title: Oscar Kightley

abstract: Oscar Vai To'elau Kightley is a Samoan-New Zealander actor, television presenter, writer, journalist, director, and comedian. He acted in and co-wrote the successful 2006 film Sione's Wedding.

text:
# Oscar Kightley

**Oscar Vai To'elau Kightley** MNZM (born 14 September 1969) is a Samoan-New Zealander actor, television presenter, writer, journalist, director, and comedian. He acted in and co-wrote the successful 2006 film *Sione's Wedding*.

## Biography

Kightley was born in 1969 in Apia, Samoa, the youngest of eight children, and was raised in his father's village of Faleatiu. He came to New Zealand after the death of his father, when he was 4 years old and was adopted by his aunt and uncle, who lived in West Auckland. He attended Rutherford College, where writing was his favourite subject.

After leaving school, Kightley was a cadet at the *Auckland Star*, and worked as a journalist for four years. "I thought that was going to be me until I retired." He moved to Christchurch in 1991 to be a presenter for the children's television show *Life in the Fridge Exists (L.I.F.E),* where he met Tanya and Mishelle Muagututi'a, Erolia Ifopo, and Simon Small.

## Professional career

Small had written his first full-length play, *Horizons*, about the Samoan experience in New Zealand, and invited Kightley to perform in it in his first acting role, along with Muagututi'a and Ifopo. *Horizons* opened the Performing Arts Theatre on 19 October 1991 in a production directed by Christina Stachurski. The play was re-workshopped and recast (but still with Kightley) and in August–September it played at Galaxy Theatre in Auckland, Taki Rua Depot, and the Castle Theatre at the University of Otago before returning to Christchurch.

The success of *Horizons* inspired Kightley to form Pacific Underground theatre company in Christchurch alongside Small, Muagututi'a, Ifopo, and Michael Hodgson, a mixture of people from palagi and Pacific Island identities. In just two months Kightley and Small (who wrote as Francis Serra) had written the play *Fresh off the Boat*. The play was workshopped by Playmarket, and directed by Nathaniel Lees with David Fane as the lead. The play opened at the Rolleston Ave Theatre in Christchurch in November 1993, toured to the New Zealand Fringe Festival in Wellington in 1994, and also played for three weeks at Downstage in 1995. It later went to Auckland, Apia, and Brisbane. It won a Media Peace Award and was published in 2005.

As well as Pacific Underground, Kightley co-founded the Island Players theatre company. He won the Bruce Mason Playwriting Award in 1998 and has worked as a performer and writer for a number of television shows including *Skitz, Telly Laughs, The Panel, Sportzah,* and TV3's rugby coverage. His plays include *Dawn Raids, Island Girls*, *A Frigate Bird Sings* (co-written with Dave Fane and Nathaniel Lees), and *Niu Sila* (co-written with Dave Armstrong). *Dawn Raids* was reissued in 2018 by Playmarket. Kightley also co-wrote and took a lead role in the highly successful *Sione’s Wedding* movies.

He was a breakfast announcer on Niu FM until January 2007. He has also been on RNZ National/Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa National as a guest, as well as guest-hosting Kim Hill's Saturday Morning show during Summer 2007–2008. In 2006 he received a Laureate Award from the Arts Foundation of New Zealand. He is a member of the comedy group the Naked Samoans, who together wrote the animated television series *bro'Town*.

In 2013, Kightley played the title character in the police drama *Harry*, which he also co-wrote. He directed Madeleine Sami's TV3 comedy *Super City,* and co-directed a US pilot of it with Taika Waititi.

In 2019, Kightley led a panel for Auckland Council on why people should vote in local-body elections. At the 2022 local-body elections, Kightley was elected to the Henderson-Massey local board, representing the Labour Party.

## Honours and awards

In the 2009 New Year Honours, Kightley was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to television and the theatre. In 2016, he was awarded the Senior Pacific Artist Award with Dave Fane at the Creative New Zealand Arts Pasifka Awards.

In 2019, Kightley received the Fulbright-Creative New Zealand Pacific Writer's Residency, "a unique opportunity for a New Zealand writer of Pacific heritage to work on a creative writing project exploring Pacific identify, culture, or history." The significance of this award is the place it has in the development of contemporary Maori and Pacifica culture, and of Kightley's stature within the history of that development. The Residency, located at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, was inaugurated by film director, writer, and educator Sima Urale in 2004; other film and theatre artists who have received the award include Victor Rodger (2006), Toa Fraser (2009), and Makerita Urale (2010). The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is also where Merata Mita "developed \[the\] Academy for Creative Media’s indigenous filmmaking program.

In October 2019, Kightley was presented with a Scroll of Honour from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand for his contribution to New Zealand entertainment.

In November 2020, Kightley was named one of the best dressed men in show business on David Hartnell's best-dressed list.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Sione's Wedding* | Albert |  |  |
| 2012 | *Sione's 2: Unfinished Business* | Albert |  |  |
| 2013 | *Harry* | Harry Anglesea |  |  |
| 2016 | *Hunt for the Wilderpeople* | Andy |  |  |
| 2016 | *Moana* | Fisherman (voice) |  |  |
| 2021 | *Dawn Raid* | Director |  |  |
| 2022 | *Duck Rockers* | Director/Writer/Isaac |  |  |
| 2023 | *Next Goal Wins* | Tavita |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Oscar KightleyMNZM | |
| --- | --- |
| Kightley in 2008 | |
| Born | Oscar Vai To'elau Kightley
(1969-09-14) 14 September 1969
Apia, Samoa |
| Nationality | New Zealand, Samoan |
| Alma mater | Rutherford College |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, presenter, writer, director, comedian |
| Political party | Labour Party |


title: Magic (O'G3NE song)

abstract: "Magic" is a single by Dutch three-piece girl group O'G3NE. The song was released in the Netherlands as a digital download on 13 December 2014 through 8ball TV. The song peaked at number 3 on the Dutch Singles Chart. The song is included on the Special Edition of their third studio album We Got This.

text:
# Magic (O'G3NE song)

"**Magic**" is a single by Dutch three-piece girl group O'G3NE. The song was released in the Netherlands as a digital download on 13 December 2014 through 8ball TV. The song peaked at number 3 on the Dutch Singles Chart. The song is included on the Special Edition of their third studio album *We Got This*.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Magic" | 2:54 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2014/15) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 3 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Netherlands | 13 December 2014 |  | 8ball TV |
|

## InfoBox

| "Magic" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by O'G3NE | |
| from the album  *We Got This (Special Edition)* | |
| Released | 13 December 2014 |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:54 |
| Label | 8ball TV |
| Songwriter(s) | Rick Vol |
| O'G3NE singles chronology | |
| "Diep In De Nacht"
(2013) "**Magic**"
(2014) "Cold"
(2015) | |


abstract:
This is the calendar for any Old Style common year starting on Monday, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March. Examples: Julian year 1801, 1807 or 1902. A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366. Previous year (common) Next year (common)
Previous year (leap) Next year (leap)

text:
# Old Style common year starting on Monday

This is the calendar for any **Old Style common year starting on Monday**, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March. Examples: Julian year 1801, 1807 or 1902 (see bottom tables).

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

```
Previous year (common)   Next year (common)
Previous year (leap)     Next year (leap)
```

| Millennium | Century | Old Style Year | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **16th century**: | 1510 | 1521 | 1527 | 1538 | 1549 | 1555 | 1566 | 1577 | 1583 | 1594 |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **17th century**: | 1605 | 1611 | 1622 | 1633 | 1639 | 1650 | 1661 | 1667 | 1678 | 1689 | 1695 |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **18th century**: | 1706 | 1717 | 1723 | 1734 | 1745 | 1751 | 1762 | 1773 | 1779 | 1790 |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **19th century**: | 1801 | 1807 | 1818 | 1829 | 1835 | 1846 | 1857 | 1863 | 1874 | 1885 | 1891 |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **20th century**: | 1902 | 1913 | 1919 | 1930 | 1941 | 1947 | 1958 | 1969 | 1975 | 1986 | 1997 |


title: Georges Hayem

abstract: Georges Hayem was a physician and hematologist born in Paris. He studied medicine in Paris, and later became a professor of therapy and materia medica. Beginning in 1878 he practiced medicine at the Hôpital Tenon; later on, he was associated with the Hôpital St. Antoine. From 1893 until 1911 he held the chair of clinical medicine. Georges Hayem was a pioneer in the field of hematology, and is remembered for his studies on the formation of leukocytes and erythrocytes. He performed the first accurate count of blood platelets, and is credited with developing a solution of mercury bichloride, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate for dilution of blood prior to counting erythrocytes with a hemocytometer. In 1874 he provided an early description of chronic interstitial hepatitis. With bacteriologist Georges-Fernand Widal (1862–1929), the eponymous "Hayem-Widal syndrome" is named, which is an historical term for acquired hemolytic anemia. Also, he introduced an intravenous solution of saline for treatment of Asiatic cholera. In 1872 he founded the Revue des sciences médicales en France et à l’étranger.

text:
# Georges Hayem

**Georges Hayem** (25 November 1841 – 28 August 1933) was a physician and hematologist born in Paris.

He studied medicine in Paris, and later became a professor of therapy and materia medica. Beginning in 1878 he practiced medicine at the Hôpital Tenon; later on, he was associated with the Hôpital St. Antoine. From 1893 until 1911 he held the chair of clinical medicine.

Georges Hayem was a pioneer in the field of hematology, and is remembered for his studies on the formation of leukocytes and erythrocytes. He performed the first accurate count of blood platelets, and is credited with developing a solution of mercury bichloride, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate for dilution of blood prior to counting erythrocytes with a hemocytometer.

In 1874 he provided an early description of chronic interstitial hepatitis. With bacteriologist Georges-Fernand Widal (1862–1929), the eponymous "Hayem-Widal syndrome" is named, which is an historical term for acquired hemolytic anemia. Also, he introduced an intravenous solution of saline for treatment of Asiatic cholera.

In 1872 he founded the *Revue des sciences médicales en France et à l’étranger*.

## Principal writings

* *Recherches sur l’évolution des hématies dans le sang de l’homme et des vertébrés*. Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique, Paris, 1878, 5: 692–734. – First accurate counts of blood platelets.
* *Traitement du choléra*, G. Masson, Paris, 1885 – Treatment of cholera.
* *Du sang et ses altérations anatomiques*, G. Masson, Paris, 1889 – Anatomical changes in blood.
* *Lecons cliniques sur les maladies du sang*, G. Masson, Paris, 1900 – Clinical lessons on blood disorders.
* *L’hématoblaste, troisième élément du sang*, Paris, Presse univ. de France, 1923 – On hematoblasts.


title: Franz Kaiser

abstract: Franz Heinrich Kaiser was a German astronomer. He worked at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl Observatory from 1911 to 1914 while working on his Ph.D. there, which he obtained in 1915. During this time, Heidelberg was a center of asteroid discovery, and Kaiser discovered 21 asteroids during his time there. The outer main-belt asteroid 3183 Franzkaiser was named in his memory on 1 September 1993.

text:
# Franz Kaiser

**Minor planets discovered: 21**
| 717 Wisibada | August 26, 1911 |
| --- | --- |
| 720 Bohlinia | October 18, 1911 |
| 721 Tabora | October 18, 1911 |
| 738 Alagasta | January 7, 1913 |
| 742 Edisona | February 23, 1913 |
| 743 Eugenisis | February 25, 1913 |
| 745 Mauritia | March 1, 1913 |
| 746 Marlu | March 1, 1913 |
| 759 Vinifera | August 26, 1913 |
| 760 Massinga | August 28, 1913 |
| 761 Brendelia | September 8, 1913 |
| 763 Cupido | September 25, 1913 |
| 764 Gedania | September 26, 1913 |
| 765 Mattiaca | September 26, 1913 |
| 766 Moguntia | September 29, 1913 |
| 773 Irmintraud | December 22, 1913 |
| 777 Gutemberga | January 24, 1914 |
| 778 Theobalda | January 25, 1914 |
| 786 Bredichina | April 20, 1914 |
| 788 Hohensteina | April 28, 1914 |
| 1265 Schweikarda | October 18, 1911 |

**Franz Heinrich Kaiser** (25 April 1891 – 13 March 1962) was a German astronomer.

He worked at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl Observatory from 1911 to 1914 while working on his Ph.D. there, which he obtained in 1915. During this time, Heidelberg was a center of asteroid discovery, and Kaiser discovered 21 asteroids during his time there.

The outer main-belt asteroid 3183 Franzkaiser was named in his memory on 1 September 1993 (M.P.C. 22497).


title: Sun National Bank

abstract: Sun National Bank was an American bank that is owned by holding company Sun Bancorp, Inc. headquartered in Mount Laurel, New Jersey. The Bank served consumers and businesses through more than 30 branch locations in New Jersey, as well as commercial lending offices in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York. Sun National Bank was an Equal Housing Lender and it's deposits were insured up to the legal maximum by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). In 2015, the Bank announced a major rebrand initiative for Sun National Bank, as well as its financial planning subsidiary, Prosperis Financial Solutions. On January 31, 2018 OceanFirst Financial Corp acquired Sun Bancorp, Inc. The bank branches were rebranded and merged with OceanFirst Bank.

text:
# Sun National Bank

**Sun National Bank**  was an American bank that is owned by holding company Sun Bancorp, Inc. (Nasdaq: SNBC) headquartered in Mount Laurel, New Jersey. The Bank served consumers and businesses through more than 30 branch locations in New Jersey, as well as commercial lending offices in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York.

Sun National Bank was an Equal Housing Lender and it's deposits were insured up to the legal maximum by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). In 2015, the Bank announced a major rebrand initiative for Sun National Bank, as well as its financial planning subsidiary, Prosperis Financial Solutions.

On January 31, 2018 OceanFirst Financial Corp acquired Sun Bancorp, Inc. The bank branches were rebranded and merged with OceanFirst Bank.

## InfoBox

Sun National Bank
| Company type | Public company |
| --- | --- |
| Traded as | Previously Nasdaq: SNBC |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1985 (1985) |
| Defunct | January 31, 2018 (January 31, 2018) |
| Fate | Acquired |
| Successor | OceanFirst Bank |
| Headquarters | Mount Laurel, New Jersey, United States |
| Area served | New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania |
| Products | Banking services |
| Website | www.sunnationalbank.com |


title: Mark Degli Antoni

abstract: Mark degli Antoni is an American composer, known for his work as co-founder and keyboard sampler for the band Soul Coughing from 1992 to 2000. Since leaving Soul Coughing, he has devoted much of his energy toward film scoring. Film scores include Cherish, Marie and Bruce, the HBO documentary Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired, Into the Abyss directed by Werner Herzog, Crown Heights directed by Matt Ruskin, and the Netflix documentary Get Me Roger Stone. Antoni collaborated with his former Soul Coughing bandmate Sebastian Steinberg as part of the backing band on Miho Hatori's 2005 album Ecdysis. He has toured with Low, John Scofield, and David Byrne on the Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour. In 2024, Antoni rejoined Soul Coughing for a reunion tour, including an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.

text:
# Mark Degli Antoni

**Mark degli Antoni** (sometimes credited as **Mark De Gli Antoni**) is an American composer, known for his work as co-founder and keyboard sampler for the band Soul Coughing from 1992 to 2000.

Since leaving Soul Coughing, he has devoted much of his energy toward film scoring. Film scores include *Cherish*, *Marie and Bruce*, the HBO documentary *Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired*, *Into the Abyss* directed by Werner Herzog, *Crown Heights* directed by Matt Ruskin, and the Netflix documentary *Get Me Roger Stone*.

Antoni collaborated with his former Soul Coughing bandmate Sebastian Steinberg as part of the backing band on Miho Hatori's 2005 album *Ecdysis*. He has toured with Low, John Scofield, and David Byrne on the Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour.

In 2024, Antoni rejoined Soul Coughing for a reunion tour, including an appearance on *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*.

1. Huey, Steve. "Soul Coughing - Biography", AllMusic.com.
2. Stafford, James. "19 Years Ago: Soul Coughing Release ‘Irresistible Bliss’", Diffuser.fm (part of Loudwire network, owned by Townsquare Media), July 9, 2016.
3. Diamond, Austen. "Interview: Mark degli Antoni on BMI Composer/Director Roundtable", Salt Lake City Weekly, January 22, 2013.
4. "Reviews - Miho Hatori, 'Ecdysis'", CMJ New Music Monthly, October 2006 issue, Vol. 143, p. 38
5. Mier, Tomás (20 June 2024). "Soul Coughing Reunite for First Tour in 25 Years". *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
6. Breihan, Tom (13 September 2024). "Reunited Soul Coughing Smash Through "Super Bon Bon" In Their First Late-Night Performance In Decades: Watch". *Stereogum*. Retrieved 15 September 2024.

## InfoBox

| Mark Degli Antoni | |
| --- | --- |
| Labels | Warner Bros., Slash, Tzadik |


title: Ubersitz

abstract: The Ubersitz is a traditional custom in Hasli, Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. On Christmas day, at nightfall, schoolboys begin with Treichlen, walking through the villages in small troops, sounding giant cow-bells. The following nights, the boys are joined, and later replaced, by adult men. The Trychling culminates on 30 December, with the Ubersitz in Meiringen. On this day, the Treichler are carrying frightening masks

text:
# Ubersitz

The **Ubersitz** is a traditional custom in Hasli, Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. On Christmas day, at nightfall, schoolboys begin with *Treichlen*, walking through the villages in small troops, sounding giant cow-bells. The following nights, the boys are joined, and later replaced, by adult men. The Trychling culminates on 30 December (or the last workday before that date), with the *Ubersitz* in Meiringen. On this day, the *Treichler* are carrying frightening masks (except for the people of Unterbach and Hasliberg who remain unmasked)

## The different Treichel groups

### Meiringen

The Treichel group of Meiringen is the largest one, amounting up to nearly 200 people. They have cow bells and drums and are masked very variously from traditional masks to frightening monster masks. The group is accompanied by a "Huttefroueli" (an effigy of an old woman). The front 5 of the group are mostly masked the same. The group of Meiringen is known for their fast pace.

### Willigen

The Treichel group of Willigen belongs to the 4 largest ones. Traditionally, only men are allowed to participate. They have cow bells and drums and are all masked as women or witches. The group of Willigen is accompanied by a "Huttefroueli" as well as a "Schnabelgeiss" (a tall monster with goat's horns and a beak).

### Hausen

The Treichel group of Hausen belongs to the 4 largest one as well. They also have cow bells and drums and are masked variously, with focus on the traditional woman or witch mask. The group of Huasen is accompanied by a "Huttefroueli" and a "Schnabelgeiss"

### Hasliberg

The Treichel group of Hasliberg is a coalition of all communities at the mountain "Hasliberg". They only come to Meiringen at the Ubersitz. They only have cow bells and always remain unmasked.

### Unterbach

Unterbach is located a few kilometers away from Meiringen. However, the Treichel group of Unterbach comes to Meiringen every day of the "Altjahrswoche" including the Ubersitz. They have only cow bells and are dressed in traditional garbs.

### Isenbolgen

Isenbolgen is a small quarter of Meiringen. The Treichel group of Isenbolgen belongs to the smallest ones. They have cow bells and larger drums than the other groups, but fewer. They wear masks made only out of natural components such as wood, plants or animal furs. The group is accompanied by two dwarfs and is known for their slow pace.

### Innertkirchen

Innertkirchen is located behind a small mountain pass. The Treichel group of Innertkirchen only comes to Meiringen at the Morning after the Ubersitz's night. They have cow bells and similar drums as Isenbolgen. The front 5 of the group are mostly masked the same. They are accompanied by a big black "Schnabelgeiss".

### Gadmen

Gadmen is located some kilometers away from Meiringen. The Treichel group of Gadmen only comes to Meiringen at the 29th of December. They only have cow bells and are usually all wearing the same white jumper. The group is known for their special pace.

### Guttannen

Guttannen is also located some kilometers away from Meiringen. The Treichel group of Guttannen only comes to Meiringen at the 29th of December. They have cow bells and the same drums as the group of Innertkirchen. They are not specially dressed.


title: Ultus Álvarez

abstract: Ultus Álvarez Suárez was a Cuban League baseball player who also spent 13 seasons in US minor league baseball.

text:
# Ultus Álvarez

**Ultus Álvarez Suárez** (May 2, 1933 – August 6, 2010) was a Cuban League baseball player who also spent 13 seasons in US minor league baseball.

## Cuban League career

Alvarez played for Cienfuegos in the 1950s, leading the league with 10 home runs in 1955–1956.

## Minor league career

Alvarez played in the minor leagues from 1952 to 1964. Beginning his career at 19 years old, he was a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers system in 1952 and 1953, the Cincinnati Reds system from 1955 to 1961, the Cleveland Indians system in 1962 and the Minnesota Twins system in 1964. In 1963, he played in the Mexican League. He was a Southern Association All-Star in 1959, hitting .297 with 15 home runs and 87 RBI in 132 games for the Nashville Volunteers.

In the affiliated minor leagues, Alvarez hit .278 with 142 home runs and 1,417 hits in 12 seasons. He spent part or all of five seasons at Triple-A, though he never reached the major leagues.

## InfoBox

| Ultus Álvarez | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1933-05-02)May 2, 1933
Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos, Cuba | |
| **Died:** August 6, 2010(2010-08-06) (aged 77)
Miami, Florida, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
|  | |


title: Ukraine's 224th electoral district

abstract: Ukraine's 224th electoral district is a Verkhovna Rada constituency in the city of Sevastopol. Established in its current form in 2012, it contains the southern half of Sevastopol. The constituency has 95 polling stations. The district is bordered by the 225th electoral district to the north, the 10th electoral district to the north-east, the 7th electoral district to the east, and the Black Sea to the south and west.

text:
# Ukraine's 224th electoral district

44°35′43″N 33°27′8″E / 44.59528°N 33.45222°E / 44.59528; 33.45222

**Ukraine's 224th electoral district** is a Verkhovna Rada constituency in the city of Sevastopol. Established in its current form in 2012, it contains the southern half of Sevastopol. The constituency has 95 polling stations. The district is bordered by the 225th electoral district to the north, the 10th electoral district to the north-east, the 7th electoral district to the east, and the Black Sea to the south and west.

## People's Deputies

| Party | | Member | Election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Party of Regions | Pavlo Lebedyev | 2012 |
|  |  | Vacant | 2014 |
|  |  | Vacant | 2019 |

## Elections

### 2012

2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Party of Regions** | **Pavlo Lebedyev** | **32,076** | **42.6%** |
|  | Russian Bloc (party) | Dmitry Belik | 20,911 | 27.8% |
|  | KPU | Serhiy Bohatyrenko | 12,100 | 16.1% |
|  | Batkivshchyna | Serhiy Tiulieniev | 3,233 | 4.3% |
|  | UDAR | Mykola Rybakov | 2,571 | 3.4% |
|  | Ukraine – Forward! | Ivan Yermakov | 1,249 | 1.7% |
|  | Hromada | Serhiy Kondratevsky | 1,186 | 1.6% |
|  | Others |  | 1,889 | 2.5% |
| Total votes | | | **75,215** | **100.0%** |
|  | Party of Regions **win** (new seat) | | | | |

1. "Про утворення одномандатних виборчих округів на постійній основі у межах Автономної Республіки Крим, областей, міст Києва та Севастополя" \[On the formation of permanent single-mandate electoral districts in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, and the cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol\]. *Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine* (in Ukrainian). 2012-04-28. Archived from the original on 2019-07-07.
2. "М. Севастополь" \[C. Sevastopol\]. *Official Website of the State Electoral Commission* (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-07.
3. "Новинський Вадим Владиславович" \[Novynskyi, Vadym Vladyslavovych\]. *Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine* (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2018-08-25.
4. "Одномандатний виборчий округ №224" \[Single-mandate electoral district No. 224\]. *Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine*. 2012-10-28. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30.

## InfoBox

| Ukraine's 224th electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral district<br>for the Verkhovna Rada | |
|  | |
| Region | Sevastopol |
| Current Electoral district | |
| Created | 2012 |
| Party | *Vacant* |


title: Ubirodynerus

abstract: Ubirodynerus is a monotypic Australian genus of potter wasps. The sole species, Ubirodynerus excavatus, is regarded as a synonym of Delta excavata.

text:
# Ubirodynerus

***Ubirodynerus*** is a monotypic Australian genus of potter wasps. The sole species, ***Ubirodynerus excavatus***, is regarded as a synonym of *Delta excavata*.

## InfoBox

| *Ubirodynerus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Genus: | *Ubirodynerus*
Borsato, 1994 |
| Species: | ***U. excavatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ubirodynerus excavatus***
Borsato, 1994 | |
|


title: Ubiratã

abstract: Ubiratã is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

text:
# Ubiratã

**Ubiratã** is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Ubiratã | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southern |
| State | Paraná |
| Mesoregion | Centro Ocidental Paranaense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 20,909 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Unabomber: In His Own Words

abstract: Unabomber: In His Own Words is a 2020 crime documentary four-part miniseries about Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, that looks at his 17 years of terror from 1978 to 1995 that killed three people and injured 23. The documentary includes interviews of various people involved in the life and arrest of Kaczynski, including Joel Moss, Gary Wright, and David Kaczynski and Linda Patrik, along with snippets of an interview with Kaczynski himself, carried out by Theresa Kintz, an anarchist writer, in 1999. The theme song of the show, "MAN", was composed by Adam Litovitz and Louis Percival, and is performed by the band The Worst. The series premiered February 28, 2020 on Discovery Channel Canada, and was distributed internationally on Netflix. The series received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best History Documentary Program or Series at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.

text:
# Unabomber: In His Own Words

***Unabomber: In His Own Words*** is a 2020 crime documentary four-part miniseries about Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, that looks at his 17 years of terror from 1978 to 1995 that killed three people and injured 23.

The documentary includes interviews of various people involved in the life and arrest of Kaczynski, including Joel Moss (member of the FBI's UNABOM task force), Gary Wright (survivor of one of Kaczynski's bombs), and David Kaczynski and Linda Patrik (Ted Kaczynski's brother and sister-in-law, who alerted the FBI about Ted in 1996), along with snippets of an interview with Kaczynski himself, carried out by Theresa Kintz, an anarchist writer, in 1999.

The theme song of the show, "MAN", was composed by Adam Litovitz and Louis Percival, and is performed by the band The Worst.

The series premiered February 28, 2020 on Discovery Channel Canada, and was distributed internationally on Netflix. The series received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best History Documentary Program or Series at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.

## InfoBox

| *Unabomber: In His Own Words* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | True crime |
| Directed by | Mick Grogan |
| Opening theme | "MAN"<br>by The Worst |
| Production | |
| Producers | * Elliott Halpern * Elizabeth Trojian |
| Production companies | * Reelz * Yap Films |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | February 22, 2020 (2020-02-22) |


title: Ulva elegans

abstract: Ulva elegans is a species of seaweed in the family Ulvaceae that is endemic to Morocco.

text:
# Ulva elegans

***Ulva elegans*** is a species of seaweed in the family Ulvaceae that is endemic to Morocco.

## Name

The name of the species comes from Latin meaning *elegant*.

## InfoBox

| *Ulva elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | UTC clade |
| Order: | Ulvales |
| Family: | Ulvaceae |
| Genus: | *Ulva* |
| Species: | ***U. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ulva elegans***<br>Gayral, 1960 | |
|


title: Ulrik Fredrik de Cicignon

abstract: Ulrik Frederik de Cicignon was a Norwegian military officer. He is best known for his part in Strilekrigen, an 18th-century farmer's rebellion, in Bergen.

text:
# Ulrik Fredrik de Cicignon

**Ulrik Frederik de Cicignon** (1698  8 June 1772) was a Norwegian military officer. He is best known for his part in *Strilekrigen*, an 18th-century farmer's rebellion, in Bergen.

## Early life

He was probably born at Akershus Fortress in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of Major General Frederik Christoph von Cicignon (c.1667-1719) and Karen Hausmann (1682-1744). He was also the grandson of the Luxembourg-born military officer and engineer, Johan Caspar von Cicignon (1625-1696). He studied at the Académie des Chevaliers in Strasbourg and the Académie de Lorraine in Nancy, France.

## Career

In 1718, he was appointed First Lieutenant within the Søndenfjeldske Gevorbne Infantry Regiment. He became captain in 1720 and then rose through the ranks until 1746 when he was made Colonel and head of the 2nd Vesterlenske National Infantry Regiment. In 1749, he had been appointed stiftamtmann in Bergen. He was regiment commander in 1750. He was knighted in 1754 with the title of Major General and became a member of the Privy Council in 1764.

## Role in Strilekrigen

In autumn 1762, the national government in Copenhagen established an extra per capita tax for every person over twelve years, which was later reduced to a charge per household. These extra taxes were intended to help pay loans from foreign governments and to support the price of the Danish-Norwegian currency at the stock market in Hamburg.

Strilekrigen took place in Bergen on 18 April 1765, when about 2,000 common people from Nordhordland poured into Bergen to protest against the harsh action of the extra tax. The extra tax had hit the poor farmers and fishermen in rural areas around Bergen particularly hard. The protests, which became violent, were particularly directed at Cicignon.

Rebellions of this magnitude was unprecedented in the 18th century, and officials in Copenhagen were appalled. The authorities send an inquiry north consisting of top officials on a warship. The leaders of the rebellion were indicted by the general court and were convicted of disturbance of public order. The result was that a few farmers ended in prison for life after being pardoned from the death sentence. The extra tax was later abolished in Norway in 1772 but continued in force in Denmark. After the rebellion Cicignon sought and received dismissal as stiftamtmann in May 1766. He moved to Sønderborg in the Duchy of Schleswig, where he died in 1772.

## InfoBox

| Major General
Ulrik Fredril de Cicignon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1698
Akershus Fortress, Christiania |
| Died | 8 June 1772(1772-06-08) (aged 73–74)
Sønderborg |
| Allegiance | Denmark-Norway |
| Rank | Major General |


title: Ulrik Frederik Christian Arneberg

abstract: Ulrik Frederik Christian Arneberg was a Norwegian jurist and elected official for the Conservative Party.

text:
# Ulrik Frederik Christian Arneberg

**Ulrik Frederik Christian Arneberg** (15 June 1829 – 30 October 1911) was a Norwegian jurist and elected official for the Conservative Party.

## Biography

Arneberg was born in the village of Vanse in Vest-Agder, Norway. His father Ulrik Frederik Arneberg (1795-1835) was the senior priest at Vanse Church (*Vanse kirke*) in Farsund. After taking artium in 1846, he passed his legal examination in 1852.

Arneberg became a proxy for Niels Andreas Thrap who served as the magistrate in Kristiania (now Oslo) until his death in 1856. In 1861 he became a Supreme Court Attorney, in 1866 assessor at the city count of Kristiania and in 1872 the Justiciar. He served as County Governor of *Bratsberg Amt* (now Telemark) from 1881 to 1889.

He served as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from 13 July 1889. On 1 July 1890, he was appointed Minister of Justice and the Police in Prime Minister Emil Stang's First Cabinet. He held this position until the Stang cabinet fell on 5 March 1891. In 1892 he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament, representing the constituency of Brevik, located in Telemark where he had formerly been County Governor. He served only one parliamentary term. After this he was appointed County Governor of *Smaalenenes Amt* (now Østfold). He held the position until 1905.


title: Uncial 0214

abstract: Uncial 0214, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th or 5th century.

text:
# Uncial 0214

**Uncial 0214** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th or 5th century.

## Description

The codex contains a part of the Gospel of Mark (8:33-37), on 1 parchment leaf (20 cm by 18 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per page. It uses Nomina sacra.

The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th or 5th century.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Kurt Aland in 1953.

The codex is located at the Austrian National Library, in Vienna, with the shelf number Pap. G. 29300.

## Further reading

* Stanley E. Porter & Wendy J. Porter (2008). *New Testament Greek Papyri and Parchments*. Berlin - New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-3-11-020308-0.

## InfoBox

Uncial **0214**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | Mark 8:33-37 |
| Date | 4th/5th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | Austrian National Library |
| Size | 20 x 18 cm |
| Type | mixed |
| Category | III |


title: Uncial 0205

abstract: Codex 0205. It is a diglot Greek-Coptic (Sahidic) uncial manuscript of the Epistle to Titus and the Epistle to Philemon, dated paleographically to the 8th century.

text:
# Uncial 0205

**Codex 0205** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a diglot Greek-Coptic (Sahidic) uncial manuscript of the Epistle to Titus and the Epistle to Philemon, dated paleographically to the 8th century (J. M. Plumley proposed 7th or 6th-century).

## Description

The uncial 0205 was possibly a complete codex of the Pauline epistles, of which only 2 leaves survived (32 cm by 22.5 cm). Each page contains two parallel columns with 35 lines, and 12-13 letters per line. The codex is written in Greek and Coptic, but it is not a genuine diglot manuscript. On the first page, the first column and the first seven lines of the second column contains Titus 2:15b-3:7 in Greek. At this point the Coptic text begins with Titus 2:11 and continues to the end of Philemon. The Greek represents only 15% of the text of the manuscript.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 8th century. It was found in White Monastery.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Ernst von Dobschütz in 1933.

J. K. Elliott from University of Leeds published description of its text and facsimile.

The codex is located in the Cambridge University Library (Or. 1699 II x).

## Further reading

* J. Keith Elliott, *A. Greek – Coptic (Sahidic) fragment of Titus - Philemon (0205)*, Novum Testamentum XXXVI, 2 (1994), pp. 183-195.

## InfoBox

Uncial **0205**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | Epistle to Titus |
| Date | 8th-century |
| Script | Greek, Coptic diglot |
| Now at | Cambridge University Library |
| Size | 32 x 22.5 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | II |


title: Uncancylus concentricus

abstract: Uncancylus concentricus is a species of small, freshwater, air-breathing limpet, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.

text:
# Uncancylus concentricus

***Uncancylus concentricus*** is a species of small, freshwater, air-breathing limpet, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.

## Distribution

*U. concentricus* occurs in Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The species' type locality, according to d'Orbigny (1835), is close to Montevideo, near the island *Isla de Ratas*, at the mouth of the Río de la Plata.

## Description

*U. concentricus* has a high, thin, transparent shell, with growth lines and radial ribs, which may in certain cases appear somewhat fuzzy, especially when it inhabits torrential environments. The apex is acute, quite recurved, moved back from the midpoint and flexed on the right side. The aperture is oval, broad, with somewhat wavy edges. The colour is typically light brown to tawny. The radula has a central bicuspid tooth, with the left cusp predominating and hinting at the birth of two others, one on each side. The lateral tooth has three rather noticeable cusps and a fourth, very small outer cusp.

The species is hermaphrodite; the genitalia are a key diagnostic character at the species level. The ovotestis contains around 25 follicles and the seminal vesicle is located in the middle portion of the ovisperm duct. The prostate usually has five elongated follicles.

## Habitat and ecology

*U. concentricus* inhabits shady places on rocks or leaves of aquatic plants, leaves in the process of decomposition, including submerged tree trunks. It occurs in springs, mountainous streams, and medium-sized rivers. It may also be found in stagnant waters, lakes or ponds where a surface that allows adhesion exists; no specimens were observed on silty or sandy substrates. Dos Santos (2003) has associated the species with environments with little current, not polluted, with meso- to oligotrophic features.

*U. concentricus* associates with the roots of the common Water Hyacinth *(Eichhornia crassipes)*, and can withstand periods of low water in lentic habitats. It also associates with *Chaetogaster sp.*, *Carchesium sp. (Ciliophora)* and green hydra and algae that grow densely on its shell.

Regarding parasitism, *U. concentricus* has been reported to act as the intermediate host of several families of Trematoda (Digenea).

## InfoBox

| *Uncancylus concentricus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Superorder: | Hygrophila |
| Family: | Planorbidae |
| Genus: | *Uncancylus* |
| Species: | ***U. concentricus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uncancylus concentricus***
(d'Orbigny, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gundlachia concentrica* d'Orbigny, 1835 * *Uncancylus calverti* Pilsbry, 1913 * *Hebetancylus culicoides* Simone, 2006 | |


title: Uldolmok Tidal Power Station

abstract: Uldolmok Tidal Power Station is a tidal power station in Uldolmok, Jindo County, South Korea. The plant was commissioned in May 14, 2009 by the South Korean government. The plant cost US$10 million and has an installed capacity of 1,000 KW, generating 2.4 GWh annually, sufficient to meet the demand of 430 households. Additional 500 kW was commissioned in June 2011. The South Korean government plans to increase this capacity of 1 to 90 megawatts by the end of the year 2013, increasing the demand cover to 46,000 households, while simultaneously working on the 254 megawatts (341,000 hp) Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station. Part of the goal of generating 5,260 GWh through tidal power by 2020. The Uldolmok Strait experiences tidal water speeds that exceed 6.5 m/s (21.3 ft/s) with the width of the strait being approximately 300 m (980 ft).

text:
# Uldolmok Tidal Power Station

**Uldolmok Tidal Power Station** is a tidal power station in Uldolmok, Jindo County, South Korea. The plant was commissioned in May 14, 2009 by the South Korean government. The plant cost US$10 million and has an installed capacity of 1,000 KW (1 MW), generating 2.4 GWh annually, sufficient to meet the demand of 430 households. Additional 500 kW was commissioned in June 2011.

The South Korean government plans to increase this capacity of 1 to 90 megawatts (1,300 to 120,700 hp) by the end of the year 2013, increasing the demand cover to 46,000 households, while simultaneously working on the 254 megawatts (341,000 hp) Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station. Part of the goal of generating 5,260 GWh through tidal power by 2020.

The Uldolmok Strait experiences tidal water speeds that exceed 6.5 m/s (21.3 ft/s) with the width of the strait being approximately 300 m (980 ft).

## InfoBox

| Uldolmok Tidal Power Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | South Korea |
| Location | Uldolmok, Jindo |
| Coordinates | 34°33′56″N 126°18′36″E / 34.56556°N 126.31000°E / 34.56556; 126.31000 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14) |
| Construction cost | US$10 million |
| Tidal power station | |
| Type | Tidal barrage |
| Barrage length | 3,260 m (10,696 ft) |
| Barrage width | 300 m (980 ft) |
| Crosses | Uldolmok Strait |
| Channel speed | 6.5 m/s (21.3 ft/s) |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 1,500 KW |
| Annual net output | 2.4 GWh |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Ulmet, Germany

abstract: Ulmet is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel-Altenglan, whose seat is in Kusel. Ulmet has long been a recognized tourism community.

text:
# Ulmet, Germany

**Ulmet** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Kusel-Altenglan, whose seat is in Kusel. Ulmet has long been a recognized tourism community.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies on the Glan in the Kusel *Musikantenland* in the Western Palatinate. The municipal area measures 710 ha, of which 94 ha is wooded. The village lies in the Glan valley overlooking the “Glan Knee”, where the river bends from its northward direction to a northeasterly course. The broad, fertile dale is framed by hills and mountains, which are mostly wooded. The highest elevations are the Steinerner Mann (459 m above sea level) to the west and the Sulzkopf (402 m above sea level) to the south. The floor of the dale lies some 190 m above sea level. In 1836, in his travel observations, Friedrich Blaul wrote of Ulmet: “…The location of the village of Ulmet I prefer to all others. It is characteristic of the whole Glan valley, with regard to both beauty and richness. On a small hill stands a little old Gothic church, surrounded by fertile fields and lovely meadows. Livestock breeding in this exquisite dale is in an excellent state and a Glan cow enjoys before the others of her kind the same advantage as Venus before the Graces.” All together, 164 ha of the municipal area is under Federal ownership as a border strip for the Baumholder troop drilling ground and for a pumping station on the NATO pipeline.

### Neighbouring municipalities

Ulmet borders in the north on the municipality of Rathsweiler, in the northeast on the municipality of Niederalben, in the east on the municipality of Sankt Julian, in the south on the municipalities of Bedesbach and Erdesbach, in the west on the municipality of Oberalben and in the northwest on the Baumholder troop drilling ground.

### Constituent communities

Also belonging to Ulmet are the outlying homesteads of Felschbachhof and Mühlwieshof.

### Municipality’s layout

Today's village is made up of the two formerly self-administering centres of Ulmet, which lay on the Glan's left bank, and Pielsbach on the right bank. Both were clump villages that huddled closely to the Glan and the latter village's namesake Pielsbach. The combined village has only begun to spread away from the Glan in the very latest times with the opening of five new building areas. Ulmet, once a rich farming village, was, before the Thirty Years' War, the biggest municipality in the middle Glan valley, and the governing one, being as it was the seat of an *Unteramt*. The municipal area reached most of the way to the actual village sites of Erdesbach, Oberalben-Mayweilerhof and Rathsweiler. Ulmet could claim to be the governing centre up until the 19th century. In P. A. Paule's *Gemälden aus Rheinbaiern 1817* (“Tableaux from Rhenish Bavaria”), for instance, a population of 495 inhabitants is listed for Ulmet, whereas for the now considerably bigger Altenglan, the figure was only 403. The old overland routes, for the most part dating back to Celtic and Roman times, steered clear of the dales, which were threatened by floods and hostile encroachment, and also offered no clear view. Near Ulmet, two roads met: the army road coming from Kaiserslautern by way of Bosenbach and the Ulmet strip field “Pilgerhausen” and the Roman road coming down from Lichtenberg Castle by way of the Mayweilerhof (estate) to Rathsweiler and running from the *Neuwirtshaus* (“New Inn”, in Niederalben) by way of Ohlscheid and Schweinschied towards Kreuznach. This road had a branch at the Mayweilerhof leading to Ulmet and the Glan crossing, and farther on to a junction with yet another road that ran north–south.

The municipality offered farming, cropraising and livestock raising all the advantages in earlier times with its relatively vast municipal area, fertile cropland in the east and west and broad meadows in the open Glan valley. Thus, Ulmet grew until the 20th century as a respectable farming village. The extensive loss of lands in the west to the Baumholder troop drilling ground and in the southwest to NATO pipeline compromised agriculture, reducing the amount of land under the plough by 164 ha. This loss, as well as developments in industry and indeed in the era following the Second World War, led to an end for almost all agricultural operations, great and small. Nowadays, there is only one farming family left, mainly in cropraising, working their own land and also great areas of rented land. A few farming operations run as sidelines, but only serve the owners’ needs. One good thing for the land has been the establishment of a shepherds’ club, whose many part-time shepherds, with their small to midsize flocks, are keeping the municipal area's utter reversion to wilderness in check

## History

### Antiquity

Two archaeological finds in or near the municipal area bear witness to early human habitation:

* A fragment of a small, four-sided stone axe with the poll missing made of black stone with a length of 2.7 cm was found in the strip field called “Seiters”. It is now kept at the *Historisches Museum der Pfalz* (Historic Museum of the Palatinate) in Speyer.
* After the Second World War (1948), a prehistoric grave was unearthed in the “Ruth” forest district right near the boundary with the Baumholder troop drilling ground, not far from the Roman road that goes by, below the Wartekopf. It has a diameter of more than 30 m, is round or oval, convex in the middle, and on the now heavily overgrown surface systematically studded with selected, big stones. According to Dr. Sprater, it is a Celtic grave. The Historic Museum in Speyer recorded the find in its register, but the grave complex has not been opened, but rather left in its original state. Many artefacts from Roman times have been found in neighbouring municipal areas. Spolia from Roman times are still preserved in the Evangelical church's masonry

### Middle Ages

Ulmet is one of the oldest places in the Glan area. The first documentary mention came as early as 932 or 952 in the addendum to the Polyptych of St. Remi, in which a place called *Kapellen* is named. What was meant by this was the *Flurskapelle*, a chapel that still stands today, then the hub of a great parish. In the early 12th century, the village passed to the County of Veldenz, whose counts exercised the *Schutzvogtei* over the so-called *Remigiusland*. In 1444, Count Palatine Stephan of the Palatinate merged Veldenz, some of his own holdings and the County of Zweibrücken to found the new County of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, which was later generally known as a duchy. Ulmet lay within this duchy up until French Revolutionary troops occupied the lands on the Rhine’s left bank, during which time Ulmet, sometimes by itself and sometimes together with Pilsbach across the Glan, was the chief centre of a Zweibrücken *Unteramt*.

### Modern times

The lordship of the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken lasted through the Thirty Years' War until the duchy came to an end in the course of the French Revolution. In 1633, during the Thirty Years’ War, there was an engagement at the earthworks in which the Imperial Army's Spanish troops suffered a great onslaught from troops of the Union under command of Rhinegrave Otto, and were thereby forced to withdraw from the Palatinate, and the whole left bank of the Rhine. The Spaniards lost all their baggage in the ordeal, and perhaps worse, 1,500 mercenaries were taken prisoner. In 1635, Ulmet was burnt down by the Imperial Army's Croatian mercenaries. Some of the inhabitants got to safety, along with their clergyman Suevas, at Lichtenberg Castle. All the inhabitants who did not make it to safety inside Lichtenberg Castle were murdered. By the time the war was over, the village was almost empty of people. The population then grew up again, but only slowly, mainly by the arrival of newcomers, but also because of the good agricultural conditions. Fate delivered further blows in the late 17th century with King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. Only in the 18th century did an epoch of growth and strength set in, and it was then that the first emigrations were noted. In 1761, a town hall was built. In the wake of the French Revolution and the French annexation of the lands on the Rhine's left bank, the region's administrative structure was altered on 23 January 1798. Most of the *Unteramt* of Ulmet was assigned to the Department of Sarre, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Canton of Kusel. Ulmet became the seat of the *mairie* (“mayoralty”) for the villages of Ulmet, Erdesbach, Oberalben, Rathsweiler, Altenglan, Patersbach, Dennweiler-Frohnbach, Eschenau and Sankt Julian with Obereisenbach.

#### Recent times

After Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna, the Palatinate was awarded to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1818, two limetrees were planted at the way into the graveyard to mark the occasion of the unification of the Reformed and Lutheran churches. Yet another town hall was built in 1823. In the years 1873 to 1875, Sacred Heart Church (*Herz-Jesu-Kirche*) was built. The railway came in 1904 with the building of the *Glantalbahn*. Electricity reached Ulmet in 1923. *Flurbereinigung* was undertaken between 1968 and 1979. On 1 January 1972, the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Ulmet was dissolved and in its stead, the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Altenglan was established.

### Population development

A census from the year 1490 survives and it lists 51 taxpayers for Ulmet (but not the other inhabitants). In 1609, 259 inhabitants were counted. Exact population figures for the time from 1638 to the early 19th century are unavailable. Only in 1802 was another population count and this time there were 362 inhabitants. The rise became continuous, but by the mid 19th century, the effects of emigration to the United States and Southeastern Europe had taken their toll on the population figures, which were now shrinking. Between the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the turn of the 20th century, population growth stagnated as a result of inhabitants moving away to Germany's industrial regions; it was likewise after the First World War. At the last census before the Second World War, Ulmet had 754 inhabitants, and once again, there was an upward trend. Beginning in 1978, there was a temporary drop in population, but this was a bureaucratic illusion, for commuters were counted at their workplaces, not at their homes. This was, however, followed by slight growth in population. With regard to religious affiliation, Protestants were the overwhelming majority in Ulmet. Over time, though, the Catholics managed to increase their percentage of the population slightly. For a time, almost 10% of the inhabitants were Jewish. The Jews’ share of the population, however, had already begun to shrink steadily by the 19th century, mostly owing to migration to the industrial regions.

Before the Thirty Years’ War, Ulmet was the biggest municipality in the middle Glan valley, and it held this distinction into the middle of the 19th century. This can be ascribed exclusively to a sound agricultural economy. Thus, with industry's rise came a loss of status for Ulmet. After the Second World War came a drop in population, due not least of all to young people “fleeing the countryside” (*Landflucht* in German) and going to the cities. Counting commuters at their workplaces disadvantaged their home communities and weekend commuters’ families’ homes, too, when it came to allocating funds from investment stock and income tax assessment.

Out of what was once purely a farming village with several well-to-do economists and many small farmers, and a relatively high number of craftsmen, grew a residential community for commuters, pensioners and employees in service industry occupations. Even the *Flurbereinigung* undertaken between 1968 and 1979, which cost a great amount (1,300,000 DM), could not stop agriculture's downward slide. Only one agricultural operation in Ulmet – at an outlying homestead – still raises crops full-time. There are not even many part-time farmers. There was once livestock breeding, but that has been given up.

The following table shows population development since Napoleonic times for Ulmet, with some figures broken down by religious denomination:

| **Year** | 1802 | 1809 | 1825 | 1864 | 1875 | 1895 | 1905 | 1921 | 1939 | 1970 | 1999 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Total** | 362 | 420 | 549 | 606 | 700 | 702 | 716 | 750 | 754 | 876 | 862 |
| **Evangelical** |  |  | 501 | 575 |  | 657 |  |  | 832 |  |  |
| **Catholic** |  |  | 14 | 17 |  | 38 |  |  | 43 |  |  |
| **Jewish** |  |  | 34 | 14 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Other** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |

### Municipality’s name

As a Celtic founding, Ulmet bears a name of Celtic origin, like Kusel (*Cosla*) and Altenglan (*Gleni*). The name of the river Glan is also of Celtic origin.

In a 1267 document from the Remigiusberg Monastery, the name Ulmet appears for the first time, as *Olmone*. Other forms of the name that have cropped up over time are *Olmut* (1364), *Olmüth* (1387), *Olmud* (1416), *Olmaon*, *Olmont* (1422), *Olmudt* (1436), *Olmut* (1446), *Ollemont* (1456), *Olmud* and *Olmudt* (1460), *Olmuett* (1477), *Olmüt* (1480), *Olmeth* (1544), *Ulmeth*, *Ulmüth* (1588), again *Olmeth* (1634), *Ulmeth* (1756) and beginning about the mid 19th century, with the dropping of the H at the end (which was not pronounced anyway), the modern spelling appeared.

The outlying centre of Pielsbach over on the other side of the Glan was until the 14th century a self-administering municipality. It stretches up its namesake brook, the Pielsbach, back from the Glan, into which the brook empties. Old records show that it was named *Pelsbach* or *Pilsbach* (1364), *Pelesbach* (1381), *Pilßbach* (1433) and then finally Pielsbach (1585). The like-named brook crops up in records from the years 1585 to 1588, likewise with the name Pielsbach. Writers Dolch and Greule trace the name back to a pre-Germanic waterway name, *Pelisa*, to which the placename ending *—bach* was added in German/Germanic times.

### Vanished villages

It is understandable that within the limits of what once was Ulmet's comparatively vast municipal area, villages stood in earlier times that have now vanished. Long before the name Ulmet showed up in documents, the name *Flurskappeln* did, in the 11th century. It was likely a tiny village, but a village nonetheless, rather than a hamlet, having as it did a church with a rectory, the landlord's house and a servants’ house. It lay in the area where the *Flurskapelle*, a chapel, still stands today. Furthermore, the well known 1364 *Heinrichurkunde* (“Henry Document”) mentions Pielsbach (also Pilsbach, Pelsbach), Katzenbach, Pilgershausen, and Trudenberg for the first time. Pielsbach was a separate village, but it was merged into Ulmet during the Middle Ages; it is now described as an *Ortsteil*. Katzenbach lay near the Glan between Ulmet and Erdesbach; records later named a mill called *Katzenbacher Mühle*. Pilgershausen lay on the heights northeast of Ulmet, about where the Pilgerhof was founded (sometime after Pilgershausen had vanished). It is, however, hard to say where the village of Trudenberg lay. It must have been between Ulmet and Gumbsweiler, perhaps in the area of today's “Freudenwald”. All these villages had vanished by the time of the Thirty Years' War. It is certain that another centre, Brücken, which lay across the river Glan from Flurskappeln, was obliterated during that war. At one time it had some importance as the seat of a Veldenz *Unteramt*, and it is now remembered as the scene of the Battle of Brücken. Documents from the 15th and 16th centuries mention vineyards near Brücken.

## Religion

Ulmet, with its *Flurskapelle*, was long before the Reformation already an ecclesiastical hub in the Glan valley. Duke Ludwig II began to introduce the Reformation into the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken in 1523. Belonging to the reformed parish of Flurskappeln in 1538 were the villages of Brücken (vanished), Dennweiler-Frohnbach, Erdesbach, Erzweiler (forsaken by its last few inhabitants in 1974 after having been incorporated into the Baumholder Troop Drilling Ground by the Nazis in 1933), Gumbsweiler, Oberalben, Pielsbach (now part of Ulmet), Rathsweiler, Ulmet and Welchweiler. In 1609, the parish, with the addition of Huffersweiler (later an outlying centre of Erzweiler), still had its old extent. From 1639 to 1671, Altenglan together with Bedesbach (with the vanished village of Sulzbach) and Friedelhausen, were united with Ulmet. From 1639 to 1652, Patersbach, too, was served from Ulmet. The reformed parish belonged originally to the Inspection of Lichtenberg, but passed to the Inspection of Limbach in 1815 and to the deaconry of Kusel in 1820. Over the course of the last two centuries, the following places have split away from the parish of Ulmet: Erzweiler (1816), Gumbsweiler (1820), Dennweiler-Frohnbach (1909), Oberalben (1920) and Welchweiler (1956), leaving only Ulmet, Erdesbach and Rathsweiler in the parish today.

The *Flurskapelle* is a so-called *Feldkirche*, a “field church”, one that stands outside any village or town, in the countryside. They once served several villages as a parish church. This one was built in 1091, making it one of the oldest churches in the Glan valley. All that is now left of the original building is the Romanesque tower. The nave that stands now is the third one on this spot. In 1124, the church had its first documentary mention in a document from the Remigiusberg Monastery as *Capella*, although it had been mentioned before this, but in records that could not be precisely dated, even in the Polyptych of the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims. Hanging in the tower are two bronze bells. The bigger one was poured in 1469, weighs 550 kg and has a lower diameter of 97 cm. The smaller bell was poured in 1743, weighs 255 kg and has a diameter of 78 cm. Because of their great age, both bells escaped the fate of so many churchbells in the two world wars, which were taken away to be melted down for their metal. Since 1953, the church, along with the graveyard around it with the two limetrees planted at the entrance in 1818 on the occasion of the union of the Reformed and Lutheran churches, has been under protection as a natural and cultural monument. Buried at the *Flurskapelle* graveyard were the dead from the villages of Ulmet, Rathsweiler, Erzweiler, Gumbsweiler, Welchweiler, Erdesbach, Oberalben with Mayweilerhof and Frohnbach with Frohnbacherhof, which all belonged to the parish. Over the centuries, almost all these villages split away from this group once they had their own graveyards. Nowadays, only the dead from Ulmet and Rathsweiler are buried in Ulmet's graveyard.

Even though the number of Catholics in Ulmet was quite small, building work on Sacred Heart Church (*Herz-Jesu-Kirche*), a small Catholic church for worshippers from many surrounding villages, began in 1873. It stands on a small hill north of the village. The foundation stone was laid on 7 July 1873, the first bell was hung on 27 June 1875 and the festive consecration took place on 10 August 1875.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

### Mayor

Ulmet's mayor is Klaus Klinck.

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: **Durch einen blauen Wellenbalken von Silber und Gold geteilt, oben ein schreitender rotbewehrter und -bezungter blauer Löwe, unten die verschlungenen Großbuchstaben A und U.**

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: A barrulet wavy azure between argent a lion passant of the first armed and langued gules and Or the letter A surmounted by the letter U, both of the second.

An 18th-century seal from Ulmet is known – the earliest example stems from 1753 – but it represents not the village, but rather the *Amt*. The seal displays the overlapped letters A and V, an abbreviation for *Am(b)t Vlmet*. These same letters now appear in almost the same shape as charges in Ulmet's coat of arms (although the blazon says that the one on top is supposed to be a U rather than a V). The tinctures in this lower half of the escutcheon were simply chosen by the municipality and have no historical significance. The tinctures in the escutcheon's upper half, on the other hand, are the ones that the Counts of Veldenz used for their heraldic lion. The wavy barrulet (thin horizontal stripe) stands for the river Glan. The arms have been borne since 4 April 1979 when they were approved by the now abolished *Regierungsbezirk* administration in Neustadt an der Weinstraße.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:

* Bahnhofstraße 11 – former railway station; sandstone-framed rusticated building, one-floor storage hall with loading ramp, one-and-a-half-floor lavatory and stable shed, 1904
* Meisenheimer Straße 21/25 – Protestant rectory; building with hipped roof, 1783, architect Friedrich Gerhard Wahl, Zweibrücken
* Meisenheimer Straße – so-called *Kappeler Brücke*; three-arched sandstone bridge with two starlings, 1784–1786, architect Peter Bell, Kusel
* Holy Cross Catholic Church (*Kirche Heilig Kreuz*), Meisenheimer Straße 43 – stone-block aisleless church with ridge turret, sacristy addition, 1873/1874, architect Father Heimy, Brücken; two bells: 1774 by Johann Nerger and 1874
* Protestant parish church, Meisenheimer Straße 52 – Romanesque west tower, about 1115, Baroque tent roof; Baroque aisleless church, 1737/1738; two bells: 1469 by Johann Otto, Kaiserslautern and 1743; Stumm organ from 1847; tomb, late 19th century by August Drumm

The *Kappeler Brücke* was first mentioned in 1542. The newer bridge of 1748 fell victim to the Great Flood of 1784. The replacement built shortly thereafter has stood until the present day.

An 8 km-long educational path about the area's bodies of water – the *Gewässerlehrpfad* – runs from Ulmet to Erdesbach.

### Natural monuments

The limetrees (or lindens, as trees of the genus *Tilia* are also known) growing on the way into the old graveyard are considered natural monuments.

### Regular events

For centuries now, Ulmet has been celebrating the *Gallusfest* from Tuesday to Thursday after Saint Gall’s Day (16 October), one of the Palatinate’s oldest folk festivals. Formerly, all the villages that belonged to the greater parish of Ulmet celebrated this festival, but these other centres have, since splitting away from Ulmet, paid tribute to modern times, and they hold their kermises (church consecration festivals, locally known as the *Kerwe*) on summertime weekends. Only Ulmet has kept the old tradition of the *Gallusfest*. Even Billigheim, which once held its *Purzelmarkt*, which was just as old, on the same days as Ulmet’s *Gallusfest*, has moved its festival to a weekend in the warmer months. Even if “Saint Gall’s Market” no longer holds the same meaning for the country folk that it once did, still a few thousand visitors come to the old Glan village to celebrate with friends, acquaintances and kin.

Very great popularity has been earned lately by the *Hammelfest* (“Mutton Festival”), held since 1981 on the second weekend in August. One can see from the licences borne by the cars parked at the fairground that visitors come from the whole Palatinate, the Saarland and the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region to this festival to pay their respects to the *Schafhalterverein Mittleres Glantal* (“Middle Glan Valley Shepherds’ Association”) and the Tourism Municipality of Ulmet with its widely known dining establishments and inns.

The Village Festival (*Dorffest*), held on the third weekend in June on the marketplace before the *Gallushalle*, supposedly retains its unhurried character without having succumbed to modern hype. The marketplace is set up in a visitor-friendly way with booths occupied by the local clubs. Eating, drinking, *Gemütlichkeit*, jollity, music and song contribute to the entertainment, and promote the sense of community in the village.

On Whitsunday, the Evangelical parish celebrates its yearly parish festival at the rectory and the parish hall. Showing up here for the festivities, food and drink are not only the local parishioners but also guests from outside.

For more than two decades, the angling sport club *Angelfreunde* have been holding their now well known *Fischerfest* at their clubhouse on the “Rotenhöh” (cadastral area).

### Clubs

* Angling sport club (founded in 1968)
* Countrywomen's club (founded in 1952)
* Evangelical women's league (founded in 1928)
* “Germania” singing club (municipality's oldest club, founded in 1862)
* Gymnastic club (founded in 1863/1981)
* Local history club (founded in 1950)
* Middle Glan Valley Shepherds’ Association (founded in 1980)
* Nursing association (founded in 1949)
* Reservists’ fellowship
* Sport club (founded in 1919)
* Tennis club (founded in 1978)
* Youth wind orchestra (founded in 1967)

## Economy and infrastructure

### Economic structure

Ulmet was up until Weimar times the hub for surrounding villages as seat of first the *Schultheiß* and then later the mayoralty. A great number of craft and other businesses could be found in the village. First and foremost, however, the village was characterized by agriculture and livestock breeding with its great, fertile municipal area. In the course of industrialization, a brickworks (1890), a tannery (1872) and a machine factory (1853) located in the village in the latter half of the 19th century. The last-named business experienced a boomtime in the First World War as it manufactured weapons and munitions, employing up to 70 workers. After the war, though, it was limited to dealing in and repairing machines and devices for agriculture and business. Their own patents for machines of the most varied kinds went unused. The business failed in 1985, as had likewise the tannery in 1957, which had made mostly upper leather and sole leather. The brickworks had gone out of business even earlier – in 1918.

After 1945, almost all business was disrupted, and even agriculture came to an end. Currently, Ulmet has only one full-time agricultural operation, and the number of part-time operations can be counted on one hand. There was a great “flight from the countryside” (*Landflucht*). Many younger inhabitants, seeking livelihoods and work in their chosen fields, moved away to the industrial centres. Those left behind sought work with the NATO forces stationed in Germany or with the Bundeswehr in Kusel, Baumholder, Ramstein and Kaiserslautern. Many skilled workers commute daily to jobs in the neighbouring Saarland and even as far as Ludwigshafen, Mannheim or Heidelberg. Today Ulmet is a residential community for workers and employees. As a result of the municipality's recognition as a tourism community, an exemplary dining scene with attendant lodging offerings has arisen. The opening of a commercial park has allowed a few craft businesses to locate in Ulmet, and the opening of several new building areas has allowed about 50 young families to move to the village.

### Transport

What is now *Bundesstraße* 420 was built in the 19th century as a *Staatsstraße* (State Road). It formerly led right through the village, rich as it was in bottlenecks, but was, with the inhabitants’ blessing, realigned in 1937/1938 by the Nazis in the course of fortifying the Third Reich's western border (Siegfried Line), so that it now bypasses the village. The road passing through the village was then reclassified as *Kreisstraße* (District Road) 29. After the Second World War, the Kusel district expanded the farm lane that led to the Mayweilerhof into the new *Kreisstraße* 25, with an extension going by way of Blaubach through to Kusel. To Ulmet's southwest lies the Autobahn A 62 (KaiserslauternTrier).

The railway, which in Imperial times had been a strategic line, was built from 1902 to 1904. The first train on this line ran on 1 May 1904. The line between Staudernheim and Altenglan no longer has any importance, with the last of the self-powered passenger trains running on the *Glantalbahn* on Friday 31 May 1985; goods transport also came to an end that same summer. Shortly thereafter, one of the two tracks was torn up, and even its ballast was removed, too. The railway station along with part of the railway property was sold into private ownership in 1995. Since 2000, visitors have been able to ride draisines on the *Glantalbahn* – one of the two tracks is still there – between Altenglan and Staudernheim, which has led to an upturn in the tourist trade. Part of the *Glantalbahn* is still in operation, and indeed the nearest station is the one in Altenglan.

### Education

As early as 1559, the first Reformed pastor who was active in Ulmet, Anton Priol (also called “the Great Priol”), built the parish school in Ulmet. Indeed, it was one of the first schools for miles around. The first teacher was the pastor's son, Abraham. All children from the villages that then belonged to the parish attended this school in Ulmet. The schoolhouse stood across from the rectory, to the right of the graveyard entrance, and was also the teacher's house. In 1624, the parish acquired a little house for 200 *Gulden*, in which classes were also held. The house's whereabouts are now unknown, but it must have been in Pielsbach. In 1778, the Kusel church administration built the *Altes Schulhaus* (“Old Schoolhouse”, also called *Unteres Schulhaus* locally, or “Lower Schoolhouse”) with a teacher's dwelling built in on Theodor-Zink-Straße. In 1865, the municipality had an extra floor built onto the house to make more room for teaching and dwelling purposes. It was in this house that the well known Palatine local historian Theodor Zink, whose father was then the schoolteacher, was born in 1871. Until 1843, Ulmet had only a one-room schoolhouse. The steadily rising number of schoolchildren, though, demanded further room for schooling. The new town hall built in 1823 was converted for this purpose and was thereafter known as *Die große Schule* (“The Great School”).

Even before the First World War, the school's two locations were not adequate to their task. This stemmed from several factors, such as the addition of the eighth grade level, the rise in the general population (and therefore in the number of schoolchildren) and the lack of any schoolyard at either building. It was, however, a long time before anything was done about this. The new school was opened in 1958 in the village's north end, but the eight grade levels together could only use this school for a short time. Under the 1974 School Law, the old *Volksschule* was replaced with the *Grund- und Hauptschule*. Ulmet became the seat of the *Grundschule Ulmet/Erdesbach*, with two classes sharing each of two schools in Erdesbach and Ulmet. Since 2000, all primary classes are together at the Ulmet schoolhouse, which now also has a kindergarten built onto it serving Ulmet, Erdesbach, Niederalben and Rathsweiler.

## Famous people

### Sons and daughters of the town

* Theodor Zink (b. 24 September 1871 in Ulmet; d. October 1934 in Kaiserslautern) founder of the Theodor-Zink-Museum in Kaiserslautern

## InfoBox

| Ulmet | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Ulmet within Kusel district | |
| Ulmet Ulmet | |
| Coordinates: 49°35′08″N 7°27′23″E / 49.58556°N 7.45639°E / 49.58556; 7.45639 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Kusel |
| Municipal assoc. | Kusel-Altenglan |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Klaus Klinck |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.10 km<sup>2</sup> (2.74 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 200 m (700 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 664 |
| Density | 94/km<sup>2</sup> (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 66887 |
| Dialling codes | 06387 |
| Vehicle registration | KUS |
| Website | ulmet.de |


title: Ulmi, Dâmbovița

abstract: Ulmi is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Colanu, Dimoiu, Dumbrava, Matraca, Nisipurile, Udrești, Ulmi, and Viișoara.

text:
# Ulmi, Dâmbovița

**Ulmi** is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Colanu, Dimoiu, Dumbrava, Matraca, Nisipurile, Udrești, Ulmi, and Viișoara.

## InfoBox

| Ulmi | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Dâmbovița County | |
| UlmiLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°55′N 25°29′E / 44.917°N 25.483°E / 44.917; 25.483 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Dâmbovița |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202024) | Petruț-Bogdan Tița (PSD) |
| Area | 36.2 km2 (14.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 256 m (840 ft) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 5,280 |
| Density | 150/km2 (380/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 137455 |
| Area code | +(40) 245 |
| Vehicle reg. | DB |
| Website | www.ulmi.ro |


title: Unavoidable pattern

abstract: In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a pattern is an unavoidable pattern if it is unavoidable on any finite alphabet.

text:
# Unavoidable pattern

In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a pattern is an **unavoidable pattern** if it is unavoidable on any finite alphabet.

## Definitions

### Pattern

Like a word, a pattern (also called *term*) is a sequence of symbols over some alphabet.

The minimum multiplicity of the pattern *$p$* is *$m(p)=\min(\mathrm {count\_{p} (x):x\in p)}$* where *$\mathrm {count\_{p} (x)}$* is the number of occurrence of symbol *$x$* in pattern *$p$*. In other words, it is the number of occurrences in *$p$* of the least frequently occurring symbol in *$p$*.

### Instance

Given finite alphabets $\Sigma $ and $\Delta $, a word $x\in \Sigma ^{\*}$ is an instance of the pattern $p\in \Delta ^{\*}$ if there exists a non-erasing semigroup morphism $f:\Delta ^{\*}\rightarrow \Sigma ^{\*}$ such that $f(p)=x$, where $\Sigma ^{\*}$ denotes the Kleene star of $\Sigma $. Non-erasing means that $f(a)\neq \varepsilon $ for all $a\in \Delta $, where $\varepsilon $ denotes the empty string.

### Avoidance / Matching

A word $w$ is said to *match*, or *encounter*, a pattern $p$ if a factor (also called *subword* or *substring*) of $w$ is an instance of $p$. Otherwise, $w$ is said to avoid $p$, or to be $p$-free. This definition can be generalized to the case of an infinite $w$, based on a generalized definition of "substring".

### Avoidability / Unavoidability on a specific alphabet

A pattern $p$ is *unavoidable* on a finite alphabet $\Sigma $ if each sufficiently long word $x\in \Sigma ^{\*}$ must match $p$; formally: if $\exists n\in \mathrm {N} .\ \forall x\in \Sigma ^{\*}.\ (|x|\geq n\implies x{\text{ matches }p)}$. Otherwise, $p$ is *avoidable* on $\Sigma $, which implies there exist infinitely many words over the alphabet $\Sigma $ that avoid $p$.

By Kőnig's lemma, pattern $p$ is avoidable on $\Sigma $ if and only if there exists an infinite word $w\in \Sigma ^{\omega }$ that avoids $p$.

### Maximal *p*-free word

Given a pattern $p$ and an alphabet *$\Sigma $*. A $p$-free word *$w\in \Sigma ^{\*}$* is a maximal $p$-free word over *$\Sigma $* if $aw$ and $wa$ match $p$ $\forall a\in \Sigma $.

### Avoidable / Unavoidable pattern

A pattern *$p$* is an unavoidable pattern (also called *blocking term*) if *$p$* is unavoidable on any finite alphabet.

If a pattern is unavoidable and not limited to a specific alphabet, then it is unavoidable for any finite alphabet by default. Conversely, if a pattern is said to be avoidable and not limited to a specific alphabet, then it is avoidable on some finite alphabet by default.

### *k*-avoidable / *k*-unavoidable

A pattern *$p$* is *$k$*-avoidable if *$p$* is avoidable on an alphabet *$\Sigma $* of size *$k$*. Otherwise, *$p$* is *$k$*-unavoidable, which means *$p$* is unavoidable on every alphabet of size *$k$*.

If pattern $p$ is **$k$**-avoidable, then $p$ is **$g$**-avoidable for all ***$g\geq k$***.

Given a finite set of avoidable patterns $S=\\{p\_{1},p\_{2},...,p\_{i}\\}$, there exists an infinite word $w\in \Sigma ^{\omega }$ such that $w$ avoids all patterns of $S$. Let $\mu (S)$ denote the size of the minimal alphabet $\Sigma '$such that $\exists w'\in {\Sigma '}^{\omega }$ avoiding all patterns of $S$.

### Avoidability index

The avoidability index of a pattern *$p$* is the smallest *$k$* such that *$p$* is *$k$*-avoidable, and *$\infty $* if *$p$* is unavoidable.

## Properties

* A pattern *$q$* is avoidable if *$q$* is an instance of an avoidable pattern *$p$*.
* Let avoidable pattern *$p$* be a factor of pattern *$q$*, then *$q$* is also avoidable.
* A pattern *$q$* is unavoidable if and only if *$q$* is a factor of some unavoidable pattern *$p$*.
* Given an unavoidable pattern *$p$* and a symbol *$a$* not in *$p$*, then *$pap$* is unavoidable.
* Given an unavoidable pattern *$p$*, then the reversal *$p^{R}$* is unavoidable.
* Given an unavoidable pattern *$p$*, there exists a symbol *$a$* such that *$a$* occurs exactly once in *$p$*.
* Let $n\in \mathrm {N} $ represent the number of distinct symbols of pattern $p$. If $|p|\geq 2^{n}$, then $p$ is avoidable.

## Zimin words

Given alphabet $\Delta =\\{x\_{1},x\_{2},...\\}$, Zimin words (patterns) are defined recursively $Z\_{n+1}=Z\_{n}x\_{n+1}Z\_{n}$ for $n\in \mathrm {Z} ^{+}$ and $Z\_{1}=x\_{1}$.

### Unavoidability

All Zimin words are unavoidable.

A word *$w$* is unavoidable if and only if it is a factor of a Zimin word.

Given a finite alphabet $\Sigma $, let $f(n,|\Sigma |)$ represent the smallest $m\in \mathrm {Z} ^{+}$ such that $w$ matches $Z\_{n}$ for all $w\in \Sigma ^{m}$. We have following properties:

* $f(1,q)=1$
* $f(2,q)=2q+1$
* $f(3,2)=29$
* $f(n,q)\leq {^{n-1}q}=\underbrace {q^{q^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{q} \_{n-1}}}}}$

$Z\_{n}$ is the longest unavoidable pattern constructed by alphabet $\Delta =\\{x\_{1},x\_{2},...,x\_{n}\\}$ since $|Z\_{n}|=2^{n}-1$.

## Pattern reduction

### Free letter

Given a pattern *$p$* over some alphabet $\Delta $, we say $x\in \Delta $ is free for *$p$* if there exist subsets $A,B$ of $\Delta $ such that the following hold:

1. $uv$ is a factor of *$p$* and *$u\in A$* ↔ $uv$ is a factor of *$p$* and *$v\in B$*
2. *$x\in A\backslash B\cup B\backslash A$*

For example, let *$p=abcbab$*, then *$b$* is free for *$p$* since there exist *$A=ac,B=b$* satisfying the conditions above.

### Reduce

A pattern *$p\in \Delta ^{\*}$* **reduces** to pattern *$q$* if there exists a symbol *$x\in \Delta $* such that *$x$* is free for *$p$*, and *$q$* can be obtained by removing all occurrence of *$x$* from *$p$*. Denote this relation by $p{\stackrel {x}{\rightarrow }q}$.

For example, let *$p=abcbab$*, then *$p$* can reduce to *$q=aca$* since *$b$* is free for *$p$*.

### Locked

A word *$w$* is said to be locked if *$w$* has no free letter; hence *$w$* can not be reduced.

### Transitivity

Given patterns *$p,q,r$*, if *$p$* reduces to *$q$* and *$q$* reduces to *$r$*, then *$p$* reduces to *$r$*. Denote this relation by $p{\stackrel {\*}{\rightarrow }r}$.

### Unavoidability

A pattern *$p$* is unavoidable if and only if *$p$* reduces to a word of length one; hence *$\exists w$* such that *$|w|=1$* and *$p{\stackrel {\*}{\rightarrow }w}$*.

## Graph pattern avoidance

### Avoidance / Matching on a specific graph

Given a simple graph *$G=(V,E)$*, a edge coloring *$c:E\rightarrow \Delta $* matches pattern *$p$* if there exists a simple path *$P=\[e\_{1},e\_{2},...,e\_{r}\]$* in *$G$* such that the sequence *$c(P)=\[c(e\_{1}),c(e\_{2}),...,c(e\_{r})\]$* matches *$p$*. Otherwise, *$c$* is said to avoid *$p$* or be *$p$*-free.

Similarly, a vertex coloring *$c:V\rightarrow \Delta $* matches pattern *$p$* if there exists a simple path *$P=\[c\_{1},c\_{2},...,c\_{r}\]$* in *$G$* such that the sequence *$c(P)$* matches *$p$*.

### Pattern chromatic number

The pattern chromatic number $\pi \_{p}(G)$ is the minimal number of distinct colors needed for a *$p$*-free vertex coloring *$c$* over the graph *$G$*.

Let *$\pi \_{p}(n)=\max\\{\pi \_{p}(G):G\in G\_{n}\\}$* where *$G\_{n}$* is the set of all simple graphs with a maximum degree no more than *$n$*.

Similarly, $\pi \_{p}'(G)$ and $\pi \_{p}'(n)$ are defined for edge colorings.

### Avoidability / Unavoidability on graphs

A pattern *$p$* is avoidable on graphs if *$\pi \_{p}(n)$* is bounded by *$c\_{p}$*, where *$c\_{p}$* only depends on *$p$*.

* Avoidance on words can be expressed as a specific case of avoidance on graphs; hence a pattern $p$ is avoidable on any finite alphabet if and only if $\pi \_{p}(P\_{n})\leq c\_{p}$ for all $n\in \mathrm {Z} ^{+}$, where $P\_{n}$ is a graph of $n$ vertices concatenated.

### Probabilistic bound on *πp(n)*

There exists an absolute constant $c$, such that *$\pi \_{p}(n)\leq cn^{\frac {m(p)}{m(p)-1}\leq cn^{2}}$* for all patterns *$p$* with *$m(p)\geq 2$*.

Given a pattern $p$, let $n$ represent the number of distinct symbols of $p$. If $|p|\geq 2^{n}$, then $p$ is avoidable on graphs.

### Explicit colorings

Given a pattern $p$ such that *$count\_{p}(x)$* is even for all *$x\in p$*, then $\pi \_{p}'(K\_{2}^{k})\leq 2^{k}-1$ for all *$k\geq 1$*, where *$K\_{n}$* is the complete graph of $n$ vertices.

Given a pattern $p$ such that *$m(p)\geq 2$*, and an arbitrary tree $T$, let $S$ be the set of all avoidable subpatterns and their reflections of $p$. Then $\pi \_{p}(T)\leq 3\mu (S)$.

Given a pattern $p$ such that *$m(p)\geq 2$*, and a tree $T$ with degree *$n\geq 2$*. Let $S$ be the set of all avoidable subpatterns and their reflections of $p$, then $\pi \_{p}'(T)\leq 2(n-1)\mu (S)$.

## Examples

* The Thue–Morse sequence is cube-free and overlap-free; hence it avoids the patterns *$xxx$* and *$xyxyx$*.
* A square-free word is one avoiding the pattern *$xx$*. The word over the alphabet $\\{0,\pm 1\\}$ obtained by taking the first difference of the Thue–Morse sequence is an example of an infinite square-free word.
* The patterns *$x$* and *$xyx$* are unavoidable on any alphabet, since they are factors of the Zimin words.
* The power patterns *$x^{n}$* for *$n\geq 3$* are 2-avoidable.
* All binary patterns can be divided into three categories:
    + $\varepsilon ,x,xyx$ are unavoidable.
    + $xx,xxy,xyy,xxyx,xxyy,xyxx,xyxy,xyyx,xxyxx,xxyxy,xyxyy$ have avoidability index of 3.
    + others have avoidability index of 2.
* $abwbaxbcyaczca$ has avoidability index of 4, as well as other locked words.
* $abvacwbaxbcycdazdcd$ has avoidability index of 5.
* The repetitive threshold $RT(n)$ is the infimum of exponents $k$ such that $x^{k}$ is avoidable on an alphabet of size $n$. Also see Dejean's theorem.

## Open problems

* Is there an avoidable pattern $p$ such that the avoidability index of $p$ is 6?
* Given an arbitrarily pattern $p$, is there an algorithm to determine the avoidability index of $p$?


title: Una vieja

abstract: Una vieja is a one-act zarzuela by Joaquín Gaztambide for libretto by Francisco Camprodón. It is based on a French opéra comique La vieille by Eugène Scribe and François-Joseph Fétis (1826). The zarzuela got its first performance on 11 or 14 December 1860 at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid. It was regularly staged until 1940s and has been revived occasionally in later times.

text:
# Una vieja

**Una vieja** (*Spanish:* An Old Lady) is a one-act zarzuela by Joaquín Gaztambide for libretto (in verse) by Francisco Camprodón. It is based on a French opéra comique *La vieille* by Eugène Scribe and François-Joseph Fétis (1826). The zarzuela got its first performance on 11 or 14 December 1860 at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid. It was regularly staged until 1940s and has been revived occasionally in later times.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 11/14 December 1860 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adela | soprano | Trinidad Ramos |
| Conrado, *an officer* | tenor | Manuel Sanz |
| León, *an artist* | baritone | Ramón Cubero |
| Pancho | bass | Francisco Arderius |
| A Servant | spoken role |  |

## Synopsis

The action is placed in Mexico in 1826, during the Mexican War of Independence (which actually ended already in 1821). A beautiful Mexican girl, Adela, a widow of an old rich patriot, wanted to get back from Texas to Mexico. Disguised as an old woman she attempted to cross the war zone. She was escorted by a Spanish squadron commanded by captain Conrado, with whom she fell in love. When he got wounded and imprisoned, Adela succeeded to take him to her house to look after him.

At the moment the play begins, Conrado feels much better, but still keeps staying at the old lady's house. A friend from Spain comes to him, and while waiting for the visitor he recalls his native land and sings of a lost girl (No. 1). The Spaniard turns out to be León, an artist and an old friend of the captain. Soon comes Adela, and Conrado introduces León to her (No. 2). He wants the artist to picture his savior, but Adela declines this idea. León tells her that Conrado is in love with a girl from a portrait, which was drawn once by him from a photo, but they never knew who was the beauty depicted on it. Accompanied by Adela playing the piano, Conrado sings an American song (No. 3), and while responding to him, she changes her voice from old to young and back.

Adele's butler Pancho enters with bad news: a decree of the rebellious government orders to send all the captives to Texas. Everybody is confused by such a sudden disaster, and Conrado follows the old lady to her room in order to think out a solution and avoid him being imprisoned. Left alone, León imagines himself singing to the governor (No. 4). Pancho returns and announces Adela's plan: the old lady pretends to marry Conrado. To make this they signed a fake wedding certificate. He goes to a friendly notary, but mixes the plan up and takes the certificate to the mayor, thus making the marriage a true one. León tries to support his friend in this complicate situation (No. 5). The false old lady shows for a moment her real appearance to the captain, who admits with amazement that she is the girl from the portrait he loves. Finally Adela comes out as a young, and the play ends happily with everyone praising love (No. 6).

## Musical numbers

* Overture
* No. 1. Cavatina. *Un español que viene à verme aquí* (Conrado)
* No. 2. Trio. *Noble señora tengo el honor* (Adela, Conrado, León)
* No. 3. Americana. *Malhayan ¡ay! las brisas* (Adela, Conrado, León)
* No. 4. Arietta (tango and manchegas). *Haré por ponerme triste* (León)
* No. 5. Tragic seguidilla. *En luchas desiguales* (Conrado, León)
* No. 6. Rondó final. *De un nuevo sol la inmensa claridad* (Adela, Conrado, León, Pancho)

The **Overture** makes use of three tunes from the zarzuela. After a brief B minor introduction (*Andantino moderato*) based on the *Americana* (No. 3), begins the main part (*Allegro moderato*) in B major, which is actually the fast section of the *Trio* (No. 2). It is interrupted by a slower episode (*Menos* in D major, actually a tune from the *Rondó final*), but the music soon gets back to the principal theme and proceeds to a coda.

## Recordings

There is no recording of the complete zarzuela. Separate musical numbers had been recorded in the first third of the 20th century: No. 1 by tenors Eduardo García Bergés (1909), Antonio Cortis (1915, reissued on a 1993 Nimbus Records CD), Ignacio Genovés (1922) and José Romeu Parra (1931). A recording of No. 4 was made by baritone Ernesto Hervás (1909).


title: Union Aircraft Company

abstract: Union Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer specializing in race aircraft. California based aircraft designer Keith Rider had developed aircraft since 1916, and specialty aircraft for the National Air Races in the early 1930s. Starting his career as a draftsman for the Glen L. Martin Company. His five early racing designs built in a casket factory were state of the art monoplanes of the era. Despite large payoffs in the height of the depression, Rider fell into debt with the Story-Gawley Propeller company. He founded the Union Aircraft Company as a subsidiary of Story-Gawley to produce an aircraft that would provide enough winnings to pay off the debts, and seek future profits. The company produced the Rider R-6 "Eight-Ball". The profits did not come about, leading to the end of aircraft production. In 1941 the parent company Story-Gawley was absorbed by Industrial Forming. Rider went on to become Vice President of Doak Aircraft, and project engineer for the Timm Aircraft Company.

text:
# Union Aircraft Company

**Union Aircraft Company**  was an American aircraft manufacturer specializing in race aircraft.

California based aircraft designer Keith Rider had developed aircraft since 1916, and specialty aircraft for the National Air Races in the early 1930s. Starting his career as a draftsman for the Glen L. Martin Company. His five early racing designs built in a casket factory were state of the art monoplanes of the era. Despite large payoffs in the height of the depression, Rider fell into debt with the Story-Gawley Propeller company. He founded the Union Aircraft Company as a subsidiary of Story-Gawley to produce an aircraft that would provide enough winnings to pay off the debts, and seek future profits. The company produced the Rider R-6 "Eight-Ball".

The profits did not come about, leading to the end of aircraft production. In 1941 the parent company Story-Gawley was absorbed by Industrial Forming. Rider went on to become Vice President of Doak Aircraft, and project engineer for the Timm Aircraft Company.

## Aircraft

|
|  |
**Summary of aircraft built by Union Aircraft Company**
| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Rider R-6** | 1938 | 1 | Racing aircraft |
|

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Union Aircraft Company
| Company type | Aircraft Manufacturer |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1937 |
| Headquarters | Santa Monica, California, Glendale, California |
| Key people | Keith Rider, CS Story, WK Gawley |
| Parent | Story-Gawley Propeller Company |