title: Udea pseudocrocealis

abstract: Udea pseudocrocealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by South in 1901. It is found in Japan.

text:
# Udea pseudocrocealis

***Udea pseudocrocealis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by South in 1901. It is found in Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Udea pseudocrocealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. pseudocrocealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea pseudocrocealis***<br>(South in Leech & South, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pionea pseudocrocealis* South in Leech & South, 1901 | |


title: Fruela Díaz

abstract: Fruela Díaz, known in contemporary sources as Froila Didaci or Didaz, was a nobleman in the Kingdom of León, the dominant figure in the centre of the realm during the late reign of Alfonso VI and the early reign of Urraca. A man of great private wealth who expanded his landholdings through numerous purchases, he was able to marry royalty and maintain good terms with his sovereigns of León as well as the rulers of Galicia and Portugal, whose territories lay immediately to the west of his area of influence. He also founded a hospital, a traveller's inn and a settlement that grew into a town. His lands raised some of the most valuable horses in Spain, he was buried in the royal pantheon of the kings of León, and his high rank—highest in the kingdom after the king and the rulers of Galicia and Portugal—is remembered in the most famous of cantares de gesta.

text:
# Fruela Díaz

**Fruela** (or **Froila**) **Díaz** (died 1119), known in contemporary sources as **Froila Didaci** or **Didaz**, was a nobleman in the Kingdom of León, the dominant figure in the centre of the realm during the late reign of Alfonso VI and the early reign of Urraca. A man of great private wealth who expanded his landholdings through numerous purchases, he was able to marry royalty and maintain good terms with his sovereigns of León as well as the rulers of Galicia and Portugal, whose territories lay immediately to the west of his area of influence. He also founded a hospital, a traveller's inn and a settlement that grew into a town. His lands raised some of the most valuable horses in Spain, he was buried in the royal pantheon of the kings of León, and his high rank—highest in the kingdom after the king and the rulers of Galicia and Portugal—is remembered in the most famous of *cantares de gesta*.

## Origins and service to Raymond of Galicia

Fruela's origins lay in the Asturias, although his parentage is nowhere explicitly stated in surviving sources. Ramón Menéndez Pidal believed that Fruela was the brother of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, but this is unlikely. In fact Fruela's wife was the sister of Ramiro Sánchez, husband of Rodrigo's daughter Christina. It has been suggested that Fruela was a son of Diego Ansúrez and thus a nephew of Pedro Ansúrez, but this hypothesis has little to recommend it besides the patronymic Díaz ("son of Diego"). Fruela's father was probably Diego Pérez, a son of Pedro Flaínez and Bronilde. His mother was Mayor (María) Fróilaz, daughter of Froila Múñoz. A charter of the Cathedral of Oviedo, dated 5 April 1078, reads in part: "I, Mayor Fróilaz, known as María, at the same time with my sons named Fruela Díaz and Antonio Díaz, who are sons of Diego Pérez and grandsons of Count Pedro Flaínez ..."

The earliest surviving record of Fruela dates to 1069. His elder brother, Antonio, died young and Fruela, as the only surviving male child, inherited his father's estates. The archives of Fruela's branch of the Flagínez family were preserved in the monastery of Santa María de Oteros de las Dueñas, the only such case of a noble family's records being preserved from the Spanish high Middle Ages. On top of this is conserved in the *tumbo* of the Cathedral of Santa María in León (doc. 11, fol. 83) a brief genealogy of Antonio and Fruela, then children, as part of a diploma whereby their mother donated the monastery of San Pedro de Valdoré to the cathedral in December 1073.

Fruela served Count Raymond of Galicia as majordomo, the highest court official, from 1094 to 1096 at least, and perhaps as late as 1106. He may have held the post throughout Raymond's countship (1090–1107), but insufficient surviving documentation does not allow the case to be proven. An analysis of the charters he confirmed for Count Raymond shows that he "was a regular member ... of the entourage that gathered around \[Raymond\] during the latter's circuit of Galicia in the late springs and early summers", but not a fixture at Raymond's court. In the count's disputes with the king, Fruela openly took Raymond's side. Fruela was prominent enough at the royal court, however, confirming a third of all royal charters given during the latter part of Alfonso's reign.

## Fiefs of the crown

Both of Fruela's grandfathers were counts and by 14 May 1087 he also held that rank. Not long thereafter, in 1091, he was granted the fief (*tenencia*) of Valdeorras in Galicia, which he held until 1104. Such *tenencias* were held *ad imperandum*, to be governed and could be revoked by the monarch at any time. They were distinct from the count's private holdings, lands *ad possidendum*, which he owned and which the monarch could not alienate. The only other fiefs he held for more than a year or two were Sarria (1098–1103), Larín (1102–06), and the important episcopal city of Astorga (1107–17). The rule of Astorga probably carried limited rights in the city itself but extensive powers in the surrounding region. It is with Astorga that Fruela is most commonly associated after 1107. On 10 April 1104, according to a royal charter now lost, Fruela and his wife founded a settlement at the foot of the castle called *castro Dactonio* in the fiefdom of Sarria on land owned by the monastery of San Vicente del Pino. This settlement became the town of Monforte de Lemos, which Fruela held as a *tenencia* until 1111, when it passed to Rodrigo Vélaz.

Late in his life Fruela briefly acquired the fiefs of Aguilar (1111–12), Riba de Esla (1113), and Cifuentes de Rueda (1117–19). He also governed the Bierzo for a time, probably in 1115. In 1116 he made a donation of land at Puerto de Pajares to the Augustinian canons of the collegiate church of Santa María at Arbas del Puerto. This land, in the mountains of the Asturias, was intended for the construction of a hostel for travellers, which operated until as late as 1835. The full text of the diploma has now been lost, and it is suspected that it may have included a fuller will and testament, since Fruela was then in his old age.

## Marriage and private dealings

Fruela married Estefanía Sánchez, daughter of Sancho Garcés, an illegitimate son of García Sánchez III of Navarre, and his wife Constance. She possessed lands in the Rioja, near Calahorra, but may have sold these in order to purchase land more near to her husband's estates. They were married towards 1085, and on 11 September 1087 Fruela gave his wife *arras*. Her royal pedigree was mentioned in a grant of land in Astorga they received from Henry of Portugal on 1 March 1112, which included the Torre Cornellera and ten sections of the city wall. She outlived her husband by at least ten years: on 18 April 1129 she granted a *fuero* to Villarmildo. The couple's children were Constance, Diego, María, and Ramiro.

Fruela and Estefanía were most active in acquiring property (*gananciales*) through private transactions between 1088 and 1113. With twenty-three such exchanges having left records, their case is one of the best preserved of its kind: private land transactions, especially aristocratic purchases from peasants, increased dramatically in Spain between the late tenth and early twelfth century. Some of the couple's early, eleventh-century property gains were of the form of loan repayments, though this type of transaction disappears from the record altogether in the twelfth century.

In 1118 a certain Martín Eitaz, convicted of murdering one of Fruela's servants, was forced to become his servant for life or until released by a payment.

## Service to Queen Urraca

Fruela was one of the magnates who witnessed the first recorded act of Queen Urraca, on 22 July 1109, and implicitly acknowledged her claim to have been granted "the whole kingdom" (*regnum totum*) by her father, Alfonso VI, shortly before his death. This important document Fruela signs as *legionensium comes* (count of León), a high-sounding title that was probably honorific and had long been associated with the Flagínez. On 17 November 1110 he signed a document as *comes in terra de legione et in gralare* (count in the land of León and in Grajal), perhaps a special authority associated with the breakdown of relations between Urraca and the King of Aragon, Alfonso the Battler, who was also her husband. In 1112 Fruela received a royal "gift" of estates at *Ulvayo* from the queen "for loyal service", and he repaid her generosity with the gift of a horse worth a magnificent 5,000 *solidi*, equivalent at the time to 5,000 sheep. A horse worth so much could only be destined for the royal stables and royal rider, the queen herself, and it illustrates Fruela's enormous personal wealth. In 1115, when Urraca and Alfonso were fighting for control of the important monastic site of Sahagún, Fruela was acting as count in *Ceia* (Ceón) just to the north. On 9 December 1117 Fruela witnessed the second charter issued by Urraca's son Alfonso Raimúndez, whom the Galicians had made co-ruler against her will in 1111. Although the language and the name of the notary may suggest that it has been interpolated, the document, made at Sahagún, refers to Alfonso with the title *imperator* (emperor).

## Death, burial and reputation

When Fruela died in the summer of 1119 he passed Cifuentes on to his eldest son, Diego, who became *alférez* of Alfonso VII in 1137 and died prematurely in 1040, leaving a daughter, Estefanía Díaz, who was disinherited by her uncle, Ramiro, when she married without his will. Ramiro then received Cifuentes. In 1198 Cifuentes received a *fuero* from Ramiro's son, Froila Ramírez, and it remained with their family into the thirteenth century. Fruela's elder daughter Constance died in the flower of youth, while the younger, María, married twice: first to a Galician magante, Melendo Núñez, and second to the count Pedro Alfonso.

Fruela and Estefanía may have been buried in the Panteón de los Reyes in the church of San Isidoro de León amongst their relatives of the Flagínez clan. Prudencio de Sandoval claimed to find the sepulchres of "the countess Estefanía who endowed this church, and the count Don Fruela, a great knight in arms" among ten of their family in the third row of burials in either the main chapel or the Panteón (it is unclear which). The identifying inscriptions, however, were already illegible in the time of Manuel Risco, and today Sandoval's conclusions cannot be verified.

