title: Vaginal delivery

abstract: A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals through the vagina. It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide. It is considered the preferred method of delivery, as it is correlated with lower morbidity and mortality than caesarean sections (C-sections), though it is not clear whether this is causal.

text:
# Vaginal delivery

A **vaginal delivery** is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide. It is considered the preferred method of delivery, as it is correlated with lower morbidity and mortality than caesarean sections (C-sections), though it is not clear whether this is causal.

## Epidemiology

### United States

70% of births in the United States in 2019 were vaginal deliveries.

### Global

80% of births globally in 2021 were vaginal deliveries, with rates varying from 95% in sub-Saharan Africa to 45% in the Caribbean.

## Benefits of vaginal delivery

### Mother

Benefits for the mother include

* Avoiding surgery and resulting quicker recovery time and shorter hospital admission
* Quicker onset of lactation
* Decreased complications in future pregnancies, including placenta previa

### Infant

Benefits for the infant include:

## Types of vaginal delivery

Different types of vaginal deliveries have different terms:

* A *spontaneous vaginal delivery* (*SVD*) occurs when a pregnant woman goes into labor without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby without forceps, vacuum extraction, or a cesarean section.
* An *induced vaginal delivery* is a delivery involving labor induction, where drugs or manual techniques are used to initiate labor. Vaginal delivery can be either spontaneous or induced.
* An *assisted vaginal delivery* (*AVD*) or *instrumental vaginal delivery* occurs when a pregnant woman requires the use of special instruments such as forceps or a vacuum extractor to deliver her baby vaginally. It is usually performed when the pregnancy does not progress during the second stage of labor. If the goal is to avoid the adverse effects of pushing that a cardiac patient may experience, it may also be performed in this case. Both spontaneous and induced vaginal delivery can be assisted. Examples of instruments to assist delivery include obstretical forceps and vacuum extraction with a vacuum cup device.

## Stages of labor

Labor is characterized by uterine contractions which push the fetus through the birth canal and results in delivery. Labor is divided into three stages.

1. *First stage of labor* starts with the onset of contractions and finishes when the cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm. This stage can further be divided into latent and active labor. The latent phase is defined by cervical dilation of 0 to 6 cm. The active phase is defined by cervical dilation of 6 cm to 10 cm.
2. *Second stage of labor* starts when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm and finishes with the birth of the baby. This stage is characterized by strong contractions and active pushing by the mother. It can last from 20 minutes to 2 hours.
3. *Third stage of labor* starts after the birth of the baby and is finished when the placenta is delivered. It can last from 5 to 30 minutes.

## Risks and complications of vaginal delivery

Complications of vaginal delivery can be grouped into the following criteria; failure to progress, abnormal fetal heart rate tracing, intrapartum hemorrhage, and post-partum hemorrhage.

*Failure to progress* occurs when the labor process slows or stops entirely, indicated by slowed cervical dilation. Factors that place a woman's pregnancy at higher risk include advanced maternal age, Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and induction of labor. Pitocin, a synthetic version of oxytocin, is often administered to induce labour. Oxytocin is a natural hormone and a uterotonic agent which stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and initiate labour. Cesarean section is also commonly considered when the pregnancy fails to progress.

*Abnormal fetal heart tracing* suggests that the fetus's heart rate has slowed during labor due to head compression, cord compression, hypoxemia or anemia. Uterine tachysystole, the most common adverse effect of oxytocin (usually as a result of a problematic dosage), can result in nonreassuring fetal heart tracing. It can usually be reversed when oxytocin infusion is decreased or stopped. If the abnormal fetal heart rate persists, and uterine tachysystole continues, tocolytic remedies, such as terbutaline, may be used. Afterward, if beneficial and uterine tone has returned to baseline and fetal status is stable, oxytocin as a labor augmenting agent may be resumed. The persistence of an abnormal fetal heart rate may also indicate that a cesarean section is necessary.

*Intrapartum hemorrhage* is characterized by the presence of copious blood during labor. The bleeding may be due to placental abruption, uterine rupture, placenta accrete, undiagnosed placenta previa, or vasa previa. Cesarean section is indicated.

*Post-partum hemorrhage* is defined by the loss of at least 1,000 mL of blood accompanied with symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours after delivery. Typically, the first symptom is excessive bleeding accompanied by tachycardia. Significant loss of blood may also result in hypotension, nausea, dyspnea, and chest pain. It is estimated that between 3% and 5% of women giving birth vaginally will experience post-partum hemorrhage. Risk factors include fetal macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, and prolonged labor. Prevention consists of administering oxytocin (Pitocin) at delivery and early umbilical cord clamping. Post-partum hemorrhage is usually attributed to uterus atony, when the uterus fails to contract after delivering the baby.

As a result of discrepancies in diagnostic criteria and human variability, there is wide variation in data on maternal and fetal death associated with poor progress.

More than 1 in 10 women with assisted vaginal births develop an infection. Preventive antibiotics are recommended to women who have had an assisted vaginal birth by the World Health Organization. An analysis has showed that preventive antibiotics reduce the risk of infection after an assisted vaginal birth, irrespective of whether a woman has had a perineal tear, an episiotomy, or both. Delays in receiving antibiotics also increases the risk of infection.

## Contraindications to vaginal delivery

Spontaneous vaginal delivery at term is the preferred outcome of pregnancy, and according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, will be recommended if there are no evidence-based clinical indications for Cesarean section. However, there are some contraindications for vaginal delivery that would result in conversion to Cesarean delivery. The decision to switch to Cesarean delivery is made by the health care provider and mother and is sometimes delayed until the mother is in labor.

*Breech birth* presentations occur when the fetus's buttocks or lower extremities are poised to deliver before the fetus's upper extremities or head. The three types of breech positions are footling breech, frank breech, and complete breech. These births occur in 3% to 4% of all term pregnancies. They usually result in Cesarean sections because it is more difficult to deliver the baby through the birth canal and there is a lack of expertise in vaginal breech delivery and therefore fewer vaginal breech deliveries performed. It is also associated with cord prolapse and an elevated risk for birth defects in breech babies. Controversy and debate surround the topic due to different views on the preferred route of delivery when breech presentation occurs. Some health professionals believe that vaginal breech delivery can be a safe alternative to planned Cesarean in certain instances.

*Complete placenta previa* occurs when the placenta covers the opening of the cervix. If placenta previa is present at the time of delivery, vaginal delivery is contraindicated because the placenta is blocking the fetus's passageway to the vaginal canal.

*Herpes simplex virus with active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms* is a contraindication for vaginal delivery so as to avoid mother-fetal transfer of HSV lesions.

*Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection* is a contraindication for vaginal delivery to avoid mother-fetal transfer of human immunodeficiency virus.

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title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 110

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 110 is an invitation to dinner, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written in the 2nd century. Currently it is housed at Eton College in Eton, Berkshire.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 110

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 110** (**P. Oxy. 110** or **P. Oxy. I 110**) is an invitation to dinner, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written in the 2nd century. Currently it is housed at Eton College in Eton, Berkshire.

## Description

The document is a formal invitation from Chaeremon to an unnamed person to a dinner at the *serapeum.* The measurements of the fragment are 44 by 63 mm.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

## Text

Ἐρωτᾷ

*Erōtâi*

σε

*se*

Χαιρήμων

*Khairḗmōn*

δειπνῆσαι

*deipnêsai*

εἰς

*eis*

κλείνην

*kleínēn*

τοῦ

*toû*

κυρίου

*kuríou*

Σαράπιδος

*Sarápidos*

ἐν

*en*

τῷ

*tôi*

Σαραπείῳ

*Sarapeíōi*

αὔριον,

*aúrion*,

ἥτις

*hḗtis*

ἐστὶν

*estìn*

ιε,

*ie*,

ἀπὸ

*apò*

ὥρας

*hṓras*

θ.

*th*.

Ἐρωτᾷ σε Χαιρήμων δειπνῆσαι εἰς κλείνην τοῦ κυρίου Σαράπιδος ἐν τῷ Σαραπείῳ αὔριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν ιε, ἀπὸ ὥρας θ.

*Erōtâi* *se* *Khairḗmōn* *deipnêsai* *eis* *kleínēn* *toû* *kuríou* *Sarápidos* *en* *tôi* *Sarapeíōi* *aúrion*, *hḗtis* *estìn* *ie*, *apò* *hṓras* *th*.

Chaeremon requests your company at dinner at the table of the lord Sarapis in the *serapeum* tomorrow, the 15th, at 9 o'clock.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1898). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri I*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 115

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 115 is a letter of consolation, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written in the 2nd century. Currently it is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (32) at Yale University.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 115

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 115** (**P. Oxy. 115** or **P. Oxy. I 115**) is a letter of consolation, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written in the 2nd century. Currently it is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (32) at Yale University.

