title: Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

abstract: The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations is an international treaty that defines a framework for consular relations between sovereign states. It codifies many consular practices that originated from state custom and various bilateral agreements between states. Consuls have traditionally been employed to represent the interests of states or their nationals at an embassy or consulate in another country. The Convention defines and articulates the functions, rights, and immunities accorded to consular officers and their offices, as well as the rights and duties of "receiving States" and "sending States". Adopted in 1963, and in force since 1967, the treaty has been ratified by 182 states.

text:
# Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

The **Vienna Convention on Consular Relations** is an international treaty that defines a framework for consular relations between sovereign states. It codifies many consular practices that originated from state custom and various bilateral agreements between states.

Consuls have traditionally been employed to represent the interests of states or their nationals at an embassy or consulate in another country. The Convention defines and articulates the functions, rights, and immunities accorded to consular officers and their offices, as well as the rights and duties of "receiving States" (where the consul is based) and "sending States" (the state the consul represents).

Adopted in 1963, and in force since 1967, the treaty has been ratified by 182 states.

## History

The Convention was adopted on 24 April 1963 following the United Nations Conference on Consular Relations in Vienna, Austria from 4 March to 22 April 1963. Its official texts are in English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish; the Convention provides that the five versions are equally authentic.

## Key provisions

The treaty contains 79 articles. The preamble to the Convention states that customary international law continues to apply to matters not addressed in the Convention. Some significant provisions include.

* Article 5 lists thirteen functions of a consul, including "protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals … within the limits permitted by international law", “helping and assisting nationals … of the sending State”, and "furthering the development of commercial, economic, cultural and scientific relations between the sending State and the receiving State."
* Article 23 provides that the host nation may at any time and for any reason declare a particular member of the consular staff to be persona non grata, and that the sending state must recall this person within a reasonable period of time, or the person may lose their consular immunity.
* Article 31 provides that the consular premises are inviolable (i.e., the host nation may not enter the consular premises, and must protect the premises from intrusion or damage).
* Article 35 provides that freedom of communication between the consul and their home country must be preserved, that consular bags "shall be neither opened nor detained"; and that a consular courier must never be detained.
* Article 36 addresses communications between consular officers and nationals of the sending state. The Convention provides that "consular officers shall be free to communicate with nationals of the sending State and to have access to them." Foreign nationals who are arrested or detained be given notice "without delay" of their right to have their embassy or consulate notified of that arrest, and "consular officers shall have the right to visit a national of the sending State who is in prison, custody or detention, to converse and correspond with him and to arrange for his legal representation."
* Article 37 provides that with the host country must "without delay" notify consular officers of the sending state if one of the sending state's nationals dies or has a guardian or trustee appointed over him. The article also provides that consular officers must be informed "without delay" if a vessel with the sending state's nationality is wrecked or runs aground "in the territorial sea or internal waters of the receiving State, or if an aircraft registered in the sending State suffers an accident on the territory of the receiving State."
* Article 40 provides that "The receiving State shall treat consular officers with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on their person, freedom or dignity."
* Articles 58-68 deal with honorary consular officers and their powers and functions.

### Consular immunity

The Convention (Article 43) provides for consular immunity. Some but not all provisions in the Convention regarding this immunity reflect customary international law. Consular immunity is a lesser form of diplomatic immunity. Consular officers and consular employees have "functional immunity" (i.e., immunity from the jurisdiction of the receiving state "in respect of acts performed in exercise of consular function"), but do not enjoy the broader "personal immunity" accorded to diplomats.

## State parties to the Convention

There are 182 state parties to the Convention, including most UN member states and UN observer states Holy See and State of Palestine. The signatory states that have not ratified the Convention are: Central African Republic, Israel, Ivory Coast and Republic of Congo. The UN member states that have neither signed nor ratified the Convention are: Afghanistan, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Palau, San Marino and South Sudan.

## Application of the treaty by the United States

In March 2005, following the decisions of the International Court of Justice in the *LaGrand* case (2001) and **Avena* case* (2004), the United States withdrew from the Optional Protocol to the Convention concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, which confers the ICJ with compulsory jurisdiction over disputes arising under the Convention.

In 2006, the United States Supreme Court ruled that foreign nationals who were not notified of their right to consular notification and access after an arrest may not use the treaty violation to suppress evidence obtained in police interrogation or belatedly raise legal challenges after trial (*Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon*). In 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court further ruled that the decision of the ICJ directing the United States to give "review and reconsideration" to the cases of 51 Mexican convicts on death row was not a binding domestic law and therefore could not be used to overcome state procedural default rules that barred further post-conviction challenges (*Medellín v. Texas*).

In 1980, prior to its withdrawal from the Optional Protocol, the U.S. brought a case to the ICJ against Iran*United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran* (*United States v. Iran*)in response to the seizure of United States diplomatic offices and personnel by militant revolutionaries.

## InfoBox

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
| Parties to the convention  Parties  Signatories  Non-signatories | |
| --- | --- |
| Drafted | 22 April 1963 |
| Signed | 24 April 1963 |
| Location | Vienna |
| Effective | 19 March 1967 |
| Condition | Ratification by 22 states |
| Signatories | 48 |
| Parties | 182 (as of November 2021) |
| Depositary | UN Secretary-General (Convention and the two Protocols)<br>Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Austria (Final Act) |
| Citations | 596 U.N.T.S. 261; 23 U.S.T. 3227 |
| Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish |
| Full text | |
| Vienna Convention on Consular Relations at Wikisource | |


title: Ibra Charles Blackwood

abstract: Ibra Charles Blackwood was the 97th Governor of South Carolina from 1931 to 1935.

text:
# Ibra Charles Blackwood

**Ibra Charles Blackwood** (November 21, 1878  February 12, 1936) was the 97th Governor of South Carolina from 1931 to 1935.

## Biography

Born in rural Spartanburg County, South Carolina, Blackwood studied at Furman University preparatory school and obtained his law degree from Wofford College. During this time he became a brother of Pi Kappa Alpha. He then began to practice law in Spartanburg.

At the age of 24, Blackwood was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1902. From 1914 to 1916, Blackwood served as a tax collector for the Internal Revenue Service after which he became the solicitor for the Seventh Judicial Circuit of South Carolina.

Blackwood won a contested Democratic primary in 1930 to become the 97th governor of South Carolina. His term as governor was noted for the creation of the South Carolina Public Service Authority in 1934 which provided for a hydroelectric plant at Pinopolis Dam and the construction of numerous dams on the Santee and Cooper Rivers. A major strike in 1934 by the majority of textile workers in the state forced Governor Blackwood to call up the South Carolina National Guard. However, the strike was so severe that the Governor had to commission "constables without compensation" and 6 strikers were killed by these special deputies in Honea Path on September 6.

Blackwood resumed the practice of law in Spartanburg upon leaving the governorship in 1935. He died almost a year later on February 12, 1936, and is buried in Greenlawn Memorial Gardens.

## InfoBox

| Ibra Charles Blackwood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 97th Governor of South Carolina | |
| **In office**
January 20, 1931  January 15, 1935 | |
| Lieutenant | James Sheppard |
| Preceded by | John Gardiner Richards, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Olin D. Johnston |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Spartanburg County | |
| **In office**
January 13, 1903  January 10, 1905 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ibra Charles Blackwood
(1878-11-21)November 21, 1878
Spartanburg County, South Carolina |
| Died | February 12, 1936(1936-02-12) (aged 57)
Spartanburg, South Carolina |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Margaret Hodges |
| Alma mater | Wofford College |
|  | |


title: Orang Kuala

abstract: The Duano' people, also called Desin Dolak or Desin Duano' are an indigenous people of Malaysia and Indonesia and can be found in islands along the northeastern region of Sumatra, Indonesia where most Duano' people have traditionally lived. They are one of the Proto-Malay group of cultures. Due to their nomadic boat lifestyle, based almost exclusively on fishing and collecting shellfish and crustaceans by using mud-boards, Duano' people are often categorized as Orang Laut, a group that includes the Urak Lawoi’ people and Moken people of the northern region of the Malacca Strait and the Andaman Sea. Although there are similarities in their way of life, they are a separate ethnic group. Citing their own language, culture, identity, and economic complexities, they deny being Orang Laut. Their population is difficult to estimate and their geographical location and concentration is not easily defined. Despite living in a rather developed region and easily coming into contact with outsiders, the Duano’ remain little known to the outside world. Their settlements are scattered along the coast of the Strait of Malacca, where individual settlements form local groups that are loosely interconnected. The Orang Kuala numbered about 2,000 people in 2000. They speak a Para-Malay language called Duano', which is currently endangered.

text:
# Orang Kuala

The **Duano'** people, also called **Desin Dolak** or **Desin Duano'** are an indigenous people of Malaysia and Indonesia (where they are also referred to as **Orang Kuala**, meaning "People of the Estuary") and can be found in islands along the northeastern region of Sumatra, Indonesia where most Duano' people have traditionally lived. They are one of the Proto-Malay group of cultures. Due to their nomadic boat lifestyle, based almost exclusively on fishing and collecting shellfish and crustaceans by using mud-boards, Duano' people are often categorized as Orang Laut (lit. Sea People), a group that includes the Urak Lawoi’ people and Moken people of the northern region of the Malacca Strait and the Andaman Sea. Although there are similarities in their way of life, they are a separate ethnic group. Citing their own language, culture, identity, and economic complexities, they deny being Orang Laut.

Their population is difficult to estimate and their geographical location and concentration is not easily defined. Despite living in a rather developed region and easily coming into contact with outsiders, the Duano’ remain little known to the outside world. Their settlements are scattered along the coast of the Strait of Malacca, where individual settlements form local groups that are loosely interconnected.

The Orang Kuala numbered about 2,000 people in 2000. They speak a Para-Malay language called Duano', which is currently endangered.

