title: Vilém Kurz

abstract: Vilém Kurz was a Czech pianist and renowned piano teacher.

text:
# Vilém Kurz

**Vilém Kurz** (23 December 1872 – 25 May 1945) was a Czech pianist and renowned piano teacher.

## Career

Kurz was born in Německý Brod, Bohemia in December 23, 1873. He became a professor at the State Conservatory in Lviv and Vienna, and Prague Conservatory.

His students included his daughter Ilona Štěpánová-Kurzová, Rudolf Firkušný, Eduard Steuermann, Artur Rodziński, Břetislav Bakala, Pavel Štěpán, Stanislav Heller, František Maxián, Gidéon Klein, Rafael Schächter, Stefania Turkewich, Ilja Hurník, and Pavel Šivic.

His teaching methods were largely based on those of Theodor Leschetizky and his pupils he met during the time he taught in Lviv. Later they were further developed by his daughter, Ilona Štěpánová-Kurzová.

He died in Prague in May 25, 1945.

## Antonin Dvořák's Piano Concerto in G minor

Kurz is known for his reworking of the solo part of Antonín Dvořák's Piano Concerto in G minor, Op. 33, which was originally composed in 1876. For more than a decade after the concerto's first performance, it suffered from neglect and critical disdain.

In his 20s, Kurz undertook a revision of the solo part, and it is this version that he frequently performed. Since that time, the original and the Kurz versions have been printed together in Otakar Šourek's critical edition of the score, one beneath the other, so that the soloist can choose which version to perform. The Kurz version has become a part of the standard piano repertoire. Dvořák's original orchestral material is not affected by the soloist's choice.

In 1919, Ilona Kurzová played the first performance of the Kurz version of the concerto, conducted by Václav Talich. This revision was later adopted and recorded by Rudolf Firkušný, who in the 1950s also introduced a few cuts to the first and third movements. In the 1970s he abandoned all revisions in favour of the original version by Dvořák.

Supraphon, the Czech recording company, issued a compact disc on which Ivan Moravec plays the Kurz version, with the Czech Philharmonic conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek, while Radoslav Kvapil plays the composer's original score, with the Brno Philharmonic Orchestra under František Jílek.

1. See: List of music students by teacher: K to M#Vilém Kurz.
2. "KF-Archive.mus.Vilem\_Kurz.3516". *kf-a.org*. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
3. "About the Composition: Piano Concerto in G minor, Op. 33". The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Archived from the original on 2007-04-18.
* Dr. Zdeňka Böhmová-Zahradníčková: *Vilém Kurz*, SNKL n.p. Praha 1954


title: Moke (drink)

abstract: Moke is a traditional beverage from Flores Island, Indonesia, which is made from fruits of the Borassus flabellifer and Arenga pinnata palm trees. This beverage has many names, including sopi and dewe, but it is most widely known as moke on Flores Island. Moke is considered to be a symbol of friendship and hospitality for the local people.

text:
# Moke (drink)

***Moke*** is a traditional beverage from Flores Island, Indonesia, which is made from fruits of the *Borassus flabellifer* and *Arenga pinnata* palm trees. This beverage has many names, including *sopi* and *dewe*, but it is most widely known as moke on Flores Island. Moke is considered to be a symbol of friendship and hospitality for the local people.

## Moke in Flores Island

Moke is made from fermenting palmyra palm and sugar palm fruits, the technique of which is traditionally taught from generation to generation. Distillation is often done directly in people's yards, using customary cases made of clay for the fermentation process. One bottle of moke takes approximately 5 hours to collect. This is due to the need to wait, drop by drop, for the fruits' liquid to accumulate slowly through the use of a bamboo tool.

The best quality moke is considered by Florenese locals as *bakar menyala*, or 'hot and flaming'. This variety, unlike regular moke which has an alcoholic effect, is popularly regarded as good for the drinker's health.

## Varieties of Moke

### White Moke

All varieties of moke are made by juicing *B. flabellifer* and *A. pinnata* palm fruits. The traditional method involves a hollow bamboo stick, which is cut, washed, and then allowed to dry. Next, the prepared fruit is placed inside the bamboo, which is then hung up vertically and struck several times. After this step, the bottom tip of the bamboo stem is cut off, letting the palm fruits' released liquid drip down into a container below.

This sweet-tasting extract is called white moke, due to the whitish color of the fresh juice. It may then be further processed either by fermentation in jars, or by cooking it down into a reddish sugar.

### Black Moke

Black moke is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting white moke in earthenware clay vessels called *kuwu tua*. Black moke is often served in traditional parties and ceremonies.


title: Icelandic Modern Media Initiative

abstract: The Icelandic Modern Media Initiative was a parliamentary resolution which was unanimously adopted by the Icelandic Parliament 16 June 2010. It aimed to make Iceland a journalistic safe haven, protecting both freedom of expression as well as freedom of information.

text:
# Icelandic Modern Media Initiative

The **Icelandic Modern Media Initiative** was a parliamentary resolution which was unanimously adopted by the Icelandic Parliament 16 June 2010. It aimed to make Iceland a journalistic safe haven, protecting both freedom of expression as well as freedom of information.

1. "About IMMI". *en.immi.is*. Retrieved 2017-01-24. The institute is founded first and foremost on the back of its namesake parliamentary resolution (Icelandic Modern Media Initiative) which was unanimously adopted in the Icelandic Parliament 16th of June 2010, with the aim of making Iceland a journalistic safe haven, protecting both freedom of expression as well as freedom of information.
2. Gaedtke, Felix. "Can Iceland become the 'Switzerland of data'?". *www.aljazeera.com*. Retrieved 2017-01-26.


title: Jose Sambu

abstract: Jose Sambu or Coró is a Bissau-Guinean-born Portuguese former footballer who played as a defender.

text:
# Jose Sambu

**Jose Sambu** or **Coró** is a Bissau-Guinean-born Portuguese former footballer who played as a defender.

## Career

Sambu played in the Primeira Divisão in 1963 with Lusitano Évora. The following season he played in the Segunda Divisão with A.D. Sanjoanense. He returned to his former club Lusitano Évora in 1965. In 1971, he played abroad in the National Soccer League with Toronto First Portuguese. In July, 1971 he was loaned to the Toronto Metros of the North American Soccer League because of a player shortage due to inquires. He made one appearance for the Metros during his short stint.

He re-signed with Toronto First Portuguese for the 1972 season. In the winter of 1973 he played at the indoor level with Toronto Portuguese in the Toronto Indoor Soccer League.

1. "ForaDeJogo.net - Coró (José Sambu)". *ForaDeJogo*. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
2. "Toronto Metros sign four local Portuguese to one-week contracts". *The Globe and Mail*. July 24, 1971. p. 30.
3. "Portuguese help Metros". *Toronto Daily Star*. July 24, 1971. p. 36.
4. "NASL-Jose Sambu". *www.nasljerseys.com*. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
5. Waring, Ed (July 31, 1972). "Portuguese, Italia trade punches before referee halts NSL match". *The Globe and Mail*. p. S3.
6. Waring, Ed (February 6, 1973). "Players defy ban, play indoor soccer". *The Globe and Mail*. p. 32.

## InfoBox

Jose Sambu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Portuguese Guinea | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1963–1964 | Lusitano Évora | 16 | (5) |
| 1964–1965 | Sanjoanense |  |  |
| 1965–1966 | Lusitano Évora | 21 | (4) |
| 1971–1973 | Toronto First Portuguese |  |  |
| 1971 | Toronto Metros (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 1973 | Toronto Portuguese (indoor) |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: Warren Miller was a lawyer and Republican politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative in the 54th and 55th United States Congresses, as well as both houses of the West Virginia legislature Senate and on the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.

text:
# Warren Miller (West Virginia congressman)

**Warren Miller** (April 2, 1847  December 29, 1920) was a lawyer and Republican politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative in the 54th and 55th United States Congresses, as well as both houses of the West Virginia legislature Senate and on the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.

## Early and family life

Miller was born at Apple Grove in Meigs County, Ohio. Around 1850, his family moved to Millwood, Virginia in Jackson County, in what later became West Virginia, and he received a private education suitable for his class, since Virginia had no public schools at the time. He graduated from the Ohio University at Athens.

## Career

Miller taught school and studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Ripley, West Virginia the county seat, in 1871. He also served as mayor of Ripley in 1871. He became prosecuting attorney for Jackson County and nearby Wirt and Roane counties in 1878 and served until 1890. He was chosen to be a delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention. He was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1890 and 1891.

in 1892, his bid to become a judge of the State Supreme Court failed. However, three years later Miller won election to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1895  March 3, 1899), he was not a candidate for renomination in 1898. He returned to the practice of law and also farmed.

Judge Miller was appointed to the Fifth Judicial Circuit Court of West Virginia, then elected to the court in 1902 and 1903 and 1904 served on the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. He won election to the West Virginia Senate and served from 1914 to 1918.

## Death and legacy

Judge Miller died in Ripley, and was buried in Cottageville Cemetery in Cottageville, West Virginia, both in Jackson County.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Warren Miller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from West Virginia's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1895  March 3, 1899 | |
| Preceded by | James Capehart |
| Succeeded by | Romeo H. Freer |
| Judge for the 5th Circuit | |
| **In office**
1902–1903 | |
| Judge West Virginia Court of Appeals | |
| **In office**
1903–1904 | |
| Member of the West Virginia Senate | |
| **In office**
1914–1918 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1847-04-02)April 2, 1847
Apple Grove, Ohio, US |
| Died | December 29, 1920(1920-12-29) (aged 73)
Ripley, West Virginia, US |
| Political party | Republican Party |
| Alma mater | Ohio University |
| Occupation | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Orthogonius pollinctor

abstract: Orthogonius pollinctor is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Basilewsky in 1948.

text:
# Orthogonius pollinctor

***Orthogonius pollinctor*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Basilewsky in 1948.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius pollinctor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. pollinctor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius pollinctor***<br>Basilewsky, 1948 | |
|


title: IQA World Cup IV

abstract: The IQA World Cup IV was the 2010 edition of the IQA World Cup, a quidditch club tournament then organized by the International Quidditch Association. The tournament was hosted in New York City at DeWitt Clinton Park. It was the first year that the cup was hosted in outside Middlebury, Vermont. The World Cup featured 46 teams and 757 players from Canada and the United States. The IQA set a record with 40 media outlets and 20,000 spectators attending the tournament all together. On August 15, 2010, the IQA announced that New York University would be hosting the tournament, making it the first time the World Cup was played in a major city.

text:
# IQA World Cup IV

The **IQA World Cup IV** was the 2010 edition of the IQA World Cup (now the US Quidditch Cup), a quidditch club tournament then organized by the International Quidditch Association.

