title: Mirror Stone Cave

abstract: Mirror stone cave is a cave or tunnel located in a rock hill in West Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, just a few kilometers to the east of the town of Labuan Bajo. The cave earns its name from the walls that sparkle when catching the morning sun through a crevice in the roof. The sparkling occurs because the cave walls contain salt, believed to be present from the time that the cave was presumed to be underwater thousands of years ago. Corals and fossils of marine animals have been found in the cave walls supporting the presumption that the district was once underwater.

text:
# Mirror Stone Cave

**Mirror stone cave** (or *Goa Batu Cermin* in Indonesian) is a cave or tunnel located in a rock hill in West Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, just a few kilometers to the east of the town of Labuan Bajo.

The cave earns its name from the walls that sparkle when catching the morning sun through a crevice in the roof. The sparkling occurs because the cave walls contain salt, believed to be present from the time that the cave was presumed to be underwater thousands of years ago. Corals and fossils of marine animals have been found in the cave walls supporting the presumption that the district was once underwater.


title: Katherine McAuliffe

abstract: Katherine Jane McAuliffe is a Canadian psychologist who is a professor of psychology at Boston College, studying evolutionary anthropology and how children develop a sense of fairness. McAuliffe has conducted studies with children at a range of international sites in an effort to characterize cross-cultural similarities and variations.

text:
# Katherine McAuliffe

**Katherine Jane McAuliffe** is a Canadian psychologist who is a professor of psychology at Boston College, studying evolutionary anthropology and how children develop a sense of fairness. McAuliffe has conducted studies with children at a range of international sites in an effort to characterize cross-cultural similarities and variations.

## Early life and education

McAuliffe was born in Italy and grew up in Toronto. She earned her undergraduate degree at Dalhousie University and the University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia where she studied marine biology, working with Hal Whitehead and Janet Mann on cetacean research. She was awarded the David Durward Memorial Prize. She then moved to the University of Cambridge, where she earned a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Biological Anthropology. Her Master's research looked at cooperation amongst primates and the evolution of babysitting. She found that humans were considerably more likely than primates to leave their children in the care of a non-family member. Following completion of her M.Phil. at Cambridge she worked with Alex Thornton (now at the University of Exeter - Falmouth Campus) at the Kalahari Meerkat Project in the Kalahari Desert studying teaching in meerkats. After completing her MPhil, McAuliffe moved to Harvard University for her doctoral research in what is now the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. Her doctorate was supervised by Richard Wrangham. She studied the evolution and development of inequity aversion, and how children become sensitive to the fair distribution of resources.

## Research and career

McAuliffe moved to Yale University where she worked as a post-doc with Laurie R. Santos and Yarrow Dunham. After two years at Yale, McAuliffe was hired as an assistant professor at Boston College in the Department of Psychology and became a tenured Associate Professor in 2021. Her research considers cooperation in humans and how the ability to cooperate develops in children. Unlike typical psychologists, McAuliffe investigates global communities, not just the western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic (WEIRD) population.

At Boston College, McAuliffe is director of the *Cooperation Lab* and co-directs the *Virtue Project* with Liane Young, where an "interdisciplinary team applies rigorous scientific methods to the question of how virtue is gradually constructed in the developing mind, how it is sustained in adulthood, and how it can be promoted." Her work has studied how fairness develops in children around the world, with study sites in Canada, India, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, the United States and Mexico. Her work has explored how children react to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequity, largely through economic game experiments. She found that an aversion to disadvantageous inequity was common amongst all societies, but of the eight study sites only children in Canada, Uganda and the USA rejected advantageous inequity.

## Awards and honors

## Selected publications

* Alex Thornton; Katherine McAuliffe (1 July 2006). "Teaching in wild meerkats". *Science*. **313** (5784): 227–229. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..227T. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1128727. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16840701. Wikidata Q33997619.
* Peter R Blake; Katherine McAuliffe (26 May 2011). ""I had so much it didn't seem fair": Eight-year-olds reject two forms of inequity". *Cognition*. **120** (2): 215–224. doi:10.1016/J.COGNITION.2011.04.006. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 21616483. Wikidata Q48662378.
* P R Blake; K McAuliffe; J Corbit; et al. (18 November 2015). "The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies". *Nature*. **528** (7581): 258–261. doi:10.1038/NATURE15703. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26580018. Wikidata Q46686790.

## InfoBox

| Katherine Jane McAuliffe | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of King's College
University of Cambridge
Harvard University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Yale University
Boston College |
| Thesis | *The Evolution and Development of Inequity Aversion.* (2013) |
|  | |


title: Tietze transformations

abstract: In group theory, Tietze transformations are used to transform a given presentation of a group into another, often simpler presentation of the same group. These transformations are named after Heinrich Tietze who introduced them in a paper in 1908. A presentation is in terms of generators and relations; formally speaking the presentation is a pair of a set of named generators, and a set of words in the free group on the generators that are taken to be the relations. Tietze transformations are built up of elementary steps, each of which individually rather evidently takes the presentation to a presentation of an isomorphic group. These elementary steps may operate on generators or relations, and are of four kinds.

text:
# Tietze transformations

In group theory, **Tietze transformations** are used to transform a given presentation of a group into another, often simpler presentation of the same group. These transformations are named after Heinrich Tietze who introduced them in a paper in 1908.

A presentation is in terms of *generators* and *relations*; formally speaking the presentation is a pair of a set of named generators, and a set of words in the free group on the generators that are taken to be the relations. Tietze transformations are built up of elementary steps, each of which individually rather evidently takes the presentation to a presentation of an isomorphic group. These elementary steps may operate on generators or relations, and are of four kinds.

## Adding a relation

If a relation can be derived from the existing relations then it may be added to the presentation without changing the group. Let G=〈 x | x3=1 〉 be a finite presentation for the cyclic group of order 3. Multiplying x3=1 on both sides by x3 we get x6 = x3 = 1 so x6 = 1 is derivable from x3=1. Hence G=〈 x | x3=1, x6=1 〉 is another presentation for the same group.

## Removing a relation

If a relation in a presentation can be derived from the other relations then it can be removed from the presentation without affecting the group. In *G* = 〈 *x* | *x*3 = 1, *x*6 = 1 〉 the relation *x*6 = 1 can be derived from *x*3 = 1 so it can be safely removed. Note, however, that if *x*3 = 1 is removed from the presentation the group *G* = 〈 *x* | *x*6 = 1 〉 defines the cyclic group of order 6 and does not define the same group. Care must be taken to show that any relations that are removed are consequences of the other relations.

## Adding a generator

Given a presentation it is possible to add a new generator that is expressed as a word in the original generators. Starting with *G* = 〈 *x* | *x*3 = 1 〉 and letting *y* = *x*2 the new presentation *G* = 〈 *x*,*y* | *x*3 = 1, *y* = *x*2 〉 defines the same group.

## Removing a generator

If a relation can be formed where one of the generators is a word in the other generators then that generator may be removed. In order to do this it is necessary to replace all occurrences of the removed generator with its equivalent word. The presentation for the elementary abelian group of order 4, G=〈 x,y,z | x = yz, y2=1, z2=1, x=x−1 〉 can be replaced by *G* = 〈 *y*,*z* | *y*2 = 1, *z*2 = 1, (*yz*) = (*yz*)1 〉 by removing *x*.

## Examples

Let *G* = 〈 *x*,*y* | *x*3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, (*xy*)2 = 1 〉 be a presentation for the symmetric group of degree three. The generator *x* corresponds to the permutation (1,2,3) and *y* to (2,3). Through Tietze transformations this presentation can be converted to *G* = 〈 *y*, *z* | (*zy*)3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, *z*2 = 1 〉, where z corresponds to (1,2).

| *G* = 〈 *x*,*y* | *x*3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, (*xy*)2 = 1 〉 | (start) |
| --- | --- |
| *G* = 〈 *x*,*y*,*z*| *x*3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, (*xy*)2 = 1, *z* = *xy* | rule 3  Add the generator *z* |
| *G* = 〈 *x*,*y*,*z* | *x*3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, (*xy*)2 = 1, *x* = *zy* | rules 1 and 2  Add *x* = *z*y1 = *zy* and remove *z* = *xy* |
| *G* = 〈 *y*,*z* | (*zy*)3 = 1, *y*2 = 1, *z*2 = 1 〉 | rule 4 - Remove the generator x |


title: Namgay Tshering

abstract: Lyonpo Namgay Tshering is a Bhutanese politician who has been Minister for Finance since November 2018. He has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018.

text:
# Namgay Tshering

*Lyonpo* **Namgay Tshering** (born c.1979) is a Bhutanese politician who has been Minister for Finance since November 2018. He has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018.

## Early life and education

Tshering was born c.1979.

He received a degree of Bachelor of Science in Communication from the University of Madras, India, and a Master's degree in Public Health from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

## Professional career

Before entering politics, he served as the project coordinator (World Bank and Global Fund Project), planning officer at Ministry of Health, program manager at National HIV/AIDS control program, (2014-2018) and National professional officer at World Health Organization, (2014-2016).

## Political career

Tshering is a member of Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (DNT). He was elected to the National Assembly of Bhutan in the 2018 elections for the Dokar-Sharpa constituency. He received 4,155 votes and defeated Chencho Dorji, a candidate of Druk Phuensum Tshogpa.

On 3 November, Lotay Tshering formally announced his cabinet structure, and Namgay Tshering was named as the Minister for Finance. On 7 November 2018, he was sworn in as Minister for Finance in the cabinet of Prime Minister Lotay Tshering.

## InfoBox

| LyonpoNamgay Tshering | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister for Finance | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 November 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | Lotay Tshering |
| Preceded by | Namgay Dorji |
| Member of the National Assembly of Bhutan | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
31 October 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Kezang Wangmo |
| Constituency | Dokar-Sharpa |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.1979 |
| Political party | Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa |
| Alma mater | University of Madras
Chulalongkorn University |
|  | |


title: Hebei Win Power

abstract: Hebei Win Power is a Chinese professional women's basketball club in the Women's Chinese Basketball Association (WCBA), based in Hengshui, Hebei.

text:
# Hebei Win Power

**Hebei Win Power** is a Chinese professional women's basketball club in the Women's Chinese Basketball Association (WCBA), based in Hengshui, Hebei.