## Etymology

Of all the local subgroups of Duano people, the most studied are found on the west coast of the Malaysian state of Johor, where they receive government services such as healthcare, police, education and infrastructure. In Malaysia, they are called Orang Kuala and are officially recognized as Orang Asli population, the general name for indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia. In Indonesia, the Duano' people are called Desin Dolak (alternatively Desin Dola', Desin Dolak or Desin Dolaq), and are not included in the official statistics. The name Desin Dola' is only a translation into the Duano' language of the Malay term for Orang Laut, where *desin* means "people" and *dolak* means "sea".

Early sources of history and ethnography in the region referred to certain local groups of Duano' as *Orang Laut Bugis* (J.G. Schot, 1884), *Orang Lahut* (Tassillo Adam, 1928) and *Sendaur* (H. Kähler, 1949). This is likely the cause of confusion regarding the correct name of the group.

They refer to themselves as Desin Duano', or simply Duano'. In Malaysia, as noted by Sharifudin Mohamed Yusuf, only the older generation remembers Duano' as the true name of their tribe, since it has been almost completely replaced by the official name, Orang Kuala.

## Settlement area

The Duano' people live on both sides of the Straits of Malacca, but the group on the Malaysian side is much smaller.

Within Indonesia, the Duano' people settle the east coast of Sumatra and nearby islands, along a strip of coast between Bengkalis Island and the mouth of the Kampar River in the west, and the delta of the Batang Hari River in the east, including the western part of the Riau Archipelago, within the provinces of Riau, the Riau Islands and Jambi.

Duano' villages in Indonesia are located on Bengkalis Island, Kundur Island, Burung Island, Bangkong Island, Punai Island, Mendulang Island, as well as Tanjung Datu, Pasang Api, Istira, Batang Tuato, Djamih, Perigi Radja, Concong Luar (Kuala Langan), including estuaries located in Batang Hari River, Kateman River, Kampar River, Tungkal River, Retih River and Indragiri River. In Indonesia, most Duano' people live in the Indragiri Hilir Regency in eastern Riau Province.

Generally speaking, when determining the area of resettlement for the Duano' people, it is necessary to take into consideration their lifestyle. They are always on the move, and villages are seen as providing only temporary shelter. The Duano' people could easily leave their village and if necessary, settle in a new place.

In West Peninsular Malaysia, Duano' villages are located on the southwest coast, mainly in estuaries in Batu Pahat District and Pontian District in the state of Johor. They are located in towns like Lenga, Semerah, Minyak Beku, Senggarang, Rengit, Kuala Benut, Pontian Besar and Sungai Layau.

Today, the Duano' people no longer form a single ethnic settlement, instead, there are only isolated villages, often among the settlements of other ethnicities, mainly the ethnic Malays and Chinese.

The east coast of Sumatra is almost entirely covered by mangrove forests and swamps, making it almost inaccessible. Inland areas can only be reached by river transport. Similar natural conditions exist on the west coast of Johor, on the other side of the Strait of Malacca. Until recent development, the mangrove forests and swamps between the Kluang District and Kulai District were inaccessible, except via river mouths as wide as 20 km. These rivers flow into the shallow straits, and the Duano' settlements are found directly adjacent to the river mouths. Just inland are Malay villages, often with the same placenames. In these villages, there are Chinese stores where local fishermen can come to sell their products and buy necessities that are not available locally.

In the last 20 years of the 20th century, roads linking the cities of Johor Bahru and Malacca were laid through the Batu Pahat District. These roads ended the isolation of the coastal region, and now the Duano' villages can be found further inland on Peninsular Malaysia.

## Population

In Malaysia government authorities track and provide services to the indigenous peoples of the Peninsular Malaysia, so there are good statistics regarding the population of Orang Asli, and in particular, the Orang Kuala.

According to official data the population of Duano' (Kuala) people in Malaysia has been as follows:

| Year | 1960 | 1965 | 1969 | 1974 | 1980 | 1993 | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2010 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 936 | 1,259 | 1,480 | 1,612 | 1,625 | 2,492 | 3,221 | 4,066 | 4,066 | 3,761 |

As for statistics on the Duano' in Indonesia, there are only estimates. For example, according to Ethnologue's data, there are 15,000 (2006, SIL) Duano' people in Indonesia and 19,000 (2006, E. Seidlitz) globally.

Data from the 2017 Joshua Project estimates that there are 18,000 in Indonesia and 4,800 in Malaysia, for a total of 22,800 people.

## Language

The Duano' language belongs to the Malayan languages group, along with Indonesian language, Standard Malay language, Minangkabau language and many others. Along with other 35 languages, it is credited with Malay (macrolanguage).

So far the Duano' language has not been thoroughly studied by any linguists. At different times, separate lists of words were identified, which are attributed with the Duano' language. In the early 2000s, Mohd Sharifudin Yusop for the first time in his field research conducted in the territory of the Malaysian state of Johor, composed the list of Duano' words presented in phonetic form. Using these records, the reader will be able to correctly pronounce the Duano' words, even if one has never spoken to the native speakers. The results were published in 2013.

An analysis of existing word lists suggests that the Duano' language is close to the Malay language. The discrepancies between them consist mainly of minor phonetic differences. However, the Duano' language contains a whole group of words denoting action, body parts and various natural objects; for which it is difficult to determine their origin. Because of this, as well as the presence of a number of pronouns, questioning words, prefixes and adverbs, which are quite different from the Malay language, that it is incomprehensible to the Malay people. In general, it can be said that, although the Duano' language is different from Malay language, there are every reason to consider it as one of the Malay dialects, which is slightly different from the Standard Malay language compared to, for instance, the Minangkabau language.

In the Indonesian territory, the Duano' language continues to be actively used. Another is the situation in Malaysia, where it is vigorously supplanted by Standard Malay language, while most of the older generation are still able to converse in their native language. In Malaysia, the Duano' language is threatened with decay.

In addition to their native language, most of the Duano' people are able to speak the Malay language (Bradley 2007a).

Duano' people does not have a proper written language. The level of literacy among the Malaysian Duano' people in the Malay language is about 50%.

Its place in the classification of the Austronesian languages remains unclear to this day.

## History

The history of the Duano' people, as well as the history of other stateless people, who lived in harmony with nature and led an appropriate way of life, is virtually unknown. There are no records about them in the historical sources of their neighboring peoples, and the oral tradition of the people is very poor.

The records of J.G. Schot (1884) mentions the historical tradition of the Orang Laut Bugis people, one of the Duano' local groups living in the Indragiri Hilir Regency in the east of the Indonesian province of Riau. They considered themselves descendants of the Bugis people, who, after participating in the wars in Johor against Raja Kecil (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah of Johor) in the early 18th century, found shelter in the river mouth of the Indragiri River. Subsequently, a disaster destroyed their villages and caused many deaths; they vowed to no longer live in huts on the land and since then chose to remain in their boats. In this legend there are two themes, firstly the destruction of the original village, a very common folktale among the sea nomads of the region, and secondly the theme of Bugis domination. Of course, there is no reason to associate the Orang Laut Bugis people with the true Bugis people. Dictionary of the Orang Laut Bugis language, compiled by Shelter, fully corresponds to the Duano' language and therefore, has little in common with the Bugis language of the island of Sulawesi. On the other hand, the Bugis people in the 18th century had actively pursued commercial activities in the Riau Archipelago. They might well have close business relationships with certain groups of the Duano' people. The Bugis people during this period also occupied leading positions in a number of Malay sultanates, including in Johor. It is not surprising, then, that the Duano' people, to whom their Malay neighbors were contemptuous, sought an alliance, whether true or apparently, with representatives of this prestigious group of people. Unlike the Malay people, the Bugis people have always been kind to the indigenous population, as they were interested in the local's services as experts of the coast of the region.

In the 19th century, the Duano' people began to accept Islam. After which they had already appeared on the territory of modern Malaysia. Malaysian Orang Kuala people are believed to be descended from the Bengkalis Island.

## Religion

In regards to religion, the Duano' people are Muslims. They were converted to Islam in the 19th century.

In Malaysia, where the question of religion is related to the official status of the people, the Duano' people insist that they are not pagans, as they do not eat pork or dugongs, do not have dogs on their boats and therefore cannot be considered in the same category as with other indigenous Orang Asli people of the peninsular part of the country. They are also advocates of Islam, according to official statistics held in Malaysia. Thus, according to JHEOA 1997, in Johor, all 2,918 Orang Kuala were Muslims.

Despite the fact that the Duano' people have long been advocates of Islam, they are not diligent in daily prayers, nor do they visit mosques regularly, and do not usually attend to Friday prayers. It happens that during the execution of Muslim rituals, the Duano' people are always carefree, and in turn, offending the feelings of other believers.

Another norm not seen in the Duano' people is also the typical of Muslims social segregation by gender.

In their everyday practice, the Duano' people often turn to their pre-Islamic traditional animistic beliefs. They believe that the world around them is filled with the spirits of nature (Malay language, *hantu*). Causing dissatisfaction with the spirits, according to their beliefs, can result in one's illness, conflict, and death. A fisherman who dares to throw a fishing net in the rainy season without having fulfilled a pre-established ritual will inevitably suffer from it. The Duano' people have their own spiritual healers, who, in their opinion, have supernatural abilities. The only way to treat is to cast spell on the spirits.

At the same time, the Duano' people do not speak about their traditional religion, emphasizing their beliefs in Islam in every possible way.

## Culture

The Duano' people have developed a highly specialized complex economic, based on rich, but very limited variety of composition, local natural resources. Their villages are on the very edge of the land, usually in the river mouths and quite close to the seaside coast. During the sea tides, the water level rises high. The Duano' people place their huts on a narrow marshy land strip that appears along the mangrove thickets only during the outflow. Duano' buildings are made of wooden platforms, mounted on stilts, and resemble like bridges. On this platform, there is a living room, as well as a spacious area for drying nets and drying fish. All the designs are casually built from wooden boards. For example, the Duano' village of Kuala Benut in Malaysia, located at the mouth of the same name Benut River, where in 1967 there were about 60 of such huts.

During flood the water reaches up to the floor of their houses. During a flood the wooden stairs allow one to descend from the platform to the ground where the boats are.

