title: Geoponici

abstract: Geoponici, or Scriptores rei rusticae, is a collective term for the Greek and Latin writers on husbandry and agriculture. In classical times this topic was regarded as a branch of economics.

text:
# Geoponici

**Geoponici** (the Latinized form of a nonexistent Γεωπονικοί, used for convenience), or *Scriptores rei rusticae*, is a collective term for the Greek and Latin writers on husbandry and agriculture. In classical times this topic was regarded as a branch of economics.

## Greek writers

From the writing of the Roman Varro, it is known that there were more than fifty ancient Greek authors on the subject of agriculture. Among them were Hesiod, Xenophon, Democritus, Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus. Most of the works Varro enumerated have been lost.

What we know of the agriculture of Greece is chiefly derived from the poem of Hesiod, entitled *Works and Days*. All that remain of Democritus are only a few extracts preserved in the *Geoponica*, an agricultural treatise published at Constantinople by the Greeks of the 10th century. The *Oeconomicus* by Xenophon is a Socratic dialogue principally about household management and agriculture, which contains a eulogy of agriculture and its beneficial ethical effects.

About the same time as Xenophon, the philosopher Democritus of Abdera wrote a treatise *Περὶ Γεωργίας* ("On Agriculture"), frequently quoted and much used by the later compilers of the *Geoponica.* Some incidental remarks on the subject may be found in the writings of Herodotus, Theophrastus, and others. Aristotle, Homer, and others touch on the subject but very slightly.

Greater attention was given to the subject in the Alexandrian period; a long list of names is given by Varro and Columella, amongst them Hiero II and Attalus III Philometor. Later, Cassius Dionysius of Utica translated and abridged the great work of the Carthaginian Mago, which was still further condensed by Diophanes of Nicaea in Bithynia for the use of King Deiotarus. From these and similar works, Cassianus Bassus compiled his *Geoponica*, a source of the later Byzantine *Geoponica*. Mention may also be made of a little work Περι Γεωργικων by Michael Psellus.

## Latin writers

The Latin authors on agriculture, whose works have reached the present age, are Cato, Varro, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, and Palladius; there were many more, whose writings are lost. The Romans, aware of the necessity of maintaining a numerous and thriving order of agriculturists, from very early times endeavoured to instill into their countrymen both a theoretical and a practical knowledge of the subject. The occupation of the farmer was considered next in importance to that of the soldier, and distinguished Romans did not disdain to practice it.

In furtherance of this object:

* The great work of Mago was translated into Latin by Decimus Junius Silanus at the order of the Roman Senate;
* The elder Cato had meanwhile written his *De agri cultura*, a simple record in homely language of the rules observed by the old Roman landed proprietors rather than a theoretical treatise.
* Cato was followed by the two Saserna (father and son), and Gnaeus Tremellius Scrofa, whose works are lost.
* The learned Marcus Terentius Varro of Reate, when eighty years of age, composed his *Rerum rusticarum libri tres*, dealing with agriculture, the rearing of cattle, and the breeding of fishes. He was the first to systematize what had been written on the subject, and supplemented the labours of others by practical experience gained during his travels.

In the Augustan age:

The chief work of the kind, however, is that of Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, *De Arboribus* and *De Agricultura*.

About the middle of the 2nd century, the two Quinctilii, natives of Troja, wrote on the subject in Greek. It is remarkable that Columella's work exercised less influence in Rome and Italy than in southern Gaul and Spain, where agriculture became one of the principal subjects of instruction in the superior educational establishments that were springing up in those countries. One result of this was the preparation of manuals of a popular kind for use in the schools. In the 3rd century, Gargilius Martialis of Mauretania compiled a *Geoponica* in which medical botany and the veterinary art were included.

The *Opus Agriculturae* of Palladius (4th century), in fourteen books, which is largely derived from Columella, is rearranged into a farmer's calendar, in which the different rural occupations are arranged in order of months. The fourteenth book (on forestry) is written in elegiacs (eighty-five couplets). The whole of Palladius and considerable fragments of Gargilius Martialis are extant.

## Appreciation

The Romans knew of many advanced techniques such as green manuring with legumes, soiling, seed selection, the testing of soil for sourness, intensive cultivation of a fallow as well as of a crop, conservative rotation, the importance of livestock in a system of general farming, and the preservation of the chemical content of manure and the composting of the rubbish of a farm. The foundation of their agriculture was the fallow and one finds them constantly using it as a simile — in the advice not to breed a mare every year, as in that not to exact too much tribute from a bee hive. Ovid even warns a lover to allow fallow seasons to intervene in his courtship.

**Attribution:**

## Further reading

* H. Beckh, "De Geoponicorum codicibus manuscriptis" in *Acta seminarii philologici Erlangensis* vol. 4 (1886) pp. 268–70.
* Adam Dickson. *The husbandry of the Ancients* 1788.
* E. Fehrle, *Richtlinien zur Textgestaltung der griechischen Geoponica*. Heidelberg 1920.
* John A. C. Greppin, "The Armenians and the Greek Geoponica" in *Byzantion* vol. 57 (1987) pp. 46–55.
* Harrison, Fairfax (1918). "Note Upon the Roman Agronomists". *Roman Farm Management*. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 1–14 \[10\].
* A. Paul de Lagarde, *Geoponicon in sermonem syriacum versorum quae supersunt*. Leipzig: Teubner, 1860.
* E. Oder, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Landwirthschaft bei den Griechen" in *Rheinisches Museum* vol. 45 (1890) pp. 58–98, 202–22, vol. 48 (1893) pp. 1–40.


title: Trichosanthes pilosa

abstract: Trichosanthes pilosa is a tropical or semitropical vine bearing an edible fruit. It is native to Japan, Taiwan, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, China and other parts of southeast Asia as well as in Australia. It is known in English as Japanese snake gourd. The Japanese snake gourd, is very similar in its vegetative characters to the more widespread "snake gourd", Trichosanthes cucumerina, the flower and leaves of the two species are very similar but the fruit of T. pilosa are round to egg-shaped, about 7 cm long and not resembling a snake.

text:
# Trichosanthes pilosa

***Trichosanthes pilosa*** is a tropical or semitropical vine bearing an edible fruit. It is native to Japan, Taiwan, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), Zhejiang) and other parts of southeast Asia as well as in Australia. It is known in English as **Japanese snake gourd**.

The Japanese snake gourd (*T. pilosa),* is very similar in its vegetative characters to the more widespread "snake gourd", *Trichosanthes cucumerina*, the flower and leaves of the two species are very similar but the fruit of *T. pilosa* are round to egg-shaped, about 7 cm long and not resembling a snake.

1. The Plant List, *Trichosanthes pilosa*
2. Flora of China v 19 p 45, *Trichosanthes cucumeroides*
3. Merrill, Elmer Drew. 1914. Philippine Journal of Science. Section C, Botany. Manila, 9: 458, *Trichosanthes vanoverberghii* in the Philippines
4. Kundu. 1943. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 43: 382, *Trichosanthes ovigera* var. *sikkimensis*, in Sikkim
5. Blume, Carl Ludwig von. 1826. Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 15: 934, Trichosanthes ovigera in Malaya
6. Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm. 1856. Flora van Nederlandsch Indie i. I. 677, *Trichosanthes horsfieldii* in Java
7. Robinson RW and DS Decker-Walters. 1997. Appendix: Common Cucurbit Names and their Scientific Equivalents. in: *Cucurbits*. CAB International, USA.

## InfoBox

| Japanese snake gourd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichosanthes* |
| Species: | ***T. pilosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosanthes pilosa***<br>(Ser.) Maxim in Franch. & Sav. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anguina cucumeroides* (Ser.) Kuntze * *Anguina dicoelosperma* (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze * *Anguina hearnii* (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze * *Anguina himalensis* (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze * *Anguina horsfieldii* (Miq.) Kuntze * *Anguina ovigera* (Blume) Kuntze * *Anguina pilosa* (Lour.) Kuntze * *Bryonia cucumeroides* Ser. * *Platygonia himalensis* Naudin ex C.B.Clarke * *Platygonia kaempferi* Naudin * *Trichosanthes ascendens* C.Y.Cheng & C.H.Yueh * *Trichosanthes boninensis* Nakai * *Trichosanthes cavaleriei* H.Lév. * *Trichosanthes chinensis* Ser. * *Trichosanthes chingiana* Hand.-Mazz. * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* (Ser.) Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* var. *cavaleriei* (H.Lév.) W.J.Chang * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* var. *dicoelosperma* (C.B. Clarke) S.K. Chen * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* var. *formosana* (Hayata) Kitam. * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* var. *hainanensis* (Hayata) S.K.Chen * *Trichosanthes cucumeroides* var. *stenocarpa* Honda * *Trichosanthes dicoelosperma* C.B.Clarke * *Trichosanthes formosana* Hayata * *Trichosanthes hainanensis* Hayata * *Trichosanthes hearnii* F.Muell. ex Benth. * *Trichosanthes himalensis* C.B.Clarke * *Trichosanthes himalensis* var. *indivisa* Chakrav. * *Trichosanthes holtzei* F.Muell. * *Trichosanthes horsfieldii* Miq. * *Trichosanthes mafuluensis* Merr. & L.M.Perry * *Trichosanthes matsudae* Hayata * *Trichosanthes okamotoi* Kitam. * *Trichosanthes ovigera* Blume * *Trichosanthes ovigera* var. *sikkimensis* Kundu * *Trichosanthes pierrei* Gagnep. * *Trichosanthes rostrata* Kitam. * *Trichosanthes trichocarpa* C.Y.Wu * *Trichosanthes vanoverberghii* Merr. | |


title: Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015

abstract: The Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 is a United States law that prohibits the addition of plastic microbeads in the manufacturing of certain personal care products, such as toothpaste. The purpose of the law is to reduce water pollution caused by these products. Manufacture of the microbead-containing products was prohibited in July 2017, and retail sales are prohibited as of July 2018.

text:
# Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015

The **Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015** is a United States law that prohibits the addition of plastic microbeads in the manufacturing of certain personal care products, such as toothpaste. The purpose of the law is to reduce water pollution caused by these products. Manufacture of the microbead-containing products was prohibited in July 2017, and retail sales are prohibited as of July 2018.

