title: Geordie songwriter aliases

abstract: Many Geordie songwriters used aliases, for whatever reason. This article lists many of these aliases, giving in some cases, where known, the real name, and in others, some of the songs or poems attributed to them.

text:
# Geordie songwriter aliases

Many **Geordie songwriters used aliases**, for whatever reason. This article lists many of these aliases, giving in some cases, where known, the real name, and in others, some of the songs or poems attributed to them.

## Background

In the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly the early and middle 19th century, there was a plethora of songwriters. Nowhere was this more so than in the North East of England. Then, as today, numerous writers sold their works and received no acknowledgement.

This is illustrated with the dealings of James Catnach (printer and publisher) of Seven Dials in London, where the payment to the author was always the same – one shilling, unless the printer thought there was something exceptional, in which case he would "throw in a penny or two over" – and in all cases the works are printed as being anonymous with no credit to the writer..

In other cases some authors wishing anonymity, would use an alias, pseudonym, stage name or nickname. This article attempts to deal with many of these.

## The aliases, pseudonyms, stage names and nicknames

### Pseudonyms

* Bailey

In Fordyce's Tyne Songster, the song "The Skipper's Fright" was attributed to "J. N.", but the Index shows it written by "Bailey".

The songs written by "Bailey" or "J. N." include :-

1. The Skipper's Fright, to the tune of Skipper Carr And Marky Dunn – appears in Fordyce's Tyne Songster page 322
2. Newcastle Market, to the tune of Adam and Eve – appears in Ross' Songs of the Tyne volume 7-page 13

* Black, Geordy

A stage name often used by Rowland Harrison, particularly when singing his own song Geordy Black

Real name unknown Among the songs written by Clarinda are :-

1. The Patriot Volunteers (or Loyalty Display'd) – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 310

* Corvan, Edward – sometimes used the alias "Cat Gut Jim" – see Edward Corvan
* Cosgrove James – used the alias J C Scatter – see James Cosgrove
* Edward Corvan – sometimes used the alias "Cat Gut Jim" – see Edward Corvan
* Geordie

Real name unknown Among the songs written by Geordie is :-

1. Shipley's Drop frae the Cloods, published in the Shields Gazette – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 575

* Geordy Black

A stage name often used by Rowland Harrison, particularly when singing his own song Geordy Black

The person using this alias is unknown other than that he is from Shieldfield and had at least two pieces printed in "The Weekly Chronicle". Among the songs attributed to Havadab are the following :-

1. Gone – published in the Weekly Chronicle – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 573
2. Ma Singin' Freend – published in the Weekly Chronicle – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 573

The Bobby Cure and Johnny Luik Up – are both stage name used by George Ridley – see George "Geordie" Ridley

* Rosalinda – originally named as "Bosalinda"

Originally thought by Thomas Allan in his book Allan's Tyneside Songs to have possibly have been a Miss Harrey of Newcastle, it is now generally accepted as being a pen name used by Robert Gilchrist The following is attributed to the name of Rosalinda :-

1. Pandon Dene – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs on page 16, Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards on page 59, Fordyce's Tyne Songster on page 156, France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne on page 305, Marshall's Collection of Songs 1827 on page 145 and Ross' Songs of the Tyne volume 8-page 3

The person using this alias is unknown. One of the songs written by "Songster" is :-

1. Shields Races, sung to the tune of The de'il cam' fiddling through the toon – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 492

* By a Spectator

The person signing their name as "by a spectator" is unknown, but wrote the following song :-

1. Monkseaton Races – 1 July, 1812 – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 307

### The use of initials

J. B. The writer's real name is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may have been Joshua L. Bagnall. However there are no reasons given as to any evidence to support this suggestion. The following is attributed to their name :-

1. The Misfortunes of Roger and His Wife, to the tune of Calder Fair -and appears in Marshall's Collection of Songs 1827 page 172 and Fordyce's Tyne Songster page 172

* W. B. of Gateshead

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. The Bluebell of Gateshead – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 61

* D. C.

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. The Skipper's Voyage to the Museum, to the tune of Barbara Bell – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 524

* J. C.

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. Song – 5 July 1810 – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 236

* D ---

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. My Canny Wife (My), to the tune of There's nae luck about the house – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 465
2. Sweet Tibbie Dunbar, to the tune of The Boys of Kilkenny – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 443
3. Willy Wier, to the tune of Lass o' Gowrie – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 503
4. Young Mary, Queen of Hearts!, to the tune of The Boatie Row – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 451
5. Half-Drowned Skipper (The) – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 153. It had first appeared (signed D.) in the Tyneside Minstrel of 1824.
6. Canny Wife's reply, to the tune of Auld Lang Syne – appears in France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne page 505

* A. F. of Lead Gate

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. Wylam Geordy – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 570

* P. G.

Thomas Allan in his book, Allan's Tyneside Songs suggests that this was probably a Mr P. Galloway, a member of the Corinthian Society of Newcastle upon Tyne. The following are attributed to his name :-

1. A Lament on the death of Alexander Donktn, a young man of twenty-four, dies on 12 February 1825 – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 232
2. Poem – first delivered 29 August 1827 at the local Corinthians meeting – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 230
3. Poem To the Memory of Richard Young, R. Young – a member of the Corinthians, who died 4 November, 1831, aged 29 – appears in Allan's Tyneside Songs page 232

* D. H.

Thomas Allan in his book, Allan's Tyneside Songs suggests that this was probably a Mr D. Hobkirk q.v.

* H. F. H.

The writer's real name is unknown, but John Bell in his book, Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards states that it was written and sung by H. R. H. at the opening. The following is attributed to his name :-

1. Song (A) at the opening of Jarrow Colliery (Opened on 26 September 1805) written and sung by HFH – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 304

* K

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. Picking of lillies the other day, I saw a ship sailing on the main (actual title unknown) – appears in Sharp's Bishoprick Garland 1834 on page 65. (NOTE – The incorrect spelling is at it appears in the book)

* J. L.

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. The Tyne (A Fragment only) – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 322

* J. N. is the pseudonym of Bailey (according to Fordyce) – see Bailey (above)
* T. R.

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. An Elegy to the Memory of the Right Honourable Lord Ravensworth – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 99

* J. S.

Round about the date of the writing of this work there were three major poet/songwriters, all writing Geordie songs, and all three having a habit of (quite properly of course) signing of some of their works as "J. S." – John Shield, John Selkirk and James Stawpert. The writer of the following song, "Cull, Alias Silly Billy", is unknown (it may have been one of the three, or someone else), but it is attributed, according to John Bell, to J. S. :-

1. Cull, Alias Silly Billy – Published in Newcastle Chronicle on 28 August 1802 – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 312

* E W

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. The Battle of Humbledown Hill (fought 5 August 1791) – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 152

* M W of North Shields

The writer's real name is unknown, but the following is attributed to their name :-

1. Sunderland Bridge – appears in Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards page 285 and Sharp's Bishoprick Garland 1834 on page 72

### Nicknames of some of the Eccentrics

* Archy, or Archibald Henderson – was known by the nickname Bold Archy (or Airchy) – see Eccentrics
* Billy Conolly – an alias of William Cleghorn
* Bold Archy (or Airchy) is the nickname of Archibald Henderson – see Eccentrics
* Cleghorn, William – used the alias of Billy Conolly – see William Cleghorn
* Cat Gut Jim – was a stage name and a character acted out on stage by Edward Corvan
* Conolly, Billy – an alias of William Cleghorn
* Corvan, Edward – used the stage name and acted out the part of "Cat Gut Jim – see Edward Corvan
* Cruddace, Robert – was known by the nickname Whin Bob – see Eccentrics
* Cuckoo Jack -is the nickname of John Wilson – see Eccentrics
* Cuddy Billy -is the nickname of William Maclachlan – see Eccentrics
* Cull Billy -is the nickname of William Scott – see Eccentrics
* Edward Corvan – used the stage name and acted out the part of "Cat Gut Jim – see Edward Corvan
* Henderson, Archibald – was known by the nickname Bold Archy (or Airchy) – see Eccentrics
* John Wilson – was known by the nickname Cuckoo Jack – see Eccentrics
* Maclachlan William – was known by the nickname Cuddy Billy – see Eccentrics
* Robert Cruddace – was known by the nickname Whin Bob – see Eccentrics
* Scott William – was known by the nickname Cull (or silly) Billy – see Eccentrics
* Silly Billy -is the nickname of William Scott – see Eccentrics
* Whin Bob -is the nickname of Robert Cruddace – see Eccentrics
* William Cleghorn – used the alias of Billy Conolly – see William Cleghorn
* Wilson, John – was known by the nickname Cuckoo Jack – see Eccentrics


title: Trod Nossel Studios

abstract:
Trod Nossel Studios, established in 1966 by Thomas “Doc” Cavalier, is a recording studio in Wallingford, Connecticut. It is one of the oldest operating large-format studios in the world. Trod Nossel is also one of the longest running recording studios in the US. Originally an oral surgeon, Cavalier purchased microphone manufacturers Syncron Sound Studios in Wallingford, and turned it into Trod Nossel Recording Studios. He started off his career by managing acts such as The Shags and Bram Rigg Set. Since then Trod Nossel has worked with many artists,
including Fleetwood Mac and R. Kelly, as well as placing songs for television. Andrew Loog Oldham, manager and producer of the Rolling Stones was a close friend of Cavalier. He described “life on the Trod Nossel Studios lot” as “an American movie” in an interview on a Sirius Radio commentary. The studio has received much press, in many news and magazine articles, including those in The New York Times, for its involvement in the industry. The Record Journal advocates, “In the ‘60s it was all about Trod Nossel.” Richard Hanley of Quinnipiac University said that Trod Nossel “was the key place for artists” and that Doc “embodied the spirit of the age.” Doc’s daughter, Darlene Cavalier, now runs the studio.

text:
# Trod Nossel Studios

**Trod Nossel Studios**, established in 1966 by Thomas “Doc” Cavalier, is a recording studio in Wallingford, Connecticut. It is one of the oldest operating large-format studios in the world. Trod Nossel is also one of the longest running recording studios in the US.

Originally an oral surgeon, Cavalier purchased microphone manufacturers Syncron Sound Studios in Wallingford, and turned it into Trod Nossel Recording Studios. He started off his career by managing acts such as The Shags and Bram Rigg Set. Since then Trod Nossel has worked with many artists, including Fleetwood Mac and R. Kelly, as well as placing songs for television.

Andrew Loog Oldham, manager and producer of the Rolling Stones was a close friend of Cavalier. He described “life on the Trod Nossel Studios lot” as “an American movie” in an interview on a Sirius Radio commentary (Chapter 6). The studio has received much press, in many news and magazine articles, including those in *The New York Times*, for its involvement in the industry. *The Record Journal* (a Connecticut paper) advocates, “In the ‘60s it was all about Trod Nossel.” Richard Hanley of Quinnipiac University said that Trod Nossel “was the key place for artists” and that Doc “embodied the spirit of the age.” Doc’s daughter, Darlene Cavalier, now runs the studio.