Almost every Duano' family has a boat. There are two main types of boats that they buy or build. The *jelo 'penat* is a dugout-boat with a keel. Another type is a bigger boat called *kota'*. They have a dry palm leaf *atap* (roofing) and are able to seat a family on board. In Malay language, this type of boat is called *sampan kotak*.

The main occupation of the Duano' people is fishing. Fishes are caught in the river mouths, trapping them with a net, or in the open sea with grids, fishing line or traps. Additionally, mollusks and other marine life that are found in the mud by the coast are harvested. For this purpose, they use a special board called *papantungka*. There is no division of labor by gender in the Duano' society. Only young mothers caring for small children are exempted from fishing.

Although the Duano' people are often counted as part of the Orang laut, they are not sea nomads. Though they can live for a long time in their boats and go to sea for fishing, they would still return to their village by the coast. When, for example, in May, the southern winds interfere with navigation in the Strait of Malacca, the Duano' people often go to the eastern coast of the Malaysian Peninsula. Thus, we can say that their practices are seasonally based. At the same time, their migrations pattern have always taken place and occur in a limited area, where for centuries their places have remained practically in the same region.

Their villages are not permanent, people can easily change the location of the village, usually due to the variability of the coastline.

The Duano' people are well known in the local waters, as it is also known to all Orang laut tribes living in the region.

Fish and seafood are used for both own consumption and for sale.

One of the unique traditions of the Duano' people is to gather and harvest sumbun (Solen grandis) once a year. Sumbun is a type of a local razor clam that is a favorite delicacy of the Duano' community in Jambi, Indonesia. This habit of catching the sumbun is common among the Duano' people and many of those that inhabit the east coast of Jambi, Indonesia, especially in East Tanjung Jabung Regency and West Tanjung Jabung Regency. Sumbun is generally known to be found in China, West Kalimantan, and in the waters of Jambi, as well as parts of Riau Islands, Indonesia. In fact, these sumbuns that are found in muddy waters made East Tanjung Jabung Regency as one of three special regions of sumbun producers in Indonesia. Harvesting of the sumbun is a unique tradition of the locals with the potential for further development. The harvesting and gathering of sumbun can be introduced through this tradition, especially in Jambi due to the uniqueness of the region's water biota. The special dish of the local Duano' community is the sumbun soup, which is known of its soft and uniquely distinct meat.

The traditional way of managing their welfare does not allow these people to provide themselves with everything that they need. Clothing, foods and vegetables are bought from the neighboring Chinese or Malay population. They themselves offer fish and seafood. For this purpose, the Duano' people are regularly to go to the shops in the city, where they would carry out trading operations and store fresh water.

It is generally known that the Duano' people are simple and peaceful. They are not particularly attracted to modern technology and only a small percentage graduate high school. At the same time, contacts with the outside world are important. In Malaysia, the Duanp' people, like all of the other Orang Asli tribes, are supported by the Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA). Employees of the department regularly visit the Duano' community to implement various social, economic and educational programs. People are increasingly integrating into mainstream culture. They borrowed many aspects of Malay culture and lifestyle.

The traditional life of the Duano' people in Malaysia has now undergone significant changes. Their settlements have also appeared in inland areas, where their livelihood is not connected with the sea. There are some existing small Duano' farms and plantations. While some of them are hired in the industry and agriculture. The development of infrastructure in the region has made it easier for them to travel to work in large cities. Some of the Duano' people have achieved some success in business or working in the service sector. At least one Duano' village specializes in the restoration and sale of used furniture. But the leading branch of the economy remains, as before, the fishery, although here the increasing numbers of Duano' people have begun to use modern methods and technical means.

Mustafa Omar and Nor Hafizah Mohd Fizer, in 2015, published the results of a survey conducted in 2012 between the two communities of Orang Asli: the Orang Kuala and Orang Kanaq in the Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia. Those that were interviewed included 51 heads of households in the village of Sungai Layau. As it turned out, the Duano' people markedly dominated the Orang Kanaq on all indicators of living standards. None of them had a lower income than RM500 per month, that is, not being below the poverty line; 35.3% had earnings at RM500-999 per month, 37.3% at RM1,000-1,499, and 27.5% over RM1,500 per month. Significantly the Duano' people are more effective than the Orang Kanaq in using state aid, which is allocated for education and development of entrepreneurial activity.

## Relationship with other ethnicities

The Duano' people clearly position themselves as a separate people group. They believe that they have nothing to do with other non-Malaysian populations living in the Malacca Strait.

Indicative is the attitude of the Duano' people to the ethnic names imposed on them from the outside. Oranq Kuala in Malaysia do not perceive the term "Orang Asli", they consider it only as an official euphemism, which should replace the obscene name of "Sakai", which in the past was applied to the "wild" tribes of the inland areas of the Malay Peninsula. These people are pagans, do not adhere to Muslim rules, and the Duano' people who practice the Islamic faith can not be united with them. Orang Kuala wants to officially recognize the name "*Orang Melayu Kuala*" (Kuala Malay people or Kuala Malays), that is, "estuary Malay people" or "Malay people of the estuary", as this would be more in line with their social status.

They also reject the name "Orang laut" because of its disdainful shade. So the inhabitants of the land scornfully call the sea nomads, "dirty" people living in boats, do not adhere to Muslim traditions, involved with witchcraft and find themselves with unclean power. The Duano' people do not consider themselves to be as such.

Their relationship with their Malay neighbors, which they call Desin Damangami or Desin Damong, is ambiguous. These two peoples are very close in terms of language and culture, but they are clearly aware of the differences between them. The Duano' people have taken over many features of the Malay culture and lifestyle, but racial differences do not allow them to fully integrate into Malay society. At the forefront in the relations between peoples are political factors, given the dominant position of the Malay people in society. The Malay people, in general, are disdainful to the Duano' people and others like them, because they are of different origin. At the domestic level, they constantly reproached the Duano' people for their carefree attitude towards Islamic rituals and traditions. On the other hand, Duano' people that are not accepted in the Malay society, feel a clear image and do not want to recognize this state of affairs and do not consider themselves below the Malay people.

Given the nature of the relationship between the Malay people and the Duano' people, marriages between them are often not welcomed on both sides. Separate mixed marriages occur in the Duano' mostly with Bugis (originating from Sulawesi) and Banjar people (coming from the southeast Kalimantan). Another is the situation in Indonesia, at the mouth of the Indragiri River. Here the Duano' people often welcome marriages with local Malay people and in fact constitute a mixed group of people.

They practically do not contact other Duano' community and other people group from the sea nomads people that have resettled in the Strait of Malacca. Such a closed way of life only accentuate the isolation of the people.

### Bibliography

* Diandara Oryza; Samsuddin Samsuddin; Irmawati Sagala; Aris Dwi Nugroho; Jamaluddin Jamaluddin; Abdul Malik; Syamsul Bahri (2018), "Duano's Local Wisdom in Preserving Marine Ecosystem at Jambi Coastal Area", *IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science*, **175** (1), IOP Publishing: 012227, Bibcode:2018E&ES..175a2227O, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012227, S2CID 134293339`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

### References

## InfoBox

Duano' people
Desin Duano' / Desin Dolak / Orang Kuala
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 19,000 (2006) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| **Strait of Malacca**: | |
| Indonesia | 17,500 |
| Jambi | 331 |
| Riau | n/a |
| Riau Islands | n/a |
| Malaysia (Johor) | 3,761 (2010) |
| Languages | |
| Duano' language, Indonesian language, Malay language | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Orang Laut, Urak Lawoi’ people, Moken people, Orang Seletar | |


title: The Machines (professional wrestling)

abstract: The Machines were a professional wrestling stable who performed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1986. The team consisted of well-known WWF wrestlers working under masks which strongly resembled that worn by Super Strong Machine in New Japan Pro-Wrestling at the time; leader André the Giant had faced Hirata and two other Strong Machines during tours of NJPW in 1984, getting the idea for the masks. The gimmick was very much tongue-in-cheek, as the identities of the masked men were obvious to the fans but frustrating to heels when they were unable to prove them. The Machines was the last tag team Capt. Lou Albano managed in the WWF until he returned in 1994 to manage The Headshrinkers.

text:
# The Machines (professional wrestling)

**The Machines** were a professional wrestling stable who performed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1986. The team consisted of well-known WWF wrestlers working under masks which strongly resembled that worn by Super Strong Machine in New Japan Pro-Wrestling at the time; leader André the Giant had faced Hirata and two other Strong Machines during tours of NJPW in 1984, getting the idea for the masks. The gimmick was very much tongue-in-cheek, as the identities of the masked men were obvious to the fans but frustrating to heels when they were unable to prove them. The Machines was the last tag team Capt. Lou Albano managed in the WWF until he returned in 1994 to manage The Headshrinkers.

## Story

After feuding intensely with André for more than a year, Bobby Heenan's Heenan Family challenged André and a partner of his choice to face King Kong Bundy and Big John Studd in a tag team match on April 26, 1986. When André did not show and was replaced by Ted Arcidi, Bobby Heenan launched a campaign to get him suspended from the WWF. After deliberating on the matter, WWF President Jack Tunney was forced to suspend him for missing the tag team match and subsequent matches against the Heenan Family. This was part of a wrestling storyline, to allow André time off for production of the film *The Princess Bride* which was being filmed in the UK and also to allow him to fulfill a contracted tour of Japan. He was also beginning to develop health problems from the gigantism that caused his size that led him to having major back surgery and limited his wrestling ability at that time.

Less than two months after the suspension was announced, vignettes appeared on WWF television hailing the debut of a masked tag team from the Orient, known as "The Machines", *Giant Machine* and *Super Machine*. The team announced that they were coming to America soon with their manager Lou Albano and that their only mission was to prove that they were the number one tag team in the world. Super Machine was portrayed by Bill Eadie. His ring name was a play on his previous gimmick "Masked Superstar". Though it was clear that Giant Machine was none other than André the Giant, commentators sold that Giant Machine might be Giant Baba, and not André, under the mask.

In the following weeks, Heenan made repeated claims that Giant Machine was André the Giant attempting to circumvent his suspension. To illustrate the obviousness of the ruse, Heenan went so far as to introduce his "new team from Korea" on an episode of Jesse Ventura’s *Body Shop*. The team was merely King Kong Bundy and Big John Studd wearing paper bags over their heads. Heenan's claims led to Jack Tunney decreeing that if the Giant Machine was revealed to be André, André's suspension would become permanent.

On August 5 (shown August 23), The Machines made their WWF debut with Super Machine wrestling in a singles match while Albano and Giant Machine were at ringside. Later that night, Bobby Heenan sneaked around at ringside taking pictures of the Giant Machine to try to prove his true identity. One week later, Albano introduced a third Machine to the WWF: *Big Machine*, who was played by Blackjack Mulligan. André had been suffering from (legitimate) severe back injuries, and the introduction of the Big Machine character was meant to reduce André's wrestling role. "The Machines" angle was designed to put him in a lighter tag-team role. Due to the severity of the back injury, Mulligan was brought in to reduce André's wrestling role even further, thereby keeping the popular superstar on TV. In televised interviews with Studd and Bundy, Studd would question the two smaller Machines being Japanese as one had a West Texas accent (Big Machine/Mulligan) and the other had a "New York accent" (Super Machine/Eadie). On the WWF show *Tuesday Night Titans*, Heenan claimed he knew of no Japanese wrestler who was 7'4" tall, weighed over 500 lbs and spoke with a French accent.

Big Machine and Super Machine wrestled the majority of the matches against Bobby Heenan's cronies, occasionally with Lou Albano joining them to face Bundy, Studd and Heenan in six man tag-team action. Soon, other masked wrestlers (whose identities were generally obvious) appeared and temporarily teamed with The Machines. On September 10, Big and Super Machine were joined by *Animal Machine* to defeat King Kong Bundy, Big John Studd and Bobby Heenan. On September 16, The Machines were joined by *Hulk Machine* as the trio defeated the Heenan Family. The Hulk Machine returned on September 22 and helped the Machines win in the main event at the Madison Square Garden. A few weeks later at the Boston Garden, the Machines received help from the kilt-wearing *Piper Machine*. On a house show in St. Paul, Minnesota the Machines even got the help of *Crusher Machine*, pinning John Studd to gain the victory for his team. On October 28, The Machines wrestled their last match under that gimmick, a loss to Bundy and Studd. This also marked the last appearance of Lou Albano as a manager in the WWF for several years.

After the Machines last match was shown on November 23, the angle was ended and André was announced as being reinstated on November 29. In the following weeks the mystery of why André the Giant was reinstated built up until it was revealed that Bobby Heenan had arranged for the suspension to end so he could turn on Hulk Hogan in the buildup to WrestleMania III. After the angle ended Eadie (Super Machine) was repackaged as *Ax*, one half of Demolition while Big Machine worked for the WWF as Blackjack Mulligan (Windham's best-known wrestling identity) in late 1986 and the first half of 1987 before leaving the promotion.

## InfoBox

| The Machines | |
| --- | --- |
| The Machines mask | |
| Stable | |
| Members | Super Machine
Big Machine
Giant Machine
Hulk Machine
Piper Machine
Animal Machine
Crusher Machine
Capt. Lou Albano (Manager) |
| Billed from | "The Orient" |
| Debut | 1986 |
| Disbanded | 1986 |
| Years active | 1986 |


abstract: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (ISBN 0-385-19195-2) is a book by Steven Levy about hacker culture. It was published in 1984 in Garden City, New York by Doubleday. Levy describes the people, the machines, and the events that defined the Hacker culture and the Hacker Ethic, from the early mainframe hackers at MIT, to the self-made hardware hackers and game hackers. The book saw an edition with a new afterword by the author in 1994. In 2010, a 25th anniversary edition with updated material was published by O'Reilly.

text:
# Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution

***Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution*** (ISBN 0-385-19195-2) is a book by Steven Levy about hacker culture. It was published in 1984 in Garden City, New York by Doubleday. Levy describes the people, the machines, and the events that defined the Hacker culture and the Hacker Ethic, from the early mainframe hackers at MIT, to the self-made hardware hackers and game hackers.

The book saw an edition with a new afterword (entitled "Afterword: Ten Years After") by the author in 1994. In 2010, a 25th anniversary edition with updated material was published by O'Reilly.

## Summary

Levy traces developments in the history of hacking, beginning with The Tech Model Railroad Club at MIT, whose members were among the first hackers. He discusses the Hacker Ethic, a set of concepts, beliefs, and morals that came out of a symbiotic relationship between the hackers and the machines. The Ethic consisted of allowing all information to be open and accessible in order to learn about how the world worked; using the already available knowledge to create more knowledge.

Several chapters discuss the history of computer gaming, beginning with Spacewar! in September 1961. This paved the way for major gaming companies such as On-Line, Broderbund, and Sirius Software.

Other highlights include:

**Conway's Game of Life**, a computer simulation written by John Horton Conway which became Bill Gosper's focus in 1970.

**Revolt in 2100**: Lee Felsenstein and Jude Milhon founded Community Memory, an offshoot of Resource One based in Berkeley, California. Bob Albrecht and his computer-book publishing company Dymax also brought computing to the people by teaching young students to program. Albrecht formed People's Computer Company, a storefront in Menlo Park, California, to offer computer time and classes.

**Every Man a God**: In Albuquerque, New Mexico, Ed Roberts founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems created the Altair 8800, a computer kit that cost only $397.

**The Homebrew Computer Club** was founded by Fred Moore and Gordon French as a way for electronics hobbyists and hackers to get together and exchange information and talk about their projects. The first meeting took place on March 5, 1975 in Gordon's garage.

**Tiny BASIC**: Altair BASIC was an interpreter that translated instructions from the BASIC programming language into assembly instructions that the Altair 8800 could understand. It was developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, the founders of Microsoft, then styled "Micro-soft", specifically for the 8800 and it would fit in 4K of memory.

In addition, Levy profiles important hacker figures, including John Draper, Bill Gates, Richard Greenblatt, and Steve Wozniak.

## Reception

*PC Magazine* stated that Levy "does capture the essential composite of the hacker personality but fails to accept that the true hacker, driven by machine lust, is equally content to hack in the corporate corridors. He is also naively optimistic about the collective spirit of computing, which he believes will ultimately prevail". There are later criticisms of Levy's book that point out his failure to acknowledge that the hacker world excluded women and minorities, not consciously but by cultural bias of its early participants.

## InfoBox

Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Subject | Hacker culture |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Anchor Press/Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1984 |
| ISBN | 0-385-19195-2 |
| OCLC | 10605060 |
| Dewey Decimal | 001.64/2/0922 19 |
| LC Class | QA76.6 .L469 1984 |


title: John Wittig

abstract: John Wittig was a Danish film actor. He appeared in 30 films between 1950 and 1987. He was born and died in Denmark.

text:
# John Wittig

**John Wittig** (22 October 1921 – 23 October 1987) was a Danish film actor. He appeared in 30 films between 1950 and 1987. He was born and died in Denmark.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949 | *Den stjaalne minister* | Jurastuderende |  |
| 1950 | *Susanne* | Ung mand |  |
| 1950 | *I gabestokken* | Gæst i marketenderiet |  |
| 1951 | *Unge piger forsvinder i København* | Sømand | Uncredited |
| 1951 | *Som sendt fra himlen* | Præst |  |
| 1951 | *Glem det aldrig* |  |  |
| 1953 | *Hejrenæs* | Godsejer Hans-Henrik Thann |  |
| 1953 | *Adam and Eve* | Aagaard |  |
| 1955 | *Der kom en dag* | Henning Pil |  |
| 1955 | *Bruden fra Dragstrup* (1955) | Peter Brandt |  |
| 1956 | *Ung leg* | Adjunkt Brandt |  |
| 1957 | *Tre piger fra Jylland* | Pastor Martin Brandt |  |
| 1957 | *En kvinde er overflødig* | Klaus Nielsen |  |
| 1958 | *Over alle grænser* | Erik |  |
| 1958 | *Spion 503* | Modstandsmand Jørgen |  |
| 1960 | *The Last Winter* | Læge John Sørensen |  |
| 1961 | *Landsbylægen* | Greve Hans Thomas Heinrich Foné |  |
| 1962 | *The Counterfeit Traitor* | Sven |  |
| 1964 | *Tine* (1964) | Kapellan Graae |  |
| 1965 | *Strike First Freddy* | Agent I | Uncredited |
| 1966 | *Relax Freddie* | Agent I | Uncredited |
| 1969 | *Ballad of Carl-Henning* | Mejeribestyreren |  |
| 1970 | *The Only Way* | Flugtleder / Escapeleader |  |
| 1987 | *Pelle the Conqueror* | Skolelærer |  |

## InfoBox

| John Wittig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1921-10-22)22 October 1921
Middelfart, Denmark |
| Died | 23 October 1987(1987-10-23) (aged 66)
Denmark |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1950-1987 |


title: Glenmore, Wisconsin

abstract: Glenmore is a town in Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,045 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Glenmore, Wisconsin

**Glenmore** is a town in Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,045 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

* **Glenmore** is an unincorporated community located at the intersection of Glenmore Road and Langes Corner Road.
* **Shirley** is an unincorporated community located at the intersection of WIS 96/Shirley Road and Dickinson Road.

## Geography

The Town of Glenmore, in Brown County, is located in Northeastern Wisconsin, approximately 10 miles southeast of Green Bay. Glenmore is primarily an agricultural community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.8 square miles (85.0 km2), of which 0.023 square miles (0.06 km2), or 0.07%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,187 people, 375 households, and 322 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.3 people per square mile (14.0/km2). There were 382 housing units at an average density of 11.7 per square mile (4.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.33% White, 0.34% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, and 0.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 375 households, out of which 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.8% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.1% were non-families. 10.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.41.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,466, and the median income for a family was $52,200. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,262 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,487. About 2.9% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

The wind farm Shirley Wind is located in the town, in the community of Shirley.

44°23′09″N 87°55′38″W / 44.38583°N 87.92722°W / 44.38583; -87.92722

## InfoBox

| Glenmore, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Brown County and the state of Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 44°22′23″N 87°56′42″W / 44.37306°N 87.94500°W / 44.37306; -87.94500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Brown |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.8 sq mi (85.1 km2) |
| Land | 32.8 sq mi (85.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 912 ft (278 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,045 |
| Density | 31.8/sq mi (12.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 920 |
| FIPS code | 55-29550 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1583285 |
| Website | glenmorewisconsin.org |


title: Orlando Aravena

abstract: Orlando Enrique Aravena Vergara was a Chilean football player and manager.

text:
# Orlando Aravena

**Orlando Enrique Aravena Vergara** (21 October 1942 – 21 March 2024) was a Chilean football player and manager.

## Career

As a player, Aravena played for Magallanes, Deportes La Serena, Palestino, Colo-Colo and Ñublense. With Deportes La Serena, he won the 1960 Copa Preparación.

As a manager, Aravena coached the Chile national U20 team in 1975 and the under-23's in the 1987 Pre-Olympic Tournament. At senior level, he led Chile during the 1987 Copa América, where the team reached the tournament final. He ended his international career as team manager during Chile's qualification attempt for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

### Maracanazo

Aravena received a five-year ban from FIFA for his part in a plan to have a World Cup qualifying game awarded to Chile. He had ordered goalkeeper Roberto Rojas to feign injury after Rojas was almost hit by an incendiary device thrown onto the pitch at Estádio do Maracanã.

## Personal life and death

Aravena suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died on 21 March 2024 in Santiago. He was 81.

Orlando Aravena was the uncle of Jorge Aravena, who was also a Chilean international footballer.

## InfoBox

Orlando Aravena
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Orlando Enrique Aravena Vergara | | |
| Date of birth | (1942-10-21)21 October 1942 | | |
| Place of birth | Talca, Chile | | |
| Date of death | 21 March 2024(2024-03-21) (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Santiago, Chile | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1957 | Magallanes | 19 | (0) |
| 1958–1964 | Deportes La Serena | 120 | (3) |
| 1965 | Palestino | 31 | (2) |
| 1966–1969 | Colo-Colo | 78 | (5) |
| 1970 | Deportes La Serena | 28 | (0) |
| 1971–1972 | Ñublense | 64 | (1) |
| Total |  | **340** | **(11)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1957–1965 | Chile | 6 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1975 | Chile U20 | | |
| 1976 | Colo-Colo | | |
| 1977 | Ñublense | | |
| 1978 | Universidad Católica | | |
| 1980 | Unión Española | | |
| 1981 | O'Higgins | | |
| 1983 | Rangers | | |
| 1984–1985 | Unión Española | | |
| 1986 | Everton | | |
| 1986–1987 | Palestino | | |
| 1987 | Chile U23 | | |
| 1987–1989 | Chile | | |
| 1996 | Palestino | | |
| 2002-2003 | Magallanes | | |
| 2006 | Santiago Morning | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ragho Nand

abstract: Ragho Nand is a Fiji Indian former politician who was also a Minister in the multi-party cabinet following the 2006 election. In the House of Representatives he represented the Tailevu Rewa Indian Communal Constituency, one of 19 reserved for Indo-Fijians, which he held for the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) in the general elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. On 19 May 2000, he was among the 43 members of the People's Coalition Government, led by Mahendra Chaudhry, taken hostage by George Speight and his band of rebel Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) soldiers from the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit. He was released on 21 May 2000, after he signed a paper resigning his seat in Parliament. In 2003, Nand was offered the portfolio of Minister for Drainage and Flood Protection & Management, together with 13 other FLP parliamentarians who were offered cabinet positions by the Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase but the FLP refused to accept this offer. Following his win in 2006, he was named Minister for Employment Opportunities and Productivity in the multi-party Cabinet that was formed. The FLP members of the Cabinet were advised by its leader, Mahendra Chaudhry, to vote against the 2006 budget and Nand with three other colleagues voted against the budget. The four ALP Cabinet were asked by the Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase to resign, which they refused to do, but the 2006 coup took place before any further action could be taken.

text:
# Ragho Nand

**Ragho Nand** is a Fiji Indian former politician who was also a Minister in the multi-party cabinet following the 2006 election.

In the House of Representatives he represented the Tailevu Rewa Indian Communal Constituency, one of 19 reserved for Indo-Fijians, which he held for the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) in the general elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006.

On 19 May 2000, he was among the 43 members of the People's Coalition Government, led by Mahendra Chaudhry, taken hostage by George Speight and his band of rebel Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) soldiers from the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit. He was released on 21 May 2000, after he signed a paper resigning his seat in Parliament.

In 2003, Nand was offered the portfolio of Minister for Drainage and Flood Protection & Management, together with 13 other FLP parliamentarians who were offered cabinet positions by the Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase but the FLP refused to accept this offer.

Following his win in 2006, he was named Minister for Employment Opportunities and Productivity in the multi-party Cabinet that was formed. The FLP members of the Cabinet were advised by its leader, Mahendra Chaudhry, to vote against the 2006 budget and Nand with three other colleagues voted against the budget. The four ALP Cabinet were asked by the Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase to resign, which they refused to do, but the 2006 coup took place before any further action could be taken.

1. Fiji Labour Party - Activities Report: 1999-2000
2. PM announces 14 FLP Ministers Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
3. Labour cabinet ministers told to resign Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Ragho Nand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of House of Representatives (Fiji)
Tailevu Rewa Indian Communal Constituency | |
| **In office**
1999–2006 | |
| Minister for Employment Opportunities and Productivity (Fiji) | |
| **In office**
2006–2006 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Fiji Labour Party |
|  | |


abstract: The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries. Its aim is to facilitate "the development of friendly relations" among governments through a uniform set of practices and principles; most notably, it codifies the longstanding custom of diplomatic immunity, in which diplomatic missions are granted privileges that enable diplomats to perform their functions without fear of coercion or harassment by the host country. The Vienna Convention is a cornerstone of modern international relations and international law and is almost universally ratified and observed; it is considered one of the most successful legal instruments drafted under the United Nations.

text:
# Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

The **Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations** of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries. Its aim is to facilitate "the development of friendly relations" among governments through a uniform set of practices and principles; most notably, it codifies the longstanding custom of diplomatic immunity, in which diplomatic missions are granted privileges that enable diplomats to perform their functions without fear of coercion or harassment by the host country. The Vienna Convention is a cornerstone of modern international relations and international law and is almost universally ratified and observed; it is considered one of the most successful legal instruments drafted under the United Nations.

## History

Throughout the history of sovereign states, diplomats have enjoyed a special status. The principle of diplomatic immunity dates back to ancient times, when Greek and Roman governments granted special status to envoys. This basic concept has endured and continued to evolve over the centuries, remaining an important element of foreign relations up to the present day. Their function to negotiate agreements between states demands certain special privileges. An envoy from another nation is traditionally treated as a guest, their communications with their home nation treated as confidential, and their freedom from coercion and subjugation by the host nation treated as essential.

The first attempt to codify diplomatic immunity into diplomatic law occurred with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. This was followed much later by the Convention regarding Diplomatic Officers (Havana, 1928).

The present treaty on the treatment of diplomats was the outcome of a draft by the International Law Commission. The treaty was adopted on 18 April 1961, by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities held in Vienna, Austria, and first implemented on 24 April 1964. The same Conference also adopted the Optional Protocol concerning Acquisition of Nationality, the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, the Final Act and four resolutions annexed to that Act. One notable aspect which arose from the 1961 treaty was the establishment of the Holy See's diplomatic immunity status with other nations.

Two years later, the United Nations adopted a closely related treaty, the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.

## Summary of provisions

The Vienna Convention is an extensive document, containing 53 articles. The following is a basic overview of its key provisions.

* The host nation at any time and for any reason can declare a particular member of the diplomatic staff to be *persona non grata*. The sending state must recall this person within a reasonable period, otherwise, this person may lose their diplomatic immunity (Article 9).
* The premises of a diplomatic mission are inviolable and must not be entered by the host country except by permission of the head of the mission; likewise, the host country must never search the premises, may not seize its documents or property, and must protect the mission from intrusion or damage (Article 22). Article 30 extends this provision to the private residence of diplomatic agents.
* The archives and documents of a diplomatic mission are inviolable and shall not be seized or opened by the host government (Article 24).
* The host country must permit and protect free communication between the diplomatic agents of the mission and their home country. A diplomatic bag must never be opened, even on suspicion of abuse, and a diplomatic courier must never be arrested or detained (Article 27).
* Diplomatic agents must not be liable to any form of arrest or detention, and the receiving state must make all efforts to protect their person and dignity (Article 29).
* Diplomatic agents are immune from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the host state, with exceptions for professional activities outside the diplomat's official functions (Article 31). Article 32 permits sending states to waive this immunity.
* Diplomatic missions are exempt from taxes (Article 34) and customs duties (Article 36).
* Family members of diplomats living in the host country have many of the same protections as the diplomatic agents themselves (Article 37).

## Optional protocols

The same year the treaty was adopted, two protocols were added as amendments; countries may ratify the main treaty without necessarily ratifying these optional agreements.

* *Concerning acquisition of nationality.* The head of the mission, the staff of the mission, and their families, shall not acquire the nationality of the receiving country.
* *Concerning compulsory settlement of disputes.* Disputes arising from the interpretation of this treaty may be brought before the International Court of Justice.

## States parties to the convention

As of June 2020, there are 193 state parties to the Vienna Convention, including all UN member states—with the exceptions of Palau and South Sudan—and the UN observer states of the Holy See and State of Palestine. The Republic of China signed and ratified the convention on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969, respectively, prior to the UN granting China's seat to the People's Republic of China. There are no states that have signed the treaty but not ratified it.

* Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales, Vol 9, No 1 (2016)

## InfoBox

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
| Ratifications of the convention   Parties   Non-parties | |
| --- | --- |
| Signed | 18 April 1961 |
| Location | Vienna |
| Effective | 24 April 1964 |
| Condition | Ratification by 22 states |
| Signatories | 61 |
| Parties | 193 (as of June 2021) |
| Depositary | UN Secretary-General |
| Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish |
| Full text | |
| Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations at Wikisource | |


title: Neumayer Channel

abstract: Neumayer Channel is a channel 16 miles (26 km) long in a NE-SW direction and about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, separating Anvers Island from Wiencke Island and Doumer Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. The southwest entrance to this channel was seen by Eduard Dallmann, leader of the German 1873-74 expedition, who named it Roosen Channel. The Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, sailed through the channel and named it for Georg von Neumayer. The second name has been approved because of more general usage. Neumayer Channel is renowned for its dramatic cliffs, drawing tourists to the region. It is often likened to a maze due to its inverted S-shape, where both the entrance and exits feature sharp bends, creating a challenging and scenic navigational experience.

text:
# Neumayer Channel

**Neumayer Channel** (64°47′26″S 63°8′21″W / 64.79056°S 63.13917°W / -64.79056; -63.13917) is a channel 16 miles (26 km) long in a NE-SW direction and about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, separating Anvers Island from Wiencke Island and Doumer Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. The southwest entrance to this channel was seen by Eduard Dallmann, leader of the German 1873-74 expedition, who named it Roosen Channel. The Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, sailed through the channel and named it for Georg von Neumayer. The second name has been approved because of more general usage.

Neumayer Channel is renowned for its dramatic cliffs, drawing tourists to the region. It is often likened to a maze due to its inverted S-shape, where both the entrance and exits feature sharp bends, creating a challenging and scenic navigational experience.

## Geology

The Neumayer Channel Tectonic Block is bounded by the Neumayer Fault and the Fournier Fault, which are parallel SW-NE trending strike-slip faults. The block consists of an Early Tertiary granite-granodiorite pluton intruded by a system of Early of Late Tertiary vertical dykes. These intrusive rocks are overlain by basaltic-trachyandesitic lavas and tuffs.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Neumayer Channel". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Orang Rimba people

abstract: The Orang Batin Sembilan, Orang Rimba or Anak Dalam are mobile, animist peoples who live throughout the lowland forests of southeast Sumatra. Kubu is a Malay exonym ascribed to them. In the Malay language, the word Kubu can mean defensive fortification, entrenchment, or a place of refuge. It is metaphor for how the majority and dominant Islamic Melayu villagers believe them to use the interior forests as a means for resisting inclusion in the larger Malay social and Islamic religious world. As is the case with other forest peoples in the region, the term Kubu is associated with very negative connotations. Following Malay classifications, early Europeans divided the Kubu into two categories: 'tame' or 'civilized' Kubu, who were predominantly swidden farmers, and 'wild' Kubu, who lived deep in the forests, and made much stronger efforts to avoid close relations with the outside world. While closely related to Malay speaking peoples, these peoples represent two separate cultural groups, which have different economic and socio-religious systems.

text:
# Orang Rimba people

The **Orang Batin Sembilan**, **Orang Rimba** or **Anak Dalam** are mobile, animist peoples who live throughout the lowland forests of southeast Sumatra. **Kubu** is a Malay exonym ascribed to them. In the Malay language, the word Kubu can mean defensive fortification, entrenchment, or a place of refuge. It is metaphor for how the majority and dominant Islamic Melayu villagers believe them to use the interior forests as a means for resisting inclusion in the larger Malay social and Islamic religious world. As is the case with other forest peoples in the region, the term Kubu is associated with very negative connotations.

Following Malay classifications, early Europeans divided the Kubu into two categories: 'tame' or 'civilized' Kubu, who were predominantly swidden farmers, and 'wild' Kubu, who lived deep in the forests, and made much stronger efforts to avoid close relations with the outside world. While closely related to Malay speaking peoples, these peoples represent two separate cultural groups, which have different economic and socio-religious systems.

## Orang Batin Sembilan

Traditionally referred to as civilized Kubu, the Orang Batin Sembilan are a larger population of swidden-based peoples who live in the central and eastern lowland forests of South Sumatra (pop. ~35,000) and Jambi (pop. ~10,000) . Like other people in the region, these people traditionally use the swidden field as a base camp from which to exploit resources in the forests, particularly when collecting forest products for trade.

## Orang Rimba

The Orang Rimba ('people of the forest') are a much smaller population of people (~3000) who live in the upstream regions of Jambi and South Sumatran. They have a unique, diverse economy, which shifts in and out of two base subsistence strategies: swidden farming and a very nomadic life based on foraging wild yams. This is traditionally combined with hunting, trapping, fishing, and the collection of forest products for trade. For many, part-time rubber tapping and participation in logging has gradually replaced the collection of forest products.

Orang Rimba life is characterized by small and changing camps, which can be the size of a nuclear family when digging for wild yams, but more commonly is based around an extended family, and can include several extended families whenever swidden farming. Their social relations are very egalitarian, while hierarchies are largely based upon age, gender and knowledge of religion and culture law.

*Sokola Rimba* is a 2013 Indonesian film featuring the lifestyle of the Rimba people.

## Deforestation and government settlements

Since the 1970s, many of these peoples have been displaced from their traditional lands by logging companies and palm oil plantations, and for some time have been the target of government settlement projects. Additionally, the peoples of these tribes are frequently being forcibly converted to state-approved religions, primarily Islam.

## Language

The various Kubu languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. They are isolects of the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu) spoken in the upstream regions of Palembang and Jambi, Sumatra. All are related to the Indonesian language, which is based upon a variant of Malay.

## InfoBox

**Kubu people**
**Orang Batin Sembilan / Orang Rimba / Anak Dalam**
| A group of Kubu people in the 1930s in Jambi, Sumatra. | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 200,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| **Indonesia:** | |
| Jambi | 10,000 |
| South Sumatra | 35,000 |
| Riau | N/A |
| Languages | |
| Kubu language, Indonesian language | |
| Religion | |
| Animism, Islam, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Malays, Lubu, Orang Asli | |


title: The Machines: 1990–1993

abstract: The Machines: 1990–1993 also known as Simple Machines: 1990–1993 is a compilation album created by Simple Machines records. The compilation consisted of six of the earliest EPs; Wedge, Wheel, Pulley, Screw, Lever, and Inclined Plane. None of the songs are necessarily listed in the same orders as they are on their respected EPs. The album contains The Hated's cover of the Simon and Garfunkel hit "I Am a Rock", rare songs by Velocity Girl and Superchunk, as well as two rants by Juliana Luecking, one of which is spoken in a fake Baltimore accent. It also contains two songs by Geek called "Herasure" and "Hemingway Shotgun", the latter of which Allmusic has mistakenly referred to as "Hemingway Station".

text:
# The Machines: 1990–1993

***The Machines: 1990–1993*** also known as ***Simple Machines: 1990–1993*** is a compilation album created by Simple Machines records. The compilation consisted of six of the earliest EPs; Wedge (SMR 01; 1990), Wheel (SMR 02; 1990), Pulley (SMR 03; 1991), Screw (SMR 04; 1991), Lever (SMR 05; 1992), and Inclined Plane (SMR 06; 1993). None of the songs are necessarily listed in the same orders as they are on their respected EPs.

The album contains The Hated's cover of the Simon and Garfunkel hit "I Am a Rock", rare songs by Velocity Girl and Superchunk, as well as two rants by Juliana Luecking, one of which is spoken in a fake Baltimore accent. It also contains two songs by Geek called "Herasure" and "Hemingway Shotgun", the latter of which Allmusic has mistakenly referred to as "Hemingway *Station*".

## Track listing

1. The Hated - "I Am a Rock"
2. Lungfish \- "Nothing Is Easy"
3. Edsel - "Feeder"
4. Geek - "Herasure"
5. Juliana(Luecking) - "So Fuckin' Perfec'"
6. Holy Rollers - "Swallowing My Swallow"
7. Juliana(Luecking) - "The Chase"
8. Holy Rollers - "Moments Before Impact"
9. Bricks - "Spy Kitty"
10. My New Boyfriend - "Thurston Dance"
11. Nation of Ulysses \- "Diphtheria"
12. Mommyheads \- "At the Mall"
13. Candy Machine - "My Old Man"
14. Jawbox \- "Footbinder"
15. Geek - "Hemingway Shotgun"
16. Velocity Girl \- "What You Say"
17. Severin - "Me & You"
18. Scrawl \- "Reuters"
19. Autoclave \- "Summer"
20. Circus Lupus \- "Pacifier"
21. Tsunami \- "Beauty, Part II"
22. Superchunk \- "Baxter"
23. Rodan \- "Darjeering"
24. Unrest \- "Winona Ryder"

## InfoBox

| The Machines: 1990–1993 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various Artists | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, indie rock, post-hardcore, emo, math rock |
| Label | Simple Machines |


title: Wanna Be Your Joe

abstract: Wanna Be Your Joe is the ninth studio album released from country music artist Billy Ray Cyrus. Released on July 17, 2006 on New Door Records and UMe, it was Cyrus' first country album since 2000's Southern Rain. It is also his first album of non-gospel music in three years. From Billy Ray's exposure on Hannah Montana, the album debuted and peaked at number 24 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart, number 113 on the Billboard 200 and number 118 on the Billboard Top Comprehensive Albums. The album sold well, but no hit single was released. The title track and "I Want My Mullet Back" were released as singles, but both failed to chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.

text:
# Wanna Be Your Joe

***Wanna Be Your Joe*** is the ninth studio album released from country music artist Billy Ray Cyrus. Released on July 17, 2006 on New Door Records and UMe, it was Cyrus' first country album since 2000's *Southern Rain*. It is also his first album of non-gospel music in three years. From Billy Ray's exposure on *Hannah Montana*, the album debuted and peaked at number 24 on the U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart, number 113 on the *Billboard* 200 and number 118 on the *Billboard* Top Comprehensive Albums. The album sold well, but no hit single was released. The title track and "I Want My Mullet Back" were released as singles, but both failed to chart on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart.