## Description

The recto side of the document is a letter of consolation from Irene to Taonnophris and Philo, expressing her sympathy with them for the death of Eumoerus. The verso side contains the address "to Taonnophris and Philo." The measurements of the fragment are 79 by 77 mm.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

## Text

*Irene to Taonnophris and Philo, good cheer! I was as much grieved and shed as many tears over Eumoerus as I shed for Didymas, and I did everything that was fitting, and so did all my friends, Epaphroditus and Thermouthion and Philion and Apollonius and Plantas. But still there is nothing one can do in the face of such trouble. So I leave you to comfort yourselves. Goodbye. Athyr 1.*

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1898). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri I*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: Parish of Field of Mars

abstract: Field of Mars Parish is one of the 57 parishes of Cumberland County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles. While the name is mostly forgotten as a region name today, it has given the name to the modern suburb of Marsfield and the reserve in the area. It is centred on Carlingford and also includes Epping, Telopea and Ermington. Its southern boundary is the Parramatta River.

text:
# Parish of Field of Mars

**Field of Mars Parish** is one of the 57 parishes of Cumberland County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles. While the name is mostly forgotten as a region name today, it has given the name to the modern suburb of Marsfield and the reserve in the area. It is centred on Carlingford and also includes Epping, Telopea and Ermington. Its southern boundary is the Parramatta River.

33°46′54″S 151°03′04″E / 33.78167°S 151.05111°E / -33.78167; 151.05111

* "Field of Mars Parish". *Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW*. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.

## InfoBox

| Field of Mars<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the parish within Cumberland | |
| Established | 1835 |
| LGA(s) | City of Parramatta |
| County | Cumberland |
| Hundred (former) | Parramatta |
| **Lands administrative divisions around Field of Mars:**  Castle Hill South Colah Gordon  Castle Hill Field of Mars Hunters Hill  St John St John Hunters Hill | |


title: Parish of Frost

abstract: Frost Parish is a civil parish of Narromine County, New South Wales Frost Parish is on Yellow Creek, south of Narromine, New South Wales and is located at 32°13′54″S 148°08′04″E. The cargo transporting Parkes–Narromine railway line passes through Frost Parish with two (disused) stations at Fairview and Narwonah railway stations. The economy of Frost Parish is mainly based on broad acre agriculture including sheep, cattle and wheat.

text:
# Parish of Frost

**Frost Parish** is a civil parish of Narromine County, New South Wales

Frost Parish is on *Yellow Creek*, south of Narromine, New South Wales and is located at 32°13′54″S 148°08′04″E.

The cargo transporting Parkes–Narromine railway line passes through Frost Parish with two (disused) stations at Fairview and Narwonah railway stations.

The economy of Frost Parish is mainly based on broad acre agriculture including sheep, cattle and wheat.


title: Parish of Ganoo

abstract: Ganoo is a civil parish of Gordon County, New South Wales. a Cadastral divisions of New South Wales. There are no towns in the parish though Walmer railway station, New South Wales on the Molong–Dubbo railway line is within the parish. The nearest village is Yeoval, New South Wales and the Nearest Larger town is Wellington, New South Wales to the north.

text:
# Parish of Ganoo

**Ganoo** is a civil parish of Gordon County, New South Wales. a Cadastral divisions of New South Wales.

There are no towns in the parish though Walmer railway station, New South Wales on the (now disused) Molong–Dubbo railway line is within the parish. The nearest village is Yeoval, New South Wales and the Nearest Larger town is Wellington, New South Wales to the north.

1. Robert McLean, The New atlas of Australia : the complete work containing over one hundred maps and full descriptive geography of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, together with numerous illustrations and copious indices (Sydney :J. Sands, \[1886) Map 14.
2. "Gordon County". *Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW*. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.


title: Parish of Essie

abstract: The Parish of Essie, New South Wales is a remote civil parish of Evelyn County, New South Wales in far northwest New South Wales, located at 29.839722°S 141.134722°E, on the border with South Australia.

text:
# Parish of Essie

The **Parish of Essie, New South Wales** is a remote civil parish of Evelyn County, New South Wales in far northwest New South Wales, located at 29°50′23″S 141°08′05″E / 29.839722°S 141.134722°E / -29.839722; 141.134722, on the border with South Australia.

## Geography

The geography of the Parish is mostly the flat, arid landscape of the Channel Country. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert). The nearest town is Tibooburra to the north, which is on the Silver City Highway and lies south of the Sturt National Park.

## History

The Parish is on the traditional lands of the Wadigali and to a lesser extent Karenggapa, Aboriginal peoples.

When James Cook claimed New South Wales for Great Britain from Possession Island. He claimed the territory up to the 141st meridian east making the Parish of Essie on the border of that claim.

Charles Sturt passed to the west of the parish and camped for six months at nearby Preservation Creek, during 1845.

In 1861 the Burke and Wills expedition passed to the east. Gold was discovered nearby in the 1870s.


title: Great British Nuclear

abstract: Great British Nuclear (GBN), formerly British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL), is a nuclear energy and fuels company owned by the UK Government. It is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. From its creation in 1971 to 2010, it functioned as a manufacturer of nuclear fuel, ran reactors, generated and sold electricity, reprocessed and managed spent fuel, and decommissioned nuclear plants and other similar facilities. It was resurrected in July 2023 under the trading name Great British Nuclear, to coordinate the UK nuclear industry to help achieve government net-zero targets. The company formally changed its name to Great British Nuclear on 20 March 2024.

text:
# Great British Nuclear

**Great British Nuclear** (GBN), formerly **British Nuclear Fuels Ltd** (BNFL), is a nuclear energy and fuels company owned by the UK Government. It is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero.

From its creation in 1971 to 2010, it functioned as a manufacturer of nuclear fuel (notably MOX), ran reactors, generated and sold electricity, reprocessed and managed spent fuel (mainly at Sellafield), and decommissioned nuclear plants and other similar facilities.

It was resurrected in July 2023 under the trading name Great British Nuclear, to coordinate the UK nuclear industry to help achieve government net-zero targets. The company formally changed its name to Great British Nuclear on 20 March 2024.

## History

British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) was set up in February 1971 from the demerger of the production division of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). In 1984, BNFL became a public limited company as British Nuclear Fuels plc, wholly owned by the UK government.

Its US subsidiary BNFL, Inc. was established in 1990 and specialised in decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear sites.

In 1996, seven advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR) were privatised as British Energy, raising £2.1 billion. The oldest reactors, the Magnox sites, were not attractive for commercial operations and remained in public ownership as Magnox Electric. On 30 January 1998, Magnox Electric was merged into BNFL as BNFL Magnox Generation.

### Quality data falsification crisis

In 1999, it was discovered that BNFL staff had been falsifying some MOX fuel quality assurance data since 1996. A Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) investigation concluded that "the level of control and supervision ... had been virtually non-existent." BNFL had to pay compensation to the Japanese customer, Kansai Electric, and take back a flawed shipment of MOX fuel from Japan. BNFL's Chief Executive John Taylor resigned, after initially resisting resignation when the NII's damning report was published.

As a consequence of this crisis, a possible partial privatisation of BNFL was delayed by two years.

### Expansion

In 1999, BNFL acquired Westinghouse Electric Company, the commercial nuclear power businesses of CBS (Westinghouse acquired CBS in 1995 and reoriented itself as a broadcaster), for $1.1 billion. Westinghouse's businesses are fuel manufacture, decommissioning of nuclear sites and reactor design, construction and servicing. Westinghouse was acquired as a possible core for the privatisation of a portion of BNFL.

In 2000, BNFL also purchased the nuclear businesses of ABB for £300 million. This company, which was merged into Westinghouse, had nuclear interests in the United States, Europe and Asia. In June 2000, BNFL took a 22.5% stake in Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd in South Africa.

In January 2003, the research and development arm of BNFL was relaunched as Nuclear Sciences and Technology Services (NSTS).

However, BNFL's financial difficulties increased, and the prospect of partial privatisation diminished.

### Reorganisation

On 1 April 2005, the company was reorganised as part of the restructuring of the wider nuclear industry. BNFL became British Nuclear Group (BNG) and a new holding company was established and adopted the British Nuclear Fuels name. This new BNFL operated largely through its major subsidiaries of Westinghouse and BNG as well as Nexia Solutions, its commercial nuclear technology business formed out of NSTS.

The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) was established on 1 April 2005 and took ownership of all of BNFL's nuclear sites, including the Sellafield site. The NDA then opened up the decommissioning of the different sites to tender to drive down costs. BNFL became one of a number of decommissioning contractors through BNG. BNFL's nuclear waste transfer companies, Direct Rail Services and International Nuclear Services, were also both transferred to the NDA.

On 19 April 2005, BNFL, Inc. was renamed BNG America and made a subsidiary of BNG.

#### Sale of Westinghouse

In July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse, then estimated to be worth $1.8bn (£1bn). However the bid attracted interest from several companies, including Toshiba, General Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and when the *Financial Times* reported on 23 January 2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, it valued the company's offer at $5bn (£2.8bn). On 6 February 2006, Toshiba confirmed it was buying Westinghouse Electric Company for $5.4bn and announced it would sell a minority stake to investors.

#### Break up of British Nuclear Group

On 3 February 2006, BNFL announced it had agreed to sell BNG America to Envirocare to form EnergySolutions.

In March 2006, BNFL announced its intention to sell BNG. With the sale of Westinghouse, BNG America and BNG this was to effectively bring BNFL to an end. Mike Parker, CEO of BNFL, said: "By the end of 2007... there will be little need for the BNFL corporate centre from this time". On 22 August 2006, BNFL announced that instead of selling BNG as a going concern it would instead sell it off piece by piece.

In January 2007, BNFL announced that it would sell BNG's Magnox reactor sites operating business, Reactor Sites Management Company Ltd. It was later sold in June 2007, along with its subsidiary that held the operating contracts with the NDA, Magnox Electric, to EnergySolutions. All UK Magnox power stations were due to cease operation by the end of 2015.