Fruela's posthumous reputation can be gauged from lines 3000–3006 of the *Poema del Cid* (*c*.1140), where he is placed in the second tier of nobility, immediately beneath Alfonso VI, Henry of Portugal, and Raymond of Galicia, all of whom he served in his long career. This is the beginning of the "Cortes de Carrión" passage:


title: Ranzières

abstract: Ranzières is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Ranzières

**Ranzières** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɑ̃zjɛʁ\]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Ranzières | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Ranzières | |
|  | |
| Location of Ranzières | |
| RanzièresRanzières | |
| Coordinates: 49°01′10″N 5°29′36″E / 49.0194°N 5.4933°E / 49.0194; 5.4933 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meuse |
| Arrondissement | Commercy |
| Canton | Saint-Mihiel |
| Intercommunality | CC du Sammiellois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Marc Camus |
| Area**1** | 14.09 km2 (5.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 89 |
| Density | 6.3/km2 (16/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 55415 /55300 |
| Elevation | 215–360 m (705–1,181 ft)
(avg. 210 m or 690 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Narakakkanam Weir

abstract: Narakakkanam Weir is a diversion dam constructed across Narakakkanam River in Mariyapuram panchayath of Thankamani Village in Idukki district in Kerala, India. Narakakkanam weir is an augmentation weir for the Idukki Hydro Electric Project. Narakakkanam, Azhutha, Vazhikkadavu, Vadakkepuzha and Kuttiar diversion schemes were later added to augment the Idukki reservoir. The height of the dam is 11.50 metres (37.7 ft) from the deepest foundation and length is 45.20 metres (148.3 ft).

text:
# Narakakkanam Weir

**Narakakkanam Weir** (Malayalam:നാരകക്കാനം തടയണ) is a diversion dam constructed across Narakakkanam River in Mariyapuram panchayath of Thankamani Village in Idukki district in Kerala, India. Narakakkanam weir is an augmentation weir for the Idukki Hydro Electric Project . Narakakkanam, Azhutha, Vazhikkadavu, Vadakkepuzha and Kuttiar diversion schemes were later added to augment the Idukki reservoir . The height of the dam is 11.50 metres (37.7 ft) from the deepest foundation and length is 45.20 metres (148.3 ft).

## Specifications

* Location Latitude : 9⁰ 50′ N
* Longitude: 77⁰ 00′ E
* Panchayath : Mariyapuram
* Village: Thankamani
* District : Idukki
* River Basin : Periyar
* River : Narakakkanam river
* Release from Dam to river : Periyar
* Taluk through which release flows : Thodupuzha
* Year of completion :
* Name of Project : Idukki HEP
* Purpose of Project : Hydro Power
* Installed capacity of the Project 780 MW

* Type of Dam : Concrete- Gravity
* Classification ; Weir
* Maximum Water Level (MWL) : EL 770.00 m
* Full Reservoir Level ( FRL): EL 768.00 m
* Storage at FRL 0.00396 Mm3
* Height from deepest foundation : 11.50 m
* Length : 45.20 m
* Spillway : Ungated – Overflow section
* Crest Level : EL 768.00 m
* River Outlet : Not provided
* Officers in charge & phone No. Assistant Executive Engineer, Idukki Augmentation Scheme, Moolamattom. Phone-9496009429


title: Pioneer Trails

abstract: Pioneer Trails is a 1923 American silent Western film directed by David Smith and starring Cullen Landis, Alice Calhoun, and Bertram Grassby.

text:
# Pioneer Trails

***Pioneer Trails*** is a 1923 American silent Western film directed by David Smith and starring Cullen Landis, Alice Calhoun, and Bertram Grassby.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, the lure of gold draws Robert Dale, his wife, and their son Jack over the prairie. The party is attacked by Indians and all save Jack are killed. He is adopted by another member of his party but, being only four years old, does not know his last name. Twenty years later he finds himself in love with a young woman, but, not knowing his origin, he dares not declare his love. She finally takes the initiative in her own hands, declares herlove, and is finally accepted, peculiar circumstances having by this time established Jack's birth and origin.

## Cast

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Pioneer Trails | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | David Smith |
| Written by | C. Graham Baker |
| Starring | Cullen Landis
Alice Calhoun
Bertram Grassby |
| Cinematography | W. Steve Smith Jr. |
| Production
company | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Distributed by | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Release date | * November 11, 1923 (1923-11-11) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Harvard Asia Pacific Review

abstract: The Harvard Asia Pacific Review is a biannual academic journal covering the Asia-Pacific Region and edited by students at Harvard University. The journal solicits contributions from scholars, politicians, businessmen and cultural figures in and about the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1996.

text:
# Harvard Asia Pacific Review

42°22′40.2″N 71°6′47.5″W / 42.377833°N 71.113194°W / 42.377833; -71.113194

The ***Harvard Asia Pacific Review*** is a biannual academic journal covering the Asia-Pacific Region and edited by students at Harvard University. The journal solicits contributions from scholars, politicians, businessmen and cultural figures in and about the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1996.

## InfoBox

*Harvard Asia Pacific Review*
| Discipline | International relations |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Andrew Badger, Tian Wang |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1996-present |
| Publisher | Harvard University (United States) |
| Frequency | Biannually |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Harv. Asia Pac. Rev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1522-1113
 |
| LCCN | 97652813 |
| OCLC no. | 712564639 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Harrogate, South Australia

abstract: Harrogate is a small South Australian town, located in the Adelaide Hills on the banks of the Bremer River. It was laid out by Charles Burney Young in 1858, and is believed to be named after Harrogate, North Yorkshire, in England by John Baker. The town has a number of historic buildings, dating back to the mid-19th century, including a former Bible Christian chapel, and a village hall. A post office also operated in the town between the years 1861 to 1974. Harrogate is approximately 56 km from Adelaide.

text:
# Harrogate, South Australia

**Harrogate** is a small South Australian town, located in the Adelaide Hills on the banks of the Bremer River. It was laid out by Charles Burney Young in 1858, and is believed to be named after Harrogate, North Yorkshire, in England by John Baker. The town has a number of historic buildings, dating back to the mid-19th century, including a former Bible Christian chapel (c. 1859), and a village hall (now a community hall). A post office also operated in the town between the years 1861 to 1974.

Harrogate is approximately 56 km from Adelaide.

## InfoBox

| Harrogate<br>South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Main street of Harrogate | |
| Harrogate | |
| Coordinates | 34°57′0″S 139°01′0″E / 34.95000°S 139.01667°E / -34.95000; 139.01667 |
| Population | 431 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1858 |
| Postcode(s) | 5244 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | District Council of Mount Barker |
| Region | Adelaide Hills |
| State electorate(s) | Kavel |
| Federal division(s) | Mayo |


title: Lee Roy Abernathy

abstract: Lee Roy Abernathy (1913–1993) was a Southern gospel musician, songwriter, and performer.

text:
# Lee Roy Abernathy

**Lee Roy Abernathy** (1913–1993) was a Southern gospel musician, songwriter, and performer.

## Biography

Abernathy was born on August 13, 1913, in the Atco community of Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia.

He married Louise Ammons, and they had three children, Hugh, Linda, and Susan.

## Music

Abernathy's first musical experience came with his father’s group, the Atco Quartet, at the age of five. His parents instilled a love for quartet music and the tradition of gospel singing conventions, where he learned to read shape notes. He was able to sing harmony with the quartet while standing on a Coca-Cola crate. He studied music under James D. Vaughan, J. M. Henson, and Adger M. Pace.

In the 1930s, he founded the Modern Mountaineers, performing live on Atlanta's WSB (AM). In 1936, he wrote "Good Times Are Coming Soon," a reelection campaign song for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He wrote many gospel songs, including "He’s A Personal Savior", "A Newborn Feeling", and "I Thank My Savior for It All", but his signature song was "A Wonderful Time Up There". Some pastors objected to its jazz beat, which influenced the early career of Elvis Presley. Abernathy disregarded the criticism, believing that he had written the song as a result of divine inspiration. The song was later called the "Gospel Boogie" and was recorded by numerous quartets, as well as Johnny Cash, Johnny Mathis, and Pat Boone. Boone's recording of the song reached number four on the Billboard charts in 1958.

Abernathy wrote "Burning of the Winecoff Hotel" following the tragic Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta in 1946. He was a frequent guest of the hotel and would have been at the hotel on the night of the fire, but had gone home when a friend gave him a gasoline ration stamp.

Abernathy became the pianist for the Homeland Harmony Quartet in 1947. He also performed with the Rangers Quartet, Jubilee Quartet, Miracle Men, Happy Two, and Abernathy All Star Quartet. Happy Two appeared on WAGA-TV television in Atlanta beginning in 1951 and continued for seven years.

## Political life

Abernathy launched a campaign for Georgia governor in 1958. He finished a distant third in the Democratic party primary behind William Bodenhamer and the eventual winner, Ernest Vandiver.

## Death and legacy

Abernathy continued to teach piano and voice lessons until his death on May 25, 1993. He was 79 years old. He was buried at Cherokee Memorial Park in Canton, Georgia.

He is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame and the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame. In 1989 he received the Mary Tallent Pioneer Award from the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.

The "Annual Memorial Lee Roy Abernathy Singing" is held in Canton in his honor.

## InfoBox

| Lee Roy Abernathy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | August 13, 1913
Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia |
| Died | May 25, 1993 (aged 79)
Canton, Georgia |
| Genres | Southern gospel music |
| Occupation(s) | Southern gospel musician, songwriter and performer |


title: Iron oxide nanoparticle

abstract: Iron oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers. The two main forms are composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and its oxidized form maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). They have attracted extensive interest due to their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields including molecular imaging. Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include terabit magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, superparamagnetic relaxometry, high-sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, separation of biomolecules, and targeted drug and gene delivery for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain fatty acids, alkyl-substituted amines, and diols. They have been used in formulations for supplementation.

text:
# Iron oxide nanoparticle

**Iron oxide nanoparticles** are iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers. The two main forms are composed of magnetite (Fe34) and its oxidized form maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). They have attracted extensive interest due to their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields (although cobalt and nickel are also highly magnetic materials, they are toxic and easily oxidized) including molecular imaging.

Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include terabit magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, superparamagnetic relaxometry, high-sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, separation of biomolecules, and targeted drug and gene delivery for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain fatty acids, alkyl-substituted amines, and diols.  They have been used in formulations for supplementation.

## Structure

Magnetite has an inverse spinel structure with oxygen forming a face-centered cubic crystal system. In magnetite, all tetrahedral sites are occupied by Fe3+
and octahedral sites are occupied by both Fe3+
and Fe2+
. Maghemite differs from magnetite in that all or most of the iron is in the trivalent state (Fe3+
) and by the presence of cation vacancies in the octahedral sites. Maghemite has a cubic unit cell in which each cell contains 32 oxygen ions, 2113 Fe3+
ions and 223 vacancies. The cations are distributed randomly over the 8 tetrahedral and 16 octahedral sites.

## Magnetic properties

Due to its 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell, an iron atom has a strong magnetic moment. Ions Fe2+
have also 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell and Fe3+
have 5 unpaired electrons in 3d shell. Therefore, when crystals are formed from iron atoms or ions Fe2+
and Fe3+
they can be in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic states.

In the paramagnetic state, the individual atomic magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the substance has a zero net magnetic moment if there is no magnetic field. These materials have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one and are attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic moment drops to zero when the applied field is removed. But in a ferromagnetic material, all the atomic moments are aligned even without an external field. A ferrimagnetic material is similar to a ferromagnet but has two different types of atoms with opposing magnetic moments. The material has a magnetic moment because the opposing moments have different strengths. If they have the same magnitude, the crystal is antiferromagnetic and possesses no net magnetic moment.

When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetization (*M*) increases with the strength of the magnetic field (*H*) until it approaches saturation. Over some range of fields the magnetization has hysteresis because there is more than one stable magnetic state for each field. Therefore, a remanent magnetization will be present even after removing the external magnetic field.

A single domain magnetic material (e. g. magnetic nanoparticles) that has no hysteresis loop is said to be superparamagnetic. The ordering of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials decreases with increasing temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their magnetization beyond the Curie temperature $T\_{C}$ and antiferromagnetic materials lose their magnetization beyond the Néel temperature $T\_{N}$. Magnetite is ferrimagnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 850 . Maghemite is ferrimagnetic at room temperature, unstable at high temperatures, and loses its susceptibility with time. (Its Curie temperature is hard to determine). Both magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature. This superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles can be attributed to their size. When the size gets small enough (\<10 nm), thermal fluctuations can change the direction of magnetization of the entire crystal. A material with many such crystals behaves like a paramagnet, except that the moments of entire crystals are fluctuating instead of individual atoms.

Furthermore, the unique superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles allows them to be manipulated magnetically from a distance. In the latter sections, external manipulation will be discussed in regards to biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. Forces are required to manipulate the path of iron oxide particles. A spatially uniform magnetic field can result in a torque on the magnetic particle, but cannot cause particle translation; therefore, the magnetic field must be a gradient to cause translational motion. The force on a point-like magnetic dipole moment **m** due to a magnetic field **B** is given by the equation:

$$\mathbf {F} \_{m}=\mathbf {\nabla } \left(\mathbf {m} \cdot \mathbf {B} \right)$$

In biological applications, iron oxide nanoparticles will be translate through some kind of fluid, possibly bodily fluid, in which case the aforementioned equation can be modified to:

$$\mathbf {F} \_{m}={\begin{cases}{\frac {V\chi }{2\mu \_{0}\mathbf {\nabla } \left|\mathbf {B} \right|^{2}&\qquad {\text{in a weak magnetic field}\\\{\frac {1}{2}\mathbf {\nabla } \left(\mathbf {m} \_{sat}\cdot \mathbf {B} \right)&\qquad {\text{in a strong magnetic field}\end{cases}}}}}}}$$

Based on these equations, there will be the greatest force in the direction of the largest positive slope of the energy density scalar field.

Another important consideration is the force acting against the magnetic force. As iron oxide nanoparticles translate toward the magnetic field source, they experience Stokes' drag force in the opposite direction. The drag force is expressed below.

$$\mathbf {F} \_{d}=6\pi \\,\eta \\,R\\,v\\,$$

In this equation, η is the fluid viscosity, R is the hydrodynamic radius of the particle, and 𝑣 is the velocity of the particle.

## Synthesis

The preparation method has a large effect on shape, size distribution, and surface chemistry of the particles. It also determines to a great extent the distribution and type of structural defects or impurities in the particles. All these factors affect magnetic behavior. Recently, many attempts have been made to develop processes and techniques that would yield "monodisperse colloids" consisting of nanoparticles uniform in size and shape.

### Coprecipitation

By far the most employed method is coprecipitation. This method can be further divided into two types. In the first, ferrous hydroxide suspensions are partially oxidized with different oxidizing agents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow size distribution with mean diameters between 30 and 100 nm can be obtained from a Fe(II) salt, a base and a mild oxidant (nitrate ions). The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size. In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs:

2 Fe3+ \+ Fe2+ \+ 8 OH → Fe3O4↓ + 4 H2O

Optimum conditions for this reaction are pH between 8 and 14, Fe3+
/Fe2+
ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment. Being highly susceptibile to oxidation, magnetite (Fe3O4) is transformed to maghemite (γFe2O3) in the presence of oxygen:

2 Fe3O4 \+ O2 → 2 γFe2O3

The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting pH, ionic strength, temperature, nature of the salts (perchlorates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates), or the Fe(II)/Fe(III) concentration ratio.

### Microemulsions

A microemulsion is a stable isotropic dispersion of 2 immiscible liquids consisting of nanosized domains of one or both liquids in the other stabilized by an interfacial film of surface-active molecules. Microemulsions may be categorized further as oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o), depending on the dispersed and continuous phases. Water-in-oil is more popular for synthesizing many kinds of nanoparticles. The water and oil are mixed with an amphiphillic surfactant. The surfactant lowers the surface tension between water and oil, making the solution transparent. The water nanodroplets act as nanoreactors for synthesizing nanoparticles. The shape of the water pool is spherical. The size of the nanoparticles will depend on size of the water pool to a great extent. Thus, the size of the spherical nanoparticles can be tailored and tuned by changing the size of the water pool.

### High-temperature decomposition of organic precursors

The decomposition of iron precursors in the presence of hot organic surfactants results in samples with good size control, narrow size distribution (5-12 nm) and good crystallinity; and the nanoparticles are easily dispersed. For biomedical applications like magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic cell separation or magnetorelaxometry, where particle size plays a crucial role, magnetic nanoparticles produced by this method are very useful. Viable iron precursors include Fe(Cup)
3, Fe(CO)
5, or Fe(acac)
3 in organic solvents with surfactant molecules. A combination of Xylenes and Sodium Dodecylbenezensulfonate as a surfactant are used to create nanoreactors for which well dispersed iron(II) and iron (III) salts can react.

## Biomedical applications

Magnetite and maghemite are preferred in biomedicine because they are biocompatible and potentially non-toxic to humans. Iron oxide is easily degradable and therefore useful for in vivo applications. Results from exposure of a human mesothelium cell line and a murine fibroblast cell line to seven industrially important nanoparticles showed a nanoparticle specific cytotoxic mechanism for uncoated iron oxide. Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. Labelling cells (e.g. stem cells, dendritic cells) with iron oxide nanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time by magnetic resonance tomography. Some forms of Iron oxide nanoparticle have been found to be toxic and cause transcriptional reprogramming.

Iron oxide nanoparticles are used in cancer magnetic nanotherapy that is based on the magneto-spin effects in free-radical reactions and semiconductor material ability to generate oxygen radicals, furthermore, control oxidative stress in biological media under inhomogeneous electromagnetic radiation. The magnetic nanotherapy is remotely controlled by external electromagnetic field reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-mediated local toxicity in the tumor during chemotherapy with antitumor magnetic complex and lesser side effects in normal tissues. Magnetic complexes with magnetic memory that consist of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with antitumor drug have additional advantages over conventional antitumor drugs due to their ability to be remotely controlled while targeting with a constant magnetic field and further strengthening of their antitumor activity by moderate inductive hyperthermia (below 40 °C). The combined influence of inhomogeneous constant magnetic and electromagnetic fields during nanotherapy has initiated splitting of electron energy levels in magnetic complex and unpaired electron transfer from iron oxide nanoparticles to anticancer drug and tumor cells. In particular, anthracycline antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin, the native state of which is diamagnetic, acquires the magnetic properties of paramagnetic substances. Electromagnetic radiation at the hyperfine splitting frequency can increase the time that radical pairs are in the triplet state and hence the probability of dissociation and so the concentration of free radicals. The reactivity of magnetic particles depends on their spin state. The experimental data was received about correlation between the frequency of electromagnetic field radiation with magnetic properties and quantity paramagnetic centres of complex. It is possible to control the kinetics of malignant tumor. Cancer cells are then particularly vulnerable to an oxidative assault and induction of high levels of oxidative stress locally in tumor tissue, that has the potential to destroy or arrest the growth of cancer cells and can be thought as therapeutic strategy against cancer. Multifunctional magnetic complexes with magnetic memory can combine cancer magnetic nanotherapy, tumor targeting and medical imaging functionalities in theranostics approach for personalized cancer medicine.

Yet, the use of inhomogeneous stationary magnetic fields to target iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles can result in enhanced tumor growth. Magnetic force transmission through magnetic nanoparticles to the tumor due to the action of the inhomogeneous stationary magnetic field reflects mechanical stimuli converting iron-induced reactive oxygen species generation to the modulation of biochemical signals.

Iron oxide nanoparticles may also be used in magnetic hyperthermia as a cancer treatment method. In this method, the ferrofluid which contains iron oxide is injected to the tumor and then heated up by an alternating high frequency magnetic field. The temperature distribution produced by this heat generation may help to destroy cancerous cells inside the tumor.

The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) can also be used as a tracer in sentinel node biopsy instead of radioisotope.

Media related to Magnetite nanoparticles at Wikimedia Commons


title: Motor imagery

abstract: Motor imagery is a mental process by which an individual rehearses or simulates a given action. It is widely used in sport training as mental practice of action, neurological rehabilitation, and has also been employed as a research paradigm in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to investigate the content and the structure of covert processes that precede the execution of action. In some medical, musical, and athletic contexts, when paired with physical rehearsal, mental rehearsal can be as effective as pure physical rehearsal (practice) of an action.

text:
# Motor imagery

**Motor imagery** is a mental process by which an individual rehearses or simulates a given action. It is widely used in sport training as **mental practice of action**, neurological rehabilitation, and has also been employed as a research paradigm in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to investigate the content and the structure of covert processes (i.e., unconscious) that precede the execution of action. In some medical, musical, and athletic contexts, when paired with physical rehearsal, mental rehearsal can be as effective as pure physical rehearsal (practice) of an action.

## Definition

Motor imagery can be defined as a dynamic state during which an individual mentally simulates a physical action. This type of phenomenal experience implies that the subject feels themselves performing the action. It corresponds to the so-called internal imagery (or first person perspective) of sport psychologists.

## Mental practice of action

**Mental practice** refers to use of visuo-motor imagery with the purpose of improving motor behavior. Visuo-motor imagery requires the use of one's imagination to simulate an action, without physical movement. It has come to the fore due to the relevance of imagery in enhancing sports and surgical performance.

### Sports

Mental practice, when combined with physical practice, can be beneficial to beginners learning a sport, but even more helpful to professionals looking to enhance their skills. Physical practice generates the physical feedback necessary to improve, while mental practice creates a cognitive process physical practice cannot easily replicate.

### Medicine

When surgeons and other medical practitioners mentally rehearse procedures along with their physical practice, it produces the same results as physical rehearsal, but costs much less. But unlike its use in sports, to improve a skill, mental practice is used in medicine as a form of stress reduction before operations.

### Music

Mental practice is a technique used in music as well. Professional musicians may use mental practice when they are away from their instrument or unable to physically practice due to an injury. Studies show that a combination of physical and mental practice can provide improvement in mastering a piece equal to physical practice alone. This is because mental practice causes neuron growth that mirrors growth caused by physical practice. And there is precedent: Vladimir Horowitz and Arthur Rubinstein, among others, supplemented their physical practice with mental rehearsal.

### Motor deficits

Mental practice has been used to rehabilitate motor deficits in a variety of neurological disorders. Mental practice of action seems to improve balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis and in elderly women. For instance, mental practice has been used with success in combination with actual practice to rehabilitate motor deficits in a patient with sub-acute stroke. Several studies have also shown improvement in strength, function, and use of both upper and lower extremities in chronic stroke.

Some studies evaluated the effect of MI in gait rehabilitation after stroke however there was very low‐certainty evidence that motor imagery is more beneficial for improving gait (walking speed), motor function and functional mobility compared to other therapies, placebo or no intervention. Additionally, there was insufficient scientific evidence to assess the influence of MI on the dependence on personal assistance and walking endurance.

## Functional equivalence to motor preparation

Motor imagery has been studied using the classical methods of introspection and mental chronometry. These methods have revealed that motor images retain many of the properties, in terms of temporal regularities, programming rules and biomechanical constraints, which are observed in the corresponding real action when it comes to execution. For instance, in an experiment participants were instructed to walk mentally through gates of a given apparent width positioned at different apparent distances. The gates were presented to the participants with a 3-D visual display (a virtual reality helmet) which involved no calibration with external cues and no possibility for the subject to refer to a known environment. Participants were asked to indicate the time they started walking and the time they passed through the gate. Mental walking time was found to increase with increasing gate distance and decreasing gate width. Thus, it took the participant longer to walk mentally through a narrow gate than to walk through a larger gate placed at the same distance. This finding led neurophysiologists Marc Jeannerod and Jean Decety to propose that there is a similarity in mental states between action simulation and execution.

The functional equivalence between action and imagination goes beyond motor movements. For instance similar cortical networks mediate music performance and music imagery in pianists.

## Physiology

A large number of functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that motor imagery is associated with the specific activation of the neural circuits involved in the early stage of motor control (i.e., motor programming). This circuits includes the supplementary motor area, the primary motor cortex, the inferior parietal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. Such physiological data gives strong support about common neural mechanisms of imagery and motor preparation.

Measurements of cardiac and respiratory activity during motor imagery and during actual motor performance revealed a covariation of heart rate and pulmonary ventilation with the degree of imagined effort. Motor imagery activates motor pathways. Muscular activity often increases with respect to rest, during motor imagery. When this is the case, EMG activity is limited to those muscles that participate in the simulated action and tends to be proportional to the amount of imagined effort.

## Effects

Motor imagery is now widely used as a technique to enhance motor learning and to improve neurological rehabilitation in patients after stroke. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in musicians.

* On motor learning: Motor imagery is an accepted procedure in the preparation of athletes. Such practice usually covers a warming up period, relaxation and concentration, and then mental simulation of the specific movement.
* In neurological rehabilitation: Since pioneering work by Dr. Stephen Page in 2000, there has been accumulating evidence suggesting that motor imagery provides additional benefits to conventional physiotherapy or occupational therapy. A recent review on four randomized controlled trials indicates that there is modest evidence supporting the additional benefit of motor imagery compared to only conventional physiotherapy in patients with stroke. These authors concluded that motor imagery appears to be an attractive treatment opinion, easy to learn and to apply and the intervention is neither physically exhausting nor harmful. Therefore, motor imagery may generate additional benefit for patients.
* Motor imagery can act as a substitute for the imagined behavior, producing similar effects on cognition and behavior. The repeated simulated consumption of a food, for example, can reduce subsequent actual consumption of that food.

## Simulation and understanding mental states

Motor imagery is close to the notion of simulation used in cognitive and social neuroscience to account for different processes. An individual who is engaging in simulation may replay his own past experience in order to extract from it pleasurable, motivational or strictly informational properties. Such a view was clearly described by the Swedish physiologist Hesslow. For this author, the simulation hypothesis states that thinking consists of simulated interaction with the environment, and rests on the following three core assumptions: (1) Simulation of actions: we can activate motor structures of the brain in a way that resembles activity during a normal action but does not cause any overt movement; (2) Simulation of perception: imagining perceiving something is essentially the same as actually perceiving it, only the perceptual activity is generated by the brain itself rather than by external stimuli; (3) Anticipation: there exist associative mechanisms that enable both behavioral and perceptual activity to elicit other perceptual activity in the sensory areas of the brain. Most importantly, a simulated action can elicit perceptual activity that resembles the activity that would have occurred if the action had actually been performed.

Mental simulation may also be a representational tool to understand the self and others. Philosophy of mind and developmental psychology also draw on simulation to explain our capacity to mentalize, i.e., to understand mental states (intentions, desires, feelings, and beliefs) of others (aka theory of mind). In this context, the basic idea of simulation is that the attributor attempts to mimic the mental activity of the target by using his own psychological resources. In order to understand the mental state of another when observing the other acting, the individual imagines herself/himself performing the same action, a covert simulation that does not lead to an overt behavior. One critical aspect of the simulation theory of mind is the idea that in trying to impute mental states to others, an attributor has to set aside her own current mental states, and substitutes those of the target.

## Further reading


title: Miyakea lushanus

abstract: Miyakea lushanus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1989. It is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Miyakea lushanus

***Miyakea lushanus*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1989. It is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Miyakea lushanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Crambini |
| Genus: | *Miyakea* |
| Species: | ***M. lushanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Miyakea lushanus***<br>(Inoue, 1989) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euchromius lushanus* Inoue, 1989 | |


title: Rastislav Božik

abstract: Rastislav Božik is a Slovak football manager who was most recently the fitness coach of the Malaysia Super League club Sabah.

text:
# Rastislav Božik

**Rastislav Božik** is a Slovak football manager who was most recently the fitness coach of the Malaysia Super League club Sabah.

## Career

Božik has coached in Slovakia, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and Mongolia.

## InfoBox

Rastislav Božik
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1977-10-15) 15 October 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Nová Baňa, Slovakia | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2003–2005 | FC Nitra (Youth) | | |
| 2005–2006 | Son Dong Tam Long An | | |
| 2006–2010 | Malaysia (Assistant) | | |
| 2010–2011 | Al Wahda | | |
| 2011–2016 | Malaysia (Assistant) | | |
| 2016–2017 | Al-Shaab (Technical Director) | | |
| 2017–2019 | FC Nitra (Assistant) | | |
| 2019–2020 | Mongolia U16 | | |
| 2019–2020 | Mongolia U19 | | |
| 2020–2021 | Mongolia | | |
| 2021 | Šamorín (Assistant) | | |
| 2022- | FC Sabah (Assistant) | | |


title: Placabis placabilis

abstract: Placabis placabilis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

text:
# Placabis placabilis

***Placabis placabilis*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Placabis placabilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Placabis* |
| Species: | ***P. placabilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Placabis placabilis***<br>Razowski & Becker, 2000 | |
|


title: Harvard Association for Law & Business

abstract: The Harvard Association for Law & Business is a student organization at Harvard Law School that connects students with business leaders.

text:
# Harvard Association for Law & Business

The **Harvard Association for Law & Business** (or **HALB**) is a student organization at Harvard Law School that connects students with business leaders.

## Overview

HALB hosts panels and events that explore issues in the business world, especially as they intersect with the law. The organization also creates opportunities for members to meet like-minded students and practitioners and supports HLS students who are interested in non-legal business careers.

For instance, 2015-16 President, Alexander Rienzie, hosted fireside chats with Skybridge Capital Founder, Anthony Scaramucci, and former Pfizer CEO, Jeff Kindler, among others. In past years, HALB hosted panels featuring Vinson & Elkins, Burford Capital, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, The Carlyle Group, Silverwood, K&L Gates, and Sullivan & Cromwell, among many others.

## Notable Speakers

Bill Ackman, Stephen Schwarzman, Tony West, Xiqing Gao, Seth Klarman, Paul Singer, Christa Quarles, Alexandra Lebenthal, Gerald Storch, Nigel Travis, Michael Chae, Barry Volpert, Brad Singer, Robert Crowley, Amanda Bradford, Larry Summers, Mitch Julis, Douglas Braunstein, Jane Levine, Howard Brownstein, Kim Koopersmith, Jami Wintz McKeon, Joseph Shenker, Jim Koch, Matt Mallow, Scott Hoffman, John Finley, Hilary Krane, Michelle Rowdy, Tim Murphy, Rob Chesnut, Phil Rothenberg, Louise Pentland, Matt Long, Susanne Clark, Chad Ho, Sydney Brie Schaub, Danforth Townley, Erin Abrams, Jonathan Truppman, Maureen Sherry, Stacy Selig, Munib Islam, Jeff Gramm, Billy Gonzalez, Andrew Kaplan, Lisa Marrone, Kevin Bueller, Alec Stern, Jordan French, Samuel Flax, Suzanne Wilson Connie Matteo, Al Togut, Tom Hardin, Weiwei Hua, Min-Amy Xu, Hao Fu, Josh Ostrovsky ("The Fat Jewish"), Mark Cuban, Rich Paul, Steve Kerr, etc.

## InfoBox

Harvard Association for Law & Business
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | HALB |
| Formation | 2006 |
| Type | Harvard Law School student organization |
| Legal status | Non-Profit |
| Purpose | Exploring the intersection of law and business |
| Headquarters | Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Location | * 1585 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 |
| Region served | United States |
| Presidents | Nicholas Gonzalez & Lauren Pansegrau |
| Website | orgs.law.harvard.edu/halb/ |


title: Harold Daffen

abstract: Harold Arthur Charles Daffen was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1947 to 1950, representing Central Province. Daffen was born in Brunswick, Victoria, the son of Arthur Daffen, a school teacher who had recently emigrated from England; his family moved to South Australia in 1900 and Western Australia in 1902. He was educated at St Joachim's Convent School in Victoria Park and St Patrick's Boys School, but left school early to work on his family's farm at Kukerin and later for D. & J. Fowler Ltd. He enlisted for military service on 6 October 1917, and was an orderly in the dental corps of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps and attended non-commissioned officer training before embarking overseas on 29 October 1918; however, with the end of the war on 11 November he was reported as returning home in December. He was discharged on 17 January 1919, re-enlisted with the Home Service Corps the next day, and worked in the military headquarters in Perth until 1920, having made sergeant in June 1919. Daffen returned to Kukerin in 1920 under the repatriation scheme and began farming wheat and sheep in partnership with his brother; he served as president of the Kukerin branch of the Wheatgrowers' Union during this time. He withdrew from the partnership in 1932, returned to Perth and worked as a branch manager for Bruce Small Pty Ltd. Daffen then moved to Geraldton in 1936, where he worked for Young Motors Limited as manager of their radio and sports department until his election to parliament. He was a councillor of the Municipality of Geraldton from 1943 to 1947, captain of the Utakarra Golf Club at Geraldton from 1936 to 1940, trustee and honorary secretary of the Geraldton Sailors and Soldiers Memorial Institute from 1942 to 1950 and deputy controller of air raid precautions at Geraldton during World War II. He was an unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the Legislative Assembly at the 1947 state election. Daffen was elected to the Legislative Council at a by-election on 30 August 1947 caused by the death of John Drew. He was a member of the Joint Select Committee on the Bush Fires Act Amendment Bill in 1948. He ran for re-election in 1950 on a platform including new water supply schemes and attempts to combat soil erosion and soil salinity, but was defeated by Country Party candidate Ray Jones. Daffen had won majorities in the Geraldton and Greenough areas, but was narrowly beaten due to his opponent's victory margins in more rural areas. Daffen moved back to Perth in June 1950 following his defeat; he later operated a store in North Perth and worked for a succession of companies. He was also a member of the Bayswater Road Board from 1955 to 1958. He died in 1984 at a Mount Lawley nursing home and was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery. He married Evelyn Janet Sibbella Hooton on 18 April 1936; they had three sons.

text:
# Harold Daffen

**Harold Arthur Charles Daffen** (8 September 1899 – 15 August 1984) was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1947 to 1950, representing Central Province.

Daffen was born in Brunswick, Victoria, the son of Arthur Daffen, a school teacher who had recently emigrated from England; his family moved to South Australia in 1900 and Western Australia in 1902. He was educated at St Joachim's Convent School in Victoria Park and St Patrick's Boys School, but left school early to work on his family's farm at Kukerin and later for D. & J. Fowler Ltd. He enlisted for military service on 6 October 1917, and was an orderly in the dental corps of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps and attended non-commissioned officer training before embarking overseas on 29 October 1918; however, with the end of the war on 11 November he was reported as returning home in December. He was discharged on 17 January 1919, re-enlisted with the Home Service Corps the next day, and worked in the military headquarters in Perth until 1920, having made sergeant in June 1919.

Daffen returned to Kukerin in 1920 under the repatriation scheme and began farming wheat and sheep in partnership with his brother; he served as president of the Kukerin branch of the Wheatgrowers' Union during this time. He withdrew from the partnership in 1932, returned to Perth and worked as a branch manager for Bruce Small Pty Ltd. Daffen then moved to Geraldton in 1936, where he worked for Young Motors Limited as manager of their radio and sports department until his election to parliament. He was a councillor of the Municipality of Geraldton from 1943 to 1947, captain of the Utakarra Golf Club at Geraldton from 1936 to 1940, trustee and honorary secretary of the Geraldton Sailors and Soldiers Memorial Institute from 1942 to 1950 and deputy controller of air raid precautions at Geraldton during World War II. He was an unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the Legislative Assembly at the 1947 state election.

Daffen was elected to the Legislative Council at a by-election on 30 August 1947 caused by the death of John Drew. He was a member of the Joint Select Committee on the Bush Fires Act Amendment Bill in 1948. He ran for re-election in 1950 (his seat having been renamed Midland Province) on a platform including new water supply schemes and attempts to combat soil erosion and soil salinity, but was defeated by Country Party candidate Ray Jones. Daffen had won majorities in the Geraldton and Greenough areas, but was narrowly beaten due to his opponent's victory margins in more rural areas.

Daffen moved back to Perth in June 1950 following his defeat; he later operated a store in North Perth and worked for a succession of companies. He was also a member of the Bayswater Road Board from 1955 to 1958. He died in 1984 at a Mount Lawley nursing home and was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery.

He married Evelyn Janet Sibbella Hooton on 18 April 1936; they had three sons.


# Leadership approval opinion polling for the 2017 United Kingdom general election

At various dates in the run up to the 2017 general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge the opinions that voters hold towards political leaders. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. Most of the polling companies listed are members of the British Polling Council (BPC) and abide by its disclosure rules.

The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 6 May 2015, to the 8 June 2017.

## Leadership approval ratings

* **YouGov**: "Do you view (*Insert name here*) favourably or unfavourably?"
* **Ipsos MORI**: "Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way (*Insert name here*) is doing his job as Prime Minister/Party leader?"

### Theresa May

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Theresa May, Leader of the Conservatives and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

#### 2017

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 1-2 Jun | YouGov | Well/Badly | **42%** | 47% | 11% |  | **-5%** |
| 30 May-1 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 43% | **50%** | 7% |  | **–7%** |
| 15-17 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **55%** | 35% | 10% |  | **+20%** |
| 4 May | **United Kingdom local and mayoral elections** | | | | | | |
| 21-25 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **56%** | 37% | 7% |  | **+19%** |
| 2 May | Opinium | Approve/Disapprove | **46%** | 33% | 21% |  | **+13%** |
| 18 Apr | **Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to seek a general election to be held on 8 June 2017** | | | | | | |
| 10-14 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **52%** | 39% | 9% |  | **+13%** |
| 10-14 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **53%** | 36% | 11% |  | **+17%** |
| 13-16 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **45%** | 39% | 16% |  | **+6%** |

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 10-12 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **50%** | 35% | 15% |  | **+15%** |
| 11-14 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **54%** | 30% | 16% |  | **+14%** |
| 14-17 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **48%** | 32% | 20% |  | **+16%** |
| 10-14 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **54%** | 27% | 19% |  | **+27%** |
| 15-17 Aug | YouGov | Favourable/Unfavourable | **48%** | 36% |  | 16% | **+12%** |
| 13-15 Aug | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **54%** | 19% | 27% |  | **+35%** |

### Jeremy Corbyn

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party.