## Content

The album features collaborations with Cyrus' daughter, Miley Cyrus, and a song with George Jones and Loretta Lynn. The song with Miley, "Stand", was made into a music video, but was not released as a single. "Country Music Has the Blues" is the song with Jones and Lynn; it was co-written with Cyrus' son, Trace Cyrus, lead singer for the pop group, Metro Station.

On the track "The Freebird Fell", Cyrus co-wrote the song with Lynyrd Skynyrd guitarist Ed King and drummer Artimus Pyle. Also, fellow country singer Mark Collie contributes to the track "What About Us"; co-written with Cyrus and Terry Shelton.

Also, the album has two hidden tracks. The song "Without You" was originally on Cyrus' 2000 album *Southern Rain*, but was not released as a single. "One Night" is the second hidden track. It was originally a UK Singles Chart number-one single for Elvis Presley in 1958.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| About.com |  |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Slant* |  |

AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5. Although they said the album had been labored over and revised.

> On the one hand, there's a collection of romantic ballads — "Wanna Be Your Joe," "I Wouldn't Be Me," "What About Us," "I Wonder," "Lonely Wins," "How've Ya Been," and "Ole What's Her Name" — that run the gamut from sincere pledges of commitment to expressions of frustration and outright kiss-offs.

The album debuted at number 113 on the *Billboard* 200, number 118 on the Top Comprehensive Albums and number 24 on the Top Country Albums chart, where it stayed at the peak position for two consecutive weeks. Although the title track was released on June 6, 2006, it failed to chart on the country music charts. A second single, "I Want My Mullet Back," was released later in 2006, but it also failed to chart. Cyrus left New Door Records by the end of 2006 and signed with Walt Disney Records, due to the lackluster success of the album and its singles.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Billy Ray Cyrus; additional writing credits below

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wanna Be Your Joe" |  | 3:12 |
| 2. | "I Want My Mullet Back" |  | 3:18 |
| 3. | "The Man" | Paul Abraham | 3:26 |
| 4. | "I Wouldn't Be Me" | Jeff Tweel | 4:10 |
| 5. | "What About Us" | Terry Shelton, Mark Collie | 3:01 |
| 6. | "Country Music Has the Blues" (with George Jones and Loretta Lynn) | Trace Cyrus | 2:55 |
| 7. | "The Freebird Fell" | Ed King, Artimus Pyle | 4:59 |
| 8. | "I Wonder" |  | 3:46 |
| 9. | "Lonely Wins" |  | 3:28 |
| 10. | "How've Ya Been" |  | 3:19 |
| 11. | "Ole What's Her Name" |  | 4:25 |
| 12. | "Hey Daddy" |  | 3:47 |
| 13. | "Stand" (with Miley Cyrus) | Andy Dodd, Adam Watts | 4:19 |

Bouns Track/Hidden Track
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "A Pain in My Gas" (bonus track) |  | 3:49 |
| 15. | "Without You" (bonus track) | Cyrus, Jude Cole | 3:41 |
| 16. | "One Night" (hidden track) | Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King, Anita Steiman | 2:25 |

## Personnel

## Chart performance

### Album

The album debuted at number 24 on the *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart in 2006, number 113 on the all-genre *Billboard* 200 chart and number 118 on the all-genre *Billboard* Top Comprehensive Albums chart, even after failing to release a hit single to county radio.

| Charts (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 113 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Comprehensive Albums | 118 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 24 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country |
| 2006 | "Wanna Be Your Joe" |  |
| | "I Want My Mullet Back" |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Wanna Be Your Joe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Billy Ray Cyrus | |
| Released | July 17, 2006 (2006-07-17) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 58:17 |
| Label | New Door, UMe |
| Producer | Billy Ray Cyrus |
| Billy Ray Cyrus chronology | |
| *The Definitive Collection*
(2004) ***Wanna Be Your Joe***
(2006) *Home at Last*
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Wanna Be Your Joe* | |
| 1. "Wanna Be Your Joe"
Released: June 6, 2006 2. "I Want My Mullet Back"
Released: August 29, 2006 | |
|  | |


title: Jonathan D. Stevenson

abstract: Jonathan Drake Stevenson (1800–1894) was born in New York; won a seat in the New York State Assembly; was the commanding officer of the First Regiment of New York Volunteers during the Mexican–American War in California; entered California mining and real estate businesses; and died in San Francisco on February 14, 1894.

text:
# Jonathan D. Stevenson

**Jonathan Drake Stevenson** (1800–1894) was born in New York; won a seat in the New York State Assembly; was the commanding officer of the First Regiment of New York Volunteers during the Mexican–American War in California; entered California mining and real estate businesses; and died in San Francisco on February 14, 1894.

## New York state politics

Stevenson became the protégé of New York Governor Daniel D. Tompkins and served as his private secretary, and accompanied him to Washington in that capacity when Tompkins was elected Vice President in 1816. His friendship with prominent politicians and his helping to expose the Glentworth election frauds of 1839 gained him a certain stature in the Democratic Party. He supported James K. Polk for the Presidency in 1844, and was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1846.

## Regiment of New York Volunteers

In 1846, President Polk offered Stevenson the command of a regiment of volunteers to be raised as part of the American occupation army during the Mexican–American War in California. Colonel Stevenson raised a volunteer regiment of ten companies of 77 men each or 770 men to go to California with the understanding that they would be muster out and stay in California. On 1 August 1846, the regiment was mustered into Federal service as the "Seventh" New York Volunteers. Stevenson with his Regiment of New York Volunteers sailed around Cape Horn for California on September 26, 1846, and arrived at San Francisco March 7, 1847. After his arrival in San Francisco, Stevenson joined General Stephen W. Kearny at Monterey and was made commander of the post. In May, 1847, he became the military commander of the southern district of California with headquarters in Los Angeles. In 1848, an order was received by Colonel R.B. Mason, directing that Colonel Stevenson's regiment should be designated thereafter the "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers" instead of the "Seventh".

## Post bellum

When his regiment was mustered out of service in 1848, Stevenson traveled to the mining community of Mokelumne Hill. He was appointed alcalde of the settlement, and drew up a code of mining laws and regulations. He returned to San Francisco to enter the real estate business with Dr. William C. Parker, who had been assistant surgeon in the Regiment of New York Volunteers. He bought the southern half of Rancho Los Medanos in 1849 and laid out a site for a town they called "New York of the Pacific", which was changed to Pittsburg in 1911. He was active in Freemasonry. In 1850 he participated in organizing the Grand Lodge of California, and served as its first Grand Master. He was appointed Shipping Commissioner for the Port of San Francisco in 1872. He died in San Francisco on February 14, 1894. A street in San Francisco, Stevenson Street, is named for him.

## InfoBox

| Jonathan Drake Stevenson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | January 1, 1800
Staten Island, New York |
| Died | February 14, 1894
San Francisco, California |


title: Mo Youxue

abstract: Mo Youxue is a Chinese track and field sprint athlete who competes in the 100m and 200-meter dash events. He won a silver medal for China in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing. Mo was born in Bantang Hamlet 板塘屯, Bantang Village 板塘村, Chuanshan Town 穿山镇, Liujiang County, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Province, China. His first major result was a gold medal at the 2013 World Youth Championships, where he ran a personal best and world youth leading time of 10.35, beating Ojie Edoburun in a photo finish. He won a silver medal for China in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing finishing behind Jamaica. In late 2022, Youxue began coaching Deng Xinrui.

text:
# Mo Youxue

**Mo Youxue** (莫有雪; born February 10, 1996) is a Chinese track and field sprint athlete who competes in the 100m and 200-meter dash events. He won a silver medal for China in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing.

Mo was born in Bantang Hamlet 板塘屯, Bantang Village 板塘村, Chuanshan Town 穿山镇, Liujiang County, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Province, China.

His first major result was a gold medal at the 2013 World Youth Championships, where he ran a personal best and world youth leading time of 10.35, beating Ojie Edoburun in a photo finish.

He won a silver medal for China in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing finishing behind Jamaica.

In late 2022, Youxue began coaching Deng Xinrui.

## Personal bests

* 100 metres: 10.346 seconds (2013)
* 200 metres: 20.96 seconds (2015)

## InfoBox

Mo Youxue
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Born | (1996-02-10) February 10, 1996<br>Liuzhou, China |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 147 lb (67 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Country | China |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | 100 metres, 200 metres |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 100m：10.346 s |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  China  World Championships  2015 Beijing 4×100 m relay  World Youth Championships  Donetsk 2013 100 m | |


title: Instituto de Estudos Empresariais

abstract: Instituto de Estudos Empresariais (IEE) is a Brazilian non-profit organization without any politically partisan commitments. It is funded through contributions by its members and companies that support its mission to build a freer and more prosperous society.

text:
# Instituto de Estudos Empresariais

***Instituto de Estudos Empresariais (IEE)*** (Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies) is a Brazilian non-profit organization without any politically partisan commitments. It is funded through contributions by its members and companies that support its mission to build a freer and more prosperous society.

## History

In 1984, Brazil went through a historic process of political opening. Military leaders who had governed the country since 1964 gave way to re-democratization. Citizens and civil organizations pressed for a fast return to democracy and called for a new Constitutional Assembly to establish a new institutional order. Proposals from different perspectives were put forward, but leftist movements made their suggestions echo loudest.

At that time, a group of young businessmen in the city of Porto Alegre, who were pursuing their professional training and who did not agree with the ideological position that prevailed in the Brazilian political and business environment, decided to establish a study group, a place for debate and intellectual growth guided by values such as responsibility, property, freedom, order, justice, democracy, and a market economy. This is how IEE was established, with the mission of educating business leaders who are committed to a model of social and political organization based on the aforementioned values.

These young people called for re¬democratization as part of a broader argument in favor of economic open¬ness, the establishment of strong and adequate institutions, and a freer and more prosperous society. After many meetings to define how the institute would be organized, IEE’s founders concluded that the focus should be on the training and education of their own members, turning into an Academy, thereby creating leaders who would be intellectually prepared with broad social knowledge and strong ethical values to make a positive impact on society.

IEE members can be either permanent or honorary. Permanent members are young entrepreneurs aged 20 to 35 who identify with the values of the institute and who are being trained. Honorary members, having already been through the training cycle, counsel and support the training of those who are younger.