BNG Project Services, BNG's specialist nuclear consulting business, was sold in January 2008 to VT Group, which was itself later acquired in 2010 by Babcock International Group.

BNG was renamed Sellafield Ltd and became the NDA's Site Licence Company (SLC) for the decommissioning contract at Sellafield. In November 2008, the NDA contracted the management of Sellafield Ltd to Nuclear Management Partners Ltd, a consortium of URS, AMEC and Areva.

#### Formation of the National Nuclear Laboratory

In July 2006, the UK Government stated its intention to preserve and develop key research and development capabilities potentially as part of a National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL). In October 2006, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Alistair Darling confirmed the NNL would be formed out of Nexia Solutions and the British Technology Centre at Sellafield. The NNL was launched in July 2008 as a Government-owned company, and initially was managed under contract by a consortium of Serco, Battelle and the University of Manchester; this is known as a GOCO (Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated) arrangement.

#### Final disposals

Control of BNFL's one third stake in Urenco was transferred to the Shareholder Executive in April 2008 through Enrichment Holdings Ltd while the government explored the possibility of selling the stake.

BNFL's one third stake of AWE Management Ltd was sold to Jacobs Engineering Group in December 2008. AWE is responsible for the support and manufacturing of the UK's nuclear deterrent.

As BNFL was wound down it was converted back to a private limited company on 31 December 2008 and regained its original name, British Nuclear Fuels Limited. The final sale transactions for BNFL's former businesses were completed in May 2009.

Despite this, the company itself was not wound up and continued as a legal entity.

### Resurrection as Great British Nuclear

In February 2023, plans to wind up the company within two years were still active. By this point the company had not traded in 13 years.

However, on 18 July 2023, BNFL was resurrected as Great British Nuclear, with the aim of delivering the government's long-term nuclear programme and supporting its ambition to deliver up to 24 GW of nuclear power in the UK by 2050. Great British Nuclear is running a small modular reactor (SMR) competition which will place between one and four co-funding contracts in late 2024, supporting the development and regulatory approval process, to prepare bids for a SMR final investment decision in 2029.

## Leadership

GBN is led by Gwen Parry-Jones as interim chief executive officer, who was formerly the CEO of Magnox Ltd.

Its chair is Simon Bowen.

## Former sites

BNFL formerly had operations at 18 sites in the UK:

The former BNFL logotype was created in 1996 by Lloyd Northover, the British design consultancy founded by John Lloyd and Jim Northover.

## InfoBox

Great British Nuclear
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Nuclear |
| Predecessor | UK Atomic Energy Authority Production Division |
| Founded | 1971 (1971) |
| Fate | Assets sold off initially, resurrected as GBN in 2023 |
| Successors |  |
| Headquarters | Warrington, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Gwen Parry-Jones, CEO |
| Parent | Government of the United Kingdom |
| Divisions | Nuclear Sciences and Technology Services |
| Subsidiaries |  |
| Website | gov.uk |


title: Paracrias

abstract: Paracrias is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Larvae are gregarious parasitoids of Curculionoidea, with P. huberi being a parasitoid of H. analis.

text:
# Paracrias

***Paracrias*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Larvae are gregarious parasitoids of Curculionoidea, with *P. huberi* being a parasitoid of *H. analis*.

## InfoBox

| *Paracrias* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Entedoninae |
| Genus: | *Paracrias*
Ashmead, 1904 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paracrias laticeps*
Ashmead, 1904 | |
| Species | |
| 66 species | |


title: Great British Insulation Scheme

abstract: The Great British Insulation Scheme (GBIS) is an initiative launched by the UK government to enhance efficient energy use in residential properties. The scheme initially consulted on by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero labelled as ECO+, reflects the UK's efforts towards environmental sustainability and the reduction of household energy costs. The GBIS programme sets clear goals for medium and large energy suppliers in the UK. Their mission is to help households reduce their energy bills by implementing specific insulation measures of Energy efficiency in British housing. This not only aids in cutting down costs but also plays a significant role in reducing the carbon footprint of homes across Great Britain. The scheme's timeline begins on 25 July 2023 and concludes on 31 March 2026. The responsibility of overseeing its operations and ensuring compliance with its guidelines is entrusted to Ofgem, the primary energy regulatory authority in the UK.

text:
# Great British Insulation Scheme

The **Great British Insulation Scheme** (**GBIS**) is an initiative launched by the UK government to enhance efficient energy use in residential properties. The scheme initially consulted on by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero labelled as ECO+, reflects the UK's efforts towards environmental sustainability and the reduction of household energy costs.

The GBIS programme sets clear goals for medium and large energy suppliers in the UK. Their mission is to help households reduce their energy bills by implementing specific insulation measures of Energy efficiency in British housing. This not only aids in cutting down costs but also plays a significant role in reducing the carbon footprint of homes across Great Britain.

The scheme's timeline begins on 25 July 2023 and concludes on 31 March 2026. The responsibility of overseeing its operations and ensuring compliance with its guidelines is entrusted to Ofgem, the primary energy regulatory authority in the UK.

## Background

"Energy poverty occurs when household bills cost so much that, once paid, a household’s leftover income is below the official poverty line. At one point in 2022, it was estimated that rising energy prices would push over 8 million people into energy poverty. In the UK, energy poverty has particular geographies. It is intricately linked to the vulnerability of particular social groups, such as the elderly or those with disabilities or chronic health issues."

The scheme is a response to the need for energy efficiency in the UK, building on the legacy of similar initiatives like the Energy Company Obligation (ECO), Carbon Emission Reduction Target (CERT), and Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP).

It addresses several government objectives, including reducing energy demand to secure the UK’s energy independence. The residential sector accounted for around 31% of the UK's final energy consumption in 2021.

## Objectives of the Scheme

The primary goal is to deliver greater energy efficiency for hundreds of thousands of households through insulation, aligning with the UK's Net Zero ambitions.

It aims to help households maintain warmer homes, reduce their energy bills, and cut carbon emissions.

**Group 1 – General Group:**

1. Must be living in a home in council tax bands A-D in England and A-E in Wales and Scotland
2. Property must have an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) of D and below
3. If eligible, house owner may receive a single insulation measure
4. A contribution may be required towards the insulation

**Group 2 – Low-Income Eligibility Group:**

1. Must be receiving certain means-tested benefits
2. Property must have an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) of D and below
3. If eligible, one may receive a single insulation measure – plus the possibility of heating controls

The scheme continues the focus of ECO4 on enhancing the energy efficiency of the least energy-efficient homes, but is predominantly a single measure scheme focusing on insulation.

## Key Features

The scheme promotes various insulation measures, including:

* cavity wall insulation
* flat or pitched roof insulation
* loft insulation
* solid wall insulation (internal or external)
* park home insulation
* room-in-roof insulation
* solid floor insulation
* underfloor insulation

It will run alongside the existing Energy Company Obligation (ECO4) scheme.

The scheme utilises established ECO supply chains, ensuring that the appropriate measures are selected and correctly installed.

## Implementation

Approximately 2,000 installers per year are expected to deliver the scheme in its final two years across Great Britain.

The scheme broadens the eligibility criteria from ECO4 by introducing two eligibility groups, with the low-income group being for those referred by local authorities or energy suppliers.

## Funding and Budget

The Great British Insulation Scheme has been allocated a substantial budget to ensure its effective implementation and to achieve its objectives:

**Overall Budget**: The scheme has a total budget of £1 billion over its three-year duration, adjusted for inflation to equate to 2022 prices. This ensures that the scheme's financial resources are in line with its ambitious goals.

**Annual Budgets**: The budget is distributed annually over the three phases of the scheme:

* **Phase A**: Commencing from the start of the ECO4A order on 25 July 2023 and concluding on 31 March 2024.
* **Phase B**: Spanning from 1 April 2024 to 31 March 2025.
* **Phase C**: Starting on 1 April 2025 and ending on 31 March 2026.

**Household Contributions**: In addition to the government's allocation, there's an expectation of household contributions towards the scheme. The exact contribution is a matter for the customer and installer to agree upon, linked to the specific work to be done.

**Administrative Costs**: Based on historical data from the Household Energy Efficiency Statistics of March 2023, administrative costs have been observed to account for approximately 5.9% of the total costs. This percentage has been applied to the £1.08 billion overall spend under the GBIS, which includes £80 million of household contributions.

**Utilisation of Funds**: The scheme's budget will be utilised to promote energy efficiency measures, support households in reducing their energy bills, and contribute to the UK's Net Zero ambitions. This includes the installation of insulation, renewable energy sources, and the upgrade of inefficient heating systems.

## Impact and Outcomes

The scheme is expected to treat 315,000 homes, with around 17% of these homes being in fuel poverty.

Households benefiting from the scheme are expected to see an average reduction in their energy bills by around, £300-400 per year.

The scheme aims to achieve non-traded greenhouse gas emissions savings of 0.65 MtCO2e (Million Tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent).

## Criticisms and Controversies

The most pronounced criticism of the Great British Insulation Scheme, ECO4, and other government insulation initiatives is the marked reduction in implementation. The number of insulated homes plummeted from assisting half a million homes in 2013 to a mere 60,000 in 2022.

The Great British Insulation Scheme has faced criticism, from the Local Government Association (LGA) and local councils. The reduction in installations within last decade has cost households £2 billion in potential savings. There are fears that 2.4 million fuel-poor homes will be unsupported by 2030, delaying insulation goals and the net zero target. The LGA recommends devolving energy schemes to councils for a targeted approach.

