title: Hortense Cornu

abstract: Hortense Cornu was a French socialite, salonnière, writer, and translator who played a significant role in the culture and politics of the French Second Empire. The goddaughter and foster-sister of Napoléon III, their lifelong relationship was his "closest and most lasting friendship with a woman." As an avowed Republican, she clashed with the Emperor over his authoritarianism and was estranged from him for a period of time after his 1851 coup d'état, but in the end "no political differences were allowed to mar their friendship, which was deep and true..." She advocated various French archaeological expeditions and, amongst other contributions, was involved in founding the National Archaeological Museum, France.

text:
# Hortense Cornu

**Hortense Cornu** (née **Lacroix**; 8 April 1809 – 16 May 1875) was a French socialite, salonnière, writer, and translator who played a significant role in the culture and politics of the French Second Empire. The goddaughter and foster-sister of Napoléon III, their lifelong relationship was his "closest and most lasting friendship with a woman." As an avowed Republican, she clashed with the Emperor over his authoritarianism and was estranged from him for a period of time after his 1851 coup d'état, but in the end "no political differences were allowed to mar their friendship, which was deep and true..." She advocated various French archaeological expeditions and, amongst other contributions, was involved in founding the National Archaeological Museum, France.

## Early life

Albine Hortense Lacroix was born in Paris, the daughter of Marie Désirée Savreux and Martin Lacroix. Marie was a lady-in-waiting to Hortense de Beauharnais, and Martin was the Maître d'hôtel of the household. Her brother was the architect Eugène Lacroix. The elder Hortense and her infant son Louis-Napoléon, only one year older than Hortense Lacroix, were chosen as her godparents. The two children were raised together as foster-siblings and shared an education until Hortense was 14.

In 1834, Hortense married the painter Sébastien Cornu.

## Relationship with Napoleon III

Before his rise to power, Cornu served as research assistant and advisor to Louis Napoléon during his imprisonment at Ham. She brought him the necessary books for his writing, including works on the working class in France. Blanchard Jerrold wrote that "He sought her opinion and deferred very often to her judgment. The warmth with which he thanked her again and again for her zeal and her intelligent execution of his literary and scientific commissions, the delicacy with which he endeavoured repeatedly, but always in vain, to compel her acceptance of some of the pecuniary results of his writings, testify at once to the high value and thorough unselfishness of her work."

The two friends suffered a falling out in the aftermath of Louis-Napoleon's coup d'état on 2 December 1851. As a Republican, Cornu was dismayed by Napoléon's violent overthrow of the Second French Republic. When he came to visit her at Vincennes in the wake of the coup, she told him from the top of the stairs that "she would not receive an assassin." The rupture lasted for twelve years, although Hortense broke her silence to write and congratulate the Emperor on the birth of his son, the Prince Imperial, in 1856. She also served once again to help him in his writings, this time on his *Life of Caesar*, and also served as an intermediary between the Emperor and a group of young writers of her acquaintance, including Ernest Renan and Léon Renier. She told one man, Nassan Senior, that "the destruction of our liberties, the massacres of 1851, the transportations of 1852, the reprisals by Orsini, rise before me, and I have a horror of being embraced by a man covered with the blood of so many friends."

Only in 1863, after she received a letter from the Emperor asking her to visit the Tuileries Palace and meet the young prince, did she relent and reestablish her friendship with the Emperor. This time, "she became convinced that he still genuinely leaned toward liberalism, which she saw as the key to perpetuating the dynasty." Cornu became a regular fixture at the palace, visiting two or three times a week. Her advice held much sway with Louis-Napoleon, who once said that "it's Hortense who gives me all my good ideas."

In 1870, Napoléon tasked her with working out a plan for profit-sharing for mining workers. One tribute to her, written after her death, stated that "she only made use of her influence with the emperor to repair and to prevent injustice, and she refused to accept a fortune from him, saying that she wished to preserve the right of telling him the truth." According to Maxime du Camp "...there was in her a liberal fund, where often she drew the strength to combat the too authoritarian counsels of which the 'entourage' was not stingy...very often she intervened to soften the punishments incurred from political offenses." Du Camp also credited her with championing Émile Ollivier, a liberal deputy who would become Louis-Napoléon's Prime Minister in 1869. In regards to foreign policy, Cornu was one of several people close to the Emperor who fervently supported Italian nationalism. According to the Empress Eugénie, it was Cornu who suggested her friend Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to the Emperor as a candidate for the Romanian throne.

## Writings

Under the pseudonym of Sébastien Albin, Cornu published articles in various periodicals. In 1841 she published her translations of German popular chants and ballads (*Ballades et chants populaires de l'Allemagne*) and in 1848 wrote an article on the history of Italian art for the "Encyclopédie Moderne". She also contributed to the *Revue du Nord* in Metz, the *Revue indépendante*, and the *Dictionnaire de la conversation*.

In 1841, Cornu translated the works of Benjamin Franklin into French (*Mémoires complets, oeuvres morales et littéraires de B. Franklin*). In 1843, she translated the correspondence between Goethe and Bettina von Arnim into French under the Albin pseudonym (*Goethe et Bettina*), and later arranged for Gustave Flaubert's *Salammbô* (1862) to be translated into German by one of her friends.

## Cultural influence

Cornu promoted various archaeological expeditions in the Middle East and was the only woman to be admitted to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Through her intervention, Renan was put in charge of an expedition to ancient Phoenicia. She also played an important role in establishing the National Archaeological Museum, France at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, helping to recruit archaeologists for the new institution. She was one of those responsible for convincing Napoléon III to purchase part of the Campana Collection. She also convinced the Emperor to purchase the papers of the antiquarian Bartolomeo Borghesi; her protégé Ernest Desjardins was entrusted with concluding the transaction and publishing the papers.

According to Renan, Cornu had a particularly successful influence in the sphere of educational reform: "The creation of several courses...at the College of France, the establishment of the School for Higher Studies, many scientific missions – some of which were very fruitful – a new impulse imparted to the acquisition of objects of antiquity, a great number of publications undertaken with the justest feeling of the requirements of erudition, marked a new era...all this belonged to her indirectly, since it was under her influence that the Emperor entered into the direction of ideas which rendered the second half of his reign a very brilliant epoch for critical studies."

## Later life

In 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Cornu retired to a small house she owned in Longpont-sur-Orge. Her husband died in October of that year, and she herself became increasingly infirm due to a heart condition. According to Ernest Renan, "this woman, to whom so many people owed their lives and fortunes, found herself in a state bordering on privation...If some of her friends had not made her understand that her poverty would be an insupportable reproach to them, she would have died in destitution." She died at Longpont on 16 May 1875.

Cornu preserved all the letters "she had thought worthy of preservation" from Napoleon III, and gave a handful of them to his biographer Blanchard Jerrold. After her death, some 197 were obtained by Seymour de Ricci, who was forbidden by the French government from publishing them until 1908.

## Bibliography

* Du Camp, Maxime (1949). *Souvenirs d'un Demi-Siècle: Au Temps de Louis-Philippe et de Napoléon III, 1830–1870* (in French). Paris: Hachette.
* Effros, Bonnie (2012). "'elle pensait comme un homme et sentait comme une femme': Hortense Lacroix Cornu (1809–1875) and the Musée des Antiquités nationales de Saint-Germain-en-Laye". *Journal of the History of Collections*. Vol. 24, no. 1. pp. 25–43.
* Emerit, Marcel (1937). *Madame Cornu et Napoléon III: d'après les lettres de l'Empereur conservées à la Bibliothèque nationale et d'autres documents inédits: thèse complémentaire pour le doctorat-ès-lettres...Université de Paris* (in French). Paris: Les Presses Modernes.
* Renan, Ernest (1892). *Recollections and Letters of Ernest Renan*. Cassell Publishing Co. pp. 218–233.

## InfoBox

| Hortense Cornu | |
| --- | --- |
| Hortense Lacroix by Sébastien-Melchior Cornu | |
| Born | Albine Hortense Lacroix
(1809-04-08)8 April 1809
Paris, First French Empire |
| Died | (1875-05-16)16 May 1875
Longpont-sur-Orge, French Third Republic |
| Pen name | Sébastien Albin |
| Occupation | Writer, Translator, Salonnière |
| Nationality | French |
| Spouse | Sébastien Cornu  (m. 18341870) |


title: Gotpur

abstract: Gotpur (Gotpur) is a village in Barnahal block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,761, in 314 households.

text:
# Gotpur

**Gotpur** (*Gotpur*) is a village in Barnahal block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,761, in 314 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Gotpur had a population of 1,761, in 314 households. This population was 52.6% male (926) and 47.4% female (835). The 0-6 age group numbered 249 (136 male and 113 female), or 14.1% of the total population. 175 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 9.9% of the total.

The 1961 census recorded Gotpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 845 people (460 male and 385 female), in 143 households and 88 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 660 acres.

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Gotpur had 2 primary schools; it did not have any kind of healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both *kachcha* and *pakka* materials.

## InfoBox

| Gotpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GotpurLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°58′46″N 78°49′11″E / 26.97944°N 78.81962°E / 26.97944; 78.81962 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Mainpuri |
| Tehsil | Karhal |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.419 km2 (0.934 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,761 |
| Density | 730/km2 (1,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus

abstract: Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus, born in 10 B.C., in the Olisipo region of Granja dos Serrões. The name Caudicus indicates an indigenous origin, who came to importance as the duumviri of Olisipo, and later, the flamen of the cult of Augustus. He founded a villa with the probable name of "villa Caudicana", now known as Godigana. In 20 AD he built a fountain in Armés that is still present. He also fulfilled religious vows in a Temple of Jupiter located in Granja do Marquês.

text:
# Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus

**Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus**, born in 10 B.C., in the Olisipo region of Granja dos Serrões. The name *Caudicus* indicates an indigenous origin, who came to importance as the duumviri of Olisipo, and later, the flamen of the cult of Augustus.

He founded a villa with the probable name of "*villa Caudicana*", now known as Godigana (near Terrugem). In 20 AD he built a fountain in Armés that is still present. He also fulfilled religious vows in a Temple of Jupiter located in Granja do Marquês.


title: The Terror (1928 film)

abstract: The Terror is a 1928 American pre-Code horror film written by Harvey Gates and directed by Roy Del Ruth, based on the 1927 play of the same name by Edgar Wallace. It was the second "all-talking" motion picture released by Warner Bros., following Lights of New York. It was also the first all-talking horror film, made using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc system.

text:
# The Terror (1928 film)

***The Terror*** is a 1928 American pre-Code horror film written by Harvey Gates and directed by Roy Del Ruth, based on the 1927 play of the same name by Edgar Wallace. It was the second "all-talking" motion picture released by Warner Bros., following *Lights of New York*. It was also the first all-talking horror film, made using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc system.

## Plot

"The Terror", a killer whose identity is unknown, occupies an English country house that has been converted into an inn. Guests, including the spiritualist Mrs. Elvery and detective Ferdinand Fane, are frightened by strange noises and mysterious organ music. Connors and Marks, two men just released from gaol, have sworn revenge upon "The Terror". Following a night of mayhem that includes murder, the identity of "The Terror" is revealed.

## Cast

**Cast notes**

## Reception

*The Terror* received mixed reviews upon initial release. In August 1928, *Time* said the film is "better than *The Lion and the Mouse*, \[an\] all-talk picture of which May McAvoy, Alec Francis, two of the terrorized, are veterans." Three months later, John MacCormac, reporting from London for *The New York Times* upon the film's UK premiere, wrote:

> The universal opinion of London critics is that *The Terror* is so bad that it is almost suicidal. They claim that it is monotonous, slow, dragging, fatiguing and boring, and I am not sure that I do not in large measure agree with them. What is more important, Edgar Wallace, who wrote the film, seems to agree with them also. "Well," was his comment, "I have never thought the talkies would be a serious rival to the stage."

### Box office

According to Warner Bros records the film earned $1,221,000 domestically and $243,000 foreign.

## Preservation status

Two versions of the film were prepared, as most theaters in 1928 had yet to convert to sound. The "all-talking" sound version, featuring a Vitaphone sound-on-disc soundtrack, was released on September 6, 1928, and a silent version, which used screen-filling printed "titles" (as they were then commonly called) to supply the essential dialog, was released on October 20, 1928. Both versions have been considered lost films since the 1970s, though a complete set of the soundtrack discs still exists and is preserved at the UCLA Film and Television Archive.

## Remake

*The Terror* was partially remade by First National as *Return of the Terror* (1934).

Four years later, in 1938, a new remake was directed by Richard Bird with a screenplay by William Freshman . It starred Wilfrid Lawson, Bernard Lee, Arthur Wontner, Linden Travers, Henry Oscar, and Iris Hoey.

The film was again remade in Germany in 1965 as *Der unheimliche Mönch* (*The Sinister Monk*).

## InfoBox

| The Terror | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | Roy Del Ruth |
| Written by | Harvey Gates
Joseph Jackson |
| Based on | *The Terror*
by Edgar Wallace |
| Produced by | Darryl F. Zanuck |
| Starring | May McAvoy
Louise Fazenda
Edward Everett Horton
Alec B. Francis |
| Cinematography | Chick McGill |
| Edited by | Thomas Pratt
Jack Killifer |
| Music by | Louis Silvers |
| Production
company | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release dates | * September 6, 1928 (1928-09-06) (Sound version) * October 28, 1928 (1928-10-28) (Silent version) |
| Running time | 80 minutes (Sound version)
85 minutes (Silent version) (7,674 feet) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $163,000 |
| Box office | $1,464,000 (worldwide rentals) |


title: The Terror (1917 film)

abstract: The Terror is a 1917 American silent crime drama film directed by Raymond Wells and starring Jack Mulhall, Grace MacLaren and Virginia Lee.

text:
# The Terror (1917 film)

***The Terror*** is a 1917 American silent crime drama film directed by Raymond Wells and starring Jack Mulhall, Grace MacLaren and Virginia Lee.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Robert B. Connelly. *The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2*. December Press, 1998.

## InfoBox

| The Terror | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Raymond Wells |
| Written by | Fred Myton
Raymond Wells |
| Starring | Jack Mulhall
Grace MacLaren
Virginia Lee |
| Cinematography | R.E. Irish |
| Production
company | Universal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * February 12, 1917 (1917-02-12) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Hortense Child Smith

abstract: Hortense Hogan Child Smith was the First Counselor to Ruth H. Funk in the General Presidency of the Young Women organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1972 to 1978. Hortense Hogan was born in Thatcher, Idaho. She attended Utah State University and earned a degree from LDS Business College. In 1939, she married Robert Rumel Child, the only son of Thomas B. Child. As such she was connected with Child's creation of Gilgal Sculpture Garden. She was the head of the Friends of Gilgal Garden that worked to preserve the unique art project from destruction by a housing development. Through her efforts the garden was purchased by the Friends of Gilgal organization and turned over to the care of Salt Lake City for preservation. Hortense and Robert had two children. After Robert Child died, Hortense married Eldred G. Smith in 1977. Smith died on May 17, 2012, shortly after her 93rd birthday.

text:
# Hortense Child Smith

**Hortense Hogan Child Smith** (May 6, 1919 – May 17, 2012) was the First Counselor to Ruth H. Funk in the General Presidency of the Young Women organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1978.

Hortense Hogan was born in Thatcher, Idaho. She attended Utah State University and earned a degree from LDS Business College. In 1939, she married Robert Rumel Child, the only son of Thomas B. Child. As such she was connected with Child's creation of Gilgal Sculpture Garden. She was the head of the Friends of Gilgal Garden that worked to preserve the unique art project from destruction by a housing development. Through her efforts the garden was purchased by the Friends of Gilgal organization and turned over to the care of Salt Lake City for preservation. Hortense and Robert had two children.

After Robert Child died, Hortense married Eldred G. Smith in 1977.

Smith died on May 17, 2012, shortly after her 93rd birthday.


title: Marriage in Cambodia

abstract: Marriage in Cambodia is a social institution which structures Khmer society. The Khmer wedding, with its long history and rich symbolism, is also famous for its specific music, known as phleng kar. The wedding usually lasts for a day and a half. It starts at the bride's home followed by a religious ceremony and exchange of ritual gifts. The garments worn are covered with jewelry as a mark of respect to the parents of bride and groom, and all the couple's relatives and friends are present. The parents offer blessings and the couple prays to the monks for a happy life. In theory, marriage is monogamic and for life.

text:
# Marriage in Cambodia

**Marriage in Cambodia** is a social institution which structures Khmer society. The **Khmer wedding**, with its long history and rich symbolism, is also famous for its specific music, known as *phleng kar*.

The wedding usually lasts for a day and a half. It starts at the bride's home followed by a religious ceremony and exchange of ritual gifts. The garments worn are covered with jewelry as a mark of respect to the parents of bride and groom, and all the couple's relatives and friends are present. The parents offer blessings and the couple prays to the monks for a happy life. In theory, marriage is monogamic and for life.

## History

### Origin: symbolic reenactment of the legendary wedding of Preah Thong and Neang Neak

Cambodian brides and grooms reenact in each traditional Khmer wedding because wedding rituals symbolize the marriage of Preah Thaong and his bride Neang Neak. This explains many Khmer wedding customs, in which the groom carries the bride's scarf, symbolizing that he is from afar and is marrying into her family, in contrast to Indian wedding customs where the bride holds the groom's scarf. The bride and groom wear garments decorated with jewelry and are surrounded by family and guests. The couple's garments are a sign of respect to their parents and parents-in-law, both of whom offer their blessings to the couple.

### Development of the Khmer wedding rite

Across centuries, the Cambodian rite of marriage developed and integrated various elements which reflect its long history.

### Ethnological study of the Khmer wedding

The earliest academic reference to wedding rites in Cambodia was made by French ethnologist Paul Pelliot of the French School of the Far East in 1903 with accounts of customs in the thirteenth century by Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan.

The first extensive description of the Khmer wedding was published in 1920 by French colonialist Arthur Daguin.

In 1965, Venerable Nhiek Nou, a monk of the Dhammayut order, published a booklet entitled *Kpuon Abah-bibah* or the *Treaty concerning Marriage*. It contains four parts, the first two pertaining with the rituals of Khmer weddings for the royal family as for the commoners. It also reprimanded younger generations for adopting Western traditions during the celebration of weddings in Cambodia.

### Khmers Rouges: the tragedy of forced marriages

During the Civil War in Cambodia, a Cambodian wedding party was mistakenly razed by B-52s. It was the beginning of a tragic period of Khmer weddings.

The Khmer Rouge divided families and separated the men from the women. The father, mother, and children frequently were separated for many months. A man and woman often did not have time to consummate a marriage, and sexual relations were limited by long separations. Extramarital relations and even flirtations between young people were heavily punished.

Descriptions of newlywed couples being spied on by secret soldiers on their wedding night to ensure sexual intercourse has been recorded.

### The modern Khmer wedding

Since the 1990s, although many Cambodians insist that the proper Khmer wedding ceremony should be a three-day event, most Khmer weddings in Phnom Penh are held on a single day. Because of this simplification, a large proportion of the traditional music which used to accompany the celebration has fallen out of use or been completely lost.

Some have been critical of the current trend of exaggerated expenses of Khmer people, especially in the Khmer diaspora, with the belief of the wedding's success being determined monetarily.

## Ritual

### Royal wedding

Members of the royal family and dignitaries of the palace and their children are entitled to this type of wedding of ancient tradition. The ceremony set of rules dictated by a Royal Ordinance promulgated on March 14, 1909. The main feature was the royal blessing which the King offered to the newlyweds in their fanciest attire by pouring blessed water and throwing flower petals at them.

The royal weddings were a three-day event that took place within the walls of the Royal Palace. On the first day, 19 monks, reminiscent of the 19 souls in the Khmer tradition, were invited to celebrate the *paritta* before offerings were made to the spirits and the popil were rotated. A banquet was then organized in the Palace gardens. On the second day, the King would extend his blessing with Brahmanical holy water after the spouses protestrated themselves three times before his majesty. The *bakus* would sound their conch horns in celebration.

### Ordinary wedding

Customs vary as between rural and urban areas, with many city dwellers being influenced by western ideas. The choice of a spouse is usually undertaken by the families of young men and women, sometimes with the help of a matchmaker.  A man usually marries between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five and a girl between sixteen and twenty-two.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. The traditional Khmer wedding originally lasted seven days and seven nights. Later, it was reduced to three days and three nights, but by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. The ceremony begins in the morning at the home of the bride and is directed by the achar. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting and tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the couple's wrists.

In the traditional Khmer wedding ceremony, before the groom enters the house to meet his bride, he kneels and pays homage to the east where the sun rises.

The rite in which participants in a reciprocal relationship "tie the hands" (chang dai) of the bridal couple by making a monetary gift signifies their bond to the newlyweds and their families, as a forme of exchange to promote solidarity and mutual obligation.

### Variants

There are some similarities in the wedding among the Souy and Khmer wedding . Meanwhile, there are also differences, especially concerning the dowry.

## Music: *phleng kar*

The Khmer wedding has traditionally been a prominent occasion for music, and wedding music known as *phleng kar* developed over the centuries.

In the olden days, the traditional Khmer wedding ensemble known as *vung phleng kar* or *vung phleng Khmer* was restricted to be played by only old serious male musicians.

The *vung phleng kar*, which is the most popular of all Khmer music ensembles, can be found in virtually every village, town and city in Cambodia and even in Khmer refugee communities in the United States. The original instrumentation with a leaf (*sleuk*), a double-reed pipe (*prey prebaub*, which served as a tuning standard for the ensemble), a musical bow or ksaedieu, a three-stringed fiddle or tro khmer, a long-necked lute or chapei and a vocalist.

The *Preah Thaong* melody played during Khmer wedding ceremonies is considered sacred. The *plheng kar* is used in all Khmer weddings, mostly Buddhists, but the texts have also been adapted by Khmer Christians for the celebration of the sacrament of marriage in Christian churches.

The importance of live music in a Khmer wedding is still true in the 21st century: while the funeral music is often recorded, the wedding ritual will always be live. Khmer wedding music is supplied by a hired traditional band that, for much of the ceremony, remains separated from the core ritual action of the ceremony. Guests and main participants of the ceremony do not sing or dance, nor do they exercise an influence on the repertoire performed.

However, in recent years, modern bands and DJs have also become popular at Khmer weddings.

## Gastronomy

In the ceremonial of the Khmer wedding, Khmers will bake the *Num anssam chrouk*, with pork meat, and *Num anssam chek* , made with banana, as thy usually do for major religious ceremonies such as Pchum Ben or the Khmer New Year.

## Filmography

Khmer films of colonial and post-colonial era in Cambodia offer examples of the proper traditional attire for Khmer weddings.

## Gellery

## Bibliography


title: Morristown College

abstract: Morristown College was an African American higher education institution located in Morristown, the seat of Hamblen County, Tennessee. It was founded in 1881 by the national Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The school was renamed Knoxville College-Morristown Campus in 1989 and closed in 1996. Prior to the civil rights movement, the college held the distinction of being one of only two institutions in East Tennessee for African Americans, the other being Knoxville College, founded in 1875. The 52-acre (210,000 m⁲) campus was perched on a hill in the middle of Morristown and surrounded by five distinct neighborhoods. Seven of the college's nine buildings were on the National Register of Historic Places. After operations ceased, most of the college buildings fell into disrepair, succumbing to vandalism and neglect. The campus was demolished to make way for a city park which opened in 2019.

text:
# Morristown College

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Morristown College Historic District | |
| Formerly listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Aerial view of campus in 1983 | |
|  | |
| Location | 417 N. James St., Morristown, Tennessee, United States |
| Area | 30 acres (12 ha) |
| Built | 1892 (1892) |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival, Queen Anne, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 83003036 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | 15 September 1983 |
| Removed from NRHP | 26 June 2017 |

**Morristown College** was an African American higher education institution located in Morristown, the seat of Hamblen County, Tennessee. It was founded in 1881 by the national Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The school was renamed Knoxville College-Morristown Campus in 1989 and closed in 1996. Prior to the civil rights movement, the college held the distinction of being one of only two institutions in East Tennessee for African Americans, the other being Knoxville College, founded in 1875.

The 52-acre (210,000 m2) campus was perched on a hill in the middle of Morristown and surrounded by five distinct neighborhoods. Seven of the college's nine buildings were on the National Register of Historic Places. After operations ceased, most of the college buildings fell into disrepair, succumbing to vandalism and neglect. The campus was demolished to make way for a city park which opened in 2019.

## History

By the fall of 1868, the freedmen of Jefferson County's Morristown district established a small grammar school, attracting students from the community and other areas of the state and the South. Little is known about the early years of this school, though the building it housed was a modest church provided by the Presbyterians of Orange, New Jersey. Led by Mrs. Hanford, an Ithaca, New York native, the school was used to teach freedmen and free persons of color to spell, read, and learn arithmetic along with the obligatory learning of Christian values. A few blocks away was the Reagan High School for Boys, where a college preparatory course was taught by Rev. Wilson. Built as a meeting house in 1830 by a Baptist congregation, it had served as a slave mart, held secession discussions, and housed a hospital for Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War.

In November 1869, Mrs. Hanford was replaced by Almira H. Stearns, a Plainfield, Vermont native. Stearns, who lost her husband and a son to the Civil War, moved to the area with her daughter, Anna, to do missionary work. Relying upon their Christian faith and the assistance of supporters, the harshness of the Reconstruction era and local resistance toward the school were taken in stride as student growth and learning was on a steady pace, reaching a wide variety of age groups. In 1880, the Holston Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church voted to segregate the preachers, forming a separate conference for African Americans.

Discovering the lack of black preachers as a result, a handful of white men volunteered to join and assist. Among these volunteers was Rev. W.C. Graves, presiding elder of the Morristown District. Believing in a critical need for a school providing education for blacks beyond primary grades as well as preachers for black churches, Graves, along with the support of newly elected M.E. Church Bishop Henry W. Warren, decided the location held by Stearns and others was suitable. By 1881, Stearns and her pupils took possession of the church and school building, establishing Morristown Seminary. In October of the same year, Dr. Judson S. Hill, a 27-year-old pastor and missionary from Trenton, New Jersey, was asked by the bishop of the Holston Conference to turn the school into a full-fledged seminary and normal school to contribute teachers and ministers to East Tennessee's black communities. With the assistance of Nannie McGinley as part of the faculty, the path of the school was set into motion.

### Establishment

After being pastor for the First Methodist Church of Chattanooga and doing missionary work, Judson Hill and his wife Laura moved to the Morristown area. Hill had an urge to do work in the South after training at Madison University (now Colgate) and Crozer Theological Seminary. Once appointed president, the tedious job of building and maintaining the school began. Under Hill's leadership, the college grew to over three hundred students by the turn of the century. To raise money for needed classroom buildings and dormitories, Hill secured funds from northern philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie, the McCormick's and Swift's of Chicago, and the Kellogg's of Battle Creek, Michigan. In addition, Hill solicited contributions from local merchants and sought improved relations with the city. Through his successes in fundraising, Hill was able to launch a major expansion and building program for the college that included the construction of dormitories, classrooms, administrative offices, and a dining facility. The school also acquired a 300-acre (120 ha) dairy farm. Lobbying with the community through various means also helped to ease tensions, foster cooperation, and land considerable praise for the work and dedication the school provided to the growing number of students and the community at large.

Hill's improvements at the school occurred within the larger context of the Jim Crow South. Most whites saw little need for and imposed resistance toward African American education, especially higher education. Many northern and southern leaders, and even some black educators such as Booker T. Washington, tried to compromise with the white society by channeling African Americans into industrial and vocational education. Following this trend, Hill introduced industrial training and, by 1901, the college was renamed Morristown Normal and Industrial College. Some of the industrial courses offered for male students included woodworking, brick-making and masonry, carpentry, iron-molding, shoemaking, broom manufacturing, and agricultural training. For the females, domestic science classes included sewing, cooking, and serving techniques. The products created in these classes, such as brooms, were sold across the United States, and the profits were then given back to the college. For the remainder of Hill's presidency, industrial education was the central focus of the Morristown curriculum, decreasing the earlier emphasis on teacher and clergy training. Hill's death in 1931, coupled with the onset of the Great Depression, brought dramatic changes to the college.

### Growth

After Hill's passing and two years of searching, the Board of Schools of the Methodist Church selected Edward C. Paustin as the new president. During his three-year tenure, Paustin changed the direction of the school from industrial training to a more traditional liberal arts education. It is likely that the expense of maintaining the shops during a time of economic crisis drove some of these policies. Despite his efforts, Paustin was unable to turn the school around financially and he resigned in 1937. J.W. Haywood succeeded Paustin, becoming the college's first black president and managing the school for seven years.

In 1944, Miller W. Boyd, an Abingdon, Virginia native, became the first Morristown College alumnus to be president of the institution. He sought funding for the school by establishing relationships with Morristown's business community, instituting financial support from alumni, and gaining support from the Holston Conference. Through his efforts, enrollment rose to 435 (the largest in the school's history), the college's finances improved, and relations with the community were further raised.

Boyd elevated the college to levels not seen since Dr. Hill's tenure. When some thought the college was headed toward demise, Boyd thought otherwise, working tirelessly to promote spirit and loyalty among the students and staff. In the fall of 1952, Boyd died and his wife, Mary Whitten, served as interim president for the remainder of the year. H.L. Dickason, former president of Bluefield State College, succeeded Whitten in 1953 until his death in 1957. Other presidents included Dr. Leonard Haynes, Jr., Dr. Elmer P. Gibson, Dr. Raymond E. White, and Dr. Charles Wade.

### Post-civil rights era and legacy

After the civil rights movement of the 1960s, African Americans were able to attend previously all-white, state-supported colleges and universities. As a result, Morristown College found it increasingly difficult to compete with the larger public institutions that could offer cheaper tuition and received state and federal funds. In 1959, the college ended high-school level instruction, though two years later it became the first HBCU to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools as a junior college. Over the next 20 years, the college continued to struggle financially as students, potential or otherwise, were drawn to other institutions and regions. In 1989, Knoxville College acquired Morristown College and began operating it as a satellite campus. However, Knoxville College also had its challenges and closed the facility in 1994.

The historic campus of Morristown College was listed in 1983 on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance and its important contributions to African American education. Its significant architectural examples included Queen Anne and Georgian Revival styles, but the campus suffered from neglect.

Alumni, former faculty, and staff reunite on occasion along with those from other schools associated with the college. Over 15,000 graduates from across the nation and world passed through this institution and its impact has been felt for generations, large and small. Much wasn't expected of this small school tucked away in the foothills of East Tennessee and its history is rarely told. Fulfilling the mission of its founders and possibly exceeding it, the school's existence served as a reminder of hard work and persistence can pay off in the face of adversity and challenges.

## Notable alumni

## Fulton-Hill Park

After Morristown College closed in 1994, the property was auctioned off and changed owners twice. Due to neglect by the site's owners, most of the college buildings fell into disrepair, succumbing to vandalism and fires.

In November 2016, it was announced that the city of Morristown had agreed to buy the site of Morristown College for $900,000. By January 2017, the remaining buildings had been demolished and the campus was subsequently delisted from the National Register of Historic Places. Heritage Park opened on November 16, 2019, featuring a replica of Morristown College's colonnade.

In October 2020, a group of Morristown residents gathered to suggest the Morristown City Council rename Heritage Park to Legacy Park, citing alleged connotations to the controversial preservation of Confederate history. The usage of the term on the park's site, which served as Morristown College and a former slave market, was found to be not culturally appropriate by the Morristown City Council, and the name change is being considered.

On November 17, 2020, the Morristown City Council approved to rename Heritage Park to Fulton-Hill Park, in honor Andrew Fulton, a former slave and Morristown College alumni, and Judson S. Hill, Morristown College's first president.

In December 2020, the Morristown City Council approved the beginning of phase two of development at Fulton-Hill Park, which consists of constructing a new hiking trail system and entry signage for the park.

The park currently serves as a public park operated and maintained by the City of Morristown Parks and Recreation Department. The park features a performance lawn, a walking trail, and a historical education site. Since 2019, the park has been the site of the annual Arts in the Park event.

## InfoBox

Morristown College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Morristown Seminary; Morristown Seminary & Normal Institute; Morristown Normal Academy; Morristown Normal College; Morristown Normal and Industrial College; Knoxville College-Morristown Campus |
| Motto | Fides, Scientia |
| Active | 1881–1994 |
| Affiliation | Methodist Episcopal |
| Location | Morristown, Tennessee, United States
36°13′16″N 83°17′34″W / 36.22111°N 83.29278°W / 36.22111; -83.29278 |
| Colors | Red and Black
 |
| Mascot | Red Knights |


title: Martin Hunter (British Army officer)

abstract: General Sir Martin Hunter (1757–1846) was a British Army officer, and governor of Stirling Castle. In 1797, he married Scottish heiress Jean Dickson. They had a large family, including daughter Margaret Dysart Hunter who married Charles Samuel Grey, son of Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet Grey of Fallodon and nephew of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1833. Hunter joined the army in 1771, as an ensign in the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot, and was made lieutenant in 1775. He accompanied his regiment to America, where he saw action during the American Revolutionary War at Bunker Hill, Brooklyn, Brandywine, and Fort Washington. He was wounded during a night attack on General Wayne's brigade. In 1777 Hunter was made captain in the 52nd. He served in India, commanding the corps who attacked the breach at Cannanore in 1785, and commanded the 52nd at various sieges during the campaign under Lord Cornwallis. He was wounded during the battle at Seringapatam in 1792. In 1793, Hunter obtained a majority in the 91st Foot, and in 1794, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Hunter held a commissions in the 60th Foot, and also the 48th Foot, which he commanded in Gibraltar, Trinidad and Puerto Rico. In 1800 he became colonel, and in 1801, brigadier-general. Hunter was made lieutenant-general in 1812, and general in 1825. He served as Governor of Pendennis Castle in Cornwall from 1823 to 1832 and as Governor of Stirling Castle in Scotland from 1832 until his death. Hunter died in 1846, the last survivor of Lexington and Concord.

text:
# Martin Hunter (British Army officer)

General **Sir Martin Hunter** GCH GCMG (1757–1846) was a British Army officer, and governor of Stirling Castle.

In 1797, he married Scottish heiress Jean Dickson (died 1845). They had a large family, including daughter Margaret Dysart Hunter who married Charles Samuel Grey, son of Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet Grey of Fallodon and nephew of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1833.

Hunter joined the army in 1771, as an ensign in the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot, and was made lieutenant in 1775. He accompanied his regiment to America, where he saw action during the American Revolutionary War at Bunker Hill, Brooklyn, Brandywine, and Fort Washington. He was wounded during a night attack on General Wayne's brigade.

In 1777 Hunter was made captain in the 52nd. He served in India, commanding the corps who attacked the breach at Cannanore in 1785, and commanded the 52nd at various sieges during the campaign under Lord Cornwallis. He was wounded during the battle at Seringapatam in 1792. In 1793, Hunter obtained a majority in the 91st Foot, and in 1794, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

Hunter held a commissions in the 60th Foot, and also the 48th Foot, which he commanded in Gibraltar, Trinidad and Puerto Rico. In 1800 he became colonel, and in 1801, brigadier-general. Hunter was made lieutenant-general in 1812, and general in 1825. He served as Governor of Pendennis Castle in Cornwall from 1823 to 1832 and as Governor of Stirling Castle in Scotland from 1832 until his death.

Hunter died in 1846, the last survivor of Lexington and Concord.

* Philippart, John; (1820) *The Royal Military Calendar, Or Army Service and Commission Book*, UK: A.J. Valpy, available online


title: Hortense Ellis

abstract: Hortense Ellis was a Jamaican reggae musician, and the younger sister of fellow artist Alton Ellis.

text:
# Hortense Ellis

**Hortense Ellis** (18 April 1941 – 19 October 2000) was a Jamaican reggae musician, and the younger sister of fellow artist Alton Ellis.

## Biography

Born in Trenchtown, her father worked on the railways while her mother ran a fruit stall. She was 18 years old when she appeared on the Vere Johns Opportunity Hour, then Jamaica's foremost outlet for young undiscovered talent. Her version of Frankie Lymon's "I'm Not Saying No at All" so impressed both audience and panel that she was invited back the following week. Ellis went on to enter many more competitions and showcases and she reached six semi-finals and four finals. In 1964 she was awarded a silver cup as Jamaica's Best Female Vocalist and went on to repeat this feat five years later.

During the 1960s, Ellis toured Jamaica with Byron Lee and The Dragonaires and had begun recording with some of the island's top producers such as Ken Lack ("I Shall Sing", "Hell And Sorrow" and "Brown Girl in the Ring"), Coxsone Dodd "I'll Come Softly" in 1963 and Duke Reid "Midnight Train", "Now And Forever", "I've Been A Fool" and "True Love" with Stranger Cole all in 1962.

Alton Ellis was also recording with Dodd at this time and the family connection was exploited by Dodd who produced "female" adaptions of some of Alton's hits (for Hortense to record) including "Why Do Birds" and "I'm Just A Guy". Dodd also paired Alton and Hortense in a run of duets such as "I'm in Love" and "Easy Squeeze".

The siblings toured Canada in 1970 but the following year, Ellis was back in Jamaica where she married Mikey "Junior" Saunders with whom she had five children in quick succession. Although her live performances suffered as a result, she remained busy in the studio. Recording under the name **Mahalia Saunders** for producer Lee "Scratch" Perry, she recorded several sides including "Right on the Tip of My Tongue" and "Piece of My Heart".

Ellis' success came in the late 1970s with a song recorded for Gussie Clarke; "Unexpected Places" was a big hit in Jamaica and also in Britain where it appeared on the Hawkeye label.

For producer Bunny "Striker" Lee, Ellis became Queen Tiney for her "Down Town Ting" – an "answer" record to Althea and Donna's big hit "Uptown Top Ranking", which had itself been based on the rhythm of Alton's big hit "I'm Still in Love With You".

Around this time, Ellis recut many of her Coxsone/Studio One sides with Soul Syndicate, The Aggrovators and the up-and-coming team of Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare. The rise of the Lovers Rock genre in the late seventies and early eighties led to Ellis cutting cover version of several popular soul classics including "Down the Aisle" (Patti LaBelle) and "Young Hearts Run Free" (Candi Staton). Following her divorce from Mikey Saunders, Ellis spent much of the eighties living in New York City and Miami. On returning to Jamaica in 1989, she began suffering health problems, but managed to carry on with occasional local live performances. She recovered sufficiently to make a private visit to New York in the summer of 1999, and then to Miami the following year, where ill health finally caught up with her.

Despite a worsening condition and the pleadings of her daughter, Sandra Saunders, to seek immediate treatment there in Miami, Ellis insisted on returning to her beloved Jamaica where she was hospitalised almost immediately, seriously ill and in considerable pain.

Hortense Ellis died in her sleep in a Kingston hospital on 19 October 2000 from a stomach infection.

## InfoBox

| Hortense Ellis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-04-18)18 April 1941
Trenchtown, Kingston, Jamaica |
| Origin | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Died | 19 October 2000(2000-10-19) (aged 59)
Kingston, Jamaica |
| Genres | Reggae |


title: Ruth et Booz

abstract: Ruth et Booz is an oil-on-canvas painting by the 19th-century French impressionist artist Frédéric Bazille, executed in 1870, which has been in the collection of the Musée Fabre in Montpellier, France since 2004.

text:
# Ruth et Booz

***Ruth et Booz*** is an oil-on-canvas painting by the 19th-century French impressionist artist Frédéric Bazille, executed in 1870, which has been in the collection of the Musée Fabre in Montpellier, France since 2004.

## Overview

Religious art was an unusual theme for Bazille, who is more associated with landscapes and portraits. This painting is a night scene from the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament, depicting the patriarch Boaz sleeping under a night sky with a crescent moon. According to the Bible, Boaz notices Ruth, a widowed Moabite and relative of his, gleaning grain in his fields. He soon learns of her difficult circumstances, as well as her kindness and loyalty to her mother-in-law, Naomi. In the evening, acting on the instructions of Naomi to seduce Boaz, Ruth visits him while he is sleeping and places herself under his power. He later agrees to marry her, and their grandson is David. Bazille depicts Ruth at some distance to Boaz, with her head raised on one elbow. Although her breast is provocatively exposed, she is gazing pensively at the Moon instead of the sleeping Boaz. The theme of Boaz and Ruth was a popular theme with the Paris Salon orthodoxy at the time, and this work may have been reaction by Bazille to the Salon's rejection of his *La Toilette* earlier that year. However, the scene he chose draws heavily on Victor Hugo's poem *Booz endormi*, from his 1859 *La Légende des siècles*. Bazille had also visited the studio of Alexandre Cabanel in 1869 and had an opportunity to see Cabanel's version of *Ruth et Booz*, based on the same poem.

The painting is mentioned by Bazille in correspondence to his father in late June 1870, in the same letter in which he mentions the "large landscape" now known as *Paysage au bord du Lez*. In this letter he describes the painting as only half-finished, and it appears to have remained in this state when the Franco-Prussian War erupted and Bazille volunteered for service in a Zouave regiment in August 1870. Bazille would never be able to return to complete the work. On November 28, 1870, he was with his unit at the Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande when, his commanding officer having been injured, he took command and led an assault on the Prussian positions. He was hit twice in the failed attack and was killed in action at the age of twenty-eight.

## The lost *Jeune fille au piano*

When *Ruth et Booz* was X-rayed during preparations for the exhibition “Frédéric Bazille and the Birth of Impressionism,” at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC in 2017, one of Bazille's lost works was rediscovered. *Jeune fille au piano* (*Young Woman at the Piano*) was a work which he had completed in 1866. Bazille described the work in great detail in correspondence with his mother, including the green satin colors of the model's dress and dimensions of the painting, and he also mentioned that it had been praised by Gustave Courbet. Bazille had intended on making it his debut work at the Paris Salon, the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, which was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world. Acceptance at this exhibition would have ensured Bazille's career in the orthodoxy of French painting. The Salon rejected Bazille's *Jeune fille au piano*, although they did accept his more mundane "Still Life with Fish", which became Bazille's debut work.

It is not certain why Bazille painted over this composition; however, despite his relative wealth, Bazille for known for recycling many of his rejected compositions.

* Pitman, Dianne W. (1998). *Bazille: Purity, Pose and Painting in the 1860s.* University Park: Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01700-6.

## InfoBox

| Ruth et Booz | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ruth and Boaz* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Frédéric Bazille |
| Year | 1870 |
| Medium | oil-on-canvas |
| Dimensions | 138 cm × 202 cm (54 in × 80 in) |
| Location | Musee Fabre, Montpellier |
| Accession | 2004.13.1 |


title: Noel Lucas

abstract: Noel Lucas was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in three first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team in 1953/54 and 1954/55.

text:
# Noel Lucas

**Noel Lucas** (13 December 1926  4 July 2009) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in three first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team in 1953/54 and 1954/55.

## InfoBox

Noel Lucas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-12-13)13 December 1926
Saint Michael, Barbados |
| Died | 4 July 2009(2009-07-04) (aged 82)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Source: Cricinfo, 13 November 2020 | |


title: Honor, Michigan

abstract: Honor is a village in Benzie County of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 337 at the 2020 census. The village is located within Homestead Township on U.S. Highway 31 along the Platte River. The community has the name of Honor Griffin, the daughter of a first settler.

text:
# Honor, Michigan

**Honor** is a village in Benzie County of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 337 at the 2020 census. The village is located within Homestead Township on U.S. Highway 31 along the Platte River.

The community has the name of Honor Griffin, the daughter of a first settler.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.56 square miles (1.45 km2), of which 0.54 square miles (1.40 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 239 |  |  |
| 1930 | 254 |  | 6.3% |
| 1940 | 284 |  | 11.8% |
| 1950 | 269 |  | −5.3% |
| 1960 | 278 |  | 3.3% |
| 1970 | 282 |  | 1.4% |
| 1980 | 281 |  | −0.4% |
| 1990 | 292 |  | 3.9% |
| 2000 | 299 |  | 2.4% |
| 2010 | 328 |  | 9.7% |
| 2020 | 337 |  | 2.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 328 people, 135 households, and 87 families residing in the village. The population density was 607.4 inhabitants per square mile (234.5/km2). There were 186 housing units at an average density of 344.4 per square mile (133.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 93.0% White, 0.3% African American, 2.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 135 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.6% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the village was 38 years. 26.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.3% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 20.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 299 people, 129 households, and 82 families residing in the village. The population density was 543.1 inhabitants per square mile (209.7/km2). There were 153 housing units at an average density of 277.9 per square mile (107.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 86.29% White, 6.02% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 3.01% from other races, and 4.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.34% of the population.

There were 129 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $32,917, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had a median income of $22,273 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,274. About 4.1% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 3.9% of those 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

Honor hosts the Coho Festival during the month of August in celebration of the area's most important fish, the coho salmon.

Honor also has the only drive-in theater left in central Michigan; the Cherry Bowl Diner is located in Honor on U.S. 31.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Moyer, Armond; Moyer, Winifred (1958). *The origins of unusual place-names*. Keystone Pub. Associates. p. 64.
5. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
8. "Cherry Bowl Drive In Theatre in Honor Michigan". *Cherry Bowl Drive In Theatre*.

44°39′50″N 86°01′05″W / 44.66389°N 86.01806°W / 44.66389; -86.01806

## InfoBox

| Honor, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| The Cherry Bowl located in Honor | |
| Location within Benzie County | |
| HonorLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 44°39′56″N 86°01′20″W / 44.66556°N 86.02222°W / 44.66556; -86.02222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Benzie |
| Township | Homestead |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.55 sq mi (1.43 km2) |
| Land | 0.54 sq mi (1.40 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2) |
| Elevation | 643 ft (196 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 337 |
| Density | 625.23/sq mi (241.31/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49640 |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-39080 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0628533 |


title: Martin Hunt

abstract: Martin Hunt was an American Private serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

text:
# Martin Hunt

**Martin Hunt** (July 9, 1873 – July 22, 1938) was an American Private serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

## Biography

Hunt was born July 9, 1873, in the County of Mayo, Ireland and enlisted into the Marine Corps from Boston, Massachusetts on August 27, 1896. After entering the Marine Corps he was sent to fight in the Chinese Boxer Rebellion.

He received his Medal for his actions in Peking, China from June 20 – July 16, 1900. The Medal was presented to him on July 19, 1901.

He was discharged from the Marine Corps on August 26, 1901, and lived in the Philippines until his death on July 22, 1938.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: 9 July 1873, County of Mayo, Ireland. Accredited to: Massachusetts. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901.

**Citation:**

> In the presence of the enemy during the battle of Peking, China, from 20 June to 16 July 1900, Hunt distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.

## InfoBox

| Martin Hunt | |
| --- | --- |
| Hunt in 1898 | |
| Born | (1873-07-09)July 9, 1873
County Mayo, Ireland |
| Died | July 22, 1938(1938-07-22) (aged 65)
Philippines |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1896–1901 |
| Rank | Corporal |
| Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Legend of the Demon Cat

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Legend of the Demon Cat is a 2017 Chinese-Japanese-Hong Kongese Xianxia fantasy mystery film co-written and directed by Chen Kaige, based on the Japanese novel series by Baku Yumemakura. The film released in December 22, 2017 in China.

text:
# Legend of the Demon Cat

***Legend of the Demon Cat*** (simplified Chinese: 妖猫传; traditional Chinese: 妖貓傳; pinyin: *Yāomāo chuán*) is a 2017 Chinese-Japanese-Hong Kongese Xianxia fantasy mystery film co-written and directed by Chen Kaige, based on the Japanese novel series by Baku Yumemakura. The film released in December 22, 2017 in China.

## Plot

The story is a supernatural reimagining of the story of death of Yang Guifei. The movie opens with Chunqin, the wife of an army commander, making a reluctant bargain with a talking black cat. In exchange for the eyes of fish which are eaten by the cat, Chunqin finds a pot of coin which she shares with her husband. The Japanese Buddhist monk Kukai is called to the imperial palace to assist Emperor Xuanzong who is cursed with a supernatural ailment. The Emperor passes away while strange cat wailings can be heard. Kukai makes the acquaintance of Bai Letian the poet whose major work is "Chang hen ge" - Song of Everlasting Sorrow (長恨歌)- the story about the life of the Emperor's favorite concubine Yang Guifei. The commander's wife has lapsed into a coma. When Kukai and Bai Letian investigate they see an visage of Chunqin on the roof reciting a poem. Kukai believe this visage is that of a demon cat.

They research the poem being recited by Chunqin and learn that it was one that was composed at Yang Guifei's wedding banquet. They decide to visit Yang Guifei's abandoned residence. Inside they see Chunqin's visage. The visage explains that she was once Yang Guifei's beloved cat. She explained that she was buried alive but was allowed to escape. It became a demon cat in order to exact revenge. The cat later possess the commander and while possessed he kills Chunqin. The commander goes insane.

Bai Letian believes his work Everlasting Sorrow would be fraudulent if he is not able to learn the real story behind Yang Guifei's death. Bai and Kukai would visit Concubine Yang's lady in waiting, Qin Yi, but she was not present when the concubine died. The demon cat kills Qin Yi after their visit. They learned of the existence of the Japanese envoy Abe no Nakamaro and obtain his diary from his widow who is still in China. They learned that during the crisis where the imperial soldiers surrounded the royal residence, they had hatched a plan to save Yang Guifei's life. This would involve using an acupuncture technique that would make Yang seem dead for a period of time. Yang would later revive. The soldiers would be satisfied she was dead. The plan works and the soldiers leave the residence. Yang was then placed in a coffin and buried inside in a tomb. Her black cat was left in the tomb.

Kukai and Bai Letian visit Yang Guifei's tomb. They realize Yang Guifei was buried alive in the coffin from the marks inside. They realize that the plot was actually meant to trick Yang Guifei and the Emperor had no plans to rescue her from the tomb. This was because nobody could bear the guilt of killing her. Yang's two loyal charges Dan Long and Bai Long attend at her grave. Dan Long confesses that he was aware of the plan to trick Yang Guifei and put poison into her wine so she would not suffer. Bai Long is shocked at this. He refuses to abandon the grave. Bai Long sacrifices himself and imbues his spirit into the black cat. When his spirit melded with that of the cat he learned that the poison did not work and Yang Guifei was buried alive. The (now) demon cat returned to the palace and attacks the Emperor putting a curse on him. Kukai and Bai Letian are joined by Dan Long at the tomb. The cat attacks Dan Long. Dan Long told the cat that he retrieved Bai Long's body and had put it beside Yang Guifei's. Bai Long tells the cat that he is prepared to die. The cat goes to attack but returns to try to get onto the coffin. The Demon cat is unable to mount the coffin. He sees the image of a white crane (Bai Long is white crane) fly off and the cat dies. Kukai and Bai Letian are seen walking in the city. Bai Letian said he does not intend to change his poem even though it is not correct. Kukai visits the Great Qinglong Temple, as instructed by his master. He gives a sutra to Dan Long, now a monk there, and asks him whether he had found the secret to life without sorrow.

## Cast

## Production

A set costing US$200 million and five years to create was constructed for the film. It was reported that the set will be turned into a theme park.

## Awards and nominations

| Awards | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25th Beijing College Student Film Festival | Best Director | Chen Kaige | Nominated |  |
| | Best Visual Effects |  | Won |  |
| 23rd Huading Awards | Best Director | Chen Kaige | Nominated |  |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Sandrine Pinna | Won |  |
| 9th China Film Director's Guild Awards | Best Film | *Legend of the Demon Cat* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Director | Chen Kaige | Nominated | |
| 12th Asian Film Awards | Best Director | Chen Kaige | Nominated |  |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Kitty Zhang | Won | |
| | Best Cinematography | Cao Yu | Nominated | |
| | Best Costume Design | Chen Tongxun | Won | |
| | Best Production Design | Tu Nan and Lu Wei | Won | |
| | Best Visual Effects | Ishi Norio | Won | |

## InfoBox

| Legend of the Demon Cat | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 妖貓傳 |
| Simplified Chinese | 妖猫传 |
| Literal meaning | Kūkai -KU-KAI- The Mystery of The Beautiful Queen |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Yāomāo chuán |
| Jyutping | Jiu¹ maau¹ cyun⁴ |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 空海 -KU-KAI- 美しき王妃の謎 |
|  | |
| Romanization | Kūkai utsukushiki ōhi no nazo |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chen Kaige |
| Screenplay by | * Chen Kaige * Wang Hui-ling |
| Based on | *Shamon kūkai tō no kuni nite oni to utage su* (沙門空海唐の国にて鬼と宴す, lit.'Feast with A Demon In The Country of Shamon Kukai Tang')
by Baku Yumemakura |
| Produced by | Kao Shirley |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Cao Yu |
| Music by |  |
| Production
companies |  |
| Distributed by | * Emperor Motion Pictures, Moonstone Entertainment (present) * QC Media (China) * Toho, Kadokawa (Japan) * Parkway Management (Hong Kong) |
| Release dates | * + 22 December 2017 (2017-12-22) (China) * + 11 January 2018 (2018-01-11) (Hong Kong) * + 24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) (Japan) |
| Running time | 2 hours 9 minutes |
| Countries | * China * Japan * Hong Kong |
| Languages | * Mandarin * Japanese |
| Budget | CN¥170 million |
| Box office | CN¥530 million |


title: Nocturne of Love (1948 film)

abstract: Nocturne of Love is a 1948 Mexican drama film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel and starring Miroslava, Víctor Junco and Hilda Sour, with the special participation of Yolanda Montes. It was co-written by Luis and Janet Alcoriza.

text:
# Nocturne of Love (1948 film)

***Nocturne of Love*** (Spanish: ***Nocturno de amor***) is a 1948 Mexican drama film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel and starring Miroslava, Víctor Junco and Hilda Sour, with the special participation of Yolanda Montes. It was co-written by Luis and Janet Alcoriza.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Aviña, Rafael. *David Silva: Un campeón de mil rostros*. UNAM, 2007.
* González Casanova, Manuel. *Luis Alcoriza: Soy un solitario que escribe*. Diputación de Badajoz, Departamento de Publicaciones, 2006.

## InfoBox

| Nocturne of Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Emilio Gómez Muriel |
| Written by | Luis Alcoriza
Janet Alcoriza |
| Produced by | Salvador Elizondo |
| Starring | Miroslava
Víctor Junco
Hilda Sour |
| Cinematography | Raúl Martínez Solares |
| Edited by | Jorge Bustos |
| Music by | Raúl Lavista |
| Production
company | Clasa Films Mundiales |
| Release date | * 27 May 1948 (1948-05-27) (Mexico) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | Mexico |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Martti Mansikka

abstract: Martti "Masa" Mansikka was a Finnish gymnast. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and won a team bronze medal. His best individual result was tenth place on floor. His team placed fourth at the 1958 World Championships. Domestically Mansikka won the Finnish titles on floor, pommel horse and vault in 1957. Mansikka died in Tampere on 24 February 2024, at the age of 90.

text:
# Martti Mansikka

**Martti "Masa" Mansikka** (25 October 1933 – 24 February 2024) was a Finnish gymnast. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and won a team bronze medal. His best individual result was tenth place on floor. His team placed fourth at the 1958 World Championships. Domestically Mansikka won the Finnish titles on floor, pommel horse and vault in 1957.

Mansikka died in Tampere on 24 February 2024, at the age of 90.

## InfoBox

Martti Mansikka
| Mansikka, c. 1956–1960 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1933-10-25)25 October 1933
Antrea, Finland |
| Died | 24 February 2024(2024-02-24) (aged 90)
Tampere, Finland |
| Height | 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 70 kg (154 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Artistic gymnastics |
| Medal record      Representing  Finland  Olympic Games  1956 Melbourne  Team | |


title: Ruth Gaviria

abstract: Ruth Gaviria is a Colombian businesswoman. She is known as the first chief marketing officer of the American media company Entercom and former executive vice president of corporate marketing at the Spanish-language broadcast television network Univision.

text:
# Ruth Gaviria

**Ruth Gaviria** is a Colombian businesswoman. She is known as the first chief marketing officer of the American media company Entercom and former executive vice president of corporate marketing at the Spanish-language broadcast television network Univision.

## Early life

Gaviria was born in 1961 and graduated from Tulane University with a degree in genetics.

## Career

Beginning in 1987, Gaviria worked for companies such as Miller Brewing Company and Procter & Gamble. In 1992, she joined Colgate-Palmolive as the director of multicultural markets. *Advertising Age* recognized her work at Colgate on its "The Marketing 100" list. In 1999, Gaviria became the vice president of marketing and sales at Fusion Networks.

Gaviria has also worked as the director of marketing for *People en Español*, the vice president of Hispanic ventures at Meredith Corporation and developed the lifestyle magazine, *Siempre Mujer*. In 2010, she began working as a senior vice president of corporate marketing for the Spanish language television broadcaster, Univision. Gaviria became executive vice president of corporate marketing at Univision in July 2013. She also rebranded the UniMás network.

Gaviria was named the first chief marketing officer of Entercom in February 2016. She has been recognized by *Fast Company* and *AdAge* as one of the "Top 100 Most Creative People in Business" and "Top Women to Watch", respectively, and is a board member for the Library of American Broadcasting, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

## InfoBox

| Ruth Gaviria | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1961 |
| Alma mater | Tulane University |
| Occupation(s) | Chief Marketing Officer, Entercom |
| Employer | Entercom |
| Children | 1 |


title: The Six Rockets

abstract: The Six Rockets was a German, all-girl, acrobat troupe that enjoyed a run of success touring variety circuits, largely in the United States, ostensibly between 1905 and 1933. When not on the road, the troupe was managed out of Leipzig by local impresario Oswald Büttner.

text:
# The Six Rockets

**The Six Rockets** was a German, all-girl, acrobat troupe that enjoyed a run of success touring variety circuits, largely in the United States, ostensibly between 1905 and 1933. When not on the road, the troupe was managed out of Leipzig by local impresario Oswald Büttner.

## Early history (1908–1911)

Throughout its incarnations the sextet were a dancing, singing and musical act of girls whose first tour of the US occurred in 1908. That run lasted three theatrical seasons (typically 40 weeks – a year less two summer months) and until 1911 whilst they toured the Eastern Burlesque Wheel.

## Second incarnation (1923–1927)

In the summer of 1923, Büttner returned to the US at the behest of American impresarios, 'Johnson & Lowenstein, Inc'. with The Six Rockets and a new set of personnel. The troupe, whose members included Nannÿ Tÿralla, Annedore Frenkel, and Melanie Elisabeth Geidel (all previously living in Leipzig), Erna Prokop of Breslau (today Wroclaw) and Elisabeth Huebner and Gertrud Tafel (both from Dresden), arrived in New York on August 8, 1923. Oswald Büttner was accompanied by his 23-year-old son, Arno Büttner.

The rockets spent two seasons touring the Columbia Burlesque circuit before briefly joining the Pantages Circuit. They subsequently get a break on the Keith Albee Circuit, the forerunner to Keith-Albee-Orpheum, touring until 1927.

During Christmas week, 1925, the rockets perform at the B. F. Keith's Hippodrome in Manhattan, New York. The programme was described by *Variety* as a: "Circusy show at the Hip this week, okay for the kiddies and obviously framed for their particular education". The Rockets, advertised as "The Speediest European Acrobatic Novelty Girl Act", opened the show and were given the thumbs up as "a sturdy female sextet, doing aero, ground tumbling, pyramid building and strong man stuff in keeping with the pace established by their masculine contemporaries". The engagement was followed by performances at the Palace theatre on Broadway in Manhattan from January 4, 1926.

In between their circuit commitments, the troupe fulfilled engagements on Marcus Loew's Circuit as well as the so-called 'Amalgamated Circuit', which saw them perform at summer county fairs too, largely in New York State. The troupe largely tour the US East Coast and its Midwest.

On 31 May 1927, The Six Rockets' members returned to Germany "in order to enjoy a well-deserved two months break". A substitute sextet continue to complete a series of engagements between August and October 1927, which includes performing at the Ambassador Theatre in St. Louis, Missouri, from October 26, 1927. The shows were managed by Oswald Büttner's accompanying son, Arno Büttner, who remained behind in the US.

## Third incarnation (1927–1931)

Following the rockets' return to Germany, a change of personnel saw only Nanny Tyralla remain while she was joined by her sister, Margot Tyralla, Helena Seifert and Ilse Wassman of Breslau, Margarethe Bathon from Coblense (Koblenz) and Rosa Heidrich of Küstrin (today Kostrzyn nad Odrą, in Poland). Performances were undertaken between November 1927 and February 1928 in Leipzig at the Krystall-Palast-Theater, Hamburg at the Flora Variete theatre and in Breslau at its Liebich Theater. From March, 1928, The Six Rockets toured the United Kingdom's music halls, performing in Plymouth, London, Birmingham, Reading, Glasgow, Manchester, before rounding off their UK visit with a run at the London Palladium during the week beginning 28 May 1928, alongside ‘The Greatest Living Comedienne,' Sophie Tucker.

The Six Rockets returned to the United States on July 15th, 1928 performing for Radio-Keith-Orpheum. The troupe returned to New York City's Palace theatre in March 1929 and followed this with an engagement at its Empire Theatre on March 15th. Later that month they played the 'RKO' Keith's Theater in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Between August 24th-31st the troupe performed beyond the US border and outdoors at the Nova Scotia Provincial Exhibition in, Halifax, Canada.

Following the Wall Street Crash of late October 1929, however, the rockets found themselves engaged for 20 weeks on Marcus Loew's circuit, performing for instance at the end of November, 1929 at Loew’s Midland Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri.

As cinema, through 'talkies', grew in popularity and radio offered free entertainment to those with receivers, the market for vaudeville faltered with the acrobat troupe subsequently finding work at the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus. With the conclusion of the circus season on October 10th, 1930, and an unsuccessful attempt to re-brand as a Hula dance act, four members of the troupe returned to Europe in January 1931 as their visas expired.

## Fourth incarnation (1933)

Two engagements by The Six Rockets have been noted in April 1932 in Greeley, Colorado and in April 1933 at the Strand Theater in Endicott, where during the latter, the troupe reportedly displayed “dances of sensational ability by popular and beautiful girls.” The troupe at the time was thought to have been managed by Arno Büttner, since his father, Oswald Büttner, died in Hamburg, Germany on June 18, 1931.

## Sources


title: Nitrile hydratase

abstract:
Nitrile hydratases are mononuclear iron or non-corrinoid cobalt enzymes that catalyse the hydration of diverse nitriles to their corresponding amides:
  - R-C≡N + H2O → R-C(O)NH2

text:
# Nitrile hydratase

**Nitrile hydratases** (**NHases**; EC 4.2.1.84) are mononuclear iron or non-corrinoid cobalt enzymes that catalyse the hydration of diverse nitriles to their corresponding amides:

R-C≡N + H
2OR-C(O)NH
2

## Metal cofactor

Nitrile hydratases use Fe(III) or Co(III) at their active sites. These ions are low-spin.

The cobalt-based nitrile hydratases are rare examples of enzymes that use cobalt. Cobalt, when it occurs in enzymes, is usually bound to a corrin ring, as in vitamin B12.

The mechanism by which the cobalt is transported to NHase without causing toxicity is unclear, although a cobalt permease has been identified, which transports cobalt across the cell membrane. The identity of the metal in the active site of a nitrile hydratase can be predicted by analysis of the sequence data of the alpha subunit in the region where the metal is bound. The presence of the amino acid sequence VCTLC indicates a Co-centred NHase and the presence of VCSLC indicates Fe-centred NHase.

## Metabolic pathway

Nitrile hydratase and amidase are two hydrating and hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the sequential metabolism of nitriles in bacteria that are capable of utilising nitriles as their sole source of nitrogen and carbon, and in concert act as an alternative to nitrilase activity, which performs nitrile hydrolysis without formation of an intermediate primary amide. A sequence in genome of the choanoflagellate *Monosiga brevicollis* was suggested to encode for a nitrile hydratase. The *M. brevicollis* gene consisted of both the alpha and beta subunits fused into a single gene. Similar nitrile hydratase genes consisting of a fusion of the beta and alpha subunits have since been identified in several eukaryotic supergroups, suggesting that such nitrile hydratases were present in the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

## Industrial applications

NHases have been efficiently used for the industrial production of acrylamide from acrylonitrile on a scale of 600 000 tons per annum, and for removal of nitriles from wastewater. Photosensitive NHases intrinsically possess nitric oxide (NO) bound to the iron centre, and its photodissociation activates the enzyme. Nicotinamide is produced industrially by the hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine catalysed by the nitrile hydratase from *Rhodococcus rhodochrous* J1, producing 3500 tons per annum of nicotinamide for use in animal feed.

## Structure

NHases are composed of two types of subunits, α and β, which are not related in amino acid sequence. NHases exist as αβ dimers or α2β2 tetramers and bind one metal atom per αβ unit. The 3-D structures of a number of NHases have been determined. The α subunit consists of a long extended N-terminal "arm", containing two α-helices, and a C-terminal domain with an unusual four-layered structure (α-β-β-α). The β subunit consists of a long N-terminal loop that wraps around the α subunit, a helical domain that packs with N-terminal domain of the α subunit, and a C-terminal domain consisting of a β-roll and one short helix.

| Nitrile hydratase, alpha chain  Identifiers  Symbol NHase\_alpha  Pfam PF02979  InterPro IPR004232  SCOP2 2ahj / SCOPe / SUPFAM   Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary  PDB 1ahj, 1ire, 1ugp, 1ugq, 1ugr, 1ugs, 1v29, 2ahj, 2cyz, 2cz0, 2cz1, 2cz6, 2cz7, 2d0q, 2qdy | Nitrile hydratase beta subunit  Identifiers  Symbol NHase\_beta  Pfam PF02211  InterPro IPR003168  SCOP2 2ahj / SCOPe / SUPFAM   Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary  PDB 1ahj, 1ire, 1ugp, 1ugq, 1ugr, 1ugs, 2ahj, 2cyz, 2cz0, 2cz1, 2cz6, 2cz7, 2d0q, 2dpp, 2qdy, 2zcf, 2zpb, 2zpe, 2zpf, 2zpg, 2zph, 2zpi |
| --- | --- |

## Assembly

An assembly pathway for nitrile hydratase was first proposed when gel filtration experiments found that the complex exists in both αβ and α2β2 forms. In vitro experiments using mass spectrometry further revealed that the α and β subunits first assemble to form the αβ dimer. The dimers can then subsequently interact to form a tetramer.

## Mechanism

The metal centre is located in the central cavity at the interface between two subunits. All protein ligands to the metal atom are provided by the α subunit. The protein ligands to the iron are the sidechains of the three cysteine (Cys) residues and two mainchain amide nitrogens. The metal ion is octahedrally coordinated, with the protein ligands at the five vertices of an octahedron. The sixth position, accessible to the active site cleft, is occupied either by NO or by a solvent-exchangeable ligand (hydroxide or water). The two Cys residues coordinated to the metal are post-translationally modified to Cys-sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) and -sulfenic (Cys-SOH) acids.

Quantum chemical studies predicted that the Cys-SOH residue might play a role as either a base (activating a nucleophilic water molecule) or as a nucleophile. Subsequently, the functional role of the SOH center as nucleophile has obtained experimental support.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| nitrile hydratase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 4.2.1.84 |
| CAS no. | 82391-37-5 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: The Six Thatchers

abstract: "The Six Thatchers" is the first episode of the fourth series of the British television programme Sherlock, and the eleventh episode overall. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One, BBC First, PBS and Channel One on 1 January 2017.

text:
# The Six Thatchers

"**The Six Thatchers**" is the first episode of the fourth series of the British television programme *Sherlock*, and the eleventh episode overall. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One, BBC First, PBS and Channel One on 1 January 2017.

## Plot

Mycroft presents doctored footage of Charles Augustus Magnussen ("His Last Vow") being shot, so that it will appear to the public as though Magnussen was shot accidentally by a sniper. Sherlock and a committee chaired by Lady Smallwood are attending. Sherlock is freed, and resolves to wait for Moriarty's posthumous revenge.

Mary Watson gives birth to a daughter, who is named Rosamund Mary. John befriends a woman he met on a bus. It is later suggested they have an affair, but John texts the woman to say that it's over.

Mycroft and Scotland Yard detectives including Greg Lestrade bring Sherlock various cases, hoping they will reveal Moriarty's scheme. One case involves the son of the Conservative cabinet minister Charlie Welsborough. The son is found dead in a car crash outside their home, despite having been on a gap year in Tibet. Sherlock quickly solves the case, and reveals that the son was hiding in the car, planning to surprise his father, but died from a seizure. A week later, a drunk driver crashed into the car.

Sherlock notes that a bust of Margaret Thatcher at Welsborough's home was missing from its place and finds that it had been stolen and smashed upon the front porch. In the following weeks, five other busts made in the series were also smashed. In one instance, someone was killed. Staking out the location of the last one, Sherlock encounters a culprit. They fight, but the culprit escapes. In the centre of the last bust is a memory stick labelled A.G.R.A., like the one Mary had given to John.

Questioned by Sherlock, Mary relates her past as a freelance agent on a team called 'AGRA'. Each had a memory stick containing their confidential material, lest anyone be betrayed by another. Six years prior, a rescue mission of hostages held at the British embassy in Tbilisi went wrong when the captors were tipped off and killed everyone on the team except Ajay and Mary. Sherlock tries to stop Mary from going after Ajay, but Mary drugs him and escapes.

Mary travels across the world following a random path that "not even Sherlock Holmes could follow." But having planted a tracking device in the memory stick, Sherlock and John intercept her in Morocco. Ajay arrives, having followed Sherlock, and attempts to kill all three. He reveals that, while being tortured and held in Tbilisi, his captors kept taunting him with the word "Ammo" and told him he'd been betrayed by "the English woman", whom he assumed to be Mary. He escaped, having hidden his memory stick in a half-made bust, then sought revenge on Mary, believing that she had betrayed them. The standoff is broken up by local police, who shoot Ajay.

Sherlock deduces that 'Ammo' should be *Amo*, the Latin word for "I love", which suggests Lady Smallwood, whose code name is Love. Questioned by Mycroft, Smallwood claims to be innocent. Sherlock meets Smallwood's assistant Vivian Norbury in the London Aquarium. Vivian confesses that she tipped the terrorists off in Georgia, using the code "Amo", thus eliminating the hostages and the AGRA team. Her motive was killing the British ambassador, who found that she had sold national secrets. John, Mycroft and the police arrive, and Vivian shoots at Sherlock, but Mary jumps in the way, taking the bullet. Mary professes her love and gratitude to John and Sherlock and dies. John, grief-stricken, blames Sherlock, who had vowed to protect Mary.

In his home, Mycroft finds a sticky note reading "13th" and places a call to "Sherrinford". Sherlock visits John's therapist but is unable to open up to her. Mrs. Hudson gives Sherlock a DVD, which contains a posthumous message from Mary. In the video, Mary asks Sherlock to 'Save John Watson'. Sherlock attempts to visit John, but Molly gives him a note from John and tells him that John would rather have anyone's help but Sherlock's.

## Production

### Locations

Series 4 was primarily filmed at Pinewood Studio Wales.

Several location scenes for this episode were filmed in London: scenes involving the bloodhound were filmed at Borough Market and Trinity Church Square in Southwark; Cumberbatch was also filmed on Vauxhall Bridge running towards the SIS Building. Also filming occurred in the Jemaa el-Fnaa square in Marrakesh, Morocco.

## References to Arthur Conan Doyle

Joanna Robinson of *Vanity Fair*, notes that Holmes' request to be reminded of Norbury as an example of his over-confidence is a reference to "The Adventure of the Yellow Face". The other reference to Doyle's "Adventure of The Yellow Face" is when John Watson says to Mary: "I might not be a very good man, but I am better than you give me credit for." This sentence was spoken by Grant Munro to his wife Effie (who, like Mary Watson in "Sherlock", was also hiding a secret) in "The Adventure of The Yellow Face."

"The Six Thatchers" is based loosely on "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons". At one point, Sherlock believes that the suspect is hunting for the black pearl, which he had been asked to look into earlier and dismissed as uninteresting, but it is soon revealed that the suspect is actually hunting for a memory stick containing information about Mary Watson's past.

Toby, the dog Sherlock borrows to aid in his search for clues, is referenced in *The Sign of the Four*, where a trained scent hound helps track Holmes and Watson to a boat landing. The "A.G.R.A" team mentioned in this episode alludes to the Agra Fortress in *The Sign of the Four* which the character Johnathan Small had to flee during the 1857 rebellion.

## Broadcast and reception

The episode premiered in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Latin America, and some parts of Russia simultaneously. In the UK, it was premiered at 8:30 pm GMT on BBC One. In the US, it premiered at 9:00 pm ET/PT on PBS. In Australia, it premiered on subscription streaming service Stan at 10:00 pm AEDT on 2 January. In Latin America, it premiered at 1:00 am GMT on BBC Entertainment. In European part of Russia, it aired on 23:31 MSK ON Channel One Russia, while airing in other parts of Russia and in some CIS states on the same channel on January 3 at 20:55 MSK .

*The Six Thatchers* received mixed reviews. *The Guardian* was positive, saying "Cumberbatch channels Bond in the most explosive outing yet". *IGN* gave a mixed review a 5.5/10 calling it "Mediocre" and "Sherlock returns with a confused and confusing case involving Margaret Thatcher's head." Digital Spy called it "satisfying enough" and saying "'The Six Thatchers' is an engaging outing with one fatal flaw. Everything works... apart from the one thing that really needs to." *The Daily Telegraph* gave a good review with a rating of 4/5 stars, calling it "a dizzying triumph of complex plotting." After Ralph Jones, in an opinion piece in *The Guardian*, criticised the episode for making Sherlock into a James Bond-style action hero, Mark Gatiss wrote in personally and responded in the form of verse.

## InfoBox

| "**The Six Thatchers**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sherlock* episode | |
| Episode no. | Series 4
Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Rachel Talalay |
| Written by | Mark Gatiss |
| Based on | "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons"
by Arthur Conan Doyle |
| Featured music |  |
| Cinematography by | Stuart Biddlecombe |
| Editing by | Will Oswald |
| Original air date | 1 January 2017 (2017-01-01) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Ye Xiufeng

abstract: Ye Xiufeng was a Kuomintang politician of the Republic of China.

text:
# Ye Xiufeng

**Ye Xiufeng** (Chinese: 葉秀峯; pinyin: *Yè Xiùfēng*; 1900 – 8 February 1990) was a Kuomintang politician of the Republic of China.

## Early life and family origins

Ye was born in 1900 in Jiangdu, a district of Yangzhou, in Jiangsu Province under the late Qing dynasty. His father was Ye Weishan (zh: 葉惟善), a Yangzhou teacher.

## Biography

Ye Xiufeng was a member of the CC Clique of the Kuomintang. He was acquainted with Chiang Kai-shek and Chen Lifu via his education at the Whampoa Military Academy. After graduating, he pursued a master's degree from the University of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1925.

## Legacy

Ye created Ye Forest as a private garden for his father in 1927. It now forms part of Xu Garden at Yangzhou's Slender West Lake.

## InfoBox

| Ye Xiufeng
葉秀峯 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1900
Jiangdu, Jiangsu, Qing Empire |
| Died | 8 February 1990
Taipei, Taiwan |
| Political party | Kuomintang |


title: Martin S. Minuk

abstract: Martin Shayne "Marty" Minuk is a Canadian defence lawyer from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He received his law degree from the University of Manitoba in 1978. Since 2005, he has been a partner at the law firm Aikins, MacAulay, and Thorvaldson. Minuk is notable for being appointed the special prosecutor in the death of Crystal Taman. He approved a controversial plea bargain in that case, which eventually resulted in the Taman Inquiry.

text:
# Martin S. Minuk

**Martin Shayne "Marty" Minuk** is a Canadian defence lawyer from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He received his law degree from the University of Manitoba in 1978. Since 2005, he has been a partner at the law firm Aikins, MacAulay, and Thorvaldson.

Minuk is notable for being appointed the special prosecutor in the death of Crystal Taman. He approved a controversial plea bargain in that case, which eventually resulted in the Taman Inquiry.


title: Texas Open Finswimming Invitational

abstract: The Texas Open Finswimming Invitational is an open finswimming competition held in Texas since 1999. The event is sanctioned by the Texas Finswimming Association (TFA) and is open to all finswimmers who are registered competitors of the TFA and invited finswimmers from other states and countries. Events are contested for both males and females, with no distinction between the various age groups competing. The meet is conducted in an open format. The meet has been hosted by the Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas, Sam Rayburn High School aquatics team and Pasadena High School aquatics team The meet was first contested in 1999 and was not held from 2008 to 2010 due to weather and the lack of a suitable pool. The 2011 event was held at San Jacinto College and was contested with local high school finswimmers who had ties to local teams.

text:
# Texas Open Finswimming Invitational

The **Texas Open Finswimming Invitational** is an open finswimming competition held in Texas since 1999. The event is sanctioned by the Texas Finswimming Association (TFA) and is open to all finswimmers who are registered competitors of the TFA and invited finswimmers from other states and countries. Events are contested for both males and females, with no distinction between the various age groups competing. The meet is conducted in an open format.

The meet has been hosted by the Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas, Sam Rayburn High School aquatics team and Pasadena High School aquatics team

The meet was first contested in 1999 and was not held from 2008 to 2010 due to weather and the lack of a suitable pool. The 2011 event was held at San Jacinto College and was contested with local high school finswimmers who had ties to local teams.

## Texas Open Finswimming Invitational Records

### Short course yards

#### Men

The records listed are correct as of March 31, 2011.

| Event | Time | Name | Team | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Surface** |  |  |  |  |
| 25 yards | 00:10.21 | Robert Orehlein | Deer Park Finswimmers | 1999 |
| 50 yards | 00:18.86 | Derrick Mauk | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 1999 |
| 100 yards | 00:44.33 | Derrick Mauk | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 1999 |
| 200 yards | 01:45.72 | Derrick Mauk | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 1999 |
| **Apnea** |  |  |  |
| 25 yards | 00:08.31 | Nicholas Holloway | Texan Finswimming Club | 2011 |
| 50 yards | 00:19.75 | Brian Mauk | Deer Park Finswimmers | 1999 |
|

#### Women

| Event | Time | Name | Team | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Surface** |  |  |  |  |
| 25 yards | 00:11.01 | Stacey Golden | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 1999 |
| 50 yards | 00:23.58 | Tiffany Davis | Eagle Finswimming Club | 2000 |
| 100 yards | 00:50.31 | Kristine Kelly | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 2006 |
| 200 yards | 01:56.61 | Kristine Kelly | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 2006 |
| **Apnea** |  |  |  |
| 25 yards | 00:09.52 | Tiffany Davis | Eagle Finswimming Club | 2000 |
| 50 yards | 00:20.24 | Kristine Kelly | Finswimming Association of Southeast Texas | 2006 |
|