title: Rajputisation

abstract: Modern historians agree that Rajputs consisted of a mix of various different social groups and different varnas. Rajputisation explains the process by which such diverse communities coalesced into the Rajput community.

text:
# Rajputisation

Modern historians agree that Rajputs consisted of a mix of various different social groups and different varnas. **Rajputisation** (or **Rajputization**) explains the process by which such diverse communities coalesced into the Rajput community.

## Formation

According to modern scholars, almost all Rajputs clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities. Rajputisation is the study of formation of the community over the centuries.

Sivaji Koyal suggests that Rajputisation boosted Brahmanism and defines it as follows,

> It is the means whereby a tribal chief establishes the pretensions to being a kshatriya, and surrounds himself with the paraphernalia of Brahmanism for the purpose of securing prestige.

Sociologists like Sarah Farris and Reinhard Bendix state that the original Kshatriyas in the northwest who existed until Mauryan times in tiny kingdoms were an extremely cultured, educated and intellectual group who were a challenge to monopoly of the Brahmins. According to Max Weber, ancient texts show they were not subordinate to the Brahmins in religious matters. These old Kshatriyas were undermined not only by the Brahmin priests of the time but were replaced by the rise of the new community of illiterate mercenaries in the north-west - the Rajputs. Since the Rajputs were generally illiterate unlike the Kshatriyas, their rise did not present a challenge to monopoly of the Brahmins.

Anyone from the "village landlord" to the "newly wealthy lower caste Shudra" could employ Brahmins to retrospectively fabricate a genealogy and within a couple of generations they would gain acceptance as Hindu Rajputs. This process would get mirrored by communities in north India. Scholars refer to this as "Rajputisation" and consider it similar to Sanskritisation. This process of generation of the Rajput community resulted in hypergamy as well as female infanticide that was common in Hindu Rajput clans. German historian Hermann Kulke has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process of members of a tribe trying to re-associate themselves with their former tribal chiefs who had already transformed themselves into Rajputs via Rajputisation and thus claim to be Rajputs themselves.

Stewart N. Gordon states that during the era of the Mughal empire, "Hypergamous marriage" with the combination of service in the state army was another way a tribal family could convert to Rajput. This process required a change in tradition, dressing, ending widow remarriage, etc. Such marriage of a tribal family with an acknowledged but possibly poor Rajput family would ultimately enable the non-Rajput family to become Rajput. This marriage pattern also supports the fact that Rajput was an "open caste category" available to those who served in the state army and could translate this service into grants and power at the local level.

Scholars also give some examples of entire communities of Shudra origin "becoming" Rajput even as late as the 20th century. William Rowe, in his "The new Chauhans : A caste mobility movement in North India", discusses an example of a large section of a Shudra caste - the Noniyas - from Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar that had "become" Chauhan Rajputs over three generations in the Raj era. The more wealthy or advanced Noniyas started by forming the *Sri Rajput Pacharni Sabha* (Rajput Advancement Society) in 1898 and emulating the Rajput lifestyle. They also started the wearing of sacred thread. Rowe states that at a historic meeting of the caste in 1936, every child this Noniya section knew about their Rajput heritage.

A caste of shepherds who were formerly Shudras successfully changed their status to Rajput in the Raj era and started wearing the sacred thread. They are now known as Sagar Rajputs. (not to be confused with Sagar Rajputs of Bundelkhand which was a subclan of Bundela Rajputs and are considered to be the highest among all central India Rajputs).

The terminology "Rajput" as of now doesn't represent a hereditary status but it is a term commonly applied to all those people who fought on the horseback and were associated with paid military service. The Rajputs claim to be Kshatriyas or descendants of Kshatriyas, but their actual status varies greatly, ranging from princely lineages to common cultivators The Rajputs of Rajasthan are known to hold distinctive identity as opposed to other regions. This identity is usually described as "proud Rajput of Rājputāna". The Rajputs of Rajasthan have often refused to acknowledge the warriors from regions outside of the Rajputana region as Rajputs. These western Rajputs restricted their social contact with the people of variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, who claimed Rajput status by following intermarriages between themselves and preserving their "purity of blood". Hence many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition. However, by the 17th century, the Ujjainiya Rajput clan of Bihar was recognised as Parmar Rajputs by the Rajputs of Rajasthan and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic *khyat*.

Dirk H. A. Kolff describes soldiers of Silhadi and Medini Rai with the terminology "*Rajput*" or "*Pseudo Rajput*" migrated from Bihar, Awadh and Varanasi. These Rajputs or the eastern Rajputs often accompanied the Rajputs of Rajasthan in their battles with the hordes of their supporters. They led the band of warriors called *Purbiyas* in order to assist their western counterparts.

### Steps in Rajputisation process

In general, the process of Rajputisation was done not just by a tribal chief but by "castes all over north India ranging from peasants and lower-caste Sudras", as well as warriors and even the "local raja who had recently converted to Islam".

Sivaji Koyal has explained the Rajputisation of a tribal chief by dividing it in 7 successional steps.

Rajputisation used to begin with an invitation by a "budding tribal Raja" to the Brahmins in order to seek their assistance in the establishment of a court for him, for which the Brahmins would receive "land and gifts". Later, the Brahmins would "somehow" discover that the tribal head is a Rajput and "his lineage was traced back to some important kshatriya dynasty of the past". After his proclamation as a Rajput, he would distance himself from the members of his tribe as they were supposedly of different bloodlines. Following that, he would raise his stature by hiring Brahmins as priests who used to appeal for the construction of temples in the honor of their gods.

In the next step, after amassing political and economic power, the Raja would establish "marriage alliances" with other Rajputs to infuse "Rajput blood into his family". This was followed by the springing up of sub–chiefs who used to follow suit of the "behavioral pattern of their king–master". The final step involved the inter–marriage between the nobles and the "lesser sons and daughters" of the Raja.

Sivaji Koyal is of the opinion that by the process of Rajputisation, the Huns were the first to receive proclamation as kshatriyas in India who were later on followed by Rajputana's Scythians, Gurjaras, and Maitrakas. Rajputisation of ruling group of a tribe who had formerly disassociated with the tribe and become Rajput was followed by a process called "Secondary Rajputisation" where the former members of the tribe would try to re-associate with their former chief and this claim to be Rajputs themselves. Rajputisation is said to have no parallel in traditional Indian society for "inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation".

### Differences between Sanskritisation and Rajputisation

Differences between Sanskritisation and Rajputisation
| Criteria | Sanskritisation | Rajputisation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| End result on success | Become Upper caste (twice-born) | Become Rajput |
| Religious code | Belief in Karma, Dharma, rebirth, moksha | Worship of Shiva and Shakti
Priestly supervision of rites of passage |
| Diet |
Prohibition of beef and Teetotalism | Meat eating
Imbibing alcohol and opium
 |
| Dressing code | - | Wearing of sword for men
Wearing of purdah (or veil) for women |
| Social interaction | Claiming cultural vocation
Patronisation from dominant political power
Prohibition of widow remarriage | Right to all political occupations
Aggrandize lands
Adoption of code of violence
Compilation of clan genealogies
 |

### Attempted Rajputisation of Adivasi people

Bhangya Bhukya notes that during the final years of the British Raj, while education introduced Westernisation in the hilly areas of central India, the regions also parallelly underwent the Hinduisation and Rajputisation processes. The Gond people and their chiefs started doing the "caste–Hindu practices" and frequently claimed the "Rajput, and thus kshatriya status". The British empire used to support these claims as they viewed the adivasi society to be less civilized than the caste society and believed that adivasi peoples' association with the castes would make the adivasis "more civilized and sober" and "easier for the colonial state to control". Bhukya also points out that central India's "Raj Gond families" had already adopted the religious and social traditions of the Rajputs before the British Raj in India, and there were "matrimonial relations" between a number of Gond and Rajput Rajas. However, the British empire's policies of offering "*zamindari* rights, village headships and *patelships*" fueled the process.

According to Patit Paban Mishra, "the 'kshatriyaisation' of tribal rulers and their surroundings, resulted in the Hinduisation of tribal areas".

### Rajputization of Uttarakhand groups

Researchers give examples of the Rajputs of both division of present-day UttarakhandGarhwal and Kumaon and show how they were formally Shudra but had successfully converted to Rajput at different times. These Rajput groups (khasa) of Kumaon, Uttarakhand today were formally classified Shudra but had successfully converted to Rajput status during the rule of Chand Rajas (that ended in 1790). Similarly, the Rajputs of Gharwal were originally of low ritual status and did not wear the sacred thread until the 20th century.

### Attempted Rajputisation of Darogas

The Darogas formed a community and started calling themselves Ravana Rajputs in order to Rajputize. They are a group who are believed to be the progeny of Rajput kings with their concubines and were most often called as *Daroga*. Lindsey Harlan gives an example of how children born from Rajput men and Gujjar women would not become Rajputs and would become Darogas.

### Attempted Rajputisation of Jats

The Sikh adoption of the Rajput surnames Singh and Kanwar/Kaur was an attempt by the Sikhs to Rajputise their identity, this form of Rajputisation was more specifically done for the Jat Sikhs who were considered to be of low origin amongst the Sikhs. The Phulkian Jats, who originally gained power by helping the Mughal Emperor Babur enter India, continued to Rajputise their identity till the 20th century by remotely claiming descent from the Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer. Similarly the Jats of Bharatpur and Dholpur also tried to Rajputise their origin. Bharatpur reportedly lost its Rajput status when their ancestor Balchand was unable to have children with his Rajput wife and had sons with a Jat woman. The British-era ethnographer Denzil Ibbetson wrote that the terms like “Rajput” or "Jat" in the Punjab region of what is now Pakistan, was used as a title rather than as a “ethnological fact". The tribes after rising to royal rank could become Rajput.

### Attempted Rajputisation of Yadavs

Many groups adopted the Yadav surname for upliftment, these groups were mainly cowherders and were low in the caste order but were considered higher than the untouchables. In 1931 several communities like Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc. started calling themselves Yadavs and made extremely doubtful claims about having Rajput origin and thus tried to Rajputise. There were a number of times when the Ahirs from the Ahirwal region had cultural traditions similar to the Rajputs such as the martial tradition, and were mixed with being of the Rajput identity. The Mughals acknowledged and distincted the Ahir clans which claimed to be Rajput by blood. The Yaduvanshi term was to describe the Kshatriyas who claimed descent from Krishna, and received a Rajput identity as Krishna was seen as the "cowherder-Rajput god". By the 19th century, the Rewari Ahir clans began to make marital relations with Rajput dynasties such as Bikaner, and the marriages legitimized their being of "aristocratic" and "Rajput".

### Attempted Rajputisation of Kolis

Records of Koli people exist from at least the 15th century, when rulers in the present-day Gujarat region called their chieftains marauding robbers, dacoits, and pirates. Over a period of several centuries, some of them were able to establish petty chiefdoms throughout the region, mostly comprising just a single village. Although not Rajputs, this relatively small elite subset of the Kolis claimed the status of the higher-ranked Rajput community, adopting their clan names, lineages, customs and intermixing with less significant Rajput families through the practice of hypergamous marriage, which was commonly used to enhance or secure social status. There were significant differences in status throughout the Koli community, however, and little cohesion either geographically or in terms of communal norms, such as the establishment of endogamous marriage groups. The Kolis also employed Barots to fabricate a genealogy which would state the Kolis were of partial Rajput origin.

### Rajputisation of Jadejas

According to the sociologist Lyla Mehta, the Jadeja were Hindu descendants of a Muslim tribe that had migrated from Sindh to Kutch. They originated from pastoral communities and laid a claim on the Rajput identity after marriages with Sodha Rajput women. Gujarat's Jadeja Rajputs were called "half-Muslim" and they employed Muslim African Siddi slaves for cooking.

### Bibliography


title: Fremantle School building

abstract: The Fremantle School building is a heritage-listed building located at 92 Adelaide Street, Fremantle. It was known for a long time by the name of its later occupants, the Film and Television Institute. The building was built to house the Fremantle School. It opened in 1854 and was later renamed to the Fremantle Boys' School. The building was designed by William Ayshford Sanford in the Victorian Tudor Style. Constructed using convict labour, the walls are limestone and the roof has Dutch gables with shingle covering. Additions were carried out in 1910 by the Public Works Department. The building was placed on the Register of National Estate in March 1972, and was given an interim listing on the State register in 1992. It was given permanent listing on the State register as part of the Princess May Reserve in 2001.

text:
# Fremantle School building

The **Fremantle School** building is a heritage-listed building located at 92 Adelaide Street, Fremantle. It was known for a long time by the name of its later occupants, the Film and Television Institute (also known as the Perth Institute of Film and Television).

The building was built to house the Fremantle School. It opened in 1854 and was later renamed to the **Fremantle Boys' School**. The building was designed by William Ayshford Sanford in the Victorian Tudor Style. Constructed using convict labour, the walls are limestone and the roof has Dutch gables with shingle covering. Additions were carried out in 1910 by the Public Works Department. The building was placed on the Register of National Estate in March 1972, and was given an interim listing on the State register in 1992. It was given permanent listing on the State register as part of the Princess May Reserve in 2001.

## History

In 1833, schools assisted by the Government were opened in Perth and Fremantle. These schools were called the Colonial Schools and they were open to all denominations of Christians. The Colonial Schools were designed to be for all children in the colony to use and to that end the cost of instruction was small, although the children had to provide their own slates and books. By 1850, the Education Board was discussing the problem of the non-suitability of rooms in use for the school at Fremantle and inquiring whether the Board could make arrangements for hiring or building a room giving better accommodation. The school accommodation proved so poor that the school was closed down in 1851.

By February 1852, the Resident Magistrate of Fremantle wrote to the Colonial Secretary on the subject of re-establishing the school. It is believed that the school was then moved to the Fremantle Mission House while preparations were under way for the new school. A letter sent by Mr Wright, the Master at the Colonial School in Fremantle in November 1852, demonstrated the great need for a new school building. Not only did he have to teach seventy-eight children by himself, with the possibility of the number being increased to 100 with the admittance of twenty-two pensioners' children, but the accommodation was very inadequate and that the '...erection of a school house at Fremantle is a positive necessity'. Tenders for building a school room at Fremantle were first printed in 1850 and the tenders for the carpenters' and joiners' work and the masonry (certain portions to be executed in limestone) as well as the tenders for quarrying the stone and performing the stone cutting for the dressings to the doors and windows were printed in March and October 1853. In 1852, the Legislative Council had voted 600 pounds for the new school in Fremantle.

The design of the building is credited to William A Sanford, the then Colonial Secretary, who also served as Chairman of the Board of Education in the early 1850s. However, Considine and Griffiths Architects, in their report, Princess May Reserve Fremantle Conservation Plan (for WA Building Management Authority, 1995) state that the building was designed by James Austin. The school was completed by 1854, when The Inquirer and Perth Gazette both had small notices announcing its opening. The Inquirer has the opening date of the school as 16 October 1854 and, to celebrate the occasion, the children, led by the Master, Mr J Davis and headed by the Pensioner Band, marched to the school. At the time of its opening, the school was described by the Fremantle Inquirer as '...remarkably handsome but in our opinion far too expensive for what it was built for'.

Public Works Department (PWD) Plans for 1860, show there were additions to the Fremantle School, as do plans of 1869-70, where the architect was James Manning. The necessity for additions in 1870 are explained in the Legislative Council papers. The Governor, Fred A Ward, wrote that some Protestant parents were sending their children to the private Roman Catholic Schools in Fremantle because they thought that there they would receive an education superior to that given by the Government school at Fremantle. He admitted that the Government Fremantle Boys' School would not meet the requirements of the population without further extension and that '...indeed, I am now, at the urgent request of the Board, obliged to put the Colony to a considerable expense in providing additional school accommodation to satisfy the actual requirements of Fremantle'.

In the early 1890s, the Report on School Buildings found that, '...out of seventy-three Government school buildings, twenty were fair, thirteen bad and eleven very bad' and to change this, '...considerable sums have been expended in improving and enlarging many of the old school premises'. At this time, the Fremantle Boys' School had 336 pounds 19 shillings 11 pence spent on it for fencing and repairs, provided by the PWD. Note that the school was by now a boys' school, rather than the earlier school which was for both sexes. Fremantle Boys' School was again added to in 1898, because the increase in school attendance was so great that overcrowding had again been the result. To remedy the situation and to '...take away any ground for complaint', the Report on Education for 1898, noted that additions to the building were under way. These additions cost the PWD 1,521 pounds and were tendered by F Warner.

Again in 1900, the school was added to, as were many other old schools in that year, but the additions were not as substantial as the ones of 1898, only costing the PWD 545 pounds. The additions reflected W.A.'s growth resulting from the goldrushes. Fremantle Boys' School was designated a central school starting in 1909. The idea of the central schools was to take children from contributory schools in the area and place them into either the commercial or industrial course. This system allowed the teachers to give the children more attention in their last two years of school. As a result of this new system, Fremantle Boys' required new rooms for the more effective teaching of science. Another addition at the time was probably a hall. New, better ventilated and brighter main halls were added to several large schools at that time, particularly those with attendances over 350 students. In 1910 Fremantle Boys' had an enrolment of 371. These extra works cost 1,649 pounds and were completed on 13 June 1911.

The Headmaster of Fremantle Boys' School from 1864-89 was George Bland Humble and the school was sometimes referred to as Humble's School. Humble was Clerk of the City of Fremantle for nearly ten years, Town Clerk, Secretary of the Fremantle Building Society and Secretary of the Fremantle Masonic Lodge for over forty years. Another well known personage who went through the school was Thomas Blamey (later Sir Thomas Blamey, Australia's first Field Marshal), who taught there from 1903-06. In 1928, the increased number of students became too much for the school, so the younger children went to other schools in Fremantle and the Fremantle Boys' School became a high school. Fremantle Boys' School became an annexe of John Curtin Senior High School in 1956. In 1970 the school was described as 'deserted and ravaged by vandals', but, in 1973, the building was restored and leased by the Film and Television Institute (later shortened to FTI), who still occupy the building.

The building was registered on the Register of the National Estate on 21 March 1978, and gazetted with an interim entry on the state Register of Heritage Places on 6 March 1992.

## Description

This shingle roofed single storey limestone building in a Victorian Tudor style with Dutch gables, was constructed utilising convict labour. Additions were carried out by the PWD. The building was firstly constructed as a single room with a porch with curvilinear parapeted gables and finials. It has a steeply pitched roof supported on timber trusses and once had perimeter windows. It was a single room school with a large fireplace on the southern wall.

In 1871, James Manning designed the next addition in keeping with the original style. The first room was extended westward and two new classrooms were added to the north and south of this section. The area is now used as a library. In 1891, a verandah was added to the west face of the original room and included a set of lavatory basins. There is no evidence of this stage of work. The work was later removed in 1897. In 1898 Hillson Beasley's design for additional classrooms began to make the changes in planning. The scheme added three new classrooms that wrapped the original room. A fourth was added to the south-west corner. Beasley maintained the existing styling and materials. These classrooms encircle the hall and form the major visual addition to the original concept when viewed from Adelaide Street. It is these rooms that have the dominant curvilinear parapeted gables.

In 1900, the single classroom addition by Beasley completed the encircling of the original school room by filling the last gap to the northern side and required some demolition to make a connection. This room is clearly legible in the existing fabric. The school had a central hall and six classrooms at this stage. In 1901, Beasley designed a new classroom for the north-west corner to match a previous room added to the south-west corner, together with a small teacher's room in the centre of the south elevation which now constitutes the main entry to the present configuration.

In 1910-11, the works of 1910, under Beasley, virtually completed the school's growth with the addition of the science room, two new classrooms and a cloakroom. These additions had brick infill walls to allow for further expansion in the westerly direction; all rooms remain and have been subject to change. In 1912, the eastern porch and teacher's room were created in what is now the road reserve. This was the last campaign and completed the school. This room is now used as a conference room. In 1973, the present configuration of the building remains near to its 1901 shape, but the interiors were extensively remodelled by John Rowney to accommodate the Perth Institute of Film and Television. The main walls of the existing school were left in place, but many of the spaces have been re-configured.

### Attribution

*This article incorporates text from the source Australian Heritage Database – Perth Institute of Film and Television, 92 Adelaide St, Fremantle, WA, Australia, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (CC-BY 4.0). Required attribution:* © Commonwealth of Australia 2013.

## Further reading

* Apperly, Richard, et al., 1989, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture. Sydney.
* Board of Education Correspondence, 1847-1856, WAS 582, ACC 526, No. 1.
* Board of Education Minutes, 1847-1956, No. 1., 14 October 1850.
* Considine and Griffiths Architects, (1995) 'Princess May Reserve Fremantle Conservation Plan' (for Western Australian Building Management Authority).
* Daily News, 20 June 1970, p. 13.
* Ewers, J. K., (1948) Western Gateway, p. 74.
* Inquirer, 18 October 1854, p. 3.
* Martin, L., (1958) An Historical Account of Secondary Education in Fremantle, (Claremont) p. 21.
* McKinnon, A. G., (1960) Fremantle Boys' School 1854-1955 (Claremont Teachers' College) pp 27 & 34.
* National Trust Assessment Exposition.
* Phillips, W. A. P., 'Education and Society in Western Australia 1829-56' (Unpublished Honours Thesis, U.W.A., 1951) pp. 92, 97 & 104.
* Public Works Department Plan 706, 1869-1870.
* Rankin, D. H., (1926) History of the Development of Education in Western Australia 1829-1923 (Perth) p. 10.
* Register of the National Estate.
* Rikkers, J., (1984) Western Australian Schools 1830-1980, Part One (Education Department) p. 3 2.
* Sunday Times, 21 June 1970, p. 7.
* Votes and Proceedings, 1910–11, Vol. 2, Report of Education Department for Year 1910, pp. 728, 740, & 775.
* W.A. Department of Public Works, Report 1910-13, p. 34.
* Western Australian Government Gazette, 29 April 1898, p. 1106.
* Western Australian Government Gazette, 29 March 1853, no. 381, 18 October 1853, no. 412.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers 1899-1900, Vol. 2, Public Works Department Estimates of Expenditure.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers, Legislative Council 1870, No. 1. Papers Relative to Public Education, pp. 7–9.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers, Legislative Council 1894, Vol. 2, Report of Chief Inspector of Schools for Year 1894, p. 59.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers, Legislative Council 1899, Vol. 1, Report on Education ending 1898, A15, p. 37.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers, Legislative Council 1899, Vol. 2, Public Works Department Report, No. 22, p. 9.
* Western Australian Parliamentary Papers, Vol. 1 1901-02, Report of Education Department, p. 115.

## InfoBox

| Fremantle School building | |
| --- | --- |
| Fremantle School building | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Heritage-listed building |
| Location | Fremantle, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 32°03′03″S 115°44′57″E / 32.0508°S 115.7493°E / -32.0508; 115.7493 (Fremantle School building) |
|  | |
| Western Australia Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Film and Television Institute |
| Type | State Registered Place |
| Designated | 6 March 1992 |
| Reference no. | 842 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Walter Carpenter (socialist)

abstract: Walter Carpenter was a prominent socialist and trade union organiser active in Ireland in the early 20th century.

text:
# Walter Carpenter (socialist)

**Walter Carpenter** (3 April 1871  25 February 1926) was a prominent socialist and trade union organiser active in Ireland in the early 20th century.

## Early life

Walter was born in Kent, England on 3 April 1871. He worked as a chimney sweep as had his father before him. By the 1890s he had moved to Dublin in Ireland and had married Ellen Walsh in a Roman Catholic ceremony on 10 June 1894. The couple would go on to have 9 children, 7 of whom survived into adulthood. According to the 1911 census, Walter identified himself as being able to speak both English and Irish. In that same census he also identified himself as a Non-denominational Christian. However, at many other points in his life, he seemed to identify as an atheist.

## Activism and Trade Union organisation

He became an organiser for the ITGWU. In 1909 he was a founding member of the Socialist Party of Ireland and, by 1911, he was secretary of the organisation. He was the main speaker at the 1911 founding of the Sligo branch of the union.

In July 1911, he was arrested and jailed for one month, having been found guilty of "using language calculated to lead to a breach of the peace and having endeavoured to degrade the King in the esteem of his subjects". Carpenter, in line with his Republican and Socialist outlook, had denounced monarchism ahead of the forthcoming visit of George V to Dublin. Upon his release, he was greeted by leading figures in Irish left-wing politics at the time such as James Connolly, Helena Molony and Jim Larkin, who had previously paid his bail of £40.

Walter participated in the "Inquiry into the Housing Conditions of the Working Classes of Dublin" which was instigated by Dublin Corporation after tenements had collapsed in Church Street in the city, killing seven people. The corporation itself was a major slum landlord at this time.

Carpenter was a proponent of the Temperance Movement in Ireland, advocating for society to forgo the consumption of alcohol. However, unlike some of his peers at the time, he was not a moraliser and did not attribute the use of alcohol as a moral failing. In fact, he suggested that the only way in which those residing in Dublin's slums could bare such terrible conditions was by "saturating" themselves in alcohol. He also believed that destructive alcoholism was a symptom of poverty, and not the other way around.

In 1913 he became the general secretary of the International Tailors, Machinists and Pressers Trade Union. This union was founded in 1908 by Russian Jewish clothing workers in the city's Little Jerusalem district, and was known colloquially as the "Jewish Union". The union later gave its support to independence, including financial support for "those taking strike action against the movement of war munitions by the British Army of Occupation during 1919". As part of his role as leader of the Union, Carpenter is reputed to have been a fierce opponent of antisemitism.

He was active during the 1913 Dublin Lockout. During the strike, he gave a speech welcoming the release of James Connolly, and another union leader William Partridge from prison. Connolly had been on hunger strike and the two of them had been arrested for "incitement to cause a breach of the peace". In this speech Walter revealed that the city's Chief Magistrate E.G. Swifte, notorious for harsh judgements during the strike and who had earlier jailed Connolly, was himself a shareholder in William Martin Murphy's Dublin United Tram Company.

In 1914, he stood for election during the Dublin Corporation elections, standing in the Fitzwilliam Ward. He received 23% of the vote against a candidate from the United Irish League. His opponent, James Gallagher, used ethnic and sectarian animosity, referring to Carpenter as "non-Irish" and a proponent of "Anti-Christian Socialism". He stood again in the 1920 Dublin municipal elections, but struggled in the now much-expanded field of candidates and because he was neither affiliated with either Sinn Féin nor The Labour Party, the two dominant parties that year.

In 1921 the Socialist Party of Ireland became the Communist Party of Ireland, with Roddy Connolly as its leader and Carpenter as its General Secretary as well as the editor of their newspaper "the Workers Republic". However, by February 1922 he resigned his post as General secretary, citing his trade union commitments.

## Death and legacy

He died 25 February 1926 at the age of 54 from heart failure.

Two of Walters oldest sons Walter Patrick Carpenter and Peter Carpenter became members of the Irish Citizen Army and fought in the 1916 Easter Rising. Walter Jr. served in the G.P.O. under the command of James Connolly.

## InfoBox

| Walter Carpenter | |
| --- | --- |
| Carpenter, c. 1914 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1871-04-03)3 April 1871
Kent, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 25 February 1926(1926-02-25) (aged 54)
Dublin, Ireland |
| Resting place | Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin |
| Political party | Socialist Party of Ireland |
| Spouse | Ellen Walsh |
| Children | 9, including Walter Jr. and Peter |
| Occupation | Chimney Sweep, Trade Unionist |
|  | |


title: Pinirampus

abstract: Pinirampus pirinampu is a species of catfish of the family Pimelodidae. P. pirinampu is also known as the flatwhiskered catfish.

text:
# Pinirampus

***Pinirampus pirinampu*** is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Pimelodidae. *P. pirinampu* is also known as the **flatwhiskered catfish**.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described as *Pimelodus barbancho*; however, this is considered a *nomen oblitum*. It was then described as *Pimelodus pirinampu* in 1829. In 1858, the genus *Pinirampus* was described for this species, in which it is usually classified as the only species. However, *Megalonema argentinum* has sometimes been considered a part of this genus.

## Distribution

This species is found in the Amazon, Essequibo, Orinoco, and Paraná basins.

## Description

*P. pirinampu* may reach a length of 60–75 centimetres (24–30 in) and an average weight of 3–5 kilograms (6.6–11.0 lb). This species has a maximum published weight of 7.68 kg (16.93 lb). These fish reach sexual maturity at just under 60 cm (24 in) in length.

## Ecology

*P. pirinampu* occurs in schools. These catfish feed on benthic animals; they are nonspecialist feeders preying upon fish such as *Iheringichthys labrosus* and piranha *Serrasalmus sp.*. In the Amazon basin, these fish are preyed upon by *Zungaro zungaro*. These fish are known from temperatures ranging from 24 to 29 °C (75 to 84 °F), pH range of 6 to 8, and an alkalinity range of 42 to 142 mEq/L.

*P. pirinampu* is a species of migratory catfish. These fish gather in schools in the dry season to swim upstream to the headwaters, where they spawn at the onset of the rainy season in February. After spawning, the adults and juveniles drift downstream, reaching flooded areas or reservoirs used as foraging, growth sites and shelter against predation.

## Relationship to humans

*P. pirinampu* is important for the fishery yield in Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, and Roraima states. This species is included in the fishery statistics on the Paraguay River basin. Brazil's Mato Grosso do Sul state government has adopted the criterion of 60 cm (24 in) TL minimum capture size for *P. pirinampu*. *P. pirinampu* is an attractive fish for both leisure and professional sport fishers due to its tasteful meat and its fighting behavior.

This species is one of the top ten dominant species in professional landings in the Itaipu reservoir of the Paraná river, where it is captured with longlines and cast nets in the upper half of the reservoir. This species is also among the most important fishery resources in the Eng Souza Dias (Jupiá) Reservoir in the Upper Paraná river and the Águas Vermelhas reservoir in the Grande River.

## InfoBox

| *Pinirampus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Pimelodidae |
| Genus: | *Pinirampus*
Bleeker 1858 |
| Species: | ***P. pirinampu*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinirampus pirinampu***
(Spix & Agassiz, 1829) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pimelodus barbancho*
Humboldt, in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821 * *Pimelodus pirinampu*
Spix & Agassiz, 1829 * *Pimelodus insignis*
Jardine, in Schomburgk, 1841 * *Galeichthys araguayensis*
Castelnau, 1855 * *Pinirampus typus*
Bleeker, 1862 * *Pirinampus agassizii*
Steindachner, 1876 | |


title: Hannans, Western Australia

abstract: Hannans is a residential suburb of Kalgoorlie–Boulder, a city in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. At the 2016 census it had a population of 2,546 people, up from 2,483 in 2011. Hannans is named after Paddy Hannan, the prospector whose discovery of gold in 1893 led to the initial rush. The name Hannans originally referred to the Kalgoorlie townsite, and it was only much later in the city's history that it was applied to the current suburb.

text:
# Hannans, Western Australia

**Hannans** is a residential suburb of Kalgoorlie–Boulder, a city in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. At the 2016 census it had a population of 2,546 people, up from 2,483 in 2011. Hannans is named after Paddy Hannan, the prospector whose discovery of gold in 1893 led to the initial rush. The name Hannans (shortened from Hannan's Camp) originally referred to the Kalgoorlie townsite, and it was only much later in the city's history that it was applied to the current suburb.

## Geography

Hannans contains Kalgoorlie–Boulder's northernmost dwellings, which are located around 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the Kalgoorlie town centre. The suburb is roughly diamond-shaped, with large areas of uncleared bushland in the north and east. Hannans is bounded by the Leonora branch line of Eastern Goldfields Railway to the north-east; by Killarney Street to the south-east; by a series of minor roads to the south-west; and to the north-west by a line running parallel to a track leading back to the railway.

## Features

Hannans contains a government-run K-6 school, Hannans Primary School, which was established in 1992. Most of the suburb's north is occupied by the Karlkurla Bushland Park, which was created in 2000 and contains 200 hectares (490 acres) of native fauna designed to mimic the pre-mining environment.

## InfoBox

| Hannans
Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°43′10″S 121°27′14″E / 30.71934°S 121.45402°E / -30.71934; 121.45402 |
| Population | 2,410 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 6430 |
| Area | 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| LGA(s) | City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder |
| State electorate(s) | Kalgoorlie |
| Federal division(s) | O'Connor |
| **Suburbs around Hannans:**  Karlkurla Karlkurla / Mullingar Mullingar  Karlkurla Hannans Mullingar  Karlkurla West Lamington Lamington | |


title: Hardiya, Bara

abstract: Hardiya is a village and Village Development Committee in Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 5,158 persons living in 739 individual households. There were 2,732 males and 2,426 females at the time of census.

text:
# Hardiya, Bara

**Hardiya** is a village and Village Development Committee in Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 5,158 persons living in 739 individual households. There were 2,732 males and 2,426 females at the time of census.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 20 September 2008.

26°55′N 85°4′E / 26.917°N 85.067°E / 26.917; 85.067

## InfoBox

| Hardiya हर्दिया | |
| --- | --- |
| Village Development Committee | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Narayani Zone |
| District | Bara District |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,158 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Orhuwhorun

abstract:
The Orhuwhorun people The Orhuwhorun people reside in the northeastern part of Udu Local Government Area of Delta State in Nigeria.
Orhuwhorun is a prominent town in the Udu Local Government Area, with Quarters indicating family descent. Richly cultured and powerful, residents identify as 'Urhobo People' and are an important aspect of the state.

text:
# Orhuwhorun

**The Orhuwhorun people**

The Orhuwhorun people (sometimes referred to as Ugbede and Obodo people) reside in the northeastern part of Udu Local Government Area of Delta State in Nigeria. Orhuwhorun is a prominent town in the Udu Local Government Area, with Quarters indicating family descent. Richly cultured and powerful, residents identify as 'Urhobo People' and are an important aspect of the state.

## Overview

The land is surrounded by neighbouring communities, including Ekete in the north, Owhrode in the south, Egini in the east, and Usieffrun (Urhiephron) in the west. Some communities like Ovwian, Arhagba, and Igbogidi form boundaries in the south-west and the south-east of Orhuwhorun.

According to the 2006 census figures, Udu local government had a population of 142,480 people. Orhuwhorun has grown to be the second most prominent and fast-developing town in the Udu environment, due to the establishment of the Delta Steel Company housing complex built in the 1970s for its workers. With this township Orhuwhorun developed and moved from being a rural area to an urban center.

The Urhobo language predominantly spoken by the people is known as Udu.

## Account of migration

Oral interviews and myths from legends and published sources has it that Orhuwhorun founding father named Omiere who migrated from the present-day Uwheru in Ughelli North (LGA of Delta State). During the 15th century there was a war between the Omieres and the Ijaws in which two Ijaw warriors, Egi and Sogun, were killed in retaliation for the death of a man in Omiere's camp. This conflict led to Omiere putting together a group of people who migrated to the present-day Otor-udu.

While travelling, they met Ovo, the rebel leader of the Udu fighters. Ovo planned to wipe out Omiere and his people and forced them to dig a large hole in the ground and work in it. While they were in the pit, he poured buckets of boiling water into the pit with the intention to roast them alive. Omiere escaped with his family and pushed further north again to a new place called Owhrode.

Omiere and his group were not the only migrants that moved out from Uwheru. A man named Owerhiave and his wife Ekperhie left Uwheru around the same time and founded Ekwerhe in Agbarho. Other people moved out from Uwheru at the same time and formed a part of Ibredeni in the Ndokwa (LGA Delta State) as well as Amassama, Kokori and Ibredeni in the Kwale division.

### Migration from Uwheru to Otor-Udu

The Orhuwhorun people are believed to have settled in Otor-Udu before the Udu people. When other Udu groups talk about the Orhuwhorun, they refer to them as “Orhuwhorun-ekpako” which means "the Orhuwhorun people are seniors".

The present-day Owhrode community lives about one mile from where Omiere settled for some years after he escaped from Ovo. Later water scarcity forced the group to move to Ugbede (later called Obodo), which was officially named as Orhuwhorun in 1976. The name Orhuwhorun is a form of Orho-Ughweru (literally meaning, a village from Uwheru).

## Customs

*Ogba kwo Orhuwhorun mue en*” means "an attempt formed to capture her people can not succeed". This saying was birthed in 1901 after George Eyube died from an accidental shot fired from his own pistol during a patrol from Orokpo to Orhuwhorun.

```
The Orhuwhorun people have a distinct annual festival that includes, Unueje, "Chechegbe" masquerade, and an annual epha female festival" literally known as  "emeteyavwon" and "jabojawo" at which initiated daughters parade the streets of the town to mark the coming of a new age.
```

The people also has an autonomous kingdom which was obtained from Aka (Benin) by a man named Okaka from eyenduvwon (now Ekrovie quarters) circa 1715. The king in Orhuwhorun, as in every Urhobo community, is called the Ovie and greeted as "Oghievworo! Oghievworo!! Osieran!!! wo su ton". He is assisted by the council of chiefs and elders *(Iletu, Ilorogun, Igbu-irue and Irehren).*

## The Orhuwhorun anthem

Ukpe tere, ovie ka tota meke tota, Orhuwhorun yo-orhe, oke unueje kelere, Ovie kiriare, echa-bo-ronye ewokpahon, Iletu te’ irheren, ayen-je kiria kele, Igbu-iwrhe ebovo, ilorogun kebewoba, Orere-jobi, avwitiyin roro ma, Ovie avwen kiriare, Ewrho ogodor jobi kpasa,

Oyovwi r’ Okaka oduvie r’ Orhuwhorun.

Orhuwhorun gini yovwi, Ofo-orere avwi-owohor Ovie avwen kiriare

Eh ya eh eh...

Arho oyen etogbe eh not

English translation.

The season is due for the king to speak before others, Orhuwhorun proclaims, festival season is near. The king is seated, together with the nobles. Warriors, votaries, and Chiefs converse with one another declaring, Our king is crowned and seated, His works are due with admiration. Thanks to Okaka who bequeathed us royalty.

Stanza two

The land is blessed and is fit to be called a home, Our king is crowned, his judgments are fair, Join me rejoice (repeatedly

## Further reading

* O. Ikime: Niger Delta Rivalry, Itsekiri Urhobo Relations and the Europeans presence 1884-193. London; Longman Group Limited 1969.
*
*
* Perkins Foss: where gods and mortals meet; Continuity and Renewal in Urhobo Art, New York: Museum for African Art and Snoeck Publishers 2004
*
*
* G.G Darah: Battle of songs: Udje tradition of the Urhobo. Lagos Malthouse Press Limited 2005.
*
* Otite Onigue: The Urhobo people: Second Edition, Ibadan: Shaneson C.I. Limited, 2003 pg 74.
* Derm, Lambert: Intelligent Report on Uwheru clan 1932 National Archive Ibadan
* Urhobo Vanguard dated 18. 2004
* June 2013: letter to the Editor by Gibson Ogheneochuko Fenfe in a form of a rejoinder to a paid advert in the Vanguard newspaper dated May 7, 2013, by the Udu people in Great Britain and Ireland.
*
*
*
* Treaty with Kings and Chiefs of Obodo, Intelligence Report on Obodo clan 1930 The treaty can be found in Ref No. 406 of 1886, dated 27 May 1895, and drawn up between her Brittanic Majesty and Kings and Chiefs of Obodo. It was in the customary form in which treaties of peace, commerce, and protection were drafted at the time and embodied the usual nine articles. It was signed by the Vice-consul of the Niger protectorate, Major W.E.B Copland-Crawford on behalf of Her Brittanic Majesty and by eight ‘Soi-distance’ Chiefs of Obodo.
* 2013: letter to the Editor by Gibson Ogheneochuko Fenfe in a form of a rejoinder to a paid advert in the Vanguard newspaper dated May 7, 2013, by the Udu people in Great Britain and Ireland.
*
*

* Orhuwhorun Monarch Visit Oba of Benin. (2012) Retrieved from Urhobo Times Press Ltd
* Letter to Editor. (2013) Retrieved from . Urhobo Vanguard.


title: Gościmowice Drugie

abstract: Gościmowice Drugie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Moszczenica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

text:
# Gościmowice Drugie

**Gościmowice Drugie** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɡɔɕt͡ɕimɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈdruɡʲɛ\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Moszczenica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Gościmowice Drugie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wind mills in Gościmowice | |
| Gościmowice Drugie | |
| Coordinates: 51°31′58″N 19°41′21″E / 51.53278°N 19.68917°E / 51.53278; 19.68917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Piotrków |
| Gmina | Moszczenica |


title: Royal Consort Gyeongmok Hyeon-Bi

abstract: Royal Consort Gyeongmok of the Gaeseong Wang clan was a Goryeo queen consort as the first wife of King Deokjong and became the first Goryeo queen who didn't receive any posthumous name like Lady Yi.

text:
# Royal Consort Gyeongmok Hyeon-Bi

**Royal Consort Gyeongmok of the Gaeseong Wang clan** (Korean: 경목현비 왕씨; Hanja: 敬穆賢妃 王氏; lit.'Worthy Consort Gyeongmok of the Gaeseong Wang clan'; 1016–?) was a Goryeo queen consort as the first wife of King Deokjong and became the first Goryeo queen who didn't receive any posthumous name like Lady Yi.

## Biography

### Early life and background

She was born as the second daughter and third child of Yi Ja-rim (이자림) and Princess Consort Gaeseong of the Gim clan (개성군부인 김씨) into the Cheongju Yi clan. She was the younger sister of Consort Wonjil, Hyeonjong of Goryeo's 9th wife.

Yi Ja-rim made achievements such as suppressing the rebellion and building Naseong in Gaegyeong, which was destroyed during Goryeo–Khitan War by the Liao Dynasty, later was given surname "Wang" (; ) by King Hyeonjong with the name as "Ga-do" (가도). However, in 1033 (the 2nd year of King Deokjong), when Ga-do's tough policy against the Khitan was rejected by other officials, Wang then retired from politics, and her position was shaken.

### Palace life

In 1030, she bore him one daughter. On 7 October 1031, she become Deokjong's queen consort and was honored as *Consort Hyeon* (현비; 賢妃). Although Wang was Deokjong's first wife and queen consort, in 1034 Deokjong lifted Hyeonjong of Goryeo's daughter, Queen Gyeongseong as his second wife and new queen consort. In that same year, Wang Ga-do died and Deokjong died not long after his death.

## Family

* Father - Wang Ga-do (왕가도; 王可道) or Yi Ja-rim (이자림) of the Cheongju Yi clan (980 – 1034)
* Mother - Princess Consort Gaeseong of the Kim clan (개성군부인 김씨; 開城郡夫人 金氏; 985–?)
* Sibling(s)
    + Older sister - Royal Consort Wonjil Gwi-bi of the Kim clan (원질귀비 김씨; 元質貴妃 金氏; 1011–?)
    + Older brother - Wang Mu-song (왕무숭; 王懋崇; 1013–?)
    + Younger sister - Lady Wang (왕씨; 1023–1077)
* Husband - Wang Heum, Deokjong of Goryeo (덕종 고려; 9 June 1016 – 31 October 1034)
* Issue
    + Daughter - Princess Sanghoe (상회공주; 1030–1033)

## InfoBox

| Worthy Consort Gyeongmok
경목현비 | |
| --- | --- |
| Queen consort of Goryeo | |
| Tenure | 1031–1034 |
| Coronation | 1031 |
| Predecessor | Queen Wonseong |
| Successor | Queen Gyeongseong |
|  | |
| Born | 1016
Goryeo |
| Died | Goryeo |
| Spouse | Deokjong of Goryeo  (m. 1031; died 1034) |
| Issue | Princess Sanghoe |
| Posthumous name  Gyeongmok (경목, 敬穆; "Respectful and Majestic") | |
| House | Cheongju Yi (by birth) House of Wang (by marriage) |
| Father | Wang Ga-do |
| Mother | Lady Gim, Princess Consort Gaeseong |


title: Mirati

abstract: Mirati is a village located in Labpur CD Block in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district of the Indian state of West Bengal. The village shot to prominence after the election of Pranab Mukherjee as the President of India in July 2012 as he was born in the village.

text:
# Mirati

**Mirati** (also spelled **Mirity**) is a village located in Labpur CD Block in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district of the Indian state of West Bengal. The village shot to prominence after the election of Pranab Mukherjee as the President of India in July 2012 as he was born in the village.

## Geography

This village is approximately 40 km from the city of Bolpur and 5 km from small town of Kirnahar where Pranab Mukherjee studied in his childhood days. Pranab Mukherjee was a student of Kirnahar Shib Chandra School.

## Pranab Mukherjee

Pranab Mukherjee, 13th President of India, 2012-2017, was born on 11 December 1935 and spent his childhood at Mirati.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Mirity had a total population of 1,098 of which 577 (53%) were males and 521 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 106. The total number of literates in Mirity was 686 (69.15% of the population over 6 years).

## InfoBox

| Mirati Mirity | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MiratiLocation in West Bengal, IndiaMiratiMirati (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°47′29″N 87°52′43″E / 23.791467°N 87.878567°E / 23.791467; 87.878567 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Birbhum |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,098 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone/STD code | 03462 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bolpur |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Labpur |
| Website | birbhum.nic.in |


title: Karunakar Singh

abstract: Karunkar Singh Naik, commonly known as Karunakar Singh, was an Indian chieftain and rebel leader. He was the Gond Zamindar of Kolabira in what is today the Jharsuguda district of Odisha. He collaborated with freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai and other rebels during the Sambalpur uprising against British East India Company troops. As a rebel leader, Karunakar played a crucial role in protecting communication channels and ensured reinforcements and supplies were available. It is believed that Karunakar commanded the rebels during Surendra Sai's absences. British troops from Madras Presidency and Nagpur attacked Karanakur's residence in Kolabira. The battle site is known as Agnitirtha and is remembered as the last defensive stand of the rebels. Karunakar, his brother, and his nephew fought the superior forces of the British East India Company. Karunakar was later captured and hung, along with two other rebel leaders.

text:
# Karunakar Singh

**Karunkar Singh Naik,** commonly known as **Karunakar Singh** (Odia: **କରୁଣାକର ସିଂହ**), was an Indian chieftain and rebel leader. He was the Gond Zamindar of Kolabira in what is today the Jharsuguda district of Odisha.

He collaborated with freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai and other rebels during the Sambalpur uprising against British East India Company troops. As a rebel leader, Karunakar played a crucial role in protecting communication channels and ensured reinforcements and supplies were available. It is believed that Karunakar commanded the rebels during Surendra Sai's absences. British troops from Madras Presidency and Nagpur attacked Karanakur's residence in Kolabira. The battle site is known as Agnitirtha (pilgrimage of holy fire) and is remembered as the last defensive stand of the rebels. Karunakar, his brother, and his nephew fought the superior forces of the British East India Company. Karunakar was later captured and hung, along with two other rebel leaders.

## British spy reports about the Kolabira Zamindari

As the Zamindar of Kolabira, Karunakar, along with other nearby Gauntia, inherited the right to maintain an independent militia from the Chauhan kings of Sambalpur. According to reports by British Assistant Commissioner R.T. Leigh's spies, Karunakar Singh and his 200 local fighters joined some 1400 rebels gathered in Khinda under Surendra Sai. The British spies carried an unconfirmed message that Karunakar was capable of raising a force of 8000 on short notice. This alarmed the British, who saw him as a rebel leader and a substantial threat, along with other Zamindars and Gaunitas in the region. Kolabira served as a major base for the rebellious struggle along with Khariar and Raipur.

## Operation Kolabira

After killing 53 rebels, along with Surendra's brother Chabila Sai, and arresting 11 at Kudopali incident, the British, under the command of Major Bates, Lieutenant Haddow, Captain E.G.Wood and Captain Knocker launched their offensive on Khinda on 4 November 1857. The attack was unsuccessful as the rebels had already departed. The British force marched to Kolabira on 6 November 1857. They launched an unsuccessful raid on Jharghati hilltop, 12 kilometers from Sambalpur, where they were expecting to find Surendra Sai with others. The rebels instead attacked the superior British force. After a brief conflict left one company Sepoy dead and another wounded, the rebels retreated, avoiding capture and leaving behind eighteen elephant loads of grain.

On reaching Kolabira, the British troops found it difficult to approach the fort due to a copse of thorny bamboo trees on the way. The fort was the residence of Karunakar and was a major base for the rebels. Company forces burned down the Demul (place of local deity) and empty houses of the villagers. According to Knocker, while finally approaching the fort, he discovered firing holes dug on the walls to facilitate musket firing from inside the structure. Haddow ordered his howitzer units to fire on the fort walls. The residence fort was burned killing rebels and villagers inside. Karunakar along with his brother Khageswar Naik and nephew Kanhei Naik resisted the attack, until running out of options and supplies.

Theories vary about the capture of Karunakar. One group of historians claims that he was captured along with 11 of his aides while sleeping. The others claim that he surrendered with 13 of his aides, including his brother and nephew given Major Edward Impey promising no harm to them. A third theory is that Karunakar was captured first and his aides surrendered at the promise that the lives of the rebels would be spared. The British hanged Karunakar on 11 February 1858 at Sambalpur after a mock trial by Lieutenant Cockburn, later defended the execution, stating that he was unaware of Impey's promise. His brother and nephew were hanged on 22 December 1861. Though other rebels were freed, the estates of rebel leaders including Kolabira were handed over to Rai Rup Singh, a treacherous local associate of the British. The ruined fort was handed to the son of Karunakara after his death.

## InfoBox

| Karunakar Singh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Died | 11 February 1858<br>Sambalpur |
| Cause of death | Death Sentence by Hanging |
| Known for | Indian Freedom Struggle |
| Movement | Sambalpur Uprising |


title: Pigeon Religion

abstract: Pigeon Religion were an American post-punk band formed in 2008 in Phoenix, Arizona. Originally, the band consisted of William Watson on bass and vocals, Gary Anarchy on guitar and vocals and Jes Aurelius on drums. After a 2009 Summer West Coast Tour, Gary Anarchy quit the band and left Watson and Aurelius as the principal members, who continued to split all songwriting duties until the band broke up in 2010.

text:
# Pigeon Religion

**Pigeon Religion** were an American post-punk band formed in 2008 in Phoenix, Arizona. Originally, the band consisted of William Watson on bass and vocals, Gary Anarchy on guitar and vocals and Jes Aurelius on drums. After a 2009 Summer West Coast Tour, Gary Anarchy quit the band and left Watson and Aurelius as the principal members, who continued to split all songwriting duties until the band broke up in 2010.

## Live shows

Pigeon Religion live shows were notorious for their uncomfortable atmosphere, characterized by violence and excessively loud volume. Pigeon Religion were rarely able finish a full set without being shut down by police or angry show promoters. In their first year of existence, they performed over 100 live shows and were cited by the Arizona Republic as "The Hardest Working Band in Phoenix", as well as having numerous write-ups in the Phoenix New Times that mentioned their blitzkrieg promotional tactics. To perform live, they enlisted the help of various notable Phoenix musicians. Their most recent list of live contributors was Drek Campbell (Filthy Grin), James Fella (Gilgongo Records, Soft Shoulder), Anthony Doran, Preston Bryant (My Feral Kin, French Quarter), Stuben Steinberg (French Quarter), Vincent S. Baeza, N.Nappa, Anna Nasty (Hell-Kite, Olivia Neutron-John).

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *WHY DO YOU HATE PIGEON RELIGION (Ward-9)* (2008)

### Cassette releases

* *Live in the E.R. (Smoke And Mirrors)* (2008)
* *Crystallized Meth PROMO (self released)* (2009)
* *Warm Insides (Drone Errant)* (2010)
* *Live at KDVS (Campaign for Infinity)* (2010)

### Singles

* *Scorpion Milk (Parts Unknown)* (2009)
* *Dead Boss (Gilgongo / Jarson INTL)* (2009)
* *Crystallized Meth (Video Disease)* (2010)

1. "P.R. interview with AOL Music (2010)".
2. "Video of P.R. show being shut down by police (2010)".
3. "Archive of past Pigeon Religion performances".
4. "New Times article".

## InfoBox

| Pigeon Religion | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Phoenix, Arizona, United States |
| Genres | Avant-garde music
Post-punk
Experimental
Noise rock
Industrial
Industrial rock
Post-rock
No Wave |
| Years active | 2008-2010 |
| Labels | Parts Unknown Records, Gilgongo Records, Jarson International Records, Video Disease Records, Drone Errant Records, Smoke And Mirrors Records, Campaign for Infinity |
|  | |
| Members | William Watson, Jes Aurelius |
|  | |
| Past members | Gary Anarchy |


title: Hannan University

abstract: Hannan University is a private university in Matsubara, Osaka, Japan. It was founded in 1965.

text:
# Hannan University

**Hannan University** (阪南大学, *Hannan Daigaku*) is a private university in Matsubara, Osaka, Japan. It was founded in 1965.

1. "Hannan University". Japan Student Services Organization. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

34°35′33″N 135°32′8″E / 34.59250°N 135.53556°E / 34.59250; 135.53556

## InfoBox

Hannan University
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1965 |
| Undergraduates | 5,081 |
| Postgraduates | 35 |
| Location | Osaka, Japan |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


abstract: The Hardivillers-Breteuil narrow gauge railway was a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge industrial railway, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, in the north of France. It ran from the phosphate quarries and factory at Hardivillers along the Rue de Creveceur to a loading ramp called Quai des Phosphates at the railway station in Breteuil.

text:
# Hardivillers-Breteuil narrow gauge railway

The **Hardivillers-Breteuil narrow gauge railway** was a 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) gauge industrial railway, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, in the north of France. It ran from the phosphate quarries and factory at Hardivillers along the *Rue de Creveceur* (D 930) to a loading ramp called *Quai des Phosphates* at the railway station in Breteuil.

## Railway operation

In the quarries, horses were mainly used to haul the V-skip trucks for transporting the extracted minerals to the ore washing plant and phosphate factory. The four wheel Corpet steam locomotive N°356/1882 was used, among others, on the approximately 4 km long, mostly straight line to the station. It has been delivered to its first owner M. d'Angicourt on 25 November 1881 under the name *Secondat* and came to the *Établissements P. LINET* in Breteuil in 1927. There was also the Corpet-Louvet steam locomotive N° 956/1903, delivered on 12 June 1903 under the name of Mireille to the entrepreneur Gardet in Brest, which also came to the *Établissements P. LINET* in 1927.

## Quarries

There were several quarries in the area between Hardivillers and Breteuil. Phosphate mining was carried out from about 1887 to 1972 in open pits and deep mine tunnels, in the chalk fields of the Plateau Picard. Since the closure, pioneer vegetation has been able to develop there and recolonise the spoil heaps. Since the pioneer phase, the scree slopes and chalk cliffs have been overgrown with hawkweed oxtongue and carline thistle, and cutleaf chamomander and lesser butter and eggs (*linaria supina*) grow on the chalk scree slopes. In older, replanted areas, mahaleb cherry, golden rain and *viburnum* bushes grow. A beech forest with bluebells eventually develops on the loamy plateaus.

## Phosphate factory

The Société des Établissements P. LINET operated a phosphate factory in Hardivillers. It advertised that the organic nitrogen in P. LINET's compound fertilisers was particularly well absorbed by the plants, pointing out that incorrectly mixed fertilisers led to irregular results. Thanks to the production methods used in Hardivillers, there had been nothing of the sort with P. LINET's compound fertilisers. According to the company, phosphates for agriculture (phosphate chalk from the department of Oise) had the same fertilising effect as phosphates from the department of Somme.

## Onward transport

For marketing, the phosphates were loaded on the *Quai des Phosphates* near the railway station onto standard-gauge goods trains.

## Geology

Around 1892, it was scientifically proven that the phosphate chalk of Hardivillers is on a geologically higher level than that of Doullens, because the fossils found in it are different.

1. *IGN: Remonter le Temps.*
2. Yves: *Avis de recherche: la petite bete qui ….*
3. R. François (Conservatoire des Sites Naturels de Picardie), Q. Dumont (Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul): *Anciennes carrieres de phosphates s'Hardivillers.* Identifiant national: 220220018 ZNIEFF Continentale de type 1, Identifiant régional: 60PPI112. INPN, SPN-MNHN, Paris.
4. Société des Établissements P. LINET — Usine d'Hardivillers (Oise) — N°2: "L'azote organique dans les engrais composes P. LINET est particularement assimilable c'est une fabrication de la Societe."
5. Société des Établissements P. LINET — Usine d'Hardivillers (Oise) — N°1: "Les engrais mal melanges donnent des resultats irreguliers. Grace a leur remarquable fabrication, rien a craindre de semblable avec les engrais composes P. LINET. Les Phosphates Agricoles (craies phosphatees de l'Oise) ont les memes vertus fertilisantes que ceux de la Somme."

49°37′18″N 2°15′01″E / 49.62174869265985°N 2.2503573818035494°E / 49.62174869265985; 2.2503573818035494 (Phosphate factory)

## InfoBox

| Hardivillers–Breteuil | |
| --- | --- |
| Corpet locomotive N°356/1882 with a Brown valve gear | |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) |
| Track gauge | 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) |
| Route map | |


title: Oreojuncus

abstract: Oreojuncus is a small genus of flowering plants in the rush family Juncaceae, found in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, most of Europe, northern Russia, western Siberia and the Altai. Their chromosome number is 2n=30 (x=15), whereas Juncus, from which they were split, has x=20.

text:
# Oreojuncus

***Oreojuncus*** is a small genus of flowering plants in the rush family Juncaceae, found in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, most of Europe, northern Russia, western Siberia and the Altai. Their chromosome number is 2n=30 (x=15), whereas *Juncus*, from which they were split, has x=20.

## Species

Currently accepted species include:

## InfoBox

| *Oreojuncus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oreojuncus trifidus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Juncaceae |
| Genus: | *Oreojuncus*<br>Záv.Drábk. & Kirschner |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Gościmiec

abstract: Gościmiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zwierzyn, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

text:
# Gościmiec

**Gościmiec** (Polish: \[ɡɔɕˈt͡ɕimjɛt͡s\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zwierzyn, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

## History

During World War II, the Germans enslaved Poles as forced labour in the village, and one Polish man was publicly executed by the Gestapo.

## InfoBox

| Gościmiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Gościmiec | |
| Gościmiec | |
| Coordinates: 52°47′34″N 15°39′14″E / 52.79278°N 15.65389°E / 52.79278; 15.65389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Strzelce-Drezdenko |
| Gmina | Zwierzyn |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | FSD |


title: Las Guanábanas

abstract: Las Guanábanas were a Puerto Rican reggaeton duo from Villas de Loíza, northeast Puerto Rico. Their names are Georgie and Joelito.

text:
# Las Guanábanas

**Las Guanábanas** (a.k.a. "Los Reyes De La Pichaera", a.k.a. "Las Guanabanas") were a Puerto Rican reggaeton duo from Villas de Loíza, northeast Puerto Rico. Their names are Georgie and Joelito.

## Career

Starting in the world of hip-hop in the late 1980s when they were only engaged breakdancing. In the early 1990s (1992) they had the opportunity to record what was the sequel to the explosion of Puerto Rican hip-hop, as it was the second production of "the Noise." On this tape, they had the opportunity to record about ten minutes, a song that the audience welcomed well by the strong content that was talking about blunts, whores, a ton of bad words (that at that time no one heard of), about "Guillaera", "Bellakeo", "Perreo", things that were not common at that time was very extroverted and full of controversy. For the next years a tragedy, the murder of a close friend called Misael, is what motivates them to write a very deep song and had the opportunity to record it in "The Noise 3" and is nothing more than the song "Amigo" that was a hit and gave an incredible fame to "**Las Guanabanas**", because their lyrics were very mature for that time and for them that they were Teenagers. People who have follow them through their entire careers have truly seen what this singers have gone through and have seen their evolution in the world of Caribbean Hip-Hop, Rap and Reggaeton. In 1998 they released their first production "Back To Reality" in the hands of Dj Nelson and Flow Music. Then in 1999, they released the sequel "Back to Reality 2".

In 2002, they launched their third production "G-3: Guillaera," although it did not have the same impact as their previous productions for their explicit dirty content, this production was of greater international projection that together with previous songs of the Duo to this date are still played on the radio and are considered classic hits of Reggaeton. They are one of the pioneers in the genre of Reggaeton. They have hits with the most brutal DJs of this genre and to this date, they have worked with many DJs, artists, and producers in the Puerto Rican Hip-Hop & Reggaeton Scene, like Dj Playero, Luny Tunes, Noriega, Baby Rasta & Gringo, Tempo, Daddy Yankee, Arcangel, J Alvarez, Ñejo & Dalmata, Lui-G 21 Plus, Héctor & Tito, Don Chezina, Don Omar (Dominican), Master Joe & O.G. Black, Benyo, Cheka, Zion & Lennox, Yaga & Mackie, Notty Play, Jutha &Small (Colombians), and many more.

Las Guanábanas were the first to bring reggaeton to London and to have fans not only in the Americas and the Caribbean, but also in Germany Italy and Russia. "Pa'lante pa'siempre" "going forward for ever" - Las Guanabanas are not only the pioneers of reggaeton, but also leaders in this genre. Their hits include "Maldita P\**a", "Pa' Mis Mujeres Del Mundo", "Busco Una Mujer", "Mi Gatita & Yo", "Vamos Pa La Disco", "Vente Vamos A Bellakear", "Guayandote", "Me Matas", "Ponte Al Dia", "Este Pasto", "UnderGround", "Llama A los Bomberos", "Sexo Na' Mas", "Soltera", "Como Se Lo Ago Yo", "Seductora", "Date Guille", "Ando Ratata"

## Personal lives

In the very early stages in an interview with Georgie and Joelito, they were asked about the name of the duo. Joking around, Georgie said *Guanabanas Podridas* ("Rotten Guanabanas"). Because of the content of their lyrics and ever since, it got stuck with them, they were then locally known as Las Guanabanas Podridas.

Growing up together in Villas De Loíza, Canovanas, P.R. and inseparable in the early trajectory of Las Guanabanas for unknown reasons in 2005 Joelito decides to spend time with his family and get away from the stage, cameras and social media, although there's a lot of rumors about the Duo's relationship they are still good friends and participated together on April 2, 2016 at a show in Puerto Rico what it was the reengagement of all the artist that participated in the albums of "The Noise", in where the videos online are titled "The Noise El Reencuentro".

In 2020, Jorge Berrios, a former member of this group was listed in a podcast of reggaeton artists who have decided to turn against the genre for religious reasons.

## Discography

**Studio álbums**

* 1998: *Back To Reality*
* 1999: *Back To Reality 2*
* 2002: *Guillaera*

**Compilation álbums**

* 2000: Collection
* 2004: Collection 2

## InfoBox

| Las Guanábanas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Los Reyes De La Pichaera |
| Origin | Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Reggaeton |
| Years active | 1992-2006 (as duo)
2006-2016 (Georgie solo) |
| Labels | Flow Music, Banaguana Records |
|  | |
| Members | Georgie
Joelito |


title: USS Tide (AM-125)

abstract: USS Tide (AM-125) was an oceangoing Auk class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for the marine tide, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. Tide was laid down on 16 March 1942 at Savannah, Georgia, by the Savannah Machinery and Foundry Company; launched on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Ruth Hangs; and commissioned on 9 May 1943. Tide served in the European Theatre of Operations and was assigned to minesweeping the beaches offshore the Normandy landing in June of 1944. On the day following D-Day, June 7, 1944, she struck a German mine and sank. She received one battle star for her wartime service.

text:
# USS Tide (AM-125)

**USS *Tide* (AM-125)** was an oceangoing Auk class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for the marine tide, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

*Tide* was laid down on 16 March 1942 at Savannah, Georgia, by the Savannah Machinery and Foundry Company; launched on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Ruth Hangs; and commissioned on 9 May 1943.

*Tide* served in the European Theatre of Operations and was assigned to minesweeping the beaches offshore the Normandy landing in June of 1944. On the day following D-Day, June 7, 1944, she struck a German mine and sank. She received one battle star for her wartime service.

## North African operations

Following shakedown training out of Key West and Norfolk, *Tide* got underway from Hampton Roads for her first transatlantic voyage. On 17 July 1943, as she steamed in *convoy* for North Africa, the minesweeper collided with an infantry landing craft — *LCI-267* — which she had just provisioned. Damage to the sweeper included sprung plates and two minor hull punctures which were repaired at sea. *Tide* arrived at Casablanca on 18 July and was soon on her way again escorting a convoy bound for American ports. During the homeward voyage on 29 July, a sonar contact prompted *Tide* to drop depth charges on what she thought was an enemy submarine. Although a later search revealed an oil slick, no submarine sinking was confirmed.

## Stateside operations

Following her arrival at New York on 9 August 1943, *Tide* operated on the Eastern Sea Frontier until 30 September. In October–November, she made another Atlantic crossing, returning to New York on 25 November. In December, *Tide* participated in exercises off the coast of Maine and conducted mine warfare training off Yorktown, Virginia. Convoy duties in the waters of the Eastern Sea Frontier and the Caribbean occupied her in January 1944. On the 25th, *Tide* got underway again for what was to be her longest convoy escort assignment. Departing Charleston, she steamed — via Bermuda and the Azores — for the United Kingdom.

## European operations

*Tide* completed this voyage at Milford Haven, Wales on 10 March 1944 and spent the remainder of the month operating out of Falmouth. In April–May, she escorted convoys in British coastal waters and engaged in exercises with minesweepers of the Royal Navy in preparation for the invasion of Europe. In the last week of May, *Tide* made sweeps out of Babbacombe Bay. On 5 June, *Tide* got underway from Tor Bay with Minesweeper Squadron "A", a unit assigned to the Utah Beach area. Later that day, German mines began to take their toll as *Osprey*, a squadron member, went down. As the day wore on, *Tide* swept channels off the Normandy beaches for fire-support ships and continued sweeps the next day, "D-Day". During the night of 6–7 June, she joined other vessels in guarding the Carentan Estuary to prevent the sally of enemy E-boats.

On the morning of 7 June, *Tide* swept the area inshore and between Îles Saint-Marcouf and Barfleur to clear lanes for fire-support ships. At 09:40, while recovering her gear, *Tide* drifted over the Cardonet Banks and struck a mine which exploded with such force that she was lifted out of the water. The explosion broke her back, blasted a tremendous hole in her bottom, and tore away all bulkheads below the waterline causing immediate and irreversible flooding. *Tide*'s commanding officer — Lt. Cdr. Allard B. Heyward — died soon after the initial explosion, and Lt. Cdr. George Crane — the ship's executive officer — directed efforts to assist the stricken vessel and to rescue survivors. *Threat* and *Pheasant* tried to aid *Tide*, but the ship was beyond saving. When *Swift* attempted to tow the damaged ship to the beach, the strain broke *Tide* in two. She sank only minutes after the last survivors had been taken off. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 July.

## Awards

*Tide* received one battle star for World War II service.

49°36′59″N 1°4′59″W / 49.61639°N 1.08306°W / 49.61639; -1.08306

## InfoBox

| *Tide* (AM-125) at sea, 15 June 1943 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Tide* |
| Builder | Savannah Machinery and Foundry Company, Savannah, Georgia |
| Laid down | 16 March 1942 |
| Launched | 7 September 1942 |
| Commissioned | 9 May 1943 |
| Stricken | 29 July 1944 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 1 battle star (World War II) |
| Fate | Sunk in action, 7 June 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Auk*-class minesweeper |
| Displacement | 890 long tons (904 t) |
| Length | 221 ft 3 in (67.44 m) |
| Beam | 32 ft (9.8 m) |
| Draft | 10 ft 9 in (3.28 m) |
| Speed | 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Complement | 105 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 2 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 cal guns, 4 × 20 mm cannons, 2 × depth charge tracks, 4 × depth charge projectors, 1 × Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar |


title: Kathleen Alder

abstract: Kathleen Alder is founder and director of the PR agency WildKat PR. She is also a speaker at conferences as an expert in public relations, promotion, concert organisation and social media in the classical music field.

text:
# Kathleen Alder

**Kathleen Alder** (born 29 August 1983, in Hamburg) is founder and director of the PR agency WildKat PR. She is also a speaker at conferences as an expert in public relations, promotion, concert organisation and social media in the classical music field.

## Early life and career

Kathleen Alder was born in Hamburg and raised in a very musical household. Her father, Chris Alder, is a music producer, with prizes including a Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Solo. Before founding WildKat PR, Kathleen Alder worked with El Sistema in Venezuela, at the Mahler Chamber Orchestra in Berlin, TVT Europe and Universal Music Group in London. In 2008 she launched her own PR Agency under the name WildKat PR. Three years later, in November 2011, she was awarded PR Week’s prestigious “29 under 29”. Besides running WildKat PR she speaks regularly at conferences and debates – most recently the Influencer Conference in London and Berlin, at the MIDEM in France and at Classical:Next in Germany.

## WildKat PR

WildKat PR was founded by Kathleen Alder in April 2008. Having gained professional experience in the music industry and in the advertising sector, Alder's initial goal was to apply professional commercial strategies to public relations within the arts and the media. She has given several interviews about founding WildKat PR, among others to The Times in 2013. Since its founding, WildKat PR has worked with over 150 artists and organizations including Kings Place, Menuhin Festival Gstaad, Gustavo Dudamel and the Bamberg Symphony.

In 2009, WildKat PR opened their Berlin branch. In 2016 WildKat employ 10 permanent staff and a network of freelancers. Kathleen Alder is constantly keen to experiment with new work-life balance trends, for example she established a 6-hourday scheme for her employees, reported The Guardian.

In May 2019, WildKat announced a major investment of 850,000 Pound Sterling from Edition Capital, an investment and advisory group. This news was reported within the specialist press in the UK (Music Week, Rhinegold Publishing) and Germany (PR Journal, Neue Musik Zeitung, Musikwoche). This investment allowed WildKat to build on their locations in London and Berlin with new offices in Paris, New York and LA within the same year. This expansion was also reported in furthers press articles (International Arts Managers, PR Week).

## Network Dutyfy

In 2013, Kathleen Alder founded the Dutyfy Network, a network for women whose personal life and work life matter to them in equal measure. The Website "The Wallbreakers" reported on the launch.

## Fellowship Noted Innovation

In 2015, Kathleen Alder created the fellowship Noted Innovation, which aims to offer financial support, industry opportunities and mentorship to up-and-coming talent in arts administration. The idea is to customize the fellowship around the recipient, in order to maximize their full potential and their impact on the industry. The first award winners in 2015 were the project Young Music Lab and the trombone player Johannes Weidner. Both the English and German press covered the launch.

## The Voices Foundation

In fall 2018 Kathleen Alder became a trustee for the Voices Foundation. She has since been active with the foundation in organizing its 25th anniversary concert and The Big Give campaign, a rally to gain funds for the charity’s work.

## PostKultur

In 2020, Kathleen Alder founded PostKultur in Hamburg, a delivery service of cultural offers including items such as CDs, books, concert tickets and artwork. The idea was inspired by the subsequent shutdown of most cultural institutions as a result of the Coronavrírus-pandemic in 2020. The start-up service aims to make cultural items more accessible to a wider audience. Plans are underway for an expansion to other cities such as Frankfurt, Berlin, München, Stuttgart, Dresden.

## Awards

* 2011 – PR Week’s prestigious “29 under 29”
* 2017 – PANDA Women Leadership Contest 2017
* 2018 – Finalist in the Arts & Culture Category for Women of the Future Awards 2018

## InfoBox

| Kathleen Alder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 29 August 1983<br>Hamburg |


title: Freeborn T. Lasater House

abstract: The Freeborn T. Lasater House is a historic house at 494 Arkansas Highway 197 in New Blaine, Arkansas. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of uncoursed fieldstone, with petrified wood and Native American stone tools, discovered on the property, embedded at various points. It was built over a six-year period by Freeborn Lasater and his family, beginning in 1928, and is the small communities best example of Craftsman architecture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

text:
# Freeborn T. Lasater House

The **Freeborn T. Lasater House** is a historic house at 494 Arkansas Highway 197 in New Blaine, Arkansas. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of uncoursed fieldstone, with petrified wood and Native American stone tools, discovered on the property, embedded at various points. It was built over a six-year period by Freeborn Lasater and his family, beginning in 1928, and is the small communities best example of Craftsman architecture.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Freeborn T. Lasater House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 494 AR 197, New Blaine, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°17′22″N 93°25′6″W / 35.28944°N 93.41833°W / 35.28944; -93.41833 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1928 (1928) |
| Built by | Freeborn T. Lasater |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| MPS | New Blaine, Arkansas MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000756 |
| Added to NRHP | July 11, 2002 |


title: Walk Out

abstract: Walk Out is a 2007 album by Lady Saw.

text:
# Walk Out

***Walk Out*** is a 2007 album by Lady Saw.

## Composition

Some of the songs were classified as more "vulnerable" and less explicit than her previous work. In "No Less Than a Woman (Infertility)", Saw discusses her personal experiences with infertility. "Not the World's Prettiest" has been classified as "lilting R&B" and criticized Western conceptions of beauty; its theme was compared favorably to "Unpretty" by TLC.

## Reception

### Critical

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

On the review aggregate site Album of the Year, *Walk Out* holds a score of 80 out of 100. Allmusic awarded the album four stars out of five; a review for the outlet, written by David Jeffries, likened it to Prince's early releases and deemed it "an exciting mix of shocking, intoxicating, daring, and sure." Writing for the Lincoln *Journal Star*, Brett Johnson regarded the album as evidence that Saw "endures not only because of her sharp tongue but her big heart." In the July 2007 issue of *Vibe*, as part of a feature on a reggae recording studio, the album was highlighted as being in "Heavy Rotation".

### Commercial

The album became Saw's fourth entry on the *Billboard* Reggae Albums chart, on which it peaked at number eight.

## Track listing

1. Hello Lady Saw
2. Big up
3. Me and My Crew (The RAE)
4. Silly Dreams
5. No Less Than A Woman (Infertility)
6. Not World's Prettiest
7. You Need Me
8. Baby Dry Your Eyes
9. Walk Out
10. Chat To Mi Back
11. It's Like That
12. Power of the Pum
13. Like it
14. Stray Dog

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Reggae Albums (*Billboard*) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Walk Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lady Saw | |
| Released | 2007 |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Dancehall
Reggae |
| Label | VP |
| Lady Saw chronology | |
| *Strip Tease*
(2004) ***Walk Out***
(2007) *My Way*
(2010) | |


title: Harald Åkermark

abstract: Vice Admiral Carl Harald Åkermark was a senior Swedish Navy officer. Åkermark commanded many ships, including the coastal defence ship HSwMS Drottning Victoria. He served as head of the Military Office of the Minister for Naval Affairs (1923–1927), as Commander-in-Chief of the Coastal Fleet (1927–1933) and as head of the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration (1933–1938). He retired in 1938 but was called back for service during World War II as Commanding Admiral of the West Coast Naval District (1939–1942).

text:
# Harald Åkermark

Vice Admiral **Carl Harald Åkermark** (12 September 1873 – 1 November 1963) was a senior Swedish Navy officer. Åkermark commanded many ships, including the coastal defence ship HSwMS *Drottning Victoria*. He served as head of the Military Office of the Minister for Naval Affairs (1923–1927), as Commander-in-Chief of the Coastal Fleet (1927–1933) and as head of the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration (1933–1938). He retired in 1938 but was called back for service during World War II as Commanding Admiral of the West Coast Naval District (1939–1942).

## Early life

Åkermark was born on 12 September 1873 in Gothenburg, Sweden, the son of Gudmund Åkermark, a magistrate's secretary, and his wife Amalia Tranchell. The reading of Marryat's and Trolle's sea novels aroused in Åkermark the desire to become a naval officer. As a native of Gothenburg, it was natural that he became interested in sea life at an early age. In addition, his grandfather Theodor Wilhelm Tranchell, founder of Lindholmen's workshop, shipowner and longtime chairman of the Seamen's Association in Gothenburg, was anxious to familiarize his grandchildren with the sea. As early as 1882, he gave Åkermark and his siblings a lifeboat with four oars. With it, they learned to row through the city's now filled canals and in summer rowed the boat to Hästevik on Hisingen. Gradually, the rowing trips were extended, and the boat stock was expanded with both rowing and sailboats. The voyages eventually included the entire Gothenburg archipelago and sailing trips to Marstrand and Uddevalla. With the cutters *Siri* and *Smart*, they participated in the sailing company Aeolus racing, when the well-sailed, semi-decked *Smart* won the first prize a few times. Åkermark made his first long voyage in the summer of 1885. To find out how he endured the sea, he had to accompany a relative, who was a sea captain, on a steamship to Newcastle. The result was favorable, and at the suggestion of a couple of well-known naval officers it was decided that for entry into the Royal Swedish Naval Academy, to which the age of entry was then 13–15 years, he would first undergo a preparatory institution privately arranged by the school teachers of the naval academy. In the spring of 1886, he therefore left the third grade in Göteborgs realläroverk and moved to Stockholm in the autumn. He had just turned 13 years old. He was accommodated with the headmaster of the preparatory school, Hampus Huldt, who turned out to have studied in Uppsala at the same time as Åkermark's father, the magistrate's secretary and notary public in Gothenburg, Gudmund Åkermark. Three other Gothenburg boys also went to school, among them Åkermark's relative William Gibson from Jonsered. They were then together for several years as cadets and naval officers.

This year's preparatory naval school had 32 students, and when the number, which in the autumn of 1887 was to be admitted as naval cadets, was only 12-15, the competition among the students was fierce. In the summer of 1887, Åkermark, as a cadet candidate, was allowed to accompany the corvette *Norrköping*. In mid-May, the corvette departed from Karlskrona and visited ports in Sweden, Norway, France and England. At the end of 24 July, the expedition returned to Karlskrona, and after graduating on board, the candidates left for their homes. The total land and sea grades this time were not enough for him to enter the naval academy. This was, well due to his young age, not expected either, and it was decided that he would go to the preparatory naval school for another year and live with senior lecturer Huldt. The grade was very good this time and in the spring of 1888 accompanied the registration for the entrance exam to the naval academy. On 1 October 1888, he, just turned 15, was admitted as a sea cadet as number 7 among 15 admitted to the Royal Swedish Naval Academy.

## Career

Åkermark was commissioned as a naval officer with the rank of *underlöjtnant* in the Swedish Navy in 1894 where he was promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1897. He underwent the Torpedo School's command course and the general course at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1900 to 1902 and was a cadet officer and teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy between 1902 and 1908, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant in 1903. Åkermark served as a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College between 1914 and 1919, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1916. Between 1901 and 1917, Åkermark served on various different naval ships. He commanded torpedo boat number 65 in 1901, the gunboat *Skuld* in 1906, the gunboats *Skäggald* in 1907 and 1908, the torpedo boats *Antares* and *Iris* in 1909, the destroyer *Vidar* in 1911, the destroyer *Ragnar* in 1912, the destroyer *Munin* in 1913 and the coastal defence ship HSwMS *Drottning Victoria* in 1921. Åkermark served as division commander in 1909 aboard the torpedo boat *Iris*, the torpedo boat *Castor* in 1910 and the destroyer *Sigurd* in 1916 and 1917. Åkermark commanded the Åland Expedition in 1918.

Åkermark was an expert in several investigations into issues concerning the navy between 1912 and 1926. He was a councilor in the navy's pension fund (*flottans pensionskassa*) in 1909, a member of the torpedo commission (*torpedkommissionen*) in Karlskrona and Stockholm in 1910, a member of the torpedo commission in 1917, an expert in the inquiry into the promotion system within the navy's officer and non-commissioned officer corps in 1912, an expert in the naval commission (*marinkommissionen*) in 1914, head of the Torpedo Department in Stockholm from 1917 to 1919, member and expert in the investigation regarding the officer corps' recruitment and training and more, assignment to lead the preparation of new torpedo firing instruction and torpedo exercise regulations in 1918, expert for the investigation regarding torpedo losses in 1919 and an expert in the naval preparation (*marinberedninge*) in 1920.

Åkermark was promoted to commander in 1919 and served as head of Torpedo Department in the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration from 1919 to 1923 and as head of department in the Torpedo School from 1920 to 1922. He was promoted to captain in 1923 and then served as head of the Military Office of the Minister for Naval Affairs (*Sjöförsvarets kommandoexpedition*) from 1923 to 1927. Åkermark was at the disposal of the Riksdag's Committee on Defence as secretary for naval affairs in 1924. In the same year, he was an expert in the investigation regarding the promotion of non-commissioned officers to officers and more. He was then at the disposal of the Riksdag's Committee on Defence in 1925, and was an expert in submitting proposals for the organization of the naval reserve personnel between 1925 and 1926. Åkermark was promoted to rear admiral in 1927 and then served as Commander-in-Chief of the Coastal Fleet from 1927 to 1933. He then served as head of the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration from 1933 to 1938. He was promoted to vice admiral in 1934 and retired in 1938, afterwich he served as chairman of the Maritime Safety Inquiry (*Sjöfartsskyddsutredningen*) in 1939. During World War II, Åkermark was called up and served as Commanding Admiral of the West Coast Naval District from 1939 to 1942.

Åkermark has been described as a "rare upstanding and straightforward man. He worked methodically to achieve his goals and he never deviated one bit from what he considered to be right, even though he thereby obtained dissenters. Behind his reserved and even withdrawn, almost shy exterior hid a will of steel, which, if necessary, could radiate an authority and power that did not require any external manifestations to assert itself."

## Personal life

In 1914, Åkermark married Märta Gjerling (1892–1983), the daughter of captain Edvard Gjerling and Baroness Augusta Funck. They had two children: Eva Augusta Amalia (1915–2012) and Bertil Gudmund Harald (1918–2010).

## Death

Åkermark died on 1 November 1963 and was interred on 24 July 1965 at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm.

## Dates of rank

## Awards and decorations

### Swedish

### Foreign

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Harald Åkermark | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Birth name | Carl Harald Åkermark |
| Born | (1873-09-02)2 September 1873
Gothenburg, Sweden |
| Died | 1 November 1963(1963-11-01) (aged 90)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Buried | Galärvarvskyrkogården, Stockholm |
| Service/branch | Swedish Navy |
| Years of service | 1894–1938, 1939–1942 |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars | Åland Expedition |


title: Hardivillers-en-Vexin

abstract: Hardivillers-en-Vexin is a former commune in the Oise department in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune La Corne-en-Vexin.

text:
# Hardivillers-en-Vexin

**Hardivillers-en-Vexin** is a former commune in the Oise department in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune La Corne-en-Vexin.

## InfoBox

| Hardivillers-en-Vexin | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of La Corne-en-Vexin | |
| The town hall of Hardivillers-en-Vexin | |
| Location of Hardivillers-en-Vexin | |
| Hardivillers-en-VexinHardivillers-en-Vexin | |
| Coordinates: 49°18′16″N 1°56′22″E / 49.3044°N 1.9394°E / 49.3044; 1.9394 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Beauvais |
| Canton | Chaumont-en-Vexin |
| Commune | La Corne-en-Vexin |
| Area**1** | 4.82 km2 (1.86 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 165 |
| Density | 34/km2 (89/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 60240 |
| Elevation | 119–164 m (390–538 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Oreohelix hammeri

abstract: Oreohelix hammeri, the Seven Devils mountain snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oreohelicidae. This species is endemic to the United States.

text:
# Oreohelix hammeri

***Oreohelix hammeri***, the **Seven Devils mountain snail**, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oreohelicidae. This species is endemic to the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Oreohelix hammeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Oreohelicidae |
| Genus: | *Oreohelix* |
| Species: | ***O. hammeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreohelix hammeri***
(Fairbanks, 1984) | |
|