#### 2017

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 1-2 Jun | YouGov | Well/Badly | 42% | **44%** | 11% |  | -2% |
| 20 May-1 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 39% | **50%** | 11% |  | **–11%** |
| 15-17 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **58%** | 11% |  | **–27%** |
| 4 May | **United Kingdom local and mayoral elections** | | | | | | |
| 21-25 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 27% | **62%** | 11% |  | **–35%** |
| 18 Apr | **Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to seek a general election to be held on 8 June 2017** | | | | | | |
| 10-14 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 23% | **64%** | 13% |  | **–41%** |
| 10-14 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 24% | **62%** | 14% |  | **–42%** |
| 13-16 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 26% | **61%** | 13% |  | **–35%** |

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 10-12 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 26% | **58%** | 16% |  | **–32%** |
| 11-14 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 28% | **57%** | 15% |  | **–29%** |
| 14-17 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **55%** | 14% |  | **–24%** |
| 24 Sep | **Jeremy Corbyn is re-elected as the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition following a vote of no confidence.** | | | | | | |
| 10-14 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 27% | **58%** | 15% |  | **–31%** |
| 15-17 Aug | YouGov | Favourable/Unfavourable | 29% | **54%** |  | 17% | **-25%** |
| 13-15 Aug | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 25% | **58%** | 17% |  | **–33%** |
| 9-11 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 24% | **65%** | 11% |  | **–41%** |
| 23 Jun | **UK European Union membership referendum: 52% of voters vote in favour of leaving EU; David Cameron announces he will resign as Prime Minister** | | | | | | |
| 11-14 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 27% | **52%** | 21% |  | **–25%** |
| 14-16 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **50%** | 19% |  | **–19%** |
| 5 May | **United Kingdom local elections, 2016** | | | | | | |
| 16-18 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 38% | **43%** | 19% |  | **–5%** |
| 19-22 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 35% | **46%** | 19% |  | **–11%** |
| 13-16 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 30% | **51%** | 19% |  | **–21%** |
| 23-25 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **49%** | 20% |  | **–17%** |

#### 2015

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 12-14 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **50%** | 17% |  | **–17%** |
| 14-17 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 37% | **40%** | 13% |  | **–3%** |
| 17-19 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 37% | **39%** | 24% |  | **–2%** |
| 19-22 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **36%** | 31% |  | **–3%** |

### Tim Farron

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Tim Farron, Leader of the Liberal Democrats.

#### 2017

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 20 May-1 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 25% | **44%** | 31% |  | **–19%** |
| 15-17 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 28% | **39%** | 33% |  | **–11%** |
| 4 May | **United Kingdom local and mayoral elections** | | | | | | |
| 21-25 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 30% | **37%** | 33% |  | **–7%** |
| 18 Apr | **Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to seek a general election to be held on 8 June 2017** | | | | | | | | | |
| 10-14 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 26% | **36%** | 38% |  | **–10%** |
| 13-16 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 23% | **33%** | 44% |  | **–10%** |

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 10-12 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 27% | **28%** | 45% |  | **–1%** |
| 11-14 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 23% | **36%** | 41% |  | **–13%** |
| 14-17 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **34%** | 44% |  | **–12%** |
| 10-14 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **33%** | 45% |  | **–11%** |
| 15-17 Aug | YouGov | Favourable/Unfavourable | 17% | **33%** |  | 50% | **-16%** |
| 13-15 Aug | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **30%** | 48% |  | **–8%** |
| 9-11 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 21% | **37%** | 42% |  | **–16%** |
| 23 Jun | **UK European Union membership referendum: 52% of voters vote in favour of leaving EU.** | | | | | | |
| 11-14 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 19% | **32%** | 49% |  | **–13%** |
| 14-16 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **33%** | 45% |  | **–11%** |
| 5 May | **United Kingdom local elections, 2016** | | | | | | |
| 16-18 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 21% | **29%** | 50% |  | **–8%** |
| 19-22 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 24% | **36%** | 40% |  | **–12%** |
| 13-16 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 20% | **34%** | 46% |  | **–14%** |
| 23-25 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **32%** | 46% |  | **–10%** |

#### 2015

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 12-14 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 24% | **31%** | 45% |  | **–7%** |
| 14-17 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 18% | **32%** | 50% |  | **–14%** |
| 17-19 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **27%** | 51% |  | **–5%** |
| 14-17 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 18% | **32%** | 50% |  | **–14%** |
| 19-22 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 22% | **29%** | 49% |  | **–7%** |

### Paul Nuttall

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Paul Nuttall, Leader of the UK Independence Party.

#### 2017

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 20 May-1 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 18% | **55%** | 27% |  | **–37%** |
| 15-17 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 17% | **54%** | 29% |  |
| 4 May | **United Kingdom local and mayoral elections** | | | | | | |
| 21-25 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 21% | **50%** | 29% |  | **–29%** |
| 18 Apr | **Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to seek a general election to be held on 8 June 2017** | | | | | | |
| 10-14 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 14% | **51%** | 35% |  | **–37%** |
| 13-16 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 18% | **36%** | 46% |  | **–18%** |

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 10-12 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 18% | **35%** | 47% |  | **–17%** |

## Approval ratings for former party leaders

### David Cameron

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Theresa May, Leader of the Conservatives and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 9-11 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 28% | **66%** | 6% |  | **–38%** |
| 23 Jun | **UK European Union membership referendum: 52% of voters vote in favour of leaving EU; David Cameron announces he will resign as Prime Minister** | | | | | | |
| 11-14 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 35% | **58%** | 7% |  | **–23%** |
| 14-16 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **61%** | 8% |  | **–30%** |
| 5 May | **United Kingdom local elections, 2016** | | | | | | |
| 16-18 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 37% | **56%** | 7% |  | **–19%** |
| 19-22 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 34% | **59%** | 7% |  | **–25%** |
| 13-16 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 39% | **54%** | 7% |  | **–15%** |
| 23-25 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 42% | **51%** | 7% |  | **–9%** |

#### 2015

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 12-14 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 41% | **55%** | 4% |  | **–14%** |
| 14-17 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 40% | **55%** | 5% |  | **–15%** |
| 17-19 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 42% | **51%** | 7% |  | **–9%** |
| 19-22 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 42% | **52%** | 6% |  | **–10%** |
| 18-20 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 42% | **49%** | 9% |  | **–7%** |
| 14-16 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **49%** | 42% | 9% |  | **+7%** |

### Harriet Harman

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Harriet Harman, interim leader of the Labour Party.

#### 2015

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 18-20 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **34%** | 33% |  | **–1%** |

### Nigel Farage

The following polls asked about voters' opinions on Nigel Farage, Leader of the UK Independence Party.

#### 2016

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 23 Jun | **UK European Union membership referendum: 52% of voters vote in favour of leaving EU; Nigel Farage announces he will resign as leader of UKIP** | | | | | | |
| 11-14 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 38% | **44%** | 8% |  | **–6%** |
| 14-16 May | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 36% | **41%** | 13% |  | **–5%** |
| 5 May | **United Kingdom local elections, 2016** | | | | | | |
| 16-18 Apr | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 32% | **38%** | 20% |  | **–6%** |
| 19-22 Mar | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 38% | **40%** | 12% |  | **–2%** |
| 13-16 Feb | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **48%** | 19% |  | **–15%** |
| 23-25 Jan | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **49%** | 20% |  | **–18%** |

#### 2015

| Date(s)
conducted | Polling organisation/client | Question
wording | Approve | Disapprove | Don't know | Neither | Net approval |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  | | |
| 12-14 Dec | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **48%** | 12% |  | **–18%** |
| 14-17 Nov | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 33% | **45%** | 12% |  | **–12%** |
| 17-19 Oct | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | **46%** | 37% | 7% |  | **+9%** |
| 19-22 Sep | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 40% | **45%** | 15% |  | **–5%** |
| 18-20 Jul | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 31% | **44%** | 25% |  | **–13%** |
| 14-16 Jun | Ipsos MORI | Satisfied/Dissatisfied | 29% | **47%** | 24% |  | **–18%** |


title: Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits

abstract: Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits (IOCG) are important and highly valuable concentrations of copper, gold and uranium ores hosted within iron oxide dominant gangue assemblages which share a common genetic origin. These ore bodies range from around 10 million to >4,000 million tonnes of contained ore, and have a grade of between 0.2% and 5% copper, with gold contents ranging from 0.1 to 1.41 grams per tonne. These ore bodies tend to express as cone-like, blanket-like breccia sheets within granitic margins, or as long ribbon-like breccia or massive iron oxide deposits within faults or shears. The tremendous size, relatively simple metallurgy and relatively high grade of IOCG deposits can produce extremely profitable mines, although the formation of these deposits is still not fully understood, and the fluid origin of the world class deposits are still being investigated. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits are also often associated with other valuable trace elements such as uranium, bismuth and rare-earth metals, although these accessories are typically subordinate to copper and gold in economic terms. Some examples include the Olympic Dam, South Australia, and Candelaria, Chile deposits.

text:
# Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits

**Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits** (**IOCG**) are important and highly valuable concentrations of copper, gold and uranium ores hosted within iron oxide dominant gangue assemblages which share a common genetic origin.

These ore bodies range from around 10 million to \>4,000 million tonnes of contained ore, and have a grade of between 0.2% and 5% copper, with gold contents ranging from 0.1 to 1.41 grams per tonne. These ore bodies tend to express as cone-like, blanket-like breccia sheets within granitic margins, or as long ribbon-like breccia or massive iron oxide deposits within faults or shears.

The tremendous size, relatively simple metallurgy and relatively high grade of IOCG deposits can produce extremely profitable mines, although the formation of these deposits is still not fully understood, and the fluid origin of the world class deposits are still being investigated.

Iron oxide copper-gold deposits are also often associated with other valuable trace elements such as uranium, bismuth and rare-earth metals, although these accessories are typically subordinate to copper and gold in economic terms.

Some examples include the Olympic Dam, South Australia, and Candelaria, Chile deposits.

## Classification

Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits are considered to be metasomatic expressions of large crustal-scale alteration events driven by intrusive activity. The deposit type was first recognised by discovery and study of the supergiant Olympic Dam copper-gold-uranium deposit (Olympic Dam mine), and South American examples.

IOCG deposits are classified as separate to other large intrusive related copper deposits such as porphyry copper deposits and other porphyry metal deposits primarily by their substantial accumulations of iron oxide minerals, association with felsic-intermediate type intrusives (Na-Ca rich granitoids), and lack of the complex zonation in alteration mineral assemblies commonly associated with porphyry deposits.

The relatively simple copper-gold +/- uranium ore assemblage is also distinct from the wide spectrum of Cu-Au-Ag-Mo-W-Bi porphyry deposits, and there is often no metal zonation within recognised examples of IOCG deposits. IOCG deposits tend to also accumulate within faults as epigenetic mineralisation distal to the source intrusion, whereas porphyries are much more proximal to intrusive bodies.

## Deposit features

A feature of IOCG ore deposits is the large variability between deposits regarding the ore grades, alteration styles, and fluid inclusion characteristics that leads to the lack of a complete model for the deposits formation.

An important feature of these deposits is the depth of formation, which ranges from the deep upper crust at depths of over 10km, to paleosurfaces. This main feature sets apart IOCG type deposits from porphyry skarn Cu-Au deposits which are from shallow depths of formation (\<5km depth). The formation at deeper depths has implications such as ore fluids from a deep source.

### Similar deposit styles

IOCG deposits are still relatively loosely defined and as such, some large and small deposits of various types may or may not fit within this deposit classification. IOCG deposits may have skarn-like affinities (e.g.; Wilcherry Hill, Cairn Hill), although they are not strictly skarns in that they are not metasomatites in the strictest sense.

IOCG deposits can express a wide variety of deposit morphologies and alteration types dependent on their host stratigraphy, the tectonic processes operating at the time (e.g., some provinces show a preference for development within shears and structural zones), and so on.

IOCG deposits have been recognised within epithermal regimes (caldera and maar styles) through to brittle-ductile regimes deeper within the crust (e.g. Prominent Hill, some Mount Isa examples, Brazilian examples). What is common in IOCGs is their genesis within magmatic-driven crustal-scale hydrothermal systems.

## Genesis

Iron oxide copper gold deposits typically form within 'provinces' where several deposits of similar style, timing and similar genesis form within similar geologic settings. The genesis and provenance of IOCG deposits, their alteration assemblages and gangue mineralogy may vary between provinces, but all are related to;

* Major regional thermal event broadly coeval with IOCG formation, represented by low to medium grade metamorphism, and/or mafic intrusions, and/or I- or A-type granitoids
* Host stratigraphy is relatively Fe-enriched (BIF, ironstones), but have relatively little reduced carbon (e.g.; coal, etc.).
* Regional-scale alteration systems, operating over tens or hundreds of kilometres, involving admixture of at least two fluids
* Large-scale crustal structures which allow extensive hydrothermal circulation of mineralising fluids

IOCG deposits typically occur at the margins of large igneous bodies which intrude into sedimentary strata. As such, IOCG deposits form pipe-like, mantle-like or extensive breccia-vein sheets within the host stratigraphy. Morphology is often not an important criterion of the ore body itself, and is determined by the host stratigraphy and structures.

IOCG deposits are usually associated with distal zones of particular large-scale igneous events, for instance a particular Suite or Supersuite of granites, intermediate mafic intrusives of a particular age. Often the mineralising intrusive event becomes a diagnostic association for expressions of IOCG mineralisation within a given province.

IOCG mineralisation may accumulate within metasomatised wall rocks, within brecciated maar or caldera structures, faults or shears, or the aureole of an intrusive event (possibly as a skarn) and is typically accompanied by a substantial enrichment in iron oxide minerals (hematite, magnetite). IOCG deposits tend to accumulate within iron-rich rocks such as banded iron formations, iron schists, etcetera, although iron enrichment of siliciclastic rocks by metasomatism is also recognised within some areas.

Although not exclusively Proterozoic, within Australia and South America a majority of IOCG deposits are recognised to be within Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic basement. Worldwide, ages of recognised IOCG deposits range from 1.8 Ga to 15 Ma, however, the majority are within the 1.6 Ga to 850 Ma range.

## Ore fluids formation

One of the biggest factors in the formation of IOCG deposits is the presence of ore fluids. The driving factor for the fluids movement in the upper crust is the present paleogeothermal gradients, as well as regional hydrothermal systems responsible for the alteration within these deposits. IOCG deposits have a distinctive set of two fluids vital in their formation:

* Highly oxidized fluids such as a meteoric or ground waters
* Brines of magmatic hydrothermal fluid or fluids that have reacted with metamorphic rocks, that are deep sourced and high temperature

There is also evidence of other fluids that are volatile rich in the formation of these deposits.

## Factors of ore formation

There is controversy in regards to the factors that control the formation of the ore in these deposits, as they display a lot of variety between deposits in regards to the ore grades, alteration styles, fluid inclusion characteristics, and their links to their tectonic settings, and nearby intrusions. This has led to the lack of a complete model for the deposits' formation.

A variety of models have been made to try and model the formation of these deposits, such as IOCG deposits as the lower root portion of iron oxide-apatite formation, or models of complex interactions between more than two fluids of magmatic, surficial, sedimentary, or metamorphic origin. There is still controversy to these origins, but using tracing of fluid sources has opened exploration possibilities in recent years to large deposits in Australia, such as the Olympic Dam deposit, where using fluorites rare-earth element (REE) chemistry, the fluids in the formation of the deposits were identified.

## Mineralogy and alteration

Ore minerals in IOCG deposits are typically copper-iron sulfide chalcopyrite and gangue pyrite, forming 10–15% of the rock mass.

Supergene profiles can be developed above weathered examples of IOCG deposits, as exemplified by the Sossego deposit, Para State, Brazil, where typical oxidised copper minerals are present, e.g.; malachite, cuprite, native copper and minor amounts of digenite and chalcocite.

Alteration is a mixture of sodic-calcic (albite-epidote) to potassic (K-feldspar) in style, and may vary from province to province based on host rocks and mineralising processes. Typically for large-scale hydrothermal systems, fluid types within IOCG systems show a mixed provenance of magmatic, metamorphic and often meteoric waters. Deposits may be vertically zoned from deeper albite-magnetite assemblages trending toward silica-K-feldspar-sericite in the upper portions of the deposits.

Gangue minerals are typically some form of iron oxide mineral, classically hematite, but also magnetite within some other examples such as Ernest Henry and some Argentinian examples. This is typically associated with gangue sulfides of pyrite, with subordinate pyrrhotite and other base metal sulfides.

Silicate gangue minerals include actinolite, pyroxene, tourmaline, epidote and chlorite, with apatite, allanite and other phosphate minerals common in some IOCG provinces (e.g.; North American examples), with carbonate-barite assemblages also reported. Where present, rare-earth metals tend to associate with phosphate minerals.

When iron oxide species trend towards magnetite or crystalline massive hematite, IOCG deposits may be economic based on their iron oxide contents alone. Several examples of IOCG deposits (Wilcherry Hill, Cairn Hill, Kiruna) are iron ore deposits.

## Economic mineral occurrence

IOCG ore deposits containing economic quantities (highly profitable) of both copper and gold originate from the Precambrian. Larger deposits with \>100 tons of resources occur near Paleoprotozoic and Archean cratons. These large deposits formed by mantle underplating impacts to metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and smaller deposits form by tectonic settings replication of this process in more recent times.

The content of gold within these deposits is largely variable, and can be a factor in the economic value of the deposit. The gold contents of all deposits averages 0.41 g/t Au, with the majority of worldwide deposits averaging less than 1 g/t Au.

The contents of gold can appear in three different forms in these deposits:

* Native gold
* Electrum
* Gold–bismuth–antimony–tellurium alloy

World-class IOCG deposits contain consistent Cu grades, between 0.7–1.5% Cu, higher copper grades than that of most world class gold-rich porphyry copper deposits.

## Exploration

Within the Olympic Domain of the Gawler Craton, exploration for Olympic Dam style IOCG deposits has relied on four main criteria for targeting exploratory drill holes;

* A substantial gravity anomaly, taken to be representative of accumulation of iron oxide minerals within the crust, which is seen as being associated with classic Olympic Dam style IOCG mineralisation. Gravity data is often interpreted via a 3D inversion to resolve the density contrast and sub-surface position of a dense body of rock. More qualitatively, the "edges" of a gravity body are considered more prospective as this theoretically represents the mineralised margins of an intrusive body.
* High magnetism within the crust, again taken to be representative of accumulation of substantial iron oxide minerals within proximity to the targeted IOCG mineralising events
* Proximity to apparent crustal-scale linear features in geophysical data, which are taken to represent the fundamental crustal architectural faults up which mineralising intrusions and fluids would by preference travel
* Presence of the prospective Hiltaba Granite Suite, which is dated to 1570 Ma coeval with Olympic Dam and the other known IOCG examples within the province

This exploration model is applicable to the most basic of exploration criteria for identifying prospective areas likely to form IOCG deposits. In better exposed terranes, prospecting for alteration assemblages and skarns, in concert with geochemical exploration is also likely to yield success.

## Examples

### Australia

Gawler Craton IOCG province, South Australia

* Olympic Dam: 8,330 million tonnes of ore at 0.8% Cu, 280 ppm U3O8, 0.76g/t Au and 3.95 g/t Ag + 151 Mt at 1.0 g/t Au
* Carrapateena mine: 203Mt @ 1.31% Cu, 0.56g/t Au, only partially explored. Best drilling results include 905 m at 2.1% Cu and 1.0 g/t
* Hillside: 170Mt @ 0.7% Cu and 0.2 g/t Au (upgraded resource estimate Dec. 2010)
* Prominent Hill Mine: 152.8 Mt at 1.18% Cu, 0.48 g/t Au, 2.92 g/t Ag + 38.3 Mt at 1.17 g/t Au
* Wilcherry Hill: +60Mt @ 31% Fe, associated Cu and Au
* Cairn Hill: Resources 14Mt @ 50% Fe, 0.2% Cu, 0.1 g/t Au. Reserves of 6.9Mt @ 51.% Fe, 0.2% Cu and 0.1 g/t Au

Cloncurry district, Queensland, Australia:

* Mt. Elliott: 475 Mt at 0.5% Cu, 0.3 g/t Au
* Ernest Henry: 122 Mt at 1.18% Cu, 0.55 g/t Au

### South America

Punta del Cobre IOCG province, Chile

* La Candelaria, Chile Cu-Au-Ag Deposit: Resources of 600 Mt @ 0.95% Cu, 0.2 g/t Au, 3 g/t Ag. Reserve comprises 470 Mt @ 0.95% Cu, 0.22 g/t Au, 3.1 g/t Ag
* Mantos Blancos Deposit: Resources of \>500 Mt @ 1.0% Cu.
* Mantoverde Cu-Au Deposit: Cu oxide resources 180 Mt @ 0.5% Cu overlying a sulfide resource of \>400 Mt @ 0.52% Cu.

Para State IOCG province, Brazil

* Salobo Cu-Au: Reserves of 986 Mt @ 0.82% Cu, 0.49 g/t Au at a 0.5% Cu cutoff (2004).
* Cristalino Cu-Au Deposit: 500 Mt @ 1.0% Cu, 0.2–0.3 g/t Au. Reserves amount to 261 Mt @ 0.73% Cu
* Sossego Cu-Au Deposit: 355 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au. Reserves of 245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au
* Alemão Cu-Au-(REE)-(U): Resources of 170 Mt @ 1.5% Cu, 0.8 g/t Au (depleted).
* Igarapé Bahia Cu-Au-(REE)-(U): \>30 Mt @ 2 g/t Au.

Marcona IOCG district in Southern Peru

Some authors (e.g., Skirrow et al. 2004) consider the iron ore deposits of Kiruna, Sweden as being IOCG deposits. Similar styles of fault-hosted magnetite-hematite breccias with minor copper-gold mineralisation and skarns are recognised within the Gawler Craton, South Australia, which would be recognised as IOCG deposits.

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8. Storey, C.D.; Smith, M.P. (2017-03-01). "Metal source and tectonic setting of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits: Evidence from an in situ Nd isotope study of titanite from Norrbotten, Sweden". *Ore Geology Reviews*. **81**: 1287–1302. Bibcode:2017OGRv...81.1287S. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.08.035. ISSN 0169-1368.
9. Australia, c\\=AU\\;o\\=Australia Government\\;ou\\=Geoscience (2014-05-29). "2.4 Iron oxide copper-gold mineral system". *www.ga.gov.au*. Retrieved 2021-02-24.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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13. Google Earth Community, accessed August 14, 2010
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* Iron Oxide Copper-Gold in South America
* Skirrow, R., 2004. Iron oxide Cu-Au deposits: An Australian perspective on their unifying characteristics. In: McPhie, J. and McGoldrick, P. (editors), 2004. Dynamic Earth: Past, Present and Future. Abstracts of the 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Tasmania. February 8–13, Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts No. 73, p. 121

* "Footprints of Fe-oxide(-Cu-Au) systems"
* Porter, T. M. editor, *Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: a global perspective*, PGC Publishing a division of Porter GeoConsultancy (2002), 349 pages, ISBN 0-9580574-0-0
* Porter, T. M. editor, *Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: a global perspective*, Volume 2, PGC Publishing a division of Porter GeoConsultancy (2002) 377 pages, ISBN 0-9580574-1-9


title: Giovanni Delfino (bishop of Belluno)

abstract: Giovanni Delfino was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Belluno (1626–1634).

text:
# Giovanni Delfino (bishop of Belluno)

**Giovanni Delfino** (died 1651) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Belluno (1626–1634).

## Biography

Giovanni Delfino was born in 1589. On 9 February 1626, Giovanni Delfino was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Belluno. On 22 February 1626, he was consecrated bishop by Antonio Marcello Barberini, Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio. He served as Bishop of Belluno until his resignation in 1634. He died in 1651.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Giovanni Delfino | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Belluno | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Belluno |
| In office | 1626–1634 |
| Predecessor | Panfilo Persico |
| Successor | Giovanni Tommaso Malloni |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 22 February 1626
by Antonio Marcello Barberini |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1589
Venice, Italy |
| Died | 1651 (age 70)
Venice, Italy |


title: Fremont Brewing

abstract: Fremont Brewing is a brewery located in the West Woodland area of the Ballard neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States, with a taproom and beer garden located in the Fremont neighborhood. The brewery creates small-batch artisan beers and was founded in 2009 by Sara Nelson and Matt Lincecum. The production brewery in Ballard is among the largest in the city. Fremont Brewery is the third largest craft brewery in Washington state and the largest producer of barrel-aged beer in the state. The brewery distributes products in Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Idaho, Colorado, Montana and California. Originally consisting of only a few tables in the brewery, the tasting room has expanded into a large beer garden with indoor and outdoor seating. In 2017, the brewery opened the Black Heron Project, which specializes in serving farmhouse and barrel-aged beers. An expanded brewing facility has opened in neighboring Ballard to meet demand. The increase to 250,000 barrels a year would put it among the top producing craft breweries in the United States. Fremont Brewing is named after the Fremont neighborhood in Seattle. The location of the urban beer garden on N 34th St. is in the Fremont neighborhood, which extends to Stone Way. Co-founder Sara Nelson was elected as a representative on the Brewers Association beginning February 2020 and will serve for three years.

text:
# Fremont Brewing

**Fremont Brewing** is a brewery located in the West Woodland area of the Ballard neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States, with a taproom and beer garden located in the Fremont neighborhood. The brewery creates small-batch artisan beers and was founded in 2009 by Sara Nelson and Matt Lincecum. The production brewery in Ballard is among the largest in the city.

Fremont Brewery is the third largest craft brewery in Washington state and the largest producer of barrel-aged beer in the state. The brewery distributes products in Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Idaho, Colorado, Montana and California.

Originally consisting of only a few tables in the brewery, the tasting room has expanded into a large beer garden with indoor and outdoor seating. In 2017, the brewery opened the Black Heron Project, which specializes in serving farmhouse and barrel-aged beers. An expanded brewing facility has opened in neighboring Ballard to meet demand. The increase to 250,000 barrels a year would put it among the top producing craft breweries in the United States.

Fremont Brewing is named after the Fremont neighborhood in Seattle. The location of the urban beer garden on N 34th St. is in the Fremont neighborhood, which extends to Stone Way.

Co-founder Sara Nelson was elected as a representative on the Brewers Association beginning February 2020 and will serve for three years.

## Beer

Most hops are sourced from Yakima Valley and water comes from the Cedar River watershed in the Cascade Mountains.

Popular brews include Universale Pale Ale, Interurban IPA, and Abominable Winter Ale. The Bourbon Abominable Winter Ale won a bronze at the 2012 World Beer Cup. In 2014, the Summer Ale and Bourbon Barrel Aged Dark Star Ale both won silvers at the Great American Beer Festival.

## Partnerships

In 2018, Alaska Airlines chose to feature Fremont Brewing's Lush IPA on flights over one hour in duration. The partnership was so successful that in 2019, Fremont created a new beer only available with Alaska Airlines entitled, Lounge Life IPA. The pair chose to partner based on their shared value of a positive environmental impact.

## Sustainability

Despite Fremont Brewery's size, their ranking in beer-to-water ratio compares to major brands such as Sierra Nevada and New Belgium based on their passion for sustainability. The brewery uses LED lighting, sources water from roof rain gardens, and uses only hybrid vehicles for sales. Additionally, Fremont Brewing uses a system called HORSE (high solids organic waste recycling) which takes food waste and regenerates it into renewable energy and fertilizer in 30 days.

## InfoBox

Fremont Brewing
|
|  |
|
| Industry | Beer |
| Founded | 2009 (2009) |
| Headquarters | Ballard, Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Owner | Matt Lincecum |
| Website | fremontbrewing.com |


title: Rastislav Kužel

abstract: Rastislav Kužel is a Slovak sprint canoeist who competed in the early 2000s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 200 m event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Seville. Kužel also competed in the K-1 1000 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

text:
# Rastislav Kužel

**Rastislav Kužel** (born 4 April 1975) is a Slovak sprint canoeist who competed in the early 2000s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 200 m event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Seville.

Kužel also competed in the K-1 1000 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

## InfoBox

Rastislav Kužel
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2002 Seville | K-4 200 m |