title: Puppet Showplace

abstract: Puppet Showplace Theater is a nonprofit puppet theater in Brookline, Massachusetts. The organization was founded in June 1974 by Mary Churchill. Since 1981, it has been located at 32 Station Street. The theater presents performances by local and traveling professional puppet companies. Puppet Showplace Theater houses one performance space, a proscenium with a "comfortable capacity" of 80 adults. Each year, it presents over 300 performances at its home in Brookline. The theater also presents touring productions performed in schools, libraries, and cultural centers throughout the Northeastern United States.

text:
# Puppet Showplace

**Puppet Showplace Theater** is a nonprofit puppet theater in Brookline, Massachusetts. The organization was founded in June 1974 by Mary Churchill. Since 1981, it has been located at 32 Station Street. The theater presents performances by local and traveling professional puppet companies.

Puppet Showplace Theater houses one performance space, a proscenium with a "comfortable capacity" of 80 adults. Each year, it presents over 300 performances at its home in Brookline. The theater also presents touring productions performed in schools, libraries, and cultural centers throughout the Northeastern United States.

## History

### 1974–1999

Puppet Showplace Theater was founded in June 1974 in Brookline, Massachusetts by Mary Churchill. As a teacher in the Boston school system, she had used puppets to teach students who had trouble learning to read. Later, Churchill began creating her own puppet shows. She named her company The Cranberry Puppets.

After leaving teaching, Churchill found a vacant storefront at 30 Station Street in the historic Building at 30–34 Station Street. It was located in her neighborhood of Brookline Village across from the Brookline Village (MBTA station). Churchill acquired the property and began to offer her own shows on weekends. Soon, other puppeteers from Greater Boston began performing there as well. Performers included Eleanor Boylan, Elizabeth Clark, and Caleb Fullam and Company.

In 1976, at a Russian puppet festival, Churchill met hand puppet artist Paul Vincent Davis. He became the theater's first artist in residence. Davis held the position for 33 years. He also served as the theater's artistic director. Davis and Churchill became lifelong companions and partners.

By 1978, Showplace served as the information center for the Puppeteers of America and Union Internationale de la Marionette. Performers included Susan Linn, Ruth Brand as Henrietta the Clown, and George Latshaw.

In 1980, storefront properties became available at 32-33 Station Street. Churchill acquired the properties, removed a shared wall, and moved the theater next door in 1981. The new space was twice the size of the previous location. It had a small lobby, store, accessible restroom, and space for birthday parties and workshops. Showplace celebrated by premiering "Beauty and the Beast," a lavish production by Paul Vincent Davis.

Over time, the theater became a venue for puppeteers visiting from across the United States and around the world. Puppet Showplace Theater grew "from a few weekend shows to an internationally recognized puppetry center." It also served as a meeting space for the Boston Area Guild of Puppetry.

### 2000–present

In 2000, Karen Larsen succeeded Davis as artistic director.

In 2007, Puppet Showplace created the Mary Churchill Memorial Fund. It honors "her legacy of generosity and her commitment to making arts accessible to all." The fund brings schoolchildren from low-income neighborhoods to see puppetry at Showplace.

In 2008, Davis retired as artist in residence. Brad Shur succeeded him in 2009. During his tenure, Shur created five original shows, including *Dr. Doohickey’s Monster Machine*, *The Magic Soup and Other Stories*, *Tall Tales*, and *Robin Hood*. In 2016, Shur received a Family Grant from The Jim Henson Foundation for his production *Cardboard Explosion!* It was an interactive work of puppet theater for family audiences.

By 2009, Kathleen Conroy Mukwashi was artistic director. Roxanna Myhrum became artistic director in 2010. During her tenure, she developed adult education programs, school residencies, and tours. Myhrum also helped expand the Incubator project night into a program that partnered with local artists to develop new work. Incubator went on to launch 15 full-length touring productions.

In 2016, Puppet Showplace partnered with Franklin Park Zoo to present *The Midnight Zoo*. The Halloween nighttime trail walk featured life-size fantasy creatures.

In 2017, Sarah Nolen became the theater's third resident artist. After joining Showplace, she debuted two new shows: *The Fairy Tailor* in 2018 and *Judy Saves the Day* in 2019. In 2022, Nolen received a Family Grant from The Jim Henson Foundation for her production *Party Animals*. The show follows four young animals as they prepare for their first party.

In March 2020, performances at the theater were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2021, the theater resumed live, in-person performances while continuing virtual performances.

In June 2020, in the wake of the George Floyd protests, Puppet Showplace opened applications for a Black Puppeteer Empowerment Grant & Creative Research Residency. The grant offered five Black artists $1,000 grants to support the research and development of new projects.

## Operations

From the beginning, Mary Churchill served as the theater's principal administrator and benefactor. In *The Boston Globe*, Lynda Morgenroth wrote, "The Puppet Showplace is the house Mary Churchill built."

Following Churchill's death in 1997, Paul Vincent Davis became executive director. He held the position for three years. Joe Callahan became executive director in 2004. By 2007, Kris Higgins held the position. Isabel Fine was executive director by 2011. Thom Yarnal became executive director in 2013. As of 2021, no executive director position was listed on the theater's official website.

## Notable productions

While serving as artist in residence, Paul Vincent Davis earned Citations of Excellence from UNIMA-USA for five productions. These include *The Leprechaun of Donegal* (1980), *The Golden Axe* (1982), *Three Festival Dances* (1982), *Beauty and the Beast* (1984), and *Fables of Ancient Rome* (1988).

In 2013, the production of *Squirrel Stole My Underpants* by Bonnie Duncan and The Gottabees premiered at Puppet Showplace Theater. In 2017, the production earned a Citation of Excellence from UNIMA-USA.

## Reception

In 2004, Puppet Showplace Theater received an Elliot Norton Award Special Citation for its 30 years of productions. *Boston* magazine named Puppet Showplace Theater as "2018 Best Kids' Birthday Venue." In 2020, *Boston Parents Paper* named Puppet Showplace Theater a Family Favorite. It won in the category of Live Theater in Greater Boston.

## InfoBox

Puppet Showplace Theater
| Entrance to Puppet Showplace Theater (2021) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 32 Station Street<br>Brookline, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°19′59″N 71°07′01″W / 42.33301°N 71.11681°W / 42.33301; -71.11681 |
| Public transit | Green Line (D branch) Brookline Village |
| Type | Theater |
| Genre(s) | Puppetry |
| Opened | June 1974 (1974-06) |
| Website | |
| www.puppetshowplace.org | |


title: Pseudostomatella decolorata

abstract: Pseudostomatella decolorata, common name the coloured stomatella, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Pseudostomatella decolorata

***Pseudostomatella decolorata***, common name the **coloured stomatella**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 11 mm and 20 mm. The depressed shell is ear-shaped and rather rounded in outline. It is dead white above, with spots of milk-white and blotches of pale sanguineous especially near the suture. The four whorls form an acute, moderately elevated spire, somewhat crenulated at the sutures. The surface is conspicuously grooved, those above the periphery having 3 or 4 smaller striae intervening. Beneath it is somewhat imbricated upwards, and barred in the intervals by the lines of growth, which do not pass over the ridges. One-half the breadth of the base adjoining the columella is plain, without striae, and banded by a raised and milk-white line. There is a slight reflection of the columella against a minute perforation. The transverse aperture is rounded-oval and nearly circular. Its interior is porcelain-white and shining.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Central Pacific and off Japan and North Australia

* Encyclopedia of Life
* GenBank (8 nucleotides; 2 proteins)
* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Pseudostomatella decolorata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudostomatella decolorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with two views of a shell of *Pseudostomatella decolorata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Subfamily: | Stomatellinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudostomatella* |
| Species: | ***P. decolorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudostomatella decolorata***<br>(Gould, 1848) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Stomatella decolorata* Gould, 1848 (original combination) | |


title: Ptochoryctis perigramma

abstract: Ptochoryctis perigramma is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found on Borneo.

text:
# Ptochoryctis perigramma

***Ptochoryctis perigramma*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found on Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Ptochoryctis perigramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Ptochoryctis* |
| Species: | ***P. perigramma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptochoryctis perigramma***<br>Meyrick, 1926 | |
|


title: Ptochoryctis galbanea

abstract: Ptochoryctis galbanea is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found Sri Lanka. The wingspan is 30–32 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous, with a faint purplish or orchreous gloss and with the extreme costal edge ochreous whitish. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

text:
# Ptochoryctis galbanea

***Ptochoryctis galbanea*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found Sri Lanka.

The wingspan is 30–32 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous, with a faint purplish or orchreous gloss and with the extreme costal edge ochreous whitish. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

## InfoBox

| *Ptochoryctis galbanea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Ptochoryctis* |
| Species: | ***P. galbanea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptochoryctis galbanea***<br>(Meyrick, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amorbaea galbanea* Meyrick, 1914 | |


title: Ptochoryctis inviolata

abstract: Ptochoryctis inviolata is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1925. It is found in India (Bombay). The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are glossy white with the costal edge blackish towards the base and with three or four minute blackish specks before the lower part of the termen. The hindwings are whitish.

text:
# Ptochoryctis inviolata

***Ptochoryctis inviolata*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1925. It is found in India (Bombay).

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are glossy white with the costal edge blackish towards the base and with three or four minute blackish specks before the lower part of the termen. The hindwings are whitish.

