title: Valentín Gómez Farías

abstract: Valentín Gómez Farías was a Mexican physician and liberal politician who became president of Mexico twice, first from 1833 to 1834, during the period of the First Mexican Republic, and again from 1846 to 1847, during the Mexican–American War. Gómez Farías was elected to his first term in March 1833 along with Antonio López Santa Anna, with whom he would share the presidency. Both Congress and the administration elected during his term were notably Liberal, and pursued curtailing the political power of the Mexican Army and Catholic Church. Measures to prosecute members of the previous, conservative and autocratic presidency of Anastasio Bustamante were also carried out, but Gómez Farías sought to moderate them. Conservative revolts against these policies flared up, and eventually Gómez Farías' own vice-president Santa Anna switched sides and led his deposing in April 1834. In the wake of Gómez Farías' fall, the First Mexican Republic was replaced by the Centralist Republic of Mexico. Gómez Farías would continue to support a return to the federalist system and in 1840 he led a failed revolt against the government of Anastasio Bustamante who had returned to the presidency, culminating in a siege of the National Palace. The federal system eventually would be restored in 1846 after the beginning of the Mexican–American War, and in the subsequent presidential elections Gómez Farías would be re-elected along with Santa Anna who was now a supporter of federalism and with whom Gómez Farías had reconciled. They proceeded to share power as they had during their first administration. In order to fund the war effort, the Gómez Farías administration in January, 1847 nationalized and sold church lands. The measure was met with controversy and sparked revolts from Mexican conservatives. Meanwhile, Santa Anna was returning to Mexico City from the Battle of Buena Vista to focus on Winfield Scott's expedition at Veracruz. He received news of the revolt en route, and eventually took the role of arbitrator. Once again, Santa Anna would depose Gómez Farías after the two men had been elected together. Gómez Farías did not disappear from public life, and in 1856, he was elected to the congress which inaugurated the pivotal La Reforma which led to the Constitution of 1857, incorporating many of the reforms he had first attempted during his presidencies. He died in 1858 during the Reform War.

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# Valentín Gómez Farías

**Valentín Gómez Farías** (Spanish pronunciation: \[balenˈtiŋ ˈɡomes faˈɾias\]; 14 February 1781  5 July 1858) was a Mexican physician and liberal politician who became president of Mexico twice, first from 1833 to 1834, during the period of the First Mexican Republic, and again from 1846 to 1847, during the Mexican–American War.

Gómez Farías was elected to his first term in March 1833 along with Antonio López Santa Anna, with whom he would share the presidency. Both Congress and the administration elected during his term were notably Liberal, and pursued curtailing the political power of the Mexican Army and Catholic Church. Measures to prosecute members of the previous, conservative and autocratic presidency of Anastasio Bustamante were also carried out, but Gómez Farías sought to moderate them. Conservative revolts against these policies flared up, and eventually Gómez Farías' own vice-president Santa Anna switched sides and led his deposing in April 1834.

In the wake of Gómez Farías' fall, the First Mexican Republic was replaced by the Centralist Republic of Mexico. Gómez Farías would continue to support a return to the federalist system and in 1840 he led a failed revolt against the government of Anastasio Bustamante who had returned to the presidency, culminating in a siege of the National Palace.

The federal system eventually would be restored in 1846 after the beginning of the Mexican–American War, and in the subsequent presidential elections Gómez Farías would be re-elected along with Santa Anna who was now a supporter of federalism and with whom Gómez Farías had reconciled. They proceeded to share power as they had during their first administration. In order to fund the war effort, the Gómez Farías administration in January, 1847 nationalized and sold church lands. The measure was met with controversy and sparked revolts from Mexican conservatives. Meanwhile, Santa Anna was returning to Mexico City from the Battle of Buena Vista to focus on Winfield Scott's expedition at Veracruz. He received news of the revolt en route, and eventually took the role of arbitrator. Once again, Santa Anna would depose Gómez Farías after the two men had been elected together.

Gómez Farías did not disappear from public life, and in 1856, he was elected to the congress which inaugurated the pivotal La Reforma which led to the Constitution of 1857, incorporating many of the reforms he had first attempted during his presidencies. He died in 1858 during the Reform War.

## Early life

Valentin Gómez Farías was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco on 14 February 1781. He attended university in the same city, studying to be a physician. During his studies he learned French and read the Enlightenment works that were clandestinely being shared throughout New Spain at the time. His dissertation contained such a strong influence from Enlightenment authors that he managed to get the attention of the Mexican Inquisition, but no legal action was ever taken against him, and he opened a successful medical practice in Guadalajara.

On October 17 1817, he married Isabel López in the city of Aguascalientes.

In 1821, Mexican Independence was won under the leadership of Agustin de Iturbide through the Plan of Iguala which established the new nation as a monarchy. A congress was also elected to draft a constitution, a congress to which Gómez Farías was elected to. The original proposal for the throne was a member of the Spanish royal family, but after the Spanish government rejected the offer, Iturbide's supporters urged congress to elect him emperor. Among those supporting Iturbide at this time was Gómez Farías, who actually gave a speech in congress defending the right and legality of congress to elect Iturbide as Emperor, and Iturbide was subsequently elected as the emperor of the First Mexican Empire. The liberal Gómez Farías expected Iturbide to be a constitutional monarch, but in the subsequent months, Iturbide became increasingly autocratic, and viewed himself as sovereign over congress, even dissolving the body whereupon Gómez Farías turned on him.

After the fall of the Mexican Empire in 1823, Gómez Farías supported the ultimately successful presidential candidacy of Guadalupe Victoria who was inaugurated as the first president of Mexico. When under liberal president Vicente Guerrero, Lorenzo de Zavala resigned as minister of the treasury, due to the fact that he was also governor of the state of Mexico at the time, Gómez Farías was given the offer to replace him, but he refused the post.

When Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Veracruz against conservative president Anastasio Bustamante in 1832, Gómez Farías helped convince Governor Garcia of Zacatecas to side with the rebels. The rebellion would rage for most of the year and end with the overthrow of the president. After the fall of Anastasio Bustamante, Gómez Farías supported the candidacy of Gomez Pedraza. Manuel Gomez Pedraza was invited to hold the presidential seat until the next scheduled elections which were on March, and he chose Gómez Farías as Minister of the Treasury.

## First Presidency

In the elections of March, 1833, Gómez Farías and Santa Anna would be elected president and vice president respectively. They would share and alternate offices, and when Gomez Pedraza's term legally ended on 1 April, he actually passed down power to Gómez Farías, as Santa Anna was not in the capital at the time. This has been suspected as a ploy by Santa Anna to gauge public opinion regarding Gómez Farías’ intended radical reforms aimed at the Catholic Church and at the army.

### The Anti-Clerical Campaign

With Gómez Farías’ ascension to power, the press started to become increasingly anticlerical. The clergy was accused of being worldly, greedy hypocrites, and the Bible was attacked as full of absurdities and falsehoods from an ignorant era. The authority of the pope was also attacked. Progressives proclaimed that Mexican independence was not only from Spain but from the pope as well, and the clergy were attacked as subject to a foreign power. Catholic priests were insulted and called ministers of Huītzilōpōchtli (who received human sacrifices), Pharisees, and aristocrats. Anti-clerical writers also quoted the speeches of the French Revolutionary Assembly in favor of their cause.

Priests were placed under government surveillance. Minister Miguel Ramos Arizpe decreed that papal bulls and other papal proclamations could not be published in Mexico without authority of the government. In keeping with the political atmosphere, it was proposed that congress take no break during Holy Week of 1833, but the measure failed to pass.

The state of Mexico at this time governed by Lorenzo de Zavala, lifted the legal obligations to pay tithes. The congress of Veracruz and other state legislatures passed decrees to seize the goods of religious communities, and then the state of Veracruz suppressed all monasteries. This only provoked fears that the government was about to suppress all religion, and Gómez Farías had to release a message explaining that he had no such intentions.

On 27 October 1833, a measure was passed lifting the legal obligation to pay tithes nationally. A commission of the chamber of deputies recommended nationalizing all church properties, but this was not passed as a law. On 6 November 1833, the legal obligation to fulfill monastic vows was lifted. On 17 December 1833, a measure was passed granting the Mexican government the power to make appointments to the church hierarchy, the so-called *patronato*. Previous appointments that had been made without government approval were declared annulled.

The reformers hoped that removing the legal obligation to pay tithes would starve the church of funds, but most people kept paying them. Similarly most monks and nuns stayed in their religious communities in spite of now being legally allowed to leave.

In October, clergy were then forbidden from teaching, and the University of Mexico was shut down due to being run by the church. The chapel of the university was turned into a brewery. In 1834, the anti-clerical campaign reached the height of its intensity. Religious feasts and their accompanying celebrations were suppressed throughout the country, and clergy were forbidden from forming cofraternities without a government license. In some local cases monasteries and churches were seized. Some churches were turned into theaters.

### Proscriptions and Backlash

Conservatives exiled by Gómez Farías included José Mariano Michelena (left) and José María Gutiérrez de Estrada (right).

When Gómez Farías first came into power, all of Anastasio Bustamante’s former ministers went into hiding, with the exception of Rafael Mangino y Mendívil, the former minister of the treasury. A tribunal was formed to judge former members of the Bustamante administration. On 23 June 1833, amidst insurrections flaring up all over the country, the congress passed a law, the so-called *Ley del Caso* authorizing the arrest and exile for six years of fifty one individuals considered enemies of the government among them, ex-president Bustamante, José Mariano Michelena, Zenon Fernandez, Francisco Molinos del Campo, Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada, and Miguel Santa María. Santa Maria published a pamphlet criticizing the government for filling the prisons with political dissidents. The *Ley del Caso* was passed against the opposition of Gómez Farías who wished to be more moderate with his opposition. He was also opposed to the death penalty for political offenses.

The government also began purging the army of undesirable generals, measures which had begun under Gomez Pedraza, and which were reviled as arbitrary, inspiring opposition against the government amongst the military.

### Failed Revolts

On 26 May, in Morelia, Colonel Ignacio Escalada pronounced against the government, and invited Santa Anna to join him in overthrowing Gómez Farías. Santa Anna did not acquiesce, took arms against other insurrections that were flaring up across the country. Escalada would be defeated by General Valencia.

At this point, Santa Anna's own troops mutinied against him on 6 June, at Xuchi, and he was taken to Yautepec. They proclaimed him dictator however and wished to join the rebels. The rebellion spread to the capital and on 7 June, soldiers and police revolted and began to attack the National Palace, only to be defeated.

Gómez Farías organized six thousand troops, put the capital under martial law, and rewards were offered for anyone that helped Santa Anna escape. Meanwhile, Santa Anna after noticing the failure of the insurrection at the capital, escaped from his rebel troops, and returned to the government.

On 10 July, Santa Anna marched out of the capital with two thousand four hundred men and six pieces of artillery. He drove the rebel general Mariano Arista, who had initially invited Santa Anna to join the rebels into Guanajuato where the latter surrendered on 8 October. The country was pacified for the moment.

### Overthrow

Santa Anna had already rejected multiple offers to join in overthrowing Gómez Farías, but in 1834, as there was increasing backlash against the anti-clerical campaign, as his estate at Manga del Clavo was being flooded with pleas from all over the country to restrain Gómez Farías and Congress, and as there was ongoing infighting among Gómez Farías’ progressive supporters, Santa Anna decided in April to finally take action.

Congress was dissolved, the *patronato* was annulled, bishops who had been in hiding were restored to their sees. The tribunal for judging former members of the Bustamante administration was abolished, the University of Mexico was restored, and those who were exiled were allowed to come home.

## Life Between Presidencies

Gómez Farías would leave Mexico and move to New Orleans where he lived off of his savings. He would return in 1838, and was greeted by his supporters at Veracruz. When he entered the capital, some members of the public cheered their old president. Gómez Farías was legally permitted to be in the country, but after learning of the clamor with which he was greeted, the council of ministers passed a resolution to keep him under surveillance.

Gómez Farías was able to meet with President Bustamante, whom he had helped overthrow in 1832, and assured him that he would respect the government. The government arrested him on suspicion of sedition anyways, and Gómez Farías admitted to the judge that he had held political meetings at his home. Farias was nonetheless shortly released as a result of one of Bustamante's short lived ministries whom were sympathetic to federalism.

### Federalist Revolution of 1840

Meanwhile, a conspiracy was being organized by the Federalist General José de Urrea, who had already tried to overthrow Bustamante in 1838. He was imprisoned but had kept in communication with his federalist associates and on 15 July 1840, he escaped from prison. With a few hundred troops, Urrea broke into the National Palace, snuck past sleeping palace guards, overpowered Bustamante's private bodyguard, and surprised the president in his bedchambers. As Bustamante reached for his sword, Urrea announced his presence, to which the president replied with an insult. The soldiers aimed their muskets at Bustamante, but were restrained by their officer who reminded them that Bustamante had once been Iturbide's second in command. The president was assured that his person would be respected, but was now a prisoner of the rebels. Almonte, the minister of war had meanwhile escaped to organize a rescue.

The rebels now offered command of the revolution to Gómez Farías and he accepted. Government and federalist forces converged at the capital. Federalists occupied the entire vicinity of the National Palace while government forces prepared their positions for an attack. Skirmishes broke out the entire afternoon, sometimes involving artillery. A cannonball crashed through the dining room where the captive president was having dinner, covering his table with debris.

The conflict appeared to be reaching a stalemate, and the president was released in order to try and reach a negotiation. Negotiations broke down and the capital had to face twelve days of warfare, which resulted in property damage, civilian loss of life, and a large exodus of refugees out of the city. Now news was received that government reinforcements were on the way under the command of Santa Anna. Rather than face a protracted conflict that would destroy the capital, negotiations were started again and an agreement was reached whereby there would be a ceasefire, and the rebels would be granted amnesty.

## Mexican–American War

Gómez Farías went into hiding, and on 2 September, he left for Veracruz. He headed then to New York and then to Yucatán which at this point had declared independence and advocated a return to the federalist system. He lived there for two years and then moved back to New Orleans, finally returning to Mexico in 1845, after the overthrow of Santa Anna.

He was named a senator by President Herrera and Gómez Farías expressed his opposition towards Herrera's policy of seeking to end the effort to reconquer Texas. He however refused any role in the subsequent administration of Mariano Paredes, who overthrew Herrera because of his conciliatory efforts towards Texas. When the Mexican-American War broke out, Gómez Farías supported inviting back his old enemy Santa Anna under the belief that he could hold Mexico together during such a crisis.

Gómez Farías was minister of finance under the short presidency of José Mariano Salas, and he accepted the post under the condition that internal tariffs would be abolished, authoritarian laws be reformed, and that the war be continued based upon the unity of all Mexicans. He remained in the ministry for a little over a month, during which Santa Anna reentered the capital accompanied in his carriage by Gómez Farías holding the 1824 Constitution by his side.

### Second Presidency

In December 1846, Santa Anna and Gómez Farías were elected as president and vice president, again as they had been thirteen years earlier in 1833, and much as then they would exchange offices, with Gómez Farías being able to serve as president during this time.

Gómez Farías now declared that the war would be waged for as long as it took to expel the Americans from all Mexican territory. He struggled to form a stable cabinet, and in December 1846, had to deal with Yucatán seceding again, and wishing to take no part in the war. Yucatecan ships began to fly their own flag to avoid being seized by the American navy.

### Nationalizing Church Lands

The Valentín Gómez Farías cabinet during the Mexican-America War included José Fernando Ramírez (left) and Valentin Canalizo (right).

The government was struggling to finance the war, a problem made worse by corruption in the finance ministry, which did not inspire confidence when the government proposed an audit of property owners. On 7 January 1847, a measure was introduced to congress signed by four of five members of a financial ministry commission, endorsing the seizure of fifteen million pesos from the church by nationalizing and then selling its lands, which in turn alarmed Gómez Farías' opponents into fearing that he was reviving the anti-clerical campaign of 1833.

The decree was signed by the president of congress Pedro María de Anaya, and Gómez Farías approved it with the support of finance minister Zubieta. The latter was given instructions to avoid any fraud, or hiding of wealth that would impede the efficacy of the measure. Tenants on church lands were to be fined if they did not hand over their rent to government agents instead of the church. Minister of Relations José Fernando Ramírez recommended that application of the relevant Indian laws in anticipation of political agitation in the churches. Minister of War Valentin Canalizo urged the utmost severity in enforcing laws against those upsetting the public order.

Local opposition to the decree was more marked. The legislatures of Queretaro, Puebla, and Guanajuato petitioned congress to nullify the decree, the State of Durango refused to enforce it, and the State of Querétaro proposed an alternative plan to fund the war effort. Tenants who lived on church lands were also resistant to the enforcement of the decree.

The liberal paper *El Monitor Republicano* was incredulous that amidst all available options for raising funds, the government had chosen to nationalize church lands in the middle of a war, without sounding public opinion, and reminded its readers that the last time Gómez Farías tried to nationalize church lands in 1833 it ended with the overthrow of the liberal government.

Minister of Relations Ramirez resigned after clashes with the cabinet, including difficulties in finding buyers of church lands. On 26 January, President Gómez Farías named a junta charged with carrying out the sales of church lands. The legal secretaries Cuevas and Mendez were fined for not wishing to participate. A measure was taken to audit the finance ministry to reduce corruption in general and the relevant officials were also obliged to present a report every four days on the progress of the church land sales and to explain any factors that were causing any delays.

There were demonstrations in the capital as early as 15 January, but the government was obstinate in carrying out its policy of nationalizing church lands. The Oaxaca garrison pronounced against the government on 21 February. Mazatlan followed, and much as when there had been revolts against the first presidency of Gómez Farías, the rebels began to call for Santa Anna with whom Gómez Farías was sharing power, to take over the government.

Meanwhile, peaceful opposition against the nationalization law continued. Liberal Deputy Mariano Otero protested against the measure, and the new finance minister José Luis Huici refused to sign it.

### Revolt of the Polkos

Sensing that members of the newly formed national guard at the capital were not sympathetic to the government. Valentin Gómez Farías tried to move them to locations where they would not be a threat to the government. He intended to move the Independence Battalion, away from the university located next to the National Palace. He sent on 24 February, troops led by his own son to expel the Independence Battalion from their temporary barracks. The battalion was a militia made up of middle class professionals, and their expulsion from the city threatened the livelihoods of their families. This resulted in protest and outrage, followed by the arrest of certain members of the Independence Battalion.

On 27 February, several national guard battalions proclaimed against the government. They released a manifesto excoriating the government for pursuing a divisive policy instead of uniting the country in the war effort and seeking a means of funding the military that was backed by national consensus. This came to be known as the *Revolt of the Polkos*, because the young middle-class men who made up the militias stationed throughout the capital were known for dancing the polka. The rebels were joined by General José Mariano Salas, who had already played a role during the war of overthrowing President Mariano Paredes. General Matías de la Peña Barragán chief of the rebels met with Valentin Canalizo on 28 February and they negotiated on the matter of an arrangement, with Pena insisting on the deposition of Gómez Farías. Negotiations failed and the revolt continued.

Meanwhile, news arrived that Santa Anna had won the Battle of Buena Vista which took place from 22 to 23 February, and which in reality had been a draw. Santa Anna was heading back to Mexico City to arrange defenses against the forces of Winfield Scott who had just landed at Veracruz. He was at the town of Matehuala on the way from Angostura to San Luis Potosi City, when received news that there had been a revolution against the government of Valentin Gómez Farías.

Upon arrival in San Luis Potosí on 10 March, he wrote two letters one to Gómez Farías and one to Peña Barragán ordering them both to suspend hostilities, which they did so, awaiting the arrival and arbitration of Santa Anna. On his way to the capital he was met by representatives from both sides of the conflict hoping to sway him to their cause. On 21 March, representatives of the constitutional congress including Mariano Otero, José María Lafragua, and others, set out to present Santa Anna with an offer to assume the presidency. He continued receiving representatives of various interests and was congratulated for his ‘victory' at Buena Vista. Ignacio Trigueros was named new governor of the federal district and Pedro María de Anaya was named the new commandant general.

## Later life

Valentin Gómez Farías resigned, the insurrection ended, troops were sent back to their stations, and the presidency passed over to Santa Anna. He would remain active in politics, serving as a congressman and fighting against those who would wish to come to an arrangement with the Americans.

In 1850, he was put forth as a candidate for the presidency by the newspaper *El Tribuno*, and was also the liberal candidate for the ayuntamiento of Mexico City. He lived to see his old colleague and enemy Santa Anna reestablish a dictatorship in 1852, but also his fall from grace through the triumph of the liberal Plan of Ayutla in 1855. Once the Plan of Ayutla had triumphed he travelled to Cuernavaca in order to be a part of the Junta of Representatives which was installed in the city's theater on 4 October 1855. He was designated president of the Junta with his vice president being the radical Melchor Ocampo, and as one of the secretaries was chosen the future president of Mexico, Benito Juárez. Under the presidency of Juan Alvarez, he was named administrator of the post. As a representative of Jalisco, he was part of the constituent congress that drafted the Constitution of 1857, incorporating his liberal ideals and the anti-clerical reforms that he had championed since 1833. On 5 February 1857, he was the first representative to swear allegiance to the new constitution.

Gómez Farías died on 5 July 1858, a few months into the War of Reform. His funeral was attended by the American minister John Forsyth Jr., and Gómez Farías was buried in Mixcoac.

1. "Verba Iuris - la palabra del Derecho". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
2. "¿Por qué México no tiene vicepresidente?". 6 April 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
3. "¿Por qué en México no hay un vicepresidente del Gobierno?". 21 November 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
4. Múñoz y Pérez 1974, p. 5
5. Bancroft 1880, pp. 129–130.
6. Múñoz y Pérez 1974, p. 8
7. Bancroft 1880, p. 130.
8. Bancroft 1880, p. 82.
9. Bancroft 1880, p. 118.
10. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 173.
11. Bancroft 1880, p. 128.
12. Zamacois 1880, p. 26.
13. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 174.
14. Zamacois 1880, pp. 27.
15. Rivera Cambas 1873, pp. 174–175.
16. Zamacois 1880, p. 24.
17. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 175.
18. Zamacois 1880, p. 39.
19. Zamacois 1880, p. 40.
20. Zamacois 1880, pp. 41, 44.
21. Zamacois 1880, pp. 17, 33.
22. Arrangoiz, Francisco de Paula (1872). *Mexico Desde 1808 Hasta 1867 Tomo II* (in Spanish). Perez Dubrull. pp. 216–217.
23. Bancroft 1880, p. 131.
24. Zamacois 1880, p. 11.
25. Bancroft 1880, p. 132.
26. Bancroft 1880, p. 132–133.
27. Bancroft 1880, pp. 133–134.
28. Bancroft 1880, pp. 134–135.
29. Zamacois 1880, pp. 44–45.
30. Zamacois 1880, p. 45.
31. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 180.
32. Bancroft 1880, pp. 218–219.
33. Bancroft 1880, p. 221.
34. Bancroft 1880, pp. 222–223.
35. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 181.
36. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 312.
37. Rivera Cambas 1873, pp. 305, 313.
38. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 313.
39. Zamacois 1880, p. 553.
40. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 314.
41. Zamacois 1880, p. 555–556.
42. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 315.
43. Zamacois 1880, pp. 554–555.
44. Zamacois 1880, pp. 566, 569–570.
45. Bancroft 1880, p. 305.
46. Zamacois 1880, p. 572.
47. Zamacois 1880, p. 628.
48. Zamacois 1880, p. 629.
49. Zamacois 1880, pp. 631, 635, 638.
50. Zamacois 1880, p. 639.
51. Zamacois 1880, pp. 640–642, 644.
52. Rivera Cambas 1873, p. 320.

### Bibliography

## Further reading

* Fowler, Will. "Valentín Gómez Farías: Perceptions of Radicalism in Independent Mexico, 1821-1847". *Bulletin of Latin American Research* 15:1 (1996).
* Hutchinson, Cecil Allan. *Valentín Gómez Farías: La vida de un republicano*. Translated by Marco Antonio Silva. Guadalajara, Mexico: Unidad Editorial de la Secretaría General del Gobierno de Jalisco. 1983.
* Mills, Elizabeth. *Don Valentín Gómez Farías y el desarrollo de sus ideas políticas*. Mexico City: UNAM 1957.
* Santoni, Pedro. *Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848*. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University 1996.
* Santoni, Pedro. "Valentín Gómez Farías" in *Encyclopedia of Mexico*. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 600-01.

## InfoBox

| Valentín Gómez Farías | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 7th President of Mexico | |
| **In office**<br>1 April  16 May 1833 | |
| Vice President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Manuel Gómez Pedraza |
| Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| **In office**<br>3  18 June 1833 | |
| Vice President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| **In office**<br>5 July  27 October 1833 | |
| Vice President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| **In office**<br>16 December 1833  24 April 1834 | |
| Vice President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| **In office**<br>23 December 1846  21 March 1847 | |
| Vice President | Himself |
| Preceded by | José Mariano Salas |
| Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| 3rd & 5th Vice President of Mexico | |
| **In office**<br>1 April 1833  26 January 1835 | |
| Vice President | Himself (3 times)<br>Antonio López de Santa Anna (3 times) |
| Preceded by | Anastasio Bustamante |
| Succeeded by | Nicolás Bravo |
| **In office**<br>23 December 1846  1 April 1847 | |
| Vice President | Himself<br>Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| Preceded by | Nicolás Bravo |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished<br>Ramón Corral (position re-established) |
| President of the Senate of Mexico | |
| **In office**<br>1 January 1825  31 January 1825 | |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Simón de la Garza |
| Cabinet positions   18th Minister of Finance  **In office**<br>2 February 1833  31 March 1833  President Manuel Gómez Pedraza  Preceded by Miguel Ramos Arizpe  Succeeded by José María Bocanegra | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1781-02-14)14 February 1781<br>Guadalajara, New Kingdom of Galicia, New Spain<br>(now Jalisco, Mexico) |
| Died | 5 July 1858(1858-07-05) (aged 77)<br>Mexico City, Mexico |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Isabel López  (m. 1817; died 1858) |
| Alma mater | Royal University of Guadalajara |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


# Grace Potter and the Nocturnals discography

This is the discography for American rock band Grace Potter and the Nocturnals.

## Albums

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US Rock
 | US Heat.
 | US Digital | US Taste.
 |
| *Nothing but the Water* | * Released: September 20, 2005 * Label: Grace Potter * Format: CD |  |  |  |  |  |
| *This Is Somewhere* | * Released: August 7, 2007 * Label: Hollywood * Format: CD, DI | 119 |  | 1 |  |  |
| *Grace Potter and the Nocturnals* | * Released: June 8, 2010 * Label: Hollywood * Format: DI, LP, CD+ | 19 | 3 |  | 9 | 6 |
| *The Lion the Beast the Beat* | * Released: June 12, 2012 * Label: Hollywood * Format: CD, LP, DI | 17 | 7 |  | 10 | 2 |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Live albums

List of live albums, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Live Oh Five* | * Released: 2005 * Label: Grace Potter Music * Format: CD |
| *Live in Skowhegan* | * Released: December 21, 2008 * Label: Hollywood * Format: CD |
| *Live from the Legendary Sun Studio* | * Released: April 21, 2012 * Label: Hollywood * Format: CD, LP |
| *Vaulturnal Volume 1: August 19, 2013 Tanglewood, Lenox, MA* | * Released: November 25, 2014 * Label: Hollywood * Format: CD, digital |

## Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US Adult
Pop
 | US AAA
 | US Rock
 | US Rock Digital
 | CAN
 | |
| "Ah, Mary" | 2007 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | *This Is Somewhere* |
| | "Apologies" |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Ain't No Time" |  |  | 24 |  |  | |  |
| "Tiny Light" | 2010 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | *Grace Potter and the Nocturnals* |
| | "Medicine" |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Paris (Ooh La La)" |  | 20 | 16 |  | 19 | |  |
| "Please Come Home for Christmas" | 2011 |  |  |  |  | 37 |  | *Christmas with Grace Potter and the Nocturnals* |
| "Never Go Back" | 2012 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | *The Lion the Beast the Beat* |
| | "Stars" | 95 | 27 | 15 | 13 | 14 | | 86 |
| | "Runaway" |  |  | 28 |  |  | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | | |

## Other songs

## Music videos

List of music videos
| Title | Year | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Tiny Light" | 2010 | Paul Minor |
| | | "Paris (Ooh La La)" |
| "You and Tequila" (Kenny Chesney with Grace Potter) | 2011 | Shaun Silva |
| "Never Go Back" | 2012 | Isaac Rentz |
| | "Stars" | Philip Andelman |
| "Wild Child" (Kenny Chesney with Grace Potter) | 2015 | Shaun Silva |


title: Motherless (painting)

abstract: Motherless is an 1895 painting by Walter Langley. The painting depicts a child in bed, illuminated by the sunlight. An elderly woman and the child's sister sit nearby. It was painted the same year that Clara, Langley's wife and the mother of his four children died of a stroke.

text:
# Motherless (painting)

***Motherless*** is an 1895 painting by Walter Langley. The painting depicts a child in bed, illuminated by the sunlight. An elderly woman and the child's sister sit nearby. It was painted the same year that Clara, Langley's wife and the mother of his four children died of a stroke.

## The painting

*Motherless* is an 1895 painting by Walter Langley. It was painted the same year that Clara, Langley's wife and the mother of his four children died of a stroke. The painting shows a child in bed, illuminated by the sunlight. An elderly woman and the child's sister sit nearby.

## Critical reception

The painting was selected for the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition in 1894 and hung in Gallery X. It was described in the Summer Exhibition's programme notes as a "grey picture, relieved by yellow blanket and bowl of primroses". The painting was in a private collection as of 2005. A reviewer for *The Sketch* felt the title was "somewhat sickly" but Langley's painting was superior to another painting of the same title by Frederick D. Wallen. A reviewer for *London Society* felt it was the "lest offensive" of the "avowedly story pictures" and that the elderly woman's "pathetic expression" was "particularly good". *The Art Journal* felt that the painting suffered from "a love of mournful subjects" which Langley shared with other Newlyn artists and described the subject as a "golden-haired child sick into death" surrounded by "all the minutely observed paraphernalia of poverty".

It is described as "a very touching scene" in *Media History* (1998).

* Royal Academy pictures : illustrating the ... exhibition of the Royal Academy: being the Royal Academy supplement of The Magazine of art; London (Jan 1895): \[n. pag.\]-3.

## InfoBox

| *Motherless* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Walter Langley |
| Completion date | 1895 |


# Motor racing at the 1936 Summer Olympics

Motor racing was held as an unofficial exhibition event, the "Olympic Rally", alongside the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## Event

Little is known about the competition, though gold medals are known to have been awarded to Betty Haig of Great Britain (and her co-driver, either Joyce Lambert or Barbara Marshall) in a Singer Le Mans, as well as Paul Abt of Switzerland in a Riley Falcon.

According to the official rules and regulations document, points were awarded for crossing certain checkpoints, with all racers who surpassed 2,000 points being awarded a gold medal, 1,000 points getting a silver, and all others who completed the course getting a bronze.

Some sources claim that Fritz Huschke von Hanstein of Germany was awarded a silver trophy.


title: Motor skill

abstract: A motor skill is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task. These tasks could include walking, running, or riding a bike. In order to perform this skill, the body's nervous system, muscles, and brain have to all work together. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ability to perform the skill at the rate of success, precision, and to reduce the energy consumption required for performance. Performance is an act of executing a motor skill or task. Continuous practice of a specific motor skill will result in a greatly improved performance, which leads to motor learning. Motor learning is a relatively permanent change in the ability to perform a skill as a result of continuous practice or experience. A fundamental movement skill is a developed ability to move the body in coordinated ways to achieve consistent performance at demanding physical tasks, such as found in sports, combat or personal locomotion, especially those unique to humans, such as ice skating, skateboarding, kayaking, or horseback riding. Movement skills generally emphasize stability, balance, and a coordinated muscular progression from prime movers to secondary movers when conducting explosive movements, such as throwing a baseball. In most physical training, development of core musculature is a central focus. In the athletic context, fundamental movement skills draw upon human physiology and sport psychology.

text:
# Motor skill

A **motor skill** is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task. These tasks could include walking, running, or riding a bike. In order to perform this skill, the body's nervous system, muscles, and brain have to all work together. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ability to perform the skill at the rate of success, precision, and to reduce the energy consumption required for performance. Performance is an act of executing a motor skill or task. Continuous practice of a specific motor skill will result in a greatly improved performance, which leads to motor learning. Motor learning is a relatively permanent change in the ability to perform a skill as a result of continuous practice or experience.

A **fundamental movement skill** is a developed ability to move the body in coordinated ways to achieve consistent performance at demanding physical tasks, such as found in sports, combat or personal locomotion, especially those unique to humans, such as ice skating, skateboarding, kayaking, or horseback riding. Movement skills generally emphasize stability, balance, and a coordinated muscular progression from prime movers (legs, hips, lower back) to secondary movers (shoulders, elbow, wrist) when conducting explosive movements, such as throwing a baseball. In most physical training, development of core musculature is a central focus. In the athletic context, fundamental movement skills draw upon human physiology and sport psychology.

## Types of motor skills

Motor skills are movements and actions of the muscles. There are two major groups of motor skills:

* Gross motor skills – require the use of large muscle groups in our legs, torso, and arms to perform tasks such as: walking, balancing, and crawling. The skill required is not extensive and therefore are usually associated with continuous tasks. Much of the development of these skills occurs during early childhood. We use our gross motor skills on a daily basis without putting much thought or effort into them. The performance level of gross motor skill remains unchanged after periods of non-use. Gross motor skills can be further divided into two subgroups: Locomotor skills, such as running, jumping, sliding, and swimming; and object-control skills such as throwing, catching, dribbling, and kicking.
* Fine motor skills – require the use of smaller muscle groups to perform smaller movements. These muscles include those found in our wrists, hands, fingers, feet and in our toes. These tasks are precise in nature like: playing the piano, tying shoelaces, brushing your teeth, and flossing. Some fine motor skills may be susceptible to retention loss of over a period of time if not in use. The phrase "if you don't use it, you lose it" is a perfect way to describe these skills, they need to be continuously used. Discrete tasks such as switch gears in an automobile, grasping an object, or striking a match, usually require more fine motor skill than gross motor skills.

Both gross and fine motor skills can become weakened or damaged. Some reasons for these impairments could be caused by an injury, illness, stroke, congenital deformities (an abnormal change in the size or shape of a body part at birth), cerebral palsy, and developmental disabilities. Problems with the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, or joints can also have an effect on these motor skills, and decrease control over them.

## Development

Motor skills develop in different parts of a body along three principles:

* Cephalocaudal – the principle that development occurs from head to tail. For example, infants first learn to lift their heads on their own, followed by sitting up with assistance, then sitting up by themselves. Followed by scooting, crawling, pulling up, and then walking.
* Proximodistal – the principle that movement of limbs that are closer to the body develop before the parts that are further away. For example, a baby learns to control their upper arm before their hands and fingers. Fine movements of the fingers are the last to develop in the body.
* Gross to specific – a pattern in which larger muscle movements develop before finer movements. For example, a child will go from only being able to pick up large objects, to then being able to pick up an object that is small, between the thumb and fingers. The earlier movements involve larger groups of muscles, but as the child grows, finer movements become possible and specific tasks can be achieved. An example of this would be a young child learning to grasp a pencil.

In children, a critical period for the development of motor skills is preschool years (ages 3–5), as fundamental neuroanatomic structure shows significant development, elaboration, and myelination over the course of this period. Many factors contribute to the rate that children develop their motor skills. Unless afflicted with a severe disability, children are expected to develop a wide range of basic movement abilities and motor skills around a certain age. Motor development progresses in seven stages throughout an individual's life: reflexive, rudimentary, fundamental, sports skill, growth and refinement, peak performance, and regression. Development is age-related but is not age dependent. In regard to age, it is seen that typical developments are expected to attain gross motor skills used for postural control and vertical mobility by 5 years of age.

There are six aspects of development:

* Qualitative – changes in movement-process results in changes in movement-outcome.
* Sequential – certain motor patterns precede others.
* Cumulative – current movements are built on previous ones.
* Directional – cephalocaudal or proximodistal
* Multifactorial – numerous-factors impact
* Individual – dependent on each person

In the childhood stages of development, gender differences can greatly influence motor skills. In the article "An Investigation of Age and Gender Differences in Preschool Children's Specific Motor Skills", girls scored significantly higher than boys on visual motor and graphomotor tasks. The results from this study suggest that girls attain manual dexterity earlier than boys. Variability of results in the tests can be attributed towards the multiplicity of different assessment tools used. Furthermore, gender differences in motor skills are seen to be affected by environmental factors. In essence, "parents and teachers often encourage girls to engage in \[quiet\] activities requiring fine motor skills, while they promote boys' participation in dynamic movement actions". In the journal article "Gender Differences in Motor Skill Proficiency From Childhood to Adolescence" by Lisa Barrett, the evidence for gender-based motor skills is apparent. In general, boys are more skillful in object control and object manipulation skills. These tasks include throwing, kicking, and catching skills. These skills were tested and concluded that boys perform better with these tasks. There was no evidence for the difference in locomotor skill between the genders, but both are improved in the intervention of physical activity. Overall, the predominance of development was on balance skills (gross motor) in boys and manual skills (fine motor) in girls.

### Components of development

* Growth – increase in the size of the body or its parts as the individual progresses toward maturity (quantitative structural changes)
* Maturation – refers to qualitative changes that enable one to progress to higher levels of functioning; it is primarily innate
* Experience or learning – refers to factors within the environment that may alter or modify the appearance of various developmental characteristics through the process of learning
* Adaptation – refers to the complex interplay or interaction between forces within the individual (nature) and the environment (nurture)

### Influences on development

* Stress and arousal – stress and anxiety are the result of an imbalance between the demand of a task and the capacity of the individual. In this context, arousal defines the amount of interest in the skill. The optimal performance level is moderate stress or arousal.
* Fatigue – the deterioration of performance when a stressful task is continued for a long time, similar to the muscular fatigue experienced when exercising rapidly or over a long period. Fatigue is caused by over-arousal. Fatigue impacts an individual in many ways: perceptual changes in which visual acuity or awareness drops, slowing of performance (reaction times or movements speed), irregularity of timing, and disorganization of performance. A study conducted by Meret Branscheidt concluded that fatigue interferes with the learning of new motor skills. In the experiment, participants were split into two different groups. One group worked the muscles in their hands until they were physically fatigued and then had to learn a new motor task, while the second group learned the task without being fatigued. Those that were fatigued had a harder time learning these new motor skills compared to those who were not. Even in the days following, after the fatigue had subsided, they still had difficulty learning those same tasks.
* Vigilance – the ability to maintain attention over time and respond appropriately to relevant stimuli. When vigilance is lost, it can result in slower responses or the failure to respond to stimuli all together. Some tasks include actions that require little work and high attention.
* Gender – gender plays an important role in the development of the child. Girls are more likely to be seen performing fine stationary visual motor-skills, whereas boys predominantly exercise object-manipulation skills. While researching motor development in preschool-aged children, girls were more likely to be seen performing skills such as skipping, hopping, or skills with the use of hands only. Boys were seen to perform gross skills such as kicking or throwing a ball or swinging a bat. There are gender-specific differences in qualitative throwing performance, but not necessarily in quantitative throwing performance. Male and female athletes demonstrated similar movement patterns in humerus and forearm actions but differed in trunk, stepping, and backswing actions.

## Stages of motor learning

Motor learning is a change, resulting from practice. It often involves improving the accuracy of movements both simple and complex as one's environment changes. Motor learning is a relatively permanent skill as the capability to respond appropriately is acquired and retained.

The stages of motor learning are the cognitive phase, the associative phase, and the autonomous phase.

* Cognitive phase – When a learner is new to a specific task, the primary thought process starts with, "What needs to be done?" Considerable cognitive activity is required so that the learner can determine appropriate strategies to adequately reflect the desired goal. Good strategies are retained and inefficient strategies are discarded. The performance is greatly improved in a short amount of time.
* Associative phase – The learner has determined the most-effective way to do the task and starts to make subtle adjustments in performance. Improvements are more gradual and movements become more consistent. This phase can last for a long time. The skills in this phase are fluent, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing.
* Autonomous phase – This phase may take several months to years to reach. The phase is dubbed "autonomous" because the performer can now "automatically" complete the task without having to pay any attention to performing it. Examples include walking and talking or sight reading while doing simple arithmetic.

## Law of effect

Motor-skill acquisition has long been defined in the scientific community as an energy-intensive form of stimulus-response (S-R) learning that results in robust neuronal modifications. In 1898, Edward Thorndike proposed the law of effect, which states that the association between some action (R) and some environmental condition (S) is enhanced when the action is followed by a satisfying outcome (O). For instance, if an infant moves his right hand and left leg in just the right way, he can perform a crawling motion, thereby producing the satisfying outcome of increasing his mobility. Because of the satisfying outcome, the association between being on all fours and these particular arm and leg motions are enhanced. Further, a dissatisfying outcome weakens the S-R association. For instance, when a toddler contracts certain muscles, resulting in a painful fall, the child will decrease the association between these muscle contractions and the environmental condition of standing on two feet.

## Feedback

During the learning process of a motor skill, feedback is the positive or negative response that tells the learner how well the task was completed. Inherent feedback: after completing the skill, inherent feedback is the sensory information that tells the learner how well the task was completed. A basketball player will note that he or she made a mistake when the ball misses the hoop. Another example is a diver knowing that a mistake was made when the entry into the water is painful and undesirable. Augmented feedback: in contrast to inherent feedback, augmented feedback is information that supplements or "augments" the inherent feedback. For example, when a person is driving over a speed limit and is pulled over by the police. Although the car did not do any harm, the policeman gives augmented feedback to the driver in order for him to drive more safely. Another example is a private tutor for a new student in a field of study. Augmented feedback decreases the amount of time to master the motor skill and increases the performance level of the prospect. Transfer of motor skills: the gain or loss in the capability for performance in one task as a result of practice and experience on some other task. An example would be the comparison of initial skill of a tennis player and non-tennis player when playing table tennis for the first time. An example of a negative transfer is if it takes longer for a typist to adjust to a randomly assigned letter of the keyboard compared to a new typist. Retention: the performance level of a particular skill after a period of no use.

The type of task can have an effect on how well the motor skill is retained after a period of non-use:

* Continuous tasks – activities like swimming, bicycling, or running; the performance level retains proficiency even after years of non-use.
* Discrete tasks – an instrument, video game, or a sport; the performance level drops significantly but will be better than a new learner. The relationship between the two tasks is that continuous tasks usually use gross motor skills and discrete tasks use fine motor skills.

## Brain structures

The regions of the frontal lobe responsible for motor skill include the primary motor cortex, the supplemental motor area, and the premotor cortex. The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus and is often visualized as the motor homunculus. By stimulating certain areas of the motor strip and observing where it had an effect, Penfield and Rassmussen were able to map out the motor homunculus. Areas on the body that have complex movements, such as the hands, have a bigger representation on the motor homunculus.

The supplemental motor area, which is just anterior to the primary motor cortex, is involved with postural stability and adjustment as well as coordinating sequences of movement. The premotor cortex, which is just below the supplemental motor area, integrates sensory information from the posterior parietal cortex and is involved with the sensory-guided planning of movement and begins the programming of movement.

The basal ganglia are an area of the brain where gender differences in brain physiology is evident. The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain that is responsible for a variety of functions, some of which include movement. The globus pallidus and putamen are two nuclei of the basal ganglia which are both involved in motor skills. The globes pallid-us is involved with the voluntary motor movement, while the putamen is involved with motor learning. Even after controlling for the naturally larger volume of the male brain, it was found that males have a larger volume of both the globus pallidus and putamen.

The cerebellum is an additional area of the brain important for motor skills. The cerebellum controls fine motor skills as well as balance and coordination. Although women tend to have better fine motor skills, the cerebellum has a larger volume in males than in females, even after correcting for the fact that males naturally have a larger brain volume.

Hormones are an additional factor that contributes to gender differences in motor skill. For instance, women perform better on manual dexterity tasks during times of high estradiol and progesterone levels, as opposed to when these hormones are low such as during menstruation.

An evolutionary perspective is sometimes drawn upon to explain how gender differences in motor skills may have developed, although this approach is controversial. For instance, it has been suggested that men were the hunters and provided food for the family, while women stayed at home taking care of the children and doing domestic work. Some theories of human development suggest that men's tasks involved gross motor skill such as chasing after prey, throwing spears and fighting. Women, on the other hand, used their fine motor skills the most in order to handle domestic tools and accomplish other tasks that required fine motor-control.

* Sparrow, W.A. (July 1, 1983). "The efficiency of skilled performance". *Journal of Motor Behavior*. **15** (3): 237–261. doi:10.1080/00222895.1983.10735299. PMID 15151872.
* Guthrie, E.R. (1957). Harper et Brothers, New York (ed.). "The psychology of learning". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)


abstract: Valley Christian Schools (VCS) is a private Christian K-12 school located in Los Angeles County, California. It is one of the largest in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. It was founded in 1935 and has 4 campuses enrolling more than 1,300 students. The administration building and the middle and high school campuses are in Cerritos while the preschool and elementary campuses are in two separate sections in Bellflower. In 2011, during its accreditation reviews, it received the highest degree of commendation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Valley Christian Schools is a member of Christian Schools International (CSI) and the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI).

text:
# Valley Christian Schools (Los Angeles County, California)

**Valley Christian Schools** (**VCS**) is a private Christian K-12 school located in Los Angeles County, California. It is one of the largest in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. It was founded in 1935 and has 4 campuses (preschool, elementary, middle and high school) enrolling more than 1,300 students. The administration building and the middle and high school campuses are in Cerritos while the preschool and elementary campuses are in two separate sections in Bellflower.

In 2011, during its accreditation reviews, it received the highest degree of commendation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Valley Christian Schools is a member of Christian Schools International (CSI) and the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI).

## Academics

97% of VCHS graduates continue on to college. VCHS graduates who are accepted to University of California schools have the highest SAT scores of any Protestant, Catholic, or Lutheran high school in L.A. and Orange County.

In 2013 VCHS students had an 81% pass rate (3 or higher) on AP exams compared to a National average of 58%.

Valley Christian offers 20 AP and Honors courses.

## Athletics

Valley Christian is current a member of the Olympic League of the CIF Southern Section. VCHS teams have won 200 league championships and 30 CIF state titles (and another three state runners-up). In 2011 the soccer team was ranked by *USA Today* as the #1 team in America. Nearly 60% of students participate in school athletics. The Girls Volleyball team has won a national championship.

## Notable alumni

33°52′17″N 118°06′11″W / 33.87131°N 118.10316°W / 33.87131; -118.10316

## InfoBox

| Valley Christian Schools | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 10818 Artesia Blvd (administration building)
Cerritos, Los Angeles County, California 90703
United States | |
| Information | |
| School type | Private, Christian |
| Motto | Equip & Inspire |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Christian |
| Denomination | Protestant |
| Founded | 1935 |
| NCES School ID | BB060123 |
| Grades | PK-12 |
| Gender | coeducational |
| Enrollment | 600 (2014-15) |
| Average class size | 21 students |
| Area | 33 acres |
| Campus type | small city |
| Color(s) | Maroon and Gold |
| Athletics conference | Olympic League |
| Team name | Defenders |
| Accreditation | Western Association of Schools and Colleges |
| Annual tuition | 11,640 (9-11)
11,880 (12) |
| Affiliation | Christian Schools International (CSI)
Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) |
| Website | www.vcschools.org |


title: Valley Christian High School (Arizona)

text:
# Valley Christian High School (Arizona)

Valley Christian Schools is a private K-12, covenant Christian school with campuses located in Chandler, Arizona, and Tempe, Arizona, United States.

## History

Valley Christian Schools was first conceptualized in 1981, when six men met together to consider the creation of a Christian high school in the East Valley, which at the time, had a lack of non-denominational Christian schools. A year later in 1982, Valley Christian High School opened its doors at Bethany Christian Community Church in Tempe, Arizona. Today, Valley Christian Schools features a nationally-ranked Christian school offering education from Kindergarten through high school, located across two campuses in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.

In 1997, Valley Christian (then only a high school) moved to its current high school campus in Chandler, Arizona. In 2017, Valley Christian announced the addition of grades 6-8. Grades 6-8 were added for the 2018-19 school year. In 2018, Valley Christian announced the addition of an elementary school. In the 2019-20 school year, grades K-5 were added. Grades K-8 are now located at Valley Christian Schools' K-8 campus in Tempe, Arizona.

## Academics

Valley Christian Schools offers an education with a college prep emphasis with Biblical integration in every course. Historically, the majority of VCS graduates are accepted into the college or university of their choice, with a high percentage going on to pursue higher education. VCS students have enrolled in a wide variety of public and Christian colleges.

In 2006, a special education program was implemented, known as VINE (Valley's Individual Needs Enhancements). Valley Christian Schools is one of the only Christian high schools in Arizona to have a full-time special education program.

Valley Christian offers Advanced Placement and Dual Enrollment college courses to its high school students. These programs give upperclassmen the opportunity to acquire college credits while attending high school. The school is accredited by Cognia and Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI).

## Athletics

Valley Christian Schools is a member of the Arizona Interscholastic Association (AIA) 3A Conference.

Since 1989, Valley Christian athletic teams have won 80 Arizona State Championships in the AIA. This includes a streak of 33 consecutive years in which a VCS team has won a state championship. In addition, VCS teams have finished as the state runner-up 49 times and have earned more than 140 league championships.

The school has won state championships in boys basketball, girls basketball, girls volleyball, girls beach volleyball, boys swimming, girls swimming, cheer, boys cross country, girls cross country, football, boys soccer, baseball, softball, boys track and field, girls track and field, and golf.

Valley Christian was awarded the inaugural Blue Cross and Blue Shield Directors Cup Award in 2004, given to the Arizona high school that is rated highest in participation, sportsmanship and success in all athletic programs. It has also received the Donald F. Stone Award seven times.

In 1999, the Valley Christian athletic program was named the #1 Women's High School Athletic Program in the nation by *Athletic Management*. In 1997-98, Valley Christian was a recipient of the Tony Komadina Award for Outstanding Girls' Athletic Program in Arizona.

In 2015-16, the school was voted as having the Best Athletic Program in Arizona and one of the Top 12 in the United States by *The USA Today*.

The school has had seven alumni (Courtney Blocher '00, Kim Wigboldy '07, Riley Barclay '08, Alaina Bergsma '08, Breanna Leslie '09, Chanel Brown '10, Ashton Wolf '11), four coaches (Deanna Anglin, Marlin Broek, Dan Kuiper, Scott Timmer, Greg Haagsma), one administrator (Troy Hanzal), and one team (1999-2000 girls volleyball) inducted into the Chandler Sports Hall of Fame.

## Notable Alumni

## InfoBox

| Valley Christian Schools | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 6900 W Galveston Street
East Valley
Chandler, Maricopa, Arizona 85226
United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°18′48″N 111°57′42″W / 33.31326°N 111.961552°W / 33.31326; -111.961552 |
| Information | |
| Other name | Valley Christian Schools |
| School type | K-12 |
| Motto | The mission of Valley Christian Schools is to equip students to be culture changers for Christ by delivering academic excellence, facilitating spiritual growth, and building lifelong community. |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Christian |
| Denomination | Non-denominational |
| Established | 1982 |
| School district | Private |
| Chairman | Scott Crouch |
| Principal | Robin Rugg (High School), Dan Johnson (K-8) |
| Head of school | Troy Thelen |
| Chaplain | Greg Tonkinson |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Years offered | 5-18 |
| Language | English, Spanish, American Sign Language (ASL) |
| Hours in school day | 8:00am-3:10pm |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Blue, silver, and white |
| Athletics conference | 3A |
| Mascot | Victor E. Trojan |
| Nickname | Trojans |
| Accreditation | Cognia, ACSI |
| Graduates | 2,720 |
| Website | https://valleychristianaz.org/ |
| Last updated: June 11, 2024 | |


title: Grace Church (Scottsville, New York)

abstract: Grace Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Scottsville in Monroe County, New York. The church was designed by noted Rochester architect Harvey Ellis (1852-1904) and built in 1885. It is in the Latin cross form in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It has a native fieldstone lower level with an upper section of frame construction with a non-structural wall of stained glass. It features rounded apsidal and transept ends topped by conical roofs. Attached is a Sunday school wing constructed in 1956 and a square, shingled bell tower added in 1976. It is a congregation in the Episcopal Diocese of Rochester. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

text:
# Grace Church (Scottsville, New York)

**Grace Church** is a historic Episcopal church located at Scottsville in Monroe County, New York. The church was designed by noted Rochester architect Harvey Ellis (1852-1904) and built in 1885. It is in the Latin cross form in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It has a native fieldstone lower level with an upper section of frame construction with a non-structural wall of stained glass. It features rounded apsidal and transept ends topped by conical roofs. Attached is a Sunday school wing constructed in 1956 and a square, shingled bell tower added in 1976. It is a congregation in the Episcopal Diocese of Rochester.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grace Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 9 Browns Ave., Scottsville, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°1′22″N 77°45′5″W / 43.02278°N 77.75139°W / 43.02278; -77.75139 |
| Area | .88 acres (0.36 ha) |
| Built | 1852 |
| Architect | Ellis, Harvey; Arthur Rotch and George T. Tilden |
| Architectural style | Richardsonian Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 10000514 |
| Added to NRHP | July 30, 2010 |


title: Jayne and Mason Bank Building

abstract: Jayne and Mason Bank Building is a historic bank building located at Webster in Monroe County, New York. It is a Beaux Arts style structure built in 1906 to house the Jayne and Mason Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Joining it on the Register is the home of one of the bank's owners, the William C. Jayne House, located less than one half mile east.

text:
# Jayne and Mason Bank Building

**Jayne and Mason Bank Building** is a historic bank building located at Webster in Monroe County, New York. It is a Beaux Arts style structure built in 1906 to house the Jayne and Mason Bank.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Joining it on the Register is the home of one of the bank's owners, the William C. Jayne House, located less than one half mile east.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Jayne and Mason Bank Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Bank Building, April 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 11 E. Main St., Webster, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°12′50″N 77°25′47″W / 43.21389°N 77.42972°W / 43.21389; -77.42972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1906 |
| Architectural style | Beaux Arts |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000970 |
| Added to NRHP | November 01, 2006 |


title: José María Cuenco

abstract: José María Cuenco was Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church and was the first archbishop of the Archdiocese of Jaro in the Philippines.

text:
# José María Cuenco

**José María Cuenco** D.D. (19 May 1885 – 8 October 1972) was Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church and was the first archbishop of the Archdiocese of Jaro in the Philippines.

## Early life

Archbishop Cuenco was born on 19 May 1885 in Carmen, Cebu, Philippines. He was the eldest child of Mariano Albao Cuenco and Remedios Diosomito. His father, a journalist and Clerk of Court, died in 1909. His mother largely raised Jose's 15 sisters and brothers, among them, Mariano Jesús and Miguel, who became a senator and congressman respectively. The Cuenco family were involved with printing and publishing as newspaper publishers and owners of Imprenta Rosario, one of Cebu's early print shops.

## Education

Cuenco graduated from University of San Carlos in Cebu and Manila. He also graduated from Georgetown University in the United States, where he earned a doctorate in law. Cuenco decided to forsake a career in law to enter the priesthood. He was ordained a priest on 11 June 1914.

## Career

It was as a churchman that Cuenco had a distinguished career. He was vicar general of the Cebu Diocese in 1925 and the founding parish priest of the city's Santo Rosario parish in 1933. He became titular bishop of Hemeria and auxiliary bishop of Jaro in 1941. Four years after, he succeeded James Paul McCloskey as Ordinary concurrent with the elevation of the see as a metropolitan, which effectively made him its first archbishop. In 1957 Cuenco received an honorary degree from Santa Clara University.

## Works

Cuenco was the founder-editor of the Cebu Catholic newspaper *El Boletin Catolico* (1915–1930), continuing the work of his own father who was publisher-editor of the pioneering Catholic newspaper in Cebu, *Ang Camatuoran* (1902–1911).

He authored and published close to a dozen books, mostly narratives of his travels and experiences, including *Archbishop Cuenco: Autobiography* (Iloilo: La Editorial, 1972), which came out shortly before he died in Jaro on 8 October 1972.

1. "Jose Maria Cuenco". *sea.lib.niu.edu*. Southeast Asia Digital Library. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
2. "Class Notes 1905" (PDF). *Georgetown University Alumni Magazine*. Vol. 1, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Alumni Association Inc. Fall 1948. p. 13. Most Rev. Jose Ma. Cuenco, Grad. '05 '07, is now serving as Bishop of Jaro at Iloilo City, Philippine Islands.
3. "Jeremiah F. Minihan '25 Consecrated Bishop" (PDF). *Georgetown University Alumni Magazine*. Vol. 7, no. 3. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Alumni Association Inc. September 1954. p. 7. Only one other alumnus now holds episcopal rank, the Most Reverend Jose M. Cuenco, '07, Archbishop of Jaro, Philippine Republic.
4. "Class Notes 1907" (PDF). *Georgetown University Alumni Magazine*. Vol. 10, no. 3. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Alumni Association Inc. September 1957. p. 12. The Class of 1907 of the Law School had two reunions in June to celebrate their golden jubilee. One was held at the University, the other in Manila where His Excellency, the Most Reverend Jose Ma. Cuenco, D.D., G '05, L '07, and Archbishop of Jaro, his classmate Hon. Delfín Jaranilla, L '07, Chief Justice of the Philippines were feted at the Philippine Columbian Association by a large company including the President of the Philippines, Hon. Carlos P. Garcia, and the Apostolic Nuncio, Most Reverend Egidio Vagnozzi.
5. *Georgetown University Alumni Directory 1789–1912*. Georgetown University. 1912  via archive.org. Cuenco, Jose Maria, A.3L, '05; PhD, '07; LL.B., '07. Student, Seminario de San Carlos, Cebu, P. I.
6. Congregation for the Erection of Churches and Consistorial Provisions, Acts of the Sacred Congregations *Acta Ss. Congregationum* (1941), *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* 33 (1941), 513. S. Congregatio Consistorialis – Provisio Ecclesiarum (in Latin)
7. Congregation for the Erection of Churches and Consistorial Provisions, Acts of the Sacred Congregations *Acta Ss. Congregationum* (1945), *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* 37 (1945), 325. S. Congregatio Consistorialis – Provisio Ecclesiarum (in Latin)
8. "Class Notes 1905" (PDF). *Georgetown University Alumni Magazine*. Vol. 8, no. 3. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Alumni Association Inc. September 1955. p. 13. Archbishop Cuenco, who is Chairman of the Reunion of his Law School Class in 1957, recently received an Honorary degree from Santa Clara University.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
José María Diosomito Cuenco
D.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Jaro | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Jaro |
| Appointed | 24 November 1945 |
| Term ended | 8 October 1972 |
| Predecessor | James Paul McCloskey |
| Successor | Jaime Lachica Sin |
| Other post(s) | Bishop of Jaro (19451951) |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Personal details | |
| Born | José María Diosomito Cuenco
19 May 1885 (1885-05-19)
Carmen, Cebu, Philippine Islands, Spanish Empire |
| Died | 7 October 1972(1972-10-07) (aged 87)
Iloilo City, Philippines |
| Buried | Metropolitan Cathedral of Jaro |
| Education |  |
| Motto | *Quid Retribuam Domino*
(Latin for 'How Can I Repay the Lord') |
| Coat of arms |  |
|  | |
| Ordination history | |
| History  Priestly ordination  Ordained by Juan Bautista Gorordo  Date 11 June 1914  Episcopal consecration  Principal consecrator Guglielmo Piani  Co-consecrators Cesar Maria Guerrero y Rodriguez,
Mariano Aspiras Madriaga  Date 27 December 1942 | |
| Episcopal succession  Bishops consecrated by José Maria Diosomito Cuenco as principal consecrator  Antonio Floro Frondosa 1952 | |
|  | |


title: Mexican Federal Highway 147

abstract: Federal Highway 147 is a Federal Highway of Mexico. The highway travels from south of Tuxtepec, Oaxaca in the northwest to Palomares, Oaxaca in the southeast.

text:
# Mexican Federal Highway 147

**Federal Highway 147** (*Carretera Federal 147*) is a Federal Highway of Mexico. The highway travels from south of Tuxtepec, Oaxaca in the northwest to Palomares, Oaxaca in the southeast.

## InfoBox

| Federal Highway 147 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Carretera federal 147* | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Secretariat of Communications and Transportation | |
| Length | 175 km (109 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Fed. 175 south of Tuxtepec |
| South end | Fed. 185 in Palomares |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Oaxaca |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Fed. 145   Fed. 150 | |


title: Thomas Arthur Leonard

abstract: Thomas Arthur Leonard was a British social reformer. He was a pioneer in developing organised outdoor holidays for working people through the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship. He also helped to establish the Youth Hostels Association and the Ramblers' Association.

text:
# Thomas Arthur Leonard

**Thomas Arthur Leonard** OBE (12 March 1864 – 19 July 1948) was a British social reformer. He was a pioneer in developing organised outdoor holidays for working people through the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship. He also helped to establish the Youth Hostels Association and the Ramblers' Association.

## Early life and marriage

He was born in Finsbury, London, the son of Agnes and Thomas Leonard, a clock- and watchmaker who died when his son was five. He was then raised in Hackney by his mother, the daughter of a Congregationalist minister, and spent some time in Heidelberg, Germany as a child, before moving with his mother to Eastbourne, Sussex, where she ran a boarding house. He started work in Eastbourne as a clerk in a builder's office, and also taught at a Sunday school. In 1884 he enrolled to study at the Congregational Institute in Nottingham, run by Dr. John Brown Paton. He married Mary Arletta Coupe in 1888; they had a son, who died as a child, and a daughter.

## Church groups and the Co-operative Holidays Association

After completing his studies at the Congregational Institute, Leonard took up pastoral roles with the church in Barrow-in-Furness and Colne. He began encouraging members of his church's social guild to take "recreative and educational" holidays, rather than trips in "wakes week" to resorts such as Blackpool. In 1891 he organised a holiday for 32 members of the Dockray Square Congregational Church in Colne, at Ambleside in the Lake District. Leonard later wrote that: "In those days we were content with very primitive arrangements, so long as they gave us the joy and freedom of the open fells."

The success of his church trips led him to start organising holidays under the auspices of Paton's organisation, the National Home Reading Union (NHRU), which he continued to run after he moved from Colne back to London in 1895. He continued his pastoral duties until 1897, when he and Paton set up the Co-operative Holidays Association (CHA), with the aim of providing "recreative and educational holidays by purchasing or renting and furnishing houses and rooms in selected centres, by catering in such houses for parties of members and guests and by securing helpers who will promote the intellectual and social interests of the party with which they are associated".

His approach to encouraging working people to admire the natural world and develop themselves was influenced by Christian Socialism and by such figures as Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, Henry Thoreau and William Morris. Early speakers at CHA holidays included Hardwicke Rawnsley, and Leonard himself supported the Independent Labour Party and spoke at rallies with Keir Hardie. After moving first to Whitby, then to Rhu on the Firth of Clyde, and then again to Hayfield in Derbyshire, he and his wife and daughter settled at Marple Bridge near Stockport in 1910. With Leonard as Secretary, the CHA grew in scale, and by 1913 had 13 British holiday centres catering for over 13,000 guests. With John Lewis Paton, the son of J. B. Paton, he also organised trips to centres in Switzerland, France, Germany, Norway and Denmark, and before the First World War arranged exchange visits between school and college students in Britain and Germany to encourage international friendship.

## Holiday Fellowship

At the end of 1912, Leonard announced that he was stepping down from the CHA to found a new organisation, the Holiday Fellowship (HF), partly because he disapproved of the CHA General Committee approach that encouraged more middle class rather than working class clients to stay in the centres, and partly because he wanted to develop the international relations side of the organisation. He wrote: "I have been conscious for some time that an important section of the Committee have lacked confidence in my judgement upon certain matters...".

The HF took over some of the CHA's centres, and established its headquarters at Bryn Corach near Conwy, in Wales. He remained General Secretary of the Holiday Fellowship until 1925, when it moved its head office to London, but remained as its International Secretary until 1930 and thereafter became its President in 1938. By 1947, the HF had grown to operate some 30 centres with over 45,000 guests; at the same time, the CHA ran some 25 centres with 30,000 guests. Leonard continually pushed for the organisation to promote more basic rather than luxurious accommodation.

## Other activities

During the First World War, Leonard became a staunch pacifist, and shortly afterwards joined the Society of Friends (Quakers). He was also involved in setting up the Youth Hostels Association (YHA), of which he was Vice-President from its inception in 1930; and the Ramblers' Association, of which he was President between 1935 and 1946. He founded the Friends of the Lake District in 1934, and pressed for the establishment of what eventually became the Pennine Way. He chaired the Grey Court Fellowship, founded in 1935 to provide holidays for unemployed workers and their families, and towards the end of his life set up the Family Holidays Association, to convert derelict Government training camps into holiday chalets. He was also a supporter of the Campaign for National Parks, the National Trust and the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England.

## Honours and legacy

He was awarded the OBE in 1937, for his work in promoting outdoor activities. In his 1947 book, *The Englishman's Holiday*, J. A. R. Pimlott ranked Leonard alongside Thomas Cook and Billy Butlin as a pioneer of the holiday movement.

He died at Conwy in 1948, aged 84, and was survived by his wife and daughter. Memorial plaques were set up on Cadair Ifan Goch at Maenan above the Conwy Valley opposite Dolgarrog and on Catbells near Keswick in the Lake District, describing him as "the 'Father' of the Open-Air Movement in this Country", and bearing the epitaph: "Believing that 'the best things any mortal hath are those which every mortal shares' he endeavoured to promote 'joy in widest commonality spread'." The quotes come from the Quaker poet Lucy Larcom, and William Wordsworth.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Arthur LeonardOBE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1864-03-12)12 March 1864
Finsbury, London, England |
| Died | 19 July 1948(1948-07-19) (aged 84)
Conwy, Wales |
| Occupation(s) | Social reformer, pioneer of outdoor holidays |


title: Gita Pullapilly

abstract: Gita Pullapilly is a Hollywood film and television director, screenwriter, producer, and author. She writes and directs with her husband and film partner, Aron Gaudet under their banner, "Team A + G, Inc."

text:
# Gita Pullapilly

**Gita Pullapilly** is a Hollywood film and television director, screenwriter, producer, and author. She writes and directs with her husband and film partner, Aron Gaudet under their banner, "Team A + G, Inc."

## Life and career

Gita Pullapilly co-writes and directs with her husband, Aron Gaudet. Together, they work on comedies and dramas.

Gita Pullapilly was born in South Bend, Indiana. She studied finance at University of Notre Dame, receiving her B.B.A. and received her M.A. in journalism at the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University. She was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship in 2005. She was chosen as the first filmmaker to become a Fulbright Senior Scholar to Jordan. Pullapilly is a Presidential Leadership Scholar. She has family in Kerala and Belgaum, India.

In 2007, Pullapilly was selected as a WGBH Filmmaker-in-Residence.

Pullapilly met and worked with Aron Gaudet on their documentary, *The Way We Get By*, for five years prior to marrying him in 2009. Their wedding was profiled in the *New York Times*.

*The Way We Get By* was awarded "Best Documentary" in the AARP's "Movies For Grownups" Awards of 2009. The film had its world premiere at the South by Southwest Film Festival, (SXSW), won 18 festival awards around the world, played theatrically in over 60 cities across the U.S. and aired on the critically acclaimed, independent television series P.O.V. on PBS as a prime time special. That year, she was selected as one of Independent Magazine's "Filmmakers to Watch." It was released in US cinemas in July 2009 and has twice been aired by PBS television, in 2009 and 2010. Gaudet and Pullapilly were invited to the White House in 2009 with the three subjects of the film, Joan Gaudet, Bill Knight, and Jerry Mundy. *The Way We Get By* was nominated for a News and Documentary Emmy Awards in 2010.

In 2012, Pullapilly was one of the creators and executive producers on the national United States PBS program, *Lifecasters,* which had its world premiere at the Film Society of Lincoln Center. Pullapilly has received a number of grants for her projects including from ITVS, CPB, POV, MacArthur Foundation, and Fledgling Fund.

Pullapilly and Gaudet wrote, produced and directed a film entitled *Beneath The Harvest Sky* (formerly called *Blue Potato*), which was also produced with her sister, Kavita Pullapilly. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival and was acquired by Tribeca Films.

Pullapilly was selected as one of *Variety's* "10 Directors To Watch" with filmmaker, Aron Gaudet, for 2014 and won the "Euphoria Calvin Klein Spotlight on Women Filmmakers Live the Dream Grant" at the Gotham Awards.

In 2015, Pullapilly and her writing partner, Aron Gaudet were jointly appointed Guggenheim Fellows to support their current movie project, titled *Crook County*. In December 2015, Pullapilly and Aron Gaudet were recognized on the 2015 Black List for having one of the best unproduced screenplays of that year for "Crook County".

In January 2016, the University of Notre Dame Alumni Board awarded Pullapilly the Rev. Anthony J. Lauck Award, which is given to a graduate for outstanding accomplishments or achievements as a practicing artist.

In 2018, Pullapilly and her film partner, Aron Gaudet, were mentees in the Half Initiative, shadowing on the FX television series, American Horror Story. Ryan Murphy launched Half aiming to make Hollywood more inclusive by creating equal opportunities for women and minorities behind the camera.

In 2019, Pullapilly and Gaudet launched the India- US Film Initiative. The goal is to bring Hollywood and Indian filmmakers together to share best practices, ways to increase opportunities for talented storytellers, and innovative techniques for quality filmmaking.

Pullapilly and Gaudet are known for their innovative "servant leadership" model in their directing that has garnered positive media attention and exposure. Their innovative model and leadership techniques are being adapted for film and television productions around the world.

In 2020, Pullapilly and Gaudet directed their feature comedy, Queenpins, starring Kristen Bell, Kirby Howell Baptiste, Vince Vaughn, and Paul Walter Hauser. In 2022, they directed their film, "David Armstrong," that 101 Studios produced starring Jeremy Renner and Billy Bob Thornton. In 2022, Pullapilly and Gaudet wrote their first book, "Inspiration To Get You Through a F\*cked Up Year."

## InfoBox

| Gita Pullapilly | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | South Bend, Indiana, U.S. |
| Nationality | Indian-American |
| Citizenship | American |
| Education | B.B.A. (Finance)
M.A. (Journalism) |
| Alma mater | University of Notre Dame
Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter
film producer
director
television journalist |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Era | 21st Century |
| Employer | Entrepreneur |
| Organization(s) | Team A + G, Inc. |
| Known for | *The Way We Get By*
*Beneath the Harvest Sky*
*Queenpins* |
| Notable work | *Crook County*
*Beneath the Harvest Sky*
*The Way We Get By*
*Queenpins*
*Inspiration To Get You Through A F\*cked Up Year*
 |
| Television | *Frontline/World*
*P.O.V.*
*Lifecasters*
 |
| Title | Filmmaker |
| Spouse | Aron Gaudet |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | Kavita Pullapilly (sister)
Anand Pullapilly (brother)
Joan Gaudet (mother-in-law) |
| Awards | Fulbright Scholarship
Variety magazine's "10 Directors To Watch" with filmmaker, Aron Gaudet, for 2014
Euphoria Calvin Klein Spotlight on Women Filmmakers Live the Dream Grant at the Gotham Awards
*Independent Magazine'*s "Filmmakers to Watch"
With Aron Gaudet, jointly appointed Guggenheim Fellows
Rev. Anthony J. Lauck Award by the University of Notre Dame
2019 Presidential Leadership Scholar |


title: Underneath the Laughter

abstract: Underneath the Laughter is a 1993 Leæther Strip album released by Zoth Ommog Records.

text:
# Underneath the Laughter

***Underneath the Laughter*** is a 1993 Leæther Strip album released by Zoth Ommog Records (CD ZOT 103).

## Track listing

1. "Turn to Stone"
2. "Another World"
3. "We Will Follow"
4. "Don't Tame Your Soul"
5. "Atheistic Sermon"
6. "Prying Eyes"
7. "World's End"
8. "Another Leader"
9. "The White Disgrace"

## InfoBox

| Underneath the Laughter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leæther Strip | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Genre | Electro-industrial, industrial |
| Label | Zoth Ommog |
| Leæther Strip chronology | |
| *Solitary Confinement*
(1992) ***Underneath the Laughter***
(1993) *Serenade for the Dead*
(1994) | |


title: Monitoring the Future

abstract: The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, also known as the National High School Senior Survey, is a long-term epidemiological study that surveys trends in legal and illicit drug use among American adolescents and adults as well as personal levels of perceived risk and disapproval for each drug. The survey is conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, funded by research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, one of the National Institutes of Health.

text:
# Monitoring the Future

The **Monitoring the Future** (**MTF**) study, also known as the **National High School Senior Survey**, is a long-term epidemiological study that surveys trends in legal and illicit drug use among American adolescents and adults as well as personal levels of perceived risk and disapproval for each drug. The survey is conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, funded by research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, one of the National Institutes of Health.

## Survey design

The survey began in 1975 and only focused on that year's senior class. Questionnaires are sent out yearly by mail. Beginning in 1976, a proportion of survey participants were also chosen for biennial reevaluations. In 1991, the survey was expanded to include 8th and 10th grade students. The questionnaire is anonymous for 8th- and 10th-grade students while the questionnaire for 12th-grade students is confidential—name and address information is collected for longitudinal follow-up surveys.

Nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students (The 2010 MTF survey encompassed about 46,500 students from almost 400 schools nationwide) receive a questionnaire investigating substance use patterns, attitudes and beliefs about drugs, perceived availability of drugs, and norms among peer and role model groups. Currently, approximately 50,000 8th, 10th and 12th-grade students complete the survey annually.

The survey also evaluates a variety of topics beyond drug use. Questionnaire questions also explore subjects' occupational and educational plans and experiences, attitudes about gender roles, attitudes and experiences with people of a different race/ethnicity, trust in government and other institutions, concerns about the environment, media consumption, victimization and delinquency, among other things. Follow-up studies into adulthood also cover marriage and family formation, college attendance, military service, civilian employment, unemployment, and other topics.

## Regular marijuana and cigarette use by 12th graders

Chart below is from a NIDA article. Text at the top was added later. Chart is for regular marijuana and cigarette use by 12th graders in the USA in the past 30 days. For cigarettes actual daily use is measured. For marijuana it is for use on 20 or more occasions in the past 30 days.


abstract: During the 2004 United States presidential election, the online edition of Editor & Publisher, a journal covering the North American newspaper industry, tabulated newspaper endorsements for the two major candidates, Republican incumbent George W. Bush and Democratic challenger John Kerry. As of November 1, 2004, their tally shows the following: They note that 43 papers which had endorsed Bush for the 2000 election switched to endorse Kerry for 2004, whereas 8 papers which had endorsed Al Gore in 2000 switched to endorse Bush for 2004. They also listed 18 papers, all of which endorsed Bush in 2000, that declared their neutrality for the 2004 election. They note that the total daily circulation of the papers that have endorsed each candidate is 20,791,336 for Kerry vs. 14,455,046 for Bush. The following is a partial list of the endorsements:

text:
# Newspaper endorsements in the 2004 United States presidential election

During the 2004 United States presidential election, the online edition of *Editor & Publisher*, a journal covering the North American newspaper industry, tabulated newspaper endorsements for the two major candidates, Republican incumbent George W. Bush and Democratic challenger John Kerry. As of November 1, 2004, their tally shows the following:

| **Endorsements** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **2004** | **2000** | | |
| |  | **Bush** | **Gore** | **Neutral,<br>Unknown** |
| **Bush** | 190 | 94 | 8 | 88 |
| **Kerry** | 208 | 43 | 94 | 71 |

They note that 43 papers which had endorsed Bush for the 2000 election switched to endorse Kerry for 2004, whereas 8 papers which had endorsed Al Gore in 2000 switched to endorse Bush for 2004.

They also listed 18 papers, all of which endorsed Bush in 2000, that declared their neutrality for the 2004 election.

They note that the total daily circulation of the papers that have endorsed each candidate is 20,791,336 for Kerry vs. 14,455,046 for Bush.

The following is a partial list of the endorsements:


title: Het Goede Doel

abstract: Het Goede Doel is a Dutch pop-group fronted by Henk Westbroek and Henk Temming as founding members. The original line-up, formed in 1979, was completed by Sander van Herk (guitar), Roland Jongeneel, Stephan Wienjus (bass) and Ab Tamboer (drums). Others joining in later included Arnold van Dongen (guitar), Lené te Voorhuis (bass), Toni Peroni and Danny Sahupala (drums). In 1982 they had their breakthrough hit with "België"; inspired by the international success of VOF de Kunst's Suzanne they released an English version (Luxemburg) in 1985, naming themselves either HGD or The Good Cause. Afterwards the group was reduced to a nucleus of Westbroek, Temming and Van Herk; they broke up in 1991 and focused on solo projects. In 2001 the band played a reunion-show in the classic line-up to celebrate their 10th break-up anniversary. Westbroek and Temming continued and released three more albums.

text:
# Het Goede Doel

**Het Goede Doel** (English: *The Charity* or *The Good Cause*) is a Dutch pop-group fronted by Henk Westbroek and Henk Temming as founding members.

The original line-up, formed in 1979, was completed by Sander van Herk (guitar), Roland Jongeneel, Stephan Wienjus (bass) and Ab Tamboer (drums). Others joining in later included Arnold van Dongen (guitar), Lené te Voorhuis (bass), Toni Peroni (the father of Tony Junior; drums) and Danny Sahupala (drums).

In 1982 they had their breakthrough hit with "België (Is er leven op Pluto?)"; inspired by the international success of VOF de Kunst's *Suzanne* they released an English version (*Luxemburg*) in 1985, naming themselves either HGD or The Good Cause.

Afterwards the group was reduced to a nucleus of Westbroek, Temming and Van Herk; they broke up in 1991 and focused on solo projects. In 2001 the band played a reunion-show in the classic line-up to celebrate their 10th break-up anniversary. Westbroek and Temming continued and released three more albums.


title: Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton

abstract:
Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton, was an English nobleman, the son of Hon. Thomas Willoughby. He was born at York in 1726 and entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1745. He succeeded his father in 1742, inheriting Birdsall House. In 1757, he served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire. He succeeded his cousin Thomas Willoughby to the Middleton barony and estates in 1781. He married Dorothy Cartwright in 1756 and lived in the family seat at Wollaton Park, Nottinghamshire. They had three children:
  - Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton (1761–1835)
  - Hon. Dorothy Willoughby (d. 13 April 1824, married on 24 November 1784 Richard Langley of Wykeham Abbey
  - Hon. Henrietta Willoughby, married Richard Lumley-Saunderson, 6th Earl of Scarbrough His memorial is in St. Leonard's Church, Wollaton.

text:
# Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton

**Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton** (19 December 1726 – 14 June 1800), was an English nobleman, the son of Hon. Thomas Willoughby.

He was born at York in 1726 and entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1745. He succeeded his father in 1742, inheriting Birdsall House. In 1757, he served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire. He succeeded his cousin Thomas Willoughby to the Middleton barony and estates (Wollaton Park and Middleton Hall, Warwickshire) in 1781.

He married Dorothy Cartwright in 1756 and lived in the family seat at Wollaton Park, Nottinghamshire. They had three children:

His memorial is in St. Leonard's Church, Wollaton.