title: Operation Broadshare

abstract: Operation Broadshare is the code name for the British military operation to address the COVID-19 pandemic overseas, primarily in the British Overseas Territories (BOTs) and British overseas military bases. The operation runs in parallel to a similar military operation in the United Kingdom, named Operation Rescript. The operation was launched in March 2020 when COVID-19 cases were first being identified in all of the inhabited Overseas Territories, with the exception of the Pitcairn Islands. It began with repatriation flights for British citizens stranded overseas due to COVID-19 travel restrictions and later involved the delivery of medical supplies, personal protective equipment, military medics and Security Assistance Teams (SATs). Under this operation, the military helped to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to affected territories beginning in January 2021, with the first three batches being delivered to Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands.

text:
# Operation Broadshare

**Operation Broadshare** is the code name for the British military operation to address the COVID-19 pandemic overseas, primarily in the British Overseas Territories (BOTs) and British overseas military bases. The operation runs in parallel to a similar military operation in the United Kingdom, named Operation Rescript.

The operation was launched in March 2020 when COVID-19 cases were first being identified in all of the inhabited Overseas Territories, with the exception of the Pitcairn Islands. It began with repatriation flights for British citizens stranded overseas due to COVID-19 travel restrictions and later involved the delivery of medical supplies, personal protective equipment, military medics and Security Assistance Teams (SATs). Under this operation, the military helped to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to affected territories beginning in January 2021, with the first three batches being delivered to Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands.

## Background

The UK has fourteen overseas territories which are located around the world and account for a combined population of 260,000. These territories differ greatly in terms of their population size and economic and social development with the permanently-inhabited ones internally self-governing; the UK retains control over external affairs, including defence and foreign policy, and ensures good governance is maintained. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)  the cause of an ongoing global pandemic  had reached every inhabited British overseas territory, with the exception of the Pitcairn Islands, by March 2020. Subsequently, the British government, through its Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office, began working with the governments of each territory to ensure they were receiving the support they needed to address the pandemic.

Additionally, the UK has around 145 military installations overseas, in more than 42 countries, as well as around 11,000 military personnel stationed at them. The first three cases of the virus at an overseas UK military facility were found in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in the Island of Cyprus in March 2020.

### COVID Support Force

On 16 March 2020, 10,000 British military personnel were placed on standby to assist with the British Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 19 March, the British Government stood up a further 10,000 military personnel and officially announced the formation of the COVID Support Force. The names of two military operations were also announced; Operation Rescript, which focused on the pandemic in the United Kingdom, and Operation Broadshare, which focused on the pandemic overseas, including in the British Overseas Territories and overseas military bases. On 20 March 2020, *The Telegraph* reported General Sir Nick Carter had ordered the armed forces to prepare for a "six month operation".

The COVID Support Force is the responsibility of Headquarters Standing Joint Command (United Kingdom), headed by Commander Home Command, Lieutenant General Tyrone Urch in Aldershot, Hampshire. With 10 regional commands (mostly the brigades supervised by Regional Command, plus London District), it consists of both Regular and Reserve units. Overseas exercises, including those in Canada and Kenya, were cancelled to free up personnel for the COVID Support Force.

## Activities

### North Atlantic

The British Overseas Territories in the North Atlantic are Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and Turks and Caicos. Additionally, the UK maintains military facilities in Belize and Canada.

In April 2020, RFA *Argus* deployed to the Caribbean in preparation for the hurricane season and was placed on standby to assist with tackling the pandemic, if required. The ship carried aid from the Department for International Development, including ration packs and water. A medical team was also available to join the ship, if needed. *Argus* joined patrol ship HMS *Medway*, which was already deployed to the region, to form a Royal Navy task group. British forces coordinated with their French and Dutch counterparts which were also in the region to support their own Caribbean territories during the pandemic.

Elsewhere, military personnel were deployed to the Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos to assist local authorities with their coronavirus response; the latter also received six ventilators and other medical supplies which were delivered by the Royal Air Force.

In May 2020, a 30-strong team from 45 Commando Royal Marines arrived in Turks and Caicos to assist with providing a security presence around the islands amid the pandemic. After spending 14 days in quarantine, the Marines joined the Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force on daily boat patrols, bolstering a combined Royal Marines, Royal Navy and British Army Security Assistance Team. Two separate RAF Atlas transport flights also delivered coronavirus testing equipment, ventilators and other medical supplies.

In September 2020, the Governor of the British Virgin Islands, Augustus Jaspert, requested support from HMS *Medway* in securing the territory's borders amid the outbreak. Until the end of October, the vessel worked alongside the Royal Virgin Islands Police Force and local Joint Task Force, augmenting their patrols and supporting temporary radar arrangements. The crew was not permitted to come ashore due to the risk of transmission.

### South Atlantic

In the South Atlantic, the British Overseas Territories are Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

On 28 March 2020, a team of six airborne medics from 16 Medical Regiment deployed to the Falkland Islands to reinforce the islands' only hospital. This was followed by the deployment of military planners to support local authorities in coordinating their COVID-19 response on 4 April 2020. A small medical team and two Intensive Treatment Units also augmented the islands' medical facilities, whilst personnel delivered oxygen supplies, medicine and personal protective equipment (PPE).

On 27 April 2020, the Royal Air Force flew in equipment via an Atlas transport aircraft to facilitate the construction of an oxygen generation plant at the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital in Stanley. During the same month, 310 kilograms (680 lb) of PPE was delivered to Saint Helena and Ascension Island.

In May 2020, a team of conservationists were rescued from Ascension Island via an RAF Atlas aircraft after becoming stranded due to coronavirus restrictions.

In February 2021, the RAF delivered 3,000 Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines to the Falkland Islands. Around 2,000 were also delivered to Ascension Island in an attempt to make it the world's first island fully inoculated in one hit. The time it took to deliver the vaccines was critical as the vaccines had to be administered within 72 hours of being removed from storage. The vaccines were loaded into an A400M Atlas transport aircraft at RAF Brize Norton, however the aircraft experienced a fault and almost jeopardised the operation with a 24-hour delay. The vaccines were subsequently transferred to a replacement aircraft and, after a 12-hour flight, successfully arrived on the island within the required timeframe.

### Gibraltar

In Gibraltar, around 175 military personnel assisted with the planning logistics and delivery of food and medicine. On 10 April 2020, the Royal Air Force flew in military kit and medical supplies via an Atlas transport aircraft for the Gibraltar Health Authority dealing with coronavirus. Medical personnel also supported the Gibraltar Health Authority Ambulance Service and the Gibraltar Elderly Residential Services by delivering a team of military medics to work alongside staff.

In January 2021, Gibraltar received its first consignment of COVID-19 vaccines from the United Kingdom when nearly 6,000 AstraZeneca vaccines were delivered by the Royal Air Force. On arrival, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment transported them to St Bernard's Hospital, with other British Forces Gibraltar military personnel providing logistical support. Another batch was delivered by the RAF a week later.

### Elsewhere

The Royal Air Force assisted with the repatriation of British citizens from areas affected by coronavirus, including China, Cuba, Japan, Peru, Kenya, Afghanistan and Ukraine.

In May 2020, personnel from British Gurkhas Nepal rescued 109 British tourists and 28 foreign nationals stranded in Nepal due to coronavirus.

In July 2020, the Royal Air Force delivered 16 pallets worth of aid to Accra, Ghana, including materials for a field hospital. A small number of British citizens were also repatriated from Senegal in a separate flight.

The RAF delivered a batch of Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines to the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus via an Airbus Voyager on 24 February 2021.

On 7 September 2021, 20 soldiers from 2nd Battalion, the Royal Gurkha Rifles began operating a swab testing facility in Brunei in support of the country's fight against COVID-19. They also administered injections and provided planning support to the country's health ministry.

In Belize, where the UK maintains a military presence, British military personnel provided support to local authorities tackling the pandemic.

In October 2021, the RAF flew vaccines to the Falkland Islands, which were destined for the British Antarctic Survey Rothera Research Station.

In May 2021, the UK sent military medics and advisors to Nepal to help the country tackle a surge of COVID-19 cases. Following this, personnel at RAF Brize Norton helped load an aircraft with medical equipment, including 260 ventilators and 2,000 pieces of personal protective equipment, bound for Nepal.

## InfoBox

| Operation Broadshare | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of COVID-19 pandemic | |
| A Royal Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft delivering medical aid to Ghana. | |
| Location | British Overseas Territories and Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom |
| Objective | Maintain public order, assist public services and civilian authorities in tackling the Coronavirus outbreak. |
| Date | 23 March 2020 (2020-03-23) |
| Executed by | United Kingdom |


title: Indole test

abstract: The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as "tryptophanase."

text:
# Indole test

The **indole test** is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as "tryptophanase."

## Biochemistry

Indole is generated by reductive deamination from tryptophan via the intermediate molecule indolepyruvic acid. Tryptophanase catalyzes the deamination reaction, during which the amine (-NH2) group of the tryptophan molecule is removed. Final products of the reaction are indole, pyruvic acid, ammonium (NH4+) and energy. Pyridoxal phosphate is required as a coenzyme.

## Performing a test

Like many biochemical tests on bacteria, results of an indole test are indicated by a change in color following a reaction with an added reagent.

Pure bacterial culture must be grown in sterile tryptophan or peptone broth for 24–48 hours before performing the test. Following incubation, five drops of Kovac's reagent (isoamyl alcohol, para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, concentrated hydrochloric acid) are added to the culture broth.

A positive result is shown by the presence of a red or reddish-violet color in the surface alcohol layer of the broth. A negative result appears yellow. A variable result can also occur, showing an orange color as a result. This is due to the presence of skatole, also known as methyl indole or methylated indole, another possible product of tryptophan degradation.

The positive red color forms as a result of a series of reactions. The para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with indole present in the medium to form a red rosindole dye. The isoamyl alcohol forms a complex with rosindole dye, which causes it to precipitate. The remaining alcohol and the precipitate then rise to the surface of the medium.

A variation on this test using Ehrlich's reagent (using ethyl alcohol in place of isoamyl alcohol, developed by Paul Ehrlich) is used when performing the test on nonfermenters and anaerobes.

### Indole-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria that test positive for cleaving indole from tryptophan include: *Aeromonas hydrophila*, *Aeromonas punctata*, *Bacillus alvei*, *Edwardsiella* sp., *Escherichia coli*, *Flavobacterium* sp., *Haemophilus influenzae*, *Klebsiella oxytoca*, *Proteus* sp. (not *P. mirabilis* and *P. penneri*), *Plesiomonas shigelloides*, *Pasteurella multocida*, *Pasteurella pneumotropica*, *Vibrio* sp., and *Lactobacillus reuteri*.

### Indole-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria which give negative results for the indole test include: *Actinobacillus* spp., *Aeromonas salmonicida*, *Alcaligenes* sp., most *Bacillus* sp., *Bordetella* sp., *Enterobacter* sp., most *Haemophilus* sp., most *Klebsiella* sp., *Neisseria* sp., *Mannheimia haemolytica*, *Pasteurella ureae*, *Proteus mirabilis*, *P. penneri*, *Pseudomonas* sp., *Salmonella* sp., *Serratia* sp., *Yersinia* sp., and *Rhizobium* sp.

The Indole test is one of the four tests of the IMViC series, which tests for evidence of an enteric bacterium. The other three tests include: the methyl red test \[M\], the Voges–Proskauer test \[V\] and the citrate test \[C\].

* MacFaddin, Jean F. "Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria." Williams & Wilkins, 1980, pp 173 – 183.
* Example of typical indole reactions
* Angen, O.; Mutters, R.; Caugant, D. A.; Olsen, J. E.; Bisgaard, M. (1999). "Taxonomic relationships of the \[Pasteurella\] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb, nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. nov.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (1): 67–86. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-67. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 10028248


title: Walter C. Rollins

abstract: Walter Childs Rollins was an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer about whom the New York Times said "was for thirty years one of the most successful trainers of thoroughbred racers in America."

text:
# Walter C. Rollins

**Walter Childs Rollins** (1857  January 18, 1908) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer about whom the *New York Times* said "was for thirty years one of the most successful trainers of thoroughbred racers in America."

## Early life

Born in Lexington, Kentucky, Walter Rollins first worked in the racing industry as a stable hand for H. Price McGrath, owner of McGrathiana Stud. He was a jockey for a time but met with limited success.

## Training career

As a trainer, Rollins spent the majority of his career at racetracks in the New York/New Jersey area, making his home in The Bronx, New York. His first major success came with the colt General Monroe with whom he won the 1883 and 1884 editions of the Saratoga Cup and the inaugural running of the Suburban Handicap in 1884.

Walter Rollins trained for prominent owners such as Norman Kittson, Pierre Lorillard IV, and the Oneck Stable of Harry K. Knapp and his brother, Dr. Gideon Lee Knapp. Rollins' most famous horse was Oneck Stable's Sir Walter. He also owned some of the horses he trained, notably Deerslayer, winner of the 1896 Carter Handicap and Autumn Cup, as well as Herbert, who won back-to-back runnings of the Merchants and Citizens Handicap in 1901 and 1902.

## Retirement

Plagued by health problems, by 1901 Rollins had hired trainer Robert Healey to assist him and then retired in 1903 at age forty-six. In the fall of 1908, Mrs. Rollins died. Despondent over her loss and his own failing health, Walter Rollins killed himself. He was living in The Bronx, New York near the Jerome Park Racetrack at the time of his death.

## InfoBox

| Walter Rollins | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Trainer / Owner |
| Born | 1857
Lexington, Kentucky,
United States |
| Died | January 18, 1908 |
| Career wins | Not found |
| Major racing wins | |
| Saratoga Cup (1883, 1884)
Suburban Handicap (1884)
Great American Stakes (1892)
Eclipse Stakes (1892)
Lorillard Stakes (1893)
Tidal Stakes (1893)
Foam Stakes (1894)
June Stakes (1894)
Long Island Handicap (1894)
Vernal Stakes (1894)
Brooklyn Handicap (1896)
Autumn Cup (1896)
Carter Handicap (1896)
Municipal Handicap (1896)
Russet Stakes (1896)
Junior Champion Stakes (1898)
Expectation Stakes (1899)
Ladies Handicap (1900)
Merchants and Citizens Handicap
(1901, 1902)
Occidental Handicap (1901, 1902)
Twin City Handicap (1901) | |
| Significant horses | |
| General Monroe, Sir Walter, Herbert, Deerslayer | |


title: John Vernon

abstract: John Keith Vernon was a Canadian actor. He made a career in Hollywood after achieving initial television stardom in Canada. He was best known for playing Dean Wormer in Animal House, the Mayor in Dirty Harry and Fletcher in The Outlaw Josey Wales.

text:
# John Vernon

**John Keith Vernon** (born **Adolphus Raymondus Vernon Agopsowicz**; February 24, 1932  February 1, 2005) was a Canadian actor. He made a career in Hollywood after achieving initial television stardom in Canada. He was best known for playing Dean Wormer in *Animal House*, the Mayor in *Dirty Harry* and Fletcher in *The Outlaw Josey Wales*.

## Personal life

Born as Adolphus Raymondus Vernon Agopsowicz in Zehner, Saskatchewan, Vernon was one of two sons of Adolf Agopsowicz, a grocer, and his wife Eleonore Krückel (also spelled as Kriekle or Kriekel). Both his parents' families emigrated to the Edenwold district in the late 19th century from the Austrian crownland and duchy of Bukovina. The Agopsowicz family were part of the Armenian community in Poland. Vernon was of Armenian, German, and Polish descent.

Raised Catholic, from 1935 to 1953 he attended St. Joseph's School and Campion College in Regina, Saskatchewan, where his acting career began under the direction of the Rev. Arthur Nelson, S.J. and Mary Ellen Burgess at the Regina Little Theatre. Vernon was educated at the Banff School of Fine Arts and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London before becoming a live stage actor for CBC Television's dramatic programs. In 1974, he completed a season at The Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, playing Malvolio.

Vernon is the father of actress Kate Vernon, musician Nan Vernon, and actor Chris Vernon.

## Career

### Early roles

Vernon made his screen debut in 1956 as the voice of Big Brother in Michael Anderson's film version of George Orwell's *1984* starring Edmond O'Brien. He returned to Canada afterwards and gained film experience appearing on the TV series *The Adventures of Tugboat Annie* and *The Last of the Mohicans*.

He debuted on Broadway in 1964 as DeSoto opposite Christopher Plummer and David Carradine in *The Royal Hunt of the Sun*. During the Golden Age of CBC Drama in the 1960s, he co-starred in Edna O'Brien's *A Cheap Bunch of Nice Flowers*, opposite Colleen Dewhurst, and in *Uncle Vanya*, opposite William Hutt and Rita Gam.

Starting in 1966, Vernon played the crime-fighting medical examiner Wojeck in the CBC TV series of the same name. *Wojeck* was an instant critical success, and also quickly became the most popular Canadian-produced dramatic series aired at the time. However, due to budget constraints it ran sporadically, and the CBC could not promise that *Wojeck* would continue for more than a few episodes at a time. As well, the pay rate for the cast was far less than an American series could offer. With TV work proving precarious, and the Canadian film industry essentially non-existent at the time, by the end of 1967 Vernon decided to go to the United States to further his acting career.

In 1967, he appeared opposite Lee Marvin in *Point Blank*.

In 1969, he played Cuban revolutionary Rico Parra in Alfred Hitchcock's Cold War-era spy movie *Topaz*. He appeared on *The High Chaparral* as the leader of a group of striking Irish miners (1969) in "No Irish Need Apply".

In 1970, he guest-starred in the *Hawaii Five-O* episode "Force Of Waves" as Cal Anderson, and he appeared in the two-part episode "The Banker" of *The Silent Force* in 1971. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he made four appearances over five years on the TV series *Mission: Impossible* as four different lead villains. In 1974, Vernon turned in a supporting performance in *Mary Jane Harper Cried Last Night*.

In 1971, he played the by-the-book mayor of San Francisco, perpetually frustrated by Clint Eastwood, in the first *Dirty Harry* movie. He later parodied this role in the film *One More Train to Rob* and the premiere episode of *Sledge Hammer!*.

In 1974, he co-starred in the film *The Black Windmill* with Michael Caine and Donald Pleasence. Also in 1974, he appeared in *The Questor Tapes*.

In 1976, he played Fletcher in Eastwood's *The Outlaw Josey Wales*.

In 1977, he played the husband in the Italian film *A Special Day*, with Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni.

### Villain

In 1972, he appeared as a villain in *Fear Is the Key* and in 1973, he appeared in *Charley Varrick* as mob boss Maynard Boyle.

In 1975, Vernon portrayed Chicago gangster Ben Larkin in the John Wayne movie *Brannigan*, which was set in London, England, starring alongside Wayne and Richard Attenborough.

Vernon played Dean Vernon Wormer of fictional Faber College in 1978's *Animal House* (a role that he would reprise in the short-lived television sequel *Delta House*). He also played Mr. Prindle in 1980's *Herbie Goes Bananas*, Ted Striker's psychiatrist Dr. Stone in 1982's *Airplane II: The Sequel*, and Sherman Krader in 1987's *Ernest Goes to Camp*.

In 1979, Vernon played villainous American bigot Jonathon Pritts in New Mexico, who was trying to steal the land from Mexican landowners in the Louis L'Amour story of *The Sacketts*.

He also appeared in several cult exploitation and action films in the 1980s, most notably *Chained Heat* and *Savage Streets*, both starring Linda Blair, and *Jungle Warriors*, opposite Sybil Danning. He underplayed his villain image (playing a character called "Mr. Big") in the 1988 Blaxploitation spoof *I'm Gonna Git You Sucka*: a character thinks Vernon should be "above exploitation films" and Vernon replies that many famous actors have done exploitation films, listing Jamie Lee Curtis, Angie Dickinson, and Shelley Winters as examples.

Vernon played Ted Jarrett in the season two *The A-Team* episode "Labor Pains" (1983). Vernon also played Cameron Zachary in the season two *Knight Rider* episode "A Good Knight's Work" (1984). He appeared in three episodes of *The Fall Guy*: as Carson Connally in the season two episode "Just a Small Circle of Friends" (1983), as Ellis in the season three episode "Boom" (1984), and as Mardovitch in the season four episode "High Orbit" (1985). Vernon later played John Bradford Horn in the season three *Airwolf* episode "Discovery" (1986).

In 1986, he played the principal in *Fuzz Bucket*. He played Sergeant Curt Mooney in *Killer Klowns from Outer Space* and was a lead in the short-lived 1990s series *Acapulco H.E.A.T.* In 1995, he appeared on *Walker, Texas Ranger* in the episode Final Justice. In the episode, he played Clint Murdock, a criminal who murdered Cordell Walker's (Chuck Norris) parents when the latter was a kid and he would also serve as Walker's arch nemesis in the episode.

Vernon guest starred as the grouchy principal Dinkler in "Brad to Worse", an episode of *Duckman* on USA Network.

### Voice work

Vernon also did voice work, including voicing Tony Stark/Iron Man and Sub-Mariner in *The Marvel Super Heroes,* Rupert Thorne in *Batman: The Animated Series,* General Ross in *The Incredible Hulk* series, and Shao Kahn in *Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm*.

## Death

Vernon died of complications following heart surgery on February 1, 2005, in Westwood, Los Angeles at the age of 72, about 23 days before his 73rd birthday.

## Selected filmography

### Animation

List of voice performances in films
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *Heavy Metal* | Prosecutor | segment "Captain Sternn" |
| 2003 | *Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman* | Rupert Thorne | Direct-to-video |
| 2008 | *Delgo* | Nohrin Judge | Posthumous release (final film role) |
|

List of voice performances in television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | *The Marvel Super Heroes* | Iron Man/Tony Stark // Sub-Mariner/Prince Namor, /Major Glenn Talbot / Major Corey |
| 1986 | *Wildfire* | Wildfire | 13 Episodes |
| 1992–1994 | *Batman: The Animated Series* | Rupert Thorne | 9 Episodes |
| 1993 | *SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron* | Rex Shard | Episode: "Chaos in Crystal" |
| 1994 | *Fantastic Four* | Doctor Doom | Episodes: "The Mask of Doom: Part 1" |
| 1995 | *Pinky and the Brain* | Admiral | Episode: "Das Mouse" |
| 1996 | *Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm* | Shao Kahn | 3 Episodes |
| 1996 | *Spider-Man* | Doctor Strange | Episode: "Doctor Strange" |
| 1994 | *Duckman* | Principal Dinkler | Episode: "From Brad to Worse" |
| 1996–1997 | *The Incredible Hulk* | General Ross | 14 Episodes |
| 1998 | *Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain* | Principal | Episode: "Gee, Your Hair Spells Terrific" |
| 2000 | *Pigs Next Door* | Grand Porcinus | Uncredited, Episode: "Hog Island" |
| 2003–2005 | *The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy* | Dean Toadblatt | 3 Episodes |
|

List of voice performances in video games
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *The Adventures of Batman & Robin* | Rupert Thorne |  |
| 2000 | *Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2* | Tesla trooper |  |
| 2000 | *Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn* | Goldander Blackenrock / Baron Ployer |  |
| 2000 | *Star Trek: Klingon Academy* | Academy Communications Officer / Federation Commander 2 |  |
| 2001 | *Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge* |  |  |
| 2002 | *Earth & Beyond* | Proconsul Dionysius Kerr |  |
| 2004 | *Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel* | Rhombus / Glowing Ghoul |  |
| 2005 | *Area 51* | Additional Voices |  |
|

## InfoBox

| John Vernon | |
| --- | --- |
| Vernon in *Dirty Harry*, 1971 | |
| Born | Adolphus Raymondus Vernon Agopsowicz
(1932-02-24)February 24, 1932
Zehner, Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Died | February 1, 2005(2005-02-01) (aged 72)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater |  |
| Years active | 1956–2005 |
| Spouse | Nancy West (divorced) |
| Children | 3, including Kate and Nan |


title: Henry B. Metcalf

abstract: Henry Brewer Metcalf was an American prohibitionist and politician from Rhode Island, who served as the Prohibition Party's gubernatorial candidate thrice and vice presidential nominee in 1900.

text:
# Henry B. Metcalf

**Henry Brewer Metcalf** (April 2, 1829 – October 5, 1904) was an American prohibitionist and politician from Rhode Island, who served as the Prohibition Party's gubernatorial candidate thrice and vice presidential nominee in 1900.

## Life

Henry Brewer Metcalf was born in Boston, Massachusetts on April 2, 1829, and attended public schools in the city. When he was 15 he was apprenticed to a dry goods importing and jobbing company in Boston to aid his family's finances. In 1856, he received a Master of Arts degree from Tufts College in Massachusetts. In 1867, he helped to form the Boston Button Company as the firm's senior partner and in 1874 he moved to Rhode Island where he established the Pawtucket Haircloth Company. He later formed the Campbell Machine Company in Boston which made machinery to make shoes. He later served as a Trustee of Tufts College and also as President of the Trustees of Tufts College.

He was a member of the Whig Party until its dissolution and then joined the Republican Party until 1872 when he joined the Liberal Republicans and supported Horace Greeley for president although he later returned following the party's dissolution. In 1874, he assisted in the reorganization of Pawtucket, Rhode Island's city government, being elected to the Winchester city council. In 1885, he was elected to Rhode Island's state senate and served for one term.

Despite his unsuccessful attempt at reelection to the state senate he was a leader in pushing for a constitutional amendment to ban the sale of liquor in Rhode Island and served as the president of the Rhode Island Temperence Union. In 1886, he joined the Prohibition Party and served as its gubernatorial candidate in 1893, 1894, and 1900.

In 1900, he served as a delegate to the Prohibition national convention and aided in the nomination of John G. Woolley for the party's presidential nomination. He won the Prohibition Party's vice presidential nomination with 349 delegates against Thomas R. Caskardon's 132 delegates and E. L. Eaton's 113 delegates.

Shortly before his death he was a member of the American Protective Tariff League of New York and vice president of the American Anti-Imperialist League. In 1904, he was selected to be the Prohibition Party's gubernatorial candidate again, but he died in Pawtucket, Rhode Island on October 5, 1904, after suffering a series of strokes at the age of 75 and was replaced by William E. Brightman.

## Electoral history

1893 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | **Daniel Russell Brown** | **21,830** | **46.40%** | −3.82% |
|  | Democratic | David S. Baker | 22,015 | 46.73% | +0.22% |
|  | Prohibition | ***Henry B. Metcalf*** | 3,265 | 6.93% | +4.01% |
| Total votes | | | '***47,110'*** | '***100.00%'*** |  |

1894 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | **Daniel Russell Brown** | **29,157** | **53.15%** | +6.75% |
|  | Democratic | David S. Baker | 22,650 | 41.29% | −5.44% |
|  | Prohibition | ***Henry B. Metcalf*** | 2,241 | 4.09% | −2.84% |
|  | Socialist Labor | Charles G. Baylor | 592 | 1.08% | +1.08% |
|  | Populist | Henry A. Burlingame | 223 | 0.41% | +0.41% |
| Total votes | | | '***54,863'*** | '***100.00%'*** |  |

1896 Rhode Island Second Congressional District election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | **Adin B. Capron** | **16,612** | **63.50%** | +2.91% |
|  | Democratic | Lucius F. C. Garvin | 8,088 | 30.92% | −3.34% |
|  | Prohibition | ***Henry B. Metcalf*** | 1,207 | 4.61% | +0.75% |
|  | Socialist Labor | James Jefferson | 254 | 0.97% | +0.12% |
| Total votes | | | '***26,161'*** | '***100.00%'*** |  |

1900 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | **William Gregory** | **26,043** | **54.33%** | −2.03% |
|  | Democratic | Nathan W. Littlefield | 17,184 | 35.85% | +1.99% |
|  | Socialist Labor | James P. Reid | 2,858 | 5.96% | −0.86% |
|  | Prohibition | ***Henry B. Metcalf*** | 1,848 | 3.86% | +0.89% |
| Total votes | | | '***47,933'*** | '***100.00%'*** |  |

1900 United States presidential and vice-presidential election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | William McKinley (incumbent) & **Theodore Roosevelt** | **7,218,283** | **51.66%** |  |
|  | Democratic | William Jennings Bryan & Adlai Stevenson | 6,358,149 | 45.51% |  |
|  | Prohibition | John G. Woolley & ***Henry B. Metcalf*** | 209,132 | 1.50% |  |
|  | Social Democratic | Eugene V. Debs & Job Harriman | 86,973 | 0.62% |  |
|  | Populist | Wharton Barker & Ignatius Donnelly | 50,892 | 0.36% |  |
|  | Socialist Labor | Joseph F. Malloney & Valentine Remmel | 40,968 | 0.29% |  |
|  | Union Reform Party (1900) | Seth H. Ellis & Samuel T. Nicholson | 5,696 | 0.04% |  |
|  | United Christian Party (United States) | Jonah Leonard & David H. Martin | 518 | 0.00% |  |
|  | write-ins | others | 1,236 | 0.01% |  |
| Total votes | | | **13,971,846** | **100.00%** |  |

## InfoBox

| Henry B. Metcalf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Rhode Island Senate | |
| **In office**
1885–1886 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Henry Brewer Metcalf
(1829-04-02)April 2, 1829
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | October 5, 1904(1904-10-05) (aged 75)
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Political party | Prohibition (1888–1904) |
| Other political
affiliations | Whig before (1856)
Republican (Before 1888)
Liberal Republican (1872) |
| Education | Tufts University (MA) |
|  | |


title: Velvet Lounge

abstract: The Velvet Lounge was a nightclub in the South Loop of Chicago. It started as a jazz club and was called the "dusty epicenter of the Midwest's free form jazz scene." It was located at 2128 1/2 S. Indiana Avenue before moving to 67 E. Cermak when the original building was scheduled for demolition. It closed permanently in 2019.

text:
# Velvet Lounge

The **Velvet Lounge** was a nightclub in the South Loop of Chicago. It started as a jazz club and was called the "dusty epicenter of the Midwest's free form jazz scene." It was located at 2128 1/2 S. Indiana Avenue before moving to 67 E. Cermak when the original building was scheduled for demolition. It closed permanently in 2019.

41°53′N 87°38′W / 41.883°N 87.633°W / 41.883; -87.633

## History

The club was established in 1983 by jazz saxophonist Fred Anderson who owned the business until his death in 2010. Many live albums were recorded at the club, including a series of performances featuring Anderson himself, on the Delmark label, and 1998's *Live at the Velvet Lounge* with Anderson, Peter Kowald, and Hamid Drake. Many prominent musicians played the Velvet Lounge early in their careers, particularly in Sunday night jam sessions. The club's standard lineup of the early 1990s featured trumpeter Billy Brimfield, saxophonist Art Taylor, pianist Jim Baker, bassist Mike Cristol, and drummer Gerald Donovan. From the mid 1990s, the "Velvet Graduates" house band included tenor saxophonist David Boykin, baritone saxophonist Aaron Getsug, alto saxophonist Greg Ward II, bassist Karl E. H. Seigfried, and drummer Isaiah Spencer. After Anderson's death, the club was purchased by a neighboring business which ended the jazz performances and instead presented DJs, hip hop music, and comedians.

In 2013, Mike Reed founded the Constellation club, in part to fill the void left after the Velvet Lounge closed.


title: Oberhausen-Holten station

abstract: Oberhausen-Holten is a railway station in Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Arnhem-Oberhausen railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Abellio Deutschland.

text:
# Oberhausen-Holten station

**Oberhausen-Holten** is a railway station in Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Arnhem-Oberhausen railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Abellio Deutschland.

## History

The *Haltestelle Holten (Kr. Ruhrort)* (Holten (Ruhrort district) halt) was opened in 1886 by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (*Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft*, CME) on the Oberhausen–Arnhem line, which had been built on 1 September 1853. A now demolished entrance building was built at that time. The area administered by the mayor of Holten had just been divided into areas administered by the mayor of Sterkrade and by the mayor of Beeck (the smaller, western part) and belonged to the district of Mülheim an der Ruhr.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the stop was upgraded to a station of `III OR` class. After the Holtener Bruch was drained by the channeling of the Emscher, there were plans to build one of the first German airports there.

Before the First World War, the station was renamed to *Bahnhof Holten* (Holten station). In 1917, Holten was incorporated into the new town of Sterkrade, which in turn became part of the city of Oberhausen in 1929; however, the station was not named Oberhausen-Holten station until 14 May 1950.

The station was reclassified as a *Haltestelle* (stopping place) on 28 January 1975 and is now classified as a *Haltepunkt* (stopping point), following the removal of a siding.

From mid-2014 to the end of 2015, the area at Holten station around the *Emmericher Straße/Weseler Straße/Schmachtendorfer Straße/Bahnstraße* intersection was upgraded. The intersection has turned into a roundabout and a small bus station with new bicycle boxes has been built on the green area between the station and Emmericher Straße.

## Transport services

Oberhausen-Holten station is served (as of 2020) by the following lines (the Wupper-Lippe-Express operates on weekdays only):

| Line | Line name | Route | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RE 5 | Rhein-Express | EmmerichWesel**Oberhausen-Holten**DuisburgDüsseldorfCologneBonn Remagen Andernach Koblenz | 60 mins |
| RE 19 | Rhein-IJssel-Express | Arnhem – Emmerich – Wesel – **Oberhausen-Holten**Oberhausen – Duisburg – Düsseldorf | 60 mins |
| RE 49 | Wupper-Lippe-Express | Wesel**Oberhausen-Holten**OberhausenMülheim Essen Wuppertal-Vohwinkel Wuppertal | 60 mins |

### Bus services

The station is served by several bus routes operated by Stadtwerke Oberhausen (STOAG) and *Niederrheinische Verkehrsbetriebe* (NIAG).

## InfoBox

| Oberhausen-Holten | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Coordinates | 51°32′03″N 6°48′39″E / 51.53417°N 6.81083°E / 51.53417; 6.81083 |
| Line(s) | Arnhem-Oberhausen railway |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 4649 |
| DS100 code | EOHT |
| IBNR | 8004540 |
| Category | 5 |
| Fare zone | VRR: 242 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 1886 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station National Express Germany Following station  Dinslakentowards Wesel  RE 5 (Rhein-Express)  Oberhausen-Sterkradetowards Koblenz Hbf  Preceding station  VIAS Following station  Dinslakentowards Arnhem Centraal or Bocholt  RE 19  Oberhausen-Sterkradetowards Düsseldorf Hbf  Preceding station  DB Regio NRW Following station  Dinslakentowards Wesel  RE 49  Oberhausen-Sterkradetowards Wuppertal Hbf | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Oberhausen-HoltenLocation within North Rhine-Westphalia | |


title: Safety play

abstract: Safety play in contract bridge is a generic name for plays in which declarer maximizes the chances for fulfilling the contract by ignoring a chance for a higher score. Declarer uses safety plays to cope with potentially unfavorable layouts of the opponent's cards. In so doing, declarer attempts to ensure the contract even in worst-case scenarios, by giving up the possibility of overtricks. Safety plays adapt declarer's strategy to the scoring system. In IMP-scoring tournaments and rubber bridge, the primary scoring reward comes from fulfilling the contract and overtricks are of little marginal value. Therefore, safety plays are an important part of declarer technique at quantitative scoring. In matchpoint games, which use comparative scoring, overtricks are very important. Therefore, although safety plays have a certain role at matchpoints, they are normally avoided if the odds for making the contract are good and overtricks are likely.

text:
# Safety play

**Safety play** in contract bridge is a generic name for plays in which declarer maximizes the chances for fulfilling the contract (or achieving a certain score) by ignoring a chance for a higher score. Declarer uses safety plays to cope with potentially unfavorable layouts of the opponent's cards. In so doing, declarer attempts to ensure the contract even in worst-case scenarios, by giving up the possibility of overtricks.

Safety plays adapt declarer's strategy to the scoring system. In IMP-scoring tournaments and rubber bridge, the primary scoring reward comes from fulfilling the contract and overtricks are of little marginal value. Therefore, safety plays are an important part of declarer technique at quantitative scoring.

In matchpoint games, which use comparative scoring, overtricks are very important. Therefore, although safety plays have a certain role at matchpoints, they are normally avoided if the odds for making the contract are good and overtricks are likely.

## Definition

The term *safety play* is difficult to define crisply. The Bridge World glossary defines safety play as "the surest line to make the contract, disregarding extra tricks that might be made in some other way." Marshall Miles has defined it as "playing in such a way as to lose a trick with average breaks in order to avoid losing additional tricks with bad breaks."

Conflating discussions from various sources yields the following points, each descriptive of safety play characteristics:

* A safety play is made in a single suit. In the context of that suit, it can often be described using other terms that might or might not pertain to the full deal, such as avoidance play, percentage play, coup or duck.
* A safety play, although made in a single suit, is intended to maximize declarer's chances to make the contract.
* A safety play usually gives up the opportunity to win as many tricks as possible in a particular suit in order to gain an advantage on the full deal. It therefore is sometimes compared to an *insurance premium*.

## Examples

Safety plays have a role at both comparative scoring and quantitative scoring, although they are used more often at quantitative scoring because they tend to give up on overtricks.

### Safety play at IMPs

|  | |  | KJ |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | Q5 ||
| |  | AJ72 ||
| |  | Q8753 ||
|  | 10973 | **N**

**W               E**

**S** | |  | Q8542 |
|  | 10864 | |  | 972 |
|  | 9 | |  | K1085 |
|  | J942 | |  | 10 |
|  | |  | A6 |  | |
| |  | AKJ3 ||
| |  | Q643 ||
| |  | AK6 ||

The example deal at left is from a team of four game.

South plays 6NT against the lead of the 10. Dummy's K wins, and the A and K are played. East discards a small spade on the second club trick.

This particular hand is one of a relatively small group of (non-trivial) deals in which perfect safety is available after the third trick. Single-dummy, using a safety play in diamonds, it is possible to guarantee the contract against any remaining distribution and play of the E-W cards.

South started by expecting to win five clubs, one or two diamonds, four hearts and two spades, but the 4-1 split in clubs complicates matters. Still, a safety play in diamonds will bring in twelve tricks.

It's just coincidence, but the proper diamond play on this hand is the same as the percentage play with this diamond holding, considering the suit in isolation. The best play for three diamond tricks is to play the A, and then lead toward either the Q or the J. This play brings in three diamond tricks 73% of the time.

Using that play on this deal brings in twelve tricks 100% of the time. Cash the A, and lead small toward the Q. Then:

* If diamonds are 3-2, South will always win three clubs, three diamonds, four hearts and two spades.
* If diamonds are 4-1 and West has the singleton, East cannot play the K on the second lead without setting up both the Q and the J. If East plays low and West shows out, concede a club and take four clubs, two diamonds, four hearts and two spades. The same play works if East began with five diamonds.
* If diamonds are 4-1 and East has the singleton, West can capture the Q with the K. But in that case West is known to hold four cards in each minor, and on the run of the major suits will be squeezed out of his guard in either diamonds or clubs. In with the K, West can attack dummy's entry in diamonds or in clubs, but not both. The same play works if West began with five diamonds.

Note that South gives up the 14% chance of four diamond tricks (finessing the J and then cashing the A, hoping for the K onside and doubleton) in exchange for insuring the contract against any diamond break. If South begins the diamonds by finessing the J, the contract fails against king-fourth in the East hand.

### Safety play at matchpoints

Safety play usually involves giving up the chance of the maximum result in exchange for the best chance of making the contract. So one seldom sees safety plays made at matchpoints or board-a-match. But even at those forms of scoring, there can be good reasons to make safety plays.

Suppose that, at pairs, declarer is in a standard contract, one that the majority of the field will surely reach. However, the defense makes an unorthodox opening lead, presenting declarer with a possible overtrick. There may now be a way, unavailable to other declarers, that will guarantee the contract while retaining good chances for the overtrick.

Or declarer might be in an unusually good contract. Hugh Kelsey gives this example:

|  | 5 |
| --- | --- |
|  | 763 |
|  | AQ9754 |
|  | J84 |
| **N**

**S** | |
|  | J1083 |
|  | AKQ4 |
|  | K63 |
|  | Q2 |

The bidding goes 1  2; Pass, and West leads the K and continues with the 10.

South is in an unusually good matchpoint contract. Most players will open the South hand with 1NT rather than 1. And it is very difficult to reach a heart contract if South opens 1NT or 1: either way, North signs off in diamonds.

In any case, 2 is both an exceptionally good matchpoint contract and difficult to reach. Assuming reasonably competent defense, plus 130 is the limit playing in diamonds, and plus 120 in notrump contracts.

But there's an easy way to score plus 140 in 2: take a safety play in hearts by ducking the first round. This gives up the chance of plus 170 (if hearts break 3-3) in exchange for the best chance of plus 140 (if hearts break either 4-2 or 3-3). Note that playing hearts from the top leads to defeat if hearts are 4-2, the most likely split.

### Safety play at notrump

Safety plays, of course, are not limited to trump contracts. Here is an example of a safety play at notrump.

|  | A10872 |
| --- | --- |
|  | A |
|  | A532 |
|  | 843 |
| **N**

**S** | |
|  | K9 |
|  | K102 |
|  | K964 |
|  | AK62 |

South declares 3NT and gets the lead of the Q. After winning the A, declarer leads the 2 and East plays a small spade. The play of the 9 now assures the contract. If West wins the trick he cannot play another heart without giving the ninth trick to declarer and the tempo to develop more in spades. West therefore switches to a diamond and South wins in hand. South overtakes the K with the A – the key play on this hand – and the A assures an entry to two more spade tricks. If spades are played from top the hand might not make if East holds Q J x x and both minor suits fail to break.

1. The Bridge World glossary
2. Miles, Marshall. How to Win at Duplicate Bridge. Collier, 1957.
3. Kelsey, H.W. Test Your Match Play. Faber, 1977.
4. Kelsey, H.W. Match-Point Bridge. Faber, 1970.


title: RRAT J1819-1458

abstract: RRAT J1819-1458 is a Milky Way neutron star and the best studied of the class of rotating radio transients (RRATs) first discovered in 2006.

text:
# RRAT J1819-1458

**RRAT J1819-1458** is a Milky Way neutron star and the best studied of the class of rotating radio transients (RRATs) first discovered in 2006.

## General characteristics

RRAT J1819-1458 exhibits sporadic pulses of radio emission. It has a rotation period of 4.26 seconds and a slow-down rate which implies it has a dipole magnetic field strength higher than all other RRATs. In fact its magnetic field is stronger than the quantum critical limit. Its pulses are the brightest of all the RRATs and of the original 11 sources it has the highest burst rate.

The pulsar has three emission phases in one period, and most intense pulses are from the middle phase. Many pulses are observed 'double-peaked' which are mostly in the middle emission phase. The pulse intensity distribution is reported similar to some normal pulsars and 'giant pulse' pulsars suggesting similar emission mechanisms.

X-ray extended emission around RRAT J1819−1458 is found, which can be interpreted with a nebula somehow powered by the pulsar. There is a possible candidate counterpart for RRAT J1819−1458.

It has been observed at X-ray wavelengths in observations using the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton X-ray telescopes where an X-ray spectrum typical of thermal emission from a cooling neutron was observed. Modulation of the X-ray light at the 4.26 second rotation period is also observed indicating that there are hot spots on the surface of the star, i.e. the temperature distribution is not uniform.

RRAT J1819-1458 has been monitored since its discovery and has been observed to exhibit glitches, a rotational irregularity seen in many young pulsars and magnetars.


title: Indianapolis Public Schools

abstract: Indianapolis Public Schools (IPS) is the largest school district in Indianapolis, and the second largest school district in the state of Indiana as of 2021, behind Fort Wayne Community Schools. The district's headquarters are in the John Morton-Finney Center for Educational Services. The district's official name is the School City of Indianapolis, and it is governed by a seven-member Board of School Commissioners. It generally serves Indianapolis' closest-in neighborhoods—essentially, Center Township and a few portions of the surrounding townships. Indianapolis Public Schools is the only school corporation in central Indiana to offer choice programs at no cost to students. The Indianapolis Public Schools district operates a number of public schools that are significant to the history of both Indianapolis and Indiana. In particular, Indianapolis Public Schools operates Shortridge High School, the first public high school in Indiana; Arsenal Technical High School, a multi-building campus located on the grounds of a former U.S. Civil War Arsenal; and Crispus Attucks High School, the first public high school in Indiana to serve black students in compliance with school segregation.

text:
# Indianapolis Public Schools

Location of public school districts within Marion County; IPS is in  Location of Marion County within Indiana

**Indianapolis Public Schools** (**IPS**) is the largest school district in Indianapolis, and the second largest school district in the state of Indiana as of 2021, behind Fort Wayne Community Schools. The district's headquarters are in the John Morton-Finney Center for Educational Services.

The district's official name is the School City of Indianapolis, and it is governed by a seven-member Board of School Commissioners. It generally serves Indianapolis' closest-in neighborhoods—essentially, Center Township and a few portions of the surrounding townships. Indianapolis Public Schools is the only school corporation in central Indiana to offer choice programs at no cost to students.

The Indianapolis Public Schools district operates a number of public schools that are significant to the history of both Indianapolis and Indiana. In particular, Indianapolis Public Schools operates Shortridge High School, the first public high school in Indiana; Arsenal Technical High School, a multi-building campus located on the grounds of a former U.S. Civil War Arsenal; and Crispus Attucks High School, the first public high school in Indiana to serve black students in compliance with school segregation.

## History

### Public schools in Indiana (1800s)

The state of Indiana was admitted to the Union in 1816, with Indianapolis receiving its charter in 1847. That same year, the people of Indiana voted in favor of public schools, in part due to efforts by Indiana citizens; one of these citizens includes Caleb Mills, for whom the current Shortridge High School auditorium is named. As a result of the referendum, a tax levy of 12½ cents per $100 of assessed valuation of property tax was established.

### Foundation and early beginnings (1850s-1900s)

In 1853, Indianapolis incorporated its school system. A few years later, however, the Indiana Supreme Court ruled in an 1858 decision that it was unconstitutional for cities and towns to levy taxes in support of public schools. As a result, all public schools were closed and rented to teachers, although many reopened in 1860.

From 1864 to 1916, three high schools opened under the school district. The first was Indianapolis High School (later renamed Shortridge High School in 1885) in 1864, as the city's first public high school. The school opened in the Marion County Seminary Building, although it was later moved to its present location. The second school was Manual Training High School, later to be known as Emmerich Manual High School, and it was opened in 1895. In 1916, Arsenal Technical Schools, which had opened four years earlier on the grounds of a former U.S. Civil War Arsenal, was incorporated into Indianapolis Public Schools and became Arsenal Technical High School.

### Expansion (1920s - 1960s)

The first wave of expansion came during the early part of the 20th century, the city of Indianapolis expanded as it annexed nearby towns such as Broad Ripple. In unison, Indianapolis Public Schools underwent an expansion of its school boundaries, and opened new schools such as Thomas Carr Howe and George Washington high schools. Indianapolis Public Schools also opened an all African-American high school known as Crispus Attucks High School; it was the only African-American high school in Indiana at the time.

The next wave of expansion came during the 1950s and early 1960s, when unprecedented enrollment levels occurred. As a result, three high schools were constructed in a period of seven years: Arlington High School in 1961, Northwest High School in 1963, and John Marshall High School in 1968 (which currently operates as a middle school).

### Civil Rights era (1960s - 1980s)

The movement of Caucasian citizens outside central Indianapolis at the time resulted in a decline of enrollment and a change in racial composition in schools such as Broad Ripple High School, which went from having virtually no black students in 1967 to becoming 67% African-American by 1975. At the same time, institutional racial segregation was coming to light in Indianapolis as a result of Civil Rights reformation. U.S. District Judge S. Hugh Dillin issued a ruling in 1971 which found the district guilty of *de jure* racial segregation.

Beginning in 1973, due to federal court mandates, some 7,000 African-American students began to be bused from the Indianapolis Public Schools district to neighboring township school corporations within Marion County. These townships included Decatur, Franklin, Perry, Warren, Wayne, and Lawrence townships. This practice continued on until 1998, when an agreement was reached between IPS and the United States Department of Justice to phase out inter-district, one-way busing. By 2005, the six township school districts no longer received any new IPS students.

### Population decline (1970s - 1990s)

The population of Indianapolis continued to become less concentrated within IPS district boundaries. As a result, between 1971 and 2005, the district lost nearly 70,000 students, and closed some 100 schools.

Harry E. Wood High School closed in 1978. Shortridge High School closed in 1981, and reopened as a middle school in the late 2000s, and now serves as a traditional high school. John Marshall High School closed in 1987 after just eighteen years of service. It later reopened as a middle school in 1993, and in 2008 was converted a high school before returning as a middle school in 2016. Crispus Attucks High School closed in 1986, but reopened as a middle school. George Washington High School and Thomas Carr Howe High School both closed in 1995, which both reopened their doors in 2001.

### Socioeconomic issues (1990s - 2000s)

Throughout the 1990s, worsening budgets contributed to problems common to inner city school districts. While the city had a graduation rate higher than the national average in the 1950s, it now had the worst dropout rates in the state. Test scores declined precipitously.

Citizens' task forces studied how to combat school violence, low academic achievement, and persistent racial segregation. In 1992, then-superintendent Shirl Gilbert initiated a "Select Schools" plan, allowing parents the option of selecting which school they wanted their child to attend within the district. While theoretically promising, in practice the plan did not lead to general improvements.

Gilbert was removed from his post by the school board in 1994 and replaced with Esperanza Zendejas in 1995. Zendejas pursued an aggressive program of reform and improvement, removing several administrators from their positions and attempting to implement performance standards upon remaining school administrators. After repeated conflicts with administrators, school board members, and parents, Zendejas resigned from her post in 1997.

The succeeding superintendent was Duncan N.P. "Pat" Pritchett, who had occupied the superintendent's seat in a locum tenens capacity between Gilbert and Zendejas. Under both Gilbert and Zendejas, Pritchett had been an assistant superintendent for facilities management. Under Pritchett, the district saw eight years of steady academic improvement thanks to a number of initiatives, including a partnership with the National Urban Alliance to strengthen literacy and a math/science initiative that set algebra as the eighth-grade gateway math course. Pritchett also brought the concept and planning of the Small Schools Initiative to the district's traditional comprehensive high schools, turning five campuses into 24 schools within a school.

Upon Pritchett's retirement in 2005, the post was offered to and accepted by Eugene G. White, who had been serving as superintendent of the Metropolitan School District of Washington Township in Marion County. White began to implement several reforms, including re-establishing high school programs at two historic schools (Crispus Attucks and Shortridge) as academies devoted to medicine and law/government, respectively. In August 2006, White informed IPS middle school principals that their continued employment depended upon improvement in discipline and test scores.

As of 2006, approximately 36,000 students were in IPS. Many of the facilities in IPS were outdated and in need of renovation, with some facilities being over 70 years old. In 2001, the IPS Board of School Commissioners approved an $832 million plan to upgrade each of the district's 79 schools, in some cases totally replacing outdated buildings with new facilities. The plan has been completed within the last few years.

The Indianapolis Public Schools district lost some schools to outside groups for the improvement of academic and overall performance in the 2000s. A charter management system such Charter Schools USA took over three locations and currently operates Emma Donnan Middle School, Emmerich Manual High School, and Thomas Carr Howe Community High School. In 2012, the state took over Arlington in 2012, after six straight years of “F” grades. Tindley Accelerated Schools, a local nonprofit charter school operator then known as Ed Power, was hired to run Arlington. In 2015, Indianapolis Public Schools retook control of the school after Tindley Accelerated Schools announced in 2014 that it could no longer afford to run the school, and in 2015 Arlington High School was returned to Indianapolis Public Schools control under a State Board ruling.

## Boundary

IPS includes all of Center Township and sections of these townships: Decatur, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Warren, Washington, and Wayne. All of IPS is within the balance of Indianapolis.

## High schools

### Current high schools

As of the 2018–19 school year, Indianapolis Public Schools maintains four public high schools. They are as follows:

| Official Name | Nickname | Choice Programming Offered? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arsenal Technical High School | Tech | Yes |
| Crispus Attucks Medical Magnet High School | Attucks | Yes |
| George Washington Community High School | Washington | Yes |
| Shortridge IB High School | Shortridge | Yes |
| Christel House Watanabe Manual High School | Christel | Yes |

### School closures and restructuring

| Official Name | Nickname | Choice Programming Offered? | All-Choice School |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arlington High School | Arlington | No | - |
| Broad Ripple Magnet High School for the Arts and Humanities | Broad Ripple | Yes | Yes |
| Northwest High School | Northwest | No | - |

In an effort to remake its high school programs and address declining enrollment that has left its high school buildings two-thirds empty, the district in early 2017 announced plans to close Broad Ripple High School, Arlington High School, and Northwest High School. The plan proved controversial by students, teachers, and alumni of these three schools, especially among the Broad Ripple High School community. That same year, a September vote by the Indianapolis Public Schools board that same year finalized in the plans to close these three high schools by the end of the 2017–18 school year. In June 2018, the three high schools all graduated their final classes.

Indianapolis Public Schools plans to move to an all-choice high school model at the remaining four high schools: Arsenal Technical High School, Crispus Attucks High School, George Washington High School, and Shortridge High School. Under this high school model, students can choose their school of attendance based on personal preference, and not geographic location.

## K-8 Schools

* Emma Donnan School 72
* Christel House Academy South
* Cold Spring School
* Edison School of the Arts 47
* Enlace Academy
* Wendell Phillips School 63
* Stephen Foster School 67
* Washington Irving Neighborhood School 14

## Elementary schools

* Anna Brochhausen School 88
* Arlington Woods School 99
* Benjamin Harrison School 2
* Brookside School 54
* Carl Wilde School 79
* Charity Dye School 27
* Charles Warren Fairbanks School 105
* Christian Park School 82
* Clarence Farrington school 61
* Daniel Webster School 46
* Francis Scott Key School 103
* Elda Diggs School 42
* Eleanor Skillen School 34
* Eliza Blaker School 55
* Ernie Pyle School 90
* Frederick Douglass School 19
* George W. Julian School 57
* George Washington Carver School
* George H. Fisher School 93
* Riverside School 44
* James A. Garfield School 31
* James Russell Lowell School 51
* James Whitcomb Riley School 43
* Jonathan Jennings School 109
* Joseph J. Bingham School 84
* Lew Wallace School 107
* Louis B. Russel School 48
* Mary Nicholson School 70
* Meredith Nicholson School 96
* Merle Sidener Academy 59
* Ralph Waldo Emerson School 58
* Robert Lee Frost School 106
* ROOTS Program
* Rosseau McClellan School 91
* Theodore Potter School 74
* Thomas Gregg Neighborhood School
* William Bell School 60
* William McKinley School 39

## Middle Schools

* Arlington Middle School
* Avondale Meadows Middle School
* Broad Ripple Middle School
* H.L. Harshman Middle School
* H.W. Longfellow Middle School
* Monarca Academy
* Northwest Middle School
* Step Head Academy
* Thomas Carr Howe Middle School
* William Penn School 49

## Alternative Schools

* Positive Supports Academy

## InfoBox

| Indianapolis Public Schools
(IPS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| 120 East Walnut Street
Indianapolis, IndianaCity of Indianapolis United States | |
| District information | |
| Grades | K–12 |
| Established | 1853 (1853) |
| Superintendent | Alessia Johnson (elected in June of 2019) |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 31,885 |
| Teachers | 2,579 |
| Staff | 4,090 |
| Athletic conference | IPS Conference
Pioneer Conference |
| District mascot |  |
| Other information | |
| High School Graduation Rate (Class of 2016) | 76.9% |
| High School Graduates (Class of 2016) | 869 |
| Website | www.myips.org |


abstract: The Women's 25 km Open Water swimming race of the 2009 World Aquatics Championships took place on Saturday July 25, at Ostia beach in Rome. 18 women from 10 different countries competed. Angela Maurer of Germany took home the gold with a time of 5:47:48.0 just pipping Anna Uvarova at the finish by 3.9 seconds.

text:
# Open water swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 25 km

The **Women's 25 km Open Water swimming race** of the 2009 World Aquatics Championships took place on Saturday July 25, at Ostia beach in Rome. 18 women from 10 different countries competed. Angela Maurer of Germany took home the gold with a time of 5:47:48.0 just pipping Anna Uvarova at the finish by 3.9 seconds.

## Results

| Rank | Swimmer | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Angela Maurer | Germany | 5:47:48.0 |
|  | Anna Uvarova | Russia | 5:47:51.9 |
|  | Federica Vitale | Italy | 5:47:52.7 |
| 4 | Margarita Dominguez | Spain | 5:48:37.6 |
| 5 | Celia Barrot | France | 5:49:00.7 |
| 6 | Linsy Heister | Netherlands | 5:49:08.1 |
| 7 | Martina Grimaldi | Italy | 5:49:36.7 |
| 8 | Stefanie Biller | Germany | 5:50:08.8 |
| 9 | Natalia Pankina | Russia | 5:50:36.8 |
| 10 | Eva Fabian | United States | 5:50:41.5 |
| 11 | Emily Hanson | United States | 5:53:01.6 |
| 12 | Esther Nunez Morera | Spain | 6:06:45.7 |
| 13 | Shelley Clark | Australia | 6:07:31.7 |
| 14 | Cathy Dietrich | France | 6:08:27.4 |
| 15 | Lili Anzueto Moguel | Mexico | 6:29:49.1 |
| -- | Kate Brookes-Peterson | Australia | DNF |
| -- | Zaira Cardenas | Mexico | DNF |
| -- | Nika Kozamernik | Slovenia | DNS |

**Key**: OTL = Over Time Limit, DSQ = Disqualified, DNF = Did not finish, DNS = Did not start

## InfoBox

| Women's 25 km <br>at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Rome |
| Dates | 25 July |
| Competitors | 18 from 10 nations |
|


title: Pisidium lilljeborgii

abstract: Pisidium lilljeborgii is a species of freshwater bivalve from the family Sphaeriidae.

text:
# Pisidium lilljeborgii

***Pisidium lilljeborgii*** is a species of freshwater bivalve from the family Sphaeriidae.

## Description

A moderately swollen (tumid), trapezoidal shell. The umbos are just behind the mid point and described as fairly narrow. The surface (periostracum) is slightly glossy and has coarse, irregular concentric striae. The colour is grey to brownish white. Pisidium lilljeborgii has a less equilateral shape than *Pisidium hibernicum* 3-4.5mm.

## Distribution and conservation status

## InfoBox

| *Pisidium lilljeborgii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pisidium lilljeborgii* in Danmarks Fauna | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Sphaeriida |
| Family: | Sphaeriidae |
| Genus: | *Pisidium* |
| Species: | ***P. lilljeborgii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisidium lilljeborgii***<br>Clessin, 1886 | |
|


title: Henry, Tennessee

abstract: Henry is a town in Henry County, Tennessee. The population was 520 at the 2000 census and 464 at the 2010 census, showing decline of 56. Gospel singer Bobby Jones was born here.

text:
# Henry, Tennessee

**Henry** is a town in Henry County, Tennessee. The population was 520 at the 2000 census and 464 at the 2010 census, showing decline of 56. Gospel singer Bobby Jones was born here.

## Geography

Henry is located in southwestern Henry County at 36°12′8″N 88°25′6″W / 36.20222°N 88.41833°W / 36.20222; -88.41833 (36.202197, -88.418208). U.S. Route 79 runs through the eastern and southern sides of the town, leading northeast 9 miles (14 km) to Paris, the county seat, and southwest 7 miles (11 km) to McKenzie.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.7 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 146 |  |  |
| 1910 | 198 |  |  |
| 1920 | 230 |  | 16.2% |
| 1930 | 241 |  | 4.8% |
| 1940 | 232 |  | −3.7% |
| 1950 | 200 |  | −13.8% |
| 1960 | 178 |  | −11.0% |
| 1970 | 302 |  | 69.7% |
| 1980 | 295 |  | −2.3% |
| 1990 | 317 |  | 7.5% |
| 2000 | 520 |  | 64.0% |
| 2010 | 464 |  | −10.8% |
| 2020 | 446 |  | −3.9% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people, 191 households, and 141 families residing in the town. The population density was 434.2 inhabitants per square mile (167.6/km2). There were 207 housing units at an average density of 172.9 per square mile (66.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 82.88% White, 14.42% African American, 0.38% Native American, 2.31% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.73% of the population.

There were 191 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,333, and the median income for a family was $30,714. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,663. About 15.0% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Henry, Tennessee
3. "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Henry town, Tennessee". *American Factfinder*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
6. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
7. "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
8. "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". *Population Estimates*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Henry, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Henry County, Tennessee | |
| Coordinates: 36°12′8″N 88°25′6″W / 36.20222°N 88.41833°W / 36.20222; -88.41833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Henry |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.28 sq mi (3.33 km2) |
| Land | 1.28 sq mi (3.33 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 548 ft (167 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 446 |
| Density | 347.08/sq mi (134.01/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38231 |
| Area code | 731 |
| FIPS code | 47-33400 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1287430 |


title: Vasum intermedium

abstract: Vasum intermedium is an extinct species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinellidae.

text:
# Vasum intermedium

***Vasum intermedium*** is an extinct species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinellidae.

## Description

The height of the shell: attains 65 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species have been found in Oligocene strata of the Adour Basin, France.

* Lozouet, P. (2021). Turbinelloidea, Mitroidea, Olivoidea, Babyloniidae et Harpidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) de l'Oligocène supérieur (Chattien) du bassin de l'Adour (Sud-Ouest de la France). Cossmanniana. 23: 3-69.

## InfoBox

| *Vasum intermedium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Turbinellidae |
| Subfamily: | Vasinae |
| Genus: | *Vasum* |
| Species: | ***V. intermedium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vasum intermedium***<br>(Grateloup, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Turbinella intermedia* Grateloup, 1832 (original combination) * *Turbinella submuricata* d'Orbigny, 1852 | |


title: IEEE Signal Processing Society

abstract: The IEEE Signal Processing Society is one of the nearly 40 technical societies of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the first one created. Its mission is to "advance and disseminate state-of-the-art scientific information and resources; educate the signal processing community; and provide a venue for people to interact and exchange ideas."

text:
# IEEE Signal Processing Society

The **IEEE Signal Processing Society** (**IEEE SPS**) is one of the nearly 40 technical societies of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the first one created. Its mission is to "advance and disseminate state-of-the-art scientific information and resources; educate the signal processing community; and provide a venue for people to interact and exchange ideas."

## History

The Signal Processing Society was formed in 1948 as the Professional Group on Audio of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

## Activities

The Society organizes many conferences every year and operates local chapters around the world. It coordinates the operation of several councils, task forces, and technical committees.

### Publications

The Signal Processing Society oversees the publication of several periodicals, including a magazine (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine), a newsletter (Inside Signal Processing e-Newsletter), and multiple scholarly journals:

Co-sponsored journals include:

The IEEE Signal Processing electronic Library (SPeL) is a comprehensive digital library and electronic collection of more than 50 years of the IEEE Signal Processing Society's periodicals, which includes all four transactions and letters, newsletters, magazines, and technical proceedings of the two major Society conferences and of most workshops. IEEE SPeL also features four joint transactions, which the Society is a partner. The library collection is available on three DVD-ROMs. It has a search engine, which allows searches based on full-text, as well as searches by such fields as author, title, subject and date. The collection provides a comprehensive database, which contains information about the technical articles that are published in the Society's journals.

### Conferences

The IEEE Signal Processing Society organizes and sponsors technical conferences, symposia, and workshops dedicated to providing opportunities to network with peers from around the world and to exchange high-quality, rigorously peer-reviewed scientific and technological knowledge.

The two flagship conferences of the IEEE Signal Processing Society are:

A list of all conferences and workshops can be found here.


title: Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology

abstract: Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology (SSIT) is an engineering college located in Sathupalli, Khammam district, Telangana, India. It is located beside state highway, at distance of 7 km (4.3 mi) from Sathupalli towards Rajamundry. The college was affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

text:
# Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology

**Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology** (**SSIT**) is an engineering college located in Sathupalli, Khammam district, Telangana, India. It is located beside state highway (Khammam – Rajamundry), at distance of 7 km (4.3 mi) from Sathupalli towards Rajamundry. The college was affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

## History

The Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology was established in 2001 by the Vipassana Educational Trust, Hyderabad. The chairman of the college is Dr. B. Partha Sarathi Reddy, the CMD of Hetero Drugs, and the secretary is Sri M.V. Krishna Reddy. The motive behind establishing the college was to impart quality technical education to the rural people and to uplift the talent of economically backward students to greater levels.

## Academics

The courses in the undergraduate programme being offered by SSIT presently are computer systems engineering, electrical and electronics (EEE), electronics and communication, mechanical engineering, mining engineering and agricultural engineering. The EEE department technical association provides opportunities to students to give weekly seminars on current topics of interest, and also arranges guest lectures. The association conducts competitions in technical paper presentations, working models exhibition, technical quiz, and gives awards and prizes.

In the post graduation programme, Master of Business Administration is being offered. In the diploma programme, courses in electrical and electronics, electronics and communication, mechanical engineering are being offered.

## Amenities

Both academic and residential infrastructure and facilities are located on a 26-acre area.

The SSIT library system consists of a central library with 6 departmental sections. All students, faculty members and employees of SSIT are entitled to make use of library facilities upon obtaining library membership. The library has a digital library with a collection of books for engineering, science, management and humanities. The campus has an internet facility that can be accessed through both LAN and WIFI, as well as e-classrooms provided to teach students with web enhanced learning.

The campus also has sports and game facilities, where activities such as volleyball, basketball, cricket, shuttle and ball badminton can be played. Bus transportation is provided to students so that students from all parts of the town can easily access the college.

## InfoBox

Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology
| Entrance of Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | College |
| Established | 2001 |
| Location | B. Gangaram, Sathupalli, Khammam district, Telangana, India<br>17°11′49″N 80°53′59″E / 17.19694°N 80.89972°E / 17.19694; 80.89972 |
| Website | www.saispurthi.ac.in |


title: Operation Big Ben

abstract: Operation Big Ben was the title given to the dive-bombing British Spitfire missions against German mobile V-2 rocket launch sites in Holland between October 1944 - April 1945, during World War II. The code word 'Big Ben' meant 'V2 Rocket' and was used by the Filter Room at Fighter Command and by the pilots of the mission; but the phrase 'Operation Big Ben' was not used in official documentation, even though pilots identified the sorties under the name 'Operation Big Ben'.

text:
# Operation Big Ben

**Operation Big Ben** was the title given to the dive-bombing British Spitfire missions against German mobile V-2 rocket launch sites in Holland between October 1944 - April 1945, during World War II. The code word 'Big Ben' meant 'V2 Rocket' and was used by the Filter Room at Fighter Command and by the pilots of the mission; but the phrase 'Operation Big Ben' was not used in official documentation (none found since the release of former Top Secret papers from the National Archive from January 2004), even though pilots (such as Flt Lt Raymond Baxter, who went on to become the voice of the Farnborough Air Show and BBC TV's technology programme Tomorrow's World) identified the sorties under the name 'Operation Big Ben'.

## Description

The missions were specific: Spitfire Mark XVI's with clipped wings, flew in formations of four aircraft (some Mark IX and some Mark XIV were also used occasionally) and dive-bombed the sites, sometimes through breaks in heavy cloud. Each Spitfire carried a 250lb bomb under each wing and a 500lb bomb under the fuselage. Very occasionally, if they were pin-pointing locations further away, they would carry only the two 250lb bombs or the 500lb bomb in order to save on fuel.

Although the operation has been the subject of two extensive books, the extent of the success of the missions is still not known. It is considered successful because it is appreciated that the Spitfires did destroy some of the mobile V2 launch sites, along with bridges, roads and railway tracks, which were crucial supply lines; but the operation didn't completely stop the rocket attacks.

In interview about 'Operation Big Ben', Flt Lt Raymond Baxter said that it was the most difficult operation he ever took part in during the Second World War and insisted that unequivocally, the operation was called 'Operation Big Ben'.

Over the ten years since the operation has been appreciated by aviation historians, a short CGI film has documented the missions, a limited edition model of Raymond Baxter's Mark XVI Spitfire was produced (which he signed the plinth of each model) and two respected non-fiction books have become available.

### Notes

### Sources

* Irene Younghusband BBC Learning
* Operation Big Ben - the Anti-V2 Spitfire Missions 1944-45 (Spellmount, 2004)
* Wee Bit and Glenn Films
* Operation Big Ben - the Anti-V2 Spitfire Missions (Tempest, 2016)


abstract: The Women's 10K open water swimming race at the 2007 World Championships was held on March 20, 2007, at the beach St Kilda.

text:
# Open water swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 km

The **Women's 10K** open water swimming race at the 2007 World Championships was held on March 20, 2007, at the beach St Kilda.

## Result

| Place | Name | Country | Time | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **Larisa Ilchenko** | **Russia** | **2:03:57.9** | **18** |
| 2 | Cassandra Patten | Great Britain | 2:03:58.9 | 16 |
| 3 | Kate Brookes-Peterson | Australia | 2:03:59.5 | 14 |
| 4 | Angela Maurer | Germany | 2:04:00.7 | 12 |
| 5 | Ksenia Popova | Russia | 2:04:03.7 | 10 |
| 6 | Britta Kamrau-Crestein | Germany | 2:044:05.8 | 8 |
| 7 | Jana Pechanová | Czech Republic | 2:04:07.6 | 6 |
| 8 | Poliana Okimoto | Brazil | 2:04:09.1 | 5 |
| 9 | Kalyn Keller | USA | 2:04:10.0 | 4 |
| 10 | Eva Berglund | Sweden | 2:04:13.7 | 3 |
| 11 | Keri-Anne Payne | Great Britain | 2:04:37.5 | 2 |
| 12 | Laura la Piana | Italy | 2:05:29.8 | 1 |
| 13 | Cathy Dietrich | France | 2:05:30.6 |  |
| 14 | Alexandra Bagley | Australia | 2:05:32.9 |  |
| 15 | Rita Judit Kovacs | Hungary | 2:05:36.7 |  |
| 16 | Yurema Requena Juarez | Spain | 2:05:52.6 |  |
| 17 | Federica Vitale | Italy | 2:05:55.2 |  |
| 18 | Nika Kozamernik | Slovenia | 2:07:54.4 |  |
| 19 | Zheng Jing | China | 2:07:56.2 |  |
| 20 | Xenia Lopez Rodriguez | Spain | 2:08:13.3 |  |
| 21 | Andreina del Valle Perez | Venezuela | 2:10:01.7 |  |
| 22 | Natalya Samorodina | Ukraine | 2:10:50.3 |  |
| 23 | Alejandra Galan | Mexico | 2:10:52.2 |  |
| 24 | Pilar Geijo | Argentina | 2:11:06.9 |  |
| 25 | Imelda Martinez | Mexico | 2:11:30.4 |  |
| 26 | Ana Marcela Cunha | Brazil | 2:13:17.6 |  |
| 27 | Svitlana Rastoropova | Ukraine | 2:13:23.5 |  |
| 28 | Chloe Sutton | USA | 2:15:00.0 |  |
| 29 | Linsy Heister | Netherlands | 2:17:08.4 |  |
| 30 | Caroline Murray | Canada | 2:19:22.3 |  |
| 31 | Francis Mishell Tixe Cobos | Ecuador | 2:19:24.6 |  |
| 32 | Malwina Bukszowana | Poland | 2:19:24.6 |  |
| 33 | Nataly Caldas Calle | Ecuador | 2:19:24.6 |  |
| 34 | Michelle Savchenka Santiago | Venezuela | 2:19:24.6 |  |
| 35 | Natasha Tang | Hong Kong | 2:24:19.8 |  |
| 36 | Anja Trisic | Croatia | 2:25:31.4 |  |
|  | Cindy Toscano Merida | Guatemala | *OTL* | |
|  | Ana Bukovac | Croatia | *DNF* | |
|  | Marianne Erdmenger Gutierrez | Guatemala | *DNF* | |
|  | Klaudia Barsi | Hungary | *DNF* | |
|  | Tanya Hunks | Canada | *DSQ* | |
|  | Li Xue | China | *DSQ* | |

## InfoBox

| Women's 10 km <br>at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | St Kilda Beach |
| Location | Melbourne |
| Dates | 20 March |
|


title: HMS Scotia (shore establishment)

abstract: HMS Scotia is one of the newest Royal Naval Reserve units, formed in 1958, and currently recruiting from the east of Scotland. The unit inhabits spacious, modern accommodation with excellent facilities, headquartered in Rosyth Naval Dockyard. The unit has excellent communication links by road, rails and air.

text:
# HMS Scotia (shore establishment)

HMS *Scotia* is one of the newest Royal Naval Reserve units, formed in 1958, and currently recruiting from the east of Scotland. The unit inhabits spacious, modern accommodation with excellent facilities, headquartered in Rosyth Naval Dockyard. The unit has excellent communication links by road, rails and air.

## History

The unit, despite being relatively new, has tradition rooted in the very cradle of Volunteer Reserve activity in Scotland. In August 1903 the Admiralty appointed the first two Commanding Officers of the then RNVR to form divisions in London and on the Clyde.

Lieutenant Commander (later Commodore) The Duke of Montrose raised the Clyde Division based in Glasgow, and the division rapidly expanded across Scotland, first to Dundee onboard the sailing frigate, HMS *Unicorn*, and then to Edinburgh, onboard the monitor, renamed HMS *Claverhouse*. These two East Coast divisions were, many years later, to form the heart of the modern HMS *Scotia*.

Under the 1994 defence review all three of these original Scottish Sea Training Centres, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, were combined into two units of a different type, HMS *Scotia* in Fife and HMS *Dalriada* in Greenock. Both of these had been units formed in the Cold War to support nearby naval headquarters, and both were rapidly expanded to accommodate the closing units. In the case of *Scotia*, this required a complete rebuild.

### Timeline

* 1958 - HQ Unit formed at MHQ (Marine Headquarters) Pitreavie
* 1960 - Name of HMS *Scotia* adopted. The previous ship of that name was a wartime shore training establishment in Ayr (currently a Butlins holiday camp).
* 1962 - Crest of HMS *Scotia* matriculated on 5 Sep 1962 by Lord Lyon, King of Arms, in the Public Register of Arms and Bearings in Scotland.
* 1962 - HMS *Scotia* moved out of MHQ into accommodation above ground at Pitreavie.
* 1994 - HMS *Scotia* absorbed 267 reservists from HMS *Camperdown* and *Claverhouse* to become the largest RNR establishment in the UK with 375 personnel. Re-designated a Reserve Training centre on 1 Oct 1994.
* 1996 - Moved to a new site within Royal Naval Support Establishment HMS *Caledonia* on 15 May 1996. Official rededication ceremony conducted on 12 Oct 1996 in the presence of Prince Michael of Kent as Honorary Commodore RNR.
* 1999 - Tay Division of HMS *Scotia* set up in Dundee.
* 2000 - Forth Division of HMS *Scotia* set up in Edinburgh.
* 2004 - Forth Division closes

## Tay and Forth Divisions

An important 'first' has been the establishment of *Scotia*'s Satellites. Although *Scotia* is a large and vigorous unit, it was recognised that its distance from the city centres of Edinburgh and Dundee was inhibiting recruitment at a time when the Royal Navy's demand for reservists was growing.

*Scotia* became the testbed for a scheme to extend the RNR footprint with the first satellite unit, the Tay Division of HMS *Scotia* in Dundee, which started training in 1999 and rapidly established itself as the national benchmark. It was soon followed by another *Scotia* satellite, Forth Division, in Edinburgh.

It was as a direct result of these efforts in expansion that *Scotia* was awarded the "Director's Trophy" in 2001.

Forth Division in Edinburgh closed in 2004.

56°01′59″N 3°26′56″W / 56.033°N 3.449°W / 56.033; -3.449

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Scotia* |
| Commissioned | August 1903 |
| Status | Currently operational |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Stone frigate |


title: Pisidium personatum

abstract: Pisidium personatum is a species of freshwater bivalve from the family Sphaeriidae.

text:
# Pisidium personatum

***Pisidium personatum*** is a species of freshwater bivalve from the family Sphaeriidae.

## Description

The 2.5-3.5 mm shell is a characteristic round-regular oval shape. It has centrally placed low, rounded umbos. The surface (periostracum) is dull or silky with very fine irregular concentric striations. The colour is yellowish to greyish but it is invariably coated in a red-brown to dark brown deposit.

## Distribution

Its native distribution is European-Siberian.

## InfoBox

| *Pisidium personatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Sphaeriida |
| Family: | Sphaeriidae |
| Genus: | *Pisidium* |
| Species: | ***P. personatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisidium personatum***<br>Malm, 1855 | |
|


title: Girl Time

abstract: Girl Time is a 1947 American concert film directed by Will Cowan.

text:
# Girl Time

***Girl Time*** is a 1947 American concert film directed by Will Cowan.

## Plot summary

## Cast

## Soundtrack

* Ina Ray Hutton and Her Orchestra - "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street" (Written by Gene Austin, Jimmy McHugh and Irving Mills)
* Lucita - "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" (Music by Franz Liszt)
* Ina Ray Hutton and Her Orchestra - "Jamaica Rhumba" (Music by Gene de Paul, lyrics by Don Raye)
* Nellie Lutcher - "He's a Real Gone Guy" (Written by Nellie Lutcher)
* Ina Ray Hutton and Her Orchestra - "Granada" (Music by Agustín Lara)

## InfoBox

| Girl Time | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Will Cowan |
| Produced by | Will Cowan |
| Production<br>company | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * 1947 (1947) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: OR4F3

abstract: Olfactory receptor 4F3/4F16/4F29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR4F3 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

text:
# OR4F3

**Olfactory receptor 4F3/4F16/4F29** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *OR4F3* gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| OR4F3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | OR4F3, olfactory receptor family 4 subfamily F member 3 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 3031137; HomoloGene: 88429; GeneCards: OR4F3; OMA:OR4F3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001005224   NM\_146402   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001005224
NP\_001005221
NP\_001005277   NP\_666514   Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 181.37 – 181.37 Mb Chr 2: 111.64 – 111.65 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Saga Andersson

abstract: Saga Andersson is a track and field athlete from Finland. She has won multiple Finnish indoor national championships in the pole vault.

text:
# Saga Andersson

**Saga Andersson** (born 30 March 2000) is a track and field athlete from Finland. She has won multiple Finnish indoor national championships in the pole vault.

## Early life

Andersson trains in Myllypuro in eastern Helsinki, and competes for Espoo IF. She is coached by her father Björn Andersson. Her younger sister Silja Andersson also pole vaults competitively.

## Career

In 2017, Andersson set a personal best height of 4.42m and finished fourth in the pole vault at the 2017 European Athletics U20 Championships.

In June 2022, Andersson set a new personal best clearance of 4.43m. Later that year, she competed at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, Oregon, finishing in 16th place. Later that year she also competed at 2022 European Athletics Championships in Munich, finishing in 13th place.

Andersson improved her personal best to 4.50m at the Nordic Championships in Copenhagen in May 2023.

She was named in the Finnish team for the 2024 European Athletics Championships in Rome.

## Personal life

Andersson has a following on social media, and has posted videos on social media which have had millions of views.

## InfoBox

Saga Andersson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Born | (2000-03-30) 30 March 2000 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Pole Vault |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | **Pole vault**: 4.50m (Copenhagen, 2023) |


title: Håvard Jostein Haugen

abstract: Håvard J. Haugen is a Norwegian professor. He is Head of the Department of Biomaterials in Faculty of Dentistry at University of Oslo, Norway.

text:
# Håvard Jostein Haugen

**Håvard J. Haugen** (born January 23, 1975) is a Norwegian professor. He is Head of the Department of Biomaterials in Faculty of Dentistry at University of Oslo, Norway.

## Education

In 2021, Haugen completed his Master in Chemical Engineering at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, United Kingdom. Haugen earned a doctoral engineering from the Technische Universitat Munchen in 2004. His PhD thesis title was "Development of an implant to heal gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases."

## Career

Haugen worked as a researcher in the biological group: "bioloeart gical hvalves" at Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen in Germany. He worked as a researcher at the Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London in UK. Between 2001 and 2004, he worked at the Central Institute for Medical Engineering at the Technical University of Munich.

He was a Postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo from 2005 to 2009. Since 2014, he has been a professor and Head of Department of Biomaterials at University of Oslo.

## Research

Haugen\`s research interest focuses on biomaterials and bone regeneration. His research areas include biomaterials science, medical devices, bone graft, dental materials and orthopaedics.

## Awards

In 2000, Haugen received The British Petroleum Prize in Chemical Engineering, London, UK. Three years later, he received The City and Guild Associateship Award in Chemical Engineering, London, UK. He won the German Innovation Award in Germany, in 2009.

## Organizational affiliations and recognition

Between 2012 and 2016, Haugen was the President of the Scandinavian Society for Biomaterials. He is the project manager and recipient of the Research Council of Norway funded research grant between 2022 and 2027, with project title: "Multispecies biofilm for investigate non-antibiotic therpies in dentistry (MISFAITH)".