The National Energy Action (NEA) charity expressed concerns about the scheme's pace and targeting and emphasised the scheme's misalignment with fuel-poor households' needs. ″While in recent years the UK Government has made some steady progress to expanding state funding for increasing the energy efficiency of fuel poor households, a big funding gap still exists, and throughout the crisis there has only been one policy introduced to try and reduce energy demand (ECO+)...″

According to the March 2023 report ″Infrastructure Progress Review 2023″ by the National Infrastructure Commission, the government's energy efficiency schemes are underperforming, with installations needing a significant boost to meet the EPC C target by 2035.

Protesters from the group Insulate Britain demand that the government improve the insulation of all social housing in the UK by 2025 and retrofit all homes with improved insulation by 2030.

In its ″Cost of NOT zero in 2022″ report, the non-profit organisation Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit stated, ″The UK was on an upward trajectory with home insulation until 2013 when government support schemes were cut. Since then, insulation rates have been 90% lower. Britain has the least efficient homes in western Europe.″

## Comparison with Similar Schemes

The Great British Insulation Scheme builds upon the legacy of previous initiatives:

Energy Company Obligation (ECO): In its 4th iteration, ECO4, the scheme emphasises improving the energy efficiency of the most energy-deficient homes. Yet, it distinguishes itself as a scheme that primarily targets multiple measures for low-income households.

Carbon Emission Reduction Target (CERT) was a UK government scheme that ran from 2008 to 2012. It obligated certain suppliers to make savings on carbon emissions in households, primarily through the promotion of energy efficiency improvements, such as insulation and energy-efficient lighting.

Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP) ran from 2009 to 2012 targeting specific low-income areas in the UK. It obligated larger energy suppliers, electricity generators, and electricity distributors to deliver energy-saving measures to domestic consumers in these areas.

While both CERT and CESP aimed at promoting energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions, CESP was specifically designed to target low-income areas and address fuel poverty.


title: Gregorius and Mary Hanka Farmstead

abstract: The Gregorius and Mary Hanka Farmstead is a historic farmstead in Embarrass Township, Minnesota, United States. It was established by a Finnish immigrant family around 1910 and includes four surviving buildings constructed with traditional Finnish log architecture. The farm was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its state-level significance in the themes of agriculture, architecture, and European ethnic heritage. It was nominated for reflecting the successful conversion of St. Louis County's cutover forests into productive agricultural land by Finnish immigrants, and their use of traditional log architecture.

text:
# Gregorius and Mary Hanka Farmstead

The **Gregorius and Mary Hanka Farmstead** is a historic farmstead in Embarrass Township, Minnesota, United States. It was established by a Finnish immigrant family around 1910 and includes four surviving buildings constructed with traditional Finnish log architecture. The farm was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its state-level significance in the themes of agriculture, architecture, and European ethnic heritage. It was nominated for reflecting the successful conversion of St. Louis County's cutover forests into productive agricultural land by Finnish immigrants, and their use of traditional log architecture.

## Description

The historic district consists of six contributing properties. The house, sauna, cattle and hay barn, and an outlying field hay barn were all built roughly between 1910 and 1915 and exhibit traditional Finnish log construction. Rounding out the inventory of historic properties are the farm's well and agricultural fields. The property contains several other buildings that were constructed or moved to the site in the mid-20th century and are considered non-contributing to the historic district.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gregorius and Mary Hanka Historic Farmstead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The Hanka Farmstead's cattle and hay barn | |
|  | |
| Location | 7938 Pylka Road, Embarrass Township, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 47°41′24″N 92°12′10″W / 47.69000°N 92.20278°W / 47.69000; -92.20278 |
| Area | 69 acres (28 ha) |
| Built | c. 1910–1915 |
| Architect | Gregorius Hanka |
| Architectural style | Log |
| MPS | Rural Finnish Log Buildings of St. Louis County, Minnesota, 1890–1930s MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000500 |
| Added to NRHP | April 9, 1990 |


title: Parish of Yalpunga

abstract: Yalpunga located at 29°02′40″S 142°03′13″E is a civil parish of Tongowoko County, New South Wales.

text:
# Parish of Yalpunga

**Yalpunga** located at 29°02′40″S 142°03′13″E is a civil parish of Tongowoko County, New South Wales.

## Geography

Yalpunga is on the Queensland border and on the Yalpunga and wanpah creeks. Yalpunga's is also on the Silver City Highway, 13.5 miles from Sturt National Park, and 46 km from Tibooburra. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert). The county is barely inhabited with a population density of less than 1 person per 150 km2 and the landscape is a flat arid scrubland.

The Dingo Fence passes through the parish, which being in the Channel Country is flat arid scrubland.

## History

A town was planned for Yalpunga in 1893, but it never developed.

The path of totality for the solar eclipse in November 2030 and October 2042 will pass over the parish.


title: Parasol (disambiguation)

abstract: A parasol is a type of umbrella used for protection from the sun. Parasol may also refer to:

text:
# Parasol (disambiguation)

A **parasol** is a type of umbrella used for protection from the sun.

**Parasol** may also refer to:

## Places

## Arts, entertainment, and media

## Aviation

* Heath Parasol, an American parasol-winged, homebuilt monoplane first flown in 1926
* Nieuport-Macchi Parasol, an Italian artillery observation aircraft of World War I
* Parasol wing, a wing mounted above and away from an airplane fuselage
* REP Parasol, a French military reconnaissance aircraft of World War I

## Biology

## Other uses

* Battalion Parasol, a unit of the Polish Home Army
* Ruth Parasol (born 1967), founder of PartyGaming, the parent company of online poker site PartyPoker.com
* Parasol (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse
* Parasol (satellite), a French-built Earth-observing research satellite
* Parasol, a roof or covering of a structure designed to provide cover from wind, rain, or sun

* Parasoul, a playable character in the 2D fighting game *Skullgirls*


title: Parasol (film)

abstract: Parasol is a 2015 Belgian drama film directed by Valéry Rosier. It premiered at the 2016 San Sebastián International Film Festival. The film received seven nominations at the 7th Magritte Awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Parasol.

text:
# Parasol (film)

***Parasol*** is a 2015 Belgian drama film directed by Valéry Rosier. It premiered at the 2016 San Sebastián International Film Festival. The film received seven nominations at the 7th Magritte Awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Parasol.

## Cast

## Accolades

| Award / Film Festival | Category | Recipients and nominees | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amiens International Film Festival | Audience Award |  | Won |
| Busan International Film Festival | Best Director | Valéry Rosier | Nominated |
| Hamburg Film Festival | Best Feature Film |  | Nominated |
| Magritte Awards | Best Film |  | Nominated |
| | Best Director | Valéry Rosier | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Julienne Goeffers | Nominated |
| | Best First Feature Film |  | Nominated |
| | Best Cinematography | Olivier Boonjing | Won |
| | Best Original Score | Cyrille de Haes, Manuel Roland | Won |
| | Best Editing | Nicolas Rumpl | Nominated |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | New Directors Award | Valéry Rosier | Nominated |
| Intercontinental Prize | Best Film |  | Nominated |
| | Technical Achievement | Valéry Rosier | Won |

## InfoBox

| Parasol | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Valéry Rosier |
| Written by | Valéry Rosier<br>Matthieu Donck |
| Produced by | Benoit Roland |
| Cinematography | Olivier Boonjing |
| Edited by | Nicolas Rumpl |
| Release dates | * 23 September 2015 (2015-09-23) (San Sebastián) * 17 February 2016 (2016-02-17) (Belgium) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | Belgium |
| Language | French |


title: Park Heung-sik (born 1962)

abstract: Park Heung-sik is a South Korean film director and screenwriter. Park studied at the Free University of Berlin, where he received a master's degree in filmology. Having garnered favourable comments for his short films at various film festivals, he made the transition to features with his 2005 debut The Twins, though it only received a lukewarm response from critics and audiences. For his second feature, The Railroad, Park drew on his own experiences and set out to create a film with a story that he wanted to tell. The Railroad was co-produced and co-directed by his wife, film editor Park Gok-ji, and premiered at the 11th Pusan International Film Festival in October 2006. Paolo Bertolin of The Korea Times commented that while Park took his time in delivering the film's subdued climax, he "nevertheless displays an assured command of visual composition and emotional punctuation". Following a limited release in Korean cinemas in May 2007, The Railroad screened at the 25th Torino Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI award as well as Best Actor for the performance of Kim Kang-woo.

text:
# Park Heung-sik (born 1962)

**Park Heung-sik** (born 1962) is a South Korean film director and screenwriter.

Park studied at the Free University of Berlin, where he received a master's degree in filmology. Having garnered favourable comments for his short films at various film festivals, he made the transition to features with his 2005 debut *The Twins*, though it only received a lukewarm response from critics and audiences. For his second feature, *The Railroad*, Park drew on his own experiences and set out to create a film with a story that he wanted to tell. *The Railroad* was co-produced and co-directed by his wife, film editor Park Gok-ji, and premiered at the 11th Pusan International Film Festival in October 2006. Paolo Bertolin of *The Korea Times* commented that while Park took his time in delivering the film's subdued climax, he "nevertheless displays an assured command of visual composition and emotional punctuation". Following a limited release in Korean cinemas in May 2007, *The Railroad* screened at the 25th Torino Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI award as well as Best Actor for the performance of Kim Kang-woo.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Park Heung-sik | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162) |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Spouse | Park Gok-ji |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 박흥식 |
| Revised Romanization | *Bak Heung-sik* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Pak Hŭng-sik* |
|  | |


title: Park Lane railway goods station

abstract: Park Lane was the world's first goods terminus on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway serving the south end Liverpool Docks. The station was opened in 1830. Its initial name was Wapping Station. The goods station was accessed from Edge Hill rail junction in the east of the city via the 1.26 miles (2.03 km) long Wapping Tunnel. The goods station suffered from heavy German air raids during the Second World War, being mostly rebuilt after the conflict. The station along with the Wapping Tunnel was closed in 1972 and subsequently demolished. The tunnel remains intact.

text:
# Park Lane railway goods station

**Park Lane** was the world's first goods terminus on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway serving the south end Liverpool Docks. The station was opened in 1830. Its initial name was Wapping Station. The goods station was accessed from Edge Hill rail junction in the east of the city via the 1.26 miles (2.03 km) long Wapping Tunnel.

