title: Thomas Manning (sinologist)

abstract: Thomas Manning is considered the first lay Chinese studies scholar in Europe and was the first Englishman to enter Lhasa, the holy city of Tibet.

text:
# Thomas Manning (sinologist)

**Thomas Manning** (8 November 1772  1840) is considered the first lay Chinese studies scholar in Europe and was the first Englishman to enter Lhasa, the holy city of Tibet.

## Early life

Manning was born in Broome, Norfolk. After leaving school, he entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge to study mathematics where he became a friend of future writer and essayist Charles Lamb and was expected to achieve Second Wrangler. However, his eccentricity and a "strong repugnance to oaths" meant that he left before graduation. Long devoted to Chinese studies, he studied medicine and Chinese at Paris from 1800 to 1803.

## China and Tibet

After making his way to Canton (now Guangzhou) on the south coast of China, Manning procured a letter of introduction from the Select Committee of the East India Company (EIC) to then Governor-General of India Lord Minto. The letter requested that he be given "every practicable assistance in the prosecution of his plans". In practice Manning received little official help but with a single Chinese servant he travelled through Bhutan into Tibet, arriving in Phari at the head of the Chumbi Valley on 21 October 1811. . The imperial resident commissioner (*amban*) of Qing arrived on 31 October and promised to write immediately to the Qing official in Lhasa seeking permission for Manning to proceed. His medical skills were much in demand and led to a request to travel on with the amban to Gyantse, a journey made uncomfortable by the extreme cold and an unpredictable horse. In Gyantse, he continued to practice medicine while waiting for the necessary passport to travel on to Lhasa. This was duly granted and on 17 December 1811, he had an audience with the 9th Dalai Lama, Lungtok Gyatso, at the Potala Palace. As the Dalai Lama was only seven years old, the interview was short and consisted of only a few remarks to Manning translated first from Tibetan to Chinese then into Latin which Manning was used to speak with his Chinese servant. Manning remained in Lhasa for several months during which he had several further audiences with the Dalai Lama. Orders arrived from the Qing court in Peking for him to return the way he came and he departed Lhasa on 19 April before arriving in Koch Bihar on 10 June 1812. Not only had Manning become the first Englishman to visit Lhasa, but also the first to obtain interviews with the Dalai Lama. He subsequently concluded that the Tibetans had an intense dislike for the Chinese and "would view the Chinese influence in Tibet overthrown without many emotions of regret, especially if the rulers under the new influence were to treat the Grand Lama with respect."

In 1817, as a member of Lord Amherst's British delegation, Manning reached China for the first time. But the delegation was not accepted by the Qing China's Jiaqing Emperor and was forced to leave Peking some days later. Traveling back to England, he met Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena, where the emperor spent the last six years of his life under British supervision. Manning died in 1840 at his home near Dartford (England).

## Manning's work

Manning never published anything regarding his journey, and its occurrence was known to few, until his narrative was printed, through the zeal of Sir Clements Markham, secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, in 1876.

In his journal he described his meeting with the 7-year-old 9th Dalai Lama: "the nice and fascinating figure caught my whole attention and it was a pleasure to talk to this well educated little prince." He also described the occupation of Tibet by the Chinese: "I was struck with the appearance of everything being perfecly Chinese." If Manning was impressed by the Potala palace, his admiration stopped there. "If the palace had exceeded my expectations," he wrote, "the town as far fell short of them. There is nothing striking, nothing pleasing in its appearance. The habitations are begrimed with smut and dirt. The avenues are full of dogs, some growling and gnawing bits of hide which lie around in profusion, and emit a charnel-house smell; other limping and looking livid; others ulcerated; others starved and dying, and pecked at by the ravens; some dead and preyed upon. In short everything seems mean and gloomy, and excites the idea of something unreal."

Manning was the "friend M." of Charles Lamb, from whom "Elia" professes to have got that translation of a Chinese MS. which furnished the Dissertation upon roast pig. A number of letters from Manning to Charles Lamb have survived and are contained in a book edited by G.A. Anderson published by Harper & Brother, New York, 1926.

Bibliography * Markham, Clements (1876). *Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa*. London: Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill. ISBN 9780524102213.
* Younghusband, Francis (1910). *India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904*. London: John Murray.

## Further reading

* Markham, Clements R., *Narratives of the Mission of Georges Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa*, New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1910 \[1876\] (Indian Historical Researches, 42).
* Weech, Edward, 'Chinese Dreams in Romantic England: The Life and Times of Thomas Manning', Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022.


title: Maumusson, Tarn-et-Garonne

abstract: Maumusson is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

text:
# Maumusson, Tarn-et-Garonne

**Maumusson** (French pronunciation: \[momysɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

## InfoBox

| Maumusson | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Maumusson | |
| MaumussonMaumusson | |
| Coordinates: 43°55′07″N 0°54′13″E / 43.9186°N 0.9036°E / 43.9186; 0.9036 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Tarn-et-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Castelsarrasin |
| Canton | Garonne-Lomagne-Brulhois |
| Intercommunality | Lomagne Tarn-et-Garonnaise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Daniel Dabasse |
| Area**1** | 5.04 km2 (1.95 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 49 |
| Density | 9.7/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 82107 /82120 |
| Elevation | 157–261 m (515–856 ft)
(avg. 240 m or 790 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Thought Criminals

abstract: The Thought Criminals were an influential and enterprising Australian punk band based in Sydney. They formed in late 1977 and disbanded in late 1981. The "angular, fast and quirky punk rock" of the Thought Criminals "was a fixture in the burgeoning Sydney underground scene." The band's name was derived from the concept of 'thoughtcrimes' from George Orwell's book, Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Thought Criminals exemplified the do-it-yourself punk ethos of the late 1970s, with which they combined considerable business acumen. The band members formed the Doublethink record label and agency which provided recording and live performance opportunities for other new bands.

text:
# Thought Criminals

***The Thought Criminals*** were an influential and enterprising Australian punk band based in Sydney. They formed in late 1977 and disbanded in late 1981. The "angular, fast and quirky punk rock" of the Thought Criminals "was a fixture in the burgeoning Sydney underground scene." The band's name was derived from the concept of 'thoughtcrimes' (unapproved thoughts) from George Orwell's book, *Nineteen Eighty-Four*. The Thought Criminals exemplified the do-it-yourself punk ethos of the late 1970s, with which they combined considerable business acumen. The band members formed the Doublethink record label and agency which provided recording and live performance opportunities for other new bands.

## History

### An inner-city punk band

The Thought Criminals were formed in late 1977 with the initial line-up of Roger Grierson (*aka* Jack Boots; guitar), Rique Lee Kendall (*aka* Matt Black; bass) and Bruce Warner (*aka* Kit Identity; vocals). Various drummers played in the band during this early period. The band's first gigs were at Blondies in Bondi Junction in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs. Inspired by the DIY ethic of the Desperate Bicycles, the Thought Criminals' first recording was the EP *Hilton Bomber*, with Mark Kingsmill (*aka* Jim Boots) on drums. The EP was the inaugural release on the band's own Doublethink label.

Rique Lee Kendall left to join the Last Words and, in turn, the Last Words' drummer, Ken Doyle (*aka* Derik Wapillspoon), joined the Thought Criminals. With the inclusion of Stephen Philip (*aka* Vivi Sector) on guitar, Roger Grierson switched to bass. By the end of 1978 John Hoey (*aka* The General) had also joined the Thought Criminals, playing keyboards.

The Thought Criminals built up a following with performances at mainly inner-city venues. The music of the Thought Criminals, in their early recordings and live performances, has been described as a "jagged, frantic sound". Their songs often had an irreverent sense of humour, perhaps exemplified by the following extract from "Fun" (1978): "Don’t want no top ten hit / Don’t want no disco shit / Just wanna have fun".

The Thought Criminals' debut album, *Speed. Madness.. Flying Saucers…*, was released in February 1980. The songs were recorded in three separate sessions spread over a period of eighteen months. The Thought Criminals' Doublethink label evolved from a record label to include agency and PR functions. Other less-established bands such as Tactics, Popular Mechanics and Sekret Sekret became incorporated within the Doublethink stable.

In 1980 the band toured beyond the precincts of their usual inner-city venues, at the end of which they announced their intention to retire from live performances. In their own words: "The band were not enamoured of the Music Business and had made a pact that when it wasn’t fun they’d call it a day – so when it wasn’t, they did". The Thought Criminals' final gig was at Chequers in inner-city Sydney on 29 August 1980.

In their studio phase during the following year the Thought Criminals recorded a second album, *You Only Think Twice*, which "revealed the band expanding its scope with a more considered and diverse approach". In late 1981 the band played a live show at Chequers, after which the Thought Criminals disbanded.

Roger Grierson, Warren Fahey and rock journalist Stuart Coupe set up the Green record label in the early 1980s. Grierson continued to work in band and tour management, eventually attaining the position of Managing Director of PolyGram Music Publishing, and later Chairman of Festival Records. In 1982 guitarist Stephen Philip joined Do-Ré-Mi. In 1988 keyboardist John Hoey joined Died Pretty. Bruce Warner became an animator and the drummer Ken Doyle works in computing.

### Occasional resurrections

In July 2005 a retrospective two-CD anthology (*Chrono-logical*) was released, which featured all the Thought Criminals' recordings released under the Doublethink and GREEN labels. On 4 February 2006 the band reformed for a one-off performance at the Annandale Hotel to publicise the CD. On the subject of reforming the Thought Criminals after 25 years Roger Grierson commented: "It seemed like everybody was doing it and with the release of the CD, and we put a website up to give away all the songs for free, it dragged a few people out of the woodwork".

In September 2006 the Thought Criminals took the stage again in a concert with Buzzcocks at Sydney's Century Theatre. In February 2007 they again reformed to play with T.V. Smith of The Adverts at the Annandale Hotel.

