title: Ng Hon-tsz

abstract: Ng Hon-tsz was a Hong Kong businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

text:
# Ng Hon-tsz

**Ng Hon-tsz** JP (Chinese: 伍漢墀; 1877 – 11 April 1923) was a Hong Kong businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

## Career

Ng was born in Hong Kong in 1877 in a merchant family. After he graduated from Queen's College. He joined the Yuen Fat Hong, the oldest and then the largest Nam Pak Hong in Hong Kong and became the English correspondent and manager of the shipping department. He was also compradore to the National Bank of China with his brother Ng Long-chow as his assistant, as well as compradore to the Shewan, Tomes & Co. when C. A. Tomes was in charge. He later quit the Shewan, Tomes & Co. and started his own import-export firm of Hontsz & Co. He also owned two piece-goods shops at Canton.

Ng began his public service by serving on the Sanitary Board as a member. He was appointed an unofficial Justice of the Peace in 1909 and a member of the District Watchmen Committee in 1910, which was the advisory board to the Secretary of Chinese Affairs. Ng was also member of the Council and Court of the University of Hong Kong.

He was also director of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1907 and member of the Hospital's Advisory Committee, which was the most prominent charity organisation with high social status in the Hong Kong Chinese community. He was also founder of the Tsan Yuk Hospital. He held other public posts such as member of the Chinese Permanent Cemetery Committee, Chinese Public Dispensary Committee and the Po Leung Kuk Permanent board of directors.

He was appointed unofficial member of the Legislative Council in June 1922 as one of the Chinese representative in the Council in succession to Lau Chu-pak who died in office. As member of the Legislative Council he was an *ex-officio* member of the Executive Committee of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce. He was also honorary patron of the Chamber.

## Death

In April 1932, Ng Hon-tsz caught a chill after attending Liang Shi-yi's birthday celebration. Dr. Harston was called in and considered his illness as not serious. On 11 April he was still able to hold a long consultation with his new Legislative Council colleague R. H. Kotewall. However he unexpectedly died at his residence at No. 62 Caine Road at about 4 p.m. on the same day at the age of 47 which occasioned much surprise. The cause of his death was stated to be heart failure.

On 17 April, his funeral day, huge crowds lined the route from Ng's residence to Kennedy Town, congested with spectators on Caine Road that the police had to close the thoroughfare to vehicular traffic for two hours. The cortege was moved to the Farewell Pavilion at Kennedy Town, marched with the King's Band playing Chopin's Funeral March and the Dead March in Saul. The funeral was attended by Governor Edward Stubbs as well as many government officials and community leaders. The flag of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce flew at half mast on that day.

Ng was survived with his wife, one son who was 4 years old when Ng died and several daughters.

## InfoBox

| Ng Hon-tszJP | |
| --- | --- |
| 伍漢墀 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong | |
| **In office**
June 1931  11 April 1923 | |
| Appointed by | Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs |
| Preceded by | Lau Chu-pak |
| Succeeded by | R. H. Kotewall |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1877
Hong Kong |
| Died | (1923-04-11)11 April 1923 (aged 47)
Hong Kong |
| Education | Queen's College |
|  | |


title: Robert L. Gavin

abstract: Robert Lee Gavin was an American attorney and politician.

text:
# Robert L. Gavin

**Robert Lee Gavin** (May 22, 1916 – June 11, 1981) was an American attorney and politician.

## Early life and education

Robert Gavin was born on May 22, 1916, in Roseboro, North Carolina, United States, to Edward Lee Gavin and Mary Caudle Gavin. Soon thereafter his family moved to Sanford, where he attended public schools. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1936 and returned to Sanford to establish a timber business. After the outbreak of World War II, Gavin left Sanford to serve in the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps for one year, reaching the rank of corporal. After the war Gavin finished his education at the University of North Carolina School of Law and was admitted to the North Carolina State Bar in 1946. He married Grace McNiell Blue in 1947 and had three children with her.

## Career

After receiving his law degree, Gavin returned to Sanford and practiced with the family firm of Gavin, Jackson, and Gavin. He served as a delegate to the Republican Party's national conventions in 1948, 1960, and 1964. In 1954 he was appointed Assistant United States District Attorney for the Middle District of North Carolina. In 1957 he was made United States District Attorney for the Middle District, temporarily filling in a vacancy created by the departure of his predecessor. In 1958 he left the post to resume private legal practice.

In 1960 Gavin, a Republican, ran to become Governor of North Carolina in 1960. He faced Democrat Terry Sanford in the general election. Gavin denounced Sanford as a tool of the liberal leadership of the national Democratic Party and organized labor. He identified himself as a conservative but denied being a reactionary. He called for a "fusion" of Democratic and Republican voters to support his candidacy, and promised to institute a civil service system to reduce the amount of patronage available to state politicians. Though he said he would not make race an issue of his campaign, he criticized the national Democratic Party's support for civil rights. He lost the gubernatorial race, 613,975 votes to Sanford's 735,258 votes, but performed better than other Republican gubernatorial candidates had in preceding years. In 1962 he became Chairman of the North Carolina Republican Party, holding the post until the following year. Gavin initially announced that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the 1964 North Carolina gubernatorial election, but changed his mind at the state Republican convention and accepted the nomination that year after being urged to do so by his colleagues. He lost the general election to Democrat Dan K. Moore, earning 606,165 votes to Moore's 790,343 votes. Attributing the defeat to a lack of black electoral support, he urged the Republican Party to reach out to black voters, though he opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Gavin served as the city attorney of Sanford from 1965 to 1971, when he left the city and moved to Pinehurst. He served on the North Carolina State Constitution Study Commission in 1968. In 1972 and 1973 he acted as a civilian aide to the Secretary of the Army. Republican governor James Holshouser appointed him as a special judge on the North Carolina Superior Court in 1974. He was sworn in on January 6, 1975. Holshouser's successor, Democrat Jim Hunt, reappointed Gavin to the post, and in 1980 he supported Hunt's reelection. He retired from the judgeship that year.

## Later life

After leaving his judicial office, Gavin practiced law at the firm of Staton, Gavin, and Perkinson. He began receiving chemotherapy to treat liver cancer in early 1981. He died on June 11, 1981, at his home in Pinehurst.

## Works cited

## InfoBox

| Robert Lee Gavin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Attorney for the Middle District of North Carolina | |
| **In office**
1957–1958 | |
| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Edwin Monroe Stanley |
| Succeeded by | James E. Holshouser, Sr. |
| Chairman of the North Carolina Republican Party | |
| **In office**
1962–1963 | |
| Preceded by | William E. Cobb |
| Succeeded by | J. Herman Saxon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1916-05-22)May 22, 1916
Roseboro, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | June 11, 1981(1981-06-11) (aged 65)
Pinehurst, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Grace McNiell Blue (m. 1947) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | University of North Carolina |
|  | |


title: Traulia orientalis

abstract: Traulia orientalis is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in eastern and southeastern Asia. and

text:
# Traulia orientalis

***Traulia orientalis*** is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in eastern and southeastern Asia. and

## InfoBox

| *Traulia orientalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Traulia orientalis*, Hong Kong | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Catantopinae |
| Tribe: | Mesambriini |
| Genus: | *Traulia* |
| Species: | ***T. orientalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Traulia orientalis***<br>Ramme, 1941 | |
|


title: Propero

abstract: Propero, an extension of Pearson Education, is a collection of self-paced, student-directed online courses offered to colleges and universities as an additional tool to help students complete their certificates or degrees. Propero courses are equipped with an eTextbook, downloadable audio podcasts, assessments, live tutoring, student coaching and live 24/7 technical support. Since they are not an accredited institution, Pearson partners with the American Council on Education (ACE), which determined that Propero courses are recommended for college level credit at over 1,600 academic institutions in North America. Upon completion and passing of the Propero courses, online learners can apply for an ACE transcript to submit to their institution for credit.

text:
# Propero

**Propero**, an extension of Pearson Education, is a collection of self-paced, student-directed online courses offered to colleges and universities as an additional tool to help students complete their certificates or degrees. Propero courses are equipped with an eTextbook, downloadable audio podcasts, assessments, live tutoring, student coaching and live 24/7 technical support.

Since they are not an accredited institution, Pearson partners with the American Council on Education (ACE), which determined that Propero courses are recommended for college level credit at over 1,600 academic institutions in North America. Upon completion and passing of the Propero courses, online learners can apply for an ACE transcript to submit to their institution for credit.

## Academic courses

Propero provides courses in areas of Arts & Humanities, Communication Arts, Professional & Career, Science & Mathematics, Social & Behavioral Sciences. Along with access to live online tutoring, Propero provides access to live technical assistance through Pearson's Help Desk & Technical Support services.

## Recognition

Propero was recognized as a finalist at the 2014 CODie awards for the Best Postsecondary Personalized Learning Solution.

## InfoBox

Propero
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Education |
| Founded | 1884 |
| Headquarters | New York City, New York, United States |
| Products | Education |
| Parent | Pearson |
| Website | www.propero.org |


title: Multimedia Home Platform

abstract: Multimedia Home Platform (DVB-MHP) is an open middleware system standard designed by the DVB project for interactive digital television. The MHP enables the reception and execution of interactive, Java-based applications on a TV-set. Interactive TV applications can be delivered over the broadcast channel, together with audio and video streams. These applications can be for example information services, games, interactive voting, e-mail, SMS or shopping. MHP applications can use an additional return channel that has to support IP.

text:
# Multimedia Home Platform

**Multimedia Home Platform** (**DVB-MHP**) is an open middleware system standard designed by the DVB project for interactive digital television. The MHP enables the reception and execution of interactive, Java-based applications on a TV-set. Interactive TV applications can be delivered over the broadcast channel, together with audio and video streams. These applications can be for example information services, games, interactive voting, e-mail, SMS or shopping. MHP applications can use an additional return channel that has to support IP.

## Deployment

In May 2010 the largest deployments DVB-MHP are in Italy (DVB-T), Korea (DVB-S), Belgium (DVB-C) and Poland (DVB-S) with trials or small deployments in Germany, Spain, Austria, Colombia, Uruguay and Australia.

