title: Mobile Application Part

abstract: The Mobile Application Part (MAP) is an SS7 protocol that provides an application layer for the various nodes in GSM and UMTS mobile core networks and GPRS core networks to communicate with each other in order to provide services to users. The Mobile Application Part is the application-layer protocol used to access the Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Equipment Identity Register, Authentication Centre, Short message service center and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).

text:
# Mobile Application Part

The **Mobile Application Part** (**MAP**) is an SS7 protocol that provides an application layer for the various nodes in GSM and UMTS mobile core networks and GPRS core networks to communicate with each other in order to provide services to users. The Mobile Application Part is the application-layer protocol used to access the Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Equipment Identity Register, Authentication Centre, Short message service center and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).

## Facilities provided

The primary facilities provided by MAP are:

* Mobility Services: location management (to support roaming), authentication, managing service subscription information, fault recovery,
* Operation and Maintenance: subscriber tracing, retrieving a subscriber's IMSI
* Call Handling: routing, managing calls whilst roaming, checking that a subscriber is available to receive calls
* Supplementary Services
* Short Message Service
* Packet Data Protocol (PDP) services for GPRS: providing routing information for GPRS connections
* Location Service Management Services: obtaining the location of subscriber

## Published specification

The Mobile Application Part specifications were originally defined by the GSM Association, but are now controlled by ETSI/3GPP. MAP is defined by two different standards, depending upon the mobile network type:

* MAP for GSM (prior to Release 4) is specified by 3GPP TS 09.02 (MAP v1, MAP v2)
* MAP for UMTS ("3G") and GSM (Release 99 and later) is specified by 3GPP TS 29.002 (MAP v3)

In cellular networks based on ANSI standards (currently CDMA2000, in the past AMPS, IS-136 and cdmaOne) plays the role of the MAP a similar protocol usually called IS-41 or ANSI-41 (ANSI MAP). Since 2000 it is maintained by 3GPP2 as N.S0005 and since 2004 it is named 3GPP2 X.S0004.

## Implementation

MAP is a Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) user, and as such can be transported using 'traditional' SS7 protocols or over IP using *Transport Independent Signalling Connection Control Part (TI-SCCP)*; or using SIGTRAN.

Yate is a partial open source implementation of MAP.

## MAP signaling

In mobile cellular telephony networks like GSM and UMTS the SS7 application MAP is used. Voice connections are Circuit Switched (CS) and data connections are Packet Switched (PS) applications.

Some of the **GSM/UMTS Circuit Switched interfaces** in the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) transported over SS7 include the following:

* **B -\> VLR** (uses MAP/B). Most MSCs are associated with a Visitor Location Register (VLR), making the B interface "internal".
* **C -\> HLR** (uses MAP/C) Messages between MSC to HLR handled by C Interface
* **D -\> HLR** (uses MAP/D) for attaching to the CS network and location update
* **E -\> MSC** (uses MAP/E) for inter-MSC handover
* **F -\> EIR** (uses MAP/F) for equipment identity check
* **H -\> SMS-G** (uses MAP/H) for Short Message Service (SMS) over CS
* **I -\> ME** (uses MAP/I) Messages between MSC to ME handled by I Interface
* **J -\> SCF** (uses MAP/J) Messages between HLR to gsmSCF handled by J Interface

There are also several **GSM/UMTS PS interfaces** in the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) transported over SS7:


title: Friends (Chick Corea album)

abstract: Friends is a studio album by Chick Corea. It features a quartet of Corea, saxophonist Joe Farrell, acoustic bassist Eddie Gómez and drummer Steve Gadd. It was released by Polydor Records in 1978, and the cover featured The Smurfs. Friends received the 1979 Grammy award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group.

text:
# Friends (Chick Corea album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***Friends*** is a studio album by Chick Corea. It features a quartet of Corea, saxophonist Joe Farrell, acoustic bassist Eddie Gómez and drummer Steve Gadd. It was released by Polydor Records in 1978, and the cover featured The Smurfs.

*Friends* received the 1979 Grammy award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group.

## Track listing

All pieces are composed by Chick Corea.

### Side one

1. "The One Step" – 6:05
2. "Waltse for Dave" – 7:32
3. "Children's Song #5" – 1:15
4. "Samba Song" – 10:00

### Side two

1. "Friends" – 9:26
2. "Sicily" – 6:15
3. "Children's Song #15" – 1:10
4. "Cappucino" – 8:39

## Personnel

## Chart performance

| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | *Billboard* 200 | 86 |
| 1978 | *Billboard* Jazz Albums | 4 |

## InfoBox

| Friends | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chick Corea | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Studio | Kendun Recorders, Burbank, California, USA |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 51:12 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Chick Corea |
| Chick Corea chronology | |
| *Secret Agent*
(1978) ***Friends***
(1978) *An Evening with Herbie Hancock & Chick Corea: In Concert*
(1978) | |


title: Ravi Gomatam

abstract: Ravi Veeraraghavan Gomatam is the director of Bhaktivedanta Institute and the newly formed Institute of Semantic Information Sciences and Technology, Mumbai. He teaches graduate-level courses at these institutes. He was an adjunct professor at Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India (1993–2015). He has been made a visiting professor for the year 2016–2017 at the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), a Government of India body, under the Ministry of Human Resource Development. In January 1990, he organized a conference titled First International Conference on the Study of Consciousness within Science in San Francisco. Subsequently, in 1997 Gomatam conceived and launched the world's first M.S./Ph.D. programs in "consciousness studies", in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani. "Consciousness Studies" is a developing, inter-disciplinary scientific field, which Gomatam has particularly re-conceived as a new way of studying matter. In 2015, the Institute of Semantic Information Sciences and Technology started offering M.A. and Ph.D. programs in collaboration with the Mumbai University, India. Gomatam’s own field of research is foundations of quantum mechanics, wherein he is introducing a few new ideas, including those of "Objective, Semantic Information" and a notion of "Relational Properties" that is different from that of Rovelli and others. His new ideas have received notice for their potential. He has related research interests in semantic computation, systems sciences, artificial intelligence, philosophy of science and philosophy of language.

text:
# Ravi Gomatam

**Ravi Veeraraghavan Gomatam** (born in Chennai, India) is the director of *Bhaktivedanta Institute* (Berkeley and Mumbai) and the newly formed *Institute of Semantic Information Sciences and Technology*, Mumbai. He teaches graduate-level courses at these institutes. He was an adjunct professor at Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India (1993–2015).

He has been made a visiting professor for the year 2016–2017 at the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), a Government of India body, under the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

In January 1990, he organized a conference titled *First International Conference on the Study of Consciousness within Science* in San Francisco. Subsequently, in 1997 Gomatam conceived and launched the world's first M.S./Ph.D. programs in "consciousness studies", in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani (one of India's foremost technological universities). "Consciousness Studies" is a developing, inter-disciplinary scientific field, which Gomatam has particularly re-conceived as a new way of studying *matter*.

In 2015, the Institute of Semantic Information Sciences and Technology started offering M.A. (by research) and Ph.D. programs in collaboration with the Mumbai University, India.

Gomatam’s own field of research is foundations of quantum mechanics, wherein he is introducing a few new ideas, including those of "Objective, Semantic Information" and a notion of "Relational Properties" that is different from that of Rovelli and others. His new ideas have received notice for their potential. He has related research interests in semantic computation, systems sciences, artificial intelligence, philosophy of science and philosophy of language.

## Education

## Early work in the industry

In the 1970s Gomatam worked with India’s international airline on their software development projects. He then moved to the USA and worked as a freelance consultant for a number of Fortune-500 companies including General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Burroughs and IBM in the areas of operating system design, data communications and very-large database design.

## Academic career

Starting from the early 1980s, Gomatam turned to fundamental scientific research, and started contributing to the development of the Bhaktivedanta Institute (B.I.) in Mumbai and Berkeley. Along the way, based on the work he was doing at B.I., he obtained his Ph.D. in the foundations of quantum mechanics.

He has been a visiting scholar at University of Pretoria, South Africa and Loyola University, New Orleans, USA.

## Research

Gomatam’s primary area of research is in non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM), which emerged in 1925 with Erwin Schrödinger's derivation of the "wave equation".

Gomatam is developing his own approach to macroscopic quantum mechanics (MQM, applying the wave equation to the macroscopic regime), which is distinct from the ideas of ‘macroscopic dissipative systems’ and ‘macroscopic quantum coherence’, developed in the early 80s by Anthony James Leggett. In general, Leggett's attempt is to create an experimental situation using a SQUID, wherein a coherent superposition at the microscopic level can also be scaled up to the macroscopic level, because of involving a large number of microscopic objects (that is, electrons, of the order of 10^15 to 10^20) in coherent superposition.

In contrast, Gomatam is attempting to develop MQM *independent of the application of the Schrödinger equation to the micro regime*, in such a manner that quantum superposition can be *directly* observed at the macroscopic level. This involves introducing a new notion of macroscopic objects as quantum *kinds*, instead of classical *objects*. In this regard, he is also developing two further new ideas within physics: the ontology of "Objective, Semantic Information" (OSI) and corresponding "Relational Properties" (RPs).

As part of developing his version of MQM, Gomatam has related interests in exotic manifolds, semantic information processing, quantum computation, and philosophy of ordinary language.

## Selected papers

* Niels Bohr's Interpretation and the Copenhagen Interpretation—Are the two incompatible?" Here Gomatam contrasts Bohr's Interpretation with Copenhagen Interpretation (where Bohr is a co-author). This paper was a required reading in a course in Quantum Mechanics at Brown University.
* Quantum Theory and the Observation Problem. Michael Turvey credits Gomatam for labeling a key problem in quantum mechanics as "observation problem" which he says were only "implicit in deliberations of Bohr, Einstein, Bell and others: to identify a quantum-compatible nonclassical conception of everyday objects, one consonant with the principle of superposition." Wolfgang Prinz, M.W. Stuckey and Panos Pardalos cite this paper for its key contribution in the field of macroscopic quantum mechanics.
* How Do Classical and Quantum Probabilities Differ?
* Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics and System of Systems Design Approach.
* Quantum Theory, the Chinese Room Argument and the Symbol Grounding Problem.
* Quantum Realism and Haecceity.
* Popper’s Propensity Interpretation and Heisenberg’s Potentia Interpretation — A comparative assessment.
* Do Hodgson's Propositions Uniquely Characterize Free Will? Invited commentary on a target paper, "A Plain Person's View of Free Will" by David Hodgson.
* Physics and Common Sense: Relearning the Connections in the Light of Quantum Theory.

## Activities and societies

## InfoBox

| Ravi Gomatam | |
| --- | --- |
| Ravi Gomatam, June, 2011 | |
| Born | January 1950 |
| Alma mater | Annamalai University
BITS Pilani
University of Mumbai |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Quantum physics |
|  | |


title: Halifax District Brigade

abstract: The Halifax District Brigade was an administrative division of the North Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783). This unit was established by the North Carolina Provincial Congress on May 4, 1776, and disbanded at the end of the war.

text:
# Halifax District Brigade

The **Halifax District Brigade** was an administrative division of the North Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783). This unit was established by the North Carolina Provincial Congress on May 4, 1776, and disbanded at the end of the war.

