title: Helen Matusevich Oujesky

abstract: Helen Matusevich Oujesky was an American professor of microbiology at the University of Texas, San Antonio. In this capacity she actively pursued environmental research on pollution of soil and water, particularly of toxic wastes. In her career span of 45 years in the field of education and research, Oujesky was the recipient of several awards such as from the National Science Foundation, Student Science Training Programs for High School Students, Minority Research Programs for Minority High School Students, and an Intervention Model Program for Girls Using Laboratory Activities in Science, Math and Engineering. On 30 January 1997, her name was incorporated in the Texas Women's Hall of Fame.

text:
# Helen Matusevich Oujesky

**Helen Matusevich Oujesky** (August 14, 1930 – February 1, 2010) was an American professor of microbiology at the University of Texas, San Antonio. In this capacity she actively pursued environmental research on pollution of soil and water, particularly of toxic wastes.

In her career span of 45 years in the field of education and research, Oujesky was the recipient of several awards such as from the National Science Foundation, Student Science Training Programs for High School Students, Minority Research Programs for Minority High School Students, and an Intervention Model Program for Girls Using Laboratory Activities in Science, Math and Engineering. On 30 January 1997, her name was incorporated in the Texas Women's Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Oujesky was born in Fort Worth, Texas on August 14, 1930. Her parents were Lilly (Krivanek) and Steve Matusevich. After her college graduation in 1951 with a bachelor's degree from the Texas State College for Women (now Texas Woman's University) she started her career as a teacher at Trimble Tech High School in Fort Worth and worked as a chemistry and biology teacher until 1963. She also pursued her higher education at Texas Christian University (TCU) and received a Master of Arts degree in 1965. She was awarded a doctoral degree from the Texas Woman's University (TWU) in 1968.

Oujesky then worked from 1963 to 1965 as a graduate teaching assistant at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth. From 1965 to 1968 she worked as graduate teacher at Texas Woman's University and as assistant professor from 1968 to 1973.

Oujesky joined the University of Texas at San Antonio in 1973 and retired as professor in 2001. She was also on the board of directors of the Texas Academy of Sciences from 1980.

Apart from presenting her research findings at various forums on applied microbial ecology and effects of environmental pollutants on microbial metabolism related to water and land pollution of toxic wastes, she has also lectured on the subject of educational equity for girls and women across the country. She gave a guest lecture at the 5th International Biodeterioration Symposium in Aberdeen, Scotland. She supported pre-college students presenting their scientific work at science fairs and junior science academies. She was also encouraged minority women to participate in the sciences.

## Family

Helen Matusevich married Frank Oujesky on 27 December 1951. They had three children – Michael Jerome, David Franklin, and Christopher Aaron. She was predeceased by Christopher and her husband, Frank. She died at the age of 79 on February 1, 2010, and was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.

## Membership

Oujesky was a member of the following institutions and societies at various stages of her career.

## InfoBox

| Helen Matusevich Oujesky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Helen Matusevich
August 14, 1930
Fort Worth, United States |
| Died | February 1, 2010(2010-02-01) (aged 79) |
| Occupation(s) | Teaching and research in microbiology |
| Years active | 45 |
| Notable work | Research in the field of environmental pollution of soil and water |


title: Metanarsia scythiella

abstract: Metanarsia scythiella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia. The habitat consists of arid areas. The length of the forewings is about 11.5 mm.

text:
# Metanarsia scythiella

***Metanarsia scythiella*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia (Tuva, Ubsa-Noor Lake). The habitat consists of arid areas.

The length of the forewings is about 11.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Metanarsia scythiella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Metanarsia* |
| Species: | ***M. scythiella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metanarsia scythiella***<br>Ponomarenko, 2000 | |
|


title: Pasión (Fernando Lima album)

abstract: Pasión is the debut album from the classical singer Fernando Lima and was released on February 5, 2008. The title song, "Pasión", is a duet with English Soprano singer Sarah Brightman and is the theme song for the Mexican telenovela of the same name.

text:
# Pasión (Fernando Lima album)

***Pasión*** is the debut album from the classical singer Fernando Lima and was released on February 5, 2008 (See 2008 in music).

The title song, "Pasión", is a duet with English Soprano singer Sarah Brightman and is the theme song for the Mexican telenovela of the same name.

## Track listing

1. "Azul"
2. "Pasion"
3. "El Condor Pasa"
4. "Oh Madre Mia"
5. "El Aranjuez Con Tu Amor"
6. "Sonn"
7. "Ave Maria"
8. "Nana"
9. "Venezia"
10. "Pavane"
11. "Sueno"
12. "Recuerdos de la Alhambra"
13. "El Vuelo"
14. "Guardian Angel"

## InfoBox

| Pasión | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fernando Lima | |
| Released | February 5, 2008 (2008-02-05) |
| Genre | Classical, Latin |
| Label | EMI Latin |


title: Hilaroptila

abstract: Hilaroptila is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Hilaroptila

***Hilaroptila*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| ***Hilaroptila*** | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Subfamily: | Olethreutinae |
| Genus: | ***Hilaroptila***<br>Diakonoff, 1970 |
|


title: Alper Görmüş

abstract: Ahmet Alper Görmüş is a Turkish journalist and writer, formerly a columnist for Taraf and Yeni Aktüel. He was the editor-in-chief of the news weekly Nokta (2006–7). He was previously a contributor to Aydınlık (1977–1980), working outside journalism in a variety of roles after it was closed down following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. He resumed journalism at Nokta (1986–1990), and was then editor-in-chief of Yeni Aktüel (1991–1995). He received the Hrant Dink International Award in 2009, with Amira Hass.

text:
# Alper Görmüş

**Ahmet Alper Görmüş** (born 21 November 1952) is a Turkish journalist and writer, formerly a columnist for *Taraf* and *Yeni Aktüel*. He was the editor-in-chief of the news weekly *Nokta* (2006–7).

He was previously a contributor to *Aydınlık* (1977–1980), working outside journalism in a variety of roles after it was closed down following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. He resumed journalism at *Nokta* (1986–1990), and was then editor-in-chief of *Yeni Aktüel* (1991–1995). He received the Hrant Dink International Award in 2009, with Amira Hass.


title: Kolathur, Chennai

abstract: Kolathur is a neighborhood located in the northwestern region of Chennai, in Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Kolathur, Chennai

**Kolathur** is a neighborhood located in the northwestern region of Chennai, in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per Census of India 2011, the total population of Kolathur, Chennai was 1,10,474. Out of this, the male population contributed 55,689 whereas the female population was 54,785. Out of this, 15,214 (males: 7,695 and females: 7,519) were Scheduled Castes and 552 (males: 289 and females: 263) were Scheduled Tribes. The population of children below 6 years of age was 11,760 (males: 6,091 and females: 5,669). Literates of Kolathur constitute 92,248, out of which males were 47,663 and females were 44,585.

## Education

### Schools

Some of the important schools in Kolathur are Everwin Vidhyashram, Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Government Higher Secondary School and Everwin Matriculation Higher Secondary School., Smt. Durgadevi Choudary Vivekananda Vidyalaya and Godson Public school (surapet main road) is another famous school.

### College

There is an Arts and Science College viz., Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College, soka ikeda Arts & science college for Women and Annai voilet arts and science college

## Political notability

Kolathur Assembly constituency, in Chennai is a newly formed assembly constituency. Kolathur lies in the Ward number 64 (old number 62) of the Greater Chennai Corporation.

Kolathur comes under the zone VI (six) of Chennai Corporation viz. Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar Zone.

This neighborhood comes under Kolathur (state assembly constituency). Kolathur (state assembly constituency) is one of the six Assembly Constituencies that constitute Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency.

## Places of worship

1. Shri Somanatha Swamy Temple.
2. Shri Lakshmi Narayana Perumal Temple, Kolathur.

## Geolocation

## Further reading

* Prabhakar, Siddharth (24 October 2020). "How to kill a lake". Times of India. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

## InfoBox

| Kolathur | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| KolathurKolathur, (Chennai)KolathurKolathur (Tamil Nadu)KolathurKolathur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 13°07′26.4″N 80°12′43.6″E / 13.124000°N 80.212111°E / 13.124000; 80.212111 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Chennai |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 110,474 |
| Language | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 600099 |
| Telephone Code | +9144 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 05 yy xxxx |
| Neighborhoods | korattur, Villivakkam, Perambur, Surapet, Madhavaram, Retteri, Ayanavaram, Anna Nagar, Sembium, Agaram, Periyar Nagar, Jawahar Nagar, Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar, Peravallur. |
| Municipal body | Greater Chennai Corporation |
| Zone & Ward | 6 & 64 |
| LS | Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency) |
| VS | Kolathur (state assembly constituency) |
| MP | Dr. Kalanidhi Veeraswamy |
| MLA | M. K. Stalin (Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) |
| Website | https://chennaicorporation.gov.in |


title: Metanarsia mongola

abstract: Metanarsia mongola is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mongolia. The wingspan is 21–23 mm. The forewings are light brown. The hindwings are light grey. Adults are on wing from July to early August.

text:
# Metanarsia mongola

***Metanarsia mongola*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mongolia.

The wingspan is 21–23 mm. The forewings are light brown. The hindwings are light grey. Adults are on wing from July to early August.

## InfoBox

| *Metanarsia mongola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Metanarsia* |
| Species: | ***M. mongola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metanarsia mongola***<br>Bidzilya, 2008 | |
|


title: Guidobaldo II della Rovere

abstract: Guidobaldo II della Rovere was an Italian condottiero, who succeeded his father Francesco Maria I della Rovere as Duke of Urbino from 1538 until his death in 1574. He was a member of the House of La Rovere. Guidobaldo was an important patron of the arts in general, and of Titian in particular, commissioning his own portrait, and buying Titian's Venus of Urbino.

text:
# Guidobaldo II della Rovere

**Guidobaldo II della Rovere** (2 April 1514  28 September 1574) was an Italian *condottiero*, who succeeded his father Francesco Maria I della Rovere as Duke of Urbino from 1538 until his death in 1574. He was a member of the House of La Rovere. Guidobaldo was an important patron of the arts in general, and of Titian in particular, commissioning his own portrait, and buying Titian's *Venus of Urbino*.

## Early life

Guidobaldo was the son of Francesco Maria I della Rovere and Eleonora Gonzaga. In 1535, despite a papal ban, he married Giulia da Varano, daughter of the duke of Camerino and Caterina Cybo. In response to his marriage with Giulia, Pope Paul III excommunicated Guidobaldo, his bride, Giulia, his mother-in-law, Caterina Cybo, in 1535. Upon his installation as duke of Camerino, Paul III placed the duchy under interdict. Upon the assassination of his father, Guidobaldo became duke of Urbino in 1538.

Guidobaldo and Giulia had a child, Virginia Varana della Rovere, who married Frederico Borromeo.

## Career

In 1546, he received a *condotta* as military leader (*Governatore*) by the Republic of Venice, for which his father had been a valiant commander during the Italian Wars. He employed the artist and armourer Bartolomeo Campi, who made him a suit of armour.

After the death of his first wife, Giulia, in 1548 he married Vittoria Farnese, the daughter of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma and Gerolama Orsini. Later he was made Papal governor of Fano, receiving also the title of *capitano generale* (commander-in-chief) of the Papal States, as well as that of Prefect of Rome.

In 1559, he was hired by the King of Spain, helping Bernardo Sanseverino (who had married Isabella, one of Guidobaldo's daughters) in the war against the Ottoman Turks.

On 1 January 1573, a revolt rose against Guidobaldo in Urbino, due to the excessive tax burden that he was exerting over his state. He reacted by bloodily suppressing the riot.

## Personal life

Guidobaldo and Vittoria had:

After falling ill during a voyage to Ferrara and Pesaro, he died in the latter town in 1574.

## Ancestry

## Sources

* Ammannati, Laura Battiferra degli (2006). *Laura Battiferra and Her Literary Circle: An Anthology: A Bilingual Edition*. Translated by Kirkham, Victoria. University of Chicago Press.
* Brigden, Susan (2013). "Henry VIII and the Crusade against England". In Betteridge, Thomas; Lipscomb, Suzannah (eds.). *Henry VIII and the Court: Art, Politics and Performance*. Ashgate.
* Reiss, Sheryl E. (2013). "A Taxonomy of Art Patronage in Renaissance Italy". In Bohn, Babette; Saslow, James M. (eds.). *A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art*. Wiley-Blackwell.
* Robin, Diana (2007). *Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Italy*. The University of Chicago Press.
* Setton, Kenneth Meyer, ed. (1984). *The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571*. Vol. IV: The Sixteenth Century. American Philosophical Society.601

## InfoBox

| Guidobaldo II | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Titian, 1545 | |
| Duke of Urbino | |
| Reign | 20 October 1538 – 28 September 1574 |
| Predecessor | Francesco Maria I |
| Successor | Francesco Maria II |
|  | |
| Born | (1514-04-02)2 April 1514
Urbino, Duchy of Urbino |
| Died | 28 September 1574(1574-09-28) (aged 60)
Pesaro, Duchy of Urbino |
| Spouse | Giulia da Varano
Vittoria Farnese |
| Issue | Virginia, Duchess of Gravina
Francesco Maria II, Duke of Urbino
Isabella, Princess of Bisignano
Lavinia, Princess of Francavilla |
| House | Rovere |
| Father | Francesco Maria I della Rovere |
| Mother | Eleonora Gonzaga |


title: Messenger (sternwheeler)

abstract: Messenger was a sternwheel steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

text:
# Messenger (sternwheeler)

***Messenger*** was a sternwheel steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

## Career

*Messenger* was built in 1876 at Tumwater, Washington. The vessel had separate cabins for men and women, and worked in the south Puget Sound area, sometimes in competition with *Zephyr*. *Messenger* was destroyed by fire in 1907 while docked at Tacoma.

* Findlay, Jean Cammon and Paterson, Robin, *Mosquito Fleet of Southern Puget Sound*, (2008) Arcadia Publishing ISBN 0-7385-5607-6

## InfoBox

| *Messenger* in 1888. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Messenger* |
| Route | Puget Sound |
| Completed | 1876 |
| Fate | Destroyed by fire 1907 |
| General characteristics | |
| Length | 91 ft (27.7 m) |
| Installed power | steam engines |
| Propulsion | sternwheel |


title: Morgan Arcade

abstract: The Morgan Arcade is a shopping arcade in Cardiff, South Wales. Started in 1896, it was built to connect the main entrance of David Morgan's department store on St Mary's Street, with his other store on The Hayes. It opened in 1899 as the New Central Arcade, running east–west from Hayes to St. Mary's Street. After Morgans bought the Royal Arcade, the family formed a holding company called the Cardiff Arcade Company, which owned and operated both the Royal and renamed Morgan arcades, which both ran underneath the store. After the agreed closure of David Morgan's, the property assets inside the various holdings companies were sold in late 2004 for £25 million to property firm Helical Bar. David Morgan Limited, Deymel Investments Limited and the Cardiff Arcade Company Limited are now all in liquidation. Between 2007 and 2008 the whole site was refurbished by Helical Bar, with the arcades restored. The companies spent £30M on restoring both the Morgan and Royal arcades, with some first-floor Venetian windows and original wooden storefronts still surviving. The Morgan Arcade is now described as the best preserved of Cardiff's arcades.

text:
# Morgan Arcade

The **Morgan Arcade** is a shopping arcade in Cardiff, South Wales.

Started in 1896, it was built to connect the main entrance of David Morgan's department store on St Mary's Street, with his other store on The Hayes. It opened in 1899 as the **New Central Arcade,** running east–west from Hayes to St. Mary's Street.

After Morgans bought the Royal Arcade, the family formed a holding company called the Cardiff Arcade Company, which owned and operated both the Royal and renamed Morgan arcades, which both ran underneath the store.

After the agreed closure of David Morgan's, the property assets inside the various holdings companies were sold in late 2004 for £25 million to property firm Helical Bar. David Morgan Limited, Deymel Investments Limited and the Cardiff Arcade Company Limited are now all in liquidation.

Between 2007 and 2008 the whole site was refurbished by Helical Bar, with the arcades restored. The companies spent £30M on restoring both the Morgan and Royal arcades, with some first-floor Venetian windows and original wooden storefronts still surviving. The Morgan Arcade is now described as the best preserved of Cardiff's arcades.

51°28′44″N 3°10′37″W / 51.47879°N 3.17707°W / 51.47879; -3.17707


title: Hilaroleopsis pituna

abstract: Hilaroleopsis pituna is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2006.

text:
# Hilaroleopsis pituna

***Hilaroleopsis pituna*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Hilaroleopsis pituna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Hilaroleopsis*** |
| Species: | ***H. pituna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hilaroleopsis pituna***<br>Galileo & Martins, 2006 | |
|


title: Moses v Macferlan

abstract: Moses v Macferlan (1760) 2 Bur 1005 is a foundational case in the law of restitution holding that in certain circumstances such as when money is paid by mistake, for failed consideration or under oppression; the law will allow the money to be recovered.

text:
# Moses v Macferlan

***Moses v Macferlan*** (1760) 2 Bur 1005 is a foundational case in the law of restitution holding that in certain circumstances such as when money is paid by mistake, for failed consideration or under oppression; the law will allow the money to be recovered.

## Facts

Chapman Jacob had made out four promissory notes to Moses for 30s each.

Moses owed Macferlan £26, did not pay him and was sued. A settlement was reached at arbitration whereby Moses would pay Macferlan £20; and endorse to Macferlan the four promissory notes he had received from Jacob, whose sum, 120 shillings, was equivalent to £6. Moses, endorsed these notes to Macferlan, thus transferring over rights to the money. Prior to Moses endorsement, Macferlan assured him that his endorsement would not prejudice him. In other words, Macferlan would not seek to get the value of the notes from Moses. There was also an agreement signed by Macferlan that Moses should "not be liable to the payment of the money or any part of it".

Despite Macferlan's assurances and agreement with Moses; he summoned Moses into the Middlesex Court of Conscience as the endorser of the four promissory notes.

The lawyer for Moses put the agreement before the court and offered to give evidence of it in Moses defence. However, the Court rejected this defence as beyond its jurisdiction, refused to receive evidence of it and gave judgment against Moses; holding that his endorsement establishing his liability. Moses paid the money, to the value of the four promissory notes, into court. Macferlan then withdrew the money at the order of the court.

On the subsequent action of Moses in the King's Bench court to recover the £6, the jury found that Moses was entitled to the money subject to the opinion of the court on the question, "Whether the money could be recovered in the present form of action, or whether it must be recovered by an action brought upon the special agreement only".

William Gummow has summarised the problem that the court had to deal with;

> "The root of the doctrinal problem presented to the King’s Bench in *Moses v. Macferlan* was the absence of an accepted basis for the action for money had and received. Lord Mansfield gave a number of settled instances where the action lay, but the instant case did not fall within any of them. Lord Mansfield also sought to find a principle within which past, present, and future cases might be accommodated. Given what he saw as the rigidities of the common law, Lord Mansfield looked to equity for an appropriate analogy upon which the common law should draw."

## Judgment

Lord Mansfield CJ dealt with a number of objections to allowing the plaintiff's action in Assumpsit.

Firstly, he noted the objection "That an Action of *Debt* would not lie here and no *Assumpsit* will lie, where an Action of Debt may not be brought"; and responded that the rule was "That an Action of *Assumpsit* WILL *lie* in many cases where *Debt lies* and in many where it does *not* lie."

Secondly, he dealt with the objection, "That no *Assumpsit* lies, except upon an *express* or *implied* Contract"; answering "If the Defendant be under an *Obligation,* from the Ties of *natural Justice,* to *refund*; the Law *implies a Debt,* and *gives this Action,* founded in the Equity of the Plaintiff's Case, *as it were upon a Contract*".

Thirdly, Lord Mansfield rejected the assertion that a court's judgment could not be revised by a new action; "Money may be recovered by a right and legal judgment; and yet the iniquity of keeping that money may be manifest, upon grounds which could not be used by way of defence against the judgment."

Lord Mansfield then held,

> "This kind of equitable action, to recover back money, which ought not in justice to be kept, is very beneficial, and therefore much encouraged. It lies for money which, *ex aequo et bono*, the defendant ought to refund; it does not lie for money paid by the plaintiff, which is claimed of him as payable in point of honour and honesty, although it could not have been recovered from him by any course of law; as in payment of a debt barred by the Statute of Limitations, or contracted during his infancy, or to the extent of principal and legal interest upon an usurious contract, or, for money fairly lost at play: because in all these cases, the defendant may retain it with a safe conscience, though by positive law he was barred from recovering. But it lies for money paid by mistake; or upon a consideration which happens to fail; or for money got through imposition, (express or implied) or extortion; or oppression; or an undue advantage taken of the plaintiff's situation, contrary to laws made for the protection of persons under those circumstances. In one word, the gist of this kind of action is, that the defendant, upon the circumstances of the case, is obliged by the ties of natural justice and equity, to refund the money."

