title: Free Soil Township, Michigan

abstract: Free Soil Township is a civil township of Mason County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 842 at the 2020 census. The village of Free Soil is located within the township. Free Soil Township was named in 1848 after the Free Soil Party.

text:
# Free Soil Township, Michigan

**Free Soil Township** is a civil township of Mason County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 842 at the 2020 census. The village of Free Soil is located within the township.

Free Soil Township was named in 1848 after the Free Soil Party.

## Geography

The township is in northern Mason County and is bordered to the north by Manistee County. The village of Free Soil is in the south-central part of the township, and U.S. Route 31 runs north-south along the township's western border. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 39.06 square miles (101.16 km2), of which 38.64 square miles (100.08 km2) are land and 0.42 square miles (1.09 km2), or 1.08%, are water. The Big Sable River flows east to west across the center of the township, passing north of the village of Free Soil.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 809 people, 335 households, and 233 families residing in the township. The population density was 20.9 inhabitants per square mile (8.1/km2). There were 552 housing units at an average density of 14.3 per square mile (5.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.91% White, 0.74% African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.

There were 335 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $40,795. Males had a median income of $37,000 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,318. About 4.8% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Free Soil Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Mason County (red) and the administered village of Free Soil (pink) | |
| Free Soil TownshipFree Soil Township | |
| Coordinates: 44°07′11″N 86°13′15″W / 44.11972°N 86.22083°W / 44.11972; -86.22083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Mason |
| Organized | 1848 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Gregg Surma |
| Clerk | Lynda Papes |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.06 sq mi (101.2 km2) |
| Land | 38.64 sq mi (100.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.42 sq mi (1.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 689 ft (210 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 842 |
| Density | 21.8/sq mi (8.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 49411 (Free Soil) |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-105-30620 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626315 |
| Website | freesoiltownship.org |


title: N is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős

abstract: N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős is a 1993 biographical documentary about the life of mathematician Paul Erdős, directed by George Paul Csicsery. The film was made between 1988 and 1991, capturing Erdős in various countries along with some of his numerous collaborators. It covers his unusual career, his personal life, and many of his recurring jokes and anecdotes, including that of Erdős numbers. The film won the Gold Apple Award, and the Gold Plaque Award.

text:
# N is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős

***N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős*** is a 1993 biographical documentary about the life of mathematician Paul Erdős, directed by George Paul Csicsery.

The film was made between 1988 and 1991, capturing Erdős in various countries along with some of his numerous collaborators. It covers his unusual career, his personal life, and many of his recurring jokes and anecdotes, including that of Erdős numbers.

The film won the Gold Apple Award (National Educational Film & Video Festival), and the Gold Plaque Award (Science/Nature, Documentary category, Chicago International Film Festival).

## InfoBox

| N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | George Paul Csicsery |
| Starring | Paul Erdős |
| Cinematography | John Knoop |
| Music by | Mark Adler |
| Release date | * 1993 (1993) |
| Running time | 57 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel

abstract: The Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel, also known as the Candle Light Lodge, is a historic hotel complex that is located on what once was U.S. Route 40, which is now known as Business Loop 70 West in Columbia, Missouri. The hotel complex was constructed in 1929 and is in the Colonial Revival style. The hotel was also a gas station and garage, and was owned by Pierce Petroleum Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil. Initially the hotel and garage complex was to be one of several along U.S. Hwy 40, each to be spaced about 150 miles apart from New York to San Francisco. Senator Harry S. Truman was staying at the hotel when he learned of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, heralding the United States entry in World War II. During World War II the building was used by Stephens College to train women aviators. In 1959, the complex was Candle Light Lodge and converted to senior citizen housing. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel

The **Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel**, also known as the **Candle Light Lodge**, is a historic hotel complex that is located on what once was U.S. Route 40, which is now known as Business Loop 70 West in Columbia, Missouri. The hotel complex was constructed in 1929 and is in the Colonial Revival style. The hotel was also a gas station and garage, and was owned by Pierce Petroleum Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil. Initially the hotel and garage complex was to be one of several along U.S. Hwy 40, each to be spaced about 150 miles apart from New York to San Francisco. Senator Harry S. Truman was staying at the hotel when he learned of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, heralding the United States entry in World War II.

During World War II the building was used by Stephens College to train women aviators. In 1959, the complex was Candle Light Lodge and converted to senior citizen housing.

It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1406 Business Loop 70 West, Columbia, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 38°58′2″N 92°21′32″W / 38.96722°N 92.35889°W / 38.96722; -92.35889 |
| Area | 8.7 acres (3.5 ha) |
| Built | 1929 |
| Architect | Nelson, Beverly T.; Johnson, Will W. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Williamsburg restoration |
| NRHP reference No. | 82003125 |
| Added to NRHP | September 02, 1982 |


title: Oprah's Book Club (TV series)

abstract: Oprah's Book Club is a television talk show produced for Apple TV+ and hosted by Oprah Winfrey.

text:
# Oprah's Book Club (TV series)

**Oprah's Book Club** is a television talk show produced for Apple TV+ and hosted by Oprah Winfrey.

## Development and announcement

On June 15, 2018, Apple announced a multiyear partnership with Winfrey, saying she would work on projects to be "released as part of a lineup of original content from Apple.".

On March 25, 2019 Apple hosted keynote event at its California campus to announce the new Apple TV+ subscription service. Winfrey appeared onstage to conclude the event, announcing that she would be producing two documentary series, as well launching a "book club" in partnership with Apple. During her announcement, Winfrey indicated the book club project may include a simulcast element at Apple's retail locations "where Apple Stores stream a conversation with the author and me live across all devices, across all borders".

On September 23, 2019 in a press release, Apple announced the series would be titled *Oprah's Book Club*, would stream exclusively on Apple TV+, and would premiere with the streaming service's launch on November 1, 2019.

## Premise

The series is a standalone spinoff of the popular Oprah's Book Club segment of *The Oprah Winfrey Show*, begun in 1996 and marks its first return to the television medium since the 2011 conclusion of Winfrey's television show. It is also a successor to *Oprah's Book Club 2.0*, a non-televised and irregularly-released online iteration of the reading series launched in 2012.

Episodes are released every two months, with each episode focused on a single book and featuring an interview between Winfrey and the book's author. Episodes are filmed at various locations. Each episode's book pick is announced at the end of the previous episode, as well as a dedicated section on Apple Books and on Oprah's website. Episodes are typically filmed in front of a live audience and feature an interview between Winfrey and the selected book's author.

## Merchandising and tie-ins

Along with the announcement of the show, Apple announced that Oprah's Book Club would integrate with Apple Books by allowing users of the e-reading application to be alerted of new picks, and that Apple would make an unspecified contribution to the American Library Association for each Oprah Book Club selection sold via Apple Books.

As with the two previous iterations of the Club, the selection of a book by Winfrey typically results in the publication of an "Oprah edition", often with a branded "Oprah's Book Club" seal on the book's cover.

Winfrey's September 2019 pick of *The Water Dancer* by Ta-Nehisi Coates marked the first time in the Oprah Book Club's three iterations a book had been selected as a pick *prior* to its publication (in this case, one day prior). Thus, all published editions of *The Water Dancer* currently in circulation feature an "Oprah's Book Club 2019" seal.

## Episodes

| No. in
season | Book | Author | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *The Water Dancer* | Ta-Nehisi Coates | November 1, 2019 (2019-11-01) |
| 2 | *Olive, Again* | Elizabeth Strout | January 17, 2020 (2020-01-17) |
| 3 | *American Dirt Part 1* | Jeanine Cummins | March 6, 2020 (2020-03-06) |
| 4 | *American Dirt Part 2* | Jeanine Cummins | March 6, 2020 (2020-03-06) |
| 5 | *Hidden Valley Road* | Robert Kolker | June 12, 2020 (2020-06-12) |
| 6 | *Deacon King Kong* | James McBride | July 31, 2020 (2020-07-31) |
| 7 | *Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents* | Isabel Wilkerson | October 2, 2020 (2020-10-02) |
| 8 | *Gilead* | Marilynne Robinson | April 23, 2021 (2021-04-23) |
| 9 | *Home* | Marilynne Robinson | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| 10 | *Lila* | Marilynne Robinson | May 7, 2021 (2021-05-07) |
| 11 | *Jack* | Marilynne Robinson | May 14, 2021 (2021-05-14) |
| 12 | *The Sweetness of Water* | Nathan Harris | July 23, 2021 (2021-07-23) |
| 13 | *The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois* | Honorée Fanonne Jeffers | September 23, 2021 (2021-09-23) |
| 14 | *Bewilderment* | Richard Powers | October 22, 2021 (2021-10-22) |

## InfoBox

| *Oprah's Book Club* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Talk show |
| Based on | Oprah's Book Club
segment on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* |
| Presented by | Oprah Winfrey |
| Opening theme | "Good As Hell" by Lizzo |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Tara Montgomery |
| Producer | Lindsay Flader |
| Editor | Jay Eckensberger |
| Running time | 8–66 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Apple TV+ |
| Release | November 1, 2019 (2019-11-01)
October 22, 2021 (2021-10-22) |
| Related | |
| Oprah's Book Club
segment on The Oprah Winfrey Show | |


abstract: The Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office was established as the Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform in May 2009, though it was subsequently merged with the agriculture portfolio under the Minister of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development from 2019 to 2024. The same portfolio was previously the provenance of the Minister of Land Affairs. Before President Jacob Zuma appointed the first Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform in May 2009, land affairs were conjoined with agriculture under the Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs between 1996 and 2009. The minister has political responsibility for the Department of Land Reform and Rural Development. The incumbent minister is Mzwanele Nyhontso, who is the first opposition politician to hold the office; he was appointed on 30 June 2024.

text:
# Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development

The **Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development** is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office was established as the **Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform** in May 2009, though it was subsequently merged with the agriculture portfolio under the Minister of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development from 2019 to 2024.

The same portfolio was previously the provenance of the **Minister of Land Affairs**. Before President Jacob Zuma appointed the first Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform in May 2009, land affairs were conjoined with agriculture under the Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs between 1996 and 2009.

The minister has political responsibility for the Department of Land Reform and Rural Development. The incumbent minister is Mzwanele Nyhontso, who is the first opposition politician to hold the office; he was appointed on 30 June 2024.

## Post-apartheid history

The land affairs portfolio existed in the apartheid-era cabinet, and a Minister of Land Affairs, Derek Hanekom, was appointed in President Nelson Mandela's cabinet in May 1994. However, in a cabinet reshuffle in May 1996, Mandela announced that the portfolio would be subsumed under the Ministry of Agriculture; Hanekom thereby became the Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs.