## Background

Over the course of the past 50 years, plastics have increasingly become a large part of people's lives all around the world. Due to the durability, versatility, and low cost of plastics, consumers and industries utilize plastics for a variety of products. However, with increased production and consumption of plastics comes an increase in plastic waste that inevitably makes its way into the ocean. Scientists estimate that there is over 150 million tons of plastic residing in the World's oceans today.

Plastics are made from petroleum and resist biodegradation; they absorb persistent organic pollutants, leach chemicals that are toxic to humans and other organisms, degrade ocean and terrestrial ecosystems, and may impact migratory patterns, trophic structures (food chains), and habitats around the world. Plastics are a direct threat to the well-being of marine life as they can lead to entanglement causing animals to drown, it can impair their ability to catch food, and ingested plastics can block digestive tracts and cause starvation and even death. The detrimental impacts that plastics have on individual animals affects not only their livelihood, but may also affect the balance of ocean ecosystem and the ecological services they provide for human benefit. With the numerous health and environmental concerns that plastics pose, bans against many single use plastic products have become more and more prevalent throughout local and state governments in the United States and even in other countries across the globe.

The United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) estimated that roughly 80% of ocean pollution comes from anthropogenic activity, with plastics making up 60-95% of it. Plastic particles are found throughout all of the oceans worldwide and they accumulate in gyres located in between Earth's continents. Plastics that persist in the environment come from a wide range of sources including plastic bags, beverage containers, plastic packaging, fishing lines and ropes, and microplastics. Microplastics are defined as plastic particles up to five millimeters in diameter and include fragments from larger, previously broken down plastic items, clothing fibers (acrylic and polyester), and small particles referred to as microbeads.

Microbeads are purposefully manufactured for cosmetics, cleaning products, and personal care products in many countries. They are too small to be recycled like other plastics, allowing them to accumulate and persist in the environment in large quantities. Since they are typically designed to be "rinsed-off," microbeads easily make their way through sewage treatment plants and into surface waters (rivers, lakes or coastal waters). Due to their small size and large distribution, the beads are nearly impossible to remove. A 2015 study indicated that one use of a facial scrub containing microbeads may allow anywhere from 4,594 to 94,500 microbeads to enter the environment. Despite their small size, microbeads are harmful to the environment since their properties allow them to readily absorb toxic chemicals and they are capable of bioaccumulating to the highest trophic level, which includes humans.

## State and federal legislation

States such as California, New York, and Illinois recognized the damage that plastic microbeads were doing and began to enact statewide and local county bans on microbeads. Their leadership spoke to the United States Congress, as did the support from the many groups who brought to light the harmful effects of microbeads. This motivated bipartisan support to ban microbeads on a federal level.

Along with increasing number of local, city, and state laws across the United States already banning products with microbeads were various business groups, scientists, environmental groups, the fishing industry, the culinary industry, the tourism industry, and even the cosmetics industry that supported the ban on microbeads and encouraged Congress to make the microbead ban a federal law in the United States. Several cosmetics companies were already voluntarily choosing to stop using microbeads in their products.

On March 4, 2015, Representative Frank Pallone (D-New Jersey) introduced the microbead ban to the House. On May 21, 2015 a bill was introduced in the Senate by Senator Kirsten E. Gillibrand (D-New York). The House passed the bill on December 7, 2015. On December 18, 2015, the Senate passed the bill with unanimous consent from both Democratic and Republican parties. President Barack Obama signed the bill on December 28, 2015.

## Exceptions

The Act limits the ban solely to "rinse-off" cosmetic products that perform an exfoliating function, such as toothpaste or face wash. Other products are not included, for example, other personal care products, cleaning products, and make-up. States like California already had strict bans on microbeads that were designed to avoid loopholes that would allow for harmful substitutes, while other states, like Illinois, banned microbeads, but allowed for biodegradable plastic products.

The United States was the first country to ban microbeads, although since then several others have followed suit, including Italy, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

After the passage of the Act, the use of microbeads in toothpaste has been discontinued in the US, however since 2015 the industry has shifted toward instead using FDA-approved "rinse-off" metallized-plastic glitter as their primary abrasive agent.

The loopholes in the US Microbead-Free Waters Act have become apparent to many other countries, especially in the United Kingdom, which has encouraged them to enact strict bans that will avoid all loopholes.

## Substitute products

There are many economically feasible substitutes for plastic microbeads that do not leach toxins and will not contaminate waterways. Some of these include beeswax, shells, nuts, seeds, and sand which are naturally occurring, biodegradable, and are already being used in numerous personal care products.

## InfoBox

Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An act to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prohibit the manufacture and introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of rinse-off cosmetics containing intentionally-added plastic microbeads |
| Enacted by | the 114th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 114–114 (text) (PDF) |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 |
| Titles amended | 21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs |
| U.S.C. sections amended | 21 U.S.C. ch. 9 § 301 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: Microsoft's School of the Future

abstract: Microsoft School of the Future is a public high school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that serves grades 9 through 12 as part of the Philadelphia School District. The school opened on September 7, 2006.

text:
# Microsoft's School of the Future

**Microsoft School of the Future** (commonly referred to as the **School of the Future**) is a public high school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that serves grades 9 through 12 as part of the Philadelphia School District. The school opened on September 7, 2006.

## History

After 2+12 years of planning, the School District of Philadelphia, Microsoft and The Prisco Group architectural firm designed "School of the Future." The school resides on 8 acres (32,000 m2) in West Philadelphia's Fairmount Park and was designed as a template that can be replicated throughout the country and worldwide on a traditional budget. The design had to incorporate the principle of adaptation at any site, making it able to adjust to smaller or bigger student capacity and incorporate different curricula and programs. The design supports continuous, relevant and adaptive learning principles.

## Recognitions

LEED Gold Certified

2006 DesignShare Award

2006 *Reader's Digest*: Best of America – Best High-Tech High

## InfoBox

| Microsoft School Of The Future | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 4021 Parkside Avenue
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
United States | |
| Coordinates | 39°58′28″N 75°12′15″W / 39.97442°N 75.20429°W / 39.97442; -75.20429 |
| Information | |
| Type | Free public |
| Established | 2006 |
| School district | School District of Philadelphia |
| Principal | Richard Sherin |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 608 (2014-2015) |
| Color(s) | Red and Black |
| Mascot | Firebird |


title: Middle Eastern Studies (journal)

abstract: Middle Eastern Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal of Middle-Eastern studies. It was established in 1964 by Elie Kedourie, who served as editor-in-chief from 1964 to 1992, and is published by Taylor & Francis. From 1992 to 2016, the journal was edited by Sylvia Kedourie. It is now co-edited by Saul Kelly and Helen Kedourie.

text:
# Middle Eastern Studies (journal)

***Middle Eastern Studies*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal of Middle-Eastern studies. It was established in 1964 by Elie Kedourie, who served as editor-in-chief from 1964 to 1992, and is published by Taylor & Francis. From 1992 to 2016, the journal was edited by Sylvia Kedourie. It is now co-edited by Saul Kelly and Helen Kedourie.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.443.

## InfoBox

*Middle Eastern Studies*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Middle-Eastern studies |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Saul Kelly, Helen Kedourie |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1964–present |
| Publisher | Taylor & Francis |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 0.433 (2016) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Middle East. Stud.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0026-3206 (print)
1743-7881 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 65009869 |
| OCLC no. | 875122033 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Gentianella longibarbata

abstract: Gentianella longibarbata is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

text:
# Gentianella longibarbata

***Gentianella longibarbata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family *Gentianaceae*. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

## InfoBox

| *Gentianella longibarbata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Gentianella* |
| Species: | ***G. longibarbata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gentianella longibarbata***
(Gilg) Fabris | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gentiana longibarbata* Gilg | |


title: Trimorphodon tau

abstract: Trimorphodon tau, the Mexican lyre snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. The snake is found in Mexico.

text:
# Trimorphodon tau

***Trimorphodon tau***, the **Mexican lyre snake**, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

The snake is found in Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Trimorphodon tau* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Trimorphodon* |
| Species: | ***T. tau*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trimorphodon tau***
Cope, 1870 | |
|


title: Trimorphomyces

abstract: Trimorphomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Trimorphomycetaceae. The genus currently contains two species. The type species is a parasite of another fungus in the genus Arthrinium, forming small gelatinous basidiocarps containing distinctive twinned conidia.

text:
# Trimorphomyces

***Trimorphomyces*** is a genus of fungi in the family Trimorphomycetaceae. The genus currently contains two species. The type species is a parasite of another fungus in the genus *Arthrinium*, forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) containing distinctive twinned conidia.

## InfoBox

| *Trimorphomyces* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Tremellomycetes |
| Order: | Tremellales |
| Family: | Trimorphomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Trimorphomyces*
Bandoni & Oberw. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Trimorphomyces papilionaceus*
Bandoni & Oberw. | |


title: Georg Boldt

abstract: Georg Didrik Boldt was a Finnish philosopher of religion who was known as a socialist and tolstoyan.

text:
# Georg Boldt

**Georg Didrik Boldt** (24 August 1862 – 21 June 1918) was a Finnish philosopher of religion who was known as a socialist and tolstoyan.

## Life

Boldt entered the University of Helsinki in 1880. After earning his doctorate in 1902 on the dissertation on the relation between Immanuel Kant and protestantism, Boldt moved to Turku where he worked as a teacher. In the early 1900s, Boldt was interested in socialism. He was a member of the Swedish-speaking socialist group, publishing the 1908 established newspaper *Arbetet*. Other key members included the businessmen Walter Borg and Ivar Hörhammer, trade unionist William Lundberg, the newspapermen Axel Åhlström and K. H. Wiik, and the university student Allan Wallenius.