## Current players

| Hebei Win Power roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Nat. Name Ht. Wt.    5  Qiu Siyue 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 75 kg (165 lb)    6  Fu Yu 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) 85 kg (187 lb)    PF 8  Ma Xueya 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) 85 kg (187 lb)    SF 9  Huang Ping-jen 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) 74 kg (163 lb)    SF 10  Huan Huan 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) 88 kg (194 lb)    SF 11  Shang Lei 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) 63 kg (139 lb)    SF 12  Shen Siyu 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 72 kg (159 lb)    16  Feng Xiaoqian 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 76 kg (168 lb)    17  Lu Yao 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 71 kg (157 lb)    18  Deng Yahui 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 75 kg (165 lb)    26  Xu Ran 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) 80 kg (176 lb)    28  Huang Jingjing 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) 63 kg (139 lb)    29  Wang Tianyun 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 71 kg (157 lb)    30  Azura Stevens 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) 82 kg (181 lb)    51  Jessica Breland 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) 80 kg (176 lb) | Head coach Assistant coach(es)* Yin Zhong * Han Jing  ---  Legend * **(C)** Team captain * Injured |

## InfoBox

| Hebei Win Power | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| League | Women's Chinese Basketball Association |
| Founded | 2018 (2018) |
| Arena | Hengshui Stadium |
| Capacity | 3600 |
| Location | Hengshui, Hebei |
| Website | www.hbwinpower.com |


title: Hanna Dodiuk-Kenig

abstract: Hanna Dodiuk-Kening is an Israeli chemist and an inventor. Her fields of expertise are adhesive technology, polymers and development of nano-technology.

text:
# Hanna Dodiuk-Kenig

**Hanna Dodiuk-Kening** (Hebrew: חנה דודיוק-קניג; born June 20, 1948) is an Israeli chemist and an inventor. Her fields of expertise are adhesive technology, polymers and development of nano-technology.

## Biography

Dodiuk was born in 1948 in Kraków, Poland. Her parents were holocaust survivors, rescued from the Auschwitz concentration camp as they were part of the *schindlerjuden*.

She received her B.Sc degree in the field of chemistry in 1970 from Tel Aviv University, and finished her M.Sc with honors in 1973. After completing her PHD under the supervision of Edward Kosower, she became a member of the chemistry faculty in Tel Aviv University and a lecturer for 2 years.

Dodiuk began working in 1979 at Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, where she worked for 18 years. She began her career there as an adhesion engineer and held various R&D positions. In 1991 she was appointed director of the Materials and Processes Department. - making her the first female senior manager at Rafael.

After her retirement from Rafael, Dodiuk held the position of the President of the Israeli Polymer & Plastics Society (IPPS) for 2 years, and was the first elected woman of the organization. In 2013 she became the first woman to become an honorary fellow from the IPPS.

Dodiuk began her academic career at the Technion. In 1996 on joined Shenkar College and in 2000 became a full professor at the institute.

She was appointed head of the Department of Plastic Engineering at Shenkar in 2006, and since 2020 she has been acting as the head of Polymer Materials Engineering M.Sc Program.

In addition, she has held a number of short-term roles: as a visiting scientist for The Bayer Company; and as a visiting professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

In 2017, Dodiuk became a member of the Council for Higher Education in Israel.

## Books and articles

Dodiuk has contributed to the publications of several books in the fields of plastics and polymers, and was the editor of two books: *Handbook of Thermoset Plastics* and *Recent Advances in Adhesion Science and Technology*.

In addition, she is the author and the co-author for more than 200 scientific publications. She is also a member of *Polymers*, the international open-access journal of polymer science published by MDPI

## Patents

Dodiuk is responsible for the development and registration of over 20 patents. Some of her notable patents:

* A dental material using nanofiber reinforcement to create minimal sacrifice and bleeding, (application).
* A new non-adhesive coating that can repel water and ice. The patent was presented at the exhibition "Israeli Discoveries and Developments that Influenced the World" held at Ben Gurion Airport.

## InfoBox

| Hanna Dodiuk-Kenig | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1948-06-20) June 20, 1948<br>Kraków, Poland |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Plastics, polymers, nano-technology |
| Institutions | Tel Aviv University, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art |
|  | |


abstract: The Western Canadian Championship is a Gaelic football championship tournament of the Western Divisional Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association, played every year in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. The championship includes Men's and Ladies' Gaelic football, two of the sports which make up Gaelic games.

text:
# Western Canadian Championship (Gaelic football)

The **Western Canadian Championship** is a Gaelic football championship tournament of the Western Divisional Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association, played every year in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. The championship includes Men's and Ladies' Gaelic football, two of the sports which make up Gaelic games.

## History

In 2004, the first formal GAA sanctioned Western Canadian Championships were played. The Divisional Board, in order to facilitate tournaments that include unaffiliated teams (i.e. not in the Western Divisional Board), and to allow each teams host critical games (understanding the travel distances between venues), agreed that the Championship would be played out in a League format. Each member team would play each other team twice, over two tournaments. The venue for Championship games would be rotated so that each team is required to cross the Rockies only once each year. Only the 5 member clubs (5 men's & 3 ladies' teams) compete in this Championship.

The Fraser Valley Gaels won the 2016 championship.

## Roll of honour

| # | Team | Mens wins | Ladies wins |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vancouver Harps | 4 | 4 |
| 2 | Edmonton Wolfe Tones | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | Calgary Chieftains | 2 | 0 |

### By year

| Season | Ladies | Men's |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Harps | Harps |
| 2009 | Harps | Wolfe Tones |
| 2008 | Harps | Harps |
| 2007 | Harps | Chieftains |
| 2006 | Wolfe Tones | Harps |
| 2005 | Wolfe Tones | Harps |
| 2004 | Wolfe Tones | Chieftains |
| Source | | |


title: Intergalactic (TV series)

abstract: Intergalactic is a British science fiction television series created by Julie Gearey for Sky One. The series follows a crew of fierce convicts who break free and go on the run. The series premiered and ended on 30 April 2021, with a total of 8 episodes within 1 season. On 26 August 2021 it was announced that series was cancelled by Sky.

text:
# Intergalactic (TV series)

***Intergalactic*** is a British science fiction television series created by Julie Gearey for Sky One. The series follows a crew of fierce convicts who break free and go on the run. The series premiered and ended on 30 April 2021, with a total of 8 episodes within 1 season.

On 26 August 2021 it was announced that series was cancelled by Sky.

## Premise

In 2143, climate change has wrought the planet and the world’s cities, now mostly under new structures, are controlled by a pseudodemocratic government called the "Commonworld". Sky cop Harper (Savannah Steyn) is framed for a crime and placed onboard prisoner transport ship the Hemlock bound for an off-planet prison. She is thrown into a mutiny stirred up by a band of hardened female criminals who threaten to kill her if she doesn’t fly them to safety.

## Cast

### Main

* Savannah Steyn as Ash Harper, a police officer with the Commonworld Police, framed for the theft of aurum, the critically dwindling energy source for Commonworld
* Eleanor Tomlinson as Candy Skov-King, an inmate on board the prison transport ship Grand Commonworld Carrier (GCC) *Hemlock*, an alien from the Aurean galaxy in debt to Tula
* Natasha O'Keeffe as Emma Grieves, an inmate on *Hemlock*, former lead scientist of Commonworld, founding member of the ARC, a resistance movement against Commonworld's environmental damage to other planets
* Sharon Duncan-Brewster as Tula Quik, an inmate on *Hemlock*, planner of the prison break
* Thomas Turgoose as Drew Bunchanon, a guard on *Hemlock*
* Imogen Daines as Verona Flores, a cyber-hacker inmate on *Hemlock*
* Diany Samba-Bandza as Genevieve Quik, a cyber-enhanced fighter inmate on *Hemlock*, Tula's daughter
* Craig Parkinson as Dr. Benedict Lee, Leader of the Commonworld government
* Parminder Nagra as Arch-Marshall Rebecca Harper, Head of Galactic Security for the Commonworld and Ash’s mother
* Oliver Coopersmith as Echo Nantu-Rose, a space pirate who joins the group on *Hemlock*
* Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Yann Harper, a war hero, an ARC leader and Ash's father
* Phyllis Logan as Phoebe Skov-King, Candy's mother

### Supporting

* Neil Maskell as Sergeant Wendell, Ash’s supervising officer, a member of the ARC resistance who frames Ash for a major theft, serving Yann Harper’s plan to reunite with his daughter
* Samantha Schnitzler as Captain Alessia Harris, a member of Arch-Marshall Harper's Galactic Security
* Emily Bruni as the voice of the *Hemlock*
* Lisa Palfrey as Zeeda, a ruthless crime lord

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Episode 1" | Kieron Hawke | Julie Gearey | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| Ash Harper is a rookie police officer who apprehends the cyber criminal Verona Flores in the ruins of London. Harper is later accused of stealing evidence. While awaiting trial, Harper is imprisoned along with Flores and other criminals aboard the prison ship *Hemlock*. Her mother Arch Marshall Rebecca discovers her daughter was framed by her sergeant Wendell. Before the authorities can release Harper, Tula and her daughter Genevieve hijack and commandeer the prison ship, killing most of the guards and crew except Drew. The criminals force Ash to fly the prison ship to Arcadia. Ash powers up the Alcubierre warp drive and its energy boom causes two pursuing Commonworld cruisers to crash into one another and are destroyed. | | | | | |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | Kieron Hawke | Julie Gearey | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| They crash land on a sandy planet. Tula, Genevieve and Candy visit a nearby mining settlement to attend to Candy's bullet injuries. Ash escapes the ship with Dr. Emma Grieves but later knocks her out. After encountering a local pirate named Echo Nantu-Ros, Ash manages to contact her mother Rebecca and the Commonworld leadership, who task her with helping them to hunt down Dr. Grieves, claiming she is a terrorist. Tula buys the route to Arcadia, a planet she wants to live on, from Zeeda (a female crime boss who controls the town) but is double-crossed over it. Meanwhile, Rebecca interrogates Wendell, who reveals himself to be a member of a resistance movement fighting the Commonworld's exploitation of other worlds. Grieves shoots down a Commonworld drone while Ash is recaptured by Tula and her gang. Grieves is later wounded during a shootout with Tula but is able to heal herself. Echo helps the prisoners escape aboard the *Hemlock*. Grieves comes to an understanding with Ash and convinces Tula that she can help her reach Arcadia. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | Kieron Hawke | Julie Gearey | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| With the *Hemlock* running low on fuel rods, Ash, Echo and Verona take the shuttle on a mission to obtain the objects from a Commonworld outpost on Nar 59. During the course of the mission, Verona kills a Commonworld technician after Ash frees him in order to pass a message to the authorities. Meanwhile, Tula confides in Grieves about her fears. Following the heist, Ash and Verona come to a new understanding. Ash learns that Verona hates the Commonworld for raping her mother and killing her father. Back on Earth, Rebecca uses coercion to force Wendell to reveal a secret resistance plot to kidnap Ash. She then contacts her purportedly dead husband Yann Harper, who reveals he is the leader of the resistance and that he engineered Ash’s kidnapping in order to reunite with his daughter. | | | | | |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | Kieron Hawke | Nick V. Murphy & Julie Gearey | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| With the Commonworld hunting for the *Hemlock*, the gang attempt to commandeer a ship that is inhabited by the scientist Professor Blake and his menagerie of animals. Blake is a former colleague of Grieves who shares her environmentalist ideals. However, he traps and separates the crew of the *Hemlock*, intending to harvest eggs from Grieves. Verona manages to break free of her restraints and free Tula, who kills Blake. Tula's willingness to use force clashes with Grieves' pacifist beliefs. Ash also obtains a communication device which she attempts to use to communicate with the Commonworld. However, she is bitten by a spider that Grieves brought back from Blake's ship. Meanwhile, Rebecca meets with a resistance contact in Old London in an attempt to find Ash. However, the contact is assassinated by Commonworld security forces. | | | | | |
| 5 | "Episode 5" | Kieron Hawke | Julie Gearey | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| The crew of the *Hemlock* travel to a snowy planet that is the homeworld of Candy. After obtaining medical treatment for the unconscious Ash, Echo and Verona foil an apparent kidnapping attempt on Grieves; which turns out to be an attempt by her people to rescue her. Candy introduces the crew to her mother, who seeks to reconcile with her wayward daughter. Ash reveals their location to the Commonworld, who send soldiers to capture Grieves. Candy's mother is killed in the firefight during the capture of Grieves, during which Ash encounters her father Yann, whom she believed to have died. After returning to the *Hemlock*, a furious Verona knocks Ash unconscious for betraying Grieves to the Commonworld. Meanwhile, Arch Marshall Rebecca shows mercy to the relatives of a "traitor" due to her newfound belief that they should not punished for their relatives' crimes. | | | | | |
| 6 | "Episode 6" | China Moo-Young | Julie Gearey & Archie Maddocks | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| After fleeing into space, Ash is shunned by the other crew for her betrayal of Dr Grieves. Candy is grief-stricken by the death of her mother. The crew of the *Hemlock* are forced to work together after they are infected by a communicable parasite that turns people temporarily into fearsome zombies. To save the others, Ash infects herself with the parasite and volunteers to walk out the airlock. However, Candy discovers that Ash has cells that are immune to the parasite, allowing her to develop a cure which she uses to treat the other crew. While Candy has reconciled with Ash, Tula still distrusts her. Meanwhile, Arch Marshall Rebecca meets a defiant Dr Grieves. After discovering the whereabouts of Dr Grieves, the crew mount a mission to rescue her. | | | | | |
| 7 | "Episode 7" | China Moo-Young | Laura Grace | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| The crew of the *Hemlock* travel to the ocean world of Kelp in order to rescue Dr Grieves and obtain the coordinates to Arcadia. The Commonworld leaders Rebecca and Dr Lee are using Dr Grieves as an unwilling energy source. While Ash and Verona infiltrate the Commonworld base to rescue Dr Grieves, Tula along with Genevieve and Echo enter into a gambling match to acquire the coordinates. Ash encounters her mother Rebecca but renounces the Commonworld due to its exploitation of the colonies. With the help of Verona, they free Dr Grieves, who damages the conduit machine. Dr Lee denounces Rebecca's family but is killed by Rebecca. Tula and her team lose the gambling match and Genevieve is taken as a hostage. | | | | | |
| 8 | "Episode 8" | China Moo-Young | Ben Schiffer | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| While continuing their voyage to Arcadia, the crew discover a Commonworld tracking device aboard the *Hemlock*. The crew distrust Tula for allowing her daughter Genevieve to be sold off as collateral and confine her to the brig. Ash and Verona acknowledge their mutual attraction, and have sex. Verona removes the tracking device but her spacesuit suffers an oxygen leak. Ash advises her to cut a hole in her glove, saving her from death in space. As they approach Arcadia, the *Hemlock* is forced to travel between two stars. With the encouragement of Dr Grieves, Ash pilots the ship safely to their destination. Verona is revealed as the spy but escapes in the cargo transport. Ash establishes contact with her father Yann, the resistance leader. Back on Earth, Rebecca stages a funeral for Ash, who is regarded as a hero. After leaking information about the aurium energy shortage, Rebecca stages a coup against the scientists and vows to find alternative energy sources for the Commonworld. | | | | | |

## Production

Iona Vrolyk serves as series executive producer. The first five episodes of the eight episode series were directed by Kieron Hawke, the following three by China Moo-Young.

## International release

In Australia, the series was released on 1 May 2021 on Stan. In United States, the series was released on 13 May 2021 on Peacock, and was later broadcast on Syfy debuting on 10 November 2021. In New Zealand, the series was released on 18 May 2021 on Sky's Sky Go and Neon streaming service. In Italy, the series was released on 31 May 2021 on Sky Atlantic and on Now streaming service.

## Reception

*Empire*'s Ian Freer awarded the series' two out of five stars. He complimented *Intergalactic*'s diverse female cast and ambitious story but criticised what he regarded as the "up on-the-nose writing, blunt performances and an overwhelming sense of déjà vu." He also described the series as derivative of older franchises including *Star Wars*, *Firefly*, *Blake's 7*, and *Alien*.

NME Australia's Ralph Jones awarded *Intergalactic* two out of five stars, opining that the series' visuals and expensive computer generated imagery were offset by its poor dialogue and story.

*The Independent*'s Sean O'Grady gave *Intergalactic* three out of five stars. While commending the series' straight-forward plot, he criticised its lack of "human emotions and motivations."

Stuff's James Croot gave *Intergalactic* a mixed review, describing the space drama as a femaleled, futuristic version *Con Air*. While criticising the series' lack of novelty and what he regarded as its insufficient action scenes and special effects, Croot commended the series' makeup, costumes, and production design. He also praised the performance of cast members Savannah Steyn, Parminder Nagra, Eleanor Tomlinson, and Natasha O'Keeffe.

Liam Maguren of the NZ entertainment news website Flicks gave *Intergalactic* a favourable review, praising its female ensemble cast for defying the film industry's stereotype of "strong female women" being heroic and faultless characters by featuring strong female characters with flaws.

## InfoBox

| *Intergalactic* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre |  |
| Created by | Julie Gearey |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Julie Gearey
Paul Gilbert
Richard Foster
Tony Moulsdale
Matthew Read
Frith Tiplady
Iona Vrolyk |
| Producers | Bryony Arnold
Simon Maloney |
| Production companies | Motion Content Group
Moonage Pictures
Tiger Aspect Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Sky One |
| Release | 30 April 2021 (2021-04-30) |


title: Valery Kotov

abstract: Valery Kotov was a Soviet speed skater. He competed in the men's 5000 metres event at the 1960 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Valery Kotov

**Valery Kotov** (born 8 March 1939 - died 23 February 1993) was a Soviet speed skater. He competed in the men's 5000 metres event at the 1960 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

Valery Kotov
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Born | (1939-03-08)8 March 1939
Kalinin (now Tver), USSR |
| Died | 23 February 1993(1993-02-23) (aged 53)
Tver |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Speed skating |


title: Royal City Roller Derby

abstract: Royal City Roller Derby (RCRD) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Guelph, Ontario. Founded in 2010, the league consists of three teams, plus two travel teams which compete against teams from other leagues. Royal City is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

text:
# Royal City Roller Derby

**Royal City Roller Derby** (**RCRD**) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Guelph, Ontario. Founded in 2010, the league consists of three teams, plus two travel teams which compete against teams from other leagues. Royal City is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

## History

Royal City was founded as **Royal City Roller Girls** in April 2010, and initially trained at West End Rec Centre. By August, it had already grown to forty skaters, but was hit when its practice venue closed. Despite this, the league played its first season in 2011, contesting five bouts, and hosted the Roller Derby Association of Canada Eastern tournament in 2012.

In November 2016, it was announced that Royal City was launching a junior roller derby program in early 2017, geared towards girls between the ages of 9 and 17.

The league's logo and those of its various teams were designed by the cartoonist Seth.

In April 2018, Royal City announced on their social media pages a rebrand as Royal City Roller Derby, and would be updating their logo as well.

## WFTDA competition

In October 2013, Royal City was accepted as a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program, and became a full member in December 2014. In 2018, Royal City qualified for the first WFTDA Continental Cup, the 2018 North America East edition in Kalamazoo, Michigan, at which they were the seventh seed. After losing their opening game to tenth-seeded Dub City Roller Derby 203-200, Royal City finished in the consolation round with a 239-166 loss to Grand Raggidy Roller Derby.

### Rankings

| Season | Final ranking | Playoffs | Championship |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | 103 WFTDA | *DNQ* | *DNQ* |
| 2016 | 82 WFTDA | *DNQ* | *DNQ* |
| 2017 | 61 WFTDA | *DNQ* | *DNQ* |
| 2018 | 53 WFTDA | *CR* CC NA East | *NA* |

* *CR = consolation round*

## InfoBox

Royal City Roller Derby
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Metro area | Guelph, ON |
| Country | Canada |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Teams | **Brute Leggers** (A team)
Rum Rollers (B team)
Killer Queens
Violet Uprising
The Untouchables
Our Ladies of Pain (rookie team) |
| Track type(s) | flat |
| Venue | Victoria Road Recreation Centre |
| Affiliations | WFTDA |
| Website | royalcityrollerderby.com |


title: Mirror Reaper

abstract: Mirror Reaper is the third studio album by Seattle-based metal band Bell Witch. It was released as a double album on October 20, 2017, through Profound Lore Records and was met with critical acclaim. This is the group's first release since the death of its drummer, Adrian Guerra, and it acts as a tribute to him.

text:
# Mirror Reaper

***Mirror Reaper*** is the third studio album by Seattle-based metal band Bell Witch. It was released as a double album on October 20, 2017, through Profound Lore Records and was met with critical acclaim. This is the group's first release since the death of its drummer, Adrian Guerra, and it acts as a tribute to him.

## Background

Shortly before *Mirror Reaper's* recording began, drummer and cofounder Adrian Guerra left the band due to health concerns and was replaced by Jesse Shreibman on drums. Guerra died not long after departing from Bell Witch. When news of the death reached the group, *Mirror Reaper's* tone shifted. About the passing of Guerra, *Mirror Reaper's* press release said:

> "During the writing process we were devastated by the loss of our dear friend and former drummer, Adrian Guerra. In love and respect to his memory, we reserved an important yet brief section in the song for him that features unused vocal tracks from our last album. This specific movement serves as a conceptual turn in the piece, or point of reflection. We believe he would be proud of it as well."

*Mirror Reaper's* artwork, a painting titled "Essence of Freedom" by Polish artist Mariusz Lewandowski, which was commissioned by Bell Witch for the album, strongly resembles the works of Zdzisław Beksiński, who is Lewandowski's primary inspiration. Lewandowski gained a lot of recognition in the extreme metal scene for the cover and his works have appeared on several other albums since then. Live performances in support of the album were often accompanied by a narrative–visual collage created by Seattle artist Taylor Bednarz. The backing footage comprised dozens of archival films that progressed like a dream sequence alongside the performance.

## Composition

*Mirror Reaper* was conceived as a single 80+ minute song. Due to CD and vinyl time limitations, the track was divided on those releases, but its initial, singular form is retained on the album's digital version. Unlike most metal albums, guitar isn't present; instead, the album is composed of bass, drums, vocals, and occasionally a Hammond organ.

Bassist and co-founding member Dylan Desmond employs his instrument as the driving force of the music. Bell Witch's new drummer, Jesse Shreibman, provides death growl vocals, while Desmond's singing is clean. Additional vocals from former drummer Adrian Guerra appear, having been recorded and cut from the band's previous album. *Mirror Reaper* closes with a section featuring guest vocals from Erik Moggridge, ending somberly and gently.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 85/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| The A.V. Club | A− |
| *Exclaim!* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8/10 |
| *PopMatters* |  |
| Sputnikmusic | 2.9/5 |

*Mirror Reaper* was met with critical acclaim. The album received an average score of 85/100 from 6 reviews on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim". In his Exclaim! review for the album, Cole Firth wrote, "*Mirror Reaper* is certainly an outstanding accomplishment in the Bell Witch catalogue. It may be their most emotionally stirring and musically ambitious record to date." Sasha Geffen of *Pitchfork* said, "Mourning overwhelms the mourner; it often feels as though it is the whole world. Mirror Reaper simulates that totality of grief, but it also transcends its own function as a eulogy." Writing for *PopMatters*, Thomas Britt praised the meaningfulness of the song's protracted length, saying, "The concluding impression, through repeated listens, is that *Mirror Reaper* is appropriately scaled to its subject and stakes \[...\] Implicitly, the record poses the question: If this hour-plus feels long, what must forever feel like?"

*Mirror Reaper* appeared on many publications' year-end lists.

### Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *Decibel* | United States | "Top 40 Albums of 2017" | 11 |  |
| 2017 | *Exclaim!* | Canada | "Top 10 Metal and Hardcore Albums of 2017" | 5 |  |
| 2017 | *Loudwire* | United States | "25 Best Metal Albums of 2017" | 10 |  |
| 2017 | *Metal Hammer* | United Kingdom | "100 Best Metal Albums of 2017" | 59 |  |
| 2017 | *PopMatters* | United States | "The Best Metal of 2017" | 1 |  |
| 2017 | *The Quietus* | United Kingdom | "The Best Metal Albums of 2017" | 5 |  |
| 2017 | *Rolling Stone* | United States | "20 Best Metal Albums of 2017" | 13 |  |

## Track listing

Self-released digital edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mirror Reaper" | 83:15 |

Profound Lore 2xCD release
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mirror Reaper Pt. 1 – As Above" | 48:13 |
| 2. | "Mirror Reaper Pt. 2 – So Below" | 35:30 |
| Total length: | | 83:43 |

Profound Lore 2xLP release
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "As" | 17:19 |
| 2. | "Above" | 21:01 |
| 3. | "So" | 22:29 |
| 4. | "Below" | 23:03 |
| Total length: | | 83:52 |

## Personnel

**Bell Witch**

* Dylan Desmond – vocals, bass
* Jesse Shreibman – vocals, percussion, organ
* Adrian Guerra – additional vocals ("The Words of the Dead")

**Additional personnel**

* Billy Anderson – production, engineering, mixing
* Erik Moggridge – additional vocals
* Justin Weis – mastering
* Mariusz Lewandowski – artwork
* Taylor Bednarz – live video, film

## Chart performance

| Charts (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Heatseekers | 12 |
|

## InfoBox

| Mirror Reaper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bell Witch | |
| Released | October 20, 2017 |
| Studio | Hallowed Halls in Portland, Oregon |
| Genre | Funeral doom |
| Length | 83:15 |
| Label | Profound Lore |
| Producer | * Billy Anderson * Bell Witch |
| Bell Witch chronology | |
| *Four Phantoms*
(2015) ***Mirror Reaper***
(2017) | |


title: Raja Prithu

abstract: Raja Prithu was a warrior,king of the early medieval period in the present-day state of Assam, India, and Bangladesh. Archeological remains of a Shiva temple and extensive fortifications in present-day Jalpaiguri in India and present-day Rangpur District of Bangladesh are attributed to him.

text:
# Raja Prithu

**Raja Prithu** (also known as **Jalpeswara**) was a warrior ,king of the early medieval period in the present-day state of Assam, India, and Bangladesh. Archeological remains of a Shiva temple and extensive fortifications in present-day Jalpaiguri in India and present-day Rangpur District of Bangladesh are attributed to him.

## Identity of King Prithu

K. L. Barua claimed that the throne of Kamarupa was occupied by a king named Prithu after the end of the Vaidyadeva line. He credits this Prithu with the achievement of having defeated Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar. Though N. K. Bhattasali asserts that the Prithu mentioned in the *Tabaqat-i-Nasiri* was a king from Awadh, many scholars support the view that Minhaj himself was mistaken. Recent scholarship tentatively identifies Prithu mentioned in Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri with Visvasundara of Kamarupa.

## Khalji's encounter with the Rai of Kamrup

In 1206, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji planned to invade Tibet, in order to plunder the treasures of the Buddhist monasteries and gain control of Bengal's traditional trade route with South East Asia for which he had to pass through Kamrup and Sikkim. By this time Khalji had massacred 10,000 monks of Nalanda and had burned it down. Then he came to Bengal which was won without a fight as the king of Bengal Laksman Sena took flight, never to be heard of again. But he had heard of the Rai of Kamrud (as mentioned by Islamic chronicler Sirajuddin Minhajuddin in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri), so he thought it better to befriend him as he had to pass through the Rai's realm. So, he sent emissaries for forming an alliance. The Kamrup king told him that he too wanted to attack Southern Tibet as it was the way to control the Tea Horse Road. So he proposed the idea of attacking Southern Tibet jointly. But then he informed Khalji's emissaries that the time was not right. As the rainy season was about to start, leading to great hardship, and perilous ascent to the mountains it was advisable to start the campaign after one season. But Khalji by that time had already arrived and was camping right in the present-day Siliguri in North Bengal.

So he found a local guide belonging to a tribe named Mech who could show him a route through Bhutan, that could bypass Kamrud as the Islamic forces use to pronounce Kamrup. But at first, Mech was converted to Islam and hence he was the first convert in the region, Ali Mech. So the latter took Khalji's army through the mountainous passes and defiles of Bhutan. On the 16th day, after reaching Southern Tibet they had some degree of success as they looted the riches of the Buddhist Gompa or monasteries. But there was a uprising among the Tibetans who inflicted heavy casualties on Bhaktiyar's forces by carrying relentless guerrilla-style attack on the Turkish army. Their return journey was cut off. And in the meantime, the rainy season started and many died due to pestilence and diseases. Their rations were diminishing. A time came when they used to kill and eat their horses. Khalji then thought that since they cannot go back the way they had come they have to find a way to Kamrup and proceeded towards it. But when they were noticed by the spies of the Kamrup king, they thought that Khalji had attacked their realm. So when the Rai was informed, he made plans to lure them to the point where a river named as "Begmati" (some scholars identify the river as the Teesta river) referred in Tabaqat-i Nasiri fall into the Brahmaputra.

The Rai of Kamrup allowed Bakhtiyar Khalji's army to advance unchecked into his kingdom, in order to draw him away from his base of operations. He followed a scorched earth strategy, denying his enemy the opportunity to replenish their supplies and destroyed a bridge across the Teesta river that Bakhtiyar Khalji's army had already crossed, thus cutting off their retreat. The invading force encountered stiff resistance upon entering the rough mountainous terrain of Tibet and decided to retreat. However, the retreat and the attempt to cross the river were disastrous as his forces were short on supplies and were attacked from all sides by Rai's forces. He made stockades of *phanjis* or spiked bamboos and drew the whole surviving army of ten thousand into a gully and attacked them and mercilessly cut them down. In an attempt to cross the river Bhaktiyar Khilji lost a number of men and horses. After crossing the Teesta River, Bhaktiyar Khilji was guided by Ali Mech back to Devkot where he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.

## Death

Raja Prithu is believed to have been killed in battle with Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1228 AD. No reference to this expedition can be had from the Muslim chronicle *Tabaquat-i-Nasiri* except the following: *The accursed Bartu (Britu), beneath whose sword above a hundred and twenty thousand Musalmans had attained martyrdom, he (Nasiruddin) overthrew and sent to hell.*

## Bibliography

* Baruah, S L (1986), *A Comprehensive History of Assam*, Munshiram Manoharlal
* Boruah, Nirode (2011). "Kamarupa to Kamata: The political Transition and the New Geopolitical Trends and Spaces". *Proceedings of the Indian History Congress*. **72**: 78–86. JSTOR 44146698.
* Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), *The Comprehensive History of Assam*, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48

## InfoBox

| Raja Prithu | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Kamarupa | |
| Reign | 11851228 |
|  | |
| Died | 1228 |


title: Freebo

abstract: Daniel Friedberg, better known by the stage name Freebo, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and producer noted primarily for his work with Bonnie Raitt. He is also a session musician who has recorded and performed with Ringo Starr, John Mayall, John Hall, Aaron Neville, Dr. John, Willy DeVille, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Maria Muldaur, Kate & Anna McGarrigle and many others. His nine-year collaboration with Raitt (1971-1979) began when he attracted Raitt's attention as a member of Philadelphia's Edison Electric Band in the late 1960s. Freebo was soon in great demand for studio work and touring. In recent years, he has recorded five solo albums: The End Of The Beginning (2000), Dog People (2002), Before The Separation (2006), Something to Believe (2011), and If Not Now When (2015).

text:
# Freebo

**Daniel Friedberg**, better known by the stage name **Freebo**, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and producer noted primarily for his work with Bonnie Raitt. He is also a session musician who has recorded and performed with Ringo Starr, John Mayall, John Hall, Aaron Neville, Dr. John, Willy DeVille, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Maria Muldaur, Kate & Anna McGarrigle and many others.

His nine-year collaboration with Raitt (1971-1979) began when he attracted Raitt's attention as a member of Philadelphia's Edison Electric Band in the late 1960s. Freebo was soon in great demand for studio work and touring.

In recent years, he has recorded five solo albums: *The End Of The Beginning* (2000), *Dog People* (2002), *Before The Separation* (2006), *Something to Believe* (2011), and *If Not Now When* (2015).

## InfoBox

| Freebo | |
| --- | --- |
| Freebo in Los Angeles California on July 3, 2019 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Daniel Friedberg |
| Born | (1944-03-05) March 5, 1944<br>Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, singer-songwriter, producer |
| Instruments | Bass guitar, tuba, guitar, vocals |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.freebomusic.com/ |


title: Namets!

abstract: Namets! is a 2008 Philippine independent film directed by Jay Abello. The film was a finalist in the full-length feature category of the 2008 Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival. The film's title is a play on the Hiligaynon word namit, which means "yummy" or "delicious".

text:
# Namets!

***Namets!*** is a 2008 Philippine independent film directed by Jay Abello. The film was a finalist in the full-length feature category of the 2008 Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival. The film's title is a play on the Hiligaynon word *namit*, which means "yummy" or "delicious".

## Plot

Jacko Teves (Christian Vasquez) owns Puccini's, an Italian restaurant in Bacolod. When a monstrous cock fighting debt sets him at odds with Boss Dolpo (Peque Gallaga), he offers his restaurant up as payment. Boss Dolpo brings in Cassie Labayen (Angel Jacob) as a consultant to renovate the restaurant. Much to Jacko's dismay, Cassie decides to offer Negrense cuisine instead of Italian. The pair then set off across the province re-discovering the unique aspects of Negrense food.

## Cast

* Jacko Teves: Christian Vasquez
* Cassie Labayen: Angel Jacob
* Boss Dolpo: Peque Gallaga
* Oscar: Dwight Gaston
* Rodrigo Labayen: Louie Zabaljauregui
* Imelda Teves: Michelle Gallaga
* Nena Teves: Marivic Lacson
* Babyboy Labayen: Monsour del Rosario
* Farmer: Ronnie Lazaro
* Caveman: Joel Torre

### Production

The film was shot on location entirely in the province of Negros Occidental. Locales included Isabela, Sagay City, Silay City and Bacolod. Seventy percent of the cast and crew were locally sourced talent and the dialogue is in Hiligaynon with English subtitles.

## InfoBox

| Namets! | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Jay Abello |
| Written by | Vicente Garcia Groyon |
| Produced by | Vicente Garcia Groyon
Fiona Borres
Marya Ignacio
Tara Illenberger |
| Starring | Christian Vasquez
Angel Jacob
Peque Gallaga
Dwight Gaston
Monsour del Rosario |
| Cinematography | Anne Monzon |
| Edited by | Fiona Borres |
| Music by | Vince de Jesus |
| Distributed by | Videoflick Productions |
| Release date | * July 11, 2008 (2008-07-11) (Cinemalaya) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Philippines |
| Languages | Hiligaynon
English |
| Budget | less than Php 1 million |


title: Hanna Drabenia

abstract: Hanna Drabenia born 15 August 1987, Starobin, Minsk Region is a Belarusian race walker. She competed in the 20 km kilometres event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing 25th with a time of 1:31:58. She has raced at various major international competitions and was 24th in the women's 20-kilometer walk at the 2012 London Olympics and 16th at the world championships a year later. On 31 March 2016, Belarusian race walker Hanna Drabenia picked up a two-year ban following a failed test at a competition in Belarus in 2015.

text:
# Hanna Drabenia

**Hanna Drabenia** born 15 August 1987, Starobin, Minsk Region is a Belarusian race walker. She competed in the 20 km kilometres event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing 25th with a time of 1:31:58.

She has raced at various major international competitions and was 24th in the women's 20-kilometer walk at the 2012 London Olympics and 16th at the world championships a year later. On 31 March 2016, Belarusian race walker Hanna Drabenia picked up a two-year ban following a failed test at a competition in Belarus in 2015.


title: Happy (2011 film)

abstract: Happy is a 2011 documentary film directed, written, and co-produced by Roko Belic. It explores human happiness through interviews with people from all walks of life in 14 countries, weaving in the newest findings of positive psychology.

text:
# Happy (2011 film)

***Happy*** is a 2011 documentary film directed, written, and co-produced by Roko Belic. It explores human happiness through interviews with people from all walks of life in 14 countries, weaving in the newest findings of positive psychology.

## Synopsis

Roko Belic was inspired to create the film after producer/director Tom Shadyac showed him an article in *The New York Times* titled "A New Measure of Well Being from a Happy Little Kingdom". The article ranks the United States as the 23rd-happiest country in the world. Shadyac then suggested that Belic make a documentary about happiness. Belic spent several years interviewing hundreds of people, from leading happiness researchers to a rickshaw driver in Kolkata, a family living in a cohousing community in Denmark, a woman who was run over by a truck, a Cajun fisherman, and more.

## Production

Roko and his brother Adrian Belic shot the film on three Sony Z1U HDV video cameras. They interviewed a number of psychologists around the world, including Ed Diener, a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois; Richard Davidson, a professor at the University of Wisconsin's Lab of Affective Neuroscience; and Sonja Lyubomirsky, professor at the University of California, Riverside and author of *The How of Happiness*.

### Post-production

Vivien Hillgrove edited the film. Belic received the majority of the budget from Tom Shadyac to complete principal photography and post-production. The filmmakers then turned to crowdsource fundraising website Kickstarter to raise the finishing funds for the film. The Kickstarter campaign raised $36,000 in July 2010.

## InfoBox

| Happy | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Directed by | Roko Belic |
| Written by | Roko Belic |
| Produced by | Tom Shadyac
Frances Reid
Eiji Han Shimizu
Roko Belic |
| Cinematography | Roko Belic
Adrian Belic |
| Edited by | Vivien Hillgrove |
| Music by | Mark Adler |
| Production
company | Wadi Rum Productions |
| Release date | * April 9, 2011 (2011-04-09) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $700,000 |


abstract: The Faculty of Engineering and Health Management (ILIS) also Institut Lillois d'Ingénierie de la Santé is part of the University of Lille. It is allowed to deliver bachelor's and master's degrees in Health Sciences. The ILIS lays a special emphasis on students acquiring a broad range of professional skills and work experience during their years of study and before graduating. In essence quite close to the German model of University of Applied Sciences or Fachhochschule, the institute is keen to let its students accumulate work experience so as to allow them a chance to compete with engineer and business schools on the job market. The core curriculum focus on current healthcare issues such as elderly care, hospital quality management, nutrition, environment, clinical research and sales of drugs and medical devices.

text:
# Institut Lillois d'Ingénierie de la Santé

The **Faculty of Engineering and Health Management (ILIS)** also **Institut Lillois d'Ingénierie de la Santé** is part of the University of Lille. It is allowed to deliver bachelor's and master's degrees in Health Sciences. The ILIS lays a special emphasis on students acquiring a broad range of professional skills and work experience during their years of study and before graduating. In essence quite close to the German model of University of Applied Sciences or Fachhochschule, the institute is keen to let its students accumulate work experience so as to allow them a chance to compete with engineer and business schools on the job market. The core curriculum focus on current healthcare issues such as elderly care, hospital quality management, nutrition, environment, clinical research and sales of drugs and medical devices.

## History

ILIS Founded was found in 1992 and graduated its first class in 1995. Change of location and set up behind the Faculty of Medicine in 2002. A building extension was made in 2009. It was recognised as a fully fledged faculty in 2010.

At first, the ILIS was set up to provide for an unmet need from the healthcare sector. During the early 1990s, more stringent rules and regulations were enforced in the healthcare sector. Firms were also having difficulties recruiting employees having both a health and management background. Therefore, a new curriculum was set up focusing on quality assurance, management and audits. Progressively, the ILIS diversified and extender its programs to biomedical technology sales and marketing as well as safety and environmental concerns. ILIS graduates are mostly employed in positions that did not exist or were not well known before 1990 such as Health Quality Assurance Officer, Risk Manager, Application Specialist and Data Manager. The ILIS graduates have one of the highest employment rate of the Lille University, with 80% of the students already hired at graduation.

## Campus Santé

The ILIS is located on the town of Loos in the suburb of Lille. It is near the CHU Lille University Hospital, and the Faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Surgery. It benefits from the Eurasanté Health & Biology competitive hub with firms like Bayer and Diagast.

## Admission

Student intake occurs at every level, provided the necessary prerequisites have been met. Freshmen often enter the school after a scientific Baccalauréat or after the PACES competitive exams to enter medical school or other health faculties. At the end of the first year, students are interviewed to check their commitment to this particular program as well as their will to choose a clear career path. Sophomores are expected to have at least some months of work experience in any business. Every new student will at some time of his curriculum, usually at the beginning, pass this admission interview to receive clearance to continue their studies at the ILIS.

## Programmes

The first two years, a sound scientific background is required from students if they are to succeed. During their graduation year, they will concentrate on quality management and audits. The fourth and fifth year is more marketing and management oriented, with teamwork becoming even more important. The placements, the duration of which increases each year, allow students to integrate the reality of the working world progressively: 2 x 6 weeks full-time in the second year, 2 x 2 months full-time in the third year and 5 and 6 months full-time in the fourth and fifth year respectively.

The objectives of these placements have been clearly defined :

* Development of direct relationships with industry and the working world
* Involvement and accountability of students, leading to real autonomy and competence thanks to analytic tools, synthetic techniques, capacity to draw up and carry out a plan of action or a project from A to Z.

### BSc programmes

* Bsc Public Health and Health Engineering
* Bsc(Honours) Health Sciences

### MSc programmes

Msc. Health Sciences but as a professional degree akin to the Master of Health Administration with some sections closely equivalent to Master of Public Health

## Research

Faculty members form part of research teams.

## Accreditations and certifications

ILIS is accredited by the French Ministry of Education and uses the ECTS European grading system.

\[French\]

* Official website in French
* WebCampus ilisien (Student Forum)
* ADILIS - Alumni Association
*
* Refonte de la communication de l'ILIS,
* Conférence Régionale sur la Santé et l'autonomie
* ANEMIS, regroupement d'étudiants en ingénierie de la santé,
* C. D.-C. (CLP), La Voix du Nord, Trois étudiantes derrière l'organisation du bal des Mille et une nuits, mardi 26.04.2011,
* Futurs cadres de l'ingénierie de la santé, ils se sont mobilisés pour Virlaine et les Philippines,
* Schweyer et Metzger, Entre Profession, Organisation et MarchéLe cas des ingénieurs biomédicaux hospitaliers
* Les Laboratoires : Qualification du matériel et implication des ingénieurs biomédicaux, N.Aupetit, K.Vacher Projet DESS, UTC, 1999, pp

## InfoBox

Faculty of Engineering and Health Management (ILIS)
| Faculty of Engineering and Health Management (ILIS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | IUP ILIS, Institut Lillois d'Ingénierie de la Santé |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1992 (Lille) |
| Academic affiliations | University of Lille |
| Students | 1000 |
| Undergraduates | 650 |
| Postgraduates | 350 |
| Doctoral students | 2 |
| Location | Lille, France<br>50°36′25.20″N 3°8′20.40″E / 50.6070000°N 3.1390000°E / 50.6070000; 3.1390000 |
| Campus | Loos, Lille |
| Website | ilis.univ-lille2.fr |


title: Mordor Macula

abstract: Mordor Macula is the informal name for a large dark area about 475 km in diameter near the north pole of Charon, Pluto's largest moon. It is named after the black land called Mordor in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.

text:
# Mordor Macula

**Mordor Macula** /ˈmɔːrdɔːr ˈmækjʊlə/ is the informal name for a large dark area about 475 km in diameter near the north pole of Charon, Pluto's largest moon. It is named after the black land called Mordor in J.R.R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*.

## Geography

Mordor Macula is located at Charon's north pole. Mordor Macula's dark "core" is roughly 375 kilometers in diameter, though a surrounding lighter halo extends further into the highlands of Oz Terra, beginning to appear north of 45°N and trending darker with increasing latitude.

The boundary of Mordor Macula, though ill-defined, is roughly circular; two major disruptions to this circular boundary are observed, however. One, named McCaffrey Dorsum, is a curvilinear ridge 1–2 kilometers high and stretching between ~150° and ~0°W between 72° and 77°N. McCaffrey Dorsum appears to act as a barrier to the spread or distribution of dark material. The pole-facing slopes of the ridge contain some of the darkest terrain observed on Charon, whilst the equator-facing slopes show little deposition of the dark material. The second disruption is Dorothy, the largest-known impact basin on Charon. The floor of Dorothy is significantly lighter, appearing to carve an arc into the dark core of Mordor Macula. An unnamed ~80 km wide impact crater within Mordor Macula also has a bright floor. Broadly, the distribution of Mordor Macula's dark material seems only loosely influenced by local topography.

## Geology

The terrain Mordor Macula occupies appears to be rather dramatic, with numerous scarps and irregular depressions. In the direction of the 90°E meridian, Mordor Macula is roughly at the same altitude as Oz Terra. In the direction of the 90°W meridian by contrast, Mordor Macula's terrain gently slopes downwards to ~2 km below Charon's mean elevation before encountering the McCaffrey Dorsum. Beyond the ridge is a massive deep canyon, Caleuche Chasma. Due to Charon's current geological inactivity, Mordor Macula has been relatively unchanged since its formation.

The dark material is reddish-brown in color and has been likened to the dark equatorial belt of Pluto. Pluto's dark equatorial terrain is covered in deposits of *tholins*, a generic term for a tar-like mixture of radiation-processed organic compounds. As such, the dark reddish-brown coloration of Mordor Macula is likely caused by tholins as well. However, spectral observations of Charon's north pole is still dominated by signatures of water ice, so the dark deposits must be thin and relatively sparse. This is supported by the inconsistent correlation between the distribution of dark material and local topography, indicating that the material is not a thick and discrete deposit.

### Origin

The origin of Mordor Macula is not completely understood. It may be a deposit of frozen gases captured from Pluto's escaping atmosphere. A leading hypothesis is that nitrogen and methane escape from Pluto's atmosphere and are then deposited into the cold poles of Charon, where scattered ultraviolet light then transforms the molecules into tholins, a generic term for a tar-like organic slurry. Despite the fact that during Pluto winter the Northern hemisphere goes without sunlight for more than 100 years, enough radiation makes it to Charon's surface to form the red tholins. The extreme orbital eccentricity and axial tilt of Pluto and Charon's orbits drive a large sublimation event during Plutonian spring, where methane and other gases from Pluto's surface may escape the planet's gravity and condense onto Charon's surface, an effect called "cold trapping". This hypothesis implies that a similar red spot should exist on Charon's south pole as welland indirect evidence suggests this is true.

It is also possible that the Mordor Macula has a cryovolcanic origin. Observations of other Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) show similar features as Mordor Macula, making the atmospheric transfer model less likely. A second hypothesis of Mordor Macula's origin states that cryovolcanism in Vulcan Planitia pumped enough methane into the paleoatmosphere from Charon's subsurface to create Mordor Macula. Methane is first released into the atmosphere via cryovolcanism, where most of the gas migrates to Charon's north and south poles, freezing and becoming trapped there as ice. Some of the gas will reach Charon's escape velocity and be lost to space. After a long period of time, solar radiation irradiated the trapped methane ice and produced tholins, creating the dark deposits observed today.

## InfoBox

Mordor Macula
| An enhanced-color image of Mordor Macula on Charon's north pole. The ridge McCaffrey Dorsum curves around the upper center, whilst the crater Dorothy is located at the upper right | |
| --- | --- |
| Feature type | Dark region |
| Location | North pole of Charon |
| Diameter | ~375 km |
| Discoverer | *New Horizons* |
| Naming | Unofficial |
| Eponym | Land of Mordor, from Tolkien mythology |


title: Royal City (album)

abstract: Royal City is a B-side compilation by Royal City, released on June 23, 2009, on Asthmatic Kitty.

text:
# Royal City (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 6.7/10 |

***Royal City*** is a B-side compilation by Royal City, released on June 23, 2009, on Asthmatic Kitty.

## Track listing

1. "Here Comes Success"
2. "Can't You Hear Me Calling"
3. "Postcards"
4. "A Belly Was Made for Wine"
5. "Dog Song"
6. "O You With Your Shirt"
7. "Bad Luck"
8. "The Nations Will Sing"
9. "I Called But You Were Sleeping"
10. "They Came Down"
11. "Is This It?"
12. "In the Autumn"

## InfoBox

| Royal City | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Royal City | |
| Released | June 23, 2009 |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Label | Asthmatic Kitty |
| Royal City chronology | |
| *Little Heart's Ease*
(2004) ***Royal City***
(2009) | |


title: Gibbons Bagnall

abstract: Gibbons Bagnall (1719–1800) was an English poetical writer. Bagnall was the son of Gibbons Bagnall of Windsor. He was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford, 12 July 1738, where he proceeded B.A. 30 April 1741. He afterwards went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1760. Taking orders, he became vicar of Holm Lacy in Herefordshire, and head-master of the free school at Hereford. He was collated on 27 May 1760 to the prebend of Piona Parva in the church of Hereford, and on 1 Aug. 1767 to the prebend of Barsham in the same cathedral establishment. He also held for some time the rectory of Upton Bishop: and in 1783 he was presented to the vicarage of Sellack. He died on 31 December 1800, in his 82nd year.

text:
# Gibbons Bagnall

**Gibbons Bagnall** (17191800) was an English poetical writer.

Bagnall was the son of Gibbons Bagnall of Windsor. He was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford, 12 July 1738, where he proceeded B.A. 30 April 1741. He afterwards went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1760. Taking orders, he became vicar of Holm Lacy in Herefordshire, and head-master of the free school at Hereford. He was collated on 27 May 1760 to the prebend of Piona Parva in the church of Hereford, and on 1 Aug. 1767 to the prebend of Barsham in the same cathedral establishment. He also held for some time the rectory of Upton Bishop: and in 1783 he was presented to the vicarage of Sellack. He died on 31 December 1800, in his 82nd year.

## Works

* *A Sermon on Exodus XV. 20*, 1762, 8vo.
* *Education: an Essay*, in verse, London, 1765, 4to.
* *A New Translation of Telemachus, in English verse*, 2 vols., Hereford, 1790, 8vo; 2 vols., Dublin, 1792, 12mo.


title: Rainin' in My Heart (song)

abstract: "Rainin' in My Heart" is a song written by James Moore and Jerry West and performed by Harpo. It reached number 17 on the U.S. R&B chart and number 34 on the U.S. pop chart in 1961. It was featured on his 1961 album Slim Harpo Sings "Raining in My Heart..." It is not to be confused with the similarly titled Buddy Holly song, "Raining in My Heart".

text:
# Rainin' in My Heart (song)

"**Rainin' in My Heart**" is a song written by James Moore (aka Slim Harpo) and Jerry West (an alias used by J. D. "Jay" Miller) and performed by Harpo. It reached number 17 on the U.S. R&B chart and number 34 on the U.S. pop chart in 1961. It was featured on his 1961 album *Slim Harpo Sings "Raining in My Heart..."* It is not to be confused with the similarly titled Buddy Holly song, "Raining in My Heart".

## Other charting versions

## Other versions

Note: Al Green co-wrote and recorded a song called "Rainin' in My Heart" on his 2003 album, *I Can't Stop* (and subsequently recorded as a duet with Willie Nelson on Nelson's 2004 album, *Outlaws and Angels*). Certain song databases have mistakenly classified Green's song as a cover of Slim Harpo's "Rainin' in My Heart", written by James Moore (aka Slim Harpo) and Jerry West (aka J.D. Miller). The lyrics of the two songs are completely unrelated except for the title.

## InfoBox

| "Rainin' in My Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Slim Harpo | |
| from the album  *Slim Harpo Sings "Raining in My Heart..."* | |
| A-side | "Don't Start Cryin' Now" |
| Released | January 1961 (1961-01) |
| Genre | Swamp blues |
| Length | 2:11 |
| Label | Excello |
| Songwriter(s) | * Slim Harpo * Jerry West |
| Producer(s) | J. D. "Jay" Miller |
| Slim Harpo singles chronology | |
| "Blues Hang-Over"
(1960) "**Rainin' in My Heart**"
(1961) "I Love the Life I'm Living"
(1963) | |


title: Tibor Ordina

abstract: Tibor Ordina was a Hungarian athlete who specialized in the long jump and triple jump. Born in Budapest, Ordina stood at 1.92 m tall, and during his active career he weighed 73 kilograms (161 lb).

text:
# Tibor Ordina

**Tibor Ordina** (17 March 1971 – 12 April 2016) was a Hungarian athlete who specialized in the long jump and triple jump. Born in Budapest, Ordina stood at 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) tall, and during his active career he weighed 73 kilograms (161 lb).

## Long jump

In the long jump he finished eleventh at the 1994 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 1993 World Indoor Championships, the 1993 World Championships and the 1994 European Championships without reaching the final. He was Hungarian long jump champion in 1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998, rivalling János Uzsoki, and was indoor champion in 1993, 1994, 1997 and 1999. His personal best jump was 8.04 metres, achieved in August 1993 in Budapest.

## Triple jump

In the triple jump he finished eighth at the 1997 World Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1997 World Championships without reaching the final. He became the Hungarian indoor champion in triple jump in 1996, 1997 and 1999. His personal best jump was 16.90 metres, achieved in June 1996 in Budapest.

## Illness and death

Tibor Ordina was diagnosed with Brain tumour in 2004. He had his first operation in May 2011, where a large portion of his tumour was removed and the small part that remained did not grow. However, it began growing in late 2014, to a size which was larger than previously, requiring a second operation in May 2015, 4 years after his first operation. Despite the operation, his tumour was deemed terminal. His condition remained stagnant for the rest of 2015, but worsened in early 2016. He died in Budapest on April 12, 2016, aged 45, with his funeral being held on April 26.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Hungary | | | | | |
| 1990 | World Junior Championships | Plovdiv, Bulgaria | 20th (q) | Long jump | 7.25 m |
| | | | 16th | Triple jump | 14.93 m (wind: -0.3 m/s) |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 14th (q) | Long jump | 7.52 m (wind: +0.1 m/s) |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 33rd | Triple jump | 16.04 m |


title: Ping Pals

abstract: Ping Pals is a chat/accessory program developed by WayForward Technologies and published by THQ for the Nintendo DS. It was released on December 8, 2004 in North America & It was released in Europe in early 2005. The program allows the user to customise their "Ping Pal" avatar and game interface by selecting from over 1000 different items such as hairstyles, makeup, clothing, backdrops, music loops and sound effects.

text:
# Ping Pals

***Ping Pals*** is a chat/accessory program developed by WayForward Technologies and published by THQ for the Nintendo DS. It was released on December 8, 2004 in North America & It was released in Europe in early 2005. The program allows the user to customise their "Ping Pal" avatar and game interface by selecting from over 1000 different items such as hairstyles, makeup, clothing, backdrops, music loops and sound effects.

## Gameplay

Items can be unlocked by trading with other players or buying them in a shop. Players must trade to complete their collections, as each cartridge's shop offers a different subset of the items. Players receive a regular allowance of coins, using the DS' date-keeping functionality, and can get more by playing mini-games (such as Guess the Number and Hot Potato), typing certain secret words in chat (each word works once per file) and even for choosing to display the credits screen more than once.

Up to 16 players can connect wirelessly using one game cartridge; each must be within about 100 feet (30 m) of one of the others to exchange text and picture messages.

## Reception

Although *Ping Pals* was marketed as a nonviolent, girl-friendly game, it was frequently criticized as not being interactive enough to be called a game. In addition to this, the DS has a built-in chat program called PictoChat. PictoChat includes features that *Ping Pals* lacks, and due to this, the game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. For instance, *Nintendo Official Magazine*, in its Nintendo DS special, opened their review of the game by describing its existence as being "a bit like paying money to breathe air." By contrast with other summaries in the magazine, which were typed and more detailed, the reviewer gave a one word summary, handwritten in PictoChat, reading "POINTLESS".

Several images in *Ping Pals* were licensed from *QPlay*. These include the Cupimon, a green creature that dances in the startup animation, and several avatar and clothing graphics.

The game received two zeroes and one 1.5 from *Electronic Gaming Monthly*, the lowest average score in the history of the publication.

## InfoBox

| Ping Pals | |
| --- | --- |
| European packaging artwork | |
| Developer(s) | WayForward Technologies |
| Publisher(s) | THQ |
| Producer(s) | Derek Dutilly |
| Designer(s) | Matt Bozon |
| Programmer(s) | Ian Wakelin |
| Artist(s) | Matt Bozon |
| Writer(s) | Paula Shumard |
| Composer(s) | Shin'en Multimedia (Manfred Linzner, Martin Schioeler) |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo DS |
| Release | * NA: December 7, 2004 * AU: February 24, 2005 * EU: March 11, 2005 |
| Genre(s) | Simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Westbrook War Memorial

abstract: Westbrook War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at 114 Toowoomba Road, Westbrook, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was constructed in 1922 by Toowoomba masonry firm Bruce Brothers, and lies adjacent to the Westbrook Public Hall, which it predates. It stands 4.2 metres (14 ft) high, and consists of a statue of a digger atop a sandstone pedestal and base. The memorial contains the names of the 10 local men who died during World War I on the front face, and the 37 who served on the side faces. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Westbrook War Memorial

**Westbrook War Memorial** is a heritage-listed memorial at 114 Toowoomba Road, Westbrook, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was constructed in 1922 by Toowoomba masonry firm Bruce Brothers, and lies adjacent to the Westbrook Public Hall, which it predates. It stands 4.2 metres (14 ft) high, and consists of a statue of a digger atop a sandstone pedestal and base. The memorial contains the names of the 10 local men who died during World War I on the front face, and the 37 who served on the side faces. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

The Westbrook War Memorial was unveiled Anzac Day 1922 by local MP, the Hon Littleton Groom. It was designed and executed by Bruce Brothers (successors of Walter Bruce) of Toowoomba, The memorial was erected by the residents of the district. It honours the 47 local men who served in the First World War, including the 10 fallen.

About half of the families listed are represented by more than one member, two families by four members, indicating the impact of the war upon the small community.

The town of Westbrook is located on the Darling Downs. The first white settlers arrived on the Downs in search of rich grazing land and by the 1840s, led by the Leslie brothers and John Campbell had established over twenty stations. Westbrook was the site of John Campbell's run. These stations prospered until their expansion was curbed due to the pressures of selection legislation and land was resumed for agricultural use. The area, which had previously been a primary producer of wool, diversified into wheat and dairy farming. By the 1920s, wheat had become the primary crop with state experimental farms located at Westbrook and other places providing the area with superior varieties of wheat.

Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.

Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".

Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.

Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland's larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.

Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.

Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, embodying the ANZAC spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain's lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials.

Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported.

When first unveiled, the memorial stood in front of open fields however in recent years, a hall has been constructed around the memorial. Although executed by Bruce Brothers, it is thought that the statue was obtained from Batstone's of Brisbane. The pedestal was a standard design, also used by Bruce Brothers for war memorials at Dulacca (Queensland) and Amosfield (New South Wales).

## Description

The First World War Memorial is situated directly adjacent to the Westbrook Public Hall in a paved area. It faces the Toowoomba – Milleran Road; the main road between the two towns.

The memorial stands 4.2 metres (14 ft) high and comprises a pedestal surmounted by a digger statue.

The memorial sits on a rock-faced, stepped sandstone base which bears a dedicatory inscription. Surmounting this is the slightly tapered pedestal, which is of smooth faced white sandstone. It bears the cut and blackened names of the ten local men who died during the First World War on the front face and the 37 who served on the side faces.

Above this is a sandstone capital comprising a rough hewn vertical face, margined and chiselled, which culminates in a concave cornice, also rough hewn.

Surmounting the capital is a large smooth-faced torus moulding, square in plan and a stepped base on which the digger statue stands.

The life-sized digger statue stands with head erect and hands resting on top of a reversed rifle which sits on top of his left boot. A tree stump is located behind the right leg for support.

## Heritage listing

Westbrook War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.

Unveiled in 1922, the memorial at Westbrook demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland and is of aesthetic significance for its high level of workmanship and design.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland and is of aesthetic significance for its high level of workmanship and design.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The memorial has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and also with Toowoomba masonry firm, Bruce Brothers as an example of their work.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The memorial has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and also with Toowoomba masonry firm, Bruce Brothers as an example of their work.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Westbrook War Memorial at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Westbrook War Memorial | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 114 Toowoomba Road, Westbrook, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°36′34″S 151°52′00″E / 27.6094°S 151.8667°E / -27.6094; 151.8667 |
| Design period | 1919–1930s (interwar period) |
| Built | 1922–1922 |
| Architect | Bruce Brothers |
| Architectural style(s) | Eclectic |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Westbrook War Memorial |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600637 |
| Significant period | 1922- (social)<br>1922 (historical, fabric) |
| Significant components | memorial – soldier statue, hall – public |
| Builders | Bruce Brothers |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Westbrook War Memorial in QueenslandWestbrook War Memorial (Australia) | |


title: Happy (2006 film)

abstract: Happy is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by A. Karunakaran and produced by Allu Aravind under his production Geetha Arts banner. The film stars Allu Arjun and Genelia D'Souza in the lead roles, while Manoj Bajpayee, Deepak Shirke, Brahmanandam, Kishore and Tanikella Bharani appear in supporting roles. The music was scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja, while the cinematography and editing were handled by R. D. Rajasekhar and Anthony. The film is an official remake of the 2004 Tamil film Azhagiya Theeye with Radha Mohan providing the story while Karunakaran wrote the screenplay with Kona Venkat penning the dialogues. Happy was released on 27 January 2006 and became a moderate success at the box office. Later the film was dubbed and released in Malayalam as Happy Be Happy, and it was a blockbuster in Kerala running successfully over than 175 days.

text:
# Happy (2006 film)

***Happy*** is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by A. Karunakaran and produced by Allu Aravind under his production Geetha Arts banner. The film stars Allu Arjun and Genelia D'Souza in the lead roles, while Manoj Bajpayee, Deepak Shirke, Brahmanandam, Kishore and Tanikella Bharani appear in supporting roles. The music was scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja, while the cinematography and editing were handled by R. D. Rajasekhar and Anthony.

The film is an official remake of the 2004 Tamil film *Azhagiya Theeye* with Radha Mohan providing the story while Karunakaran wrote the screenplay with Kona Venkat penning the dialogues.

*Happy* was released on 27 January 2006 and became a moderate success at the box office. Later the film was dubbed and released in Malayalam as *Happy Be Happy*, and it was a blockbuster in Kerala running successfully over than 175 days.

## Plot

Madhumathi "Madhu" is the daughter of MLA Suryanarayana, who is a martinet at home with his attachment to power. Surya believes that his daughter's behavior would influence his caste politics, where he tries to keep her from continuing her MBBS as she goes to college and moves with friends of different mentalities. However, Madhu comes to her third year of medicine by maintaining her dignity, focusing completely on studies and not being involved in relationships and love affairs.

Madhu goes for a medical camp with her classmates to Araku Valley, where she meets Bunny Bhasker in the woods. Madhu's initial encounter with Bunny is funny and playful. Bunny comes to Hyderabad and joins in a pizza shop as a delivery boy and continues his MBA by attending evening classes. In an incident, Surya assumes that Madhu is dating Bunny, where he decides to get her married to DCP Arvind. Madhu is more attached to her studies than marriage, where she goes to Bunny and blames him for her marriage. Learning this, Bunny plans to stop the marriage and meets Arvind, where he lies to Arvind and convinces him that he is in love with Madhu. Arvind believes the latter and cancels the wedding, thus angering Surya.

Later, Surya plans to get her married to his friend's son Subba Rao, where he visits DCP Arvind and gives him the marriage invitation. Shocked, Aravind meets Bunny and gets him married to Madhu in a registrar's office, where he also gives his new flat for the couple. Madhu becomes estranged from her family and ends up living with Bunny, who Bunny ends up living with Madhu as he lost his job. Throughout their times together, mishaps and comedic events happen, where Bunny ends up falling for Madhu. Being separated from her family, Madhu has no way of paying for fees. One day, Madhu expresses this to Bunny, who gets into the film industry as an action choreographer and performs dangerous stunts in order to pay her semester fees.

Madhu scores lowest marks in a subject and gets negative feedback from her professor. To focus on her studies, Madhu scorns Bunny and wants him to be out of the house. Madhu focuses on her studies and achieves her MBBS degree with honors. On the day of her graduation, Madhu admits to her friend that she is indeed in love with Bunny, where her friend reveals about Bunny performing dangerous stunts for her college fees. Madhu's friend reveals that Bunny had told her not to reveal this to Madhu and had told her that he is going back to his home in Vishakhapatnam. With regret, Madhu tries to reconcile with Bunny and goes to meet him at the railway station.

On the way there, Madhu gets arrested under prostitution charges by Surya's nemesis ACP Ratnam as she unknowingly gave a lift to a sex worker. Surya storms into the police station and slaps Ratnam for arresting Madhu, but Surya also gets arrested. Madhu manages to contact Bunny with a cell phone provided by one of the inmates, where Bunny arrives to the station. Bunny also had an incident with Ratnam as he once berated him in public for smoking in a gas station. Bunny becomes enraged and has a long and bloody fight with Ratnam and the police until Aravind intervenes and stops the fight. Aravind asks Bunny and Madhu to leave and tells that he will take care of everything. Bunny and Madhu finally reunite with each other.

## Cast

## Music

| Happy | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar Raja | |
| Released | 30 December 2005 (India) |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Aditya Music |
| Producer | Yuvan Shankar Raja |
| Yuvan Shankar Raja chronology | |
| *Pudhupettai*
(2005) ***Happy***
(2005) *Pattiyal*
(2006) | |

Songs released on 30 December 2005, was a major highlight and main strength of the film. It features six tracks with 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry, Chandrabose, Kulasekhar, Viswa, Pothula Ravi Kiran, Ananta Sriram having each penned lyrics for one song. Music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja received critical acclaim for the music of *Happy*.

### Original Telugu version

| No. | Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Chal Chal Re" | Clinton Cerejo | Viswa |
| 2 | "Happy" | Karthik | Chandrabose |
| 3 | "Ossa Re" | Jassie Gift, Suchitra, Yuvan Shankar Raja (Rap vocals) | Pothula Ravikiran |
| 4 | "I Hate You" | Ranjith, Vasundhara Das | Anantha Sriram |
| 5 | "Egire Mabbula" (Version l) | S.P.B. Charan | Kulasekhar |
| 6 | "Egire Mabbula" (Version ll) | KK | Kulasekhar |
| 7 | "Nee Kosam" | Shankar Mahadevan | Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry |

### Malayalam version

Lyrics for all the songs for the Malayalam dubbed version were penned by Siju Thuravoor.

| Track | Song | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Azhake Nee Enne" | Jose Sagar |
| 2 | "Happy" | Franco |
| 3 | "Chal Chal Chal Mere" | Jose Sagar |
| 4 | "Chirichu Konjunna" | Jassie Gift, Sangeetha |
| 5 | "I Hate You" | Vidhu Prathap, Akhila Anand |
| 6 | "Maname Manmizhiyale" | V. Devanand |

## Reception

### Critical response

*Idlebrain.com* wrote "*Happy* is a happy film watch for its songs and comedy." *Indiaglitz* wrote "The combination of enjoyable fun, good music and easy emotions make *Happy* work."

## InfoBox

| Happy | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | A. Karunakaran |
| Screenplay by | A. Karunakaran
Kona Venkat (dialogues) |
| Story by | Radha Mohan |
| Produced by | Allu Aravind |
| Starring | Allu Arjun
Genelia D'Souza |
| Cinematography | R. D. Rajasekhar |
| Edited by | Anthony |
| Music by | Yuvan Shankar Raja |
| Production
company | Geetha Arts |
| Distributed by | UTV Motion Pictures |
| Release date | * 27 January 2006 (2006-01-27) |
| Running time | 152 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |
| Box office | ₹9 Crore (Distributors’ Share) |


title: Order of the Auspicious Stars

abstract: The Order of the Auspicious Stars was the second highest order of chivalry of the Korean Empire. It was established in 1897 with other orders by Emperor Gojong, as part of reforms of the Korean Empire.

text:
# Order of the Auspicious Stars

The **Order of the Auspicious Stars** was the second highest order of chivalry of the Korean Empire. It was established in 1897 with other orders by Emperor Gojong, as part of reforms of the Korean Empire.

## History

1897, Gojong of Korea introduced the order of the auspicious stars as the lower class order than Order of the Golden Ruler. It was not the part of the establishments in 1897. Order of the Auspicious Stars did not have any classes. There were 13 recipients of Order of the Auspicious Stars from 1897 to 1910.

## Form

Order of the Auspicious Stars was specified into two types. First was Grand Cordon and second was medal. Perimeter of Grand Cordon was 7.5 centimeters. In the red central circle surrounded by white lines, silver-white stars are arranged in three directions. Cucumber leaves surround the central circle in a circle, and then silver-white rays are arranged in a cross shape, and three white oyster flowers are arranged in each space in between. The Medal was just the same as the Grand Cordon but, the perimeter was 6 centimeters.

Grand Cordon included Daesu which was worn from the left to the right and medal was worn on the left breast.

## Recipients

1. 조선왕조실록. *sillok.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
2. 이, 강칠 (1999). 대한제국시대훈장제도 (in Korean). 白山出版社. p. 93. ISBN 978-89-7739-259-5.
3. "조선왕조실록". *sillok.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
4. "조선왕조실록". *sillok.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
5. "조선왕조실록". *sillok.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
6. "조선왕조실록". *sillok.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2022-04-17.

## InfoBox

| Order of the Auspicious Stars
대훈위 서성대수장 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Awarded by the Korean Empire | |
| Type | State order of chivalry |
| Established | 12 August 1897 |
| Eligibility | Civilians and military, Korean and foreign, with rank/status determining which grade one received |
| Criteria | merit |
| Status | Defunct |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Order of the Golden Ruler |
| Next (lower) | Order of the Plum Blossom |
|

 | |


title: V Shape Mind

abstract: V Shape Mind is an American alternative rock band. They released one major label album in 2003 before disbanding the following year.

text:
# V Shape Mind

**V Shape Mind** is an American alternative rock band. They released one major label album in 2003 before disbanding the following year.

## Background

V Shape Mind was formed in 1999 and toured the local Illinois metal scene, during which they self-released an EP titled *Metric* in 2000. The band was discovered by renowned producer David Bottrill, who got them signed to Universal Records.

The band released their debut album, *Cul-De-Sac*, on September 9, 2003. The single "Monsters" features vocals from Mudvayne's Chad Gray and received considerable radio play. Despite touring with such acts as Mudvayne and Powerman 5000, V Shape Mind struggled to gather any mainstream attention. Consequently, they have since broken up, pointing to difficulties with Universal Records as the key factor. They played their final show together on Thursday, May 6, 2004 at Lincoln Square Theater in their hometown of Decatur, Illinois.

## Members

## Discography

### Albums

#### Studio albums

List of studio albums
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Cul-De-Sac* | * Released: September 9, 2003 * Label: Republic * Formats: CD |
|

### Extended plays

List of extended plays
| Title | EP details |
| --- | --- |
| *Metric* | * Released: 2000 * Label: Diet Black * Formats: CD |
|

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
Main. Rock
 | |
| "Monsters"
(featuring Chad Gray) | 2003 | 40 | *Cul-De-Sac* |
|

## InfoBox

| V Shape Mind | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Decatur, Illinois, United States |
| Genres | Alternative rock, alternative metal, nu metal |
| Years active | 1999–2004, 2018–present |
| Labels | Republic Records/Universal Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Brad Hursh
Jeff McElyea
Vic Zientara
Scott Parjani (deceased) |