## Commanders

Brigadier Allen Jones served as commander of the Halifax District Brigade from May 4, 1776, until after the war when he resigned his commission on December 3, 1787. Thomas Eaton temporarily filled general Jones command while he represented as North Carolina delegate to the Continental Congress in December 1779 and again while he was ill in 1781.

1. Brigadier General Allen Jones (1776–1783)
2. Brigadier General Thomas Eaton (Pro Tempore) (1779, 1781)

## Regiments

| Unit | Subordinate Brigade | Created | Disbanded | Original Commander, Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Carolina Militia and State Troops | Governor | 1778 | 1783 | Ashe, John Sr., M.G. |
| Martin County Regiment | Edenton, Halifax | 1775 | 1783 | Williams, William, Col |
| Halifax District Brigade | North Carolina Militia | 1776 | 1783 | Jones, Allen, B.G. |
| 1st Battalion of Volunteers | Halifax | 1776 | 1777 | Sheppard, Abraham Sr, Col |
| 2nd Battalion of Volunteers | Halifax | 1776 | 1777 | Locke, Francis, Col |
| Bute County Regiment | Halifax | 1775 | 1779 | Person, William, Col |
| Edgecombe County Regiment | Halifax | 1775 | 1783 | Haywood, William, Col |
| Franklin County Regiment | Halifax | 1779 | 1783 | Seawell, Benjamin, Col |
| Halifax County Regiment | Halifax | 1775 | 1783 | Bradford, John, Col |
| Nash County Regiment | Halifax | 1777 | 1783 | Clinch, James, Col |
| Northampton County Regiment | Halifax | 1775 | 1783 | Jones, Allen, Col |
| Warren County Regiment | Halifax | 1779 | 1783 | Eaton, Thomas, Col |

### 1st and 2nd Battalion of Volunteers

The North Carolina Provincial Congress authorized the creation of the 1st and 2nd Battalion of Volunteers on November 23, 1776, at the insistence of the Continental Congress, which was afraid of another British march to Charleston. The hastily assembled 1st and 2nd Battalion of Volunteers were assigned to Brigadier General Allen Jones of the newly created Halifax District Brigade of the North Carolina militia. Colonel Abraham Sheppard commanded the 1st Battalion and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Locke commanded the 2nd Battalion. They marched into South Carolina but the British failed to invade a second time. The term limits for these two battalions expired on April 10, 1777, so the units returned home because they were no longer needed.

### Edgecombe County Regiment

The Edgecombe County Regiment was one of 35 existing North Carolina county militias to be authorized for organization on September 9, 1775, by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. All officers were appointed and commissioned by the provincial congress. This unit was active until the end of the war in 1783. The colonels and commandants of the regiment included:

* Colonel William Haywood (1775–1776, commandant)
* Colonel Exum Lewis (1776–1783, commandant)
* Colonel Jonas Johnston (1778–1779, 2nd colonel)
* Colonel Joseph J. Clinch (1779–1783, 2nd colonel)

### Franklin County Regiment

When Franklin County was created out of part of Bute County on January 30, 1779, the Bute County Regiment was abolished and replace with the Franklin County Regiment. All officers were selected and commissioned by the Governor. The colonels and commandants of the regiment included:

### Halifax County Regiment

The Halifax County Regiment was one of 35 existing North Carolina county militias to be authorized for organization on September 9, 1775, by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. All officers were appointed and commissioned by the provincial congress. This unit was active until the end of the war in 1783. The colonels and commandants of the regiment included:

* Colonel John Bradford (1775–1776)
* Colonel Willis Alston (1776–1778)
* Colonel Samuel Weldon (1778)
* Colonel John Whitaker (1779–1780)
* Colonel James Allen (1780–1783)

### Nash County Regiment

When the North Carolina General Assembly Created Nash County from Edgecombe County on December 17, 1777, the also created the Nash County Regiment of the North Carolina militia. All officers were selected and commissioned by the Governor. The unit was active until the end of the war. The colonels and commandants of this regiment included:

* Colonel James Clinch (1777–1783)
* Colonel Thomas Hunter (1780–1783, 2nd colonel)

### Northampton County Regiment

The Northampton County Regiment was one of 35 existing North Carolina county militias to be authorized for organization on September 9, 1775, by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. All officers were appointed and commissioned by the provincial congress. This unit was active until the end of the war in 1783. The colonels and commandants of the regiment included:

* Colonel Allen Jones (1775–1776), promoted to command of brigade
* Colonel William Eaton (1776–1780)
* Colonel Howell Edmunds (1780)
* Colonel Jeptha Atherton (1775–1783)
* Colonel Andrew Haynes (1781–1783, 2nd colonel)

## Engagements

Regiments of the Halifax District Brigade were involved in 22 known engagements (battles, sieges, and skirmishes), including two in George, 11 in South Carolina, 8 in North Carolina, and one in Florida. One or more companies of these regiments were involved in each engagement.

| Order | Date | Battle | State | Edgecombe | Franklin | Halifax | Martin | Nash | Northampton | Warren |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2/27/1776 | Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge | NC | x |  | x |  |  | x |  |
| 2 | 6/28/1776 | Battle of Fort Moultrie #1 | SC |  |  | x |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | 9/1/1776 to 9/30/1776 | Florida Expedition | FL |  |  | x |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | 3/3/1779 | Battle of Briar Creek | GA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 5 | 6/20/1779 | Battle of Stono Ferry | SC | x | x | x |  |  | x | x |
| 6 | 3/28/1780 to 5/12/1780 | Siege of Charleston 1780 | SC | x | x | x |  | x |  |  |
| 7 | 6/20/1780 | Battle of Ramsour's Mill | NC | x |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | 8/11/1780 | Battle of Little Lynches Creek | SC |  | x |  |  |  | x | x |
| 9 | 8/16/1780 | Battle of Camden | SC | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 10 | 9/26/1780 | Battle of Charlotte | NC |  | x | x |  |  |  | x |
| 11 | 12/4/1780 | Battle of Rugeley's Mills #2 | SC | x | x | x |  |  |  | x |
| 12 | 1/17/1781 | Battle of Cowpens | SC |  |  |  |  |  |  | x |
| 13 | 3/15/1781 | Battle of Guilford Court House | NC | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 14 | 4/25/1781 | Battle of Hobkirk's Hill | SC | x | x |  | x | x |  | x |
| 15 | 5/7/1781 to 5/11/1781 | Battle of Halifax | NC |  |  | x |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | 5/7/1781 | Battle of Swift Creek & Fishing Creek | NC |  | x |  |  |  |  |  |
| 17 | 5/12/1781 | Battle of Fort Motte | SC |  |  |  |  | x |  | x |
| 18 | 5/21/1781 to 6/19/1781 | Siege of Ninety-Six 1781 | SC |  |  |  |  | x |  |  |
| 19 | 5/24/1781 to 6/1/1781 | Siege of Augusta | GA |  |  | x |  |  |  | x |
| 20 | 8/2/1781 | Battle of Rockfish Creek | NC | x | x |  |  | x |  |  |
| 21 | 9/8/1781 | Battle of Eutaw Springs | SC | x |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | 9/12/1781 | Battle of Hillsborough | NC | x |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Halifax District Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier Allen Jones | |
| Active | 1776-1783 |
| Allegiance | North Carolina |
| Branch | North Carolina militia |
| Type | Militia |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | 1. Brigadier General Allen Jones 2. Brigadier General Thomas Eaton (Pro Tempore) |


title: Plaza de Armas

abstract: The Plaza de Armas is a common name given to public squares in Latin America, Spain and the Philippines. There are also examples of squares with that name in North America. In the central region of Mexico this space is known as El Zócalo and in Central America as Parque Central. While some large cities have both a Plaza de Armas and a Plaza Mayor, in most cities those are two names for the same place. Most cities constructed by the Spanish conquistadores were designed in a standard military fashion, based on a grid pattern taken from the Roman castrum, of which one block would be left vacant to form the Plaza de Armas. It is often surrounded by governmental buildings, churches, and other structures of cultural or political significance. The name derives from the fact that this would be a refuge in case of an attack upon the city, from which arms would be supplied to the defenders.

text:
# Plaza de Armas

The ***Plaza de Armas*** (literally Weapons Square, but better translated as Parade Square or parade ground) is a common name given to public squares in Latin America, Spain and the Philippines. There are also examples of squares with that name in North America. In the central region of Mexico this space is known as El Zócalo and in Central America as Parque Central (Central Park). While some large cities have both a Plaza de Armas and a Plaza Mayor, in most cities those are two names for the same place.

Most cities constructed by the Spanish *conquistadores* were designed in a standard military fashion, based on a grid pattern taken from the Roman *castrum*, of which one block would be left vacant to form the Plaza de Armas. It is often surrounded by governmental buildings, churches, and other structures of cultural or political significance. The name derives from the fact that this would be a refuge in case of an attack upon the city, from which arms would be supplied to the defenders.

## Main examples of Plaza de Armas in the Hispanic world

## Public transit stations

1. "Profes.net". 2013-10-07. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
2. Edward L. Jackiewicz, Fernando J. Bosco (2020). *Placing Latin America: Contemporary Themes in Geography* (via Google Books) (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. ISBN 9781538126318. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
3. Herzog, Lawrence A. (2001). *From Aztec to High Tech: Architecture and Landscape Across the Mexico-United States Border* (via Google Books) (reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780801866432. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
4. Herzog, Lawrence A. (1 May 2006). *Return to the Center: Culture, Public Space, and City Building in a Global Era* (Google Books). University of Texas Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780292712621. Retrieved 10 March 2021. The Romans elevated the plaza to a place of political power (the forum) within the city. Spain inherited the Roman concept of the city, and by the time of the Renaissance, her powerful kings were ready to build a new Spain, an empire across the ocean, whose engine would be a system of cities and towns. At the microscale, these cities would be anchored by the spacial nucleus, the central place of power - the Plaza Mayor.
5. Herzog, Lawrence A. (2001). *From Aztec to High Tech: Architecture and Landscape Across the Mexico-United States Border* (via Google Books) (reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780801866432. Retrieved 10 March 2021. King Philip II of Spain, in his Royal Ordinances passed on the colonialists in 1573, decreed that the central public square, or Plaza de Armas, would serve as the fulcrum of colonial town life, and the main nexus for important public and religious buildings.


abstract: Executive Order No. 26, entitled Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places, was issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on May 16, 2017. This executive order invoked the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in all public places in the Philippines. The ban replicates on a national level an existing ordinance in Davao City that Duterte created as mayor in 2002. The order took effect on July 23, 2017, 60 days after its publication in a newspaper.

text:
# Nationwide smoking ban order (Philippines)

**Executive Order No. 26**, entitled **Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places**, was issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on May 16, 2017. This executive order invoked the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in all public places in the Philippines. The ban replicates on a national level an existing ordinance in Davao City that Duterte created as mayor in 2002. The order took effect on July 23, 2017, 60 days after its publication in a newspaper.

## Provisions

Section 3. Prohibited Acts, The following acts are declared unlawful and prohibited;

(a) Smoking within enclosed public places conveyances, whether stationary or in motion, except in DSAs fully compliant with the requirements of Section 4 of his Order;

(b) For persons-in-charge to allow, abet or tolerate smoking in places enumerated in the preceding paragraph, outside of DSAs fully compliant with Section 4 of this Order;

(c) For any person to sell, distribute or purchase tobacco products to and from minors. It shall not be a defense for the person selling or distributing that he/she did not know or was not aware of the real age of the minor. Neither shall it be a defense that he/she did not know nor had any reason to believe that the cigarette or any other tobacco product was for the consumption of the minor to whom it was sold;

(d) For a minor to smoke, sell or buy cigarettes or any tobacco products;

(e) Ordering, instructing or compelling a minor to use, light up, buy, sell, distribute, deliver, advertise or promote tobacco products;

(f) Selling or distributing tobacco products in a school, public playground, youth hostels and recreational facilities for minors, including those frequented by minors, or within 100 meters from any point of the perimeter of these places;

(g) Placing, posting, displaying or distributing advertisement and promotional materials of tobacco products, such as but not limited to leaflets, posters, display structures and other materials within 100 meters from the perimeter of a school, public playground, and other facilities frequented particularly by minors, hostel and recreational facilities for minors, including those frequented by them, or in an establishment when such establishments or its location is prohibited from selling tobacco products.

(h) Placing any form of tobacco advertisement outside of the premises of point-of-sale retail establishments; and

(i) Placing any stall, booth, and other displays concerning tobacco promotions to areas outside the premises of point-of-sale locations or adult-only facilities.

The order restricts and penalizes the act of smoking tobacco products in enclosed public places and public conveyances, whether stationary or in motion, except in certain designated smoking areas. It requires that all public buildings or places that are accessible or open to the public regardless of ownership or right to access must be smoke-free inside and within 10 meters (33 ft) from entrances and exits or where people pass or congregate, and from air intake ducts. This includes but is not limited to:

* Government buildings
* Schools, colleges and universities
* Offices and other workplaces
* Restaurants and other food and drink establishments
* Hotels and other accommodation facilities
* Hospitals, health centers, clinics and nursing homes
* Transportation terminals
* Churches
* Shopping centers, retail stores and other merchandise establishments
* Entertainment establishments
* Sports venues
* Other establishments that provide professional services

Public conveyances include buses and jeepneys, taxicabs, tricycles and other public utility vehicles, rail transit, airplanes and ships. The order also prohibits smoking in all outdoor spaces where people gather such as parks, playgrounds, sidewalks, waiting areas, open-air markets and resorts.

The order also covers existing bans on the sale, distribution and purchase of tobacco products to and from minors, or persons below 18 years old, as well as the restrictions on cigarette advertisements and promotions under the Tobacco Regulation Act. It also instructs all local government units to form a "Smoke Free Task Force" to help enforce its provisions.

### Penalties

The order imposes fines of up to ₱10,000 (US$200) for violation of the smoking ban in public places as prescribed in section 32 of the Tobacco Regulation Act. Enforcement can be performed by members of the Philippine National Police and the local task forces of each city and municipality.

* ₱500₱1,000 for first offense
* ₱1,000₱5,000 second offense
* ₱5,000₱10,000 for the third offense plus revocation of business permit or license to operate of the violating establishment

### Designated smoking areas

Section 4 of the EO details the standards required for designated smoking areas (DSA) in public places:

* DSAs shall have a combined area and buffer zone not larger than 20 percent of the total floor area of the building but not smaller than 10 meters (33 ft)
* DSAs shall have no opening that will allow air to escape to the smoke-free area of the building or conveyance
* DSAs shall have a ventilation system independent of other ventilation systems servicing the rest of the building or conveyance
* DSAs shall prominently display a "Smoking Area" signage, graphic health warnings, and prohibition on the entry of persons below 18 years old
* There shall only be one DSA per building or conveyance

The order also stipulates that no designated smoking areas shall be installed in all centers of youth activity such as playschools, preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth hostels and recreational facilities for minors; elevators and stairwells; fire-hazard locations such as gas stations and storage areas for flammable liquids, gas, explosives or combustible materials; hospitals, health centers, medical, dental and optical clinics, nursing homes, dispensaries and laboratories; and food preparation areas.

## InfoBox

| Executive Order No. 26 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Long title** * Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places | |
| Citation | Executive Order No. 26, s. 2017 |
| Territorial extent | Philippines |
| Signed by | Rodrigo Duterte |
| Signed | May 16, 2017 |
| Commenced | July 23, 2017 |
| Keywords | |
| smoking ban, tobacco control, health | |
| **Status:** In force | |


title: Hasanchak

abstract: Hasanchak (Barh), is a village in Barh, Patna District, Bihar, India. The Ganga River flows close to the village.

text:
# Hasanchak

**Hasanchak** (Barh), is a village in Barh, Patna District, Bihar, India. The Ganga River flows close to the village.

## Location

Hasanchak is located on the Barhi-Guwahati National Highway no 31. The village is 62 km east of Patna, the capital city of the state and district headquarters. Patna – Mokama four lane pass through the village also one of Minor River JalHar divide village in two part North hasanchak & South hasanchak . The nearest cities are \[Barh\] (5 km east) \[Athmalgola\] (8 km west) and \[Bakhtiyarpur\] (18km west) The nearest railway station is located in Barh, and the nearest airport is jpn Airport.

## Population

The population of Hasanchak is 5030 (2400 female and 2630 male). There is a 88% educational qualification in the village.

## InfoBox

| Hasanchak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| HasanchakLocation in Bihar, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°23′0″N 85°31′53″E / 25.38333°N 85.53139°E / 25.38333; 85.53139 | |
| Country | Barh  India |
| State | Bihar |
| Division | Patna |
| District | Patna |
| Population | |
| Total | 3,030 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Magadhi, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-BR |
| Website | patna.nic.in |


title: Ryan Minter

abstract: Ryan James Minter is a former English cricketer. Minter is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Canterbury in Kent. Minter represented the Kent Cricket Board in 2 List A cricket matches. These both came against Leicestershire Cricket Board first in September 2001 in the 2nd round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy and again in September 2002 in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. He took seven wickets at a bowling average of 6.42, with best figures of six wickets for eight runs in the first match. He also played club cricket for Canterbury Cricket Club in the Kent Cricket League.

text:
# Ryan Minter

**Ryan James Minter** (born 24 September 1979) is a former English cricketer. Minter is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Canterbury in Kent.

Minter represented the Kent Cricket Board in 2 List A cricket matches. These both came against Leicestershire Cricket Board first in September 2001 in the 2nd round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy and again in September 2002 in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. He took seven wickets at a bowling average of 6.42, with best figures of six wickets for eight runs in the first match.

He also played club cricket for Canterbury Cricket Club in the Kent Cricket League.

Ryan Minter at ESPNcricinfo

## InfoBox

Ryan Minter
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ryan James Minter |
| Born | (1979-09-24) 24 September 1979<br>Canterbury, Kent |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2001–2002 | Kent Cricket Board |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 2  Runs scored 1  Batting average 1.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 1  Balls bowled 90  Wickets 7  Bowling average 6.42  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 6/8  Catches/stumpings 0/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 12 November 2010 | |


title: Vega Sicilia

abstract: Bodegas Vega Sicilia is a Spanish winery located in the Ribera del Duero Denominación de Origen in the Province of Valladolid, Castile and León. The winery was founded in 1864 by Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves, who planted various grapes from the Bordeaux wine region of France, including Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, which are still being used in the wines today. Since 1982, the same year that the Ribera del Duero was granted Denominación de Origen (DO) status, the winery has been owned by the Álvarez family who are members of the Primum Familiae Vini. In comparing the wines of Spain to the First Growth wines of Bordeaux, wine expert Hugh Johnson, after comparing Rioja producers Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta to Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild, respectively, stated: "Vega Sicilia is the Latour; but Latour of a vintage that has raisined the grapes and fried the picking crews."—a reference to the significantly warmer climate and different growing conditions of the Ribera del Duero. Vega Sicilia's wines are recognised worldwide as some of the finest and most valued red wines on the market, with its top wine selling for an average of $497 per bottle. In 2022, a Vertical 36 of Único was sold at a Swiss auction for a record €111,477.

text:
# Vega Sicilia

**Bodegas Vega Sicilia** is a Spanish winery located in the Ribera del Duero *Denominación de Origen* in the Province of Valladolid, Castile and León (northern Spain). The winery was founded in 1864 by Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves, who planted various grapes from the Bordeaux wine region of France, including Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, which are still being used in the wines today.

Since 1982, the same year that the Ribera del Duero was granted *Denominación de Origen* (DO) status, the winery has been owned by the Álvarez family who are members of the Primum Familiae Vini.

In comparing the wines of Spain to the First Growth wines of Bordeaux, wine expert Hugh Johnson, after comparing Rioja producers Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta to Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild, respectively, stated: "Vega Sicilia is the Latour; but Latour of a vintage that has raisined the grapes and fried the picking crews."—a reference to the significantly warmer climate and different growing conditions of the Ribera del Duero.

Vega Sicilia's wines are recognised worldwide as some of the finest and most valued red wines on the market, with its top wine selling for an average of $497 per bottle. In 2022, a Vertical 36 of *Único* was sold at a Swiss auction for a record €111,477.

## History

Vega Sicilia was founded in 1864 by Eloy Lecanda y Chaves, a Spanish winemaker who was trained in the Bordeaux wine region of France. When he returned to his homeland of Castile, Don Eloy Lecanda brought with him several Bordeaux grape varieties. In the 20th century, Vega Sicilia earned a reputation as being one of the most notable wines in Spain.

Over its history, the winery has had many notable winemakers including Mariano García who was winemaker from 1966 to 1996 before moving on to produce his own labels. Today, the current winemaker is Xavier Ausás.

The name Vega Sicilia has appeared in Spanish documents that existed several centuries before the winery was founded though the exact origin of the name is currently unknown. Despite the similarities of the name, Vega Sicilia has no connection to the island of Sicily or the Italian wines of that region. The word *Vega* refers to the green vegetation that grows along the riverbank of the Duero while *Sicilia* refers to Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of musicians, after whom several villages in Castile and León is named after. The winery's founder Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves left no known written records on why he chose Vega Sicilia as his winery's name.

## Vineyards

When Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves first planted the vineyards of Vega Sicilia he included Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo and Malbec in his plantings. The extensive use of Bordeaux varieties was unusual in the Ribera del Duero at the time and though future plantings have focused more on Tempranillo, nearly 40% of Vega Sicilia's vineyards are still planted with traditional Bordeaux varieties including nearly 25% planted to Cabernet Sauvignon alone.

Many of Vega Sicilia's 250 acres are planted with old vines, some more than 100 years old, and thus usually produce a very low yield during harvest. In fact, many of the plantings that go into the flagship *Unico* wines are often harvested at less than one ton per acre. Los Hernandez used to provide its essence by natural additions.

## Wines

Vega Sicilia is noted for its patience in winemaking and willingness to hold onto their inventory and age their wines in the barrel and bottle for many years until it fits the style that the producers are looking for. Depending on the vintage, the wine could be held by Vega Sicilia for decades until it is released. For example, in 1991 the winery released both the 1968 and 1982 vintages after 23 and 9 years aging.

Vega Sicilia produces three different types of wine.

* **Unico** \- This Gran Reserva wine is the signature wine of Vega Sicilia that is usually released 10 years after vintage though some bottlings may not be released for up to 15 years or even longer. Taken from some of the oldest vines in the Ribera del Duero, the wine is mostly Tempranillo (approximately 80% but depending on vintage) and Cabernet Sauvignon (approximately 20%). In an average vintage, *Unico* will account for a little less than a third of Vega Sicilia's production. Though in poor vintages, the winery may not produce any Unico.
* **Valbuena 5°** \- The 5° indicates that this wine has been aged for five years prior to release. The wine is composed mostly of Tempranillo, with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon.
* **Vega Sicilia Unico Reserva Especial** \- A non-vintage blend of different *Unicos*, aged at least for 10 years. This wine can include grapes from vintages harvested more than 30 years apart and usually only available to private customers under strict allocation.

### Other wines

Until 1998, Vega Sicilia also produced a Valbuena 3° (indicating three years of aging prior to release), although this wine has since been removed from the market.

In 1991, the Alvarez family established Alión winery next door to Vega Sicilia with the aim of producing more modern style *Tinto Fino* red wines that are aged in new French oak barrels. In 1997, they established the Pintía winery in the nearby Toro wine region.


title: Mobile Anti-Disturbance Squadron

abstract: Mobile Anti-Disturbances Squadron or Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios (ESMAD) in Spanish is a Colombian National Police riot control unit specialized on preventing and/or controlling public disturbances and riots, as well controlling vandalism in cities. This unit is under the command of the Operative Directorate of the Colombian National Police.

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# Mobile Anti-Disturbance Squadron

**Mobile Anti-Disturbances Squadron** or **Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios** (**ESMAD**) in Spanish is a Colombian National Police riot control unit specialized on preventing and/or controlling public disturbances and riots, as well controlling vandalism in cities. This unit is under the command of the Operative Directorate of the Colombian National Police.

## History

The *Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios* (ESMAD) was born as a decentralized unit from the Colombian National Police on February 24, 1999, by a transitional directorate, beginning with 9 officers, 8 non-commissioned officers and 200 patrollers mainly to support Colombian Departments and Metropolitan police forces to control and/or neutralize population disturbances or public events when their forces seem outnumbered or incapable to handle their action capacity. It was later legalized by resolution 01363 of April 14, 1999.

The unit is said to be trained on human rights issues however in 2006, it was largely criticized and questioned for some of its actions during the National University of Colombia riots. This riot police unit was also questioned by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights after the death of six protesters. Nonetheless, the Colombian government continues to invest money in this unit. Senator Wilson Arias denounced the investment of around 8,000 million pesos. In the midst of the COVID-19 health emergency, the Colombian government prefers to invest in a force that has injured more than 800 people and from which 43 victims have been confirmed before 2021.

## Regional Operational Divisions

There are seven active mobile squadrons operating in Colombia:

1. "Nicolás Guerrero, el joven asesinado en medio de las protestas en el norte de Cali". May 3, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Mobile Anti-Disturbance Squadron<br>Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Abbreviation | ESMAD |
| Agency overview | |
| Employees | 3,800 |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency | Colombia |
| Operations jurisdiction | Colombia |
| Operational structure | |
| Parent agency | National Police of Colombia |
| Website | |
| www.policia.gov.co/especializados/antidisturbios | |


title: Fujian Fleet

abstract: The Fujian Fleet founded in 1678 as the Fujian Marine Fleet was one of China's four regional fleets during the closing decades of the nineteenth century. The fleet was almost annihilated on 23 August 1884 by Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron at the Battle of Fuzhou, the opening engagement of the Sino-French War.

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# Fujian Fleet

The **Fujian Fleet** (simplified Chinese: 福建水师; traditional Chinese: 福建水師; pinyin: *Fújiàn Shuǐshī*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Hok-kiàn Chúi-su* or simplified Chinese: 福州舰队; traditional Chinese: 福州艦隊; pinyin: *Fúzhōu Jiànduì*) founded in 1678 as the **Fujian Marine Fleet** was one of China's four regional fleets during the closing decades of the nineteenth century. The fleet was almost annihilated on 23 August 1884 by Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron at the Battle of Fuzhou, the opening engagement of the Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885).

## Composition

The Fujian Fleet, which would be the main target of the French attack in August 1884, was considerably weaker than the Beiyang Fleet and the Nanyang Fleet, though slightly stronger than the Guangdong Fleet. Nearly all of its ships were elderly products of the Foochow Navy Yard. Its flagship, the wooden corvette *Yangwu*, was built in 1872. The other Chinese-built ships included the wooden gunboats *Fuxing* and *Zhenwei* (1870 and 1872), the wooden transports *Fupo*, *Feiyun*, *Ji'an*, *Yongbao* and *Chenhang* (all built in 1874 or earlier), and the despatch vessel *Yixin*. The fleet also included two British-built ships, the 256-ton Rendel 'flatiron' gunboats *Jiansheng* and *Fusheng*, which had been ordered by the southern trade commissioner Shen Baozhen in the wake of the Japanese incursion into southern Taiwan in 1874 and were built at Laird's yard in Birkenhead in 1875.

*Table 1: Ships of the Fujian Fleet (listed according to date of construction)*

| Name (pinyin) | Name (Wade Giles) | Characters | Type | Construction | Specifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Fuxing* | *Fu-hsing* | 福星 | wooden gunboat | 1870, Foochow Navy Yard | 515 tons, 3 guns |
| *Zhenwei* | *Chen-wei* | 振威 | wooden gunboat | 1872, Foochow Navy Yard | 572.5 tons, 10 knots, 6 guns |
| *Fupo* | *Fu-p'o* | 伏波 | scout-transport | 1870, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,258 tons, 5 guns |
| *Feiyun* | *Fei-yun* | 飛雲 | scout-transport | 1872, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,258 tons, 13 knots, 5 Prussian breechloaders |
| *Yangwu* | *Yang-wu* | 揚武 | wooden corvette | 1872, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,393 tons, 15 knots, 13 British muzzle-loaders |
| *Ji'an* | *Chi-an* | 濟安 | scout-transport | 1873, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,258 tons, 12 knots, 5 guns |
| *Yongbao* | *Yung-pao* | 永保 | scout-transport | 1873, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,391 tons, 3 guns |
| *Chenhang* | *Ch'en-hang* | 琛航 | scout-transport | 1874, Foochow Navy Yard | 1,391 tons, 3 guns |
| *Jiansheng* | *Chien-sheng* | 建勝 | Rendel flatiron gunboat | 1875, Laird, Birkenhead | 250 tons |
| *Fusheng* | *Fu-sheng* | 福勝 | Rendel flatiron gunboat | 1875, Laird, Birkenhead | 280 tons |
| *Yixin* | *I-hsin* | 藝新 | river patrol boat | 1876, Foochow Navy Yard | No details available |
| *Henghai* | *Heng-hai* | 橫海 | composite sloop | 1885, Foochow Navy Yard | Details to follow |
| *Fujing* | *Fu-ching* | 福靖 | steel torpedo boat | 1893, Foochow Navy Yard | 2,200 tons, 17 knots, two 8-in Armstrong guns, 8 quickfirers |
| *Fu An* | *Fu-An* | 福安 | composite cruiser | 1894, Foochow Navy Yard | 3,100 tons, 380' length 14 knots, two 6.3-in Armstrong guns, 4 6-in guns |
|

## The Battle of Fuzhou

Nine of the eleven vessels of the Fujian Fleet were destroyed in less than an hour during the Battle of Fuzhou (23 August 1884). The Chinese flagship *Yangwu* was successfully attacked with a spar torpedo and grounded. The despatch vessel *Fuxing* was also attacked, less successfully, with spar torpedoes, and was finally carried by boarding. She had already been set alight by French shellfire, and was eventually abandoned by the French prize crew and sank in the middle of the Min River. *Zhenwei* was blown up by a single shell from the ironclad *Triomphante*, which joined the French squadron minutes before the battle began. *Chenhang*, *Yongbao*, *Feiyun*, *Ji'an*, *Fusheng* and *Jiansheng* were either sunk or set alight by shellfire from the cruisers *Duguay-Trouin*, *Villars* and *d'Estaing*. Only *Fupo* and *Yixin* survived the battle without serious damage, by escaping upriver before the French ships had a chance to engage them.

## Fleet acquisitions after 1885

The Fujian Fleet never recovered from the loss of most of its ships in the Sino-French War. During the following decade it acquired several new ships, but it was never as large again as it was in 1884. The composite sloop *Henghai* (橫海) was completed at the Foochow Navy Yard in late 1885 and entered service with the Fujian Fleet. The sloop, which had been lying on the slips at the Foochow Navy Yard in August 1884, had been holed by French gunfire in the Battle of Fuzhou (23 August 1884), but the Chinese seem to have repaired the damage rapidly. *Henghai* served with the Fujian Fleet for less than a year. She ran aground off the Pescadores Islands on 30 March 1886 in thick fog, and broke up several days later during a gale after efforts by the warships *Fupo* (伏波) and *Wannianqing* (萬年清) to refloat her had failed.

In 1893 the 2,200-ton steel torpedo boat *Fujing* (福靖) was completed at the Foochow Navy Yard and joined the Fujian Fleet. She was sent north during the Sino-Japanese War to assist the Beiyang Fleet, but returned to Fujian in 1896 without having seen action. She sank in a storm near Port Arthur in 1898.

## Ships of the Fujian Fleet

* Destelan, P., *Annam et Tonkin: Notes de voyage d'un marin* (Paris, 1892)
* Duboc, E., *Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin* (Paris, 1899)
* Ferrero, S., *Formose, vue par un marin français du XIXe siècle* (Paris, 2005)
* Huard, *La guerre du Tonkin* (Paris, 1887)
* Loir, M., *L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet* (Paris, 1886)
* Lung Chang \[龍章\], *Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng* \[越南與中法戰爭, Vietnam and the Sino-French War\] (Taipei, 1993)
* Rawlinson, J., *China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1839–1895* (Harvard, 1967)
* Rollet de l'Isle, M., *Au Tonkin et dans les mers de Chine* (Paris, 1886)
* Thomazi, A., *La conquête de l'Indochine* (Paris, 1934)
* Vienet, R., 'Devant le champ de bataille de Mawei (Chine)', *La Géographie*, 1525 (June 2007), 31–53
* Wright, R., *The Chinese Steam Navy, 1862–1945* (London, 2001)

## InfoBox

| Fujian Fleet | |
| --- | --- |
| Ensign of Fujian Fleet | |
| Active | 1678 – 1912 |
| Country | Qing dynasty |
| Allegiance | Emperor of China |
| Branch | Imperial Chinese Navy |
| Garrison/HQ | Fujian |
| Battle honours | Sino-French War
First Sino-Japanese War |


title: Raushan Elahi

abstract: Raushan Elahi is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a member of the Bangladesh Parliament from a reserved seat.

text:
# Raushan Elahi

**Raushan Elahi** is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a member of the Bangladesh Parliament from a reserved seat.

## Career

Elahi was elected to parliament from a reserved seat as an Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1979. She was elected to parliament again in 1991, and was re-elected in February 1996.

## InfoBox

| Raushan Elahi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Bangladesh Parliament | |
| **In office**
1979  12 February 1982 | |
| **In office**
1991  30 March 1996 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Bangladesh Nationalist Party |
|  | |


title: Hail State

abstract: "Hail State" is the fight song and rally cry of Mississippi State University. The words and music were written by Joseph Burleson Peavey in 1939. The title of the song was adopted as the official domain name for Mississippi State athletics and for all social media platforms of the athletic department in 2014.

text:
# Hail State

**"Hail State"** is the fight song and rally cry of Mississippi State University. The words and music were written by Joseph Burleson Peavey in 1939. The title of the song was adopted as the official domain name for Mississippi State athletics and for all social media platforms of the athletic department in 2014.

## Rally Cry

Hail State, as the rally cry of the athletic program at Mississippi State, began to rise in popularity around 2010. With the rise in prominence of the football team under Coach Dan Mullen and a major marketing push from the Athletic Department, the phrase began making its way into the everyday lexicon of the Mississippi State fan base.

## Social media

Hail State became the official hashtag of Mississippi State Athletics and Academics around the 2010 football season. It has trended nationally and internationally at different momentous moments in the recent athletic history of the university.

Mississippi State was the first university to paint a hashtag (#hailstate) onto a playing surface. The football program painted #hailstate in the north end zone at Davis-Wade Stadium. This act and future hashtags was later banned by the NCAA for all institutions.

## Use in football games

Hail State is played by the Famous Maroon Band at the start of each home game and after each time the team scores. There are several abbreviated versions that are played as stand tunes or in combination with the full theme.

## Lyrics

Hail dear ol' State! Fight for that victory today. Hit that line and tote that ball, Cross the goal before you fall! And then we'll yell, yell, yell, yell! For dear ol' State we'll yell like H-E-L-L! Fight for Mis-sis-sip-pi State, Win that game today!

## Alternate last line

Many Mississippi State fans replace the last line "Win the game today!" with "Go to hell Ole Miss!", a tongue-in-cheek jab at their rivals. Fans have also been known to shout this at the end of the U.S. National Anthem, regardless of the game, sport or team playing.


title: Plasmodium marginatum

abstract: Plasmodium marginatum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba. As in all Plasmodium species, P. marginatum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text:
# Plasmodium marginatum

***Plasmodium marginatum*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Sauramoeba*. As in all *Plasmodium* species, *P. marginatum* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

## Taxonomy

The parasite was first described by Telford in 1979. This species had previously been considered to be *Plasmodium tropiduri*.

## Description

All stages tend to lie along the erythrocyte margin.

While mature schizonts appear to be like flattened fans with 3 to 8 merozoites, immature schizonts are highly amoeboid.

Gametocytes are smaller than erythrocyte nuclei.

## Distribution

This species is found in Central America and South America.

## Hosts

The only known host is the anole lizard *Anolis frenatus*.

## InfoBox

| *Plasmodium marginatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Haemospororida |
| Family: | Plasmodiidae |
| Genus: | *Plasmodium* |
| Species: | ***P. marginatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plasmodium marginatum***<br>Telford, 1979 | |
|


title: Natioro language

abstract: Natioro (Natyoro), or Koo’ra, is a Gur language of Burkina Faso spoken by a caste of blacksmiths.

text:
# Natioro language

**Natioro** (Natyoro), or Koo’ra, is a Gur language of Burkina Faso spoken by a caste of blacksmiths.

## Geographical distribution

Natioro is spoken in four main villages to the west of Banfora, in Léraba Province. These four villages are Kawara and Timba, which are west of Sindou, and Sindoukoroni and Dinaoro, which are north of Sindou.

## Sample vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary of Natioro dialects:

| Dialect | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dinaoro | ɲã́ːpjá | ɲã̀ŋwɛ̀ː | mṹnṹpwã́ː | ɲĩ́nã́wã́ | nã́mã́sáː | pɛ́lɛ́ | sjã̀ːmɪ̃́ | kàːkwɛ̀ː | sṹmbèː |  | àwɔ́lɪ́ː | ɲĩ́nã́ |
| Timba | ɲǎːpéjá | ɲàŋwà | mṹnṹpwã́ | ɲĩ́nã́ŋɟɛ̄ | nɛ̃́mɛ̃́sáː | pɛ́lːɛ̄ | sjã́ːmĩ́ | kàːkwà | súmwà | lwā | àʔɔ́lɪ̄ | ɲĩ́nã́ |
| Kawara | ɲã̀pjá | ɲã́wà | mũ̀nūpwã́ | ɲĩ̀nāwã́ | nɛ̀mɛ̄sá | pɛ̀lɛ́ | ʃã̀mí | kàkwá | súmwà | lwá | ǎwɔ́ljàbú | ɲĩ̀ná |
| Niansogoni | ɲĩ́kúpjé | jɪ̀pã̌ | mṹnũ̀kũ̌ | ɲínːáː | lámːjáː | nã́ | tə́mǎ | nã́ŋkwáː | ʃjɛ̂ | nṹmṹː | ìwɔ́nːã́ | ínːã́ |
| Negeni | ɲĩ́kúpjéː | ĩ̀pã̌ | ɲũ̀nĩ̀kǐ | hĩ̀ná | ɲĩ́míjáː | nã́ː | tĩ́mã́ː | nã́mkwáː | sjě | ɲĩ́mĩ́ː | íwã̀nĩ̀ | ʔĩ́nːã́ː |
| Sourani | jùgpjé | jìpá | múrkà | jìrwɛ́ | nã̀mjá | mùná | tàgwá | nàmákùrá | ʃjé | nũ̀má | kpìsíwōbòrá | mìrwá |
| Faniagara | ɲã́pʊ̀ːnã́ | ífwã̀nã́ | ʔṹnṹfã̀nã́ | ĩ́ndáːnã̀ | nĩ́ŋsáːnã̄ | nã́ːnã̀ | tímĩ́nĩ́ | kʊ́kánã̄ | síːkénã́ | nĩ́mĩ́nĩ̀ | ɛ̀wòlòjɛ́ | ínã́ːnã̄ |

## InfoBox

| Natyoro | |
| --- | --- |
| Koo’ra | |
| Region | Burkina Faso |
| Native speakers | (2,400 cited 1991) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `nti` |
| *Glottolog* | `nati1243` |
| ELP | Natioro |


title: Hawthorne Bomb Plot

abstract: Hawthorne Bomb Plot is a Formerly Used Defense Site that had a Strategic Air Command (SAC) AUTOTRACK radar station during the Cold War. Operations began at a temporary RBS train site for RBS Express #2 was at the Hawthorne area in December 1961, and the 11th Radar Bomb Scoring Squadron subsequently established the fixed military installation for Radar Bomb Scoring in Babbitt, Nevada, the military housing community near the local Navy/Army depot. Detachment 12 operated and maintained the radars, e.g., c. 1977-2000, Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central was at the Hawthorne Bomb Plot after use for Guam RBS and Vietnam Combat Skyspot bombing. The unit was reassigned to 1CEVG's RBS Division in 1966 and tracked training sorties at the Nellis Air Force Range and scored SAC bombers. Hawthorne's Oil Burner route for SAC low-level bomber flights extended from a "point west of Elko, Nevada, running southwest to Mina, Nevada" at flight level "FL130-140" The USAF detachment publicized their 1985 move to the Havre Radar Bomb Scoring Site, but the Hawthorne radar station was still used by NAS Fallon in 1993, and the Whiskey Flats RV park was established in the general location of the former radar station in 2004.

text:
# Hawthorne Bomb Plot

**Hawthorne Bomb Plot** is a Formerly Used Defense Site that had a Strategic Air Command (SAC) AUTOTRACK radar station during the Cold War. Operations began at a temporary RBS train site for RBS Express #2 was at the Hawthorne area in December 1961, and the 11th Radar Bomb Scoring Squadron subsequently established the fixed military installation for Radar Bomb Scoring in Babbitt, Nevada, the military housing community near the local Navy/Army depot.

Detachment 12 operated and maintained the radars, e.g., c.1977-2000, Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central (serial number 10) was at the Hawthorne Bomb Plot after use for Guam RBS and Vietnam Combat Skyspot bombing. The unit was reassigned to 1CEVG's RBS Division in 1966 and tracked training sorties at the Nellis Air Force Range (e.g., during the Vietnam War) and scored SAC bombers. Hawthorne's Oil Burner route ("OB-10 Hawthorne") for SAC low-level bomber flights extended from a "point west of Elko, Nevada, running southwest to Mina, Nevada" at flight level "FL130-140" (the Tonopah "SAC Targets 1 and 2" were at South Antelope Lake.)

The USAF detachment publicized their 1985 move to the Havre Radar Bomb Scoring Site, but the Hawthorne radar station was still used by NAS Fallon in 1993, and the Whiskey Flats RV park was established in the general location of the former radar station in 2004.

## InfoBox

| Hawthorne Bomb Plot | |
| --- | --- |
| *Navy Fallon RBS* | |
| Babbitt, Nevada
Near Hawthorne, Nevada | |
| Map of Babbitt, with the station to the east | |
| Coordinates | 38°32′10.84″N 118°38′2.73″W / 38.5363444°N 118.6340917°W / 38.5363444; -118.6340917 |
| Site information | |
| Operator | United States Air Force |
| Site history | |
| Fate | Demolished |
| Garrison information | |
| Past
commanders | Unknown-1966 Lt Col Hollacher
1966-Unknown Lt Col McHan |


title: Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann

abstract: Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann was a Swiss biochemist and cell biologist working on interactions in the extracellular matrix.

text:
# Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann

**Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann** (9 November 1954 – 4 September 2015) was a Swiss biochemist and cell biologist working on interactions in the extracellular matrix.

## Life

Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann was born in Zürich. She received her Ph.D. from the ETH Zürich in 1981. Her mentors were Hans M. Eppenberger and David C. Turner. As a postdoctoral fellow she worked with Robert Dottin at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, US. In 1984 she joined the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel as a Junior group leader and was promoted to Senior group leader in 1993.

In 2006 she was appointed as Adjunct Professor (Titularprofessorin) at the University of Basel. She was a board member of the Swiss Cancer League and the Cancer League of Basel, and chaired the Swiss Society for Connective Tissue Research. She served as a Council Member of the International Society for Matrix Biology. At the age of 60, she suffered a sudden death at her home in Pratteln, near Basel.

## Career

Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann's research focused on the influence of the extracellular matrix on cell behavior, a very new field at the time. Today it is recognized that different matrix proteins influence cell adhesion, cell growth and migration, tissue morphology and signal transduction in specific and decisive ways. Chiquet-Ehrismann contributed pioneering work on the tenascin gene family of matricellular proteins, of which some members were discovered, cloned and sequenced by her group. Different tenascins have related domain organisations and their 3-6 subunits oligomerize into star-like structures ("hexabrachion"). Tenascin C interferes with the adhesion of many cells to fibronectin, which led to the concept that it is anti-adhesive\[1, 2\]. Tenascin C accumulates in the stroma of carcinomas and is a sensitive tumor marker that is involved in cancer metastasis. More recently, Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann and her group discovered roles for tenascin C and tenascin W in stem cell\[3\] and cancer metastatic niches\[4\], and elucidated how tenascin C expression is controlled by the transcription factor MKL1, that links cellular mechanosensation to fibrosis and cancer progression\[5\]. Chiquet-Ehrismann and her group also discovered the teneurin gene family\[6, 7\]. These type II trans-membrane proteins are conserved throughout animals and function in germ cell development, neuronal pathfinding and CNS development. The cleaved intracellular domain functions in transcriptional regulation\[8\]. During 31 years of work at the Friedrich Miescher Institute, Chiquet-Ehrismann guided a very active research group. Many excellent Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows emerged from this group, who continue to develop the interesting field of matrix research. Her group had a high international reputation and collaborated with many scientists around the world \[key publications 1-8\]. She won the Huggenberger-Bischoff Prize for Cancer Research in 1990.

## Key publications

* Chiquet-Ehrismann, R., Kalla, P., Pearson, C. A., Beck, K., and Chiquet, M. (1988). Tenascin interferes with fibronectin action. Cell 53, 383–390.
* Spring, J., Beck, K., and Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (1989). Two contrary functions of tenascin: Dissection of the active sites by recombinant tenascin fragments. Cell 59, 325–334.
* Hendaoui, I., Tucker, R. P., Zingg, D., Bichet, S., Schittny, J., and Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (2014). Tenascin-C is required for normal Wnt/b-catenin signaling in the whisker follicle stem cell niche. Matrix Biol. 40, 46–53.
* Sivasankaran, B., Degen, M. et al. (2009). Tenascin-C is a novel RBPJkappa-induced target gene for Notch signaling in gliomas. Cancer Res. 69, 458–465.
* Asparuhova, M. B., Feralli, J., Chiquet, M., and Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (2011). The transcriptional regulator megakaryoblastic leukemia-1 mediates serum response factor-independent activation of tenascin-C transcription by mechanical stress. FASEB J. 25, 3477–34883.
* Baumgartner, S., Martin, D., Hagios, C., and Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (1994). tenm, a Drosophila gene related to tenascin, is a new pair-rule gene. EMBO J. 13, 3728–3740.
* Rubin, B. P., Tucker, R. P., Martin, D., and Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (1999). Teneurins, a novel family of neuronal cell surface proteins in vertebrates, homologous to the Drosophila pair-rule gene product Ten-m. Dev. Biol. 216, 195–209.
* Schöler, J., Ferralli, J., Thiry, S., Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. (2015) The intracellular domain of teneurin-1 induces the activity of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) by binding to transcriptional repressor HINT1. J Biol Chem. 290, 8154–65.

## InfoBox

| Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-11-09)9 November 1954
Zürich, Switzerland |
| Died | 4 September 2015(2015-09-04) (aged 60)
Pratteln, Switzerland |
| Education | ETH, Zürich (Ph.D. 1981) |
| Known for | Matricellular proteins |
| Awards | Huggenberger-Bischoff Prize for Cancer Research, 1990 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biochemistry, cell biology |
| Institutions | Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research Basel; University of Basel |
| Doctoral advisors | Hans M. Eppenberger; David C. Turner |
|  | |


abstract: Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears is the third installment in the Green Crystal Ties series of psychedelic and garage rock compilations issued by Collectables Records. It was released on April 7, 1998 and features songs by obscure American musical artists who recorded in the 1960s. Like all of the entries in the series, the highly colorful packaging is designed by Nicole Ruhl Fichera and on this occasion features a front cover photograph of Yesterday's Children, who are included in this set. The inner sleeve includes well-researched liner notes written by Steve Kaplan and Matt Wendelken which provide helpful biographical information about the bands and their songs. The set commences with two tracks by the Beefeaters, first with the gyrating and thumping intensity of "Don't Hurt Me," which also appears on the Sundazed compilation Garage Beat '66 Volume 5, followed by "Change My Mind." The U.S. Britons adroitly mix folk and protopunk influences "Come On" and "I'll Show You a Man." The Chevelle V, from Texas display a gritty blues-based approach in "Come Back Bird," which also appears on Garage Beat '66, Volume 7 and "I'm Sorry Girl." Yesterday's Children, from Connecticut, do a feral rendition of "Gloria," followed by the downcast mood of "Love and Things." The folk rock-influenced Lewallen Brothers are represented here on the two cuts, "Tough He Was" and "Only a Dream." The set concludes with "Don't Hurt Me" by the Infinite Pyramid.

text:
# Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears

***Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears*** is the third installment in the *Green Crystal Ties* series of psychedelic and garage rock compilations issued by Collectables Records. It was released on April 7, 1998 and features songs by obscure American musical artists who recorded in the 1960s. Like all of the entries in the series, the highly colorful packaging is designed by Nicole Ruhl Fichera and on this occasion features a front cover photograph of Yesterday's Children, who are included in this set. The inner sleeve includes well-researched liner notes written by Steve Kaplan and Matt Wendelken which provide helpful biographical information about the bands and their songs.

The set commences with two tracks by the Beefeaters, first with the gyrating and thumping intensity of "Don't Hurt Me," which also appears on the Sundazed compilation *Garage Beat '66 Volume 5,* followed by "Change My Mind." The U.S. Britons adroitly mix folk and protopunk influences "Come On" and "I'll Show You a Man." The Chevelle V, from Texas display a gritty blues-based approach in "Come Back Bird," which also appears on *Garage Beat '66, Volume 7* and "I'm Sorry Girl." Yesterday's Children, from Connecticut, do a feral rendition of "Gloria," followed by the downcast mood of "Love and Things." The folk rock-influenced Lewallen Brothers are represented here on the two cuts, "Tough He Was" and "Only a Dream." The set concludes with "Don't Hurt Me" by the Infinite Pyramid.

## Track listing

1. The Beefeaters: "Don't Hurt Me" 2:48
2. The Beefeaters: "Change My Mind" 2:22
3. The US Britons: "Come On" 3:11
4. The US Britons: "I'll Show You a Man" 1:50
5. The Chevelle V: "Come Back Bird" 2:23
6. The Chevelle V: "I'm Sorry Girl" 2:20
7. The Debonairs: "Lonely Is the Summer 2:06
8. Yesterday's Children: "Love and Things" 2:20
9. Yesterday's Children: "Gloria" 2:32
10. The Stumblin' Blox: "It's Alright" 1:53
11. The Bonnevilles "96 Tears" *(Rudy Martinez)* 2:11
12. The Keymen: "Little Latin Lupe Lu" 2:49
13. The Keymen: "Shop Around" *(Berry Gordy, Jr./Smokey Robinson)* 2:45
14. The Lewallen Brothers: "Tough He Was" 2:18
15. The Lewallen Brothers: "Only a Dream" 2:10
16. The Sidewinders: "Tears from Laughing" 2:26
17. The Sidewinders: "On a Windowsill" *(Charley Aikens)* 2:14
18. The Infinite Pyramid: "Don't Hurt Me" 2:01

## InfoBox

| Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album | |
| Released | April 7, 1998 |
| Recorded | 1960s |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:39 |
| Label | Collectables |
| chronology | |
| *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 2: Best of the 60s Garage Band Scene*
(1998) ***Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears***
(1998) *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia*
(1998) | |


title: Irina Feodorova

abstract: Irina Konstantinovna Feodorova was a Soviet historian. Her field of expertise was the ethnography, culture, folklore and language of the people of East Polynesia. Feodorova was doctor of historical sciences and a leading scientist of the Department of Australia, Oceania and Indonesia at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography at the Kunstkamera, St. Petersberg, the first Russian museum that was named after Peter the Great. In 1981, Feodorova was given the honour of being named N. N. Miklouho-Maclay Laureate of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science.

text:
# Irina Feodorova

**Irina Konstantinovna Feodorova** (28 November 1931, Leningrad, USSR – 7 December 2010, Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet historian. Her field of expertise was the ethnography, culture, folklore and language of the people of East Polynesia. Feodorova was doctor of historical sciences and a leading scientist of the Department of Australia, Oceania and Indonesia at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science) at the Kunstkamera, St. Petersberg, the first Russian museum that was named after Peter the Great. In 1981, Feodorova was given the honour of being named N. N. Miklouho-Maclay Laureate of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science.

## Family and personal life

Feodorova was born in Leningrad in 1931. Her father, Konstantin Andreevich Mozhajsky, worked in a printing house. Her mother, Lydia Romanovna Steinberg taught German at schools in Leningrad. Feodorova and her husband, Mikhail Lvovich Fedorov, had one daughter, Olga Fedorova.

## Education and early career

In 1964, Fedorova participated in the "VII International Congress of Archeology and Ethnography" in Moscow. In 1966, she completed her Master's degree with a thesis entitled, "Folklore of Easter island as a historical source".

## Scientific contributions

### *Myths, legends of Easter Island*

In 1978, Feodorova published her first monograph, "Myths and legends of Easter Island". It is a seminal study of the relics of Rapanui folklore. This publication earned Feodorova the honour of being named the "N. N. Miklouho-Macklay Laureate" of the "Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science" in 1981. In 1987, her work was translated into Hungarian and republished in Budapest. The book includes Feodorova's translations of the Easter Island legends recorded in the 1956 manuscripts of the Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl. Heyerdahl approached the Kunstkamera to help with the translation of the Rapanui language because of the institution's reputation in decipherment. He published the Feodorova translations in his "Works of the Norwegian archeological expedition" (Vol 2, 1965).

### *Myths and Legends of Easter Island*

Feodorova continued to study Rapanui culture and in 1988 published her second monograph on the subject. This work includes a basic dictionary of Rapanui language (direct and reverse). It also includes a translation of the 1974 publication of Rapanui text by the German researcher, Thomas Barthel.

### *Easter Island. Sketches of culture of the 19th and 20th centuries*

In 1994, Feodorova gained her Doctorate with the book, *Easter island. Sketches of the culture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries* The book examines the history of the population of Easter Island; the ethnogenesis of its inhabitants; and theories about the original ancient civilisation. Feodorova analysed the culture of the indigenous people of Rapanui including their folklore, language, chanting connected with string games, features of a tattoo and the stone statues. She examined the meaning of funeral braids and carved wooden figures.

### *Kohau Rongorongo tablets from Kunstkamera*

In 1995, Feodorova published a third monograph. It contained her attempt at deciphering the two rongorongo tablets in the Kunstkamera. This work earned Feodorova the Premium of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The monograph presents the full texts and Feodorova's translations of two Rapanui plates from the Kunstkamera collection.

### Peer review of Kohau Rongorongo script research

Feodorova's studies of the Kohau RongoRongo script date from the 1960s. More rigorous than most attempts, she restricts each glyph to a single logographic reading. However, the results make little sense as texts. For example, the Mamari calendar, the single rongorongo text that can be read, contains no calendrical information in Feodorova's decipherment, but reads instead like the following sample:

*a root, a root, a root, a root, a root, a root* \[that is, a lot of roots\], *a tuber, he took, he cut a potato tuber, he dug up yam shoots, a yam tuber, a potato tuber, a tuber,*

which even Fedorova characterized as "worthy of a maniac". What Feodorova translates as "root", the small community of rongorongo specialists agree is instead a calendrical night. Konstantin Pozdniakov concluded that Feodorova's translations "are not accompanied by the least justification".

### *Speaking Tablets From Easter Island*

In 2001, Feodorova published her attempts at decoding, reading, and translating all the examples of ancient Rapanui text from museums around the world. This work includes the "Tomenika Tau a Ure" tablet recorded in the manuscript of Francis Mazier.

### *Missionaries of Easter Island*

Feodorova's fifth book, *Missionaries of Easter Island* (2004) is devoted to the history of the first Catholic Rapanui mission and the relationship of the missionaries to original Rapanui culture. It uses rare archival materials and publications of the Catholic mission, the "Congregation de Sacres Coeurs" (Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary). Feodorova demonstrates the positive role the missionaries played in Rapanui in the 19th century in the study and preservation of the indigenous population and their culture.

### Other work

#### Articles

Feodorova has contributed many articles to the international scientific community. Her focus is the ethnography, culture, folklore and language of the inhabitants of Easter Island. She has also written about the inhabitants of other islands of Polynesia such as Hawaii, New Zealand, Marquises, Mangarewa, Tahiti, Samoa and Tonga. Feodorova's other studies concern the origin of people of Oceania; Pacific oceanic contacts; the role of the Areoi (a society of secret warriors) in Polynesia; the linguistics of Polynesian and American Indian languages. She has also researched petroglyphs, zodiac signs, ancient calendars, paleoastronomy, toponyms, terms of relationship and social systems, material culture, mythology, religious views, magic fairy tales, games, tattoos and the meanings of Polynesian sculptural and carved images.

#### The way of the ancestors

From 1995, Feodorova was a member of the informal cultural group "The way of the ancestors". The group researched and published the history and the work of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803−1806). As part of the Russian world expedition, A. J. Krusenstern in the "Nadeshda" and J. F. Lisjansky in the "Neva" sailed to the islands of East Polynesia, including Easter Island, Marquesas and Hawaii. Feodorova contributed to the scientific album, *Around the world with Krusenstern* (2005) and was the co-author in the collective monograph, "Russians in the 'Silent sea'" (2006). In 2001, the memorial edition, " The Russian Geographical Society: 165 years of service to Fatherland". Feodorova studied the diaries and letters of I. K. Horner, F. I. Shemelin, M. I. Ratmanov and other participants of the first Russian round-the-world voyage.

### Unpublished work

Feodorova's last work "The Semantics of sculptural and carved images in subjects of the Polynesian collections of Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science)" and many other works is unpublished.

## Bibliography of works by I. K. Fedorova

1. Myths, legends of Easter island. 1978. Translation: Husvet-szigeti mitoszok... Budapest, 1987.
2. Myths and legends of Easter island. 1988.
3. Easter island. Sketches of culture XVIII-19th centuries. 1993.
4. Kohau rongorongo tablets from Kunstkamera. 1995.
5. «Speaking tablets» from Easter island. Decoding, reading, translation. 2001..
6. Missionaries of Easter island. 2004.
7. «Russians in «the Silent sea»» 2006. (In the co-authorship with O.M. Fedorova).

## InfoBox

| Irina Konstantinovna Feodorova
*Ирина Константиновна Фёдорова* | |
| --- | --- |
| Irina Fedorova, 1956.
Graduated at Leningrad State University
(Philology faculty) | |
| Born | (1931-11-28)28 November 1931
Leningrad, USSR |
| Died | 7 December 2010(2010-12-07) (aged 79)
Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Alma mater | Leningrad State University |
| Known for | decipherment of rongorongo |
| Awards | Premium after N.N.Miklouho-Macklay of Academy of Science of the USSR (1981)
Premium of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science (1995) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | history, ethnography, epigraphy, decipherment |
| Institutions | Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science) named after Peter The Great (Kunstkamera) St. Petersburg |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Under a Funeral Moon

abstract: Under a Funeral Moon is the third studio album by the Norwegian black metal band Darkthrone. It was recorded in June 1992 and released on 15 February 1993 by Peaceville Records. Written and recorded to create a "pure black metal album", it is the second of what is dubbed the band's "Unholy Trinity", along with A Blaze in the Northern Sky and Transilvanian Hunger. Under a Funeral Moon was the last album on which guitarist Zephyrous performed; he left the band shortly after its release.

text:
# Under a Funeral Moon

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Sputnikmusic |  |

***Under a Funeral Moon*** is the third studio album by the Norwegian black metal band Darkthrone. It was recorded in June 1992 and released on 15 February 1993 by Peaceville Records. Written and recorded to create a "pure black metal album", it is the second of what is dubbed the band's "Unholy Trinity", along with *A Blaze in the Northern Sky* and *Transilvanian Hunger*. *Under a Funeral Moon* was the last album on which guitarist Zephyrous (Ivar Enger) performed; he left the band shortly after its release.

## Background and recording

Darkthrone's previous album, *A Blaze in the Northern Sky*, is regarded as their first black metal release, although it kept some of the band's earlier death metal sound. Drummer and songwriter Fenriz said that Darkthrone began writing *Under a Funeral Moon* in late 1991 to create a "pure black metal album".

The album was recorded at Creative Studios in Kolbotn in June 1992. The band used the studio production to create a sound that was more "cold" and "grim". AllMusic journalist Eduardo Rivadavia wrote: "The record's songs—already shorter and more focused than those of its epic-filled predecessor—were buried under disfiguring cobwebs of fuzzy amp distortion". *Death Metal Underground* notes that the album represented an "aesthetic shift" in the genre, making Darkthrone the first black metal band to have distortion define the whole of the studio production rather than just that of guitars.

## Release

*Under a Funeral Moon* was released by Peaceville on 15 February 1993. The cover artwork featured vocalist Nocturno Culto, who regards the writing and recording of the album as the foundation for Darkthrone's later work.

The album was remastered and reissued by Peaceville in 2003, repackaged in a cardboard digipak. It was also released by Back on Black in the form of a limited edition (2,000 copies) picture disc LP. The third chapter of a four-part video interview with Fenriz and Nocturno Culto (spanning the first four albums) was included as bonus material.

### Reception

In his retrospective review of the album, Eduardo Rivadavia from AllMusic called *Under a Funeral Moon* "essential black metal listening". He wrote that it "built upon the radical career reinvention undertaken on the previous year's *A Blaze in the Northern Sky*" and noted that it is considered "the second volume in Darkthrone's so-called 'unholy trinity' of form- and era-defining black metal albums".

J Andrew of *Metal Injection* wrote that the album "represents the true essence of black metal". Comparing it with the albums before and after, he said "what makes *Under a Funeral Moon* special is that it's more pure black metal than *Blaze*, but still has more variation than *Transilvanian Hunger*".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Fenriz, except where noted

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Natassja in Eternal Sleep" | Nocturno Culto | 3:33 |
| 2. | "Summer of the Diabolical Holocaust" |  | 5:18 |
| 3. | "The Dance of Eternal Shadows" | Nocturno Culto | 3:43 |
| 4. | "Unholy Black Metal" | Zephyrous | 3:30 |
| 5. | "To Walk the Infernal Fields" |  | 7:50 |
| 6. | "Under a Funeral Moon" |  | 5:06 |
| 7. | "Inn i de dype skogers favn" (*"Into the embrace of the deep woods"*) | Zephyrous | 5:25 |
| 8. | "Crossing the Triangle of Flames" |  | 6:12 |
| Total length: | | | 40:37 |

## Credits

## InfoBox

| Under a Funeral Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Darkthrone | |
| Released | 15 February 1993 |
| Recorded | June 1992 |
| Studio | Creative Studios (Kolbotn, Norway) |
| Genre | Black metal |
| Length | 40:37 |
| Language | English, Norwegian |
| Label | Peaceville |
| Producer | Darkthrone |
| Darkthrone chronology | |
| *A Blaze in the Northern Sky*
(1992) ***Under a Funeral Moon***
(1993) *Transilvanian Hunger*
(1994) | |


title: Tinga Stewart

abstract: Tinga Stewart is a Jamaican reggae singer. Stewart won the Festival Song Contest three times, twice as a singer and once as a songwriter.

text:
# Tinga Stewart

**Tinga Stewart** (born **Neville Stewart**, c. July 3, 1950, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae singer. Stewart won the Festival Song Contest three times, twice as a singer and once as a songwriter.

## Biography

Stewart's career began in the late 1960s, his first single being 1969's "She's Gone", with Ernest Wilson of The Clarendonians. He worked with producer Derrick Harriott in the early 1970s, with releases such as "Hear That Train", and performed on the PNP bandwagon in 1971, in support of Michael Manley's election campaign. He sang with The Wildcats, Byron Lee & the Dragonaires, and The Boris Gardiner Happening, then went solo and had a local hit in 1973 with "Funny Feeling", and won the 1974 Festival Song Contest with Ernie Smith's "Play de Music", which went on to become a hit in both the Jamaican chart and the United Kingdom reggae chart. The following year, Tinga wrote "Hooray Festival" with Willie Lindo, the entry sung by his brother Roman Stewart, which also won. This success led to releases in the UK on the Opal label, but the brothers' festival success hampered their early careers, with them being regarded as 'festival singers', and Tinga stated in 2012 "I almost lost my career to Festival. People were characterising me as a Festival song singer once. I couldn't get any shows because of my involvement. It took me 15 albums to fully win back my fan base." Tinga was involved in the mid to late 1970s with the *Wildflower* project, with Lloyd Charmers and Ernie Smith, and worked extensively on the Jamaican hotel circuit, but his career began to take off again in the late 1970s, with singles recorded at Channel One Studios, including "Dry Up Your Tears" and "Rainy Night In Georgia", and winning the Festival Song Contest again in 1981 with "Nuh Wey Nuh Better Dan Yard", and the same year being voted the most popular reggae artist in Jamaica. Two albums followed on John Carroll's *Calabash* label. Singles such as "Gypsy Rasta", "Key To Your Heart", and a version of "Red Red Wine", were followed by what is often considered the first genuine combination single, "Take Time To Know" recorded with the deejay Ninjaman. The combination singles continued with "Knock Out Batty" (with Tinga Love) and "I Wanna Take You Home" (with Little Twitch), with the album *Tinga Stewart with the Dancehall DJs* following. Stewart took part in the *Reggae Sunsplash* world tour in 1989, touring Japan. He continued to record in the 1990s and 2000s, having now released over 200 singles, and has toured the United States, Canada, Japan, England, and Africa, as well as working as a producer.

## Albums

* *I Feel The Music* (1981) Calabash
* *Key to Your Heart* (1984) Calabash/Londisc
* *Respect Me* (1989)
* *With the Dancehall DJs* (1993) RAS
* *Aware of Love* (1994) VP
* *No Drugs* (1988) Jammy's
* *Without Love* (1998) Rhino
* *Under Your Spell* Hopekatina
* *From the Archives*
* *Ninja & Tinga alongside the Dancehall Greats*
* *Brother to Brother* with Roman Stewart
* *Break Down the Barrier* with Roman Stewart
* *Returns with the Dancehall DJs* (1998) Nyam Up
* *Unforgettable* (2000) VP
* *Ready to Groove* (2004)

## Video releases

Stewart appears on the following concert videos:

* *Reggae Sunsplash Dancehall '88*  (1988) Charly (VHS)
* *Western Consciousness Part Two* (2005) Jet Star (DVD)
* *Vintage Reggae Bash - Brooklyn 1983* (2007) Plastic Head (DVD)

## InfoBox

| Tinga Stewart | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Neville Stewart |
| Origin | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Genres | Reggae |
| Instrument | Vocals |


title: Kenya Certificate of Primary Education

abstract: The Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) was a certificate awarded to students after completing the approved eight-year course in primary education in Kenya. The examination was supervised by the Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC), an examining body in Kenya under the Ministry of Education. The same body also conducted and regulated the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), a certificate awarded to students after completing secondary education. KCPE and KCSE were both started in 1985 when the 8-4-4 system of education was introduced in Kenya.The last KCPE examination, under this system was done on November 1, 2023 at 11am. These exams were replaced by KPSEA.

text:
# Kenya Certificate of Primary Education

The **Kenya Certificate of Primary Education** (KCPE) was a certificate awarded to students after completing the approved eight-year course in primary education in Kenya. The examination was supervised by the Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC), an examining body in Kenya under the Ministry of Education. The same body also conducted and regulated the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), a certificate awarded to students after completing secondary education. KCPE and KCSE were both started in 1985 when the 8-4-4 system of education was introduced in Kenya.The last KCPE examination, under this system was done on November 1, 2023 at 11am. These exams were replaced by KPSEA (Kenya Primary School Education Assessment).

## Examination

The subjects examined were Mathematics, English, Kiswahili, Social Studies and Religious Education (Christian/Islamic/Hindu) and Science. English and Kiswahili consisted of two parts, for English there was Grammar and Composition, and for Kiswahili, there was Lugha and Insha(Composition). Social Studies included a bit of Kenyan History, Civic education, current County system of government as well as all the Religious Studies. Deaf or hard of hearing students may choose to be tested in Kenyan Sign Language instead of Kiswahili. Each subject was worth a maximum of 100 marks. Each candidate was therefore able to earn a maximum of 500 marks. Usually, the exam time ran from the last week of October and takes three days. In 2016, the exams were held In October. Results were then announced by the Minister for Education sometime in November. Efforts were ongoing to scrap the KCPE exam. KCPE was eventually replaced by KPSEA (Kenya Primary School Education Assessment.)


title: Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions

abstract: Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions is the first studio recording by French black metal band Mütiilation. The recording pays a direct homage to The Black Legions, which Mütiilation had recently joined at the time of the EP's release. It was issued as a 7" vinyl EP (331⁄3-rpm).

text:
# Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| La Horde Noire | 7.5/10 link |

***Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions*** is the first studio recording by French black metal band Mütiilation. The recording pays a direct homage to The Black Legions, which Mütiilation had recently joined at the time of the EP's release. It was issued as a 7" vinyl EP (3313-rpm).

## Track listing

1. "Desecrate Jesus' Name" (5:31)
2. "Remembrance of my Past Battles and Times" (4:25)
3. "Black Wind of War" (3:24)

## Reissues

The EP was re-released by Nightmare Productions in 2006, with full permission of Meyhna'ch.

## Cover art

The album cover uses an engraving by Claude Gillot (1673 – 1722), depicting several nightmarish creatures.

## InfoBox

| Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Mütiilation | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Recorded | 1993 at Black Legions Studio |
| Genre | Black metal |
| Length | 13:20 |
| Producer | William Roussel |
| Mütiilation chronology | |
| *Cursed (Rehearsal 1994)*
(1994) ***Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions***
(1994) *Vampires of Black Imperial Blood*
(1995) | |


title: Pleasant Tackitt

abstract: Pleasant Tackitt was a 19th-century politician, pioneer Methodist minister, stockman, teacher, farmer, Indian fighter, and Confederate officer. Tackitt was a key figure in the history of Arkansas and North Texas, including a state representative in the Arkansas General Assembly. Because of his battles with Indians in Texas, Tackitt became known as "the Fighting Parson".

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# Pleasant Tackitt

**Pleasant Tackitt** (or Tackett; April 22, 1803 – February 7, 1886) (sometimes rendered as **James Pleasant**, but no official documents support this name) was a 19th-century politician, pioneer Methodist minister, stockman, teacher, farmer, Indian fighter, and Confederate officer. Tackitt was a key figure in the history of Arkansas and North Texas, including a state representative in the Arkansas General Assembly. Because of his battles with Indians in Texas, Tackitt became known as "the Fighting Parson".

## Early life

Tackitt was born in Henry County, Kentucky, to Virginian Lewis Tackitt and Mary Elizabeth Bashum, and was one of seven children. The Missouri Methodist Conference assigned Pleasant as missionary to the Western Cherokees in Arkansas in 1829. He was a circuit rider for two years and then assigned to mission schools. He married Kezia Frances Bruton on August 20, 1830, in Pope County, Arkansas. He served one term in the Arkansas General Assembly before joining a Texas-bound caravan in the autumn of 1853.

## Life in Texas

Pleasant settled first in the spring of 1854, two years before Parker County was organized, on Walnut Creek, about four miles west of Springtown, Texas.

He founded Goshen Church, and helped clear ground for the adjoining cemetery after providing shelter for his family. He preached his first Texas sermon in the cabin home of Hezekiah Culwell, and regularly held services at Goshen, Springtown, and Ash Creek, where he helped build churches. In 1857, he organized the First United Methodist Church of Weatherford, Texas. Then, the Texas Methodist Conference transferred Pleasant to Fort Belknap, Texas, to spread the gospel to friendly Indians and white settlers. He organized churches in Palo Pinto, Shackelford, and Young Counties, including one at Graham, Texas. Tackitt at one time had 143 appointments requiring 1,200 miles of travel to visit all. Tackitt Mountain in Young County was named for him in memory of the skirmish there in 1860 between the Tackitt family and a band of Indians led by a Comanche known to the settlers as Piny Chummy (or Pine-o-Channa). During the American Civil War, Tackitt served as chief justice and postmaster in Young County and as enrolling officer in the Confederate States Army.

## Final years

An often-told story emphasizes the major scares the Tackitts endured at their Fish Creek home south of Ft. Belknap. One of the family's cows came home with an arrow protruding from her back. Pleasant and his three oldest sons, James, Lycurgus and George, armed themselves and went to bring home the remainder of their herd. They were returning from the Tackitt Mountain area with the animals when 10 Indians rose from a ravine ambush. When the arrows and bullets ceased, four attackers lay dead, and James had a dangerous arrow point lodged in his skull and Pleasant was suffering from a point that pierced one foot. Both suffered great pain, but survived. Frontier life had tense episodes, but all Pleasant's children lived long lives, mostly into their 80s. His brother, Mann Darius Tackitt, was not so lucky. He was slain by a pillaging Indian band on his ranch in Jack County. Pleasant Tackitt returned to Parker County in the last years of his life and is buried in Goshen Cemetery beside his wife.

## Frontier life

According to a 1925 article in *Frontier Times* magazine:

> I wish now to record one of the best Indian fights ever fought on our northern frontier by citizens against Indians. This fight like the major part of our frontier life and battles with Indians, has never been recorded in history, but by all means ought to have been. The fight was by Rev. Pleasant Tackitt and his three young sons. Jim Tackitt, twenty-two years old, L. L.- Tackitt, twenty, and George Tackitt, sixteen. Rev. Tackitt was armed with a rifle and dragoon six-shooter; Jim Tackitt had a rifle and Navy six-shooter and L. L. Tackitt had a double-barreled shot gun and Navy six shooter. The first Indian raid into Young county after they were moved to the Indian territory was in January 1860. On the evening of January 13th one of the Tackitt's milk cows came home with an arrow sticking in her back. Mrs. Tackitt, after discovering the arrow when she went to milk, went to the house and reported the fact. It was then late in, the evening. Rev. Tackitt and the three older boys above named made ready to start the next morning on foot to see if they could find the Indians and also learn what they had done with other stock. There had been a deep snow and sleet on the ground for a week or ten days. The Tackitts then lived on Fish Creek in Young county. Early on the morning of the 14th about sun-rise, the Rev' Tackitt and the three boys left home in pursuit of the Indians; they took the back trail of the cows and after having gone some two miles they came to where the Indians had killed one of their cows and had… He and George both rain to the trees and in suddenly stopping behind the trees they both slipped on the snow and fell. Jim and Rev. Tackitt by this time were slightly wounded. The Indians seeing L. L. and George fall when they ran to the trees evidently thought they were killed and instantly dropped their bows and arrows in the branch and made a sudden rush.

## Children

1. James Gray B. *circa* 1838
2. **Lewis Lycurgus "Like"**; born May 4, 1840; Parker County, Texas Sheriff 1882–1883; commanding officer of Parker County Minute Company, Texas State Troops (Rangers), October 1865
3. George Wm. Council *circa* 1842
4. **Andrew Chester Ashley** born November 15, 1845; January - February 1874 - Texas Rangers, Young County, Texas.
5. **Robert Emmett Elias**; born April 10, 1849; justice of the peace, 1901-1922 Hall County, Texas.
6. Sarah Caroline *circa* 1851
7. Perry Anderson *circa* 1854

## Siblings

1. Rev. Moranda Tackitt
2. Nathaniel Tackitt
3. Elizabeth Tackitt Davis
4. Sarah Louisa Tackitt Benefield Bewley
5. Mann Darius Tackitt
6. Martin Tackitt
7. Ferby Tackitt Smith

The Pleasant Tackitt who was killed as a result of the Mountain Meadows massacre was the son of Martin Tackitt.

## Further reading

* *Young County: History and Biography*, Crouch, Carrie J., Dallas: Dealey and Love, 1937; rev. ed., *A History of Young County, Texas*, Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1956
* *History of Parker County and the Double Log Cabin*, Gustavus Adolphus Holland, Weatherford, Texas: Herald, 1931; rpt. 1937
* *The Fort Belknap of Yesterday and Today* ; Ledbetter, Barbara Neal, 1963
* *West Texas Frontier*; McConnell, Joseph Carroll, Vol. 1, Jacksboro, Texas, 1933; Vol. 2, Palo Pinto, Texas, 1939
* *The Frontier of Northwest Texas, 1846 to 1876*; Richardson, Rupert N.; Glendale, California: Clark, 1963