title: Jean-Vincent Placé

abstract: Jean-Vincent Placé is a South Korean-born, French Green politician. Adopted by a French family as a child, Placé entered politics as a member of the Radical Party of the Left before joining Europe Ecology – The Greens. He and fellow Green François de Rugy left the party in 2015 to found their own Ecologist Party. He formerly was Senator for the department of Essonne, Secretary of State for State Reform and Simplification in the Second Valls government, and president of political group Union des démocrates et des écologistes.

text:
# Jean-Vincent Placé

**Jean-Vincent Placé** (born 12 March 1968) is a South Korean-born, French Green politician.

Adopted by a French family as a child, Placé entered politics as a member of the Radical Party of the Left before joining Europe Ecology – The Greens. He and fellow Green François de Rugy left the party in 2015 to found their own Ecologist Party.

He formerly was Senator for the department of Essonne, Secretary of State for State Reform and Simplification in the Second Valls government, and president of political group Union des démocrates et des écologistes.

## Early life and career

Little is known about Placé's origins, apart from the fact that he spent part of his childhood in an orphanage in Suwon, South Korea. Although his birth certificate states he was born **Kwon Oh-bok** (Korean: 권오복) in Seoul on 12 March 1968, Placé himself has expressed doubts about the date because of his situation as an orphan; at the time of his adoption by a French family in 1975, he reportedly appeared younger than his official age. He then grew up with his adoptive family in Normandy.

After studying economics, Placé, then 26 years old, met La Rochelle mayor and Parliament member Michel Crépeau and became active within his party "Movement of Radicals of the Left" (later Radical Party of the Left). According to *L'Obs*, Placé also joined the Grand Orient de France, France's largest Masonic organization. He became an attaché to Crépeau until Crépeau's death in 1999, after which Placé left the Radical Party and joined The Greens, which later became Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV).

## Political career

The 2004 French regional elections saw Jean-Vincent Placé being elected as a member of the regional council of Île-de-France, on a list of candidates led by Socialist Jean-Paul Huchon, as the result of an alliance between The Greens and the Socialist Party. Placé was subsequently elected as the head of the Green group within the council.

In 2011, under EELV membership, Placé was elected as senator for the department of Essonne. In 2012, he became the first president of the newly formed Ecologist group in the French Senate.

In 2014, Placé publicly criticized the "leftist" direction his party was allegedly taking and lamented it had become "the party of Romani people and Palestine" instead of focusing on environmental issues. Eventually, in 2015, upset by talks of alliance between EELV and the Left Front for the regional elections, Jean-Vincent Placé and François de Rugy both left EELV and founded their own centre-left, green party, *Écologistes !* (later the Ecologist Party). The party then participated in the creation of political group Union des démocrates et des écologistes (UDE) of which Placé became the first president.

From 2016 to 2017, he was appointed by then-Prime Minister Manuel Valls as "Secretary of State for State Reform and Simplification" in Valls's second government. In order to access government office, Placé stepped down from his positions as senator and president of the Senate's Ecologist group.

In 2016, Placé applied for the honorary title of Colonel of the citizen reserve forces within the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment.

In December 2016, when Bernard Cazeneuve was appointed prime minister, Placé retained his position within his government as Secretary of State for State Reform and Simplification.

In the 2017 Socialist primaries, Jean-Vincent Placé showed support for former prime minister Manuel Valls, who eventually lost the primary to Benoît Hamon. Placé then backed the Socialist candidate Hamon during the presidential campaign.

Following the formation of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe's first government in 2017, Placé was no longer a member of the French government and took back his position within the Senate, this time as a member of the Socialist and Republican group.

In September 2017, after being mugged in the streets of Paris, he publicly expressed his desire to put his political career on hold, thus declining to stand in the then-upcoming senatorial elections. When Placé made his announcement, his name was not on any candidate list for the Senate. He remained a member of the regional council of Île-de-France.

In April 2018, following issues with alcoholism and a publicized incident in a Paris nightclub, Placé resigned from his position as president of UDE.

In 2011, during an appearance on television, Placé reacted to then-UMP member of Parliament Christian Vanneste's recent comments about same-sex marriage, by calling Vanneste "despicable" and claiming he had a reputation for "homophobic", "racist", "maybe even antisemitic" remarks. Vanneste then sued Placé for defamation. A Paris court eventually sentenced Placé to a 500 fine and ordered him to pay Vanneste 1,500 in damages.

In 2013, an investigation by newspaper *Le Canard enchaîné* revealed that Placé owed more than 18,000 to the region of Île-de-France, mostly in unpaid traffic fines. Placé, who acknowledged his mistake, explained he was "not a man of numbers" and swore to pay his fines. In 2014, he stormed out of a talk show where the topic was brought up again, saying his situation was now resolved.

In September 2017, Placé was assaulted in the streets of Paris: the robbers took his cellphone, credit card, and 7,000 watch. Placé later told the press he was considering putting his political career on hold.

On the night between 4 and 5 April 2018, an intoxicated Placé was arrested outside a Paris nightclub by French police and kept into custody for 37 hours. He was charged with "disrespect towards police officers", "racial insults" and "violent behavior under the influence", and brought to the courts. Placé then resigned from his position as president of UDE. In an interview with *Paris Match*, Placé apologized for disorderly intoxication and revealed he had been struggling with alcoholism for several months. However, he denied allegations of any sexist or racist behavior. In September 2018, a Paris court found him guilty of "acts of violence" and gave him a 1,000 fine and a three-month suspended sentence, while dismissing the charge of "racial insults".

## Personal life

Although Placé was born in South Korea and spent part of his childhood there, he claims little relation to his birth country and credits his identity to education within the "School of the \[French\] Republic". After being adopted in 1975 by a French family he describes as politically "Gaullist", he did not set foot in South Korea again until an official visit in 2011. While there, he said to the local press "France is my country" and reportedly told locals he was unable to speak their language.

Placé was previously in a relationship with fellow Green politician Cécile Duflot. After the end of what Placé calls a "love story", he began a relationship with another Green politician, French Parliament member Éva Sas. Together they had a daughter who was born in November 2013. Placé and Sas separated in 2014.

## Authored books

* Placé, Jean-Vincent; Geisler, Rodolphe (2015). *"Pourquoi pas moi!"* (in French). Plon Editions. ISBN 978-2259230117.

## InfoBox

| Jean-Vincent Placé | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Regional Council of Île-de-France | |
| **In office**
28 March 2004  27 June 2021 | |
| Senator for Essonne | |
| **In office**
18 June 2017  1 October 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Bernard Vera |
| Parliamentary group | SOC |
| **In office**
1 October 2011  11 March 2016 | |
| Succeeded by | Bernard Vera |
| Parliamentary group | SOC-EELV (2011–2012)
ECOLO (2012–2016) |
| Secretary of State for State Reform and Simplification | |
| **In office**
11 February 2016  10 May 2017 | |
| President | François Hollande |
| Prime Minister | Manuel Valls
Bernard Cazeneuve |
| Preceded by | Clotilde Valter |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kwon Oh bok
(1968-03-12) 12 March 1968
Seoul, South Korea |
| Political party | PRG (1993–2001)
The Greens (2001–2010)
EELV (2010-2015)
PE (2015–present) |
| Domestic partner(s) | Cécile Duflot
Éva Sas |
| Alma mater | University of Caen |
|  | |


title: Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy

abstract: Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy was a French military engineer and politician, during the French Revolution.

text:
# Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy

**Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy** (7 January 1750, at Port-sur-Saône in the department of Haute-Saône – 2 February 1806, in Genoa, Italy) was a French military engineer and politician, during the French Revolution.

## Political career

Deputy of nobility for the bailliage d'Amont in the Estates General of 1789 that became the National Constituent Assembly, Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy was three times named president of the National Constituent Assembly:

* from 2 to 24 February 1790;
* from 11 to 24 September 1790;
* from 24 May to 5 June 1791.

He contributed actively to the division of France into 83 departments, in 1790, and with the metric system.

In 1790, he corresponded with Alexander Hamilton.

## Military career

On 1 January 1771 he entered the School of Engineering at Mézières as a second lieutenant. He was a military engineer at the Fort de Joux in 1786, in 1789 he was captain with the Royal corps of Engineers.

After the session of the National Constituent Assembly, he resumed as a captain in the engineering corps, and continued to defend the constitutional principles. On 1 January 1792, Louis XVI gave him the Cross of St. Louis.

In 1792, he was a subordinate under Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, at Metz. He, Lafayette, and some other officers were taken prisoner by the Austrians near Rochefort when de Pusy asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers. This was initially granted, as it had been for others fleeing France, but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized. He was imprisoned by the Austrians at the fortress of Olmütz in 1792. He was released in 1797, under the terms of the treaty of Campo-Formio (18 October 1797).

He the then went to Hamburg. From there he traveled to the United States, where he received a warm welcome as Lafayette companion in misfortune. He was offered vast, land grants on the banks of the Delaware River, but he had not given up on returning to France, and when the consulate government had, after the coup of 18 Brumaire, struck off the list of *émigrés* members of the National Constituent Assembly who had recognized the sovereignty of the people, he hastened to return.

In 1799, he corresponded with Thomas Jefferson.

## Consulate and empire

On 11 Brumaire X (2 November 1801), the First Consul appointed him the prefect of Allier, and then, on 11 Thermidor X (30 July 1802), that of the Rhône; it showed a very conciliatory spirit, and showed himself able administrator.

He was made a Commandeurs of the Legion of Honour on 25 Prairial XII (14 June 1804). He was appointed prefect of Gênes (Genoa) on 15 Messidor year XIII (4 July 1805); he had to suppress a riot of Parma, and was able to without shedding a drop of blood. He caught an illness that he died from on this exposition.

## Family

He was the son of Jean-Baptiste Bureau de Pusy de Port-sur-Saône, conseiller correcteur of the Chambre des comptes of Franche-Comté, and grandson of Pierre-François Choullat. He was the son-in-law of Pierre Poivre. His mother-in-law, Françoise Robin, married Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours. His son, Maurice de Pusy (1799–1864), married Mathilde de Lafayette, daughter of Georges de Lafayette and Emilie de Tracy, and granddaughter of General Lafayette and Antoine Destutt de Tracy.

## InfoBox

| Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 7 January 1750 (1750-01-07)
Port-sur-Saône, France |
| Died | 2 February 1806 (1806-02-03) (aged 56)
Genoa, Italy |
| Rank | Second lieutenant |


title: Jean Baillairgé

abstract:
Jean Baillairgé was a carpenter by trade and there is some reference to his being an architect. He was born in Blanzay, France and his death occurred at Quebec, Lower Canada. Jean arrived at Quebec on August 30, 1741, on the same ship as Bishop Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand and may have received assistance from the bishop to train in his field of carpentry. It is certain that he received his training in New France and was considered to
be skilled in the production of accurate plans. He likely received most of his training on the worksite, which would have been normal for those times. Baillairgé married in 1750 and was involved in construction on the church at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière where he and his wife had moved. They returned to Quebec City after this and he formed a partnership which developed a good reputation. He was a member of the militia during the Seven Years’ War and fought on the Plains of Abraham.

text:
# Jean Baillairgé

**Jean Baillairgé** (31 October 1726 – 6 September 1805) was a carpenter by trade and there is some reference to his being an architect. He was born in Blanzay, France and his death occurred at Quebec, Lower Canada.

Jean arrived at Quebec on August 30, 1741, on the same ship as Bishop Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand and may have received assistance from the bishop to train in his field of carpentry. It is certain that he received his training in New France and was considered to be skilled in the production of accurate plans. He likely received most of his training on the worksite, which would have been normal for those times.

Baillairgé married in 1750 and was involved in construction on the church at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière where he and his wife had moved. They returned to Quebec City after this and he formed a partnership which developed a good reputation. He was a member of the militia during the Seven Years’ War and fought on the Plains of Abraham.

## Works

In 1766, Baillairgé, competed for the reconstruction of Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral (Quebec City), which had been burned during the war, for the Roman Catholic diocese of Quebec. His plan was ultimately rejected with the new bishop, Jean-Olivier Briand, siding with those opposed to his design. He threatened to leave the province but a successful proposal for the cathedral belfry in 1770 set his career on a solid footing. The remainder of his career had various church constructions as its focal point and the importance of his work Quebec to art and architecture was a product of that time.

## Significance

Jean Baillairgé holds an important position in the history of art and architecture in Quebec after the Conquest. Perhaps more important than his work was the Baillairgé dynasty which he founded and which has had a prominent role in this area of Quebec art and architectural history. His son, François Baillairgé, worked with his father and continued the family contribution to art and architecture. Another son, Pierre-Florent, contributed significantly as a carver and joiner.

## InfoBox

| Jean Baillairgé | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 31 October 1726 (1726-10-31)
Blanzay, France |
| Died | 6 September 1805(1805-09-06) (aged 78)
Quebec, Lower Canada |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Projects | Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral (Quebec City) |
|  | |


title: Jeffrey Hyland

abstract: Jeffrey Jonathon Hyland was an American real estate businessman, president of Hilton and Hyland, a real estate firm in Beverly Hills, California, and author. He had personally handled several billion dollars in real estate sales.

text:
# Jeffrey Hyland

**Jeffrey Jonathon Hyland** (c. 1946 – February 16, 2022) was an American real estate businessman, president of Hilton and Hyland, a real estate firm in Beverly Hills, California, and author. He had personally handled several billion dollars in real estate sales.

## Early life

Hyland was born and raised in Little Holmby in Los Angeles, California. He attended Cornell University's School of Hotel Administration, but returned to California to surf. He graduated from United States International University in San Diego, California.

## Career

He obtained his broker license on 8 January 1975.

During his early years in real estate, he became an architectural historian. He assisted in the publication of Paul Williams, *A Legacy of Style* by Karen Hudson and David Gebhard and Wallace Neff's *The Romance of Regional Architecture.* Jeff co-authored The Estates of Beverly Hills (published 1984, republished 1990) and authored the monograph The Legendary Estates of Beverly Hills (Rizzoli).

He was named “The Gatekeeper of Beverly Hills” by Town & Country and has served as President of the Beverly Hills Board of Realtors, President of the Los Angeles County Boards of Real Estate, and State Director for the California Association of Realtors. He recently received the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art's Legacy Award and The Will Rogers Real Estate Lifetime Achievement Award from the City of Beverly Hills.

Hyland broke the record for the highest sale in Los Angeles history in 2019 with the sale of The Manor for $120 million and then broke the record again with the sale of the late Jerry Perenchio's Chartwell Estate for $150 million.

### Hilton & Hyland

In 1993, Jeff Hyland and Rick Hilton co-founded Hilton & Hyland with the original intent of creating a highly personalized real estate firm that today is the highest grossing single office in the world.

Casa Encantada, the most expensive home listing in Los Angeles at $225 million, is currently listed by Hyland.

Former *Million Dollar Listing* cast member Chad Rogers, Frank Robinson's daughter, Nichelle, Ron Kass's son, Robert, Anne Heche's former husband, Coleman Laffoon, and Richard D. Zanuck's daughter-in-law, Marisa, are among Hilton & Hyland's 106 salespeople.

### The Legendary Estates of Beverly Hills

He is the author of *The Legendary Estates of Beverly Hills*, a history of 50 estates in Beverly Hills, Holmby Hills, and Bel-Air.

## Personal life and death

Hyland was married to Lori Hyland, a painter. He died after a long battle with cancer on February 16, 2022, at the age of 75.

## InfoBox

| Jeffrey Hyland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | c. 1946 |
| Died | (aged 75) |
| Occupation | President and co-founder of Hilton & Hyland Real Estate, |
| Alma mater | Cornell University, United States International University |
| Notable works | *The Legendary Estates of Beverly Hills* |
| Website | |
| www.hiltonhyland.com | |


title: Jeff Ayeroff

abstract: Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff is an American record executive who has worked for A&M, Warner Records, Virgin U.S., Work Group, Apple, and Shangri-La Music. He founded Rock the Vote in 1990 in response to a censorship campaign against artists’ use of explicit language.

text:
# Jeff Ayeroff

**Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff** (born January 20, 1947) is an American record executive who has worked for A&M, Warner Records, Virgin U.S., Work Group, Apple, and Shangri-La Music. He founded Rock the Vote in 1990 in response to a censorship campaign against artists’ use of explicit language.

## Biography

Jeff Ayeroff graduated from USC Gould School of Law in 1971, and worked as an Entertainment Attorney before joining the ranks at A&M Records as an assistant to then-President of the label, Gil Friesen, in 1974. He became A&M's Director of Product Management & Creative Services in 1977 followed by Vice President of Marketing and Creative Services in 1978. At A&M, Ayeroff developed visual campaigns for The Police, Peter Frampton, The Carpenters, and Supertramp, to name a few. Beginning in 1983, his duties as senior vice president of Warner Bros. Records, included overseeing marketing, advertising, creative direction and music videos for artists such as: Madonna, Steve Winwood, ZZ Top, Don Henley, Prince, and Dire Straits. Ayeroff earned two Grammy Award nominations in the category of Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in 1985 and 1986 for his work with A-ha and Talking Heads. He sensed massive potential in the fledgling A-ha and convinced executives at Warner Records to create the iconic music video for "Take On Me", which he himself had conceived. His creative direction on the *Stop Making Sense* album cover was also included in the Museum of Modern Art exhibition "Making Modern Music: Design For Ear and Eye."

Ayeroff left Warner Records in 1987 and, along with partner Jordan Harris, opened the U.S. label offices for Virgin Records after an invitation from company owner Richard Branson. Ayeroff and Harris signed and marketed an artist roster at Virgin U.S. which included Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, The Smashing Pumpkins and others.

During his time at Virgin Records, Ayeroff also founded the progressive-aligned political organization Rock the Vote to help increase voter turnout among voters ages 18 to 24. Through alliances with other Entertainment companies, such as MTV, Ayeroff created commercial and print campaigns with contemporary music artists to appeal to a young voter demographic. The organization supported the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, commonly referred to as the "motor voter" bill, which expanded access to voter registration. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The law requires state governments to offer voter registration opportunities to any eligible person who applies for or renews a driver's license or public assistance. Rock The Vote also protested against the Parents Music Resource Center who, at the time, began advocating for warning labels to be added on covers of music releases that contained profane lyrics. It was reported in 2016 that Rock The Vote had registered more than 6 million voters online.

In August 1993, both Ayeroff & Harris resigned from Virgin Records after the company was sold to Thorn EMI. Industry sources said the resignations were because of a management logjam at the company and the subsequent erosion of their duties.

Ayeroff and Harris went on to co-found Work Group in 1995, a West Coast-based subsidiary of Sony Music, where they developed the careers of Jennifer Lopez, Jamiroquai, Fiona Apple, Len, Sponge, Imperial Drag, and Esthero. In July 1999, both Ayeroff and Harris departed the label six months prior to their contract expiration. Sources cited that both were unhappy with Sony after consolidation of promotion duties for all Epic Records labels under one department, in addition to Sony not allowing Ayeroff and Harris to buy a piece of the company they helped build.

Ayeroff was hired by Apple Records in 2000, as a key consultant to oversee the marketing of , a career-spanning retrospective of The Beatles which has sold over 30 million copies worldwide to date.

Returning to the Warner Records in 2001 as the label's chief creative director and vice chairman, he oversaw the visual campaigns for Josh Groban, My Chemical Romance, Green Day, and more. Ayeroff left Warner Bros. in 2004 at the conclusion of his contract.

In 2008, Ayeroff became co-CEO (along with Jon Rubin) of Steve Bing's boutique label imprint Shangri-La Music. Ayeroff and Rubin also began ArtistsFirst, a creative and marketing consulting agency, which has launched international humanitarian activism with its music.

## Selected Credits

| Year | Album | Artist | Credit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | *Cuts Like a Knife* | Bryan Adams | Art direction |
| 1983 | *Synchronicity* | The Police | Art direction, design |
| 1984 | *Camouflage* | Rod Stewart | Art direction |
| 1984 | *Kiss the Sky* | Jimi Hendrix | Art direction |
| 1984 | *Like a Virgin* | Madonna | Art direction |
| 1984 | *Stop Making Sense* | Talking Heads | Liner notes, writer, design, package design |
| 1985 | *Done with Mirrors* | Aerosmith | Cover art concept |
| 1985 | *Hunting High and Low* | A-Ha | Art direction |
| 1986 | *Back in the High Life* | Steve Winwood | Art direction |
| 1986 | *Graceland* | Paul Simon | Art direction |
| 1986 | *Parade* | Prince & The Revolution | Art direction |
| 1986 | *True Blue* | Madonna | Art direction |
| 1988 | *Roll With It* | Steve Winwood | Art direction, design |
| 1989 | *Let Love Rule* | Lenny Kravitz | Liner notes, art direction |
| 1989 | *Mystery Girl* | Roy Orbison | Art direction |
| 2003 | *Closer* | Josh Groban | Art direction |
| 2007 | *Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur* | Various artists | Executive producer |
| 2007 | *Last Man Standing* | Jerry Lee Lewis | Executive producer |
| 2012 | *Chimes of Freedom: The Songs of Bob Dylan* | Various artists | Executive producer, art direction |

## Awards

In 2005, Ayeroff received the Kratz Award for Creative Excellence from The Music Video Producer's Association, an award which recognizes exceptional accomplishments in music video production.

## InfoBox

| Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff
(1947-01-20) January 20, 1947
Culver City, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | USC Gould School of Law (JD) |
| Occupation | Music executive |


title: Jean Chapeauville

abstract: Jean Chapeauville was a theologian, historian and vicar general in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

text:
# Jean Chapeauville

**Jean Chapeauville** (January 5, 1551 – May 11, 1617) was a theologian, historian and vicar general in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

## Life

Born in Liège, capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, Chapeauville made his philosophical studies at the University of Cologne and University of Louvain, and at the latter received the degree of Licentiate of Theology. He then entered the priesthood, and in 1578 was appointed one of the synodal examiners for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège, and in 1579 parish priest of St. Michael's in Liège. He performed the functions of the latter office for about ten years.

Having been a canon of the collegiate church of St. Peter's in Liège since 1582, Chapeauville was elevated in 1599 to the dignity of a provost of the same church. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V appointed him the first penitentiary canon of Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. On 12 June 1600, he was promoted to archdeacon of Famenne.

Meanwhile, in 1582, Chapeauville had been nominated Inquisitor of the Faith, and in 1598, Ernest of Bavaria, Prince-Bishop of Liège, appointed him vicar general, in which office he was retained, despite his protests, by Bishop Ernest's successor, Ferdinand of Bavaria.

Chapeauville taught theology with great success in several monasteries of the Diocese of Liège and published works on theological subjects. He endeavoured to enforce in the diocese the reforms decided upon by the Council of Trent, particularly the establishment of the Diocesan Seminary of Liège and the concursus for the nomination of parish priests.

Chapeauville died in 1617, in the city of his birth.

## Works

He published a collection of the chief works on the history of the bishops of Liège, and wrote an account of the episcopate of Liège, commencing with Érard de La Marck (1506) and ending with the year 1613. His principal works are:

* *Tractatus de necessitate et modo administrandi sacramenta tempore pestis* (Liège, 1586)
* *Petit traite des vices et des vertus* (Liège, 1594)
* *Abbrege de la somme des péchez M. J. Benedicti* (Liège, 1595)
* *De casibus reservatis tractatus* (Liège, 1596)
* *Catechismi Romani elucidatio scholastica* (Liège, 1600)
* *Historia admirandarum curationum quae divinitus ope deprecationeque divi Perpetui Leodiensis episcopi contigerunt. Adjecta est vita B. Perpetui* (Liège, 1601; French translation, 1601)
* *Summa catechismi Romani* (Liège, 1605)
* *Epistola ad catechistas de taedio quod catechistis obrepere solet* (Liège, 1605)
* *Catechista, sive brevis tractatus de necessitate et modo administrandi doctrinam christianam* (Liège, 1608)
* *Qui gesta pontificum tungrensium, trajectensium et leodiensium scripserunt auctores praecipui* (3 vols., Liège, 1612, 1613, 1616)

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jean Chapeauville". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Peter Kalinke

abstract: Peter Kalinke is a German footballer. He played in seven matches for the East Germany national football team from 1960 to 1961.

text:
# Peter Kalinke

**Peter Kalinke** (born 21 December 1936) is a German footballer. He played in seven matches for the East Germany national football team from 1960 to 1961.

## InfoBox

Peter Kalinke
| Kalinke in 1956 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1936-12-21) 21 December 1936 | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1960–1961 | East Germany | 7 | (0) |


title: Jeff Baran

abstract: Jeff Baran is an American attorney who served as a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) starting on October 14, 2014. In September 2017, he was renominated by President Donald Trump to another five-year term on the NRC. Prior to joining the NRC, Baran served on the staff of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and was senior counsel to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, advising ranking member Henry Waxman. Baran was renominated for a new five-year term by President Joe Biden in April 2023. While his renomination was pending in the Senate, his pre-existing term ended on June 30, 2023. In January 2024 it was reported that his nomination would not be resubmitted due to bipartisan opposition in the Senate.

text:
# Jeff Baran

**Jeff Baran** is an American attorney who served as a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) starting on October 14, 2014. In September 2017, he was renominated by President Donald Trump to another five-year term on the NRC. Prior to joining the NRC, Baran served on the staff of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and was senior counsel to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, advising ranking member Henry Waxman.

Baran was renominated for a new five-year term by President Joe Biden in April 2023. While his renomination was pending in the Senate, his pre-existing term ended on June 30, 2023. In January 2024 it was reported that his nomination would not be resubmitted due to bipartisan opposition in the Senate.

## InfoBox

| Jeff Baran | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission | |
| **In office**
October 14, 2014  June 30, 2023 | |
| President |  |
| Preceded by | William Magwood *(seat 1)*
Allison Macfarlane *(seat 2)* |
| Succeeded by | David A. Wright *(seat 1)*
*Vacant (seat 2)* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Ohio University
Harvard Law School |
|  | |


title: Jennifer Jenkins

abstract: Jennifer Jenkins, FAcSS is a British linguist and academic. She was Chair Professor of Global Englishes at the University of Southampton until her retirement in 2019. She is a leading figure in the study of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and is an expert on communication in English between non-native speakers. This is a relatively new field of study and her opinions are sometimes seen as controversial. Her interests include attitudes to the international range of "Englishes", English as a lingua franca in higher education, and the implications of ELF for ways of teaching English as a foreign language. She has published and lectured widely and is a founder editor of the Journal of English as a Lingua Franca.

text:
# Jennifer Jenkins

**Jennifer Jenkins**, FAcSS is a British linguist and academic. She was Chair Professor of Global Englishes at the University of Southampton until her retirement in 2019. She is a leading figure in the study of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and is an expert on communication in English between non-native speakers. This is a relatively new field of study and her opinions are sometimes seen as controversial. Her interests include attitudes to the international range of "Englishes", English as a lingua franca in higher education, and the implications of ELF for ways of teaching English as a foreign language. She has published and lectured widely and is a founder editor of the *Journal of English as a Lingua Franca*.

## Education and early career

Jenkins studied English language, literature, linguistics, Old English and Icelandic at the universities of Leicester and Oxford and spent a few years as a teacher of English as a foreign language before starting to train other teachers.

## Career

In 1992 she began teaching at King's College London and in 1995 completed her PhD at the Institute of Education, University College, London with a thesis on *Variation in Phonological Error in Interlanguage Talk*, discussing a continuing research interest of hers: "English pronunciation within an international framework". She remained at King's College until 2007 where she designed and directed the MA in English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. While there, she introduced a fast-track MA for TESOL students.

When Jenkins' book *Phonology Of English As An International Language* was published in 2000 it was seen as potentially controversial and stimulated debate about the prevailing emphasis on "correct" accents in teaching English as a foreign language, and Jenkins' idea of the Lingua Franca Core. This is a core list of pronunciation features which ELF speakers need to master in order to be mutually intelligible. Jenkins' idea that English is "an international language and as such no longer the preserve of its native speakers" has been seen as a challenge to teachers of English.

In 2007 Jenkins was appointed to the Chair of Global Englishes at Southampton University and in May 2012 launched the Centre for Global Englishes there, of which she is the director. In her lecture inaugurating the Centre she said that UK universities describe themselves as international, and yet they expect overseas students to conform to UK norms of pronunciation, idiom etc. Earlier the same year, Jenkins co-founded the *Journal of English as a Lingua Franca* which aims to respond to the "unprecedented use of English as an international lingua franca, as both consequence and driving force of globalization". She has several other editorial roles.

## Honours

In September 2014, Jenkins was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences.

## Select bibliography

* *The phonology of English as an international language: new models, new norms, new goals*, OUP 2000
* *English as a Lingua Franca: attitude and identity*, OUP 2007
* *Global Englishes: a resource book for students*, 3rd ed. Routledge 2015 \[previous editions under the main title *World Englishes*\]
* *Global Englishes in Asian Contexts: Current and Future Debates* \- Murata, Kumiko and Jenkins, Jennifer (eds.), Basingstoke 2009
* *Latest trends in ELF research* \- Archibald, Alasdair, Cogo, Alessia and Jenkins, Jennifer (eds.), Newcastle 2011
* *English as a Lingua Franca in the international university: the politics of academic English language policy*, Abingdon 2013


title: Jean Charbonneau

abstract: Jean Charbonneau was a French-Canadian poet who was the main founder of the Montreal Literary School.

text:
# Jean Charbonneau

**Jean Charbonneau** (1875 – 25 October 1960) was a French-Canadian poet who was the main founder of the Montreal Literary School.

## Publications

* 1912: *Les blessures* , Paris, Lemerre
* 1916–1920: *Des influences françaises au Canada* (three volumes), Montréal, Beauchemin
* 1921: *L'Âge de Sang*, Paris, Lemerre
* 1923: *Les Prédestinés*, Montréal, Beauchemin
* 1924: *L'Ombre dans le miroir*, Montréal, Beauchemin
* 1928: *La Flamme ardente*, Montréal, Beauchemin
* 1935: *L'école littéraire de Montréal; Ses origines, ses animateurs, ses influences*. Éditions Albert Lévesque. 1935.
* 1940: *Tel qu'en sa solitude... Poèmes*, Montréal, Éditions B. Valiquette, Éditions A.C.F.

## InfoBox

| Jean Charbonneau | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul de Martigny and Jean Charbonneau, circa 1930 | |
| Born | 1875
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | 25 October 1960
Saint-Eustache, Quebec |
| Occupation | Poet |


title: Peter Longerich

abstract: Heinz Peter Longerich is a German professor of history and historian. He is regarded by Ian Kershaw, Richard Evans, Timothy Snyder, Mark Roseman and Richard Overy, as one of the leading German authorities on the Holocaust.

text:
# Peter Longerich

**Heinz Peter Longerich** (born 1955) is a German professor of history and historian. He is regarded by Ian Kershaw, Richard Evans, Timothy Snyder, Mark Roseman and Richard Overy, as one of the leading German authorities on the Holocaust.

## Career

Longerich studied at the University of Munich and received a Ph.D. in history and an M.A. in history and sociology.

In 2002–03, Longerich was the third holder of the Visiting Chair at the Fritz Bauer Institute in Frankfurt. In 2003–04, he was J.B. and Maurice Shapiro Senior Scholar in Residence at the Centre for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC, where he worked on a biography of Heinrich Himmler. In 2005–06, he was a Fellow at the Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Longerich was director of the Research Centre for the Holocaust and Twentieth-Century History at Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL), where he worked alongside the late David Cesarani. In 2015, he left his position at Royal Holloway and returned to Germany. His major research interests include the history of the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, the Second World War, the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels.

He has appeared in the media to comment upon the links between Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust, as well as on related topics, and has published, in 2001, a book documenting Hitler's pivotal role in the Holocaust entitled *The Unwritten Order*. The book arose from his expert testimony at the David Irving trial. Reviewing Longerich's work, Timothy Snyder declared *Holocaust* "profound" and *Heinrich Himmler: A Life* "magnificent".

## Published works

**English**

* *The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution*. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. 2003 \[2001\]. ISBN 978-0-7524-2564-1.
* *Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews*. Oxford: University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
* *Heinrich Himmler: A Life*. Oxford: University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
* *Goebbels: A Biography*. Random House. 2015. ISBN 978-1400067510.
* *Hitler: A Life*. OUP Oxford. 2019. ISBN 978-0198796091.
* *Wannsee, The Road to the Final Solution*. OUP Oxford. 2021. ISBN 978-0198834045.

**German**

* *(1989). Die braunen Bataillone. Geschichte der SA*. Beck, Múnich. ISBN 3-406-33624-8.
* (1992). *Hitlers Stellvertreter. Führung der NSDAP und Kontrolle des Staatsapparates durch den Stab Heß und Bormanns Partei-Kanzlei.* K.G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-11081-2.
* (1998). *Politik der Vernichtung. Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung*. Piper: Munich. ISBN 3-492-03755-0.
* (1998). *Die Wannsee-Konferenz vom 20. Januar 1942. Planung und Beginn des Genozid an den Europäischen Juden*. Hentrich: Berlín. ISBN 3-89468-250-7.
* (2001). *Der ungeschriebene Befehl. Hitler und der Weg zur „Endlösung“.* Piper: Munich. ISBN 3-492-04295-3.
* (2006). *„Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!“ Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933–1945*. Siedler: Múnich. ISBN 3-88680-843-2.
* (2008). *Heinrich Himmler: Eine Biographie*. Siedler: Munich. ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5.
* (2010). *Goebbels. Biographie*. Siedler: Múnich. ISBN 978-3-88680-887-8.
* (2015). *Hitler. Biographie*. Siedler: Múnich. ISBN 978-3-8275-0060-1.
* (2016). *Wannseekonferenz. Der Weg zur „Endlösung“*. Pantheon: Munich. ISBN 3570553442.
* (2021). *Antisemitismus: Eine deutsche Geschichte. Von der Aufklärung bis heute*. Siedler: Munich. ISBN 978-3-8275-0067-0.
* (2022). *Außer Kontrolle. Deutschland 1923*. Molden, Wien 2022, ISBN 978-3-222-15102-6.

## InfoBox

| Peter Longerich | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Heinz Peter Longerich
1955 (age 6869)
Krefeld, West Germany
(now Germany) |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Historian |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | University of Munich |
| Academic work | |
| Notable works | *The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
Heinrich Himmler: A Life
Goebbels: A Biography
* |
|  | |


title: Peter London

abstract: Peter London is a Swedish bassist. He is best known as the bassist for the Swedish sleaze band Crashdïet, but he also performs as a one-man band, Alter Egon. As Alter Egon, London plays all the instruments himself and sings in Swedish. The songs are mostly about himself and sexual freedom. Since 2015, London has been the bass-player of pop rock-band Bedårande Barn. London married Swedish model and former Miss Sweden title-holder Isabel Lestapier Winqvist on 25 June 2010 at the Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm. They were divorced in March 2012. In 2023, Swedish media reported that he was in a relationship with the Swedish media commentator and politician, Louise Erixon.

text:
# Peter London

**Peter London** (born **Peter Lunden**; 28 September 1982 in Sweden) is a Swedish bassist. He is best known as the bassist for the Swedish sleaze band Crashdïet, but he also performs as a one-man band, Alter Egon. As Alter Egon, London plays all the instruments himself and sings in Swedish. The songs are mostly about himself and sexual freedom. Since 2015, London has been the bass-player of pop rock-band *Bedårande Barn*.

London married Swedish model and former Miss Sweden title-holder Isabel Lestapier Winqvist on 25 June 2010 at the Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm. They were divorced in March 2012. In 2023, Swedish media reported that he was in a relationship with the Swedish media commentator and politician, Louise Erixon.

## Discography

### With Crashdïet

### With Alter Egon

### With Paradice

### With Bedårande Barn

* *Back To Life - A Tribute To Goodbye To Gravity* (Compilation, 2016)
* *För Framtids Segrar - Live i Helsingborg* (Live album, 2017)
* *Karaoke* (Digital album, 2017)
* *Election Day 18 (Next Chapter)* (Digital Album, 2018)
* *Allt Vi Vill Ha* (Digital-Singel, 2018)
* *Stängda Dörrar* (Digital-Singel, 2018)
* *Live i Sölvesborg* (Digital-Album, 2018)

## InfoBox

| Peter London | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Peter Lunden |
| Born | (1982-09-28) 28 September 1982 |
| Origin | Sweden |
| Genres | Hard rock, glam metal, könsrock (Genital Rock), pop viking rock, punk rock |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, bassist |
| Instrument(s) | bass, vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 2000present |
| Labels | Universal Music |
|  | |
| Website | www.crashdiet.org |


title: Peter Loney

abstract: Peter James Loney was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2006, representing the electorates of Geelong North (1992-2002) and its successor Lara (2002-2006). He also served as Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Loney began his political career in 1992 as a shadow minister before serving on the Victorian Parliament's Public Accounts and Estimates Committee in 1997–2003. He was chair of the Committee from 1999–2003 and chair of the Australasian Council of Work Accounts Committees from 2001–2003. He was also Chair of La Trobe University's Public Sector Governance and Accountability Research Centre Advisory Council. Loney retired before the 2006 state election. He had been facing a serious preselection challenge from MLC John Eren, whose seat of Geelong Province had been abolished by parliamentary reforms; Eren subsequently succeeded him in the seat.

text:
# Peter Loney

**Peter James Loney** (born 3 February 1948 in Daylesford, Victoria) was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2006, representing the electorates of Geelong North (1992-2002) and its successor Lara (2002-2006). He also served as Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.

Loney began his political career in 1992 as a shadow minister before serving on the Victorian Parliament's Public Accounts and Estimates Committee in 1997–2003. He was chair of the Committee from 1999–2003 and chair of the Australasian Council of Work Accounts Committees from 2001–2003. He was also Chair of La Trobe University's Public Sector Governance and Accountability Research Centre Advisory Council.

Loney retired before the 2006 state election. He had been facing a serious preselection challenge from MLC John Eren, whose seat of Geelong Province had been abolished by parliamentary reforms; Eren subsequently succeeded him in the seat.


title: Jens Chr. Andvig

abstract: Jens Christopher Andvig is a Norwegian economist. He is a research professor emeritus at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

text:
# Jens Chr. Andvig

**Jens Christopher Andvig** (born 1947) is a Norwegian economist. He is a research professor emeritus at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

## Career

He earned the cand.oecon. degree at the University of Oslo in 1975 and the dr.philos. degree at the same institution in 1986. He became a researcher at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs in 1980, where he eventually was promoted to senior researcher and then research professor.

He is known for his research on comparative economics and political economy, especially the interaction between the public sector and the market economy, with topics such as corruption, public procurement and the transition from a socialist economy to market economy.

He received the Article of the Year – Scandinavian University Press Academic Journal Prize in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Jens Chr. Andvig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1947 (age 7677) |
| Awards | Scandinavian University Press Academic Journal Prize |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Economics |
| Institutions | Norwegian Institute of International Affairs |
|  | |


title: Peter Luke

abstract: Peter Ambrose Cyprian Luke MC was a British writer, editor, and producer.

text:
# Peter Luke

**Peter Ambrose Cyprian Luke** MC (12 August 1919 – 23 January 1995) was a British writer, editor, and producer.

## Early years

Luke was born in St Albans, he was the first son of Sir Harry Luke and his wife Joyce Evelyn Fremlin. He had wanted to be a painter, and went to art school for two years before World War II broke out. He was awarded the Military Cross for his service during the war. Some time after, he worked under producer Sydney Newman on the British television drama anthology *Armchair Theatre*, as a story editor. In 1967, he adapted Frederick Rolfe's novel *Hadrian the Seventh* for the stage. In 1984, he published a solitary novel *The Other Side of the Hill* set during the Peninsular War. This was adapted into a BBC radio drama in 1993 with Michael Pennington and John Moffat, and directed by Glyn Dearman.

He was married to Carola Peyton-Jones (deceased), then Lettice Crawshaw (one daughter, one son deceased; marriage dissolved), and finally June Tobin (two sons, three daughters).

He died in Cadiz on 23 January 1995.

## Timeline of events

* 1946–47 - Sub-editor, Reuters News Desk
* 1947–57 - Wine trader
* 1958–62 - Story editor, ABC Weekend TV
* 1962–63 - Editor, arts series *The Bookman* (ABC TV)
* 1963–64 - Editor, *Tempo* (ABC TV)
* 1963–68 - Drama producer, writer and director BBC TV
* 1977–80 - Director, Edwards-Mac Liammoir Dublin Gate Theatre Company

## List of works


title: Peter Luger

abstract: Peter Luger was a German chef and restaurateur, who founded Peter Luger Steak House in 1887.

text:
# Peter Luger

**Peter Luger** (January 22, 1866 – January 21, 1941) was a German chef and restaurateur, who founded Peter Luger Steak House in 1887.

## Early life

Peter Luger was born in the Kingdom of Bavaria, which became part of the German Empire when he was around 4. He immigrated to the United States when he was 13 years old. He lived in Brooklyn.

## Restaurant business

In 1887, Peter opened a pool hall and bowling alley with his nephew Carl in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, called "Carl Luger's Café, Billiards and Bowling Alley". Peter transformed the building into a steak house and renamed it to Peter Luger Steak House. Peter was known for his serious demeanor and was present almost every evening. He created a "no-frills" atmosphere in his restaurant.

Other sources say it was his father Carl that founded the original business and nephew Carl was the chef when Peter inherited the business after his father's death.

## Death

Luger died on January 21, 1941, one day before his 75th birthday, leaving a $241,806 estate (equivalent to $5,000,000 in 2023). Ownership of the restaurant passed to his son Frederick Luger. Frederick was unable to maintain the quality of steak his father served and sold the failing business to longtime customer Sol Forman, who owned a metalware store across the street. Forman restored the restaurant to its original prestige.

## InfoBox

| Peter Luger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1866-01-22)January 22, 1866
Kingdom of Bavaria |
| Died | January 21, 1941(1941-01-21) (aged 74)
New York City, U.S. |
| Nationality | German |
| Known for | Peter Luger Steak House |


title: Jean Scholtz

abstract: Jean Clarice Scholtz is an American computer scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction, and particularly for developing the "Common Industry Format" (CIF) for usability test results while at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

text:
# Jean Scholtz

**Jean Clarice Scholtz** is an American computer scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction, and particularly for developing the "Common Industry Format" (CIF) for usability test results while at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

## Education and career

Scholtz has a bachelor's degree from the University of Iowa. She earned a master's degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology, and completed her Ph.D. in 1989 in computer science at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Her dissertation was *A study of transfer of skill between programming languages*, and was jointly supervised by Susan Wiedenbeck and David A. Klarner.

After completing her doctorate, Scholtz became a faculty member at Portland State University, and moved from there to Intel and then the National Institute of Standards and Technology. While at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, she also served as a program manager for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Scholtz retired from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2006, and became Chief Scientist for Visual Analytics at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

## Recognition

SIGCHI gave Scholtz their Lifetime Service Award in 2015. She was elected to the CHI Academy in 2018.


title: Peter Godsday Orubebe

abstract: Peter Godsday Orubebe was appointed Nigerian Minister of Niger Delta on 6 April 2010 when acting president Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet.

text:
# Peter Godsday Orubebe

**Peter Godsday Orubebe** (born 6 June 1959) was appointed Nigerian Minister of Niger Delta on 6 April 2010 when acting president Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet.

## Background

Orubebe was born on 6 June 1959 at Ogbobagbene, Burutu Local Government Area in Delta State. He is of Ijaw descent. He attended the University of Lagos, gaining a B.Sc. in political science in 1985. Later he obtained a master's degree in international relations from Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma in 2005.

## Political career

Orubebe became a supervisory councilor, and later chairman of Burutu LGA. In July 2007, President Umaru Yar'Adua appointed him Minister of Special Duties. Later he became Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs when that ministry was created in December 2008. In January 2010, he said that the proposed 10% equity share policy on infrastructural development in the Niger Delta region would make vandalism and crisis a thing of the past.

## Controversy

On 31 March 2015, Orubebe, acting as a polling agent for the PDP, made attempts at disrupting the proceedings of the 2015 presidential election collation. Orubebe alleged that INEC Chairman, Attahiru Jega, had taken side with the main opposition political party, APC. He however subsequently apologized to Nigerians over his conduct by tendering an unreserved apology urging them not to follow in his footsteps and explaining that he regretted his action.

## InfoBox

| Peter Godsday Orubebe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Federal Minister of Niger Delta | |
| **In office**
6 April 2010  12 February 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Ufot Ekaette |
| Succeeded by | Dr Stephen Oru |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-06-06) 6 June 1959
Burutu, Delta, Nigeria |
|  | |


title: Jeremy Nel

abstract: Jeremy John Nel is a South African former rugby union player.

text:
# Jeremy Nel

**Jeremy John Nel**  (born 21 September 1934) is a South African former rugby union player.

## Playing career

Nel matriculated in Potchefstroom and while he was still at school and at the age of seventeen, he made his senior provincial debut for Western Transvaal. After school he went to Rhodes University where he spend a year and played for Eastern Province. After his year at Rhodes he moved to Stellenbosch University and in 1955 was selected for Western Province. Nel also played provincial rugby for Boland, Transvaal and the Free State, thus for six provincial teams, which was a record for the time.

Nel toured with the Springboks to Australia and New Zealand in 1956. He played in all six test matches during the tour with his debut against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground, scoring a try on debut. In 1958 he played two test matches against France. Nel played eight test matches and fifteen tour matches for the Springboks, scoring one test try and also twenty nine points in tour matches, including 8 tries.

### Test history

| No. | Opponents | Results<br>(SA 1st) | Position | Tries | Dates | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Australia | 9–0 | Centre | 1 | 26 May 1956 | Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney |
| 2. | Australia | 9–0 | Centre |  | 2 Jun 1956 | Brisbane Exhibition Ground, Brisbane |
| 3. | New Zealand | 6–10 | Centre |  | 14 Jul 1956 | Carisbrook, Dunedin |
| 4. | New Zealand | 8–3 | Centre |  | 4 Aug 1956 | Athletic Park, Wellington |
| 5. | New Zealand | 10–17 | Centre |  | 18 Aug 1956 | Lancaster Park, Christchurch |
| 6. | New Zealand | 5–11 | Centre |  | 1 Sep 1956 | Eden Park, Auckland |
| 7. | France | 3–3 | Centre |  | 26 Jul 1958 | Newlands, Cape Town |
| 8. | France | 5–9 | Flyhalf |  | 16 Aug 1958 | Ellis Park, Johannesburg |

## InfoBox

Jeremy Nel
| Nel in New Zealand in 1956 | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Jeremy John Nel |
| Date of birth | (1934-09-21) 21 September 1934 |
| Place of birth | Louis Trichardt, Transvaal |
| Date of death | June 25, 2023(2023-06-25) (aged 88) |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 86 kg (190 lb) |
| School | Potchefstroom High School for Boys |
| University | Stellenbosch University |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Centre, Flyhalf  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1952 Western Transvaal   ()  1953 Eastern Province   ()  1955–1956 Western Province   ()  1957 Boland   ()  1958 Transvaal   ()  1962–1963 Free State   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1956–1958 South Africa  8  (3) | |


title: Jeremy Neale

abstract: Jeremy Neale is an Australian singer/songwriter and lead singer of band Velociraptor.

text:
# Jeremy Neale

**Jeremy Neale** is an Australian singer/songwriter and lead singer of band Velociraptor.

## History

Neale was a founding member of Brisbane band Velociraptor in 2008. In November 2017, Neale released his debut album, *Getting the Team Back Together*

At the 2018 Queensland Music Awards, Neale won Song of the Year for "Dancin' & Romancin'". In that year he also won QMusic’s Grant McLennan Scholarship. This enabled him to attend a songwriting masterclass at New York University. Neale hosted the National Live Music Awards of 2019

In February 2020, Neale released his second studio album, *We Were Trying To Make It Out* which was written in Brisbane and New York City over two years. He has spoken of the album's songs being about "the day-to-day struggles of the working class" presented in an upbeat fashion, "because I love things that sit at about 140-150 beats per minute". The Ramones and Prefab Sprout have influenced his sound.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Getting the Team Back Together* | * Release date: 3 November 2017 * Label: Jeremy Neale, Dot Dash (DASH045LP) * Formats: CD, DD, LP, streaming |
| *We Were Trying to Make It Out* | * Release date: 28 February 2020 * Label: Jeremy Neale, Dot Dash (DASH2062LP) * Formats: CD, DD, LP, streaming |

### Extended plays

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *In Stranger Times* | * Release date: November 2013 * Label: Jeremy Neale, Create/Control (CC0000177) * Formats: CD, DD, LP |
| *Let Me Go Out in Style* | * Release date: September 2015 * Label: Jeremy Neale, Dot Dash * Formats: CD, DD, LP, streaming |

### Singles

#### As lead artist

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Winter Was the Time" | 2012 | non album singles |
| "Darlin'" | | |
| "A Love Affair to Keep You There" | 2012 | *In Stranger Times* |
| "In Stranger Times" (featuring Go Violets) | 2013 | |
| "Swing Left" | | |
| "The News" | 2014 | *Let Me Go Out in Style* |
| "Hold On Together" featuring Phoebe Imhoff) | 2015 | |
| "The Love Calling" | | |
| "Christmas Time (Is My Favourite Time of the Year)" | 2016 | non album single |
| "Dancin' & Romancin'" | 2017 | *Getting the Team Back Together* |
| "Small Talk" featuring Pool Shop) | | |
| "Christmas (Turn This Around)" | | non album single |
| "Video" | 2018 | *Getting the Team Back Together* |
| "Everything I Do Is Replaced by Two" | 2019 | *We Were Trying to Make It Out* |
| "Still Want You Around Me" | 2020 | |
| "Tried and True (Raise the Roof)" | | |
|

## Awards and nominations

### J Awards

The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| J Awards of 2013 | Jeremy Neale | Unearthed Artist of the Year | Nominated |

### Queensland Music Awards

The Queensland Music Awards (previously known as Q Song Awards) are annual awards celebrating Queensland, Australia's brightest emerging artists and established legends. They commenced in 2006.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | "Winter Was the Time" | Rock Song of the Year | Won |
| 2013 | "In Strange Times" | The Courier-Mail People's Choice Award Most Popular Male | Won |
| 2018 | "Dancin' & Romancin'" | Song of the Year | Won |
| | | Rock Song of the Year | Won |

## InfoBox

| Jeremy Neale | |
| --- | --- |
| Neale in Melbourne, 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | <br>Queensland, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Songwriter, singer |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 2012–present |
| Labels | Jeremy Neale, Create/Control, Dot Dash |
|  | |
| Website | www.jeremyneale.com |


title: Jerome Courtland

abstract: Jerome Courtland was an American actor, director and producer. He acted in films in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and in television in the 1950s and 1960s. Courtland also appeared on Broadway in the musical Flahooley in the early 1950s. He directed and produced television series in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.

text:
# Jerome Courtland

**Jerome Courtland** (December 27, 1926 – March 1, 2012) was an American actor, director and producer. He acted in films in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and in television in the 1950s and 1960s. Courtland also appeared on Broadway in the musical *Flahooley* in the early 1950s. He directed and produced television series in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.

## Biography

### Actor

Jerome "Jerry" Courtland was born Courtland Jourolmon Jr. on December 27, 1926, in Knoxville, Tennessee. At 17, he attended a Hollywood party with his mother, a professional singer. A chance meeting with director Charles Vidor led to a screen test at Columbia Pictures and a seven-year contract. Courtland's feature debut was in Vidor's 1944 screwball comedy *Together Again*, before he joined the U.S. Army, serving in the Pacific Theatre of World War II.

After the War, Courtland starred opposite Shirley Temple in *Kiss and Tell*, followed by appearances in more than a dozen films including *The Man From Colorado* (1948), *Battleground* (1949), *The Palomino* (1950), *The Barefoot Mailman* (1951), and *Take the High Ground* (1953).

He was a licensed pilot and trained in stunt flying.

In 1951 Courtland starred on Broadway as the romantic lead in the short-lived musical *Flahooley* with Barbara Cook. Returning to California, he was frequently seen in guest roles on Westerns including *The Rifleman*, *Death Valley Days* and *The Virginian*.

In 1957, he starred in six episodes of ABC's *Disneyland* in the miniseries *The Saga of Andy Burnett*, the story of a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, man who comes west to the Rocky Mountains. This was an attempt by Walt Disney to follow up on the success of the first television miniseries, *Davy Crockett*. In 1958, Courtland guest starred in an episode of the television Western series *The Rifleman*. His voice was heard singing the title song during the credits in the movie *Old Yeller*. In 1959 he played the role of Army Lt. Henry Nowlan in the Disney film *Tonka*. Also that year he narrated the Disney short *Noah's Ark*, nominated for an Oscar the following year for Best Short Subject (Cartoon).

Courtland starred in the 1959-1960 television series *Tales of the Vikings*, as the lead character, Leif. He dyed his hair and beard blonde for the role. The series was produced by Kirk Douglas' film production company Brynaprod, was filmed in Germany, and ran for 39 episodes.

Courtland was cast as newspaperman William Byers in the 1965 episode, "The Race at Cherry Creek", on the syndicated television anthology series, *Death Valley Days*, hosted by Ronald Reagan. In the story line, Byers races against time to put out the first newspaper in the Colorado Territory during the gold rush year of 1859. His *Rocky Mountain News* became the first publication in the territory. Though strongly encouraged in the pursuit by his wife Elizabeth (\[Nancy Rennick), Byers' pressman, Andy Kate (Alvy Moore), is pessimistic about their chances of publishing first.

### Producer

In the 60s, Courtland gave up acting to produce for Disney, Screen Gems, and others.

In 1975, he produced the Walt Disney film, *Ride a Wild Pony*.

He was one of two producers of the partly animated 1977 Disney movie *Pete's Dragon*.

He was the producer of *Escape to Witch Mountain* in 1975, and *The Devil and Max Devlin*.

### Director

In 1968 Courtland made his directorial debut with several episodes of *The Flying Nun*. In the 1980s he directed episodes of Aaron Spelling's *Dynasty*, *Fantasy Island*, *The Love Boat* and *The Colbys*.

In the early 1990s he made guest appearances on *L.A. Law* and *Knots Landing*. In 1997 he moved to the Chicago area, where for five years he taught acting and directing for the camera at Columbia College.

Courtland died on March 1, 2012, of heart disease in the Santa Clarita, California.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Jerome Courtland | |
| --- | --- |
| Courtland in *Death Valley Days* in 1967 | |
| Born | (1926-12-27)December 27, 1926
Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | March 1, 2012(2012-03-01) (aged 85)
Santa Clarita, California, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Actor * director * producer |
| Years active | 1942–1993 |
| Spouses | *   Polly Bergen  (m. 1950; div. 1955) *   Janet Rose Gumprecht  (m. 1955, divorced) *   Marlene Juttner (m. 1984) |
| Children | 5 |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Jermaine Ale

abstract: Jermaine Ale is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played for the Canberra Raiders club in the National Rugby League competition. His position of choice was on the wing.

text:
# Jermaine Ale

**Jermaine Ale** (born 22 May 1985) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played for the Canberra Raiders club in the National Rugby League competition. His position of choice was on the wing.

## Background

Ale was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.

While attending Lambton High School, Ale played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 2002.

## Playing career

Ale made his first grade debut for Canberra in round 15 of the 2005 NRL season against Canterbury. Ale played four games for the Canberra club.

## Career playing statistics

### Point scoring summary

| Games | Tries | Goals | F/G | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | 0 | - | - | 4 |
|

### Matches played

| Team | Matches | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canberra Raiders | 4 | 2005retired |
|

## InfoBox

Jermaine Ale
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1985-05-22) 22 May 1985<br>Newcastle, Australia |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2005 Canberra Raiders 4 1 0 0 4 | |
| Source: RLP | |


title: Jerome I. Elkind

abstract: Jerome Elkind is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist. In 1988 he was co-founder of the Lexia Institute.

text:
# Jerome I. Elkind

**Jerome Elkind** is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist. In 1988 he was co-founder of the Lexia Institute.

## Biography

Elkind was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning his undergraduate degree in 1951 and Sc.D. in 1957. He went on to join BBN Technologies and participated for them in the 1960 Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization. He then was appointed head of the Computer Science Laboratory at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (1971-8). Here he held budgetary responsibility for new projects. He also worked with Bob Taylor on the Xerox Alto. He went on to become Vice President of Systems Integration at Xerox.

## Personal life

In 1959, he married engineer Linda Starr Valenstein, daughter of advertising executive Lawrence Valenstein in a Jewish ceremony in Scarsdale.

## InfoBox

| Jerome I. Elkind | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Jerry Elkind |
| Known for | Computer science |
| Spouse | Linda Valenstein |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Influences | J. C. R. Licklider |
|  | |


title: Jerome J. Murif

abstract: Jerome Joseph Murif (1863–1926) was an Irish-Australian engineer and bushman who was also the first man to cycle across the Australian continent, from South to North, Glenelg, a suburb of Adelaide to Darwin, in 1897. Murif's surname at birth is unknown. In Australia, he used the spelling "Murif", but after emigrating to the USA in 1903, he adopted the spelling "Muriff". No contemporary records of the surname Murif or Muriff in Ireland exist at the period of his birth. Murif is believed to have been born in Ireland in about 1863. He appears to have arrived in Australia in about 1883. The first record of him, so far located, places him as the holder of the ABC Claim, near Waukaringa in South Australia in 1888. He later was recorded as an engine driver at the Stephens Creek reservoir of the Broken Hill Water Supply. Elsewhere there are suggestions that he was a pipe layer for the waterworks. Murif wrote occasional sketches that were published in the Barrier Miner newspaper in Broken Hill. A declaration prepared by him, after his Trans Australia journey describes him as Engineer, certificated by the Adelaide Marine Board. Aged 34, he took 74 days to complete his journey to Palmerston and Port Darwin. Murif describes a quite clinical process of investigating various records before hitting upon the bicycle crossing of Australia from South to North and selecting the appropriate bicycle, eschewing advertising and painting over the brand-name of the Wertheim Electra bicycle and labelling it Diamond. He then went on to write about his travel in the book From Ocean to Ocean, published the same year by George Robertson and Co in Sydney. He specifically avoids referencing the names of people he met during his journey, but mentions meeting a young white boy with two aborigines near Dalhousie Station, almost certainly Essington Lewis, later General Manager and Managing Director of BHP. Essington Lewis was sent to work on the family property Dalhousie during school breaks from 1896 to 1899. There is claimed to be a letter from Murif to Essington Lewis in 1898 amongst Lewis's papers, not yet referenced. He held mineral leases in New South Wales from approximately 1898 to 1902. He left Sydney for San Francisco on the SS Ventura arriving on 24 March 1903, when he was described as having USD500. He was recorded as living in a boarding house in that city on the census date of 1 January 1920, when he was shown as 65 years old Male, White, Unmarried, born in England and working for a third party. Whilst living in San Francisco, he sought copyright on a musical composition. Murif died in San Mateo, California on 19 March 1926. His grave is located at Holy Cross Catholic Cemetery, Colma, San Mateo County, California, USA.

text:
# Jerome J. Murif

**Jerome Joseph Murif** (1863–1926) was an Irish-Australian engineer and bushman who was also the first man to cycle across the Australian continent, from South to North, Glenelg, a suburb of Adelaide to Darwin, in 1897. Murif's surname at birth is unknown (possibly Murphy). In Australia, he used the spelling "Murif", but after emigrating to the USA in 1903, he adopted the spelling "Muriff". No contemporary records of the surname Murif or Muriff in Ireland exist at the period of his birth.

Murif is believed to have been born in Ireland in about 1863. He appears to have arrived in Australia in about 1883. The first record of him, so far located, places him as the holder (with others) of the ABC Claim, near Waukaringa in South Australia in 1888. He later was recorded as an engine driver at the Stephens Creek reservoir of the Broken Hill Water Supply. Elsewhere there are suggestions that he was a pipe layer for the waterworks. Murif wrote occasional sketches that were published in the Barrier Miner newspaper in Broken Hill.

A declaration prepared by him, after his Trans Australia journey describes him as Engineer, certificated by the Adelaide Marine Board.

Aged 34, he took 74 days to complete his journey to Palmerston and Port Darwin. Murif describes a quite clinical process of investigating various records before hitting upon the bicycle crossing of Australia from South to North and selecting the appropriate bicycle, eschewing advertising and painting over the brand-name of the Wertheim *Electra* bicycle and labelling it Diamond.

He then went on to write about his travel in the book *From Ocean to Ocean*, published the same year by George Robertson and Co in Sydney. He specifically avoids referencing the names of people he met during his journey, but mentions meeting a young white boy with two aborigines near Dalhousie Station, almost certainly Essington Lewis, later General Manager and Managing Director of BHP. Essington Lewis was sent to work on the family property Dalhousie during school breaks from 1896 to 1899. There is claimed to be a letter from Murif to Essington Lewis in 1898 amongst Lewis's papers, not yet referenced.

He held mineral leases in New South Wales from approximately 1898 to 1902.

He left Sydney for San Francisco on the SS *Ventura* arriving on 24 March 1903, when he was described as having USD500. He was recorded as living in a boarding house in that city on the census date of 1 January 1920, when he was shown as 65 years old Male, White, Unmarried, born in England and working for a third party.

Whilst living in San Francisco, he sought copyright on a musical composition.

Murif died in San Mateo, California on 19 March 1926. His grave is located at Holy Cross Catholic Cemetery, Colma, San Mateo County, California, USA.

## Bibliography

* From Ocean To Ocean (1897), George Robertson and Co, republished 2017 (Haere)

1. "Early cycling in South Australia". *State Library of South Australia*. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
2. Fitzpatrick, Jim (2011). *The Bicycle and the Bush: Man and Machine in Rural Australia*. ISBN 9780980748055.
3. California, San Francisco Passenger Lists, 1893-1953
4. "Jerome Muriff", United States census, 1920; San Francisco, CA;  roll T625 137,  page 10B,  line 91,  enumeration district 189,  Family History film 01119. Retrieved on 2017-08-23.
5. California Death Index, 1905-1939
6. "Jerome Muriff". *Find a grave*. Retrieved 23 August 2017.

## InfoBox

| Jerome J. Murif | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1863 |
| Died | 19 March 1926<br>Colma, San Mateo, California, United States of America |
| Occupation | engineer |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Citizenship | Irish? Australian? |
| Genre | travel |


abstract: Jefferson Township is one of nine townships in Whitley County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,232 and it contained 905 housing units.

text:
# Jefferson Township, Whitley County, Indiana

**Jefferson Township** is one of nine townships in Whitley County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,232 (up from 2,182 at 2010) and it contained 905 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.08 square miles (90.9 km2), all land.

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains two cemeteries: Bayliss and Broxon.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

* Homestead Airport

* "Jefferson Township, Whitley County, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
* United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
2. "Census Bureau profile: Jefferson Township, Whitley County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
3. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Jefferson Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Whitley County | |
| Coordinates: 41°02′40″N 85°24′11″W / 41.04444°N 85.40306°W / 41.04444; -85.40306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Whitley |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.08 sq mi (90.9 km2) |
| Land | 35.08 sq mi (90.9 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 850 ft (259 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,232 |
| Density | 62.2/sq mi (24.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 260 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453504 |


title: Vanastree

abstract: Vanastree is a farming and conservation project registered in 2008, in Uttara Kannada, in the Indian state of Karnataka. In Kannada, Vanastree means "Women of the Forest". As of 2013, Vanastree numbered 150 women farming sustainably and it promotes seed exchange. By 2017, Vanastree products were available for sale in Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka. The same year, Vanastree was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar in recognition of its achievements. The Vanastree garden in Sirsi has saved seeds from over 100 types of vegetables. Sisters Mala and Sonia Dhawan worked with Vanastree and then set up the handicrafts organisation A Hundred Hands.

text:
# Vanastree

**Vanastree** is a farming and conservation project registered in 2008, in Uttara Kannada, in the Indian state of Karnataka. In Kannada, Vanastree means "Women of the Forest". As of 2013, Vanastree numbered 150 women farming sustainably and it promotes seed exchange. By 2017, Vanastree products were available for sale in Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka. The same year, Vanastree was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar in recognition of its achievements.

The Vanastree garden in Sirsi has saved seeds from over 100 types of vegetables. Sisters Mala and Sonia Dhawan worked with Vanastree and then set up the handicrafts organisation A Hundred Hands.

## InfoBox

Vanastree
|
|  |
| Origins | 2008 |
| Official language | Kannada |
| Award(s) | Nari Shakti Puraskar |
| Website | vanastree.org |


title: Prodoxus sonorensis

abstract: Prodoxus sonorensis is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in south-eastern Arizona, United States, and south into northern Sonora, Mexico. The wingspan is 8.9-12.8 mm for males and 10.9-15.6 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late June to mid August. The larvae feed on Yucca schottii.

text:
# Prodoxus sonorensis

***Prodoxus sonorensis*** is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in south-eastern Arizona, United States, and south into northern Sonora, Mexico.

The wingspan is 8.9-12.8 mm for males and 10.9-15.6 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late June to mid August.

The larvae feed on *Yucca schottii*.

## InfoBox

| *Prodoxus sonorensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Prodoxidae |
| Genus: | *Prodoxus* |
| Species: | ***P. sonorensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prodoxus sonorensis***<br>Pellmyr & Balcazar-Lara, 2005 | |
|