter

## Selected plays

## Sources

* Gaye, Freda, ed. (1967). *Who's Who in the Theatre* (fourteenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 5997224.


title: Mirror Reporter

abstract: The Mirror Reporter is a weekly newspaper published in Clear Lake, Iowa.

text:
# Mirror Reporter

The ***Mirror Reporter*** is a weekly newspaper published in Clear Lake, Iowa.

## History of the Mirror Reporter

The first Clear Lake newspaper was the Independent, established by Silas Noyes and John M. Brainard. The first issue bore the date, February 10, 1860. Its publication was continued for about a year, when it was moved to Hancock Country. The Observer was then established in 1869. George E. Frost was the first proprietor of the Observer. After two years of editorship he sold the office to Judge M.P. Rosecrans who made the paper entirely independent, in tone and sentiment, where before it had been strongly republican. Mr. Rosecrans soon sold the office to parties in Belmond. Mr. Frost then purchased a new outfit and for 6 or 7 years was the editor. In 1879 he sold to Mr. Bush who changed the name to the Clear Lake Mirror. In April 1896, J.C. Davenport established another weekly paper here which he called the Clear Lake Reporter. These two weekly newspapers combined under one ownership with B. Dayton Merriman, who owned the Reporter, buying the Mirror in 1951. They operated as twin weeklies with the Mirror published on Tuesdays and the Reporter on Fridays until January 1955 when the two joined together to become the Mirror and Reporter. The Clear Lake Mirror-Reporter was sold by Mid-America Publishing Corporation in 1983 to Prefin, Inc. The team of Dave Presler and Michael Finnegan comprised the business which also owned other area newspapers. Presler moved on from the company and focus was placed to ownership of the Clear Lake paper by Finnegan. The paper publishes weekly on Wednesdays. On March 1, 2018, Mid-America Publishing Corporation re-acquired the Mirror-Reporter.

The staff of the Mirror Reporter is as follows:

* \- Publisher
* Marianne Gasaway - Editor: Marianne Gasaway joined the Clear Lake Mirror-Reporter as editor when Prefin acquired the newspaper from Mid-America Publishing Corp. in 1983. She performs a variety of duties, including coverage of city government and school issues, as well as all aspects of the news department. Following graduation from Newman High School in Mason City, she earned a BA degree in Journalism from Iowa State University.
* Katie Behr - Office Manager, Classifieds, Billing, Circulation, Obituaries, and Legals
* Kathleen Thul - Social & Legals, Obituaries, Production Manager
* Michelle Watson - Opinion, Sports, Agri.-Business, Home Buyers Guide, Production
* Chris Barragy - Photography, Website Coordinator, Graphic Design, and Production
* Larry Hahn - Distribution

## InfoBox

Mirror Reporter
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Mid-America Publishing |
| Editor | Marianne Gasaway |
| Founded | 1869 |
| Headquarters | 12 N. 4th St.
Clear Lake, Iowa 50428
United States |
| Circulation | 1,769 |
| Website | clreporter.com |


title: Urokotori

abstract: (うろこ取り, scale remover) A urokotori is a utensil used in Japanese cuisine to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking. Although it is possible to remove the scales with a knife, this is more difficult and there is a higher risk of cutting the skin of the fish, especially with small fishes; knife-scaling also risks cutting one's hand. The urokotori is pulled across the skin of the fish from the tail to the head repeatedly to remove the scales.

text:
# Urokotori

A ***urokotori*** (うろこ取り, *scale remover*) is a utensil used in Japanese cuisine to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking. Although it is possible to remove the scales with a knife, this is more difficult and there is a higher risk of cutting the skin of the fish, especially with small fishes; knife-scaling also risks cutting one's hand.

The urokotori is pulled across the skin of the fish from the tail to the head repeatedly to remove the scales.


title: Ilya B. Tsyrlov

abstract: Ilya Borisovich Tsyrlov is a Russian-American biochemist, molecular toxicologist and virologist. He is known for his studies and research on enzymology, drug metabolism, environmental toxicology, bioinformatics, virology, and cancer. Tsyrlov has authored 4 monographs, and co-authored over 280 publications on microsomal, purified and recombinant monooxygenases, and mechanisms of CYP induction by xenobiotics.

text:
# Ilya B. Tsyrlov

**Ilya Borisovich Tsyrlov** is a Russian-American biochemist, molecular toxicologist and virologist. He is known for his studies and research on enzymology, drug metabolism, environmental toxicology, bioinformatics, virology, and cancer. Tsyrlov has authored 4 monographs, and co-authored over 280 publications on microsomal, purified and recombinant monooxygenases, and mechanisms of CYP induction by xenobiotics.

## Education and career

Tsyrlov graduated in 1970 from Novosibirsk State Medical Academy, USSR, and received a PhD degree in biochemistry from the same institution (1973). In 1983 Tsyrlov earned higher Doctor of Sciences degree (biochemistry) from the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences. He held various positions at Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics in Russian Academy of Sciences, including head of laboratory and chair of the Department of Xenobiochemistry. In 1990, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) hired him for a position of a senior enzymologist at the Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis (headed by Harry Gelboin), National Cancer Institute. Since 1994 he held positions of research associate professor/professor/visiting professor at the Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), New York, NY.

In 2005, Tsyrlov founded Xenotox, Inc, a life sciences consulting company implementing an earlier discovered site-directed synthesis of long-acting drugs, and studying the transactivation of the human herpesviruses by body burden dioxins. He was elected an emeritus member of International Society for Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX). Dr. Tsyrlov has lectured and keynoted at research seminars and conferences on many occasions.

## Research

Tsyrlov used protonophores and probes affecting arachidonic acid of phospholipids in endoplasmic reticulum to show different compartmentalized hydrobobic clusters coupled with substrate-binding and electron-accepting moieties of membrane bound cytochrome P450 (CYP). Following up discovery of mechanism for “phenobarbital-type” induction of CYP2B6 and applicability of induced-fit hypothesis for membrane-bound enzymes, Tsyrlov with Konstantin Gerasimov prioritized method how to convert first-line antipyretic and antimalarial medicines into their long-acting forms. Tsyrlov and Dmitry Oshchepkov revealed numerous DREs in genes encoding XAP2 and HSP90AA1 chaperone proteins complexing with ligand-free cytoplasmic Ah-receptor. Tsyrlov also conducted research on cDNA-expressed mammalian CYPs as preferred tests for major medical conditions. Tsyrlov revealed that human CYP1A2 is the catalyst of ethanol and uroporphyrinogen oxidation. Tsyrlov and Andrey Pokrovsky discovered TCDD ability to increase HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity, HIV-1 p24 antigen, and augment HIV-1-LTR CAT construct in HIV-1-infected CD4+ cells, all mediated via the AhR/(bHLH)/Per-Arnt-Sim transcriptional pathway, which thereafter has been shown to involve in trans-activation of some human herpesviruses.

## Selected publications

* Tsyrlov, I.B., Gromova, O.A., Lyakhovich, V.V. (October 1976). “Mechanism of inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrozone and sodium deoxycholate of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed hepatic microsomal drug metabolism”. The Biochemical Journal. 160(1):75-83. DOI:10.1042/bj1600075
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Zakharova-Polyakova, N.E., Gromova, O.A., Pospelova, L.N., Lyakhovich, V.V. (October 1978). “An in vivo – in vitro comparison of the effects of bile acids on the structural organization and functional activity of liver microsomal monooxygenases”. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 20:131-143. DOI:10.1016/0014-4800(78)90033-3
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Zakharova, N.E., Gromova, O.A., Lyakhovich, V.V. (January 1976). “Possible mechanism of induction of liver microsomal monooxygenase by phenobarbital”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 421:44-56. DOI:10.1016/0304-4165(76)90168-9
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Gerasimov, K.G. (May 1986). “New Approach to Production of Prolong Acting Medicines Facilitating Hepatic Drug Detoxification System“. Patent SU/EP: 1457593 A1 4 G 01 N 33/48
* Nedosekina, E.A., Oshchepkov, D.Yu., Mordvinov, V.A., Katokhin, A.V., Kuznetsova, T.N., Shamanina, M., Tsyrlov, I.B. (August 2007). “Detection of new potentially active DRE sites in the regulatory region of human genes encoding components of Ah receptor cytosolic complex”. Organohalogen Compounds 69(2):1890-1894. ISSN:1026-4892
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Goldfarb, I.S., Gelboin, H.V. (December 1993). “Enzyme-kinetic and immunochemical characteristics of mouse cDNA-expressed, microsomal, and purified CYP1A1 and CYP1A2”. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 307:259-266. DOI:10.1006/abbi.1993.1588
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Mikhailenko, V.M., Gelboin, H.V. (March 1994). “Isozyme- and species-specific susceptibility of cDNA-expressed CYP1A P-450s to different flavonoids”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1205:325-335. DOI:10.1016/0167-4838(94)90252-6
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Pokrovsky, A.G. (September 1993), “Stimulatory effect of the CYP1A1 inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the reproduction of HIV-1 in human lymphoid cell culture”. Xenobiotica 23:457-467. DOI:10.3109/00498259309057034
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Shur, I.N. (August 2008). "Mechanistic Insight into Activation by Dioxin-Type Xenobiotics of Cancer-Linked Common Human Viruses and HIV-1 Virus". The Lancet Infectious Diseases 8:P496-9. DOI:10.1016/70172–5
* Tsyrlov, I.B., Shur, I.N., Oshchepkov, D.Yu., Pokrovsky, A.G. (June 2012). "Xenobiotical virology: novel mechanistic concept of hazardous human viruses upregulation by body burden level of dioxins via AhR-mediated transcriptional pathway". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16(Suppl. 1):e112-9. DOI:org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.258.e112

## InfoBox

| Ilya Tsyrlov | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ilya Borisovich Tsyrlov |
| Nationality | American-Russian |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | * research on metabolism and health effects of dioxins |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Systems of Normal and Cirrhotic Liver (1973); “Induction by Xenobiotics and Functional Peculiarity of Membrane-Bound Monooxygenases”.*  (1983) |
|  | |


title: Hygrocybe bolensis

abstract: Hygrocybe bolensis is a mushroom of the waxcap genus Hygrocybe. Generally found growing in soil in moist, shady conditions. It was described in 2000 by the mycologist Anthony M. Young.

text:
# Hygrocybe bolensis

***Hygrocybe bolensis*** is a mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. Generally found growing in soil in moist, shady conditions. It was described in 2000 by the mycologist Anthony M. Young.

## InfoBox

| *Hygrocybe bolensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ferndale Park, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | *Hygrocybe* |
| Species: | ***H. bolensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hygrocybe bolensis***<br>A.M.Young 2000 | |
|


title: One Fish, Two Fish, Crawfish, Bluefish

abstract: One Fish, Two Fish, Crawfish, Bluefish: The Smithsonian Sustainable Seafood Cookbook (ISBN 1-58834-169-0) is a collection of seafood recipes specifically chosen for their environmental sustainability. It was written by Carole C. Baldwin and Julie H. Mounts, illustrated by Charlotte Knox, and published in October 2003 by Smithsonian Institution Press. The title of the book is a reference to One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, a popular children's book by the famous children’s author Dr. Seuss.

text:
# One Fish, Two Fish, Crawfish, Bluefish

***One Fish, Two Fish, Crawfish, Bluefish: The Smithsonian Sustainable Seafood Cookbook*** (ISBN 1-58834-169-0) is a collection of seafood recipes specifically chosen for their environmental sustainability. It was written by Carole C. Baldwin and Julie H. Mounts, illustrated by Charlotte Knox, and published in October 2003 by Smithsonian Institution Press.

The title of the book is a reference to *One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish*, a popular children's book by the famous children’s author Dr. Seuss.


title: Rusty Willoughby

abstract: Rusty Willoughby is an American musician born in Staten Island and currently living in Vashon, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. As of 2011, he has been vocalist, songwriter and guitarist or bass guitarist for several Seattle based bands: Pure Joy, Flop (1990–1995), Llama (2005–2008), and Cobirds Unite (2010–). He also briefly played drums for the Fastbacks. He also played with Kurt Bloch of the Fastbacks, Jonathan Poneman, and Scott Sutherland in a Cheap Trick cover band called Sick Man of Europe, and appeared in the film Hype!, a documentary directed about the popularity of grunge rock.

text:
# Rusty Willoughby

**Rusty Willoughby** (born June 30, 1966) is an American musician born in Staten Island and currently living in Vashon, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. As of 2011, he has been vocalist, songwriter and guitarist or bass guitarist for several Seattle based bands: Pure Joy (1984–1989, 1997–2004), Flop (1990–1995), Llama (2005–2008), and Cobirds Unite (2010–). He also briefly played drums for the Fastbacks. He also played with Kurt Bloch of the Fastbacks, Jonathan Poneman (co-founder of the record label Sub Pop), and Scott Sutherland (of Seattle bands Model Rockets and Chemistry Set) in a Cheap Trick cover band called Sick Man of Europe, and appeared in the film *Hype!*, a documentary directed about the popularity of grunge rock.

## Musical style

In a 1999 review of Willoughby's self-titled solo album, Don Yates of KEXP-FM described his "Beatlesque songcraft" as "bring\[ing\] to mind the starker side of Elliott Smith."

## Discography

### Solo albums

* *Rusty Willoughby* self-released, 1999)
* *Filament Dust* (self-released, 2009)
* *Cobirds Unite* (self-released, 2010)
* *Adult Soft Record* (self-release, 2012)
* *Anti* (self-released, 2013)

### Solo singles

* "Here Come the Weakened" / "And the World Moves On" (Sub Pop, 1999, 7-inch vinyl)

### Flop albums

### Flop EPs and Singles

### Pure Joy albums and EPs

* *Pure Joy* (Dwindle Music, 1986, EP)
* *Carnivore* (PopLlama, 1989)
* *Sore Throte, Ded Goat* (No Threes, 1989 or 1990, EP)
* *Unsung* (Flydaddy, recorded 1987, released 1994)
* *Getz the Worm* (Flydaddy, 1997)
* *Gelatin and Bright* (Book Records, 2003)

## InfoBox

| Rusty Willoughby | |
| --- | --- |
| Willoughby (right) backed by Scott Sutherland of the Model Rockets (2009) | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Rusty Willoughby |
| Born | (1966-06-30) 30 June 1966<br>Staten Island, NYC |
| Origin | Vashon Island, Washington, United States |
| Genres | Rock |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, Drums, Singing |
|  | |
| Website | http://rustywilloughby.com |


title: R36 (South Africa)

abstract: The R36 is a provincial route in South Africa that connects the N1 at Bandelierkop with Ermelo, via Tzaneen and Lydenburg. It is co-signed with the N4 for 8 kilometres between Machadodorp and Patattanek, with a tollgate on this section. It used to extend further south past Ermelo to Amersfoort, but that section is now designated as part of the N11.

text:
# R36 (South Africa)

The **R36** is a provincial route in South Africa that connects the N1 at Bandelierkop with Ermelo, via Tzaneen and Lydenburg. It is co-signed with the N4 for 8 kilometres between Machadodorp and Patattanek, with a tollgate on this section. It used to extend further south past Ermelo to Amersfoort, but that section is now designated as part of the N11.

## Route

Detailed Route

### Limpopo

The R36 begins at a junction with the N1 national route in Bandelierkop (just north of the N1's Capricorn Toll Plaza), 70 kilometres north of Polokwane and 35 kilometres south of Louis Trichardt. It begins by going south-east for 46 kilometres, through Morebeng, to reach a junction with the R81 road. The R36 & R81 share one road eastwards for 1.5 kilometres before the R81 becomes its own road towards the north-east. The R36 continues south-east for 30 kilometres, through Modjadjiskloof, to reach a junction with the R71 road and enter the city of Tzaneen.

The R71 joins the R36 and they share one road southwards into the city, crossing the Great Letaba River next to the Tzaneen Dam, up to the off-ramp junction with the R528 road, where the R71 becomes the road east-north-east while the R36 remains on the southerly road. Right after this interchange, the R36 bends eastwards, turning right by the Boundary Street junction, then right by the Danie Joubert Street junction, to continue south-east.

From Tzaneen, the R36 goes south-east for 85 kilometres, bypassing Nkowankowa, through Ofcolaco, to cross the Olifants River at The Oaks and reach a t-junction with the western terminus of the R527 road. The R36 becomes the road to the south-south-west from this junction and continues for 51 kilometres, partially as the Abel Erasmus Pass, to meet the north-eastern terminus of the R555 road, cross the Ohrigstad River and enter the town of Ohrigstad. From the Ohrigstad Town Centre, the R36 heads southwards for 18 kilometres to cross the Ohrigstad River one more time, before meeting the western terminus of the R533 road and leaving the Limpopo Province to enter the Mpumalanga Province.

### Mpumalanga

From the R533 junction, the R36 goes south for 27 kilometres to enter the city of Lydenburg (Mashishing) and meet the R37 road. The R37 joins the R36 and they share one road into the town as De Clerq Street, then east as Voortrekker Street, up to the Viljoen Street junction, where the R36 becomes Viljoen Street southwards while the R37 remains facing east. The R36 goes southwards for 2 kilometres to meet the north-eastern terminius of the R540 road (which connects to Dullstroom and Belfast).

From the R540 junction in Lydenburg, the R36 goes south-south-west for 47 kilometres, crossing the Crocodile River next to the Kwena Dam, to meet the western terminus of the R539 road at a t-junction. The R36 becomes the road south-west from this junction and heads for 15 kilometres to reach an interchange with the N4 national route (Maputo Corridor).

The R36 joins the N4 national route and they share one road south-west for 8 kilometres, with a tollgate (Machado Toll Plaza) on this stretch, up to the town of Machadodorp (eNtokozweni). Just after crossing the Elands River in Machadodorp, the R36 leaves the N4 and becomes its own road eastwards as Molen Street, then southwards at the next junction, where it meets the north-western terminus of the R541. The R36 goes southwards for 49 kilometres, bypassing the Doornkop Fish and Wildlife Reserve, to enter the town of Carolina.

In Carolina Town Centre, the R36 meets the R33 road and the R38 route. The R38 stops co-signing with the R33 westwards and starts co-signing the R36 southwards. The R38 & R36 share one road for 4 kilometres before the R38 becomes its own road westwards while the R36 remains facing southwards. The R36 continues southwards for 26 kilometres to the town of Breyten.

From Breyten, the R36 heads southwards for 20 kilometres to reach its southern terminus, at a junction with the N17 national route about 8 kilometres north-east of the town centre of Ermelo.

## InfoBox

| Provincial route R36 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by SANRAL, RAL and MDPWRT | |
| Length | 450 km (280 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | N1 near Bandelierkop |
| Major intersections | R81 near Modjadjiskloof
R71 in Tzaneen
R37 in Lydenburg
N4 at Patattanek
N4 in Machadodorp
R33 / R38 in Carolina |
| South end | N17 near Ermelo |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Major cities | Modjadjiskloof, Tzaneen, Ohrigstad, Lydenburg, Machadodorp, Carolina, Breyten, Ermelo |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R35   R37 | |


title: Natural refrigerant

abstract: Natural refrigerants are considered substances that serve as refrigerants in refrigeration systems. They are alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) based refrigerants. Unlike other refrigerants, natural refrigerants can be found in nature and are commercially available thanks to physical industrial processes like fractional distillation, chemical reactions such as Haber process and spin-off gases. The most prominent of these include various natural hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water. Natural refrigerants are preferred actually in new equipment to their synthetic counterparts for their presumption of higher degrees of sustainability. With the current technologies available, almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.

text:
# Natural refrigerant

**Natural refrigerants** are considered substances that serve as refrigerants in refrigeration systems (including refrigerators, HVAC, and air conditioning). They are alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) based refrigerants. Unlike other refrigerants, natural refrigerants can be found in nature and are commercially available thanks to physical industrial processes like fractional distillation, chemical reactions such as Haber process and spin-off gases. The most prominent of these include various natural hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water. Natural refrigerants are preferred actually in new equipment to their synthetic counterparts for their presumption of higher degrees of sustainability. With the current technologies available, almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.

## Background

Synthetic refrigerants have been used in refrigeration systems since the creation of CFCs and HCFCs in 1929. When these refrigerants leak out of systems and into the atmosphere they can have adverse results on the ozone layer and global warming. CFC refrigerants contain carbon, fluorine, and chlorine and become a significant source of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere after their photolytic decomposition by UV radiation. Released chlorine also becomes active in destroying the ozone layer. HCFCs have shorter atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs due to their addition of hydrogen, but still have adverse effects on the environment from their chlorine elements. HFCs do not contain chlorine and have short atmospheric lives, but still absorb infrared radiation to contribute to the greenhouse effect from their fluorine elements.

In 1987 the Montreal Protocol first acknowledged these dangers and banned the use of CFCs by 2010. A 1990 amendment included agreements to phase out the use of HCFCs by 2020 with production and import being eliminated by 2030. HFC refrigerants, which have a negligible impact on the ozone layer, were seen as viable replacements, but these too have a high impact on global warming. The Kigali amendment of 2016 calls for these HFCs to be cut back by 80% over the next 30 years. Natural refrigerants are one of the potential options for replacement of HFCs, and are growing in usage and popularity as a result. The natural refrigerant industry is expected to have a compounded annual growth rate of 8.5% over the next 4 years, and is expected to become a US$2.88 billion industry by 2027.

### Sustainability metrics

Refrigerants are typically evaluated on both their global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP). The GWP scale is standardized to carbon dioxide, where the refrigerant's value is the multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide over a period of time. This is generally measured over a 100-year period. ODP measures the relative impact of a refrigerant to the ozone layer, standardized to R-11, which has a value of 1.

GWP and ODP vary greatly among the different refrigerants. CFCs are generally the highest impact, with a high GWP and ODP. HCFCs have similar GWP values and medium ODP values. HFCs again have similar GWP values but a zero ODP value. Natural refrigerants have low to zero GWP values and zero ODP values. Natural refrigerants are therefore gaining increased interest to replace HFCs and offer a more sustainable option for refrigeration.

ODP and GWP of Select Synthetic and Natural Refrigerants
| Classification | Refrigerant | Ozone Depletion Potential | Global Warming Potential |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CFC | R-12 | 1 | 10,900 |
| | R-502 | 0.33 | 4,657 |
| HCFC | R-22 | 0.055 | 1,810 |
| | R-123 | 0.06 | 77 |
| HFC | R-23 | 0 | 14,800 |
| | R-32 | 0 | 675 |
| Natural | R-170 (Ethane) | 0 | 6 |
| | R-744 (Carbon Dioxide) | 0 | 1 |
| | R-717 (Ammonia) | 0 | 0 |
| | R-718 (Water) | 0 | 0 |

## Refrigerants

### Hydrocarbons as refrigerants

Pure hydrogen compounds see moderate use in refrigeration. Hydrocarbons are a viable option as refrigerants because, besides providing cooling properties, they are also plentiful and energy efficient. They are rated to be up to 50% more energy efficient than synthetic refrigerants. Hydrocarbons are also environmentally friendly, as they exist in nature and rank low on the global warming potential (GWP) scale. Historically, hydrocarbons have mainly seen use as a refrigerant for industrial chilling and refrigeration, but with the current shift towards natural refrigerants they are starting to see an increase in use in other areas of refrigeration. They are the favored refrigerant of many European countries.

Hydrocarbons used as refrigerants include:

#### Flammability

The main detriment of using hydrocarbons as refrigerants is that they are extremely flammable at higher pressures. In the past, this risk was mitigated by turning hydrocarbons into CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs, but with the increasing avoidance of such substances, the problem of flammability must be addressed. Refrigeration systems work by pressurizing the refrigerant to a point where it begins to display refrigerant properties, but with the risk of pressurizing hydrocarbons there is a higher level of caution needed for the internal pressure. In order for hydrocarbons to combust, there must first be a release of hydrocarbons which mix with the correct proportion of air, and then an ignition source must be present. The range of flammability for hydrocarbons lie between 1 and 10%, and an ignition source must have an energy greater than 0.25 J or a temperature greater than 440 °C.

Current safety measures regarding the usage of hydrocarbons are outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA guidelines of hydrocarbon usage as a refrigerant include specifically designating pressure ranges for hydrocarbon refrigerant systems, ensuring the removal of potentially fire-starting components from hydrocarbon refrigerant systems such as electrical components prone to sparking, and placing standards on the construction of the systems to ensure a higher level of safety. Installing ventilation such that the concentration in air would be less than the flammability limit and reducing the maximum charge size of the refrigerant are other viable safety measures. Technological advances to reduce the total refrigerant charge amount have been recently obtained using aluminum mini-channel heat exchangers.

#### Applications and uses

Hydrocarbon refrigerant markets have been growing as a result of increased concern for environmental effects of typical synthetic refrigerants. According to ASHRAE, available equipment that utilizes hydrocarbon refrigerant includes the following:

* Systems with small charges such as domestic refrigerators, freezers, and portable air conditioners
* Stand-alone commercial refrigeration systems including beverage and ice-cream machines
* Centralized indirect systems for supermarket refrigeration
* Transport refrigeration systems for trucks
* Chillers in the range of 1 kW – 150 kW

### Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant (R-744)

Carbon dioxide has seen extensive use as a refrigerant. Carbon dioxide's main advantage as a refrigerant stems from the fact that it is classified as an A1 refrigerant by the EPA, placing it in the least toxic and hazardous category for refrigerants. This makes carbon dioxide a viable refrigerant for systems that are used in areas where a leak could cause exposure. Carbon dioxide sees extensive use in large-scale refrigeration systems, sometimes via a cascade refrigeration system. It is also used sparingly in automotive refrigeration, and is seen as favorable for uses in domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Carbon dioxide is also both plentiful and inexpensive. These factors have led to carbon dioxide being used as a refrigerant since 1850, when it was patented for use as a refrigerant in the United Kingdom. Carbon dioxide usage at the time was limited due to the high pressures required for refrigerant properties to manifest, but these pressures can be easily reached and sustained with current pressurization technology.

The main concern over the use of carbon dioxide in refrigeration is the increased pressure required for carbon dioxide to act as a refrigerant. Carbon dioxide requires higher pressures to be able to condense within the cooling system, meaning that it has to be pressurized more than the other natural refrigerants. It can require up to 200 atmospheres to achieve adequate pressure for condensation. Refrigerant systems using carbon dioxide need to be built to withstand higher pressures. This prevents old coolant systems from being able to be retrofitted in order to use carbon dioxide. However, if carbon dioxide is used as a part of a cascade refrigeration system, it can be used at lower pressures. Using carbon dioxide in cascade refrigeration systems also means that the aforementioned benefits of availability and low price are applicable for a cascade system.

There are also benefits to the increased required pressures. Increased pressures yield higher gas densities, which allow for greater refrigerating effects to be achieved. This makes it ideal for cooling dense loads such as ones found in server rooms. It also allows for carbon dioxide to perform well under cold (-30 to -50 °C) conditions, since there are very small reductions in saturation temperatures for a given pressure drop. Plate freezers and blast freezers have noted improvements in efficiency and freezing time using carbon dioxide. There are also propositions for improved thermodynamic cycles to increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide at higher temperatures. Equipment with carbon dioxide refrigerant is also not necessarily heavier, bulkier, or more dangerous than similar equipment despite its higher working pressures due to reduced refrigerant volume flow rates.

When the pressure of carbon dioxide is raised above its critical point of 7.3773MPa it cannot be liquidized. Heat rejection must occur by cooling the dense gas, which creates a situation advantageous to water-heating heat pumps. These are particularly efficient with an incoming cold water supply.

### Ammonia as a refrigerant (R-717)

Ammonia (NH3) used as a refrigerant is anhydrous ammonia, which is at least 99.5% pure ammonia. Water and oil cannot exceed 33 and 2ppm respectively. Ammonia refrigerant is stored in pressurized containers. When the pressure is released it undergoes rapid evaporation causing the temperature of the liquid to drop until it reaches its boiling point of -33 °C (-28 °F), which makes it useful in refrigeration systems.

Ammonia has been used frequently in industrial refrigeration since it was first used in the compression process in 1872. It is used for its favorable thermodynamic properties, efficiency, and profitability. Ammonia is produced in massive quantities due to the fertilizer industry, making it relatively inexpensive. It has a GWP and ODP of zero, making ammonia leaks negligible on the climate. Ammonia is also tolerant to mineral oils and low sensitivity to small amounts of water in the system. The vaporization heat of ammonia is high and the flow rate low, which requires different technologies to be used than other refrigerants. The low flow rate has historically limited ammonia to larger capacity systems.

One of the largest issues with ammonia usage in refrigeration is its toxicity. Ammonia is lethal in certain doses, but proper preparation and emergency protocols can mitigate these risks down to as little as one death per decade, according to the EPA. The unusual smell of ammonia is one reason for that, which allows humans to detect leaks at as low as 5ppm, while its toxic effects begin above 300ppm. Exposure of up to thirty minutes can also be handled without lasting health effects. As a result, much of the hazard with using ammonia as a refrigerant is actually just a matter of public perception. The main focus of safety measures is therefore to avoid fast increases in concentration to a public panic level. Flammability is also not of particular concern, since the flammability range is 15-28%, which would be detected far in advance. It is classified as 2L by ASHRAE for low flammability.

#### Applications and uses

Ammonia based refrigerant applications can include the following:

Ammonia is expected to see increased use in HVAC&R industries as more officials become informed of its relative safety. It is already used in large heat pump installations and grocery stores, as well as in projects such as the International Space Station. Similar to carbon dioxide, ammonia can also be used in cascade refrigeration systems in order to improve the efficiency of the refrigeration process. There is an increasing use of cascade refrigeration systems that contain both ammonia and carbon dioxide. Absorption chillers with a water/ammonia mixture are also cost effective in some applications such as combined chilling, heat and power systems. Advancing technology also makes ammonia an increasingly viable option for small-scale systems.

### Water as a refrigerant (R-718)

Water is nontoxic, nonflammable, has a zero GWP and ODP value, and has a low cost. Technical challenges, such as water's high specific volume at low temperatures, high pressure ratios required across the compressor, and high temperatures at the outlet of the compressor, exist as barriers to the use of water and water vapor as a refrigerant. Additionally, some applications can find issues with sediment build-up and bacterium breeding, although these issues can be minimized with techniques such as adding chemicals to fight the bacteria and softening the water used.

Water is commonly used at higher temperatures in lithium-bromide absorption chillers, but the coefficient of performance (COP) in these applications is just one fifth of typical electric drive centrifugal chillers. Vapor compression refrigeration cycles are a rare application but do have the potential to yield high COPs due to the thermophysical properties of water. Beyond absorption chillers, water can be used in desiccant dehumidification/evaporative cooling, adsorption chillers and compression chillers. Water has also been proposed to be used in special rotary compressors, although the dimensions and price of these systems can become very large.

In typical heat pump systems water can be an ideal refrigerant substance, with some applications yielding COPs that exceed 20. This makes it an obvious choice for industrial applications with temperatures above 80 °C. Water has also shown to be viable as a refrigerant in ground source heat pumps

### Air as a refrigerant

Air is free, non-toxic, and does not negatively impact the environment. Air can be used as a refrigerant in air cycle refrigeration systems, which work on the reverse Brayton or Joule cycle. Air is compressed and expanded to create heating and cooling capacities. Originally, reciprocating expanders and compressors were used, which created poor reliability. With the invention of rotary compressors and expanders the efficiency and reliability of these cycles has improved, and alongside new compact heat exchangers makes air possible to compete with more conventional refrigerants.

### Noble gases as refrigerants

The noble gases are rarely used as refrigerants. The primary uses of noble gases as refrigerants is in liquid super coolant experimental systems in laboratories or in superconductors. This specifically applies to liquid helium, which has a boiling point of 4.2 K. They are never used for industrial or home refrigeration.

### Other natural refrigerants

These natural refrigerants are substances that can be used in refrigeration systems but are not used or are only used very rarely because of an availability of compounds that are either less expensive or are easier to handle and contain.

#### Oxygen compounds

#### Nitrogen compounds

## Lubricant

In refrigeration systems, oil is used to lubricate parts in the compressor to ensure proper function. In typical operations, some of this lubricant may inadvertently pass into another part of the system. This negatively impacts the heat transfer and frictional characteristics of the refrigerant. In order to avoid this, the lubricant oil needs to be sufficiently compatible and miscible with the refrigerant. CFC systems utilize mineral oils, however HFC systems are not compatible and need to rely on ester and polyalkylene-glycol based oils, which are significantly more expensive.

Hydrocarbons have a sign solubility with standard mineral oils, so very low solubility lubricants are needed. Polyalkylene Glycol and Polyalphaolefin are typically used in these systems for their low pour point and vapor pressures. Traditional oils cannot be used for lubricants in carbon dioxide systems since it is more solvent than most HFCs. Polyester oil is specifically designed to be used in carbon dioxide based systems and also helps to guard against increased bearing wear and maintenance costs that may come from a result of the higher stresses and pressures on a carbon dioxide system. Ammonia requires lubricants with low operating temperatures and high oxidation resistances, fluidity, and viscosity. Polyalphaolefin or Polyalphaolefin and Alkylbenzene blends are typically used.


title: John Leighton (artist)

abstract: John Leighton was an English artist notable for his book illustrations and book cover designs.

text:
# John Leighton (artist)

**John Leighton** (15 September 1822  15 September 1912) was an English artist notable for his book illustrations and book cover designs.

## Biography

Leighton was born in 6 Devfours Place, St James Westminster, Middlesex. He remained single for the majority of his life, living in an intergenerational household and working as an artist, primarily illustrations for Book covers, working under the pseudonym **Luke Limner**. His talent for design found early expression in the publication *Suggestions in Design ... for the Use of Artists and Art Workmen* (1852). This was a work that expounded Leighton's values and beliefs with regard to the history of design. He used the ornaments and designs repeatedly in the thirty years after its publication with regard to illustrations within books, and for many hundreds of drawings for book cover designs. In May 1863, he delivered a lecture *On Japanese Art* at The Royal Academy of Arts. He is buried in the Leighton family tomb in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Harrow on the Hill, which he designed in 1867. His tomb was listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England in April 2016.

Media related to John Leighton (artist) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| John Leighton FRS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1822-09-15)15 September 1822<br>St James Westminster, Middlesex |
| Died | 15 September 1912(1912-09-15) (aged 90) |
| Occupation | Book Cover Designer |


title: Mirror Stars

abstract: Mirror Stars is the first American album by the Fabulous Poodles. The album was a reconfigured version of their second British album Unsuitable with four tracks added from their debut album Fabulous Poodles. The album was well received by American critics and reached No. 61 in the Billboard 200 album chart in 1979.

text:
# Mirror Stars

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Dave Marsh |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | C |
| *Rolling Stone* | Favourable |

***Mirror Stars*** is the first American album by the Fabulous Poodles. The album was a reconfigured version of their second British album *Unsuitable* with four tracks added from their debut album *Fabulous Poodles*. The album was well received by American critics and reached No. 61 in the Billboard 200 album chart in 1979.

## Track listing

All songs written by Tony De Meur and John Parsons except where noted.

Side one:

1. "Mirror Star" – 4:27
2. "Work Shy" – 3:30
3. "Chicago Boxcar" – 3:56 (De Meur, Parsons, Jonathan Bentley, Robert Suffolk)
4. "Oh Cheryl" – 3:25
5. "Toytown People" – 2:10

Side two:

1. "Mr. Mike" – 3:38
2. "Roll Your Own" – 2:46 (Mel McDaniel)
3. "B Movies" – 3:18
4. "Tit Photographer Blues" – 2:48 (Jay Myrdal, De Meur, Parsons)
5. "Cherchez la Femme" – 3:38

"Work Shy", "Mr. Mike", "Roll Your Own" and "Cherchez la Femme" were recorded in June 1977 and were produced by John Entwistle.

## Personnel

* Tony De Meur – lead vocals, guitars, electric sitar, harmonica
* Richie C. Robertson – bass, guitar, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals
* Bobby Valentino – violin, mandolin, backing vocals
* Bryn Burrows – drums, percussion, backing vocals
* John Entwistle – bass on "Mr. Mike" and "Cherchez la Femme"

## InfoBox

| Mirror Stars | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fabulous Poodles | |
| Released | December 1978 (1978-12) |
| Recorded | Ramport Studios, London, 1977
Basing Street, London, 1978 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Epic |
| Producer | John Entwistle, Muff Winwood, Fabulous Poodles, Howard Kilgour |
| Fabulous Poodles chronology | |
| ***Mirror Stars***
(1978) *Think Pink*
(1979) | |


title: WUMN-LD

abstract: WUMN-LD is a low-power television station licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, serving the Twin Cities area as an affiliate of the Spanish-language network Univision. Owned by Bridge Media Networks, the station maintains a transmitter atop the Campbell Mithun Tower on South 9th Street in downtown Minneapolis.

text:
# WUMN-LD

**WUMN-LD** (channel 21) is a low-power television station licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, serving the Twin Cities area as an affiliate of the Spanish-language network Univision. Owned by Bridge Media Networks, the station maintains a transmitter atop the Campbell Mithun Tower on South 9th Street in downtown Minneapolis.

## History

The station began operating in 2005. In January of that year, after Equity Media Holdings's purchase of channel 13, the station was re-called WUMN-LP, to reflect its new Univision affiliation. Under Equity ownership, all of the station's operations were controlled from Equity's hub in Little Rock, Arkansas, with only engineering staff in the area and no local programming outside of some reporters contributing local stories to a newscast anchored from the Little Rock hub by Independent Network News.

WUMN was sold to SP Television on June 2, 2009, in Equity's bankruptcy auction. The sale closed on August 17, 2009. SP Television reached a deal to sell WUMN to Media Vista Group on December 21, 2012.

On October 29, 2013, WUMN was granted a construction permit by the FCC to transition its broadcast signal to digital on UHF channel 17, formerly occupied by the analog signal of KTCI. At the time, WUMN was the last television station broadcasting an analog signal in the Twin Cities market. Despite Twin Cities Public Television nominally being able to hold on to virtual channel 17, they instead chose to utilize KTCI as an extension of KTCA, and also number its stations as subchannels of channel 2. This allowed WUMN-LD the use of channel 17 as their new virtual channel number. In early November 2020, WUMN moved from RF channel 17 to their new allotment on RF channel 21, displaying as 21.1.

On September 18, 2023, it was announced that WUMN-LD and sister station KUKC-LD in Kansas City would be sold to Bridge Media Networks, led by investor Manoj Bhargava, for $2.25 million; the sale does not include the stations' Univision affiliations. The sale was completed on March 1, 2024.

## News

Equity also produced Spanish-language local newscasts at 5 and 10 p.m., originating out of the company's program production center in Davenport, Iowa. On June 6, 2008, Equity discontinued local newscasts at its six Univision affiliates, including WUMN. In 2009, WUMN debuted its new local show *Impacto Local*. Airing on a weekly basis, the program visually documents and informs the Twin Cities community on education, politics, immigration, news, sports, culture and music events.

## Subchannel

Subchannel of WUMN-LD
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21.1 | 720p | 16:9 | WUMN | Univision |
| | | 21.2 | NEWSnet | NewsNet |
| | | 21.3 | SNHtv | Sports News Highlights |
| 21.4 | | 480i | ShopHQ | ShopHQ |

* Deborah Caulfield Rybak (March 26, 2005). New at 5 and 10, news in Spanish. *Star Tribune*.

## InfoBox

WUMN-LD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | Univision Minnesota |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | **21.1:** Univision |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| Founded | September 26, 1985 |
| First air date | 2005 (2005) |
| Former call signs | K13UT, K33FB, WBWX-CA |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 13 (VHF, 2005–2013) * **Digital:** 17 (UHF, 2013–2020) * **Virtual:** 17 (2013–2020) |
| Former affiliations | The Box, MTV2 |
| Call sign meaning | Univision Minneapolis or Minnesota (postal abbreviation) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Class | LD |
| ERP | 15 kW |
| HAAT | 175.4 m (575 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 44°58′24.9″N 93°16′13.8″W / 44.973583°N 93.270500°W / 44.973583; -93.270500 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Website | www.univisionminnesota.com |


title: Uyên Linh

abstract: Trần Nguyễn Uyên Linh, better known as her stage name Uyên Linh, is a Vietnamese pop singer who won the third season of Vietnam Idol in 2010.

text:
# Uyên Linh

**Trần Nguyễn Uyên Linh** (born December 31, 1987), better known as her stage name **Uyên Linh**, is a Vietnamese pop singer who won the third season of *Vietnam Idol* in 2010.

## Biography

Uyen Linh was born in Ho Chi Minh City. After graduating from Le Hong Phong High School, she moved to Hanoi to study International Politics at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam. During her study there, she opened a small fashion shop near the school. It worked quite well. However, due to her busy schedule, the shop was subsequently closed. When in Hanoi, Uyen Linh also mastered the Northern accent, which is often considered standard in singing Vietnamese songs.

Uyen Linh's idol is Whitney Houston and her favorite genre is RnB. According to one of her interviews, she admires the voice of Whitney because "Whenever Linh hears her singing, Linh feels like unable to stray away from Whitney. Linh feels extremely focused on Whitney's graceful shape of the lips, body movement and emotions; especially those moments when she's sublimating on stage. It creates the wish inside that urges Linh to want to shine brightly like Whitney. So, for Linh, the title "Idol" carries a larger and more meaningful message than it appears, especially when Linh chose to be a singer. Linh thinks that one in a hundred of people who is chosen to be a singer and they need a strong source of support to continue the chosen path, whether it's right or wrong. For Linh, Whitney Houston represents that source."

In 2008, she auditioned for the second season of *Vietnam Idol* and the third series of *Sao Mai – Điểm hẹn* prior to re-auditioning for *Vietnam Idol* (season 3), but failed to make it through. She received special prizes from 2008 Soul of Melody, 2008 Let's Get Loud contest. She was a finalist of Northern region in pop genre of Sao Mai 2009 but she did not make it to the National.

## *Vietnam Idol* (Season 3)

Uyen Linh auditioned for the third season of *Vietnam Idol* in Hanoi. She advanced to top 10 from the semi-final by the selection of the judges. Uyen Linh's performances were highly applauded by the judges throughout the contests. However, she was in the bottom three in the fifth gala round and was originally eliminated from the show but later was saved thanks to Đăng Khoa's withdrawal (one of the judges later confirmed that they would have saved her otherwise). From top three, she received many positive feedbacks from the judges, audiences, and the mass media with her successful performances.

| Week | Theme | Song choice | Performance
order | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Audition | Auditioner's Choice | "If I Ain't Got You" | N/A | Advanced |
| Theater | Solo Performance
Group Performance | "Vẫn Hát Lời Tình Yêu" (*Still Singing Love Songs*)
"Giận anh" (*I'm Mad at You*) | N/A | Advanced |
| Semi-final | Random choices | "Với anh" (*With You*) | 6 | Advanced to Top 10 by the Judges' choice |
| Top 10 | Freestyles | "Những lời buồn" (*Those Sad Words*) | 10 | Safe |
| Top 9 | Pop/Rock | "Mùa đông sẽ qua" (*Winter will end*) | 5 | Safe |
| Top 8 | R&B/Hip-hop/Dance | "Lời của ánh mắt" (*Message of the eyes*) | 8 | Safe |
| Top 7 | International music | "Fallin'" | 2 | Safe |
| Top 6 | Unforgettable songs | "Khát vọng" (*Aspiration*) | 4 | Bottom 3 |
| Top 5 | Diva songs | "Trở lại tuổi thơ" (*Back to the Childhood*) | 1 | *Eliminated* (Saved thanks to Dang Khoa's withdrawal from the contest) |
| Top 4 | Duets | "Anh mãi là" (*You'll always be*) with **Mai Hương**
"Em và tôi" (*You and I*) with **Lân Nhã** | 1
4 | Safe |
| Top 3 | Judges' choice | "Chỉ là giấc mơ" (*Just a Dream*)
"Đường cong" (*The Curve*) | 1
4 | Safe |
| Top 2 | Contestant's choice
International music
Winning song | "Sao chẳng về với em" (*Why Don't You Come Back to Me*)
"Take Me to the River"
"Cảm ơn tình yêu" (*Grateful for the Love*) | 2
4
6 | **Winner** |
|

* **^1**  Đăng Khoa withdrew from the contest; therefore, Uyên Linh was saved from elimination.

## Post-*Idol*

Uyen Linh appeared on "2010 Moments" year-end talk show on K+, a cable channel of Vietnam Television and talked about her life after *Vietnam Idol*. She later was chosen as a Person of the Year 2010 by VTV. Early 2011, she released her debut single – *Cảm Ơn Tình Yêu* – her winning song from *Vietnam Idol* and received positive reception. She appeared on *Duyên dáng Việt Nam 23* for two nights, performing a cover of *Xích lô* and another song with My Linh, Hương Lan and Phuong Vy.

Quickly after her victory, she was invited to several music shows and events. It was rumored that she required about $2000 or 40 million dong for 2–3 songs each performance. Uyên Linh neither denied nor confirmed this rumor and commented that "I lack experience in dealing with show hosters". Linh was chosen to be an opening act for David Archuleta concert in Ho Chi Minh city on June 22, 2011.

Uyen Linh's debut album was originally set to be released in May, however, the album release was pushed back to late June. As of October 1, 2011, the release date of her debut album is yet to be confirmed. On October 22, 2011, Linh's debut music video for the song *Giấc mơ tôi* had its premiere on MTV Vietnam. Linh's promotional single *Người hát tình ca* was awarded January's "Song of the Month" in a program called *Favorite Song* organized by VTV despite the fact that the studio version of the single was not released until the release of the album. Her debut album *Giấc mơ tôi* was open for pre-order two days before the official release, all copies in the first phase was sold out in one day. Her album was officially released on February 9, 2012.

In 2023, Uyen Linh participated in the VTV3's reality singing show *Chị Đẹp Đạp Gió Rẽ Sóng*. Her solo cover of Hồ Quỳnh Hương's "Anh" (You/My Dearest) received positive reception during the show, praised for "her beautiful vocals imbued with deep emotions that touched the hearts."

## Discography

### Singles

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | "Cảm ơn tình yêu" (Thank You, Love) | *Vietnam Idol 2010* |
| 2011 | "Người hát tình ca" (One Who Sings Love Songs) | *Giấc mơ tôi* (My Dream) |
| 2012 | "Giấc mơ tôi" (My Dream) | |
| | "Mượn" | |
| 2013 | "Nơi cuối chân trời" (Where the Horizon Ends) |  |
| | "Chờ người nơi ấy" (Waiting For You Over There) | *Mỹ Nhân Kế* |

### Albums

#### Studio albums

| Title | Release date |
| --- | --- |
| *Giấc mơ tôi* | February 9, 2012 |

#### Compilation albums

| Title | Release date |
| --- | --- |
| *Vietnam Idol 2010* | January 2, 2011 |

### Music video

* *Giấc mơ tôi* (2011)
* *Mượn* (2012)
* *Nơi ấy có cha* (2013)
* *Chờ người nơi ấy* (2013)

### Unreleased songs

## InfoBox

| Uyên Linh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Trần Nguyễn Uyên Linh |
| Born | (1987-12-31) December 31, 1987 |
| Origin | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | BHD Entertainment |


title: Igor Nagayev

abstract: Igor Nagayev is a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two silver medals at Seoul in 1988, earning them in the K-2 500 m and K-4 1000 m events. Nagayev also won a bronze medal in the K-1 500 m event at the 1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Montreal.

text:
# Igor Nagayev

**Igor Nagayev** (born 22 February 1966) is a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two silver medals at Seoul in 1988, earning them in the K-2 500 m and K-4 1000 m events.

Nagayev also won a bronze medal in the K-1 500 m event at the 1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Montreal.

## InfoBox

Igor Nagayev
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1988 Seoul | K-2 500 m |
|  | 1988 Seoul | K-4 1000 m |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1986 Montreal | K-1 500 m |