When President Jacob Zuma announced his first cabinet on 10 May 2009, he reversed Mandela's merger. The agriculture portfolio was conjoined with forestry and fisheries under the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the independent land affairs portfolio was re-launched as the Ministry of Rural Development and Land Reform. The name change reflected an overt focus on rural development and land reform in South Africa, which Zuma counted among his policy priorities. Indeed, when Zuma announced his second-term cabinet on 24 May 2014, he announced that the ministry would henceforth have two deputy ministers instead of one, in recognition of the importance of rural areas and particularly the former homelands.

Appointing his own second cabinet on 29 May 2019, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the land affairs portfolio would be merged with the agriculture portfolio, as it had been before Zuma's tenure. The Ministry of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development was inaugurated under Minister Gugile Nkwinti, also with two deputy ministers. However, when he announced his third cabinet on 30 June 2024, Ramaphosa reversed the merger, appointing an independent Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development to serve alongside a Minister of Agriculture.

## List of ministers

List of ministers responsible for land affairs, 1994–present
| Portfolio | Name | Term | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Minister of Land Affairs** | **Derek Hanekom** | 1994 | 1996 | ANC |  |
| **Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs** | **Derek Hanekom** | 1996 | 1999 | ANC |  |
| | **Thoko Didiza** | 1999 | 2006 | ANC |  |
| | **Lulu Xingwana** | 2006 | 2009 | ANC |  |
| **Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform** | **Gugile Nkwinti** | 2009 | 2018 | ANC |  |
| | **Maite Nkoana-Mashabane** | 2018 | 2019 | ANC |  |
| **Minister of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development** | **Thoko Didiza** | 2019 | 2024 | ANC |  |
| **Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development** | **Mzwanele Nyhontso** | 2024 | *Incumbent* | PAC |  |

## InfoBox

| South Africa
Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of South Africa | |
| Incumbent
Mzwanele Nyhontso
since 3 July 2024 | |
| Department of Land Reform and Rural Development | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Appointer | President of South Africa |
| Inaugural holder | Gugile Nkwinti |
| Formation | 11 May 2009 |
| Deputy | Stan Mathabatha |
| Website | www.dalrrd.gov.za |


title: Larry Lehman

abstract: Larry Lee Lehman was a chief justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court. Born in Iowa City, Iowa, Lehman received a JD from the University of Wyoming College of Law in 1976. He practiced with the firm of Vehar, Lehman, Beppler & Jacobson, P.C., in Evanston, Wyoming. He served as a judge in Uinta County, Wyoming, from 1985 to 1988, and as a state district judge for Albany and Carbon counties. On July 8, 1994, Governor Mike Sullivan appointed Lehman was to a seat on the Wyoming Supreme Court. Lehman became chief justice in 2000, and was the first chief justice to serve a four-year term. He died from brain cancer, a month before he was scheduled to step down.

text:
# Larry Lehman

**Larry Lee Lehman** (July 8, 1945 – December 10, 2004) was a chief justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court.

Born in Iowa City, Iowa, Lehman received a JD from the University of Wyoming College of Law in 1976. He practiced with the firm of Vehar, Lehman, Beppler & Jacobson, P.C., in Evanston, Wyoming.

He served as a judge in Uinta County, Wyoming, from 1985 to 1988, and as a state district judge for Albany and Carbon counties. On July 8, 1994, Governor Mike Sullivan appointed Lehman was to a seat on the Wyoming Supreme Court. Lehman became chief justice in 2000, and was the first chief justice to serve a four-year term. He died from brain cancer, a month before he was scheduled to step down.

## InfoBox

| Larry Lehman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of Wyoming | |
| **In office**
2000  June 30, 2002 | |
| Preceded by | William A. Taylor |
| Succeeded by | William U. Hill |
| Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
July 8, 1994  December 10, 2004 | |
| Appointed by | Mike Sullivan |
| Preceded by | G. Joseph Cardine |
| Succeeded by | E. James Burke |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1945
Iowa City, Iowa |
| Died | (aged 59) |
|  | |


title: Kasagi, Kyoto

abstract: Kasagi is a town in Sōraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2024, it has a population of 1,108 in 579 households and a population density of 47 persons per km⁲. The total area of the town is 23.52 square kilometres (9.08 sq mi). It has the smallest population of any municipality in Kyoto.

text:
# Kasagi, Kyoto

**Kasagi** (笠置町, *Kasagi-chō*) is a town in Sōraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2024, it has a population of 1,108 in 579 households and a population density of 47 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 23.52 square kilometres (9.08 sq mi). It has the smallest population of any municipality in Kyoto.

## Geography

Kasagi is located in far southern Kyoto Prefecture. Forests occupy 80% of the total area, with the Kizugawa River flowing through the center of the town, the Nunome River and the Uchitaki River flowing from the south, and the Yokogawa River from the north. The town also enclaves scattered in the eastern part of the Kamo district of Kizugawa city. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Kasagiyama Prefectural Natural Park.

## Neighboring municipalities

Kyoto Prefecture  Nara Prefecture

### Climate

Kasagi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kasagi is 13.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1439 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.1 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Kasagi has declined in recent decades.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 2,595 |  |
| 1950 | 3,323 | +28.1% |
| 1960 | 3,048 | −8.3% |
| 1970 | 2,721 | −10.7% |
| 1980 | 2,506 | −7.9% |
| 1990 | 2,311 | −7.8% |
| 2000 | 2,056 | −11.0% |
| 2010 | 1,626 | −20.9% |
| 2020 | 1,144 | −29.6% |

## History

The area of Kasagi was part of ancient Yamashiro Province. The Kasagi-cho area developed as a key hub for water transportation from ancient times, as wood was cut and transported using the Kizugawa waterway for the construction of Tōdai-ji in Nara. During the Genkō War of 1331, Kasagi-dera became the temporary palace of Emperor Go-Daigo during the Siege of Kasagi. During the Edo Period, the area north of the Kizugawa River was part of Tsu Domain, whereas the area south of the river was Yagyū Domain. The village of Kasagi was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. Kasagi was raised to town status on January 1, 1934.

## Government

Kasagi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of eight members. Kasagi, collectively with the other municipalities of Sōraku District and the city of Kizugawa, contributes two members to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Kyoto 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Kasagi is a rural area, with an economy based on agriculture and forestry.

## Local attractions

* Kasagi-dera (笠置寺) was a Shingon sect Buddhist temple said to have been founded by Emperor Kōbun or Emperor Tenmu. Historically it has had close relations with Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji in Nara. It is an important temple in the history of Buddhism in Japan, and many eminent monks have served as abbot. According to legend, the annual *Omizutori* ceremony at Tōdai-ji was begun by the monk Jitchū after he discovered a passage here that led to the heavenly home of Maitreya.

## Education

Kasagi has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the *Sōraku Tōbu kōiki rengō*. The town does not have a high school

## Transportation

### Railway

JR West \- Kansai Main Line

### Highways

## InfoBox

| Kasagi 笠置町 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Kasagi Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture | |
|  | |
| KasagiLocation in Japan | |
| Coordinates: 34°45′38″N 135°56′22″E / 34.76056°N 135.93944°E / 34.76056; 135.93944 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture | Kyoto |
| District | Sōraku |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.52 km2 (9.08 sq mi) |
| Population (April 1, 2024) | |
| Total | 1,108 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| City hall address | 90-1 Kasagi Nishi-dori, Kasagi-machi, Soraku-gun, Kyoto-fu 619-1303 |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Bird | Japanese bush warbler |
| Flower | *Prunus × yedoensis* |
| Tree | Rhododendron |
|  | |


title: Fred Uhlman

abstract: Fred Uhlman was a German-English writer, painter and lawyer of Jewish origin.

text:
# Fred Uhlman

**Fred Uhlman** (19 January 1901 – 11 April 1985) was a German-English writer, painter and lawyer of Jewish origin.

## Biography

Fred Uhlman was born in Stuttgart, Germany, into a prosperous middle-class Jewish family. He studied at the Universities of Freiburg, Munich and Tübingen from where, in 1923, he graduated with a degree in Law followed by a Doctorate in Canon and Civil Law.

In March 1933, two months after Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor, Uhlman moved to Paris to start a new life; but, as long as he had been living in France, he encountered many difficulties; foreigners were not permitted to take paid employment, and were immediately expelled from France if caught doing so. Uhlman supported himself by drawing and painting, and selling his work privately when he could. At one stage he supplemented his income by selling tropical fish. Uhlman's star as a painter was in the ascendant, but buyers were hard to come by.

In April 1936 he moved to Tossa de Mar, a small fishing village on the Costa Brava in Spain, but shortly thereafter the Spanish Civil War broke out, and in August he decided to return to Paris, via Marseille. Here, while making a telephone call from a café to Diana Croft, a friend in London whom he had met in Tossa de Mar, his wallet, containing most of his money and his passport, was stolen from his jacket left unattended at his table. A foreigner in France without a passport effectively became a stateless person and subject to official harassment, internment and possible expulsion. Demoralised and in despair, he gave the café proprietor his Paris telephone number and continued his journey to Paris. The next day he received a telephone call at his hotel; the caller informed him that he had the wallet and passport and would mail them to Uhlman the next day, because he was a *co-réligionnaire* of Uhlman's, but would retain ten percent of the money in the wallet 'to cover expenses'. The wallet and passport arrived the following day. On 3 September 1936, Fred Uhlman landed in England with no money and unable to speak the language. Two months later, on 4 November 1936, he married Diana Croft, daughter of the right wing Henry Page Croft (later Lord Croft), against her parents' strongest wishes.

They set up home on Downshire Hill, in London's Hampstead and it became a favourite cultural and artistic meeting place for the large group of refugees and exiles who, like Uhlman, had been forced to flee their homeland. He founded the Free German League of Culture, whose members included Oskar Kokoschka and Stefan Zweig, though he parted company with it when he felt it coming under communist domination.

Nine months after the outbreak of the Second World War, Uhlman, with thousands of other enemy aliens, was, in June 1940, interned by the British Government, in Hutchinson Camp on the Isle of Man. Here he met the artist Kurt Schwitters as fellow internee, who took his portrait. He was released six months later and reunited with his wife and with his daughter, Caroline, who was born while he was interned.

Uhlman had his first solo exhibition at the *Galerie Le Niveau* in Paris in 1935. In London he exhibited at the *Zwemmer Gallery* in 1938, from then on he exhibited regularly in one man shows as well as mixed exhibitions throughout Britain. A retrospective exhibition of his work was held at the Leighton House Museum in London in 1968. His work is represented in many important public galleries, including the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge and Victoria & Albert Museum in London.

Uhlman's memoirs, *The Making of an Englishman*, were published in 1960.

His novel *Reunion* was published in 1971. Virtually ignored when first published, it was re-published in 1977 to critical acclaim, drawing praise from Arthur Koestler, who wrote the introduction to this beautifully executed edition, far easier on the eye than the earlier Adam edition of 1971. *Reunion* is about the forces that end the friendship and childhood of Hans Schwarz, the son of a Jewish doctor in pre-World War II Germany, and Count Konradin von Hohenfels an upper class schoolmate with whom Hans becomes infatuated. The short, poetic narrative chronicles their intense, innocent friendship and concludes with a revelation that counters superficial judgements about human character.

> When I first read Fred Uhlman's *Reunion'* some years ago, I wrote to the author (whom I only knew by reputation as a painter) and told him I considered it a minor masterpiece. The qualifying adjective needs perhaps a word of explanation. It was meant to refer to the small size of the book, and to the impression that although its theme was the ugliest tragedy in man's history, it was written in a nostalgic minor key.
>
> – Arthur Koestler, Introduction to *Reunion*, 1976.

Uhlman became a collector of African sculpture, and was able to accumulate a large and important collection with modest expenditure. He donated his collection to Newcastle Museum, the year before his death, where it is on permanent show.

Fred Uhlman died in London on 11 April 1985, survived by his wife and two children. He was buried in Yarpole in Herefordshire.

In 1989, the dramatic film *Reunion*, based on Fred Uhlman's novella of the same title, was directed by Jerry Schatzberg from a screenplay by Harold Pinter. *Reunion* has also been adapted for the stage by Ronan Wilmot and was premiered at Dublin's New Theatre on 9 November 2010.

## Books by and about Fred Uhlman

* *Captivity: twenty-four drawings by Fred Uhlman*, London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.
* *The Making of an Englishman*, London: Victor Gollancz, 1960.
* *Reunion*, London: Adam Books, 1971. A print run of just 700 copies.
* *Reunion*, London: Collins & Harvill, 1977, a new edition with a glowing introduction by Arthur Koestler, who refers to the book as "a minor masterpiece".
* *Reunion*, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1977 (identical to the above).
* Anna Plodeck: *The making of Fred Uhlman: life and work of the painter and writer in exile.* \[Dissertation, University of London (Courtauld Institute of Art), 2004\]
* *Czech Routes To Britain: Selected Czechoslovak artists in Britain from the Ben Uri and private collections*, Ben Uri Gallery and Museum, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Fred Uhlman | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Fred Uhlman,1940 | |
| Born | Manfred Uhlman
19 January 1901
Stuttgart, Germany |
| Died | 11 April 1985 (aged 84)
London, England |
| Spouse | Diana Croft |
| Children | a daughter and a son |


title: HIV/AIDS in East Timor

abstract: The southeast-Asian nation of East Timor has dealt with HIV/AIDS since its first documented case in 2001. It has one of the lowest HIV/AIDS-prevalence rates in the world.

text:
# HIV/AIDS in East Timor

The southeast-Asian nation of **East Timor** has dealt with **HIV/AIDS** since its first documented case in 2001. It has one of the lowest HIV/AIDS-prevalence rates in the world.

## Prevalence

Timor-Leste is a low HIV-prevalence country with less than 0.2 percent of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive. However, social factors such as massive social dislocation, cross-border migration, high unemployment, and a weak and limited health system could dramatically increase the spread of HIV infection. Many young people are not well-equipped with the knowledge and life skills to manage HIV risk in an increasingly challenging environment.

The first HIV/AIDS case in Timor-Leste was detected in 2001. Forty-three cases of the disease were confirmed in 2007 and are now under treatment, according to the Ministry of Health. However, limited surveillance capabilities and inadequate testing could mean that more people are infected.

Although HIV prevalence among the general population appears to be quite low, there are signs of a low-level epidemic among Timor-Leste’s sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM). According to data collected in mid-2003 by Family Health International (FHI), HIV-prevalence rates among sex workers and MSM were 3 percent and 1 percent, respectively. According to the same study, among female sex workers (FSWs), 14 percent tested positive for gonorrhea, 15 percent for chlamydia, 16 percent for trichomonas and 60 percent for herpes simplex virus-2. No comparable data have been collected since, and consequently, the current situation is unknown. Timor-Leste is also vulnerable due to its close proximity to nearby countries that are experiencing localized epidemics such as Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

General public health knowledge on primary health care, including reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and HIV/AIDS, is very limited especially in remote areas. Only 50.7 percent of the population 15 years old and over ever heard about HIV/AIDS; and among those in that same population group who think it can be avoided, only 41.8 percent know that it can be avoided by use of condoms, according to the 2007 Timor-Leste Living Standards Measurement Study. There are others factors that contribute to the risk and impact of HIV/AIDS among women; they include domestic violence, lower literacy and education levels, and cultural constraints in discussing issues of sex. Providing the general population with information to combat HIV/AIDS is complicated due to low prevalence and limited access to the communities. According to the National Statistic Directorate Census 2004, most people live in the rural areas, mainly around the northern coastal regions in small, dispersed villages. According to the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003, more than 60 percent of women and 70 percent of men do not recognize any method of family planning, and only 10 percent of women are using any contraceptive method.

Timor-Leste can still be classified as a conflict country. The civil unrest that erupted in April/May 2006 continues to be unsettled and constitutes a risk for high rates of domestic violence and sexual assault, thereby leaving women more vulnerable to infection since they are unable to negotiate condom use. The country has a high tuberculosis (TB) burden, with 250 new cases per 100,000 people in 2005, according to the World Health Organization.

From the 43 cases under treatment, data from the Ministry of Health due to be released in early 2008, shows that at least three people have HIV-TB co-infections; two children under five received the infection from their mothers; and two pregnant women are under prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) HIV treatment.

## National response

HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact on other countries in comparable circumstances to Timor-Leste. Among Timor-Leste’s nearest neighbors, Papua New Guinea appears to be in the early stages of a generalized HIV epidemic that threatens to not only halt, but also reverse the development achievements the nation has made in its relatively short history. Many of the circumstances that have led to the current HIV situation in Papua New Guinea are also present in Timor-Leste, including large-scale social dislocation and high levels of HIV-related risk.

In 2002 a National HIV/AIDS/STI Strategic Plan (2002–2005) was adopted. In the period since, Timor-Leste has adopted and implemented strategies, policies, programs, and projects to address HIV/AIDS. However, among key stakeholders, it is generally accepted that while many effective activities have been implemented, overall coordination is weak, and important gaps exist. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS across the general population remains low, the level of unsafe sex practices is high, and STI rates are also high.

In mid-2005, the Ministry of Health, with support from UN Agencies and key civil society organizations, initiated a process to review the National HIV/AIDS/STI Strategic Plan (2002–2005) and develop a new national strategic plan to cover the period 2006–2010. The new National Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS/STIs 2006–2010 was approved by the Council of Ministers in August 2006. The goal is "to maintain Timor-Leste as a low prevalence HIV nation and minimize the adverse consequences for those infected with HIV". Four program components were identified:

* Prevention and education targeting the population in general and more specifically most-at-risk groups (MARGs), which include MSM, FSW, clients of sex workers, people in uniform, and young people;
* Voluntary counseling and testing targeting MARGs and PMTCT; and
* Clinical services: ensure availability of antiretroviral treatment to all diagnosed people; develop policies, protocols, and procedures to all aspect of patient management; STI treatment services; procurement and supply of drugs and other commodities; and blood safety.

A key part of the national strategy is the establishment of the National AIDS Commission, to provide independent advice to the Government of Timor-Leste on all matters related to HIV/AIDS and to monitor and advise on the progress in implementation of the National Strategic Program.

In 2006, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria approved a fifth-round grant for Timor-Leste to scale up the national response to HIV/AIDS through the delivery of services and information to at-risk populations and people living with HIV/AIDS. The grant was signed in December 2006 and now is on quarter three implementation. Assessment reports show good performance in relation to targets settled for quarter 1 and quarter 2.

\[HIV-AIDS and Homophobia in Timor-Leste\]http://easttimorlegal.blogspot.com/2009/09/hiv-aids-and-homophobia-in-timor-leste.html

\[Timor Leste Red Cross excludes homosexuals from HIV-AIDS Reduction Program\] http://easttimorlegal.blogspot.com/2009/09/timor-leste-red-cross-exludes.html


title: Health in Papua New Guinea

text:
# Health in Papua New Guinea

Life expectancy in Papua New Guinea (PNG) at birth was 64 years for men in 2016 and 68 for women.

Government expenditure health in 2014 accounted for 9.5% of total government spending, with total health expenditure equating to 4.3% of GDP. There were five physicians per 100,000 people in the early 2000s.

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Papua New Guinea was 250. This is compared with 311.9 in 2008 and 476.3 in 1990. The under-five mortality rate per 1,000 births is 69, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-fives' mortality is 37. In Papua New Guinea, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 94.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Papua New Guinea is fulfilling 71.9% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Papua New Guinea achieves 90.8% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 81.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Papua New Guinea falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 42.8% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.

## Communicable diseases

The communicable diseases that cause the most deaths in PNG are lower respiratory infections such as tuberculosis. Lower respiratory infections are the fourth leading cause of death in PNG.

### Malaria

Malaria is the leading cause of illness and 27th leading cause of death in PNG. In 2003, the most recently reported year, 70,226 cases of laboratory-confirmed malaria were reported, along with 537 deaths. A total of 1,729,697 cases were probable. Other communicable diseases, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, and acute respiratory disease are also big problems.

### HIV/AIDS

Papua New Guinea has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV/AIDS epidemic. Lack of HIV/AIDS awareness is a major problem, especially in rural areas.

### Poliomyelitis

In 2018 there was a poliomyelitis (polio) outbreak that had 10 confirmed cases in the Morobe Province. Previously, there had been no confirmed cases since 2000 when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that Papua New Guinea was polio-free.

## Obesity

21% of adults were obese in 2021.


title: Nate Borden

abstract: Nathaniel Borden was a professional American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Buffalo Bills in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Indiana University.

text:
# Nate Borden

**Nathaniel Borden** (September 22, 1932 – September 30, 1992) was a professional American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Buffalo Bills in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Indiana University.

## Early years

Borden attended William L. Dickinson High School, where he was an All-state fullback and tackle. He also practiced the discus throw, the shot put and the two-mile run.

He accepted a scholarship from Indiana University. As a freshman, he played at defensive tackle. He played as a defensive end in his next two years. As a senior, he was moved back to defensive tackle. He never missed a game, playing in 36 straight contests.

## Professional career

### Green Bay Packers

Borden was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the 25th round (293rd overall) of the 1955 NFL draft.

During this early period, Borden was one of the few African-American players on the Packers along with Frank Purnell, who played in 1957. When he could not find housing within the city limits, he had to room at a rundown motel just outside Green Bay. A number of Packers were also staying at the motel. They told the manager he would lose their business if Borden could not room there. Quarterback Bart Starr befriended Borden and frequently had him and his family at Starr's home for dinner.

He was a starter at defensive end during four straight seasons. When Vince Lombardi was hired as the new head coach for the 1959 season, Borden was the only African-American player on the roster and Lombardi had to assist him in finding a decent place to live. He wasn't protected for the NFL Expansion Draft due to a knee injury.

### Dallas Cowboys

Borden was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft and became the first starter at left defensive end in franchise history, registering 48 tackles. The next year, he was switched to the right side, after John Gonzaga was traded and Bob Lilly was drafted. He was released on September 11, 1962.

### Buffalo Bills

In 1962, he was signed by the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League. He played in three games before an ankle injury sidelined him for the rest of the season. He was cut in 1963.

### Toronto Argonauts

On July 15, 1963, he signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released on July 26.

## Personal life

In 1961, he was a college scout for the Dallas Cowboys during the offseason. In 1965, he was hired to scout for the United Scouting organization of the NFL, before being hired by the Green Bay Packers for the same role. In 1967, he was hired as a scout by the Atlanta Falcons. In 1973, he took a job as a part-time scout for the Cincinnati Bengals. In 1974, he was hired as a fulltime scout with the World Football League.

After finishing his scouting years, Borden became the assistant to the mayor of Jersey City, Jim Sutcliffe. After Sutcliffe lost a bid for re-election, Borden moved to Las Vegas, where he was assistant to the mayor Russ Dorn. He was also the Officer of Urban Development in the city of Las Vegas.

Borden died of cancer in Las Vegas on September 30, 1992. He left behind two sons and a daughter.

## InfoBox

Nate Borden
| No. 87, 75 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive end |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1932-09-22)September 22, 1932
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died: | September 30, 1992(1992-09-30) (aged 60)
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 234 lb (106 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Jersey City (NJ) Dickinson |
| College: | Indiana |
| NFL draft: | 1955 / round: 25 / pick: 293 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 92 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: West Caroline Basin

abstract: The West Caroline Basin is an oceanic basin in the south-west Pacific Ocean north of New Guinea.

text:
# West Caroline Basin

The **West Caroline Basin** is an oceanic basin in the south-west Pacific Ocean north of New Guinea.

## Bathymetry and oceanography

The West Caroline Basin is bordered by the islands and banks of Melanesia to the north and west, including the Caroline and Palau islands, and to the east the Eauripik Rise separates it from the East Caroline Basin. Its depth lies between 4,000–5,000 m (13,000–16,000 ft). The Eauripik Rise reaches a depth of 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) and allows Pacific deep (2000 m and deeper) and intermediate (1000-2000 m) waters to enter the basin.

The West Caroline Basin is separated from the West Mariana Basin by the Caroline Seamounts. These two basins are connected by the Mariana and Yap trenches separated by a sill c. 5,000 m (16,000 ft) deep. Water above this depth can reach the West Caroline Basin without perturbations and temperature and salinity profiles for the two basins are similar. This trench, the only conduit for bottom waters in the West Caroline Basin, ventilates the basin.

The North Equatorial Current flows westward across the West Caroline Basin between 25°N and 5°N around 170-180°E in February but lies below 10°N in August. As it reaches the Philippine continental shelf it splits into two currents, the southern branch of which joins the east-bound Equatorial Counter Current.

## Tectonic evolution

The West and East Caroline basins have similar but distinct histories. Sea-floor spreading started c. 36 Ma along mostly East–North-East-directed axes, except in the eastern West Caroline Basin where anomalies are oriented more East-West. Spreading continued at a relatively constant spreading half-rate of 6.5–6.0 cm/year (2.6–2.4 in/year) until c. 31 Ma when spreading either ceased or slowed considerably in the western parts of both basins but continued in the eastern parts. This regime ended c. 27 Ma in the eastern West Caroline Basin and c. 28 Ma in the eastern East Caroline Basin. In the West Caroline Basin a period of intermediate spreading rates which continued until 14.5 Ma is still visible as a sharp north-south decline in sediment thickness in the southern parts of the basin. The final stage of sea-floor spreading spanned at least the period 12.5–14.5 Ma.

### Notes

### Sources

* Bracey, D. R. (1983). Geophysics and tectonic development of the Caroline Basin (Report). U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office TR283. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
* Kaneko, I.; Takatsuki, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Kawae, S. (1998). "Water property and current distributions along the WHP‐P9 section (137°–142°) in the western North Pacific". *Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans*. **103** (C6): 12959–12984. Bibcode:1998JGR...10312959K. doi:10.1029/97JC03761.
* Kawahata, H.; Ahagon, N.; Eguchi, N. (1997). "Carbonate preservation variation in the Caroline Basin during the last 330 kyr" (PDF). *Geochemical Journal*. **31** (2): 85–103. Bibcode:1997GeocJ..31...85K. doi:10.2343/geochemj.31.85. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
* Kawahata, H.; Yamamuro, M.; Ohta, H. (1998). "Seasonal and vertical variations of sinking particle fluxes in the West Caroline Basin" (PDF). *Oceanologica Acta*. **21** (4): 521–532. doi:10.1016/S0399-1784(98)80035-2. Retrieved 18 December 2016.

3°S 138°W / 3°S 138°W / -3; -138


title: Oprah's Big Give

abstract: Oprah's Big Give is a reality television series hosted by Nate Berkus that aired on ABC. The Big Give was produced by Harpo Productions, created and produced by Oprah Winfrey, and also produced by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri. On April 20, 2008, during the final show, Stephen Paletta was declared the winner and won the $1 million. Outside the United States, the series was distributed through FremantleMedia. On May 13, 2008, ABC decided not to renew the series for a second season.

text:
# Oprah's Big Give

***Oprah's Big Give*** (also referred to as ***The Big Give***) is a reality television series hosted by Nate Berkus that aired on ABC. *The Big Give* was produced by Harpo Productions, created and produced by Oprah Winfrey, and also produced by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri. On April 20, 2008, during the final show, Stephen Paletta was declared the winner and won the $1 million. Outside the United States, the series was distributed through FremantleMedia.

On May 13, 2008, ABC decided not to renew the series for a second season.

## Format

The show is the first prime time reality series by Harpo Productions, and focuses on 10 contestants as they travel across the country with a large sum of money, and try to help people in unique ways, and participate in a series of challenges in order to become America's greatest unknown philanthropist.

In each episode, contestants travel to a different U.S. city and are given some amount of money and an assignment. Sometimes the contestants are paired or grouped, and sometimes they may act as individuals. In some cities, contestants are assigned to help a particular individual or organization, while in others they are simply told to find people in need. The contestants then have the opportunity to raise additional money in order to reach their goals. At the end of each episode, the panel of judges selects one person to go home.

At the end of the season, it was revealed to the winner that they won $1 million ($500,000 for themselves, and $500,000 to give away).

## People Competing

### Angelo

**Angelo Adams** is a former army captain born in Philadelphia who graduated from West Point. Angelo has two children and is currently in his second year at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business.

### Brandi

**Brandi Milloy** is a four-time Miss America Organization title holder (Miss Sierra Vista, Miss Southeast Arizona, Miss Will County, and Miss Tarzana). who graduated from the University of Arizona. Brandi was diagnosed with scoliosis as a teenager.

### Cameron

Cameron Johnson is a businessman who was a self-made millionaire in his teenage years. His first company was producing greeting cards for friends and family.

### Carlana

**Carlana Stone** is a graduate from the University of California, Berkeley with a degree in Slavic language. Carlana became a paraplegic after an automobile accident in which she was a passenger in a drunk driver's car.

### Eric

**Eric Klein** is the founder and CEO of CAN-DO.org, a nonprofit organization that enables people who make charitable donations to actually see how their money is being spent.

### Kim

**Kim Prentiss** is a sports marketing executive who lives in Nashville. Kim described herself as selfish, and wants to turn her life around.

### Marlene

**Marlene Snipes** is an Amtrak service attendant from Chicago. Marlene also is a motivational speaker and an aerobics instructor for her local church.

### Rachael

**Rachael Hollingsworth** is a singer who currently lives in Hollywood, California. She was a victim of gang violence and sexual and physical abuse.

### Sheg

**Olusegun "Sheg" Aranmolate** is a researcher at a university in Nashville and plans to attend medical school. Sheg has a bachelor's degree in biochemistry and molecular biology and a master's degree in applied molecular biology. Sheg also moved from Nigeria to the United States at the age of 18.

### Stephen

**Stephen Paletta** was declared the biggest giver, and won the $1 million. He used some of the proceeds to start the GiveBack.org website.

## Chronology

The following table shows the contestants, along with the partner they had or team they participated on, as well as when they were eliminated.

* Contestant was eliminated
* Contestant was at risk (a contestant who was instructed to open his or her envelope at the same time as a contestant who was ultimately eliminated; see note 1)
* Contestant was immune (was informed before the envelopes were handed out, and thus did not receive one at all)
* *No Teams* \- Contestants competed as individuals
* *All Together* \- Contestants competed as one team

|  | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Los Angeles | Denver | Houston | Miami | Atlanta | New York City | *Home Towns* | Chicago |
| Stephen | Eric | *See Note 2* | Forgotten Christmas | *No Teams* | *No Teams* | *All Together* | *No Teams* | Winner |
| Brandi | Cameron | *See Note 2* | Forgotten Christmas | *No Teams* | *No Teams* | *All Together* | *No Teams* | Runner-Up |
| Cameron | Brandi | *See Note 2* | Forgotten Christmas | *No Teams* | *No Teams* | *All Together* | *No Teams* | Runner-Up |
| Rachael | Angelo | *See Note 2* | Field of Dreams | *No Teams* | *No Teams* | *All Together* |  | | |
| Olusegun | Carlana | *See Note 2* | Field of Dreams | *No Teams* | *No Teams* |  | | |
| Eric | Stephen | *See Note 2* | Forgotten Christmas | *No Teams* |  | | | | |
| Kim | Marlene | *See Note 2* | Field of Dreams | *No Teams* |  | | | | |
| Carlana | Olusegun | *See Note 2* | Field of Dreams |  | | | | |
| Angelo | Rachael | *See Note 2* |  | | | | | |
| Marlene | Kim |  | | | | | | |

**Note 1:** After Week 4, contestants were no longer instructed to open their envelopes in a particular order. Thus, no 'At Risk' contestants were identified in subsequent weeks. **Note 2:** In Week 2, contestants were not divided into teams, nor were they prohibited from forming teams. Eric, Stephen, and Cameron chose to work as a team, while the remaining contestants all worked individually. **Note 3:** In Week 7, contestants flew to their hometowns and worked with family and friends to perform their give. It was revealed that no one would be eliminated.

## Ratings

| # | Air Date | Timeslot (EST) | Season | Rating | Share | 18-49 (Rating/Share) | Viewers (m) | Weekly Rank (#) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | March 2, 2008 | Sunday 9:00 P.M. | 2007-2008 | 9.4 | 14 | 5.3/12 | 15.55 | 4 |
| **2** | | March 9, 2008 | 7.4 | 11 | 4.1/10 | 11.83 | 10 |
| **3** | | March 16, 2008 | 6.0 | 9 | 3.6/9 | 9.71 | 18 |
| **4** | | March 23, 2008 | 6.1 | 10 | 3.5/9 | 9.92 | 19 |
| **5** | | March 30, 2008 | 7.1 | 11 | 3.9/9 | 11.35 | 13 |
| **6** | | April 6, 2008 | 5.9 | 9 | 3.2/8 | 9.42 | 27 |
| **7** | April 13, 2008 | Sunday 8:00 P.M. | 5.6 | 9 | 2.9/9 | 8.88 | 19 |
| **8** | | April 20, 2008 | 6.4 | 10 | 3.2/9 | 10.03 | TBA |

## Response

In Fort Wayne, Indiana, $10,000 in seed money was received by ABC affiliate WPTA, which was then given to local trail organizations. A community celebration was held April 12, 2008, when it was revealed that the total donations had topped $1 million.

In Orlando, Florida, over $50,000 has been donated to a mentoring program for at-risk youth, in conjunction with a charitable program from ABC affiliate WFTV, that was inspired by *Oprah's Big Give*.

In Fresno, California, $10,000 was donated by the ABC affiliate KFSN on behalf of *Oprah's Big Give*, and turned over to CalFire for installing smoke detectors in rural county homes that do not have any, to save lives. This was in a response to the death of two young girls who died in a house fire in 2006.

The program has also been criticized. *Hollywood Reporter* described it as a phony and self-aggrandizing promotional vehicle for Oprah. Tom Shales of the Washington Post described the show as having an "unsavory aura of exploitation" and as being trite and predictable. Rick Kushman of the *Daily Herald* found the show boring, and worried that it could serve to make viewers feel "cynical about charity," which would in turn make them feel guilty. *Variety'*s Brian Lowry called the show "a reality-TV Frankenstein, birthed from parts of other programs" and its judges "arbitrary," and generally found that the philanthropic theme of the show was inconsistent with the competitive reality genre. However, Lowry also recognized the show's "emotional appeal" and conceded that the show's heart is "in the right place."

## Distribution

*Oprah's Big Give* began airing on Wednesday, June 18, 2008, on TV3 in New Zealand at 7:30 PM. It also began airing on August 5, 2008, on NTV7 in Malaysia at 8:30 pm. The show premiered in the Philippines on August 25, 2008, on the cable channel Lifestyle Network at 9:00 pm. In the UK, the show made its debut on October 10, 2008, on Diva TV. In Belgium, the show began airing in September 2008 on Vitaya. In Hong Kong, the show starts airing on ATV World starting February 7, 2009. In Australia it airs on channel 10 starting on March 22, 2009.

## InfoBox

| *Oprah's Big Give* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Reality |
| Created by | Oprah Winfrey |
| Developed by | Harpo Productions |
| Presented by | Nate Berkus |
| Starring | Tony Gonzalez
Jamie Oliver
Malaak Compton-Rock |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Bertram van Munster
Elise Doganieri
Ellen Rakieten
Harriet Seitler
Jonathan Sinclair |
| Production locations | Los Angeles
Denver
Houston
Miami
Atlanta
New York City
Chicago
Contestants' hometowns |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production companies | Profiles Television Productions
Harpo Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | March 2 (2008-03-02)
April 20, 2008 (2008-04-20) |


title: VTV1

abstract: VTV1 is a state-owned Vietnamese-language news channel and also the first television channel of Vietnam Television Station, and the third channel of VTV to broadcast HD, broadcast continuously with a duration of 24/7, with nearly 20 news bulletins and dozens of weekly columns, referring to current political issues of the country. The channel was formerly a general news, sports and entertainment channel until VTV3 launched in 1996 and when VTV1 became an all-news channel. Since 15 June 2011, VTV1 has been a round-the-clock news, politics, current affairs and generalistic channel, the first of its kind in Vietnam. VTV1 performs political tasks assigned by the Communist Party of Vietnam, the State and the Government, plays the leading role in information, propaganda, publicity, prestige and great influence on the press system television and radio in Vietnam. Sites such as VTVgo are able to support online live viewing of VTV channels.

text:
# VTV1

**VTV1** is a state-owned Vietnamese-language news channel and also the first television channel of Vietnam Television Station, and the third channel of VTV to broadcast HD, broadcast continuously with a duration of 24/7, with nearly 20 news bulletins and dozens of weekly columns, referring to current political issues of the country.

The channel was formerly a general news, sports and entertainment channel until VTV3 launched in 1996 and when VTV1 became an all-news channel. Since 15 June 2011, VTV1 has been a round-the-clock news, politics, current affairs and generalistic channel, the first of its kind in Vietnam. VTV1 performs political tasks assigned by the Communist Party of Vietnam, the State and the Government, plays the leading role in information, propaganda, publicity, prestige and great influence on the press system television and radio in Vietnam. Sites such as VTVgo are able to support online live viewing of VTV channels.

## Head of the Board through the periods

* Trần Bình Minh (July 9, 1970 - Jan 1, 2011).
* Lê Ngọc Quang (Jan 1, 2011 - April 1, 2021).
* Đỗ Đức Hoàng (April 1, 2021 - now).

## Broadcast hours

* From 7 September 1970 to 1972: 19:00 to 21:00 (Wednesday and Sunday).
* From 1973 to 30 April 1975:
    + From Monday to Friday: 11:00 to 23:00
    + Saturday and Sunday: 11:30 to 23:00
* From 1 May 1975 to 31 December 1975: 12:00 to 23:00
* From 31 December 1975 to 18 May 1980:
    + From Monday to Friday: 11:00 to 23:00
    + Saturday: 08:00 to 23:00
    + Sunday: 08:30 to 23:00
* From 19 May 1980 to 31 December 1986:
    + From Monday to Friday: 15:00 to 23:00
    + Saturday and Sunday: 09:00 to 23:00
* From 31 December 1986 to 31 December 1989:
    + From Monday to Friday: 16:00 to 23:00
    + Saturday and Sunday: 08:00 to 23:00
* From 31 December 1989 to 31 December 1994:
    + Morning: 09:00 to 12:00
    + Afternoon: 14:00 to 17:00
    + Night: 19:00 to 23:00
* From 31 December 1994 to 31 March 1998:
    + Morning: 06:00 to 10:00
    + Evening: 17:00 to 23:00
* From 1 April 1998 to 31 December 2001:
    + Morning: 05:30 to 10:00
    + Evening: 17:00 to 23:00
* From 1 January 2002 to 31 August 2010: 05:30 to 24:00
* From 1 September 2010 to 14 June 2011: 05:00 to 24:00
* From 15 June 2011 to present: 24/7.

## Contents

The content on VTV1 channel is mainly political programs, daily program hours, talk shows, social programs, \[...\] economic, culture,... bring a lot of useful information to the audience, as well as serve to propagate the lines and ideas of the Party, State & Government in Vietnam. Not only that, VTV1 also has programs: sports, entertainment, music, especially every weekend, special movies (Asian LAB timeslot at 13:00 every day, Vietnamese LAB at 21:00 Monday-Friday night \[30 minutes\], 8:00 Monday-Friday reruns) and programs explore, engaging and engaging.

## InfoBox

VTV1
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Broadcast area | Vietnam
Asia-Pacific (via satellite)
Worldwide (via satellite and Internet) |
| Headquarters | VTV Tower, 43 Nguyen Chi Thanh Street, Ngoc Khanh, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Vietnamese
French (news program) |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vietnam Television |
| Sister channels | VTV2
VTV3
VTV4
VTV5
VTV5 Tây Nam Bộ
VTV5 Tây Nguyên
VTV7
VTV8
VTV9
VTV Cần Thơ |
| History | |
| Launched | 7 September 1970 (1970-09-07) |
| Former names | Vietnam Television (1970–1977), Central Television - Programme 1 (1977–1987), Vietnam Television - Programme 1 (1987–1993) |
| Links | |
| Website | http://www.vtv.vn/ |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Digital | Channel 35 (SD) |
| Thaicom 6 (Thailand) | 4034 H 19200 |
| Streaming media | |
| VTVgo | Watch live |
| VTV.vn | Watch live |
| FPT Play | Watch live (Vietnam only) |
|  | |


title: Rosa Ramalho

abstract: Rosa Ramalho DamSE (1888–1977) is the artist name of Portuguese ceramist Rosa Barbosa Lopes.

text:
# Rosa Ramalho

**Rosa Ramalho** DamSE (1888–1977) is the artist name of Portuguese ceramist **Rosa Barbosa Lopes**.

## Biography

Rosa Ramalho was born to a shoemaker and a weaver on 14 August 1888 in the parish of São Martinho de Galegos, in Barcelos, where she had learned to work with clay at a young age. When she married a miller at 18 and had seven children, however, she left pottery behind to raise her family. After her husband's death when she was aged 68, she returned to work with clay and began to create the figures that would establish her fame.

António Quadros (painter) aided in the discovery of Rosa Ramalho; she was the first to be known individually by name and had the acknowledgement, among other entities, of the Presidency, which made Rosa Ramalho a Dame in the Order of Saint James of the Sword. In 1968 she was also awarded the medal "As Artes ao Serviço da Nação" (*Arts in Service to the Nation*).

There is a book about Ramalho by Mário Cláudio (*Rosa*, 1988, included in *Trilogia da mão*) and a short film documentary by Nuno Paulo Bouça (*À volta de Rosa Ramalho*, 1996). A city street and a school in the parish of Barcelinhos also bear her name. There also exists the possibility of her old house in São Martinho de Galegos becoming a pottery museum.

Her work is continued today by her granddaughter Júlia Ramalho.

## InfoBox

| Rosa Ramalho | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Rosa Barbosa Lopes
(1888-08-14)14 August 1888
São Martinho de Galegos, Barcelos |
| Died | December 1977 (aged 89)
São Martinho de Galegos, Barcelos |
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Known for | Sculpture |
| Awards | Order of Saint James of the Sword |


title: Minister of Lands (New Zealand)

abstract: The Minister of Lands in New Zealand was a cabinet position appointed by the Prime Minister to be in charge of the Department of Lands and Survey.

text:
# Minister of Lands (New Zealand)

The **Minister of Lands** in New Zealand was a cabinet position appointed by the Prime Minister to be in charge of the Department of Lands and Survey.

## List of ministers

The following ministers held the office of Minister of Lands.

Key

Independent   Liberal   Reform   United   Labour   National

| No. | | Name | Portrait | Term of Office | | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | Henry Tancred |  | 19 August 1858 | 12 July 1861 |  | Stafford |
|  | 2 | William Gisborne |  | 2 August 1861 | 6 August 1862 |  | Fox |
|  | 3 | Walter Mantell |  | 6 August 1862 | 21 August 1862 |  | Domett |
|  | 4 | Alfred Domett |  | | | 22 August 1862 | 30 October 1863 |
|  | 5 | Thomas Gillies |  | 30 October 1863 | 13 January 1864 |  | Whitaker |
|  | (4) | Alfred Domett |  | | | 13 January 1864 | 24 November 1864 |
| *Office not in use* | | | | | | | |
|  | 6 | William Fitzherbert |  | 10 September 1872 | 11 October 1872 |  | Stafford |
|  | 7 | Maurice O'Rorke |  | 11 October 1872 | 13 August 1874 |  | Waterhouse |
| | | | |  | Fox |
| | | | |  |  | Vogel |
| | |  | 8 | Harry Atkinson |  | 7 September 1874 | 1 September 1876 |
| | | | |  |  | Pollen |
| | | | |  | Vogel |
|  | 9 | John Davies Ormond |  | 1 September 1876 | 13 September 1876 |  | Atkinson |
|  | (8) | Harry Atkinson |  | | | 13 September 1876 | 4 January 1877 |
|  | 10 | Donald Reid |  | | | 4 January 1877 | 13 October 1877 |
|  | 11 | James Macandrew |  | 15 October 1877 | 25 July 1878 |  | Grey |
|  | 12 | Robert Stout |  | | | 25 July 1878 | 25 June 1879 |
|  | 13 | William Gisborne |  | | | 25 June 1879 | 15 July 1879 |
|  | 14 | James William Thomson |  | | | 15 July 1879 | 8 October 1879 |
|  | 15 | William Rolleston |  | 8 October 1879 | 16 August 1884 |  | Hall |
| | | | |  | Whitaker |
| | | | |  | Atkinson |
|  | (11) | James Macandrew |  | 16 August 1884 | 28 August 1884 |  | Stout |
|  | 16 | Richmond Hursthouse |  | 28 August 1884 | 3 September 1884 |  | Atkinson |
|  | 17 | John Ballance |  | 3 September 1884 | 8 October 1887 |  | Stout |
|  | 18 | George Richardson |  | 8 October 1887 | 24 January 1891 |  | Atkinson |
|  | 19 | John McKenzie |  | 24 January 1891 | 27 June 1900 |  | Ballance |
| | | | |  | Seddon |
| | |  | 20 | Thomas Young Duncan |  | 2 July 1900 | 6 August 1906 |
| | | | |  | Hall-Jones |
|  | 21 | Robert McNab |  | 6 August 1906 | 30 November 1908 |  | Ward |
|  | 22 | Joseph Ward |  | | | 1 December 1908 | 28 March 1912 |
|  | 23 | Thomas Mackenzie |  | 28 March 1912 | 10 July 1912 |  | Mackenzie |
|  | 24 | William Massey |  | 10 July 1912 | 27 February 1918 |  | Massey |
|  | 25 | David Guthrie |  | | | 27 February 1918 | 25 June 1924 |
|  | 26 | Alex McLeod |  | 25 June 1924 | | 28 November 1928 |  |
| | | | |  | Bell |
| | | | |  | Coates |
|  | | 27 | Kenneth Williams |  | 28 November 1928 | 10 December 1928 |  |
|  | 28 | George Forbes |  | 10 December 1928 | 28 May 1930 |  | Ward |
|  | 29 | Alfred Ransom |  | 28 May 1930 | 6 December 1935 |  | Forbes |
|  | 30 | Frank Langstone |  | 6 December 1935 | 21 December 1942 |  | Savage |
| | | | |  |  | Fraser |
|  | | 31 | Jim Barclay |  | 7 July 1943 | 18 October 1943 |  |
|  | | 32 | Jerry Skinner | |  | 29 October 1943 | 26 November 1949 |
|  | 33 | Ernest Corbett |  | 13 December 1949 | 26 September 1957 |  | Holland |
|  | 34 | Geoff Gerard |  | | | 26 September 1957 | 12 December 1957 |
| | | | |  |  | Holyoake |
|  | (32) | Jerry Skinner |  | 12 December 1957 | 12 December 1960 |  | Nash |
|  | (34) | Geoff Gerard |  | 12 December 1960 | 12 December 1966 |  | Holyoake |
|  | 35 | Duncan MacIntyre |  | | | 12 December 1966 | 8 December 1972 |
| | | | |  |  | Marshall |
|  | 36 | Matiu Rata |  | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |  | Kirk |
| | | | |  | Rowling |
|  | 37 | Venn Young |  | 12 December 1975 | 11 December 1981 |  | Muldoon |
|  | 38 | Jonathan Elworthy |  | | | 11 December 1981 | 26 July 1984 |
|  | 39 | Koro Wētere |  | 26 July 1984 | 16 September 1987 |  | Lange |
|  | 40 | Peter Tapsell |  | 16 September 1987 | | 2 November 1990 |  |
| | | | |  | Palmer |
| | | | |  | Moore |
|  | 41 | Rob Storey |  | 2 November 1990 | 2 November 1993 |  | Bolger |
|  | 42 | Denis Marshall |  | | | 2 November 1993 | 10 December 1996 |
|  | 43 | John Luxton |  | | | 10 December 1996 | 31 August 1998 |
|

Table footnotes:

1. Wilson 1985, pp. 61–98.
2. Wilson 1985, pp. 62.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First ed. published 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.


title: Radclive

abstract: Radclive is a village on the River Great Ouse just over 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Buckingham in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Radclive-cum-Chackmore in Aylesbury Vale district. The parish includes the hamlet of Chackmore about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Buckingham. Radclive's toponym is derived from the Old English for "red cliff", referring to the colour of the local soil and a cliff overlooking the river. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village as Radeclive. Parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint John the Evangelist date from 1200 but the tower is believed to be 100 years later. There are some rare early English pews decorated with poppy heads, and a Jacobean communion rail with openwork balustrading. The nave window contains some examples of 14th century stained glass that survived the English Reformation and the English Civil War. The Manor House was built in about 1620 and is the remaining part of a much larger mansion. The house contains an original oak staircase which has an open balustrade with finial topped ovals and lozenges, very similar in design to the staircase at Princes Risborough Manor House. That portion of Radclive south of the River Ouse once formed the "lost" Domesday manor of Hasley, formerly thought erroneously to have formed part of Thornton.

text:
# Radclive

**Radclive** is a village on the River Great Ouse just over 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Buckingham in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the civil parish of **Radclive-cum-Chackmore** in Aylesbury Vale district. The parish includes the hamlet of Chackmore about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Buckingham.

Radclive's toponym is derived from the Old English for "red cliff", referring to the colour of the local soil and a cliff overlooking the river. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village as *Radeclive*.

Parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint John the Evangelist date from 1200 but the tower is believed to be 100 years later. There are some rare early English pews decorated with poppy heads, and a Jacobean communion rail with openwork balustrading. The nave window contains some examples of 14th century stained glass that survived the English Reformation and the English Civil War.

The Manor House was built in about 1620 and is the remaining part of a much larger mansion. The house contains an original oak staircase which has an open balustrade with finial topped ovals and lozenges, very similar in design to the staircase at Princes Risborough Manor House.

That portion of Radclive south of the River Ouse once formed the "lost" Domesday manor of Hasley, formerly thought erroneously to have formed part of Thornton.

Media related to Radclive at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Radclive | |
| --- | --- |
| Radclive Manor - side view | |
| St. John the Evangelist, Radclive | |
| RadcliveLocation within Buckinghamshire | |
| Population | 231 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP6734 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Buckingham |
| Postcode district | MK18 |
| Dialling code | 01280 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Buckinghamshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Fred Urquhart (writer)

abstract: Fred Urquhart or Frederick Burrows Urquhart was a Scottish short story writer, novelist, editor and reviewer. He is considered Scotland's leading short story writer of the 20th-century. Writing in the Manchester Evening News in November 1944, George Orwell praised Urquhart's "remarkable gift for constructing neat stories with convincing dialogue."

text:
# Fred Urquhart (writer)

**Fred Urquhart** or **Frederick Burrows Urquhart** (12 July 1912 – 2 December 1995) was a Scottish short story writer, novelist, editor and reviewer. He is considered Scotland's leading short story writer of the 20th-century. Writing in the *Manchester Evening News* in November 1944, George Orwell praised Urquhart's "remarkable gift for constructing neat stories with convincing dialogue."

## Early life

Urquhart was born in Edinburgh. His father was chauffeur to wealthy Scottish families, including the Marquess of Breadalbane at Taymouth Castle. He spent much of his childhood in Fife, Perthshire and Wigtownshire. He attended village schools, followed by Stranraer High School and Broughton Secondary School.

On leaving school at the age of fifteen, he worked in a bookshop from 1927 to 1934. Because he was a pacifist and conscientious objector, during World War II, he worked on the land at Laurencekirk in the Mearns and later at Woburn Abbey. On visits to London, where he later lived, he met George Orwell and the Scottish painters Robert Colquhoun and Robert MacBryde.

## Career

### Writer

In 1936, Urquhart published his first short story, followed by his first novel *Time Will Knit* in 1938. He went on to publish four novels and more eight volumes of short stories. The novel *Jezebel's Dust* (1951) is considered one of his best works. Many of his stories were read on the radio. *Palace of Green Days* was a Book at Bedtime in 1985.

Many of his stories revolved around rural life, set in the fictional town of Auchencairn in the Mearns countryside south of Aberdeen. The theme of many of these stories was a desire to escape the drudgery of every-day working-class life. One of these stories, "The Ploughing Match," won the Tom–Gallon Trust Award for 1951.

He also wrote many stories about violence against women and was known for the way he sensitively portrayed women. Compton Mackenzie said Urquhart had a "remarkable talent for depicting women young and old." "We Never Died in Winter" is considered a good example of one of his stories about working-class girls.

In the 1960s, he published several volumes of short stories with historical and supernatural themes. One obituarist said, "His skill was to show characters in everyday, conversational action".

### Publishing

Starting in 1947, Urquhart worked as a reader for a literary agency in London until 1951., From 1951 to 1954 he read scripts for Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer. From 1951 to 1974 he was a reader for Cassell and Company in London. He was a London scout for Walt Disney Productions from 1959 to 1960. From 1967 to 1971, he was a reader for J. M. Dent and Sons in London.

He had a particular love of horses and edited illustrated anthology *The Book of Horses* in 1981. He also edited a number of books and wrote reviews for magazines and newspapers.

## Awards

## Personal life

Urquhart was homosexual. He moved to Ashdown Forest in East Sussex in 1958 with his companion, the dancer Peter Wyndham Allen, but when Wyndham Allen died in 1990 Urquhart moved back to Scotland. He was a friend of Rhys Davies, with whom he shared a cottage in Tring in 1946, and of Norah Hoult.

Urquhart died in Haddington, East Lothian at the age of 83.

## Selected bibliography

### Novels

* *Time Will Knit* (Duckworth, 1938)
* *The Ferret was Abraham's Daughter* (Methuen, 1949)
* *Jezebel's Dust* (Methuen,1951)
* *Palace of Green Days* (Quartet Books, 1979) ISBN 9780704322172

### Short story collections

* *I Fell for a Sailor* (Duckworth, 1940)
* *Selected Stories* ( Maurice Fridberg, 1946)
* *The Clouds are Big with Mercy* (William MacLellan, 1946)
* *The Last GI Bride Wore Tartan* (Serif Books of Edinburgh, 1947)
* *The Year of the Short Corn and Other Stories* (Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1949)
* *The Last Sister* (Methuen, 1950)
* *The Laundry Girl and the Pole* (Arco, 1955)
* *Dying Stallion: The Collected Stories, Vol. 1* (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1967)
* *The Ploughing Match: The Collected Stories, Vol. 2* (Rupert Hart-Davis,1968)
* *Proud Lady in a Cage* (Paul Harris Publishing, 1980) ISBN 9780904505900
* *Seven Ghosts in Search* (Kimber / HarperCollins Distribution, 1983) ISBN 9780718305017
* A Diver in China Seas (Quartet Books, 1980) ISBN 9780704322554
* Full Score: Short Stories (Aberdeen University Press, 1989) ISBN 9780080377193
* *A Goal for Miss Valentino* (Kennedy & Boyd, 2014) ISBN 9781849211116

### Writings in anthologies

* *The Unlikely Ghosts* (Mayflower Books, 1969) ISBN 9780583116183
* *Ten Modern Scottish Stories*. Robert Millar, ed. (Heinemann Educational Books, 1973) ISBN 9780435135454
* Scottish Short Stories 1974. (Harper Collins, 1974). ISBN 9780002218917
* Further Modern Scottish Stories. Robert Millar and John Thomas Low, editors. (Heinemann Educational Books, 1976) ISBN 0435135406
* *Scottish Ghost Stories*. Giles Gordon, ed. (Lomond Books, 1976)
* *As I Remember: Ten Scottish Authors recall How Writing Began for Them*. Maurice Lindsay, ed. (Robert Hale & Company, 1979) ISBN 9780709173212
* "Lillie Langtry’s Silver Cup". *The Fourth Book of After Midnight Stories* ( William Kimber & Co Ltd, 1988) ISBN 9780718307028
* "Introduction," *Creepy Stories* (Bracken Books, 1994) ISBN 9781858911366

### Writings in magazines

* "Cristopher Rush: *Peace Comes Dropping Slow*." *The Scottish Review of Books,* no. 31, 1983
* "Cooee' Cried the Parrot" *Cencrastus,* no. 44, 1993.

### Compiler or editor

* *No Scottish Twilight: New Scottish Stories.* (William Maclellan, 1947)
* *W.S.C. A Cartoon Biography* (Cassell & Company, 1955) ISBN 9780947782757
* *Great True War Adventures.* (Arco Publishers, 1956) ISBN 9780970822710
* *Great True Escape Stories.* (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958).
* *The Cassell Miscellany 1848-1958.* (Cassell, 1958).
* Freeman, William. *Dictionary of Fictional Characters*. Revised by Fred Urquhart. (The Writer, Inc., 1974) ISBN 9780871160850
* *Modern Scottish Short Stories* (Faber & Faber, 1978) ISBN 9780571119530
* *The Book of Horses* (1981) ISBN 9780436549359

## InfoBox

| Fred Urquhart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Frederick Burrows Urquhart
12 July 1912
Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 2 December 1995(1995-12-02) (aged 83)
Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland |
| Occupation | writer, reviewer, editor |
| Genre | Short Story |
| Notable awards | Tom-Gallon Trust Award |
| Partner | Peter Wyndham Allen |


title: HIV/AIDS in Botswana

text:
# HIV/AIDS in Botswana

Botswana is experiencing one of the most severe HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world. The national HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 to 49 is 24.8 percent, which is the third highest in the world, behind Lesotho and Eswatini. HIV/AIDS threatens the many developmental gains Botswana has achieved since its independence in 1966, including economic growth, political stability, a rise in life expectancy, and the establishment of functioning public educational and health care systems.

The prevalence and impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is notoriously hard to estimate. For example, it was in 2006 calculated that high HIV infection rates should cause slight annual population decline. However the 2011 census showed robust population growth averaging 1.9% per year since the previous census in 2001.

## Prevalence

Botswana is in general well-equipped and with strong infrastructure to test the population for HIV, meaning that the prevalence may in fact be on par with other African nations, whilst being reported as being the nation with the second highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. The primary mode of transmission is heterosexual contact, with the military and young women at higher risk of HIV infection than other sectors of the population. Young women (ages 15–24) who have HIV in Botswana outnumber young men with HIV by more than two-to-one. The national incidence rate is 1.5 per cent, or more than 15,000 new infections per year. HIV infection rates vary by geographical region: They are highest in cities, lower in towns, and lowest in villages. Extended families and communities have exhibited resourcefulness and generosity in their willingness to absorb and care for orphaned children, but this capacity is being exhausted, especially as the current generation of grandparents begins to die. Although the country has been somewhat effective in fighting HIV, it remains particularly prevalent in eastern regions such as Bobirwa and Selebi Phikwe, where the prevalence remains as high as 40%.

## Efforts to control

Following the first reported case of HIV in Botswana in 1985, the country's response was mainly focused on screening blood to eliminate the risk of transmission through transfusion. Public spending on tackling HIV/AIDS was minimal by today's standards and remained so until 1997. Consequently, while life expectancy in Botswana stood at 65 years in 1990, it was estimated to have fallen to 57 years by 1997 and to just 35 years in 2005. However, after the 2011 census life expectancy was revised upwards to 54.5 years. In 1997, the government of Quett Masire outlined a 'national vision' (Vision 2016) to outline the country's long-term aims. It stated that "By the year 2016, the spread of the HIV virus that causes AIDS will have stopped, so that there will be no new infections by the virus in that year."

Since 1997, the government has been significantly more proactive in combating the epidemic. Under the governments of Festus Mogae, a programme was introduced in 1999 for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT). In August 2000, the Gates Foundation, with the Harvard AIDS Initiative and the pharmaceutical companies Merck and Bristol-Myers Squibb, started an HIV/AIDS treatment program, working with the government. The program's target was to treat every citizen of Botswana infected with HIV/AIDS. In addition, anti-retrovirals (ARVs) would be given out to those who were at an advanced stage of the disease. However, Botswana lacked adequate health-care workers and a stable medical infrastructure to implement the program. In 2003, the government introduced the first National Strategic Framework against AIDS. In 2004, with adult HIV prevalence at nearly 40 percent nationwide, the government introduced routine HIV testing for citizens. By 2008, spending on Botswana's response to HIV/AIDS had risen to US$340 million, of which approximately two-thirds was provided by Botswana's central government (a significantly higher proportion than in other sub-Saharan nations).

In 2011, the Ministry of Education introduced new HIV/AIDS education technology for schools. The TeachAIDS prevention software, developed at Stanford University, was distributed to every primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age. There is evidence that these policies are having some impact, for example HIV prevalence among 15- to 19-year-olds fell from 24.7 percent in 2001 to 13.2 percent in 2009. However, at the household level, families face increasing health expenditures to meet the needs of family members with HIV/AIDS. At the same time, they are experiencing loss of income as productive family members become sick and die.

Botswana's workforce is being depleted as many productive adults develop AIDS and are no longer able to work. According to the US State Department, between 1999 and 2005 Botswana lost approximately 17 percent of its health care workforce due to AIDS. By 2020, it has been projected that the loss in agricultural labour force due to AIDS could be more than 23 percent.


title: Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser

abstract: Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser was a Dutch navigator and celestial cartographer who mapped several constellations on the southern celestial hemisphere.

text:
# Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser

**Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser** (occasionally **Petrus Theodorus**; c.1540 – 11 September 1596) was a Dutch navigator and celestial cartographer who mapped several constellations on the southern celestial hemisphere.

## Voyages and star observation

Little is known of Keyser's life outside of his astronomical observations and East Indies voyages. After making several voyages under the Portuguese flag, including one to Brazil, Keyser participated as the chief navigator and head of the steersmen for the first Dutch voyage to the East Indies (the "Eerste Schipvaart"), which left Texel with four ships on 2 April 1595 under Cornelis de Houtman. He had been trained by cartographer Petrus Plancius in mathematics and astronomy. Plancius, a key promoter to the Dutch East Indies expeditions, had instructed Keyser to map the skies in the southern hemisphere, which were largely uncharted at the time. When the fleet finally was able to obtain fresh supplies at Madagascar on 13 September 71 of the 248 sailors had died, most of scurvy. The surviving crew stayed for several months on the island, to recover and make repairs, at which point Keyser probably made most of his celestial observations. He was aided in this by Frederick de Houtman and Vechter Willemsz. After leaving Madagascar, it took another four months (February to June 1596) for the ships to reach Sumatra and finally Bantam on Java. Trade negotiations went sour, perhaps caused by Portuguese instigators, perhaps by inexperience, and the crew was forced to find drinking water and other supplies on Sumatra across the Sunda Strait. Keyser died during this crossing on 13 September 1596.

On 14 August 1597, 81 survivors including Frederick de Houtman made it back to Texel. All the scientific observations gathered on the voyage were turned over to Petrus Plancius.

## Constellations

From the observations of the expedition, Plancius created a celestial globe in late 1597, published by Jodocus Hondius, showing twelve new constellations of the southern sky that have become accepted among the standard constellations codified by modern astronomers. The majority were named after various animals that 16th century explorers had encountered (e.g. Bird of Paradise, Chameleon, Toucan, Flying Fish). Willem Janszoon Blaeu copied these constellations on a 1602 globe and created a new globe in 1603 incorporating further observations made by de Houtman on a second voyage to the East Indies. Johann Bayer included these new southern constellations in his influential 1603 star atlas *Uranometria*, crediting them to "Petrus Theodori" (Pieter Keyser), but not acknowledging their earlier publication. Bayer is therefore often mistakenly credited for introducing them.

Keyser is commemorated by minor planet (10655) Pietkeyser.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Unknown date, c.1540
Emden, County of East Frisia |
| Died | 11 September 1596(1596-09-11) (aged 55–56)
Sunda Strait, East Indies |
| Other names | Petrus Theodorus |
| Occupation(s) | Celestial cartographer, navigator |
| Known for | Charting of constellations on the southern celestial hemisphere |


title: Nate Bowie

abstract: Nathan Ezell Bowie is an American basketball coach and former player. His first experience as a basketball player was at Washington High School in Kansas City, Kansas. He played for Colby Community College in Kansas from 2004 to 2006. At the end of his sophomore season, he realized he had two years left in college career to prolong his basketball career. He decided to transfer to the University of Central Arkansas. He played for the Central Arkansas Bears basketball from 2006 to 2008. Bowie declared for the 2008 NBA Development League Draft, but was undrafted. From March 2008 to 2014 he played on eleven different professional basketball teams.

text:
# Nate Bowie

**Nathan Ezell Bowie** (born June 11, 1986) is an American basketball coach and former player.

His first experience as a basketball player was at Washington High School in Kansas City, Kansas. He played for Colby Community College in Kansas from 2004 to 2006. At the end of his sophomore season, he realized he had two years left in college career to prolong his basketball career. He decided to transfer to the University of Central Arkansas. He played for the Central Arkansas Bears basketball from 2006 to 2008.

Bowie declared for the 2008 NBA Development League Draft, but was undrafted. From March 2008 to 2014 he played on eleven different professional basketball teams.

## Early life and high school

The son of Ernest and Barbara Bowie, Nate Bowie grew up in Kansas City, Kansas. Basketball developed as an early passion from a young age. He was influenced by watching vintage basketball games and the early influences of his brother and father. Bowie used to compete a lot against his older brother, who was his role model. These early family influences helped him develop his competitive spirit and his basketball skills.

Bowie attended Washington High School in Kansas, where he averaged 25 points, 6 rebounds and 4 assists per game. His team finished third in the state, in the 5A Tournament. Bowie was First Team All State, All Region and All Conference in his senior year. He holds the single game scoring record for the school, with 38 points in a game against Olathe South High School, breaking Earl Watson's school record.

## Collegiate career

### Colby Community College (2004–2006)

Bowie started his college career in 2004 playing for Colby Community College, a first division National Junior College Athletic Association team. For his freshman year, he averaged 10.9 points per game. For his sophomore year, he doubled his scoring stats, averaging 20.8 points per game. In 2006, he won NJCAA awards and distinctions. He was All-Tournament First Team, All Conference First Team, All Region Team and All American. He was also the NJCAA Co-Player of the Year in 2006.

### University of Central Arkansas (2006–2008)

At the end of his sophomore season at Colby, Bowie transferred to the University of Central Arkansas, a National Collegiate Athletic Association team in order to have a chance to become a professional player. As a junior, Bowie averaged 10.8 points per game. The next season (2007–2008), he averaged 17.5 points per game. He also averaged 20.3 points per game in the Southland Conference, winning the scoring title. On February 2, 2008, he scored 39 points in a win against Nicholls State University. He became All-Southland Conference 2nd Team, All-Southland American Team, and also NCAA All-American Nominee. At the end of his college career, Rand Chappell described Bowie's career as "solid, and sometimes spectacular".

## Professional career

### Vancouver BC Titans (2008–2009)

At the end of his senior year in college, Bowie signed for NBA D-League Draft. However, he was not drafted. In March 2009, he joined the Vancouver Titans, a team in the International Basketball League. He played 10 games and he averaged 23.1 points per game. During the season, he left his team in order to train in Morocco.

### Establencimientos Otero Xuven Cambados (2009–2010)

Before the beginning of the season, he signed with Zasavje PRO-TEK of the Slovenian Premier A League, but only appeared in pre-season games. He moved to Spain in October 2009, to play for Establencimientos Otero Xuven Cambados, in the fourth-tier Liga EBA. He played 27 games, scoring 14.5 points per game. In March 2010, he signed at Yamhill High Flyers, in the International Basketball League. He played 25 games, and averaged 23.8 points per game. He became an IBL All Star, and had the IBL Honorable Mention. His team went to the semifinals of the championship.

### Terceira Basket (2010–2012)

Bowie signed with Terceira Basket of the Portuguese second-tier Proliga at the beginning of the 2010–2011 season. He played 32 games and averaged 25.6 points per game, 6.7 rebounds per game, and 5.3 assists per game. Terceira Basket won the Proliga Championship in 2011 and was promoted to the top-tier Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol. The following season, Bowie played 15 games for Terceira, averaging 19.1 points per game. He left Terceira Basket in March 2012, and joined Al Ahli Sports Club Doha, in the Qatar-D1, where he played 3 games.

### Energy Invest Rustavi (2012–2013)

At the beginning of the season 2012–2013, Bowie joined Georgian Superliga club Energy Invest Rustavi, where he played 23 games, and averaged 21.9 points per game. He played the entire season with Energy, and played in the All-Star Game. Rustavi finished the season in second place, losing in the finals.

### SC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih (2013–2014)

Bowie started the 2013–2014 season in the Ukraine-Superleague, playing for SC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. He played 19 games, averaging 10.8 points per game, before moving to Maliye Milli Piyango, in the Turkish third-tier TB2L in March 2014. He played 4 games with the team, averaging 11.0 points per game.

### Trikalla (2014–2015)

He joined Trikala Basketball Club for the 2014–15 season in the Greek Basket League. In 10 games, he averaged 10.2 points and 6.0 assists per game.

## Coaching career

In 2015, Bowie became an assistant coach at Allen Community College. The following season, he was hired as an assistant coach at Mt. Hood Community College. He later became the head coach of the men's team.

## Personal life

In March 2022 he was arrested on two counts of using a child in a display of sexually graphic content and one count of first-degree online sexual corruption of a minor.

## Statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

**College:**

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | TO | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Colby Community College |  |  |  | 42,3 | 35,3 | 73,5 | 2,2 | 3,1 | 1,8 | 0 |  | 10,9 |
| 2005–06 | Colby Community College | 27 |  |  | 45,2 | 39,5 | 65,8 | 3,6 | 3,9 | 1,9 | 0 |  | 20,8 |
| 2006–07 | Central Arkansas | 30 | 13 | 25,4 | 36,9 | 28,8 | 77,6 | 2,47 | 3,03 | 1,17 | 0,07 | 3,00 | 10,83 |
| 2007–08 | Central Arkansas | 30 | 30 | 35,2 | 40,0 | 33,5 | 77,3 | 3,47 | 3,47 | 1,93 | 0,03 | 3,13 | 17,5 |
|

**Professional:**

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008–09 | **Vancouver BC Titans** | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | 3,2 | 4 | 0 | 23,1 |
| 2009–10 | **Otero Xuven Cambados** | 27 |  |  | 52 | 32 | 74 | 3,4 | 3,1 | 1,6 | 0 | 14,5 |
| 2009–10 | **Yamhill Highflyers** | 25 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,7 | 5,3 |  | 0 | 23,8 |
| 2010–11 | **Terceira Basket** | 16 | 16 | 38,7 | 36,5 | 26,4 | 78,1 | 3,51 | 3,88 | 1,62 | 0 | 19,00 |
| 2011–12 | **Forum Terceira Basket** | 16 | 16 | 38,7 | 36,5 | 26,4 | 78,1 | 3,51 | 3,88 | 1,62 | 0 | 19,00 |
| 2011–12 | **Al Ahli Sports Club Doha** | 3 | 3 |  | 56,4 | 39,8 | 75,6 | 6,6 | 7 |  |  | 17,1 |
| 2012–13 | **Rustavi** | 22 | 21 | 30,2 | 49,9 | 38,3 | 60,6 | 5,86 | 4,77 | 2,82 | 0 | 22,00 |
| 2013–14 | **Maliye Milli Piyango** | 4 | 4 | 29,3 | 27,1 | 7,7 | 65,4 | 2,25 | 2,25 | 4,75 | 0 | 11,00 |
| 2013–14 | **Kryvbasbasket-Lux Kryvyi Rih** | 18 | 8 | 25,1 | 43,8 | 32,1 | 52,2 | 2,67 | 4,67 | 1,17 | 0 | 10,89 |
|

## Awards and accomplishments

### Club honours

### Individual awards

* NJCAA All-Tournament First Team (2006)
* NJCAA First Team All Conf (2006)
* NJCAA All-Region Team (2006)
* Co-Player of the Year (2006)
* All-Southland Conf. 2nd Team (2008)
* All-Southland American Team (2008)
* NCAA All-American Nominee (2008)
* IBL All-Star (2010)
* Georgian Superliga All-Star (2013)

## InfoBox

Nate Bowie
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1986-06-11) June 11, 1986
Kansas City, Kansas |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Listed weight | 165 lb (75 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Washington
(Kansas City, Kansas) |
| College |  |
| NBA draft | 2008: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2009–2015 |
| Position | Point guard |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 2009 | Vancouver Titans |
| 2009–2010 | Otero Xuven Cambados |
| 2010 | Yamhill Highflyers |
| 2010–2012 | Terceira Basket |
| 2012 | Al Ahli Doha |
| 2012–2013 | Rustavi |
| 2013–2014 | Kryvbas |
| 2014 | Maliye Milli Piyango |
| 2014 | Aries Trikala |
| 2015 | Sigal Prishtina |
| As coach: | |
| 2015–2016 | Allen Community College (assistant) |
| 2016–2019 | Mt. Hood CC (assistant) |
| 2019–2022 | Mt. Hood CC |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |