title: McNaughton's theorem

abstract:
In automata theory, McNaughton's theorem refers to a theorem that asserts that the set of ω-regular languages is identical to the set of languages recognizable by deterministic Muller automata.
This theorem is proven by supplying an algorithm to construct a deterministic Muller automaton for any ω-regular language and vice versa. This theorem has many important consequences.
Since (non-deterministic) Büchi automata and ω-regular languages are equally expressive, the theorem implies that Büchi automata and deterministic Muller automata are equally expressive.
Since complementation of deterministic Muller automata is trivial, the theorem implies that Büchi automata/ω-regular languages are closed under complementation.

text:
# McNaughton's theorem

In automata theory, **McNaughton's theorem** refers to a theorem that asserts that the set of ω-regular languages is identical to the set of languages recognizable by deterministic Muller automata. This theorem is proven by supplying an algorithm to construct a deterministic Muller automaton for any ω-regular language and vice versa.

This theorem has many important consequences. Since (non-deterministic) Büchi automata and ω-regular languages are equally expressive, the theorem implies that Büchi automata and deterministic Muller automata are equally expressive. Since complementation of deterministic Muller automata is trivial, the theorem implies that Büchi automata/ω-regular languages are closed under complementation.

## Original statement

In McNaughton's original paper, the theorem was stated as:

> "An ω-event is regular if and only if it is finite-state."

In modern terminology, *ω-events* are commonly referred to as ω-languages. Following McNaughton's definition, an ω-event is a *finite-state event* if there exists a deterministic Muller automaton that recognizes it.

## Constructing an ω-regular language from a deterministic Muller automaton

One direction of the theorem can be proven by showing that any given Muller automaton recognizes an ω-regular language.

Suppose *A* = (*Q*,Σ,δ,*q*0,**F**) is a deterministic Muller automaton. The union of finitely many ω-regular languages produces an ω-regular language; therefore it can be assumed *without loss of generality* that the Muller acceptance condition **F** contains exactly one set of states {*q*1, ... ,*q**n*}. Let α be the regular language whose elements will take *A* from *q*0 to *q*1. For 1≤*i**n*, let β*i* be a regular language whose elements take *A* from *q**i* to *q*(*i* mod *n*)+1 without passing through any state outside of {*q*1, ... ,*q*n}. It is claimed that **α(β1 ... βn)ω** is the ω-regular language recognized by the Muller automaton *A*. It is proved as follows.

Suppose *w* is a word accepted by *A*. Let ρ be the run that led to the acceptance of *w*. For a time instant *t*, let ρ(*t*) be the state visited by ρ at time t. We create an infinite and strictly increasing sequence of time instants *t*1, *t*2, ... such that only states in {*q*1, ... ,*q**n*'} appear after time *t*1, and for each *a* and *b*, ρ(*t**na*+*b*) = *q**b*. Such a sequence exists because all and only the states of {*q*1, ... ,*q**n*} appear in ρ infinitely often. By the above definitions of α and β's, it can be easily shown that the existence of such a sequence implies that *w* is an element of α(β1 ... β*n*)ω.

Conversely, suppose *w* ∈ α(β1 ... β*n*)ω. Due to definition of α, there is an initial segment of *w* that is an element of α and thus leads *A* to the state *q*1. From there on, the run never assumes a state outside of {*q*1, ... ,*q**n*}, due to the definitions of the β's, and all the states in the set are repeated infinitely often. Therefore, *A* accepts the word *w*.

## Constructing a deterministic Muller automaton from a given ω-regular language

The other direction of the theorem can be proven by showing that there exists a deterministic Muller automaton that recognizes a given ω-regular language.

The union of finitely many deterministic Muller automata can be easily constructed; therefore without loss of generality we assume that the given ω-regular language is of the form αβω. Consider an ω-word *w*=*a*1*a*2...  αβω. Let *w*(*i*,*j*) be the finite segment *a**i*+1,...,*a**j*-1*a**j* of *w*. For building a Muller automaton for αβω, we introduce the following two concepts with respect to *w*.

Favor A time *j* *favors* time *i* if *j* \> *i*, *w*(0,*i*)  αβ\*, and *w*(*i*,*j*)  β\*. Equivalence *E*(*i*,*j*,*k*), or *i* is *equivalent* to *j* as *judged* at time *k*, if *i*,*j*  *k*, *w*(0,i)  αβ\*,*w*(0,j)  αβ\*, and for every word x in Σ\*, *w*(i,k)x  β\* if and only if *w*(j,k)x  β\*. It is easy to note that if E(i,j,k) then for all k \< l, E(i,j,l). In other words, if i and j are ever judged to be equivalent then they will stay equivalent thereafter. And also for the same l, l favors i if and only if l favors j. Let *E(i,j)* if there exists a k such that E(i,j,k).

Let p be the number of states in the minimum deterministic finite automaton Aβ\* to recognize language β\*. Now we prove two lemmas about the above two concepts.

Lemma 1 *For any time k, among the times i,j \< k such that w(0,i) and w(0,j)  αβ\*, the number of equivalence classes induced by E(i,j,k) is bounded by p. Also the number of equivalence classes induced by E(i,j) is bounded by p.* **Proof:** The finite automaton Aβ\* is minimum; therefore it does not contain equivalent states. Let i and j be such that *w*(0,i) and *w*(0,j)  αβ\* and E(i,j,k). Then, words *w*(i,k) and *w*(j,k) will have to take Aβ\* to the same state starting from the initial state. Hence, first part of lemma is true. The second part is proved by contradiction. Let's suppose there are p+1 times i1,...,ip+1 such that no two of them are equivalent. For l \> max(i1,...,ip+1), we would have, for each m and n, not E(im,in,l). Therefore there would be p+1 equivalence classes, as judged at l, contradicting the first part of the lemma. Lemma 2 *w  αβω if and only if there exists a time i such that there are infinitely many times equivalent to i and favoring i.* **Proof:** Let's suppose w  αβω then there exists a strictly increasing sequence of times i0,i1,i2,... such that w(0,i0)  α and w(in,in+1)  β. Therefore, for all n \> m, w(im,in)  β\* and in favors im. So, all the i's are members of one of the finitely many equivalence classes (shown in Lemma 1). So, there must be an infinite subset of all i's that belongs to same class. The smallest member of this subset satisfies the right hand side of this lemma. Conversely, suppose in w, there are infinitely many times that are equivalent to i and favoring i. From those times, we will construct a strictly increasing and infinite sequence of times i0,i1,i2,... such that w(0,i0)  αβ\* and w(in,in+1)  β\*. Therefore w would be in αβω. We define this sequence by induction: *Base case*: w(0,i)  αβ\* because i is in a equivalence class. So, we set i0=i. We set i1 such that i1 favors i0 and E(i0,i1). So, w(i0,i1)  β\*. *Induction step*: Suppose E(i0,in). So, there exists a time i' such that E(i0,in,i'). We set in+1 such that in+1 \> i', in+1 favors i0, and E(i0,in+1). So, w(i0,in+1)  β\* and, since in+1 \> i' we have by definition of E(i0,in,i'), w(in,in+1)  β\*.

### Muller automaton construction

We have used both the concepts of "favor" and "equivalence" in Lemma 2. Now, we are going to use the lemma to construct a Muller automaton for language αβω. The proposed automaton will accept a word if and only if a time i exists such that it will satisfy the right hand side of Lemma 2. The machine below is described informally. Note that this machine will be a deterministic Muller automaton.

The machine contains p+2 deterministic finite automaton and a master controller, where p is the size of Aβ\*. One of the p+2 machine can recognize αβ\* and this machine gets input in every cycle. And, it communicates at any time i to the master controller whether or not *w*(0,i) ∈ αβ\*. The rest of p+1 machines are copies of Aβ\*. The master can set the Aβ\* machines dormant or active. If master sets a Aβ\* machine to be dormant then it remains in its initial state and oblivious to the input. If master activates a Aβ\* machine then it reads the input and moves, until master makes it dormant and force it back to the initial state. Master can make a Aβ\* machine active and dormant as many times as it wants. The master stores the following information about the Aβ\* machines at each time instant.

* Current states of Aβ\* machines.
* List of the active Aβ\* machines in the order of their activation time.
* For each active Aβ\* machine M, the set of other active Aβ\* machines that were in an accepting state at the time of activation of M. In other words, if a machine is made active at time i and some other machine was last made active at j \< i and continue to be active till i then the master keeps the record whether or not i favors j. This record is dropped if the other machine goes dormant before M.

Initially, the master may behave 2 different ways depending on α. If α contains empty word then only one of the Aβ\* is active otherwise none of the Aβ\* machines are active at the start. Later at some time i, if w(0,i) ∈ αβ\* and none of Aβ\* machines are in initial state then master activates one of the dormant machines and the just activated Aβ\* machine start receiving input from time i+1. At some time, if two Aβ\* machines reach to the same state then master makes the machine dormant that was activated later than the other. Note that the master can make the above decisions using the information it stores.

For the output, the master also have a pair of red and green lights corresponding to each Aβ\* machine. If a Aβ\* machine goes from active state to dormant state then corresponding red light flashes. The green light for some Aβ\* machine M, which was activated at j, flashes at time i in the following two situations:

* M is in initial state, thus E(j,i,i) and i favors j ( the initial state has to be accepting state).
* For some other active Aβ\* machine M' activated at k, where j\< k \<i, k favors j (the master has record of this) and i is the earliest time at which E(j,k,i) ( M' goes dormant at time i ).

Note that the green light for M does not flash every time when a machine goes dormant due to M.

Lemma 3 *If there exist a time equivalent to infinitely many times that favor it and i is the earliest such time, then a Aβ\* machine M is activated at i, remained active forever (no corresponding red light flash thereafter), and flashes the green light infinitely many times.* **Proof:** Let's suppose a Aβ\* machine was activated at time j such that j \< i and this machine goes to initial state at time i. Therefore, if any time is equivalent and favors i then the time must be in the same relation with j. This contradicts the hypothesis that i is the earliest time such that infinitely many times equivalent to i and favoring i. So at time i, no active machine can be in the initial state. Hence, the master has to activate a new Aβ\* machine at time i, which is our M. This machine will never go dormant because if some other machine, which was activated at time l, makes it dormant at time k then E(l,i,k). Again, the same contradiction is implied. By construction and due to infinitely many times are equivalent to i and favor i, the green light will flash infinitely often. Lemma 4 *Conversely, if there is a Aβ\* machine M whose green light flashed infinitely often and red light only finitely often then there are infinitely many times equivalent to and favoring the last time at which M became active.* **Proof:** True by construction. Lemma 5 *w ∈ αβω if and only if, for some Aβ\* machine, the green light flashes infinitely often and the red light flashes only finitely often.* **Proof:** Due to Lemmas 2-4.

The above description of a full machine can be viewed as a large deterministic automaton. Now, it is left to define the Muller acceptance condition. In this large automaton, we define μn to be the set of states in which the green light flashes and the red light does not flash corresponding to nth Aβ\* machine. Let νn be the set of states in which the red light does not flash corresponding to nth Aβ\* machine. So, Muller acceptance condition **F** = { S | ∃n μn  S  νn }. This finishes the construction of the desired Muller automaton. Q.E.D.

## Other proofs

Since McNaughton's proof, many other proofs have been proposed. The following are some of them.

* ω-regular languages can be shown equiv-expressive to Büchi automata. Büchi automata can be shown to equiv-expressive to semi-deterministic Büchi automata. Semi-deterministic Büchi automata can be shown to be equiv-expressive to deterministic Muller automata. This proof follows the same lines as the above proof.
* Safra's construction transforms a non-deterministic Büchi automaton to a deterministic Rabin automaton. This construction is known to be optimal.
* There is a purely algebraic proof of McNaughton's theorem.

## Reference list

1. McNaughton, R.: "Testing and generating infinite sequences by a finite automaton", *Information and Control 9*, pp. 521–530, 1966.
2. Safra, S. (1988), "On the complexity of ω-automata", *Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '88)*, Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 319–327, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1988.21948.
3. B. Le Saëc, J.-É. Pin, P. Weil, A purely algebraic proof of McNaughton's theorem on infinite words, *Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science*, p. 141–151, 1991


title: McNay Art Museum

abstract: The McNay Art Museum, founded in 1954 in San Antonio, is the first modern art museum in the U.S. state of Texas. The museum was created by Marion Koogler McNay's original bequest of most of her fortune, her important art collection and her 24-room Spanish Colonial Revival-style mansion that sits on 23 acres (9.3 ha) that are landscaped with fountains, broad lawns and a Japanese-inspired garden and fishpond. McNay was an American painter and art teacher who inherited a substantial oil fortune upon the death of her father. The museum was named after her, and has been expanded to include galleries of medieval and Renaissance artwork and a larger collection of 20th-century European and American modernist work. She built a home in 1927 designed by Atlee Ayres and his son Robert M. Ayres. Upon her death, the house was bequeathed to the City of San Antonio to house the museum. The museum focuses primarily on 19th- and 20th-century European and American art by such artists as Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, Georgia O'Keeffe, Diego Rivera, Mary Cassatt, and Edward Hopper. The collection today consists of over 20,000 objects and is one of the finest collections of contemporary art and sculpture in the Southwestern United States. The museum also is home to the Tobin Collection of Theatre Arts, which is one of the premiere collections of its kind in the U.S., and a research library with over 30,000 volumes. The McNay Art Museum added the Jane and Arthur Stieren Center for Exhibitions in 2008, built by architect Jean-Paul Viguier, to display their Modern collection. The 45,000-square-foot structure houses light-filled galleries for special exhibitions, a glass-fronted gallery for sculpture from the museum's collection, a gallery for paper works, wall cases for small objects, and lecture hall and learning centers. The center's design, materials, and architectural details both contrast with and complement the original Spanish Colonial Revival-style residence, which it adjoins.

text:
# McNay Art Museum

The **McNay Art Museum**, founded in 1954 in San Antonio, is the first modern art museum in the U.S. state of Texas. The museum was created by Marion Koogler McNay's original bequest of most of her fortune, her important art collection and her 24-room Spanish Colonial Revival-style mansion that sits on 23 acres (9.3 ha) that are landscaped with fountains, broad lawns and a Japanese-inspired garden and fishpond.

McNay was an American painter and art teacher who inherited a substantial oil fortune upon the death of her father. The museum was named after her, and has been expanded to include galleries of medieval and Renaissance artwork and a larger collection of 20th-century European and American modernist work. She built a home in 1927 designed by Atlee Ayres and his son Robert M. Ayres. Upon her death, the house was bequeathed to the City of San Antonio to house the museum.

The museum focuses primarily on 19th- and 20th-century European and American art by such artists as Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, Georgia O'Keeffe, Diego Rivera, Mary Cassatt, and Edward Hopper. The collection today consists of over 20,000 objects and is one of the finest collections of contemporary art and sculpture in the Southwestern United States. The museum also is home to the Tobin Collection of Theatre Arts, which is one of the premiere collections of its kind in the U.S., and a research library with over 30,000 volumes.

The McNay Art Museum added the Jane and Arthur Stieren Center for Exhibitions in 2008, built by architect Jean-Paul Viguier, to display their Modern collection. The 45,000-square-foot structure houses light-filled galleries for special exhibitions, a glass-fronted gallery for sculpture from the museum's collection, a gallery for paper works, wall cases for small objects, and lecture hall and learning centers. The center's design, materials, and architectural details both contrast with and complement the original Spanish Colonial Revival-style residence, which it adjoins.

## Collection highlights

## InfoBox

McNay Art Museum
| Entrance to the original McNay home and museum. | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the McNay in Texas | |
| Established | 1950 |
| Location | 6000 N. New Braunfels Ave.
San Antonio, Texas
United States |
| Coordinates | 29°29′09″N 98°27′22″W / 29.485776°N 98.456233°W / 29.485776; -98.456233 |
| Type | Art Museum |
| Director | Matthew McLendon |
| Curator | Rene Paul Barilleaux |
| Website | www.mcnayart.org |


title: McNaughton Park Trail Runs

abstract: The McNaughton Park Trail Runs, over distances of 50, 100, 150 and 200 miles (320 km), is an annual ultramarathon running event held in Pekin, Illinois each spring on a rugged, ten-mile (16 km) loop course. All four races are run concurrently. The 150 and 200-mile (320 km) ultra are the only ones of that distance held in Illinois. The loop course is primarily a single lane footpath, through natural countryside including forests and meadows. Each ten-mile (16 km) loop provides approximately 1,600 feet (490 m) of elevation gain. A thirty-mile run, part of the event through 2006, was replaced by a 150-mile (240 km) option beginning in 2007.

text:
# McNaughton Park Trail Runs

The **McNaughton Park Trail Runs**, over distances of 50, 100, 150 and 200 miles (320 km), is an annual ultramarathon running event held in Pekin, Illinois each spring on a rugged, ten-mile (16 km) loop course. All four races are run concurrently. The 150 and 200-mile (320 km) ultra are the only ones of that distance held in Illinois.

The loop course is primarily a single lane footpath, through natural countryside including forests and meadows. Each ten-mile (16 km) loop provides approximately 1,600 feet (490 m) of elevation gain.

A thirty-mile run, part of the event through 2006, was replaced by a 150-mile (240 km) option beginning in 2007.

## Records

Men

* 30 Mile (no longer held): Paul Stofko 3:58:18 2005
* 50 Mile: Eric Grossman 6:52:34 2004
* 100 Mile: Karl Meltzer 17:40:13 2007
* 150 Mile: David Goggins 33:36:20 2008

Women

* 30 Mile (no longer held): Ellen Erhardt 4:35:34 2004
* 50 Mile: Jane Moser Cox 9:28:01 2005
* 100 Mile: Tracy Thomas 23:27:26 2006
* 150 Mile: Charlotte Vasarhelyi 46:21:29 2008


title: Md. A. Khaleq

abstract: Md. A. Khaleq is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of Parliament of Mymensingh-7.

text:
# Md. A. Khaleq

**Md. A. Khaleq** is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of Parliament of Mymensingh-7.

## Career

Khaleq was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-7 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Md. A. Khaleq | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Bangladesh Parliament | |
| **In office**<br>1991–1996 | |
| Preceded by | Anisur Rahman |
| Succeeded by | Ruhul Amin Madani |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Bangladesh Nationalist Party |
|  | |


title: Friendship Valley Farm

abstract: Friendship Valley Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was established in the late 18th century. About that time a 2+1⁄2-story T-shaped main house was built of brick on a stone foundation. It was later expanded to its current "H" shape. One of the small log cabins still standing near the house was once a slave cabin. It was later used as a smoke house. Also on the property is a large brick wash-house and summer kitchen built in 1860, with a bell tower on the roof. Friendship Valley Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

text:
# Friendship Valley Farm

**Friendship Valley Farm** is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was established in the late 18th century. About that time a 2+12-story T-shaped main house was built of brick on a stone foundation. It was later expanded to its current "H" shape. One of the small log cabins still standing near the house was once a slave cabin. It was later used as a smoke house. Also on the property is a large brick wash-house and summer kitchen built in 1860, with a bell tower on the roof.

Friendship Valley Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Friendship Valley Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 950 Gist Road, Westminster, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°32′49″N 77°0′4″W / 39.54694°N 77.00111°W / 39.54694; -77.00111 |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| Built | 1865 (1865) |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000688 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 1977 |


title: Friendship and Greenwich plantation

abstract: The Friendship and Greenwich was a plantation in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, north of Savanna-la-Mar on the Cabaritta River. It was adjacent to the Mesopotamia estate. In 1875, it came up for sale at auction in London by order of the Court of the Commissioners for Sale of Incumbered Estates in the West Indies when it was in the ownership of the estate of the late Edward Muirhead Earle.

text:
# Friendship and Greenwich plantation

The **Friendship and Greenwich** was a plantation in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, north of Savanna-la-Mar on the Cabaritta River. It was adjacent to the Mesopotamia estate.

In 1875, it came up for sale at auction in London by order of the Court of the Commissioners for Sale of Incumbered Estates in the West Indies when it was in the ownership of the estate of the late Edward Muirhead Earle.


title: Tidal irrigation

abstract: Tidal irrigation is the natural subsurface irrigation of levee soils in coastal plains using river water influenced by tidal movements. This method is applicable in (semi-)arid regions at the mouth of large river estuaries or deltas where there is a significant tidal range. It is achieved by excavating tidal canals from the riverbank into the mainland, allowing river water to flow inland during high tides. During low tides, the canals and soil drain enhance soil aeration. The river discharge must be large enough to guarantee a sufficient flow of fresh water into the sea so that no salt water intrusion occurs in the river mouth. Tidal irrigation efficiently utilizes the periodic movement of tides to naturally push fresh water upstream. The irrigation is effectuated by digging tidal canals from the river shore into the main land that will guide the river water inland at high tide. For the irrigation to be effective the soil must have a high infiltration capacity to permit the entry of sufficient water in the soil to cover the evapotranspiration demand of the crop. At low tide, the canals and the soil drain out again, which promotes the aeration of the soil.

text:
# Tidal irrigation

**Tidal irrigation** is the natural subsurface irrigation of levee soils in coastal plains using river water influenced by tidal movements. This method is applicable in (semi-)arid regions at the mouth of large river estuaries or deltas where there is a significant tidal range. It is achieved by excavating tidal canals from the riverbank into the mainland, allowing river water to flow inland during high tides. During low tides, the canals and soil drain enhance soil aeration. The river discharge must be large enough to guarantee a sufficient flow of fresh water into the sea so that no salt water intrusion occurs in the river mouth. Tidal irrigation efficiently utilizes the periodic movement of tides to naturally push fresh water upstream.

The irrigation is effectuated by digging *tidal canals* from the river shore into the main land that will guide the river water inland at high tide.

For the irrigation to be effective the soil must have a high infiltration capacity to permit the entry of sufficient water in the soil to cover the evapotranspiration demand of the crop. At low tide, the canals and the soil drain out again, which promotes the aeration of the soil.

1. Suprianto, Hartoyo; Ravaie, Erwin; Irianto, Sumarjo Gatot; Susanto, Robiyanto H.; Schultz, Bart; Suryadi, F. X.; Van Den Eelaart, Ad (July 2010). "Land and water management of tidal lowlands: Experiences in Telang and Saleh, South Sumatra". *Irrigation and Drainage*. **59** (3): 317–335. doi:10.1002/ird.460. ISSN 1531-0353.
2. "ICID: Resources - Irrigation - Tidal Irrigation". *www.icid.org*. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
3. Elvin, Mark (October 2005). "Social Rights to the Use of Nature". *Environmental History*. **10** (4).


title: Tijana Malešević

abstract:
Tijana Malešević is a Serbian volleyball player, who plays for OK Crvena zvezda, and was a member of the Serbia women's national volleyball team that won the gold medal at the 2011 European Championship in Serbia and Italy and 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and gold medal at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship held in Japan. She signed with the Turkish club Sarıyer Belediyespor for the 2014–15 season. On 18 December 2018 Tijana signed with Serbian powerhouse OK Crvena zvezda. On 25 January 2019 Tijana signed contract for second part of the 2018-19 season with Serie A1 member, Il Bisonte Firenze. At the start of the 2019/20 season, Tijana returned to Belgrade and OK Crvena zvezda.
She is the sister of Serbian basketball player Nikola Malešević.

text:
# Tijana Malešević

**Tijana Malešević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Тијана Малешевић; born 18 March 1991) is a Serbian volleyball player, who plays for OK Crvena zvezda, and was a member of the Serbia women's national volleyball team that won the gold medal at the 2011 European Championship in Serbia and Italy and 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and gold medal at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship held in Japan.

She signed with the Turkish club Sarıyer Belediyespor for the 2014–15 season. On 18 December 2018 Tijana signed with Serbian powerhouse OK Crvena zvezda. On 25 January 2019 Tijana signed contract for second part of the 2018-19 season with Serie A1 member, Il Bisonte Firenze. At the start of the 2019/20 season, Tijana returned to Belgrade and OK Crvena zvezda. She is the sister of Serbian basketball player Nikola Malešević.

## Awards

### Clubs

## InfoBox

| Tijana Malešević | |
| --- | --- |
| Malešević in October 2012 | |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Born | (1991-03-18) 18 March 1991<br>Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 78 kg (172 lb) |
| Spike | 300 cm (118 in) |
| Block | 286 cm (113 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Wing spiker |
| Current club | OK Crvena zvezda |
| Number | 15 |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2005–2010 OK Jedinstvo Užice  2010–2012 Voléro Zürich  2012–2013 PTPS Piła  2013–2014 VK Prostějov  2014–2015 Sarıyer Belediyespor  2015–2016 AGIL Volley Novara  2016–2017 Vôlei Nestlé Osasco  2017–2018 Seramiksan Spor Kulübü  2018 CSM Volei Alba Blaj  2018–2019 OK Crvena zvezda  2019 Il Bisonte Firenze  2019 OK Crvena zvezda | |
| National team | |
| 2009-2018  Serbia | |
| Honours      Volleyball  Olympic Games  2016 Rio de Janeiro Team  World Championship  2018 Japan Team  European Championship  2011 Serbia/Italy   2017 Azerbaijan/Georgia   2015 Netherlands/Belgium   World Cup  2015 Japan   FIVB World Grand Prix  2011 Macau   2013 Sapporo   2017 Nanjing   European Games  2015 Baku Team  European League  2009 Kayseri   2011 Istanbul   2012 Karlovy Vary | |


title: Tijana Ibrahimovic

abstract: Tijana Ibrahimovic is an entertainment journalist and TV personality. She was born in the city of Sombor in Northern Serbia, the province of Vojvodina, Yugoslavia at the time. She first left her native country to complete Serbo-Hungarian high school in Budapest, Hungary. She moved to the US as an international student and attended the City University of New York.

text:
# Tijana Ibrahimovic

**Tijana Ibrahimovic** is an entertainment journalist and TV personality. She was born in the city of Sombor in Northern Serbia, the province of Vojvodina, Yugoslavia at the time. She first left her native country to complete Serbo-Hungarian high school in Budapest, Hungary. She moved to the US as an international student and attended the City University of New York.

## Education

Tijana holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brooklyn College. She also studied theater management at the Borough of Manhattan Community College in New York where she completed an associate's degree.

## Early life

Born in Serbia Tijana is fluent in Serbian and other languages of former Yugoslavia. She also speaks Hungarian but attributes her passionate and outgoing personality to her Balkan roots. Tijana fell in love with theater as a child and wanted to be an actress so as a member of the theater group she volunteered for smaller non speaking roles at the local theater. She also competed in reciting and qualified for a national competition. This is where unknowingly her training for broadcast journalism started. Upon graduating from high school she was accepted to acting school in Belgrade but her desire to build international career lead her to New York City.

## Professional career

Upon graduating from Brooklyn College she briefly worked as a news anchor for the Radio Television of Vojvodina, where she gained a lot of experience, but it was clear entertainment was her call.

Since, she covered/hosted red-carpets, film premiers, events and fashion shows for Elle Serbia, Jones Magazine, Fashion One, Examiner.com, The Source, Vigore! Magazine, The Sybarite, Fashion Reverie, The Knockturnal, Glammonitor, Style Music TV and Wannabe Magazine. She was a regular on Wetpaint show "The Tea".

**Notable interviews**: Oscar de la Renta, Joan Rivers, Kelsey Grammer, Bette Midler, Debra Messing, Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia and many others.

In 2015 Tijana founded **Pop Style TV** channel and website. She is the host and executive producer of their videos. The channel covers entertainment, music and fashion and provides viewers with the latest news from the entertainment industry.

She is also known for her philanthropic work with the **"Save St. Sava"** annual benefit in efforts to help rebuild Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sava destroyed by fire in 2016.

## InfoBox

| Tijana Ibrahimovic | |
| --- | --- |
| in NYC | |
| Born | Sombor, Serbia |
| Occupation(s) | Entertainment journalist, television host |
| Years active | 2009 - present |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Website | tijanastyle.com |


title: Mayor of Abbottabad

abstract: Nazim-e-Abottabad is the Mayor who heads the District Government of Abbottabad which controls the Local Government system of Abbottabad District.

text:
# Mayor of Abbottabad

**Nazim-e-Abottabad** (Urdu: ناظم ایبٹ آباد) is the Mayor who heads the District Government of Abbottabad which controls the Local Government system of Abbottabad District.

## Local government system of Abbottabad

Abbottabad local government is headed by District Government Abottabad which itself consists of District Council consisting of 77 members who elect their respective District Nazim (mayor) and Naib Nazim (Deputy Mayor).

The powers and functions of District Council are defined in KPK Local Government Act 2013.

Following are the number of seats for Abbottabad

| General | Women | Peasant | Minorities | Youth | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 51 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 77 |

## List of mayors of Abbottabad

| # | Mayor | Start date | End date | Deputy Mayor | Affiliation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Baba Haider Zaman Khan |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Raja Mumtaz Abbasi |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Col (retd) Mustafa Jadoon | 2001 | 2005 | Barrister Javed Abbasi | PMLN |  |
| 4 | Haider Zaman Khan | 2005 | 2009 | Malik Juned Tanoli | PML(J) |  |
| Administrator System was implemented 2010 - 2016 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Sardar Sher Bahadur | 30 August 2015 Ali khan Jadoon—– | incumbent | Shaukat Tanoli | IND | ex-PTI district president |

6- Ali Khan Jadoon, Sardar waqar Nabi PTI 7-Sardar Saeed Anwar. Babu Javed PTI 18 August 2018-21Jan 2019

## Abbottabad local government elections 2015

PTI (43%)  PML(N) (37%)  IND (18%)  JI (2%)

*detailed results*: KPK Local Elections 2015

Following are the results of Abbottabad Local Elections 2015

| Party | UC |
| --- | --- |
| Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 22 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 19 |
| INDEPENDENTS | 9 |
| Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | 1 |
| Total | 51 |

PTI got a marginal lead in a PMLN stronghold in the Abbottabad local elections, but couldn't bring its mayor in Abbottabad

PTI dissident Sardar Sher Bahadur who has been ex-district president for the party was refused party ticket to contest local elections, thus competed as Independent candidate. He later secured support from PMLN and PTI forward bloc and got elected as mayor of Abbottabad. He was unseated by ECP for defection but Peshawar high court has suspended ECP's decision Moreover, they have filed a case against the provincial government for demanding their budget. They have been succeeded in that case. Now that district government has been given their required budget.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Abbottabad | |
| --- | --- |
| ناظم ایبٹ آباد | |
| District Government Abbottabad | |
| Incumbent
Sardar Shuja Nabi
since 21 June 2022 | |
| Residence | Abbottabad, Pakistan |
| Website | http://dga.com.pk/ |


title: Mayor of Abingdon-on-Thames

abstract: The Mayor of Abingdon-on-Thames is a ceremonial post held by a member of Abingdon-on-Thames Council, elected annually by the council. In 1556, Mary I of England granted a charter establishing a mayor, two bailiffs, twelve chief burgesses and sixteen secondary burgesses, the mayor to be clerk of the market, coroner and a Justice of the Peace. The charter nominated Richard Mayotte as the first Mayor in 1556. Originally, the mayor would be elected on the Feast of St. Michael and Archangel on 29 September.

text:
# Mayor of Abingdon-on-Thames

The **Mayor of Abingdon-on-Thames** is a ceremonial post held by a member of Abingdon-on-Thames Council, elected annually by the council.

In 1556, Mary I of England granted a charter establishing a mayor, two bailiffs, twelve chief burgesses and sixteen secondary burgesses, the mayor to be clerk of the market, coroner and a Justice of the Peace. The charter nominated Richard Mayotte as the first Mayor in 1556. Originally, the mayor would be elected on the Feast of St. Michael and Archangel on 29 September.

## Historical list of mayors

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Abingdon-on-Thames | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Abingdon-on-Thames | |
| Incumbent
Cllr Andy Foulsham
since 2022 | |
| Term length | One municipal year |
| Formation | 1556 |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 457001–458000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 457001–457100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457101–457200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457201–457300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 457248 Hondius | 2008 QH | Jodocus Hondius (Joost de Hondt, 1563–1612), a Flemish-Dutch engraver and cartographer. | IAU **·** 457248 |

## 457301–457400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 457303 Daina | 2008 SC8 | Daina in Lithuanian means a ‘song’. Lithuania is renowned for its traditional folk songs. This word is also used to denote a Lithuanian female name. | IAU **·** 457303 |

## 457401–457500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457501–457600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457601–457700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457701–457800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 457743 Balklavs | 2009 HW20 | Latvian radio astronomer Arturs Balklavs (1933–2005) was Director of the Radioastrophysical Observatory, Latvian Academy of Sciences, and Editor-in-Chief of the magazine *Zvaigznota Debess* (The Starry Sky). An outstanding promoter of science, a Prize of the Latvian Academy of Sciences is named after him. | JPL **·** 457743 |

## 457801–457900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 457901–458000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 465001–466000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 465001–465100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 465036 Tatm | 2006 QK13 | the Taiwan Agricultural Technical Mission (TATM). | IAU **·** 465036 |

## 465101–465200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465201–465300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465301–465400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465401–465500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465501–465600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 465513 Chenchen | 2008 UO128 | Chen Chen (born 1948) is one of the most famous movie stars in Taiwan. Her acting career started in 1963. Over the years she has acted in more than ninety films. She was awarded Best Actress twice in Asia Film Festival. She received the Golden Horse Life-Achievement Award in 2013. | IAU **·** 465513
IAU |

## 465601–465700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465701–465800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465801–465900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 465901–466000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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title: Mecyclothorax laetus

abstract: Mecyclothorax laetus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1881.

text:
# Mecyclothorax laetus

***Mecyclothorax laetus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1881.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax laetus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. laetus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax laetus***<br>(Blackburn, 1881) | |
|


title: From a Buick 6

abstract: "From a Buick 6" is a song by Bob Dylan from his album Highway 61 Revisited, which was also released as a single on the B-side of "Positively 4th Street". It was recorded on July 30, 1965.

text:
# From a Buick 6

"**From a Buick 6**" is a song by Bob Dylan from his album *Highway 61 Revisited*, which was also released as a single on the B-side of "Positively 4th Street". It was recorded on July 30, 1965.

## Musical style

The song is a raucous blues song played recklessly by a band that included Al Kooper on organ and Mike Bloomfield on guitar. The guitar part is patterned after older blues riffs by Robert Johnson, Charlie Patton and Big Joe Williams. It also features a backbeat from drummer Bobby Gregg, a bass line from Harvey Brooks, and a soaring harmonica break. The song starts with a snare shot that is similar to the opening song of *Highway 61 Revisited*, "Like a Rolling Stone". It is essentially a 12-bar blues pattern, played with power chords, and is notable for Brooks' almost indiscernible substitution of an F in the tenth bar of all but the first verses, while the guitar and organ play the G-chord.

The song is partially based on Sleepy John Estes' 1930 song "Milk Cow Blues", even taking a few lyrics from the older song, but its approach is more similar to The Kinks' version of a Kokomo Arnold song that was also called "Milk Cow Blues".

*Cash Box* described it as a "rollicking, fast-moving blues-drenched folk rocker."

## Legacy

* Lyrics at Bob Dylan's official website

## InfoBox

| "From a Buick 6" | |
| --- | --- |
| US single picture sleeve | |
| Single by Bob Dylan | |
| from the album  *Highway 61 Revisited* | |
| A-side | "Positively 4th Street" |
| Released | September 7, 1965 (1965-09-07) |
| Recorded | July 30, 1965 |
| Studio | Columbia, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Bob Dylan |
| Producer(s) | Bob Johnston |
| Bob Dylan singles chronology | |
| "Like a Rolling Stone"
(1965) "**From a Buick 6**"
(1965) "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?"
(1965) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Maysville Historic District in Maysville, Georgia is a 170 acres (69 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It runs along E. Main, W. Main and Homer Streets, and included 194 contributing buildings and one contributing site. It includes Greek Revival, Late Victorian, and Eclectic architecture. It spans Banks and Jackson counties.

text:
# Maysville Historic District (Maysville, Georgia)

The **Maysville Historic District** in Maysville, Georgia is a 170 acres (69 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

It runs along E. Main, W. Main and Homer Streets, and included 194 contributing buildings and one contributing site.

It includes Greek Revival, Late Victorian, and Eclectic architecture.

It spans Banks and Jackson counties.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maysville Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Along E. Main, W. Main and Homer Sts., Maysville, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 34°15′17″N 83°33′48″W / 34.25472°N 83.56333°W / 34.25472; -83.56333 |
| Area | 170 acres (69 ha) |
| Built by | Multiple |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Late Victorian, Eclectic |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002203 |
| Added to NRHP | September 12, 1985 |


title: Maysville Schoolhouse

abstract: The Maysville Schoolhouse is a historic building located south of Hampton, Iowa, United States. The former school building is the only structure left from the defunct town of Maysville, the first town established in Franklin County. It was platted in 1865, and it was located on the stage line between Ackley and Hampton. Many merchants and professional moved into the community. This two-story, vernacular stone structure was built for $5,000 in 1867 by James Carn as a combination schoolhouse and meeting hall. The citizens of Maysville hoped that their community would be chosen as the county seat, but in 1872 the railroad went north to Hampton. In the 1880s the businessmen and professionals moved out, and the post office closed in 1890. By the turn of the 20th-century Maysville had become a ghost town. The school remained in operation until 1957, but the second floor hall continued to be used by various community organizations and the Methodist Church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

text:
# Maysville Schoolhouse

The **Maysville Schoolhouse** is a historic building located south of Hampton, Iowa, United States. The former school building is the only structure left from the defunct town of Maysville, the first town established in Franklin County. It was platted in 1865, and it was located on the stage line between Ackley and Hampton. Many merchants and professional moved into the community. This two-story, vernacular stone structure was built for $5,000 in 1867 by James Carn as a combination schoolhouse and meeting hall. The citizens of Maysville hoped that their community would be chosen as the county seat, but in 1872 the railroad went north to Hampton. In the 1880s the businessmen and professionals moved out, and the post office closed in 1890. By the turn of the 20th-century Maysville had become a ghost town. The school remained in operation until 1957, but the second floor hall continued to be used by various community organizations and the Methodist Church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maysville Schoolhouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | South of Hampton, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°40′0″N 93°11′56″W / 42.66667°N 93.19889°W / 42.66667; -93.19889 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1867 |
| Built by | James Carn |
| Architectural style | Vernacular |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000237 |
| Added to NRHP | June 17, 1981 |


title: Fruela

abstract:
Fruela or Froila is a masculine given name of Gothic origin used in Spain in the Middle Ages. The form "Froila" is that which appears in Latin inscriptions and documents, while "Fruela" is the Old Spanish form. For historical persons, the forms are largely interchangeable. The variant Froilán is of the same origin, but derives from the Latin oblique case form Froilane. The feminine forms of the name, Froileuva (Froiliuba) or Froilana, were rarer. The patronymic derived from Froila is Fróilaz. Numerous variations on the name occur in medieval sources. From western Iberia: Froilla, Froyla, Froilo, Froia, Froiam, Frogila, Froiano, Froilarius, Froilatius, Froilano. From eastern Iberia: Foilani, Fraula, Friulano, Frodane, Froilane, Froilani, Froilus, Frolani, Frolia, Froylane, Froylano, Froylus, Frua, Fruao, Fruglane, Fruila, Fruilane, Fruilanus, Fruilla, Frula, Frulla, Fuila. It may refer to:
  - Froia, Gothic count
  - Fruela of Cantabria, Gothic nobleman
  - Fruela I of Asturias, king, r. 757–68
  - Fruela (usurper), king, r. 866
  - Froila, r. 875–83
  - Fruela II of Asturias, king, r. 910–25
  - Froia, r. 957–72
  - Froila Arias, 11th-century nobleman
  - Froila Muñoz, 11th-century nobleman
  - Froila Vermúdez de Traba, 11th-century nobleman
  - Fruela Díaz, nobleman
  - Froila Ramírez, nobleman

text:
# Fruela

**Fruela** or **Froila** is a masculine given name of Gothic origin used in Spain in the Middle Ages. The form "Froila" is that which appears in Latin inscriptions and documents, while "Fruela" is the Old Spanish form. For historical persons, the forms are largely interchangeable. The variant **Froilán** is of the same origin, but derives from the Latin oblique case form *Froilane*. The feminine forms of the name, Froileuva (Froiliuba) or Froilana, were rarer. The patronymic derived from Froila is Fróilaz (or Froilaz).

Numerous variations on the name occur in medieval sources. From western Iberia: Froilla, Froyla, Froilo, Froia, Froiam, Frogila, Froiano, Froilarius, Froilatius, Froilano. From eastern Iberia: Foilani, Fraula, Friulano, Frodane, Froilane, Froilani, Froilus, Frolani, Frolia, Froylane, Froylano, Froylus, Frua, Fruao, Fruglane, Fruila, Fruilane, Fruilanus, Fruilla, Frula, Frulla, Fuila.

It may refer to:


title: Timia parva

abstract: Timia parva is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Timia of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Timia parva

***Timia parva*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Timia* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Timia parva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Timia* |
| Species: | ***T. parva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Timia parva***<br>Hendel, 1908 | |
|


title: History of rail transport in Malawi

abstract: The history of rail transport in Malawi began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Transport by rail was introduced to British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA), the British protectorate occupying present-day Malawi, in 1904. Three years later, the name of the area was changed to Nyasaland. Railways have continued to serve the area ever since, including in the period since Malawi became independent in 1964.

text:
# History of rail transport in Malawi

The **history of rail transport in Malawi** began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century.

Transport by rail was introduced to British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA), the British protectorate occupying present-day Malawi, in 1904. Three years later, the name of the area was changed to Nyasaland.

Railways have continued to serve the area ever since, including in the period since Malawi became independent in 1964.

## British colonial period

### Background

From the 1890s, small river steamers operated between Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi and Chiromo on the Lower Shire River, a distance of 290 kilometres (180 mi). However, the main areas of economic activity in the BCA were around Blantyre in the Shire Highlands, over 80 km (50 mi) from Chiromo, and transport to the river was costly and inefficient. Steamers also navigated the Upper Shire and Lake Nyasa (now Lake Malawi), but about 80 km (50 mi) of the Middle Shire was impassable. Railways could supplement water transport and, as the BCA was nowhere nearer than 320 km (200 mi) to a suitable Indian Ocean port, a short rail link to river ports was more practical than a line direct to the coast.

### Shire Highlands Railway

Low Shire River levels after 1896 made water transport more difficult. In 1901, the Shire Highlands Railway Company was formed by Blantyre-based investors. It soon obtained a concession to build a railway from Port Herald (now Nsanje) on the Shire River at the southernmost point of the protectorate, to Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), at the southern end of Lake Nyasa, via Chiromo and Blantyre. The first section of this line, between Port Herald and Chiromo, was handed over to traffic on 1 September 1904.

Further construction of the railway was greatly hampered by a difference in elevation of more than 900 m (3,000 ft) between Chiromo and Blantyre. The difficulties were so severe that the Shire Highlands Railway ran out of funds, with the consequence that another company, the British South Africa Company, assumed the task of completing the section, which was finally opened on 23 January 1909. Additional reductions in the Shire River's flow made Port Herald unsatisfactory, so a Zambezi port was needed.

### Central African Railway

In 1914, the British South Africa Company built the Central African Railway of 98 km (61 mi) from Port Herald to Chindio on the north bank of the Zambezi. From there, goods went by river steamers to Chinde then by sea to Beira, involving three transhipments and delays. The Central African Railway was poorly built, and soon needed extensive repairs.

### Trans-Zambezia Railway

In the early 20th century, Beira developed as a major port: it was far superior to Chinde, which was severely damaged by a cyclone in 1922. The Trans-Zambezia Railway, constructed between 1919 and 1922, ran 269 km (167 mi) from the south bank of the Zambezi to join the main line from Beira to Rhodesia. Its promoters had interests in Beira port, and they ignored its high cost and limited benefit to Nyasaland or a shorter alternative route to the small port of Quelimane. River transport was practically defunct after 1935. The only recorded traffic on the Shire River within Nyasaland was a seasonal service run by the Shire Highlands Railway for the collection of cotton and other produce between Chiromo and Chikwawa.

### Nyasaland Railways Limited

The Zambezi crossing remained the weak point in the link to Beira. The ferry used old steamers towing barges between Chindio on the north bank and Muracca on the south bank, and its capacity was limited. For two months a year the river was too shallow, at other times it flooded.

In 1930, Nyasaland Railways Limited was formed. The new company acquired the Shire Highlands Railway and Central African Railway, and made plans to extend the railway north and south. In 1935, the ferry was replaced by the construction of the Dona Ana Bridge (or Zambezi Bridge), over three kilometres (2 mi) long, creating an uninterrupted rail link to the sea. The new bridge crossed the Zambezi 39 km (24 mi) upstream from the Chindio-Muracca ferry.

The northern extension from Blantyre to Salima near Lake Nyasa was also completed in 1935, and a terminal for lake services was developed at the nearby lake port of Chipoka. The government turned over operation of lake services to Nyasaland Railways, who operated cargo and passenger services between ports on the lake.

After the completion of the Dona Ana bridge, connecting the railway sections of Malawi and Mozambique became possible. When the sections were finally connected, the line between Dondo (Mozambique) and Blantyre (Malawi) was named Sena railway.

### Colonial railway operations

Unfortunately, the Zambezi Bridge and northern extension to Lake Nyasa created less traffic than anticipated, and it was only in 1946 that the traffic levels predicted in 1937 were reached. By this time, motor transport was becoming an alternative to rail, but government regulations designed to promote the use of the railway hindered the development of road transport. All the rail lines were narrow gauge and single track, and the Shire Highlands Railway in particular had sharp curves and steep gradients, so the system was inadequate for heavy train loads. Maintenance costs were high and freight volumes were low, so freight rates were up to three times those of Rhodesian and East African lines.

## Independent Malawi

Upon independence, Nyasaland Railways changed its name to Malawi Railways Limited.

On 17 May 1968 work began on a 101 km rail extension to connect Malawi Railways to the existing Nacala railway in Mozambique, to give Malawi access to the seaport of Nacala in northern Mozambique. The new railway connected to Malawi's north–south line at Nkaya, and to the existing Nacala line at Nova Freixo in Mozambique (present-day Cuamba). The line was inaugurated by President Hastings Banda on 4 July 1970 and began operations on 3 August. The project cost £5.4 million, financed by a long-term, low-interest loan from the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa. An extension of the Sena railway, starting from the city Salima, towards the west, reaching Lilongwe and Mchinji, was completed in 1979.

Although costly and inefficient, the rail link to Beira remained a main bulk transport link until 1979 when it was destroyed by RENAMO forces in the Mozambican Civil War. By then, Malawi had its second rail link to the Mozambique port of Nacala. In 1984 the Nacala link was also lost, when the Nacala railway was destroyed by RENAMO forces.

Lake services were separated from Malawi Railways in 1994.

The Nacala railway link was later restored, and is Malawi's principal route for imports and exports today. In 2017, the Nacala railway link was extended west from Nkaya junction to the coal mines at Moatize in Mozambique.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Baltzer, Franz (1916). *Die Kolonialbahnen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Afrikas* \[*The Colonial Railways with particular reference to Africa*\]. Berlin, Leipzig, Göschen: (Reprint: Leipzig 2007: Holzminden Reprint-Verl.). ISBN 9783826202339. (in German)
* Crosby, Cynthia A. (1974). *A History of the Nyasaland Railway, 1895 - 1935: A Study in Colonial Economic Development*. Syracuse, New York: PhD thesis, Syracuse University.
* Fox, Sir Douglas; Metcalfe, Sir Charles T., Bart. (1899). *Report on the survey through the Shiré Highlands*. London: Waterlow and Sons. OCLC 642487385.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Hammond, F. D.; Newcombe, E. O. A.; Carter, E. P. (1929). *Report on the Nyasaland Railways and Proposed Zambesi Bridge, 1927*. London: H.M. Stationery Office. OCLC 14379881.
* Hollingsworth, J B (1980). *Atlas of the World's Railways*. Adelaide: Rigby. pp. 229–230. ISBN 0727003054.
* Mandala, E (2006). "Feeding and Fleecing the Native: How the Nyasaland Transport System Distorted a New Food Market, 1890s-1920s". *Journal of Southern African Studies*. **32** (3): 508–512. doi:10.1080/03057070600830474.
* Rees, J D (1908). *Nyasaland and the Shiré Highlands Railway with map: issued for the information of intending settlers, planters, miners and travellers*. London: British Central Africa Co. OCLC 681153850.
* Robinson, Neil (2009). *World Rail Atlas and Historical Summary. Volume 7: North, East and Central Africa*. Barnsley, UK: World Rail Atlas Ltd. ISBN 978-954-92184-3-5.
* Vail, L (1975). "The Making of an Imperial Slum: Nyasaland and Its Railways, 1895–1935". *The Journal of African History*. **16**: 96–101.

Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), "Pioneering in Nyasaland", *Railway Wonders of the World*, pp. 998–1003 illustrated account of the railways of Nyasaland

Media related to Rail transport in Malawi at Wikimedia Commons


title: Mount Disappointment (Australia)

abstract: Mount Disappointment is an 800-metre (2,600 ft) mountain located on the southern end of the Great Dividing Range, 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) north of Whittlesea and 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. It was named by explorers Hume and Hovell in 1824, and is now a popular hiking spot. Mount Disappointment is the main water source of the Yan Yean Reservoir, which is in turn one of the major water supply reserves of Melbourne.

text:
# Mount Disappointment (Australia)

**Mount Disappointment** is an 800-metre (2,600 ft) mountain located on the southern end of the Great Dividing Range, 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) north of Whittlesea and 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. It was named by explorers Hume and Hovell in 1824, and is now a popular hiking spot.

Mount Disappointment is the main water source of the Yan Yean Reservoir, which is in turn one of the major water supply reserves of Melbourne.

## History

### Encounter by Europeans

Aboriginal Australians are known to have lived in the Mount Disappointment area. Stone weapons have been found near the junction of Drag Hill and Sunday Creeks.

The surrounding forest was the land of the Kulin nation.

After making the arduous climb to the summit in 1824, British explorers Hume and Hovell hoped to view the distant Port Phillip Bay. Unfortunately, the mountain's dense vegetation prevented them reaching the summit (they got within 5 kilometres), resulting in their immense disappointment. In addition, Hume suffered a painful injury to his groin nearby which caused him much distress and necessitated a five-day rest for their party. Consequently, they recorded their feelings in the name they chose for the mountain.

### Economic development

In 1870, Australian settlers began mining for gold at Mount Disappointment. In 1880, the Australian Seasoned Timber Company commenced timber cutting and sawmilling operations there and with an influx of workers, townships were soon created at Clonbinane, Reedy Creek and Strath Creek. The company operated two mills, named "Comet Mill" and "Planet Mill", located in the heart of the forest. A network of tramways carried logs to the mills for cutting. These tramways included a notorious section called "The Bump", a steep incline that required a winch to haul the solid hardwood logs. By the 1890s, the Comet sawmill was processing 800 Mountain Ash logs a month.

In 1883–1885, the catchments to the east of Mount Disappointment were captured by Toorourrong Reservoir and associated aqueducts. They are protected as part of Kinglake National Park.

The Australian Seasoned Timber Company's finishing and seasoning works were located in the township of Wandong, north of Melbourne on the edge of the Mount Disappointment forest. This seasoning plant treated messmate timber, used principally for furniture making. The Wandong seasoning works were established by a different company in 1889 and were one of the earliest attempts to season hardwood in Australia.

At its peak, the timber industry in the area employed 420 men. Sawmilling ceased in 1939 but timber from the Mount Disappointment area is still being logged today, with improvements to forest management ensuring long-term sustainability of the industry.

### World War II prison camps

In 1940, during World War II, prisoner of war camps were established to house alien internees and Italian prisoners of war. These prisoners were put to work clearing land around Mount Disappointment and constructing roads. At the end of the war, the camps were abandoned and all but one of the main huts were removed from the No.1 camp. After the end of the war, the camp housed displaced Polish and Hungarian people who were authorized to stay there up to two years.

The site resembles a large cleared area of about five acres, with evidence of buildings, the remains of a tennis court and cricket pitch. The site is now used as a picnic ground.

On 5 August 1942, a Bristol Beaufighter IC crashed into the mountain, three hundred yards north of the peak, killing two men from 30 Squadron RAAF.

In 1944, two RAAF Vultee Vengeance Mk1 dive bombers were flying in formation when both crashed into the mountain, killing all five airmen on board. Low cloud was reported at the time.

### Recent history

A report from the Age newspaper about people falling to their death at Mt. Disappointment referred to an incident in California USA and not the Mt. Disappointment in Victoria. It would be impossible for a group of people to roll to their death on this mountain in Victoria Australia.

The Mount Disappointment Forest was hit by a major fire in 1982, and again in 2009.

In 2004, the police went undercover to follow jihad terrorists who went to the Mount Disappointment Forest to blow up ammonium nitrate bombs as training practice.

In April 2017, three tired hikers chose to call the emergency services as they were stranded in the middle of the Mount Disappointment Forest. 30 emergency service workers were mobilized, and the lost hikers were quickly found. The cost of this unusual rescue was estimated to be more than $10,000 per hiker.

In June 2020, 14-year-old William Callaghan got lost after being separated from his family while hiking. William has autism and is non-verbal. Three days later, he was found alive and well by local volunteer Ben Gibbs, after surviving freezing conditions alone in the bush. Gibbs gave William clothes and chocolate upon his discovery. William was later taken to hospital for observation, but appeared fine aside from some minor scrapes.

In August 2007, the light plane of millionaire Steve Nott crashed on Mount Disappointment where the plane's debris was found. On 31 March 2022, a chartered helicopter crashed into the mountain near Blair's Hut. Victoria Police confirmed later that day that all occupants and the pilot died in the incident.

## Flora and fauna

Stately mountain ash dominates the mountain and thrive in granite soils where the rainfall is high. Mountain grey gums grow in drier pockets. Red stringybarks, narrow-leafed peppermints, long-leaved box and candlebark can be found growing along some waterways.

There is an abundance of bird life and habitat for deer, wombats and wallabies.

## Mount Disappointment State Forest

Mount Disappointment is one of Melbourne's most accessible forest areas, with many recreation activities available including the 40 km (25 mi) long Mount Disappointment Forest Drive, various walking tracks, picnic area and camping sites. The forest is managed by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment.

Roads make it possible to drive through the forest. The forest contains the remains of a World War II internment camp.

1. Wearne, Ted (March 2004). "Forest Notes – Mount Disappointment State Forest" (PDF). *Trail Bike Initiative: Project Update*. Department of Sustainability and Environment, The State of Victoria. ISSN 1440-2262. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
2. Bland, William; Hovell, William Hilton; Hume, Hamilton (1831), *Journey of discovery to Port Phillip, New South Wales by Messrs. W.H. Hovell, and Hamilton Hume in 1824 and 1825*, Sydney
3. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 5, *Aust. Bureau of Statistics*, 1912 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
4. Mt Disappointment State Forest, *Ffm.vic.gov.au*, February 2015 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
5. *Wallaby Creek designated water supply catchment area, Kinglake National Park, Management Plan* (PDF), Parks Victoria, August 1998, ISBN 0-7311-3191-6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-27, retrieved 2011-02-21
6. World War II, Migrants and Memories – 1935 to 1950, *Upperplenty.com* (accessed on 27 September 2019)
7. Shire of Mitchell (1 January 2019). "Mount Disappointment POW Camp No. 1" (PDF). *Heritage Victoria*. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
8. Dunn, Peter. "Crash of a Beaufighter at Mount Disappointment, North of Whittlsea, Victoria". *Australians at War*. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
9. Bushfire - Black Saturday, *Aidr.org.au*, February 2009 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
10. Robert Manne, Why we weren’t warned, *Themonthly.com.au*, July 2009 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
11. Karen Kissane, \[ht intotps://www.smh.com.au/national/tipoff-led-to-intense-16month-investigation-20080916-4hxp.html Tip-off led to intense 16-month investigation\], *Smh.com.au*, 17 September 2008 (accessed on 2019)
12. Gary hugues, Lies, bombs and jihad, *Theaustralian.com.au*, 16 September 2008 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
13. Melissa Cunningham, Ebony Bowden, Epic rescue mission sees crew of 30 save hikers trapped on Mount Disappointment, *Theage.com.au*, 4 April 2017 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
14. "Boy with autism, William Callaghan, found safe on Mount Disappointment after three-day search". ABC News (Australia). 10 June 2020.
15. "Missing Victorian autistic teen found safe and alive". *www.9news.com.au*. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
16. "How William Callaghan was found after two nights on Mount Disappointment". *ABC News*. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
17. Matt Cunningham, Mark Buttler, Death pair flew despite warnings, *Heraldsun.com.au*, 2 August 2007 (accessed on 27 September 2019)
18. "Recovery mission continues after police confirm helicopter crash fatalities north of Melbourne". 31 March 2022.
19. On walkabout on: Mt Disappointment, Victoria, *On-walkabout.net*, 13 December 2007 (accessed on 27 September 2019)

## InfoBox

| Mount Disappointment | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount DisappointmentVictoria, Australia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 800 m (2,600 ft) |
| Coordinates | 37°25′37″S 145°8′11″E / 37.42694°S 145.13639°E / -37.42694; 145.13639 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Victoria, Australia |
| Parent range | Hume Range, Great Dividing Range |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1824 by explorers Hume and Hovell |


title: Goniodoris barroisi

abstract: Goniodoris barroisi is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae.

text:
# Goniodoris barroisi

***Goniodoris barroisi*** is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae.

## Distribution

This species was first described from the Gulf of Marseille, France by A Vayssière in 1901. Harmless to humans it is found in sub tropical areas including the Mediterranean sea.

## InfoBox

| *Goniodoris barroisi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Onchidoridoidea |
| Family: | Goniodorididae |
| Genus: | *Goniodoris* |
| Species: | ***G. barroisi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Goniodoris barroisi***<br>Vayssière, 1901 | |
|


title: Vaituha

abstract: Vaituha is a small valley in northwestern Eiao in which a small watersource empties into a small bay of the same name. This bay is one of two reliable anchorages on Eiao. The depth of the bay is 27 meters. The interior end of the valley has a seasonally spectacular waterfall emptying out of a pebble beach. The high magnesium water is drinkable, but often turns the warter in the bay a shade of orange because of eroding silt after rain. This silt and color can stay for weeks and can cause ciguatera in fish. The valley rises steeply to the plateau which comprises much of the center of the island, and is one of the few ascents thereto. The Vaithua Valley contains most of Eiao's flora and fauna, including wild pigs. In 1962 - 1963, Georges de Caunes lived on the island in this bay, earning it a temporary title "Bay of Caunes." This was to perform a radio show based on the novel Robinson Crusoe. This was ended in around 100 days due to health complications.

text:
# Vaituha

**Vaituha** is a small valley in northwestern Eiao (French Polynesia) in which a small watersource empties into a small bay of the same name. This bay is one of two reliable anchorages on Eiao. The depth of the bay is 27 meters.

The interior end of the valley has a seasonally spectacular waterfall emptying out of a pebble beach. The high magnesium water is drinkable, but often turns the warter in the bay a shade of orange because of eroding silt after rain. This silt and color can stay for weeks and can cause ciguatera in fish. The valley rises steeply to the plateau which comprises much of the center of the island, and is one of the few ascents thereto. The Vaithua Valley contains most of Eiao's flora and fauna, including wild pigs.

In 1962 - 1963, Georges de Caunes lived on the island in this bay, earning it a temporary title "Bay of Caunes." This was to perform a radio show based on the novel Robinson Crusoe. This was ended in around 100 days due to health complications.

7°59′42″S 140°42′24″W / 7.99500°S 140.70667°W / -7.99500; -140.70667

1. "Baie de Vaituha (Eiao) (Marquises)" (in French). Sea Seek. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
2. Lambrides, Ariana & Weisler, Marshall & Charleux, Michel. (2018). New taxonomic records and regional trends for the Marquesan prehistoric marine fishery, Eiao Island, Polynesia. 9.
3. *Polynésie Française* \[*French Polynesia - Sailing Guide*\] (in French). French Polynesia. 2023.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: Jhadoli

abstract: Jhadoli is a small village/hamlet in Pindwara tehsil in Sirohi district of Rajasthan, India. It comes under Pindwara panchayat samiti. It has population of 7460 and people mainly dependent on own small scale business, farming and dairy. It comes under Jodhpur Division of the state. It is located 26 km to the east of District headquarters Sirohi. 425 km from State capital Jaipur. Cities near to Village are: Pindwara - 5 km, Sirohi - 20 km, Sumerpur - 60 km, Sheoganj 57 km, Udaipur - 100 km, Ahmedabad - 250 km. Nearby Airports are: Dabok Airport - 110 km, Jodhpur Airport - 200 km, Ahmedabad Airport - 245 km, Vadodara Airport - 335 km. Nearby Tourist Places are : Mount Abu - 60 km, Kumbhalgarh - 70 km, Ambaji - 61 km, Ranakpur - 70 km. Near By Railway Station are : Sirohi Road (SOH) - 1 km, Abu Road (ABR) - 40 km. Kailash Suthar is elected Sarpanch of Village, he won the Sarpanch Election on 1 Feb 2020 against stiff competition whereas Parbat Singh Panwar is Dy. Sarpanch of village

text:
# Jhadoli

**Jhadoli** is a small village/hamlet in Pindwara tehsil in Sirohi district of Rajasthan, India. It comes under Pindwara panchayat samiti.

It has population of 7460 (Male-3744, Female-3716) and people mainly dependent on own small scale business, farming and dairy.

It comes under Jodhpur Division of the state. It is located 26 km to the east of District headquarters Sirohi. 425 km from State capital Jaipur.

Cities near to Village are: Pindwara - 5 km, Sirohi - 20 km, Sumerpur \- 60 km, Sheoganj 57 km, Udaipur \- 100 km, Ahmedabad \- 250 km.

Nearby Airports are: Dabok Airport - 110 km, Jodhpur Airport - 200 km, Ahmedabad Airport - 245 km, Vadodara Airport - 335 km.

Nearby Tourist Places are : Mount Abu \- 60 km, Kumbhalgarh \- 70 km, Ambaji \- 61 km, Ranakpur \- 70 km.

Near By Railway Station are : Sirohi Road (SOH) - 1 km, Abu Road (ABR) - 40 km.

Kailash Suthar is elected Sarpanch of Village, he won the Sarpanch Election on 1 Feb 2020 against stiff competition whereas Parbat Singh Panwar is Dy. Sarpanch of village

## InfoBox

| Jhadoli | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Sirohi |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Mal Paso, Aguada, Puerto Rico

abstract: Mal Paso is a barrio in the municipality of Aguada, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 2,483.

text:
# Mal Paso, Aguada, Puerto Rico

**Mal Paso** is a barrio in the municipality of Aguada, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 2,483.

## History

Mal Paso was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Mal Paso and Guanábano barrios (spelled Guanábanas) was 723.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 581 |  |  |
| 1920 | 725 |  | 24.8% |
| 1930 | 788 |  | 8.7% |
| 1940 | 1,053 |  | 33.6% |
| 1950 | 1,286 |  | 22.1% |
| 1960 | 1,382 |  | 7.5% |
| 1970 | 1,747 |  | 26.4% |
| 1980 | 2,375 |  | 35.9% |
| 1990 | 2,612 |  | 10.0% |
| 2000 | 2,614 |  | 0.1% |
| 2010 | 2,483 |  | −5.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1900 (N/A) 1910-1930
1930-1950 1960 1980-2000 2010 | | | |

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called **sectores** (*sectors* in English). The types of *sectores* may vary, from normally *sector* to *urbanización* to *reparto* to *barriada* to *residencial*, among others.

The following sectors are in Mal Paso barrio:

*Apartamentos Piedras Blancas, Parcelas Cornelias, Parcelas Las Minas, Sector Avilés, Sector Bucaré, Sector Cáceres, Sector César Ruíz, Sector Chevo Sánchez, Sector El Criollito, Sector Los Bimbas, Sector Militar, Sector Rosa, Sector Sabana, Sector Sony Hill, Sector Tatín Varela, Sector Vadi, Sector Villarrubia*, and *Urbanización Colinas Vista Azul*.

In Mal Paso barrio is part of the Luyando community.

## InfoBox

| Mal Paso Malpaso | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrio | |
| Location of Mal Paso within the municipality of Aguada shown in red | |
| Mal PasoLocation of Puerto Rico | |
| Coordinates: 18°21′58″N 67°10′10″W / 18.365988°N 67.169352°W / 18.365988; -67.169352 | |
| Commonwealth | Puerto Rico |
| Municipality | Aguada |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.93 sq mi (2.4 km2) |
| Land | 0.93 sq mi (2.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 135 ft (41 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 2,483 |
| Density | 2,669.9/sq mi (1,030.9/km2) |
|  | Source: 2010 Census |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |
| ZIP Code | 00602 |
| Area code(s) | 787, 939 |


title: Kahoo Sharqi

abstract: Karoo Sharqi is an area of Birot Kalan Union Council, Abbottabad Tehsil, Abbottabad District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, the population of Karoo Sharqi is 60,337.

text:
# Kahoo Sharqi

**Karoo Sharqi** is an area of Birot Kalan Union Council, Abbottabad Tehsil, Abbottabad District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, the population of Karoo Sharqi is 60,337.

## InfoBox

| Kahoo Sharqi | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| District | Abbottabad |
| Tehsil | Abbottabad |
| Union Council | Birot Kalan |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 6,337 |


title: Uppala railway station

abstract: Uppala railway station is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Palakkad railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Kasaragod district, Kerala.

text:
# Uppala railway station

**Uppala railway station** (station code: UAA) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Palakkad railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Kasaragod district, Kerala.

## InfoBox

| Uppala | |
| --- | --- |
| Regional rail, Light rail & Commuter rail station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Uppala, Kasaragod, Kerala<br>India |
| Coordinates | 12°40′12″N 74°54′25″E / 12.66987°N 74.90684°E / 12.66987; 74.90684 |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Southern Railway zone |
| Line(s) | Shoranur–Mangalore line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At–grade |
| Parking | Available |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | UAA |
| Zone(s) | Southern Railway zone |
| Division(s) | Palakkad |
| Fare zone | Indian Railways |
| History | |
| Opened | 1904 (1904) |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  UppalaLocation within IndiaUppalaUppala (Kerala) | |


title: Tribulus platypterus

abstract: Tribulus platypterus, the cork hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, which is endemic to the northwest of Western Australia. It is closely related to Tribulus suberosus. It was first described by George Bentham in 1863 from a specimen collected by Francis Thomas Gregory in the Hammersley Ranges. An isosyntype collected by Gregory is held in the National Herbarium of Victoria. The specific epithet, platypterus, is derived from two Greek roots/words, platy- ("broad") and -pterus, ("winged"), and describes the plant as having "broad-winged" fruit.

text:
# Tribulus platypterus

***Tribulus platypterus***, the **cork hopbush**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, which is endemic to the northwest of Western Australia. It is closely related to *Tribulus suberosus*.

It was first described by George Bentham in 1863 from a specimen collected by Francis Thomas Gregory in the Hammersley Ranges. An isosyntype (MEL 79454) collected by Gregory (east of the Hammersley Ranges) is held in the National Herbarium of Victoria. The specific epithet, *platypterus*, is derived from two Greek roots/words, *platy-* ("broad") and *-pterus*, ("winged"), and describes the plant as having "broad-winged" fruit.

## Description

*Tribulus platypterus* is a spreading upright shrub which grows to a heights from 40 to 100 cm high and spreading from 50 to 200 cm. The stems usually lack corky bark except at the plant base. The leaves occur in unequal pairs, and have from 4–7 pairs of leaflets on a stalk which is 3–13 mm long. Within each compound leaf the leaflets have short stalks and vary 4–23 mm long by 2.2–8.3 mm wide. The flower stalk is upright and 3.5–6.5 mm long. The sepals are 6–8.5 mm long, and have no covering or have sparse silky hairs on the upper surface, and densely hairy on the lower surface. The petals are elliptic, 10–11 mm long, and not hairy. There are 10 stamens, which may all be fertile or some or all them may be shorter and staminodal. The longer filaments are 5.5–6 mm long; and the shorter filaments are about 3 mm long. The ovary is moderately to densely covered with white silky hairs, and has one ovule per cell. Both the style and stigma are 4.5–6 mm long. The fruit is a ball-shaped 5-winged schizocarp (a fruit which splits into individual carpels), the wings of which give rise to the specific epithet of "broad winged", and is 12–18 mm long by 15–21 mm wide.

It mostly flowers from August to October.

## Distribution & habitat

It is found in the IBRA Regions of the Central Kimberley, the Gascoyne, the Little Sandy Desert, the Murchison, and the Pilbara, in rocky areas, including creek banks and beds, and often in sand.

## Conservation status

Under West Australian conservation laws it is deemed to be "not threatened".

## InfoBox

| *Tribulus platypterus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Zygophyllales |
| Family: | Zygophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Tribulus* |
| Species: | ***T. platypterus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tribulus platypterus***<br>Benth. | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Kallstroemia platyptera* (Benth.) Engl. | |


title: Tribuloideae

abstract: Tribuloideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae.

text:
# Tribuloideae

**Tribuloideae** is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Tribuloideae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Kallstroemia grandiflora* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Zygophyllales |
| Family: | Zygophyllaceae |
| Subfamily: | Tribuloideae
(Reichenbach) D.H.Porter |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Tribulus*
L. | |
| Genera | |
| *Balanites*
*Kallstroemia*
*Kelleronia*
*Neoluederitzia*
*Sisyndite*
*Tribulopis*
*Tribulus* | |


title: Trois Saumons East River

abstract: The Trois Saumons East River(in French: Trois Saumons Est) river is a tributary of the east bank of the Trois Saumons River which flows to the south bank of the St. Lawrence River where it flows south-west of the village of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli and north-east of the village of L'Islet-sur-Mer. The Trois Saumons Est river flows through the municipalities of Saint-Damase-de-L'Islet and Saint-Aubert, in the L'Islet Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

text:
# Trois Saumons East River

The **Trois Saumons East River**(*in French: Trois Saumons Est*) river is a tributary of the east bank of the Trois Saumons River which flows to the south bank of the St. Lawrence River where it flows south-west of the village of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli and north-east of the village of L'Islet-sur-Mer.

The Trois Saumons Est river flows through the municipalities of Saint-Damase-de-L'Islet and Saint-Aubert, in the L'Islet Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Geography

The Trois Saumons Est river has its source on the eastern slope of the mountain designated "Le Pain de Sucre" which overlooks the eastern part of Trois Saumons lake (length: 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi); altitude: 434 metres (1,424 ft)), located in the municipality of Saint-Aubert. This mountain stream-fed spring is located 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) east of Trois Saumons lake, 13.4 kilometres (8.3 mi) south-east of the south shore of St. Lawrence River, 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the center of the village of Saint-Damase-de-L'Islet.

From its source, the Trois Saumons Est River flows over 18.2 kilometres (11.3 mi).

The Trois Saumons Est River flows onto the east bank of the Trois Saumons River, west of Route 204. This confluence is located 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) southeast of the center from the village of Saint-Aubert and 7.1 kilometres (4.4 mi) to the south-east of the center of the village of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli.

## Toponymy

The toponym Rivière Trois Saumons Est was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## InfoBox

| Trois Saumons East River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Native name | *Rivière Trois Saumons Est* (French) |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Chaudière-Appalaches |
| MRC | L'Islet Regional County Municipality |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Forest streams |
| location | Saint-Damase-de-L'Islet |
| coordinates | 47°08′41″N 70°06′27″W / 47.144845°N 70.107621°W / 47.144845; -70.107621 |
| elevation | 415 metres (1,362 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Trois Saumons River |
| location | Saint-Aubert |
| coordinates | 47°10′06″N 70°12′09″W / 47.16833°N 70.2025°W / 47.16833; -70.2025 |
| elevation | 136 metres (446 ft) |
| Length | 18.2 kilometres (11.3 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | (upstream) Ruisseau Creux, ruisseau à Bezeau |
| right | (upstream) Ruisseau Lapointe |


title: Geneva Gazette

abstract: Geneva Gazette was an upstate New York 19th century newspaper that was discontinued in 1901.

text:
# Geneva Gazette

**Geneva Gazette** was an upstate New York 19th century newspaper that was discontinued in 1901.

## History

The first issue was published June 21, 1809. The paper, which also used the title *Geneva Daily Gazette*, was cited by other newspapers, including *The New York Times*. Its print frequency was daily for some of its years, weekly others. *The Geneva Gazette and Mercantile Advertiser* was another name they used.

In 1887 they appealed to their readership on behalf of an 1878-founded clerically-operated medical facility, writing that "its doors are ever open to the unfortunate without distinction of faith or nationality." This was several years before the 1898 opening of a local hospital.

In 1890 the *Gazette* was one of several newspapers to print (for a fee) a state government notice.


title: Trixoscelis similis

abstract: Trixoscelis similis is a European species of Heleomyzidae.

text:
# Trixoscelis similis

***Trixoscelis similis*** is a European species of Heleomyzidae.

## InfoBox

| *Trixoscelis similis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Heleomyzidae |
| Genus: | *Trixoscelis* |
| Species: | ***T. similis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trixoscelis similis***<br>Hackman, 1970 | |
|