MHP service was also offered in Finland by Finnish Broadcasting Corporation (Yleisradio), but the service was shut down at the end of 2007 after technical failure. The shutdown wasn't ever officially announced. Ultimately the reason for the shutdown was that MHP never gained "critical mass". The main reasons for its lack of success in Finland were: 1) 50% of the Finnish households use the terrestrial network, where broadcasting of MHP applications can be really expensive, 2) TV broadcasters never told TV viewers about the MHP services—because the digitalization of the TV networks got extremely negative publicity in Finnish media, the broadcasters didn't want to upset their customers further if they had bought new expensive STBs which weren't capable of playing MHP apps, and 3) there were only a few MHP set-top boxes in the market—because Finland is such a small market, big manufacturers weren't interested in developing new MHP boxes just for Finland. MHP-capable STBs are no longer available in Finland.

The U.S. cable industry has specified its own middleware system referred as OCAP, which is largely based on MHP. Currently, Belgium's largest cable provider Telenet is rolling out their DVB-MHP system, called DigiBox. Norway's upcoming terrestrial digital TV network NTV will also use the DVB-MHP standard. In late 2008 the Info+ channel in Greece (part of the ERT Digital platform) started broadcasting DVB-MHP info, however since standards have not been set as of February 2009 for digital television in Greece, most TV sets and DVB-T receivers sold in the country do not feature DVB-MHP.

## Technology

The MHP specifies an extensive application execution environment for digital interactive TV, independent of the underlying, vendor-specific, hardware and software. This execution environment is based on the use of a Java virtual machine and the definition of generic APIs that provide access to the interactive digital TV terminal's typical resources and facilities. The interoperable MHP applications are running on top of these APIs. A so-called Navigator-application, which is part of the terminal software, allows the user the access to all MHP applications and other DVB services (like TV and radio). Sometimes Navigator can be also a Java program itself but that is not a requirement.

The MHP is just a part of a family of specifications, which all base on the Globally Executable MHP (GEM)-Standard, which was defined to allow the worldwide adoption of MHP.

## DVB-HTML

MHP applications come in two flavours. The first type are DVB-HTML applications. These are not very popular, partly because the specification for DVB-HTML was only completed with MHP 1.1, and partly because many broadcasters, box manufacturers and content developers find it too complex and difficult to implement. DVB-HTML applications are a set of HTML pages that are broadcast as part of a service. The spec is based around a modularized version of XHTML 1.1, and also includes CSS 2.0, DOM 2.0, and ECMAScript.

## DVB-J

The second, and by far the most popular flavour is DVB-J (DVB-Java) applications. These are written in Java using the MHP API set and consist of a set of class files that are broadcast with a service. DVB-Java applications are known as "Xlets". These are a concept similar to applets for Web pages that has been introduced by Sun in the JavaTV specification. Like applets, the xlet interface allows an external source (the application manager in the case of an MHP receiver) to start and stop an application.

## Return channel

The MHP set-top boxes may provide a backchannel for applications that wish to communicate with the outside world, for example a voting or shopping application. Typical upstream backchannels are phone line or broadband Internet connection (ADSL, or 56k in Italy, using a modem included in the set-top box). DVB-RCT (Return Channel Terrestrial) is a wireless technology utilizing the DVB infrastructure. It provides a VHF/UHF Wireless Return Channel back to the broadcaster for Interactive Terrestrial TV. It provides a data-rate of several kbit/s per user, for voting, polls, email, teleshopping, etc. If return channel is present it should provide IP with TLS support.

* Ulrich Reimers: DVB, The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting, Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 3-540-43545-X (chapter 14, MHP)


title: Waltham St Lawrence

abstract: Waltham St Lawrence is a village and civil parish in the English county of Berkshire.

text:
# Waltham St Lawrence

**Waltham St Lawrence** is a village and civil parish in the English county of Berkshire.

## Toponymy

The name 'Waltham' is believed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon words *Wealt* and *Ham*, meaning 'homestead or village in a forest’ (probably indicating a royal hunting estate). The church is called St. Lawrence and thus gives the village its distinguishing affix.

## History

There is evidence of the existence of a Roman temple in Weycock Field in the parish. Most of the coins found from the site are of the lower empire (except for a silver one of Amyntas, the grandfather of Alexander the Great) and the area was occupied until 270. The high-road to London formerly left the London to Reading main-road at the 29th milestone and ran across Weycock Field (often referred to as Weycock Highrood). The Priory of Hurley maintained a grange in the village on the site of what is now Church Farm (to the north-west of the present Church) and this is why the great tithes of the parish were formerly appropriated to the Prior of Hurley.

Until quite recent times a large lake separated Waltham St. Lawrence from Ruscombe (the name 'Stanlake' would seem to be a survival of this) and so the southern end of the parish was known as South Lake. The parish church was built where the ancient high-road entered the village. The manor is mentioned as early as 940 but its continuous appearance in historical records may be said to begin with its sale by Ethelred the Unready in 1006. His widow, Queen Emma, bestowed it upon Ælfwine, the Bishop of Winchester. The Domesday Book records: "The King holds Waltham in demesne" and it remained a royal manor until 1189 when Godfrey de Luci, Bishop of Winchester, purchased it from the Crown. It was retained by the bishops of Winchester until the Reformation.

Bishop Ponet of Winchester surrendered the manor of Waltham to King Edward VI in 1551, and the King donated it to Sir Henry Neville, one of the gentlemen of his Privy Chamber, but Queen Mary returned it to Bishop John White of Winchester. King Edward's grant was confirmed (and Queen Mary's annulled) by an Act of Parliament in the first year of Queen Elizabeth I. Billingbear House was built by Sir Henry Neville in 1567, and this Elizabethan mansion existed as the home of the Nevilles until it was pulled down after a fire in the early 20th century. His son was the early-17th-century diplomat, Sir Henry Neville, junior. The parish register records that:

> "September 17th, 1667, King Charles 2nd, with his brother James Duke of Yorke, Prince Rupert Duke of Cumberland, James Duke of Monmouth and many more of the nobles dined at Bellingbear House in the great Parlour".

At that time, Richard Neville was Lord of the Manor. Henry Neville, the last heir of this branch of the family, who had assumed the name of Grey, as heir of his maternal grandfather, Baron Grey of Werke, died in 1740. On the death of his widow, who afterwards had married as her second husband the Earl of Portsmouth, the manor of Waltham St. Lawrence was inherited by Richard Aldworth of Stanlake, whose father had married the daughter and heir of Colonel Richard Neville. Mr. Aldworth, on his accession to this property, took the name of Neville. The village school—now a County Primary School—was originally a National School with an endowment of £35 by Lord Braybrooke, a Neville descendant. The first Dame School held in the parish was held at 'Honeys'. The village war memorial is at Paradise Corner, which takes its name from the nearby Georgian manor house, Paradise House, on The Street.

In 1920 Hal Taylor founded The Golden Cockerel Press, privately printing books from a surplus army hut he had erected in the village. The press continued to operate there under the later ownership of Robert Gibbings until, in 1933, economic circumstances forced its sale and production was relocated to London.

## Location and amenities

Waltham St Lawrence is located in a rural setting in East Berkshire, south of the A4 trunk road and north of the M4 motorway, between Maidenhead and Reading. The parish is bordered by those of Twyford and Hurst to the west and White Waltham and Maidenhead to the east. The population is around 1000 adults with an all-ages estimate of 1,500 living in approximately 550 households. Residents are mainly employed in local towns such as Reading or Bracknell, although a significant number also commute to London. Waltham St Lawrence used to have its own village shop (with a part-time post office), There is a public house, the *Bell*, while Shurlock Row, in the parish, has another, the *Shurlock Inn*. West End, between the two villages, is a residential area, where the local village school is located.

## Transport

The nearest rail stations are at Twyford 4 mi (6.4 km), Maidenhead 5 mi (8.0 km), Wokingham 6 mi (9.7 km) and Bracknell 7 mi (11 km). There is a local bus service to Maidenhead and Bracknell.

## Parish church

### Architecture

The parish church of St. Lawrence, a grade II\* listed building, is of considerable antiquity. The original building probably ante-dates Bishop Godfrey's acquisition of the manor, for traces of pre-13th-century work can still be traced in the crude Norman arches at the west end of the nave. The church was rebuilt in the 13th century when a new aisle in the Decorated style was thrown out on the north side, and the Norman work was broken down, thus opening the new aisle to the nave. Later the chancel, with its side aisles was begun from the east end and the north and south walls of the nave were extended to join up with the new work in the 13th century. At the end of the 14th century, the south aisle of the chancel was enlarged and a square-headed window with trifoliated lights was inserted. Between this side-chapel and the south aisle of the nave is an Early English pointed arch. The window in the north chapel has a 14th-century window and on the south wall may be seen the remains of the ancient piscina. The porch on the south side of the church hides the old south door which is Norman work, set in a section of 11th-century walling.

The Early English Church was plastered inside and on this were commonly painted frescoes. A remnant of this treatment is to be found on the easternmost pillar of the north aisle. Close to this pillar and (behind the priest's stall) on the north side are to be seen traces of a pointed arch which evidently formed the doorway to the rood stairs. This is now blocked up. The Church has a small chancel with choir stalls and a pipe organ built by Henry Willis. The church building was restored in 1847 during the incumbency of the Revd. E. J. Parker, B.D., who gave the stained glass for the east window, which shows in its central panel the Crucifixion, with the Resurrection and Ascension of Our Lord on either side. The praying angels on either side of this window are adapted from the famous fresco in the Riccardi Palace in Florence. The reredos is 19th-century work and shows – in three compartments—the Descent from the Cross (centre); on the right, the Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost; and on the left, Saint Paul preaching in Athens.

### Bells

At the west end of the church is a square embattled tower, with a small turret at the south-west angle containing a staircase leading to the belfry and the top of the tower. The ringing chamber is open to the church and contains a beautiful window which is the only good glass in the building. This window, and the square-headed doorway below it, is of the Perpendicular period in English architecture. The tower was built in two sections. The lower part dates from the 14th century and the upper from the 16th. Some of the bells date back to the time of Charles II, but the peal only from 1808, when the bells were recast and rehung.