The goods station suffered from heavy German air raids during the Second World War, being mostly rebuilt after the conflict. The station along with the Wapping Tunnel was closed in 1972 and subsequently demolished. The tunnel remains intact.

## Future proposals

The Kings Dock Arena is opposite the Wapping Tunnel's portal. There have been many calls to reuse the long tunnel giving a station serving the Kings Dock Arena and immediate docks on the old goods station site.

In August 2009, the Liverpool Daily Post reported that a new Merseyrail Light-rail tram-train link from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the Arena at Kings Dock near the city centre was being considered. The Wapping Tunnel links the two locations.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Terminus* |  | Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Wapping Tunnel |  | Crown Street
Line and station closed |

## InfoBox

| Park Lane Goods | |
| --- | --- |
| The facilities in 1831 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wapping Dock, Liverpool
England |
| Coordinates | 53°23′52″N 2°59′08″W / 53.3977°N 2.9855°W / 53.3977; -2.9855 |
| Grid reference | SJ344894 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Liverpool and Manchester Railway |
| Pre-grouping | London and North Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | London, Midland and Scottish Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1830 | Opened |
| 1972 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Great North Bog

abstract: The Great North Bog is a large restoration initiative covering over 90% of the upland peatland in the North of England. It is a £200m project and aims to restore nearly 7,000 square kilometres of upland over 20 years. It is a partnership between the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership, Yorkshire Peat Partnership and the Moors for the Future Partnership. The area covers five national parks — the Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors, Lake District and Northumberland.

text:
# Great North Bog

The **Great North Bog** is a large restoration initiative covering over 90% of the upland peatland in the North of England. It is a £200m project and aims to restore nearly 7,000 square kilometres of upland over 20 years. It is a partnership between the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership, Yorkshire Peat Partnership and the Moors for the Future Partnership. The area covers five national parks — the Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors, Lake District and Northumberland.

## Ecosystem recovery

Some of the peat is 8000 years old, and it is thought that about half the peatland needs restoring, by work in the winter. Much of these blanket bogs had been drained to graze sheep, this draining was subsidized in the 1950s and 1960s, and raise grouse for shooting. The land is currently managed by sheep farmers and landowners, and is thought to be losing peat depth at 2.5 cm a year while regrowing at 1 cm per year.

## Flood control

Peat is now being washed away down deep channels and during storms the town of Otley is often flooded via the River Wharfe. Studies indicate that restoring part of the peatland with stone, wood or coir dams greatly slowed peak water flow.

## Carbon capture

The peatlands currently store 400 million tonnes of carbon. The project say that damaged peat in the area releases 3.7 million tonnes of carbon annually, about 1% of UK greenhouse gas emissions. The programme includes a restoration and conservation plan which will make a significant contribution to the UK’s carbon sequestration targets.

1. "The Great North Bog" (PDF).
2. "The Great North Bog – The UK's Peatland Restoration Partnership". Retrieved 2021-12-26.
3. Spencer, Ben. "Revive the Great North Bog to help fix our climate crisis". *The Times*. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
4. "Bogs, banks and bubble barriers: five great projects to protect nature". *The Guardian*. 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
5. "For peat's sake: the race is on to save Britain's disappearing moorland bogs". *The Guardian*. 2021-09-12. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
6. "Green Renewal – The Economics of Enhancing the Natural Environment" (PDF).
7. "Ambitious plans aim to create a 'Great North Bog'". *The Northern Farmer*. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
8. Hudspeth, Sarah (2021-11-10). "Great North Bog information session". *North Pennines AONB*. Retrieved 2021-12-26.


title: Parkrose Heights, Portland, Oregon

abstract: Parkrose Heights is a neighborhood in the Northeast section of Portland, Oregon. It's part of the Parkrose School District and Sacramento Elementary School falls within its boundaries. Neighborhood parks include Gateway Discovery Park, Knott City Park, and Merrifield Park. "Basic Earthquake Emergency Communication Nodes" are locations in Portland where people can go to access emergency communications services if telephone service is down after an earthquake, or to report severe damage or injury. Knott City Park is Parkrose Heights's designated Basic Earthquake Emergency Communication Node. Parkrose Heights is served by TriMet bus lines 23 and 77. The Gateway Transit Center is also nearby. Parts of the neighborhood falls within the Gateway Business District and Prosper Portland's Gateway Regional Center Urban Renewal Area. The neighborhood is covered by the Argay-Parkrose Neighborhood Emergency Team for earthquake preparedness. Parkrose Heights is bordered by Woodland Park and Madison South to the west, Maywood Park to the northwest, Parkrose to the north, Argay Terrace to the northeast, Russell to the west, and Hazelwood to the south.

text:
# Parkrose Heights, Portland, Oregon

**Parkrose Heights** is a neighborhood in the Northeast section of Portland, Oregon. It's part of the Parkrose School District and Sacramento Elementary School falls within its boundaries.

Neighborhood parks include Gateway Discovery Park, Knott City Park, and Merrifield Park.

"Basic Earthquake Emergency Communication Nodes" are locations in Portland where people can go to access emergency communications services if telephone service is down after an earthquake, or to report severe damage or injury. Knott City Park is Parkrose Heights's designated Basic Earthquake Emergency Communication Node.

Parkrose Heights is served by TriMet bus lines 23 and 77. The Gateway Transit Center is also nearby.

Parts of the neighborhood falls within the Gateway Business District and Prosper Portland's Gateway Regional Center Urban Renewal Area. The neighborhood is covered by the Argay-Parkrose Neighborhood Emergency Team for earthquake preparedness.

Parkrose Heights is bordered by Woodland Park and Madison South to the west, Maywood Park to the northwest, Parkrose to the north, Argay Terrace to the northeast, Russell to the west, and Hazelwood to the south.

## InfoBox

| Parkrose Heights | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
| Parkrose Heights | |
| Coordinates: 45°32′22″N 122°32′56″W / 45.53949°N 122.54902°W / 45.53949; -122.54902PDF map | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| City | Portland |
| Government | |
| Association | Parkrose Heights Association of Neighbors |
| Coalition | East Portland Neighborhood Office |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.97 sq mi (2.52 km2) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 6,093 |
| Density | 6,300/sq mi (2,400/km2) |
| Housing | |
| No. of households | 2332 |
| Occupancy rate | 95% occupied |
| Owner-occupied | 1453 households (62%) |
| Renting | 879 households (38%) |
| Avg. household size | 2.61 persons |


title: Greater Manchester County Council

abstract: The Greater Manchester County Council (GMCC) was the top-tier local government administrative body for Greater Manchester from 1974 to 1986. A strategic authority, with responsibilities for roads, public transport, planning, emergency services and waste disposal, it was composed of 106 directly elected members drawn from the ten metropolitan boroughs of Greater Manchester. The Greater Manchester County Council shared power with ten lower-tier district councils, each of which directed local matters. It was also known as the Greater Manchester Council (GMC) and the Greater Manchester Metropolitan County Council (GMMCC). Established with reference to the Local Government Act 1972, elections in 1973 brought about the county council's launch as a shadow authority, several months before Greater Manchester was officially created on 1 April 1974. The Greater Manchester County Council operated from its County Hall headquarters on Portland Street in central Manchester, until it was abolished 31 March 1986, following the Local Government Act 1985. Its powers were passed to the ten district councils of Greater Manchester, which had shared power with the GMCC. Some powers of the county council were restored when the district councils delegated strategic responsibilities to the county-wide Association of Greater Manchester Authorities and joint boards.

text:
# Greater Manchester County Council

The **Greater Manchester County Council** (**GMCC**) was the top-tier local government administrative body for Greater Manchester from 1974 to 1986. A strategic authority, with responsibilities for roads, public transport, planning, emergency services and waste disposal, it was composed of 106 directly elected members drawn from the ten metropolitan boroughs of Greater Manchester. The Greater Manchester County Council shared power with ten lower-tier district councils, each of which directed local matters. It was also known as the **Greater Manchester Council** (**GMC**) and the **Greater Manchester Metropolitan County Council** (**GMMCC**).

Established with reference to the Local Government Act 1972, elections in 1973 brought about the county council's launch as a shadow authority, several months before Greater Manchester (its zone of influence) was officially created on 1 April 1974. The Greater Manchester County Council operated from its County Hall headquarters on Portland Street in central Manchester, until it was abolished 31 March 1986, following the Local Government Act 1985. Its powers were passed to the ten district councils of Greater Manchester, which had shared power with the GMCC. Some powers of the county council were restored when the district councils delegated strategic responsibilities (such as emergency services and public transport) to the county-wide Association of Greater Manchester Authorities and joint boards.