The tournament was hosted in New York City at DeWitt Clinton Park. It was the first year that the cup was hosted in outside Middlebury, Vermont.

The World Cup featured 46 teams and 757 players from Canada and the United States. The IQA set a record with 40 media outlets and 20,000 spectators attending the tournament all together.

On August 15, 2010, the IQA announced that New York University would be hosting the tournament, making it the first time the World Cup was played in a major city.

## Bracket

Middlebury College won the bracket 100–50 against Tufts University.

## InfoBox

IQA World Cup IV
| 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tournament information | |
| Sport | Quidditch |
| Location | New York City |
| Dates | 14–18 November 2010 |
| Administrator | International Quidditch Association |
| Tournament
format(s) | Pool play
Single elimination bracket |
| Venue(s) | DeWitt Clinton Park |
| Teams | 46 |
| Final positions | |
| Champion | Middlebury College |
| Runner-up | Tufts University |
|  | |


title: The Minstrel Man

abstract: The Minstrel Man is a 1981 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.

text:
# The Minstrel Man

***The Minstrel Man*** is a 1981 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.

## Track listing

1. "Good Times"
2. "Will You Remember Me"
3. "Laying My Burdens Down"
4. "Mountain Dew"
5. "It Should Be Easier Now"
6. "Minstrel Man"
7. "Senses"
8. "You Left Me a Long Long Time Ago"
9. "Where Do You Stand"
10. "Blackjack County Chain"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Minstrel Man | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Willie Nelson | |
| Released | 1981 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | RCA Records |
| Willie Nelson chronology | |
| *Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)*
(1981) ***The Minstrel Man***
(1981) *Everybody's Talkin'*
(1981) | |


title: Oscar Keller

abstract: Oscar Edward Keller was a representative from Minnesota. He was born in Helenville, Wisconsin, and attended the public schools and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He moved to Minnesota in 1901 and settled in St. Paul. He was employed as a billing clerk and later engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was a member of the city council of St. Paul from 1910 to 1914, city commissioner from 1914 to 1919, and commissioner of public utilities from 1914 to 1919. He was elected as an Independent Republican to the 66th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Carl Van Dyke. He was reelected as a Republican to the 67th, 68th, and 69th congresses and served from July 1, 1919, to March 3, 1927. He was chairman of the Committee on Railways and Canals. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1926. He was also engaged in the real estate business. He died in St. Paul, Minnesota, and was interred in Elmhurst Cemetery.

text:
# Oscar Keller

**Oscar Edward Keller** (July 30, 1878  November 21, 1927) was a representative from Minnesota.

He was born in Helenville, Wisconsin, and attended the public schools and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He moved to Minnesota in 1901 and settled in St. Paul.

He was employed as a billing clerk and later engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was a member of the city council of St. Paul from 1910 to 1914, city commissioner from 1914 to 1919, and commissioner of public utilities from 1914 to 1919.

He was elected as an Independent Republican to the 66th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Carl Van Dyke. He was reelected as a Republican to the 67th, 68th, and 69th congresses and served from July 1, 1919, to March 3, 1927. He was chairman of the Committee on Railways and Canals (68th and 69th Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1926.

He was also engaged in the real estate business.

He died in St. Paul, Minnesota, and was interred in Elmhurst Cemetery.

* United States Congress. "Oscar Keller (id: K000057)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

## InfoBox

| Oscar Edward Keller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1878-07-30) 30 July 1878<br>Helenville, Wisconsin |
| Occupation |  |


title: Hexachaeta zeteki

abstract: Hexachaeta zeteki is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Hexachaeta of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Hexachaeta zeteki

***Hexachaeta zeteki*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Hexachaeta* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Hexachaeta zeteki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Hexachaeta* |
| Species: | ***H. zeteki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hexachaeta zeteki***<br>Lima, 1953 | |
|


title: Virtual Safari

abstract: Virtual Safari is a 1997 video game developed by Anglia Multimedia and published by Fujitsu Interactive. The game is set in a first-person 3D environment around Africa on a Safari trip to take photographs of animals. The photographs could be submitted to Anglia Multimedia and the best ones would be displayed on their website.

text:
# Virtual Safari

***Virtual Safari*** is a 1997 video game developed by Anglia Multimedia and published by Fujitsu Interactive. The game is set in a first-person 3D environment around Africa on a Safari trip to take photographs of animals. The photographs could be submitted to Anglia Multimedia and the best ones would be displayed on their website.

## Gameplay

The player navigates around Three Trees Lodge, acquiring items and solving puzzles. Much of the information required comes from the Colonel. Before the player can pick up items, the rucksack must be obtained. The player's main objective is to get the camera equipment out of the front room chest and take photographs of animals in the wild. Travelling from the lodge to other areas requires the use of the Colonel's car. The player has access to six books with facts about animals and a minigame.

## Development

Anglia Multimedia made use of Superscape technology to get the virtual reality effect. The game also compatible with Stereo Glasses and other VR utilities.

## Reception

### Critical reception

### Promotion

Anglia Multimedia showcased the game to the London Zoo.

## InfoBox

| Virtual Safari | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Anglia Multimedia |
| Publisher(s) | Fujitsu Interactive |
| Platform(s) | Windows 95 |
| Release | March 31, 1997 |
| Genre(s) | Edutainment |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Mominpur metro station

abstract: Mominpur Metro Station is a under construction station of the Kolkata Metro in Mominpore, Kolkata, India. The elevated station is located near Mominpore bus stop. It will be a station of Kolkata Metro Line 3. This station will be built in the second phase of the construction of the Kolkata Metro Line 3. There will be two platforms at this station.

text:
# Mominpur metro station

**Mominpur Metro Station** is a under construction station of the Kolkata Metro in Mominpore, Kolkata, India. The elevated station is located near Mominpore bus stop. It will be a station of Kolkata Metro Line 3. This station will be built in the second phase of the construction of the Kolkata Metro Line 3. There will be two platforms at this station.

## Station layout

It is an elevated metro station with two side platforms. It is being implemented by Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL). The station will be 180 m (590 ft)180 m long with ten spans. The platform and concourse area will be 3,100 m2 (33,000 sq ft) and 980 m2 (10,500 sq ft) respectively. It will be catered by five escalators, two elevators and four staircases.

## InfoBox

| Mominpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Metro station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Diamond Harbour Rd, Mominpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700027
India |
| Coordinates | 22°31′09″N 88°19′24″E / 22.5191°N 88.3234°E / 22.5191; 88.3234 |
| Owned by | Metro Railway, Kolkata |
| Operated by | Kolkata Metro |
| Line(s) | Purple Line |
| Platforms | Side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Under Construction |
| History | |
| Opened | 2026 (expected) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Kolkata Metro Following station  Majerhattowards Joka  Purple Line  Khidirpurtowards Esplanade | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  MominpurLocation within Kolkata MetroMominpurMominpur (Kolkata) | |


title: Olympe Bhely-Quenum

abstract: Olympe Bhêly-Quenum is a Beninese writer, journalist and magazine editor. He is the nephew of anthropologist Maximilien Quenum-Possy-Berry. Born in the city of Ouidah, Benin, Bhêly-Quenum had his primary education in Benin from 1938 to 1944, after which he traveled throughout his native country, Nigeria, his maternal grandmother's country, and Ghana, where he learned English. In 1948 he went to France and undertook his secondary studies at the College Littré, in Avranches, Normandy (Manche). He worked as a teacher and trained as a diplomat, before turning to journalism. He was Editor-in-Chief and then Director of an African magazine entitled La Vie Africaine until 1964. He subsequently joined UNESCO in Paris. He is the author of several works of fiction published in French. He won the Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire for Le Chant du lac in 1966. His first novel Un piège sans fin (1960) was translated into English as Snares Without End and has been called "an un-put-downable tragedy".

text:
# Olympe Bhely-Quenum

**Olympe Bhêly-Quenum** (born 20 September 1928) is a Beninese writer, journalist and magazine editor. He is the nephew of anthropologist Maximilien Quenum-Possy-Berry.

Born in the city of Ouidah, Benin (formerly Dahomey), Bhêly-Quenum had his primary education in Benin from 1938 to 1944, after which he traveled throughout his native country, Nigeria, his maternal grandmother's country, and Ghana, where he learned English. In 1948 he went to France and undertook his secondary studies at the College Littré, in Avranches, Normandy (Manche). He worked as a teacher and trained as a diplomat, before turning to journalism. He was Editor-in-Chief and then Director of an African magazine entitled *La Vie Africaine* until 1964. He subsequently joined UNESCO in Paris.

He is the author of several works of fiction published in French. He won the Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire for *Le Chant du lac* in 1966. His first novel *Un piège sans fin* (1960) was translated into English as *Snares Without End* (Longman, 1981) and has been called "an un-put-downable tragedy".

## Works

* *Un piège sans fin* (Stock, 1960; 1978). Translated by Dorothy S. Blair as *Snares Without End* (Longman, 1981)
* *Le Chant du lac* (Editions Présence Africaine)
* *Liaison d'un été et autres récits* (1968)
* *L'initié* (1979)
* *Les Mille Haches* (1981)
* *Les Francs-Maçons* (1997)
* *La naissance d’Abikou* ("Abikou's birth", 1998)
* *C'était à Tigony* (2000). *As She Was Discovering Tigony*, trans. Tomi Adeaga (Michigan State University Press, 2017)

## Further reading

* Willfried Feuser, "Representations of childhood in Olympe Bhely-Quenum's works", *Présence Africaine*, no. 155, 1er semestre 1997.


abstract: Washington Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 272.

text:
# Washington Township, Anderson County, Kansas

**Washington Township** is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 272.

## History

Washington Township was established in 1857.

## Geography

Washington Township covers an area of 36.0 square miles (93.2 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Baptist, Horn, Hyatt, Mont Ida and Springfield.

The streams of Bradshaw Creek and Skunk Branch run through this township.

## InfoBox

| Washington Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Anderson County | |
| Coordinates: 38°13′40″N 095°18′21″W / 38.22778°N 95.30583°W / 38.22778; -95.30583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Anderson |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.0 sq mi (93.2 km2) |
| Land | 35.3 sq mi (91.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2)  1.96% |
| Elevation | 1,093 ft (333 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 272 |
| Density | 8/sq mi (3.0/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0477666 |


title: Osmium(III) chloride

abstract: Osmium(III) chloride is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and chlorine with the chemical formula OsCl3.

text:
# Osmium(III) chloride

**Osmium(III) chloride** is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and chlorine with the chemical formula OsCl3.

## Synthesis

Osmium(III) chloride can be made by a reaction of chlorine with osmium:

2Os + 3Cl2 → 2OsCl3

It can also be made by heating of osmium(IV) chloride:

2OsCl4 → 2OsCl3 \+ Cl2

## Physical properties

Osmium(III) chloride forms black-brown crystals.

Osmium(III) chloride forms a hydrate of the composition OsCl3·3H2O with dark green crystals.

## Uses and reactions

Osmium(III) chloride hydrate is used as a precursor material for the production of dichlorodihydridoosmium complex compounds and other compounds.

It is the precursor to a variety of arene complexes.

## InfoBox

Osmium(III) chloride
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Other names trichloroosmium, osmium trichloride | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.033.247 |
| EC Number | * 236-587-7 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/3ClH.Os/h3\*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3Key: UAIHPMFLFVHDIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K | |
| SMILES * Cl\[Os\](Cl)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Cl3Os |
| Molar mass | 296.58 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | black-brown crystals |
| Melting point | 560 °C (1,040 °F; 833 K) |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Apocalypse Oz

abstract: Apocalypse Oz is a 2006 short film. It is based on the novels Heart of Darkness (1899) by Joseph Conrad and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) by L. Frank Baum. The script is a hybrid of the two classic films Apocalypse Now (1979) and The Wizard of Oz (1939), and uses only dialogue from these films.

text:
# Apocalypse Oz

***Apocalypse Oz*** is a 2006 short film. It is based on the novels *Heart of Darkness* (1899) by Joseph Conrad and *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz* (1900) by L. Frank Baum. The script is a hybrid of the two classic films *Apocalypse Now* (1979) and *The Wizard of Oz* (1939), and uses only dialogue from these films.

## Plot

Dorothy Willard, an Amerasian product of the Vietnam War, is tired of living with her abusive foster parents in Kansas. Dorothy decides that "there's no horror like home" and accepts a dream mission that takes her deep into the desert to hunt down and "terminate with extreme prejudice" an insane, renegade US Army colonel - codenamed 'The Wizard'.

## Cast

## Reception

The film received positive reviews. Film Threat's review said "'Apocalypse Oz' had the ability to ruin it from the very beginning but Telford's direction, convincing performances and an original concept make this worth watching." Quiet Earth described it as a "kinetic punk-rock gem of a film ... something entirely new \[that\] attempts to explore new ways of telling stories."

## InfoBox

| Apocalypse Oz | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Ben Telford |
| Produced by | Bradley Warden |
| Cinematography | Kev Robertson |
| Production<br>company | CineClash Productions |
| Release date | * 2006 (2006) |
| Running time | 25 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English/ Vietnamese |


title: The Mighty Avengers

abstract: The Mighty Avengers is a comic book series that was published by Marvel Comics. Originally written by Brian Michael Bendis, also the writer of New Avengers, the title first featured an officially sanctioned Avengers team of registered superheroes, residing in New York City as part of the Fifty State Initiative, as opposed to the unlicensed team featured in The New Avengers. This first incarnation of the team is led by Iron Man and Ms. Marvel, with the second lineup featuring Hank Pym as the leader, and the third led by Luke Cage and Monica Rambeau.

text:
# The Mighty Avengers

***The Mighty Avengers*** is a comic book series that was published by Marvel Comics. Originally written by Brian Michael Bendis, also the writer of *New Avengers*, the title first featured an officially sanctioned Avengers team of registered superheroes, residing in New York City as part of the Fifty State Initiative, as opposed to the unlicensed team featured in The New Avengers. This first incarnation of the team is led by Iron Man and Ms. Marvel, with the second lineup featuring Hank Pym as the leader, and the third led by Luke Cage and Monica Rambeau.

## Publication history

The team first appears in *The Mighty Avengers* #1 (May 2007), written by Brian Michael Bendis and pencilled and inked by Frank Cho. The roster, led by Ms. Marvel, also consisted of Ares, Black Widow, Iron Man, Sentry, Wasp and Wonder Man. In the wake of the superhero "Civil War", Iron Man recruits Ms. Marvel as leader of the revamped team. Together they select the first roster.

*The Mighty Avengers* was originally intended to run parallel with *New Avengers*, with characters and events crossing over and being viewed from both perspectives. However, artist Cho fell behind schedule, and left the book after six issues and an additional cover. Successor Mark Bagley drew the series from issues #7–11 (early March – late May 2008).

The series was canceled with *The Mighty Avengers* #36 (April 2010), at the conclusion of the *Siege* storyline.

The team was relaunched in September 2013 under the creative team of Al Ewing and Greg Land. The new team is more street-level and is led by Luke Cage. The team contains new versions of Ronin, White Tiger and Power Man, plus Blue Marvel, the Superior Spider-Man, She-Hulk, Spectrum, and the Falcon. It ran for fourteen issues.

In November 2014 as part of the Marvel Now initiative, a third volume was launched: *Captain America and the Mighty Avengers*. This volume was written by Al Ewing and illustrated by Luke Ross and Iban Coello. This volume was cancelled in June 2015, after nine issues.

## Fictional team biography

Following the federally sanctioned creation of this iteration of the Avengers, Iron Man (Tony Stark) is discredited and publicly vilified after his inability to anticipate or prevent a secret infiltration and invasion of Earth by the shape-shifting alien Skrull race, and by the Skrull disabling of his StarkTech technology, which had a virtual monopoly on worldwide defense.

Following the Skrulls' eventual defeat and the subsequent dissolution of S.H.I.E.L.D., the officially sanctioned team of Avengers, now led by Norman Osborn under the H.A.M.M.E.R. banner, is spun off into the pages of Dark Avengers.

In response, Henry Pym, in his latest superhero persona as the new Wasp, leads an Avengers team outside the U.S. and H.A.M.M.E.R.'s jurisdiction. With the apparent help of the Scarlet Witch—actually, a disguised Loki, the Norse trickster god—he summons the Vision and Stature of the Young Avengers, U.S. Agent, Jocasta, Hercules, Amadeus Cho, and Iron Man.

Claiming to be the only authentic team of Avengers due to being the only team operating under that name to have a founding member on the roster, the team operates from an interdimensional headquarters. It is granted official recognition outside the U.S. by the international organization G.R.A.M.P.A., and combats supervillains and other entities including Chthon, and the Unspoken.

During the events of *Infinity*, a new team of Mighty Avengers are formed during Thanos' invasion of Earth. With the main Avengers branch off in space, the defense of New York falls to a group of former Avengers and the remnants of Luke Cage's recently disbanded Heroes for Hire squad. They are given the name "Mighty Avengers" after a Twitter hashtag used to describe the group.

During the *Inhumanity* storyline, Luke Cage keeps the Mighty Avengers together and made the remodeled Gem Theater as their base. The Mighty Avengers now have the purpose of helping those in need. During this time, the Spider Hero becomes the new Ronin.

During the "Last Days" part of the *Secret Wars* storyline, Steve Rogers tells the Mighty Avengers team that the world is ending and asks them to side with him or the Illuminati. Two weeks before the end of the world, the Mighty Avengers join Steve Rogers in a fight against the Illuminati. The Mighty Avengers help out in the incursion against Earth-1610.

## Team roster

### Initiative team (2007–2008)

The Mighty Avengers were founded by Ms. Marvel and Iron Man, as New York's team under the Fifty State Initiative.

| Character | Real Name | Joined in | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iron Man | Anthony Edward Stark | *Mighty Avengers* #1 (May 2007) | Removed from being director of S.H.I.E.L.D. in *Secret Invasion* #8. |
| Ms. Marvel | Carol Susan Jane Danvers | | Became member of the New Avengers. |
| Wonder Man | Simon Williams | | Resigned in *Secret Invasion* #8. |
| The Wasp | Janet van Dyne
(a.k.a. Janet Pym) | | Died in *Secret Invasion* #8. Later revealed that she was actually shunted to the Microverse |
| Black Widow | Natalia Alianovna Romanova
(a.k.a. Natasha Romanoff) | | Resigned in *Secret Invasion* #8. |
| Sentry | Robert Reynolds | | Became member of the Dark Avengers. Presumed deceased as of *Siege* #4. |
| Ares | Ares
(a.k.a. John Aaron) | | Became member of the Dark Avengers. Presumed killed in *Siege* #2. Later turned up alive in Contest of Champions #8 (2016).
 |
| **Infiltrator (2007)** | | | |
| Spider-Woman | Veranke
(posing as Jessica Drew) | *Mighty Avengers* #7 (November 2007) | A double agent with the New Avengers. Revealed to be a Skrull in *Secret Invasion* #3 (May 2008). Died in *Secret Invasion* #8. |

### International team (2009–2010)

After the events of "Dark Reign", the Mighty Avengers were followed by a reorganized Initiative team published in *Dark Avengers*, and a new international team was featured in *Mighty Avengers*.

| Character | Real Name | Joined in | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ant-Man | Dr. Henry Jonathan "Hank" Pym | *Mighty Avengers* #21 (March 2009) | Chosen by the "Scarlet Witch", who was actually Loki. Challenged for leadership by Iron Man, but assumed full leadership after defeating Chthon. |
| Hercules | Heracles | | Presumed killed in the Assault on New Olympus. Returned in *Chaos War* #1 (Oct. 2010). |
| Amadeus Cho | Amadeus Cho | |  |
| Jocasta | Jocasta | |  |
| U.S. Agent | John Frank Walker,
Jack Daniels (alias) | *Mighty Avengers* #22 | Former member of Omega Flight, chosen in the place of an incapacitated Captain America. Removed by Norman Osborn in *Mighty Avengers* #33. |
| Stature | Cassandra Lang | | Concurrent members of the Young Avengers. |
| Vision II | Jonas (alias) | |
| Quicksilver | Pietro Django Maximoff | *Mighty Avengers* #24 | Joined the team after helping them defeat Titan. |
| **Infiltrator (2009)** | | | |
| Scarlet Witch | Loki
(posing as Scarlet Witch) | *Mighty Avengers* #21
(March 2009) | Joined and assembled the Mighty Avengers in *Mighty Avengers* #21 (March 2009). Revealed in *Mighty Avengers* #29 (November 2009). |

### Infinity recruits (2013–2014)

During the *Infinity* storyline, a new team was assembled. "The Mighty Avengers" volunteer organization is based out of the old Gem Theatre in Times Square, offering their services as non-profit heroes for free or a charitable contribution.

| Character | Real name | Joined in | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Luke Cage | Lucas Cage (born Carl Lucas) | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #1 | Founder and business director. |
| Spectrum | Monica Rambeau | | Field leader, former member of Nextwave |
| Ronin | Eric Brooks (aka Blade) | | First appeared as "Spider Hero." His identity was leaked in an earlier draft of a script. His identity was officially revealed in *Mighty Avengers* #9. |
| Blue Marvel | Adam Brashear | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #2 |  |
| Power Man | Victor Alvarez | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #3 | Former students at Avengers Academy, former members of the Heroes for Hire. |
| White Tiger | Ava Ayala | | |
| Falcon
aka Captain America | Samuel "Sam" Wilson | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #4 | Also a member of the main Avengers team as Captain America. |
| She-Hulk | Jennifer Walters | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #6 | Legal counsel for the Mighty Avengers and concurrent member of the Future Foundation. |
| **Infiltrator (2013)** | | | |
| Superior Spider-Man | Otto Octavius's mind in Peter Parker's body | *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #1 | Self-declared member, also member-on-probation of the main Avengers team. He leaves the team in *Mighty Avengers* Vol. 2 #5. |

### Avengers NOW! (2014–2015)

The new team was relaunched under the title of *Captain America and the Mighty Avengers* as part of "**Avengers NOW!**"

| Character | Real name | Joined in | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kaluu | Kaluu | *Captain America and the Mighty Avengers* #1 (November 2014) | Current members of the Mighty Avengers. |
| Spider-Man | Peter Benjamin Parker | *Captain America and the Mighty Avengers* #3 (January 2015) | |
|

## Reception

The first issue of *The Mighty Avengers* was the second highest selling comic for that month based on Diamond Publisher's indices.

IGN reviewer Richard George said Brian Michael Bendis' writing for *The Mighty Avengers* #1 "manages to move through the roster selection, convey their basic information and personality, marshal them against a huge threat and leave us with a solid cliffhanger". George also praised Frank Cho's artwork, saying, "The artist not only delivers with some excellent action sequences, he does a great job with the increasingly standard widescreen format that many are adopting."

### Circulation

| Issue | Qty | icv2 Top 300 Ranking |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 141,288 | 2 |
| 2 | 121,365 | 8 |
| 3 | 115,440 | 8 |
| 4 | 107,768 | 8 |

## Collected editions

| Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Volume 1 | | | |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 1: The Ultron Initiative* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #1–6 | April 2008 | 978-0785123682 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 2:* *Venom Bomb* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #7–11 | July 2008 | 978-0785123699 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 3:* *Secret Invasion (Book 1)* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #12–15 | December 2009 | 978-0785130109 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 4:* *Secret Invasion (Book 2)* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #16–20 | February 2009 | 978-0785136507 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 5:* *Earth's Mightiest* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #21–26 | August 2009 | 978-0785137467 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 6:* *The Unspoken* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #27–31 | March 2010 | 978-0785137474 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 7:* *Siege* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #32–36 | September 2010 | 978-0785148005 |
| *Mighty Avengers: Assemble* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #1–11 | March 11, 2009 | 978-0785137580 |
| *Mighty Avengers: Secret Invasion* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #12–20 | March 24, 2010 | 978-0785142614 |
| *Mighty Avengers: Dark Reign* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #21–36 | August 17, 2011 | 978-0785156697 |
| *Mighty Avengers by Brian Michael Bendis: The Complete Collection* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #1-20 | April 2017 | 978-1302903381 |
| *Mighty Avengers by Dan Slott: The Complete Collection* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 1) #21-36, *Secret Invasion: Requiem* #1 | April 2019 | 978-1302915667 |
| Volume 2 | | | |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 1: No Single Hero* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 2) #1–5 | April 1, 2014 | 978-0785188742 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 2 Family Bonding* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 2) #6–10 | August 12, 2014 | 978-0785188759 |
| *Mighty Avengers Vol. 3: Original Sin – Not Your Father's Avengers* | *Mighty Avengers* (vol. 2) #11–14 | December 23, 2014 | 978-0785190721 |
| Volume 3 (Captain America & the Mighty Avengers) | | | |
| *Captain America & the Mighty Avengers Vol. 1: Open for Business* | *Captain America & the Mighty Avengers* #1–7 | July 7, 2015 | 978-0785193821 |
| *Captain America & the Mighty Avengers Vol. 2: Last Days* | *Captain America & the Mighty Avengers* #8–9, *Captain Britain & the Mighty Defenders* #1–2, *Avengers Assemble* #15AU | November 3, 2015 | 978-0785198031 |

## In other media

The Mighty Avengers appear in *Avengers Assemble*. In the episode "Civil War, Part 2: The Mighty Avengers", Truman Marsh assembles Ant-Man, the Black Panther, Captain Marvel, Ms. Marvel, the Red Hulk, Songbird, and the Vision to become the eponymous Mighty Avengers after the original Avengers disassociate themselves from the Inhuman Registration Act. The Mighty Avengers are dispatched to a HYDRA facility to stop Baron Strucker from stealing Marsh's exo-suit, only to encounter and get into an altercation with the original Avengers, during which Hawkeye convinces Songbird to defect to the original Avengers before they are arrested. In "Civil War, Part 3: The Drums of War", the Mighty Avengers join forces with the original Avengers upon learning Marsh plans to pit Inhumans and humans against each other and confront him together before discovering he is actually Ultron. In "Civil War, Part 4: Avengers Revolution", the two Avengers groups fight Ultron's forces while working to free Inhumans from the android's mind-control.

## InfoBox

| *The Mighty Avengers* | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Mighty Avengers* #1 (May 2007)
Cover art by Frank Cho | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| Schedule | Monthly |
| Publication date | May 2007 – April 2010 |
| Main character(s) | **Current members**
Blue Marvel
Luke Cage
Captain America
Kaluu
Power Man
She-Hulk
Spectrum
Spider-Man
White Tiger |
| Creative team | |
| Created by | Brian Michael Bendis
Frank Cho |
| Written by | Brian Michael Bendis
Dan Slott |
| Penciller(s) | Frank Cho
Mark Bagley
Khoi Pham |
| Inker(s) | Danny Miki |
| Colorist(s) | Jason Keith |


title: Intijahuana

abstract: Intijahuana is a 5,099-metre-high (16,729 ft) mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, on the border of the districts of Checacupe and Pitumarca. Intijahuana lies north of Huarisallana.

text:
# Intijahuana

**Intijahuana** (possibly from Quechua *inti* sun, *qhawana*, viewpoint; window, "sun viewpoint") is a 5,099-metre-high (16,729 ft) mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, on the border of the districts of Checacupe and Pitumarca. Intijahuana lies north of Huarisallana.

## InfoBox

| Intijahuana | |
| --- | --- |
| IntijahuanaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,099 m (16,729 ft) |
| Coordinates | 13°58′25″S 71°07′22″W / 13.97361°S 71.12278°W / -13.97361; -71.12278 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Cusco Region |
| Parent range | Andes, Vilcanota |


title: New York City Players

abstract: New York City Players is a not-for-profit New York City-based experimental theatre company founded in 1999 by playwright and director Richard Maxwell to present his work. The company has produced approximately 30 new plays in New York and has toured in over 20 countries. Among their notable productions are Ode to the Man Who Kneels and People Without History, the latter at the Performing Garage in SoHo, Manhattan. The company's works have also been presented at Performance Space New York, The Kitchen, and Soho Rep in New York, and in Paris, Brussels, Dublin, London, and Germany. Aside from the works of Maxwell, the company has also created a limited number of works through partnerships with other artists and companies, including Devotion with choreographer Sarah Michelson, The Early Plays with The Wooster Group, and Open Rehearsal at the 2012 Whitney Biennial. The company runs two programs, the American Playwright Division, which produces plays written and directed by emerging playwrights, and the Incoming Theatre Division, a program which provides resources and production support to immigrant New Yorkers to develop their stories into theatrical works.

text:
# New York City Players

40°41′06″N 73°58′24″W / 40.68513°N 73.97340°W / 40.68513; -73.97340

**New York City Players** is a not-for-profit New York City-based experimental theatre company founded in 1999 by playwright and director Richard Maxwell to present his work. The company has produced approximately 30 new plays in New York and has toured in over 20 countries. Among their notable productions are *Ode to the Man Who Kneels* and *People Without History*, the latter at the Performing Garage in SoHo, Manhattan. The company's works have also been presented at Performance Space New York, The Kitchen, and Soho Rep in New York, and in Paris, Brussels, Dublin, London, and Germany.

Aside from the works of Maxwell, the company has also created a limited number of works through partnerships with other artists and companies, including *Devotion* with choreographer Sarah Michelson, *The Early Plays* with The Wooster Group, and *Open Rehearsal* at the 2012 Whitney Biennial.

The company runs two programs, the American Playwright Division, which produces plays written and directed by emerging playwrights, and the Incoming Theatre Division, a program which provides resources and production support to immigrant New Yorkers to develop their stories into theatrical works.

## Productions

**Plays by Richard Maxwell**

**American Playwrights Division**

* *Vision Disturbance* (2010 premiere; toured nationally and internationally through 2017) - written by Christina Masciotti and directed by Richard Maxwell
* *Dreamless Land* (2011) - written and directed by Julia Jarcho
* *House of Dance* (2013) - written and directed by Tina Satter
* *Really* (2016) - written by Jackie Sibblies Drury and directed by Richard Maxwell

**Incoming Theatre Division**

* *I Came From There, I Am Here Now* (2016) - directed by Tory Vazquez
* *The Second Wedding of Yasmin Blessing to Jeff Jackman Jr.* (2017) - directed by Tory Vazquez
* *Immigration Stories* (2018) - directed by Tory Vazquez

**Source:**

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

* Gorman, Sarah (2011) *The Theatre of Richard Maxwell and the New York City Players*, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-99092-9


title: Vincent Lumsden

abstract: Vincent Roy Lumsden is a former cricketer who played first-class cricket for Jamaica and Cambridge University from 1950 to 1960. After his cricket career he worked as an agronomist and broadcaster in Jamaica.

text:
# Vincent Lumsden

**Vincent Roy Lumsden** (born 19 July 1930) is a former cricketer who played first-class cricket for Jamaica and Cambridge University from 1950 to 1960. After his cricket career he worked as an agronomist and broadcaster in Jamaica.

## Cricket career

Lumsden was born at Buff Bay, Portland Parish, Jamaica. A champion schoolboy cricketer, he attended Munro College in Jamaica on a scholarship from 1943 to 1949, and went to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1952 to study agronomy. He made his first-class debut for Jamaica in 1949-50, opening the batting and scoring 20 and 33. He scored 60 in the only match he played in 1950-51.

He established himself in the Cambridge cricket team in 1953, batting in the middle order and scoring 449 runs at an average of 22.45. *Wisden* noted that he "could drive the ball very hard, but his lack of adequate defence and a sense of impetuosity often caused early failures. His fielding, however, was often of special value." He had his best season in 1954, scoring 701 runs at 35.05, top-scoring in each innings with 93 and 107 in the match against Worcestershire, when he shared a fifth-wicket partnership of 176 in just over two hours with John Slack to help Cambridge to victory. His 47 in the second innings in the annual match against Oxford University helped Cambridge salvage a draw.

In 1955 he scored 99 in the match against Worcestershire, again top-scoring in a Cambridge victory, this time by an innings. He finished the season with 627 runs at 28.50. He also played a leading part in the victory over Sussex, top-scoring in each innings with 47 and 90, and taking three wickets with his off-spin. He played four Minor Counties matches for Cambridgeshire in 1955 but with little success. His form for Cambridge declined in 1956 (432 runs at 20.57, with a highest score of 47) and he was unable to play in a fourth consecutive match against Oxford owing to a finger injury.

Lumsden returned to Jamaica and played a few more matches for the Jamaica team. In his first match he returned to the opening position and scored 91 as well as taking 4 for 20 and 2 for 32 in an innings victory over Leeward Islands in 1958. His last match was against MCC in 1959-60.

## Later life

Lumsden worked in Jamaica for the Banana Board before teaching Botany and Agronomy at the Jamaica School of Agriculture from 1963 to 1965. He worked for the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation from 1965 to 1981, his work including commentary on horse racing. From 1981 to 1989 he was an agricultural adviser to the Minister of Agriculture. From 1990 he did private consultancy in agriculture and hosted a radio program, *Farm Time*. He was also an operations steward for the Jamaica Racing Commission.

Lumsden married during his last year at Cambridge. He and his wife have a daughter and four sons.

## InfoBox

Vincent Lumsden
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Vincent Roy Lumsden |
| Born | (1930-07-19) 19 July 1930<br>Buff Bay, Portland Parish, Jamaica |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off-spin |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1949-50 to 1959-60 | Jamaica |
| 1953 to 1956 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 57  Runs scored 2699  Batting average 27.82  100s/50s 1/14  Top score 107  Balls bowled 628  Wickets 11  Bowling average 32.27  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 4/20  Catches/stumpings 36/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricket Archive, 28 August 2014 | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 527, adopted unanimously on 15 December 1982, having heard representations from Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho, the Council condemned, alongside a General Assembly resolution, an attack by South Africa on Lesotho, resulting in damage and the deaths of 40 people. The resolution demanded compensation to Lesotho for the attack, which it also commended for allowing those fleeing apartheid to have sanctuary in the country. It also called on Member States to provide economic assistance to Lesotho. South Africa refused to pay compensation. The Council reiterated the use of peaceful means to resolve international problems, requesting the Secretary-General to enter into consultations with the Government of Lesotho on humanitarian issues, and to report back to the Council regularly on the implementation of the resolution.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 527

**United Nations Security Council resolution 527**, adopted unanimously on 15 December 1982, having heard representations from Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho, the Council condemned, alongside a General Assembly resolution, an attack by South Africa on Lesotho, resulting in damage and the deaths of 40 people.

The resolution demanded compensation to Lesotho for the attack, which it also commended for allowing those fleeing apartheid to have sanctuary in the country. It also called on Member States to provide economic assistance to Lesotho. South Africa refused to pay compensation.

The Council reiterated the use of peaceful means to resolve international problems, requesting the Secretary-General to enter into consultations with the Government of Lesotho on humanitarian issues, and to report back to the Council regularly on the implementation of the resolution.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 527 | |
| --- | --- |
| South Africa-Lesotho border | |
| Date | 15 December 1982 |
| Meeting no. | 2,407 |
| Code | S/RES/527 (Document) |
| Subject | **South Africa** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Idu (novel)

abstract: Idu is a 1970 novel and the second novel put out by Nigerian novelist Flora Nwapa. The book's story centers on Idu, a young woman in a Nigerian village whose husband has died, and her efforts to be reunited with him. The novel has been seen as one of Nwapa's more controversial works for its focus on Idu's reliance on her husband.

text:
# Idu (novel)

***Idu*** is a 1970 novel and the second novel put out by Nigerian novelist Flora Nwapa. The book's story centers on Idu, a young woman in a Nigerian village whose husband has died, and her efforts to be reunited with him. The novel has been seen as one of Nwapa's more controversial works for its focus on Idu's reliance on her husband.

## Plot

The novel is set in a remote African village and follows the protagonist Idu and her husband Adiewere over a number of years. From the beginning of the novel, Nwapa ensures the reader is aware of the wedded bliss between Idu and Adiewere; they are absolutely devoted to each other as husband and wife. Their happiness together is portrayed to be overwhelming. In the African tribe, motherhood is coveted and being a mother is deemed to be far more important than being a devoted wife. Despite their desire for children, Idu and Adiewere remain childless for many years. During this time, Idu and Adiewere build a great business and become prosperous however when Adiewere's brother, Ishiodu is in trouble, they forfeit their wealth to help Ishiodu. As time passes, the pressure from the villagers for Idu and Adiewere to have a child becomes unbearable and Idu weeps that she has brought the curse of childlessness onto her husband. At Idu's beckoning, Adiewere takes a second wife, who he treats as a child rather than a wife. Idu unexpectedly announces she is pregnant and the village rejoices with the couple and bestows many gifts upon the popular couple. Upon becoming aware of Idu's pregnancy, the second wife leaves Adiewere.

Idu's son is born on the day of an eclipse which Idu believes is a bad omen, remembering a dream about having a boy that was so dark she did not dare touch the boy. Idu and Adiewere name their son Ijoma. Idu's sister Anamadi grows to love Ijoma and he spends most of his time with her. Two years pass and Idu is not again pregnant and thus Idu asks her husband to take another wife rather than constantly being berated as being ‘bad’ for denying her husband the privilege of more children.

The reader is then introduced to a second couple, Ojiugo and Amarajeme who also adore each other. Ojiugo is Idu's childhood friend. However, after six years and no children, Ojiugo leaves Amarajeme to live with her husband's friend in order to fulfill her dream of motherhood. Amarajeme is heartbroken and wears black and mourns his wife. Upon hearing the news Ojiugo has born a son, Amarajeme realises he is sterile and to blame for their childlessness and hangs himself. Ojiugo hears of Amarajeme's death and dies that same day from heartbreak for her first beloved husband.

After four years, Idu becomes pregnant for a second time and for a short time, the couple and the village rejoice in the pending birth of their second child. Tragically, Adiewere dies suddenly. After Adiewere's death, Idu does not weep, wear black or scrape her hair as tradition expects. Further, Idu refuses to marry Ishiodu, her husband's brother; Idu is steadfast that she will join Adiewere. Ultimately, Idu rejects life and dies in order to be with her beloved husband.

## Major characters

* **Idu:** Idu is a devoted wife who often has ideals which are a departure from tradition. Idu loves her husband Adiewere so intensely, she is willing to concede to traditions in order to not shame her husband.
* **Adiewere:** Adiewere is the husband of Idu. He is a doting and devoted husband who, like his wife, is willing to sacrifice his personal ideals to concede to his wife's wishes.
* **Ogbenyanu:** Ogbenyau is a sister of Idu who bears a child before Idu causing Idu great grief.
* **Anamadi:** Anamadi is the sister of Idu who comes to love her nephew Ijoma and cares for Ijoma most of the time. Anamadi is the person who finds Idu dead.
* **Okeke:** Okeke is a business friend of Idu. Okeke showers Idu with gifts when she becomes pregnant.
* **Ishiodu:** Ishiodu is the only brother of Adiewere. Idu and Adiewere provide funds to clear Ishiodu's debt. After Adiewere dies, the village pressures Idu to marry Ishiodu.
* **Ijoma:** Ijoma is the male child of Idu and Adiewere. Ijoma is born on the day of an eclipse, considered an omen because of the “two nights”.
* **Ojiugo:** Ojiugo is Idu's childhood friend. Ojiugo is married to Amarajeme and together they are unable to bear children and Ojiugo eventually marries Obukodi to fulfill her dreams of motherhood.
* **Amarajeme:** Amarajeme is Ojiugo's first husband and they are desperately in love however Amarajeme is sterile and Ojiugo ultimately leaves him. Upon hearing Ojiugo has born a son, Amarajeme commits suicide. Because he is not ready to hear this kind of news.
* **Obukodi:** Obukodi is the person whom Ojiugo leaves her beloved husband Amarajeme in order to bear a child.

## Culture

The culture showcased in *Idu* is that of the Igbo people. The book is both representative and unrepresentative of the Igbo culture.

Some criticism includes:

* Idu challenges an Igbo woman's cultural norms by rejecting the idea of male dominance, their role as a wife, and the importance of the child.
* Idu's death acts as a protest against the Igbo traditional custom, levirate.
* Nwapa showcases the ideal Igbo woman within her character, Idu, rather than the average Igbo woman.
* The characters in *Idu* are at odds with the Igbo reality.

Aspects that are representative of Igbo culture includes:

* The concept that a childless marriage is a failure.
* In “The Igbo Word”, the Chimalum Nwankwo states that one of Idu's core themes is childlessness and the unhappiness it brings.
* Nwapa's use of the Uhamiri. The Uhamiri is an Igbo myth. This myth acts as a plot device in Idu.
* The myth of Uhamiri allows for increased cultural awareness of the Igbo culture. Uhamiri is a symbol of morality and ethical values in the Igbo culture.

## Themes

A central theme in *Idu*, is the tension between traditional customs and divergence from established traditions. Tradition holds that it is women's singular duty to aspire to have children. Tradition holds that the glory of motherhood is far more important than the glory of being a wife. However, this tradition is tested by Idu and Adiewere at times; the couple also accepts tradition as evidenced when Adiewere takes a second wife. The couple appears torn between traditional expectations and independence of new thought.

A second theme in *Idu* is the double standard and voicelessness of women. Through the relationship of Ojiugo and Amarajeme, it is presumed that Ojiugo is the reason that the couple cannot bear children. However, when Ojiugo bears a child with another man, Amarajeme comes to understand he is sterile, is devastated, and kills himself. Ojiugo dies that same day out of devotion to her first husband, symbolic of exerting her voice and choosing marriage over motherhood.

A final theme in *Idu* is the emerging strength of women within the African tribe. Idu is portrayed as a heroine, a woman of independent thought who is industrious and self-assertive. Ultimately, upon the death of Adiewere, Idu exerts her ultimate independence, rejects that motherhood is paramount and chooses to die and leaver her son in order to be with her husband.

## Background and publication

Published in London by Heinemann Educational Books in 1970, *Idu* is the second work to be written by Nigerian author Flora Nwapa. Following the release of her first novel *Efuru* in 1966, Nwapa successfully established herself as one of the most important novelists in Nigeria being one of the first female novelists at the time. As is the case with the rest of her work, *Idu* was written with the intention of challenging the depiction of women in Nigerian Literature. The book was re-released once again in 1989 by Heinemann Educational Books as the 56th entry to the African Writers Series. The book has not been in publication since then and is not a part of the revamped African Writers Series by Pearson Education.

## Legacy

Flora Nwapa's novels and stories take topics like marriage, social responsibility, self-sacrifice, and humanity and then questions the prevalent cultural norms associated with them.

Traditionally, Igbo literature was written from a male perspective, however, *Idu* is written from a feminine perspective. The female characters in *Idu* are the ones that are displayed making sacrifices for the “greater good”. *Idu* forces readers to see the female from a new perspective. The female is shown as a person with brains, feelings, emotions, and desires; they are not merely an object.

Nwapa uses *Idu* to cast a light on problems within the Igbo community. Through her characters, she stresses the importance of healing their community to allow for a rebirth of their community and for their people.

However, critics assert that *Idu* also leaves a legacy stating that children are not as important as love. Idu kills herself through starvation after Adiewere dies, even though she was pregnant and had a son. In a world where children come first, Idu sends the message that the love of two people is greater than the love for a child. Idu does challenge her role in the Igbo community but the fact that she is pregnant "problematizes the issue of childlessness".

## InfoBox

Idu
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Flora Nwapa |
| Language | English |
| Published | 1970, 1989 |
| Publisher | Heinemann Educational Books |
| Publication place | Nigeria |
| Media type | Print (hardcover, paperback) |
| ISBN | 0435900560 |


title: Polynomial functor (type theory)

abstract: In type theory, a polynomial functor is a kind of endofunctor of a category of types that is intimately related to the concept of inductive and coinductive types. Specifically, all W-types are initial algebras of such functors. Polynomial functors have been studied in the more general setting of a pretopos with Σ-types; this article deals only with the applications of this concept inside the category of types of a Martin-Löf style type theory.

text:
# Polynomial functor (type theory)

In type theory, a **polynomial functor** (or **container functor**) is a kind of endofunctor of a category of types that is intimately related to the concept of inductive and coinductive types. Specifically, all W-types (resp. M-types) are (isomorphic to) initial algebras (resp. final coalgebras) of such functors.

Polynomial functors have been studied in the more general setting of a pretopos with Σ-types; this article deals only with the applications of this concept inside the category of types of a Martin-Löf style type theory.

## Definition

Let U be a universe of types, let A : U, and let B : AU be a family of types indexed by A. The pair (A, B) is sometimes called a **signature** or a **container**. The **polynomial functor** associated to the container (A, B) is defined as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}P:U&\longrightarrow U\\X&\longmapsto \sum \_{a:A}(B(a)\to X)\end{aligned}$$

Any functor naturally isomorphic to P is called a **container functor**. The action of P on functions is defined by

$$\begin{aligned}P:(X\to Y)&\longrightarrow (PX\to PY)\\f\qquad &\longmapsto \left((a,g)\mapsto (a,g\circ f)\right)\end{aligned}$$

Note that this assignment is only truly functorial in extensional type theories (see #Properties).

## Properties

In intensional type theories, such functions are not truly functors, because the universe type is not strictly a category (the field of homotopy type theory is dedicated to exploring how the universe type behaves more like a higher category). However, it is functorial up to propositional equalities, that is, the following identity types are inhabited:

$$\begin{aligned}P(f\circ g)&=Pf\circ Pg\\P({\mathsf {id}\_{X})&={\mathsf {id}\_{PX}\end{aligned}}}$$

for any functions f and g and any type X, where $\mathsf {id}\_{X}$ is the identity function on the type X.

## Inline citations


title: Halifax Cup

abstract: The Halifax Cup was a cricket tournament held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1880 and 1926. A variety of clubs from the Philadelphia region were involved in the competition, including most principally the Philadelphia Cricket Club, Belmont Cricket Club, Germantown Cricket Club and Merion Cricket Club.

text:
# Halifax Cup

The **Halifax Cup** was a cricket tournament held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1880 and 1926. A variety of clubs from the Philadelphia region were involved in the competition, including most principally the Philadelphia Cricket Club, Belmont Cricket Club, Germantown Cricket Club and Merion Cricket Club.

## Winners

| Club | Season |
| --- | --- |
| Young America Cricket Club | 1880 |
| Young America Cricket Club | 1881 |
| Belmont Cricket Club | 1882 |
| Young America Cricket Club | 1883 |
| Belmont Cricket Club | 1884 |
| Young America Cricket Club | 1885 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1886 |
| Belmont Cricket Club | 1887 |
| Merion Cricket Club | 1888 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1889 |
| Belmont Cricket Club/Germantown Cricket Club | 1890 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1891 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1892 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1893 |
| Belmont Cricket Club | 1894 |
| Germantown Cricket Club | 1895 |
| Belmont Cricket Club/Germantown Cricket Club | 1896 |


title: Intelligence collection management

abstract: Intelligence collection management is the process of managing and organizing the collection of intelligence from various sources. The collection department of an intelligence organization may attempt basic validation of what it collects, but is not supposed to analyze its significance. There is debate in U.S. intelligence community on the difference between validation and analysis, where the National Security Agency may try to interpret information when such interpretation is the job of another agency.

text:
# Intelligence collection management

**Intelligence collection management** is the process of managing and organizing the collection of intelligence from various sources. The collection department of an intelligence organization may attempt basic validation of what it collects, but is not supposed to analyze its significance. There is debate in U.S. intelligence community on the difference between validation and analysis, where the National Security Agency may (in the opinion of the Central Intelligence Agency or the Defense Intelligence Agency) try to interpret information when such interpretation is the job of another agency.

## Collection disciplines

Disciplines which postprocess raw data more than collect it are:

## Collection guidance

At the director level and within the collection organization (depending on the intelligence service), collection guidance assigns collection to one or more source managers who may order reconnaissance missions, budget for agent recruitment, or both.

### Research

This may be an auction for resources, and there is joint UK-US research on applying more formal methods. One method is "semantic matchmaking" based on ontology, originally a field of philosophy but finding applications in intelligent searching. Researchers match missions to the capabilities of available resources, defining ontology as "a set of logical axioms designed to account for the intended meaning of a vocabulary". The requester is asked, "What are the requirements of a mission?" These include the type of data to be collected (distinct from the collection method), the priority of the request, and the need for secrecy in collection.

Collection system managers are asked to specify the capabilities of their assets. Preece's ontology focuses on ISTAR sensors, but also considers HUMINT, OSINT and possible methodologies. The intelligence model compares "the specification of a mission against the specification of available assets, to assess the utility or fitness for purpose of available assets; based on these assessments, obtain a set of recommended assets for the mission: either decide whether there is a solution—a single asset or combination of assets—that satisfies the requirements of the mission, or alternatively provide a ranking of solutions according to their relative degree of utility."

### NATO collection guidance

In NATO, the questions driving collection management are Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR). PIRs are a component of Collection Coordination and Intelligence Requirements Management (CCIRM) focused on the collection process, uniting the intelligence effort to maneuver through Decision Points (DPs). These questions, refined into Information Requirements (IRs), enable the Collection Manager (CM) to focus assets on a problem. Without this synchronization, it would be impossible to ensure that the intelligence focus meets the commander's requirements and priorities.

#### Discipline selection

When a PIR defining the information to be collected exists, discipline specialists and resource schedulers select the appropriate collection system and plan the mission, taking into account the capabilities and limitations of collection platforms. Weather, terrain, technical capabilities and opponents' countermeasures determine the potential for successful collection. Through an understanding of all available platforms (tied to questions related to the PIR) the collection manager synchronizes available assets, theatre and corps collection, national capabilities and coalition resources (such as the Torrejon Space Center) to maximize capabilities.

#### Alternative disciplines

Despite the desirability of a given method, the information required may not be collectible due to interfering circumstances. The most desirable platform may not be available; weather and enemy air-defense might limit the practicality of UAVs and fixed-wing IMINT platforms. If air defense is the limitation, planners might request support from a national-level IMINT satellite. If a satellite will do the job, the orbits of available satellites may not be suitable for the requirement.

If weather is the issue, it might be necessary to substitute MASINT sensors which can penetrate the weather and get some of the information. SIGINT might be desired, but terrain masking and technical capabilities of available platforms might require a space-based (or long-range) sensor or exploring whether HUMINT assets might be able to provide information. The collection manager must take these effects into consideration and advise the commander on the situational awareness available for planning and execution.

Other sources may take some time to collect the necessary information. MASINT depends on a library of signatures of normal sensor readings, so deviations stand out. Cryptanalytic COMINT can take considerable time to enter into a cryptosystem, with no guarantee of success.

#### Support resource management

An available, appropriate collection platform does not mean it will be useful if the facilities needed to receive and process the information are unavailable. Two factors affect this process: the physical capabilities of the intelligence systems and the training and capabilities of the intelligence section.

Collection platforms able to collect tens of thousands of pieces of information per hour need receivers which can accept that volume. The collection capability, even with self-generating reports, can quickly overwhelm inexperienced or understaffed analysts. While the CM is primarily concerned with collection, they must also know if analysis for the requested system has the resources to reduce and analyze the sensor data within a useful length of time.

IMINT and SIGINT ground stations may be able to accept sensor data, but the networks and information-processing systems may be inadequate to get data to analysts and commanders; an example is imagery intelligence derived from UAVs and fixed-wing IMINT platforms. Commanders and staff are accustomed to receiving quality imagery products and UAV feeds for planning and execution of their missions. In exercises, this is often done with high-speed fixed networks; in a mobile, fluid battle it would be nearly impossible to develop a network capable of carrying the same amount of information. The CM must decide if an analytic report (rather than the imagery itself) will answer the question; when a hard-copy image or video is required, the CM must inform staff members of the cost to the IT network and HQ bandwidth.

Collection management is the cornerstone on which intelligence support to ARRC operations is built. Since the starting point of the collection process is the commander's PIRs, they are a critical component of the staff planning process and support the commander's decision-making.

### CIA collection guidance

Intelligence requirements were introduced after World War II. After an initial phase where field personnel decided priorities, an interim period began in which requirements were considered "as desirable but were not thought to present any special problem. Perhaps the man in the field did, after all, need some guidance; if so, the expert in Washington had only to jot down a list of questions and all would be well."

In a third phase (by the early 1950s), a consensus was established that a formal requirement structure was needed. When that machinery was set up, specialized methodologies for requirement management needed to be developed. The methodologies first needed were those used against the Sino-Soviet bloc, and radical changes in the threat environment may make some of those methodologies inappropriate.

Requirements may be cast in terms of analysis technique, collection method, subject matter, source type or priority. Heffter's article says that not every problem is a special case, but may be a problem "central to the very nature of the requirements process. One cannot help feeling that too little of the best thinking of the community has gone into these central problems—into the development, in a word, of an adequate theory of requirements."

"But there is often a conspicuous hiatus" between requirements produced at a managerial level "and the requirements produced on the working level. Dealing with general matters has itself become a specialty. We lack a vigorous exchange of views between generalists and specialists, requirements officers and administrators, members of all agencies, analysts in all intelligence fields, practitioners of all collection methods, which might lead at least to a clarification of ideas and at best to a solution of some common problems."

#### Priorities

Priority-based needs must be presented, with the best way to meet those needs based on an effective use of the collection means available. Heffter's paper centers on the management of priorities for the use of collection assets; three factors which must be balanced are:

* Administration and system (for example, the top-level directive)
* Intellectual discipline, using the analytical method
* Training and responsibilities of the individual intelligence officer

" ... Each of the three kinds answers a deep-felt need, has a life of its own, and plays a role of its own in the total complex of intelligence guidance". Since Heffter focused on the problem of priorities, he concerned himself chiefly with policy directives, which set overall priorities. Within that policy, "requests are also very much in the picture since priorities must govern their fulfillment".

#### Requirements

A collection requirement is "a statement of information to be collected". Several tendencies hinder precision:

* Analysts publish lists of their needs in the hope that someone will satisfy them.
* Theorists and administrators want a closely knit system where all requirements can be fed into a single machine, integrated, ranged by priorities and allocated as directives to all parts of the collection apparatus.
* Collectors demand specific requests for information, keyed to their capabilities.

These differing desires can cause friction or complement one another. The tendencies can complement each other if brought into balance, but their coexistence has often been marked with friction.

The characteristics of a requirement are:

* Need
* Compulsion or command (stated under authority)
* Request (with a specific intelligence meaning)

In intelligence, the meaning of "require" has been redefined. Under this interpretation, one person (the "customer") makes a request (or puts a question) to another of equal status (the collector) who fulfills (or answers) it as best they can.

There is an honor system on both sides:

* The requester vouches for the validity of the requirement.
* The collector is free to reject it.
* If he accepts it, the collector implies assurance that he will do his best to fulfill it.

The relationship is free from compulsion. The use of direct requests appeals to collectors, who find that it provides them with more viable, collectible requirements than any other method. It sometimes appeals to requester-analysts, who (if they find a receptive collector) can get more requirements accepted than would be possible otherwise.

The elements of need, compulsion and request are embodied in three types of collection requirements: the inventory of needs, addressed to the community at large and to nobody in particular; the directive, addressed by a higher to a lower echelon; and the request, addressed by a customer to a collector.

#### Inventory of needs

Intelligence watch centers and interdisciplinary groups, such as the Counterterrorism Center, can create and update requirements lists. Commercial customer relationship management (CRM) software or the more-powerful enterprise relationship management (ERM) systems might be adapted to managing the workflow separate from the most sensitive content. No collector is directed (required) to collect on the basis of these lists, and the lists are not addressed to any single collector. CRM, ERM and social-networking software routinely build *ad hoc* alliances for specific projects (see NATO Collection Guidance, above).

Branch and station chiefs have refused to handle the Periodic Requirements List (PRL) because these are "not really requirements," i.e., they are not requests to the clandestine collector for information which only he can provide. Intelligence requirements in the PRL may be crafted to elicit information from a specific source, sidestepping a request process which could have ended in denial.

PRLs are sometimes used for guidance, despite their description as inventories. Revised three times a year, they are the most up-to-date requirement statements and their main subject is current affairs of political significance. Although the inventory of needs is a valuable analytical instrument in the intelligence-production office which originates it, it cannot set priorities.

#### Directives

Although short, prioritized directives for collection missions have come from top-level inter-agency policy boards, directives more often come from lower managerial levels. They are most useful in the following circumstances:

* Where a command relationship exists
* Where there is only one customer, or one customer is more important than the others
* Where a single method of collection, with precise, limited, comprehensible capabilities, is involved

Technical collection methods are the least ambiguous, with meaningful priorities and actual, scheduled resources. HUMINT is flexible, but uses a wider range of methods. Agencies requiring HUMINT prepare lists of priorities which establish goals, provide a basis for planning and summarize the information needs of consumers.

#### Requests

Most requirements fall into this category, including the majority of those with requirement-tracking identifiers in a community-wide numbering system administered by a central group. Requests vary, from a twenty-word question to a fifty-page questionnaire and asking for one fact or a thousand related facts. Its essence is the relationship between requester and collector.

A variant on the request is the solicited requirement, in which the request itself is requested by the collector. The collector informs the customer of their capability and asks for requirements tailored to it. The consumer and collector then negotiate a requirement and priority. In clandestine collection, solicited requirements are regularly used for legal travelers, for defectors and returnees, and for others whose capability or knowledge can be used only through detailed guidance or questioning. Solicited requirements blend into jointly developed ones, in which collector and consumer work out the requirement (usually for a subject of broad scope, at the collector's initiative).

#### Administration

A department (or agency) which collects intelligence primarily to satisfy its own requirements usually maintains an internal requirements system with its own terminology, categories and priorities, with a single requirements office to direct its collection on behalf of its consumers. One requirements office, or a separate branch of it, represents collector and consumer in dealing with other agencies. Where consumers depend on many collectors and collections serve consumers throughout the community, no such one-to-one system is possible and each major component (collector or consumer) has its own requirements office.

Requirements offices are middlemen, with an understanding of the problems of those they represent and those whom they deal with on the outside. A consumer requirements officer must find the best collection bargain he can for his analyst client, and a collector requirements officer must find the best use for the resources he represents and protect them from unreasonable demands.

## Source sensitivity

Intelligence taken from sensitive sources cannot be used without exposing the methods or persons providing it. A strength of the British penetration of the German Enigma cryptosystem was that no information learned from it or other systems was used for operations without a more plausible reason for the information leak that the Germans would believe. If the movement of a ship was learned through deciphered Enigma, a reconnaissance aircraft was sent into the same area and allowed to be seen by the Axis so the detection was attributed to the aircraft. When an adversary knows that a cryptosystem has been broken, they usually change systems immediately, cutting off a source of information and turning the break against the attacker, or they leave the system unchanged and use it to deliver disinformation.

In strategic arms limitation, a different sensitivity applied. Early in the discussion, the public acknowledgement of satellite photography elicited concern that the "Soviet Union could be particularly disturbed by public recognition of this capability \[satellite photography\]...which it has veiled."

## Separating source from content

Early in the collection process, the identity of the source is removed from reports to protect clandestine sources from being discovered. A basic model is to separate the raw material into three parts:

1. True source identity; very closely held
2. Pseudonyms, code names or other identifiers
3. All reports from the source

Since the consumer will need some idea of source quality, it is not uncommon in the intelligence community to have several variants on the source identifier. At the highest level, the source might be described as "a person with access to the exact words of cabinet meetings". At the next level of sensitivity, a more general description could be "a source with good knowledge of the discussions in cabinet meetings". Going down another level the description gets even broader, as "a generally reliable source familiar with thinking in high levels of the government".

## Collection department ratings

In U.S. practice, a typical system, using the basic A-F and 1-6 conventions below, comes from (FM 2-22.3, Appendix B, Source and Information Reliability Matrix). Raw reports are typically given a two-part rating by the collection department, which also removes all precise source identification before sending the report to the analysts.

Source ratings
| Code | Source rating | Explanation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A | Reliable | No doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness or competency; has a history of complete reliability |
| B | Usually reliable | Minor doubt about authenticity, trustworthiness or competency; has a history of valid information most of the time |
| C | Fairly reliable | Doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness or competency, but has provided valid information in the past |
| D | Not usually reliable | Significant doubt about authenticity, trustworthiness or competency but has provided valid information in the past |
| E | Unreliable | Lacking in authenticity, trustworthiness and competency; history of invalid information |
| F | Cannot be judged | No basis exists |

Information content ratings
| Code | Rating | Explanation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Confirmed | Confirmed by other independent sources; logical in itself; consistent with other information on the subject |
| 2 | Probably true | Not confirmed; logical in itself; consistent with other information on the subject |
| 3 | Possibly true | Not confirmed; reasonably logical in itself; agrees with some other information on the subject |
| 4 | Doubtfully true | Not confirmed; possible but not logical; no other information on the subject |
| 5 | Improbable | Not confirmed; not logical in itself; contradicted by other information on the subject |
| 6 | Cannot be judged | No basis exists |

An "A" rating might mean a thoroughly trusted source, such as your own communications intelligence operation. Although that source might be completely reliable, if it has intercepted a message which other intelligence has indicated was deceptive the report reliability might be rated 5 (known false) and the report would be A-5. A human source's reliability rating would be lower if the source is reporting on a technical subject and its expertise is unknown.

Another source might be a habitual liar, but provides enough accurate information to be useful. Its trust rating would be "E"; if the report was independently confirmed, it would be rated "E-1".

Most intelligence reports are somewhere in the middle, and a "B-2" is taken seriously. It is sometimes impossible to rate the reliability of the source (often from lack of experience with it), so an F-3 could be a reasonably probable report from an unknown source. An extremely trusted source might submit a report which cannot be confirmed or denied, so it would get an "A-6" rating.

### Evaluating sources

In a report rating the source part is a composite, reflecting experience with the source's reporting history, their direct knowledge of what is being reported and their understanding of the subject. Similarly, technical collection may have uncertainty about a specific report, such as partial cloud cover obscuring a photograph.

When a source is untested, "then evaluation of the information must be done solely on its own merits, independent of its origin". A primary source passes direct knowledge of an event to the analyst. A secondary source provides information twice removed from the original event: one observer informs another, who then relays the account to the analyst. The more numerous the steps between the information and the source, the greater the opportunity for error or distortion.

Another part of a source rating is proximity. A human source who participated in a conversation has the best proximity, but the proximity is lower if the source recounts what a participant told him was said. Was the source a direct observer of the event, or (if a human source) is he or she reporting hearsay? Technical sensors may directly view an event, or infer it. A geophysical infrasound sensor can record the pressure wave of an explosion, but may be unable to tell if an explosion was due to a natural event or an industrial accident. It may be able to tell that the explosion was not nuclear, since nuclear explosions are more concentrated in time.

If a human source who has provided reliable political information submits a report on the technical details of a missile system, the source's reliability in political matters only generally supports the likelihood that the source understands rocket engineering. If they describe rocket details making no more sense than a low-budget science-fiction movie, such a report should be discounted (a component of the source rating known as appropriateness).

### Evaluating information

Separate from the source evaluation is the evaluation of the report's substance. The first factor is *plausibility*, indicating that the information is certain, uncertain, or impossible. Deception always must be considered for otherwise-plausible information.

Based on the analyst's knowledge of the subject, is the information something that reasonably follows from other things known about the situation? This is *expectability*. If traffic analysis puts the headquarters of a tank unit at a given location, and IMINT reveals a tank unit at that location doing maintenance typical of preparation for an attack, and a separate COMINT report indicates that a senior armor officer is flying to that location, an attack can be expected. In this example, the COMINT report has the *support* of traffic analysis and IMINT.

### Confirming reports

When evaluating a report is difficult, its confirmation may be the responsibility of the analysts, the collectors or both. In the U.S. the NSA is seen as a collection organization, with its reports to be analyzed by the CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency.

One example came from World War II, when U.S. Navy cryptanalysts intercepted a message in the JN-25 Japanese naval cryptosystem clearly related to an impending invasion of "AF". Analysts in Honolulu and Washington differed, however, as to whether AF referred to a location in the Central Pacific or in the Aleutians. Midway Island was the likely Central Pacific target, but the U.S. commanders needed to know where to concentrate their forces. Jason Holmes at the Honolulu station knew that Midway had to make (or import) its fresh water and arranged for a message to be sent to the Midway garrison via a secure undersea cable, in a cryptosystem known to have been broken by the Japanese, that their desalination plant was broken. Soon afterwards, a message in JN-25 said that "AF" was short of fresh water (confirming the target was Midway).


title: Apocalypse Peaks

abstract: The Apocalypse Peaks are a group of peaks with a highest point of 2,360 metres (7,740 ft), standing east of Willett Range and between Barwick Valley and Balham Valley, in Victoria Land, Antarctica.

text:
# Apocalypse Peaks

The **Apocalypse Peaks** (77°23′S 160°51′E / 77.383°S 160.850°E / -77.383; 160.850 (Apocalypse Peaks)) are a group of peaks with a highest point of 2,360 metres (7,740 ft), standing east of Willett Range and between Barwick Valley and Balham Valley, in Victoria Land, Antarctica.

## Name

The Apocalypse Peaks were so named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958–59) because the peaks are cut by talus slopes which gives them the appearance of the "Riders of the Apocalypse."

## Location

The Apocalypse Peaks are bounded by the Barwick Valley to the northeast and the Balham Valley to the southeast. The Willett Range lies to the west, the Cruzen Range (formerly part of the Clare Range) to the north, the Insel Range to the southeast and the Olympus Range to the south.

## Southern features

Features of the south of the peaks include, from west to east,

### Edbrooke Hill

77°23′40″S 160°38′18″E / 77.394444°S 160.638333°E / -77.394444; 160.638333. A hill, 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) high, at the extreme west end of the Apocalypse Peaks. The hill rises 100 metres (330 ft) high above the adjacent plateau ice, which diverges at the hill to the east-northeast-flowing Haselton Glacier and the east-flowing Huka Kapo Glacier. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2005) after Steven Edbrooke, geologist, New Zealand Geological Survey, who mapped coal measures at Mount Fleming, Shapeless Mountain, and Mount Electra in 1982-83; in upper Wright Valley, Clare Range, and Willett Range, 1992-93.

### Huka Kapo Glacier

77°24′05″S 160°42′02″E / 77.40134°S 160.700585°E / -77.40134; 160.700585. A glacier from the plateau of Willett Range. It flows east, southward of Edbrooke Hill, and terminates nearly midway along the south side of Apocalypse Peaks. “Huka Kapo” is a Maori word, meaning driving hail, and was applied descriptively to this glacier by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 2005.

### Bryan Glacier

77°24′15″S 160°55′45″E / 77.4041667°S 160.9291667°E / -77.4041667; 160.9291667. A glacier that flows south from a divide with Papitashvili Valley. Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (2005) after John Bryan, an Australian coal geologist who led a party in mapping the Permian coal measures at Mount Fleming, Shapeless Mountain, and Mount Electra during one visit in 1982-83.

### Rose Crest

77°23′26″S 160°56′17″E / 77.390611°S 160.938061°E / -77.390611; 160.938061. A summit about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high at the south end of Wendler Spur. The feature stands between the head of Albert Valley and Papitashvili Valley. Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (2005) after Geoffrey (Toby) Rose, leader of a party that investigated coal measures in the Mount Bastion and Sponsors Peak area, 1984-85.

### Pūanu Glacier

77°23′30″S 160°58′40″E / 77.3916667°S 160.9777778°E / -77.3916667; 160.9777778. A glacier that occupies the upper portion of Papitashvili Valley. “Pūanu” is a Maori word, meaning intense cold, and was applied descriptively to this glacier in 2005 by the New Zealand Geographic Board.

### Turnbull Peak

77°23′26″S 161°01′19″E / 77.39048°S 161.021851°E / -77.39048; 161.021851. A peak rising to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high at the head of Hernandez Valley. Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2005) after Ian Turnbull, an Institute of Geology and Nuclear Sciences geologist, who was a member of geology mapping parties at Asgard Range, Victoria Valley, Saint Johns Range, and at the Mackay Glacier and Wilson Piedmont Glacier areas in several field seasons 1988-89 to 1997-98.

## Northern features

Features of the north of the peaks include, from west to east,

### Mount Dragovan

77°22′53″S 160°42′27″E / 77.381343°S 160.707434°E / -77.381343; 160.707434. The highest summit in Apocalypse Peaks, rising to 2,360 metres (7,740 ft) high west of Wreath Valley in the west part of the group. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2005) after astronomer Mark W. Dragovan, who (1986) collaborated with Yerkes engineer Robert J. Pernic to build a telescope to observe the early formation of structure in the universe; nine field seasons at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica, 1988-2000.

### Lazzara Ledge

77°22′37″S 160°46′12″E / 77.376868°S 160.769899°E / -77.376868; 160.769899. A flat-topped ridge rising to 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) high northeast of Mount Dragovan. The ledge comprises the central part of the divide between Haselton Glacier and Wreath Valley. Named by US-ACAN (2005) after Matthew A. Lazzara of the United States Antarctic Project (USAP) Antarctic Meteorological Research Center field team, who worked in the McMurdo Station area and at other Antarctic locations in eight summer seasons, 1994-2004.

### Wreath Valley

77°22′42″S 160°49′33″E / 77.378213°S 160.825878°E / -77.378213; 160.825878. An ice-free valley between Lazzara Ledge and Conway Peak. It is the westmost in a group of four aligned hanging valleys. So named by US-ACAN (2005) from an ice and rock formation on the valley headwall, which is wreathlike in appearance and visible from a great distance.

### Conway Peak

77°22′13″S 160°53′45″E / 77.370278°S 160.895833°E / -77.370278; 160.895833. An ice-free peak which rises to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high between the foot of Wreath Valley and Albert Valley. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2005) after Maurice Conway of Thames, New Zealand; field guide in eight summer seasons for German expeditions to Victoria Land, Marie Byrd Land, and Queen Maud Land, 1979-2000; field guide/technician in six seasons, 1997-2004, for United States Antarctic Project (USAP) at Roosevelt Island and west Marie Byrd Land ice streams.

### Wendler Spur

77°22′30″S 160°58′30″E / 77.37500°S 160.97500°E / -77.37500; 160.97500. A rock spur that descends north between Albert Valley and Papitashvili Valley. Named by US-ACAN (2005) after Gerd Wendler, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK; a USAP member in an international collaboration (France, Australia, United States) to study katabatic winds and their interaction with sea ice at Adélie Coast and George V Coast; several field seasons 1979-2001.

### Besson Spur

77°23′00″S 161°01′45″E / 77.383333°S 161.029167°E / -77.383333; 161.029167. A rock spur that descends north between Papitashvili Valley and Hernandez Valley. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2005) after David Z. Besson, Physics Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; AMANDA and related research at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station; eight field seasons 1997-2004.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Apocalypse Peaks | |
| --- | --- |
| Satellite image of the Apocalypse Peaks | |
| Geography | |
| Apocalypse Peaks | |
| Continent | Antarctica |
| Region | Victoria Land |
| Range coordinates | 77°23′S 160°51′E / 77.383°S 160.850°E / -77.383; 160.850 (Apocalypse Peaks) |