The peal was again rehung in 1931, and by the generous aid of G. A. Monkhouse, Esq., bells four and six were recast by Gillett and Johnston of Croydon. Extracts from the registers make it plain that the tenor and treble, together with the second bell, were broken in 1659, and these – together with the sacring bell – were recast into five bells, and a peal rung for them for the first time on Tuesday, 23 April: "the day which King Charles the 2nd was crowned at Westminster". The sacring bell – which hangs in its own turret at the top of the tower – bears the following inscription: "The gift of John A. Beere of the Hill Henbolt. Pray for the welfare of Robert Conisbe 1681". The A'Bear family lived at Hill Farm at Hare Hatch in the adjoining parish of Wargrave.

### Registers

The parish registers its date from 25 November 1558. The originals are lodged for safekeeping with the county archivist in Reading, but the parish priest possesses a transcript (1558 to 1812) by Edmund Newbery. Apart from the usual entries of births, marriages and deaths, there are interesting memoranda, such as the following:

> "Memorandum that the yewe tree at the churchyard gate on the right hand as one goeth into the churchyard up to the churchpond was planted by Thos. Wilkinson vicar of Waltham in February 1655"

> "Mabel modwyn widowe abact 68 years old arraigned for witch craft at Redding 29th Feb: and condemned on the 5th of March, 1655. Shee lived at ye south-wist cornr. of lower Innings in ye cornr. next to Binfield".

## Notable people

## Film and television

In the 1990s BBC television series *Pie in the Sky* the titular restaurant, home of DI Henry Crabbe, is located in the fictional town of 'Middleton'. According to a map shown in the 2nd series, this is supposedly located at Waltham St Lawrence (although the filming location was the old town, Hemel Hempstead). Waltham St Lawrence village and its church have also been used for recording episodes of "Rosemary and Thyme" and "Midsomer Murders".

## InfoBox

| Waltham St Lawrence | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| Neville Hall and the Bell Inn | |
| Waltham St LawrenceLocation within Berkshire | |
| Population | 1,232 *(2001)*<br>1,215 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SU8276 |
| Civil parish | * Waltham St Lawrence |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Reading |
| Postcode district | RG10 |
| Dialling code | 0118 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Royal Berkshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Nordam

abstract: Nordam, or NORDAM, is an American aerospace company. It concentrates on Interiors, Structures, Nacelle & Thrust Reverser Systems, Repair & Transparency.

text:
# Nordam

**Nordam**, or NORDAM, is an American aerospace company. It concentrates on Interiors, Structures, Nacelle & Thrust Reverser Systems, Repair & Transparency.

## History

Nordam was founded in 1969 by Raymond Siegfried.

President and CEO Charles B. Ryan was killed in a plane crash in 2001.

In 2018 Nordam filed for bankruptcy.

In 2018 Nordam halted production of nacelles for the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW800 due to a contract dispute with Pratt & Whitney Canada. In order to recover its financial position Nordam sold its nacelles business to Gulfstream Aerospace.

In 2019 Nordam exited bankruptcy through a cash injection from The Carlyle Group which resulted in Carlyle gaining control of 45% of the company.

## Operations

In 2019 Nordam had 1,800 employees in the Tulsa area and 500 elsewhere.

In 2022 Nordam opened a major MRO facility at Taoyuan which will serve as their regional hub replacing operations in Singapore. The Taoyuan operation is a joint venture with China Airlines.

## InfoBox

Nordam
| Company type | Private company |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Founder | Raymond Siegfried |
| Headquarters | Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States |
| Owner | The family of Raymond Siegfried and The Carlyle Group |
| Number of employees | \>2,300 (2019) |
| Website | nordam.com |


title: Pernando Barrena

abstract: Joxe Pernando Barrena Arza is a Basque politician, former member of the Parliament of Navarre and member of the European Parliament for Spain.

text:
# Pernando Barrena

**Joxe Pernando Barrena Arza** (Basque pronunciation: \[perˈnando βaˈrena\]; born 1 November 1965) is a Basque politician, former member of the Parliament of Navarre and member of the European Parliament for Spain.

## Early life

Barrena was born on 1 November 1965 in Pamplona, Navarre. His father José María Barrena Inza was a socialist mayor of Berriozar. He has Técnico Superior qualification in international trade and a degree in international relations from UOC.

## Career

Barrena is a translator by profession and worked at the Txalaparta publishing house in Tafalla translating Basque and English.

Barrena joined Abertzale left (Ezker abertzalea) as a youth. He was a municipal councillor in Berriozar from 1984 to 1999.

Barrena was first arrested in 1985 for alleged links to the separatist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). In 1998, he along with Arnaldo Otegi and Joseba Permach, came to public prominence after the previous leadership of Herri Batasuna (HB) were jailed for alleged links to ETA. Barrena's language skills resulted in him representing HB on an international level. He became a member of HB's national executive in 1998 and was the party's spokesperson from 2001 to 2008. He contested the 1999 regional election in Navarre as an Euskal Herritarrok electoral alliance candidate and was elected to the Parliament of Navarre.

In 2001 Barrena became a member of the national executive of the newly formed Batasuna, the successor to HB which had been dissolved. He was the lead candidate at the 2003 regional election in Navarre for the Autodeterminaziorako Bilgunea (AuB) electoral alliance but the Supreme Court annulled the list as it considered AuB to be a successor to Batasuna which had been banned in March 2003.

Following the death of two ETA prisoners, Igor Angulo Iturrate and Roberto Sainz del Olmo, Basque nationalists, who did not believe the official version of the deaths given by the Spanish government and instead believed they died because of tortures suffered after their arrests, organised a strike in March 2006. All demonstrations were banned by the Basque government. Thid resulted in clashes between protesters and the Ertzaintza police across the Southern Basque Country. Barrena and other leaders of Batasuna were arrested on the orders of judge Fernando Grande-Marlaska who held them responsible for attacks by the strikers. Barrena was released after paying a bail of €200,000, but the charges were ultimately dropped, as no links between the two could be proven.

Barrena was a candidate at the 2007 regional election in Navarre for the Nafarroako Abertzale Sozialistak electoral alliance which was also annulled by the Supreme Court. On 4 February 2008 a conference was held at the Hotel Tres Reyes, Pamplona involving Batasuna, Basque Nationalist Party and Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left which was attended by Batasuna leaders Barrena, Patxi Urrutia and Unai Fano. Barrena and Urrutia were arrested on 4 February 2008 on the orders of judge Baltasar Garzón for "supporting the activity of an illegal political party". Barrena was released on 3 February 2010 after paying a bail of €50,000.

Barrena was co-spokesperson for Sortu from 2012 to 2016. In April 2019 he was chosen by EH Bildu to be its leading candidate at the 2019 European Parliament election in Spain following the resignation of Josu Juaristi. He contested the election as an Orain Errepublikak electoral alliance candidate in Spain and was elected to the European Parliament.

He left the European Parliament in September 2022.

## Electoral history

Electoral history of Pernando Barrena
| Election | Constituency | Party | | Alliance | | No. | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 regional | Navarre |  | Herri Batasuna |  | Euskal Herritarrok | 1 | **Elected** |
| 2019 European | Spain |  | Euskal Herria Bildu |  | Ahora Repúblicas | 2 | **Elected** |

## InfoBox

| Pernando BarrenaMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrena in October 2019 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Spain | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
16 July 2024 | |
| **In office**
2 July 2019  2 September 2022 | |
| Succeeded by | Ana Miranda Paz |
| Member of the Parliament of Navarre | |
| **In office**
2 July 1999  25 May 2003 | |
| Member of Berriozar Municipal Council | |
| **In office**
8 May 1983  13 June 1999 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joxe Pernando Barrena Arza
(1965-11-01) 1 November 1965
Pamplona, Navarre, Spain |
| Political party | Sortu (2011–present)
EH Bildu (2012–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Herri Batasuna (1983–1998)
Euskal Herritarrok (1998–2001)
Batasuna (2001–2011) |
|  | |


title: Nordtvedt effect

abstract: In theoretical astrophysics, the Nordtvedt effect refers to the relative motion between the Earth and the Moon that would be observed if the gravitational self-energy of a body contributed differently to its gravitational mass than to its inertial mass. If observed, the Nordtvedt effect would violate the strong equivalence principle, which indicates that an object's movement in a gravitational field does not depend on its mass or composition. No evidence of the effect has been found. The effect is named after Kenneth L. Nordtvedt, who first demonstrated that some theories of gravity suggest that massive bodies should fall at different rates, depending upon their gravitational self-energy. Nordtvedt then observed that if gravity did in fact violate the strong equivalence principle, then the more-massive Earth should fall towards the Sun at a slightly different rate than the Moon, resulting in a polarization of the lunar orbit. To test for the existence of the Nordtvedt effect, scientists have used the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment, which is capable of measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with near-millimetre accuracy. Thus far, the results have failed to find any evidence of the Nordtvedt effect, demonstrating that if it exists, the effect is exceedingly weak. Subsequent measurements and analysis to even higher precision have improved constraints on the effect. Measurements of Mercury's orbit by the MESSENGER Spacecraft have further refined the Nordvedt effect to be below an even smaller scale. A wide range of scalar–tensor theories have been found to naturally lead to a tiny effect only, at present epoch. This is due to a generic attractive mechanism that takes place during the cosmic evolution of the universe. Other screening mechanisms could also be at play.

text:
# Nordtvedt effect

In theoretical astrophysics, the **Nordtvedt effect** refers to the relative motion between the Earth and the Moon that would be observed if the gravitational self-energy of a body contributed differently to its gravitational mass than to its inertial mass. If observed, the Nordtvedt effect would violate the strong equivalence principle, which indicates that an object's movement in a gravitational field does not depend on its mass or composition. No evidence of the effect has been found.

The effect is named after Kenneth L. Nordtvedt, who first demonstrated that some theories of gravity suggest that massive bodies should fall at different rates, depending upon their gravitational self-energy.