## History

### Creation

The Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established Greater Manchester as a metropolitan county on 1 April 1974. The first election for the Greater Manchester County Council (GMCC) was held in 1973, operating as a shadow authority alongside the old councils until it formally assumed its powers on 1 April 1974. The leading article in *The Times* on the day the Local Government Act came into effect noted that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".

### Operational history

By January 1974, a joint working party representing Greater Manchester had drawn up its county *Structure Plan*, ready for implementation by the Greater Manchester County Council. The plan set out strategic and long-term objectives for the forthcoming metropolitan county. The highest priority was to increase the quality of life for its inhabitants by way of improving the county's physical environment and cultural facilities which had suffered following deindustrialisation—much of Greater Manchester's basic infrastructure dated from its 19th-century industrial growth, and was unsuited to modern communication systems and life-styles. Other objectives were to reverse the trend of depopulation in central-Greater Manchester, to invest in the county's country parks to improve the region's poor reputation on leisure and recreational facilities, and to improve the county's transport infrastructure and journey to work patterns.

The council built County Hall on Portland Street in Manchester city centre at the cost of £4.5 million (£47,680,000 as of 2024), which served as its headquarters. The building is now known as Westminster House.

Because of political objection, particularly from Cheshire, Greater Manchester covered only the inner, urban 62 of the 90 former districts that the Royal Commission had outlined as an effective administrative metropolitan area. In this capacity, GMCC found itself "planning for an arbitrary metropolitan area ... abruptly truncated to the south", and so had to negotiate several land-use, transport and housing projects with its neighbouring county councils. However a "major programme of environmental action" by GMCC broadly succeeded in reversing social deprivation in its inner city slums. Leisure and recreational successes included the Greater Manchester Exhibition Centre (better known as the G-Mex centre and now branded Manchester Central), a converted former railway station in Manchester city centre used for cultural events, and GMCC's creation of five new country parks within its boundaries. Greater Manchester Transport was established from the former SELNEC PTE to operate the county's public transport.

GMCC was, however, criticised for being too Manchester-centric by representatives from the outer suburbs.

### Abolition

A decade after they were established, the mostly Labour-controlled metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council (GLC) had several high-profile clashes with the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, with regard to overspending and high rates charging. Government policy on the issue was considered throughout 1982, and the Conservative Party put a "promise to scrap the metropolitan county councils" and the GLC, in their manifesto for the 1983 general election. Greater Manchester County Council was abolished on 31 March 1986 under the Local Government Act 1985. That the metropolitan county councils were controlled by the Labour Party led to accusations that their abolition was motivated by party politics: the general secretary of the National Association of Local Government Officers described it as a "completely cynical manoeuvre". Most of the functions of GMCC were devolved to the ten Greater Manchester metropolitan district councils, though some functions such as emergency services and public transport were taken over by joint boards and continued to be run on a county-wide basis. The Association of Greater Manchester Authorities (AGMA) was established to continue much of the county-wide services of the county council. The metropolitan county continued to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference, for example as a NUTS 2 administrative division for statistical purposes within the European Union.

### Aftermath

Although the metropolitan county council was abolished in 1986, the county area continues to exist, for Parliamentary representation, in mapping, and especially for statistical purposes. The county continues to exist today as both a legal and geographic entity, and has its own Lord Lieutenant (the Monarch's representative in a county) and High Sheriff.

The last leader of Greater Manchester County Council, Bernard Clarke, became the manager of the YMCA's Training for Life project and a director of Manchester Travel Services and of Manchester's Museum of Science and Industry. The county council's last Chief executive, Tony Harrison, a solicitor, remained Clerk to the Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester after abolition and became a director of various companies. In February 1992, wrongly believing he was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, 61-year-old Harrison committed suicide.

In March 2010, following the active pursuit of the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities, it was agreed by the government of the United Kingdom and the ten district councils of Greater Manchester that there should be a return to a statutory, two-tiered system of local governance for Greater Manchester. The Greater Manchester Combined Authority was agreed upon to strategically govern Greater Manchester from 1 April 2011. It consists of eleven members: ten indirectly elected members, each a directly elected councillor from one of the ten metropolitan boroughs that comprise Greater Manchester and elected Mayor of Greater Manchester who chairs the Authority. The authority will derive most of its powers from the Local Government Act 2000 and Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009.

## Powers and composition

The Greater Manchester County Council was a strategic authority running regional services such as public transport, health provision, planning and emergency services. It served to provide a strategic regional framework within which the differing plans of its ten metropolitan borough councils could be harmonised.

Bernard Clarke served as leader of the GMCC.

## Premises

The county council had its main administrative offices at County Hall, an office building at 11 Portland Street in Manchester, built in 1974. Council meetings were held at Manchester Town Hall. After the council's abolition, County Hall was sold to Parc Securities in 1988 for an undisclosed sum, believed to be between £5 and £6 million, and refurbished for offices. County Hall Properties bought the structure from Parc two years later and renamed it Westminster House, alluding to the government that abolished the Greater Manchester County Council; the managing director of County Hall (Manchester) Management, the former GMCC economic development chief and former Parc consultant Leslie Boardman, declined to disclose the purchase price in 1992, but press reports put it at about £22 million. The seven-storey building became used by the Halifax and Chelsea building societies, the AGF and Scottish Amicable insurance companies, and the German consulate.

## Political control

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1974 until its abolition in 1986 was held by the following parties:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 1974–1977 |
|  | Conservative | 1977–1981 |
|  | Labour | 1981–1986 |

### Leadership

The leaders of the council were:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Robert Thomas |  | Labour | 1 Apr 1974 | May 1977 |
| Arnold Fieldhouse |  | Conservative | May 1977 | May 1981 |
| Bernard Clarke |  | Labour | May 1981 | 31 Mar 1986 |

### Council elections

Elections were held to the Greater Manchester County Council three times, in 1973, 1977, and 1981.

| Year | **Conservative** | **Labour** | **Liberal** | **Independent** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |
| 1973 | 23 | 69 | 13 | 1 |
| 1977 | 82 | 23 | 0 | 1 |
| 1981 | 19 | 78 | 9 | 0 |
|  |  |  |  |  |

Elections were due to be held in 1985 but these were cancelled due to the council's impending abolition. Those councillors elected in 1981 had their terms of office extended until the council's abolition on 31 March 1986.

## Coat of arms

The coat of arms granted by the College of Arms to the Greater Manchester Council are described as:

> **Shield:** The shield bears ten turrets in gold, representing the ten districts of the County, on a red ground.
>
> **Supporters:** The shield is supported on each side by a lion rampant in gold. Each lion bears on its shoulder a badge in red, the lion on the right of the shield bearing a badge with a French horn, representing music and culture, and the lion on the left of the shield bearing a badge with an open book, representing learning and academic life of the County.
>
> **Crest:** The helm is surmounted by a demi-lion carrying a banner bearing ten small turrets in gold on a red ground.
>
> **Motto:** Ever Vigilant.

* Bristow, M. Roger; Cross, Donald T. (1983). *English Structure Planning: A Commentary on Procedure and Practice in the Seventies*. Routledge. ISBN 0-85086-094-6.
* Clapson, Mark (2010). Ray Hutchison (ed.). *Suburbanization in Global Society*. Emerald Group. ISBN 978-0-85724-347-8.
* Frangopulo, Nicholas Joseph (1977). *Tradition in action : the historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County*. Wakefield: EP Publishing. ISBN 0-7158-1203-3.
* Hellewell, Scott; Reeve, Colin (2013). *Metrolink: Oldham to Chorlton including the Oldham Loop Line*. Venture. ISBN 978-1-905304-53-0.
* Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). *Manchester: an Architectural History*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3.
* Taylor, Ian; Evans, Karen; Fraser, Penny (1996). *A Tale of Two Cities: Global Change, Local Feeling, and Everyday Life in the North of England: a Study in Manchester and Sheffield*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13828-4.
* Wannop, Urlan (2002). *Regional Imperative: Regional Planning and Governance in Britain, Europe and the United States*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-11-702368-0.
* Wilson, David; Game, Chris (2002). *Local Government in the United Kingdom* (3rd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-333-94859-0.

## InfoBox

| Greater Manchester County Council <br>Greater Manchester Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Greater Manchester | |
| Coat of arms of the Greater Manchester County Council | |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Metropolitan County Council |
| History | |
| Established | 1 April 1974 |
| Disbanded | 31 March 1986 |
| Preceded by | Various authorities, including Cheshire County Council, Lancashire County Council, and West Riding County Council |
| Succeeded by | Various agencies and the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities |
| Seats | 106 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Town Hall, Manchester, England | |


title: Green Bay Intelligencer

abstract: The Green Bay Intelligencer was Wisconsin’s first newspaper. Based in Green Bay, Wisconsin, it was founded by businessman John V. Suydam, with the first issue published on December 11, 1833. Albert Gallatin Ellis joined the paper in 1834. In 1834, Ellis, and subsequently the Green-Bay Intelligencer, supported the campaign of local judge James Duane Doty. As a result, opponents of Doty formed their own newspaper. The newspaper continued with several suspensions until June 1835, at which point Ellis entered a partnership with C. C. Arndt, creating the new partnership, Ellis & Arndt. In 1837 the Green-Bay Intelligencer was sold to Christopher Sholes, who moved the newspaper to Southport, Wisconsin.

text:
# Green Bay Intelligencer

The ***Green Bay Intelligencer*** was Wisconsin’s first newspaper. Based in Green Bay, Wisconsin, it was founded by businessman John V. Suydam, with the first issue published on December 11, 1833. Albert Gallatin Ellis joined the paper in 1834. In 1834, Ellis, and subsequently the *Green-Bay Intelligencer*, supported the campaign of local judge James Duane Doty. As a result, opponents of Doty formed their own newspaper. The newspaper continued with several suspensions until June 1835, at which point Ellis entered a partnership with C. C. Arndt, creating the new partnership, Ellis & Arndt. In 1837 the *Green-Bay Intelligencer* was sold to Christopher Sholes, who moved the newspaper to Southport, Wisconsin (now Kenosha).

## Notes and references

* "Green Bay Home of First Newspaper", *Milwaukee Free Press*, 1910-07-17


title: Gregg House (Newport, Arkansas)

abstract: The Gregg House is a historic house at 412 Pine Street in Newport, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick-faced structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof, twin interior chimneys, and a two-story addition projecting to the right. The front facade bays are filled with paired sash windows, except for the entrance at the center, which is sheltered by a gable-roofed portico supported by box columns. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a lintel decorated with rosettes. The house was designed by Sanders and Ginocchio and built in 1920, and is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Gregg House (Newport, Arkansas)

The **Gregg House** is a historic house at 412 Pine Street in Newport, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick-faced structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof, twin interior chimneys, and a two-story addition projecting to the right. The front facade bays are filled with paired sash windows, except for the entrance at the center, which is sheltered by a gable-roofed portico supported by box columns. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a lintel decorated with rosettes. The house was designed by Sanders and Ginocchio and built in 1920, and is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gregg House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 412 Pine St., Newport, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°36′36″N 91°17′4″W / 35.61000°N 91.28444°W / 35.61000; -91.28444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1920 (1920) |
| Architect | Sanders & Ginocchio |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | Thompson, Charles L., Design Collection TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000838 |
| Added to NRHP | December 22, 1982 |


title: Greenfield Papyrus

abstract: The Greenfield Papyrus is a papyrus that contains an ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead and is named after Mrs. Edith Mary Greenfield, who presented it to the Trustees of the British Museum in May 1910. Now in the collections of the British Museum, London, it is one of the longest papyri in existence with a length of 37 metres.

text:
# Greenfield Papyrus

The **Greenfield Papyrus** is a papyrus that contains an ancient Egyptian *Book of the Dead* and is named after Mrs. Edith Mary Greenfield, who presented it to the Trustees of the British Museum in May 1910. Now in the collections of the British Museum, London, it is one of the longest papyri in existence with a length of 37 metres.

## Manuscript

The Greenfield Papyrus is a papyrus roll with an original length of about 37 meters and about 47 cm wide. Nowadays, the manuscript is divided into 96 pieces. The manuscript contains both text and drawings, the text is written on the recto side and in hieratic script and partly in hieroglyphs. The *Book of the Dead* includes a series of hymns, litanies, tributes and homages. The papyrus is dated to between the 950s and 930s BC during Egypt's Twenty-first Dynasty. The manuscript describes the burial of the priest Pinudjem II and his wife Neskhons's daughter Nesitanebetashru around the year 930 BC. One of the scenes shows when the god Shu (God of Air) helps Nut (Goddess of the Sky) to divide heaven and earth, represented as Geb (God of the Earth). Among the scenes are also parts of the creation of the world according to the Egyptian creation myth with the god Atum in the centre.

## Provenance

It is not known when and how the papyrus was discovered but the English collector Herbert Bunce Greenfield acquired the manuscript around 1880. The site of discovery is believed to be Theban Tomb 320 (TT 320), known as the "Royal Cache," near the necropolis of Deir el-Bahri. His wife, Edith Mary Greenfield, donated the manuscript in 1910 to the British Museum; the papyrus archive number is BM EA 10554-87. In 1912, Keeper of the Egyptian collection at the museum, Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge published a translation in the book *The Greenfield papyrus in the British Museum - The funerary papyrus of Princess Nesitanebtȧshru, daughter of Painetchem II and Nesi-Khensu, and priestess of Ȧmen-R̄a at Thebes, about B.C. 970*.

© Trustees of the British Museum British Museum Collection Database Search (data retrieved shows 96 separate entries) retrieved 18:06GMT 2.10.11


abstract: Greece will compete at the 2024 European Athletics Championships in Rome, Italy from 7–12 June 2024.

text:
# Greece at the 2024 European Athletics Championships

**Greece** will compete at the 2024 European Athletics Championships in Rome, Italy from 7–12 June 2024.

## Medals

| Medal | Name | Event | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Miltiadis Tentoglou | Men's long jump | 9 June | 8.65m, CR PB |
| Silver | Katerina Stefanidi | Women's pole vault | 10 June | 4.73m, SB |
| Silver | Emmanouil Karalis | Men's pole vault | 12 June | 5.87m, PB |

## Results

Greece entered the following athletes.

Key * **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

### Men

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Ioannis Nyfantopoulos | 100 metres | 10.40 | 17 | did not advance | | | |
| Sotirios Gkaragkanis | 200 metres | 20.91 | 10 **q** | 20.93 | 21 | did not advance | |
| Ioannis Kariofyllis | | 21.00 | 16 | did not advance | | | |
| Marios Anagnostou | 10,000 metres |  | 31:53.73 | 42 |
| Konstantinos Stamoulis | |  | 30:09.67 | 39 |
| Nikolaos Stamoulis | |  | 30:42.47 | 40 |
| Panagiotis Karaiskos | Half marathon |  | 1:08:52 | 56 |
| Konstantinos Douvalidis | 110 metres hurdles | 14.04 | 20 | did not advance | | | |
| Dimitris Levantinos | 400 metres hurdles | 51.13 | 18 | did not advance | | | |
| Alexandros Papamichail | 20 kilometres walk |  | | | | DNF | |
| Vasileios Myrianthopoulos
Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos
Sotirios Gkaragkanis
Ioannis Nyfantopoulos | 4 × 100 metres relay | 39.13 SB | 9 |  | 39.39 | 7 |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Antonios Merlos | High jump | 2.17 | 14 | did not advance | |
| **Emmanouil Karalis** | Pole vault | 5.60 | 9 **q** | 5.87 PB |  |
| Ioannis Rizos | | NM | | did not advance | |
| **Miltiadis Tentoglou** | Long jump | 8.14 | 4 **Q** | 8.65 **PB** **CR** |  |
| Nikolaos Andrikopoulos | Triple jump | DNS | | did not advance | |
| Andreas Pantazis | | 15.36 | 27 | did not advance | | | |
| Dimitrios Tsiamis | | 16.33 | 15 | did not advance | |
| Anastasios Latifllari | Shot put | 16.83 | 28 | did not advance | |
| Odysseas Mouzenidis | | 18.84 | 23 | did not advance | |
| Ioannis Kyriazis | Javelin throw | 77.54 | 18 | Did not advance | |
| Michail Anastasakis | Hammer throw | 73.60 | 14 | did not advance | |
| Christos Frantzeskakis | | 73.11 | 18 | did not advance | |
| Konstantinos Zaltos | | 74.49 | 12 **q** | 72.64 | 12 |

Combined events – Decathlon

| Athlete | Event | 100 m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 m | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 m | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Angelos-Tzanis Andreoglou | Result | 11.07 | 7.05 | 12.59 | 1.90 | 49.32 PB | 14.78 | 39.69 | 4.60 | 51.56 | 4:28.86 | 7561 | 18 |
| | Points | 845 | 826 | 642 | 714 | 846 | 876 | 658 | 790 | 612 | | | 752 |

### Women

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Dimitra Tsoukala | 100 metres | 11.48 | 27 | did not advance | | | |
| Polyniki Emmanouilidou | | 11.21 =**PB** | 3 **q** | 11.21 =**PB** | 11 | did not advance | |
| | 200 metres |  | 22.84 **PB** | 8 **q** | 23.01 | 8 |
| | Artemis Melnia Anastasiou | 23.52 | 16 | did not advance | | | |
| Dafni-Eftychia-Tereza Lavasa | 10,000 metres |  | 33:57.79 | 24 |
| Anastasia Marinakou | |  | 32:42.34 | 16 |
| Panagiota Vlachaki | Half marathon |  | 1:21:56 | 66 |
| Elisavet Pesiridou | 100 metres hurdles | 13.32 | 14 | did not advance | | | |
| Dimitra Gnafaki | 400 metres hurdles | 56.62 **SB** | 16 | did not advance | | | |
| Kyriaki Filtisakou | 20 kilometres walk |  | 1:34:45 | 22 |
| Antigoni Ntrismpioti | |  | 1:33:38 **SB** | 16 |
| Christina Papadopoulou | |  | DQ | |
| Panagiota Tsinopoulou | |  | 1:34:12 | 19 |
| Styliani-Alexandra Michailidou
Elisavet Pesiridou
Rafailia Spanoudaki-Chatziriga
Artemis Melina Anastasiou | 4 × 100 metres relay | 44.23 | 15 |  | Did not advance | |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Panagiota Dosi | High jump | 1.81 | 28 | did not advance | |
| Tatiana Gusin | | 1.89 | 14 | did not advance | |
| Ariadni Adamopoulou | Pole vault | 4.40 | 20 | did not advance | |
| Eleni-Klaoudia Polak | | 4.40 | 16 | did not advance | |
| **Aikaterini Stefanidi** | | 4.50 | 6 **q** | 4.73 **SB** |  |
| Oxana Koreneva | Triple jump | 13.86 SB | 13 | did not advance | |
| Maria Purtsa | | 13.69 SB | 17 | did not advance | |
| Maria Magkoulia | Shot put | 15.31 | 23 | did not advance | |
| Anastasia Ntragkomirova | | 14.82 | 25 | did not advance | |
| Elina Tzengko | Javelin throw | 60.48 **SB** | 4 **q** | 59.46 | 6 |
| Stamatia Scarvelis | Hammer throw | 67.10 | 19 | did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Greece at the
2024 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Greece | |
| WA code | GRE |
| in Rome, Italy
7 June 2024 (2024-06-07) – 12 June 2022 (2022-06-12) | |
| Competitors | 53 (28 men and 25 women) |
| Medals
Ranked 13th | Gold 1 Silver 2 Bronze 0 Total 3 |
| European Athletics Championships appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
|


title: Greg Cochrane

abstract: Gregory Cochrane is an American former professional soccer player.

text:
# Greg Cochrane

**Gregory Cochrane** (born November 1, 1990) is an American former professional soccer player.

## Career

### Early career

Born in Babylon, New York, and moved to Holland, Pennsylvania, Cochrane attended Council Rock High School South in his hometown before attending Virginia Tech for which he played soccer for two seasons before joining the University of Louisville and playing for the Louisville Cardinals for two seasons as well.

### Los Angeles Galaxy

Cochrane was selected in the second round of the 2013 MLS SuperDraft by the LA Galaxy. He made his professional debut for the Galaxy against FC Dallas at FC Dallas Stadium on April 13.

### Chicago Fire

In March 2014, he was traded to the Chicago Fire in exchange for a conditional draft pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft

### San Antonio FC

After Chicago declined to exercise their contract option for the 2016 season, Cochrane signed with USL club San Antonio FC on February 25, 2016. On September 29, 2018, Cochrane became the first player in San Antonio FC history to reach 100 appearances in all competitions.

On November 8, 2018, Cochrane announced his retirement from professional soccer.

## Career statistics

*As of September 27, 2015*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | MLS Cup | | US Open Cup | | CONCACAF | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| LA Galaxy | 2013 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Chicago Fire | 2014 | 12 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 12 | 0 |
| | 2015 | 3 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 |
| | Total | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Saint Louis FC (loan) | 2015 | 1 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 1 | 0 |
| San Antonio FC | 2016 | 30 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 |  | | 33 | 0 |
| Career total | | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 64 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Greg Cochrane
| Cochrane with the LA Galaxy in 2013 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Gregory Cochrane | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-11-01) November 1, 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Babylon, New York, U.S. | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2009–2010 | Virginia Tech Hokies | | |
| 2011–2012 | Louisville Cardinals | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011 | Central Jersey Spartans | 14 | (1) |
| 2012 | Reading United | 11 | (1) |
| 2013 | LA Galaxy | 12 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Chicago Fire | 16 | (0) |
| 2015 | Saint Louis FC (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2016–2018 | San Antonio FC | 101 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:36, 17 October 2018 (UTC) | | | |


title: Grethe Ingmann

abstract: Grethe Ingmann was a Danish singer. She started her career at 17, when she temporarily performed as a singer of the Malihini Hawaiians pop quartet. Soon after she sang with the Danish guitarist Jørn Grauengaard and his trio. In 1955 she met her future husband, guitarist Jørgen Ingmann. The couple married in 1956 and performed as the duet Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann. Together they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 representing Denmark with the jazz waltz "Dansevise" with music by Otto Francker and lyrics by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen. It was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner. In 1965 she entered the German Schlager Contest with the song "Sommerwind". She dropped out in the preliminaries, but the song's English version, written by Johnny Mercer in 1966 and sung by Frank Sinatra, became an international hit. Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann continued their musical career until they divorced in 1975. As a solo singer, Grethe participated in several Danish pre-selections for the Eurovision Song Contest, unsuccessfully. Notably, in 1979 she entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix with Bjarne Liller and the song "Alt er skønt", which tied for equal first at the end of the voting but placed second after a re-vote. The couple remarried in the 1980s. Grethe died of cancer on 18 August 1990, aged 52, becoming the first Eurovision winner to die.

text:
# Grethe Ingmann

**Grethe Ingmann** (born **Clemmensen**; 17 June 1938 – 18 August 1990) was a Danish singer.

She started her career at 17, when she temporarily performed as a singer of the Malihini Hawaiians pop quartet. Soon after she sang with the Danish guitarist Jørn Grauengaard and his trio.

In 1955 she met her future husband, guitarist Jørgen Ingmann. The couple married in 1956 and performed as the duet Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann. Together they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 representing Denmark with the jazz waltz "Dansevise" (Dancing tune) with music by Otto Francker and lyrics by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen. It was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner.

In 1965 she entered the German Schlager Contest with the song "Sommerwind". She dropped out in the preliminaries, but the song's English version, written by Johnny Mercer in 1966 and sung by Frank Sinatra, became an international hit.

Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann continued their musical career until they divorced in 1975. As a solo singer, Grethe participated in several Danish pre-selections for the Eurovision Song Contest, unsuccessfully. Notably, in 1979 she entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix with Bjarne Liller and the song "Alt er skønt", which tied for equal first at the end of the voting but placed second after a re-vote.

The couple remarried in the 1980s. Grethe died of cancer on 18 August 1990, aged 52, becoming the first Eurovision winner to die.

## InfoBox

| Grethe Ingmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Grethe Ingmann at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, 1963 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Grethe Clemmensen |
| Born | (1938-06-17)17 June 1938
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Died | 18 August 1990(1990-08-18) (aged 52)
Frederikssund, Denmark |
| Occupation | Singer |


title: Greta Patzke

abstract: Greta R. Patzke is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Zurich.

text:
# Greta Patzke

**Greta R. Patzke** (born 2 March 1974 in Bremen) is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Zurich.

## Life

From 1993 to 1997 she studied chemistry at Leibniz University Hannover. Her diploma thesis dealt with solid-state chemistry and computational chemistry. From 1997 to 1999 she completed her dissertation at Leibniz University in the group of Michael Binnewies. This dissertation dealt with the synthesis, characterization and properties of mixed oxides. In the group of Reinhard Nesper at the ETH Zurich she worked on her habilitation from 1999 on. During this time she worked on inorganic structural chemistry, the synthesis of nanomaterials and the systematic application and investigation of hydrothermal techniques. From 2007 to 2013, Greta Patzke was Assistant Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Zurich (Swiss National Science Foundation's funded professorship). In spring 2013 she was promoted to Associate Professor. Since May 2016 she is Full Professor. Since 2017 she is part of the institute's Board of Directors.

## Prizes and awards

* 2017 Credit Suisse Award for Best Teaching
* 07/1993 Gold medal at the 25th International Chemistry Olympiad in Italy (13th overall place worldwide)

## Selected publications

* Patzke, Greta R.; Krumeich, Frank; Nesper, Reinhard (2002). "Oxidic Nanotubes and Nanorods—Anisotropic Modules for a Future Nanotechnology". *Angewandte Chemie International Edition*. **41** (14): 2446–2461. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14\<2446::AID-ANIE2446\>3.0.CO;2-K. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 12203509.
* Hussain, Firasat; Conrad, Franziska; Patzke, Greta R. (2009-11-16). "A Gadolinium-Bridged Polytungstoarsenate(III) Nanocluster: \[Gd 8 As 12 W 124 O 432 (H 2 O) 22 \] 60-". *Angewandte Chemie International Edition*. **48** (48): 9088–9091. doi:10.1002/anie.200903299. PMID 19862786.


title: Greta Onnela

abstract: Greta Naemi Onnela was a Finnish diver. She competed in the women's 10 metre platform event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Greta Onnela

**Greta Naemi Onnela** (23 August 1910  10 August 1957) was a Finnish diver. She competed in the women's 10 metre platform event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Greta Onnela
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Greta Naemi Onnela |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Born | (1910-08-23)23 August 1910
Vaasa, Finland |
| Died | 10 August 1957(1957-08-10) (aged 46)
Vaasa, Finland |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Diving |


title: Griswold Creek

abstract: Griswold Creek is a stream in San Benito County, California. Its head is at the confluence of Pimental Creek and Vallecitos Creek. From there it flows north-northeastward through the canyon between the Griswold Hills in the east, and Buck Peak in the Diablo Range on the west, to its mouth, located at an elevation of 1,145 feet (349 m) at its confluence with Panoche Creek 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Panoche in the Panoche Valley.

text:
# Griswold Creek

**Griswold Creek** is a stream in San Benito County, California. Its head is at the confluence of Pimental Creek and Vallecitos Creek. From there it flows north-northeastward through the canyon between the Griswold Hills in the east, and Buck Peak in the Diablo Range on the west, to its mouth, located at an elevation of 1,145 feet (349 m) at its confluence with Panoche Creek 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Panoche in the Panoche Valley.

36°35′00″N 120°48′38″W / 36.58333°N 120.81056°W / 36.58333; -120.81056