Four honorary members are also members of the Mont Pelerin Society.

## Objectives

The main goals of the institute are to analyze problems and issues facing society; discuss alternatives and suggestions to solve them; encourage the emergence and preparation of business leaders who are committed to advocating and preserving the market economy and free-enterprise values; foster the training of its members within the principles of good ethics; and to promote the relationship of its members with the cultural and economic segments of society.

Additionally, the Institute aims at developing its members six skills, deemed essential for the exercise of good leadership, namely: moral and ethical principles, foresight, vitality and motivation, ability to mobilize and achieve results, an extensive network of relationships, and communication skills.

The meetings are held every Monday night, when important entrepreneurs, politicians, economists, sociologists, philosophers, and historians are invited to address the members of the institute. Additionally, internal debates and presentations of books, weekend workshops are organized, and publication of books with papers are written by the members.

The main external activity of IEE is the *Fórum da Liberdade* (Liberty Forum). It is an important venue for debates held every year since 1988 and currently gathers around 6,000 people in two days to discuss subjects such as individual freedoms, property rights, respect for contracts, limitations of power, the institutional environment, and so on. Recognized in the Rio Grande do Sul State and all over Brazil for its size and ability to attract the elite of world thinkers, the Liberty Forum is one of the most significant meetings of liberal thought in the world.

## Awards

IEE was the recipient of the 2007 Templeton Freedom Award Grant from Atlas Economic Research Foundation at a public ceremony in April, during the 2007 Atlas Liberty Forum in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

1. Lidiane Elizabete Friderichs (8 May 2019), *A atuação política dos think tanks neoliberais brasileiros e argentinos: os casos do Instituto Liberal, do Instituto de Estudos Empresariais e do Instituto para el Desarrollo Empresarial de la Argentina (1983-1998)* (in Portuguese), São Leopoldo: Unisinos, Wikidata Q106568484
2. Lidiane Elizabete Friderichs (2020). *Instituto Liberal e Instituto de Estudos Empresariais: mentores da nova direita neoliberal brasileira* (in Brazilian Portuguese). pp. 214–230. ISBN 978-65-88461-18-1. Wikidata Q107289095. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)


title: Antonio Gai

abstract: Antonio Gai was an Italian sculptor, active in his native Venice and Veneto during the late-Baroque period.

text:
# Antonio Gai

**Antonio Gai** (Born 3 May 1686  – 4 June 1769) was an Italian sculptor, active in his native Venice and Veneto during the late-Baroque period.

## Biography

He learned his trade from a wood sculptor and his father, Francesco, also a sculptor.

He completed the statues of allegories of *Faith* and *Fortitude* for the church of San Vidal in Venice. In 1733, Antonio was commissioned to make the bronze gates of the loggietta of Sansovino's campanile in the Piazza of San Marco, Venice. He made also two monuments (1743) in the chapel of the Sagredo family, a statue of Alvise Sagredo and the Tomb of Doge Nicolo Sagredo in the church of San Francesco della Vigna. He was one of the founding members of the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice.


title: Victor Smorgon

abstract: Victor Smorgon was an Australian industrialist, arts patron and benefactor, who was founder and former head of the Victor Smorgon Group.

text:
# Victor Smorgon

**Victor Smorgon** AC (2 January 1913  3 July 2009) was an Australian industrialist, arts patron and benefactor, who was founder and former head of the Victor Smorgon Group.

## Biography

Smorgon was born in 1913 in Heidelberg, a German settlement in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Naum (Norman) Smorgon, ran a kosher butcher shop until the business was nationalized in 1927, with the Smorgon family emigrating to Australia later that year. Naum Smorgon and his brothers resumed the family's kosher butchery in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton North, and Victor entered the wholesale meat business. The success of Victor's meat importing business saw the entire family become involved in the company, and soon Smorgon Consolidated Industries expanded its business to cover plastics, glass, steel and recycling.

By 1995, the collective worth of Smorgon Consolidated Industries' interests in steel, paper, plastics, packaging and property had been estimated at between A$1.2 billion and $1.5 billion. In February of that year, the Smorgon family decided to divest the company (with the exception of the Smorgon Steel Group, Australia's second-largest steel producer, which was floated publicly). The proceeds of the SCI sale were distributed among the seven branches of the Smorgon family in Australia, and re-invested or used to purchase new holdings under the umbrella of the Victor Smorgon Group.

## Personal life

In 1937, he married Loti Smorgon in the East Melbourne Synagogue; they had four daughters: Sandra Smorgon Bardas, Ginny Smorgon Green, Vicki Smorgon Vidor and Bindy Smorgon Koadlow. Smorgon died in Melbourne, Australia, on 3 July 2009 aged 96.

## Honours

Victor Smorgon was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1990 for service to art as a benefactor. Smorgon was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2007 for service to the community as a benefactor and supporter of a wide range of organisations, particularly in the areas of art, education and medicine.

## InfoBox

| Victor SmorgonAC | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1913-01-02)2 January 1913
Heidelberg, Russian Empire |
| Died | 3 July 2009(2009-07-03) (aged 96)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | Co-founder of Smorgon Consolidated Industries
Companion of the Order of Australia |
| Spouse | Loti Smorgon |
| Children | Sandra Smorgon Bardas
Ginny Smorgon Green
Vicki Smorgon Vidor
Bindy Smorgon Koadlow |
| Parent | Naum Smorgon (father) |


title: Oh Boy (Don Cisco album)

abstract: Oh Boy is the second studio album by American rapper Don Cisco, released August 29, 2000 on Thump Street. It was produced by Bigg Robb, Fingazz, Fredwreck, Mall, Philly Blunt and Tone Capone. The album features guest performances by fellow Latino Velvet members: Jay Tee, Baby Beesh and Frost, as well as Mac Dre, Kurupt, Soopafly, Roscoe, Roger Troutman, B-Legit and PSD. The song, "Mamacita", was originally heard in the film Next Friday and was also released on the film's soundtrack. "Breezy" later appeared on the Latino Velvet compilation, Menudo Mix and "Pimps Get Chose" was later re-titled and re-released on the Mac Dre compilation, Appearances.

text:
# Oh Boy (Don Cisco album)

***Oh Boy*** is the second studio album by American rapper Don Cisco, released August 29, 2000 on Thump Street. It was produced by Bigg Robb, Fingazz, Fredwreck, Mall, Philly Blunt and Tone Capone. The album features guest performances by fellow Latino Velvet members: Jay Tee, Baby Beesh and Frost, as well as Mac Dre, Kurupt, Soopafly, Roscoe, Roger Troutman, B-Legit and PSD.

The song, "Mamacita", was originally heard in the film *Next Friday* and was also released on the film's soundtrack. "Breezy" later appeared on the Latino Velvet compilation, *Menudo Mix* and "Pimps Get Chose" was later re-titled and re-released on the Mac Dre compilation, *Appearances*.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Allmusic \- "...Balancing a smooth flow with charismatic lyrics, the Latin rapper moves through a stunning number of tracks without exhausting thematic material...this album features an artist capable of going head to head with most major label MCs, along with slick, funk-influenced production. Furthermore, the straight-up Latin moments, such as the chorus to "Mamacita"—featuring the superstar line-up of Cisco, Frost, Soopafly, and Kurupt—bring a new aesthetic to hip-hop."

## Track listing

1. "Born Ready" - 1:06
2. "Oh Boy" (featuring Kurupt & Roscoe) \- 4:36
3. "Keep It to Myself" - 4:11
4. "Long Range Pimpin" (Prelude) \- 0:36
5. "Long Range Pimpin" - 3:56
6. "Pimps Get Chose" (featuring Mac Dre) \- 3:53
7. "Guajira" (featuring Bigg Robb & Roger Troutman) \- 4:00
8. "Just Like Mexico" (Prelude) \- 0:06
9. "Just Like Mexico" - 2:48
10. "Mamacita" (Prelude) \- 0:15
11. "Mamacita" (featuring Frost, Soopafly & Kurupt) \- 4:46
12. "Murder After Dark" (Prelude) \- 0:11
13. "Murder After Dark" (featuring B-Legit) \- 4:28
14. "Boss Up" (featuring Dubee) \- 4:23
15. "Brainstorm" (Interlude) \- 0:59
16. "Talk That Talk" (featuring PSD) \- 4:14
17. "My Response" (Prelude) \- 1:02
18. "My Response" (featuring Miami) \- 5:41
19. "Do You Like 2 Ride?" - 5:30
20. "Raza Park" (Interlude) \- 0:36
21. "Weekendz Freakendz" - 3:19
22. "Breezy" (featuring Baby Beesh & Jay Tee) \- 4:21
23. "Watcha Wanna Do?" - 4:18
24. "Oh Boy" (Radio edit) (featuring Kurupt & Roscoe) \- 4:33

## InfoBox

| Oh Boy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Don Cisco | |
| Released | August 29, 2000 |
| Genre | West Coast hip hop, Gangsta rap, Rap, Chicano rap |
| Length | 73:49 |
| Label | Thump Street |
| Producer | Bigg Robb, Fingazz, Fredwreck, Mall, Philly Blunt, Tone Capone |
| Don Cisco chronology | |
| *Til the Wheels Fall Off*
(1998) ***Oh Boy***
(2000) *Hustler's Paradise*
(2005) | |


title: Neuroscience Letters

abstract: Neuroscience Letters is a biweekly rapid-publication scientific journal for short articles covering all aspects of neuroscience. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Neuroscience Letters has a 2020 impact factor of 3.046.

text:
# Neuroscience Letters

***Neuroscience Letters*** is a biweekly rapid-publication scientific journal for short articles covering all aspects of neuroscience. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, *Neuroscience Letters* has a 2020 impact factor of 3.046.

## InfoBox

*Neuroscience Letters*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Neuroscience |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Stephen G. Waxman |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1975-present |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Frequency | Biweekly |
| Impact factor | 3.046 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Neurosci. Lett.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0304-3940
 |
| OCLC no. | 1874501 |
| Links | |
|  | |