title: Mesoplasma florum riboswitch

abstract: Riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory elements located within the 5’UTR of mRNA transcripts. These regulatory elements bind small molecules which results in a conformational change within the 5’UTR of the mRNA. The changes in the mRNA secondary structure subsequently result in changes in the expression of the adjacent open reading frame. Bioinformatic studies have identified several riboswitches present in M. florum. These riboswitches have been mapped to regions located upstream of the guaAB operon and resemble purine riboswitches. The riboswitches identified in M. florum can be classed as novel riboswitches as they deviate in sequence and structure within the loops regions that are required in aptamer binding compared to conventional purine riboswitches. Mutagenesis confirmed that changing nucleotides within the loop regions of this riboswitch altered the specificity for ligand binding. This study showed that the novel riboswitches have a greater diversity in ligands they bind as they were found to bind alternative ligands such as nucleosides. The novel riboswitches were all shown to lie upstream of a putative intrinsic terminator stem and this indicates that these riboswitches control transcription termination. Comparative genomics has shown that these novel riboswitches are exclusive found in M. florum and not present in other strains of bacteria.

text:
# Mesoplasma florum riboswitch

Riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory elements located within the 5’UTR of mRNA transcripts. These regulatory elements bind small molecules which results in a conformational change within the 5’UTR of the mRNA. The changes in the mRNA secondary structure subsequently result in changes in the expression of the adjacent open reading frame.

Bioinformatic studies have identified several riboswitches present in *M. florum*. These riboswitches have been mapped to regions located upstream of the guaAB operon and resemble purine riboswitches. The riboswitches identified in *M. florum* can be classed as novel riboswitches as they deviate in sequence and structure within the loops regions that are required in aptamer binding compared to conventional purine riboswitches. Mutagenesis confirmed that changing nucleotides within the loop regions of this riboswitch altered the specificity for ligand binding. This study showed that the novel riboswitches have a greater diversity in ligands they bind as they were found to bind alternative ligands such as nucleosides. The novel riboswitches were all shown to lie upstream of a putative intrinsic terminator stem and this indicates that these riboswitches control transcription termination. Comparative genomics has shown that these novel riboswitches are exclusive found in *M. florum* and not present in other strains of bacteria.

## InfoBox

| Mesoplasma florum riboswitch | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of MFR | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | MFR |
| Rfam | RF01510 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg; riboswitch |
| Domain(s) | Bacteria; |
| GO | GO:0032546  GO:0031554 |
| SO | SO:0000035 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Mesopodagrion

abstract: Mesopodagrion is a genus of flatwings in the damselfly order Odonata. There are two described species in Mesopodagrion. As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies by Bybee et al. in 2021, it is now in its own family, Mesopodagrionidae.

text:
# Mesopodagrion

***Mesopodagrion*** is a genus of flatwings in the damselfly order Odonata. There are two described species in *Mesopodagrion*.

As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies by Bybee et al. in 2021, it is now in its own family, **Mesopodagrionidae**.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Mesopodagrion* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Superfamily: | Calopterygoidea |
| Family: | Mesopodagrionidae
Kalkman & Abbott, 2021 |
| Genus: | *Mesopodagrion*
McLachlan, 1896 |
|


title: Garanuy

abstract: Garanuy is a village and municipality in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 850.

text:
# Garanuy

**Garanuy** (also, **Karanuy** and **Karanyuy**) is a village and municipality in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 850.

## InfoBox

| Qaranuy | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Qaranuy | |
| Coordinates: 40°55′10″N 46°04′45″E / 40.91944°N 46.07917°E / 40.91944; 46.07917 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Shamkir |
| Population | |
| Total | 850 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Mermuth

abstract: Mermuth is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

text:
# Mermuth

**Mermuth** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies in the Hunsrück. Mermuth distinguishes itself by its quiet location off any thoroughfare; it can only be reached over a short branch road that leads nowhere else. The municipal area is framed by the two stream valleys each side, the Ehrbach and Baybach valleys, both of which can be reached over pathways from the village. The two entrances into the Ehrbach gorge are especially charming. In a wooded area north of the village stands the mediaeval Rauschenburg, a castle ruin.

Mermuth lies roughly 9.5 km southwest of the Rhine at Boppard and 6 km south-southeast of the Moselle at Brodenbach. The municipal area measures 490 ha and the municipality's elevation is 340 m above sea level.

## History

Mermuth may well be one of the Hunsrück's oldest settlements. The name is traced back to the Celtic words *merre* (“water”) and *munt* (“hole”). archaeological finds confirm early settlement.

Beginning in 1794, Mermuth lay under French rule. In 1815 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1946, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Also worthy of mention is the *Mermuther Feiertag* (“Mermuth Day of Celebration”). It has been held for many generations in the Virgin Mary’s honour. According to oral tradition, a pledge was made, after the village had been beset by a whole series of fires over a short time – some caused by troops in the Thirty Years' War – to keep this day to secure the protection of the “Mother of God”.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman.

### Mayor

Mermuth's mayor is Christian Busch.

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: *Schild durch eingeschweifte grüne Spitze, darin eine goldene Kapelle, gespalten, vorne in silber ein rotes Balkenkreuz, hinten in Silber drei rote Schnallen schrägrechts aneinandergereiht.*

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Tierced in mantle dexter argent a cross gules, sinister argent three arming buckles bottony conjoined in bend of the second, and in base vert a chapel affronty Or.

The red cross on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side refers to the Bishopric of Trier. The charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, the buckles, recalls the lordship of the family Boos von Waldeck, although here, the tinctures are reversed to the way they appear in the family's arms. On the green field between the two sides of the “mantle” partition stands a gold chapel, which is meant to refer to the local peculiarity of the *Mermuther Feiertag* in the Virgin Mary’s honour. The chapel, built in 1735, is owned by the municipality. The green field symbolizes the green meadows, cropland and woods found within Mermuth's limits.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:

* Saint Mary's Catholic Chapel (branch chapel; *Filialkapelle St. Marien*), Kiefernweg/corner of Lindenstraße – aisleless church, about 1770
* Hauptstraße 15 – timber-frame *Quereinhaus* (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), partly solid, sided or slated, 19th century
* Kiefernweg 5 – estate complex, whole complex of buildings; timber-frame house, partly solid, half-hipped roof, 18th century, quarrystone barn, 19th century
* Kiefernweg 7 – building with half-hipped roof, sided with timber framing, early 19th century
* Rauschenburg Castle ruin, north of the village – built in 1332 by Archbishop Baldwin of Trier as an counterdefence against the nearby castles of Schöneck, Waldeck and Ehrenburg, destroyed as early as 1456; typical occupational castle with concentric wall complex (five-sided outer wall and wedge-shaped, jutting inner wall), on the west side a round keep and on the east side remnants of a three-floor residential building

## InfoBox

| Mermuth | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Mermuth within Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis district | |
| Mermuth Mermuth | |
| Coordinates: 50°10′17″N 7°29′2″E / 50.17139°N 7.48389°E / 50.17139; 7.48389 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Hunsrück-Mittelrhein |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Christian Busch |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.92 km2 (1.90 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 440 m (1,440 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 236 |
| Density | 48/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56283 |
| Dialling codes | 06745 |
| Vehicle registration | SIM |


title: Merry Moor Winnett

abstract: Merry (Moor) Winnett (1951–1994) was an American photographer noted for experimental imagery.

text:
# Merry Moor Winnett

**Merry (Moor) Winnett** (1951–1994) was an American photographer noted for experimental imagery.

## Early life and education

Merry Moor was born on November 24, 1951, in Newport News, Virginia to Florence Corinne Davidson and Willard L. Moor. After her parents divorced in 1973, she and her brother lived with their mother in Tampa, Florida. She attended Arthur Hill High School in Saginaw, Michigan between 1964 and 1969, then went on to Michigan State University and the University of South Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Visual Art in 1975, *magna cum laude*.

## Career

### Early career

Between 1974 and 1975, Winnett's first solo art exhibits at the University of South Florida (USF) were displays of unconventional photographic prints characterized by art reviewer Angelo Resciniti as a "no-holds barred" show.

The techniques Winnett used included Van Dyke brown, composite printing, collage, solarization, split-toning, stitching, tinting, and infrared. An influence on Winnett was the printmaker Donald Saff, who in 1971 had been named the Dean of Fine Arts at USF. He encouraged experimentation with all media including photography as a tribute to his colleague Robert Rauschenberg, who lived nearby in Captiva. Until the mid-1960s, fine arts majors at most colleges and universities were not permitted to concentrate in photography. Winnett, who had been interested in photography since childhood, was enthusiastic about the new policies at USF.

### Later career

By the late 1970s, Winnett had won awards in every major photography competition in Florida. After relocating to North Carolina, she was surprised to win two of the top prizes in her first NC competition. During the next fourteen years, she gained international recognition and produced a prolific body of work with innovative techniques and thought-provoking imagery.

Throughout her career, she used a 35 mm Minolta camera, model SRT 101, with a Minolta 21 mm lens along with Kodak Plus-X or infrared film. Winnett was inspired by a wide range of topics including physics, mythology, popular culture, botany, art history, and science fiction.

Winnett's best known photographs were part of *The Moon Series*, also called *Moonstruck*. Over half of the photographs in this series were inspired by a class (The Moon, Fact and Fancy) that she team-taught at Guilford College in 1991. During this time, she was diagnosed with cancer at the age of 39.

In her last two years, she continued to teach and produce photographs. In early 1994, after winning the Artist of the Year in Winston-Salem, she created a series of seventy-five handmade photographs titled *Hurry Home*. By using five different negatives and duplicating film, she constructed a large-format, master negative. Later, she made contact prints onto Agfa Portriga paper that were selectively toned with Berg Blue Toner and hand-tinted with Dr. Ph. Martin's Iridescent dyes.

In 1989, Winnett was one of fifteen contemporary women photographers selected from a national search to be featured in the feminist journal *The Creative Woman*. This issue celebrated the 150th year since the invention of photography with tributes to some outstanding women photographers historically and currently. Winnett wrote her own summary, which revealed how and why she did her artwork. She described her techniques as gender-specific, especially her hand-stitching (sewing) and other decorative embellishments like sequins, ribbons, and metallic foils. She believed that male and female artists have different perspectives even when addressing similar concepts.

Among her feminist artworks is *And for Pangaea, a Moon*, where she shows two powerful sorcerers/goddesses creating the Moon as participants in the creation of Earth. In Winnett's myth, the Moon's feminist symbolism as the Sun's companion is strengthened by an independent force, ruler of the night sky.

Winnett made three copies of the complex photograph, *And for Pangaea, a Moon*. One is owned by the Smithsonian Museum of American Art and another is in the Guilford College Permanent Art Collection. Similar works are held at the Southeast Museum of Photography, Chrysler Museum of Art, and Asheville Art Museum.

Stirring the imagination of her audience, a life-long goal for Winnett, was revealed to art reviewers such as Joanne Rodriguez. Winnett's archive contains correspondence with like-minded artists including Clarence John Laughlin and Ray Bradbury who recognized the essential nature of the arts in education and throughout life.

### Environmental activism

Winnett was an active member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE), which originated in the 1960s, providing a forum for the discussion of photography as a means of creative expression and cultural insight. Conservation of nature was one of the cultural issues that the group advocated.

Members, including Winnett, donated handmade photographs to public institutions within the program titled "Creating Place: North Carolina’s Artworks for State Buildings”. Other environmental activities included discussions of best practices for teaching photography and ways to operate an environmentally safe darkroom.

One of Winnett's environmental landscapes is *Twenty Years…* (1988), in which a huge moon hovers over dilapidated gasoline pumps labeled NASA and surrounded by overgrown weeds. One interpretation relates to American moon explorations in the late 1960s, when Exxon examined the possibility of replacing fossil fuels (in "twenty years") with minerals (such as He3) harvested from the moon.

## Awards and honors

Between 1974 and 1994, Winnett won seventy prizes in national and international competitions from jurors such as Van Deren Coke, Marcia Tucker, Evon Streetman, Jerry Uelsmann, Ellen Land-Weber, Barbara Morgan and Arnold Doren. These exhibitions were held in twenty-eight states and nine European countries.

## Personal life

On April 5, 1975, Merry Moor married Tommy Edward Winnett (also a graduate of the University of South Florida). In 1978, his employment was transferred to Greensboro, North Carolina, where the couple resided until her death on October 17, 1994.

## InfoBox

| Merry Moor Winnett | |
| --- | --- |
| Winnett in 1975 | |
| Born | (1951-11-24)November 24, 1951
Newport News, Virginia |
| Died | October 17, 1994(1994-10-17) (aged 42)
North Carolina |
| Education |  |
| Known for | Experimental photography |


title: Garcinia nitida

abstract: Garcinia nitida, also known as kandis hutan, is a species of flowering plant, a dioecious understorey fruit tree in the mangosteen family, that is native to Southeast Asia.

text:
# Garcinia nitida

***Garcinia nitida***, also known as **kandis hutan**, is a species of flowering plant, a dioecious understorey fruit tree in the mangosteen family, that is native to Southeast Asia.

## Description

The tree grows to 30 m in height, with a 2–6 m bole and small fluted buttresses. The smooth oval leaves are 6–10 cm long by 3–4 cm wide. The white to cream flowers are 4-petalled. The fruits are oval berries, 3–4 cm by 2.5–3 cm in diameter, ripening from yellow to pale orange, enclosing light brown seeds covered with a translucent, edible, sour arillode.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to Borneo, where it is found in lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forest up to an elevation of 900 m.