Boldt strongly criticized the state, conservative society and the established religious authorities. According to Boldt, the Christian leaders like Paul and Augustine had distorted the words of Jesus Christ. Boldt was influenced by the renaissance philosophers like Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella. He was also familiar with Petr Kropotkin and Mikhail Bakunin, although did not support anarchism, and was particularly interested on the pacifist philosophy of Leo Tolstoy.

When the Finnish Civil War broke out in January 1918, Boldt opposed the armed revolution and condemned the violent actions of the local Red Guard. As Germany invaded Åland in early March, Boldt and William Lundberg had negotiations with the Germans of their potential actions against the Red controlled Turku. The Reds finally left the town on 12 April. Boldt fled to Helsinki, where he was captured in late May. As a keen pacifist, Boldt was shocked by the atrocities of both sides of the war. After having a nervous breakdown, Boldt was taken into a mental institution, where he died in June 1918.

## Family

Boldt was born to the family of the general Johan Didrik Boldt and Anna Christina Frosterus, who was the daughter of the bishop Robert Frosterus. His brothers were the local historian Robert Boldt (1861–1923), the anarchist Jean Boldt (1865–1920) and the author Alexander Boldt (1873–1956). Boldt was married with Hildur Katarina Karlsson in 1906. Their son was the military officer Lauri Boldt (1910–1982), commanding the Finnish troops participating the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus in the 1960s.

## Works

* *Protestantismens idé och Immanuel Kant* (1900)
* *Vid orkanens utbrott : en återblick* (1910)
* *Franska revolutionen : den nya tidens prolog* (1912)
* *En teologisk polemik mellan ärkebiskop och överlärare i religion* (1913)
* *Solkorset och korset på Golgata* (1915)
* *Platon (ett föredrag)* (1915)

1. "BOLDT, Georg Didrik". *Ylioppilasmatrikkeli 1853–1899* (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. 2003. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
2. Lahtinen, Rauno (2016). *Punainen Turku 1917–1918*. Turku: Sammakko. ISBN 978-952-48332-5-7.
3. Chrispinsson, John (2014). *Den glömda historien : om svenska öden och äventyr i öster under tusen år* (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedts. ISBN 978-911-30685-4-1.
4. Schoolfield, George C. (1998). *A History of Finland's Literature*. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-080-32418-9-3.
5. Bärlund, Börje (22 April 2016). "Något gick fel i EU-projektet" (in Swedish). Arbetarbladet. Retrieved 17 September 2017.

## InfoBox

| Georg Boldt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1862-08-24)24 August 1862
Kuopio, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Died | 21 June 1918(1918-06-21) (aged 55)
Turku, Finland |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Alma mater | University of Helsinki |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Philosophy of religion |
|  | |


title: Troussures

abstract: Troussures is a former commune in the Oise department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Auneuil. The château of Troussures shelters a priory of Community of St. John who organizes sessions and spiritual retreats.

text:
# Troussures

**Troussures** (French pronunciation: \[tʁusyʁ\]) is a former commune in the Oise department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Auneuil. The château of Troussures shelters a priory of Community of St. John who organizes sessions and spiritual retreats.

## InfoBox

| Troussures | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Auneuil | |
| View of Château of Troussures. | |
| Location of Troussures | |
| TroussuresTroussures | |
| Coordinates: 49°23′24″N 1°58′25″E / 49.39°N 1.9736°E / 49.39; 1.9736 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Beauvais |
| Canton | Beauvais-2 |
| Commune | Auneuil |
| Area**1** | 5.18 km2 (2.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 184 |
| Density | 36/km2 (92/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 60390 |
| Elevation | 97–231 m (318–758 ft)
(avg. 130 m or 430 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: George Bromley (politician)

abstract: George Bromley was an English lawyer, landowner, politician and judge of the Mid-Tudor and Elizabethan period, a member of an important Shropshire legal and landed gentry dynasty. Although his career was overshadowed by that of his brother Thomas Bromley, George Bromley was of considerable importance in the affairs of the Welsh marches and the Inner Temple. He was an MP for Liskeard 1563, Much Wenlock in 1558 and 1559 and Shropshire in 1571 and 1572.

text:
# George Bromley (politician)

**George Bromley** (ca. 1526–1589) was an English lawyer, landowner, politician and judge of the Mid-Tudor and Elizabethan period, a member of an important Shropshire legal and landed gentry dynasty. Although his career was overshadowed by that of his brother Thomas Bromley, George Bromley was of considerable importance in the affairs of the Welsh marches and the Inner Temple. He was an MP for Liskeard 1563, Much Wenlock in 1558 and 1559 and Shropshire in 1571 and 1572.

## Background and early life

George Bromley was born around 1526. He was the first son of

The elder George Bromley was a prominent lawyer, important in the affairs of the Inner Temple, where he was Autumn Reader for 1508 and Lent Reader for 1509, although he refused the honour for Lent 1515. He was also recorder (judge) of Shrewsbury. His younger cousin, Thomas Bromley, also served as recorder of Shrewsbury and was made Chief Justice of the King's Bench by Mary I. The cousins both exercised considerable power regionally as legal officers of the Council in the Marches of Wales, which embodied the power of central government in this still-turbulent region.

The young George Bromley was left without a father in 1533 and must have undergone a protracted, wardship but nothing is known of it. It was possibly ameliorated by the influence of his father's cousin, Chief Justice Thomas Bromley.

### Family tree: the Bromley dynasty

Based primarily on the Heraldic Visitations of Shropshire and Cheshire, with assistance from the History of Parliament Online, the family tree illustrates Thomas Bromley's relationship to the rest of the Bromley dynasty and to their main allies, the Hill, Corbet and Newport families, c. 1450–1650.

|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | David Browe of Malpas, Cheshire | | | | | |  | | Jane Mitley | | | | | |  | | Roger Bromley of Mitley | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
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| Humphrey Hill of Blore and Buntingsdale | | | | | |  | | Agnes, daughter and coheiress of John Bird of Charlton, Shropshire, granddaughter and heiress of David of Malpas | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Unknown, daughter and coheiress of David Browe | | | | | |  | | Roger Bromley of Mitley | | | | | |  | |
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| Thomas Hill | | | | | |  | | Margaret Wilbraham of Woodhey, near Faddiley, Cheshire | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Beatrix Hill | | | | | |  | | William Bromley of Mitley | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Roger Bromley | | | | | |  | | Jane Jennings of Walliborne Hall, Church Pulverbatch | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
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| Sir Rowland Hill (died 1561), of London and Hodnet, Lord Mayor of London | | | | | |  | | Joanna Hill | | | | | |  | | John Gratewood | | | | | |  | | George Bromley of Hodnet, High Sheriff of Shropshire 1521-2 | | | | | |  | | Jane Lacon of Willey, Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Elizabeth Dodd of Cloverley, near Calverhall, Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Thomas Bromley (chief justice) (died 1555) of Eyton on Severn, Wroxeter and Shrewsbury, Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench | | | | | |  | | Isabel Lyster of Rowton, Shropshire | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
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| Reginald Corbet (died 1566) of Adderley and Stoke upon Tern, MP for Much Wenlock and Shrewsbury, Justice of the King's Bench | | | | | |  | | Alice Gratewood, co-heiress of Sir Rowland Hill | | | | | |  | | Thomas Bromley (1530–87), of Rodd Castle and Hodnet, MP for Bridgnorth, Wigan and Guildford, Lord Chancellor | | | | | |  | | Elizabeth Fortescue of Shirburn, Oxfordshire | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | **SIR GEORGE BROMLEY** (c.1526–89), of Hallon in Worfield, MP for Much Wenlock, Liskeard and Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Jane Waverton of Worfield | | | | | |  | | Margaret Bromley | | | | | |  | | Sir Richard Newport (died 1570) of High Ercall, MP for Shropshire | | | | | |
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| Richard Corbet | | | | | |  | | Anne Bromley | | | | | |  | | Elizabeth Bromley | | | | | |  | | Sir Oliver Cromwell (died 1655) of Hinchingbrooke House and Ramsey Abbey, MP for Huntingdonshire | | | | | |  | | Sir Henry Bromley (c.1560–1615), of Holt Castle and Shrawardine Castle, MP for Plymouth, Worcestershire and Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Francis Bromley (c.1556–91), of Hodnet, MP for Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Sir Edward Bromley (1563–1626), of Shifnall Grange and Bridgnorth, Baron of the Exchequer, MP for Bridgnorth | | | | | |  | | Francis Newport, MP for Shropshire | | | | | |
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## Landowner

The Bromleys were a landed gentry family in a county without a resident aristocracy and dominated throughout the century by the gentry. However, their estates were not large: their wealth came from their use of their education and contacts to tap into the opportunities for enrichment offered by the State, both national and local. George Bromley was the heir to the family estates, the most substantial at Hawkstone, near Hodnet, where they lived cheek by jowl with the Hills, their closest allies. George also had land at Wistanswick, a few miles east of Hodnet, at Allerton, and elsewhere in Shropshire.

However, Bromley made a strategic marriage to Joan Waverton, heiress to the estate of Hallon, in the parish of Worfield, east of Bridgnorth. Hallon, also rendered Hawne, which represents its pronunciation more effectively, lay to the south-west of Worfield village. Bromley made it his home and it was passed on to his heirs. However, his granddaughter, Jane, daughter of Francis Bromley, married into the Davenport family, allegedly after a secret courtship. An extremely protracted legal battle left Hallon in the hands of the Davenports and the seat of the Bromleys was replaced by Davenport House, although Hallon remains as a local toponym and street name.

The chief justice probably influenced also the legal training of his cousins once removed: certainly he left a small annuity as a bequest to encourage George's younger brother, the future Lord Chancellor, to continue his legal studies. George himself was trained at the Inner Temple and called to the bar, followed a few years later by his brother, Thomas.

The Inn gradually entrusted George with posts of honour and authority, beginning with ceremonial functions, like steward to the reader's dinner in 1555 and for the Lent vacation in 1556. The followed more responsible posts: he was appointed auditor to the steward of the Inn in November 1556 and surveyor of the Inn's church in the summer of 1558. With the new reign, his career at the Inn, as in other respects, immediately accelerated. He was made a bencher by a resolution of the Inn's parliament on 23 April 1559, along with William Rothewood and Richard Onslow, another successful Shropshire lawyer-politician and a noted Puritan. Bromley's first appearance as a bencher at the parliament of the Inn was recorded as 2 October 1559, although the sequence suggests that this is a mistake for All Souls' Day, 2 November, one of the customary days for the parliament. His attendance at parliament thereafter was very frequent, although from February 1563, when Thomas first appeared as a bencher, the brothers more often alternated than attended together.

Further honours now followed rapidly. A parliament on 4 May 1561 appointed Bromley Autumn Reader for the year. and a year later, in recognition of his discharge of the office, he was allowed to make a special admission to the inn of Edward Caryll, a member of a well-known recusant family from Sussex. On 3 November 1567 Bromley was elected treasurer of the Inn. It appears that Bromley, like his brother some years later, clamped down on debt and dereliction of duty to steady the Inn's shaky finances. Later in the month parliament decreed penalties for those who were more than 40 shillings in arrears. Officials who failed to perform their duties at Christmas were fined £5 – a large sum. In the summer of 1568 debtors were warned that they faced loss of their chambers if they failed to pay within three months. The new regime seems to have met with the approval of most, as exactly a year after he was first elected, Bromley was re-elected treasurer and appointed Lent Reader for 1569 Soon he was extracting large sums of £20 and £40 from members to commute future fees and duties, while the precise fees for admissions were reasserted and minuted. Bromley was evidently elected for a third term, as he attended parliament as treasurer until he was replaced by Francis Gawdy on 2 November 1570.

Elizabeth's ministers had long been concerned about Catholic influence in the legal profession and had sought to exclude recusants from the Inns of Court from 1569. Bromley and Edward Flowerdew were given the task of compiling a return of suspected recusants at the inner Temple in 1577. This they did with great thoroughness, returning 59 names, carefully classified according to presumed levels of complicity.

Bromley retained a chamber at the Inner Temple until his death. It was situated in an area known as Mr. Hare's Court, as Hugh Hare had long had a study on the upper floor. The chamber had been restored to use after it had fallen into decay by William Towse, who was allowed to share it with Bromley for life.

## Political and judicial career

### Early parliamentary career

Bromley was a made a Steward of crown lands in Shropshire by March 1554, perhaps by Queen Mary and was from the outset of his career committed to a power base in his own county of Shropshire. He was elected MP for Much Wenlock in the last parliament of Mary's reign, which assembled on 23 January 1558 and lasted until the succession of Elizabeth brought about its dissolution on 17 November. Sir George Blount was the other MP, elected ahead of Bromley in order of precedence, while Thomas Bromley was elected for Bridgnorth.

The brothers were favoured by the great influence of their relatives. Their mother's family, the Lacons, exercised considerable sway in the Shropshire borough elections. At Much Wenlock the contracting parties to the election were the High Sheriff of Shropshire, the town's bailiff and the bugesses, the sheriff being Richard Newport, who was married to their second cousin, Margaret, the daughter of the late Chief Justice Thomas Bromley. George was elected to the next parliament, the first of Elizabeth's reign, on 19 January 1559, again for Much Wenlock: this time his colleague was Roland Lacon, who was his first cousin and Blount's uncle.

Bromley was also elected to the following parliament, which assembled in January 1563. This time he seems to have relied on powerful court connections which he shared with his brother: specifically Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, and Lord Burleigh, the queen's closest adviser. They had great influence over the return of MPs for the borough of Liskeard in Cornwall, where Bedford was Lord Warden of the Stannaries. Bromley was returned alongside a local gentry politician, Reginald Mohun.

### Judicial and administrative preferment

However, in Elizabeth's reign he was appointed to a series of important posts in both the judiciary and in civic authority. A member of the Council in the Marches of Wales, he was appointed Justice of the Peace successively in counties across the border country and West Midlands: Shropshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire and Warwickshire. In 1564 the bishops were asked by the Privy Council to report on the suitability and religious reliability of the local magistrates. For Shropshire, Thomas Bentham, the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Bromley's good standing as a Protestant and commented:

*I know the learning of none muche reported, but of Justice Corbet, and George Bramley.*

With such episcopal approval, his promotion was swift. From 1566 to 1580 he was Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster 1566–80, a post of great power and patronage, especially in the north-west of England, although the duchy had land and employees all over the country. He became an ecclesiastical commissioner in 1572. By 1574 he was Custos rotulorum of Shropshire, the senior civil authority in the county. After serving as justice of the Anglesey circuit from 1567–80, he was appointed justice of Chester in May 1580. Thereafter he collected at least three recorderships: at Worcester, Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth by 1583.

### The Council in the Marches

Bromley was a member of the Council in the Marches of Wales by 1560, but may have been appointed considerably earlier. It was the main organ of the state not only in most of Wales but also in the neighbouring counties of England and even Worcestershire, and for 26 years from 1560 its president was Sir Henry Sidney, a pillar of the Protestant establishment and brother-in-law of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, the queen's favourite. Bromley the chief legal official of the council, receiving the substantial salary of £200 per annum.

Bromley was sometimes given tasks beyond his remit as a legal officer: in 1569, for example, he was one of those named as responsible for the official store of arms and ammunition in Merionethshire. Frequently he was involved in the imposition of the Elizabethan religious settlement, a role he took on also at the Inner Temple. In 1573 he was appointed to a commission of oyer and terminer with the task of imposing the Act of Uniformity 1558, which made it mandatory for everyone to worship regularly in their parish church according to the Book of Common Prayer. In 1577 he was appointed to another commission of oyer and terminer on the death of the assize judges.

Like other council members, Bromley was reputed for his attention to justice, especially to speed and fairness to the poor. In November 1580 Bromley and Henry Townshend, the MP for Bridgnorth, and Justice of Chester, wrote to Thomas Bromley, now Lord Chancellor, asking him to intervene against one John Hughes, who was using vexatious tactics against 17 poor men of the region, deliberately taking up residence in Westminster and suing them in the capital. Bromley and Townshent pointed out that Hughes had already acquired a reputation as a litigious nuisance in Montgomeryshire. Next month, Bromley was appointed to the Denbighshire commission for musters, the body responsible for raising troops in the county: in this case extremely detailed instructions were given to ensure that all eligible men were available and equipped. The council was proud of its efficiency as well as its relative freedom from corruption. In January 1581 Bromley and Sidney raised by 50% the pay of the clockkeeper at Ludlow Castle, where the council generally met, because of his diligence. In 1586, on the death of Sidney, Bromley took the leadership of the council until a new appointment, Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, could take over.

### MP for Shropshire

Bromley was elected knight of the shire for Shropshire in 1571, second to the Catholic landowner Sir George Blount, as he had been at Much Wenlock at the very beginning of his political career. Despite his religious views, Blount was known to be entirely loyal to Elizabeth and her government. However, these were turbulent times, with rebellion and plots constantly in the air. The Privy Council had written on the queen's behalf to reliable Protestant agents in each county to secure careful vetting of candidates, in Shropshire selecting Sir Andrew Corbet. Corbet had certainly written to the bailiffs at Shrewsbury, urging them to consider "hie Grace's sayde letters to the accomplishment off hie highness playsyer theryn," and probably in similar terms to other returning officers and contracting parties. He exercised a veto over parliamentary nominations throughout the county in 1571 and 1572. Bromley was elected again in 1572, this time taking the senior seat over George Mainwaring. Bromley would have been well-known to Corbet through their work together for the Council in the Marches. They were seen together in public on many occasions, and were feasted together at a cost of £2 1s. 6d. by Shrewsbury council in 1573.

By now a reputable lawyer, Bromley was given considerable responsibility, mainly within his own areas of interest and expertise and also in important matters of State and Church. In 1571 he sat on a committee concerning Papal bulls, considering what became the Bulls, etc., from Rome Act 1570. He attended a conference with the House of Lords on the treasons bill that was to issue in the Rebellion Act 1572 and another on the 12 shires of Wales. In 1572 Bromley served on two different committees considering the problem of Mary Queen of Scots. He was also on a committee concerned with the restoration of title and lands to Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent. Another of his committees dealt with a bill to restore the finances of Tonbridge School, which had almost lost its buildings and land because its endowment by Henry Fisher of the Worshipful Company of Skinners was challenged by his descendants.

After its brief 1572 session, Parliament did not assemble again until 1576. In February Bromley helped question Peter Wentworth, the Puritan MP for Tregony. Wentworth had delivered a speech in which he declared that "in this House which is termed a place of free speech there is nothing so necessary for the preservation of the prince and state as free speech, and without it it is a scorn and mockery to call it a Parliament house," and had gone on explicitly to criticise the queen for attempting to influence proceedings. As a result of the committee's examination, he was committed to the Tower of London and only released for the end of the session. Later that month Bromley helped investigate the case of Arthur Hall, who was using parliamentary privilege to avoid paying damages of £100 in compensation for an injury inflicted by one of his servants on Melchisedech Mallory during a brawl over a dice game in St Paul's churchyard. Bromley reported back to the House on developments and ultimately the House of Commons asserted for the first time its right to discipline as well as protect members and their staff.

Parliament was not called again until 1584 and on that occasion Bromley was able to get his eldest son, Francis Bromley, elected MP for Shropshire.

### Justice and recorder

Bromley's appointment as Justice of Chester in May 1580 was apparently through the influence of Burleigh himself. He joined Henry Townshend, who had been appointed a year before, and replaced Sir John Throckmorton, who had recently died after falling into disgrace a year earlier for giving judgment in favour of a relative. The month after his appointment at Chester, Bromley was knighted.

In May 1582 Bromley intervened in the case of the aged Lady Mary Egerton of Ridley, Cheshire, who was accused of recusancy. His attention was probably drawn to this by her husband's illegitimate son, Thomas Egerton, already a distinguished lawyer and a future Lord Chancellor. Bromley wrote to William Chaderton, the Bishop of Chester, and Sir Henry Stanley, asking them to delay proceedings against her for three months and telling them he had "good hope of conformitie in her." He seems to have pulled his more powerful connections into the campaign, for his brother Thomas, the Lord Chancellor, sent a supporting letter in July and Sir Christopher Hatton did the same in January 1583.

Bromley was far less sympathetic or lenient in the Recusancy case of Richard Gwyn, a Welsh Bard and schoolmaster from Wrexham. Beginning in May 1581, Sir George Bromley took a leading role in Gwyn's four year long imprisonment and interrogation under torture. Bromley also led the panel of judges that tried Gwyn at Wrexham for high treason in October 1584 and sentenced him to death by hanging, drawing, and quartering. Despite Gwyn's repeated insistence that he viewed Elizabeth I as the lawful Queen of England, just not as the Head of the Church, Gwyn's sentence was carried out in the Beast Market of Wrexham on 15 October 1584. The canonization ceremony for St. Richard Gwyn by Pope Paul VI took place as part of that for the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales at Rome on 25 October 1970.

In 1585 Bromley felt compelled to write to the mayor and sheriffs of Chester to complain about the very poor quality of board and lodging they afforded him. He probably had fewer complaints about Shrewsbury, where he was elected recorder in June 1580, admittedly at a fee of only £4 per annum. Even before his appointment, he had advised and drafted ordinances for Shrewsbury School, assuring the headmaster, Thomas Ashton that earlier charters did not prevent him setting aside funds for university scholarships. In August 1581, when his son Francis married Joyce Leighton, daughter of Edward Leighton, the council decided make a gift to each father valued at £5, in goods of their choice, and to make a gift even to George Bromley's nephew, Henry, who was attending the event. The council must have valued Bromley highly, as in 1582 they gave him a considerable say in the financing and payment of a public preacher at St Mary's church. The Puritan Edward Bulkeley was retiring and was replaced by the even more radical iconoclast, John Tomkys. However, Bromley's responsibilities were now heavy and varied. At Bridgnorth, where he was also recorder, he had to install a deputy from 1586, when he was forced to take up leadership of the Council in the Marches.

## Death

Bromley died on 2 March 1589. He was interred in St Peter's church at Worfield. His second son, Edward, had an impressive altar tomb constructed for George Bromley and Joan Waverton, bearing their effigies. The epitaph he composed reads:

*Sir George Bromley, Knight, Chiefi'e Justice of Chester, and of The Covncell in the Marches of Wales : a Jvst man and a Great professor of the Religion now established, departed this life the second of March 1588, Aged 63. The said Sir George Bromley and his younger Brother, Sir Thomas Bromley, Knight, Lord Chancelor of England, were the only sonnes of George Bromley, of Hawkstone, Esqvier, and of Jane, one of the Davghters of Sir Thomas Lakon, of Willey, Knight.* *The vertuous matron, Dame Jane, wife to Sir George Bromley, Knight, Daughter and sole Heire of JOHN WANNERTON, of Hallon, Gent., Departed this life 19 November 1606, Aged 73. They Had betweene them Tenne children, sixe sonnes : 4 Davghters. The worthy Judge, Sir Edward Bromley, Knight, second Baron of the Excheqver, who Kneeleth Here, of a Pious mynd did consecrate This monument to his dear Parents.* *Anno 1622.*

The tomb stood at the east end of the north aisle, together with Edward's own tomb. The church underwent a major restoration in 1861-2 and the Bromley tombs were moved further west in 1866 to improve the space for congregational worship.

## Marriage and family

George Bromley married **Joan Waverton**, the daughter of John Waverton of Worfield. The name is also rendered Wannerton, as on Bromley's epitaph, and Waterton. The family are described as "rather obscure" and their origins are not certain, although the hamlet of Wannerton, near Kidderminster, is the main candidate. The Heraldic Visitation indicates that John Waverton acquired Hallon through marriage to the heiress Alicia Barker, (Alicia Barker's first husband was William Day of Hallon Worfield they had one known son Richard Day who married Jane Fowler) but Randall's history of Worfield has the Wavertons acquiring Hallon from the Barkers a generation earlier. The Barker family, long the owners of Hallon, had many branches and had close links with the Hills. Joan Waverton or Wannerton long outlived George Bromley, dying on 19 November 1606 at the age of 73. Of their children,

* **Francis Bromley**, the heir, served as MP for Shropshire. He died less than two years after his father. His son and heir, Thomas, died without issue in 1610. His daughter, Jane, married William Davenport, described as "of Hawne" in 1623, when the Davenport family were involved in an ultimately successful legal action to secure their title to Hallon.
* **Edward Bromley** was another distinguished lawyer who became a Baron of the Exchequer. He succeeded to his nephew's estates in 1610 but Hallon became the subject of a long and bitter dispute with the Davenport family. He died without issue, leaving the family estates to his younger brother, George.
* **Margaret Bromley** married Francis Wolryche of Dudmaston Hall. They became the ancestors of the Wolryche baronets.
* **Mary Bromley** married George Cotton of Combermere Abbey in Cheshire. They were the ancestors of the Cotton baronets of Combermere and the later Viscounts Combermere.

### Family tree: descendants

**Descendants of George Bromley**

|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | **SIR GEORGE BROMLEY** (c.1526–89), of Hallon in Worfield, MP for Much Wenlock, Liskeard and Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Jane Waverton of Hallon, Worfield | | | | | |
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| Francis Bromley (c.1556–91), of Hodnet, MP for Shropshire | | | | | |  | | Joyce Leighton of Wattlesborough | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | Sir Edward Bromley (1563–1626), of Shifnall Grange and Bridgnorth, Baron of the Exchequer, MP for Bridgnorth | | | | | |  | | Margaret Lowe of Enville, Staffordshire | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | George Bromley | | | | | |  | |  | |  |  |
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|  | |  | |  | |  |  | Roger Puleston of Emral, MP for Flintshire and Denbighshire | | | | | |  | | Susan Bromley | | | | | |  | | George Cotton of Combermere Abbey | | | | | |  | | Mary Bromley | | | | | |  | | Francis Wolryche of Dudmaston Hall | | | | | |  | | Margaret Bromley | | | | | |
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|  | | Thomas Bromley | | | | | |  | | Jane Bromley | | | | | |  | | William Davenport | | | | | |  | | Thomas Cotton | | | | | |  | | Elizabeth Calveley of Lea Newbold | | | | | |  | |  | | Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet | | | | | |  | | Ursula Otley of Pitchford Hall | | | | | |
| |  | |  |  |  |  |  | || | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | | Lettice Maddocks of Wolverhampton | | | | | |  | | Henry Davenport of Hallon | | | | | |  | | Hester Salusbury, daughter of Sir Thomas Salusbury, 2nd Baronet | | | | | |  | | Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Combermere | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Wolryche baronets of Dudmaston | | | | | |
| |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Davenport family of Davenport House, Worfield | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Cotton baronets of Combermere, Cheshire, and Viscounts Combermere | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | | |


title: Trolleybuses in Walsall

abstract: The Walsall trolleybus system once served the town of Walsall, then in Staffordshire, but now in West Midlands, England. Opened on 22 July 1931, it gradually replaced the Walsall Corporation Tramways network. By the standards of the various now defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the Walsall system was a medium-sized one, with a total of 6 routes, and a maximum fleet of 60 trolleybuses. It was also one of the last to be closed, on 3 October 1970. In its final years, the Walsall system had a very diverse fleet of trolleybuses, many of which had been acquired secondhand from already closed trolleybus systems elsewhere in England. Three of the former Walsall system trolleybuses are now preserved in their pale blue Walsall livery. Two of them are at the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft, Lincolnshire, and one is at the Black Country Living Museum in Dudley. One of the vehicles bought from Cleethorpes is also preserved at Sandtoft, where it will revert to its Grimsby-Cleethorpes livery.

text:
# Trolleybuses in Walsall

The **Walsall trolleybus system** once served the town of Walsall, then in Staffordshire, but now in West Midlands, England. Opened on 22 July 1931, it gradually replaced the Walsall Corporation Tramways network.

By the standards of the various now defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the Walsall system was a medium-sized one, with a total of 6 routes, and a maximum fleet of 60 trolleybuses. It was also one of the last to be closed, on 3 October 1970.

In its final years, the Walsall system had a very diverse fleet of trolleybuses, many of which had been acquired secondhand from already closed trolleybus systems elsewhere in England.

Three of the former Walsall system trolleybuses are now preserved in their pale blue Walsall livery. Two of them are at the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft, Lincolnshire, and one is at the Black Country Living Museum in Dudley. One of the vehicles bought from Cleethorpes is also preserved at Sandtoft, where it will revert to its Grimsby-Cleethorpes livery.

## History

Walsall Corporation had run an electric tramway system since 1901, when it took over 1.37 miles (2.20 km) of electric tramway which had been constructed within its boundaries by the South Staffordshire Tramways Company. In 1911, when the first two trolleybus systems in Britain were opened, at Leeds and Bradford, they looked at the possibilities of using trolleybuses to feed traffic into the tramway network, and in 1914 obtained the powers necessary to do so, but no routes were constructed. The next significant move was enshrined in the Walsall Corporation Act (1925), which allowed them to run trolleybuses on any of the existing tramway routes, on some other roads within the borough, and to run services outside of their area to Willenhall, Shireoaks and Brownhills. Again, nothing was done immediately, but the tramway to Willenhall met the Wolverhampton tramway at that point until 1926, when Wolverhampton replaced their trams on the route with motorbuses. On 15 May 1927, they replaced the motorbus service with trolleybuses.

Walsall continued to run trams to Willenhall until 1928, when they were withdrawn and a joint motorbus service was introduced between the towns. However, they soon decided to extend the trolleybus wiring from Willenhall into the town centre, and on 22 July 1931 began operating their first trolleybuses, though only as far as Willenhall. To run the service they bought two three-axle double-deck vehicles from Associated Equipment Company (AEC) and two from Guy Motors. Wolverhampton had used single-deck vehicles on the route, because there was a low bridge at Horseley Fields, but this was reconstructed to allow a through service to run from 16 November 1932. Conversion of the tram route to Walsall Wood, to the north east of the town, had been considered in 1927, but because the roads were affected by mining subsidence, the trams were replaced by motorbuses when they ceased in 1928.

| Walsall Trolleybuses |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

That left just the tramway northwards from the town to Bloxwich, which already had trolleybus wiring along half of its length, since the depot for both the trams and trolleybuses was at Birchills. The final trams ran on 30 September 1933, with the trolleybus service starting the following day. A batch of 15 three-axle double-deck vehicles were ordered from Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles for the start of the service, and were supplemented by another six similar vehicles between 1938 and 1940. The possibility of creating a circular route running through Wednesbury and Darlaston was considered, but because it would have involved a number of sharp turns and running along narrow streets, it was deemed to be unsuitable. During the Second World War, traffic levels rose, and to meet the demands, the Corporation managed to obtain 12 utility-bodied Sunbeams between 1943 and 1946. Bournemouth saw reduced traffic levels at this time, and loaned 30 of their vehicles to six other operators, two of which operated in Walsall between 1943 and 1945.

In 1947, the trolley booms on existing vehicles were modified, with the trolley wheels being replaced by carbon-insert trolley heads. Another ten Sunbeams were purchased in 1950, enabling some of the early pre-war vehicles to be withdrawn. The employment of a new general manager, R Edgley Cox, in 1952 was the start of a new phase for the network, as he had his mind set on upgrading and extending the system. An experimental three-axle Sunbeam S7 was acquired in 1953, with a rear entrance, a central exit, electrically operated doors and a desk at which the conductor sat, collecting the fares as passengers boarded. This was not liked by the crews, and it was later altered, losing its central exit and the conductor's desk. The next batch of new vehicles were 15 Sunbeam F4As obtained in 1954-1955. These were 30 feet (9.1 m) long, and were the first vehicles of this length to be built with only two axles for use in Britain. When the first of these entered service, the legislation had not been changed to allow them to operate, and a special dispensation had to be obtained from the Ministry of Transport. New vehicle purchases came to an end when another seven Sunbeams were obtained in 1956.

In the early 1930s, the country had been hit by depression, resulting in large scale unemployment, which had been relieved by the Government assisting in the construction of new council housing estates. Walsall had benefitted in this way, and had provided new or extended bus services to the estates, but realised that a proper bus station was required. The Blue Coat School had recently constructed a new school building in Springhill Road, leaving their former site on St Paul's Road vacant, and this was chosen as the site for the central Bus Station. It included new offices for the Corporation Transport department, and although it was not officially opened until 23 September 1937, buses had been using it for over two years by that time. However, there was no access for trolleybuses, until in 1950 some housing on lower Stafford Street were demolished, allowing the trolleybuses to run along St Paul's Street, use a turning circle opposite St Paul's Church, and run into one of the bays in the bus station. Walsall was one of a very small number of towns where trolleybuses departed from a bus station.

### Development

Faced with the construction of new housing to the north of the town, and the need to provide a public transport service for the residents, the Walsall Corporation Act (1954) was obtained, to authorise extensions to the system. The first route to be constructed using its powers was from the town centre to Blakenall, to the east of the route to Bloxwich, which opened on 6 June 1955. It replaced a motorbus service, which was overstretched, as in peak periods there were two buses every five minutes, and the larger capacity of the trolleybuses relieved the situation. Another service to the west of the Bloxwich route opened on 12 September 1955, terminating at the Gypsy Lane Estate, which was later known as Beechdale. Less than a month later, the Blakenall route was extended northwards to meet the Bloxwich route on 10 October, creating a circular service. The Bloxwich service was itself extended on 3 June 1957, to service the Mossley Estate, and this was extended again from Abbey Square to the Eagle Hotel on 20 September 1959.

A second circular route was created on 13 November 1961, when the Beechdale route was extended northwards to meet the Mossley Estate line, and the northern extensions were completed on 31 December 1962 when trolleybuses began to serve Lower Farm Estate. The next route to open was a short branch from the Beechdale route to Cavendish Road, which opened on 2 September 1963. It was planned to open this earlier, but the likely line of the new M6 motorway was not finalised in time, and plans to turn it into a circular route returning to the town centre via Bentley and the Wolverhampton Road were cancelled because the route was obstructed by construction of the motorway.

Edgley Cox's next plan was for a new generation of trolleybuses, for which he prepared the drawings. It would be 35 feet (11 m) long, have three doorways, two staircases, and would be a two-axle design. It was designed to carry 100 passengers, and would be suitable for one man operation, with users paying as the entered through the front entrance. It did not however go into production, and instead the Corporation bought a number of second-hand vehicles from systems which were closing down. They came from Pontypridd, Hastings, Grimsby and Cleethorpes, and Ipswich. The M6 motorway was also the cause of the first contraction of the system. Although Wolverhampton had already decided to abandon trolleybuses, an agreement was reached where the joint service between the towns would continue until at least 1967, but the motorway severed the route, and it closed on 31 October 1965.

### Demise

In common with other operators, the Corporation was facing rising costs for electricity, and difficulty in obtaining spare parts to maintain the trolleybuses. In 1967, a new one-way system was introduced in the town centre, but the trolleybuses continued to run against the flow of traffic. Optimism was still high within the Corporation, and they planned to obtain another Act of Parliament in 1969 to allow them to construct five short extensions to the system, mainly links to run between existing routes. There was also hope that a number of Sunbeams could be obtained from the Bournemouth system. To try out new ideas, No.866 was rebuilt with a forward entrance instead of a rear platform, so that one-man operation would be possible.

The plans came to nothing when the Walsall transport system became part of the newly-formed West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive in October 1969. It became the only trolleybus system ever to be run by a Passenger Transport Executive, but the decision was taken to close it down as soon as possible. Parts of the system were closed in February 1970, using motorbuses dating from the early 1950s, which were moved to Walsall from Birmingham. The last day of public operation was 2 October 1970, but a special service ran on the following day between the bus station and Bloxwich. After a formal closing ceremony, Edgley Cox drove the final trolleybus into the depot.

## Fleet

When Walsall started operating trolleybuses in 1931, they bought four vehicles, two from Associated Equipment Company (AEC) with English Electric electrical equipment and bodywork, and two from Guy Motors, with Ress-Stevens equipment and bodywork by Brush Traction. For the opening of the route to Bloxwich, they standardised on vehicles from Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles with electrical equipment from British Thomson-Houston, but the 15 vehicles had bodywork by three different manufacturers. Many of these early vehicles had artificial radiators at the front, making them look a little like motorbuses, but subsequent vehicles had a flat front. Further batches of Sunbeams were acquired in 1938 and 1940, with bodywork by a fourth manufacturer, Park Royal Vehicles of west London, although they seemed to have standardised on British Thomson-Houston electrical equipment by this time, and all of the early vehicles had three axles.

During the Second World War, options for buying more vehicles were severely limited, as most manufacturers were engaged in war work, and there was only one model available. This was the Karrier or Sunbeam W4, all of which were built at Wolverhampton in the Sunbeam factory. The model included the best features of the Karrier E4 and the Sunbeam MF2 two-axle designs, and was badged with a Sunbeam logo if the order was placed through Sunbeam's Wolverhampton office, and a Karrier logo if it was placed through Karrier's Luton office. All came with simple utility bodywork, but again, an eclectic mix of bodywork builders were used, with five batches of vehicles having bodywork from three manufacturers.

When replacement of the pre-war vehicles became necessary, Walsall stayed with their local manufacturer, buying a batch of ten Sunbeam F4 models in 1950-51, Nos.334 to 343, but the arrival of Edgley Cox as general manager in 1952 signalled the start of a period of innovation. The next vehicle ordered, initially No.850 but renumbered as No.350 in 1961, was a three-axle Sunbeam S7, designed to test the concept of pay-as-you-enter. The entrance was at the rear, where there was a desk for the conductor who collected the fares as passengers boarded. There was also a central exit, with a straight staircase opposite it, but the design was not well-received, resulting in the vehicle being rebuilt with just a rear entrance, after which it was renumbered. Innovation continued when a batch of 15 Sunbeam F4A models were obtained in 1954 and 1955. These were of a special lightweight construction, and had 70 seats for passengers. They were 30 feet (9.1 m) long with only two axles, and were built in advance of legislation allowing this length of two-axle vehicle, resulting in No.851 requiring a special dispensation from the Ministry of Transport when it entered service, until the legislation could be amended. One of this batch, No.866, was rebuilt with a forward entrance, in anticipation of the introduction of one-man operation.

Cox's next design for a 100-seat two-axle vehicle which was 35 feet (11 m) long reached the drawing board, but no vehicles were actually built. Instead, second-hand vehicles were acquired from other systems which were contracting or closing. Two came from Pontypridd, eight from Hastings, six from Cleethorpes, and eight from Ipswich. Most of these vehicles entered service as they were bought, but three of the Cleethorpes vehicles originally built by British United Traction in 1950 were rebuilt, with longer bodies and higher seating capacity before being put to use. All had been built with H28/26R rear-entrance bodywork, but they were redesigned with front entrances, Nos.60 and 61 having seating for 69, and No.62 having seating for 67.

In 1965, one of the ten Sunbeam F4 models acquired in 1951, No.342, was rebuilt. The chassis was extended using parts from a motorbus, and the bodywork was adapted accordingly. The extra length meant that the seating capacity could be increased from 56 to 65, although this was the only vehicle in the batch which was altered in this way. The Sunbeam F4A models were ordered in two batches, 15 in the first and a subsequent batch of seven vehicles. Most entered service between November 1954 and June 1955, but delivery of the final new vehicle that the Corporation bought was delayed, as No.872 was exhibited at the 1956 Commercial Motor Show, and did not arrive until 14 October 1956. The batch were fitted with automatic acceleration equipment, while the bodywork was designed to give a streamlined appearance, with the weight and cost reduced as much as possible. No.872 was decorated for the closure of the system, and became Walsall's official last trolleybus.

List of vehicles
| Fleet numbers | Type | In service | Withdrawn | Chassis | Electrical equipment | Bodywork | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 151-152 | 3-axle | 1931 | 1946 | AEC 663T | English Electric | English Electric H33/27R |  |
| 153-154 | 3-axle | 1931 | 1945 | Guy BTX | Rees-Stevens | Brush H32/28R |  |
| 155-159 | 3-axle | 1933 | 1951 | Sunbeam MS2 | BTH | Beadle H22/28R |  |
| 160-164 | 3-axle | 1933 | 1951 | Sunbeam MS2 | BTH | Short H32/28R |  |
| 165-169 | 3-axle | 1933 | 1955-56 | Sunbeam MS2 | BTH | Weymann H32/28R |  |
| 187-188 | 3-axle | 1938 | 1956 | Sunbeam MS2 | BTH | Park Royal H32/28R |  |
| 216-219 | 3-axle | 1940 | 1956 | Sunbeam MS2 | BTH | Park Royal H32/28R |  |
| 225-226 | 2-axle | 1943 | 1959-61 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Park Royal UH30/26R |  |
| 228-230 | 2-axle | 1945 | 1959 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Brush UH30/26R |  |
| 231-232 | 2-axle | 1945 | 1965 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Park Royal UH30/26R |  |
| 233 | 2-axle | 1945 | 1965 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Brush UH30/26R |  |
| 234-237 | 2-axle | 1946 | 1965 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Roe UH30/26R |  |
| 334-343 | 2-axle | 1950-51 | 1964-70 | Sunbeam F4 | BTH | Brush H30/26R |  |
| 850 | 3-axle | 1953 | 1967 | Sunbeam S7 | BTH | Willowbrook H38/24D | rebuilt H37/27R |
| 851-872 | 2-axle | 1954-56 | 1970 | Sunbeam F4A | BTH | Willowbrook H36/34R |  |
| 301-302 | 2-axle | 1956 | 1962-63 | Karrier W | BTH | Roe UH30/26R | ex Pontypridd |
| 303-310 | 2-axle | 1959 | 1970 | Sunbeam W | BTH | Weymann H30/26R | ex Hastings |
| 850, 873 | 2-axle | 1961 | 1967-70 | Crossley TDD42/3 | MetroVick | Roe H29/25R | ex Cleethorpes |
| 874 | 2-axle | 1962 | 1970 | BUT 9611T | MetroVick | NCB H26/26R | ex Cleethorpes |
| 875-876 | 2-axle | 1962-63 | 1970 | BUT 9611T | MetroVick | NCB H39/30F | ex Cleethorpes |
| 877 | 2-axle | 1962 | 1970 | BUT 9611T | MetroVick | NCB H37/30F | ex Cleethorpes |
| 344-7, 351-4 | 2-axle | 1962 | 1966-70 | Sunbeam F4 | MetroVick | Park Royal H30/26R | ex Ipswich |

Bus bodywork designations: key
| Prefixes | Numbers | Suffixes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| U Wartime utility bodywork  B Bus body single deck  C Coach body single deck  D Dual purpose single deck  H Highbridge body, central upper gangway  L Lowbridge body, offset sunken upper gangway | n Single deck or total seating  x / y Upper deck followed by lower deck seating | C Centre entrance  F Front entrance  R Rear entrance  D Dual entrance |

### Preservation

In 2019 there were four former Walsall trolleybuses which had been preserved.

* No.342 is kept at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft. It was one of the batch of Sunbeam F4s bought in 1951, and was extended in 1965. It ran until the last day of operation, and was then acquired by the Reading Trolleybus Society, who moved it to Sandtoft. In the early days of the museum it was regularly used to provide rides on open days, but by 2006 it was in need of mechanical work and some repairs to its bodywork. In 2006 it was moved away from the museum to some undercover storage until funds could be raised to carry out the repairs.

* No.872 was the Sunbeam F4A that was exhibited at the Commercial Motor Show in 1956, and became the last trolleybus to operate on the Walsall system. It was bought for preservation, together with Nos.862 and 864 from the same batch, and operated at Sandtoft for a number of years, until mechanical problems meant that it could no longer be used. In 1993 it was moved to the Aston Manor Road Transport Museum in Birmingham, where it was put on static display. While there, restoration work on the interior was carried out, and it returned to Sandtoft on 22 May 2011. After the British Trolleybus Society 50th anniversary celebrations, it was taken to Swindon for a full mechanical overhaul in December 2011, and returned to Sandtoft in August 2013. Its return to service was delayed by brake problems, but it has been used regularly since late 2014.

* No.874 was one of a batch of four BUT vehicles bought from the Grimsby-Cleethorpes system in 1960 when that closed. They were renumbered, becoming 874 to 877 in the Walsall fleet, and three of them were extended and fitted with front entrances, while No.874 remained its original length and retained its rear entrance. After takeover by the WMPTE, it was sold for preservation in March 1970, but returned for the final day of operation. It moved to Sandtoft later in OCtober 1970, and was subsequently sold to a new owner. It is not normally on public view, as it is being restored at Westgate Chapel in nearby Belton, where it is being returned to its Grimsby-Cleethorpes livery.

* No.864 was stored at Sandtoft for many years, but gradually became derelict, and was scrapped in 2016.

### Notes

### Bibliography

Media related to Trolleybuses in Walsall at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Walsall trolleybus system | |
| --- | --- |
| A Walsall trolleybus at Mossley Estate,<br>October 1970. | |
| Operation | |
| Locale | Walsall, Staffordshire<br>(now West Midlands), England |
| Open | 22 July 1931 (1931-07-22) |
| Close | 3 October 1970 (1970-10-03) |
| Status | Closed |
| Routes | 6 |
| Operator(s) | Walsall Corporation Transport |
| Infrastructure | |
| Stock | 60 (maximum) |


title: George Crick

abstract: George William Crick was an English footballer who played in various defensive positions, for Southampton in the Southern League in 1915.

text:
# George Crick

**George William Crick** (1 December 1888 – 5 April 1982) was an English footballer who played in various defensive positions, for Southampton in the Southern League in 1915.

## Football career

Crick was born in Desborough, Northamptonshire and played his early football with various local clubs, including Northampton Town, before joining Market Harborough Town of the Leicestershire Senior League. In May 1914, he and teammate Harry Hall joined Southampton.

Crick initially played in the reserves, before replacing the injured George Hadley at right-half for the Southern League match against Millwall on 23 January 1915. An adaptable player, he made eightfurther appearances as cover for either Hadley, John Denby (at centre-half) or George Green (at right-back).

Following the suspension of league football in 1915, Crick enlisted in the army in December 1915, serving at first with the Northamptonshire Regiment, before transferring to the Machine Gun Corps in May 1917, with whom he earned the Military Medal for gallantry.

After the war, he joined Kettering Town where he remained until 1932, when his career was ended by a cartilage injury. After retiring from football, he worked in the Corby steelworks as a storeman.

## InfoBox

George Crick
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | George William Crick | | |
| Date of birth | (1888-12-01)1 December 1888 | | |
| Place of birth | Desborough, England | | |
| Date of death | 5 April 1982(1982-04-05) (aged 93) | | |
| Place of death | Kettering, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Half-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1903–1907 | Desborough United | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1907–1910 | Desborough Town |  |  |
| 1910–1911 | Northampton Town |  |  |
| 1911–1913 | Desborough Town |  |  |
| 1913–1914 | Market Harborough Towm |  |  |
| 1914–1915 | Southampton | 9 | (0) |
| 1919–1932 | Kettering Town |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Georg Busch

abstract: Georg Busch was a German sculptor. His works were primarily of a religious nature.

text:
# Georg Busch

**Georg Busch** (11 March 1862, Hanau – 8 October 1943, Munich) was a German sculptor. His works were primarily of a religious nature.

## Biography

His father, Johann Georg Busch (1823–1895) was a carpenter, wood sculptor and altar builder who established a church art workshop in 1863. It was there that he received his initial training. From 1880 to 1882, he was a student at the State Drawing Academy. He was given a scholarship, by the Grand Duchy of Hesse, that enabled him to study sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. His primary instructor there was Syrius Eberle.

In 1888, his eldest brother, Jacob, took over the family business, which enabled him to remain in Munich as a free-lance sculptor. He also became a member of the Association for Christian Art. Through his membership there, he worked to promote quality religious art. Much of it, in the late 19th-century, came from factory-like workshops, similar to his father's.

Over the years, he helped create and participated in a wide variety of related organizations: the German Society for Christian Art (1893), where he served two terms as president after 1924; the Society for Christian Art Exhibitions and sales (1900); and the Associated Exhibition House for Christian Art (1918). In 1897, he was awarded the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice; in 1918, the King Ludwig Cross; and, in 1919 the Order of St. Sylvester.

With the help of his wife, Marie, he was also the proprietor of a publishing house; the "Allgemeine Vereinigung für christliche Kunst" (General Association for Christian Art), which was in operation from 1909 until his death. He focused on art history, and produced books for children, all reasonably priced. His firm issued around 100 titles altogether.

A street in the Steinheim district of Hanau has been named after him. His son, Karl Busch, was an art historian.

## Further reading

* Oskar Doering: "Georg Busch", In: *Die Christliche Kunst*, Vol.8, Nr. 6, 1911–12, (Online)
* "Busch, Georg". In: *Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon*, Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Vol.15, Saur, 1996, ISBN 3-598-22755-8 pg.307
* "Busch, Georg". In: Ulrich Thieme (Ed.): *Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart*, Vol.5: Brewer–Carlingen. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1911, pg.281 (Online)
* Roswitha Busch-Hofer: *Bildhauer Georg Busch.* Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg im Allgäu 2013, ISBN 978-3-89870-757-2

## InfoBox

| Georg Busch | |
| --- | --- |
| Georg Busch in his studio, with a model of the "Burial of Christ" (1912) | |
| Born | (1862-03-11)11 March 1862
Hanau, Germany |
| Died | 8 October 1943(1943-10-08) (aged 81)
Munich, Nazi Germany |
| Known for | Sculpture |


title: Middle Grove, Missouri

abstract: Middle Grove is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Monroe County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 57.

text:
# Middle Grove, Missouri

**Middle Grove** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Monroe County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 57.

## History

The community was settled in 1830 and founded by John C. Milligan and Jacob Whittenburg. The community was named due to its location in the center of a rural district. A post office called Middle Grove was established in 1835, the name was changed to "Middlegrove" in 1894, and the post office closed in 1907.

In 1942, heavy rains hit the community, forcing residents onto rooftops to await help.

In 1979, Melvin Lute was stabbed and shot in his Middle Grove trailer home. His wife Shirley and son Roy were charged with the murder.

## Geography

Middle Grove is in southwestern Monroe County, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Madison, 10 miles (16 km) east of Moberly, and 19 miles (31 km) southwest of Paris, the Monroe county seat.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Middle Grove CDP has an area of 0.56 square miles (1.45 km2), all land. Milligan Creek forms the eastern border of the community, flowing north toward the Elk Fork of the Salt River.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 57 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Middle Grove, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Middle GroveMiddle Grove | |
| Coordinates: 39°23′42″N 92°16′20″W / 39.39500°N 92.27222°W / 39.39500; -92.27222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Monroe |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.56 sq mi (1.44 km2) |
| Land | 0.56 sq mi (1.44 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 807 ft (246 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 57 |
| Density | 102.33/sq mi (39.51/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 65263 (Madison) |
| FIPS code | 29-47846 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2806416 |


title: Geographical Analysis (journal)

abstract:
Geographical Analysis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Department of Geography. It was established in 1969 and the current editor-in-chief is Rachel S. Franklin. The journal covers geographical theory, model building, and quantitative methods.
These topics together are frequently referred to as geospatial analysis. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.268.

text:
# Geographical Analysis (journal)

***Geographical Analysis*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Department of Geography (Ohio State University). It was established in 1969 and the current editor-in-chief is Rachel S. Franklin. The journal covers geographical theory, model building, and quantitative methods. These topics together are frequently referred to as geospatial analysis.

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.268.

1. "Geographical Analysis". *2020 Journal Citation Reports*. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2018.

## InfoBox

*Geographical Analysis*
| Discipline | Geography |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Rachel S. Franklin |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1969–present |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Ohio State University |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Impact factor | 4.268 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Geogr. Anal.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | GPHAA4 |
| ISSN | 0016-7363 (print)
1538-4632 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 75005179 |
| OCLC no. | 610394749 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: George Herbert Jones Laboratory

abstract: The George Herbert Jones Laboratory is an academic building at 5747 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, on the main campus of the University of Chicago. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1967; it was the site where plutonium, the first man-made element, was isolated and measured.

text:
# George Herbert Jones Laboratory

The **George Herbert Jones Laboratory** is an academic building at 5747 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, on the main campus of the University of Chicago. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1967; it was the site where plutonium, the first man-made element, was isolated and measured.

## Description and history

The George Herbert Jones Laboratory is located at the northwest corner of the main quadrangle of the University of Chicago campus, between East 58th and 57th Streets. It is a four-story masonry structure, built in 1928-29 as facility and instructional space for the university's staff of research chemists and graduate students in chemistry. Room 405 is a relatively non-descript chamber on the fourth floor, measuring 6 by 9 feet (1.8 m × 2.7 m), with shelves and counters lining its walls. It is accessed via a wooden door with a glass window in its upper half.

As part of the U.S. War Department's Manhattan Project, University of Chicago chemists began to study the newly manufactured radioactive element, plutonium. Room 405 was the site where, for the first time on August 18, 1942, a team led by physicist Glenn Seaborg isolated a trace quantity of this new element. Measurements, performed on September 10, 1942, enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. This important step was to change the world, making possible both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Seaborg later said of this event: "These memorable days will go down in scientific history to mark the first sight of a synthetic element, and the first isolation of a weighable amount of an artificially produced isotope of any element."

The U.S. Department of Energy remediated Jones Laboratory in the 1980s by studying and removing almost all of the building's World War II-era radioactive waste. The remediation took place in 1982, 1983, and 1987.

Although room 405 looks nothing like the original condition, the lobby of the laboratory maintains a collection of the specialized equipment used to perform the measurements. Although the building's basement and ground floor were significantly damaged by an explosion in 1973, Room 405 was not affected.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Room 405, George Herbert Jones Laboratory | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| George Herbert Jones Laboratory | |
|  | |
| Location | 5747 S. Ellis Ave. Chicago, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°47′24″N 87°36′4″W / 41.79000°N 87.60111°W / 41.79000; -87.60111 |
| Built | 1942 |
| NRHP reference No. | 67000005 |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1967 |


title: Tru Blu Beverages

abstract:
Tru Blu Beverages is an Australian soft drink producer. 1 in 6 beverages purchased by Australian consumers through supermarkets is made by Tru Blu Beverages. Employing 400 people nationally, they are an important manufacturer in the Australian business sector, and are the No. 3 non-alcoholic, non-dairy beverage manufacturer in Australia. The beverages are sold nationally through leading supermarkets, corner stores, petrol and convenience outlets. The company has factories in 3 states and offices in each major capital city. In 2011, Asahi Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd acquired P&N Beverages Australia Pty Ltd, simultaneously divesting the cordial and carbonated soft drink business of P&N to the newly established Tru Blu Beverages Pty Ltd, and retained the water and fruit juice business of P&N. They produce over 20 brands across soft drink, cordial, sparkling mineral water and energy drinks. Below is a list of some of the brands produced and sold by Tru Blu Beverages: LA ICE, LA maxi ICE, Diet Rite, Tiger Ginger Beer, Glee, Capri, Waterfords Lite & Fruity, Wicked, Yankee Root Beer, McSars, Ceda Creaming Soda, Lido Lemonade, Juicee, Club Dry Ginger, Pub Squash, Brewers Choice Ginger Beer, Passion Crush Woolworths
  - Diet Rite Cordial Apple Raspberry, Lime, Multi Fruits, Apple Blackcurrant, Fruit Cocktail, Lemon Lime 1L Coles
  - FruitCo Orange +, Apple Pear +, Grape +,10 Fruits +, Apple Mango Banana +, Apricot Nectar +, Apple + & Tomato + 2L
  - Viva Cordial Lime, Fruit Cup & Raspberry 2L
  - Diet Rite Cordial Apple Raspberry, Lemon, Strawberry Guaya, Fruit Cocktail 1L Their head office is located in Condell Park, a suburb in Sydney, NSW.

text:
# Tru Blu Beverages

**Tru Blu Beverages** is an Australian soft drink producer. 1 in 6 beverages purchased by Australian consumers through supermarkets is made by Tru Blu Beverages. Employing 400 people nationally, they are an important manufacturer in the Australian business sector, and are the No. 3 non-alcoholic, non-dairy beverage manufacturer in Australia. The beverages are sold nationally through leading supermarkets (Coles, Woolworths, IGA), corner stores, petrol and convenience outlets. The company has factories in 3 states and offices in each major capital city.

In 2011, Asahi Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd acquired P&N Beverages Australia Pty Ltd, simultaneously divesting the cordial and carbonated soft drink business of P&N to the newly established Tru Blu Beverages Pty Ltd, and retained the water and fruit juice business of P&N. They produce over 20 brands across soft drink, cordial, sparkling mineral water and energy drinks. Below is a list of some of the brands produced and sold by Tru Blu Beverages:

LA ICE, LA maxi ICE, Diet Rite, Tiger Ginger Beer, Glee, Capri, Waterfords Lite & Fruity, Wicked, Yankee Root Beer, McSars, Ceda Creaming Soda, Lido Lemonade, Juicee, Club Dry Ginger, Pub Squash, Brewers Choice Ginger Beer, Passion Crush

**Woolworths**

* Diet Rite Cordial Apple Raspberry, Lime, Multi Fruits, Apple Blackcurrant, Fruit Cocktail, Lemon Lime 1L

**Coles**

* FruitCo Orange +, Apple Pear +, Grape +,10 Fruits +, Apple Mango Banana +, Apricot Nectar +, Apple + & Tomato + 2L
* Viva Cordial Lime, Fruit Cup & Raspberry 2L
* Diet Rite Cordial Apple Raspberry, Lemon, Strawberry Guaya, Fruit Cocktail 1L

Their head office is located in Condell Park, a suburb in Sydney, NSW.

## InfoBox

Tru Blu Beverages
|
|  |
| Industry | Beverages |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Headquarters | Salisbury South, South Australia |
| Owner | Refresco Australia (Kohlberg Kravis Roberts) |