## Significance

Lord Mansfield's judgment in *Moses v Macferlan* is credited with founding the entire common law of unjust enrichment. It has been described in the United Kingdom Supreme Court as "a corner-stone of common law restitution".

As Peter Birks noted of Mansfield's statement of law (cited above), "This corresponds very closely to the modern structure of the law of unjust enrichment. The phrase "unjust enrichment" does not actually appear. But "money which ought not in justice to be kept" is "unjust enrichment", cut down to money as the form of action necessitated."

Birks observes that Mansfield's classification of unjust factors, "was endowed with the authority of scripture and broadcast to the world by Blackstone. He adopted it in the third volume of his *Commentaries*, which came out in 1768. Following Lord Mansfield almost verbatim, Blackstone says that the plaintiff is entitled to recover "where money is paid by mistake, or on a consideration which happens to fail, or through imposition, extortion, or oppression, or where undue advantage is taken of the plaintiff's situation".

## InfoBox

| Moses v Macferlan | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Mansfield | |
| Court | Court of King's Bench |
| Decided | 19 May 1760 |
| Citation | (1760) 2 Bur 1005; 97 ER 676; \[1558–1774\] All ER Rep 581 |
| Transcript | Available here |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Lord Mansfield |
| Keywords | |
| Law of restitution, Money had and received, Assumpsit | |


title: Hiroshi Kazato

abstract: Hiroshi Kazato was a Japanese racecar driver. Kazato started his career at age 19. He took part in the 1971 Can-Am season, finishing 10th in the championship driving a Lola T222-Chevrolet. He participated at Formula Two European seasons 1972 and 1973, scoring 7 championship points. He graduated from Seikei University in 1973. He died at 25 years old at Fuji Speedway, during a Fuji Grand Champion series race after colliding with Seiichi Suzuki on the banking, resulting in the circuit being modified to eliminate the 30-degree banking, establishing the modern configuration with the hairpin that bypasses the banking.

text:
# Hiroshi Kazato

**Hiroshi Kazato** (風戸 裕, *Kazato Hiroshi*, born March 13, 1949, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; died June 2, 1974) was a Japanese racecar driver. Kazato started his career at age 19. He took part in the 1971 Can-Am season, finishing 10th in the championship driving a Lola T222-Chevrolet. He participated at Formula Two European seasons 1972 and 1973, scoring 7 championship points. He graduated from Seikei University in 1973.

He died at 25 years old at Fuji Speedway, during a Fuji Grand Champion series race after colliding with Seiichi Suzuki on the banking, resulting in the circuit being modified to eliminate the 30-degree banking, establishing the modern configuration with the hairpin that bypasses the banking.

## Resources


title: Helen Mason (potter)

abstract: Helen Wilmot Mason was a New Zealand potter as well as the co-founder and editor of the New Zealand Potter magazine for which she also wrote. She was appointed to the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to pottery, in 2005.

text:
# Helen Mason (potter)

**Helen Wilmot Mason** MNZM (née **Valentine**; 30 April 1915 – 22 August 2014) was a New Zealand potter as well as the co-founder and editor of the *New Zealand Potter* magazine for which she also wrote. She was appointed to the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to pottery, in 2005.

## Biography

Born in Darfield in 1915, Mason grew up in Wellington. In 1938 her engagement to Malcolm John Mason was announced, and the couple married the following year.

Mason took up pottery in 1953, attending classes and buying a diesel kiln from her husband's aunt, Elizabeth Matheson. Over the next few years she met and worked with other New Zealand artists including potters Olive Jones, Barry Brickell, Len Castle and Doreen Blumhardt, and painter Colin McCahon, and by 1957 had exhibited and sold her first pot. In 1958, she and Blumhardt co-founded *New Zealand Potter* magazine, which Mason edited for nine years. The same year she was commissioned to produce the crockery for Wellington's first cafe, the Monde Marie. A stoneware experimentalist, she had by 1964 exhibited in Australia, Japan and Washington.

The early 1960s saw Mason become a full-time potter, and she abandoned her home and marriage, moving to the Waitākere Ranges, then Ōtāne in Hawke's Bay and, in 1974, Tokomaru Bay. It was there that she was involved with establishing the Tauira Craft Centre with Ngoi Pēwhairangi.

In the 1990s she lived in a house truck, purchased with the proceeds from the sale of a McCahon painting, near Brickell's home in Coromandel. She later returned to Hawke's Bay where, from 2006 to 2011, she resided in the eponymous Helen Mason House at the Waiohiki Creative Arts Village.

In the 2005 New Year Honours she was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to pottery. Works by Mason are held in the permanent collection of the Dowse Art Museum.

Described as an influential figure in New Zealand crafts and ceramics at the forefront of the emerging New Zealand pottery movement in the 1950s, Mason exhibited widely in New Zealand and internationally. As well as editing *The New Zealand Potter*, Mason contributed to the *New Zealand Listener* and wrote a number of books on pottery and crafts, including *Ten years of pottery in New Zealand* (1967), *Waima of Tokomaru Bay* (1984) and *Commitment to clay* (2008). She featured in an episode of the television arts show *The Big Art Trip* in 2002. In 2005, she published her memoir, entitled *Helen Mason's scrapbook: 50 years as a backyard potter*.

## InfoBox

| Helen MasonMNZM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Helen Wilmot Valentine
(1915-04-30)30 April 1915
Darfield, New Zealand |
| Died | 22 August 2014(2014-08-22) (aged 99)
Hawke's Bay, New Zealand |
| Known for | pottery, co-founding the magazine *New Zealand Potter* |


title: Hibbert Lectures

abstract: The Hibbert Lectures are an annual series of non-sectarian lectures on theological issues. They are sponsored by the Hibbert Trust, which was founded in 1847 by the Unitarian Robert Hibbert with a goal to uphold "the unfettered exercise of private judgement in matters of religion.". In recent years the lectures have been broadcast by the BBC.

text:
# Hibbert Lectures

The **Hibbert Lectures** are an annual series of non-sectarian lectures on theological issues. They are sponsored by the Hibbert Trust, which was founded in 1847 by the Unitarian Robert Hibbert with a goal to uphold "the unfettered exercise of private judgement in matters of religion.". In recent years the lectures have been broadcast by the BBC.

## Lecturers (incomplete list)

### 1878-1894 (First Series)

* 1878 Max Müller *On the Religions of India* (inaugural)
* 1879 Peter le Page Renouf *The Religion of the Egyptians*
* 1880 Ernest Renan *Lectures on the Influence of the Institutions, Thought And Culture of Rome on Christianity And the Development of the Catholic Church*
* 1881 T. W. Rhys Davids *Indian Buddhism*
* 1882 Abraham Kuenen *National Religions and Universal Religion*
* 1883 Charles Beard *The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge*
* 1884 Albert Reville *The Native Religions of Mexico and Peru*
* 1885 Otto Pfleiderer *The Influence of the Apostle Paul on the Development of Christianity*
* 1886 John Rhys *Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom*
* 1887 Archibald Sayce *Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians*
* 1888 Edwin Hatch *Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages Upon the Christian Church*
* 1891 Eugene, Count Goblet D'Alviella *Lectures on the Origin and Growth of the Concept of God, as Illustrated by Anthropology and History* ISBN 978-0-7661-0207-1
* 1892 Claude Montefiore *The Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews*
* 1893 Charles Barnes Upton *Lectures on the bases of religious belief*
* 1894 James Drummond *Via, Veritas, Vita; Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form*

### 1900-1949

### 1950-1999

### 2000-


title: Government Polytechnic Jalgaon

abstract: Government Polytechnic Jalgaon is a polytechnic college established in 1960 in India. Spread over a land of 52 acres, its infrastructure facilities were enhanced and equipment procured under a World Bank Assisted Project implemented during 1992-97. The college started with one branch of civil engineering. Today, it has seven branches including information technology; computer, electrical, civil and mechanical engineering; electronics and telecommunications, and pharmacy. The institute is governed by the government of Maharashtra and approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and the Pharmacy Council of India, to offer technical level diplomas and post diploma programmes in engineering, technology and pharmacy.

text:
# Government Polytechnic Jalgaon

**Government Polytechnic Jalgaon** is a polytechnic college established in 1960 in India. Spread over a land of 52 acres, its infrastructure facilities were enhanced and equipment procured under a World Bank Assisted Project implemented during 1992-97.

The college started with one branch of civil engineering. Today, it has seven branches including information technology; computer, electrical, civil and mechanical engineering; electronics and telecommunications, and pharmacy.

The institute is governed by the government of Maharashtra and approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and the Pharmacy Council of India, to offer technical level diplomas and post diploma programmes in engineering, technology and pharmacy.

## Facilities

Below is list of facilities provided by institute.

* Boys hostel with capacity of 180 , Girls hostel with capacity of 56 , trainees hostel .
* Library with about 40,537 books , 31 journals.
* Computer Centre with 75 P-IV based computers.
* Student's Co-Operative stores.
* Canteen and Mess building.

## Branches

Government Polytechnic Jalgaon offers diploma in below

* Civil Engineering
* Computer Engineering
* Electrical engineering
* Electronics and Telecommunications engineering
* IT engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Pharmacy

## InfoBox

| Government Polytechnic Jalgaon | |
| --- | --- |
| शासकिय तंत्रनिकेतन जळगांव | |
| Coordinates: 21°00′12″N 75°33′05″E / 21.0034102°N 75.55132400000002°E / 21.0034102; 75.55132400000002 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Region | Khandesh |
| District | Jalgaon |
| Website | www.gpjalgaon.org.in |


title: Messenger Plus!

abstract: Messenger Plus! is an add-on for Windows Live Messenger and Skype. The software provides additional functionality to Microsoft's Instant messaging client, Windows Live Messenger, by adding its own controls to the main interface. These controls affect Messenger's behaviour and appearance, often through additional dialog boxes. The add-on was first released in May 2001 under the name "The Messenger Plus! Extension" for MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger. It later changed its name to "Messenger Plus!" and then, for the release of the new Windows Live Messenger client, "Messenger Plus! Live" was chosen. In 2011 the name was changed back to "Messenger Plus!" again. It has become one of the most widely used add-ons for Microsoft's IM clients, citing over 62 million users as of February 2010. Volunteers from the Messenger Plus! community around the world develop skins and scripts for submission into the database of the website for the software.

text:
# Messenger Plus!

Messenger Plus!
for Windows Live Messenger
| Initial release | May 19, 2001 (2001-05-19) |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 6.00.0.780 / March 2014 (2014-03) |
|  | |
| Website | www.msgpluslive.net |

Messenger Plus!
for Skype
| Initial release | January 2012 (2012-01) |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.0.0.185 / February 2014 (2014-02) |
|  | |
| Website | www.msgpluslive.net |

**Messenger Plus!** (formerly known as **Messenger Plus! Live**, commonly abbreviated **MsgPlus**, **Plus!**, or incorrectly as **MSN Plus**) is an add-on for Windows Live Messenger and Skype. The software provides additional functionality to Microsoft's Instant messaging client, Windows Live Messenger, by adding its own controls to the main interface. These controls affect Messenger's behaviour and appearance, often through additional dialog boxes.

The add-on was first released in May 2001 under the name "The Messenger Plus! Extension" for MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger. It later changed its name to "Messenger Plus!" and then, for the release of the new Windows Live Messenger client, "Messenger Plus! Live" was chosen. In 2011 the name was changed back to "Messenger Plus!" again. It has become one of the most widely used add-ons for Microsoft's IM clients, citing over 62 million users as of February 2010.

Volunteers from the Messenger Plus! community around the world develop skins and scripts for submission into the database of the website for the software.

## Features

Messenger Plus! generally expands the features of Windows Live Messenger 2009 (9.0) and 2011. Notable features include:

* A set of text formatting codes similar to BBCode (people who don't use Messenger Plus! will still see standard unformatted text with the BBCode still in place).
* Custom status tags.
* Running multiple instances of Windows Live Messenger with different accounts.
* Event logging and chat logging in either plain text or HTML with optional encryption.
* Chat log viewer. For browsing and searching all saved logs.
* Contacts on desktop. Small windows always on top which show a specific contact.
* Auto-reply messages, usually activated when away from keyboard.
* Emotion sounds. Custom sounds which can be sent to other Messenger Plus! users.
* Tabbed chatting (all the conversations in the same window). This feature existed in Messenger Plus! before Windows Live Messenger 2011 added native support for tabbed chatting.
* Messenger locking (Boss Mode).
* Contact list clean-up. Showing statistics about the user's contacts and allowing him to remove people who removed him or he never talks to.
* Skinning Windows Live Messenger without the user having to physically edit the program's resource files.
* JScript scripting allowing users to add their own functionality.

### Languages

Messenger Plus! is available in 22 languages:

## Creator

Messenger Plus! was originally created in 2001 by Cyril Paciullo, who is better known by the pseudonym "Patchou". He was born in France and currently resides in Canada. He started developing Plus! as a hobby next to his day job as a developer, but soon maintaining the Messenger Plus! software became a full-time job.

In Q4 of 2009 Paciullo announced he is no longer in full control of the product and Messenger Plus! is now owned by Yuna Software Limited. In Q1 of 2011 Paciullo officially declared he had left the company and that this chapter of his professional life was closed. Financial details or names of the people behind the new company are not disclosed. Yuna Software has offices in several places in the world and has an office in Montreal, also known as Kimahri Software, where a development team continued to develop Messenger Plus!.

## Adware

When developing Messenger Plus! became a full-time job, a form of revenue was added to keep the software free. Formerly, the software came bundled with optional adware software developed by Circle Development Ltd.

### Issues with Windows Defender

As of August 17, 2005, the Messenger Plus! website contained a petition to Microsoft's anti-spyware division regarding Windows Defender's (known as Microsoft AntiSpyware at the time) detection of the Messenger Plus! executable as spyware and subsequent warning that Messenger Plus! would attempt to install spyware at runtime (post-installation), rather than the setup program itself that contained the installer for the threat detected.

The petition, which had 401,683 signatures and was 10,137 pages long in total, was sent to Redmond on September 20, 2005 stating that Messenger Plus! should not be labeled as being a threat.

On September 23, 2005, just 3 days after the petition was mailed to Redmond from Canada, Microsoft released new definitions for Windows Defender that fixed the false threat detection affecting the Messenger Plus! executable together with other detection improvements. Recent versions of Windows Defender also stopped detecting the Messenger Plus! installer as being potentially dangerous.

### Sponsorship agreement criticism

Some software review websites criticized the user agreement, stating that the 'sponsorship agreement', which authorized the installation of the optional adware software, was misleading because it looked like a standard EULA, and was only available in English. The user does get the option to not install the 'sponsor' program, however, even if slightly unorthodoxly.

Since Messenger Plus! 3.60 was released (on September 27, 2005), the setup includes a separate sponsor license agreement in addition to a traditional EULA. Both agreements have also been translated in several languages. A separate adware uninstallation program was provided by Circle Development Ltd. which appears when users attempt to uninstall the sponsor program of Messenger Plus!.

### Discontinuation of the Circle Development package

As of early 2010, Messenger Plus! versions 4.84 and later no longer contain the sponsor program from Circle Development Ltd.

Yuna Software currently uses more conventional methods. Messenger Plus! bundles an optional toolbar, custom search page and custom home page all branded as the Messenger Plus! Network. Yuna Software also launched sites in 2010 affiliated with Messenger Plus!, including Plus! Games, Plus! Sports, Plus! Image and Plus! Network.

Links on the old website to earlier Messenger Plus! versions caused sites such as McAfee SiteAdvisor to warn that the website www.msgpluslive.net was linked with adware Adware-Lop/Swizzor.

However, SiteAdvisor has tested the current website www.msgplus.net and found downloads to be free of adware, spyware, and other potentially unwanted programs. Other sites have already found the site safe. For example, Norton Safe Web has found no issues with this site, stating 0 computer threats, 0 identity threats and 0 annoyance factors.

### Non-Optional

In February 2013 Yuna Software released a new installer for Messenger Plus that required the user to install at least one of the bundled options in order to install the software. Note that this may no longer be a requirement as more recent updates do not appear to require that any of the bundled options be installed. This has not been confirmed on a clean install.

## Renaming

To coincide with the newly branded Windows Live Messenger, in 2006 new versions of Messenger Plus! were called Messenger Plus! Live. It was rebuilt from the ground up and included a new user interface design which was intended to blend more with the user interface of Windows Live Messenger.

Since 2011 versions 5.0 and later are called Messenger Plus! again. Messenger Plus! 5 is completely compatible with Windows Live Messenger 2011.

### Backwards compatibility

The latest version of Messenger Plus! no longer supports any Messenger version older than 2009. Older Messenger Plus! versions are no longer officially supported.

However, the last version of Messenger Plus! (version 3.63, before it was renamed to Messenger Plus! Live) will still be available for download on the official website. This version supports MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger 4.7, 5, 6 and 7.

Additionally the last version of Messenger Plus! Live (version 4.90.392, before the name was changed back again) is also still available from the official website. This version supports Windows Live Messenger 8.0 up to 14.0 (2009).

## Messenger Plus! for Skype

Messenger Plus! for Skype was released in English on January 12, 2012. This adware adds video and audio recording capabilities to Skype conversations and lets users send flash animations to other users.

The subsequent version, Messenger Plus! for Skype 1.2 was released on March 28, 2012. which introduced 16 additional languages, video and voice transformation effects and ring tones. Version 1.5 was released on June 18, 2012. which included the ability to stream movies and overlay images in video conversations viewable on all Skype-enabled devices including mobile phones and tablets. Version 1.8 followed on March 3, 2013. This release was developed after Microsoft's announcement. about discontinuing its Windows Live Messenger service and integrated custom sounds from the united Messenger Plus! for Windows Live Messenger/Skype sound archive, and also introduced a new default design for the add-on.

### Features for Skype

Messenger Plus! for Skype is an application for Skype that adds video and audio recording capabilities for Skype. Notable features include:

* Free video and audio call recording of unlimited duration.
* 3 different levels of video quality
* Flash video animation (winks) that can be sent in conversations and previewed.
* Chat logs that can be searched and categorized by dates, sessions or by contacts
* Preview and print of chat logs
* LogViewer that consults with chat logs
* Multilanguage support
* Mouse over scrollable toolbar
* Display recording animated status in the video feed
* Video effects: overlay text, mosaic, threshold, mirror, emboss, lens shrink and bulging, invert color effects
* Display chat conversation on video conversation
* Adjust Video Chat Text font, color, transparency and position
* Display date, time and conversation duration a video conversation
* Select a user define ringtone per contact for incoming call
* Toolbar follow active window
* 3 levels of noise
* Voice transformation effects: chorus, flanger, gain, reverb, tremolo
* Built-in Emotion sounds
* Custom sounds from united Windows Live Messenger/Skype sound server

### Skype Desktop API concerns

Skype has announced its intention to discontinue the desktop API which is used by Messenger Plus! for Skype. Note that the date which this is to happen (originally in December 2013) is now unknown as Skype tries to come up with new methods to support a small subset of the Desktop API functionality. There is currently no information available on the Yuna website that mentions the plans to handle the Desktop API being discontinued by Skype at some point in the future.

### Current Development

Version 3.0.0.180 of Messenger Plus for Skype was available for automatic download around January 15, 2014. It was built on January 8, 2014, and has some updated components from December 2013.

In the first version this year there is a "feature" that seem not to be mentioned anywhere: It sends an ad for Messenger plus as a chat message to random contacts. This feature makes more or less the extension unusable.

In the second version this year (3.0.0.185) released in February 2014, this feature is mentioned and can now be turned off.

## InfoBox

Messenger Plus!
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Yuna Software |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, ) |
| Available in | 22 languages |
| Type | Add-on |
| License | Adware |
| Website | msgplus.net |


title: Valentín Gómez Farías, Chihuahua

abstract: Valentín Gómez Farías is a town and seat of the Gómez Farías Municipality, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town had a population of 5,330. It is named after Valentín Gómez Farías.

text:
# Valentín Gómez Farías, Chihuahua

**Valentín Gómez Farías** is a town and seat of the Gómez Farías Municipality, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town had a population of 5,330.

It is named after Valentín Gómez Farías.

## InfoBox

| Valentín Gómez Farías | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Valentín Gómez FaríasLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 29°21′30″N 107°44′10″W / 29.35833°N 107.73611°W / 29.35833; -107.73611 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Chihuahua |
| Municipality | Gómez Farías Municipality |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 5,330 |


title: Motherless (sculpture)

abstract: Motherless is an 1889 sculpture by George Anderson Lawson. It depicts a child in the arms of their seated father. It is in the collection of the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow. It was selected for the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition in 1889 and exhibited in the Lecture Room. The sculpture is made from plaster. It was bought by the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow in 1901. The Builder described it as a "fine work and full of distinction". In The Builder's review of the Summer Exhibition of 1889 it described Motherless as "perhaps the most successful work of the year" and that he has composed the group to be "so thoroughly sculpturesque" without losing the "simplicity of nature" and that it favourably compared to works by Jules Dalou. T.C.F. Brotchie, in his 1927 book Hours in the Glasgow Art Galleries, described it as "... a striking group, refined in conception and craftsmanship, a story told by an artist of great accomplishment, and as such it appeals to the artist as well as to the layman". A bronze copy of Motherless stands in the Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh outside the mausoleum of R.B. Mellon. It was placed in the cemetery at the behest of R.B. Mellon, who had redesigned his garden and felt that the sculpture was no longer appropriate there.

text:
# Motherless (sculpture)

***Motherless*** is an 1889 sculpture by George Anderson Lawson. It depicts a child in the arms of their seated father. It is in the collection of the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow.

It was selected for the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition in 1889 and exhibited in the Lecture Room. The sculpture is made from plaster. It was bought by the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow in 1901. *The Builder* described it as a "fine work and full of distinction". In *The Builder'*s review of the Summer Exhibition of 1889 it described *Motherless* as "perhaps the most successful work of the year" and that he has composed the group to be "so thoroughly sculpturesque" without losing the "simplicity of nature" and that it favourably compared to works by Jules Dalou.

T.C.F. Brotchie, in his 1927 book *Hours in the Glasgow Art Galleries*, described it as " ... a striking group, refined in conception and craftsmanship, a story told by an artist of great accomplishment, and as such it appeals to the artist as well as to the layman".

A bronze copy of *Motherless* stands in the Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh outside the mausoleum of R.B. Mellon. It was placed in the cemetery at the behest of R.B. Mellon, who had redesigned his garden and felt that the sculpture was no longer appropriate there.


title: Heavyweight Wrestling

abstract: Heavyweight Wrestling from Washington is the first weekly televised wrestling program that was produced by the WWE, which at the time was a regional professional wrestling promotion called Capitol Wrestling Corporation, a member of the National Wrestling Alliance. The show was hosted by Bill Malone (1956), Morris Siegel (1956–1959) and Ray Morgan (1959–1971) and was taped at the Capitol Arena in Washington, D.C. The show debuted on January 5, 1956, and aired until September 1971 when Vincent James McMahon moved the television tapings to eastern Pennsylvania and replaced Heavyweight Wrestling with All-Star Wrestling. Morgan stayed with All Star Wrestling until he was replaced by McMahon's son Vincent K. McMahon.

text:
# Heavyweight Wrestling

***Heavyweight Wrestling from Washington*** is the first weekly televised wrestling program that was produced by the WWE, which at the time was a regional professional wrestling promotion called Capitol Wrestling Corporation, a member of the National Wrestling Alliance. The show was hosted by Bill Malone (1956), Morris Siegel (1956–1959) and Ray Morgan (1959–1971) and was taped at the Capitol Arena in Washington, D.C.

The show debuted on January 5, 1956, and aired until September 1971 when Vincent James McMahon moved the television tapings to eastern Pennsylvania and replaced *Heavyweight Wrestling* with *All-Star Wrestling*. Morgan stayed with *All Star Wrestling* until he was replaced by McMahon's son Vincent K. McMahon.


title: Townsend Entertainment

abstract: Townsend Entertainment is an American entertainment company, involved primarily in the production of films and television programs. Townsend Entertainment was founded by actor, producer, director and writer Robert Townsend. Its headquarters are located in Beverly Hills, California.

text:
# Townsend Entertainment

**Townsend Entertainment** (also known as **The Townsend Entertainment Company** and officially, **Townsend Entertainment Corporation**) is an American entertainment company, involved primarily in the production of films and television programs. Townsend Entertainment was founded by actor, producer, director and writer Robert Townsend. Its headquarters are located in Beverly Hills, California.

## Overview

Townsend Entertainment was founded by Robert Townsend in July 1995. It is just one of several entertainment companies that Townsend has founded. His others include Tinsel Townsend Productions, Inc. which produced The Meteor Man (1993) and Townsend Television (1993), Conquering Unicorn Inc. producing Hollywood Shuffle in 1987, and more.

## History

In 1995, Townsend Entertainment partnered with Warner Bros. for the production of *The Parent 'Hood*, a family sitcom starring Townsend as Robert Peterson. The show was first released on January 18, 1995 and aired until July 25, 1999. In the show's earlier seasons, it was revered as "the 'Cosby Show' of the '90's" intertwining family morals and values with comedy.

Townsend Entertainment collaborated with V Studio to produce In the Hive (2012), a drama film starring Jonathan McDaniel, Michael Clarke Duncan, Vivica A. Fox and Loretta Devine. The film was written by Cheryl West and directed and produced by Robert Townsend.

In more recent years, Townsend Entertainment released Playin' for Love, a romantic comedy about a high school basketball coach and his star player's mother. Starring Robert Townsend and Salli Richardson, the film was released on January 16, 2015. The film made its debut at the 17th Annual American Black Film Festival (ABFF) in Miami Beach, Florida in 2013 at the Colony Theatre. The screening was a red carpet event featuring a live mural by MLK Mural. Townsend was awarded a grant from the City of Miami Community Redevelopment Agency for the film and employed students from the University of Miami to assist in the making of the final product.

## Films

## Television Shows

## Awards and nominations

**The Parent 'Hood**

* American Cinema Foundation, 1997
    + E Pluribus Unum Award – Television Series Comedy
* NCLR Bravo Awards Nominations, 1996
* Young Artist Award Nominations, 1996
    + Best Performance by an Actress Under Ten – Television, Kylie Erica Mar
* Young Artist Award Winners, 1997
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy/Drama – Supporting Young Actress Age Ten or Under, Ashli Adams
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy/Drama – Supporting Young Actor Age Ten or Under, Curtis Williams
        -
* Young Artist Award Nominations, 1998
    + Best Family TV Comedy Series
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Young Actress Age Ten or Under, Ashli Adams
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Young Actor Age Ten or Under, Curtis Williams
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Guest Starring Young Actor, Billee Thomas
    + Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Guest Starring Young Actor, Cody McMains

**In the Hive**

## InfoBox

Townsend Entertainment
| Industry | Entertainment |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Robert Townsend |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Products | Films television |


title: Naval Support Command (Germany)

abstract: The Marineunterstützungskommando (MUKdo) is a command authority of the German Navy. The advance detachment began in the spring of 2012 in Roffhausen near Wilhelmshaven on the site of the former Olympic works with the establishment of the office. The command was set up on October 1, 2012. It has 1142 military and civil service posts at 16 locations with a focus on the Wilhelmshaven area and Eckernförde. In Virginia Beach there is a branch that serves the connection to the United States Navy.

text:
# Naval Support Command (Germany)

53°31′32″N 8°01′43″E / 53.5255345°N 8.0285523°E / 53.5255345; 8.0285523

The ***Marineunterstützungskommando*** (**MUKdo**) is a command authority of the German Navy. The advance detachment began in the spring of 2012 in Roffhausen near Wilhelmshaven on the site of the former Olympic works with the establishment of the office. The command was set up on October 1, 2012. It has 1142 military and civil service posts at 16 locations with a focus on the Wilhelmshaven area and Eckernförde. In Virginia Beach there is a branch that serves the connection to the United States Navy.

## Task

As part of the marine inspector's responsibility for operations and supplies, the MUKdo ensures the operational readiness and availability of the fleet.

Department I Operations Support Technology / Logistics handles fundamental technical matters relating to the Navy, including material maintenance and technical tests. It includes the navy's senior engineers for ship technology, weapons / sensors and aircraft of the navy. In addition, technical matters of the airborne weapon systems and the naval land units are processed.

Department II operational support / operational testing has essentially been formed from the previous departments Kommando Marineführungssysteme in the Heppenser Groden naval base and Zentrum Einsatzprüfung in Eckernförde, which were incorporated into the Navy Support Command on October 1, 2012. It includes the chief engineer for command, control and control systems.

Department III Command Support is responsible for operating command support in the Navy. You are subordinate to, among other things, the land radio stations of the Navy, z. B. the marine radio station Rhauderfehn.

## InfoBox

| Navy Support Command | |
| --- | --- |
| *Marineunterstützungskommando* | |
| Insignia of the *Marineunterstützungskommando* | |
| Founded | 1 October 2012 (2012-10-01) |
| Country | Germany |
| Branch | German Navy |
| Type | Navy Command |
| Size | 84 personnel |
| Part of | German Navy |
| Garrison/HQ | Schortens |
| Website |  |
| Commanders | |
| *Commander* | *Captain* Matthias Potthoff |


title: Mesopotamian prayer

abstract: Mesopotamian prayer are the prayers of ancient Mesopotamia. There are nine classifications of poem used within Mesopotamia.

text:
# Mesopotamian prayer

**Mesopotamian prayer** are the prayers of ancient Mesopotamia. There are nine classifications of poem used within Mesopotamia.

## Prayers

One definition of prayers of Mesopotamia is "*praise to god followed by request*".

According to one source (Bromiley) the form of the word, known and used to signify prayers during the Mesopotamian era, is described today as šu-il-lá. With regards to šu-il-lá, the scholars *Lambert*, *van der Toorn* and *Oshima* posit an alternative use for the term, which they submit is instead with reference to the way in which a prayer is to be recited, not a general signifier (rubric) for prayer itself (a notion expressed by *Bromiley*).

Šu-il-lá is held to refer to an act of praying, by prayer exhibited by either *lifting of hands*, *to lift hands*, or *to lift the hand*.

## Types

Prayers are divided into the following classifications: Incantation prayers, Ershaḫungas, Gottesbriefe, Ikribus, Royal, Tamitas and other queries, Hymns, Šigû, and Namburbi.

### Incantation

Tribal specialists in ritual were required to perform incantations to accompany the use of texts known, for example, from Ugarit which are attested to contain ways to aid in the removal of snake-venom. Ugarit is also known to have contained additional health-related incantation texts.

### Gottesbriefe

The term *Gottesbriefe* is literally, petition-prayers, or letter prayers. *Gottesbriefe* is a modern German word. It can be literally translated into both *God´s letters* or *Letters for/to/about God*. They were mostly in the form of pleas for relief from illness and for the deliverance of personal longevity.

### Ikribus

These prayers were performed for the purposes of divining.

Another source shows *ikribū* were benedictions.

### Royal

The rulers' (Kings of Babylonia) prayers were made to a variety of deities, for example Marduk (the god of Babylonia), Nabû, Ŝamaš. The kings had inscribed prayers made onto cylinders made of clay and kept within buildings, in order to fulfill this function. Prayers of this type tended to not be for reason of the seeking of mercy and salvation as is found in *Šuila* prayers.

### Hymns

By study of the prayers, it seems apparent to scholars, that these types of prayers seem to be reformations of earlier topos made, for example, in a similar vein to prayers such as the *Prayer to the Gods of the Night*.

### Šigû

Šigû are lamentations. Lamentations are either complaints, or expressions of grief or sorrow. Both meanings are related (combined) within šigû.

### Namburbi

Prayers of this classification were performed during namburbi rituals. These rituals were undertaken firstly if an omen announced a fate that was evil, and a person wished to counter-act the fate, and secondly to counter witchcraft.

## Citations

## Sources

* J. Hehn, *Hymnen und Gebete an Marduk* (published 1905) as shown here


title: Garzón, Huila

abstract: Garzon is a town and municipality in the Huila Department, Colombia. Garzon is a municipality located in the center of the Colombian department of Huila, about 450 kilometers south of Bogotá and 91 kilometers south of the departmental capital, Neiva. Known as the Diocesan Capital of Huila, it is the first Catholic diocese in the region. Proud of its religious architecture and culture, Garzón is also called "the Soul of Huila." It is known for being one of the cities in the world and inside Huila where the best coffee in the world is grown and processed. This has led to the actor Hugh Jackman and his partner David Steingard to buying the coffee in Garzón for his company, foundation and coffee shop in New York called Laughing Man Foundation.

text:
# Garzón, Huila

**Garzon** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ɡaɾˈson\]) is a town and municipality in the Huila Department, Colombia.

Garzon is a municipality located in the center of the Colombian department of Huila, about 450 kilometers south of Bogotá and 91 kilometers south of the departmental capital, Neiva. Known as the Diocesan Capital of Huila, it is the first Catholic diocese in the region. Proud of its religious architecture and culture, Garzón is also called "the Soul of Huila." It is known for being one of the cities in the world and inside Huila where the best coffee in the world is grown and processed. This has led to the actor Hugh Jackman and his partner David Steingard to buying the coffee in Garzón for his company, foundation and coffee shop in New York called Laughing Man Foundation.

## History

The town's first beginnings were c. 1775 on lands donated by Don Vicente Manrique de Lara. In 1783, the hamlet known as "Garzoncito" was officially founded. On January 1, 1788, it was granted the status of municipality and in 1810 received the title of *Villa*. On May 19, 1825, the town was decreed head of the Canton of Timaná; it later became the capital of the southern province of Colima.

The place where town is located has been known since remote times with the name of "Garzoncito" but once the municipality was erected the diminutive was suppressed, remaining as it is known today. Historians explain that its name is also due to the fact that at the time when the Spanish took possession of these lands, an animal, a huge heron species called Garzón appeared, according to the ancients. This animal was extremely aggressive, it was seen for some time and then it disappeared; the settlers called it the great heron and the river where this animal appeared was suppressed the name of Tocheré by that of Garzón.

The painter and poet Yesid Morales Ramírez is a native of Garzón. The sculptor Emiro Garzón resides in La Jagua, a small village that belongs to Garzón. Colombian citizen Pablo Emilio Figueroa Urriago was the founder of the bambuco music and folkloric festivals in the town and owner of the traditional Café Minino and other cultural and entertainment centers with an auditorium, bar and billiards. At present the Café Minino is called Café Roxy, but it is still in the same facilities, in the Plaza de Bolívar and it is still called by its assistants like El Minino, by the nickname that its owner received for his great humor. The teacher and novelist Antonio Iriarte Cadena and the writers Amadeo González Treviño (Author of Footprints of war, book of chronicles and a diatribe against the local sufferings by the El Quimbo dam), founder of the literary magazine and cultural organization Cuatro Tablas and Diego Calle Cadavid and Hamilton Benedicto Lizcano Parra reside in this municipality. Writer and journalist Juan Pablo Plata spent his childhood and adolescence here. Women's achievements in this town are also highlighted. Irma Vargas Cadena was the first female doctor in this city and her sister Ángela Constanza Vargas Cadena (Angie McCallum), was, in turn, the first female Petroleum Engineer. The controversial politician who opposed the peace talks with the FARC and the post-conflict, Senator Ernesto Macías Tovar, of the Democratic Center, was born in this town and occasionally visits the city. Jaime Bravo Motta and Edgar Bonilla Ramírez have run the power as mayors while they have been involved in investigations for their administrative actions of the public treasury and the money intended for health care and the recreational center Manila.

The Baracoa Cultural Foundation, known in the country's music scene for its contribution to Colombian Andean music, comes from this municipality and one of its most popular groups is Las Gargueñas, which plays the rural music of this region. Neivana singer Carolina Ramos lived in this municipality for eight years that served as inspiration for his work A sentiment made song.

Catholic priests have been influential and controversial in a city placed in a secular country, such as *Libardo Ramírez*, the current parish priest of the San José de Nazareth Church, and the priest *Carlos Arturo Rojas*. The writer David Alberto Campos lived for a while in this cozy municipality, which has been sung by world-renowned musical composers Jorge Villamil Cordovez and Ramiro Chavarro.

## Economy

The municipality is mainly agricultural, based on the cultivation of coffee, cacao, fruit, and livestock. Fish farming is an important part of its economy. Garzón market products are sold in Neiva and Bogotá.

## Climate

The town of Garzón is known for its mild climate, with a winter season (rainy season) in the months of March, April and May, and summer season in other months of the year (November, December and January) when temperatures as high as 30 °C. are reached.

Garzón is watered by the Magdalena and Suaza rivers and other minor rivers, including Agua Caliente, Caguancito, Cara de Perro, Damas, Garzoncito, Pescado and Río Loro.

| Climate data for Garzón/El Agrado (Betulia La), elevation 780 m (2,560 ft), (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.9
(87.6) | 31.2
(88.2) | 30.6
(87.1) | 30.5
(86.9) | 30.5
(86.9) | 30.3
(86.5) | 30.3
(86.5) | 31.2
(88.2) | 32.2
(90.0) | 31.5
(88.7) | 30.2
(86.4) | 30.2
(86.4) | 30.8
(87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.5
(76.1) | 24.5
(76.1) | 24.2
(75.6) | 24.1
(75.4) | 24.1
(75.4) | 23.8
(74.8) | 23.7
(74.7) | 24.3
(75.7) | 24.8
(76.6) | 24.8
(76.6) | 24.2
(75.6) | 24.2
(75.6) | 24.3
(75.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.0
(66.2) | 19.2
(66.6) | 19.4
(66.9) | 19.4
(66.9) | 19.3
(66.7) | 18.7
(65.7) | 18.1
(64.6) | 18.1
(64.6) | 18.3
(64.9) | 19.0
(66.2) | 19.6
(67.3) | 19.4
(66.9) | 19.0
(66.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 89.0
(3.50) | 111.5
(4.39) | 119.2
(4.69) | 97.4
(3.83) | 90.2
(3.55) | 54.6
(2.15) | 45.0
(1.77) | 27.5
(1.08) | 44.0
(1.73) | 133.4
(5.25) | 137.9
(5.43) | 120.2
(4.73) | 1,063.8
(41.88) |
| Average precipitation days | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 180 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 74 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 78 | 79 | 76 |
| Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Climate data for Zuluaga, Garzón, elevation 1,270 m (4,170 ft), (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.6
(79.9) | 26.9
(80.4) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.9
(78.6) | 25.4
(77.7) | 25.2
(77.4) | 25.5
(77.9) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.0
(78.8) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.0
(78.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.7
(69.3) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.5
(68.9) | 20.0
(68.0) | 19.7
(67.5) | 19.9
(67.8) | 20.2
(68.4) | 20.4
(68.7) | 20.4
(68.7) | 20.4
(68.7) | 20.3
(68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.8
(60.4) | 16.0
(60.8) | 16.3
(61.3) | 16.4
(61.5) | 16.5
(61.7) | 15.9
(60.6) | 15.4
(59.7) | 15.3
(59.5) | 15.3
(59.5) | 15.9
(60.6) | 16.3
(61.3) | 16.1
(61.0) | 15.9
(60.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 89.4
(3.52) | 99.6
(3.92) | 126.5
(4.98) | 148.9
(5.86) | 139.8
(5.50) | 115.1
(4.53) | 95.1
(3.74) | 66.6
(2.62) | 83.0
(3.27) | 129.6
(5.10) | 130.0
(5.12) | 111.9
(4.41) | 1,335.5
(52.58) |
| Average precipitation days | 14 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 236 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 83 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 85 | 85 | 84 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 127.1 | 101.6 | 83.7 | 75.0 | 86.8 | 84.0 | 93.0 | 89.9 | 96.0 | 96.1 | 99.0 | 114.7 | 1,146.9 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.1 |
| Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

2°10′55″N 75°39′28″W / 2.18194°N 75.65778°W / 2.18194; -75.65778

## InfoBox

| Garzón (Colombia) | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Garzon Cathedral | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Garzón (Colombia) in the Huila Department of Colombia. | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Huila Department |
| Area | |
| Municipality and town | 606.5 km2 (234.2 sq mi) |
| Urban | 5.22 km2 (2.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 828 m (2,717 ft) |
| Population (2020 est.) | |
| Municipality and town | 74,136 |
| Density | 120/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| Urban | 39,544 |
| Urban density | 7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |
| Website | http://garzon-huila.gov.co |


title: Hibbert House

abstract: Hibbert House, also known as Headquarters House, is the head office of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust. It is located at 79 Duke Street in Kingston, Jamaica. It was built in 1755 by Thomas Hibbert, a wealthy English merchant, to serve as his residence. Hibbert migrated to Kingston in 1734, at a time when Jamaica was becoming the wealthiest of the British Caribbean islands and the largest single destination of African slaves. In the early 1750s, he formed a partnership with Nathaniel Sprigg to serve as factors for slaves, purchasing them off the ships from Africa and reselling them to planters and others in Jamaica. Hibbert also helped found a major West Indian house in London, trading in sugar and rum.

text:
# Hibbert House

**Hibbert House**, also known as **Headquarters House**, is the head office of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust. It is located at 79 Duke Street in Kingston, Jamaica. It was built in 1755 by Thomas Hibbert, a wealthy English merchant, to serve as his residence. Hibbert migrated to Kingston in 1734, at a time when Jamaica was becoming the wealthiest of the British Caribbean islands and the largest single destination of African slaves. In the early 1750s, he formed a partnership with Nathaniel Sprigg to serve as factors for slaves, purchasing them off the ships from Africa and reselling them to planters and others in Jamaica. Hibbert also helped found a major West Indian house in London, trading in sugar and rum.

## The building

The two-story house is made from fine flemish bonded brick, stone and timber. The walls are brick with limestone quoins. The front of the building has Jamaican Vernacular fretwork.

The house has a basement and an attic with dormer windows, a courtyard and several outhouses. Offices were on the ground floor with bedrooms above.

## Early days

Headquarters House or "Hibbert House", as it was known up to the time of the owner's death, stands as a reminder of the wealth and power of the Kingston merchants in their glory days. Hibbert was among the first of many wealthy merchants to build in the Georgian style of architecture, as was fashionable in 18th century England. This style would play a large part in the development of Jamaican architecture.

Hibbert became involved in politics and in due course was named Speaker of the House of Assembly in 1756. When the capital of Jamaica temporarily moved from Spanish Town to Kingston in 1754. the House of Assembly and Legislative Council held their meetings at Hibbert House until 1758.

Hibbert never married, but he maintained a 24-year relationship with Charity Harry, dating from the birth of their daughter Jane Harry in 1756. Charity Harry was described as Hibbert's housekeeper and a "free mulatto," meaning she was not enslaved and had mixed European and African ancestry. She could read and own property. Hibbert provided her with a home, clothes, furniture, and other possessions. Upon Hibbert's death the house was passed to his heir and nephew and not to his daughter Jane or long time consort Charity.

## Military Headquarters

In 1814 the house was sold to the War Office of the West Indies Regiment to serve as its headquarters, and as the residence for the General of the army that was garrisoned there. This is where it gained the name of "Headquarters House". Since the house is located near the harbor with a good view of the city, it was very desirable as a military headquarters. It was during this time that the crow's nest/ sentinel post was built on the roof.

While Hibbert House served as the Headquarters House, several illustrious commanders resided there:

## Purchase by Jamaican government

Hibbert House was purchased by the Jamaican government in 1872 for £5000 Sterling. Kingston became the permanent seat of the Jamaica legislation and Hibbert House was used as the Offices of Colonial Secretary until 1960.

## Current use

Since 1983, Headquarters House has been used as the head office of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust. The building has survived social, political and structural changes as well as the forces of nature to become a truly national historic treasure, worthy of preservation.

## Bibliography

* Jennings, Judi. Gender, Religion, and Radicalism in the Long Eighteenth Century: An 'Ingenious Quaker' and Her Connections (ashgate, 2006).

Media related to Hibbert House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Hibbert House | |
| --- | --- |
| Hibbert House, 79 Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica. | |
|  | |
| Former names | Headquarters House |
| General information | |
| Address | 79 Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica |
| Coordinates | 17°58′25″N 76°47′27″W / 17.973646°N 76.790727°W / 17.973646; -76.790727 |
| Construction started | 1755 |
| Completed | 1755 |
| Owner | Jamaica National Heritage Trust |


title: Mäense

abstract: Mäense is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia, covering 6.537 km⁲. It is located along the Highway 190 which links the village to National Road 10, and is 1 kilometre away from Massu, the nearest village, and about 110 km in straight-line distance and 128 km in road distance away from Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. It had a population of 20 in the 2000 census and a population of 12 in the 2011 Census. The population is 50% male and 50% female, and there are no children under the age of 18, with 25% over 65. All inhabitants of the village identify as ethnic Estonians. The village is surrounded by farmland and woodland.

text:
# Mäense

**Mäense** is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia, covering 6.537 km2. It is located along the Highway 190 which links the village to National Road 10, and is 1 kilometre away from Massu, the nearest village, and about 110 km in straight-line distance and 128 km in road distance away from Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. It had a population of 20 in the 2000 census and a population of 12 in the 2011 Census. The population is 50% male (6 people) and 50% female (6 people), and there are no children under the age of 18, with 25% over 65 (3 people). All inhabitants of the village identify as ethnic Estonians. The village is surrounded by farmland and woodland.

## Facilities

The village has a single bus stop at the southern end, which provides the inhabitants of the village twice-a-day service to Lihula, once at around 7am and once at around 4:30pm.

58°40′N 23°38′E / 58.667°N 23.633°E / 58.667; 23.633

## InfoBox

| Mäense | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Pärnu County |
| Parish | Lääneranna Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Mysore Sandal Soap

abstract: Mysore Sandal Soap is a brand of soap manufactured by the Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited (KSDL), a company owned by the government of Karnataka in India. This soap has been manufactured since 1916, when Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, the king of Mysore, set up the Government Soap Factory in Bangalore. The main motivation for setting up the factory was the excessive sandalwood reserves that the Mysore Kingdom had, which could not be exported to Europe because of the First World War. In 1980, KSDL was incorporated as a company by merging the Government Soap Factory with the sandalwood oil factories at Shimoga and Mysore. Mysore Sandal Soap is the only soap in the world made from 100% pure sandalwood oil. KSDL owns a proprietary geographical indication tag on the soap, which gives it intellectual property rights to use the brand name, to ensure quality, and to prevent piracy and unauthorised use by other manufacturers. In 2006, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the Indian cricketer was selected as the first brand ambassador of the Mysore Sandal Soap.

text:
# Mysore Sandal Soap

**Mysore Sandal Soap** is a brand of soap manufactured by the Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited (KSDL), a company owned by the government of Karnataka in India. This soap has been manufactured since 1916, when Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, the king of Mysore, set up the Government Soap Factory in Bangalore. The main motivation for setting up the factory was the excessive sandalwood reserves that the Mysore Kingdom had, which could not be exported to Europe because of the First World War. In 1980, KSDL was incorporated as a company by merging the Government Soap Factory with the sandalwood oil factories at Shimoga and Mysore. Mysore Sandal Soap is the only soap in the world made from 100% pure sandalwood oil. KSDL owns a proprietary geographical indication tag on the soap, which gives it intellectual property rights to use the brand name, to ensure quality, and to prevent piracy and unauthorised use by other manufacturers. In 2006, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the Indian cricketer was selected as the first brand ambassador of the Mysore Sandal Soap.

## History

In the early 20th century, the Mysore Kingdom in India was one of the largest producers of sandalwood in the world. It was also one of the major exporters of the wood, most of which was exported to Europe. During the First World War, large reserves of sandalwood were left over because they could not be exported due to the war. To make good use of these reserves, Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the king of Mysore, established the Government Soap Factory in Bangalore. This factory, which was set up in 1916, started manufacturing soaps under the brand name Mysore Sandal Soap using sandalwood oil as the main ingredient. A factory to distill sandalwood oil from the wood was set up at Mysore in the same year. In 1944, another sandalwood oil factory was set up at Shimoga. After the unification of Karnataka, these factories came under the jurisdiction of the government of Karnataka. In 1980, the Government decided to merge these factories and incorporate them under a company named Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited. Sharabha, a mythological creature having a body of a lion and the head of an elephant, was chosen as the logo of the company because the creature represents the combined virtues of wisdom, courage, and strength and symbolizes the company's philosophy. The company has since diversified, and manufactures incense sticks, talcum powder, and detergents, apart from soaps.

## Business

As of March 2006, the Mysore Sandal Soap held a 6500-tonne share among the 450,000 tonnes of soap produced and marketed annually in India. The KSDL's soap factory in Bangalore that manufactures the Mysore Sandal Soap is one of the largest of its kind in India, having an installed capacity to produce 26,000 tonnes of soap per year. KSDL had sales of Rs 1.15 billion (about US$28.75 million) in 2004-2005, with the Mysore Sandal Soap having an average monthly sale of about Rs. 75 million ($1.87 million). Traditionally, the soap has not been marketed in a high-profile manner and only during 2006, M. S. Dhoni was selected as the first brand ambassador of the Mysore Sandal Soap. Other marketing strategies being employed to market this soap include a scheme where the distributors who meet the targeted sales could enter a drawing where they could win silver or gold coins. About 85% of the sales of this soap are from the South Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Most users of this soap are above 40 years of age, and it has yet to gain more acceptance by the youth in India. Apart from the regular, Mysore Sandal Soap, KSDL has also introduced the Mysore Sandal baby soap to target this share of the market. However, KSDL is facing issues such as shortage of sandalwood, which has resulted in the company using only 25% of the manufacturing capacity of its factory and leading to reduced production. The main reason for this is the depletion of sandalwood reserves in Karnataka.

To overcome this, KSDL has also started procuring sandalwood by bidding in the open market, and is also considering importing the wood from other countries. The absence of a sustained sandalwood regeneration program has a taken a big toll on sandalwood reserves in Karnataka. This is a great irony in a state that once set up factories to use up its excessive reserves and wears two geographical indication tags on its sleeve on account of its historic association with the precious wood.

The company celebrated its centennial on 10 May 2016. It planned a celebration to commemorate the year, and included plans to introduce a Mysore Sandal Centennial Soap to mark the occasion. Karnataka Soaps had an event on 10 May 2016 to commemorate the 100th year.

The makers of Mysore Sandal Soap launched on 4 November 2017, a new basket of soaps with brand name Mysoap in variants of Rose Milk Cream, Jasmine Milk Cream, Orange Lime, Cologne Lavender, and Fruity Floral. Each variety is exclusively packaged depicting ethnic Indian woman in traditional looks. The soap weighs 100 g.


title: Mysore South

abstract: Mysore South or South Mysore is a cluster of suburbs lying on the southern side of Mysore city in Karnataka province in India.

text:
# Mysore South

**Mysore South** or South Mysore is a cluster of suburbs lying on the southern side of Mysore city in Karnataka province in India.

## Post office

The Mysore South post office is located at J.P.Nagar and the postal code is 570008 Mysore south has a police station

## Constituent suburbs

Mysore south comprises the following suburbs of Mysore:

1. Mysore Airport road
2. Kuvempu Nagar
3. J.P.Nagar
4. Ramakrishna Nagar
5. Mananthavady Road
6. Ooty Road
7. Srirampur
8. Ashokapuram
9. Chamarajapuram
10. Ashokapuram, Mysore

## Economy

Some parts of southern Mysore are entirely residential. Ramakrishna Nagar, Srirampur and Kuvempu Nagar are examples for this. Some other parts are heavily industrialised and accommodate a large number of industrial workers. J.P.Nagar and Ashokapuram are examples for this type of area.

## Transportation

There are two railway stations in south Mysore: Chamarajapuram railway station and Ashokapuram railway station

## Landmarks

* Lingam Budhi Lake
* Central Railway workshop
* Sewage Farm
* Mysore Airport

## InfoBox

| Mysore South | |
| --- | --- |
| Andolan Circle park, Ramakrishna Nagar | |
| Coordinates: 12°15′43″N 76°38′32″E / 12.26193°N 76.64221°E / 12.26193; 76.64221 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Mysuru |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Nick Patterson (scientist)

abstract:
Nicholas James Patterson
is a mathematician working as a staff scientist at the Broad Institute with notable contributions to the area of computational genomics.
His work has appeared in scientific journals such as Nature, Science and Nature Genetics.
His research has brought a better understanding of early human migrations.
He is among the group of scientists who have sequenced the Neanderthal genome in 2010.
This was followed by the sequencing of a much higher quality Neanderthal genome, where the subject was from the Altai Mountains, in 2014.
These studies have uncovered some unexpected facts about the interbreeding between archaic and modern humans.

text:
# Nick Patterson (scientist)

**Nicholas James Patterson** (born 9 June 1947) is a mathematician working as a staff scientist at the Broad Institute with notable contributions to the area of computational genomics. His work has appeared in scientific journals such as *Nature*, *Science* and *Nature Genetics*. His research has brought a better understanding of early human migrations. He is among the group of scientists who have sequenced the Neanderthal genome in 2010. This was followed by the sequencing of a much higher quality Neanderthal genome, where the subject was from the Altai Mountains, in 2014. These studies have uncovered some unexpected facts about the interbreeding between archaic and modern humans.

## Biography

Patterson was an only child who grew up in the Bayswater section of central London. Patterson received his B.A. and Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge University. His doctoral advisor was John G. Thompson. He initially worked for the British code-breaking agency GCHQ and the Center for Communications Research in Princeton.

Following this cryptology work, Patterson worked at the quantitative trading firm Renaissance Technologies.

In 2001, Patterson joined the Center for Genome Research at MIT, the Whitehead Institute. He briefly worked on gene expression data applied to cancer before switching to the study of human genetics.

In 2012, Patterson developed ADMIXTOOLS, a software package written in  that is currently widely used by population geneticists.

### Chess

Nick Patterson was a child chess prodigy. He won the Irish Chess Championship in 1969. In a long game in the Chess Olympiad of Siegen in 1970, where he played top board for Ireland, he met the Danish grandmaster Bent Larsen, who was one of the top 10 players in the world at the time, and managed to make a draw after 93 moves.

## InfoBox

| Nick Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nicholas James Patterson<br>(1947-06-09)June 9, 1947 |
| Education | University of Cambridge |
| Known for | Neanderthal genome project |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Genetics |
| Institutions | Broad Institute |
| Thesis | *On Conway's Group .O and Some Other Groups*  (1973) |
| Doctoral advisor | John G. Thompson |
|  | |


title: Theophilus Bird

abstract: Theophilus Bird, or Bourne, was a seventeenth-century English actor. Bird began his stage career in the Stuart era of English Renaissance theatre, and ended it in the Restoration period; he was one of the relatively few actors who managed to resume their careers after the eighteen-year enforced hiatus (1642–60) when the theatres were closed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.

text:
# Theophilus Bird

**Theophilus Bird**, or **Bourne**, (1608  1663) was a seventeenth-century English actor. Bird began his stage career in the Stuart era of English Renaissance theatre, and ended it in the Restoration period; he was one of the relatively few actors who managed to resume their careers after the eighteen-year enforced hiatus (164260) when the theatres were closed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.

## Beginnings

Theophilus was the son of William Bird, an actor long associated with the theatrical enterprise of Philip Henslowe and active in the years 15971622. Theophilus was baptized on 7 December 1608. Both father William and son Theophilus alternatively spelled their family name as Bird or Bourne. The extensive Henslowe papers in the collection of Dulwich College contain many mentions of the elder Bird and members of his family. The younger Bird started out as a boy player acting female roles, as was customary at the time; he played Paulina in Massinger's *The Renegado* for Queen Henrietta's Men in 1625. He played Tota, the Queen of Fez, in Thomas Heywood's *The Fair Maid of the West, Part 2* around 1630, when he was 21 years old.

## Maturity

Like most boy actors, Bird moved on the adult roles, like Masinissa in the company's 1635 production of Thomas Nabbes's *Hannibal and Scipio.*

Bird married Anne Beeston, the eldest daughter of Christopher Beeston, the leading theatrical impresario of his generation; through this familial connection, Bird helped Beeston run his theatrical enterprise. In the large-scale disruption of the theatrical profession in 163637, when the London theatres were closed due to bubonic plague and Queen Henrietta's Men left Beeston's Cockpit Theatre for the rival Salisbury Court Theatre, Bird remained with his father-in-law and helped him to establish and run the new company known as Beeston's Boys. Once Beeston died in 1638, his enterprise was taken over by his son William Beeston  but the younger Beeston was unable to maintain his father's level of success.

Bird moved to the King's Men for the 164042 years, along with five other of the troupe's actors. yet there was no lasting personal break between the younger Beeston and his brother-in-law, since Bird was acting as William Beeston's agent in 1652, when Beeston was still trying, despite Puritan opposition, to pursue theatrical activities in London. On 25 March that year, Bird paid £480 of Beeston's money to obtain a lease on the remains of the Salisbury Court. (The lease mentions that Bird was living in the parish of St Giles in the Fields at the time. The records of that parish list the burials of two of Bird's children in 1638 and 1642.)

Bird was made a Groom of the Chamber on 22 January 1641, along with five other members of the company. Bird's status as a King's Man meant that he was one of the ten members of that troupe who signed the dedication of the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647 (though he had not been one of the actors who had played in the company's productions of Fletcher's plays during the previous three decades).

Bird was also active, at least in a marginal way, in the world of authorship, letters, and publishing. He wrote or co-wrote prefaces or dedications to dramatic works published in his era  the first editions of *The Lady's Trial* (1639), *The Sun's Darling* (1656), and *The Witch of Edmonton* (1658), works of John Ford and collaborators.

## Later years

Bird resumed his acting career once the theatres re-opened in 1660. He was one of the fifteen men  Thomas Killigrew, Sir Robert Howard, and thirteen actors  who signed the 28 January 1661 agreement that defined the sharers in the King's Company. In September 1662, he reportedly broke his leg while fencing onstage, during a performance of Sir John Suckling's play *Aglaura.* He resumed stage work after his recovery, and played Prospero in Richard Rhodes's comedy *Flora's Vagaries* on 3 November 1663.

Bird's son, Theophilus Bird the Younger, pursued his own acting career during the Restoration era.


title: Their First Misunderstanding

abstract: Their First Misunderstanding is a 1911 American short silent drama film directed by Thomas H. Ince and starring Mary Pickford and Owen Moore. Pickford and Moore married on January 7, 1911.

text:
# Their First Misunderstanding

***Their First Misunderstanding*** is a 1911 American short silent drama film directed by Thomas H. Ince and starring Mary Pickford and Owen Moore. Pickford and Moore married on January 7, 1911.

## Cast

## Preservation status

*Their First Misunderstanding* was believed to be a lost film until a copy was discovered in a barn in New Hampshire in 2006. The film is intact, apart from the first minute, which had disintegrated over time. The remaining footage was restored and is currently preserved at the Library of Congress and the Keene State College Film Society.

## InfoBox

| Their First Misunderstanding | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Thomas H. Ince
George Loane Tucker |
| Written by | George Loane Tucker |
| Produced by | Carl Laemmle |
| Starring | Mary Pickford |
| Cinematography | Tony Gaudio |
| Production
company | Independent Moving Pictures |
| Distributed by | Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company |
| Release date | * January 9, 1911 (1911-01-09) |
| Running time | 10 minutes (one reel; 304 meters) |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Hidetaka Namiki

abstract: Hidetaka Namiki is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays outfielder for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows.

text:
# Hidetaka Namiki

**Hidetaka Namiki** (並木 秀尊, *Namiki Hidetaka*, born December 4, 1998) is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays outfielder for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows.

## InfoBox

| Hidetaka Namiki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tokyo Yakult Swallows – No. 0 | |
| **Infielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1999-03-23) March 23, 1999
Sōka, Saitama, Japan | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| April 4, 2021, for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows | |
| Career statistics
(through 2023 season) | |
| Batting average | .235 |
| Hits | 44 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| RBIs | 9 |
| Stolen bases | 21 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Theridion neshamini

abstract: Theridion neshamini is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in the United States.

text:
# Theridion neshamini

***Theridion neshamini*** is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Theridion neshamini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Theridion* |
| Species: | ***T. neshamini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Theridion neshamini***<br>Levi, 1957 | |
|


title: Volunteer (botany)

abstract: In gardening and agronomic terminology, a volunteer is a plant that grows on its own, rather than being deliberately planted by a farmer or gardener. The action of such plants — to sprout or grow in this fashion — may also be described as volunteering.

text:
# Volunteer (botany)

In gardening and agronomic terminology, a **volunteer** is a plant that grows on its own, rather than being deliberately planted by a farmer or gardener. The action of such plants — to sprout or grow in this fashion — may also be described as **volunteering**.

## Background

Volunteers often grow from seeds that float in on the wind, are dropped by birds, or are inadvertently mixed into compost. Some volunteers may be encouraged by gardeners once they appear, being watered, fertilized, or otherwise cared for, unlike weeds, which are unwanted volunteers.

Volunteers that grow from the seeds of specific cultivars are not reliably identical or similar to their parent and often differ significantly from it. Such open pollinated plants, if they show desirable characteristics, may be selected to become new cultivars.

## Law

This definition also has the meaning in the law context, defining the drug-producing plant like cannabis as a "volunteer" if it grows of its own accord from seeds or roots and is not intentionally planted. There may be special rules about how such plants are managed if any appear after growing the cultivar legitimately under a license.

## Agriculture

In agricultural rotations, self-set plants from the previous year's crop may become established as weeds in the current crop. For example, volunteer winter wheat will germinate to quite high levels in a following oilseed rape crop, usually requiring chemical control measures.

In agricultural research, the high purity of a harvested crop is often desirable. To achieve this, typically a group of temporary workers will walk the crop rows looking for volunteer plants, or "rogue" plants in an exercise typically referred to as "roguing".