Nordtvedt then observed that if gravity did in fact violate the strong equivalence principle, then the more-massive Earth should fall towards the Sun at a slightly different rate than the Moon, resulting in a polarization of the lunar orbit. To test for the existence (or absence) of the Nordtvedt effect, scientists have used the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment, which is capable of measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with near-millimetre accuracy. Thus far, the results have failed to find any evidence of the Nordtvedt effect, demonstrating that if it exists, the effect is exceedingly weak. Subsequent measurements and analysis to even higher precision have improved constraints on the effect. Measurements of Mercury's orbit by the MESSENGER Spacecraft have further refined the Nordvedt effect to be below an even smaller scale.

A wide range of scalar–tensor theories have been found to naturally lead to a tiny effect only, at present epoch. This is due to a generic attractive mechanism that takes place during the cosmic evolution of the universe. Other screening mechanisms (chameleon, pressuron, Vainshtein etc.) could also be at play.

* Nordtvedt Jr Kenneth (1968). "Equivalence Principle for Massive Bodies, II. Theory". *Phys. Rev*. **169** (5): 1017. Bibcode:1968PhRv..169.1017N. doi:10.1103/physrev.169.1017.
* Nordtvedt Jr K (1968). "Testing Relativity with Laser Ranging to the Moon". *Phys. Rev*. **170** (5): 1186. Bibcode:1968PhRv..170.1186N. doi:10.1103/physrev.170.1186.


title: Robert L. Bireley

abstract: Robert L. Bireley was an American Jesuit historian of Counter-Reformation Central Europe.

text:
# Robert L. Bireley

**Robert L. Bireley** (July 26, 1933 – March 14, 2018) was an American Jesuit historian of Counter-Reformation Central Europe.

## Life

Bireley was born in Evanston, Illinois, on July 26, 1933. He joined the Jesuits in 1951, making his final vows in 1974. He was ordained a priest in Germany in 1964.

He took degrees in Latin and History from Loyola University Chicago, in Philosophy from West Baden College in Indiana, and in Theology from Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt am Main. In 1972 he completed a doctorate in History at Harvard University. He taught at Loyola University Chicago for 45 years.

Bireley received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982. He served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association (2008) and on the editorial boards of the *Catholic Historical Review* (1979–85) and *Renaissance Quarterly* (2000-3).

He died on March 14, 2018, in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, aged 84.

## Works

* *Politics and Religion in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, SJ, and the Formation of Imperial Policy* (University of North Carolina Press, 1981)
* *The Counter-Reformation Prince* (University of North Carolina Press, 1990)
* *The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700* (Macmillan, 1999)
* *The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War* (Cambridge, 2003)
* *Ferdinand II: Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637* (Cambridge, 2014)


title: Transport Scolaire Sogesco

abstract: Sogesco is the largest private transportation company in Quebec, Canada. Transport Scolaire Sogesco Inc., founded in 1989, specializes in school transportation, but also provides paratransit and urban transit services. It employs more than 1000 people and has 24 subsidiaries, each of which operates in the territory of one or more school boards in Quebec and Ontario.

text:
# Transport Scolaire Sogesco

**Sogesco** is the largest private transportation company in Quebec, Canada.

Transport Scolaire Sogesco Inc., founded in 1989, specializes in school transportation, but also provides paratransit and urban transit services. It employs more than 1000 people and has 24 subsidiaries, each of which operates in the territory of one or more school boards in Quebec and Ontario.

## Subsidiaries

## InfoBox

Transport Scolaire Sogesco
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | 1125 Boul Saint-Joseph |
| Locale | Drummondville, QC |
| Service area | Quebec and Eastern Ontario |
| Service type | school bus, paratransit |
| Website | sogesco.ca |


title: Amerila eugenia

abstract: Amerila eugenia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. It is found in China, Pakistan (Karachi), central and southern India and Sri-Lanka.

text:
# Amerila eugenia

***Amerila eugenia*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. It is found in China (eastern Tibet), Pakistan (Karachi), central and southern India and Sri-Lanka.

## Subspecies

* *Amerila eugenia eugenia* (China: Tibet, Pakistan: Karachi, central and southern India)
* *Amerila eugenia moorei* (Rothschild, 1914)

* Dubatolov, V.V., 2010: Tiger-moths of Eurasia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (Nyctemerini by Rob de Vos & Vladimir V. Dubatolov). *Neue Entomologische Nachrichten* **65**: 1-106, Marktleuthen.
* Fabricius, I. C., 1794: *Entomologia Systematica* emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus **III** (II): 349 pp., Hafniae.
* Moore, F., 1884: Descriptions of new species of Indian Lepidoptera-Heterocera. *The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London* **1884**: 355-376, London.

## InfoBox

| *Amerila eugenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Amerila* |
| Species: | ***A. eugenia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amerila eugenia***<br>(Fabricius, 1794) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Noctua eugenia* Fabricius, 1794 * *Rhodogastria eugenia* * *Rhodogastra fraterna* Moore, 1884 * *Rhodogastria eugenia moorei* Rothschild, 1914 | |


abstract: MESCORP, originally an acronym for Multimedia University Engineering Society Overseas Research Programme, is an undergraduate-based research work which involves a field study initiated by Multimedia University's engineering students. MESCORP addresses the dire need of qualified IT-knowledgeable engineers in Malaysia by supplementing soft skills such as initiative, creative, innovative qualities to the technical skills acquired through practical applications of theories in laboratory experiments.

text:
# Multimedia University Engineering Society Overseas Research Programme

**MESCORP**, originally an acronym for **Multimedia University Engineering Society Overseas Research Programme**, is an undergraduate-based research work which involves a field study initiated by Multimedia University's engineering students. MESCORP addresses the dire need of qualified IT-knowledgeable engineers in Malaysia by supplementing soft skills such as initiative, creative, innovative qualities to the technical skills acquired through practical applications of theories in laboratory experiments.

## History

Multimedia University Engineering Society Overseas Research Programme (MESCORP) was founded in 2002 by the former dean of the Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Ir. Professor Dato' Dr Chuah Hean Teik, under the patronage of the Chancellor YABhg. Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali(Chancellor 2002-2012).

Awards received:

| Year | Awards | Organizer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2011** | Best International Level Award & Best Exposition Award | MMU Awards 2011 |

## Achievements

Ever since 2002, MESCORP has researched and published journals regarding the topics concerned and organized annual conferences to disseminate their findings to the public. MESCORP's track record is as follows:

| Year | Topic | Countries |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2002** | The MSC and Cyberport Towards the Advancement of the Information Era | Hong Kong |
| **2003** | Towards The Viability of 3G: The Key Elements for Profitable 3G Telecommunication Services in Malaysia | South Korea |
| **2004** | Optimisation of Malaysian Electronics Industry for International Competitive Growth | China |
| **2005** | Research and Development (R&D)The Next Generation of Electronics Industry in Malaysia | Ireland,  Singapore |
| **2006** | Towards a New Era of ICT: Exploring the Horizon of High Speed Broadband in Malaysia | Japan,  Singapore |
| **2007** | From MEGAWATTS to NEGAWATTS: Encountering Energy Issues In Malaysia | Australia,  Thailand |
| **2009** | A Step into Nanotechnology: Introducing Nanotechnology's Influence in Malaysia | Japan,  Singapore |
| **2010** | The Rise of Green Technology: An Insight into Solar Technology in Malaysia | China,  Singapore |
| **2011** | Stepping Into Virtual Environment: Bridging the Gap Through Human-Computer Interaction | South Korea,  Singapore |
| **2012** | Wireless and Beyond: Innovation through Smart Communication | Japan |
| **2013** | Connected Lifestyle and Internet of Things: How NFC, RFID, WSN and LTE can impact our life | Japan |
| **2014** | Hydrogen Fuel Cell: The Future of Clean and Efficient Energy in Malaysia | Japan |
| **2015** | Internet Of Things: Implementation of IoT for Smart and Sustainable Cities in Malaysia | South Korea |
| **2019** | The New Evolution: Motivations and Concerns in Malaysia's Race Towards Embracing 5G | South Korea |

## InfoBox

Multimedia University Engineering Society Overseas Research Programme (MESCORP)
|
|  |
| Formation | 2002 |
| Type | Research programme |
| Location |  |
| Membership | 13 executive committees |
| Patron | 2002–2012 : Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali<br>2012–present : Zaki bin Tun Azmi |
| Website | mescorp.mmu.edu.my |


title: Trimotor

abstract: A trimotor is a propeller-driven aircraft powered by three internal combustion engines, characteristically one on the nose and one on each wing. A compromise between complexity and safety, such a configuration was typically a result of the limited power of the engines available to the designer. Many trimotors were designed and built in the 1920s and 1930s as the most effective means of maximizing payload. Other - and uncommon - configurations include engines above the wing, as on seaplanes, including in pusher configuration, and an engine on each wing and one on the tail. The best known trimotors are the Fokker F, Ford AT, and Junkers Ju series aircraft.

text:
# Trimotor

A **trimotor** is a propeller-driven aircraft powered by three internal combustion engines, characteristically one on the nose and one on each wing. A compromise between complexity and safety, such a configuration was typically a result of the limited power of the engines available to the designer. Many trimotors were designed and built in the 1920s and 1930s as the most effective means of maximizing payload.

Other - and uncommon - configurations include engines above the wing, as on seaplanes, including in pusher configuration, and an engine on each wing and one on the tail.

The best known trimotors are the Fokker F, Ford AT, and Junkers Ju series aircraft.