## Discography

### Singles & EPs

* *Hilton Bomber* EP (Doublethink DTDT1, June 1978) – "Hilton Bomber" / "I Won’t Pay (for Punk Records)" / "Fun" / "O Bleak T.V."
* *Food for Thoughtcrimes* EP (Doublethink DTDT2, July 1979) – "More Suicides Please" / "The Cut-out Man" / "Display-Response: Action" / "So All the Superheroes" / "Stolen Air"
* "Edge of Time" / "Equidistance" (Doublethink DTDT10, August 1980)
* "Land of the Living Room" / "Oceania Oceania" (one-sided 7-inch gig giveaway - 29 August 1980)
* *Peace, Love and Under Surveillance* EP (7-inch reformation gig giveaway; 2007) – "Forty Days" / "Red Fingers" / "Noel Brown’s Visit" / "DNA" / "Takeover Target"
* "LOCKDOWN TOWN" (Online release - YouTube, August 2020)

### Albums

* *Speed. Madness.. Flying Saucers…* (Doublethink DTDT8, February 1980)
* *You Only Think Twice* (Green / Larrikin LRG-082, October 1981)
* *Chrono-Logical* (Ascension Records, July 2005)

* McFarlane, Ian. *The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. Allen & Unwin, 1999. ISBN 1-86508-072-1.


title: Thought Moments

abstract: Thought Moments (2004) is an anthropological short film in the style of cinéma vérité by Michael Simon Toon. Toon, a former Buddhist monk, titled Thought Moments after the Buddhist term for the mental states we experience when a physical or mental object enters the mind. The film is used in the study of microexpressions, eye accessing cues, and the universality of facial expressions. Toon interviews a diverse sample of individuals in public places across the United Kingdom asking a set of ten simple but emotionally evocative questions. The film uses variable frame rates to highlight distinct emotions, as well as their sequence and timing, that each individual expresses within seconds or fractions of a second after being asked questions, such as "What do you love most?" "Are you happy or sad?" and "What are you afraid of?" Consistency of composition, lighting, and contrast facilitates the analysis of both the differences and similarities of the interviewees' facial expressions. Toon also released a version of the film with superimposed theoretical eye accessing cue chart. Both versions are studied and reproduced by students of psychology in several languages.

text:
# Thought Moments

***Thought Moments*** (2004) is an anthropological short film in the style of cinéma vérité by Michael Simon Toon. Toon, a former Buddhist monk, titled *Thought Moments* after the Buddhist term for the mental states we experience when a physical or mental object enters the mind. The film is used in the study of microexpressions, eye accessing cues, and the universality of facial expressions.

Toon (off camera) interviews a diverse sample of individuals in public places across the United Kingdom asking a set of ten simple but emotionally evocative questions. The film uses variable frame rates to highlight distinct emotions, as well as their sequence and timing, that each individual expresses within seconds or fractions of a second after being asked questions, such as "What do you love most?" "Are you happy or sad?" and "What are you afraid of?"

Consistency of composition, lighting, and contrast facilitates the analysis of both the differences and similarities of the interviewees' facial expressions. Toon also released a version of the film with superimposed theoretical eye accessing cue chart. Both versions are studied and reproduced by students of psychology in several languages.

## Exhibitions

* Film Directory of The British Council
* Thai Film Foundation 10th Annual Short Film and Video Festival


title: Fraser Wishart

abstract: Fraser Wishart is a Scottish former professional footballer, former Secretary of the Scottish Professional Footballers' Association, and current chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association Scotland. He is also an occasional radio and television commentator.

text:
# Fraser Wishart

**Fraser Wishart** (born 1 March 1965) is a Scottish former professional footballer, former Secretary of the Scottish Professional Footballers' Association, and current chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association Scotland. He is also an occasional radio and television commentator.

## Early life

Johnstone-born Wishart grew up in south Glasgow, attending Hillpark Secondary School, where he played in the school team.

He began his football career with Eastercraig Boys' Club, a successful youth team in Glasgow, followed by spells at amateur club, Giffnock North and semi-professional giants, Pollok Juniors.

## Playing career

Wishart signed with Scottish Premier Division team Motherwell in 1983, and under manager Tommy McLean he established himself as a regular full back, making over 150 appearances for the team over the next six years.

In 1989, he was transferred to St Mirren for £285,000, an amount set by tribunal after the two clubs could not agree on a fee. Three years later he moved to Falkirk, before enjoying the most high-profile period of his career when Walter Smith signed him for Glasgow Rangers in 1993. However, he made only nine appearances for the club in the next two years before moving on to Hearts in 1995, followed by a second spell at former club Motherwell in 1996.

He was transferred to Clydebank in 1997, where he spent four years both as a player and coach during the club's turbulent final seasons. By this point Wishart was already working at the players' union as assistant to Tony Higgins. From Clydebank, he then moved to the similarly troubled Airdrieonians in 2001.

## InfoBox

Fraser Wishart
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Fraser Wishart | | |
| Date of birth | (1965-03-01) 1 March 1965 | | |
| Place of birth | Johnstone, Scotland | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1981–1983 | Pollok | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1989 | Motherwell | 154 | (5) |
| 1989–1992 | St Mirren | 51 | (0) |
| 1992 | Dumbarton | 2 | (0) |
| 1992–1993 | Falkirk | 24 | (2) |
| 1993–1995 | Rangers | 9 | (0) |
| 1995–1996 | Heart of Midlothian | 9 | (0) |
| 1996–1997 | Motherwell | 18 | (0) |
| 1997–2001 | Clydebank | 111 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Airdrieonians | 9 | (0) |
| Total |  | **387** | **(8)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Thomas McKevitt

abstract: Thomas McKevitt is an American politician who represented District 17 in the New York Assembly from 2006 to 2017, which includes large portions of Nassau County, New York. McKevitt was born in East Meadow, New York and is a lifetime resident of Nassau County. He received a B.A. from Hofstra University, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1993. McKevitt earned his Juris Doctor from the Hofstra Law School in 1996. He is a member of the New York State Bar Association and the American Bar Association. Formerly the Deputy Attorney for Hempstead, New York, as well as a staffer for former Senator Alfonse D'Amato and State Senator Kemp Hannon, McKevitt was chosen in a special election held on February 28, 2006 to replace outgoing Assemblywoman Maureen O'Connell, who is now the Nassau County Clerk. McKevitt and Samantha McGill were married in July 2001. He and his wife reside in East Meadow, New York with their two children.

text:
# Thomas McKevitt

**Thomas McKevitt** (born April 28, 1971) is an American politician who represented District 17 in the New York Assembly from 2006 to 2017, which includes large portions of Nassau County, New York.

McKevitt was born in East Meadow, New York and is a lifetime resident of Nassau County. He received a B.A. from Hofstra University, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1993. McKevitt earned his Juris Doctor from the Hofstra Law School in 1996. He is a member of the New York State Bar Association and the American Bar Association.

Formerly the Deputy Attorney for Hempstead, New York, as well as a staffer for former Senator Alfonse D'Amato and State Senator Kemp Hannon, McKevitt was chosen in a special election held on February 28, 2006 to replace outgoing Assemblywoman Maureen O'Connell, who is now the Nassau County Clerk.

McKevitt and Samantha McGill were married in July 2001. He and his wife reside in East Meadow, New York with their two children.

## Election results

| **Thomas McKevitt** (REP \- IND \- CON) | ... | 3,561 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Zahid Ali Syed (DEM \- WOR) | ... | 1,691 |

| **Thomas McKevitt** (REP \- IND \- CON) | ... | 19,048 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dolores D. Sedacca (DEM \- WOR) | ... | 16,622 |

| **Thomas McKevitt** (REP \- IND \- CON) | ... | 31,803 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| John L. Pinto (DEM) | ... | 23,321 |

| **Thomas McKevitt** (REP \- IND \- CON) | ... | 24,766 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thomas J. Devaney (DEM \- WOR) | ... | 15,060 |

## InfoBox

| Tom McKevitt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New York State Assembly
from the 17th district | |
| **In office**
February 28, 2006  December 31, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Maureen O'Connell |
| Succeeded by | John Mikulin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-04-28) April 28, 1971
Oceanside, New York |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Samantha McGill |
| Children | Connor and Meagan Mckevitt |
| Residence | East Meadow, New York |
| Alma mater | Hofstra University
Hofstra Law School |
| Profession | lawyer, politician |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


title: Frauen-Liebe und Leben

abstract: Frauen-Liebe und Leben is a cycle of poems by Adelbert von Chamisso, written in 1830. They describe the course of a woman's love for her man, from her point of view, from first meeting through marriage to his death, and after. Selections were set to music as a song-cycle by masters of German Lied, namely Carl Loewe (1836), Franz Lachner (c1839), and Robert Schumann (1840). The setting by Schumann is now the most widely known.

text:
# Frauen-Liebe und Leben

***Frauen-Liebe und Leben*** (*A Woman's Love and Life*) is a cycle of poems by Adelbert von Chamisso, written in 1830. They describe the course of a woman's love for her man, from her point of view, from first meeting through marriage to his death, and after. Selections were set to music as a song-cycle by masters of German Lied, namely Carl Loewe (1836), Franz Lachner (c1839), and Robert Schumann (1840). The setting by Schumann (his opus 42) is now the most widely known.

## Chamisso's poems

There are nine lyrics in the cycle, to which Chamisso gave the title *Frauen-Liebe und Leben*. It was first published in 1830, and twice in 1831 in the first editions of his poetry, and of his complete works.

Schumann in his cycle did not set the final stanza of No. 2 ('Er, der Herrlichste von allen') with its sudden change of mood. He also left out the last poem, No. 9 'Traum der eignen Tage', which is addressed to the now aged protagonist's granddaughter ("*Tochter meiner Tochter*"). Loewe set all nine poems in full, although only the first seven were published together.

## Nomenclature

The original published titles of the poem-cycle and the song-cycles are:

* Chamisso (1830): *Frauen-Liebe und Leben*
* Loewe (1836): *Frauenliebe*
* Lachner (c1839): *Frauenliebe und -leben*
* Schumann (1840): *Frauenliebe und Leben*

The Schumann work has been edited and published several times since 1840, and all the current reliable music publishers still use the original 1840 published title, *Frauenliebe und Leben*, as do a majority of secondary sources discussing Schumann's song cycle. However, *Frauenliebe und -leben* has been used in a minority (approximately one third) of recently published secondary sources, and also on some LP and CD covers. This latter spelling is a 'correct' style of written German using the *Ergänzungsstrich* (i.e. suspended or hanging dash in a list of things), although it does not accurately reflect the work's published title.

## Schumann's setting

Schumann composed his setting *Frauenliebe und Leben*, Op. 42, in 1840, his "year of song" in which he wrote numerous lieder and three other complete song cycles: *Liederkreis*, Op. 24, *Liederkreis*, Op. 39 and *Dichterliebe*, Op. 48. There are eight poems in his cycle, together telling a story from the protagonist's first meeting her love, through their marriage, to his death. They are:

1. 'Seit ich ihn gesehen' ("Since I saw him")
2. 'Er, der Herrlichste von allen' ("He, the noblest of all")
3. 'Ich kann's nicht fassen, nicht glauben' ("I cannot grasp or believe it")
4. 'Du Ring an meinem Finger' ("You ring upon my finger")
5. 'Helft mir, ihr Schwestern' ("Help me, sisters")
6. 'Süßer Freund, du blickest mich verwundert an' ("Sweet friend, you gaze")
7. 'An meinem Herzen, an meiner Brust' ("At my heart, at my breast")
8. 'Nun hast du mir den ersten Schmerz getan' ("Now you have caused me pain for the first time")

Schumann's choice of text was very probably inspired in part by events in his personal life. He had been courting Clara Wieck, but had failed to get her father's permission to marry her. In 1840, after a legal battle to make such permission unnecessary, he finally married her.

The songs in this cycle are notable for the fact that the piano has a remarkable independence from the voice. Breaking away from the Schubertian ideal, Schumann has the piano contain the mood of the song in its totality. Another notable characteristic is the cycle's circular structure, in which the last movement repeats the theme of the first.

The composer's initial MS sketches, dated 11 July 1840, are still extant. They mostly outline the voice part on single staves, with just a few bars of piano postlude at the very end of No. 8.

### Recordings

There have been many recordings of Schumann's setting.

Possibly the first was that of

During the 1930s the principal versions were those of

Recordings by

are noticed in 1951.

These recordings are listed on CD in 1996:

## Loewe's setting

Carl Loewe's *Frauenliebe*, for mezzo-soprano and piano, was published as his opus 60 in 1836. He called it a Liederkranz ('wreath \[or garland\] of songs'), rather than a Liederkreis ('song-cycle').

Although Loewe set all nine of Chamisso's poems in September 1836, only the first seven were published together during his lifetime. No. 9, 'Traum der eignen Tage', was published separately in 1869, and No. 8 remained in MS until 1904 when it was included in the Breitkopf & Härtel complete edition of his works.

### Recordings

## Lachner's setting

Franz Lachner (1803–1890) made a setting entitled *Frauenliebe und -leben* for soprano, horn (or cello) and piano as his Op. 59 (c1839); he made another arrangement for soprano, clarinet and piano, published in 1847 as his Op. 82.

Like Schubert's *Auf dem Strom*, D. 943, it is part of the small repertoire of solo vocal music ensemble with horn. Lachner's youngest brother, Vincenz Lachner, wrote a song 'Waldhornruf' (Hunting horn call') for tenor, horn and piano.

### Recordings

* Evelyn Tubb (soprano), Lesley Schatzberger (clarinet), Richard Burnett (fortepiano) – Classicprint CPV005CD.
* Aríon Trio (Andrea Weigt, soprano; Stefan Henke, horn; Rainer Gepp, piano), Antes Edition BM CD 31.9120.

### Further reading

* Ingo Müller: "Eins in Allem und Alles in Einem: Zur Ästhetik von Gedicht- und Liederzyklus im Lichte romantischer Universalpoesie". In: Günter Schnitzler und Achim Aurnhammer (Hrsg.): *Wort und Ton*. Freiburg i. Br. 2011 (= Rombach Wissenschaften: Reihe Litterae. vol. 173), pp. 243–274.


title: Thomas Walter Jennings

abstract: Thomas Walter Jennings was an English businessman who was the founder of Jennings Organ Company. In 1950 he formed Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI) Ltd, the company that produced the famous Vox Guitar amplifiers. In 1956 the company name was changed to Jennings Musical Industries Ltd. Disenchanted with the company direction, he left JMI Ltd in 1967 and set up a separate company, Jennings Electronic Industries.

text:
# Thomas Walter Jennings

**Thomas Walter Jennings** (28 February 1917 – 1978) was an English businessman who was the founder of **Jennings Organ Company**. In 1950 he formed Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI) Ltd, the company that produced the famous Vox Guitar amplifiers. In 1956 the company name was changed to **Jennings Musical Industries Ltd**. Disenchanted with the company direction, he left JMI Ltd in 1967 and set up a separate company, **Jennings Electronic Industries**.

## Biography

Jennings was born in Hackney, London, England on 28 February 1917. He became an accomplished amateur accordion player. He served with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers during World War II, but he was discharged from the Army on medical grounds in 1942. Jennings then worked at the Vickers munitions plant in Kent. There he met amateur guitarist Dick Denney who played with a local big band. On occasion, the two played together, but not professionally. Denny also had an interest in electronics and radio technology.

In 1944, Jennings started repairing accordions and trading in second hand musical instruments part-time at first. In 1946, Jennings set up his first shop in Dartford, Kent and began importing accordions and other musical instruments. He also invented new products, the first being the Univox electronic organ, which was a huge success, and not only inspired the "Vox" brand name but was the springboard for his musical instrument amplifier manufacturing empire.

During the early 1950s, Jennings focused mainly on keyboards; he attempted to modify organ amplifiers for electric guitars, but had little success. Dick Denney, was also experimenting with guitar amplification and succeeded in producing a 15 watt amplifier paired with a 12-inch (300 mm) speaker. After adding a tremolo unit, he made two more prototypes, one of which was shown to Jennings. Jennings offered Denney a job with his company, now named Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI). Denney accepted the position of engineer and further developed his prototype. In 1957 JMI launched the short-lived AC2/30, the first guitar amplifier to be branded Vox, but it was the AC/15 guitar amplifier, launched in January 1958, that made the Vox brand name world-famous.

Displeased with the direction his old company was taking, Tom Jennings left JMI in 1967, roughly the same time that Marshall overtook Vox as the dominant force in the British guitar amplifier market. He set up a new company, Jennings Electronic Industries (JEI), in his old Dartford location. Later, Dick Denney joined the new company which operated for several years, making an updated and rebadged version of the AC30, along with other amplifiers and a new range of organs. Jennings died in London in 1978 at the age of 60.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Walter Jennings | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 28 February 1917
Hackney, London, England |
| Died | 1978 (aged 60)
London, England |
| Occupation(s) | Music company founder, musical engineer |
| Known for | Founder of Jennings Musical Instruments |


title: Max Hugel

abstract: Max C. Hugel was an American businessman and political figure. He worked on Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, and briefly served as Deputy Director for Operations of the Central Intelligence Agency before resigning amidst allegations of improper stock trading. He later became a co-owner of the historic Rockingham Park in Salem, New Hampshire, and at the time of his death was chairman of Carmen Group, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm. He died of cancer at his home in Ocala, Florida, at the age of 81. Hugel was born in the Bronx, New York, and was drafted into the U.S. Army at 18, serving from 1943 to 1947. He attended the Military Intelligence School at the University of Michigan, where he became fluent in Japanese, and became a first lieutenant in Military Intelligence. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1953, and became president and CEO of Brother International Corporation from 1954 to 1975, and executive vice president and chief operating officer of Centronics Computer Corporation from 1975 to 1980. He was recruited by Ronald Reagan to assist in his New Hampshire primary campaign and later chaired the national voters group of the Reagan campaign. After Reagan's election, Hugel led the Small Business Administration during the presidential transition. Hugel was a close friend of William J. Casey, the director of the CIA. Hugel joined the CIA in January 1981 as Casey's special assistant, and Casey later appointed him as Deputy Director for Operations, the head of the CIA's Clandestine Service. After reporters from the Washington Post published allegations by two former business associates of improper or illegal stock trading during Hugel's time with Brother International, Hugel resigned while denying the allegations. He later sued the two associates for libel, and won. In 1983 Hugel joined with three business partners to purchase the Rockingham Park racetrack in New Hampshire and rebuild it following a fire. He was also a breeder and owner of racehorses. Hugel was married and had four children.

text:
# Max Hugel

**Max C. Hugel** (May 23, 1925 – February 19, 2007) was an American businessman and political figure. He worked on Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, and briefly served as Deputy Director for Operations of the Central Intelligence Agency before resigning amidst allegations of improper stock trading. He later became a co-owner of the historic Rockingham Park in Salem, New Hampshire, and at the time of his death was chairman of Carmen Group, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm. He died of cancer at his home in Ocala, Florida, at the age of 81.

Hugel was born in the Bronx, New York, and was drafted into the U.S. Army at 18, serving from 1943 to 1947. He attended the Military Intelligence School at the University of Michigan, where he became fluent in Japanese, and became a first lieutenant in Military Intelligence. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1953, and became president and CEO of Brother International Corporation from 1954 to 1975, and executive vice president and chief operating officer of Centronics Computer Corporation from 1975 to 1980. He was recruited by Ronald Reagan to assist in his New Hampshire primary campaign and later chaired the national voters group of the Reagan campaign. After Reagan's election, Hugel led the Small Business Administration during the presidential transition.

Hugel was a close friend of William J. Casey, the director of the CIA. Hugel joined the CIA in January 1981 as Casey's special assistant, and Casey later appointed him as Deputy Director for Operations, the head of the CIA's Clandestine Service. After reporters from the *Washington Post* published allegations by two former business associates of improper or illegal stock trading during Hugel's time with Brother International, Hugel resigned while denying the allegations. He later sued the two associates for libel, and won.

In 1983 Hugel joined with three business partners to purchase the Rockingham Park racetrack in New Hampshire and rebuild it following a fire. He was also a breeder and owner of racehorses.

Hugel was married and had four children.

## InfoBox

| Max C. Hugel | |
| --- | --- |
| Hugel in 1988 | |
| Born | (1925-05-23)May 23, 1925
The Bronx, New York |
| Died | February 19, 2007(2007-02-19) (aged 81)
Ocala, Florida |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Occupation(s) | Communications executive, government administrator |


title: Thuridilla carlsoni

abstract: Thuridilla carlsoni is a species of sacoglossan sea slug, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Plakobranchidae.

text:
# Thuridilla carlsoni

***Thuridilla carlsoni*** is a species of sacoglossan sea slug, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Plakobranchidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Thuridilla carlsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Thuridilla carlsoni* about 2 cm in length | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Plakobranchidae |
| Genus: | *Thuridilla* |
| Species: | ***T. carlsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thuridilla carlsoni***<br>Gosliner, 1995 | |
|


title: Frederick Oswald Barnett

abstract: Frederick Oswald Barnett (1883–1972) was an Australian social reformer. He was responsible for raising public awareness of inner-city poverty and leading the campaign for improved housing conditions.

text:
# Frederick Oswald Barnett

**Frederick Oswald Barnett** (1883–1972) was an Australian social reformer. He was responsible for raising public awareness of inner-city poverty and leading the campaign for improved housing conditions.

## Early life

Born on 28 September 1883 in Brunswick, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, Barnett was the son of working-class parents. He attended the Albert Street Primary School until 1898 when he joined the Education Department, initially as monitor, and eventually as student-teacher. He resigned in 1902, to become a clerk in the civil service. By 1920 he had qualified as a public accountant and established his own practice.

On 6 January 1909 he married Elizabeth Hyett, with whom he was to have four daughters and a son.

## Career

Throughout his life, Barnett was influenced by the Christian socialist tradition of the Methodist Church. In 1923, shocked after a visit to a slum mission, he joined with a group of other young Methodists which resulted in the foundation of the Methodist Babies Home in South Yarra in 1929. In 1928 he had graduated a Bachelor of Commerce from Melbourne University; in 1931 he completed a master's degree with the thesis “The Economics of the Slums” in which he correlated the physical condition of housing with the social condition of its residents. In 1934 he formed a study group of about 40 members comprising the lawyer Oswald Burt, several notable architects and a surveyor/town planner, Fr Tucker of the Brotherhood of St Lawrence and representatives of other church and charitable institutions. The group held weekly meetings to receive and discuss papers about housing reform and soon attracted the attention of the major evening newspaper, *The Herald*.

In 1935, a new government was elected, led by Albert Dunstan of the Country Party, with the support of the Australian Labor Party. Heavily influenced by Barnett's study group, the new government appointed a Slum Abolition Committee (SAC). At the same time, Barnett and his group formed their own Housing Reform Council, which went on to become the Slum Abolition and Better Housing League. In 1936 the SAC became the Housing Investigation and Slum Abolition Board (HISAB); Barnett was its deputy chairman and other members of his group, including Burt, were prominent on it. The Board initially embarked on two initiatives: Firstly, to conduct a survey of housing within a five-mile radius of the GPO and secondly to make recommendations to the government on rehousing persons displaced by slum reclamation schemes. In the course of the survey, Barnett came to the realisation that slums were a result of poverty, rather than social condition and that such people would not be suitable for a house purchase scheme, but rather should be given rented accommodation at subsidized rates. In 1937 the board reported to the government; amongst other things, the report contained a list of slum landlords, causing a storm of protest. The report was subsequently criticized for concentrating on housing conditions, rather than issues of poverty, housing shortage and excessively high rents. Nevertheless, the government was pressured into passing the Housing Act of 1937 which enabled the constitution of the Housing Commission of Victoria (HCV).

The new Housing Commission was required to (i) Improve existing housing conditions; (ii) provide adequate and suitable houses for letting or leasing to people displaced from reclamation areas, people living under unsatisfactory housing conditions, and other eligible people; (iii) sell houses to eligible persons and make advances to eligible persons to enable them to become the owners of their own homes; (iv) Develop land for housing and related purposes. The commission, with a full-time Chairman, John O’Connor and three part-time commissioners, Barnett and Burt from HISAB and a social worker, Frances Pennington, met for the first time on 1 March 1938. The HCV proceeded to purchase land and develop low-cost (low-rental) housing for the poor, with the first projects constructed in Port Melbourne and Carlton. The early years of the HCV were marked by the conflict of the reformers’ desires with the social, economic and political realities. Some HCV proposals were later constrained by the passing of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1944 which stipulated minimum house block sizes. In February 1948, after repeatedly clashing with the Minister for Housing, B. Barry, both Barnett and Burt declined reappointment to the HCV. Barnett became a vocal opponent of the new HCV multi-storey housing tower schemes.

## Later life

For the remainder of his life, Oswald Barnett retained a strong interest in social reform. He remained an important figure in the Methodist Church, as a lay preacher and author of religious tracts. He also wrote several volumes of poetry and a book of revised nursery rhymes. In 1959 Barnett married Florence Fowles, his first wife having died in 1956. He formally retired from his accountancy firm in 1962, and died at Box Hill on 3 May 1972.

An annual oration has been instituted in memory of him. The first F. Oswald Barnett Oration was delivered by Associate Professor Renate Howe of Deakin University at St Kilda on 21 October 1994. The oration seeks to acknowledge the contribution Barnett made to eliminating poor housing conditions and is organised by Housing Choices Australia, a national not-for-profit housing provider who creates safe, quality, affordable housing for people who are struggling to find a home in Australia's challenging private rental market. Prior to Housing Choices Australia, it was jointly sponsored by Ecumenical Housing, (a commission of the Victorian Council of Churches) and Copelen Child and Family Services (formerly Methodist Babies’ Home).

## Publications

Articles and treatises * ‘The Economics of the Slums’, M Comm thesis, University of Melbourne, 1931.
* The Unsuspected Slums, The Herald and Weekly Times, Melbourne, 1933.
* Housing Investigation and Slum Abolition Board, 1936–37. First Progress Report, Victoria, Parliamentary Papers, 1937 (with WO Burt, M Barlow et al.).
* The Making of a Criminal, Melbourne, 1940.
* The New Testament Basis of Pacifism, Melbourne, 1940.
* Housing the Australian Nation, Left Book Club Research Group, Melbourne, 1942 (with WO Burt).
* Housing and the Church, Christian Social Order Movement, Sydney, 1944 (Ecumenical Housing Collection).
* The Poverty of the People in Australia, Good Companions’ Christian Social Order Group, Melbourne, 1944 (with AG Pearson).
* We Must Go On: A Study of Planned Reconstruction and Housing, Melbourne, 1944 (with WO Burt and FN Heath).
* ‘The Flesh and Blood Aspects of Planning’, Twentieth Century: An Australian Quarterly Review, March, 1948.
* Is it Safe to Adopt a Baby? A Social Study, Melbourne, 1949, Ministry of Planning and Housing Library.
* The Divinity of Christ from a Layman's Point of View, The Book Depot, Melbourne, 1949 (Ecumenical Housing Collection).
* I Remember. Reminiscences, typescript, Ministry of Planning and Housing Library,(1964).

Poetry * Prayers Before I Sleep, 1945.
* Prayers When I Awake, 1945.
* I Hear the Tramp of Millions, 1945.
* Happy Endings to Old Nursery Rhymes - Rhymes by F. Oswald Barnett Pictures by Dorothy Dibdin, The Book Depot Melbourne 1945.
* Prayers for Those Who Cannot Sleep, 1946.
* How Lovely is This World and other Poems, NH Seward Pty, Melbourne, 1961


title: Frederick C. Kenyon

abstract: Frederick Courtland Kenyon was an American zoologist and anatomist best known for his research into the anatomy of the insect brain. In 1896, he published a paper in which he first described the neurons in the mushroom bodies of the honey bee. Later, the same neurons were discovered in other insects and were called Kenyon cells. Frederick C. Kenyon was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of a shoe merchant. In 1887, he moved with his family to Lincoln, Nebraska, where in 1893 he received a bachelor's degree from the State University. He received his doctorate in 1895 from Tufts University, where he studied Pauropoda centipedes. He worked for about two years at Clark University, where he prepared his famous work on the mushroom bodies of the honey bee. In his early thirties he began to display strange behavior, and on November 25, 1899, he was committed to a psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., where he remained for over forty-one years.

text:
# Frederick C. Kenyon

**Frederick Courtland Kenyon** (November 22, 1867 – January 11, 1941) was an American zoologist and anatomist best known for his research into the anatomy of the insect brain. In 1896, he published a paper in which he first described the neurons in the mushroom bodies of the honey bee. Later, the same neurons were discovered in other insects and were called Kenyon cells.

Frederick C. Kenyon was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of a shoe merchant. In 1887, he moved with his family to Lincoln, Nebraska, where in 1893 he received a bachelor's degree from the State University. He received his doctorate in 1895 from Tufts University, where he studied Pauropoda centipedes. He worked for about two years at Clark University, where he prepared his famous work on the mushroom bodies of the honey bee. In his early thirties he began to display strange behavior, and on November 25, 1899, he was committed to a psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., where he remained for over forty-one years.

This article was created by translating the equivalent article on the Russian Wikipedia on 19 January 2022.

## InfoBox

| Frederick Courtland Kenyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Kenyon at the Agate Fossil Beds (1893) | |
| Born | (1867-11-22)22 November 1867
Hartford, Connecticut, USA |
| Died | 11 January 1941(1941-01-11) (aged 73)
Washington, D.C. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska-Lincoln Tufts University |
| Known for | Kenyon cells |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Zoology, Anatomy |
| Institutions | Clark University |
| Author abbrev. (zoology) | F. C. Kenyon |
|  | |


title: Frederick C. Klein

abstract: Frederick C. Klein (1938–2023) was an American sportswriter and the author or co-author of 18 books on sports and business. From 1977 to 2001, Klein was the Wall Street Journal's first-ever sports columnist, writing the Journal's twice-weekly sports column, "On Sports". Klein was born in Chicago and was raised in the city's Ravenswood neighborhood. A multi-sport letterman at Roosevelt High School, he also began writing as a high school student. Klein attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and wrote both for the student Daily Illini and for the Champaign-Urbana Courier. Graduating from Illinois in 1959, Klein entered Harvard Law School, but left after a term to pursue journalistic opportunities and graduate work at the University of Michigan. In 1962, Klein joined the staff of the Pittsburgh Press, and joined the Wall Street Journal's Pittsburgh bureau in 1963, first covering the steel beat. Moving on to the Journal's main office in New York in 1967 and to the Chicago bureau in 1969, Klein increasingly focused on writing some of the newspaper's signature Page One features. Sports became an increasingly frequent topic of his Page 1 items, and in 1977, Klein was named the first-ever sports columnist for the Journal, a role he held into 2001. From 2001 to 2003, Klein was a columnist with Sports Business Journal. Klein's first book, Education of a Horseplayer, was published in 1968. It was followed in 1974 by News & The Market, written with, which focused on the impact of news on share prices. Later books by Klein included two compilations of his "On Sports" columns, the first being On Sports in 1988 and Sunflower Seeds and Seoul Food in 1992. He has also co-written several sports-related autobiographies, and his columns have been included in anthologies published by the Journal over the years. Currently in semi-retirement, Klein is dedicating his energies to environmental preservation and the publication of the "For The Love Of..." series of illustrated sports books. The series includes books about Golf, Baseball, the Chicago Cubs, the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox.

text:
# Frederick C. Klein

**Frederick C. Klein** (1938–2023) was an American sportswriter and the author or co-author of 18 books on sports and business. From 1977 to 2001, Klein was the Wall Street Journal's first-ever sports columnist, writing the Journal's twice-weekly sports column, "On Sports".

Klein was born in Chicago and was raised in the city's Ravenswood neighborhood. A multi-sport letterman at Roosevelt High School, he also began writing as a high school student. Klein attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and wrote both for the student *Daily Illini* and for the *Champaign-Urbana Courier*. Graduating from Illinois in 1959, Klein entered Harvard Law School, but left after a term to pursue journalistic opportunities and graduate work at the University of Michigan.

In 1962, Klein joined the staff of the *Pittsburgh Press*, and joined the Wall Street Journal's Pittsburgh bureau in 1963, first covering the steel beat. Moving on to the Journal's main office in New York in 1967 and to the Chicago bureau in 1969, Klein increasingly focused on writing some of the newspaper's signature Page One features. Sports became an increasingly frequent topic of his Page 1 items, and in 1977, Klein was named the first-ever sports columnist for the Journal, a role he held into 2001. From 2001 to 2003, Klein was a columnist with *Sports Business Journal*.

Klein's first book, *Education of a Horseplayer*, was published in 1968. It was followed in 1974 by *News & The Market*, written with, which focused on the impact of news on share prices. Later books by Klein included two compilations of his "On Sports" columns, the first being *On Sports* in 1988 and *Sunflower Seeds and Seoul Food* in 1992. He has also co-written several sports-related autobiographies, and his columns have been included in anthologies published by the Journal over the years.

Currently in semi-retirement, Klein is dedicating his energies to environmental preservation and the publication of the "For The Love Of..." series of illustrated sports books. The series includes books about Golf, Baseball, the Chicago Cubs, the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox.


title: Gao Shan

abstract: Gao Shan was a Chinese geochemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was a professor of geochemistry at the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).

text:
# Gao Shan

**Gao Shan** (Chinese: 高山; pinyin: *Gāo Shān*; June 30, 1962 – May 3, 2016) was a Chinese geochemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was a professor of geochemistry at the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).

## Biography

Gao obtained a bachelor's degree of geology from Northwest University (China) in 1982. He was enrolled to China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) in 1985 when he obtained a master's degree. He received his PhD from China University of Geosciences in 1989. Following this, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation post-doctoral scientist at the Geochemisches institute, University of Göttingen, before he returned to China to take up a faculty position at China University of Geosciences. His interests included chemical composition of the continental crust, chemical exchange between the crust and the mantle, and laser ablation ICP-MS and its applications to in-situ elemental and isotopic analysis of minerals. He published authoritative articles on the chemical composition of the continental crust and contributed to unravelling the history of decratonization in the North China Craton.

Gao was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in December 2011. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2009), Geochemical Society (2014) and European Association of Geochemistry (2014).

Gao died in Wuhan on May 3, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Gao Shan
高山 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1962-06-30)June 30, 1962
Xining, Qinghai, China |
| Died | May 3, 2016(2016-05-03) (aged 53)
Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Alma mater | Northwest University (BA)
China University of Geosciences (MA, PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geochemistry |
| Institutions | University of Göttingen
China University of Geosciences |
|  | |


title: Farmers' Organisation Authority

abstract: Farmers' Organisation Authority is a Malaysian government statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.

text:
# Farmers' Organisation Authority

**Farmers' Organisation Authority** (LPP or FOA) is a Malaysian government statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.

## History

Farmers' Organisation Authority was founded on 14 February 1973 through the gazetting of Lembaga Pertubuhan Peladang 1973 Act (Act 110). FOA was founded to carry the responsibility of helping to strengthen the social and economy of agricultural communities under a specific body with specific functions.

Act 109, Pertubuhan Peladang 1973 Act was specially formulated to restructure farmers' societies and agro-based cooperatives. Under the jurisdiction of this act, farmers' societies are abolished and were registered again as farmers' organisation (FO), while agro-based cooperatives will become units of FO. To date, there are 1531 agro-based cooperatives and 119 FO servicing rural agricultural communities.

## Vision and Mission

### Vision

Farmers’ Organisation Authority (FOA) as a leading agency promoting the development of professionally managed farmers' organisations.

### Mission

To develop Farmers’ Organisation as an effective services provider towards the creation of commercial farmers.

## Functions of FOA

The functions of the FOA as laid down in the Act are as follows:-

* To boost, encourage and endeavour economic and social progress of farmers’ organisations
* To register, control and supervise Farmers’ Organisations and making provision for related matters. If a declaration was made through announcement under section 10, to design and implement any agricultural development in Farmers' Organization of those area and
* To control and co-ordinate the implementation of the activities

FOA implements all these activities that can be collated within three main functions as follow :

* functions as Registrar
* functions as Management Agent and
* functions as Development Agent.

### Registrar’s Function

Director General of FOA is Registrar of Farmers’ Organisation (FO) and agriculture-based cooperatives and is responsible for registering, supervising and controlling including auditing of account of all Area Farmers' Organization (AFO) and agriculture-based cooperatives. The power and tasks of the agency and registrar are related to :

* As Registrar of FO and agriculture-based cooperatives
* To supervise and control all activities of FO and agriculture-based cooperatives.
* To audit and control the account.
* To revoke registrations including abolishment of any organisation: and
* To give education and training to members

The Registrar has appointed the Chief Executives for related agencies as its representatives to facilitate operation and effectiveness of tasks and responsibilities of registrar in MADA, KADA and Sarawak. Director of state AFO were also appointed. However, the power to form, register, suspend, abolish and others are still under the jurisdiction of the Registrar.

### Management Functions

FOA gives management service to FO to facilitate operations and implements projects efficiently. The services given include staff administration, management services, training of staff of FO and consultancy services.

### Development Functions

The main thrust of FOA is to explore the economic and social development of FO and implements in an efficient and integrated manner to increase the income of FO to benefit members. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006–2010), the Federal Government has allocated RM291 million for specific economic and social development of FO.

## Roles of FOA

FOA implements program and projects in line with current government policy in agriculture and rural development area including issues to reduce poverty gap and restructuring of society. The most relevant FOA's involvement in government policy are as follows:-

### National Agricultural Development Policy (NAP)

FOA plays assisting role in implementing balanced development in the program and projects to eradicate poverty and restructuring of society under National Development Policy. FOA implements various activities related to policies in the Third Draft Plan Perspective (2001–2010). These policies are related to:

* Developing a resilient country
* Developing towards a just society,
* Maintaining economic growth,
* Being Competitive globally,
* Developing economy that is based on knowledge (K-Economy),
* Strengthening of Human Resource Development,
* Development that preserve environment

### The Third National Agricultural Policy (NAP 3) 1998–2010

Under NAP 3, the direction, strategy and mechanism of new policy implementations were emphasised on agriculture and economy in total, concentration in food security, productivity, inflation, private sector investment in agriculture, export promotion and import reduction of imports that are not productive and conservation and usage of appropriate natural resources. Five FOA's main functions under FOA's Corporate Plan (2000–2005) and National Agriculture Policy are as follows:

* Stimulate and organise farmers to venture into agriculture projects that are based on climate and soil suitability, market demand and ability.
* Strengthening farmers’ institution in line with the Third National Agriculture Policy that aims to transform FO to become a business oriented organisation.
* Enhance entrepreneur farmers' development.
* Enhance human resource development.
* Equip FO with Information Technology facilities to enable them as the leading local agency in the rural sector.

## National Farmers, Breeders and Fishermen Day

The Sixth of August each year was gazetted as National Farmers, Breeders and Fishermen Day by the late Allahyarham Tun Abdul Razak. The celebration was first held on 6 August 1975 at the Parliament's compound with the theme of "Farmers' Unity – Farmers Are Important to the Country's Stability".

## Events

| Year | Date | Occasion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 26 February | Establishment of the first Area Farmers' Association, Persatuan Peladang Mukim Kampung Buaia, Lubuk Merbau, Padang Rengas, Perak. |
| 1971 | 7 July | Establishment of the first State Farmers' Association, Persatuan Peladang Negeri Johor. |
| 1972 | 24 March | Inauguration of National Farmers Association (NAFAS). |
|  | 6 August | Inauguration of Innovation Drive in conjunction with Terengganu State Development fest. |
| 1973 | 14 February | FOA established. |
|  | 13 August | FOA launched. |
|  | 19 November | First meeting of FOA Authority Body and Farmers Advisory Council. |
| 1974 | 22 June | First convention of National Farmers' Association Representation Council. |
|  | 20 December | Green Book Plan aka Successful Earth Drive was launched. |
| 1975 | 25 February | Official opening of Machang Farmers' Advancement Centre, Kelantan. |
|  | 6 August | First National Farmers' Day. |
| 1976 | 8 March | Official opening of Area Farmers' Organization of Repek / Telong, Bachok, Kelantan. |
|  | 26 March | Establishment of KNB~LPP, FOA staff cooperative. |
| 1979 | 2 June | Official opening of AFO Lembah Pergau / Kuala Balah, Kuala Krai, Kelantan. |
| 1981 | 29 June | Official opening of Farmers Advancement Centre of Ulu Kusial, Kelantan. |
| 1983 |  | Establishment of Farmers' Organization Authority of Federal Territory of Labuan. |
| 1991 | 25 February | Official opening of Johor State FOA Complex building. |
| 1992 | 18 May | Official opening of the office of AFO Gombak / Petaling, Selangor. |
| 1993 | 3 February | Establishment of Sabah State FOA. |
| 1994 | 3 March | Permodalan Peladang Berhad (PPB) was founded. |
| 1995 | 22 June | First Annual General Meeting of Permodalan Peladang Berhad. |
|  | 26 June | Official opening of Peladang Inn Tioman, Pulau Tioman, Pahang |
|  | 13 December | Establishment of Peladang HeiTech Sdn. Bhd. |
| 1996 | 18 April | Official opening of Perak State FOA building. |
|  | 23 May | Farmers' Education Foundation was founded. |
| 1998 | 6 December | Official opening of farmers management institute, Institut Pengurusan Peladang (IPP) Langkawi, Kedah. |
| 2002 | 29 November | Establishment of agricultural entrepreneur club, Kelab Usahawan Tani (KUAT). |
| 2006 | 23 January | Inauguration of FOA new logo. |

## InfoBox

Farmers' Organisation Authority
| Lembaga Pertubuhan Peladang | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | February 14, 1973 (1973-02-14) |
| Headquarters | Menara LPP, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Employees | 3,058 (2016) |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Agency executive |  |
| Website | www.lpp.gov.my |


title: PaR Systems

abstract: PAR Systems, Inc, is a systems engineering firm headquartered in Shoreview, Minnesota, specializing in automated manufacturing and material handling equipment. Subsidiaries include Jered LLC, specializing in marine equipment and cargo handling systems; Ederer LLC, specializing in custom and specialty cranes and associated equipment; CAMotion, specializing in advanced motion control and Cartesian palletizers and Oak River Technology, specializing in automated manufacturing, testing equipment and medical device manufacturing equipment. PAR systems specializes in engineering equipment for the nuclear field, designing equipment for nuclear industry hot cells, process facilities and decommissioning applications in Japan, UK and United States. In the aerospace industry, PAR specializes in precision cutting, trimming, drilling, coating, scanning and non-destructive testing equipment PAR Systems has quality certifications in ISO9001, AS9100, ISO13485 and ASME NQA-1 compliant.

text:
# PaR Systems

**PAR Systems**, Inc, is a systems engineering firm headquartered in Shoreview, Minnesota, specializing in automated manufacturing and material handling equipment. Subsidiaries include Jered LLC, specializing in marine equipment and cargo handling systems; Ederer LLC, specializing in custom and specialty cranes and associated equipment; CAMotion, specializing in advanced motion control and Cartesian palletizers and Oak River Technology, specializing in automated manufacturing, testing equipment and medical device manufacturing equipment. PAR systems specializes in engineering equipment for the nuclear field, designing equipment for nuclear industry hot cells, process facilities and decommissioning applications in Japan, UK and United States. In the aerospace industry, PAR specializes in precision cutting, trimming, drilling, coating, scanning and non-destructive testing equipment PAR Systems has quality certifications in ISO9001, AS9100, ISO13485 and ASME NQA-1 compliant.

## History

PAR Systems was spun off from General Mills in 1961 under the name Programmed and Remote Systems Corporation. in 2017, PAR Systems was acquired by the Minneapolis-based Pohlad family.

## Contracts

### Defense Contracts

Jered was the primary contractor for the aircraft elevators on the *Nimitz*-class aircraft carriers, Tarawa-class, Wasp-class, and half of the Iwo Jima-class ships for the US Navy, as well as the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and the Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias.

### Main Crane system

PAR Systems was awarded the subcontract for the Main Crane System (MCS) for the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement. the system consists of two overhead bridge cranes, which support two 50-ton trolley hoists, and a Mobile Tool Platform (MTP). The MTP is suspended from a third trolley using a wire rope tensile truss with three paired winches, giving the platform six degrees of freedom. the MTP is equipped with a wide variety of tools, including a manipulator arm, that will be needed to dismantle the Sarcaphagus and reactor building so that the radioactive material can be moved to more stable containment. The bridges are 96 meters (315 feet) long, and run on a 150 meters (490 feet) long runway track with six rails. There are shielded garages along the track to allow tools to be exchanged to and from the bridges for maintenance and different operations. Engineering was done by PAR Systems, and manufactured by PAR Systems and PAR Marine.

## Products

PaR Systems has several standardized product lines, in addition to custom solutions.

### CNC manufacturing

PAR Systems' line of 5-axis waterjet cutters is sold under the Vector brand. they can be used to cut from three-dimensional objects.

### Palletizing and packaging

### Hazardous environment

Official website

## InfoBox

PAR Systems, LLC
| Company type | LLC |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Systems Engineering |
| Predecessor | General Mills |
| Founded | Shoreview, Minnesota, United States (1961 (1961)) |
| Headquarters | Shoreview, Minnesota, United States |
| Area served | worldwide |
| Key people | Karla Leis, President and CEO |
| Products | Robotic gantries, custom-solution cranes, CNC waterjet cutters, robot controllers, robotic inspection systems, material handling systems |
| Owner | Pohlad Companies |
| Number of employees | 500 |
| Subsidiaries | Ederer LLC
Jered LLC
SDI Lasers Ltd
Oak River Technology
PaR Marine Services, LLC
Marine Systems Technology Ltd |
| Website | www.par.com |


title: Turkmen jewelry

abstract: Turkmen jewelry is a type of jewelry originating among the various Turkmen cultures of Western and Central Asia. The jewelry was crafted both for cosmetic and spiritual reasons, and the amount of jewelry an individual adorned themselves with was equated to the person's rank in society.

text:
# Turkmen jewelry

**Turkmen jewelry** is a type of jewelry originating among the various Turkmen cultures of Western and Central Asia. The jewelry was crafted both for cosmetic and spiritual reasons, and the amount of jewelry an individual adorned themselves with was equated to the person's rank in society.

## History

A semi-nomadic people, the various Turkmen tribes often came into contact with urban population centers in the Middle East. Turkmen jewelers benefited from these exchanges, which allowed knowledge of jewel-crafting to spread to the Turkmen. Turkmen Jewelry is not homogeneous, as major variations existed between the artisans of the different Turkmen tribes. Silver set with precious stones became the most widely produced variant of Turkmen Jewelry. Turkmen tradition holds that precious stones are beneficial to human health, and many Turkmen tribes believed jewels to possess magical powers. The subjects depicted on the jewelry varied; some pieces depicted animals and floral patterns, while others displayed images of mountains sacred to the Turkmen or geometrical patterns. Different gems were thought to have different effects on their wearers. Carnelians and silver were worn to ward off death and disease, while turquoise was worn as a symbol of purity.

Jewelry was used as a way to establish one's rank in Turkmen society. According to art historian Layla Diba, Turkmen jewelry was created for and worn by all ranks of Turkmen society, from Khans to those at "subsistence level." It was believed that, by wearing jewelry set with precious stones early in her life, a young woman could increase her fertility. After giving birth, a woman would then slowly decrease the amount of jewelry she wore as she aged. Dresses were also made with patterns designed to complement the style of the wearer's jewelry.

The industry of making Turkmen jewelry remains in place today. Due to the cost of precious metals and gemstones, some Turkmen jewelry substitutes glass beads for gems.


title: Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor

abstract: Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor is a professional wrestling round-robin hardcore tournament biennially held by Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW) to determine the best wrestler of BJW's deathmatch division. The tournament was first held in 2011. From 2011 to 2013, one top wrestler from each block qualified for the final round with the two facing in the final but the format was changed in 2015 when top two wrestlers from each block qualified for the knockout stage. An alternative tournament is held for the strong style division called Ikkitousen Strong Climb since 2012.

text:
# Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor

**Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor** is a professional wrestling round-robin hardcore tournament biennially held by Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW) to determine the best wrestler of BJW's deathmatch division. The tournament was first held in 2011. From 2011 to 2013, one top wrestler from each block qualified for the final round with the two facing in the final but the format was changed in 2015 when top two wrestlers from each block qualified for the knockout stage. An alternative tournament is held for the strong style division called Ikkitousen Strong Climb since 2012.

## List of winners

| Year | Winner | Total won | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Takashi Sasaki | 1 |  |
| 2013 | Ryuji Ito | 1 |  |
| 2015 | Abdullah Kobayashi | 1 |  |
| 2017 | Masaya Takahashi | 1 |  |
| 2019 | Isami Kodaka | 1 |  |
| 2021 | Drew Parker | 1 |  |

## 2011

The 2011 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between February 6 and April 18, 2011.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Takashi Sasaki | 8 | Masashi Takeda | 6 |
| Jaki Numazawa | 4 | Jun Kasai | 4 |
| Isami Kodaka | 4 | Yuko Miyamoto | 4 |
| Shadow WX | 4 | Abdullah Kobayashi | 4 |
| Kankuro Hoshino | 0 | Drake Younger | 2 |

|  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | **Takashi Sasaki** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | B1 | Masashi Takeda | 21:43 |  |

## 2013

The 2013 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between March 4 and April 10, 2013. The tournament final between Ryuji Ito and Isami Kodaka was a two out of three falls match, with the first fall being a Tables, Ladders and Chairs Death match, the second fall was a Fluorescent Lighttubes and Block Death Match and the third fall was a Nail Board, TLC, Fluorescent Lighttubes and Block Death match.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ryuji Ito | 10 | Isami Kodaka | 10 |
| Yuko Miyamoto | 8 | Masashi Takeda | 8 |
| Drake Younger | 6 | Danny Havoc | 4 |
| Jaki Numazawa | 4 | Abdullah Kobayashi | 4 |
| Shadow WX | 2 | Saburo Inematsu | 4 |
| Kankuro Hoshino | 0 | Takumi Tsukamoto | 0 |

|  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | **Ryuji Ito** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | B1 | Isami Kodaka | 32:30 |  |

## 2015

The 2015 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between March 1 and April 19, 2015.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Masashi Takeda | 8 | Isami Kodaka | 8 |
| Ryuji Ito | 6 | Abdullah Kobayashi | 6 |
| Kankuro Hoshino | 6 | Masato Inaba | 6 |
| Jaki Numazawa | 4 | Takumi Tsukamoto | 4 |
| Ryuichi Sekine | 4 | Saburo Inematsu | 4 |
| Masaya Takahashi | 2 | Takayuki Ueki | 2 |

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | Masashi Takeda | Pin |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | B2 | **Abdullah Kobayashi** | 13:03 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | B2 | **Abdullah Kobayashi** | Sub |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | B1 | Isami Kodaka | 20:38 |  |
|  | B1 | | | | | | **Isami Kodaka** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | A2 | Ryuji Ito | 15:10 |  |

## 2017

The 2017 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between March 5 and April 8, 2017.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Isami Kodaka | 10 | Masaya Takahashi | 8 |
| Kenji Fukimoto | 6 | Jaki Numazawa | 6 |
| Ryuji Ito | 6 | Masashi Takeda | 6 |
| Takumi Tsukamoto | 4 | Ryuichi Sekine | 4 |
| Takayuki Ueki | 4 | Yuko Miyamoto | 4 |
| Toshiyuki Sakuda | 2 | Kankuro Hoshino | 2 |

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | **Isami Kodaka** | Pin |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | B2 | Jaki Numazawa | 6:10 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | A1 | Isami Kodaka | Pin |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | B1 | **Masaya Takahashi** | 13:49 |  |
|  | B1 | | | | | | **Masaya Takahashi** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | A2 | Kenji Fukimoto | 10:06 |  |

## 2019

The 2019 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between February 28 to March 31.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Isami Kodaka | 8 | Masashi Takeda | 10 |
| Abdullah Kobayashi | 8 | Toshiyuki Sakuda | 8 |
| Jimmy Havoc | 8 | Takumi Tsukamoto | 8 |
| Ryuichi Sekine | 6 | Minoru Fujita | 6 |
| Ryuji Ito | 6 | Rickey Shane Page | 6 |
| Yuko Miyamoto | 6 | Kankuro Hoshino | 2 |
| Yoshihisa Uto | 0 | Takayuki Ueki | 2 |

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | **Isami Kodaka** | Pin |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | B2 | Toshiyuki Sakuda | 15:13 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | A1 | **Isami Kodaka** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | B1 | Masashi Takeda | 16:43 |  |
|  | B1 | | | | | | **Masashi Takeda** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | A2 | Abdullah Kobayashi | 13:34 |  |

## 2021

The 2021 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor was held between March 3 to June 28.

Final standings
| Block A | | Block B | | Block C | | Block D | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Violento Jack | 6 | Drew Parker | 4 | Ryuji Ito | 4 | Hideyoshi Kamitani | 4 |
| Masaya Takahashi | 4 | Takumi Tsukamoto | 4 | Masashi Takeda | 4 | Akira Hyodo | 4 |
| Abdullah Kobayashi | 2 | Shunma Katsumata | 2 | Kankuro Hoshino | 2 | Yuki Ishikawa | 2 |
| Jaki Numazawa | 0 | Yuko Miyamoto | 2 | Minoru Fujita | 2 | Isami Kodaka | 2 |

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | C1 | **Ryuji Ito** | Pin |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | D1 | Hideyoshi Kamitani | 12:56 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | C1 | Ryuji Ito | 13:25 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | B1 | **Drew Parker** | Pin |  |
|  | A1 | | | | | | Violento Jack | 12:15 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | B1 | **Drew Parker** | Pin |  |

## 2024

The 2024 Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor, titled the "Ikkitousen Special League Deathmatch Straight Flash," was held between July 10 and 25, 2024.

Current standings
| Block A | | Block B | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hideyoshi Kamitani | 6 | Daiju Wakamatsu | 6 |
| Mad Man Pondo | 6 | Dale Patricks | 6 |
| Abdullah Kobayashi | 4 | Yuki Ishikawa | 4 |
| Dr. Redacted | 2 | Beastman | 2 |
| Kazumi Kikuta | 2 | Ryuji Ito | 0 |

|  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | **Hideyoshi Kamitani** | Pin |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | B1 | Daiju Wakamatsu | 18:24 |  |

## InfoBox

| Ikkitousen Deathmatch Survivor | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotions | Big Japan Pro Wrestling |
| First event | 2011 |
| Event gimmick | Round-robin tournament to determine the best wrestler of BJW's Deathmatch division |


title: Forest dynamics

abstract: Forest dynamics are the underlying physical and biological forces that shape and change a forest ecosystem. The continuous state of change in forests can be summarized with two basic elements: disturbance and succession.

text:
# Forest dynamics

**Forest dynamics** are the underlying physical and biological forces that shape and change a forest ecosystem. The continuous state of change in forests can be summarized with two basic elements: disturbance and succession.

## Disturbance

**Forest disturbances** are events that cause change in the structure and composition of a forest ecosystem, beyond the growth and death of individual organisms. Disturbances can vary in frequency and intensity, and include natural disasters such as fire, landslides, wind, volcanic eruptions, rare meteor impacts, outbreaks of insects, fungi, and other pathogens, animal-caused effects such as grazing and trampling, and anthropogenic disturbances such as warfare, logging, pollution, the clearing of land for urbanization or agriculture, and the introduction of invasive species. Not all disturbances are destructive or negative to the overall forest ecosystem. Many natural disturbances allow for renewal and growth and often release necessary nutrients.

Small-scale disturbances are the key to creating and maintaining diversity and heterogeneity within a forest. Small-scale disturbances are events such as single-tree blowdowns, which create gaps that let light through the canopy to the understory and forest floor. This available light allows early-successional shade-intolerant species to colonize and maintain a population within the dominant forest, leading to the complex spatial mosaic forest structure recognized as old-growth. This process is referred to as patch dynamics or gap dynamics and has been described across many types of forests, including tropical, temperate, and boreal.

The sets and patterns of natural disturbances that characterize a particular area or ecosystem are referred to as the ecosystem's *disturbance regime*. A natural community is closely linked with its natural disturbance regime. For example, temperate and boreal rainforests typically have a disturbance regime consisting of high-frequency but small-scale events, resulting in a highly complex forest dominated by very old trees. In contrast, forests that have a disturbance regime consisting of high-severity stand-replacing events, such as frequent fires, tend to be more uniform in structure and have relatively young tree stands.

## Succession

**Forest succession** is the process by which species recover and regenerate after a disturbance. The type of disturbance, the climate and weather conditions, the presence of colonizing species, and the interactions among species all influence the path that succession will take. Species diversity and composition fluctuate throughout succession. The classic model of succession is known as *relay floristics* and refers to a relay of dominant species. After a stand-replacing disturbance, shade-intolerant species colonize and grow into a dominant canopy, but due to their shade-intolerance they are unable to regenerate under their own canopy; the understory (composed of shade-tolerant species) gradually replaces the canopy, and due to its shade-tolerance it can regenerate under its own canopy and therefore becomes the dominant species. Often succession is not so complete or directed as the relay floristics model describes. Species can be mid-tolerant of shade and survive by taking advantage of small amounts of light coming through the canopy, and further disturbances can create small gaps. These and other factors can lead to a mixture of dominant species and a not so obvious “end” to succession (climax community).

Many successional trajectories follow a basic four-stage development pattern. The first of these stages, *stand initiation*, occurs after a major disturbance and involves many species arriving in the area of abundant light and nutrients. The second stage, *stem exclusion*, describes the growth and competition of these species as resources become less available; likely one or a few species outcompetes and becomes stand-dominating. The third stage, *understory reinitiation*, involves further disturbance and the creation of gaps; at this point stratification develops, with layers of canopy, midstory, and understory appearing. The final stage, known as *old-growth*, is the extension and completion of the understory reinititation; a complex multi-aged and multi-layered forest has developed.

## Considering climate change

Forests are sensitive to climate, and so climate change can have a great effect on the dynamics of the ecosystem. Rising carbon dioxide levels can increase the productivity and growth of trees, which will then decrease as other nutrients become limiting. Changes in temperature and precipitation can affect the success of various species and the resulting species assemblage. Many factors of climate change can also affect an ecosystem’s disturbance regime, making the forest more or less susceptible to different disturbances and altering or even preventing recovery after a disturbance.

## Importance

Forests offer many ecosystem services including timber, fresh water, carbon storage, and areas of recreation. To conserve these services, along with the natural habitat and biodiversity that forests provide, understanding the dynamics that are creating and maintaining the forests is a priority. Forestry and silviculture operations require a thorough comprehension of forest dynamics in order to implement effective management and conservation techniques.


title: Čaglići

abstract: Čaglići is a village in the municipality of Tešanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Čaglići

**Čaglići** is a village in the municipality of Tešanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 643.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 629 | 97.8% |
| other/undeclared | 14 | 2.2% |
| **Total** | **643** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Čaglići | |
| --- | --- |
| Čaglići | |
| Coordinates: 44°35′21″N 18°00′25″E / 44.5891994°N 18.0069367°E / 44.5891994; 18.0069367 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Tešanj |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.36 sq mi (3.51 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 643 |
| Density | 470/sq mi (180/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Max Varnel

abstract: Max Varnel was a French-born Australian film and television director who worked primarily in the United Kingdom and Australia.

text:
# Max Varnel

**Max Varnel** (21 March 1925 – 15 January 1996) was a French-born Australian film and television director who worked primarily in the United Kingdom and Australia.

## Biography

Born Max Le Bozec in Paris, France, he was the son of the film director Marcel Varnel. He began his career as an assistant director of *The Magic Box* (1951) and continued in this role for films including *The Card* (1952), *Devil Girl from Mars* (1954) and *The Cockleshell Heroes* (1955)

His directing credits encompass a series of B movies, including *Moment of Indiscretion* (1958), *A Woman Possessed* (1958), *Top Floor Girl* (1959), *Web of Suspicion* (1959), *The Child and the Killer* (1959), and *Crash Drive* (1959).

Varnel's television credits include *The Vise*, *The Cheaters*, *Softly Softly*, and *The Troubleshooters* in the UK, and *Skippy*, *Glenview High*, *The Young Doctors*, and *Neighbours* in Australia, where he emigrated in the late 1960s.

Varnel died of a heart attack in Sydney at the age of 70.

## Filmography (as director)

## InfoBox

| Max Varnel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Max Le Bozec
March 21, 1925
Paris, France |
| Died | January 15, 1996(1996-01-15) (aged 70)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Film and television director |
| Spouse | Gillian Varnel |
| Children | Simonne Varnel and Marcel Varnel |


title: Tony Saunders

abstract: Anthony Scott Saunders is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1997 to 1999. He was the first player selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 MLB expansion draft. Listed at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) and 205 pounds (93 kg) during his career, he threw and batted left-handed. His career ended prematurely, due to injury.

text:
# Tony Saunders

**Anthony Scott Saunders** (born April 29, 1974) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1997 to 1999. He was the first player selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 MLB expansion draft. Listed at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) and 205 pounds (93 kg) during his career, he threw and batted left-handed. His career ended prematurely, due to injury.

## Career

Saunders initially signed with the Florida Marlins' minor league system in 1992, a year before their expansion season. He required reconstructive surgery on his elbow in 1994.

### Florida Marlins

Saunders joined the Marlins' opening day roster in 1997, and despite a knee injury which cost him seven weeks in the middle of the season finished with a 4–6 record in 22 starts, with his first three wins coming against the Atlanta Braves. The Marlins earned a wild card berth in the 1997 playoffs, and after being left off the Division Series roster, Saunders was placed on the LCS roster against the Braves. He started Game 3 of the series, which Liván Hernández won in relief of Saunders.

In the World Series, Saunders started Game 4 against the Cleveland Indians, but took the loss after giving up six earned runs in two innings pitched; nonetheless, he earned a World Series ring as the Marlins defeated Cleveland in seven games.

### Tampa Bay Devil Rays

Saunders was one of many members of that team who left the Marlins following that season, joining the Rays for their inaugural season after being the first pick in the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft. Saunders was 9th in the American League in strikeouts, but also 1st in walks, as he struggled to a 6–15 record. Saunders' 1999 season was short-lived as he went 3–3 with a 6.43 ERA.

#### Injury

On May 26, 1999, while pitching against the Texas Rangers, Saunders suffered a significant arm injury while pitching to Juan González. As he delivered a 3–2 pitch to the Rangers slugger, his pitching arm suddenly snapped with enough force that the sound of it could be heard throughout the stadium. Saunders subsequently collapsed on the mound, screaming in pain and smacking his right arm on the ground. Within moments, team trainer Jamie Reed and teammates John Flaherty and Kevin Stocker rushed to his side. Saunders had to be carted off the field, as the pain was too much for him to walk. He was diagnosed with a humerus fracture and torn ligaments in his arm, an injury severe enough to end his season.

Saunders attempted to rehab the injury and make a comeback, and was sent on a rehabilitation assignment in August 2000. He successfully pitched in two games for the Single–A Charleston RiverDogs, then moved to the High–A St. Petersburg Devil Rays. On August 24, during his fifth rehab game, Saunders’s humerus snapped again. With the break occurring in almost the same spot as it had before, Saunders retired immediately afterward, aged 26. Saunders was the 2000 recipient of the Tony Conigliaro Award, which honors a major league player who "overcomes an obstacle and adversity".

After baseball, Saunders worked as a stockbroker. In 2005, Saunders announced a comeback, signing a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles, and making their spring training roster. He pitched one inning against the St. Louis Cardinals before he was reassigned to the minor leagues. He remained listed on the Bowie Baysox roster for the whole 2005 season, but never pitched in a game, although he did appear in nine games for the Mesa Miners of the Golden Baseball League.

## InfoBox

| Tony Saunders | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1974-04-29) April 29, 1974<br>Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 5, 1997, for the Florida Marlins | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 26, 1999, for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 13–24 |
| Earned run average | 4.56 |
| Strikeouts | 305 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Manfred Wagner (footballer, born 1968)

abstract: Manfred Wagner is a German former footballer who played in the late 1980s and the 1990s. He played mainly as a forward, but also as a midfielder. Wagner first played for local club FC Steinen-Höllstein. He joined FC Basel's first team for their 1989–90 season and signed his first professional contract under head coach Urs Siegenthaler in the second tier of Swiss football. After playing in five test matches, Wagner made his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game at the St. Jakob Stadium on 22 July 1989 as Basel won 2–0 against Old Boys. Wagner scored his first goal for his club in the return match on 22 September as Basel played away in the Stadion Schützenmatte and won 5–1. Wagner stayed with the club for three-and-a-half years. In the qualifying phase of the 1992–93 season Wagner only had two appearances as substitute, so during the winter break he moved on. During his time with the club Wagner played 112 games for Basel scoring fifteen goals; 79 games were in the Nationalliga B, 5 in the Swiss Cup and 28 were friendly games. He scored nine goals in the domestic league, two in the cup and the other four were scored during the test games. Following his time with Basel Wagner signed for local rivals BSC Old Boys and stayed with them for at least one-and-a-half years.

text:
# Manfred Wagner (footballer, born 1968)

**Manfred Wagner** (born 21 June 1968) is a German former footballer who played in the late 1980s and the 1990s. He played mainly as a forward, but also as a midfielder.

Wagner first played for local club FC Steinen-Höllstein. He joined FC Basel's first team for their 1989–90 season and signed his first professional contract under head coach Urs Siegenthaler in the second tier of Swiss football. After playing in five test matches, Wagner made his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game at the St. Jakob Stadium on 22 July 1989 as Basel won 2–0 against Old Boys. Wagner scored his first goal for his club in the return match on 22 September as Basel played away in the Stadion Schützenmatte and won 5–1.

Wagner stayed with the club for three-and-a-half years. In the qualifying phase of the 1992–93 season Wagner only had two appearances as substitute, so during the winter break he moved on. During his time with the club Wagner played 112 games for Basel scoring fifteen goals; 79 games were in the Nationalliga B, 5 in the Swiss Cup and 28 were friendly games. He scored nine goals in the domestic league, two in the cup and the other four were scored during the test games.

Following his time with Basel Wagner signed for local rivals BSC Old Boys and stayed with them for at least one-and-a-half years.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Manfred Wagner
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Manfred Wagner | | |
| Date of birth | (1968-06-21) 21 June 1968 | | |
| Place of birth | Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder, Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1988–1989 | FC Steinen-Höllstein |  |  |
| 1989–1993 | FC Basel | 79 | (9) |
| 1993–1994 | BSC Old Boys | 24 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Oğulduruk, Bolu

abstract: Oğulduruk is a village in the Bolu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 184 (2021).

text:
# Oğulduruk, Bolu

**Oğulduruk** is a village in the Bolu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 184 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Oğulduruk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| OğuldurukLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°46′N 31°44′E / 40.767°N 31.733°E / 40.767; 31.733 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bolu |
| District | Bolu |
| Population (2021) | 184 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Waifs and Strays

abstract: Waifs and Strays is a short story collection by O. Henry, released posthumously in 1917. It was published by Doubleday, Page & Company.

text:
# Waifs and Strays

***Waifs and Strays*** is a short story collection by O. Henry, released posthumously in 1917. It was published by Doubleday, Page & Company.

## Contents

* "The Red Roses of Tonia"
* "Round The Circle"
* "The Rubber Plant's Story"
* "Out of Nazareth"
* "Confessions of a Humorist"
* "The Sparrows in Madison Square"
* "Hearts and Hands"
* "The Cactus"
* "The Detective Detector"
* "The Dog and the Playlet"
* "A Little Talk About Mobs"
* "The Snow Man"

## InfoBox

Waifs and Strays
| O. Henry, from the frontispiece of *Waifs and Strays* (1917) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | O. Henry |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Short story collection |
| Publisher | Doubleday, Page & Company |
| Publication date | 1917 |
| Publication place | United States |


title: The Veliger

abstract: The Veliger was a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering malacology. The journal was established in 1958 and published its last issue in September, 2014. It was published by the California Malacozoological Society and Northern California Malacozoological Club.

text:
# The Veliger

***The Veliger*** was a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering malacology. The journal was established in 1958 and published its last issue in September, 2014. It was published by the California Malacozoological Society and Northern California Malacozoological Club.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed by:

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 0.462.

## Hijacking

In March 2015 it was reported that *The Veliger* had been hijacked by a journal calling itself *Veliger: An International Journal in Science*. In contrast to the real journal, the fake one has a website, and covers all areas of science. Although authors need to pay a high article processing charge to have their articles published, only paid subscribers to the fake journal can access them. The fake journal links to the archives of the real one, and gives the impression that the impact factor and inclusion in Scopus and Thomson Reuters databases of the latter also applies to them.

## InfoBox

*The Veliger*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Malacology |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1958-2014 |
| Publisher | California Malacozoological Society and Northern California Malacozoological Club (United States) |
| Impact factor | 0.462 (2013) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Veliger* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0042-3211
 |
| LCCN | 65006141 |
| OCLC no. | 488613692 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Łukasz Abgarowicz

abstract: Łukasz Maria Abgarowicz is a Polish politician. He graduated from the Veterinary Technical Faculty of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in 1972 and worked as a race horse trainer at Warsaw State Horse Race Tracks between 1972 and 1988. From 1988 to 1990, he was the corporate development representative of the board of directors of the Inar Company in Warsaw and served as chairman of the board of directors of the Warnet Company. Between 1999 and 2002 he was the chairman of the supervisory board of Dom Development Company S.A. He was a member of the Sejm from 2001 to 2005 representing the 16th Płock district, from the Civic Platform list. He has been a Senator since 2007 and is a member of the national council of the Civic Platform Party of Poland. He has five children.

text:
# Łukasz Abgarowicz

**Łukasz Maria Abgarowicz** \[ˈwukaʂ abɡaˈrɔvit͡ʂ\]  (born 18 October 1949 in Bydgoszcz) is a Polish politician.

He graduated from the Veterinary Technical Faculty of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in 1972 and worked as a race horse trainer at Warsaw State Horse Race Tracks between 1972 and 1988. From 1988 to 1990, he was the corporate development representative of the board of directors of the Inar Company in Warsaw and served as chairman of the board of directors of the Warnet Company (until 1999). Between 1999 and 2002 he was the chairman of the supervisory board of Dom Development Company S.A.

He was a member of the Sejm from 2001 to 2005 representing the 16th Płock district, from the Civic Platform list. He has been a Senator since 2007 and is a member of the national council of the Civic Platform Party of Poland.

He has five children.

## InfoBox

| Łukasz Maria Abgarowicz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| member of Sejm 2005-2007 | |
| **In office**
25 September 2005  ? | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-10-18) 18 October 1949
Bydgoszcz, Poland |
| Political party | Civic Platform |
|  | |