title: Government Junta of Bolivia (1943–1944)

abstract: The Government Junta of Bolivia was a civil-military junta which ruled Bolivia from 20 December 1943 through 5 April 1944. It consisted of representatives of the armed forces through the Reason for Fatherland (RADEPA) military lodge as well as members of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). The President of the Junta was Colonel Gualberto Villarroel who came to power after a coup d'état which overthrew the government of Enrique Peñaranda. Immediately upon its inception, the junta faced a diplomatic blockade by the United States who viewed the MNR as sympathetic to the fascist powers of World War II and as such led the rest of Latin America in refusing to recognize the new regime until all members of the MNR were removed from the administration. After months of attempted negotiations and the removal of several cabinet ministers, the government finally relented and dismissed all remaining MNR members, dissolving the junta and entrusting Villarroel with the provisional Presidency of the Republic on 5 April 1944.

text:
# Government Junta of Bolivia (1943–1944)

The **Government Junta of Bolivia** (Spanish: *Junta de Gobierno*) was a civil-military junta which ruled Bolivia from 20 December 1943 through 5 April 1944. It consisted of representatives of the armed forces through the Reason for Fatherland (RADEPA) military lodge as well as members of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). The President of the Junta was Colonel Gualberto Villarroel who came to power after a coup d'état which overthrew the government of Enrique Peñaranda. Immediately upon its inception, the junta faced a diplomatic blockade by the United States who viewed the MNR as sympathetic to the fascist powers of World War II and as such led the rest of Latin America in refusing to recognize the new regime until all members of the MNR were removed from the administration. After months of attempted negotiations and the removal of several cabinet ministers, the government finally relented and dismissed all remaining MNR members, dissolving the junta and entrusting Villarroel with the provisional Presidency of the Republic on 5 April 1944.

## Formation

### 1943 coup d'état

By late 1942, the conservative government of President Enrique Peñaranda had become increasingly unpopular. The continued escalation of opposition ultimately resulted in the Catavi massacre in which anywhere from 19 to 400 striking miners were shot by the military on 21 December 1942. The massacre was the breaking point in the deteriorating relations between the government and the left-wing opposition led by the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement. In response, the MNR aligned itself with the RADEPA military lodge, formed from left-wing young officers sympathetic to the Military Socialist governments of David Toro and Germán Busch. Almost exactly a year after the massacre at Catavi, on 20 December 1943, the MNR and RADEPA launched a coup d'état which ousted President Peñaranda from office.

### Formation

Following the coup, a civil-military junta was established, composed of representatives of RADEPA and the MNR. The leader of the latter group was Víctor Paz Estenssoro who served as the main MNR representative in the junta through his position as Minister of Finance. Meanwhile, the journalist Augusto Céspedes served as the Secretary-General of the Junta. Other MNR militants were appointed to key ministerial positions within the new administration. While the MNR maintained an influential role in the junta administration, the presidency of the junta came under the control of Colonel Gualberto Villarroel of RADEPA. The portfolios of Government and National Defense were also given to RADEPA military officers Alberto Taborga and José Celestino Pinto.

### U.S. diplomatic crisis

An immediate crisis facing the newly installed junta was that of the reaction of the United States to the new government. The U.S. had enjoyed good relations with Peñaranda who had brought the country into World War II on the Allied side and had pledged the country's valuable tin resources to the war effort. While Paz Estenssoro assured that "the new Government does not alter Bolivia's international position at the side of the United Nations," the State Department nevertheless immediately suspended diplomatic relations and refused to recognize the legitimacy of the junta.

The U.S. suspected the MNR of fascist sympathies, with Ambassador Pierre de Lagarde Boal reporting that he believed it probable that the MNR had received military and financial support from German and Japanese firms in La Paz as well as from Argentina. On 10 January, Secretary of State Cordell Hull issued a memorandum to the other Latin American republics outlining the MNR as a "pro-fascist political party" and RADEPA as a group of "young army officers \[...\] under Nazi influence." It further reported that "Members of the Junta receive financial support from pro-Nazi sources. \[...\] Three million bolivianos were secured from German and Argentine sources for the revolt." As such by 28 January 1944, all 19 governments (except Argentina) participating in consultation regarding the new regime had refused to recognize the junta.

## Dissolution

The U.S. maintained heavy diplomatic and economic pressure on the junta for the remainder of its existence. The U.S. embassy refused all visas issued by the new government, technical assistance programs were suspended, and papers for Bolivian imports were not processed. In a bid to placate the U.S. government, President Villarroel dismissed three members of the junta on 11 February; Minister of Government Alberto Taborga as well as two top MNR officials, Secretary-General Augusto Céspedes and Minister of Agriculture Carlos Montenegro. They were replaced by Alfredo Pacheco, Wálter Guevara, and Rafael Otazo. Despite this, the U.S. maintained on 17 February that "it is not felt that these shifts have materially altered the character of the Junta."

Finally on 5 April 1944, the junta caved to U.S. pressure. The last MNR ministers; Secretary-General Guevara, Minister of Agriculture Otazo, and Minister of Finance Paz Estenssoro were all dismissed. Through a Decree of Law No. 0084, the junta then dissolved itself and appointed Gualberto Villarroel provisional President of the Republic under the pretext that the "call for elections for the formation of the Legislative and Executive Powers has started the process of Constitutionalization of the country."

## Members

Junta PresidentGualberto Villarroel Secretary-GeneralAugusto Céspedes,
from 20 December 1943Wálter Guevara,
from 11 February 1944

|
Government Junta of Bolivia
1943–1944 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Office | Minister | Representing | | Term | Days |
| President | **Gualberto Villarroel** |  | RADEPA | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1942 | 107 |
| Secretary-General of the Junta | Augusto Céspedes |  | MNR | 20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944 | 53 |
| | Wálter Guevara |  | MNR | 11 February 1944 – 5 April 1944 | 54 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs
and Worship
*(Chancellor)* | José Tamayo Solares |  | PSI | 20 December 1943 – 16 March 1944 | 87 |
| | Enrique Baldivieso |  | PSI | 16 March 1944 – 5 April 1944 | 20 |
| Minister of Government, Justice,
and Immigration | Alberto Taborga |  | RADEPA | 20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944 | 107 |
| | Alfredo Pacheco |  | RADEPA | 11 February 1944 – 5 April 1944 | 54 |
| Minister of National Defense | José Celestino Pinto |  | RADEPA | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Finance and Statistics | Víctor Paz Estenssoro |  | MNR | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Economy | Gustavo Chacón |  | Ind. | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Public Works
and Communications | Antonio Ponce |  | RADEPA | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Work, Hygiene,
and Social Security | Víctor Andrade Uzquiano |  | Ind. | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Education, Fine Arts,
and Indigenous Affairs | Jorge Calero |  | RADEPA | 20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944 | 107 |
| Minister of Agriculture, Livestock,
and Colonization | Carlos Montenegro |  | MNR | 20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944 | 53 |
| | Rafael Otazo |  | MNR | 11 February 1944 – 5 April 1944 | 54 |

## Bibliography


title: Valentín González (baseball)

abstract: Valentín "Sirique" González was a Cuban baseball center fielder in the Cuban League. He played from 1890 to 1912 with several ballclubs, mostly with the Habana club. He also played for the Jacksonville Jays of the South Atlantic League in 1905 and 1906. He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.

text:
# Valentín González (baseball)

**Valentín "Sirique" González** (1876 - death date unknown) was a Cuban baseball center fielder in the Cuban League. He played from 1890 to 1912 with several ballclubs, mostly with the Habana club. He also played for the Jacksonville Jays of the South Atlantic League in 1905 and 1906. He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.

## InfoBox

| Valentín González | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Center fielder** | |
| **Born:** 1876<br>Cuba | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |
| Member of the Cuban | |
| Baseball Hall of Fame | |
| Induction | 1939 |
|  | |


title: Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)

abstract: Govindachandra was the last known ruler of the Chandra dynasty in eastern Bengal.

text:
# Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)

**Govindachandra** (reigned c.1020 – c.1045) was the last known ruler of the Chandra dynasty in eastern Bengal.

## History

According to the Tirumalai inscription, during his reign, the kingdom faced a massive invasion by the Chola king, Rajendra Chola I between 10211024 CE. In the inscription he was identified as *Govindachandra of Vangaladesa*.

In early 1049 CE, the Kalachuri king, Karnadeva (reigned 10421072) also launched an attack on Govindachandra (which may have been the downfall of the Chandra dynasty). According to Bengali folk ballads, Govichandra gave up his crown to live the rest of his life as an ascetic.

* Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2003). *Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh*. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 7–21. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.

## InfoBox

| Govindachandra | |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | c.1020 – c.1045 |
| Predecessor | Ladahachandra |
| House | Chandra |
| Dynasty | Chandra |
| Father | Ladahachandra |
| Mother | Saubhagyadevi |
| Religion | Buddhism |


title: Valley Christian Schools (Ohio)

abstract: Valley Christian School is a private K–12 school in Youngstown, Ohio.

text:
# Valley Christian Schools (Ohio)

**Valley Christian School** is a private K–12 school in Youngstown, Ohio.

## History and background

Valley Christian was founded as Youngstown Christian in 1975, and is religiously affiliated with the Assemblies of God Christian denomination. It is sponsored by local Assemblies of God Churches, primarily "Highway Tabernacle". Its mission statement is to prepare students for a life of ministry to Jesus Christ. It is known for being the only school in the Mahoning County area to have a United States Academic Decathlon team and for winning the Small School state championship twice in USAD. It was founded as a place for the evangelical Christian population in the Mahoning County area to go as the only other private schools are Roman Catholic in denomination.  On June 2, 2013, 59 students graduated from Youngstown Christian, making it the largest class in the history of the school. Youngstown Christian was renamed Valley Christian in 2015 to better represent their geographic reach.

Valley Christian joined the White Division of the North Coast League for the 2015–2016 school year. They were previously in the East Suburban Conference. They then joined the Portage Trail Conference in 2017 and have been in the PTC ever since.

## InfoBox

| Valley Christian Schools | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 4401 Southern Boulevard
Youngstown, Ohio 44512
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°03′13″N 80°39′23″W / 41.053704°N 80.656434°W / 41.053704; -80.656434 |
| Information | |
| Motto | Love More, Expect More, Be More |
| President | Michael Pecchia |
| Principal | Melissa Watson |
| Grades | PK-12 |
| Color(s) | Royal blue and gold
 |
| Athletics conference | Eastern Ohio Athletic Conference |
| Team name | Eagles |
| Website | valleychristianschools.net |


title: Niechorze Lighthouse

abstract: Niechorze Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Niechorze, on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea, by a steep cliff. The lighthouse is located in Niechorze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Poland. The lighthouse is located in between the Kikut Lighthouse, and the Kołobrzeg Lighthouse.

text:
# Niechorze Lighthouse

**Niechorze Lighthouse** (Polish: *Latarnia morska Niechorze*) is a lighthouse in Niechorze, on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea, by a steep cliff. The lighthouse is located in Niechorze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Poland.

The lighthouse is located in between the Kikut Lighthouse (about 30 km to the west), and the Kołobrzeg Lighthouse (34 km to the east).

## History

The lighthouse in Niechorze is located at the edge of a steep cliff, with a height of 20 metres. The lighthouse's base is a 13-metre-high (43 ft) square-shaped building, on both sides of the tower. The light glare from the lighthouse can be seen 36 km away due to the 1000w light bulb which is enhanced by 20 prismal crystals. The lighthouse in Niechorze was commissioned by the German Ministry of Shipping in 1863 and started operating on 1 December 1866. Although the lighthouse did not suffer any war damage in World War II, after the liberation of Poland – 8 mines left by the Germans were discovered, and safely removed without detonation. After the end of the Second World War there was a considerable delay restarting the lighthouse, it was not until 18 December 1948 when the lighthouse was finally operational – this was due to the erosion of the cliff which the lighthouse was located close to; the authorities secured the cliff by putting large boulders and rock armour (500 metres of heavy concrete) to secure the cliff and provide a stable ground for the lighthouse. Currently the lighthouse is open to tourists, with a viewpoint – nearby the lighthouse there is a miniature park of all Polish lighthouses, a popular attraction for families and enthusiasts.

## Technical data

## InfoBox

Niechorze Lighthouse
*Horst*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Niechorze
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Poland |
| Coordinates | 54°05′41.0″N 15°03′50.7″E / 54.094722°N 15.064083°E / 54.094722; 15.064083 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1866 |
| Construction | concrete brick covered tower |
| Height | 45 metres (148 ft) |
| Shape | octagonal tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | white tower with red brick trim, white lantern |
| Heritage | immovable monument |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1866 |
| Focal height | 62.8 metres (206 ft) |
| Range | 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 10s. |
|  | |


title: Verticordia fragrans

abstract: Verticordia fragrans, commonly known as hollyhock verticordia, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves and spikes of sweetly scented, pink and white flowers in spring and early summer.

text:
# Verticordia fragrans

***Verticordia fragrans***, commonly known as **hollyhock verticordia**, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves and spikes of sweetly scented, pink and white flowers in spring and early summer.

## Description

*Verticordia fragrans* is a shrub which grows to a height of 0.45–3 m (1–10 ft) and a width of 0.45–1 m (1–3 ft) and has a single, openly branched stem at its base. The leaves are thin, egg-shaped to elliptic or almost round in shape, 1.5–4 mm (0.06–0.2 in) long.

The flowers are sweetly scented, arranged in spreading spike-like groups, each flower on a stalk about 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.1 in) long. The sepals are pink, rarely white, 3.5–4 mm (0.14–0.16 in) long and have 6 to 9 white feathery lobes. The petals are erect, deep to pale pink or rarely white, 4.0–4.5 mm (0.16–0.18 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide with a few short hairs around the edge. The style is 5 mm (0.2 in), curved near the top with a few hairs near the tip. Flowering time is from October to November or December.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Verticordia fragrans* was first formally described by Alex George in 1991 from specimens collected near Eneabba and the description was published in *Nuytsia*. The specific epithet (*fragrans*) is from the Latin word *fragrantia* meaning "fragrant" referring to the scented flowers.

George placed this species in subgenus *Eperephes*, section *Pennuligera* along with *V. comosa*, *V. lepidophylla*, *V. chrysostachys*, *V. aereiflora*, *V. dichroma*, *V. x eurardyensis*, *V. muelleriana*, *V. argentea*, *V. albida*, *V. forrestii*, *V. venusta*, *V. serotina*, *V. oculata*, *V. etheliana* and *V. grandis*.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia grows in sand, sometimes with or over clay, loam or sandstone, often with other verticordia species in woodland or shrubland. It is found near Eneabba and Coomallo in the Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic region.

## Conservation

*Verticordia fragrans* is classified as "Priority Three" meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

## Use in horticulture

This is one of the easier verticordias to grow in the garden. Its fragrant flowers, which will appear for a long period if older blooms are removed, make it an attractive garden plant. It is usually propagated from cuttings and will grow well in full sun or part shade. It is both drought and frost tolerant and has grown well in Sydney, near the sea as well as inland in Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| Hollyhock verticordia | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Eperephes* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Pennuligera* |
| Species: | ***V. fragrans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia fragrans***
A.S.George | |
|


title: Gombo Salsa

abstract: Gombo Salsa is an album by the African-Latin-American group Africando. It was released in 1996. The group supported the album by playing Lincoln Center's "Expressiones Latinas" concert series.

text:
# Gombo Salsa

***Gombo Salsa*** is an album by the African-Latin-American group Africando. It was released in 1996.

The group supported the album by playing Lincoln Center's "Expressiones Latinas" concert series.

## Production

The album was produced by Ibrahima Sylla. It was the group's first release to include Gnonnas Pedro. The songs were arranged by Boncana Maiga.

Africando covered Tabu Ley Rochereau's "Paquita"; Rochereau sang on the cover. Roger Marie Eugene and José Fajardo also contributed to the album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *MusicHound World: The Essential Album Guide* |  |

*The New York Times* wrote: "Two songs with lead vocals by Sekouba Diabate, a jali from Guinea, use the unexpected leaps and modal scales of jali songs, but most of the album resembles classic salsa, discreet yet propulsive. The wild cards are the singers, who mostly follow Cuban and Puerto Rican models but also reveal the gentle, pleading tones of African lead tenors." *The Gazette* deemed it the third best "worldbeat" album of 1996, writing that the "tropical-dance-floor release ... has more salsa energy than your feet will ever need."

The *Miami Herald* concluded that, "while salsa in North America remains stuck in place, the music by Malian flutist and arranger Boncana Maiga echos tradition but nudges it forward... The best salsa of the '90s is African." *The Star-Ledger* lamented that "the band is so high-powered, the drumming and instrumental solos so hot, that the group, singing in the laid-back African style without the intensely rhythmic attack of Latin singers like Celia Cruz or Ruben Blades, are often overshadowed."

AllMusic called the album "an instant classic," writing that "the band continues to polish its radiant mixture of classic mambos, sones, boleros, and cha-chas."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gombo" |  |
| 2. | "Apolo" |  |
| 3. | "Diaraf" |  |
| 4. | "Musica en Vérité" |  |
| 5. | "Grog Moin" |  |
| 6. | "Paquita" |  |
| 7. | "Walo" |  |
| 8. | "Colombia, mi Corazon" |  |
| 9. | "Mborin" |  |
| 10. | "Dagamasi" |  |
| 11. | "Maral" |  |
| 12. | "Sakhar" |  |

## InfoBox

| Gombo Salsa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Africando | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Genre | Salsa |
| Label | Stern's Africa |
| Producer | Ibrahima Sylla |
| Africando chronology | |
| *Volume 2: Tierra Tradicional*
(1994) ***Gombo Salsa***
(1996) *Baloba*
(1998) | |


title: Grace Church (Providence, Rhode Island)

abstract: Grace Church is an historic Episcopal church at 300 Westminster Street at Mathewson Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It was built in 1845–1846 and was designed by Richard Upjohn in the Gothic Revival style. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and is part of the Downtown Providence Historic District.

text:
# Grace Church (Providence, Rhode Island)

**Grace Church** is an historic Episcopal church at 300 Westminster Street at Mathewson Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It was built in 1845–1846 and was designed by Richard Upjohn in the Gothic Revival style.

The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and is part of the Downtown Providence Historic District.

## Description

Grace Church1886 engraving2007 viewThe CemeteryInterior

### Church

The church building was designed by architect Richard Upjohn and built in 1845–46, when the area had a much more residential character. It is a relatively simple expression of Gothic Revival architecture, and is notable as the first building in which Upjohn used asymmetry in a church's massing. In 1912, Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson added a parish house which connects with the church through several narrow, twisting stairwells and passages. The parish house was remodeled and enlarged in 1950 by Harkness & Geddes.

### Cemetery

The Grace Church cemetery is a triangular parcel of land located about a mile southwest of the church in the Trinity Square Historic District. The church purchased four acres here in 1834, and doubled its size in 1843. A caretaker's cottage was built 1859–1860 in the Gothic Revival style. The cottage, part of the Providence Landmark District, was restored several times: in 1982, 2008, and again in 2010. The cemetery is a frequent target of vandalism, with many toppled and broken gravestones.

## History

By 1829, the population of Providence was spreading from the east side of the Providence River to the west. 25 parishioners of the St. John's Episcopal Church on Providence's East Side built a small church on the site of the old Providence Theater on the west side. By 1835 the congregation grew to 260, and by 1844, the building was becoming too small and unsafe. Richard Upjohn, the foremost architect of his time, was hired to design a new building on the same site. The new (current) building was completed in 1846.

Grace Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

By the early 21st Century, the church was badly in need of repair, suffering from crumbling stonework and leaky stained glass windows. The closing of the Cathedral of St. John in 2012 put added pressure on Grace Church. In 2015, a multimillion-dollar restoration project was undertaken to expand and preserve Grace Church. In addition to repairs, the old parish hall will be extended with an accessible glass-enclosed single-story structure, which will allow the church to host suppers and events.

## Parishioners

When Grace Church was established, the neighborhood around Westminster Street was more residential and the church was associated with Providence's Protestant elite.

* Rhode Island Governor Elisha Dyer and his family were members of Grace Church.
* The First Episcopal Bishop of Rhode Island and Rector of Grace Church, John Prentiss Kewley Henshaw is buried in Grace Church cemetery. He is credited with managing the completion of the existing building on Mathewson Street.
* Russell Warren, architect, member of the church, and designer of the pre-Upjohn church is buried in Grace Church cemetery in a lot next to the bishops.
* Rhode Island Governor Nehemiah R. Knight and Senator Albert C. Greene are buried in the church cemetery.
* Soprano Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones is buried in the church cemetery.

After a long period of declining residential character, the Providence downtown is once again growing in population. The Grace Church congregation is drawing a more diverse congregation, including many from the city's growing Liberian community.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grace Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| (2017) | |
|  | |
| Location | Providence, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°49′18″N 71°24′50″W / 41.82167°N 71.41389°W / 41.82167; -71.41389 |
| Built | 1846 |
| Architect | Upjohn, Richard; Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| Part of | Downtown Providence Historic District (ID84001967) |
| NRHP reference No. | 72000042 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 19, 1972 |
| Designated CP | February 10, 1984 |


title: Peters Valley School of Craft

abstract: Peters Valley School of Crafts is a nonprofit arts organization and craft school within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Layton, New Jersey. It is located an hour and a half drive from New York City, and is part of the NRHP-listed Peters Valley Historic District.

text:
# Peters Valley School of Craft

**Peters Valley School of Crafts** (formerly the **Peters Valley Craftsmen**) is a nonprofit arts organization and craft school within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Layton, New Jersey. It is located an hour and a half drive from New York City, and is part of the NRHP-listed Peters Valley Historic District.

## History

Peters Valley School of Crafts was incorporated in 1970 as a nonprofit dedicated to crafts, and was opened in 1971 as an experimental artist colony (or "living village") in the existing 18th and 19th century buildings. The headquarters is in the Victorian-style Doremus House.

They host the annual Peters Valley Craft Fair, to help support the school. In 2020, the Peters Valley School of Crafts celebrated their 50th anniversary with a group art exhibition at the Hunterdon Art Museum in Clinton, New Jersey.

## About

The school focuses on education (non-degree) in blacksmithing, ceramics, surface design, fiber arts and weaving, light metals, photography, woodworking and glassmaking. They offer workshops, youth classes, and artist residencies. The campus contains art studios, dormitories, a dining hall, offices, and a gallery.

## InfoBox

Peters Valley School of Craft
|
|  |
|
| Formation | 1970 (1970) |
| Headquarters | 19 Kuhn Road,<br>Layton, New Jersey, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°11′46″N 74°51′04″W / 41.196047°N 74.851105°W / 41.196047; -74.851105 |
| Website | petersvalley.org |
| Formerly called | Peters Valley Craftsmen |


title: Kalligramma

abstract:
Kalligramma is a prehistoric genus of winged insects in the family Kalligrammatidae.
  - Species
  - Kalligramma albifasciatum Yang et al., 2014
  - Kalligramma brachyrhyncha Yang et al., 2014
  - Kalligramma circularia Yang et al., 2014
  - Kalligramma delicatum Liu et al., 2015
  - Kalligramma elegans Yang et al., 2014
  - Kalligramma flexuosum Panfilov, 1968
  - Kalligramma haeckeli Walther, 1904
  - Kalligramma jurarchegonium Zhang and Zhang, 2003
  - Kalligramma liaoningense Ren and Guo, 1996
  - Kalligramma multinerve Panfilov, 1968
  - Kalligramma paradoxum Liu et al., 2014
  - Kalligramma sharovi Panfilov, 1968

text:
# Kalligramma

***Kalligramma*** is a prehistoric genus of winged insects in the family Kalligrammatidae.

Species * *Kalligramma albifasciatum* Yang et al., 2014
* *Kalligramma brachyrhyncha* Yang et al., 2014
* *Kalligramma circularia* Yang et al., 2014
* *Kalligramma delicatum* Liu et al., 2015
* *Kalligramma elegans* Yang et al., 2014
* *Kalligramma flexuosum* Panfilov, 1968
* *Kalligramma haeckeli* Walther, 1904
* *Kalligramma jurarchegonium* Zhang and Zhang, 2003
* *Kalligramma liaoningense* Ren and Guo, 1996
* *Kalligramma multinerve* Panfilov, 1968
* *Kalligramma paradoxum* Liu et al., 2014
* *Kalligramma sharovi* Panfilov, 1968

## InfoBox

| *Kalligramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil specimen on display at the National Natural History Museum of China | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Kalligrammatidae |
| Genus: | *Kalligramma*<br>Walther, 1904 |
|


title: Goethe Business School

abstract: Goethe Business School gGmbH (GBS) is a subsidiary of Goethe University Frankfurt. Goethe Business School was founded 2004 and offers, in close cooperation with the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, a wide range of education for executives and young professionals.

text:
# Goethe Business School

**Goethe Business School** gGmbH (GBS) is a subsidiary of Goethe University Frankfurt. Goethe Business School was founded 2004 and offers, in close cooperation with the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, a wide range of education for executives and young professionals.

## Competence Clusters

GBS focuses on six topics: Finance Management, Bank Management, Risk Management & Regulation, Leadership & Personal Development, Strategic Management and Corporate Social Responsibility.

## Part-Time Master in Finance (MFin)

The part-time Master in Finance offered by GBS targets working professionals, who want to qualify for a career in the financial sector. The program offers the possibility to specialize in the domain of either finance or risk management and can be completed within three semesters plus Master Thesis.

## Part-Time Master of Pharma Business Administration (MBA)

The part-time Master of Pharma Business Administration offered by GBS targets professionals working in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been created by the combined expertise of Goethe Business School, the House of Pharma & Healthcare, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration and the Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy of Goethe University Frankfurt. The program awards an M.B.A degree.

## Executive Education

GBS provides a focused portfolio of open and individualized educational programs for executives and young professionals containing topics within the six competence clusters. In addition, the open programs contain several preparation courses for the Financial Risk Manager (FRM) exam in cooperation with the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP).

## China Executive Education Center

The China Executive Education Center at GBS has a special geographical focus, which educates executives from several Chinese financial institutions in different interdisciplinary management and financial topics thereby connecting business leaders from China and Europe.

## Accreditation

The Master in Finance is accredited by the Zentrale Evaluations- und Akkreditierungsagentur Hannover (ZEvA). The program is taught by Goethe University’s outstanding faculty as well as top professors from other leading institutions and prominent practitioners from major corporations. The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

## Location

Goethe Business School is located at the House of Finance at Campus Westend of the Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main.

## InfoBox

Goethe Business School
| Type | charitable |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2004 (2004) |
| Affiliation | Goethe University of Frankfurt |
| Location | Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany |
| Website | www.goethe-business-school.de |


title: Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division

abstract: Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Bentota Divisional Secretariat of Galle District of Southern Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 12B. Thunduwa East is a surrounded by the Meegama, Haburugala, Thunduwa West and Ladduwa Grama Niladhari Divisions.

text:
# Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division

400m
440ydsThunduwa East

**Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division** is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Bentota Divisional Secretariat of Galle District of Southern Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 12B.

Thunduwa East is a surrounded by the Meegama, Haburugala, Thunduwa West and Ladduwa Grama Niladhari Divisions.

## Demographics

### Ethnicity

The Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division has a Moor majority (94.8%). In comparison, the Bentota Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (97.3%)

Ethnicity in Thunduwa East

Moor (94.8%)  Sinhalese (3.4%)  Other (1.8%)

### Religion

The Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division has a Muslim majority (96.3%). In comparison, the Bentota Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Thunduwa East Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist majority (97.1%)

Religion in Thunduwa East

Muslim (96.3%)  Buddhist (3.0%)  Other (0.7%)

## InfoBox

| Thunduwa East | |
| --- | --- |
| Grama Niladhari Division | |
| Coordinates: 6°24′39″N 80°03′09″E / 6.410732°N 80.052423°E / 6.410732; 80.052423 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Southern Province |
| District | Galle District |
| Divisional Secretariat | Bentota Divisional Secretariat |
| Electoral District | Galle Electoral District |
| Polling Division | Bentara Elpitiya Polling Division |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.15 km2 (0.06 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 56 m (184 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 887 |
| Density | 5,913/km2 (15,310/sq mi) |
| ISO 3166 code | LK-3103095 |


title: Frederick Flowers

abstract: Frederick Flowers (1810–1886) was a police magistrate.

text:
# Frederick Flowers

**Frederick Flowers** (1810–1886) was a police magistrate.

## Family and education

Flowers, third son of the Rev. Field Flowers, rector of Partney, Lincolnshire, 1815–18, was born at Boston, Lincolnshire in 1810, and educated at Louth Grammar School, Lincolnshire, from 1815 to 1818. His brothers included George French Flowers, composer and musical theorist. He married in 1841 Ann, only daughter of R. Kirby, by whom he left one son.

## Career

He was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn 10 November 1828, called to the bar 18 November 1839, joined the Midland circuit, and for many years practised as a special pleader.

In 1862 he was appointed recorder of Stamford, and was for some time revising barrister for the northern division of Nottinghamshire. He was named by Sir George Grey police magistrate at Bow Street, London, 6 July 1864, and sat at that court until his death. He also acted as a magistrate for Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Hertfordshire, and Essex. As a police magistrate he was extremely well known and greatly respected. His common sense, combined with a sound knowledge of the law, prevented him from making many mistakes in his decisions. He possessed kindness, tact, and discrimination, and a strong sense of justice, especially towards those who were poor and weak.

He died at his residence, Holmesdale, Tottenham Lane, Hornsey, Middlesex, 26 January 1886, and was buried at Partney on 30 January, where on his grave is a monumental cross, and in the church there is a memorial brass.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Flowers, Frederick". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Frederick Fitzwygram

abstract: Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Wellington John Fitzwygram, 4th Baronet DL JP was a British Army cavalry officer, expert on horses and Conservative politician.

text:
# Frederick Fitzwygram

Lieutenant-General **Sir Frederick Wellington John Fitzwygram, 4th Baronet** DL JP (29 August 1823 – 9 December 1904) was a British Army cavalry officer, expert on horses and Conservative politician.

## Early life

Fitzwygram was born on 29 August 1823. He was the third son of Sir Robert Fitzwygram, 2nd Baronet, and his wife Selina Hayes. In 1832, his father legally changed their surname to Fitzwygram by Royal licence. An elder sister, Augusta Catherine Fitzwygram, married Sir George Baker, 3rd Baronet, and his youngest brother, Loftus Adam Fitzwygram, married Lady Frances Butler-Danvers (sister of John Butler, 6th Earl of Lanesborough).

He became a cavalry officer and served with the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons in the Crimean War. He subsequently commanded the Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot.

## Career

In 1873 he inherited the Wigram Baronetcy on the death of his elder brother Robert. He purchased the Leigh Park estate, at Havant, in 1874 and developed the grounds and gardens which were frequently thrown open to the public. He was a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and as president from 1875 to 1877 he unified the veterinary profession. He was active in public life. From 1879 to 1884 he was Inspector-General of Cavalry at Aldershot.

Fitzwygram was elected as Member of Parliament for Hampshire South in a by-election in 1884, and when the constituency was restructured, he became MP for Fareham in 1885. He held the seat until 1900, being interested in military and horse related matters in the House of Commons. Based on a series of lectures, published by Smith, Elder in 1862, he wrote an influential book on the care and management of horses *Horses and Stables* which was first published by Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer of London in 1869. He was an honorary member of the Manchester Unity of Independent Order of Oddfellows, Royal Naval Lodge, England.

## Career

On 17 October 1882, Sir Frederick married Angela Frances Mary Vaughan, a daughter of Thomas Nugent Vaughan and Frances Mary (née Territt, formerly Viscountess Forbes) Vaughn. Her mother was the widow of George Forbes, Viscount Forbes, and from that earlier marriage, Angela had an older half-brother, George Forbes, 7th Earl of Granard, His maternal grandfather was William Territt of Chilton Hall. Together, they lived at Leigh Park at 20 Eaton Square, Belgravia, were the parents of two sons (only one survived childhood) and one daughter:

Sir Frederick died on 9 December 1904 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, Frederick.

### Legacy

Fitzwygram's memorial in Havant church is the west window illustrating St. Gabriel and St. Michael.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Frederick Fitzwygram
| NotesGranted 20 July 1807 by Sir Chichester Fortescue, Ulster King of Arms CrestOn a mount Vert a hand in armour in fess couped at the wrist Proper charged with an escallop and holding a fleur-de-lis erect Or. EscutcheonArgent on a pale Gules three escallops Or over all a chevron engrailed counterchanged and on a chief waves of the sea thereon a ship representing an English vessel of war of the sixteenth century with four masts sails furled Proper colours flying Gules. MottoDulcis Amor Patriae |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant-GeneralSir Frederick Fitzwygram, BtDL JP | |
| --- | --- |
| *Fitzwygram in 1895* | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Fareham | |
| **In office**
1885–1900 | |
| Preceded by | *New constituency* |
| Succeeded by | Arthur Lee |
| Member of Parliament for Hampshire South | |
| **In office**
1884–1885Serving with Francis Compton | |
| Preceded by | Francis Compton
Lord Henry John Montagu-Douglas-Scott |
| Succeeded by | *Constituency abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Frederick Wellington John Wigram
(1823-08-29)29 August 1823 |
| Died | 9 December 1904(1904-12-09) (aged 81) |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Angela Frances Mary Vaughan
(m. 1882) |
| Parent(s) | Sir Robert Fitzwygram, 2nd Baronet
Selina Hayes |
|  | |


title: Mavis Guilarte

abstract: Mavis Guilarte is a Cuban former volleyball player. She competed with the Cuban women's national volleyball team at the 1972 and 1980 Summer Olympics. Guilarte won gold medals with the Cuban team at the 1978 FIVB World Championship and at the 1971, 1975, and 1979 Pan American Games.

text:
# Mavis Guilarte

**Mavis Guilarte** (born 10 May 1951) is a Cuban former volleyball player. She competed with the Cuban women's national volleyball team at the 1972 and 1980 Summer Olympics. Guilarte won gold medals with the Cuban team at the 1978 FIVB World Championship and at the 1971, 1975, and 1979 Pan American Games.

## InfoBox

| Mavis Guilarte | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Mavis Guilarte Fernández |
| Nationality | Cuban |
| Born | (1951-05-10) 10 May 1951 |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Number | 5 |
| National team | |
| 1970–1980  Cuba | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing  Cuba  World Championship  1978 Soviet Union   Pan American Games  1971 Cali Team  1975 Mexico City Team  1979 Caguas Team  Central American and Caribbean Games  1974 Santo Domingo Team  1970 Panama City Team | |


title: Max Irving

abstract: Max Irving is an American water polo player. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Max Irving

**Max Irving** (born May 21, 1995) is an American water polo player. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Max Irving
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1995-05-21) May 21, 1995<br>Long Beach, United States |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Water polo |
| College team | UCLA |
| Club | Brescia, Italy |
| Medal record      Men's water polo  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  2024 Paris Team  World Cup  2023 Los Angeles Team  Pan American Games  2019 Lima Team  2023 Santiago Team | |


title: Max Jacob

abstract: Max Jacob was a French poet, painter, writer, and critic.

text:
# Max Jacob

**Max Jacob** (French: \[maks ʒakɔb\]; 12 July 1876 – 5 March 1944) was a French poet, painter, writer, and critic.

## Life and career

After spending his childhood in Quimper, Brittany, he enrolled in the Paris Colonial School, which he left in 1897 for an artistic career. He was one of the first friends Pablo Picasso made in Paris. They met in the summer of 1901, and it was Jacob who helped the young artist learn French. Later, on the Boulevard Voltaire, he shared a room with Picasso, who remained a lifelong friend (and was represented as the monk in his painting *Three Musicians*, which Picasso painted in 1921). Jacob introduced him to Guillaume Apollinaire, who in turn introduced Picasso to Georges Braque. He would become close friends with Jean Cocteau, Jean Hugo, Christopher Wood and Amedeo Modigliani, who painted his portrait in 1916. He also befriended and encouraged the artist Romanin, otherwise known as French politician, and future Resistance leader Jean Moulin. Moulin's famous *nom de guerre* Max is presumed to be selected in honor of Jacob.

Jacob, who was Jewish, claimed to have had a vision of Christ in 1909, and converted to Catholicism. He was hopeful that this conversion would alleviate his homosexual tendencies.

Max Jacob is regarded as an important link between the symbolists and the surrealists, as can be seen in his prose poems *Le cornet à dés* (*The Dice Box*, 1917 – the 1948 Gallimard edition was illustrated by Jean Hugo) and in his paintings, exhibitions of which were held in New York City in 1930 and 1938.

His writings include the novel *Saint Matorel* (1911), the free verses *Le laboratoire central* (1921), and *La défense de Tartuffe* (1919), which expounds his philosophical and religious attitudes.

The famous psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan attributed the quote "The truth is always new" to Jacob.

## Death

Having moved outside of Paris in May 1936, to settle in Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, Loiret, Max Jacob was arrested on 24 February 1944 by the Gestapo, and interned at Orléans prison (prisoner #15872). Jewish by birth, Jacob's brother Gaston had been previously arrested in January 1944, and deported to the concentration camp Auschwitz along with their sister Myrthe-Lea; her husband was also deported by the Nazis at this time. A cousin, Andrée Jacob, survived by living under an assumed name and worked in the Resistance movement Noyautage des administrations publiques. Following his incarceration at Orléans, Max was then transferred to Drancy internment camp from where he was to be transported in the next convoy to Auschwitz. However, said to be suffering from bronchial pneumonia, Max Jacob died on 5 March in the infirmary of La Cité de la Muette, a former housing block which served as the internment camp known as Drancy.

First interred in Ivry after the war ended, his remains were transferred in 1949 by his artist friends Jean Cassou and René Iché (who sculpted the tomb of the poet) to the cemetery at Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire in the Loiret département.

## Pseudonyms

As well as his *nom d'état civil*, or regular name, Jacob worked under at least two pseudonyms, Léon David and Morven le Gaëlique.

German actor Udo Kier plays Jacob in the 2004 film *Modigliani*. In the 2006 film *Monsieur Max*, which deals with the life of Jacob from the First World War until his death, he was played by Jean-Claude Brialy; this was Brialy's last film. In the 2013 Spanish film *La banda Picasso*, Jacob is played by Lionel Abelanski. T. R. Knight portrays Jacob in the 2018 season of the television series *Genius*, which focuses on the life and career of Pablo Picasso.

* Lionel Floch
* *Furniture music*: Erik Satie's second set of *furniture music* was composed and performed in 1920 as Entr'acte music for one of Jacob's comedies (*Ruffian toujours, truand jamais* – text of this play is lost)
* *The Selected Poems of Max Jacob*, trans. William Kulik (Oberlin College Press, 1999), ISBN 0-932440-86-X
* *Monsieur Max* (2007), French TV movie starring Jean-Claude Brialy as Jacob, in Brialy's last film role

## InfoBox

| Max Jacob | |
| --- | --- |
| Max Jacob in 1934 | |
| Born | (1876-07-12)12 July 1876
Quimper, Finistère, Brittany, France |
| Died | 5 March 1944(1944-03-05) (aged 67)
Drancy Deportation Camp, France |
| Pen name | Léon David
Morven le Gaëlique |
| Literary movement | School of Paris |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Wolf (criminal)

abstract: Thomas Wolf, also known under the alias of David van Dyk, is a German criminal and was, until capture in May 2009, one of the most wanted fugitives in Germany for nine years.

text:
# Thomas Wolf (criminal)

**Thomas Wolf** (born in Düsseldorf), also known under the alias of **David van Dyk** (or **David van Dyke**), is a German criminal and was, until capture in May 2009, one of the most wanted fugitives in Germany for nine years.

## Escape

Having been repeatedly convicted (among other crimes, of bank robbery) and thus, oscillating between freedom and imprisonment, Wolf neglected to return to prison at the scheduled time after the 1999 Christmas release. On 20 April 2000, he was seen robbing a Commerzbank office in Altona, a district of Hamburg, netting about half a million EUR. Wolf's whereabouts were not known by the police for the next nine years except for numerous crimes associated with him, most of them committed in Germany but some also in Belgium and Netherlands.

## Kidnapping

According to police, on 27 March 2009 Wolf kidnapped the wife of a banker in Wiesbaden. He asked for a ransom of 1.8 million EUR, which the banker paid. Despite police surveillance, Wolf managed to leave with the money. He was, however, identified by testimony of the kidnapped wife, which led to reinvigoration of the hunt on him.

## New hunt and capture

After the kidnapping, police set a bounty of 40 000 EUR (and later, 100 000 EUR) for information leading to arrest of Wolf. Despite the bounty, Wolf's capture took three months. Wolf was found when he announced for a date on 16 May 2009 in *Hamburger Abendblatt*. Reportedly, he made strange demands to the woman who answered  in particular, he requested that she rent a room for him in her name and open a bank account for him in her name  which made her suspicious and led her to report the encounter to police. Subsequently, police located Wolf's cellphone, whose number he had given to his date, and arrested him on the Reeperbahn, after his departure from Lehmitz, a well-known pub.


title: Frazer Lake

abstract: Frazer Lake is a lake on Kodiak Island in Alaska, United States. It has no nearby settlements, being located in wilderness. The nearest populated place is Akhiok. Its outflow is Dog Salmon Creek. Frazer Lake has been stocked with salmon since 1951, having been previously devoid of them due to a waterfall on Dog Salmon Creek obstructing their movement. The construction of a bob weir and fish ladder have allowed a productive fishery to rise.

text:
# Frazer Lake

**Frazer Lake** is a lake on Kodiak Island in Alaska, United States. It has no nearby settlements, being located in wilderness. The nearest populated place is Akhiok. Its outflow is Dog Salmon Creek.

Frazer Lake has been stocked with salmon since 1951, having been previously devoid of them due to a waterfall on Dog Salmon Creek obstructing their movement. The construction of a bob weir and fish ladder have allowed a productive fishery to rise.

## Geography

To the west, Frazer Lake is bordered by mountains that divide it from neighboring Red Lake and Akalura Lake. To the east, the lake is bounded by mountains dividing it from Karluk Lake. In the north, the lake receives water of an unnamed stream as its primary inflow. Dog Salmon Creek exits the south end of Frazer Lake, draining it into Olga Bay, putting its drainage at the opposite end of the lake as its larger neighbor, Karluk Lake. Frazer Lake has a maximum depth of 208 ft (63 m).

## InfoBox

| Frazer Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frazer Lake | |
| Location | Kodiak Island, Alaska |
| Coordinates | 57°15′15″N 154°08′17″W / 57.25417°N 154.13806°W / 57.25417; -154.13806 |
| Primary inflows | Numerous unnamed streams |
| Primary outflows | Dog Salmon Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 9 mi (14 km) |
| Max. width | 1 mi (1.6 km) |
| Max. depth | 208 ft (63 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | 2 unnamed islets |


title: Frederik Fetterlein

abstract: Frederik Fetterlein is a retired tennis player from Denmark, who turned professional in 1989.

text:
# Frederik Fetterlein

**Frederik Fetterlein** (born 11 July 1970) is a retired tennis player from Denmark, who turned professional in 1989.

## Tennis career

The right-hander Fetterlein represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he was defeated in the second round by Switzerland's Marc Rosset. Fetterlein reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 75 in October 1995. During his career, he defeated Thomas Muster and Stefan Edberg, amongst other top players.

## ATP Challengers and ITF Futures titles

### Singles: 4

| Legend |
| --- |
| ATP Challenger Tour (2) |
| ITF Futures Tour (2) |

| No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Nov 1994 | Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia | Carpet | Radomír Vašek | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2. | Feb 1997 | Cherbourg, France | Hard | Lionel Roux | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 1. | Jul 1998 | Denmark F1 | Clay | Andreas Vinciguerra | 6–1, 6–2 |
| 2. | Aug 2000 | Great Britain F7 | Hard | Paul Baccanello | 1–4, 5–4(6), 4–2, 5–4(4) |

## InfoBox

Frederik Fetterlein
| Country (sports) | Denmark |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-07-11) 11 July 1970
Rungsted, Denmark |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Turned pro | 1989 |
| Retired | 2004 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Prize money | 441,561 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 41–69 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 75 (23 October 1995) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | 2R (1996) |
| French Open | 2R (1995) |
| Wimbledon | 2R (1995, 1997) |
| US Open | 2R (1995) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Olympic Games | 2R (1996) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 12–20 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 273 (9 June 1997) |
| Other doubles tournaments | |
| Olympic Games | 1R (1992, 1996) |


abstract: Frederick Squire Sings Shenandoah and Other Popular Hits is the second solo album by Canadian singer-songwriter Frederick Squire, released May 24, 2011 on Blue Fog Recordings. Although the album's title implies that it is a covers album, only the album's lead track, "Shenandoah", is in fact a cover. Critic John Terauds of the Toronto Star rated the album 3-1/2 out of 4 stars, while Brad Wheeler of The Globe and Mail gave it 3 stars out of 4. The Coast's critic listed it as one of the best albums of 2011.

text:
# Frederick Squire Sings Shenandoah and Other Popular Hits

***Frederick Squire Sings Shenandoah and Other Popular Hits*** is the second solo album by Canadian singer-songwriter Frederick Squire, released May 24, 2011 on Blue Fog Recordings.

Although the album's title implies that it is a covers album, only the album's lead track, "Shenandoah", is in fact a cover.

Critic John Terauds of the *Toronto Star* rated the album 3-1/2 out of 4 stars, while Brad Wheeler of *The Globe and Mail* gave it 3 stars out of 4. *The Coast'*s critic listed it as one of the best albums of 2011.

## Track listing

1. "Shenandoah"
2. "Peaceful Valley"
3. "The Human Race Can Be a Very Nasty Animal"
4. "Every Dollar Bill Could Kill Me"
5. "All Things Past Serve to Guide You on Your Way"
6. "There's a Place That I Can Go"
7. "Lucky Number Seven"
8. "We Live Beyond"
9. "Theme from a Small Towne Movie"

## InfoBox

| Frederick Squire
Sings Shenandoah and
Other Popular Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Frederick Squire | |
| Released | May 24, 2011 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Label | Blue Fog Recordings |
| Producer | Frederick Squire |
| Frederick Squire chronology | |
| *Calling It Quits/Crazy Tropical Survival Guide*
(2011) ***Frederick Squire
Sings Shenandoah and
Other Popular Hits***
(2011) *Spooky Action at a Distance*
(2016) | |


title: Fredonia Blue Devils

abstract: The Fredonia Blue Devils are composed of 16 teams representing the State University of New York at Fredonia in intercollegiate athletics, including men and women's basketball, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, and track and field. Men's sports include baseball and ice hockey. Women's sports include lacrosse, softball, tennis, and volleyball. The Blue Devils compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the State University of New York Athletic Conference.

text:
# Fredonia Blue Devils

The **Fredonia Blue Devils** (also known as the **SUNY Fredonia Blue Devils** or the **Fredonia State Blue Devils**) are composed of 16 teams representing the State University of New York at Fredonia in intercollegiate athletics, including men and women's basketball, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, and track and field. Men's sports include baseball and ice hockey. Women's sports include lacrosse, softball, tennis, and volleyball. The Blue Devils compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the State University of New York Athletic Conference.

## Teams

| Men's | Women's |
| --- | --- |
| Baseball | Basketball |
| Basketball | Cross country |
| Cross country | Lacrosse |
| Ice hockey | Soccer |
| Soccer | Softball |
| Swimming and diving | Swimming and diving |
| Track and field | Tennis |
|  | Track and field |
|  | Volleyball |

## Baseball

Fredonia has had 3 Major League Baseball draft selection since the draft began in 1965.

| Year | Player | Round | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 | William Eckler | 47 | Senators |
| 1985 | Jeff Shaver | 22 | Athletics |
| 1985 | Chan Galbato | 10 | Expos |

## Athletic facilities

Named athletic facilities include:

* Ludwig Field, baseball field
* Steele Hall, or "Steele Hall Ice Arena", new in 2013, is "in use nearly 18 hours a day during hockey season from September through March", serving Fredonia State collegiate hockey, the Fredonia State Club Hockey team as well as the Dunkirk-Fredonia Steelers.

## InfoBox

| Fredonia Blue Devils | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| University | State University of New York at Fredonia |
| Conference | State University of New York Athletic Conference |
| NCAA | Division III |
| Athletic director | Gerald Fisk |
| Location | Fredonia, New York |
| Varsity teams | 16 |
| Basketball arena | Steele Hall |
| Baseball stadium | Ludwig Field |
| Nickname | Blue Devils |
| Colors | Blue and White<br> |
| Website | www.fredoniabluedevils.com |


title: Fredonia High School (Arizona)

abstract: Fredonia High School is a high school in Fredonia, Arizona under the jurisdiction of the Fredonia-Moccasin Unified School District, whose only other school is the K-8 Fredonia Elementary. Nick Bartlett, the principal, is also district superintendent.

text:
# Fredonia High School (Arizona)

**Fredonia High School** is a high school in Fredonia, Arizona under the jurisdiction of the Fredonia-Moccasin Unified School District, whose only other school is the K-8 Fredonia Elementary. Nick Bartlett, the principal, is also district superintendent.

## Notable alumni

1. "Fredonia High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
2. "Fredonia High School". *Arizona Interscholastic Association*. Retrieved March 24, 2024.

36°57′05″N 112°31′18″W / 36.9515°N 112.5216°W / 36.9515; -112.5216

## InfoBox

| Fredonia High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 221 E Hortt St
Fredonia, Arizona 86022
United States | |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school |
| School district | Fredonia-Moccasin Unified School District |
| CEEB code | 030125 |
| Principal | Joe B. Wright |
| Teaching staff | 4.44 (FTE) |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 71 (2022–2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 15.99 |
| Color(s) | Royal blue and white
 |
| Mascot | Lynx |
| Website | www.fredonia.org/District/Department/1-middle-high-school |


title: Frederick Arthur Bridgman

abstract: Frederick Arthur Bridgman was an American artist known for his paintings of "Orientalist" subjects.

text:
# Frederick Arthur Bridgman

**Frederick Arthur Bridgman** (November 10, 1847  January 13, 1928) was an American artist known for his paintings of "Orientalist" subjects.

## Life and career

Born in Tuskegee, Alabama, Bridgman was the son of a physician. After his father died in 1850, his mother moved to New York City with her two sons. Bridgman began working as a draughtsman for the American Bank Note Company in 1864–65, and studied art in the same years at the Brooklyn Art Association and at the National Academy of Design. He exhibited his paintings at the Brooklyn Art Association, and encouraged by his success, he gave up his job in 1866 and moved to France with the sponsorship of a group of Brooklyn businessmen.

Bridgman's first destination in France was Pont-Aven in the Brittany region, where he stayed with a group of American artists, among them Robert Wylie. In the autumn of 1866, he went to Paris and entered the studio of the noted academic painter Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), where he was deeply influenced by Gérôme's precise draftsmanship, smooth finishes, and concern for Middle-Eastern themes. While studying in the atelier of Gérôme, he became acquainted with his fellow students Harry Humphrey Moore and Thomas Eakins and also first came in contact with Orientalism. He remained there for four years, spending his summers at Pont-Aven with Wylie. Bridgman's first exhibition in Paris took place at the Salon de Paris in 1870, and his painting *A Provincial Circus* (fr. *Un cirque en province*) was received very positively. It was then sent to New York and exhibited at the Brooklyn Art Association.

Because of the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Bridgman was forced to leave Paris in the early 1870s. After spending time in Britanny and Spain, he made his first trips to North Africa between 1872 and 1874, dividing his time between Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt. On his trip to Egypt, he was accompanied by fellow artist Charles Sprague Pearce. Arriving in Cairo in December 1873, they worked in the city producing numerous sketches of the Islamic monuments, but also the street life, which was Bridgman's main inspiration. They travelled along the Nile, reaching Abu Simbel in the south of Egypt. During his trips, Bridgman executed approximately three hundred sketches, which became the source material for several later oil paintings that attracted immediate attention. Bridgman became known as "the American Gérôme", although Bridgman would later adopt a more naturalistic aesthetic, emphasizing bright colors and painterly brushwork.

His large and important composition, *Funeral of a Mummy on the Nile* (187677; Speed Art Museum, Louisville), exhibited at the Salon de Paris in 1877 and at the 1878 Paris Exposition, bought by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., established his success as an artist and brought him the Cross of the Legion of Honor. The painting was later purchased by the famous American collector Wendell Cherry who donated it to the Speed Art Museum in Louisville, Kentucky in 1990.

In 1881, Bridgman exhibited over 300 of his works in a personal exhibition in New York. His work was highly praised for the variety of subjects and the fine quality of execution. Following this success, Bridgman was elected a member of the National Academy of Design, after already being an associate member since 1874.

In 1877, Bridgman married Florence Mott Baker from Boston in Paris. He returned to North Africa in the winter of 188586, settling in Algiers with his wife. In 1889, he published the book *Winters in Algeria*, with memories and numerous woodcut illustrations from his travels to North Africa. His repeated visits to the region throughout the 1870s and 1880s allowed him to amass a collection of costumes, architectural pieces, and objets d'art, which often appear in his paintings. John Singer Sargent noted that Bridgman's overstuffed studio, along with the Eiffel Tower, were Paris's must-see attractions.

One of the greatest successes of his artistic career was his participation in the 1889 Paris Exposition, where five of his paintings were exhibited. Though Bridgman maintained a lifelong connection to France, his popularity in the US never waned. In 1890, the artist had a personal exhibition of over 400 pictures in New York's 5th Avenue galleries. When the show moved to Chicago's Art Institute, it contained only 300 works – testimony to the high number of sales Bridgman had made.

In 1901, his wife died of a neurological illness. In 1904, he married Marthe Yaeger. After the First World War, he left Paris and retired to Lyons-la-Forêt (Normandy) with his wife. He died in Rouen in 1928 at the age of 80.

## Sources

Decorative works, salon pictures, eastern subjects and drawings by Frederic A. Bridgman, a full-text auction catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

## InfoBox

| Frederick Arthur Bridgman | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Frederick Arthur Bridgman, c.1904 | |
| Born | (1847-11-10)10 November 1847
Tuskegee, Alabama, US |
| Died | 13 January 1928(1928-01-13) (aged 80)
Rouen, France |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Brooklyn Art Association; National Academy of Design; Jean-Léon Gérôme |
| Movement | Orientalist |


title: Tianqiao Subdistrict, Beijing

abstract: Tianqiao Subdistrict is a subdistrict on the southeastern portion of Xicheng District, Beijing, China. As of 2020, it has a total population of 34,427.

text:
# Tianqiao Subdistrict, Beijing

**Tianqiao Subdistrict** (Chinese: 天桥街道; pinyin: *Tiānqiáo Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict on the southeastern portion of Xicheng District, Beijing, China. As of 2020, it has a total population of 34,427.

## History

Timeline of changes in the status of Tianqiao Subdistrict
| Time | Status |
| --- | --- |
| Yuan dynasty | Part of Southern Suburb, Dadu |
| Ming dynasty | Part of South Suburban District |
| Qing dynasty | Part of Right 5th Outer District |
| 1912 | Part of 5th Outer District |
| 1949 | Part of 12th District |
| 1950 | Part of 9th District |
| 1951 | Part of Xuanwu District |
| 1954 | 4 subdistricts were established: Yao'er Hutong, Fuchangjie Santiao, Hufanglu and Tianqiao |
| 1957 | Fuchangjie Santiao Subdistrict was disbanded |
| 1958 | Yao'er Hutong and eastern half of Hufanglu Subdistricts were incorporated into Tianqiao Subdistrict |
| 1960 | Transformed to People's Commune of Tianqiao |
| 1978 | Reverted to a subdistrict |
| 2010 | Transferred under Xicheng District |

## Administrative Division

As of 2021, there are a total of 9 communities within the subdistrict. They are listed as follows:

| Administrative Division Code | Community Name in English | Community Name in Chinese |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 110102014001 | Liuxuelu | 留学路 |
| 110102014002 | Xiangchanglu | 香厂路 |
| 110102014003 | Tianqiao Xiaoqu | 天桥小区 |
| 110102014004 | Luchangjie | 禄长街 |
| 110102014005 | Xiangnongtan | 先农坛 |
| 110102014006 | Yong'anlu | 永安路 |
| 110102014007 | Hufanglu | 虎坊路 |
| 110102014008 | Taipingjie | 太平街 |
| 110102014009 | Fuchangjie | 福长街 |

## Landmark

## InfoBox

| Tianqiao Subdistrict 天桥街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Tianqiao Theater within the Subdistrict | |
| Tianqiao SubdistrictTianqiao Subdistrict | |
| Coordinates: 39°53′1″N 116°23′45″E / 39.88361°N 116.39583°E / 39.88361; 116.39583 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Beijing |
| District | Xicheng |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.07 km2 (0.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 34,427 |
| Density | 17,000/km2 (43,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 100050 |
| Area code | 010 |


title: Thérèse Bonney

abstract: Thérèse Bonney was an American photographer and publicist. She was best known for her images taken during World War II on the Russian-Finnish front. Her war effort earned her the decoration of the Croix de Guerre in May 1941, and one of the five degrees the Légion d’honneur. She published several photo-essays, and was the subject of the 1944 True Comics issue "Photo-fighter."

text:
# Thérèse Bonney

**Thérèse Bonney** (born Mabel Bonney; July 15, 1894 – January 15, 1978) was an American photographer and publicist. She was best known for her images taken during World War II on the Russian-Finnish front. Her war effort earned her the decoration of the *Croix de Guerre* in May 1941, and one of the five degrees the *Légion d’honneur*. She published several photo-essays, and was the subject of the 1944 *True Comics* issue "Photo-fighter."

## Early life and education

Mabel Thérèse Bonney was born in July 15, 1894, in Syracuse, New York. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916 and a master's degree the following year from Radcliffe College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She settled in Paris and studied at the Sorbonne from 1918–1919, publishing a thesis on the moral ideas in the theater of Alexandre Dumas, père. She earned a docteur-des-lettres degree in 1921. She thus became the youngest person, the fourth woman, and the tenth American of either sex to earn the degree from the institution. She was also the first American to receive a scholarship from the Sorbonne. After graduation she received multiple sources of financial aid, including the Horatio Stebbins Scholarship; the Belknap, Baudrillart, and Billy Fellowships; and the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation Oberländer grant in 1936, which allowed her to study German contributions to the history of photography.

## Career

Beginning in 1925, she thoroughly documented the French decorative arts through photography. At this time, most of the photographs were not taken by Bonney herself, but rather gathered from sources such as the collections of fellow photographers, photo agencies, architects, designers, stores, and various establishments. An ardent self-publicist, Bonney acquired the images directly from the Salon exhibitions, stores, manufacturers, architects, and designers of furniture, ceramics, jewelry, and other applied arts as well as architecture. She sold the photographic prints to various client-subscribers primarily in the U.S. (a small-effort precursor to today's illustrated news agency) and charged fees for reproduction rights in a more traditional manner. She typed captions and glued them to the backs of the photographic prints. These photographs, sometimes garnered without permissions, were widely published — both with and without published credits.

She attended the 1930 "Stockholmsutstäliningen" (Stockholm Exhibition) and gathered photographs there. While in the Netherlands, she collected images of contemporary Dutch architecture.

After her decade-and-a-half activities in publicity and the photography of the decorative arts and architecture by others, Bonney took up photography herself and became a photojournalist. Her concerns with the ravages caused by World War II informed her images, which focused on civilians. Her early photographs focused at first on the individuals at the Russian-Finnish front. For her documentation of this demographic, she was granted the Order of the White Rose of Finland medal for bravery. She also traveled through western Europe during the war, taking photographs of children in dire conditions. A collection of the images were shown at The Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1940 and later published in her 1943 book *Europe's Children*. Other activities included serving with the Croix-rouge (French International Red Cross).

Toward the end of her life, Bonney donated her estate of furniture to her *Alma mater* in Berkeley, California, and photographs and negatives — many duplicates of one another — to a number of other institutions in the U.S. and France. Other documents and books were donated to St. Bonaventure University by Ralph King.

In France, approximately 3,000 of her existing negatives are part of the collection of the Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historique et des Sites (CHMHS), formerly stored in Paris and today in St. Cloud. (In 2000, the CHMHS became the Centre des monuments nationaux \[CMN\].) The CHMHS archive has been digitally copied to save the images, due to the deteriorating negatives. Approximately 2,000 negatives and 1,500 prints are a part of the collection of the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. And 3,000 negatives exist in the Fort de Saint-Cyr, Montigny-le-Bretonneux (Yvelines).

In the U.S., approximately 4,000 vintage photographic prints were donated to the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City, initially organized in the 1990s with funds from the Smithsonian Institution Women's Council (SIWC) by archivist Mel Byars. But not all exist today. Her extensive collection of World War II photographs, photographic portraits of designers and architects, paintings by 20th-century artists, and her furniture (including examples by Pierre Chareau) was donated to the University of California, Berkeley. Her personal papers and photographic archives are available at the university's Bancroft Library, and other objects are at the Berkeley Art Museum. Some 6,200 photographs are held by the Photography Collection of the New York Public Library, including large numbers of images from Finland.

## Personal life

Bonney never married. She claimed to have adopted a child, but legally did not. She provided a false date of her birth, which has since been corrected by an extant birth certificate, a copy held by a biographer, Claire Bonney. She died in Paris on January 15, 1978.

## Exhibitions

* "War Comes to People: History Written with a Lens by Therese Bonney," The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1940.
* "Selections from the Thérèse Bonney Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum," International Center for Photography, New York, 1976.
* "Paris Recorded: Thérèse Bonney Collection," Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York, 1985.
* "Aren't They Lively?: An Exhibition of the Bequest of Thérèse Bonney, Class of 1916, University of California," Berkeley Art Museum, June–September 1992.

## Works

* With sister Louise Bonney. *Buying Antique and Modern Furniture in Paris*. New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1929 | Library of Congress NK949.P27.B6
* With sister Louise Bonney. *French Cooking for American Kitchens*. New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1929 | Library of Congress TX719.B673
* With sister Louise Bonney. *Guide to The Restaurants of Paris*. New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1929 | Library of Congress TX637.B6
* With sister Louise Bonney. *A Shopping Guide to Paris*. New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1929 | Library of Congress DC708.B55
* *Remember When: A Pictorial Chronicle of the Turn of The Century and of The Days Known as Edwardian....From The Collection of M. Therese Bonney*. New York: Coward McCann, 1933 | Library of Congress N7592.B6
* *Europe's Children, 1939 - 1943*, New York: Rhode Publishing, 1943 | Library of Congress D810.C4 B68 1944
* Rattray, R. F. with photographs by Bonney. *Bernard Shaw: A Chronicle*. New York: Roy Publishers, 1951 | Library of Congress PR5366.R3

### Notes

### Sources

* Mary Blume. "The First and Only Thérèse Bonney," *International Herald Tribune*, 29–30 December 1973
* Nan Robertson. "In a Life of Firsts, She Has Few Regrets," *The New York Times*, 25 July 1976, p. 38
* "Therese Bonney, at 83; a Journalist in France" (obituary), The New York Times*, 26 January 1978, p. B2*
* Carol Mann. *Paris Between the Wars*, New York: Vendome, 1996 | ISBN 0-86565-981-8
* Mel Byars. *The Design Encyclopedia*, New York: Wiley, 1994 | ISBN 0-471-02455-4
* Claire Bonney. "Thérèse Bonney: The Architectural Photographs," a doctoral dissertation, Zürich: University of Zürich, 1995.
* Lisa Schlanaker Kolosek. *The Invention of Chic: Thérèse Bonney and Paris Moderne*, New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002, ISBN 0-500-51096-2, copublished as *L’Invention du chic. Thérèse Bonney et le Paris moderne*, Paris: Éditions Norma | ISBN 978-2-909283-72-2

## Further reading

* Rosenblum, Naomi (2014). *A history of women photographers*. NY: Abbeville.
* *Schatztheorie*. Germany: Hagen Fernuniv. 1994.
* McCusker, Carol (2006). *Breaking the frame : pioneering women in photojournalism, Thérèse Bonney, Olga Lander, Hansel Mieth, Grace Robertson, Esther Bubley, Margaret Bourke-White*. San Diego: Museum of Photographic Arts.

## InfoBox

| Thérèse Bonney | |
| --- | --- |
| Bonney in 1940 | |
| Born | Mabel Bonney
July 15, 1894
Syracuse, New York |
| Died | January 15, 1978
Paris, France |
| Occupation(s) | Photographer
Publicist |


title: Three and a half Shakti Peethas

abstract:
Three and a half Shakti Peethas are reported in Maharashtra. These four Goddess temples are:
  - Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
  - Tulja Bhavani Temple at Tuljapur in Dharashiv district
  - Renuka Temple at Mahur (Matripur) in Nanded district
  - Saptashrungi Temple of Vani in Nashik district. This is known as a half Shakti Peeth of Goddess Shakti.

text:
# Three and a half Shakti Peethas

Three and a half Shakti Peethas (prominent seats of the Hindu Goddess) are reported in Maharashtra.

These four Goddess temples are:

1. Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
2. Tulja Bhavani Temple at Tuljapur in Dharashiv district
3. Renuka Temple at Mahur (Matripur) in Nanded district
4. Saptashrungi Temple of Vani in Nashik district. This is known as a half Shakti Peeth of Goddess Shakti.

## Mahalaxmi

The Mahalaxmi (also known as Ambabai) Temple situated in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, is one of the 18 Maha Shakti Peethas listed in skanda puran, and one of 52 Shaktipeeths according to various Puranas of Hinduism. According to these writings, a Shakti Peetha is a place associated with Shakti, the Goddess of power. This is the place where maa Sati's 3 eyes fell. The Kolhapur Shakti Peetha is of special religious significance being one of the six places where it is believed that one can either obtain salvation from desires or have them fulfilled. Kolhapur Peeth is also known as Karvir Peeth or Shree Peetham. Lakhs of devotees visit the temple every year, from all over Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana.

## Tulja Bhavani

Tulja Bhavani Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess parvati. Goddess parvati live here in her tulja bhavani form. She is also known as the adishakti. She is guardian goddess \[ kulswanimi \] of Bharat. It is located in Tuljapur in Osmanabad district of Maharashtra and is considered as one of the 51 Shakti Pithas. It is situated 45  km from Solapur. The temple was built in c. 12th century CE.

## Renuka

Reṇukā/Renu is a Hindu goddess worshipped predominantly in the Indian state of Maharashtra."Renu" means "Atom/Mother of Universe" She is also worshipped in the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karanataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana. Renuka's temple at Mahur in Maharashtra is considered one of the shakti peethas. Another temple of Renuka mata is in Konkan, also worshipped as Padmakshi Renuka. It is also shakti peeth among 108 peethas but not considered in main 1/3 shaktipeeth of Maharashtra. Renuka is also called "Renu", which means "Atom/Mother of the Universe".

## Saptashrungi

Saptashrungi *Saptaśrr̥ṇgī*) is a site of Hindu pilgrimage situated 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Nashik in west Indian state of Maharashtra in India. According to Hindu traditions, the goddess Saptashrungi Nivasini dwells within the seven mountain peaks. (*Sapta* means seven and *shrung* means peaks.) It is located in Nanduri, Kalwan taluka, a small village near Nashik in India. Devotees visit this place in large numbers every day. The temple is also known popularly as one of the "three and half Shakti Peethas" of Maharashtra. The temple is also one among the 51 Shakti Peethas located on the Indian subcontinent and is a location where one of Sati's (first wife of Lord Shiva) limbs, her right arm is reported to have fallen. Its half shaktipeeth among three and half shaktipeeth of Maharashtra.


title: Three are Three

abstract: Three are Three is a 1955 Spanish comedy film directed by Eduardo García Maroto, written by himself, Jaime García-Herranz and Antonio de Lara. In three separate segments it parodies different film genres. Awarded in 1954 the Golden Medal of the Cinema Writers Circle to the best screenplay.

text:
# Three are Three

***Three are Three*** (Spanish: ***Tres eran tres***) is a 1955 Spanish comedy film directed by Eduardo García Maroto, written by himself, Jaime García-Herranz and Antonio de Lara. In three separate segments it parodies different film genres.

Awarded in 1954 the Golden Medal of the Cinema Writers Circle to the best screenplay .

## Cast

1. Bentley p.129
2. Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos. "Premios del CEC a la producción española de 1954". Retrieved 3 December 2017.

## Bibliography

* Bentley, Bernard. *A Companion to Spanish Cinema*. Boydell & Brewer 2008.

## InfoBox

| Three are Three | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Eduardo García Maroto |
| Written by |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Edited by | Bienvenida Sanz |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>company | Cooperativa del Cinema de Madrid |
| Distributed by | C.E.A. Distribución |
| Release date | * 10 January 1955 (1955-01-10) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Fred Underwood

abstract: Frederick Theodore Underwood was a Major League Baseball pitcher during part of the 1894 season. He was a native of St. Louis County, Missouri. Underwood appeared in seven games for the Brooklyn Grooms of the National League, starting six of them and completing five. He gave up 110 baserunners in just 47 innings. He also gave up 62 runs, but only 41 of them were earned runs. Despite his struggles he did win two games for Brooklyn...July 21 against the Philadelphia Phillies (8-7) and July 28 against the Washington Senators (9-5). He was more successful with the bat, as he went 7-for-18 for a batting average of.389. In his short MLB career he was 2–4 with 10 strikeouts and an ERA of 7.85. Underwood died at the age of 37 in Kansas City, Missouri.

text:
# Fred Underwood

**Frederick Theodore Underwood** (October 14, 1868 – January 26, 1906) was a Major League Baseball pitcher during part of the 1894 season. He was a native of St. Louis County, Missouri.

Underwood appeared in seven games for the Brooklyn Grooms of the National League, starting six of them and completing five. He gave up 110 baserunners (80 hits and 30 walks) in just 47 innings. He also gave up 62 runs, but only 41 of them were earned runs.

Despite his struggles he did win two games for Brooklyn...July 21 against the Philadelphia Phillies (8-7) and July 28 against the Washington Senators (9-5). He was more successful with the bat, as he went 7-for-18 for a batting average of .389.

In his short MLB career he was 2–4 with 10 strikeouts and an ERA of 7.85.

Underwood died at the age of 37 in Kansas City, Missouri.

## InfoBox

| Fred Underwood | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1868-10-14)October 14, 1868
St. Louis County, Missouri | |
| **Died:** January 26, 1906(1906-01-26) (aged 37)
Kansas City, Missouri | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Unknown | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 18, 1894, for the Brooklyn Grooms | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 30, 1894, for the Brooklyn Grooms | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2-4 |
| ERA | 7.85 |
| Strikeouts | 10 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Max Gomez (musician)

abstract: Max Gomez is an American singer-songwriter and musician based in Taos, New Mexico. He has been compared to Jackson Browne and John Prine because of his seasoned blend of Americana and folk.

text:
# Max Gomez (musician)

**Max Gomez** is an American singer-songwriter and musician based in Taos, New Mexico. He has been compared to Jackson Browne and John Prine because of his seasoned blend of Americana and folk.

## Biography

Gomez's father is of Portuguese and Spanish descent. His mother is of Scottish and Irish ancestry. He grew up in the mountains of northern New Mexico. The youngest of five brothers, Gomez spent his childhood fly fishing in New Mexico and exploring the mountains of Kansas where his parents own a farm. At 18 Gomez moved to Los Angeles to pursue his career in music. Not yet 30 years old and two albums under his belt, Gomez also co-founded and produces the annual Red River Folk Festival in Red River, New Mexico which hosts artists like James McMurtry, The Secret Sisters, Shannon McNally, and Jim Lauderdale, and Robert Mirabal.

## Music career

As a child, Gomez was influenced by the country and blues sounds of Johnny Cash and Big Bill Broonzy. After getting a guitar as a Christmas present when he was 10 years old, Gomez started performing in local bars throughout New Mexico. Gomez caught the eye of Grammy Award nominee/ folk-rocker Shawn Mullins after sending Mullins some of his music through Myspace. The two soon collaborated, co-writing a handful of songs that would appear on Mullins' next two albums, and touring throughout the U.S. together as young Gomez built up a fan base opening for the musical veteran. It wasn't long before Gomez sealed a record deal with Nashville-based label New West Records and recorded his first album with producer Jeff Trott. *Rule The World* put Gomez on the charts, Esquire naming the title track one of the top 10 "Best New Songs" at the time. In 2016 Gomez reunited with A&R rep Gary Briggs (Brigadoon Records) to release his second album *Me & Joe*, produced by Grammy Award-winning engineer and producer Jim Scott.

Gomez has shared the stage with hundreds of highly revered Americana artists including Shawn Mullins, James McMurtry, Buddy Miller, Jim Lauderdale, Patty Griffin, and John Hiatt.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Heat | US Folk |
| *Rule The World* |  |  |  |
| *Me & Joe* (EP) |  | 32 |  |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "Rule The World" | *Rule The Word* |
| | | "Run From You |
| 2017 | "Make It Me" | *Me & Joe* |
| | | "Joe" |

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "Run From You" | Keifer Sutherland |
| 2017 | "Make It Me" |  |

### Guest appearances

| Year | Song | Artist | Album | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | "Love Will Find a Way" | Shawn Mullins | *Light You Up* | Co-writer |
| 2010 | "I Knew A Girl" | Shawn Mullins | *Light You Up* | Co-writer |
| 2015 | "Roll on By" | Shawn Mullins | *My Stupid Heart* | Co-writer |

## InfoBox

| Max Gomez | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Taos, New Mexico |
| Genres | Americana, country, folk |
| Occupation(s) | musician, singer-songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Labels | Brigadoon Records, New West |
|  | |
| Website | maxgomezmusic.com |


title: Max Gordon (producer)

abstract: Max Gordon was an American theater and film producer. His credits included My Sister Eileen, which he produced both on stage and on film.

text:
# Max Gordon (producer)

**Max Gordon** (June 28, 1892 – November 2, 1978) was an American theater and film producer. His credits included *My Sister Eileen*, which he produced both on stage and on film.

## Biography

Born Mechel Salpeter, Gordon was the youngest son of immigrants from Poland. His older brother Cliff used the stage name of "Gordon," which Max adopted as well. Cliff, an entertainer in vaudeville and burlesque, died at age 32 in 1913.

Shortly after his brother's death Gordon, then in his early 20s, formed a vaudeville agency with Albert Lewis, his late brother's performing partner. They specialized in providing sketches for shows, and their material, and performers such as Phil Baker and Lou Holtz, played the Keith and Orpheum circuits.

In May 1921, Gordon married Mildred Bartlett of Amsterdam, New York, who performed under the stage name Raye Dean; at the request of her fiancé, Bartlett gave up her acting career a few months before the wedding. Soon after, Gordon started to produce plays, and quickly became one of New York's most successful producers, from the Roaring Twenties and Depression-era on into the Eisenhower years. One of his first great hits was the original stage production of *The Jazz Singer*, on which he partnered with Lewis, which ran from September 1925 to June 1926. The year following the stock market crash of 1929, the news of which he famously relayed to his friend and frequent tip recipient Groucho Marx by quipping "Marx, the jig is up," Gordon became an independent producer, with *Three's A Crowd (1930)* which opened to mixed reviews, but still ran for 271 performances. By 1932, broke and suffering from a nervous breakdown, friends provided financial support; his biographer Margaret Case Harriman reports that "George Kaufman offered him fifteen hundred of the sixteen hundred dollars Kaufman had at that time, and Harpo Marx came to see him in the hospital with his pockets stuffed with cash and strewed it over the bed..."

In the 1930s, Gordon became playwright and director George Kaufman's producer of choice, staging ten shows in 25 years, beginning in 1931 with Adele and Fred Astaire's last joint performance in the musical *The Bandwagon*. In the 1934, Gordon had four shows on Broadway at once, *Her Master's Voice*, *Roberta*, *The Shining Hour* and *Dodsworth*.

Gordon's other highly successful collaboration was with married playwrights Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin. Kanin's *Born Yesterday* (1946) ran for 1,642 performances, and remains the seventh longest-running non-musical play in Broadway history. It also gave Judy Holliday her first starring part, and Gordon later recalled that "The minute she walked in, I knew she was it."

Gordon continued producing plays and musicals on Broadway until 1955. Several of his productions were made into popular films such as *My Sister Eileen* (1942), *Born Yesterday* (1950) and *The Solid Gold Cadillac* (1956).

His reputation in the early 1930s was immortalized in Cole Porter's song "Anything Goes" from the 1934 musical of the same name:

*When Rockefeller still can hoard*
*Enough money to let Max Gordon*
*Produce his shows*
*Anything goes*

* Beloff, Ruth (2007). "Gordon, Max". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). *Encyclopaedia Judaica*. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 772–773. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.

## InfoBox

| Max Gordon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mechel Salpeter
(1892-06-28)June 28, 1892
New York City |
| Died | November 2, 1978(1978-11-02) (aged 86)
New York City |
| Occupation | * Producer |
| Spouse | Mildred Bartlett (aka Raye Dean) |


title: Frederic J. Mouat

abstract: Frederic John Mouat was a British surgeon, chemist and prison reformer. He was part of the committee that helped identify the Andaman Islands as a suitable location for a convict settlement. He examined the use of chaulmogra oil in the treatment of leprosy and published the first illustrated book on human anatomy in Urdu in 1849. He was also involved in the founding of Presidency College, Calcutta.

text:
# Frederic J. Mouat

**Frederic John Mouat** (18 May 1816 – 12 January 1897) was a British surgeon, chemist and prison reformer. He was part of the committee that helped identify the Andaman Islands as a suitable location for a convict settlement. He examined the use of chaulmogra oil in the treatment of leprosy and published the first illustrated book on human anatomy in Urdu in 1849. He was also involved in the founding of Presidency College, Calcutta.

## Life

Mouat was born in Maidstone, Kent, the son of an army surgeon, and trained at University College London and the University of Edinburgh, qualifying as a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838. His brother was Sir James Mouat. Frederic Mouat studied initially at Paris and then joined his brother at the University College London. He won a prize for medical jurisprudence in 1836-37 and qualified as MRCP in 1838. He received an MD from Edinburgh with a thesis *On the brain as the organ of the mind* in 1839. Mouat joined the Indian Medical Service in January 1840 and was posted Assistant-Surgeon in Bengal in June 1840. In 1853 he became Surgeon, in 1860 Surgeon-Major and ultimately Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals. He was attached to the 21st Fusiliers at Fort William followed by stints with the 47th Bengal Native Infantry and the Artillery Battalion at Dum Dum.

Mouat conducted some experiments for the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce on lichens used in dyeing and sent a report to the Earl of Auckland who was so impressed as to appoint him in 1841 as Treasurer, Secretary, Resident Medical Officer as well as Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica at the Bengal Medical College. He supported the deputation of four medical students including Bhola Nath Bose and Surya Kumar Goodeeve Chuckerbutty in 1844 for studies in England. Among the experiments he conducted were trials on treating leprosy patients with the extracts of chaulmogra (*Hydnocarpus wightiana*). In 1849, he published an atlas of human anatomy with notes in Urdu with the assistance of Moonshee Nusseerudin Ahmed and with illustrations by Colesworthey Grant. *the only works upon European medicine extant... are ... chiefly in the Nagree character which is only understood by Hindu native doctors*.

Mouat spent 30 years in India, where he was a leading figure in the field of education, in which he was a major campaigner to establish the first universities in India especially one in Calcutta was not acted upon until after 1857. His proposal made along with Charles Hay Cameron and Professor Malden for establishing a university in Calcutta along the lines of the one in London was examined in 1853 and shelved by the House of Lords. He also worked on prison reform while holding the post of Inspector-General of jails in lower Bengal. Here he advocated remunerative prison labour as a means for reformation and making prisons self-supporting. In 1857, after the Indian Mutiny, he was asked to investigate the Andaman Islands as a potential penal colony. The exploration began from November 1857 to January 1858 and led to the establishment of Port Blair. A bay in the Andamans was authorised by Lord Canning to be called as Port Mouat. They also took an Andaman islander "John Andaman" to Calcutta with the aim of ethnological studies and to help in improving relations with the Andaman natives. Mouat subsequently published a book about his Andaman experiences: *Adventures and researches among the Andaman islanders* (1863). In 1864 he wrote a Bengal Jail Code and was even working on a Prison Act but gave it up as "*it was not required of me I neither completed nor submitted the work.*"

As a chemical examiner (part time and unpaid until the position was taken up by William O'Shaughnessy) he served on a Select Artillery Committee and helped develop, along with Colonel Edward Ludlow, a waterproof glaze to protect percussion caps in the field. He also examined the composition of gutta percha and conducted experiments on field rockets. Mouat also took an interest in photography working with the Frenchman Oscar Mallitte (1829–1905) in the Andamans and serving as the first president of the Photographic Society of Bengal (1856–57). In an article in the Lancet in 1892 in response to a debate on banning opium he opposed comparison of opium to alcohol, pointing out that opium-use did not come with law and order problems.

Mouat retired to the UK in 1870 and started a new career as an Inspector for the Local Government Board. He founded the Bethune Society in Calcutta in 1851 to promote more interaction between educated Indians and the Europeans. He was also an active member of the Royal Statistical Society, joining it in 1847 on invitation from W. H. Sykes and becoming its president in 1890.

Mouat married twice, first on 15 September 1842 to Mary Rennards Boyes who died at Kensington in 1885. No children are recorded from this marriage. In June 1889 he married a widow, Margaret Kay, daughter of John Fawcus, a Justice of Peace who had four children from her earlier marriage. Mouat died on 12 January 1897 at his home in Durham Villas, Kensington from pneumonia and asthenia. He was cremated at Woking as wished by him. He left a widow and four stepchildren. A memorial bust made by Hamo Thornycraft in 1874 was bequeathed to the University College London.

## InfoBox

| Frederic J. Mouat | |
| --- | --- |
| A portrait made in 1894 | |
| Born | (1816-05-18)18 May 1816
Maidstone, Kent |
| Died | 12 January 1897(1897-01-12) (aged 80)
Kensington, London |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | * Medicine * Statistics |
|  | |