## List of trimotors

| Aircraft name | Country of origin | Year Developed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| AD Seaplane Type 1000 | UK | 1916 |
| Airspeed Ferry | UK | 1932 |
| Airworthy Terrier | US | 1928 |
| Anatra DE | Russia | 1916 |
| ANF Les Mureaux 140T | France | 1932 |
| Armstrong Whitworth Argosy | UK | 1926 |
| Avia 51 | Czechoslovakia | 1933 |
| Avia 57 | Czechoslovakia | 1935 |
| Aviméta 132 | France | 1927 |
| Avis BGV-1 | Austria | 1924 |
| Avro 618 Ten | UK | 1929 |
| Avro 619 Five | UK | 1929 |
| Avro 624 Six | UK | 1930 |
| Bach 3-CT Air Yacht | US | 1927 |
| Barcala-Cierva-Díaz BCD.3 | Spain | 1919 |
| Batson Air Yacht/Dragonfly | US | 1913 |
| Beardmore Inflexible | UK | 1928 |
| Beechcraft Model 18 *Tiara engine testbed* | US | 1966 |
| Bellanca 28-92 | US | 1937 |
| Bernard 60 | France | 1929 |
| Bernard 160 | France | 1932 |
| Bernard SIMB AB 16 | France | 1927 |
| Besson MB.36 | France | 1930 |
| Blackburn Iris | UK | 1926 |
| Blackburn Perth | UK | 1933 |
| Blackburn Sydney | UK | 1930 |
| Bloch MB.60 | France | 1930 |
| Bloch MB.120 | France | 1932 |
| Bloch MB.300 | France | 1935 |
| Blohm & Voss BV 138 | Germany | 1937 |
| Boeing Model 80 | US | 1928 |
| Boulton Paul P.32 | UK | 1931 |
| Bratu 220 | Romania | 1932 |
| Breda A.14 | Italy | 1928 |
| Breda Ba.32 | Italy | 1931 |
| Breda Ba.46 | Italy | 1934 |
| Breda CC.20 | Italy | 1929 |
| Breguet XI | France | 1916 |
| Breguet 393T | France | 1931 |
| Breguet 521 | France | 1933 |
| Bresciani Bre.1 | Italy | 1915 |
| Britten-Norman Trislander | UK | 1970 |
| Brown-Mercury | US | 1928 |
| CANT 6 | Italy | 1925 |
| CANT 22 | Italy | 1927 |
| CANT 23 | Italy | 1932 |
| CANT Z.506 | Italy | 1935 |
| CANT Z.508 | Italy | 1936 |
| CANT Z.509 | Italy | 1937 |
| CANT Z.1007 | Italy | 1937 |
| CANT Z.1012 | Italy | 1938 |
| Caproni Ca.1 | Italy | 1914 |
| Caproni Ca.3 | Italy | 1916 |
| Caproni Ca.4 | Italy | 1917 |
| Caproni Ca.5 | Italy | 1917 |
| Caproni Ca.95 | Italy | 1929? |
| Caproni Ca.97 | Italy | 1927 |
| Caproni Ca.101 | Italy | 1928 |
| Caproni Ca.131 | Italy | 1934 |
| Caproni Ca.132 | Italy | 1934 |
| Caproni Ca.133 | Italy | 1934 |
| Caudron C.25 | France | 1919 |
| Caudron C.37 | France | 1920 |
| Caudron C.39 | France | 1921 |
| Caudron C.61 | France | 1921 |
| Caudron C.81 | France | 1923 |
| Caudron C.180 | France | 1930 |
| Caudron C.183 | France | 1923 |
| Charpentier C-1 | France | 1935 |
| CNA Delta | Italy | 1931 |
| CNNA HL-8 | Brazil | 1943 |
| Conroy Tri-Turbo-Three | US | 1969 |
| Consolidated XPY-1 (prototype only) | US | 1929 |
| Consolidated XP2Y-1 (prototype only) | US | 1932 |
| Couzinet 10 | France | 1928 |
| Couzinet 21 | France | 1931 |
| Couzinet 22 | France | 1932 |
| Couzinet 27 | France | 1928 |
| Couzinet 30 | France | 1930 |
| Couzinet 33 Biarritz | France | 1931 |
| Couzinet 40 | France | 1932 |
| Couzinet 70 | France | 1932 |
| Couzinet 100 | France | 1933 |
| Couzinet 101 | France | 1934 |
| Couzinet 103 | France | 1933 |
| Crawford Special | US | 1929 |
| Curtiss Eagle I | US | 1919 |
| Curtiss Model H prototype only | US | 1914 |
| Curtiss NC prototype only | US | 1918 |
| DAR 4 | Bulgaria | 1930 |
| Dewoitine D.31 | France | 1932 |
| Dewoitine D.332 | France | 1933 |
| Dewoitine D.333 | France | 1934 |
| Dewoitine D.338 | France | 1936 |
| Dewoitine D.342 | France | 1939 |
| Dewoitine D.430 | France | 1932 |
| de Havilland DH.72 | UK | 1931 |
| de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover | Australia | 1948 |
| de Havilland Hercules | UK | 1926 |
| Dornier Do 24 | Germany | 1937 |
| Dornier Y | Germany | 1930 |
| Dyle et Bacalan DB-70 | France | 1929 |
| EMSCO B-2 | US | 1929 |
| Fabre Trimoteur | France | 1908-9 |
| Farman F.120 | France | 1926 |
| Farman F.280 | France | 1931 |
| Farman F.300 | France | 1930 |
| Farman F.301 | France | 1930 |
| Farman F.303 | France | 1930 |
| Farman F.304 | France | 1931 |
| Farman F.306 | France | 1931 |
| Farman F.310 | France | 1931 |
| Felixstowe Porte Baby | UK | 1916 |
| Fiat BRG | Italy | 1931 |
| Fiat G.2 | Italy | 1932 |
| Fiat G.12 | Italy | 1940 |
| Fiat G.212 | Italy | 1947 |
| Fokker F.10 | US | 1927 |
| Fokker F.VIIA/3m & F.VIIB/3m | Netherlands | 1925 |
| Fokker F.IX | Netherlands | 1929 |
| Fokker F.XII | Netherlands | 1930 |
| Fokker F.XVIII | Netherlands | 1932 |
| Fokker F.XX | Netherlands | 1933 |
| Ford 4-AT/9-AT/11-AT Trimotor | US | 1926 |
| Ford 5-AT/6-AT Trimotor | US | 1929 |
| Ford 14-AT | US | 1932 |
| Ford XB-906 | US | 1931 |
| Grahame-White Ganymede | UK | 1919 |
| Handley Page Type W.8e/f & W.9a | UK | 1921 |
| Handley Page H.P.32 Hamlet | UK | 1926 |
| Handley Page H.P.43 | UK | 1932 |
| Helmy Aerogypt | UK | 1939 |
| Hise Model A | US | 1929 |
| Hodkinson HT-1 | US | 1929 |
| Johns Multiplane | US | 1919 |
| Junkers G 24 | Germany | 1924 |
| Junkers G 31 | Germany | 1926 |
| Junkers Ju 52/3m | Germany | 1932 |
| Junkers Ju 252 | Germany | 1941 |
| Junkers Ju 352 | Germany | 1943 |
| Kawanishi H3K | Japan | 1930 |
| Keystone Pathfinder | US | 1927 |
| Keystone Patrician | US | 1929 |
| Kreutzer Air Coach | US | 1928 |
| LWF model H Owl | US | 1920 |
| Lasco Lascondor | Australia | 1930 |
| Latécoère 4 | France | 1920 |
| Latécoère 5 | France | 1924 |
| Latécoère 24 | France | 1927 |
| Latécoère 340 | France | 1930 |
| Latécoère 350 | France | 1931 |
| Latécoère 500 & 501 | France | 1932 |
| Latécoère 582 | France | 1935 |
| Latham Trimotor | France | 1919 |
| Lawson L-4 | US | 1924 |
| Letov Š-32 | Czechoslovakia | 1931 |
| Lioré et Olivier LeO H-15 | France | 1926 |
| Loire 30 | France | 1932 |
| Loire 60 | France | 1932 |
| Loire 70 | France | 1933 |
| Loring-Barrón Colonial T-III Trimotor | Spain | 1932 |
| Macchi M.C.100 | Italy | 1939 |
| Nieuport-Delage NiD.590 | France | 1932 |
| Nieuport-Delage NiD.740 | France | 1930 |
| Northrop N-23 Pioneer | US | 1946 |
| Northrop C-125 Raider | US | 1949 |
| NVI F.K.33 | Netherlands | 1925 |
| Oeffag G6 aka Pola 'G' | Austria-Hungary | 1916 |
| Ogden Osprey | US | 1930 |
| P.Z.L. 27 | Poland | 1934 |
| P.Z.L. 4 | Poland | 1932 |
| Pander S-4 Postjäger | Netherlands | 1933 |
| Piaggio P.16 | Italy | 1934 |
| Piaggio P.23R | Italy | 1936 |
| Piper PA-32-3M *prototype* | US | 1966 |
| Potez X | France | 1922 |
| Potez 40 | France | 1930 |
| Prudden TM-1 | US | 1928 |
| Prudden-Whitehead monoplane | US | 1930 |
| Renard R.30 | Belgium | 1931 |
| Renard R.35 | Belgium | 1935 |
| Rohrbach Roland | Germany | 1926 |
| Rohrbach Romar | Germany | 1928 |
| Romano R-16 | France | 1933 |
| Ryan Navion *one off modification* | US | 1961 |
| SABCA S.11 | Belgium | 1931 |
| Saunders Severn | UK | 1930 |
| Saunders Valkyrie | UK | 1926 |
| Saro Windhover | UK | 1930 |
| Savoia-Marchetti S.66 | Italy | 1931 |
| Savoia-Marchetti S.71 | Italy | 1930 |
| Savoia-Marchetti S.72 | Italy | 1934 |
| Savoia-Marchetti S.73 | Italy | 1934 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 | Italy | 1937 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 | Italy | 1934 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 | Italy | 1934 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 | Italy | 1939 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.83 | Italy | 1937 |
| Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 | Italy | 1940 |
| Short S.8 Calcutta | UK | 1928 |
| Short Rangoon | UK | 1930 |
| Short Valetta | UK | 1930 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.I | Germany | 1915 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.II | Germany | 1915 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.III | Germany | 1915 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.IV | Germany | 1916 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.V | Germany | 1916 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.VI | Germany | 1916 |
| Siemens-Schuckert R.VII | Germany | 1917 |
| Sikorsky S-35 | US | 1926 |
| SPCA 40T | France | 1929 |
| SPCA 90 | France | 1932 |
| SPCA Météore 63 | France | 1925 |
| Spartan Cruiser | UK | 1932 |
| Stinson Model A | US | 1934 |
| Stinson Model T/SM-6000 | US | 1930 |
| Stinson Model U | US | 1932 |
| Stout 3-AT | US | 1926 |
| Stout Bushmaster 2000 | US | 1964 |
| Supermarine Air Yacht | UK | 1930 |
| Supermarine Nanok/Solent | UK | 1927 |
| Tellier 1100 ch/T7/Nieuport-Tellier TM | France | 1919 |
| Tupolev ANT-9 | USSR | 1929 |
| Tupolev MTB-1 | USSR | 1934 |
| Vickers Viastra | UK | 1929 |
| Westland IV & Wessex | UK | 1930 |
| Weymann 66 | France | 1933 |
| Wibault 280 | France | 1930 |
| Zenith Albatross | US | 1927 |
| Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I | Germany | 1915 |
| Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II | Germany | 1916 |


title: Walter Balcanquhall (divine)

abstract: Walter Balcanquhall (1548–1617), was one of the first Presbyterian ministers in Edinburgh after the Reformation in Scotland. He is almost certain to have been born at Balcanquhal, Strathmiglo, probably in 1548. After studying at St Andrews, he was exhorter at Aberdour in 1571, and entered St Giles on Whit Sunday 1574. At that time he is described in James Melvill's Diary as "ane honest, upright-hearted young man, latlie enteret to the ministerie of Edinburgh." He was elected to the chaplaincy of the Altar called Jesus, on 20 November 1579. Having preached against the influence of the French at Court, on 7 December 1580, he was called before the Privy Council, on 9 January 1581, and admonished. He attended the Earl of Morton on the eve of his execution, in 1581. He opposed the Black Acts of 1584, and was obliged to flee for safety to Berwick-on-Tweed. While there, his wife along with Mrs Lawson, wife of James Lawson, addressed to the Archbishop a long and most extraordinary letter of rebuke and vituperation(P. C. Reg., iii., 691. On returning after the storm had passed, Balcanquhal came once more into royal favour. On 2 January 1586 he preached before the King. Balcanquhal attended the coronation of Queen Anne, on 17 May 1590. In 1596 his bold utterances again brought him into conflict with the sovereign, and a warrant having been issued, again he escaped to Yorkshire. He demitted his ministry at St Giles in May 1597, in order to admit of new parochial divisions of the city, and on 18 April 1598 he was admitted to Trinity College Kirk. On 10 September 1600 he was called before the Privy Council for questioning the genuineness of the Gowrie Conspiracy, but, professing to be satisfied with its reality, he was dismissed. He was a member of the Assembly of 1602. Along with Robert Pont he took protestation at the cross of Edinburgh, in name of the whole Kirk, against the verdict of the Assize finding the brethren who met in General Assembly at Aberdeen guilty of treason. For condemning the proceedings of the General Assembly, 1610, he was again called before the Privy Council, and admonished. Falling into bad health, he ceased preaching, on 16 July 1616, and died on 4 August 1617. He bequeathed 1000 merks towards the stipend of a Professor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh.

text:
# Walter Balcanquhall (divine)

**Walter Balcanquhall** (1548–1617), was one of the first Presbyterian ministers in Edinburgh after the Reformation in Scotland.

He is almost certain to have been born at Balcanquhal, Strathmiglo, probably in 1548. After studying at St Andrews, he was exhorter at Aberdour in 1571, and entered St Giles on Whit Sunday 1574. At that time he is described in James Melvill's Diary as "ane honest, upright-hearted young man, latlie enteret to the ministerie of Edinburgh." He was elected to the chaplaincy of the Altar called Jesus, on 20 November 1579. Having preached against the influence of the French at Court, on 7 December 1580, he was called before the Privy Council, on 9 January 1581, and admonished. He attended the Earl of Morton on the eve of his execution, in 1581. He opposed the Black Acts of 1584, and was obliged to flee for safety to Berwick-on-Tweed. While there, his wife along with Mrs Lawson, wife of James Lawson, addressed to the Archbishop a long and most extraordinary letter of rebuke and vituperation(P. C. Reg., iii., 691. On returning after the storm had passed, Balcanquhal came once more into royal favour. On 2 January 1586 he preached before the King (though James "rebuked him from his seat in the loft" for some of his opinions). Balcanquhal attended the coronation of Queen Anne, on 17 May 1590. In 1596 his bold utterances again brought him into conflict with the sovereign, and a warrant having been issued, again he escaped to Yorkshire. He demitted his ministry at St Giles in May 1597, in order to admit of new parochial divisions of the city, and on 18 April 1598 he was admitted to Trinity College Kirk. On 10 September 1600 he was called before the Privy Council for questioning the genuineness of the Gowrie Conspiracy, but, professing to be satisfied with its reality, he was dismissed. He was a member of the Assembly of 1602. Along with Robert Pont he took protestation at the cross of Edinburgh, in name of the whole Kirk, against the verdict of the Assize finding the brethren who met in General Assembly at Aberdeen guilty of treason. For condemning the proceedings of the General Assembly, 1610, he was again called before the Privy Council, and admonished. Falling into bad health, he ceased preaching, on 16 July 1616, and died on 4 August 1617. He bequeathed 1000 merks towards the stipend of a Professor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh.

## Biography

Balcanquhall derives his surname originally from lands in the parish of Strathmiglo, Fife. It is nearly certain that Walter was of the 'ilk' of Balcanquhall, and that he was born there—according to his age at death—in 1548 (cf. Sibbald's 'List of the Heritors' (1710) in History of Fife, appendix No. 2).

### Early ministry

The earliest notice of Balcanquhall is that he was entered as 'minister of St. Giles, Edinburgh,' on Whit Sunday 1574, with the descriptor that 'he was desyrit by other towns and large stipend promist,' but 'yet he consented to stay and accept what they pleased.' At this time he is described in James Melville's 'Diary' (p. 41, Wodrow Society) as 'ane honest, upright hearted young man, latlie enterit to that menestrie of Edinbruche' \[Edinburgh\]. He was elected to the chaplaincy of the Altar called Jesus, 20 November 1579. Having preached a memorable sermon, mainly directed against the influence of the French at court, 7 December 1580, he was called before the privy council on 9 December. and 'discharged.' He attended the Earl of Morton while in prison under condemnation, 2 June 1581.

### Opposition to the King

When James VI of Scotland devised his scheme of re-establishing 'the bishops' in Scotland, he found Balcanquhall, along with James Lawson, Robert Pont, and Andrew Melville, and their like-minded brethren, in active opposition. On the calling together of the estates of the realm in 1584, the king sent an imperative message to the magistrates of Edinburgh 'to seize and imprison any of the ministers who should venture to speak against the proceedings of the parliament.' But Balcanquhall (along with James Lawson) preached fearlessly against the proposals; and along with Pont and others took his stand at the cross while the heralds proclaimed the acts passed by the subservient parliament, and publicly 'protested and took instruments' in the name of the 'kirk' of Scotland against them. The sermon was delivered on 24 May. A warrant was issued, and Balcanquhall and Lawson fled to Berwick-on-Tweed (Melville, Diary, p. 119).

### Development of ministry

The storm blew over, though his house in Parliament Square was given to another in the interval. On his return to Edinburgh, a house formerly occupied by Durie was given to him (1585). On 2 January 1586 he preached before the king 'in the great kirk of Edinburgh' \[St. Giles\] when the sovereign 'after sermon rebuikit Mr. Walter publiclie from his seat in the loaft \[gallery\] and said he \[the king\] would prove there should be bishops and spirituall magistrats endued with authoritie over the minestrie; and that he \[Balcanquhall\] did not his dutie to condemn that which he had done in parliament' (Melville, Diary, p. 491). In this year (1586) he is found one of eight to whom was committed the discipline of Lothian by the general assembly. A larger house, which had been formerly occupied by his colleague Watson, was assigned to him 28 July 1587, and his stipend augmented. He was appointed to attend the coronation of Anne of Denmark as queen consort, 17 May 1590. For some years he seems to have been wholly occupied with his pulpit and pastoral work.

### Further controversies

In 1596, however, his bold utterances again brought him into conflict with the sovereign; but a warrant having again been issued, again he escaped—this time to Yorkshire, after being 'put to the horn' as a fugitive. Balcanquhall and other ministers including Robert Bruce went into exile in England at Caldwell and it was said that their preaching and talking became wearisome to the Archbishop of York.

He appears to have been absent from Edinburgh from December 1596 to April or May 1597. In May 1597 he resigned his 'great charge' of St. Giles in order to admit of new parochial divisions of the city. In July he was permitted to return, and was chosen 'minister' of Trinity College Church, to which he was admitted 18 April 1598. He was the friend and companion of the Rev. Robert Bruce, and bribes were tendered him in vain to get him to 'fall away' from Bruce. On 10 September 1600 he was once more in difficulties, having been called before the privy council for doubting the truth of the Gowrie conspiracy. 'Transported' by the general assembly to some other parish, 16 May 1601, he was afterwards allowed to return to Trinity College (19 June), and he was in the general assembly of 1602. In conjunction with Robert Pont, he again took his stand at the cross, and publicly protested in name of the 'kirk' against the verdict of assize finding the brethren who met in General Assembly of Aberdeen guilty of treason. Later, for condemning the proceedings of the general assembly in 1610 he was summoned before the privy council and admonished.

### Final stages of ministry

He ceased preaching on 16 July 1616 from a disease in his teeth, and died 14 August 1617, in the sixty-eighth year of his age and forty-third of his ministry.

## Marriage and issue

He married Katharine, daughter of James Marjoribanks, merchant, in right of whom he entered burgess and guild-brother of the city, 15 February 1591, and had issue:

* Robert, minister of Tranent
* Walter Balcanquhall, D.D., Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, 1611, chaplain to James VI., Dean of Rochester 1624, Dean of Durham 1639, one of the executors of George Heriot, and author of the Statutes for the regulation of Heriot's Hospital, born 1586, died 25 December 1645
* John
* Samuel, baptised 11 January 1595-6
* Katherine (married, pro. 30 September 1601, Nicol Udward, Dean of Guild, Edinburgh). Their daughter Christian Udwart married Robert Inglis, a London-based merchant financier who worked as a London agent for the Earl of Lothian and Countess of Home.
* Rachel (married, pro. 31 October 1605, John Makcubine, merchant, Edinburgh)
* Sara
* Margaret
* Libra. (Edin. Com. Rec Dec, 20 November 1592-3)
* Anna (G. R. Inhib., viii., 384)

## Bibliography

* Edin. Counc, Guild, and Reg. (Bapt.)
* Steven's Mem. of Heriot
* Booke of the Kirk
* Craufurd's Univ. Edin.
* Melvill's Autob.

### Citations

### Sources

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Balcanquhall, Walter (1548-1616)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

## InfoBox

| Walter Balcanquhal | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1548 |
| Died | 4 August 1616 |
|  | |
|  | |
| minister of St. Giles' Cathedral | |
| **In office**
Whit Sunday 1574  May 1597 | |
| minister of Trinity College Kirk | |
| **In office**
18 April 1598  1584 | |
| chaplain to the Altar called Jesus | |
| **In office**
20 November 1579  close | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Persoonia recedens

abstract: Persoonia recedens is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of New South Wales, Australia. It is a spreading to low-lying shrub with hairy young branchlets, narrow oblong to narrow elliptic leaves, and yellow flowers borne in groups of up to twelve on a rachis up to 75 mm (3.0 in) that continues to grow after flowering.

text:
# Persoonia recedens

***Persoonia recedens*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of New South Wales, Australia. It is a spreading to low-lying shrub with hairy young branchlets, narrow oblong to narrow elliptic leaves, and yellow flowers borne in groups of up to twelve on a rachis up to 75 mm (3.0 in) that continues to grow after flowering.

## Description

*Persoonia recedens* is a spreading to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1.5 m (1 ft 0 in – 4 ft 11 in) with smooth bark and sparsely to moderately hairy young branchlets. The leaves are narrow oblong to narrow elliptic, 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and 1.2–3.5 mm (0.047–0.138 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to twelve on a rachis up to 70 mm (2.8 in) long that continues to grow after flowering, each flower on a pedicel 2–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long with a leaf at its base. The tepals are yellow, 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in) long and glabrous. Flowering occurs from December to January.

## Taxonomy

*Persoonia recedens* was first formally described in 1919 by Michel Gandoger in the *Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France* from specimens collected by Carl Walter near Blackheath in 1882.

## Distribution and habitat

This geebung grows in forest on sandstone between the Newnes Plateau and Blackheath in New South Wales.

## InfoBox

| *Persoonia recedens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Persoonia* |
| Species: | ***P. recedens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Persoonia recedens***<br>Gand. | |
|


abstract: Highland Township is one of seventeen townships in Grundy County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 256 and it contained 121 housing units.

text:
# Highland Township, Grundy County, Illinois

**Highland Township** is one of seventeen townships in Grundy County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 256 and it contained 121 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Highland Township has a total area of 36.04 square miles (93.34 km2), of which 36.00 square miles (93.24 km2) (or 99.90%) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 0.10%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Extinct towns

(These towns are listed as "historical" by the USGS.)

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 256 people, 116 households, and 87 families residing in the township. The population density was 7.10 inhabitants per square mile (2.74/km2). There were 121 housing units at an average density of 3.36 units per square mile (1.30 units/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.36% White, 1.56% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 4.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.47% of the population.

There were 116 households, out of which 37.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.55% were married couples living together, 3.45% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 25.00% were non-families. 13.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.90.

The township's age distribution consisted of 13.8% under the age of 18, 19.3% from 18 to 24, 16.5% from 25 to 44, 37.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $89,615, and the median income for a family was $133,542. Males had a median income of $64,444 versus $24,196 for females. The per capita income for the township was $37,408. About 1.1% of families and 0.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 332 |  |  |
| 2010 | 288 |  | −13.3% |
| 2020 | 256 |  | −11.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Political districts

* "Highland Township, Grundy County, Illinois". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
* United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* United States National Atlas

1. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
2. Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". *Census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Highland Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Grundy County | |
| Grundy County's location in Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 41°09′14″N 88°32′07″W / 41.15389°N 88.53528°W / 41.15389; -88.53528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Grundy |
| Established | November 6, 1849 |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.04 sq mi (93.3 km2) |
| Land | 36.00 sq mi (93.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2)  0.10% |
| Elevation | 643 ft (196 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 256 |
| Density | 7.1/sq mi (2.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 60420, 60437, 60470, 60479 |
| FIPS code | 17-063-34657 |


title: Norman Milliken

abstract: Norman Milliken was a loyalist, farmer, lumber mill owner and hotel/tavern keeper in York County, Ontario. The community of Milliken Mills in Markham, Ontario is named after him.

text:
# Norman Milliken

**Norman Milliken** (July 11, 1771 Trenton, Province of Massachusetts Bay – February 2, 1843 Markham, Province of Canada) was a loyalist, farmer, lumber mill owner and hotel/tavern keeper in York County, Ontario. The community of Milliken Mills in Markham, Ontario is named after him.

## Biography

### Early life

Norman Milliken was one of 7 children born to Benjamin and Phebe Milliken. He moved to Bocabec, New Brunswick with his father American Loyalist Benjamin Milliken in 1782-1791 after the American War of Independence. In 1803, he left Bocabec and moved to Pennsylvania. He returned to Bocabec in 1805, and then moved to York, Upper Canada and began milling.

He married Susannah Walton in Bocebec, New Brunswick, Canada. In 1794, his son, Benjamin Milliken II was born in New Brunswick. He had twelve children.

#### Milliken's Corners

The rural hamlet of "Milliken's Corners" was first settled in 1798 by William Dumont. Norman Milliken settled in the area around 1807.

In 1807, he founded a small hamlet in Markham, Ontario. Norman, along with two of his brothers established a lumbering business with a contract that supplied the Royal Navy with ship's planking and lumber. For mill work, he used one of the first lumber Mills in the Township of Markham known as "German Mills" and also rented a flour mill on the west side of Yonge Street for milling lumber. He subsequently purchased a share in a lumber mill located at Markham Village.

Miiliken and his brothers also built a hotel, reputedly to control the drinking habits of the lumbermen, and livery stables. Norman's daughter Charlotte ran the hotel for her father.

In 1814 Norman Milliken received the deed for 200 acres of land at lot 1, concession 5, Markham Township which was the location of Milliken Corners. The rural hamlet of Milliken's Corners eventually consisted of Milliken's Corners Methodist Church (at south east corner of Brimley and Steeles merged to form Ebenezer Presbyterian Church on northwest corner), a post office which was established 1858 (northeast corner of Old Kennedy Road and Steeles), a hotel and a general store. The hamlet became a postal village in 1858 and was called Milliken after Norman Millken.

## Legacy

The communities of Milliken, Ontario and Milliken Mills (likely referencing to mills owned and/or operated by Milliken) in Markham, and Milliken Mills High-school (were named after various mills owned or operated by Milliken). The Milliken name is also associated with the Township of Markham. The name surname "Millikin" is likely derived from the double diminutive of 'mael-oc-an' meaning "the little bald or shaved one." The hamlet remained a rural community until the 1980s. In the 1980s urbanization had developed in the area and farming stopped.

## InfoBox

| Norman Milliken | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 11, 1771
Trenton, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
| Died | February 2, 1843
Markham, Province of Canada |
| Resting place | Hagerman Cemetery, Markham |
| Spouse | Susannah Walton |
| Children | 12 |
| Parent(s) | Benjamin Milliken, Phebe Milliken |


title: Robert P. McCulloch

abstract: Robert Paxton McCulloch was an American entrepreneur from Missouri, best known for McCulloch chainsaws and purchasing the "New" London Bridge, which he moved to Lake Havasu City, Arizona—one of the cities he founded.

text:
# Robert P. McCulloch

**Robert Paxton McCulloch** (May 11, 1911 – February 25, 1977) was an American entrepreneur from Missouri, best known for McCulloch chainsaws and purchasing the "New" London Bridge, which he moved to Lake Havasu City, Arizonaone of the cities he founded.

## Biography

Robert Paxton McCulloch was born May 11, 1911, in Missouri to Richard McCulloch and Mary Grace Beggs. His grandfather, John I. Beggs, made his fortune by implementing Thomas Edison's electrical powerplants in cities around the world, manufacturing and selling electric trolley cars, and founding Milwaukee's public utility system. McCulloch, along with his two siblings, inherited his grandfather's fortune in 1925.

Two years after he graduated from Stanford University, he married Barbra Ann Briggs, whose father was Stephen Foster Briggs of Briggs and Stratton. His first manufacturing endeavor was McCulloch Engineering Company, located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There he built racing engines and superchargers. In his early 30s, he sold the company to Borg-Warner Corporation for US$1 million.

McCulloch then started McCulloch Aviation; and, in 1946, he changed his company's name to McCulloch Motors Corporation. Building small gasoline engines, his competitors included his in-laws and Ralph Evinrude. Evinrude led the market for boat motors, while Briggs and Stratton pulled ahead in the lawn mower and garden tractor market.

## Chainsaws

It was the chainsaw niche that McCulloch dominated, beginning with the first chainsaw with his name on it, manufactured in 1948. McCulloch's chainsaw was used to cut lake ice and trees. By the next year, McCulloch's model 3-25 further revolutionized the market with the one-man light weight chainsaw.

## Oil and development

In the 1950s, McCulloch started McCulloch Oil Corporation, which pursued oil and gas exploration, land development, and geothermal energy.

In spite of Evinrude's market lead, McCulloch continued to pursue the outboard market during the next decade. This led him to Lake Havasu, in Mohave County, Arizona, in search of a test site. McCulloch purchased 3,500 acres (1,400 ha) of lakeside property along Pittsburgh Point. In 1963, on the courthouse steps of Kingman, McCulloch purchased a 26-square-mile (67 km2) parcel of barren desert that would become the site for Lake Havasu City. At the time it was the largest single tract of state land ever sold in Arizona, and the cost per acre was under US$75.

To spur the growth of the city, in 1964 McCulloch opened a chainsaw manufacturing plant there. Within two years there were three manufacturing plants, with some 400 employees. Other communities developed by McCulloch Oil include Fountain Hills, Arizona, Pueblo West, Colorado, and Spring Creek, Nevada.

## McCulloch International Airlines

Starting January 1964, McCulloch Properties flew prospective buyers into Lake Havasu City for free, a trip requiring a prospective buyer make a fully-refundable deposit. This became a significant enterprise, with the property company acquiring over a half-dozen commercial aircraft and flying in prospective buyers from all over the United States. In 1970, McCulloch bought a small charter airline, Vance International Airways, to allow the air operation to become a certificated charter airline, McCulloch International Airlines. McCulloch Properties sold an 81% stake in the airline to a management/investor group in 1975, but the airline collapsed in 1977 shortly after McCulloch's death. 2,702 flights were made to Lake Havasu City for prospective buyers over the course of the program, from 1964 to 1978.

## Purchase of London Bridge

In 1968, McCulloch was searching for a unique attraction for his city, which eventually took him to London. By the early 1960s it was apparent that John Rennie's 1831 "New" London Bridge was gradually sinking into the River Thames and the City of London Corporation decided that a new bridge was needed. Rather than demolish the existing bridge, they decided to auction the historic landmark.

When casting his bid for the bridge, McCulloch doubled the estimated cost of dismantling the structure, which was US$1.2 million, bringing the price to US$2.4 million. He then added on US$60,000, a thousand dollars for each year of his age at the time he estimated the bridge would be raised in Arizona. His gesture earned him the winning bid, although there was very little competition.

It took three years to complete the project. The structure was dismantled block by block, with each block marked with a number and its position catalogued. The granite pieces were stacked at the Surrey Commercial Docks, and then were shipped through the Panama Canal to Long Beach, California. From Long Beach, the granite blocks were trucked inland 300 miles (500 km). The bridge was reassembled by matching the numbered stones, and filling beneath the bridge with native soil for support during reconstruction. The work was done by Sundt Construction.

The attraction was opened on October 10, 1971, with elaborate fanfare: Fireworks, a parade, entertainment, and celebrities, such as *Bonanza* actor Lorne Greene and dignitaries such as the Lord Mayor of London.

With the purchase of the bridge, McCulloch accelerated his development campaign, increasing the number of flights into the city. At the time, the airport was located on the island. The free flights to Lake Havasu lasted until 1978 and reportedly they totalled 2,702 flights, bringing in 37,000 prospective buyers.

A popular urban legend is that McCulloch mistakenly believed that he was buying the more impressive Tower Bridge. Ivan Luckin, the council member who sold the bridge, replied "Of course not" when asked if McCulloch had believed that he was buying Tower Bridge.

## Death

McCulloch died February 25, 1977, in Los Angeles, of an accidental overdose of alcohol and barbiturates.

## World records

## Other inventions

McCulloch also developed a centrifugal supercharger for automotive use. At first, these were produced and sold under the McCulloch name. In 1956, the supercharger division was renamed Paxton Superchargers. Notable cars such as the 1954–1955 Kaiser Manhattan and the 1957 Studebaker Golden Hawk and Ford Thunderbird F-Type had a McCulloch/Paxton Supercharger. The supercharger was also used in CO2 scrubbers on Navy submarines.

The company produced one prototype automobile, the Paxton Phoenix, with a hard top that retracted over the trunk. The 1953 vehicle promoted alternative fuels and had a proposed steam engine. The division was sold in 1958, becoming Paxton Automotive, which remains in business.

McCulloch's diverse interests continued into the last years of his life. McCulloch built his first aircraft in 1971 (the same year the London Bridge officially opened), in Lake Havasu City. It was the McCulloch J-2 Gyroplane, a hybrid helicopter and airplane combination, and was tested in the summer of 1973 by James Patton, a NASA pilot. McCulloch's dream was to offer "an airplane in every garage", promoting a seemingly simple aircraft that was easy to fly and could take off from a driveway. He manufactured and sold about 100 of the aircraft, but the market never developed.

## Films

* *Monumental Mysteries* episode "Arizona's London Bridge" features an actor portraying McCulloch.

## Companies founded

## Cities founded

## InfoBox

| Robert Paxton McCulloch | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1911-05-11)May 11, 1911
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | February 25, 1977(1977-02-25) (aged 65)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Entrepreneur, industrialist, city founder |
| Spouse | Barbra Ann Briggs |


title: TravelMuse

abstract: TravelMuse is an online travel planning website. TravelMuse claims booking is just the last 5% of the process.

text:
# TravelMuse

**TravelMuse** is an online travel planning website. TravelMuse claims booking is just the last 5% of the process.

## History

TravelMuse (formerly known as TripOvation) was founded in May 2007 by Kevin Fliess and Eric Wood. The company has raised more than $3.5 million in funding from Azure Capital Partners and California Technology Ventures. TravelMuse is headquartered in Los Altos, California.

## InfoBox

TravelMuse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type of business | Travel planning service |
| Founded | Kevin Fliess and Eric Wood |
| Headquarters | Los Altos, California |
| URL | http://www.travelmuse.com |
| Launched | June 2008 |


title: Pronephros

abstract: Pronephros is the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more complex metanephros acts as the adult kidney. Once a more advanced kidney forms, the previous version typically degenerates by apoptosis or becomes part of the male reproductive system. The pronephros develops from the intermediate mesoderm, as do the later kidneys. It is a paired organ, consisting of a single giant nephron that processes blood filtrate produced from glomeruli or glomera- large embryonic glomeruli. The filtrate is deposited into the coelom. It then passes through thin ciliated tubules into the pronephric nephron where it is processed for solute recovery. The organ is active in adult forms of some primitive fish, like lampreys or hagfish. It is present at the embryo of more advanced fish and at the larval stage of amphibians where it plays an essential role in osmoregulation. In human beings, it is rudimentary, appears at the end of the third week and replaced by mesonephros after 3.5 weeks. Despite this transient appearance in mammals, the pronephros is essential for the development of the adult kidneys. The duct of the mesonephros forms the Wolffian duct and ureter of the adult kidney. The embryonic kidney and its derivatives also produces the inductive signals that trigger formation of the adult kidney.

text:
# Pronephros

**Pronephros** is the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more complex metanephros acts as the adult kidney. Once a more advanced kidney forms, the previous version typically degenerates by apoptosis or becomes part of the male reproductive system.

The pronephros develops from the intermediate mesoderm, as do the later kidneys. It is a paired organ, consisting of a single giant nephron that processes blood filtrate produced from glomeruli or glomera- large embryonic glomeruli. The filtrate is deposited into the coelom. It then passes through thin ciliated tubules into the pronephric nephron where it is processed for solute recovery.

The organ is active in adult forms of some primitive fish, like lampreys or hagfish. It is present at the embryo of more advanced fish and at the larval stage of amphibians where it plays an essential role in osmoregulation. In human beings, it is rudimentary, appears at the end of the third week (day 20) and replaced by mesonephros after 3.5 weeks. Despite this transient appearance in mammals, the pronephros is essential for the development of the adult kidneys. The duct of the mesonephros forms the Wolffian duct and ureter of the adult kidney. The embryonic kidney and its derivatives also produces the inductive signals that trigger formation of the adult kidney.

## Development

The pronephros is the first in a sequence of kidneys that form in vertebrate embryos. The pronephric primordium develops from the intermediate mesoderm, lying between the paraxial (somitic) mesoderm and the lateral plate. In many organisms (e.g. amphibians) this primodium forms anteriorly then migrates posteriorly to fuse with the cloaca, while in others it forms along the length of the intermediate mesoderm.

## Drainage

In both amphibians and zebrafish, the pronephros has a single nephron attached to a nephric duct, which in turn is linked to the cloaca. Although these kidneys have a simple anatomical organization with only a single nephron, the nephrons have a segmental and functional complexity that is very similar to that in more complex kidneys such as mesonephroi and metanephroi.

## Filtration

One unique feature of pronephroi is the arrangement by which the glomerular filtrate is generated and collected by the nephron. In pronephroi the glomerulus (or glomus if it extends over multiple body segments) projects into the coelom rather than into the proximal tip of the nephron. The glomerular filtrate flows directly into the coelom, or a dorsal compartment of the coelom known as the nephrocoel. In jawless fishes, the pronephric glomus projects into the pericardial cavity. Fluids are swept from the filtration cavity into the nephron through ciliated funnels known as nephrostomes. These thin epithelial tubes are densely packed with cilia and have a distinct morphology to the other tubular epithelia of the kidney.

## Relationship to nephrotomes

Older anatomical texts describe the pronephros as condensing from nephrotomes, but modern visualization techniques have shown that this represents a histological artifact.

## In amphibians, fishes, and mammals

Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes, the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system.

In mammals, a functional pronephros, in the context of an organ performing waste excretion or osmoregulation, does not develop. However, a kidney primordium that runs along the intermediate mesoderm does form and links up to the cloaca. This duct is known as the pronephric duct, mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct. While this transient primordium never forms functional nephrons, the duct derived from it is essential to the development of the more complex later kidneys.

## InfoBox

| Pronephros | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Carnegie stage | 10 |
| Days | 20 |
| Precursor | Nephrotome |
| Gives rise to | Mesonephros |
| Identifiers | |
| MeSH | D060910 |
| TE | E5.6.1.0.0.0.1 |
| FMA | 72170 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Villanueva de Argaño

abstract: Villanueva de Argaño is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 126 inhabitants.

text:
# Villanueva de Argaño

**Villanueva de Argaño** is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 126 inhabitants.

42°23′N 3°56′W / 42.383°N 3.933°W / 42.383; -3.933

## InfoBox

| Villanueva de Argaño, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of Villanueva de Argaño | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Burgos |
| Municipality | Villanueva de Argaño |
| Area | |
| Total | 7 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 108 |
| Density | 15/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |