title: Maurice Rajsfus

abstract: Maurice Rajsfus was a French writer, journalist, historian and anti-establishment militant. He was the author of numerous books addressing themes such as the Jewish genocide in France, the police, and attacks on civil liberties. In 1994 he co-founded the "Observatory of Public Liberties", which he led.

text:
# Maurice Rajsfus

**Maurice Rajsfus** (9 April 1928 – 13 June 2020) was a French writer, journalist, historian and anti-establishment militant. He was the author of numerous books addressing themes such as the Jewish genocide in France, the police, and attacks on civil liberties.

In 1994 he co-founded the "Observatory of Public Liberties" (*"l'Observatoire des libertés publiques"*), which he led.

## Life

### Early years

Maurice Rajsfus was born in Aubervilliers on the north side of Paris. His parents were Polish Jews who had arrived in France in the early 1920s. Their marriage ceremony had been performed by the mayor of Aubervilliers, Pierre Laval, "still, back then, a pacifist lawyer".

A defining experience came in July 1942 when he was 14. In what came to be known as the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup more than 13,000 Jews were rounded up in and around Paris by French police and officials, to be held in appalling conditions in a velodrome before being shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Rajsfus, his elder sister Jenny and his parents were included in the exercise. At the last minute, however, French Jewish children aged between 14 and 16 were released. The children never saw their parents again. Many years later, in 1988, he approached Marcel Mulot, one of the two policemen who had come to the house and arrested them on that occasion, in order to try and "understand". But the policeman replied that he was not interested in the discussion requested. Since 1988 Rajsfus has repeatedly recalled that brief discussion in interviews and published work, referring to the "Vichy police whose past today remains very much with us, without remorse and without memory" (*"...police de Vichy au passé trop présent, sans remords et sans mémoire..."*).

### After the war

Directly after the war he joined the Young Communists. However, two years later, in 1946 he was expelled for Hitlero-Trotskyism. He was active in the Fourth International before 1950, and then in the "Socialism or Barbarism" libertarian socialist group with Claude Lefort and Cornelius Castoriadis, mobilising the Youth Hostel Movement in opposition to the Algerian War after 1955.

Between 1991 and 1999 he was the president of the militantly anti-National Front group, Ras l'front.

### "Observatory of Public Liberties"

One year after the killing, on 6 April 1993, of Makomé M'Bowolé by a "bullet grazing his head" while he was handcuffed and under interrogation at the Grandes Carrières police station, Maurice Rajsfus co-founded the "Observatory of Public Liberties" (*"l'Observatoire des libertés publiques"*), which produces a monthly bulletin entitled "Que fait la police?" (*"What are the police doing?"*), reporting incidents identified that involve perceived police violence.

For him the connection between the past and the present was seamless, especially when it came to monitoring the police: "They stole years of life from my parents. They all joined in those round-ups when required. Barely one of them resigned. If the French police had not submitted to those orders, so much damage would never have occurred. 250,000 were deported from France. 76,000 of those were Jews: most of the others were communists and gaullists....And what can you say about the policeman, writing a report to the prefecture, who dared to write on 22 July: "The Winter Velodrome has been cleared". There were still 50 sick Jews there, and items of lost property, all of which were transferred to the internee transit camp at Drancy."

### Critique of Zionism

Rajsfus identified Zionism as a "project presented as "generous" by its instigators, intended to resolve persecution of Jews and racist pogroms" which "rapidly drifted into a similarly racist enterprise". He also denounced the use of the antisemitism accusation which he described as "a weapon raised against anyone who opposes Zionism, an active ideology that should not be allowed to face the least criticism".

In 1990 he published "Palestine: chronique des événements courants, 1988–1989" (*"Palestine: Chronicle of Current Events"*) and "L'Ennemi intérieur : Israël-Palestine" (*"The Enemy within: Israel-Palestine"*), books in which he described Israel as "a democracy under high surveillance" and denounced abuses by the Israeli military.

### Education

Having been orphaned and left school during the war when he was 14, he missed out on a structured secondary education. He nevertheless received a doctorate in Sociology in 1992.

Several times he was a jury member for the Big Brother Awards for France, and he wrote the preface for the book "Big Brother Awards. Les surveillants surveillés" (*"...surveilling the surveillers"* – 2008). But he did not have an academic background as an historian. As Pierre Vidal-Naquet wrote in the preface to a book by Rajsfus, "Between Maurice Rajsfus and myself I have to add another difference. I am, as he is not, a "professional historian", and I sometimes feel the need to discuss the way he deals with historical material, but dear historians – and I do not exclude myself here – we should have made a start".

## InfoBox

| Maurice Rajsfus | |
| --- | --- |
| Maurice Rajsfus in 2005 | |
| Born | (1928-04-09)9 April 1928
Aubervilliers, 93, France |
| Died | 13 June 2020(2020-06-13) (aged 92) |
| Occupation(s) | Historian
Journalist & Controversialist
Writer |


title: Maurice Raizman

abstract:
Maurice Raizman was a French chess master. Born into a Jewish family in Bendery, he emigrated to France. He was six-times French Champion and Paris Champion in 1938. He shared first with Victor Kahn in 16th Paris Championship 1934, and tied for 1st-2nd with Aristide Gromer in 17th French Championship at Nice 1938. He took 2nd, behind Stepan Popel, in the Paris Championship 1953. Raizman played for France in Chess Olympiads:
  - In 1935, at first reserve board in 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw;
  - In 1954, at second board in 11th Chess Olympiad in Amsterdam;
  - In 1958, at first board in 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich;
  - In 1972, at first reserve board in 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje.

text:
# Maurice Raizman

**Maurice Raizman** (né Miron Raizman) (26 February 1905, Bendery – 1 April 1974, Paris) was a French chess master.

Born into a Jewish family in Bendery (then in Russian Empire), he emigrated to France. He was six-times French Champion (1932, 1936, 1946, 1947, 1951, and 1952) and Paris Champion in 1938. He shared first with Victor Kahn in 16th Paris Championship 1934, and tied for 1st-2nd with Aristide Gromer in 17th French Championship at Nice 1938. He took 2nd, behind Stepan Popel, in the Paris Championship 1953.

Raizman played for France in Chess Olympiads:

1. France
2. Champions de Paris
3. GER-ch 2nd Aachen 1934 Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
4. Amsterdam (NED-ch10th) 1938 Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
5. OlimpBase :: the encyclopaedia of team chess


title: Thomas Walter Darrah

abstract: Thomas Walter Darrah was a United States military officer. He participated in a number of U.S. military conflicts including the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War and World War I.

text:
# Thomas Walter Darrah

**Thomas Walter Darrah** (11 July 1873 – 21 January 1955) was a United States military officer. He participated in a number of U.S. military conflicts including the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War and World War I.

## Early life and education

Darrah was born in Marquette, Kansas on 11 July 1873 to Samuel Jones Darrah and Mary, née Temperly. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point on 1895, one of his classmates was Joe Wheeler Jr., the son of Joseph Wheeler, former Confederate cavalry general and later U.S. Army major general. Later in life, Darrah also graduated from the Army School of the Line (1920), the Army Staff College (1921) and the Army War College (1923).

## Military career

In 1895, Darrah was commissioned second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. He took part in the Spanish–American War, serving as a member of the sanitary corps in Cuba, and then in the subsequent Philippine–American War, during the Moro Rebellion from 1903–1905. Darrah was also a member of the U.S. Army's Subsistence Department from 1901–1905. After his service in the Philippines, Darrah returned to West Point, where he taught chemistry from 1907–1911. When the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, Darrah was senior instructor at the Officers' Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indianapolis. He was promoted to colonel of infantry in the National Army and sent to Fort Meade in Maryland to command the 314th Infantry until 1918. On 12 April 1918, Darrah was promoted to brigadier general and went to France. There he commanded the 55th Brigade and took part in major battles, including the Second Battle of the Marne and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

After the war, Darrah attended office training schools and then served in various chief-of-staff and command positions. He was chief of staff for the Fourth Corps Area from 1924–1926 and then returned to Fort Meade to commanded the 34th Infantry from 1926–1928. Darrah returned to the position of chief of staff, this time of the Third Corps Area, until 1931 and then from 1932–1934 he commanded the Pacific Section of the Panama Canal Department. Darrah finally retired in 1937 and returned to his home in New York City.

Darrah was awarded with two Silver Star commendations for "gallantry in action" during his services in Santiago, Cuba and Legaspi, Luzon in the Philippines.

## Later career

Although retired from the military, during World War II Darrah served as New York State's Deputy Director of Civilian Defense.

## Personal life and death

In 1899, Darrah married Rose Wood, they had two daughters: Marion Maxwell and Jean West. He died on 21 January 1955 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Darrah | |
| --- | --- |
| Brig. gen. Thomas Darrah in Varennes-en-Argonne in August 1918 | |
| Born | (1873-07-11)11 July 1873
Marquette, Kansas |
| Died | 21 January 1955(1955-01-21) (aged 81)
New York, New York |
| Buried | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1895–1937 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Service number | 0-476 |
| Commands | 55th Brigade
314th Infantry Regiment
34th Infantry Regiment
Pacific Section, Panama Canal Department |
| Battles/wars | Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
World War I |
| Awards | Silver Star commendation |
| Other work | Deputy Director of Civilian Defense for New York State (World War II) |


title: Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951

abstract: The Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951 was a law in England and Wales which prohibited a person from claiming to be a psychic, medium, or other spiritualist while attempting to deceive and to make money from the deception. It repealed the Witchcraft Act 1735, and it was in turn repealed on 26 May 2008 by Schedule 4 of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 implementing the EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 which targeted unfair sales and marketing practices. It also changed section four of the Vagrancy Act 1824 to ensure that it is still enforced with the acts. There were five prosecutions under this Act between 1980 and 1995, all resulting in conviction.

text:
# Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951

The **Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951** (14 & 15 Geo. 6. c. 33) was a law in England and Wales which prohibited a person from claiming to be a psychic, medium, or other spiritualist while attempting to deceive and to make money from the deception (other than solely for the purpose of entertainment). It repealed the Witchcraft Act 1735, and it was in turn repealed on 26 May 2008 by Schedule 4 of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 implementing the EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 which targeted unfair sales and marketing practices. It also changed section four of the Vagrancy Act 1824 to ensure that it is still enforced with the acts.

There were five prosecutions under this Act between 1980 and 1995, all resulting in conviction.

## InfoBox

Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to repeal the Witchcraft Act, 1735, and to make, in substitution for certain provisions of section four of the Vagrancy Act, 1824, express provision for the punishment of persons who fraudulently purport to act as, spiritualistic mediums or to exercise powers of telepathy, clairvoyance or other similar powers. |
| Citation | 14 & 15 Geo. 6. c. 33 |
| Introduced by | Walter Monslow<br>(Private Members Bill) |
| Territorial extent |  |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 22 June 1951 (1951-06-22) |
| Repealed | 26 May 2008 (2008-05-26) |
| Other legislation | |
| Repeals/revokes | Witchcraft Act 1735 |
| Repealed by | Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 |
| Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |


title: Frauen-Regionalliga

abstract: The Frauen-Regionalliga is the third tier of German women's association football. The Frauen-Regionalliga is made up of five separate leagues. Until 2017, the champion of each league was promoted to the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga for the next season, so were the winners of two promotion groups in 2018. From 2021 to 2024, the Regionalliga Süd champion and two winners of promotion play-offs have qualified for next season's 2. Bundesliga. All five league champions will earn promotion in 2025, with the play-offs expected to return in 2026.

text:
# Frauen-Regionalliga

The **Frauen-Regionalliga** is the third tier of German women's association football. The Frauen-Regionalliga is made up of five separate leagues. Until 2017, the champion of each league was promoted to the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga for the next season, so were the winners of two promotion groups in 2018. From 2021 to 2024, the Regionalliga Süd champion and two winners of promotion play-offs have qualified for next season's 2. Bundesliga. All five league champions will earn promotion in 2025, with the play-offs expected to return in 2026.

## Mode

In all divisions a season consists of two rounds. A club meets every other club one time in each round, once at home and once away. The number of games thus depends on the number of teams in the division, ranging from ten in the south to fourteen in the west. The season typically starts in August or September, with the first round finishing in December. The second round then starts in February and ends in May or June. Occasionally the first games of the second round are held in December, though.

The final standings are determined by points a club has gained during a season. A win is worth 3 points, a draw 1, and a loss 0. The tiebreakers are in descending order goal difference, goals for, and head-to-head results. If the tie cannot be broken a tiebreaking game is held.

Until the end of the 2016–17 season the divisional champions were promoted the 2nd Bundesliga. After the 2017–18 season, two groups of four teams played a promotion round in which the group winners were also promoted, as the 2nd Bundesliga contracted to one division for the following season. Since 2018–19, the three winners of two-legged matches earn promotion. If a division champion declines to participate in the play-offs, its intended opponent is promoted instead and if the champion, especially a reserve team of a 2nd Bundesliga club, is ineligible, the next-placed, eligible club accedes to the promotion round. If the play-off winner declines or is refused promotion, the loser qualifies automatically for the 2nd Bundesliga in the next season and if the play-off loser also declines or is denied, no team is promoted and the number of relegations from the 2nd Bundesliga is reduced.

There is no rule to which division of the 2nd Bundesliga a team is allocated and the German Football Association decides that from season to season. The number of teams relegated to the third tier depends on the clubs relegated from the 2nd Bundesliga. In a season no clubs might be relegated to a specific division of the Regionalliga while another division receives three new teams due to relegation. Promotion and relegation between the Regionalliga and the league beneath serves as a cushion to keep the divisions of the Regionalliga at the size they are supposed to have.

For the 2024–25 season only, all five Regionalliga division winners will be promoted directly to the 2nd Bundesliga due to Frauen-Bundesliga's expansion to 14 teams in 2025–26 by promoting three teams from the second division and relegating one from the top division along with the retention of the current rule of three teams relegated from the 2nd Bundesliga.

## Regionalliga Nord

The Regionalliga Nord is the highest regional division in northern Germany. Teams belonging to one of the regional football associations of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, or Bremen compete in the league. The division comprises fourteen teams.

### History

Until 1986 the highest leagues in northern Germany were the Landesligas, one each for Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, and Schleswig-Holstein. The champions of these divisions automatically qualified for the national championship. When in 1986 the Oberliga Nord was established the best teams from each regional association were admitted to the new league. Although the best team from each association still qualified for the national championship this was determined by the final standings of the Oberliga Nord.

When in 1990 the Frauen-Bundesliga was incepted the Regionalliga automatically moved to the second tier. The best teams from the Regionalliga qualified for the Bundesliga Nord in its first season. Afterwards the champions of the division had to play against teams from the Regionalliga West and Nordost for promotion to the Bundesliga Nord. Since 1997 teams thus qualify for the unified Bundesliga. In 1994 the name of the league was changed to Regionalliga, but the change incurred no further consequences. With the introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga in 2004 the Regionalliga Nord moved to the third tier.

## Regionalliga Nordost

The Regionalliga Nordost is the highest regional division in north-eastern Germany. Teams belonging to one of the regional football associations of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, or Thuringia compete in the league. The division comprises twelve teams.

### History

The Oberliga was established in 1990 as the national league of the GDR. When the GDR was united with West Germany in the same year play in the Oberliga continued. Late in 1990 the GDR football association was merged into the German Football Association and—just as in men's football—at the end of the season the top two teams of the former GDR top division were admitted to the Bundesliga. Afterwards the teams from West Berlin were integrated into the Oberliga Nordost. In the following seasons the champion from the Regionalliga Nordost had to compete with the champions of the Regionalligas Nord and West for promotion to the Bundesliga Nord.

Since 1997 teams thus qualify for the unified Bundesliga. In 1995 the name of the league was changed to Regionalliga, but the change incurred no further consequences. With the introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga in 2004 the Regionalliga Nordost moved to the third tier.

## Regionalliga Süd

The Regionalliga Süd is the highest regional division in southern Germany. Teams belonging to one of the regional football associations of Bavaria, Baden, South Baden, Württemberg, and Hesse compete in the league. The division comprises fourteen teams.

### History

Until 1986 the highest leagues in southern Germany were the Oberligas, one each for Bavaria, Hesse, and Baden-Württemberg. The champions of these divisions had to play against teams from the other Landesligas in South Germany for promotion to the Bundesliga. When the 2nd Bundesliga was incepted in 2004 the Regionalliga Süd was dissolved and the teams were either promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga or relegated to the Oberligas. The Regionalliga was reestablished in 2007 and again comprises the best teams from Bavaria, Hessen, and Baden-Württemberg.

## Regionalliga Südwest

The Regionalliga Südwest is the highest regional division in south-western Germany. Teams belonging to one of the regional football associations of Rhineland, Saarland, or Southwest compete in the league. The division comprises fourteen teams.

### History

Until 1990 the highest leagues in south-western Germany were the Landesligas, one each for Rhineland, Saarland, and Southwest. The champions of these division automatically qualified for the national championship. When in 1990 the Bundesliga was incepted the Landesligas automatically moved to the second tier. The best teams from the Landesligas in south-western Germany played in relegation playoffs against each other for promotion to the Bundesliga South. In 1996 the Oberliga Südwest was established as a league between the Bundesliga and the Landesligas. The best teams from the Landesligas Rhineland, Saarland, and Southwest qualified for this league. Although the southwestern region was then presented by only one division the champion of that division had to play relegation playoffs to be admitted to the Bundesliga as the Bundesliga divisions were merged in 1997 to form a unified league. Only two slots for promotion were thus available.

In 2000 the name of the league was changed to Regionalliga, but the change incurred no further consequences. With the introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga in 2004 the Regionalliga Südwest moved to the third tier.

## Regionalliga West

The Regionalliga West is the highest regional division in western Germany. Teams belonging to one of the regional football associations of Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine, or Westphalia compete in the league. Essentially that means, that teams from North Rhine-Westphalia compete in the league. The division comprises fourteen teams.

### History

From its inception in 1985 until 1990 the Regionalliga West was the highest league for women's football in western Germany. The champion qualified for the German women's football championship. When in 2000 the Bundesliga was incepted the best teams of the Regionalliga automatically qualified for the northern division of the Bundesliga. Afterwards the champion from the western division of the Regionalliga had to compete in relegation playoffs with the champion of the northern and north-eastern divisions for a spot in the Bundesliga. When the Bundesliga was reformed to a single division in 1997 the Western German champion Wattenscheid 09 had to vie for qualification with the north-eastern champion as well as two teams which had achieved midtable results in the 1996–97 Bundesliga season. In 2003 the Regionalliga moved to the third tier when the 2. Bundesliga was established.

## Champions

Sources:

### 1985–1986

| Season | Regionalliga West |
| --- | --- |
| 1985–86 | TSV Siegen |

### 1986–1990

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga West |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1986–87 | Lorbeer Rothenburgsort | TSV Siegen |
| 1987–88 | Lorbeer Rothenburgsort | SSG Bergisch Gladbach |
| 1988–89 | Fortuna Sachsenroß Hannover | TSV Siegen |
| 1989–90 | VfR Eintracht Wolfsburg | TSV Siegen |

### 1990–1996

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nordost | Regionalliga West |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990–91 | TV Jahn Delmenhorst | FF USV Jena | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |
| 1991–92 | TV Jahn Delmenhorst | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam | STV Lövenich |
| 1992–93 | Schmalfelder SV | 1. FC Lübars | FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen |
| 1993–94 | VfL Wittekind Wildeshausen | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam | SG Wattenscheid 09 |
| 1994–95 | TV Jahn Delmenhorst | Polizei SV Rostock | SpVgg Oberaußem-Fortuna |
| 1995–96 | VfL Wittekind Wildeshausen | Hertha Zehlendorf | SG Wattenscheid 09 |

### 1996–2000

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nordost | Regionalliga West | Regionalliga Südwest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996–97 | TV Jahn Delmenhorst | Hertha Zehlendorf | SG Wattenscheid 09 | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr |
| 1997–98 | WSV Wendschott | Hertha Zehlendorf | Rot-Weiß Hillen | TuS Ahrbach |
| 1998–99 | Hamburger SV | Hertha Zehlendorf | SpVgg Oberaußem-Fortuna | TuS Ahrbach |
| 1999–00 | Hamburger SV | Tennis Borussia Berlin | FFC Heike Rheine | 1. FC Saarbrücken II |

### 2000–2004

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nordost | Regionalliga West | Regionalliga Südwest | Regionalliga Süd |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–01 | Hamburger SV | Tennis Borussia Berlin | SpVgg Oberaußem-Fortuna | TuS Niederkirchen | SC Freiburg |
| 2001–02 | SV Victoria Gersten | Tennis Borussia Berlin | SpVgg Oberaußem-Fortuna | TuS Niederkirchen | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 2002–03 | Hamburger SV | FF USV Jena | FC Gütersloh | 1. FC Saarbrücken | SC Sand |
| 2003–04 | SV Victoria Gersten | Tennis Borussia Berlin | SGS Essen | TuS Niederkirchen | TSV Crailsheim |

### 2004–2007

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nordost | Regionalliga West | Regionalliga Südwest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Holstein Kiel | FFC Neubrandenburg | TuS Köln rrh. | TuS Niederkirchen |
| 2005–06 | Hamburger SV II | Lokomotive Leipzig | HSV Borussia Friedenstal | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr II |
| 2006–07 | FFC Oldesloe | 1. FC Union Berlin | FCR 2001 Duisburg II | SV Dirmingen |

### 2007–

| Season | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nordost | Regionalliga West | Regionalliga Südwest | Regionalliga Süd |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007–08 | Mellendorfer TV | FF USV Jena II | SGS Essen II | FSV Jägersburg | FV Löchgau |
| 2008–09 | SV Werder Bremen | Magdeburger FFC | FFC Brauweiler Pulheim | TuS Wörrstadt | Bayern Munich II |
| 2009–10 | BV Cloppenburg | Leipziger FC 07 | 1. FFC Recklinghausen 2003 | 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen | TSG 1899 Hoffenheim |
| 2010–11 | Mellendorfer TV | FF USV Jena II | Borussia Mönchengladbach | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr II | ETSV Würzburg |
| 2011–12 | Holstein Kiel | Blau-Weiß Hohen Neuendorf | 1. FFC Recklinghausen 2003 | SV Bardenbach | SC Sand |
| 2012–13 | VfL Wolfsburg II | Lichterfelder FC | VfL Bochum | TuS Wörrstadt | SV 67 Weinberg |
| 2013–14 | Holstein Kiel | SV Eintracht Leipzig-Süd | Alemannia Aachen | TSV Schott Mainz | TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II |
| 2014–15 | SV Henstedt-Ulzburg | Blau-Weiß Hohen Neuendorf | Borussia Mönchengladbach | TSV Schott Mainz | Eintracht Wetzlar |
| 2015–16 | Bramfelder SV | 1. FC Union Berlin | Arminia Bielefeld | 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen | SC Sand II |
| 2016–17 | SV Werder Bremen II | FF USV Jena II | 1. FC Köln II | SG Andernach | SC Freiburg II |
| 2017–18 | Bramfelder SV | 1. FC Union Berlin | Borussia Bocholt | TuS Issel | Eintracht Frankfurt |
| 2018–19 | SV Werder Bremen II | 1. FC Union Berlin | Arminia Bielefeld | SG Andernach | FC Ingolstadt 04 |
| 2019–20 | SV Henstedt-Ulzburg | RB Leipzig | 1. FC Köln II | 1. FFC Niederkirchen | SC Freiburg II |
| 2020–21 | No champions. Season abandoned during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. | | | | |
| 2021–22 | Hamburger SV | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam II | 1. FC Köln II | 1. FC Saarbrücken | SC Freiburg II |
| 2022–23 | Hamburger SV | FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin | Borussia Mönchengladbach | SV Elversberg | SV 67 Weinberg |
| 2023–24 | SV Henstedt-Ulzburg | 1. FC Union Berlin | VfL Bochum | 1. FSV Mainz 05 | SC Freiburg II |

## InfoBox

Regionalliga
| Country | Germany |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | UEFA (Europe) |
| Number of teams | 62 |
| Level on pyramid | 3 |
| Promotion to | 2. Bundesliga |
| Relegation to | Verbandsliga (Nord, Südwest, West)
Landesliga (Nordost)
Oberliga (Nord, Süd) |
| Domestic cup(s) | DFB-Pokal Frauen |
| Current champions | SV Henstedt-Ulzburg (Nord)
1. FC Union Berlin (Nordost)
VfL Bochum (West)
1. FSV Mainz 05 (Südwest)
SC Freiburg II (Süd)
(2023–24) |
| Most championships | 1. FFC Niederkirchen
(7 times) |
| *Current: 2024–25 Frauen-Regionalliga* | |


title: Max Huber (statesman)

abstract: Hans Max Huber was a Swiss lawyer and diplomat who represented Switzerland at a series of international conferences and institutions.

text:
# Max Huber (statesman)

**Hans Max Huber** (28 December 1874, in Zürich – 1 January 1960, in Zürich) was a Swiss lawyer and diplomat who represented Switzerland at a series of international conferences and institutions.

## His life

Max Huber was born in Zurich in 1874 as the son of Peter Emil Huber-Werdmüller, engineer and founder of Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon, and Anna Marie, née Werdmüller (\* June 22, 1844; † October 5, 1911). His younger brother was Emil Huber-Stockar.

Max Huber studied law at the universities of Lausanne, Zurich and Berlin from 1894 to 1897, graduating with a doctorate in Berlin in 1897. He then worked for two years as secretary to the board of the Swiss Trade and Industry Association.

After several extensive trips to America, Australia, and India, he was appointed Professor of Constitutional Law, Canon Law and Public International Law at University of Zurich from 1902 to 1914 and retained this title until 1921 but could not teach due to World War I. In 1903, he acquired Wyden Castle in Ossingen, whereupon he was admitted to the Herrenstuben Society in Winterthur as "lord of the castle". From 1914 to 1918, he was a member of the Council of the Canton of Zurich. He was also a permanent legal advisor to the Federal Political Department, the Swiss Foreign Ministry. In this capacity, he represented Switzerland at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague in 1907 and at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He headed the Swiss delegations to various bodies of the League of Nations on several occasions. From 1922 to 1939 he was a member of the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague, from 1925 to 1927 he was its President and then Vice-President. He was the youngest member of the Court when he was appointed in 1920.

Due to his experience in matters of international law, after the First World War he was entrusted with the task of drafting the Statute of the High Commission of the League of Nations for the Repatriation of Prisoners of War. Later, from 1930 to 1933, he also became the first President of the Nansen International Office for Refugees, which was established after the death of High Commissioner Fridtjof Nansen.

From 1915 to 1924, he was a member and, for a time, vice president of the administrative committee of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. He was also a member of the Boards of Directors of Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (until 1944 as Chairman), Aluminium-Industrie AG (until 1941 as Chairman) and the Swiss Reinsurance Company. From 1938, Aluminium-Industrie AG (AIAG) benefited from large orders from the armaments industry. While AIAG generated a net profit of twenty-one million francs in 1941, Most workers at the AIAG plant in Chippis, Valais, had to make do with wages below the minimum subsistence level.

Max Huber was married to Emma, née Escher (\* September 15, 1883; † November 6, 1957). He was laid to rest in the Enzenbühl cemetery in Zurich.

From 1928 to 1944 he was president of the International Committee of the Red Cross. He also acted as the arbitrator in the influential Island of Palmas Case between the United States and the Netherlands in 1928 at the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

After retiring from the Red Cross and prior to his death, Huber published several articles on international law.

## Selected works

* *Der Schutz der militärischen und völkerrechtlichen Interessen im schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuch.* Verlag Stämpfli & Cie AG, Bern 1913
* *Die soziologischen Grundlagen des Völkerrechts.* Verlag Dr. Walther Rothschild, Berlin 1928
* *Grundlagen nationaler Erneuerung. Vom Wesen und Sinn des schweizerischen Staates. Evangelium und nationale Bewegung.* Schulthess, Zürich 1934
* *The good samaritan. Reflections on the gospel and work in the Red Cross.* Victor Gollancz, London 1945
* *Das Internationale Rote Kreuz. Idee und Wirklichkeit.* Max Niehans Verlag, Zürich 1951

## Further reading

* André Durand: *History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima.* Henry Dunant Institute, Genf 1984, ISBN 2-88044-009-2
* Caroline Moorehead: *Dunant's dream: War, Switzerland and the history of the Red Cross.* HarperCollins, London 1998, ISBN 0-00-255141-1 (gebundene Ausgabe); HarperCollins, London 1999, ISBN 0-00-638883-3 (Taschenbuch-Ausgabe)
* Daniel Thürer: *Max Huber: A Portrait in Outline.* In: *The European Journal of International Law.* 18(1)/2007. European Society of International Law, S. 69–80, ISSN 0938-5428
* Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands/U.S.A), Reports of International Arbitral Awards, volume 2 pp 829–871


title: Thuridilla gracilis

abstract: Thuridilla gracilis is a species of sea slug, a sacoglossan, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Plakobranchidae. It is an Indo-Pacific species that lives in or near coral reefs and eats algae.

text:
# Thuridilla gracilis

***Thuridilla gracilis***  is a species of sea slug, a sacoglossan, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Plakobranchidae. It is an Indo-Pacific species that lives in or near coral reefs and eats algae.

## Distribution and habitat

This species occurs in the Tropical Indo/West-Pacific. It lives on the external slope of coral reefs, on top of the reef and in the lagoon, usually in shallow water.

## Description

This species can be up to 25 mm in size. The body is partially covered by the fold of the lateral parapodia. The mantle is black and crossed by multiple fine white longitudinal lines (eight to ten) punctuated sometimes with blue spots. The border of the lapel of the parapodia and rhinophores is often orange. The smooth rhinophores can be whitish without any lines.

## Biology

This species is benthic and diurnal. Because of its aposematic coloration, it crawls around to feed in the daylight. It has a diet based on algae.

* P.L. Beesley, G.J.B. Ross & A. Wells,"Mollusca-The southern synthesis", vol. 5, CSIRO, 1998, ISBN 0-643-05756-0
* David Behrens, "Nudibranch behaviour", Newworld Publication INC., 2005, ISBN 978-1878348418
* Gary Cobb & Richard Willan, "Undersea jewels- a colour guide to nudibranchs", Australian Biological Resources Study, 2006, ISBN 0642568472

## InfoBox

| *Thuridilla gracilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Plakobranchidae |
| Genus: | *Thuridilla* |
| Species: | ***T. gracilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thuridilla gracilis***<br>(Risbec, 1928) | |
|


title: Max Takes a Bath

abstract: Max Takes a Bath, also known by the title By the Doctor's Orders, is a French silent film directed by Lucien Nonguet and produced by the Pathé Frères company in 1910. This approximately seven minute long film was released in France and marks the beginnings of many trends that would become increasingly popular for cinema, such as the optical effect of the vertical vantage point. It also illustrates the start of Max Linder's popularity. Max Linder is one of the earliest, widely recognized and popular French film stars. Additionally, Linder was the first actor whose name could be used for advertisements which helped launch the success of what would become one of the most popular film genres of all time; the comedy.

text:
# Max Takes a Bath

***Max Takes a Bath*** (*Max prend un bain*), also known by the title ***By the Doctor's Orders***, is a French silent film directed by Lucien Nonguet and produced by the Pathé Frères company in 1910. This approximately seven minute long film was released in France and marks the beginnings of many trends that would become increasingly popular for cinema, such as the optical effect of the vertical vantage point. It also illustrates the start of Max Linder's popularity. Max Linder is one of the earliest, widely recognized and popular French film stars. Additionally, Linder was the first actor whose name could be used for advertisements which helped launch the success of what would become one of the most popular film genres of all time; the comedy.

## Plot

Max is in a doctor's office where he gets a prescription to take a cold bath every day for one month in order to treat his nervous twitching. After this, it cuts immediately to Max leaving a shop with a new bathtub that he struggles to carry. He attempts to call a carriage but is denied, and forced to carry the bathtub himself back to his apartment. Once he has the tub in his apartment, he begins to use a pitcher to fill it with water, however when he carries it back into the room he trips, spilling the water, and stands back up throwing the glass pitcher to the floor in frustration and shattering it. He then attempts to use a decanter and drinking glass to fill the tub. Ultimately, he gives up and drags the tub into the hall, once he has it filled it is too heavy to bring back into his room so he undresses and gets in the tub while it's still in the hallway. Another tenant tries to get in the bath, prompting other tenants to realize Max is bathing in the hallway. The authorities get involved, them and the tenants carrying the tub, with Max still in it, to the station where an argument ensues. The tub gets flipped over in the disagreement and Max flees the scene carrying the tub on him similarly to how he transported it in the beginning scenes, and a comedic chase scene begins. A trope that would become commonplace in the comedy genre of early silent films. During this sequence, viewers watch the famous scene of Max scaling a building still under the tub and the authorities subsequently following. Ultimately, Max reaches the roof and escapes through a hatch, throwing the tub down and knocking all of the authorities down.

## Production

### Optical effects

In this film, Lucien Nonguet uses two optical effects one being a vertical vantage point for the scenes where the bathtub and people are moving up and down a wall, and the other being a close-up of Max's face. The close-up happened first when Max was taking his bath in the hallway and the camera is up close to Max to the point where the audience could only see Max's face. A close-up helps display the most detail possible, and in this case it allowed the audience to get a very detailed look on Max's face.This close-up was used to see Max's emotions and reactions when taking his bath to get rid of his problem of twitching. At the end of the film, a vertical vantage point was used when Max was trying to escape the police. A vertical vantage point is where the camera is held directly vertical from the ground, making it seem like the ground is actually a wall facing us. The vertical vantage point was first used in the film *L’Homme-Mouche* or *The Human Fly* where Georges Méliès has an acrobat dancing and doing tricks on the wall. In *Max Takes a Bath*, Nonguet uses a vertical vantage point first when the police is chasing max and his bathtub up the wall and finally when the bathtub is falling from the top of the building and in the process taking out the police trying to catch Max.

### Costume design

This time period began the Modernism of previously established fashion trends. Department stores and shopping centers began catering to men's potential as consumers. Men during this time period began experimenting more with clothing and finding their own style.

In this film, the costume design is very accurate to how French men actually dressed in 1910. Men during this time typically wore suits and hats if they could afford them. In the film, Max is seen wearing a top hat for the majority of the time, even when he is being chased by the police. Men back then would always wear a hat, even if they could not afford the nicest one. During this time, clothing was used to classify a person's role or position in society. Max's top hat is significant because it informs the audience that Max is a part of the upper-class as the silky fabric was more expensive than others. Men's dress trousers during this time period were more high-rise than the modern day. Due to this, their waist coats or vests were cut higher just to cover the waistband. This is evident in the film, especially in the scene where Max gets undressed to take his bath. Men during this time period typically wore Morning Coats, which is what Max wears throughout this film. In addition to this, Max can be seen wearing the Balmoral boot, which was laced high above the ankle and popular for men to wear back then. Due to the amount of horse manure on the streets, the Balmoral boot had a higher heel than they do in the 21st century.

### Set design

This film was shot at Pathé Studios, and used several sets throughout the film. Ultimately, this led to the film's success because by 1911, the annual cinema attendance in Paris, France reached more than three million. In the beginning of the film, Max receives his diagnosis from the doctor in his office. In this shot, the mise en scène includes a lot of texture on the walls, trinkets on the desk, and an unusual pattern on the chair. These elements give the viewer more to look at by adding different points of interest to the scene. The mise en scène also creates a realistic set with great attention to detail.

The majority of this film takes place in Max's apartment, specifically in the hallway. The only waterspout in Max's apartment is in the hallway, which is why he is forced to bathe in public. The scene is shot facing the side of the bathtub, allowing the audience to see the stairs that go up and down. Eventually, Max's neighbors use the stairs to find him hiding in his tub. As a result, the police are called to retrieve Max and his bathtub. When outside of the police station, Max can be seen running down the streets of Paris, France to escape the police. First, we see Max exiting the station, which is identified by a "police" sign and cells on the inside. After passing an iron fence and brick wall, Max is seen scaling the side of a building to reach the roof in order to successfully escape the police.

### Silent film acting

In this time period, silent films were a unique art form of storytelling that was encapsulated by the elaborate form of silent film acting that required actors to convey exaggerated physical gestures and to convey complex emotions and narratives without the usage of dialogue. With limited intertitles, it was important for actors to portray the wide range of emotions through excessive facial expressions and body language. This era created a form of stylized acting with grand gestures and melodramatic expressions to enable the audience to understand the character's expression of feelings and context of the scene that is being portrayed.

In this film, the actor does small excessive body movement of shrugging his shoulders for the narrative that he has a nervous trait that he is attempting to cure. His movements in certain instances seem almost mechanical with the way he attempts to fill up his bathtub and through his usage of raising his eyebrows and moving his arms in a wide range movement. These are prime examples of a methodical way of acting that enabled the viewer to see what range of emotions the character is experiencing and interpret the context to what they might be thinking. When Max is arrested, the arm movements he expresses are those of confusion and panic as he feels he is being wrongfully arrested while he is carried out in the bathtub to the police station. The Police officers as well display exaggerated movements through their arms to showcase the disagreement that is taking place in the film in order to convey the discourse that is transpiring between Max, the other tenants, and the Police. Even with consistent head turning and hand gestures, these were all imperative techniques that were executed to get the context of the scene across to the audience.

## Theme of class structure

During this time period, many of the films Max Linder were a part of contained themes of class structure. As Linder's films were comical, they typically had Linder playing a character that belonged to social structures that reflected the petit bourgeois or bourgeoisie, and *Max Takes a Bath* showcases these themes clearly with Max pursuing the pleasures someone in those social classes would want. With Max playing the main character in the film *Max Takes a Bath*, he is tasked with fixing his hiccups through the use of taking baths. By getting this order from a doctor, Max originally did not own a bathtub, so he goes out and purchases a new porcelain bathtub. Historically, the time this film released, it was a new feasible endeavor for members of the working class and middle class to obtain bathroom related fixtures. In the film, Max places the bathtub in his room as it appears there was not an actual bathroom within the apartment, and he obtains the water for the bath from a water spout outside of his apartment. It was not uncommon for the working class or middle class to have just one or an incomplete set of bathroom fixtures at the time. Many of the homes/apartments already built lacked a room devoted for an actual bathroom as it would be expensive to build a new room and buy all the needed bathroom fixtures all at once.

## InfoBox

| Max Takes a Bath | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| French | *Max prend un bain* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Lucien Nonguet |
| Starring | Max Linder |
| Release date | * 1910 (1910) |
| Running time | 7 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | Silent |


title: Frederick Orr-Lewis

abstract: Sir Frederick Orr Orr-Lewis, 1st Baronet was a Canadian businessman. Orr-Lewis was born in Hamilton, Canada West, and raised in Montreal, Canada East. He was the son of William Thomas Lewis, a Welsh immigrant. He joined his father's business, Lewis Brothers, and eventually became president. He was also instrumental in setting up and became president of Canadian Vickers Ltd, the Canadian arm of the British shipbuilding and armaments giant, Vickers. Many Royal Navy ships were built in the company's Canadian yards during the First World War, and for this, in the 1920 New Year Honours, Orr-Lewis was created a baronet. In 1896, Orr-Lewis married Maude Booth. Orr-Lewis survived the sinking of RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915, but his health was irreparably damaged. Orr-Lewis died at his villa in the south of France on 18 November 1921. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, Duncan. Orr-Lewis was survived by his wife, son Duncan, and daughters Helen and Mary. As well as a home in Montreal and the villa in France, Orr-Lewis also had an estate at Whitewebbs Park, Enfield, England.

text:
# Frederick Orr-Lewis

**Sir Frederick Orr Orr-Lewis, 1st Baronet** (11 February 1860 – 18 November 1921) was a Canadian businessman.

Orr-Lewis (he used both names as a surname, sometimes hyphenated) was born in Hamilton, Canada West, and raised in Montreal, Canada East. He was the son of William Thomas Lewis, a Welsh immigrant. He joined his father's business, Lewis Brothers, and eventually became president. He was also instrumental in setting up and became president of Canadian Vickers Ltd, the Canadian arm of the British shipbuilding and armaments giant, Vickers. Many Royal Navy ships were built in the company's Canadian yards during the First World War, and for this, in the 1920 New Year Honours, Orr-Lewis was created a baronet.

In 1896, Orr-Lewis married Maude Booth. Orr-Lewis survived the sinking of RMS *Lusitania* on 7 May 1915, but his health was irreparably damaged. Orr-Lewis died at his villa in the south of France on 18 November 1921. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, Duncan. Orr-Lewis was survived by his wife, son Duncan, and daughters Helen and Mary. As well as a home in Montreal and the villa in France, Orr-Lewis also had an estate at Whitewebbs Park, Enfield, England.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Sir Frederick Orr-LewisBt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 11 February 1860
Hamilton, Canada West |
| Died | 18 November 1921(1921-11-18) (aged 61)
France |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse | Maude Booth (m. 1896) |


title: Max Van Dyck

abstract: Max Constant Armand Van Dyck was a Belgian painter. He was the husband of Éliane de Meuse. They attended together the courses of the same professors at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels.

text:
# Max Van Dyck

**Max Constant Armand Van Dyck** (23 December 1902 – 26 December 1992) was a Belgian painter. He was the husband of Éliane de Meuse. They attended together the courses of the same professors at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels.

## InfoBox

| Max Van Dyck | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Max Van Dyck
(1902-12-23)23 December 1902
Brussels (Schaerbeek), Belgium |
| Died | 26 December 1992(1992-12-26) (aged 90)
Brussels (Ixelles), Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Education | Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels from 1916 to 1920 – inscription number 18754 |
| Known for | Painting and Music (Violinist) |
| Awards | Prix de Rome (Belgium) 1920 when he was seventeen |


title: Max Van Ville

abstract: Max Van Ville, a.k.a. VANVILLE, is an American DJ, producer and actor from Hollywood, Los Angeles.

text:
# Max Van Ville

**Max Van Ville** (born January 13, 1987), a.k.a. **VANVILLE**, is an American DJ, producer and actor from Hollywood, Los Angeles.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *The Battle of Shaker Heights* | Infantryman #1 |  |
| | *Bad Santa* | Skateboard Bully |  |
| | *Malcolm in the Middle* | Hans | TV series, episode: "Christmas Trees" |
| 2004 | *Saint Henry* | Twiggy |  |
| | *Summerland* | Punk | TV series, episode: "Big Waves" |
| | *Sleepover* | Skater Dude |  |
| | *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* | Jonathan Lee Avery Heywood III | TV series, episode: "What's Eating Gilbert Grissom?" |
| 2005 | *The Chumscrubber* | Student #3 |  |
| | *Numb3rs* | Josh Kramer | TV series, episode: "Vector" |
| | *Buffalo Dreams* | Moon | TV film |
| 2006 | *Cold Case* | Boris Litvak | TV series, episode: "Detention" |
| | *Big Momma's House 2* | Chad |  |
| | *The Standard* | Eric |  |
| | *Beyond the Break* | Emo | TV series, episodes: "The Big Hit", "Vin, Lose, or Draw" |
| 2007 | *Halloween* | Paul Freedman |  |
| | *Mr. Woodcock* | Pizza Waiter #2 |  |
| 2008 | *Gardens of the Night* | Surf |  |
| | *Drillbit Taylor* | Kid With A Drink |  |
| 2009 | *Costa Rican Summer* | Tasty |  |
| | *Love Hurts* | Trev |  |
| 2010 | *High School* | Little Dave |  |
| | *Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief* | Seventies Kid – Casino |  |

## InfoBox

| Max Van Ville | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-01-13) January 13, 1987 |
| Other names | VANVILLE |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, producer, DJ |
| Years active | 2003-2010 |


title: Frederic Brossy

abstract: Frederic Albert Brossy set the flight endurance record with Walter Edwin Lees on May 28, 1931.

text:
# Frederic Brossy

**Frederic Albert Brossy** (March 25, 1902 – February 20, 1974) set the flight endurance record with Walter Edwin Lees on May 28, 1931.

## Biography

He was born in 1902 to Francis E. Brossy. In 1931, he was an ensign in reserve squadron VN-9RD9 at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base in Grosse Ile, Michigan. Walter Edwin Lees was a lieutenant in the same squadron. Both men were on inactive duty and were working as test pilots for Packard when they set the flight endurance record on May 28, 1931. Brossy later went on active duty and became a flight instructor at Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California, in the late 1930s. He married Betty Higman (1904–1975), and he died in Santa Barbara, California, in 1974.


title: Frederic C. Rich

abstract: Frederic C. Rich is an American author, lawyer, and environmentalist. He lives in New York City and New York State's Hudson Valley. Rich's first book, Christian Nation, is a work of dystopian political fiction arising from the counterfactual of a McCain/Palin victory in 2008 followed soon after by John McCain's sudden death and Sarah Palin's ascension to the presidency. It was published by W.W. Norton in 2013. In Getting to Green, a non-fiction book published by W. W. Norton in April 2016, Rich argues that the American environmental movement has lost its way and explains how it can get back on track. The book calls for conservatives to reconnect with their long tradition of support for conservation and for the Green movement to adopt the reforms necessary to restore bipartisan support for the environmental agenda.

text:
# Frederic C. Rich

**Frederic C. Rich** is an American author, lawyer, and environmentalist. He lives in New York City and New York State's Hudson Valley. Rich's first book, *Christian Nation*, is a work of dystopian political fiction arising from the counterfactual of a McCain/Palin victory in 2008 followed soon after by John McCain's sudden death and Sarah Palin's ascension to the presidency. It was published by W.W. Norton in 2013. In *Getting to Green*, a non-fiction book published by W. W. Norton in April 2016, Rich argues that the American environmental movement has lost its way and explains how it can get back on track. The book calls for conservatives to reconnect with their long tradition of support for conservation and for the Green movement to adopt the reforms necessary to restore bipartisan support for the environmental agenda.

## Early life and education

Rich grew up in New Jersey and attended Deerfield Academy and Princeton University. After graduating from Princeton, he studied moral philosophy at King's College, Cambridge as a Keasbey Scholar and then received his Juris Doctor degree at the University of Virginia School of Law.

## Career

### Law

Rich practiced law at the international corporate law firm, Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, from 1981 through 2014, becoming a partner in 1989, leading the firm's project development and finance practice for 25 years, and serving as co-head of the firm's corporate, financial, and transactional practice from 1999 through 2005. In 2010 Chambers USA called Rich "the preeminent project finance lawyer in the world, " and in 2011 he was named "Dealmaker of the Year" by *American Lawyer*.

### Books and other writing

Rich has stated that his writing, both fiction and non-fiction, aims to probe contemporary political and moral issues from a perspective that is independent, non-partisan, and pragmatic. In addition to his books, Rich is a blogger on *Huffington Post* and other sites. One of his *Huffington Post* pieces received 15,000 likes. His other writing includes book reviews and a proposal for a permanent site for the Olympic Games. He has also composed an environmental oratorio, The Hudson Oratorio.

## Environmental activism and interests

Rich has served on many not-for-profit boards, mostly of organizations working in the fields of environment, land conservation, and parks. He is Vice Chair of the Washington D.C.-based national Land Trust Alliance, Chair of the Scenic Hudson Land Trust, founding Chair of the Foundation for Landscape Studies, and Vice Chair of The Battery Conservancy in Manhattan. He serves as head of the Environmental Leaders Group in New York State, and he is on the Advisory Board of The Hastings Center (bioethics) and the Dean's Advisory Committee for the City University of New York School of Public Health.

In 2010 Rich developed an experimental rooftop food garden on the green roof of a LEED Platinum condominium building in Manhattan and began to chronicle its successes and failures in his blog, Battery Rooftop Garden, which has received attention from the media.

## Honors and awards

* 2010 The Frances Reese Medal from Scenic Hudson for "service to the Hudson Valley"
* 2011 American Lawyer "Dealmaker of the Year"
* 2011 Environmental Advocates of New York Advocates Award
* 2012 The Battery Conservancy Urban Farmer Award
* 2014 The Patricia Adams Award for Community Service from Desmond-Fish Library

## InfoBox

| Frederic C. Rich | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Princeton University
King's College, Cambridge
University of Virginia |
| Genre | Fiction, Non-fiction |
| Subject | politics, environment |
| Website | |
| www.fredericrich.com | |


title: Mavis Gibson

abstract: Mavis Gibson is a Zimbabwean lawyer and judge who served on the High Court of Zimbabwe and was the first female and longest serving-justice of the High Court of Namibia. Born Mavis Gumede in Zimbabwe, Gibson was originally a journalist. In the 1970s, she was a barrister with chambers in Lincoln's Inn, London. Gibson was a Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe for eleven years. Although some sources identify Gibson as Zimbabwe's first female judge, Kelello Justina Mafoso-Guni holds the distinction of becoming the country's first woman magistrate in 1980. Gibson was appointed a Judge of Namibia's High Court on 18 December 1995. At times she also served as an Acting Judge of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Namibia. On her retirement in April 2008 she was the longest-serving member of the High Court.

text:
# Mavis Gibson

**Mavis Gibson** is a Zimbabwean lawyer and judge who served on the High Court of Zimbabwe and was the first female and longest serving-justice of the High Court of Namibia.

Born Mavis Gumede in Zimbabwe, Gibson was originally a journalist. In the 1970s, she was a barrister with chambers in Lincoln's Inn, London.

Gibson was a Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe for eleven years. Although some sources identify Gibson as Zimbabwe's first female judge, Kelello Justina Mafoso-Guni holds the distinction of becoming the country's first woman magistrate in 1980.

Gibson was appointed a Judge of Namibia's High Court on 18 December 1995. At times she also served as an Acting Judge of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Namibia. On her retirement in April 2008 she was the longest-serving member of the High Court.

## InfoBox

| Mavis Gibson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Overskou

abstract: Thomas Overskou was a Danish actor, playwright and theater historian and a titular professor in 1852. His plays are preserved in the Dramatic Collection of the Royal Danish Library.

text:
# Thomas Overskou

**Thomas Overskou** (11 October 1798 in Copenhagen – 7 November 1873 in Copenhagen) was a Danish actor, playwright and theater historian and a titular professor in 1852. His plays are preserved in the Dramatic Collection of the Royal Danish Library.

## Life

Unlike his slightly younger contemporary Hans Christian Andersen, Thomas Overskou was born in what was then the societal bottom, and he had to fight a hard battle to come forth in the Danish artistic scene. He was commissioned by the theatre once he had a keen understanding of the requirements for dramatic production. He was not only successful in achieving the position of stage actor in minor roles, and later theater director, but a number of his original stage plays was performed at the Royal Danish Theatre. *Capriciosa,* as well as *East Street and Western Street* were some of his well-known solid successes in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen.

Overskou's permanent profit happened as theater historian. His first five-act comedy *The Danish stage in its history* (1854–64) is a fundamental tool. Also his autobiography entitled *Of my life and my time* (1868), re-released with notes by Robert Neiiendam (1915–16), is worth reading. Here he tells, among other things, about Copenhagen bombardment of 1807 which he witnessed at first hand, in addition to the story of how he made a career in the theater. He died in Copenhagen. After his death, a road in the Åløkke Quarter, in central Odense, has been named after him.

## Literary works

* *"Preussens og det tydske forbunds faerd imod Danmark"* (attributed to Thomas Overskou; published in 1848 by H.J. Binh, printed by the Royal printer B. Luno in Copenhagen)
* *"Preussen und der deutsche Bund gegen Dänemark"* (attributed to Thomas Overskou; published in 1848 by C.G. Lorck in Leipzig)
* *"Den Ondes Besegrare: Folk-Komedi Med Sang I Fem Akter"* (published in 1906 by Kessinger Publishing Company)


title: Frederik Ferdinand Helsted

abstract: Frederik Ferdinand Helsted was a Danish painter and drawing master.

text:
# Frederik Ferdinand Helsted

**Frederik Ferdinand Helsted** (March 18, 1809 – December 11, 1875) was a Danish painter and drawing master.

## Biography

Helsted was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Johan Helsted and Ane Marie Salathee. From 1834 to 1837 he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. He conducted study trips to Düsseldorf (1841), Nice, Florence and Rome (1844–45). In 1845 he set up a drawing school in Copenhagen which he ran for 30 years. After 1849, he abandoned his painting career and concentrated on drawing lessons.

In 1841, he married Anna Christiane Vilhelmine Olsen (1815-1889). He was the father of painter Axel Helsted (1847-1907). He was buried at the Holmens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

## Other sources


title: Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries

abstract: Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries [1996] 2 All ER 573 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. Doubt has been cast in its decision as to availability of rescission by Floods of Queensferry Ltd v Shand Construction Ltd and Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace Ltd.

text:
# Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries

***Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries*** \[1996\] 2 All ER 573 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. Doubt has been cast in its decision as to availability of rescission by *Floods of Queensferry Ltd v Shand Construction Ltd* and *Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd*.

## Facts

In December 1989, D, a conglomerate negotiated the sale of a carpet company to P. In the course of so doing D negligently misrepresented that there was a special one off expense of GBP 120,000 in accounts produced, and that those accounts spread the bi-annual expense of producing pattern books over two years instead of immediately writing it off. The sale contract included a provision stating that P acknowledged it had not been induced to enter into the agreement by any representation or warranty, and a contractual limitation clause that D was not liable for a breach of the agreement unless written notice was given by January 1, 1992. When P sued for negligent misrepresentation, D sought to rely on those two contractual provisions.

## Judgment

Jacob J held rescission was no longer available where it was impossible to restore the parties to their positions before the contract. He referred to the Solicitor General while the Act was being passed, however, saying that damages could be awarded where rescission was no longer available, and so under s 2(2) the right to damages did not depend on the right to rescission - it was only necessary that the right to rescind had existed in the past - even if there was a bar now.

## InfoBox

| *Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries* | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | High Court |
| Citation | \[1996\] 2 All ER 573 |
| Keywords | |
| Misrepresentation | |


title: Thomas Wolfe House

abstract: The Thomas Wolfe House, also known as the Thomas Wolfe Memorial, is a state historic site, historic house and museum located at 52 North Market Street in downtown Asheville, North Carolina. The American author Thomas Wolfe (1900–1938) lived in the home during his boyhood. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with Wolfe. It is located in the Downtown Asheville Historic District.

text:
# Thomas Wolfe House

The **Thomas Wolfe House**, also known as the **Thomas Wolfe Memorial**, is a state historic site, historic house and museum located at 52 North Market Street in downtown Asheville, North Carolina. The American author Thomas Wolfe (1900–1938) lived in the home during his boyhood. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with Wolfe. It is located in the Downtown Asheville Historic District.

## History

The two-story frame house was built in 1883, influenced by Queen Anne style architecture in the United States. By 1906, when Wolfe's mother, Julia E. (Westall) Wolfe (1860–1945), bought the house, it was a boarding house named "Old Kentucky Home". She soon went to live at her business with Tom, while the other Wolfes remained at their Woodfin Street residence. Wolfe lived at the boarding house until he went to the University of North Carolina in 1916. Julia Wolfe enlarged the house in 1917 by adding five rooms.

Wolfe used the house as the setting for his first novel, *Look Homeward, Angel* (1929). Changing the name of his mother's boarding house to "Dixieland" in his autobiographical fiction, he incorporated his own experiences among family, friends and boarders into the book.

The house became a memorial to Wolfe after his mother's death (he having died relatively young of tuberculosis). It has been open to visitors since the 1950s, owned by the state of North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources since 1976 and designated as a National Historic Landmark. In 1998, 200 of the house's 800 original artifacts and the house's dining room were destroyed by a fire set by an arsonist during the Bele Chere street festival. The perpetrator remains unknown. After a $2.4 million restoration, the house was re-opened in 2003.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Wolfe House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 52 North Market Street,
Asheville, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°35′51″N 82°33′03″W / 35.59750°N 82.55083°W / 35.59750; -82.55083 |
| Built | 1883 |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| Part of | Downtown Asheville Historic District (ID79001676) |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000572 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 11, 1971 |
| Designated NHL | November 11, 1971 |
| Designated CP | April 26, 1979 |


title: Max Becker (politician)

abstract: Max Becker was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and former member of the German Bundestag.

text:
# Max Becker (politician)

**Max Becker** (May 25, 1888  July 29, 1960) was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

Becker was a member of the state parliament in Hesse from 1946 to 1949. He was a member of the Parliamentary Council in 1948/49, where he was secretary and chairman of the Committee on Electoral Law. He was a member of the German Bundestag from its first election in 1949 until his death.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). *Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002* \[*Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002*\] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.

## InfoBox

| Max Becker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **In office**
7 September 1949  29 July 1960 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1888-05-25)25 May 1888
Kassel |
| Died | 29 July 1960(1960-07-29) (aged 72) |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | FDP |
|  | |


abstract: The third federal electoral district of Oaxaca is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 10 such districts in the state of Oaxaca. It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the third region.

text:
# Third federal electoral district of Oaxaca

The **third federal electoral district of Oaxaca** (*Distrito electoral federal 03 de Oaxaca*) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 10 such districts in the state of Oaxaca.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the third region.

## District territory

Under the 2022 districting plan, which will be used for the 2024, 2027 and 2030 federal elections, the third district covers 98 of the state's municipalities. The district's head town (*cabecera distrital*), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Huajuapan de León in the Mixteca region.

With Indigenous and Afrodescendent inhabitants accounting for over 58% of its population, it is classified by the National Electoral Institute (INE) as an indigenous district.

## Previous districting schemes

2017–2022

Oaxaca's 11th district was dissolved in the 2017 redistricting process. Under the 2017 to 2022 scheme, the third district had its head town at Huajuapan de León and it covered 100 municipalities.

2005–2017

Between 2005 and 2017, the third district's head town was at Huajuapan de León and it comprised 116 municipalities.

1996–2005

Between 1996 and 2017, Oaxaca's seat allocation was increased to 11. Under the 1996 districting plan, the head town was moved to Huajuapan de León.

1978–1996

The districting scheme in force from 1978 to 1996 was the result of the 1977 electoral reforms, which increased the number of single-member seats in the Chamber of Deputies from 196 to 300. Under that plan, Oaxaca's seat allocation rose from nine to ten. The third district had its head town at the state capital, Oaxaca de Juárez.

## Deputies returned to Congress

Third federal electoral district of Oaxaca
| Election | Deputy | Party | Term | Legislature |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1916 | Leopoldo Payán |  | 1916–1917 | Constituent Congress<br>of Querétaro |
| ... | | | | | |
| 1979 | Eleazar Santiago Cruz |  | 1979–1982 | 51st Congress |
| 1982 | María Encarnación Paz Méndez |  | 1982–1985 | 52nd Congress |
| 1985 | Jesús Martínez Álvarez |  | 1985–1988 | 53rd Congress |
| 1988 | Raúl Bolaños Cacho Guzmán |  | 1988–1991 | 54th Congress |
| 1991 | Jorge Fernando Iturribarría Bolaños-Cacho |  | 1991–1994 | 55th Congress |
| 1994 | José Antonio Hernández Fraguas |  | 1994–1997 | 56th Congress |
| 1997 | Germán Ramírez López |  | 1997–2000 | 57th Congress |
| 2000 | Miguel Ángel Moreno Tello |  | 2000–2003 | 58th Congress |
| 2003 | José Luis Tapia Palacios |  | 2003–2006 | 59th Congress |
| 2006 | Daisy Hernández Gaytán |  | 2006–2009 | 60th Congress |
| 2009 | Jorge González Ilescas |  | 2009–2012 | 61st Congress |
| 2012 | Gloria Bautista Cuevas |  | 2012–2015 | 62nd Congress |
| 2015 | Edith Yolanda López Velasco |  | 2015–2018 | 63rd Congress |
| 2018 | Margarita García García |  | 2018–2021 | 64th Congress |
| 2021 | Margarita García García |  | 2021–2024 | 65th Congress |
| 2024 | Margarita García García |  | 2024–2027 | 66th Congress |

1. "How Mexico Elects Its Leaders — The Rules". *Mexico Solidarity Project*. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
2. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral por el que se aprueba la demarcación territorial de las cinco circunscripciones electorales plurinominales federales en que se divide el país". *Diario Oficial de la Federación*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
3. De la Rosa, Yared (20 February 2023). "Nueva distritación electoral le quita diputados a la CDMX y le agrega a Nuevo León". *Forbes México*. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
4. "Resumen: Oaxaca". *Cuéntame*. INEGI. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
5. "Panorama de los municipios en México". Federación Nacional de Municipios de México. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
6. Ramales, Rosy (1 June 2024). "¿Sabes cuál es tu Distrito Electoral Federal? Aquí la distritación federal para las elecciones del domingo 2 de junio, en Oaxaca". Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024. The link provides a complete list of the municipalities covered.
7. "Memoria de la Distritación Nacional 2021–2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
8. "Descriptivo de la distritación federal: Oaxaca, marzo 2017" (PDF). *Cartografía*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. March 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2024. The link provides a complete list of the municipalities covered.
9. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Federal Electoral por el que se establece la demarcación territorial de los trescientos distritos electorales federales uninominales". Diario Oficial de la Federación. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2024. The link provides a complete list of the municipalities covered.
10. "Condensado de Oaxaca, 1996–2005" (PDF). Instituto Federal Electoral. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2024. The link contains comparative maps of the 2005 and 1996 schemes.
11. "La redistritación electoral mexicana, 1996: Memoria". Instituto Federal Electoral. 1997. p. 285. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
12. González Casanova, Pablo (1993). *Las Elecciones en México: evolución y perspectivas* (3 ed.). Siglo XXI. p. 219. ISBN 9789682313219. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
13. "Oaxaca". *División del Territorio de la República en 300 Distritos Electorales Uninominales para Elecciones Federales*. Diario Oficial de la Federación. 29 May 1978. p. 32. Retrieved 20 July 2024. The link provides a complete list of the municipalities covered.
14. "Lista de Diputados al Congreso Constituyente 1916–1917" (PDF). *Constitución de 1917: Multimedia*. Secretaría de Cultura. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
15. "Leopoldo Payán". *Constitución de 1917: Multimedia*. Secretaría de Cultura. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
16. "Legislatura 51" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
17. "Legislatura 52" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
18. "Legislatura 53" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
19. "Legislatura 54" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
20. "Legislatura 55" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
21. "Legislatura 56" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
22. "Legislatura 57" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
23. "Perfil: Dip. Miguel Ángel Donaciano Moreno Tello, LVIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
24. "Perfil: Dip. Paulo José Luis Tapia Palacios, LIX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
25. "Perfil: Dip. Daisy Selene Hernández Gaytán, LX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
26. "Perfil: Dip. Jorge Venustiano González Ilescas, LXI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
27. "Perfil: Dip. Gloria Bautista Cuevas, LXII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
28. "Perfil: Dip. Edith Yolanda López Velasco, LXIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
29. "Perfil: Dip. Margarita García García, LXIV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
30. "Perfil: Dip. Margarita García García, LVX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
31. "Oaxaca Distrito 3. Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan de León". *Cómputos Distritales 2024*. INE. Retrieved 21 July 2024.

17°48′N 97°46′W / 17.800°N 97.767°W / 17.800; -97.767

## InfoBox

| National parties | |
| --- | --- |
| ***Current*** | |
|  | PAN |
|  | PRI |
|  | PT |
|  | PVEM |
|  | MC |
|  | Morena |
| ***Defunct or local only*** | |
|  | PLM |
|  | PNR |
|  | PRM |
|  | PP |
|  | PPS |
|  | PARM |
|  | PFCRN |
|  | Convergencia |
|  | PANAL |
|  | PSD |
|  | PES |
|  | PRD |


title: I Just Feel So "Sweet"

abstract: "I Just Feel So Love Again ~Soba ni Iru dake de~" I Just Feel So "Sweet" is the first and only studio album by Japanese pop band Sweet Velvet. It was released on February 26, 2000, through Giza Studio.

text:
# I Just Feel So "Sweet"

***I Just Feel So "Sweet"*** is the first and only studio album by Japanese pop band Sweet Velvet. It was released on February 26, 2000, through Giza Studio.

## Background

The album consists of three previous released singles, such as "I Just Feel So Love Again ~Soba ni Iru dake de~" (I JUST FEEL SO LOVE AGAIN 〜そばにいるだけで〜), "Flame Of Love" and "Lazy Drive".

Three tracks out of ten: "So good", "Sweeter Baby" and "Fairplay" were reprised from indies album "Sweet Velvet". Fairplay has subtitle -album mix- and it shares significant melody change.

Most of the tracks were previously released as b-side of their singles, with exception of Un jour, Blue and Drive and Over which were recorded newly for this album.

Two tracks out of ten were composed by band themselves while seven tracks out of ten were composed by Japanese composer Aika Ohno.

After the album release, the band has disbanded without official announcement and later their website was removed by director of Giza Studio as well.

## Charting

The album charted at #100 on the Oricon charts in its first week. It charted for 1 week and sold 2,900 copies.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Mizuki Akimoto

| No. | Title | Music | Arrangers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "un jour" (instrumental) | Naoyuki Tsukada | sweet velvet | 0:53 |
| 2. | "I Just Feel So Love Again -Soba ni Iru dake de-" (～そばにいるだけで～) | Aika Ohno | Hirohito Furui (Garnet Crow) | 4:37 |
| 3. | "Blue Drive" | Ohno | Kuuron Oshiro | 5:13 |
| 4. | "Lazy Drive" | Ohno | Furui | 4:57 |
| 5. | "Sweeter Baby" | Ohno | Yasuharu Konishi | 4:28 |
| 6. | "Fairplay" (album mix) | Ohno | Oshiro | 4:47 |
| 7. | "So good" | Ohno | Ryou Kamomiya | 3:11 |
| 8. | "Stay" | Nami Kaneko | Furui | 4:57 |
| 9. | "Flame Of Love" | Ohno | Furui | 4:06 |
| 10. | "Over" | Tsukada | Oshiro | 5:12 |
| Total length: | | | | 42:13 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the CD booklet of *I Just Feel So "Sweet"*.

## In media

* I Just Feel So Love Again - ending theme for anime television series *Mamotte Shugogetten*
* Flame Of Love - ending theme for anime television series *Monster Rancher*
* Lazy Drive - ending theme for TV Asahi program *Yajiuma Wide*

## InfoBox

| I Just Feel So "Sweet" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sweet Velvet | |
| Released | February 28, 2000 |
| Recorded | 1998–2000 |
| Studio | Red Way Studio
Blue way Studio
Birdman River studio
Heart Beat Studio |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Length | 42:13 |
| Label | Giza Studio |
| Producer | Daiko Nagato |
| Sweet Velvet chronology | |
| *Sweet Velvet*
(1999) ***I Just Feel So "Sweet"***
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *I Just Feel So "Sweet"* | |
| 1. "I Just Feel So Love Again ~Soba ni Iru dake de~"
Released: February 10, 1999 2. "Flame Of Love"
Released: June 23, 1999 3. "Lazy Drive"
Released: August 25, 1999 | |
|  | |


title: Igapó

abstract:
Igapó is a word used in Brazil for blackwater-flooded forests in the Amazon biome. These forests and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated with freshwater. They typically occur along the lower reaches of rivers and around freshwater lakes. Freshwater swamp forests are found in a range of climate zones, from boreal through temperate and subtropical to tropical.
In the Amazon Basin of Brazil, a seasonally whitewater-flooded forest is known as a várzea, which is similar to igapó in many regards; the key difference between the two habitats is in the type of water that floods the forest.

text:
# Igapó

***Igapó*** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[igaˈpɔ\], from Old Tupi: "root forest") is a word used in Brazil for blackwater-flooded forests in the Amazon biome. These forests and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated with freshwater. They typically occur along the lower reaches of rivers and around freshwater lakes. Freshwater swamp forests are found in a range of climate zones, from boreal through temperate and subtropical to tropical. In the Amazon Basin of Brazil, a seasonally whitewater-flooded forest is known as a várzea, which is similar to *igapó* in many regards; the key difference between the two habitats is in the type of water that floods the forest.

## Characteristics

*Igapó* is primarily characterized by seasonal inundation caused by abundant rainfall; in some areas, trees can be submerged for up to 6 months of the year. These ecosystems are relatively open and feature over 30% canopy cover with an average canopy height ranging from 20–25 m (65–80 ft); sparse measurements of trees can reach 33–36 m (110–120 ft). Tree composition includes a varied mixture of leaf types and seasonality. Development of tree communities within the freshwater swamp forests rely heavily on microtopography and flooding intensity. Swamp forests can have harsh environments, in which only a few adapted species are able to sustain life or dominate over other tree species. One of the tree species mostly found in freshwater swamp forests are legume trees, in which most swamp forests have high single legume species populations. Legume trees in these forests are thought to be abundant in nitrogen fixation, which is most common in waterlogged locations and is thought to be a favorable trait when experiencing seasonal and/or constant waterlogging.

Freshwater swamp forests can be classified into two categories of forested wetlands, which are permanently and periodically flooded forests. It is possible to find these two types because of the high microtopographic variation. Due to these topographic differences, tree communities are delimited and have a distribution over small continuous areas.

These forests may be able to sustain a large number of bird, mammal, reptile, amphibian, fish and invertebrate species, however, biodiversity varies between wetland ecosystems and the species richness of the freshwater swamp forests is not entirely known. As for plant species, these forests have a lower diversity compared to other types of forests, such as the terra firma, in South America.

## Soil chemistry

*Igapó* forests are characterized by sandy acidic soils that have a low nutrient content. The color and acidity of the water is due to soil organic molecules called humic substances (e.g. humic acid, fulvic acid) that are dissolved in the water. The acidity from the water translates into acidic soils. They are the more nutrient poor than a comparable várzea forest. They also "carry less suspended inorganic elements and contain elevated concentrations of dissolved organic material such as humic and fulvic acids". Therefore, *igapó* forests support comparatively less life and the environment found within these areas tend to lack species diversity and animal biomass. Várzea forest soils have high nutrient contents because they receive a transport of high sediment loads from the whitewater rivers. In contrast, *igapó* forests do not receive this seasonal influx of sediments which explains the nutrient poor soils. However, they do have the highest phosphorus concentrations out of comparable várzea and terra firma forest soils. Nevertheless, the seasonal inundation of the soils leads to anoxic conditions which limits plant growth.

## Flora

*Igapó* and other flooded forests typically display a lower diversity of plants than that seen in terra firma forests. Similar to other forests found throughout the tropics, it is common to observe only a few dominant tree species Distribution of trees and other plants is highly dependent on inundation tolerances of species causing a non-random distribution of plants where more flood-tolerant species are found at lower elevations and less flood-tolerant species are found on higher ground. Fabaceae (or Leguminosae) and Euphorbiaceae are the dominant families of plants observed in *igapó* forest.

### Seed dispersal

Tree species adapted to seasonal inundation have adapted to maximize fruit production during periods of flooding in order to take advantage of newly available seed dispersal methods. Fish consume nearly all fruit that fall into the water, and species that are unable to digest the seeds eventually excrete and disperse them into the water. Dispersal by other vectors such as birds and monkeys is secondary to that of fishes in *igapó*. An important factor in seed survival is the presence of seed predators. Fishes that lack the strong jaws found in characins, such as catfish, digest the fleshy material of the fruit while the seeds pass through the gut unharmed. Because many catfishes are bottom-feeders, they are critical dispersers for seeds that sink upon entering the water.

## Fauna

Diversity of terrestrial wildlife and fishes in *igapó* is highly influenced by flooding. During periods of inundation, vast numbers of aquatic species migrate into the flooded forest in search of food. Fish populations are highest during maximum fruiting periods and river dolphins and giant otters move in to prey upon them. Compared to terra firma forests, *igapó* features lower nutrients and favors slow-growing plants with low fleshy fruit production, which has resulted in a lower diversity and abundance of animals.

Larger terrestrial mammals have varied strategies of dealing with flooding: red brocket deer and collared peccaries move into islands and shift diet from fruit to browsing woody plants. White-lipped peccaries and tapirs are largely unaffected by seasonal inundation; both species take advantage of the greater abundance of fruit during these times. White-lipped peccaries migrate between flooded and dry areas and tapirs are highly capable swimmers.

Arboreal mammals such as monkeys tend to be lower in species richness compared to terra firma forests due to the decrease in tree diversity and the resulting lack of variety of suitable food types. A lower population density of birds also reflects the lack of nutrients found in *igapó* forests. For example, within Jaú National Park, 247 species of birds are found in terra firma forests; 121 of those species are limited to that habitat. Within neighboring *igapó* forests, 194 species of birds are found; of those, just 58 are restricted to *igapó*.

## Human occupation and use

Native Amazonians have been using and modifying the forests in which they have lived for thousands of years. Several studies suggest that the presence of nutrient-rich "black earth" in typically nutrient-poor *igapó* environments indicates intense fertilization and burning of these areas. Black earth is a modified soil characterized by high nutrient content from highly stable organic matter and high levels of phosphorus.

The highly fertile soils and the openness of these areas confirm that the native Amazonians have been using these fields for agriculture.

However, the Amazonians have not only used these areas for crops; they have used their agricultural lands as a place to hunt as well. Many animals (rodents, tapirs and deer) are attracted to these areas for food. The Amazonians produce a surplus so that the animals do not over-consume their food resource. Though, if the animals do start to deplete their crops, they will then harvest higher numbers of animals. Additionally, Amazonians consume fish as a main source of protein. Indigenous peoples understand that, while flooded, the forest serves as an essential feeding ground that increases fish abundance. Because of this, many protect *igapó* forests from deforestation.

## Conservation

The greatest threat to *igapó* forests is the construction of hydroelectric dams on tributaries of the Amazon river; when constructed, the dams will divert huge amounts of water and dramatically change the hydrology of the Amazon basin and its ecosystems. Because many flora within seasonally inundated forests are highly adapted to a particular flooding schedule, alterations in flood patterns and the creation of permanently flooded areas will induce higher rates of tree mortality. The loss of these trees will likely affect populations of frugivorous understory birds, such as the blue-throated piping guan and some *Amazona* parrots that are restricted to *igapó*. Loss of habitat will cause migrations of species that will inevitably lead to higher competition in unaffected habitats and possibly local extinctions.

Deforestation is also a large conservation concern because *igapó* forests are characterized by slow tree growth due to low soil nutrient content and high soil acidity. Despite low nutrient availability, *igapó* and other floodplain forests can be biodiverse with some partially endemic species. Due to soil chemistry and seasonal inundation, trees and other resources tend to grow back more slowly after harvest by humans than in other types of Amazonian forests, . Accordingly, *igapó* forests cannot sustain timber harvest. For the future, *igapó* forests should be fully protected from logging and deforestation because of the low productivity found in them.

In protected areas, such as Jaú National Park, the lack of indigenous inhabitants and a low population of rural families limits the potential for over-harvest of fish and turtle species. However, enforcement of harvest regulation is problematic when there are only three park rangers at the entrance to the park. In other unprotected areas that lack rangers, unregulated harvest of fauna by peoples that move into *igapó* forests to hunt and fish may adversely affect future stocks. Approximately 3% of the Amazon's seasonally inundated forests are under protection within national parks or biological reserves.

## Notable areas

Freshwater swamp forests are distributed in multiple climate zones throughout the world, such as boreal, temperate, tropical and subtropic zones. They are found in the Afrotropics, Australasia, Indomalaya, and the Neotropics. However, they are most notably found in Amazonian areas.

Cantão *Igapó* forests are one of the distinct natural communities found in the Cantão State Park. They offer a rich bird fauna that includes some habitat specialists due to the unique ecosystem the blackwater inundation provides. The trees in the *igapó* bloom once the inundation season begins. They do this so they can drop their fruit into the water to be dispersed by the different fish taxa. Jaú National Park The Jaú National Park was designated in 1980 and is the largest national park in the Amazon Basin and the second largest protected tropical forest. It is known for its high level of biodiversity and varying ecosystems within. The park protects the entire watershed of the Jaú River, which happens to be one of the best examples of a blackwater ecosystem where the water is colored by acidic decomposing organic matter. Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve a 57,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi) near Tefé, Brazil Anavilhanas Ecological Station an ecological station that includes hundreds of islands in the Rio Negro


title: Tillandsia maya

abstract: Tillandsia maya is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Tillandsia maya

***Tillandsia maya*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Tillandsia*. This species is endemic to Mexico.

* Espejo-Serna, Adolfo; López-Ferrari, Ana Rosa; Ramírez-morillo, Ivón; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry E.; Till, Walter (1 June 2004). "Checklist of Mexican Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **25** (1): 33–86. ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41760147.

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia maya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. maya*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia maya***<br>I.Ramírez & Carnevali | |
|


title: Georg Bogatkin

abstract: Georg Bogatkin is an Estonian ceramist.

text:
# Georg Bogatkin

**Georg Bogatkin** (born April 22, 1954) is an Estonian ceramist.

## Education

Bogatkin graduated from Tallinn 46th Secondary School (now Pelgulinn High School) in 1972 and from the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR as a ceramist in 1978.

## Family

Bogatkin's mother was the Estonian artist Valli Lember-Bogatkina, and his father was the Russian artist Vladimir Bogatkin. His wife is the sculptor and ceramist Airike Taniloo-Bogatkin. His daughter is the linguist Mari Uusküla.

## InfoBox

| Georg Bogatkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-04-22) April 22, 1954<br>Tallinn, Estonia |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Alma mater | State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR |
| Known for | Ceramics |