## InfoBox

| *Ptochoryctis inviolata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Ptochoryctis* |
| Species: | ***P. inviolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptochoryctis inviolata***<br>Meyrick, 1925 | |
|


title: PubMed Central Canada

abstract: PubMed Central Canada was a Canadian national digital repository of peer-reviewed health and life sciences literature. It operated from 2010 to 2018. It joined Europe PubMed Central as a member of the PubMed Central International network. PMC Canada was a partnership between the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, and the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). PMC Canada included an interface in both English and French, to support the use of Canada's two official languages. PubMed Central Canada provided free access to content, and was one of the locations where CIHR researchers could deposit their peer-reviewed research articles, in order to meet with the open-access requirements of the CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs.

text:
# PubMed Central Canada

**PubMed Central Canada** (**PMC Canada**) was a Canadian national digital repository of peer-reviewed health and life sciences literature. It operated from 2010 to 2018. It joined Europe PubMed Central (formerly UK PubMed Central) as a member of the PubMed Central International network. PMC Canada was a partnership between the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (NRC-CISTI, the Canadian National Science Library), and the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

PMC Canada included an interface in both English and French, to support the use of Canada's two official languages. PubMed Central Canada provided free access to content, and was one of the locations where CIHR researchers could deposit their peer-reviewed research articles, in order to meet with the open-access requirements of the CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs.

## Launch

The initial version of PubMed Central Canada launched in October 2009. The launch was timed to coincide with Open Access Week. The full launch of PMC Canada, including a manuscript submission system for CIHR researchers, was April 28, 2010.

## Taken offline

On February 23, 2018, PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) was taken offline permanently. No author manuscripts were deleted, and the approximately 2,900 manuscripts authored by researchers funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) in the archive were copied to the National Research Council's Digital Repository over the coming months. These manuscripts along with all other content will also remain publicly searchable on PubMed Central and Europe PubMed Central, meaning such manuscripts will continue to be compliant with the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications.


title: Puckett, Mississippi

abstract: Puckett is a village in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population was 342. It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Puckett, Mississippi

**Puckett** is a village in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population was 342. It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

The first European-American settlement at this location was in 1837, and the pioneers named it Clear Creek. One of the first settlers was Calvin Boone. A man known by the surname Merchant is credited with building the first water mill in the area, and with blazing a road along a ridge leading to another settlement then known as Shiloh. Settlers migrated from Alabama. A.A. Burnham applied for a US post office in 1890, asking that it be named either Clear Creek or Burnham. Due to these names already being used, the USPS assigned the name of Puckett to the post office, after the Puckett family, who came from nearby Tishomingo.. Early in the town's history, a traveling show wintered there for a number of years. Attendance at its winter performances led to the town's being nicknamed "the largest little show place in the world". In the 1950s a sign was erected, saying "Welcome to Puckett 300 good friendly folks and a few old sore heads".

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), of which 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) is land and 0.50% is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 302 |  |  |
| 1970 | 333 |  | 10.3% |
| 1980 | 279 |  | −16.2% |
| 1990 | 294 |  | 5.4% |
| 2000 | 354 |  | 20.4% |
| 2010 | 316 |  | −10.7% |
| 2020 | 342 |  | 8.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2010 2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Puckett village, Mississippi – Demographic Profile**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 311 | 311 | 98.42% | 90.94% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 1 | 15 | 0.32% | 4.39% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 1 | 1 | 0.32% | 0.29% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 1 | 13 | 0.32% | 3.80% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2 | 2 | 0.63% | 0.58% |
| **Total** | **316** | **342** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.*

### 2000 Census

As of the census of 2000, there were 354 people, 136 households, and 110 families residing in the village. The population density was 175.6 inhabitants per square mile (67.8/km2). There were 151 housing units at an average density of 74.9 per square mile (28.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.33% White, 2.82% African American, and 0.85% from two or more races.

There were 136 households, out of which 39.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 3.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,625, and the median income for a family was $41,000. Males had a median income of $30,179 versus $21,458 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,909. About 11.5% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Puckett became the educational center of South Rankin in the early 20th century. The town of Puckett is served by the Rankin County School District.

### Public schools

* Puckett Attendance Center (Grades K-12)

### Sports

The Puckett Wolves advanced to the MHSAA 1-A Football Championship in 2002 and 2006–2008, winning the championship in 2002, 2006 & 2008.

## InfoBox

| Puckett, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Location of Puckett, Mississippi | |
| Puckett, MississippiLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 32°4′59″N 89°46′40″W / 32.08306°N 89.77778°W / 32.08306; -89.77778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Rankin |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor, Aldermen |
| Mayor | Russ Espiritu |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.88 sq mi (7.47 km2) |
| Land | 2.88 sq mi (7.45 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 341 ft (104 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 342 |
| Density | 118.87/sq mi (45.89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 39151, 39042 |
| Area code | 601 |
| FIPS code | 28-60360 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0676410 |
| Website | http://www.puckettms.org |


title: Facelina olivacea

abstract: Facelina olivacea is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.

text:
# Facelina olivacea

***Facelina olivacea*** is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Table Bay Harbour and Saldanha, Western Cape, South Africa. It is endemic to the Cape Province of South Africa. It has also been found at Knysna and Jeffrey's Bay, Eastern Cape on the Indian Ocean coast.

## InfoBox

| *Facelina olivacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Suborder: | Cladobranchia |
| Family: | Facelinidae |
| Genus: | *Facelina* |
| Species: | ***F. olivacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Facelina olivacea***<br>Macnae, 1954 | |
|


title: Tremayne Kirkland

abstract: Tremayne Sy Kirkland is a former gridiron football wide receiver. He played college football at Portland State. He was originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Spokane Shock, then of af2 in 2008. He's also played for the South Georgia Wildcats, Tri-Cities Fever, and Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Kirkland originally attended UNLV for four years, competing in football only two of those years, redshirt freshman then medical redshirt two years later. He then transferred to Portland State where he played football for two years, after receiving a sixth year of eligibility.

text:
# Tremayne Kirkland

**Tremayne Sy Kirkland** (born January 26, 1984) is a former gridiron football wide receiver. He played college football at Portland State. He was originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Spokane Shock, then of af2 in 2008. He's also played for the South Georgia Wildcats, Tri-Cities Fever, and Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Kirkland originally attended UNLV for four years, competing in football only two of those years, redshirt freshman then medical redshirt two years later. He then transferred to Portland State where he played football for two years, after receiving a sixth year of eligibility.

## High school career

Kirkland attended Hiram W. Johnson High School where he was a First-team All-league and All-city quarterback. He rushed for 986 yards and 12 touchdowns while passing for 1,200 and 10 more touchdowns as a senior to help lead the Warriors to a 10–2 record in 2001. He was the first quarterback from his high school to earn All-city. He also lettered three times in basketball, twice in baseball, and ran relays for the track team.

## College career

### UNLV

Kirkland then attended UNLV where he majored in University Studies. In 2002, he redshirted for the season. In 2003, as a redshirt freshman, he played in all 12 games as a kick returner and wide receiver. He returned every UNLV punt of the season and led the Mountain West Conference with an average of 12.6 yards-per-return, which ranked 17th in the nation. His total of 25 returns tied for third-most in school history and broke a freshman record of 11 set by Duane James in 1998. His total of 314 kick return yards ranked third all-time and more than doubled the freshman record of 132 set by James. Kirkland's season-long 75-yard return helped UNLV beat New Mexico. He also recorded three receptions for 13 yards. He also attempted a pass on a trick play against BYU.

In 2004, Kirkland had to use a medical redshirt and miss the entire season after separating his shoulder during preseason camp. He was named preseason First-team All-MWC as a punt returner by *Phil Steele's, College Football News* and *Athlon Sports*. He was ranked the #16 returner in the nation by *The Sporting News*. In 2005, he returned from his injury and played in eight games, and recorded 28 receptions for 254 yards and one touchdown. He also carried the ball 20 times for 109 yards and completed 3-of-5 passes for 101 yards and one touchdown, along with returning 11 punts for 69 yards.

### Portland State

Then, in 2006, Kirkland transferred from UNLV to Portland State. He also had the possibility of petitioning the NCAA for a sixth year of eligibility due to his having to use a medical redshirt. For the 2006 season, he played in 10 games, recorded 38 receptions for 533 yards, and seven touchdowns. He also carried the ball seven times for 24 yards, and completed 1-of-1 passes for a 42-yard touchdown.

At the end of the 2006 season, Kirkland petitioned the NCAA for an additional year of eligibility to compete in four years of football, since he had only played in three-of-five since he had redshirt his freshman year, and an injury redshirt two years later. On May 23, 2007, he was granted a sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA.

As a sixth-year senior in 2007, Kirkland had one of the best seasons by a receiver in school history. He finished the season with 84 receptions for 1,059 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns in 10 games (missing one due to injury). His 84 receptions rank second in school history for a season. His 1,059 receiving yards rank 10th all-time in school history. It was the first 1,000-yard receiving season for a Viking since 2001. He led the conference and ranked second in the nation in receptions per game with 8.4, and sixth in yards per game with 105.9. He also carried the ball 12 times for 64 yards and a touchdown. He had 1,234 all-purpose yards for an average of 123.4 per game.

## Professional career

### Pre-draft

| *Measureables* | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ht. | Wt. | 40 yd. | 20 Shut. | 3-cone | Vertical Jump | Bench Max. | Broad Jump |
| 5'11" | 165 lb. | 4.37 | 4.15 | 7.04 | 36" | X | 9'11" |

After graduating from Portland State, and completing four years of college athletics, Kirkland declared for the NFL Draft. He was rated, by *NFLDraftScout.com* as the 93rd wide receiver out of 334, and was projected to go unselected in the 2008 NFL draft, and did. He did receive one offer to attend training camp with the Oakland Raiders NFL team

### af2

On October 7, 2008, he signed with the Spokane Shock of the af2 football league. However, on February 18 he was traded by the South Georgia Wildcats to the Tri-Cities Fever.

## Personal

Kirkland is the son of Wardell and Wanda Kirkland, as well as a relative of former Los Angeles Rams defensive end Lamar Lundy.

## InfoBox

Tremayne Kirkland
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1984-01-26) January 26, 1984
Sacramento, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 165 lb (75 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Johnson
(Sacramento, California) |
| College: | Portland State |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Undrafted: | 2008 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Roster status: | Import |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Morice Lipsi

abstract: Morice Lipsi was a French sculptor of the School of Paris of Polish Jewish descent. During the period following the Second World War he was one of the most important sculptors of monumental abstract stone sculptures.

text:
# Morice Lipsi

**Morice Lipsi** (born Israel Moszek Lipchytz; 29 April 1898 – 7 June 1986) was a French sculptor of the School of Paris of Polish Jewish descent. During the period following the Second World War he was one of the most important sculptors of monumental abstract stone sculptures.

## Life

Morice Lipsi was born on 29 April 1898 as Israel Moszek Lipchytz in Pabianice, then Congress Poland, Russian Empire. In 1912 Morice Lipsi, fourteen, left his Polish homeland to join his brother in Paris. He became a resident of the artist's residence *La Ruche*, alongside many international artists such as Marc Chagall, Chaïm Soutine, Amedeo Modigliani, Ossip Zadkine and Guillaume Apollinaire. In 1927 he met the Swiss painter Hildegard Weber (1901-2000) in Paris; they married three years later. In 1933 Lipsi became a French citizen and moved to Chevilly-Larue near Paris. In 1942 he fled to Switzerland because of his Jewish origins. After the war he returned to Chevilly-Larue, where he chiefly lived and worked for the following decades. In 1983 he was made a Commander of the ‘Ordre des Arts et des Lettres' for his significant contributions to art. In 1984 French President François Mitterrand made him a Knight of the Legion of Honour. In 1982 he moved to Küsnacht-Goldbach near Zürich, where he died on 7 June 1986.

## Artistic development

### Early years and the period between the wars

From very early on, Lipsi showed great talent for drawing. From 1912 he learnt how to carve ivory from his much older brother Samuel Lypchytz (1875-1942) in Paris. From 1916 he studied briefly at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, with professors Jules Coutan, Antonin Mercié and Jean Antoine Injalbert. He then began to experiment by himself with sculpture, developing a style of his own. First successes started to happen. In 1922 he had his first solo exhibition of ivory sculptures at the *Galerie Hébrard* in Paris. Further exhibitions soon followed in Paris at the *Galerie d'art contemporain* (1927) and the *Galerie Druet* (1935). In 1930 he first exhibited abroad, in the *Zürcher Kunstsalon* of Dr. Störi. In 1931 he took part in the international sculpture exhibition at the Kunsthaus Zürich. For the Paris World's Fair in 1937 Lipsi was commissioned to design a gable relief above the *Pont Alexandre III* entrance portal, and a relief in the Pavilion of the Architects Club.

During this early period he created sculptures inspired by Auguste Rodin and works tending towards Art Deco. Despite being friends with Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens and in contact with other members of the avant-garde such as Alberto Giacometti, Constantin Brâncuși and Fernand Léger, Lipsi's work remained untouched by abstract sculpture. He regularly visited Chartres Cathedral for study purposes, sometimes with Henri Laurens. Apart from ivory figures, he created sculptures in wood, cement, plaster, limestone, baked clay and bronze. During the early war years Lipsi had to make a living through regional commissions in the Charente. These were mainly works on religious motifs, done in an antiquing, strictly figurative style. In 1945 he was in the Kunsthalle Bern, alongside Marino Marini, Germaine Richier and Fritz Wotruba.

### The period after the Second World War

Soon after the war Lipsi's oeuvre took a turn towards abstraction. For his increasingly abstract stone figures he used the direct carving (taille directe) process – chiselling directly into the stone by hand. From 1955 he was particularly interested in working in lava stone. These new works, tending towards the monumental, attracted a quite different audience and a lot of international attention. Countless exhibitions in galleries and museums followed. In 1959 Lipsi participated in the documenta II in Kassel, and the renowned Paris *Galerie Denise René* organized a solo exhibition for him. In 1963, 1964 and 1967 Lipsi took part in International Sculpture Symposia in Japan, Slovakia and France (as president). This period culminated in the works *Océanique I* and the 12 m high *Ouverture dans l'espace*, prominently placed in the public space during the Olympic Games in Tokyo 1964 and Grenoble in 1968 – in Tokyo in front of the Olympic Stadium, in Grenoble by the main road into town.

During the following years Lipsi was much in demand as a sculptural designer for public spaces, with commissions throughout France, a state gift from France to Iceland, and purchases from Germany and Israel. During the later post-war years Lipsi was one of the most important exponents of large stone sculptures. From 1979 Lipsi, for health reasons, worked mainly as a draughtsman. Since his death, works by Morice Lipsi are still being regularly exhibited in public galleries and museums.

## Museums showing works by Morice Lipsi

The Lipsi Collection (*Sammlung Lipsi*) in Hadlikon-Hinwil provides the best overall view of Lipsi's development and works. Famous museums in various countries own further works by the artist:

## Works in public spaces

Various works created by Lipsi are situated in public spaces, and can be seen there.

### In France

* Paris, Parc Montsouris: *Groupe de deux femmes*, 1939.
* Church in Brillac (Charente): *La vierge à l'enfant*, 1941.
* Abzac (Charente), Place Morice Lipsi: *Le berger et ses moutons*, 1941.
* Church in Adriers (Vienne): *L'ange musicien*, 1941.
* Chevilly-Larue (Val de Marne), Maison de la Culture: *Dominante incise*, 1957-58.
* Port-Barcarès (Pyrénées-Orientales), Musée du sable: *Atlantique*, 1961.
* Ladiville (Charente): *Saint Christophe*, 1961-62.
* Nevers (Nièvre), Church of Sainte-Bernadette-Banlay: baptismal font, two altars, tabernacle, 1966.
* Grenoble (Isère), Route de Lyon: *Ouverture dans l'espace, colonne olympique*, 1967.
* Grenoble (Isère), University St. Martin d'Hères: *L'Adret*, 1967.
* Marly-Frescaty (Moselle), Collège Jean-Mermoz: *La percée-regard vers le haut*, 1970-71.
* Chalon-sur-Saône (Saône et Loire), Maison de la Culture: *Sur pivot III*, 1971.
* Lannion (Côtes-d'Armor), Lycée national: *Dialogue de la tangente et de la verticale*, 1971-72.
* Plan de Canjuers (Var), Military camp: *Canjuers haut dans le ciel*, 1972-74.
* Rostrenen (Côtes-d'Armor), Collége d'E.T.: *Sculpture spatiale*, 1974-75.
* Vitry-sur-Seine (Val de Marne), pedestrian zone: fountain sculpture, 1975.
* Clouange-Vitry (Moselle), C.E.S.: *Clouange-Vitry*, 1975.
* Montélimar (Drôme), Lycée d'E.T. (ch. des Catalins): *Montélimar, haut dans le ciel*, 1976.
* Grenoble (Isère), Art museum park: *La grande vague*, 1978.
* Chevilly-Larue (Val de Marne), roundabout on Av. Ch.de Gaulle: *Hieros*, 2010 (bronze cast of the 1963 original).

### Outside France

* Mannheim (Germany), Friedrichsplatz by the water tower: *Das Rad*, 1960.
* Tokyo (Japan), Olympic Stadium: *Océanique II*, 1963.
* Vyšné Ružbachy (Slovakia): *Au Tatra*, 1966.
* Tel Aviv, (Israel), Bd. Ben Gurion: *La Kabbalistique*, 1966.
* Querceta-Lucca (Italy), open air museum: *Rencontre dans l'espace*, 1969.
* Reykjavík (Iceland), Place de France: *Complexe en élévation II*, 1969.

## Literature

* Gabrielle Beck-Lipsi: *Morice Lipsi 1898 – 1986, The itinerary of an abstract sculptor in the 20th century*. Edition du Griffon Neuchâtel, 2018 \[Monograph with many illustrations\].
* Sandra Brutscher: *Morice Lipsi (1898–1986). Das bildhauerische Werk.* Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2018 (Schriften zur Kunstgeschichte; Band 71) (Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes Saarbrücken, 2012).
* Martina Ewers-Schultz: *Auf den Spuren Marc Chagalls, Jüdische Künstler aus Russland und Polen*, Ausstellungskatalog Kunstmuseum Ahlen, 2003 and Kulturspeicher Würzburg, 2004
* *L'École de Paris, 1904-1929. La part de l'Autre.* Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris, 2000. Paris: Paris-Musées, 2000
* Warnod (Jeanine) La Ruche & Montparnasse, le chapitre «Moryce Lipsi et Paul Maïk, joyeux et infatiguables», Exclusivité Weber, Genève/Paris, 1978
* Roger van Gindertael: *Morice Lipsi*. Neuchâtel, ed. du Griffon, 1965.
* Heinz Fuchs: *Morice Lipsi*. Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, 1964.
* Roger van Gindertael: *Lipsi*. Paris, coll. Prisme, H. Hofer, 1959.
* Exhibition catalogue for documenta II (1959) in Kassel: II.documenta'59. Kunst nach 1945. Catalogue: vol.1: Painting; vol.2: Sculpture; vol.3: Graphic art;

```
texts. Kassel/Köln 1959.
```

## InfoBox

| Morice Lipsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Morice Lipsi 1963 | |
| Born | Israel Moszek Lipchytz
29 April 1898
Pabianice, Congress Poland |
| Died | 7 June 1986(1986-06-07) (aged 88)
Küsnacht-Goldbach, Switzerland |
| Known for | Stone sculpture |
| Movement | School of Paris |
| Awards | Knight of the Legion of Honour |


title: Thomas Barritt

abstract: Thomas Barritt (1743–1820) was an early British antiquary.

text:
# Thomas Barritt

**Thomas Barritt** (1743–1820) was an early British antiquary.

## Life

Barritt was born at Withy Grove, Manchester in 1743, and came of Derbyshire yeoman stock, his forefathers having settled at Bolton and Worsley, but his father, John Barritt, was the first of the family resident in Manchester. Nothing is known of Barritt's education, but he developed a strong taste for archæological research which did not interfere with his success as a businessman. He lost a leg at an early age, and afterwards used an artificial one made of cork.

He kept a saddle-maker's shop in Hanging Ditch, and gathered a very curious collection of manuscripts and miscellaneous objects of antiquity. He travelled about the district and made sketches and memoranda which were of great use to subsequent writers.

He was one of the early members of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and contributed several papers to its *Memoirs*.

He died 29 October 1820, aged 77, and was buried in the Manchester parish church. Barritt's claim to remembrance is that with great patience and skill he recorded many facts in the history of the district which would otherwise have been lost. He had a special interest in heraldry, and blazoning coats of arms.

## Works

Among his contributions to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society *Memoirs* are essays on supposed Druidical remains near Halifax, on antiquities found in the river Ribble, and on a Roman inscription found in Campfield. A number of his manuscripts were secured for Chetham's Library, Manchester, and at the end of the 19th century, several others were in private hands. He wrote verses also, and several of them have been printed, but they are little better than doggerel rhyme.

His correspondence with the leading antiquaries of the time, including Thomas Dunham Whitaker, Lord Stanley, Joseph Hunter and Sir John Prestwich appears to have been extensive. One of the most interesting objects in his collection was a sword which he believed to have been that of Edward the Black Prince. John Parsons Earwaker wrote a monograph on the swords attributed to the Prince, which discussed the claims of Barritt and others. Two portraits of Barritt were engraved, in which he is represented with the famous sword and some other objects of his museum.

Attribution * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Axon, William Edward Armytage (1885). "Barritt, Thomas". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 295–296. ; Endnotes:
    + Harland's Ballads and Songs of Lancashire, and Manchester Collectanea
    + Stanley's Historical Memorials of Canterbury, 10th edit. 1881, p. 181
    + a communication from Canon C. D. Wray
    + Papers of the Manchester Literary Club, ii. 156 (Axon)
    + Reliquary, January 1869 (Thomas Gibbon).

## Further reading

* Harland, John, ed. (1866). "Thomas Barritt, of Manchester, and his MSS". *Remains: historical and literary, connected with the palatine counties of Lancaster and Chester*. Vol. 68. Chetham Society. p. 240–258.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Barritt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1743<br>Manchester |
| Died | 1820 |
| Nationality | British |


title: Nick Kowgios

abstract: Nicholas Kowgios is a former American football running back who played for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Lafayette College.

text:
# Nick Kowgios

**Nicholas Kowgios** (born November 19, 1962) is a former American football running back who played for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Lafayette College.

## InfoBox

Nick Kowgios
| No. 30 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1962-11-19) November 19, 1962
Yonkers, New York, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 216 lb (98 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Hackley
(Tarrytown, New York) |
| College: | Lafayette |
| Undrafted: | 1985 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing yards: 2  Rushing average: 2.0  Receptions: 1  Receiving yards: 3 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Pak Suet Sin

abstract: Pak Suet Sin, also known as Bai Xuexian, is a retired Chinese and Cantonese opera actress/singer in China and Hong Kong.

text:
# Pak Suet Sin

| Pak Suet Sin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 白雪仙 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Bái Xuěxiān  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping baak6 syut3 sin1 | |
|  | |

**Pak Suet Sin** (born 19 May 1928 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), also known as **Bai Xuexian**, is a retired Chinese and Cantonese opera actress/singer in China and Hong Kong.

## Career

Bak is notable for pairing up with fellow Cantonese opera star Yam Kim Fai. Two of her major works are *The Peony Pavilion* and *Tai Nui Fa*. She has received awards from The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts and Hong Kong University for her contribution to the opera art form. In April 2001 she received a *"Lifetime achievement award"* from the Hong Kong Film Awards from Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan. Awarded Gold Bauhinia Star by the Hong Kong Government in 2013.

## InfoBox

| Pak Suet Sin (白雪仙) | |
| --- | --- |
| Bak Sheut-sin (right) with Yam Kim-Fai in a still for their opera *Princess Chang Ping*. | |
| Born | Chan Shuk-leung
陳淑良
(1928-05-19) 19 May 1928
Guangzhou, China |
| Occupation(s) | Actress
Performer |
| Awards |
Hong Kong Film Awards**Life Achievement Award**
2001 Lifetime Achievement

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Bái Xuěxiān  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Baak6 Syut3 Sin1 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Musical career** | |
| Also known as | Bai Xuexian |
| Origin | Hong Kong |
| Genres | Cantonese opera |
|  | |


title: Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania

abstract: Jersey Shore is a borough in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on the West Branch Susquehanna River, 15 miles (24 km) west by south of Williamsport. It is part of the Williamsport, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the past, Jersey Shore held farms, railroad shops, cigar factories, a foundry, and a large silk mill. The population was 4,158 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania

**Jersey Shore** is a borough in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on the West Branch Susquehanna River, 15 miles (24 km) west by south of Williamsport. It is part of the Williamsport, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the past, Jersey Shore held farms, railroad shops, cigar factories, a foundry, and a large silk mill. The population was 4,158 at the 2020 census.

## History

Jersey Shore was incorporated as a borough on March 15, 1826. The history of Jersey Shore begins about 50 years before it was incorporated and on the opposite bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River in what is now Nippenose Township. Colonel John Henry Antes arrived in 1772 and established a homestead along the banks of Antes Creek. Antes also built a gristmill and his fortified home, Fort Antes, provided a safe haven for the early settlers against raids conducted by Loyalist and Indian forces during the American Revolution. Settlers who had sought refuge at Fort Antes and had returned to the right bank of the West Branch to milk their cows were among the first killed when Fort Antes was attacked just prior to the Big Runaway. These pioneers on the north side of the river were counted among the Fair Play Men, a group of squatters who lived outside the jurisdiction of the colonial and revolutionary governments of Pennsylvania. Many of the settlers did not return to the area until after Sullivan's Expedition had forced the Lenape and other Indians allied with the British further west.

Jersey Shore was originally named Waynesburg by the two brothers, Reuben and Jeremiah Manning, who laid out the town circa 1785. Around the time that this was happening, a settlement arose on the eastern side of the West Branch Susquehanna River (Nippenose Township), opposite Waynesburg. A rivalry developed between the two settlements, and those on the eastern shore began referring to the settlement on the western shore as the "Jersey Shore," because the Manning family had relocated from New Jersey. The nickname became so fixed that in 1826 the original name of Waynesburg was officially abandoned and changed to Jersey Shore.

Jersey Shore's location on the West Branch Susquehanna River, just downstream from the mouth of Pine Creek made it an ideal location for traders and other businessmen who outfitted the pioneers who settled the westernmost portions of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley and the Pine Creek valley. Thomas Martin was a farmer who sold his produce to the people of Jersey Shore and to the men and women who were just passing through. Mr. Martin was noted for his strong beliefs regarding the prices that he set. For example, if he believed that his potatoes were worth 35 cents a bushel, he would sell them for 35 cents a bushel, no more no less. If his competitors would sell potatoes for 50 cents a bushel, Martin would not raise his price and if others lowered the price to 25 cents per bushel, he would not lower his price. This firmness and fairness allowed Thomas Martin to rise to a position of prominence in Jersey Shore and Lycoming County. His reputation for fairness and honesty was passed onto his son Lewis Martin who went on to serve as a Lycoming County prothonotary and as a deputy U.S. Marshal.

The Reverend John Hays Grier arrived in Jersey Shore in 1814. He was a Presbyterian missionary who originally set out from his home of Doylestown Pennsylvania with the intention of serving the pioneers of the west. He stopped one Sunday in Jersey Shore and for the most part never left. He built a strong congregation at Jersey Shore and another upstream on the West Branch in Lock Haven. Grier served the churches in Lock Haven and Jersey Shore for 14 years before serving the church in Jersey Shore, alone, for an additional 23 years. Rev. Grier was also elected sheriff of Lycoming County in 1822.

Jersey Shore was once a major player in the railroad industry. In 1901, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad announced it would build large rail car shops near Avis, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Jersey Shore, on the far side of Pine Creek. To induce workers and businesses to favor Jersey Shore over competing towns, entrepreneurs acquired land and built the Jersey Shore Electric Street Railway, a trolley line running from the city to the New York Central shops. In 1905, a second trolley line, the Jersey Shore and Antes Fort Railway, was put into service between the city and the Pennsylvania Railroad station in Antes Fort, 2 miles (3.2 km) to the southeast. These two trolley lines changed Jersey Shore from a city with no railroad connection to a city with two. What had formerly been a minor stop on the West Branch Canal and stagecoach lines was transformed into an industrial boomtown. Over 1,000 skilled mechanics were employed at the car shops. They were able to earn wages that far exceeded the normal income of the average worker in Lycoming County at the time. Other early industrial ventures in Jersey Shore included the American Balance Valve and Machine Works (a maker of railroad valves), the Susquehanna Silk Mill and the Jersey Shore Creamery Company.

On October 10, 1911, Jersey Shore Hospital was founded by four physicians. At that time, the hospital consisted of 14 beds in the rebuilt home of the L.D. Herrit family. Over the next few years, x-ray services, a maternity ward, and nurses’ residence were added. It was not until 1922 that Jersey Shore Hospital was recognized as a community hospital by the borough and became a not-for-profit institution, which the hospital still maintains.

Jersey Shore Steel Company was founded in 1938, near the end of the Great Depression by John A. Schultz. The company began manufacturing steel rails for the railroad industry. In its first year of business Jersey Shore Steel was able to produce 15,000 tons of rail steel. When John A. Schultz died in 1943, the business was passed onto his sons Charles and John A. Jr. The brothers oversaw expansion and devastation. A massive fire nearly destroyed the steel mill in 1963, and the Agnes Flood of 1972 caused tremendous damage. The company, which is owned by a third generation of the Schultz family, operates two mills, the original mill in Jersey Shore and a second mill downstream in Montoursville. It is capable of producing 170,000 tons of rail steel annually.

The Jersey Shore Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

## Industry

In the past, Jersey Shore held farms, railroad shops, cigar factories, a foundry, and a large silk mill.

Woolrich, Inc. had a mill in Jersey Shore, in addition to ones in the neighbouring towns of Woolrich and Avis, which closed in 2008.

## Geography

Jersey Shore is located at 41°12′9″N 77°16′0″W / 41.20250°N 77.26667°W / 41.20250; -77.26667 (41.202587, -77.266715). It is just east of the confluence of Pine Creek with the Susquehanna, surrounded to the north, west, and south by Porter Township and to the east (across the Susquehanna) by Nippenose Township. As the crow flies, Lycoming County is approximately 130 miles (209 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles (266 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1840 | 525 |  |  |
| 1850 | 640 |  | 21.9% |
| 1860 | 1,365 |  | 113.3% |
| 1870 | 1,394 |  | 2.1% |
| 1880 | 1,411 |  | 1.2% |
| 1890 | 1,853 |  | 31.3% |
| 1900 | 3,070 |  | 65.7% |
| 1910 | 5,381 |  | 75.3% |
| 1920 | 6,103 |  | 13.4% |
| 1930 | 5,781 |  | −5.3% |
| 1940 | 5,432 |  | −6.0% |
| 1950 | 5,595 |  | 3.0% |
| 1960 | 5,613 |  | 0.3% |
| 1970 | 5,322 |  | −5.2% |
| 1980 | 4,631 |  | −13.0% |
| 1990 | 4,353 |  | −6.0% |
| 2000 | 4,482 |  | 3.0% |
| 2010 | 4,361 |  | −2.7% |
| 2020 | 4,158 |  | −4.7% |
| 2021 (est.) | 4,132 |  | −0.6% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,482 people, 1,771 households, and 1,190 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,655.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,411.2/km2). There were 1,904 housing units at an average density of 1,552.7 per square mile (599.5/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.75% White, 0.38% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population.

There were 1,771 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $30,594, and the median income for a family was $39,261. Males had a median income of $27,045 versus $18,220 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,343. About 6.5% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Attractions

Jersey Shore is the southern terminus of the 65-mile (105 km) long Pine Creek Rail Trail.

## Media

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania Waynesburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| A view of Jersey Shore | |
| Location of Jersey Shore in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. | |
| Map of Pennsylvania highlighting Lycoming County | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′9″N 77°16′0″W / 41.20250°N 77.26667°W / 41.20250; -77.26667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lycoming |
| Settled | 1800 |
| Incorporated | 1826 |
| Government | |
| Type | Borough Council |
| Mayor | Lon Myers |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.18 sq mi (3.06 km2) |
| Land | 1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 604 ft (184 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,166 |
| Density | 3,597.58/sq mi (1,389.30/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 17740 |
| Area code(s) | 570 and 272 |
| FIPS code | 42-38128 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1213696 |
| Website | www.jerseyshoreboro.org |


title: Vazhayila

abstract: Vazhayila is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram near Peroorkada in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India. It comes under the Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency. The Killi River, a tributary of the Karamana River, passes through Vazhayila.

text:
# Vazhayila

**Vazhayila** is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram near Peroorkada in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India. It comes under the Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency. The Killi River, a tributary of the Karamana River, passes through Vazhayila.

## Connectivity

Vazhayila is connected via State Highway 2 to various places inside and outside the district like Karakulam, Nedumangad, Palode, Thenmala etc.

## InfoBox

| Vazhayila | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| VazhayilaLocation in KeralaVazhayilaVazhayila (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°32′49″N 76°58′26″E / 8.54694°N 76.97389°E / 8.54694; 76.97389 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Languages | |
| Official | English, Malayalam |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Postal code | 695005 |


title: Vendeuil-Caply

abstract: Vendeuil-Caply is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Vendeuil-Caply

**Vendeuil-Caply** (French pronunciation: \[vɑ̃dœj kapli\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## InfoBox

| Vendeuil-Caply | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Vendeuil-Caply | |
| Location of Vendeuil-Caply | |
| Vendeuil-CaplyVendeuil-Caply | |
| Coordinates: 49°36′29″N 2°17′24″E / 49.6081°N 2.29°E / 49.6081; 2.29 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Clermont |
| Canton | Saint-Just-en-Chaussée |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guillaume Ménard |
| Area**1** | 10.84 km2 (4.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 444 |
| Density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60664 /60120 |
| Elevation | 77–157 m (253–515 ft)
(avg. 90 m or 300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Green building certification systems

abstract: Green building certification systems are a set of rating systems and tools that are used to assess a building or a construction project's performance from a sustainability and environmental perspective. Such ratings aim to improve the overall quality of buildings and infrastructures, integrate a life cycle approach in its design and construction, and promote the fulfillment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by the construction industry. Buildings that have been assessed and are deemed to meet a certain level of performance and quality, receive a certificate proving this achievement. According to the Global Status Report 2017 published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in coordination with the International Energy Agency (IEA), buildings and construction activities together contribute to 36% of the global energy use and 39% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Through certification, the associated environmental impacts during the lifecycle of buildings and other infrastructures could be better understood and mitigated. Currently, more than 100 building certifications systems exist around the world. The most popular building certification models today are BREEAM (UK), LEED (US), and DGNB (Germany).

text:
# Green building certification systems

**Green building certification systems** are a set of rating systems and tools that are used to assess a building or a construction project's performance from a sustainability and environmental perspective. Such ratings aim to improve the overall quality of buildings and infrastructures, integrate a life cycle approach in its design and construction, and promote the fulfillment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by the construction industry. Buildings that have been assessed and are deemed to meet a certain level of performance and quality, receive a certificate proving this achievement.

According to the Global Status Report 2017 published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in coordination with the International Energy Agency (IEA), buildings and construction activities together contribute to 36% of the global energy use and 39% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Through certification, the associated environmental impacts during the lifecycle of buildings and other infrastructures (typically design, construction, operation and maintenance) could be better understood and mitigated. Currently, more than 100 building certifications systems exist around the world. The most popular building certification models today are BREEAM (UK), LEED (US), and DGNB (Germany).

## History

In the mid-1980s, environmental issues were in the news and public attention due to different international disasters such as the Bhopal disaster (1984), Chernobyl nuclear explosion (1986) and the Exxon Valdez tanker spill (1989). Lifecycle assessments (LCAs) were starting to gain traction from its initial stages in the 1970s to the 1980s and it was in 1991 that the term was first coined. With increasing cognizance of environmental impacts due to human activities, a more comprehensive assessment of buildings utilizing the principles of LCA was much sought after. In 1990, the first Sustainability Assessment Method for buildings, BREEAM was released. In 1993, Rick Fedrizzi, David Gottfried and Mike Italiano formed the world's first Green Building Council (GBC) with the U.S. Green Building Council. Their mission was to promote sustainability-focused practices in the building and construction industry and advance sustainable building principles. USGBC was further responsible for the creation of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system in 1998. The integration of energy usage, materials performance and other building-related environmental issues, along with an aim towards standardizing the comparison of assessments led to more comprehensive building assessment methods.

With the principles of green building gaining momentum, several more GBCs were established across the world. In 2002, the World Green Building Council was officially formed to bring all the GBCs under one roof. GBCs from Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and USA were the founding members. As of 2018–19, there are 69 Green Building Councils under the World Green Building Council organization.

## Goals and benefits of building certification

The goal of all certification rating systems is to provide tools and methods to assess the environmental and resource-efficient performance of a building. The main objectives of such tools are:

1. optimize building performance and minimize environmental impacts
2. provide a way to quantify a building's environmental effects
3. set standards and benchmarks to assess buildings objectively

Furthermore, the result of such an assessment is to provide a certificate verifying the achievement of the desired performance and quality of the building. Some benefits of certifying a building or a property include:

1. the negative impacts of a building on the environment can be better understood and this knowledge can be utilized to reduce such impacts.
2. holistic sustainability considerations will be made for the fulfillment of technical, economic, social and functional requirements of the building.
3. promotes sustainable design and construction principles throughout the building lifecycle.
4. increases the monetary value of a building or a property in the real estate market.

## Building certification systems used around the world

### Germany

The German Sustainable Building Council (Deutsche Gesellschaft für nachhaltiges Bauen e.V., DGNB in German) introduced its own green building certification in 2009 together with the German Federal Ministry of Traffic, Construction and Urban Development (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung in German). The DGNB certification is voluntary and is based on German codes and standards (DIN and VDI). It is generally regarded as more comprehensive than BREEAM and LEED. The DGNB System is based on the three main paradigms of:

1. Life-cycle assessment
2. Holistic sustainability (environment, economy and society)
3. Performance-based approach.

It also takes into consideration the economic aspects and as such, also assesses the associated Life Cycle Costs and Value Creation of the building. It has six assessment categories and further assigns different weights to each category indicator.

DGNB assessment categories and Weightages
| Category | Weightage in % |
| --- | --- |
| Ecological quality | 22.5 |
| Economical quality | 22.5 |
| Sociocultural and functional quality | 22.5 |
| Technical quality | 22.5 |
| Process quality | 10 |
| Site quality | (Separate assessment) |

The assessment is done by an auditor who is appointed by the project contractor. The auditor supports the contractor and supervises the construction process from the initial registration up to the certification and the project conclusion.

DGNB rating levels and percentage scores
| Rating level | Percentage score |
| --- | --- |
| Platinum | ≥80% |
| Gold | ≥65% |
| Silver | ≥50% |
| Bronze | ≥35% (only for existing buildings) |

### Sweden

The Sweden Green Building Council introduced its own certification system in 2011 with Miljöbyggnad which is based on Swedish standards and legislations. It is currently in its 3rd iteration with Miljöbyggnad 3.1 released in April 2020. Miljöbyggnad has three levels of certification: Bronze, Silver and Gold. It is used to certify both new and existing constructions. It assesses 3 categories, namely:

1. Energy consumption
2. Indoor environment
3. Materials and chemicals.

Among these categories, there are 15 further sub-categories which have its own set of requirements for each certification levels. For example, for the "Energy use" sub-category, Bronze level requires energy use to be less than 65% of the requirements of the BBR, the Swedish Building Code. After 3 years, another follow-up inspection is conducted to see that everything is in the correct order and the standards are still being met.

Besides Miljöbyggnad, the Sweden Green Building Council also administers the Swedish version of the British BREEAM adapted for the Swedish construction practices and standards, called BREEAM-SE. It was first introduced in Sweden in 2013 and is used to certify new constructions.

### Taiwan

EEWH is Taiwan's Green Building Label. EEWH is the abbreviation of "Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction, and Health" and is established in 1999 as the fourth green building label certification in the world. It is currently the only green building evaluation system independently developed in tropical and subtropical climates, and most especially for high-temperature and high-humidity climates. Apart from operating in Taiwan, there is also an international version of the EEWH certification for buildings abroad.

There are six types of EEWH, which are divided into "basic type, accommodation type, factory building type, old building improvement type, community type, and overseas version". Each type is based on the four major axes of "ecology, energy saving, waste reduction, and health". According to the standards of the nine indicators of "biodiversity, greening amount, base water conservation, daily energy saving, carbon dioxide reduction, waste reduction, indoor environment, water resources, sewage and waste improvement", to determine the "qualified grade, bronze grade, silver grade Level, Gold Level, Diamond Level" five certification levels, generally audit rewards if qualified level can get 2% volume, bronze level 4%, silver level 6%, gold level 8%, diamond level 10%.

### United Kingdom

The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is recognized as the first Sustainability Assessment Method for buildings. It was launched in 1990 by the UK-based organization Building Research Establishment (BRE).

BREEAM certification is carried out on the basis of a scoring system where projects are assessed on the basis of 10 categories (with individual weightings differing by project type) as follows:

1. Management
2. Health and well-being
3. Hazards
4. Energy
5. Transport
6. Water
7. Materials
8. Waste
9. Land use and ecology
10. Pollution
11. Surface water run-off

Each category is sub-divided into a range of assessment indicators, each having its own aim, target and benchmarks. When a target or benchmark is reached, the asset is given credits (or points) by a qualified BREEAM assessor. The category score is calculated according to the number of credits attained and the category weightings. Once the development has been fully assessed, the final performance rating is determined by the sum of the weighted category scores. The final performance rating is specified as:

BREEAM rating levels and percentage scores
| Rating Level | Percentage score |
| --- | --- |
| Outstanding | ≥85% |
| Excellent | ≥70% |
| Very Good | ≥55% |
| Good | ≥45% |
| Pass | ≥30% |
| Unclassified | \<30% |

A qualified assessor evaluates a building or project and ensures that it meets the quality and performance standards of the selected scheme. In some countries such as Netherlands, Germany and Sweden, there are national operators that officially certify for BREEAM adapted to that country's standards, processes and construction methods.

BREEAM certification has also been made mandatory for governmental construction projects in the UK. According to the Common Minimum Standards for governmental construction, an environmental assessment is required on all public projects and further states that, "where BREEAM is used, all new projects are to achieve an 'excellent' rating and all refurbishment projects are to achieve at least 'very good' rating."

### United States

In 1998, the US Green Building Council devised its own building certification system through the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. It has its own set of criteria for assessment and utilizes the ASHRAE codes and standards. Due to its simplicity and ease-of-use, the LEED quickly gained international recognition within a short period. Over the years, LEED has undergone many changes and is now currently in its fourth iteration, which was launched in late 2013.

LEED rating systems differ according to the type of the project. The different types of rating systems fall under:

1. **Building Design and Construction**: For new construction or major renovations
2. **Interior Design and Construction**: For commercial interior fit-out projects
3. **Building Operations and Maintenance**: For existing buildings undergoing improvement but with little construction work
4. **Neighborhood Development**: For new land development projects or redevelopment projects
5. **Homes**: For single family, low-rise multi-family or mid-rise multi-family homes
6. **Cities and Communities**: For entire cities or sub-sections of a city. Assessment of a city's water consumption, energy use, waste, transportation etc.
7. **LEED Recertification**: For occupied and currently-in-use projects that have already received LEED certification but aiming to maintain and improve the building.
8. **LEED Zero**: For projects with net-zero goals in carbon emissions and resource use.

LEED certification is voluntary and a qualified assessor evaluates the projects on the basis of various established categories. These categories are as follows:

1. Integrative process
2. Location and transportation
3. Sustainable sites
4. Water efficiency
5. Energy and atmosphere
6. Materials and resources
7. Indoor environmental quality
8. Innovation in design
9. Regional priority

The four levels of LEED certification are: Platinum, Gold, Silver and Certified.

LEED rating levels and points required
| Rating level | Points required |
| --- | --- |
| Platinum | 80+ points |
| Gold | 60–79 points |
| Silver | 50–59 points |
| Certified | 40–49 points |


title: Mount Street Gardens

abstract: Mount Street Gardens is a public garden off Mount Street in the west of the Mayfair area of London, England. The gardens were created in 1889 out of a former burial ground of St George's, Hanover Square, and named after the Mount Field, an area including a fortification dating from the English Civil War named Oliver's Mount. Several structures in and adjacent to the gardens are listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England. These include the fountain, two cisterns, and the two K2 telephone kiosks and the Portland stone gate piers with lamps at the entrance by South Audley Street.

text:
# Mount Street Gardens

51°30′34″N 0°9′2″W / 51.50944°N 0.15056°W / 51.50944; -0.15056

**Mount Street Gardens** is a public garden off Mount Street in the west of the Mayfair area of London, England. The gardens were created in 1889 out of a former burial ground of St George's, Hanover Square, and named after the Mount Field, an area including a fortification dating from the English Civil War named Oliver's Mount.

Several structures in and adjacent to the gardens are listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England. These include the fountain, two cisterns, and the two K2 telephone kiosks and the Portland stone gate piers with lamps at the entrance by South Audley Street.

## Burial ground and workhouse

The land was originally sold by Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Bart. to the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches in 1723 as part of his development of the area around Mount Street, to serve as a burial ground for the parish church, St. George's, located in Hanover Square. Beside the burial ground, on South Audley Street, was planned the Grosvenor Chapel, but this was not built until 7 years after the burial ground was laid out, in 1730.

To the north of the ground, the site of what is now 103 Mount Street, was the parish's workhouse, wherein the poor were given work, board, and lodgings, built in 1725 and then enlarged in the 1780s to provide room for the parish watchmen's watch-house and the parish office.

In the 1850s, Parliament passed a series of Burial Acts by which burial grounds in central London, such as that of St. George's, were to be closed due to health risks. The parish's other burial ground, on Bayswater Road, closed shortly afterwards, and the City of Westminster Cemetery, Hanwell in west London was used instead.

As the population of London grew, so did the demand upon the workhouse, and it became so overcrowded that in 1871 the decision was taken to move the workhouse to a new site, spurred on also by plans to widen Mount Street. In 1883, some land for the new workhouse on Buckingham Palace Road was bought from the new Duke of Westminster, Hugh Grosvenor, thricely-great-grand-nephew of the Baronet who originally sold the site of the burial ground, and paupers were transferred both to there and the parish's other workhouse at Little Chelsea on the Fulham Road, with the workhouse finally being demolished in 1886 and converted into more parish offices.

## Development as a public space

After the demolition of the workhouse, the whole area was somewhat redeveloped; Carlos Place (then named Charles Street) was to be extended to the south of Mount Street over the site of the workhouse's chapel for access to the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Farm Street. The church, built between 1844 and 1849, was in a decorated gothic-style, designed by Joseph John Scoles, and with the altar by A.W.N. Pugin, and is now a Grade II\* listed building. However, the new road planned through the disused burial ground was never built.

The gardens' footpaths are those originally created in 1889, and the bronze drinking fountain of a rearing horse was designed for the local estate agent Henry Lofts in 1891 by Harold Peto and Sir Ernest George, who was also the designer of 104-111 Mount Street. As of 2005, the fountain is largely removed for restoration.

The gravestones had been removed to the gardens' tool shed, but when the shed itself was demolished in 1931 to make way for the Mayfair telephone exchange between the gardens and Farm Street, the City Engineer's office made a copy of the inscriptions, now stored in City of Westminster Archives Centre, along with other records from the Parish.

The paths in the gardens are lined with benches, many of which have been donated by the families of US citizens who have enjoyed the gardens whilst based at the nearby US embassy and other US institutions nearby.

## Flora and fauna

The garden has a number of London plane (*Platanus × hispanica*) trees, the predominant tree throughout central London due to their ability to cope with the capital's formerly heavily polluted air. Other trees, some able to grow only due to the gardens' sheltered spot and warm climate, include an Australian silver wattle (*Acacia dealbata*) and a Canary Islands date palm (*Phoenix canariensis*), three dawn redwood (*Metasequola glyptostroboides*) from south-east China, and a form of twisted willow, *Salix matsudana* 'Tortuosa', from northern China, as well as a chusan palm (*Trachycarpus fortunei*), a common palm in the UK due to its hardiness.

Underneath these trees are planted a number of shrubs, most noticeably laurels (*Aucuba japonica*) and hollies (such as *Ilex aquifolium*), and several camellias (*Camellia japonica*) and a *Fatsia japonica*.

The gardens provides homes for a number of birds, including great tits, robins, magpies, blackbirds and goldcrests.

## Sources


abstract: The 2020 presidential campaign of Vermin Supreme began on June 26, 2019, and ended during the 2020 Libertarian National Convention; Supreme failed to win the nomination.

text:
# Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign

The **2020 presidential campaign of Vermin Supreme** began on June 26, 2019, and ended during the 2020 Libertarian National Convention; Supreme failed to win the nomination.

## Background

Vermin Supreme is a perennial candidate who has run in several United States presidential primaries. Supreme has run in the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries, the 2008 Republican presidential primaries, and the 2012 and 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries.

After having announced plans in 2018 of running for the 2020 Libertarian Party presidential nomination, Supreme filed his candidacy with the FEC on June 26, 2019. According to FEC filings, he chose Desarae Lindsey as his campaign manager. He also chose Richard Manzo, budget committeeman in Goffstown, New Hampshire as his chief strategist. Supreme has described his campaign staff as including "about a dozen people around the country with the various state coordinators," and his effort as "ultimately \[his\] first real campaign".

## Campaign

Vermin Supreme appeared on Fox News' *Watter's World* on May 18, 2019 to discuss his campaign for the Libertarian nomination.

In December 2019, Supreme selected Spike Cohen as his running mate.

On January 11, 2020, Supreme won a non-binding presidential preference poll conducted internally by the Libertarian Party of New Hampshire, winning 26 out of 44 votes cast. The primary was tabulated using Bucklin voting. On March 3, 2020, Supreme was declared the winner of the Massachusetts primary. On May 23, Supreme placed third on the national Libertarian Party's final round of balloting. Supreme's former running mate, Spike Cohen, went on to win the Libertarian Party's vice presidential nomination.

### Satirical candidacy

Many have cited Vermin Supreme's presidential campaign as harmful to the credibility or image of the Libertarian Party. As Supreme told *New Hampshire* magazine, "It’s been a very interesting sell trying to convince the Libertarian Party that a serious party can take a joke candidate and get their 5% without being pegged as a joke party." Spike Cohen, Supreme's running mate, remarked that their campaign is "perfectly serious". Explaining the campaign's message, Cohen said, "it's the system that's a joke and it treats us as a joke and it treats the idea of having more than two options as a joke. We're changing the punch line by trolling the system." Supreme has said that, in contrast to his past runs for the presidency, he considers this campaign a "serious" bid.

## InfoBox

| Pony Up for Vermin Supreme | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Campaign | 2020 United States presidential election (Libertarian primaries) |
| Candidate | **Vermin Supreme**
Perennial candidate and performance artist
**Spike Cohen**
Podcaster |
| Affiliation | Libertarian Party |
| Status | Inactive |
| Announced | May 18, 2019 |
| Suspended | May 23, 2020 |
| Key people | Desarae Lindsey (campaign manager)
Richard Manzo (chief strategist) |
| Receipts | US$59,068.35 (May 13, 2020) |
| Slogan | This is the way.
In on the joke.
Pony up America. |
| Website | |
| verminsupreme2020.com
(archived November 14, 2020)
inonthejoke.net
(archived May 21, 2020) | |


title: Great Falls (Missouri River)

abstract:
The Great Falls of the Missouri River are a series of waterfalls on the upper Missouri River in north-central Montana in the United States. From upstream to downstream, the five falls along a 10-mile (16 km) segment of the river are:
  - Black Eagle Falls
  - Colter Falls
  - Rainbow Falls
  - Crooked Falls, also known as Horseshoe Falls
  - Big Falls, also known as the Great Falls, The Missouri River drops a total of 612 feet (187 m) from the first of the falls to the last, which includes a combined 187 feet (57 m) of vertical plunges and 425 feet (130 m) of riverbed descent. The Great Falls have been described as "spectacular", one of the "scenic wonders of America", and "a major geographic discovery". When the Lewis and Clark Expedition became the first white men to see the falls in 1805, Meriwether Lewis said they were the grandest sight he had beheld thus far in the journey. The Great Falls of the Missouri River were depicted on the territorial seal of the Montana Territory, and later on the state seal of Montana in 1893.

text:
# Great Falls (Missouri River)

The **Great Falls** of the Missouri River are a series of waterfalls on the upper Missouri River in north-central Montana in the United States. From upstream to downstream, the five falls along a 10-mile (16 km) segment of the river are:

The Missouri River drops a total of 612 feet (187 m) from the first of the falls to the last, which includes a combined 187 feet (57 m) of vertical plunges and 425 feet (130 m) of riverbed descent. The Great Falls have been described as "spectacular", one of the "scenic wonders of America", and "a major geographic discovery". When the Lewis and Clark Expedition became the first white men to see the falls in 1805, Meriwether Lewis said they were the grandest sight he had beheld thus far in the journey.

The Great Falls of the Missouri River were depicted on the territorial seal of the Montana Territory, and later on the state seal of Montana in 1893.

## Names of the falls

The Mandan Indians knew of cataracts and called them by a descriptive (but not formal) name: *Minni-Soze-Tanka-Kun-Ya*, or "the great falls." The South Piegan Blackfeet, however, had a formal name for Rainbow Falls and called it "Napa's Snarling." No record exists of a Native American name for any of the other four waterfalls.

Four of the five waterfalls were given names in 1805 by American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Both Lewis and Clark named Crooked Falls in their journals. Clark named three of the remaining waterfalls on his map: "Great Falls" (which retains its name to this day), "Beautiful Cascade" (now called Rainbow Falls), and "Upper Pitch" (now known as Black Eagle Falls). "Beautiful Cascade" was renamed "Rainbow Falls" in 1872 by Thomas B. Rogers, an engineer with the Great Northern Railway. Colter Falls received its name from Paris Gibson, in honor of John Colter (a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition). Black Eagle Falls is named for the black eagle which built a nest in a cottonwood tree on an island in the middle of the falls. It is not clear when the falls lost their original name of "Upper Pitch," but they had acquired their modern name by at least 1877.

## Geological history

The Missouri River lies atop the Great Falls Tectonic Zone, an intracontinental shear zone between two geologic provinces of basement rock of the Archean period which form part of the North American continent, the Hearne province and Wyoming province. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River, Yellowstone River and Musselshell River all flowed northward into a terminal lake. During the last glacial period, the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets pushed these lakes and rivers southward. Between 15,000 and 11,000 BCE, the Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked the Missouri River and created Glacial Lake Great Falls. About 13,000 BCE, as the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Great Falls emptied catastrophically in a glacial lake outburst flood. The current course of the Missouri River essentially marks the southern boundary of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Missouri, Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers flowed eastward around the glacial mass, eventually settling into their present courses. As the ice retreated, meltwater poured through the Highwood Mountains and eroded the mile-long, 500-foot-deep (150 m) Shonkin Sag—one of the most famous prehistoric meltwater channels in the world.

The Great Falls themselves formed on a fall line unconformity in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone. The Missouri River settled into a bedrock canyon which lay beneath the clay laid down by Glacial Lake Great Falls. The course of the Missouri in and around the Great Falls has changed very little since then, in comparison to lower regions of the river on the ground moraine that forms much of the upper Great Plains.

The Great Falls of the Missouri River formed because the Missouri is flowing over and through the Kootenai Formation, a mostly nonmarine sandstone laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past. Some of the Kootenai Formation is marine, however, laid down by shallow seas. The river is eating away at the softer nonmarine sandstone, with the harder rock forming the falls themselves. Until relatively recently (in geologic time) the Missouri River in the area had a much wider channel, but it has now settled into its current course, where it will continue to cut more deeply into the sandstone.

## Discovery

### Early inhabitants

The first human beings to see the Great Falls were Paleo-Indians who migrated into the area between 9,500 and 8,270 BCE. The earliest inhabitants of North America entered Montana east of the Continental Divide between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. The area remained only sparsely inhabited, however. Salish Indians would often hunt bison in the area on a seasonal basis, but no permanent settlements existed near the Great Falls for much of prehistory. Around 1600, Piegan Blackfoot Indians, migrating west, entered the area, pushing the Salish back into the Rocky Mountains and claiming the area as their own. The Great Falls of the Missouri remained in the tribal territory of the Blackfeet until Americans claimed the region in 1803.

Although the discovery of the Great Falls by Native Americans is not recorded, the South Piegan Blackfeet were well-acquainted with the Great Falls by the late 18th century, and news of the cataracts had spread among native peoples as far east as central North Dakota.

### Lewis and Clark

The United States purchased the area around the Great Falls of the Missouri from France (which claimed the area despite Native American habitation) in 1803, as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States, had long desired to send an expedition into the area. Jefferson sought and won permission and funding for an expedition from Congress in January 1803. On May 14, 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition departed St. Louis, Missouri to map the course of the Missouri River; establish whether a river route to the Pacific Ocean existed; study the Indian tribes, botany, geology, terrain and wildlife in the region; and evaluate whether British and French Canadian hunters and trappers in the area posed a challenge to American control over the region. Expedition leaders Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first learned of the "great falls" from the Mandan Indians while wintering at Fort Mandan from November 2, 1804, until April 7, 1805.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached the Great Falls on June 13, 1805. Meriwether Lewis was the first White person to see the falls. Lewis described the encounter in a now-famous passage of his expedition diary:

...my ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water and advancing a little further I saw the spray arrise above the plain like a column of smoke which would frequently dispear again in an instant caused I presume by the wind which blew pretty hard from the S. W. I did not however loose my direction to this point which soon began to make a roaring too tremendious to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the Missouri. ... I hurryed down the hill which was about 200 feet high and difficult of access, to gaze on this sublimely grand spectacle. ... immediately at the cascade the river is about 300 yds. wide; about ninety or a hundred yards of this next the Lard. bluff is a smooth even sheet of water falling over a precipice of at least eighty feet, the remaining part of about 200 yards on my right formes the grandest sight I ever beheld, the height of the fall is the same of the other but the irregular and somewhat projecting rocks below receives the water in its passage down and brakes it into a perfect white foam which assumes a thousand forms in a moment sometimes flying up in jets of sparkling foam to the height of fifteen or twenty feet and are scarcely formed before large roling bodies of the same beaten and foaming water is thrown over and conceals them. in short the rocks seem to be most happily fixed to present a sheet of the whitest beaten froath for 200 yards in length and about 80 feet perpendicular. the water after descending strikes against the butment before mentioned or that on which I stand and seems to reverberate and being met by the more impetuous courant they role and swell into half formed billows of great height which rise and again disappear in an instant. this butment of rock defends a handsom little bottom of about three acres which is diversified and agreeably shaded with some cottonwood trees; in the lower extremity of the bottom there is a very thick grove of the same kind of trees which are small, in this wood there are several Indian lodges formed of sticks. ... from the reflection of the sun on the spray or mist which arrises from these falls there is a beatifull rainbow produced which adds not a little to the beauty of this majestically grand senery. after wrighting this imperfect discription I again viewed the falls and was so much disgusted with the imperfect idea which it conveyed of the scene that I determined to draw my pen across it and begin agin, but then reflected that I could not perhaps succeed better than pening the first impressions of the mind; I wished for the pencil of Salvator Rosa or the pen of Thompson, that I might be enabled to give to the enlightened world some just idea of this truly magnificent and sublimely grand object, which has from the commencement of time been concealed from the view of civilized man; but this was fruitless and vain. I most sincerely regretted that I had not brought a crimee obscura with me by the assistance of which even I could have hoped to have done better but alas this was also out of my reach; I therefore with the assistance of my pen only indeavoured to traces some of the stronger features of this seen by the assistance of which and my recollection aided by some able pencil I hope still to give to the world some faint idea of an object which at this moment fills me with such pleasure and astonishment, and which of its kind I will venture to ascert is second to but one in the known world. ...

The falls which Lewis had seen were the lowest of the five falls, the Great Falls. Exploring the following day, Lewis discovered Crooked Falls, Rainbow Falls, Colter Falls, and Black Eagle Falls. At the final waterfalls, Lewis saw an amazing sight:

I arrived at another cataract of 26 feet. ... below this fall at a little distance a beatifull little Island well timbered is situated about the middle of the river. in this Island on a Cottonwood tree an Eagle has placed her nest; a more inaccessible spot I believe she could not have found; for neither man nor beast dare pass those gulphs which separate her little domain from the shores. the water is also broken in such manner as it descends over this pitch that the mist or sprey rises to a considerable height. this fall is certainly much the greatest I ever behald except those two which I have mentioned below. it is incomparably a greater cataract and a more noble interesting object than the celebrated falls of Potomac or Soolkiln &c.

Mounting a hill near Black Eagle Falls (probably where the town of Black Eagle is today), Lewis saw that the cataracts ended and that another large river joined the Missouri about two and a half miles further upstream. Although it was very late in the afternoon, Lewis rushed forward to see this river and was attacked by a grizzly bear. He ran more than 80 yards and launched himself into the Missouri River, and luckily the bear did not follow. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was forced to portage around the Great Falls, an arduous task that took nearly a month.

York, an African American slave owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to see the Great Falls.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition made a number of discoveries near the Great Falls. On June 13, Silas Goodrich caught numerous Westslope cutthroat trout at the falls, the first time anyone in the expedition had seen these fish, and several samples were preserved which constituted the type specimens for the fish. The trout was subsequently given the scientific name *Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi* in honor of the expedition leaders. The Westslope cutthroat is now the "official state fish" of Montana. The explorers also collected the first samples of the gumbo evening primrose and western meadowlark at the Great Falls.

On June 18, while reconnoitering the series of falls on the south side of the Missouri River with a group of five others, William Clark discovered Giant Springs, which he correctly judged to be the largest spring in the world. He was the first white person to see the springs, and the first white person to see the falls from the south side of the Missouri.

Meriwether Lewis revisited the Great Falls on July 11, 1806, as the Corps of Discovery returned east. Lewis and nine men stopped at the Great Falls with the intention of exploring the Marias River and discovering its source. But during the night, Indians stole half the party's 17 horses, forcing three of the men to stay behind.

## Settlement of the area

Following the return passage of Lewis and Clark in 1805/06 there is no record of any white man visiting the Great Falls of the Missouri until explorer and trapper Jim Bridger reached them in 1822. White people next visited the Great Falls when Bridger and Major Andrew Henry led a fur-trading expedition there in April 1823 (and were attacked by Blackfeet Indians while camping at the site). British explorer Alexander Ross trapped around the Great Falls in 1824. In 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the U.S. federal government and guided by Bridger spent four years in the area. Margaret Harkness Woodman became first white woman to see the Great Falls in 1862.

The first permanent settlement near the Great Falls was Fort Benton, established in 1846 about 40 miles (64 km) downstream from the Great Falls. The Great Falls marked the limit of the navigable section of the Missouri River, and the first steamboat arrived at the falls in 1859. In 1860, the Mullan Road linked Fort Benton with Fort Walla Walla in the Washington Territory.

Politically, the Great Falls of the Missouri River passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the unincorporated frontier until May 30, 1854, when Congress established the Nebraska Territory. Indian attacks on white explorers and settlers dropped significantly after Isaac Stevens negotiated the Treaty of Hellgate in 1855, and white settlement in the area began to occur. On March 2, 1861, it became part of the Dakota Territory. The Great Falls were incorporated into the Idaho Territory on March 4, 1863, and then into the Montana Territory on May 28, 1864. It became part of the state of Montana upon that territory's admission to statehood on November 8, 1889.

The Great Falls of the Missouri River became the site of a permanent settlement in 1883. Businessman Paris Gibson visited the Great Falls in 1880, and was deeply impressed by the possibilities for building a major industrial city near the falls with power provided by hydroelectricity. He returned in 1883 with surveyors and platted a city (to be named Great Falls) on the south side of the river. The city's first citizen, Silas Beachley, arrived later that year. With investments from railroad owner James J. Hill and Helena businessman C. A. Broadwater, houses, a store, and a flour mill were established in 1884. A planing mill, lumber yard, bank, school, and newspaper were established in 1885. By 1887 the town had 1,200 citizens, and in October of that year the Great Northern Railway arrived in the city. Great Falls, Montana, was incorporated on November 28, 1888, Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and by 1912 Rainbow Dam and Volta Dam (now Ryan Dam) were all operating.

The city of Great Falls, Montana, derives its name from the waterfalls. The small town of Black Eagle, Montana, derives its name from Black Eagle Falls, and Cascade County (in which both are located) is named for the cataracts and rapids which make up the falls.

### Dams

Only one of the waterfalls that comprise the Great Falls of the Missouri River, Crooked Falls, exists in its natural state today. Dams built on the falls beginning in the 1880s have significantly altered and even submerged the five waterfalls. Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and half of Black Eagle Falls are now submerged in the reservoir behind the dam. This structure was the first hydroelectric dam built in the state.

Rainbow Falls was dammed in 1910 when Rainbow Dam was built. The reservoir behind the dam submerged Colter Falls.

Volta Dam was built on top of the Great Falls in 1915, and later renamed Ryan Dam in 1940 in honor of John D. Ryan, the president and founder of the Montana Power Company.

## Historic district and interpretive centers

The Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1966, commemorates the route by which Lewis and Clark bypassed the falls. The landmarked areas, including the expedition camps at either end of the portage, are located well above and below the series falls. The Great Falls are also part of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, established by Congress in 1978.

The Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center was built in 1998 on a cliff overlooking the Missouri River near Crooked Falls. It provides an extensive look into Lewis and Clark's discovery of the Great Falls and their portage around them, as well as exhibits on native peoples of the area.

In 1989, the City of Great Falls, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and other public and private bodies established the River's Edge Trail, a 30-mile (48 km) series of paved and unpaved trails that follow the Great Falls as well as the Lewis and Clark Expedition portage route (along with other scenic and historic area of the City of Great Falls and town of Black Eagle).

## In art

The first known drawing of the Great Falls was entered by Meriwether Lewis in his diary. In 1807, Lewis commissioned the Irish engraver John James Barrelet to make drawings of the Great Falls. After Lewis's death in 1810, William Clark visited his home and found the drawings, but they have since disappeared.

The Great Falls have been depicted in well-known paintings over the years. The waterfalls may be seen in the background of John Mix Stanley's large painting "Barter for a Bride" (originally titled "A Family Group"), which was painted some time between 1854 and 1863 and now hangs in the Diplomatic Reception Room in the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C. The noted Western painter O. C. Seltzer depicted the cataracts in his 1927 work, "Lewis and Clark With Sacajawea at the Great Falls of the Missouri, 1804."

The first known photograph of the Great Falls was taken by noted Western photographer James D. Hutton about 1859 or 1860.

## InfoBox

| Great Falls of the Missouri River | |
| --- | --- |
| Black Eagle Falls and Dam in 2014 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Cascade County,
Montana, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 47°34′12″N 111°07′23″W / 47.57000°N 111.12306°W / 47.57000; -111.12306 |
| Total height | 187 feet (57 m) |
| Number of drops | 5 |
| Longest drop | 87 feet (27 m) |
| Watercourse | Missouri River |
| Average
flow rate | 7,539 cu ft/s (213.5 m3/s) |