## Usage

The species is not commonly cultivated. The sour rind and pulp of the fruits are used as a substitute for tamarind in condiments with cooked rice, fish and curries, as well as in jam and sweetened drinks.

## InfoBox

| *Garcinia nitida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Clusiaceae |
| Genus: | *Garcinia* |
| Species: | ***G. nitida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Garcinia nitida***<br>Pierre | |
|


title: Mesorhizobium hawassense

abstract: Mesorhizobium hawassense is a bacterium from the genus of Mesorhizobium which was isolated from root nodules.

text:
# Mesorhizobium hawassense

***Mesorhizobium hawassense*** is a bacterium from the genus of Mesorhizobium which was isolated from root nodules.

## InfoBox

| *Mesorhizobium hawassense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Hyphomicrobiales |
| Family: | Phyllobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mesorhizobium* |
| Species: | ***M. hawassense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesorhizobium hawassense***<br>Degefu et al. 2013 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| AC99b, HAMBI 3301, LMG 26968 | |


title: Merkinch

abstract: Merkinch is an area of the city of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. One of the oldest neighbourhoods in Inverness, it's situated in the city's north-west flanked by the Caledonian Canal to its west and River Ness to its east. It is a traditionally working-class area. In Merkinch is Grant Street Park, home to Clachnacuddin Football Club, and Merkinch Primary School, one of the oldest schools in the city. In February 2020, Merkinch was ranked as the number 8th most deprived area in Scotland, in a report by the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). Residents immediately leapt to defend their community. Notably, Merkinch was one of the last areas in Inverness to retain the city's own dialect of Scottish Gaelic.

text:
# Merkinch

**Merkinch** (Scottish Gaelic: ***Marc-Innis***, meaning "Island of the Horse") is an area of the city of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. One of the oldest neighbourhoods in Inverness, it's situated in the city's north-west flanked by the Caledonian Canal to its west and River Ness to its east. It is a traditionally working-class area.

In Merkinch is Grant Street Park, home to Clachnacuddin Football Club, and Merkinch Primary School, one of the oldest schools in the city.

In February 2020, Merkinch was ranked as the number 8th most deprived area in Scotland, in a report by the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). Residents immediately leapt to defend their community.

Notably, Merkinch was one of the last areas in Inverness to retain the city's own dialect of Scottish Gaelic.

## Local History

Merkinch first appears in writing during the reign of King Alexander II, when it was granted by royal charter to the burgh of Inverness. This occurred in 1232, with the charter written four years afterwards. As part of this, the area was required to contribute *"one pound of pepper"* (or risk a fine of nine shillings) to the city every Michaelmas.

Prior to the area's industrialisation, Merkinch was almost entirely farmland sitting on an island in the River Ness (hence its name-meaning in Gaelic). Wher the river flowed past the neighbourhood on its west side, is now the Caledonian Canal today. In 1829 it was the subject of a land dispute between the Frasers of Torbreck and Duffs of Muirtown, as tenants on both properties were unsure to whom they answered.

In the Highland Potato Famine of 1846, wide social unrest gripped the city of Inverness. In Merkinch, a march was organised through the area and neighbouring Muirtown (another working-class neighbourhood), led by a 12-year-old drummer boy named John Fraser. The January protests were a direct result of potato prices skyrocketing at the market on Academy Street, it being a staple food both for rural and urban lay-folk. Despite the famine affecting Highlands, potatoes were still being exported in vast quantities to London—causing an angry mob to overturn carts at the city's quay, and vandalise the houses of prominent potato merchants. In the end, 70 soldiers were called in to quell further unrest.

Fraser's march would inspire similar ones across the Highlands, and over a year later similar protests occurred in response to rising oatmeal prices.

Before the Second World War, Merkinch became home to Inverness' shipbuilding industry; across the railway lines to the area's north, the Kessock Ferry would cross the Moray Firth from a pier in South Kessock. Distilling was another important industry, with several distilleries in the area.

Today, industrial activity still takes place on the Carse Industrial Estate and Telford Retail Park.

## InfoBox

| Merkinch | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| MerkinchLocation within the Inverness area | |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Inverness |
| Postcode district | IV3 8 |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Tony Peck

abstract: Tony Peck is the drummer for Peoria, Illinois based band, The Forecast. He was raised in Pleasant Hill, Illinois and is a 2002 graduate of Pleasant Hill High School where he was active in the school's music programs and was a 2002 recipient of the Arion Award. After graduating from high school he began touring and recording with several bands, including The Junior Varsity, for two years before being asked to join The Forecast in July 2004. Tony uses C&C drums and Sabian cymbals.

text:
# Tony Peck

**Tony Peck** (born September 5, 1983 in Louisiana, Missouri) is the drummer for Peoria, Illinois based band, The Forecast. He was raised in Pleasant Hill, Illinois and is a 2002 graduate of Pleasant Hill High School where he was active in the school's music programs and was a 2002 recipient of the Arion Award. After graduating from high school he began touring and recording with several bands, including The Junior Varsity, for two years before being asked to join The Forecast in July 2004.

Tony uses C&C drums and Sabian cymbals.


title: Meredith d'Ambrosio

abstract: Meredith d'Ambrosio is an American jazz singer from Boston, Massachusetts.

text:
# Meredith d'Ambrosio

**Meredith d'Ambrosio** (born 1941) is an American jazz singer from Boston, Massachusetts.

## Career

D'Ambrosio was born into a musical family and took piano lessons beginning at the age of six. In 1958 she spent a year at the Boston Museum School, then pursued a career in painting and music. She rejected an offer to tour with John Coltrane in 1966. Over ten years later she recorded her debut album, mostly providing her own piano accompaniment. In 1988, d'Ambrosio and jazz pianist Eddie Higgins were married and became a popular team at clubs and festivals, as well as recording for Sunnyside Records. She appeared on the radio program *Piano Jazz* with Marian McPartland in 1994.

In addition to singing and playing piano, she is a composer, lyricist, painter, calligrapher, and teacher. Her album *Out of Nowhere* (2000) was nominated for the Django Award by the French Academy of Jazz.

## Discography

* *Lost in His Arms* (Spring, 1980)
* *Another Time* (Shiah, 1981)
* *Little Jazz Bird* (Palo Alto, 1982)
* *It's Your Dance* (Sunnyside, 1985)
* *The Cove* (Sunnyside, 1988)
* *South to a Warmer Place* (Sunnyside, 1989)
* *Love Is Not a Game* (Sunnyside, 1991)
* *Shadowland* (Sunnyside, 1993)
* *Sleep Warm* (Sunnyside, 1994)
* *Beware of Spring!* (Sunnyside, 1995)
* *Silent Passion* (Sunnyside, 1997)
* *Echo of a Kiss* (Sunnyside, 1998)
* *Out of Nowhere* (Sunnyside, 2000)
* *Love Is for the Birds* (Sunnyside, 2002)
* *Wishing on the Moon* (Sunnyside, 2006)
* *By Myself* (Sunnyside, 2012)
* *Sometime Ago* (Sunnyside, 2021)

## InfoBox

| Meredith d'Ambrosio | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1941<br>Boston, Massachusetts |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instruments |  |
| Years active | 1970s–present |
| Labels | Palo Alto, Sunnyside |
|  | |
| Website | Meredith d'Ambrosio at the Wayback Machine (archived 17 January 2020) |


title: Torre Cuscatlán

abstract: Torre Cuscatlán is an office building and is one of the tallest buildings in El Salvador located in Antiguo Cuscatlán. Finished in 1989, it is 79 meters high and has 19 floors. Ricardo Jiménez Castillo, who is considered one of the most representative architects of El Salvador, was in charge of the building's design. It is influenced by modern style, using a complete glass cladding for the exterior. The main characteristic of its design is the 3 setbacks covered with plants that run along with the height of the building. The materials used to construct the tower were aluminum, reinforced concrete, and glass. The building was the tallest in El Salvador from 1989 to 2009 when the Torre Cuscatlán lost the title to the Tower Pedregal. As of 2022, It is currently the 3rd tallest building in El Salvador.

text:
# Torre Cuscatlán

**Torre Cuscatlán** (*Cuscatlán Tower* in English; formerly known as **Torre Democracia** or *Tower of Democracy*) is an office building and is one of the tallest buildings in El Salvador located in Antiguo Cuscatlán. Finished in 1989, it is 79 meters high and has 19 floors. Ricardo Jiménez Castillo, who is considered one of the most representative architects of El Salvador, was in charge of the building's design. It is influenced by modern style, using a complete glass cladding for the exterior. The main characteristic of its design is the 3 setbacks covered with plants that run along with the height of the building. The materials used to construct the tower were aluminum, reinforced concrete, and glass. The building was the tallest in El Salvador from 1989 to 2009 when the Torre Cuscatlán lost the title to the Tower Pedregal. As of 2022, It is currently the 3rd tallest building in El Salvador.

## History

Construction for the tower began in 1988 during the presidency of José Napoleón Duarte and costed around 10 million colónes. Construction finished in 1989 along with the opening of the building. During the Salvadoran Civil War, the guerrilla group known as FMLN tried to topple it multiple times, although was unsuccessful in doing so and only achieved shattering most of the glass-covered surface. The tower was named Torre Democracia until 1998 when the building was sold to Bank Cuscátlan and was renamed Torre Cuscatlán until July 2007 when Bank Cuscatlán was bought by Citibank was then renamed Torre Citibank El Salvador. In 2016, it was once again called Torre Cuscatlán, when the name of Bank Cuscatlán was renamed in the hands of Grupo Terra, a Honduran group. Financial Investments Imperia Cuscatlán, which is a subsidiary of Grupo Terra, was responsible for the acquisition of Citigroup shares.

13°42′30.73″N 89°14′27.56″W / 13.7085361°N 89.2409889°W / 13.7085361; -89.2409889

## InfoBox

| Tower Cuscatlán | |
| --- | --- |
| Tower Democracy | |
| Torre Cuscatlán in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Former names | Tower Democracy (1989-1998)
Tower Citi (2007-2016) |
| Alternative names | Torre Citi |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Location | Avenida Albert Einstein Antiguo Cuscatlán
El Salvador |
| Construction started | 1988 |
| Completed | 1989 |
| Cost | 10 million SVC (US$1.14 million) |
| Owner | Bank Cuscatlán |
| Management | Bank Cuscatlán |
| Height | |
| Roof | 79 m (259 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 19 |
| Lifts/elevators | 3 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Ricardo Jiménez Castillo |
| Structural engineer | Fredy Herrera Coello |
| Main contractor | Bolivar Group |


title: Torre Catalano

abstract: Torre Catalano is an American film director, producer and writer better known for his documentary film Mayor of Strawberry Fields and the music video Yes We Can. He also produced and directed a short film for Katy Perry. Catalano founded the production company The Colors You Like with Grammy-Nominated Producer Billy Mann.

text:
# Torre Catalano

**Torre Catalano** is an American film director, producer and writer better known for his documentary film *Mayor of Strawberry Fields* and the music video Yes We Can. He also produced and directed a short film for Katy Perry.

Catalano founded the production company The Colors You Like with Grammy-Nominated Producer Billy Mann.

## Filmography

All work
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Milwaukee* | Writer, director | (Feature Film) |
|
| 2013 | *Seasick Sailor* | Writer, director | (Short Film) |
|
| 2012 | *Live from the Artists Den* | Producer | (TV Series, PBS) |
|
| 2010 | *Katy Perry Makes a Video: California Gurls* | Producer, director | (TV movie) |
| 2011 | Marcy | Producer | 8 episodes |
| 2011 | Young Farmers | Producer | TV movie |
| 2009 | Mayor of Strawberry Fields | Director, writer and Producer | Short Film |
| 2008 | Yes We Can | Second Unit Director of Photography | Short video, first job |

## InfoBox

| Torre Catalano | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, writer, film producer |
| Spouse | Martha MacIsaac   (m. 2010; div. 2015) |


title: Mesosemia

abstract: Mesosemia is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm. This genus rather closely approximates the genus Eurybia, though it is by no means so uniform. Also here there is in most of the species almost exactly above the middle of the forewing a large eyespot which often exhibits two or three white pupils, and where it is absent, one mostly finds yet its traces in the shape of a small central shade or minute cloud. The Mesosemia differ from the Eurybia by their smaller heads, the shorter antennae, the borders of the forewings being generally slightly curved, the short abdomen mostly not reaching as far as the anal angle, the longer hindwings being often geniculate in the middle of the distal margin, or angularly protended. The row of distal marginal spots of the hindwing is always absent, the hindwings, however, show in the disk more or less parallel transverse stripes. The sexual dimorphism, which is not noticed in Eurybia is here the rule and mostly very much pronounced. The butterflies are often met with on blossoms, still oftener on leaves, but they seem to rest much on their under surface in order to come forth only for a short time for the sake of copulation and feeding. Then they perform jerky movements on the leaves, stretching the antennae straight forward, placing the hindwings flat on the leaf and slightly raising the forewings. In this manner they hasten from one leaf to another, from one branch to another, more jumping than flying, as Fassl expresses himself. The butterflies are partly extremely local and some of them are very rare.

text:
# Mesosemia

***Mesosemia*** is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm.

This genus rather closely approximates the genus *Eurybia*, though it is by no means so uniform. Also here there is in most of the species almost exactly above the middle of the forewing a large eyespot which often exhibits two or three white pupils, and where it is absent, one mostly finds yet its traces in the shape of a small central shade or minute cloud. The *Mesosemia* differ from the *Eurybia* by their smaller heads, the shorter antennae, the borders of the forewings being generally slightly curved, the short abdomen mostly not reaching as far as the anal angle, the longer hindwings being often geniculate (knee like) in the middle of the distal margin, or angularly protended (held out). The row of distal marginal spots of the hindwing is always absent, the hindwings, however, show in the disk more or less parallel transverse stripes. The sexual dimorphism, which is not noticed in *Eurybia* is here the rule and mostly very much pronounced. The butterflies are often met with on blossoms, still oftener on leaves, but they seem to rest much on their under surface in order to come forth only for a short time for the sake of copulation and feeding. Then they perform jerky movements on the leaves, stretching the antennae straight forward, placing the hindwings flat on the leaf and slightly raising the forewings. In this manner they hasten from one leaf to another, from one branch to another, more jumping than flying, as Fassl expresses himself. The butterflies are partly extremely local and some of them are very rare.

## Species

### Sources

## InfoBox

| *Mesosemia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Helicopis* and *Mesosemia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Subfamily: | Riodininae |
| Genus: | ***Mesosemia***<br>Hübner, 1819 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diophtalma* Boisduval, \[1836\] | |


title: García de Nodal expedition

abstract: The García de Nodal expedition was chartered in 1619 by King Philip III of Spain to reconnoiter the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, rounding Cape Horn, south of Tierra del Fuego, just discovered by the Dutch merchants Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten. It was a successful expedition, as all goals were reached. In addition, neither lives nor ships were lost and the whole was done in a small amount of time.

text:
# García de Nodal expedition

The **García de Nodal expedition** was chartered in 1619 by King Philip III of Spain to reconnoiter the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, rounding Cape Horn, south of Tierra del Fuego, just discovered by the Dutch merchants Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten. It was a successful expedition, as all goals were reached. In addition, neither lives nor ships were lost and the whole was done in a small amount of time.

## Background

The García de Nodal expedition was crucial to the Spanish Empire. The discovery of a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, an alternative to the Strait of Magellan, dramatically changed the Spanish approach to the management of the southernmost regions of America, which were already disturbed by Drake’s unexpected emergence in the Pacific through the Strait in 1578.

The expedition was led by the brothers Bartolomé and Gonzalo García de Nodal, with the cosmographer Diego Ramírez de Arellano Chamás serving as pilot (chief navigator). Two vessels of similar construction were used in the expedition to prevent one ship of having to wait for the other when sailing, a common hindrance in others expeditions of the time.

The expedition sailed from Lisbon, Portugal (which was by then united to Spain in the crown of Philip II) on September 27, 1618, and in January 1619, they entered the strait between Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados which they called *Estrecho de San Vicente* (now known as Strait of Le Maire). The following weeks were spent meticulously exploring and naming the southern shores of Tierra del Fuego and its southern islands including Cape Horn, which they named *Cabo San Ildefonso*. Next the expedition sailed south to 58º30'S, discovering the Diego Ramirez Islands and going farther south into the Drake Passage. They then turned north into the Pacific Ocean and skillfully entered the Strait of Magellan, on February 25, from the west in their first attempt. They passed into the Atlantic on March 13, and they returned to Spain on July 7, 1619.

## Results and evaluation

As a result of their expedition they provided the Spanish *Casa de Contratación* with invaluable data and maps that were kept secret for centuries.

> In the annals of Cape Horn exploration, this must rank as one of the most professional expeditions, particularly when seen against the standards of the age in which it took place, and it would be nice to report the two brothers had many years to enjoy their justly deserved fame. Sadly both perished on 5th September 1622 when a hurricane struck a fleet returning from Havana to Spain, and their respective commands were lost. However, their signature rightly remains on Cape Horn through the names of many points, rocks and the most prominent peak on the Brunswick Peninsula. Appropriately they are also remembered in the Diego Ramirez group, where the two main islands are called after the brothers, the northern one is **Bartolomé** and the southern, **Gonzalo**. The mile-wide channel between is known as **Canal Nodales** \[or **Paso Nodal**\]. The Nodals proved that Schouten's account was correct and there was indeed a serious threat to the Spanish South American colonies. They had also found an alternative route for their ships but the Spanish government took no action on the Nodals' report then or later.

## Death of Nodal

Nodal was among those killed when the Nuestra Señora de Atocha was sunk by a hurricane off the coast of Florida in 1622.

## Achievements

The achievements of the Garcia de Nodal expedition include:

## Bibliography

* Oyarzun, Javier. *Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de Fuego*. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica ISBN 84-7232-130-4.
* Knox-Johnston, Robin. "Cape Horn. A Maritime History". London Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0-340-41527-4
* "The Blinds Horn's Hate" by Richard Hough. 163–173


title: Merzig-Wadern

abstract: Merzig-Wadern is a Kreis (district) in the northwest of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Sankt Wendel, Saarlouis, the French département Moselle, and Luxembourg.

text:
# Merzig-Wadern

**Merzig-Wadern** is a *Kreis* (district) in the northwest of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Sankt Wendel, Saarlouis, the French *département* Moselle, and Luxembourg.

## History

The district was created in 1816 when the area became property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which split the district into two. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saar area. In 1935, the Saar area rejoined Germany; however, it took till after the World War II that the two parts of the district were reunited in 1946.

## Geography

The river Saar flows through the district, the Moselle forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.

## Coat of arms

The coat of arms show the symbols of those countries which had possessions in the district's area. The top-left show the cross of Trier, the top-right those of Lorraine. The wolf hook in the bottom-left represents Dagstuhl, which owned Wadern; the lion in the bottom-right stands for Luxembourg, which owned the western part of the district.

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Municipalities |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Merzig 2. Wadern | 1. Beckingen 2. Losheim am See 3. Mettlach 4. Perl 5. Weiskirchen |

## Education

### Primary schools

* Primary school Dreiländereck Perl
* Primary school Langwies of the municipality Mettlach
* Primary school Orscholz
* Nicolaus-Voltz primary school Losheim
* Primary school Bachem-Britten
* Primary school elections
* Primary school Düppenweiler
* Primary school Beckingen
* Primary school Reimsbach
* Primary school Kreuzberg (Merzig)
* Primary school Merzig-Besseringen
* Primary school Merzig-Brotdorf
* Primary school Merzig-Hilbringen
* Primary School Saargau (Schwemlingen)
* Primary School St. Josef (Merzig)
* Primary school St. Martin Wadrill-Steinberg with the locations Wadrill and Steinberg
* Primary school Nunkirchen with the locations Nunkirchen and Bardenbach
* Primary school Lockweiler
* Primary school Konfeld

**Grammar schools**

* German-Luxembourgish Schengen Lyceum Perl
* Gymnasium am Stefansberg (GaS)
* Oberstufen-Gymnasium of the BBZ 'Merzig subdivided into the faculties health and social affairs as well as economics
* Peter Wust Gymnasium (PWG)
* Hochwald-Gymnasium Wadern

### Community schools

* Community school Orscholz
* Peter Dewes Community School Losheim am See
* Friedrich Bernhard Karcher School Beckingen
* Christian Kretzschmar School Merzig
* Count Anton School Wadern
* Eichenlaubschule Weiskirchen

### Special schools

* Special Education Learning Losheim
* School zum Broch, special school mental development Merzig-Merchingen
* Special school for learning disabled people Merzig-Brotdorf
* Special School Learning Wadern

### Occupational schools

* BBZ Merzig
* BBZ-Hochwald

49°30′N 6°45′E / 49.5°N 6.75°E / 49.5; 6.75

## InfoBox

| Merzig-Wadern | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saarland |
| Capital | Merzig |
| Government | |
| District admin. | Daniela Schlegel-Friedrich (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 555.00 km2 (214.29 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2022) | |
| Total | 104,425 |
| Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | MZG (since 1957)
OE 2/ OE 12/ OE 22/ OE 32 (1949–1956); SA 02 (1945–1949) |
| Website | www.merzig-wadern.de |


title: Merzi, Çankırı

abstract: Merzi is a village in the Çankırı District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2021).

text:
# Merzi, Çankırı

**Merzi** is a village in the Çankırı District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Merzi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MerziLocation in TurkeyMerziMerzi (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°44′N 33°37′E / 40.733°N 33.617°E / 40.733; 33.617 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Çankırı |
| Population (2021) | 54 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Gary Ginsberg

abstract: Gary L. Ginsberg is an American lawyer, political operative and corporate adviser, serving as a strategist in both the public and private sectors for more than 25 years. He was most recently Senior Vice President and Global Head of Communications at SoftBank Group Corp. before resigning in 2020. Before joining SoftBank, Ginsberg served as Executive Vice President of Corporate Marketing and Communications at Time Warner and as Executive Vice President of Global Marketing and Corporate Affairs at News Corp.

text:
# Gary Ginsberg

**Gary L. Ginsberg** (born August 30, 1962) is an American lawyer, political operative and corporate adviser, serving as a strategist in both the public and private sectors for more than 25 years. He was most recently Senior Vice President and Global Head of Communications at SoftBank Group Corp. before resigning in 2020. Before joining SoftBank, Ginsberg served as Executive Vice President of Corporate Marketing and Communications at Time Warner and as Executive Vice President of Global Marketing and Corporate Affairs at News Corp.

## Biography

Ginsberg began his legal career as an attorney at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett. After that he served in the Clinton Administration at the White House’s Counsel office and the U.S. Department of Justice. In 1995, Ginsberg became Senior Editor and legal counsel of *George*, the magazine started by John F. Kennedy, Jr.

Ginsberg spent eleven years at News Corporation, serving in several senior roles, including most recently as Executive Vice President of Global Marketing and Corporate Affairs. During this tenure, Ginsberg was a close confidant of Rupert Murdoch and Peter Chernin. In 2009, Ginsberg stepped down from his role at News Corp. following the departure of Chernin, who for years served as Murdoch’s top lieutenant. Ginsberg had been close to Chernin and was also closely associated with Democratic politics. Ginsberg was credited with brokering numerous relationships between Murdoch and prominent Democratic politicians. He arranged lunches with Bill Clinton and orchestrated a fundraiser for Hillary Clinton in 2006. Ginsberg also arranged a meeting between Murdoch and Barack Obama in 2008. Ginsberg was described as the “Murdoch Interpreter - the point man for all of the information going out of the company, as well as the information going into the company.” He was also "a point man for News Corp.’s 2007 purchase of Dow Jones, publisher of The Wall Street Journal."

Ginsberg joined Time Warner in February 2010. His new job was described "as a senior adviser to its CEO Jeff Bewkes..., executive vice president, ... \[and\] responsible for a range of corporate issues, including communications and marketing, and for evangelism across the media industry for Mr. Bewkes’s initiatives.” Ginsberg again served as “the connection to Washington on multiple instances.” The Wall Street Journal reported in early 2017 that Ginsberg met with Jared Kushner at the White House. At the meeting Kushner “expressed the administration's deep concerns about CNN’s according to an administration official.

Ginsberg held a breakfast meeting in 2016 with his former colleague Peter Cherning in Martha’s Vineyard where Cherning first broached the possibility of AT&T acquiring Time Warner. Ginsberg was “in the middle of the fight to defend the company’s sale to AT&T.” Two years later the deal was completed and Ginsberg left the company along with other senior colleagues from Time Warner.

In October 2018 Ginsberg was hired by Softbank as the company's Global Chief of Communications. While at Sofbank, Ginsberg worked on a number of initiatives including the launch a new global website and more sophisticated video content to sharpen the company messaging. Ginsberg is the author of *First Friends: The Powerful, Unsung (and Unelected) People Who Shaped our Presidents* published in July 2021, which reached *The New York Times* Best Seller list.

## Personal life

Ginsberg and his wife, former TV producer Susanna Aaron, live in the West Village with their two children Sam ('96) and Alec Ginsberg ('99).

Ginsberg is chairman of the Board of New Visions for Public Schools; Director of The City, an online news service covering NYC, and Malaria No More; and serves as a member of the Advisory Board of the Genesis Prize Foundation Genesis Prize Foundation. Ginsberg is also an adjunct professor at the Columbia Business School and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Ginsberg holds an undergraduate degree from Brown University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and a J.D. from Columbia University School of Law, where was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar.

## InfoBox

| Gary Ginsberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-08-30) August 30, 1962 |
| Education | Brown University (BA)<br>Columbia University (JD) |
| Occupation(s) | Senior Vice President and Global Head of Communications at SoftBank Group Corp. |
| Spouse | Susanna Aaron |
| Children | 2 |


title: Garoolgan, New South Wales

abstract: Garoolgan is the location of a closed railway station and silo on the Temora- Roto railway line in the Riverina of New South Wales, Australia. A passenger station was located at the site between 1916 and 1975. The line remains open for goods traffic.

text:
# Garoolgan, New South Wales

**Garoolgan** is the location of a closed railway station and silo on the Temora- Roto railway line in the Riverina of New South Wales, Australia. A passenger station was located at the site between 1916 and 1975. The line remains open for goods traffic.

| Preceding station | Former services | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Binyatowards Roto |  | Temora–Roto Line |  | Barellantowards Temora |

34°15′S 146°27′E / 34.250°S 146.450°E / -34.250; 146.450


title: Meronomy

abstract: A meronomy or partonomy is a hierarchical taxonomy that deals with part–whole relationships. For example, a car has parts that include engine, body and wheels; and the body has parts that include doors and windows. These conceptual structures are used in linguistics and computer science, with applications in biology. The part–whole relationship is sometimes referred to as HAS-A, and corresponds to object composition in object-oriented programming. The study of meronomy is known as mereology, and in linguistics a meronym is the name given to a constituent part of, a substance of, or a member of something. "X" is a meronym of "Y" if an X is a part of a Y. The unit of organisation that corresponds to the taxonomical taxon is the meron.

text:
# Meronomy

A **meronomy** or **partonomy** is a hierarchical taxonomy that deals with part–whole relationships. For example, a car has parts that include engine, body and wheels; and the body has parts that include doors and windows.

These conceptual structures are used in linguistics and computer science, with applications in biology. The part–whole relationship is sometimes referred to as *HAS-A*, and corresponds to object composition in object-oriented programming.

The study of meronomy is known as *mereology*, and in linguistics a *meronym* is the name given to a constituent part of, a substance of, or a member of something. "X" is a meronym of "Y" if an X is a part of a Y. The unit of organisation that corresponds to the taxonomical **taxon** is the **meron**.

## Example

* Cars have parts: engine, headlight, wheel
    + Engines have parts: crankcase, carburetor
    + Headlights have parts: headlight bulb, reflector
    + Wheels have parts: rim, spokes

## In knowledge representation

In formal terms, in the context of knowledge representation and ontologies, a meronomy is a partial order of concept types by the part–whole relation.

In the classic study of parts and wholes, mereology, the three defining properties of a partial order serve as axioms. They are, respectively, that the part-of relation is

* Transitive – "Parts of parts are parts of the whole" (If *A* is part of *B* and *B* is part of *C*, then *A* is part of *C*);
* Reflexive – "Everything is part of itself" (*A* is part of *A*); and
* Antisymmetric – "Nothing is a part of its parts" (If *A* is part of *B* and *A**B*, then *B* is not part of *A*).

Meronomies may be represented in semantic web languages such as OWL and SKOS. In natural languages they are represented by meronyms and holonyms.


title: Torrecilla sobre Alesanco

abstract: Torrecilla sobre Alesanco is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 4.36 square kilometres (1.68 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 38 people.

text:
# Torrecilla sobre Alesanco

**Torrecilla sobre Alesanco** is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 4.36 square kilometres (1.68 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 38 people.

## Geography

### Position

It has a privileged situation for having a 617 metres official average altitude, between Nájera and Santo Domingo de la Calzada. Actually, it is 12 km far from each other. Nearby there are different villages, such as San Millán de la Cogolla (15 km), Cañas (2 km) and Logroño, the capital city of La Rioja (37 km).

It is placed in the medium course of the Tuerto river.

## History

The first documentary mention of the village appears in the regional code of laws of Nájera, admitted by Sancho III of Pamplona around the year 1020 and verified by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1076.

In the 12th century, Mrs. Toda Petriz, who was Mr. Pedro López de Haro’s widow, quoted Torrecilla in a donation writing.

In 1215, Mrs. Toda relinquished the locality to Santa María la Real of Nájera monastery, in assistance for her soul.

## Landmarks

The parochial church of Asunción was built in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is an ashlar work with recent added bricks. It consists of a nave with an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof and two side chapels. Lately, the upper part of the tower has been reconstructed with bricks.

The chancel, the space around the altar, including the choir and the sanctuary, is an altarpiece with:

In the two side chapels, there are two sculptures one of Assumption of Mary and the other of the Descent from the Cross

In the nave, two altarpieces more are shown: the first one in honour of Valvanera Virgin, while the second one was dedicated to the Immaculate Conception.

## Landscape

According to the landscape topology, the wood has been repopulated with pine trees, although it still preserves some oaks. Among the wide diversity, the most plentiful animals in this area are: the medium-size predatory animals, foxes, rabbits and partridge birds.

## Economy

The economy in this village is mainly agricultural based on cultivations of potatoes, beetroots, wheat and barley. However, a quarter of the total worked area is destined to vineyards.

The cattle herd (including bovine and porcine) which Pascual Madoz described in his "Geographic, Statistical and historical dictionary of La Rioja" a century ago has been currently reduced to two pig farms.

## Local festivities

* 15 August in honour of *Our **Assumption of the Virgin Mary into Heaven***
* ***Thanks offering*,** 3rd Saturday with traditional dances
* **Corpus Christi’s Eve,** religious pilgrimage to the Valvanera monastery, commemorating the disappearance of a disease that devastated the village in 1523. Until recently, the romeria has been celebrated on 25 March. They move in carriages and pick up stones from the Sanctuary which when thrown to the air, protect their fields from storms.
* On 14 May, eve of Isidore the Farm Labourer, Isidore of Seville is celebrated. On 15 May both saints travers in procession through the fields.

## Politics

List of mayors since the democratic elections of 1979
| Term | Mayor | Political Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1979–1983 | José Luis Martínez Martínez | UCD |
| 1983–1987 | Luis Andrés Cañas Martínez | AP |
| 1987–1991 | Luis Andrés Cañas Martínez | AP |
| 1991–1995 | José Luis Martínez Martínez | PP |
| 1995–1999 | José Miguel Olarte Santamaría | PP |
| 1999–2003 | Luis Andrés Cañas Martínez | PP |
| 2003–2007 | Cirilo Ángel Amutio Bolandier | PP |
| 2007–2011 | Cirilo Ángel Amutio Bolandier | PP |
| 2011–2015 | Cirilo Ángel Amutio Bolandier | PP |
| 2015–2019 | Cirilo Ángel Amutio Bolandier | PP |
| 2019–2023 | Braulio Amutio Sobrevilla | PSOE |
| 2023– | n/d | n/d |

## InfoBox

| Torrecilla sobre Alesanco | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View of Torrecilla sobre Alesanco | |
| Torrecilla sobre AlesancoLocation within La Rioja.Torrecilla sobre AlesancoTorrecilla sobre Alesanco (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 42°24′29″N 2°50′04″W / 42.40806°N 2.83444°W / 42.40806; -2.83444 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | La Rioja |
| Comarca | Nájera |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Cirilo Ángel Amutio Bolandier (PP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.36 km2 (1.68 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 612 m (2,008 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 30 |
| Postal code | 26224 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Gaspare de Murgiis

abstract: Gaspare de Murgiis was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Strongoli (1509–1534).

text:
# Gaspare de Murgiis

**Gaspare de Murgiis** (died 1524) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Strongoli (1509–1534).

## Biography

On 21 Nov 1509, Gaspare de Murgiis was appointed by Pope Julius II as Bishop of Strongoli. He served as Bishop of Strongoli until his death in 1534.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Gaspare de Murgiis | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Strongoli | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Strongoli |
| In office | 1509–1534 |
| Predecessor | Girolamo Lusco |
| Successor | Girolamo Grimaldi |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1534
Strongoli, Italy |


title: Metlichina

abstract: Metlichina is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Metlichina

**Metlichina** is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Metlichina Метличина | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Metlichina | |
| Coordinates: 41°24′00″N 25°21′00″E / 41.4000°N 25.3500°E / 41.4000; 25.3500 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Kirkovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Metallographeus albolineatus

abstract: Metallographeus albolineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.

text:
# Metallographeus albolineatus

***Metallographeus albolineatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.

## InfoBox

| *Metallographeus albolineatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Metallographeus*** |
| Species: | ***M. albolineatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metallographeus albolineatus***<br>Breuning, 1970 | |
|


title: Metallogenium

abstract: Metallogenium is a proposed genus of bacteria that has an affinity to form star-shaped manganese oxide minerals. The organism is supposedly observed in limnic environments. The species is currently not assigned to any taxonomic family.

text:
# Metallogenium

***Metallogenium*** is a proposed genus of bacteria that has an affinity to form star-shaped manganese oxide minerals. The organism is supposedly observed in limnic environments. The species is currently not assigned to any taxonomic family.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Metallogenium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Class: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | ***Metallogenium***
Perfilev & Gabe, 1961 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Metallogenium personatum*
Perfilev & Gabe, 1961 | |


title: Torri di Quartesolo

abstract: Torri di Quartesolo is a town and comune in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern-eastern Italy.

text:
# Torri di Quartesolo

**Torri di Quartesolo** is a town and *comune* in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern-eastern Italy.

## Geography

It is north of E70 and west of A31, and has its own highway junction called "Vicenza Est", off the Autostrada A4.

## Economy

The airline MyAir, now no longer operating, used to have its head office in Torri di Quartesolo.

Torri di Quartesolo has become an important commercial hub in recent years, thanks to the opening in the 1990s of the shopping mall "Le Piramidi", which attracts shoppers from as far as 30 miles away and has spurred a remarkable residential and commercial development.

## InfoBox

| Torri di Quartesolo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Torri di Quartesolo | |
| Bridge on the Tesina river. | |
| Location of Torri di Quartesolo | |
| Torri di QuartesoloLocation of Torri di Quartesolo in ItalyTorri di QuartesoloTorri di Quartesolo (Veneto) | |
| Coordinates: 45°31′N 11°37′E / 45.517°N 11.617°E / 45.517; 11.617 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Veneto |
| Province | Vicenza (VI) |
| *Frazioni* | Lerino, Marola |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gianluca Ghirigatto |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.67 km2 (7.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2015) | |
| Total | 11,809 |
| Density | 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Quartesolani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 36040 |
| Dialing code | 0444 |
| Patron saint | Saints Gervasius and Protasius |
| Saint day | 19 June |
| Website | Official website |


title: Torriana

abstract: Torriana is a frazione and former comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Rimini. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,312 and an area of 23.1 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi). Torriana borders the following municipalities: Borghi, Novafeltria, Poggio Berni, San Leo, Sogliano al Rubicone, Verucchio. On January 1, 2014, Torriana merged with Poggio Berni, forming a new municipality called Poggio Torriana

text:
# Torriana

**Torriana** is a frazione and former *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Rimini. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,312 and an area of 23.1 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi).

Torriana borders the following municipalities: Borghi, Novafeltria, Poggio Berni, San Leo, Sogliano al Rubicone, Verucchio.

On January 1, 2014, Torriana merged with Poggio Berni, forming a new municipality called Poggio Torriana

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
3. Assemblea Legislativa della Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.). "Nasce Poggio Torriana, via libera al nuovo comune unico nel riminese". p. 20. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.

## InfoBox

| Torriana | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Torriana | |
|  | |
| Location of Torriana | |
| TorrianaLocation of Torriana in ItalyTorrianaTorriana (Emilia-Romagna) | |
| Coordinates: 43°59′06″N 12°23′08″E / 43.98500°N 12.38556°E / 43.98500; 12.38556 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Emilia-Romagna |
| Province | Province of Rimini (RN) |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.1 km2 (8.9 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 1,312 |
| Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 47030 |
| Dialing code | 0541 |


title: Gastrotheca chrysosticta

abstract:
Gastrotheca chrysosticta is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae.
It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Gastrotheca chrysosticta

***Gastrotheca chrysosticta*** is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Gastrotheca chrysosticta* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hemiphractidae |
| Genus: | *Gastrotheca* |
| Species: | ***G. chrysosticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gastrotheca chrysosticta***
Laurent, 1976 | |
|


title: Gastrotheca dunni

abstract: Gastrotheca dunni is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental in northern Antioquia, Colombia. The specific name dunni honors Emmett Reid Dunn, an American herpetologist. Common name Dunn's marsupial frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Gastrotheca dunni

***Gastrotheca dunni*** is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental in northern Antioquia, Colombia. The specific name *dunni* honors Emmett Reid Dunn, an American herpetologist. Common name **Dunn's marsupial frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 32–43 mm (1.3–1.7 in) and adult females 33–55 mm (1.3–2.2 in) in snout–vent length. The head is slightly wider than it is long. The snout bluntly rounded. The tympanum is brown. The finger discs are much wider than the digits. The toes are about half-webbed. The dorsum is tan or dull green and may have dark brown longitudinal paravertebral markings or dark flecks. Most specimens have a pale dorsolateral stripe. The flanks are uniform gray or marked with dark spots. The ventrum is pale creamy gray, rarely with dark flecks.

## Habitat and conservation

*Gastrotheca dunni* is a common and adaptable species that occurs in primary and secondary forests and grasslands, as well as anthropogenic habitats such as plantations, farmland, and urban gardens. Its altitudinal range is 2,000–4,000 m (6,600–13,100 ft) above sea level. The female broods her eggs in a pouch on her back, then carries the tadpoles to a pool where they develop further. This species is facing no major threats.

## InfoBox

| *Gastrotheca dunni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hemiphractidae |
| Genus: | *Gastrotheca* |
| Species: | ***G. dunni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gastrotheca dunni***
Lutz, 1977 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gastrotheca argenteovirens dunni* Lutz, 1977 | |


title: Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus

abstract: Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus

***Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus*** is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically endangered, possibly extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hemiphractidae |
| Genus: | *Gastrotheca* |
| Species: | ***G. coeruleomaculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus***
(De la Riva, 1992) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gastrotheca lauzuricae* De la Riva, 1992 | |