## Nominations

The studio has been nominated for several Grammy Awards for its work.

| Year | Artist | Work | Nomination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Pinetop Perkins | *Born in the Delta* | Best Traditional Blues Album |
| 1999 | Various artists | *A Tribute To Howlin Wolf*<br>Co-produced by Doc Cavalier | Best Traditional Blues Album |
| 1999 | Luther "Guitar Junior" Johnson and the Magic Rockers | *Got To Find The Way* | Best Traditional Blues Album |
| 2011 | R. Kelly | *Untitled* | Best Contemporary R&B Album |
|

41°26′59″N 72°49′44″W / 41.449764°N 72.828997°W / 41.449764; -72.828997


title: Trodden Weed

abstract: Trodden Weed is a 1951 painting by the American artist Andrew Wyeth. It is a self-portrait, displaying the painter from his knees down, dressed in a pair of old, high leather boots. The boots had belonged to N. C. Wyeth's teacher Howard Pyle. Andrew Wyeth had received the boots as a Christmas gift from his wife in 1950. The boots fitted him and he used them as he walked around the countryside of Chadds Ford recovering from a serious operation. Wyeth described the creation of this painting in a letter published in ARTnews in May 1952. Michael Ennis of Texas Monthly wrote in 1987: "In Trodden Weed (1951), a self-portrait from the knees down in which the artist donned Howard Pyle's wrinkled old boots, Andrew strides the coppery turf with an autobiographical symbolism that is as hackneyed as it is visually moribund".

text:
# Trodden Weed

***Trodden Weed*** is a 1951 painting by the American artist Andrew Wyeth. It is a self-portrait, displaying the painter from his knees down, dressed in a pair of old, high leather boots.

The boots had belonged to N. C. Wyeth's teacher Howard Pyle. Andrew Wyeth had received the boots as a Christmas gift from his wife in 1950. The boots fitted him and he used them as he walked around the countryside of Chadds Ford recovering from a serious operation. Wyeth described the creation of this painting in a letter published in *ARTnews* in May 1952.

Michael Ennis of *Texas Monthly* wrote in 1987: "In *Trodden Weed* (1951), a self-portrait from the knees down in which the artist donned Howard Pyle's wrinkled old boots, Andrew strides the coppery turf with an autobiographical symbolism that is as hackneyed as it is visually moribund".

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Trodden Weed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Andrew Wyeth |
| Year | 1951 |
| Type | Tempera on board |
| Dimensions | 50.8 cm × 46.35 cm (20 in × 18 1/5 in) |
| Location | Private collection |


title: Michèle Demys

abstract: Michèle Demys is a former French athlete, who specialised in the Javelin. Demys won five French national javelin titles in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967. She participated in the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo and placed tenth in the final.

text:
# Michèle Demys

**Michèle Demys** (born 16 September 1943 in Orsay) is a former French athlete, who specialised in the Javelin.

Demys won five French national javelin titles in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967.

She participated in the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo and placed tenth in the final.

## National titles

## Records

**Personal records**
| Event | Performance | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Javelin | 52.88m |  | 1964 |

* Docathlé2003, French Athletics Federation, 2003 p. 399

## InfoBox

Michèle Demys
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | France |
| Born | 16 September 1943 (1943-09-16) (age 81)<br>Orsay, France |
| Sport | |
| Event | Javelin throw |


title: Trois Sauts

abstract: Trois Sauts or Ɨtu wasu is a cluster of four Amerindian Wayampi and Teko villages on the Oyapock River in French Guiana near the border with Brazil. Trois Sauts contains the villages of Roger, Zidock, Yawapa, and Pina.

text:
# Trois Sauts

**Trois Sauts** (English: three waterfalls) or **Ɨtu wasu** is a cluster of four Amerindian Wayampi and Teko villages on the Oyapock River in French Guiana near the border with Brazil. Trois Sauts contains the villages of *Roger*, *Zidock* (also *Zidok*), *Yawapa*, and *Pina*.

## History

Trois Sauts has been established in the 1950s, and named after a waterfall near the source of river. The name was a mistranslation, because the waterfall has four levels making it impossible to pass by boat, and thus isolating the upstream area in Brazil from the downstream in French Guiana. The people living in Trois Sauts came from the upstream areas. It was not until 1969, that the villages of Roger and Zidock were established. As of 2012, the villages are in a sustainable local development area of the Guiana Amazonian Park and has a park office.

Even though Trois Sault is an isolated community and far from the gold fields of Camopi, the population of the villages had the highest contamination with mercury, because they live on cassave, hunting and fishing without access to supermarkets.

## Overview

Trois Sauts has a school, a clinic, and since 2013, an annex of the commune. In 2020, a hydroelectric power plant in the waterfall was completed in order to provide electricity for the villages.

## Transport

The villages can only be reached via the river. It is located two days by boat from Saint-Georges or one day from Camopi. The villages may only be accessed with a special permit from the Prefecture.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Trois Sauts Ɨtu wasu | |
| --- | --- |
| Cluster of villages | |
| Drawing of the Trois Sauts waterfalls (1893) | |
| Trois SautsLocation in French Guiana | |
| Coordinates: 2°14′45″N 52°52′24″W / 2.24589°N 52.87343°W / 2.24589; -52.87343 | |
| Country | France |
| Overseas region | French Guiana |
| Arrondissement | Cayenne |
| Commune | Camopi |
| Government | |
| Chief | Jacky Pawey |
| Elevation | 138 m (453 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | c. 590 |
| Time zone | UTC-3 |


title: Trichosanthes baviensis

abstract: Trichosanthes baviensis is a climbing plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. It was described from the Ba Vi area in northern Vietnam and also occurs in southern China.

text:
# Trichosanthes baviensis

***Trichosanthes baviensis*** is a climbing plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. It was described from the Ba Vi area in northern Vietnam (where its name is *qua lâu Ba Vì*) and also occurs in southern China.

1. Gagnepain F (1918) *In: Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24(5): 379*
2. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
3. "*Trichosanthes baviensis* Gagnepain". *The Plant List*. Retrieved 17 August 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Trichosanthes baviensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichosanthes* |
| Species: | ***T. baviensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosanthes baviensis***<br>Gagnep. | |
|


title: Trichosanthes dioica

abstract: Trichosanthes dioica, also known as pointed gourd, is a tropical perennial cucurbit plant with its origin in the Indian subcontinent. The plant propagated vegetatively and grows with training on a support system as pencil-thick vines (creepers) with dark-green cordate (heart-shaped) simple leaves. It is a well-developed dioecious plants having distinct male and female flowers on staminate and pistillate plants, respectively. The fruits are green with white or no stripes' and have unpalatable seeds. Size can vary from small and round to thick and long — 2 to 6 inches. It thrives well under a hot to moderately warm and humid climate. The plant remains dormant during the winter season and prefers fertile, well-drained sandy loam soil due to its susceptibility to water-logging.

text:
# Trichosanthes dioica

***Trichosanthes dioica***, also known as **pointed gourd**, is a tropical perennial cucurbit plant with its origin in the Indian subcontinent. The plant propagated vegetatively and grows with training on a support system (e.g., trellis) as pencil-thick vines (creepers) with dark-green cordate (heart-shaped) simple leaves. It is a well-developed dioecious plants having distinct male and female flowers on staminate and pistillate plants, respectively. The fruits are green with white or no stripes' and have unpalatable seeds. Size can vary from small and round to thick and long  2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm). It thrives well under a hot to moderately warm and humid climate. The plant remains dormant during the winter season and prefers fertile, well-drained sandy loam soil due to its susceptibility to water-logging.

## India

It is widely cultivated in the eastern and some northern parts of India, particularly in Northeastern Andhra, Odisha, Bengal, Assam, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. It is used as an ingredient for soup, stew, curry, sweet, or eaten fried and as *potoler dorma* or *dolma* with fish, roe or meat stuffing.

## Bangladesh

Pointed gourd is locally known as পটল (*patol*). It is a vital summer vegetable in Bangladesh. It is cultivated and consumed in almost every district of the country. It is a perennial crop and sold at the end of October when there is a shortage of other alternative vegetables.

## Nutrients

Most parts of *T. dioica* are used in local traditional medicine. The fruit constituents are minerals (Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Copper, and Sulphur), vitamins, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, pentacyclic triterpenes, and other bioactive compounds have proven that the pointed gourd promising.

Pointed gourd is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is a good source of carbohydrates, vitamin A, and vitamin C. It also contains major nutrients and trace elements (magnesium, potassium, copper, sulfur, and chlorine) which are needed in small quantities, for playing essential roles in human physiology. 9.0 mg Mg, 2.6 mg Na, 83.0 mg K, 1.1 mg Cu and 17 mg S per 100 g edible part.

## In human culture

The fifteenth-century *Hatha Yoga Pradipika* 1.61-65 recommends Parwal as one of the foods suitable for yogins.

## InfoBox

| *Trichosanthes dioica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Gourd | |
|  | |
| Gourd plants Raihan | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichosanthes* |
| Species: | ***T. dioica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosanthes dioica***<br>Roxb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anguina dioica*  (Roxb.) Kuntze | |


title: Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C.

abstract:
Middlesbrough Ironopolis Football Club was a football club based in Middlesbrough, England. Although it was only in existence for five years, the club won three Northern League
titles, two cup competitions and once reached the FA Cup quarter-finals. They were based at the Paradise Ground.

text:
# Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C.

**Middlesbrough Ironopolis Football Club** was a football club based in Middlesbrough, England.

Although it was only in existence for five years, the club won three Northern League titles, two cup competitions and once reached the FA Cup quarter-finals.

They were based at the Paradise Ground.

## History

The club was formed in 1889 by some members of Middlesbrough F.C., an amateur club at the time, who wanted the town of Middlesbrough to have a professional club. The team played its first ever non-competitive game against Gainsborough Trinity on 14 December 1889 at home. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.

### League and Cup

Middlesbrough Ironopolis played in the Northern League from 1890 to 1893, winning three consecutive titles. In their first season, they reached the Fourth Qualifying Round of the FA Cup, losing to Darlington. During the 1892–93 season, the team reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup before losing to Preston North End in a replay, after drawing the first game.

Following an abortive attempt to enter the Football League in combination with Middlesbrough F.C., under the name Middlesbrough and Ironopolis, Ironopolis were accepted into the Second Division for the 1893–94 season, replacing Accrington who had resigned. Competing in the league alongside them were Liverpool, Newcastle United, and Woolwich Arsenal (now known simply as Arsenal). Ironopolis finished 11th out of 15 clubs, recording wins against Small Heath (now Birmingham City), 3–0, and over Ardwick (now Manchester City) 2–0. They played in total 28 games, won 8, drew 4, lost 16, scored 37 goals, conceded 72, and finished with 20 points. The squad that season was: G. Watts; J. Elliott, Philip Bach; Thomas Seymour, Robert Chatt, R. Nicholson; J. Hill, Archibald M Hughes, Thomas McCairns, P. Coupar, Wallace McReddie.

The club lost its stadium, the Paradise Ground, which was adjacent to Middlesbrough F.C.'s Ayresome Park, at the end of the season. Its financial position was poor, as gate receipts did not cover the cost of players' wages and the costs of travelling to fixtures in distant parts of England. In February 1894 all the professional players were served notice of the plans to liquidate the team. The club's final game was a 1–1 draw against South Bank on 30 April 1894. Ironopolis resigned from the Football League the following month and disbanded. Ironopolis and Bootle are the only two clubs to have spent a single season in the Football League.

## Merger with Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough Ironopolis Football Club formed as a split from Middlesbrough Football Club in 1889, and both teams made the move from amateur to professional football within a week of each other in December 1889. However, both teams came to realise their only real chance of gaining promotion to the Football League was through a reunion of the two teams. On 7 May 1892, after a meeting between the two clubs, an application to join the Football League was made under the name Middlesbrough and Ironopolis Football and Athletic Club. The club received only one vote in its application, possible reasons being the long travelling distances and allegations of poaching of players from League teams. The club decided not to apply for membership of the Football League Second Division.

After failing to enter the League, and disagreements between the two original clubs on the make up and ground of the new club, the clubs reverted to playing individually.

## Seasons

| Season | Division | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts | Pos | FA Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1889–90 | *Middlesbrough Ironopolis played only friendly matches* | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1890–91 | Northern Football League | 14 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 37 | 24 | 20 | **1st** | First round |
| 1891–92 | Northern Football League | 16 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 49 | 13 | 29 | **1st** | First round |
| 1892–93 | Northern Football League | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 6 | 19 | **1st** | Quarter-finals |
| 1893–94 | Football League Second Division | 28 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 37 | 72 | 20 | 11th | Second round |

## Name and colours

The club was formed during the late Victorian industrial boom and adopted the name "Ironopolis" (iron-city) partly to emphasise this (Middlesbrough was then a centre for iron and steel production; see Teesside Steelworks) and also to distinguish itself from the other local club, Middlesbrough F.C.

The club had three sets of colours in its brief history; initially a maroon and dark green kit, later changed to a dark blue kit with a white sash, and on entry to the Football League, its best-known kit; cherry red and white stripes.

## Honours

1. Yarden, Paul. "Football Trivia Question of the Day May 2013 Archive". *myfootballfacts.com*. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Middlesbrough Ironopolis
| Full name | Middlesbrough Ironopolis Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *The Nops*<br>*The Washers* |
| Founded | 1889 (1889) |
| Dissolved | 1894 (1894) |
| Ground | Paradise Ground, Middlesbrough |
| Capacity | 14,000 |
| 1893–94 | Football League Second Division |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station

abstract: Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station was located on the North Wharf side of the Middlesbrough Dock Cut from the River Tees, in the town of Middlesbrough, in North Yorkshire. A lifeboat was first stationed here in 1854 by the Tees Bay Lifeboat Society. Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat in 1858. Middlesbrough lifeboat station was closed in 1895.

text:
# Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station

**Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station** was located on the North Wharf side of the Middlesbrough Dock Cut from the River Tees, in the town of Middlesbrough, in North Yorkshire.

A lifeboat was first stationed here in 1854 by the Tees Bay Lifeboat Society. Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat in 1858.

Middlesbrough lifeboat station was closed in 1895.

## History

In 1854, the Tees Bay Lifeboat Society decided to place a lifeboat at Middlesbrough. The lifeboat was a 30-foot self-righting 'pulling and sailing' (P&S) lifeboat, one with oars and sails, and was constructed locally by R. Craggs of Stockton-on-Tees, to the design of James Peake. A boathouse was constructed on the quay at the Dock Cut, near to the Dock Masters office.

At the request of the Tees Bay Lifeboat Society, the management of their three stations, Redcar, Saltburn and Middlesbrough, was transferred to the RNLI in 1858. Each was visited prior to the transfer by Capt. John Ward, RNLI Inspector of Lifeboats, who requested alterations to the Middlesbrough boat. It was transported to lifeboat builders Forrest of Limehouse, London, where it was lengthened to 33-feet, at a cost of £11-10s-0d. After passing trials, the boat was returned to the station in February 1859.

On the 7 April 1861, the Middlesbrough lifeboat was launched to the aid of the schooner *Oregon*, on passage from Grangemouth to Middlesbrough, which had run aground on South Gare Sands, at the mouth of the River Tees. The lifeboat managed to rescue four of the five crew, one man having been washed overboard when the vessel struck the sand.

In 1864, Redcar Lifeboat Station had received a new 33-foot Self-righting lifeboat, but they had found that they needed a larger boat. A replacement was ordered, which arrived on station in 1867. The 33-foot boat, built by Forrest of Limehouse, was then transferred to Middlesbrough. The boat was named *Crossley*, having been funded out of a gift to the Institution by John Crossley, Carpet Manufacturer of Halifax, Yorkshire.

The first service of the *Crossley* was on 28 February 1870, when she was launched to the aid of the schooner *Johns*. The vessel had been on passage from Santander, Spain to Middlesbrough when she was wrecked on the North Gare sands. The lifeboatmen had to battle heavy seas in a severe southerly gale to reach the vessel, finally managing to rescue the six crew.

In 1878, funds from the legacy of Mr. Thomas Firbank were appropriated to the Saltburn Lifeboat Station. A new 34-foot lifeboat was provided to Middlesbrough in 1884, funded from the same legacy, and was named *Thomas and Isabella Firbank* (ON 6). In 1892, the named would be changed to *Thomas and Isabella Firbank of Kingston-upon-Hull*. The boat was launched just twice in her 11 years on station, but recorded no lives saved.

It was decided to close the Middlesbrough lifeboat station in 1895. *Thomas and Isabella Firbank of Kingston-upon-Hull* (ON 6) was transferred to Scarborough, where the boat was renamed *Queensbury*. The station had been sited on a busy dockyard. The North Wharf was re-developed, and a map of the area produced in 1913 shows no trace of the lifeboat house.

## Middlesbrough lifeboats

| ON | Name | In service | Class | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pre-282 | Unnamed | 1854–1867 | 30-foot Self-righting (P&S) |  |
| Pre-418 | *Crossley* | 1867–1884 | 33-foot Self-righting (P&S) |  |
| 6 | *Thomas and Isabella Firbank*,<br>*Thomas and Isabella Firbank of Kingston-upon-Hull* (from 1892–) | 1884–1895 | 34-foot 4in Self-righting (P&S) |  |
|

Pre ON numbers are unofficial numbers used by the Lifeboat Enthusiast Society to reference early lifeboats not included on the official RNLI list.    1. 30-foot (10-Oared) Self-righting (P&S) lifeboat, built by R. Craggs of Stockton-on-Tees, costing £140.
2. 33-foot (10-Oared) Self-righting (P&S) lifeboat, built by Forrest of Limehouse.
3. 34-foot 4in (10-Oared) Self-righting (P&S) lifeboat, built by Woolfe of Shadwell, costing £349.
1. Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2024). *Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2024*. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 4–132.
2. Morris, Jeff (November 2005). *The Closed Lifeboat Stations of Yorkshire*. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 1–46.
3. "Lifeboat Services". *Preston Chronicle*. No. 2530. London. 13 April 1861.
4. "Shipping Intelligence". *Northern Echo*. No. 51. Darlington. 1 March 1870.
5. "Mercantile Ship News". *The Standard*. No. 14221. London. 2 March 1870. p. 7.
6. "Middlesbrough". *Maps*. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
7. Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2021). *Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2021*. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 2–120.

## InfoBox

| Middlesbrough Lifeboat Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Middlesbrough Dock Cut | |
| Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire | |
| General information | |
| Status | Closed |
| Type | RNLI Lifeboat Station |
| Town or city | Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 54°34′49.2″N 1°13′10.7″W / 54.580333°N 1.219639°W / 54.580333; -1.219639 |
| Opened | 1854 |
| Closed | 1895 |


title: Middlesbrough F.C. Women

abstract: Middlesbrough Football Club Women is an English women's football club. Founded in 1976, they currently play in the FA Women's National League Division One North, with home games played at Bishopton Road West, Stockton. Middlesbrough were founding members of the Northern Combination in 1998, and spent much of their early history in the third and fourth tiers of woman's football, aside from a brief spell in the second tier FA Premier League Northern Division from 2002 to 2006. The club officially became affiliated with the men's team in 2023. Middlesbrough also have a reserve side competing in the FA Women's National League Reserve Northern Division. Their home games are played at Middlesbrough College.

text:
# Middlesbrough F.C. Women

**Middlesbrough Football Club Women** (/ˈmɪdəlzbrə/  *MID-əlz-brə*) is an English women's football club. Founded in 1976, they currently play in the FA Women's National League Division One North, with home games played at Bishopton Road West, Stockton.

Middlesbrough were founding members of the Northern Combination in 1998, and spent much of their early history in the third and fourth tiers of woman's football, aside from a brief spell in the second tier FA Premier League Northern Division from 2002 to 2006. The club officially became affiliated with the men's team in 2023.

Middlesbrough also have a reserve side competing in the FA Women's National League Reserve Northern Division. Their home games are played at Middlesbrough College.

## History

### Formation and early years (1976–2010)

Middlesbrough Football Club Women was formed in 1976. Originally known as Cleveland Spartans, they played in the Nottinghamshire Ladies League, and were coached by Middlesbrough players Mark Proctor and David Hodgson. The club reached the 1982 WFA Cup Final, losing 2–0 to Lowestoft. Middlesbrough later played in the Yorkshire and Humberside Ladies League.

In 1996 Marrie Wieczorek became full time manager. Under her guidance Middlesbrough won the 2001–02 Northern Combination, and were promoted to the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division. They remained in the Northern Division for four seasons, returning to the Northern Combination following relegation at the end of the 2005–06 season.

### Ups and downs (2010–present)

In September 2010, Middlesbrough travelled to North Korea and played two friendly matches against April 25, losing 6–2, and Kalmaegi, losing 5–0. In 2012 Gemma Grainger was appointed manager, and the club finished the 2012–13 season in fourth place. Grainger left the club in 2013 due to commitments to the England U19 team, and was replaced by player-manager Samantha Leigh.

As a result of the restructuring of the FA Women's Premier League for the 2014–15 season, Middlesbrough competed in the newly formed FA Women's Premier League Northern Division One. Under new manager and owner Lindsey Stephenson, the club finished the season in fourth place. Middlesbrough won the 2015–16 Northern Division One, and were promoted to the Northern Premier Division. In their first season back in the third tier of woman's football, Middlesbrough achieved a second-place finish. In June 2017 the club unveiled a new crest.

In January 2020, Ben Fisher was announced as new chairman, while Marrie Wieczorek returned to the club as an ambassador. Middlesbrough reached the semi-finals of the 2019–20 FA National League Plate, losing 2–0 to Watford. On 24 August 2021, former Middlesbrough player Andy Campbell was appointed manager. Middlesbrough were relegated to the National League Division One North at the end of the 2021–22 season.

On 26 May 2023, the club officially became affiliated with the men’s team, and Michael Mulhern was announced as manager. Middlesbrough played their first game at the Riverside Stadium on 17 September, a 0–0 draw against Stockport County.

## Kits

### Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

| Period | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010–2015 | Adidas | Wells Solutions |
| 2015–2017 | | Amigos Pizza |
| 2017–2018 | | Northern Coffee |
| 2018–2020 | | Hummel |
| 2020–2021 | | Team Stokes Limited (TSL) |
| 2021–2022 | | Map Group (UK) |
| 2022–2023 | | Erreà |
| 2023– | | Durata |
|

## Stadium

During the 2000s, Middlesbrough played their home games at Central Avenue, Billingham Synthonia, before moving to Teesdale Park, Thornaby Football Club, in 2010. In July 2018, the club moved to Bedford Terrace, Billingham Town.

Since June 2022, Middlesbrough have played their home games at Bishopton Road West, Stockton Town. The stadium underwent a £1 million redevelopment in 2015, and now includes modern facilities and a 3G pitch. With affiliation into Middlesbrough Football Club in 2023, the team have select matches at the Riverside Stadium.

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 18 July 2024.*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  ENG Laura Wareham  2 DF  ENG Jane Harland  4 MF  ENG Bethany Guy  5 DF  ENG Ellen Packham  6 DF  ENG Abby Towers  7 FW  ENG Ellen Turnbull  8 FW  ENG Jessica Mett  9 FW  ENG Armani Maxwell  10 MF  ENG Lauren Robson | No. Pos. Nation Player  12 MF  ENG Eve Marshall  13 GK  ENG Ruby Cook  14 DF  ENG Emma Foster  15 FW  ENG Amber Rodgers  16 MF  ENG Francesca Ward  17 DF  ENG Millie Bell  18 MF  ENG Sarah Burn *(captain)*  21 FW  ENG Faye Dale  23 FW  ENG Nicole Havery |
| --- | --- |

### Reserves

Middlesbrough operate a reserve team who compete in the FA Women's National League Reserve Northern Division, and play home games at Middlesbrough College. The club also operate a development team, who play in the North Riding Women's Premier League.

### Former players

## Club staff

*As of 18 July 2024.*

| Executive Members  Role Person  Chair of club  Steve Gibson  General manager  Ben Fisher   Management & Backroom Staff  Role Person  First Team Manager  Michael Mulhern  Assistant Manager  Joe Lillie  Goalkeeping Coach  Iain Longstaff  Fitness Coach  Lee Phoenix  Lead Physiotherapist  Sarah Stones  Performance Analyst  Jason Elgie  Under-23's Manager  Dom Bylett  Under-16's Manager  Ben Fisher |
| --- |

### Managerial history

| Dates | Name |
| --- | --- |
| 1996–2012 | Marrie Wieczorek |
| 2012–2013 | Gemma Grainger |
| 2013–2014 | Samantha Leigh |
| 2014–2018 | Lindsey Stephenson |
| 2018 | Kelsey Byrne |
| 2018–2021 | Steph Fairless |
| 2021–2023 | Andy Campbell |
| 2023– | Michael Mulhern |

## Honours

**League**

54°36′7.780″N 1°17′8.452″W / 54.60216111°N 1.28568111°W / 54.60216111; -1.28568111

## InfoBox

Middlesbrough
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Middlesbrough Football Club Women |
| Nickname(s) | Boro |
| Short name | MFCW |
| Founded | 1976 (1976) |
| Ground | Bishopton Road West
Riverside Stadium |
| Capacity | 1,800 (200 seated)
Bishopton Road West |
| Chairman | Steve Gibson |
| Manager | Michael Mulhern |
| League | FA Women's National League Division One North |
| 2023–24 | FA Women's National League Division One North, 2nd of 12 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|


title: Trogoparvus

abstract:
Trogoparvus is a genus of beetles in the family Dermestidae, containing the following species:
  - Trogoparvus sulcatopygus Pic, 1927
  - Trogoparvus sumatrensis Háva, 2001

text:
# Trogoparvus

***Trogoparvus*** is a genus of beetles in the family Dermestidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Trogoparvus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Infraorder: | Bostrichiformia |
| Family: | Dermestidae |
| Genus: | ***Trogoparvus***<br>Háva, 2001 |
|


title: Gentianella nitida

abstract: Gentianella nitida is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is one of two types of hercampuri, which is traditionally used in herbal medicine as an infusion, the other type of hercampuri being Gentianella alborosea. Gentianella nitida has been used in Peruvian folk medicine since before the time of the Incas. These small shrubs are native to the high Andes of Peru. The Junin Province is a region of Peru that grows hercampuri.

text:
# Gentianella nitida

***Gentianella nitida*** is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is one of two types of hercampuri, which is traditionally used in herbal medicine as an infusion, the other type of hercampuri being *Gentianella alborosea*. Gentianella nitida has been used in Peruvian folk medicine since before the time of the Incas. These small shrubs are native to the high Andes of Peru. The Junin Province is a region of Peru that grows hercampuri.

## Traditional use

The whole plant is used as an infusion. The roots are thin and yellow in color and the infusion of hercampuri also has a yellow color. Traditional uses of hercampuri include:

## Chemical constituents

The infusion of hercampuri is one of the most bitter flavors of all herbs. The chemical compounds that give hercampuri its unique taste contribute to the bitterness of the infusion. Chemical constituents isolated from *Gentianella nitida* include amaronitidin and nitiol.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Gentianella nitida* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Gentianella* |
| Species: | ***G. nitida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gentianella nitida***
(Griseb.) Fabris | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gentiana nitida* Griseb. | |


title: Georg Brandt

abstract: Georg Brandt was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt c. 1735. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times. He is also known for exposing fraudulent alchemists operating during his lifetime.

text:
# Georg Brandt

**Georg Brandt** (26 June 1694 – 29 April 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt c. 1735. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times. He is also known for exposing fraudulent alchemists operating during his lifetime.

## Biography

Brandt was born in Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg parish, Västmanland to Jurgen Brandt, a mineowner and pharmacist, and Katarina Ysing. He was professor of chemistry at Uppsala University, and died in Stockholm. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. He died on 29 April 1768 of prostate cancer.

About 1741 he wrote: "As there are six kinds of metals, so I have also shown with reliable experiments... that there are also six kinds of half-metals: a new half-metal, namely Cobalt regulus in addition to Mercury, Bismuth, Zinc, and the reguluses of Antimony and Arsenic". He gave six ways to distinguish bismuth and cobalt which were typically found in the same ores:

1. Bismuth fractures while Cobalt is more like a true metal.
2. The regulus of Shetz fuses with flint and fixed alkali giving a blue glass known as zaffera, sasre, or smalt. Bismuth does not.
3. Bismuth melts easily and if kept melted, calcinates forming a yellow powder.
4. Bismuth amalgamates with Mercury; the regulus of Cobalt does not at all.
5. Bismuth dissolved in nitric acid and with aqua regia and gives a white precipitate when put in pure water. The regulus of Cobalt needs alkalies to precipitate, and then forms dark or black precipitates.

* Gusenius, Edwin M. (1967). "Beginnings of Greatness in Swedish Chemistry: Georg Brandt, (1694-1768)". *Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science*. **70** (4): 413–425. doi:10.2307/3627593. JSTOR 3627593.

* Georg Brandt
* "Brandt, Georg" by Uno Boklund in: Charles C. Gillispie, ed., *Dictionary of Scientific Biography* (New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970), vol. 2, pages 421-422

## InfoBox

| Georg Brandt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1694-06-26)26 June 1694
Riddarhyttan, Sweden |
| Died | 29 April 1768(1768-04-29) (aged 73)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Known for | Discovery of cobalt |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry, mineralogy |
| Institutions | Uppsala University |
|  | |


title: George Carter Sherman Sr.

abstract: George Carter Sherman Sr. was an American polo player known as the “father of indoor polo.”

text:
# George Carter Sherman Sr.

**George Carter Sherman Sr.** (April 2, 1880 – January 4, 1933) was an American polo player known as the “father of indoor polo.”

## Early life and career

George C. Sherman Sr. was the founder of the Indoor Polo Association and its first president from 1915 to 1926. He modified the rules of outdoor polo for indoor use and redesigned standard polo equipment for the arena game’s specific needs, including the introduction of the inflatable polo ball.

The game's origins were not promising. In 1939, the *New York Post* noted, "Grooms, while exercising some Western horses indoors at Durland's Riding Academy, took to batting a soccer ball about with ordinary kitchen brooms... Sherman and \[Robert A.\] Granniss, along with several other winter-bound horsemen, improved on that, developing a miniature soccer ball that permitted use of orthodox polo mallets."

In 1928, Sherman presented the first Interscholastic Cup, now known as the George C. Sherman Trophy, given annually to winners of the National Interscholastic Championship. The National Arena Sherman Memorial was started in his honor in 1934 and is still played today.

In February 2020, George C. Sherman Sr. was inducted into the Polo Hall of Fame at the Museum of Polo as the Posthumous Iglehart Inductee. He follows his son, George C. Sherman Jr., who was inducted into the Polo Hall of Fame in 1998 for his contributions to the sport.

In his business life, Sherman was President of Sherman & Bryan advertising in New York City, which became Sherman & Lebair in 1920, and then George C. Sherman Co. In his career, he was also President of the National Outdoor Advertising Bureau, head of the Universal Tobacco Machine Company and of the Fulton Motor Truck Company.

## Death

George C. Sherman Sr. died on January 4, 1933, in Greenwich, Connecticut, after a fall in his home.

### References

## InfoBox

| George Carter Sherman Sr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1880-04-02)April 2, 1880 |
| Died | (1933-01-04)January 4, 1933 |
| Occupation | Polo player |


title: Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests

abstract: The Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests is a taiga ecoregion of Western Canada, designated by One Earth. It was previously defined as the Mid-Continental Canadian Forests by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) categorization system, before it was modified by One Earth, the successor to WWF.

text:
# Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests

The **Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests** is a taiga ecoregion of Western Canada, designated by One Earth. It was previously defined as the Mid-Continental Canadian Forests by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) categorization system, before it was modified by One Earth, the successor to WWF.

## Setting

This ecoregion extends from south of the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories through most of northeastern Alberta, central Saskatchewan and parts of west-central Manitoba and consists of three main areas: the Slave River basin in northeastern Alberta, the lowlands of the northern Manitoba plain, and the uplands south of the Canadian Shield from north-central Alberta to southwestern Manitoba. This is a mixed area of lowlands and mountains up to 800m high, including areas of wetland and peat bog and mountain lakes and ponds. The area has a subhumid mid-boreal ecoclimate with short summers (average temperature 14°C) and long, cold winters (ave. -15°C) and patches of permafrost in the lowlands.

## Flora

These forests, like so much of Canada at this latitude, are a mixture of conifers and deciduous trees including quaking aspen (*Populus tremuloides*), balsam poplar (*Populus balsamifera*), white spruce (*Picea glauca*), paper birch (*Betula papyrifera*), black spruce (*Picea mariana*), jack pine (*Pinus banksiana*) and balsam fir (*Abies balsamea*).

## Fauna

Wildlife of the area includes moose (*Alces alces*), American black bear (*Ursus americanus*), wolf (*Canis lupus*), Canada lynx (*Lynx canadensis*), white-tailed deer (*Odocoileus virginianus*), elk (*Cervus canadensis*), North American beaver (*Castor canadensis*), muskrat (*Ondatra zibethicus*), snowshoe hare (*Lepus americanus*). The plain to the south of the lake is home to moose, coyote (*Canis latrans*), and eastern cottontail (*Sylvilagus floridanus*) as well. Wood Buffalo National Park on the Slave River is the largest national park in Canada and home to the world's largest herd of American bison (*Bison bison*).

Birds include ducks, geese, American white pelican (*Pelecanus erythrorhynchos*), sandhill crane (*Grus canadensis*), ruffed grouse (*Bonasa umbellus*) and common loon (*Gavia immer*) The wetlands of the region, such as Cumberland Lake, are an important refuge for migratory birds and include the most important breeding populations of the endangered whooping crane in North America.

## Threats and preservation

Half of the natural forest remains intact, the other half having been removed by extensive logging, oil and gas exploration and mining. Blocks of intact forest include Wood Buffalo Park, the areas around Cold Lake/Primrose Lake and Doré Lake, Prince Albert National Park, to the north of Cumberland Lake, Riding Mountain National Park, Porcupine Hills, Duck Mountain Provincial Park (Manitoba), Duck Mountain Provincial Park (Saskatchewan) (near the town of Kamsack) and the Peace–Athabasca Delta on the Slave River. Other protected areas include Clearwater River (Saskatchewan), Meadow Lake Provincial Park (near Goodsoil, Saskatchewan) and Narrow Hills Provincial Park.

## InfoBox

| Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Forests of the Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan | |
|  | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Nearctic |
| Biome | Boreal forests/taiga |
| Borders | List |
| Bird species | 183 |
| Mammal species | 55 |
| Geography | |
| Area | 568,470 km2 (219,490 sq mi) |
| Country | Canada |
| Provinces |  |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Vulnerable |
| Habitat loss | 0.4% |
| Protected | 15.5% |


title: Mid-Canada Line

abstract: The Mid-Canada Line (MCL), also known as the McGill Fence, was a line of radar stations running east–west across the middle of Canada, used to provide early warning of a Soviet bomber attack on North America. It was built to supplement the Pinetree Line, which was located farther south. The majority of Mid-Canada Line stations were used only briefly from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, as the attack threat changed from bombers to ICBMs. As the MCL was closed down, the early warning role passed almost entirely to the newer and more capable DEW Line farther north. The MCL was based on the bistatic radar principle, using separated transmitters and receivers. An aircraft flying anywhere between the stations would reflect some of the transmitted signal towards the receiver, where it would mix with the signal travelling directly from the transmitter. The mixing of the two signals produces a pattern that is very easy to detect using simple electronics. As the transmitter is not pulsed, it does not require high voltages and is very simple as well. This leads to a very low-cost system that can cover huge areas, at the cost of providing no information about the precise location of the target, only its presence. Throughout its history, the MCL suffered from a problem that was never solved; because of the way bistatic radar works, any object relatively close to either station produces a large signal, in contrast to conventional monostatic radars where this effect is limited to the area immediately around the site. In the case of the MCL, this caused problems when flocks of birds would fly anywhere near either station and swamp the signal of a more distant aircraft. Solving this problem using the Doppler effect was a major design criterion for the AN/FPS-23 "Fluttar" that filled a similar role in the DEW line.

text:
# Mid-Canada Line

The **Mid-Canada Line** (**MCL**), also known as the **McGill Fence**, was a line of radar stations running east–west across the middle of Canada, used to provide early warning of a Soviet bomber attack on North America. It was built to supplement the Pinetree Line, which was located farther south. The majority of Mid-Canada Line stations were used only briefly from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, as the attack threat changed from bombers to ICBMs. As the MCL was closed down, the early warning role passed almost entirely to the newer and more capable DEW Line farther north.

The MCL was based on the bistatic radar principle, using separated transmitters and receivers. An aircraft flying anywhere between the stations would reflect some of the transmitted signal towards the receiver, where it would mix with the signal travelling directly from the transmitter. The mixing of the two signals produces a pattern that is very easy to detect using simple electronics. As the transmitter is not pulsed, it does not require high voltages and is very simple as well. This leads to a very low-cost system that can cover huge areas, at the cost of providing no information about the precise location of the target, only its presence.

Throughout its history, the MCL suffered from a problem that was never solved; because of the way bistatic radar works, any object relatively close to either station produces a large signal, in contrast to conventional monostatic (single site) radars where this effect is limited to the area immediately around the site. In the case of the MCL, this caused problems when flocks of birds would fly anywhere near either station and swamp the signal of a more distant aircraft. Solving this problem using the Doppler effect was a major design criterion for the AN/FPS-23 "Fluttar" that filled a similar role in the DEW line.

## History

### Impetus

Construction of the Pinetree Line had only just started when air planners started to have concerns about its capabilities and siting. By the time it detected a potential attack by jet-powered aircraft, there would be little time to do anything before the attack reached Canadian or northern U.S. cities. Additionally, the Pinetree systems used pulsed radars that were fairly easy to jam and were unable to detect targets close to the ground due to "clutter." Although expensive in terms of fuel use, it would be possible for Soviet bombers to evade detection by flying lower and plotting a course between the stations.

Bennett Lewis, head of the AECL Chalk River Laboratories and former Chief Superintendent of the UK Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) had proposed to the Defence Research Board (DRB) a system that avoided both of these problems. Known today as a forward scatter bistatic radar, it used two antennas, a transmitter and receiver, separated by some distance. The antennas were positioned and aimed so that the signal from the transmitter filled the space above the line between the two stations. An aircraft flying into this region would reflect some signal back towards the receiver, allowing detection at altitudes as great as 65,000 ft.

A major advantage of the system is that it requires much less power to operate effectively. In a conventional radar, the radio signal has to travel to the target and back again. As each leg of the journey is subject to the inverse square law, the resulting radar equation contains a fourth-power dependence. In contrast, a forward-scatter radar signal always travels about the same total distance, from the transmitter to the receiver, modified only by the altitude of the target. This means it is dependent on the square root of range and not the fourth root, and thus delivers considerably more energy onto the receiver than a conventional radar over the same range. Also, unlike a conventional "monostatic" radar, the transmitter did not have to turn off to allow the receiver to listen for the signal. Since the total amount of energy received at the receiver is a function of both the peak power and the length of the pulse, using a continual signal means the same total energy will be deposited using much lower peak transmitter power. As a result, Lewis' system would require smaller sites and much less power than conventional radars like those of the Pinetree Line.

The major disadvantage of the system is that it did not indicate the aircraft's location within the beam, unlike a pulsed system where pulse timing can be used to determine range. This means the forward-scatter concept is useful for making a "radar fence" or "trip wire" that indicates that something is approaching, but not exactly where it is. To help address locating the target to a degree, the proposal was to build two interlinked fences, so that each pair of stations was perhaps 30 kilometres (19 mi) apart, a short enough distance that the radar on an interceptor aircraft would be able to find the target within that area. Using two overlapping sets also allowed one pair to cover the dead zone directly above the towers of the other.

Lewis' initial concept was to place the transmitters and receivers on telephone poles and electric power transmission towers, which provided both a convenient location as well as the small amount of power needed to run the electronics. In the case of the telephone poles, the lines would also be used to send the data back to the tracking stations. This concept generated a considerable amount of interest, although it was abandoned for reasons that are not entirely clear. Willis and Griffiths speculate it might be the need for 1,000 such radars, but it is also likely that the desired to locate the line further north than the heavily settled areas in southern Canada was likely significant as well. In any event, the simplicity of the concept helped bring it to the attention of air planners.

### Spider Web

The DRB decided to pursue Lewis’ idea in 1950–51 by directing a research contract to the Eaton Electronics Research Laboratories of McGill University, headed by Professor Garfield Woonton. Lewis suggested to DRB and Woonton that he put the project in the hands of associate professor, J. Rennie Whitehead as project leader, a former colleague of his from the TRE days in the UK who had recently taken a position at the Lab. Some preliminary tests were made in 1952 with breadboard hardware built by a graduate student, Hugh Hamilton, in order to confirm the validity of the idea.

In the meantime RCA Victor had been brought in by the DRB to design and produce the receivers, transmitters and antennas for tests on a substantial scale. The testing was performed in the summer of 1953, when Whitehead and his team of RCA Victor and RCAF personnel installed and operated a string of seven stations stretching from Ottawa to Mattawa along the Ottawa River valley. Known under the code name of *"Spider Web"* at the suggestion of Hamilton, the tests were made with aircraft from CFB St. Hubert, near Montreal. All observations were transmitted to and made in the line HQ, which was set up in the equipment hut of one of the seven stations, located in Deep River.

Flight Lieutenant Andrew Matthews of the 104 Communications Flight at RCAF St. Hubert arranged for a series of different aircraft to fly through the network, including an Auster light aircraft, a T-33 Shooting Star, an Avro Lancaster bomber and even a recently acquired de Havilland Comet jet transport. The tests revealed a great deal about the spectral ‘signatures’ of aircraft crossing the line at different points, and demonstrated the capability to detect all sizes of aircraft from 100 ft to over 40,000 ft in altitude. During this time Dr. Ross Warren of RCA Victor and Dr. Whitehead jointly developed the theoretical background for the work in a major report to DRB.

The Spider Web trials were followed in 1954 by intensive tests on a single 30 miles (48 km) wide link, built in the Eastern Townships by Bell Canada, who had by this time been given the go-ahead for the implementation of the Mid-Canada Line. When Whitehead inquired why RCA had not been given the contract, a colleague replied "Who do you think runs Canada?" The trials on this prototype link were also conducted by Whitehead and a small team in collaboration with Air Defence Command, St. Hubert, this time on behalf of Bell. The trials involved the flyover of numbers of B-52 bombers by arrangement with Strategic Air Command and a local bombplot unit. They also had full-time use of an Avro Lancaster from CFB Greenwood for the important low-level tests.

### Deployment studies

In February 1953 the Canada-U.S. Military Study Group (MSG) was asked "to study those aspects of the North American Air Defence System in general, and the early warning system in particular, which are of mutual concern to the two countries." The MSG then asked the air defence commanders of Canada and the United States to prepare independent briefs on the subject. By July 1953, RCAF Air Defense Command had completed its brief, followed shortly thereafter by its USAF counterpart. Both reports suggested building a Doppler fence farther north, along the 55th parallel, roughly at the entrance of James Bay into Hudson Bay.

In October 1953 the MSG recommended to both governments "that there be established at the earliest practicable date, an early warning line located generally along the 55th parallel between Alaska and Newfoundland", and outlined their minimum operational requirements. By the end of November 1953, the Mid-Canada Line had been approved in principle. Unlike the jointly-operated Pinetree line and future DEW line, the Mid-Canada line would be funded and operated entirely by the RCAF. The DRB estimated that the system would cost about $69,700,000, while an independent RCAF report placed it at $85,000,000, equivalent to $243,200,000 in 2023.

In December an effort started to try to understand what sort of problems would be encountered during construction. Several "trains" consisting of tractor-pulled sleighs set out cross-country. One, manned by the RCAF, set out eastward from Fort Nelson, BC in order to link up with a second moving west from Flin Flon, Manitoba, while a third crewed by the Army left Lake Nipigon near Thunder Bay, Ontario for Lansdowne House about 200 kilometres (120 mi) further north. The missions proved that it was possible to build the new line, but only during the winter when the muskeg was frozen solid. These missions also inspired the U.S. Army to invest in purpose-built overland trains which they experimented with in the 1960s but never put into production.

While that was taking place, efforts were underway to start primary siting studies. It quickly became clear that the areas in question, at least in eastern Canada, were so remote that there was no really accurate topographical information. A huge effort to map the area in a 15-mile wide strip across the entire country was started by Transport Command almost immediately, and ended by the spring of 1954. With this information in hand a construction division was set up, the Systems Engineering Group (SEG), in February 1954, tasked with producing a final report on the system to be submitted on June 1.

### Finalizing the plans

As the experiments continued it became clear that by using taller masts, 350 feet (110 m) tall, the radar stations could be located further apart, up to 90 kilometres (56 mi). This reduced the number of stations required. Nevertheless, the price rose, now estimated at about $120,000,000. Although their final report was not yet ready, the SEG put in an interim report in June and it was approved by cabinet by the end of the month.

In their report they outlined the system that would be built almost exactly. It called for eight major *Sector Control Centres*, numbered from 200 to 900, each of which control up to thirty unmanned radar sites for a total of 90 radar stations. Each of the radar stations consisted of a single tall mast with a number of small dishes in fixed positions on top (typically four, two pointed in either direction), with power and electronics located in a building beside the base of the mast.

The sector control centres were linked using an advanced microwave communications system developed in part by CARDE, which scattered off the troposphere for long-distance communications. The southernmost site along the eastern portion of the line, at Cape Henrietta Maria on Hudson Bay, was used as the main communications point, with three additional repeater stations transferring data from the line southward to the NORAD command center in North Bay, Ontario. The easternmost station at Hopedale, Labrador was co-located with an existing Pinetree Line station in order to save construction costs.

All aircraft transiting the line would have to file a flight plan through the *Mid Identification Zone*, or *MIDIZ*, centred on the fence. The plans also called for the construction of several airbases known as *Line Clearance Aerodromes* just to the north of the line, where interceptor aircraft could operate in times of heightened alert.

At about this time another huge civil engineering project was underway in Canada, the construction of a cross-Canada microwave relay telephone system. Since many of the logistics problems were similar, the construction group, led by Bell Canada, was selected as a major contractor for the base construction. Detailed site selection started in 1955, with a major surveying effort running across Canada at the 55th parallel. The sites were so remote that the RCAF had to form up its first all-helicopter squadron in order to provide flight support for the survey teams.

## Construction and service

Construction started in 1956 and proceeded quickly. By April 1957 the eastern half was operational, and the line was declared fully operational on January 1, 1958. Operations were shortly integrated into the newly formed NORAD. Even the SEG's revised estimates turned out to be too low, and the fence's final cost is estimated at $224,566,830, equivalent to $2,321,000,000 in 2023.

Almost as soon as the units went into operation, a serious problem was seen. Due to the large radar cross sections seen in forward-scattering radars, even small targets produced detectable signals. This was multiplied if the targets were roughly the same size as the wavelength of the radar, or in this case, tended to be spread out in patterns that were multiples of that wavelength. This problem was triggered by the large flocks of migrating waterfowl during the spring and fall, which created signals so powerful that it rendered the radars useless. Testing on the Spider Web and Eastern Townships systems had both been carried out during the summer, so this had not been noticed.

Even before the line became operational, in a repeat of earlier history, a new and more capable line was already under study that would combine the plotting capability of the Pinetree system with the line-breaking capabilities of the MCL, and located much farther north to dramatically improve the detection and response times. Emerging as the Distant Early Warning Line, or DEW, construction started before the MCL had become operational. When the DEW line became operational in 1957, the value of the MCL was eroded, and the RCAF started pressing for it to be dismantled.

Although technically capable, the MCL gave little information for vectoring interceptors to their targets, so these tasks still required the Pinetree radars much farther south. The extra time offered by the MCL was not considered worth the trouble of keeping the line operational. The USAF disagreed, but in spite of their objections, the western half of the line was shut down in January 1964, leaving the eastern half to help defend the industrial areas of Canada and the US. As the Soviet Union moved their offensive capability to ICBMs it became clear that both the MCL and Pinetree systems were of limited use, and the entire Mid-Canada line was shut down in April 1965. The operations site located at Cranberry Portage, Manitoba, for example, has been converted into a high school and residence since active operations at the site closed in the mid-1960s.

The DEW line stations were sited to provide the best possible view of the horizon, but there remained a minimum detection angle below which aircraft could sneak by without being seen. During early planning, a system like the MCL's towers was considered as gap-fillers between the stations to prevent these sorts of intrusions. As the MCL came online and the problem with birds became clear, the original forward-scatter concept was replaced by one using Doppler filtering to ignore anything flying below 125 miles per hour (201 km/h). These AN/FPS-23 "Fluttar" systems did indeed filter out birds, but failed to filter out the general aviation aircraft flying in the area, including those flying base-to-base for servicing and crew rotations. As a result, the false-alarm rate rendered it just as ineffective as the MCL, and it lasted even a shorter time, shut down in 1963.

## Stations

From a December 1956 listing:

| Site | Name | Coordinates | Radio Bcn | Activated | Deactivated |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Site 200 | Hopedale Air Station, Sector Control Station | 55°27′52″N 60°13′58″W / 55.46448°N 60.23281°W / 55.46448; -60.23281 (Hopedale) |  |  |  |
| Site 201 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°27′52″N 60°13′58″W / 55.46448°N 60.23281°W / 55.46448; -60.23281 |  |  |  |
| Site 203 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°25′48″N 60°58′50″W / 55.430000°N 60.980556°W / 55.430000; -60.980556 |  |  |  |
| Site 206 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°18′45″N 61°49′28″W / 55.312500°N 61.824444°W / 55.312500; -61.824444 |  |  |  |
| Site 209 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°24′28″N 62°25′00″W / 55.407778°N 62.416667°W / 55.407778; -62.416667 |  |  |  |
| Site 212 | Border Beacon, Doppler Detection Station | 55°20′01″N 63°11′28″W / 55.33362508°N 63.1909903°W / 55.33362508; -63.1909903 (Border Beacon) |  |  |  |
| Site 215 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°21′40″N 64°01′30″W / 55.361239°N 64.025045°W / 55.361239; -64.025045 |  |  |  |
| Site 218 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°16′16″N 64°49′11″W / 55.271217°N 64.819786°W / 55.271217; -64.819786 |  |  |  |
| Site 218A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°15′52″N 64°17′36″W / 55.264416°N 64.293449°W / 55.264416; -64.293449 |  |  |  |
| Site 221 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°18′04″N 65°24′04″W / 55.301236°N 65.401044°W / 55.301236; -65.401044 |  |  |  |
| Site 221A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′54″N 65°20′19″W / 55.298332°N 65.338585°W / 55.298332; -65.338585 |  |  |  |
| Site 224 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°15′38″N 66°04′06″W / 55.260512°N 66.068434°W / 55.260512; -66.068434 |  |  |  |
| Site 224A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°16′23″N 66°13′14″W / 55.272999°N 66.220665°W / 55.272999; -66.220665 |  |  |  |
| Site 227 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°18′47″N 66°42′18″W / 55.313057°N 66.705042°W / 55.313057; -66.705042 |  |  |  |
| Site 300 | RCAF Station Knob Lake, Sector Control Station | 54°48′52″N 66°45′19″W / 54.81445°N 66.75540°W / 54.81445; -66.75540 (Knob Lake) |  |  |  |
| Site 303 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°19′02″N 66°41′38″W / 55.317112°N 66.693968°W / 55.317112; -66.693968 |  |  |  |
| Site 303A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°11′17″N 67°24′22″W / 55.188168°N 67.406166°W / 55.188168; -67.406166 |  |  |  |
| Site 306 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°15′58″N 68°20′42″W / 55.265999°N 68.345001°W / 55.265999; -68.345001 |  |  |  |
| Site 306A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°11′25″N 68°06′22″W / 55.190166°N 68.106003°W / 55.190166; -68.106003 |  |  |  |
| Site 309 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°11′32″N 69°01′18″W / 55.192282°N 69.021651°W / 55.192282; -69.021651 |  |  |  |
| Site 309A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°09′11″N 68°47′32″W / 55.153°N 68.792168°W / 55.153; -68.792168 |  |  |  |
| Site 312 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′07″N 69°44′29″W / 55.235195°N 69.741478°W / 55.235195; -69.741478 |  |  |  |
| Site 312A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°12′11″N 69°31′29″W / 55.202999°N 69.524834°W / 55.202999; -69.524834 |  |  |  |
| Site 315 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°10′53″N 70°34′47″W / 55.181337°N 70.579852°W / 55.181337; -70.579852 |  |  |  |
| Site 315A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°10′00″N 70°40′13″W / 55.166586°N 70.670194°W / 55.166586; -70.670194 |  |  |  |
| Site 318 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′52″N 71°20′28″W / 55.247815°N 71.341220°W / 55.247815; -71.341220 |  |  |  |
| Site 318A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°16′00″N 71°19′00″W / 55.266666°N 71.316666°W / 55.266666; -71.316666 |  |  |  |
| Site 321 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′46″N 72°12′02″W / 55.246032°N 72.200488°W / 55.246032; -72.200488 |  |  |  |
| Site 321A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°15′33″N 72°12′13″W / 55.259167°N 72.203667°W / 55.259167; -72.203667 |  |  |  |
| Site 324 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°20′21″N 73°01′01″W / 55.339030°N 73.016892°W / 55.339030; -73.016892 |  |  |  |
| Site 324A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°20′00″N 73°01′27″W / 55.333332°N 73.02417°W / 55.333332; -73.02417 |  |  |  |
| Site 327 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′58″N 73°44′42″W / 55.249568°N 73.744928°W / 55.249568; -73.744928 |  |  |  |
| Site 327A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′52″N 73°44′50″W / 55.297832°N 73.747169°W / 55.297832; -73.747169 |  |  |  |
| Site 330 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°19′15″N 74°34′17″W / 55.320926°N 74.571406°W / 55.320926; -74.571406 |  |  |  |
| Site 330A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′41″N 74°33′26″W / 55.294666°N 74.557335°W / 55.294666; -74.557335 |  |  |  |
| Site 333 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′37″N 75°16′25″W / 55.293534°N 75.273589°W / 55.293534; -75.273589 |  |  |  |
| Site 333A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°20′20″N 75°24′29″W / 55.338823°N 75.408193°W / 55.338823; -75.408193 |  |  |  |
| Site 336 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°21′33″N 76°06′05″W / 55.359209°N 76.101265°W / 55.359209; -76.101265 |  |  |  |
| Site 336A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°16′00″N 75°59′00″W / 55.266666°N 75.98333°W / 55.266666; -75.98333 |  |  |  |
| Site 339 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°16′21″N 76°47′29″W / 55.272633°N 76.791478°W / 55.272633; -76.791478 |  |  |  |
| Site 339A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°15′00″N 76°50′00″W / 55.25°N 76.833336°W / 55.25; -76.833336 |  |  |  |
| Site 342 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′33″N 77°38′15″W / 55.242466°N 77.637492°W / 55.242466; -77.637492 |  |  |  |
| Site 400 | RCAF Station Great Whale River, Sector Control Station | 55°16′44″N 77°44′21″W / 55.2788°N 77.7391°W / 55.2788; -77.7391 (Great Whale River) |  |  |  |
| Site 401 | Doppler Detection Station |  |  |  |  |
| Site 403 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°59′33″N 78°17′15″W / 54.992482°N 78.287418°W / 54.992482; -78.287418 |  |  |  |
| Site 403A | Doppler Detection Station | 55°06′29″N 78°12′12″W / 55.108002°N 78.203331°W / 55.108002; -78.203331 |  |  |  |
| Site 406 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°49′41″N 79°00′11″W / 54.828095°N 79.003071°W / 54.828095; -79.003071 |  |  |  |
| Site 406A | Doppler Detection Station | 54°48′00″N 79°03′00″W / 54.799999°N 79.050003°W / 54.799999; -79.050003 |  |  |  |
| Site 409A | Doppler Detection Station | 54°38′19″N 79°41′23″W / 54.6385°N 79.689835°W / 54.6385; -79.689835 |  |  |  |
| Site 410 | Cape Jones Relay Site | 54°38′21″N 79°44′39″W / 54.639179°N 79.744042°W / 54.639179; -79.744042 (Cape Jones) |  |  |  |
| Site 412 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°19′47″N 81°05′49″W / 54.329657°N 81.096952°W / 54.329657; -81.096952 |  | Remediated |  |
| Site 413 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°21′52″N 81°05′59″W / 54.364327°N 81.099790°W / 54.364327; -81.099790 |  | Remediated |  |
| Site 415 | Cape Henrietta Maria Relay Site | 54°43′54″N 82°24′29″W / 54.731585°N 82.408135°W / 54.731585; -82.408135 (Cape Henrietta) |  |  |  |
| Site 416 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°46′45″N 82°22′52″W / 54.779104°N 82.381244°W / 54.779104; -82.381244 |  | Remediated |  |
| Site 418 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°52′34″N 82°58′48″W / 54.876020°N 82.980113°W / 54.876020; -82.980113 |  | Remediated |  |
| Site 421 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°51′37″N 83°24′49″W / 54.860346°N 83.413607°W / 54.860346; -83.413607 |  |  |  |
| Site 424 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°04′33″N 84°18′39″W / 55.075916°N 84.310824°W / 55.075916; -84.310824 |  |  |  |
| Site 427 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°04′00″N 84°51′04″W / 55.066613°N 84.851164°W / 55.066613; -84.851164 |  |  |  |
| Site 500 | RCAF Station Winisk, Sector Control Station | 55°14′39″N 85°06′42″W / 55.2442°N 85.1117°W / 55.2442; -85.1117 (Winisk) |  | Remediated |  |
| Site 503 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′05″N 85°42′30″W / 55.284721°N 85.708336°W / 55.284721; -85.708336 |  |  |  |
| Site 506 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°17′17″N 86°25′25″W / 55.288032°N 86.423622°W / 55.288032; -86.423622 |  |  |  |
| Site 509 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°29′25″N 87°04′26″W / 55.490167°N 87.074014°W / 55.490167; -87.074014 |  |  |  |
| Site 512 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°35′26″N 87°51′54″W / 55.590647°N 87.865076°W / 55.590647; -87.865076 |  |  |  |
| Site 515 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°52′51″N 88°35′01″W / 55.880790°N 88.583708°W / 55.880790; -88.583708 |  |  |  |
| Site 518 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°58′28″N 89°13′11″W / 55.974316°N 89.219653°W / 55.974316; -89.219653 |  |  |  |
| Site 521 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°13′30″N 89°53′22″W / 56.225037°N 89.889381°W / 56.225037; -89.889381 |  |  |  |
| Site 524 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°17′25″N 90°40′01″W / 56.290352°N 90.666916°W / 56.290352; -90.666916 |  |  |  |
| Site 527 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°24′41″N 91°27′39″W / 56.411439°N 91.460713°W / 56.411439; -91.460713 |  |  |  |
| Site 530 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°22′49″N 92°11′21″W / 56.380230°N 92.189115°W / 56.380230; -92.189115 |  |  |  |
| Site 533 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°27′58″N 92°48′28″W / 56.466152°N 92.807660°W / 56.466152; -92.807660 |  |  |  |
| Site 536 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°23′43″N 93°20′05″W / 56.395274°N 93.334667°W / 56.395274; -93.334667 |  |  |  |
| Site 600 | RCAF Station Bird, Sector Control Station | 56°30′26″N 94°12′48″W / 56.50725°N 94.21345°W / 56.50725; -94.21345 (Bird) |  |  |  |
| Site 603 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°10′00″N 94°42′05″W / 56.166667°N 94.701389°W / 56.166667; -94.701389 |  |  |  |
| Site 606 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°01′33″N 95°25′20″W / 56.025833°N 95.422222°W / 56.025833; -95.422222 |  |  |  |
| Site 609 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°48′25″N 96°05′17″W / 55.806944°N 96.088056°W / 55.806944; -96.088056 |  |  |  |
| Site 612 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°39′40″N 96°42′40″W / 55.661111°N 96.711111°W / 55.661111; -96.711111 |  |  |  |
| Site 615 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°19′00″N 97°15′30″W / 55.316667°N 97.258333°W / 55.316667; -97.258333 |  |  |  |
| Site 618 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°10′49″N 97°51′37″W / 55.180278°N 97.860278°W / 55.180278; -97.860278 |  |  |  |
| Site 621 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°54′47″N 98°30′38″W / 54.913056°N 98.510556°W / 54.913056; -98.510556 |  |  |  |
| Site 624 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°47′55″N 99°16′38″W / 54.798611°N 99.277222°W / 54.798611; -99.277222 |  |  |  |
| Site 627 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°38′10″N 99°52′50″W / 54.636111°N 99.880556°W / 54.636111; -99.880556 |  |  |  |
| Site 630 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°39′57″N 100°38′40″W / 54.665833°N 100.644444°W / 54.665833; -100.644444 |  |  |  |
| Site 700 | RCAF Station Cranberry Portage, Sector Control Station | 54°35′08″N 101°22′17″W / 54.58547°N 101.37139°W / 54.58547; -101.37139 (Cranberry Portage) |  |  |  |
| Site 701 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Site 703 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°40′50″N 102°03′10″W / 54.680556°N 102.052778°W / 54.680556; -102.052778 |  |  |  |
| Site 706 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°39′08″N 102°42′08″W / 54.652222°N 102.702222°W / 54.652222; -102.702222 |  |  |  |
| Site 709 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°49′47″N 103°22′30″W / 54.829722°N 103.375000°W / 54.829722; -103.375000 |  |  |  |
| Site 712 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°53′48″N 104°16′10″W / 54.896667°N 104.269444°W / 54.896667; -104.269444 |  |  |  |
| Site 715 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°58′27″N 104°47′25″W / 54.974167°N 104.790278°W / 54.974167; -104.790278 |  |  |  |
| Site 718 | Doppler Detection Station | 54°55′54″N 105°44′10″W / 54.931667°N 105.736111°W / 54.931667; -105.736111 |  |  |  |
| Site 721 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°03′56″N 106°26′10″W / 55.065556°N 106.436111°W / 55.065556; -106.436111 |  |  |  |
| Site 724 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°04′30″N 107°08′20″W / 55.075000°N 107.138889°W / 55.075000; -107.138889 |  |  |  |
| Site 727 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°14′40″N 107°38′52″W / 55.244444°N 107.647778°W / 55.244444; -107.647778 |  |  |  |
| Site 730 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°19′27″N 108°05′40″W / 55.324167°N 108.094444°W / 55.324167; -108.094444 |  |  |  |
| Site 733 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°36′50″N 108°28′35″W / 55.613889°N 108.476389°W / 55.613889; -108.476389 |  |  |  |
| Site 736 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°59′46″N 109°17′00″W / 55.996111°N 109.283333°W / 55.996111; -109.283333 |  |  |  |
| Site 739 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°08′32″N 109°28′35″W / 56.142222°N 109.476389°W / 56.142222; -109.476389 |  |  |  |
| Site 742 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°21′30″N 110°23′55″W / 56.358333°N 110.398611°W / 56.358333; -110.398611 |  |  |  |
| Site 745 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°31′47″N 110°58′00″W / 56.529722°N 110.966667°W / 56.529722; -110.966667 |  |  |  |
| Site 800 | RCAF Station Stoney Mountain, Sector Control Station | 56°26′59″N 111°02′02″W / 56.44973°N 111.0339°W / 56.44973; -111.0339 (Stoney Mountain) |  |  |  |
| Site 803 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°31′06″N 111°47′05″W / 56.518333°N 111.784722°W / 56.518333; -111.784722 |  |  |  |
| Site 806 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°33′32″N 112°12′40″W / 56.558889°N 112.211111°W / 56.558889; -112.211111 |  |  |  |
| Site 809 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°36′24″N 113°04′15″W / 56.606722°N 113.070833°W / 56.606722; -113.070833 |  |  |  |
| Site 812 | Doppler Detection Station | 56°22′23″N 113°26′20″W / 56.373056°N 113.438889°W / 56.373056; -113.438889 |  |  |  |
| Site 815 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°59′49″N 114°05′24″W / 55.996944°N 114.090000°W / 55.996944; -114.090000 |  |  |  |
| Site 818 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°49′13″N 114°39′17″W / 55.820278°N 114.654722°W / 55.820278; -114.654722 |  |  |  |
| Site 821 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°38′44″N 115°01′14″W / 55.645556°N 115.020556°W / 55.645556; -115.020556 |  |  |  |
| Site 824 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°36′48″N 115°43′30″W / 55.613333°N 115.725000°W / 55.613333; -115.725000 |  |  |  |
| Site 827 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°32′18″N 116°07′19″W / 55.538333°N 116.121944°W / 55.538333; -116.121944 |  |  |  |
| Site 830 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°37′24″N 117°03′06″W / 55.623333°N 117.051667°W / 55.623333; -117.051667 |  |  |  |
| Site 833 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°31′06″N 117°43′30″W / 55.518333°N 117.725000°W / 55.518333; -117.725000 |  |  |  |
| Site 836 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°36′55″N 118°34′02″W / 55.615278°N 118.567222°W / 55.615278; -118.567222 |  |  |  |
| Site 839 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°34′11″N 119°13′21″W / 55.569722°N 119.222500°W / 55.569722; -119.222500 |  |  |  |
| Site 842 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°37′26″N 119°42′46″W / 55.623956°N 119.712778°W / 55.623956; -119.712778 |  |  |  |
| Site 900 | RCAF Station Dawson Creek, Sector Control Station | 55°44′47″N 120°13′47″W / 55.74627°N 120.22968°W / 55.74627; -120.22968 (Dawson Creek) |  |  |  |
| Site 900R |  |  |  |  |  |
| Site 901 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Site 903 | Doppler Detection Station | 55°36′45″N 120°25′30″W / 55.612500°N 120.425000°W / 55.612500; -120.425000 |  |  |  |
| Site 050 | Fort Albany Tropospheric Scatter Repeater | 52°12′41″N 81°40′26″W / 52.21138°N 81.67393°W / 52.21138; -81.67393 |  |  |  |
| Site 060 | Relay Tropospheric Scatter Repeater | 49°59′56″N 81°37′07″W / 49.9990°N 81.6187°W / 49.9990; -81.6187 |  |  |  |
| Site 070 | Mount Kempis Tropospheric Scatter Repeater | 48°22′34″N 80°16′05″W / 48.37621°N 80.26805°W / 48.37621; -80.26805 |  |  |  |

## POL Supply Points

Petroleums, Oils and Lubricants (POL) Supply Points were distribution centers for consumable petroleum materials used to fuel and maintain the Mid-Canada Line DDS sites. Co-located with Sector Control Stations when possible, petroleum products were received in bulk and shipped out by air from these locations. From the same December 1956 listing.

| Supply Point | MCL Sites Serviced | Coordinates |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hopedale, NF | 201 | 55°27′52″N 60°13′58″W / 55.46448°N 60.23281°W / 55.46448; -60.23281 |
| Goose Bay, NF | 203, 206, 209, 212 |  |
| Knob Lake, QC | 215, 218, 221, 224, 227, 303, 306, 309, 312, 315, 318, 321 | 54°48′52″N 66°45′19″W / 54.81445°N 66.75540°W / 54.81445; -66.75540 |
| Great Whale River, QC | 324, 327, 330, 333, 336, 339, 342, 403, 406, 409, 410 | 55°16′44″N 77°44′21″W / 55.2788°N 77.7391°W / 55.2788; -77.7391 |
| Bear Island, Nunavut | 412, 413 |  |
| Winisk, ON | 415, 416, 418, 421, 424, 427, 503, 506, 509, 512, 515, 518 | 55°14′39″N 85°06′42″W / 55.2442°N 85.1117°W / 55.2442; -85.1117 |
| Gillam, MB | 600, 536, 533, 530, 527, 524, 521 |  |
| Ilford, MB | 606, 609 |  |
| Thicket Portage, MB | 615, 618, 612 |  |
| Wabowden, MB | 621 |  |
| Wekusko, MB | 624, 627, 630 | 54°30′12″N 99°45′04″W / 54.503333°N 99.751111°W / 54.503333; -99.751111 |
| Cranberry Portage, MB | 700, 701 | 54°35′08″N 101°22′17″W / 54.58547°N 101.37139°W / 54.58547; -101.37139 |
| Flin Flon, MB | 703, 706, 709 |  |
| La Ronge, SK | 712, 715, 718, 721 |  |
| Meadow Lake, SK | 724, 727, 730, 733, 736, 739 |  |
| Anzac, AB | 742, 745 |  |
| Waterways, AB | 803, 806 |  |
| Slave Lake, AB | 809, 812, 815, 816, 821 |  |
| High Prairie, AB | 824, 827 |  |
| Falher, AB | 830, 833 |  |
| Sexsmith, AB | 836, 839 |  |
| Dawson Creek, BC | 842, 900R, 903 | 55°44′47″N 120°13′47″W / 55.74627°N 120.22968°W / 55.74627; -120.22968 |

### Citations

1. McCamley 2013, p. 34.
2. Whitehead 1995.
3. Willis & Griffiths 2007, p. 37.
4. Willis & Griffiths 2007, p. 36.
5. Lester, Alex (2019). *Special Contract: A Story of Defence Communications in Canada* (PDF). St. Francis Xavier.
6. Thorne 1979.
7. Orlemann, Eric (2001). *LeTourneau Earthmovers*. MBI Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 0-7603-0840-3.
8. Skolnik 2007, p. 38.
9. Skolnik 2007, p. 45.
10. Wolff, Christian. "AN/FPS-23".
11. "Mid Canada Line".

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Mid-Canada Line | |
| --- | --- |
| A Piasecki H-21 drops supplies in front of a Mid-Canada Line radar tower. The antennas at the top and bottom of the stack link to the next stations in the line, the three in the middle send data southward to the air defense network. | |
| Active | 1956–1965 |
| Country | Canada |
| Branch | Royal Canadian Air Force<br>United States Air Force |
| Type | Early-warning radar |
| Role | Continental Air Defence |
| Part of | North American Aerospace Defense Command |


title: George Bronson Howard

abstract: George Bronson-Howard was an American writer. Several of his works were made into films. Some of Bronson's books were adorned by artwork on the frontispiece and some were illustrated by artists including Paul Stahr and Arthur Covey. He is also credited with lyrics and as a writer of several Broadway plays including Snobs (1911). Snobs was made into a film in 1915. He featured a spy character named Yorke Norroy in a series of works appearing in serial form in magazines and books.

text:
# George Bronson Howard

**George Bronson-Howard** (January 7, 1884 – November 20, 1922) was an American writer. Several of his works were made into films.

Some of Bronson's books were adorned by artwork on the frontispiece and some were illustrated by artists including Paul Stahr and Arthur Covey.

He is also credited with lyrics and as a writer of several Broadway plays including *Snobs* (1911). *Snobs* was made into a film in 1915.

He featured a spy character named Yorke Norroy in a series of works appearing in serial form in magazines and books.

## Bibliography

* *Norroy, Diplomatic Agent* (1907)
* *Scars on the Southern Seas, a romance*, B. W. Dodge & Company 1907
* *The Red Light of Mars or A Day in the Life of the Devil*, published by Mitchell Kennerley, New York, 1913
* *God's Man*, 1915
* *Slaves of the Lamp: Being the Adventures of Yorke Norroy in His Quest of the Four Jade Plates*
* *Bird of Prey: Being Pages from the Book of Broadway* (1918)
* *An enemy to society: a romance of yesterday and today*, illustrated by Arthur S. Covey, Doubleday 1911
* *The devil's book: being the full account of how the Book of the Betrayers came into the hands of Yorke Norroy, secret agent of the Department of State*, frontispiece by Paul Stahr, W. J. Watt & Company 1920
* *The Devil's Chaplain* (1922)

## Filmography


title: George Brooke-Pechell

abstract: Vice-Admiral Sir George Richard Brooke-Pechell, 4th Baronet, born George Richard Pechell, was a British Royal Navy officer and Whig politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton for 25 years. Sir George was the second son of Major-General Sir Thomas Brooke-Pechell, 2nd Baronet (1753–1826), who was the MP for Downton, and his wife Charlotte, second daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir John Clavering. His older brother Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Pechell inherited the baronetcy, but died childless in 1849, and George succeeded to the title. Pechell entered the navy in 1803, aged 14, and attained the rank of captain in 1826. He became a rear-admiral on the retired list in December 1852, and vice-admiral on 5 January 1858. He unsuccessfully contested Brighton at the 1832 general election, but won the seat at the 1835 general election and held it until his death on 29 June 1860, on the day before his 71st birthday. In Parliament he spoke on a range of issues, particularly those on those relating to the navy and to fishing. He supported the secret ballot, non-denominational education for all, and opposed church rates. He married Katherine Annabella Bishopp, daughter of Sir Cecil Bisshopp, 12th Lord Zouche, on 1 August 1826. They had one son and two daughters. Brooke-Pechell lived at Castle Goring in Sussex from 1825, when he let the building from Sir Timothy Shelley, father of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and Member of Parliament for New Shoreham. In 1845, Brooke-Pechell bought the property from Percy Bysshe Shelley's widow Mary Shelley.

text:
# George Brooke-Pechell

Vice-Admiral **Sir George Richard Brooke-Pechell, 4th Baronet** (30 June 1789 – 29 June 1860), born **George Richard Pechell**, was a British Royal Navy officer and Whig politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton for 25 years.

Sir George was the second son of Major-General Sir Thomas Brooke-Pechell, 2nd Baronet (1753–1826), who was the MP for Downton, and his wife Charlotte (died 1841), second daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir John Clavering. His older brother Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Pechell inherited the baronetcy, but died childless in 1849, and George succeeded to the title.

Pechell entered the navy in 1803, aged 14, and attained the rank of captain in 1826. He became a rear-admiral on the retired list in December 1852, and vice-admiral on 5 January 1858.

He unsuccessfully contested Brighton at the 1832 general election, but won the seat at the 1835 general election and held it until his death on 29 June 1860, on the day before his 71st birthday. In Parliament he spoke on a range of issues, particularly those on those relating to the navy and to fishing. He supported the secret ballot, non-denominational education for all, and opposed church rates.

He married Katherine Annabella Bishopp, daughter of Sir Cecil Bisshopp, 12th Lord Zouche, on 1 August 1826. They had one son and two daughters.

Brooke-Pechell lived at Castle Goring in Sussex from 1825, when he let the building from Sir Timothy Shelley, father of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and Member of Parliament for New Shoreham. In 1845, Brooke-Pechell bought the property from Percy Bysshe Shelley's widow Mary Shelley.

* O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Pechell, George Richard". *A Naval Biographical Dictionary*. John Murray  via Wikisource.