title: John Vernon Henderson

abstract: John Vernon Henderson is a Canadian-American economist and an academic. He is a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Centre, Director of the Urbanisation in Developing Countries Program, and a School Professor of Economic Geography at the London School of Economics. Henderson is most known for his works on models of systems of cities and on urbanization in developing countries, focusing on factor market distortions, urban systems in sub-Saharan Africa, and the spatial layout of cities. Henderson is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research and a Fellow of the British Academy.

text:
# John Vernon Henderson

**John Vernon Henderson** is a Canadian-American economist and an academic. He is a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Centre, Director of the Urbanisation in Developing Countries Program, and a School Professor of Economic Geography at the London School of Economics.

Henderson is most known for his works on models of systems of cities and on urbanization in developing countries, focusing on factor market distortions, urban systems in sub-Saharan Africa, and the spatial layout of cities.

Henderson is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research and a Fellow of the British Academy.

## Education

Henderson completed his BA in Economics from the University of British Columbia in 1968. In 1972, he completed his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago.

## Career

Henderson began his academic career in 1972 by joining Queen's University as an Assistant Professor of Economics and served until 1974. Following this, he took on the role of Visiting assistant professor of economics at the University of Chicago until 1974. From 1974 to 1979, he assumed the position of assistant professor of Economics and Urban Studies at Brown University while also serving as a Visiting Lecturer at Tribhuvan University in Nepal, between 1976 and 1977. In 1979, he was promoted to associate professor of Economics and Urban Studies at Brown University, a role that he served until 1982. Subsequently, from 1982 to 2013, he served as the Professor of Economics and Urban Studies at Brown University and from 1994 to 2013 as Eastman Professor of Political Economy at Brown University. During this time, he also held multiple concurrent appointments including serving as Visiting Scholar at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University Campus in India from 1986 to 1988, a Guggenheim Fellow 1984/85, an Earhart Foundation Fellow in 1986 and Leverhulme Visiting professor of economics at the London School of Economics in 2004. Since 2013, he has held an appointment as the School Professor of Economic Geography at the London School of Economics.

As of 2014, he is the Director of the Urbanisation in Developing Countries Program at the London School of Economics.

Throughout his career, Henderson has collaborated with various governments in Asia and Africa, either through direct engagements or through organizations like the World Bank or the McKinsey Global Institute, in the development of urban policies. He co-founded Urban Economics Association and served as its first President from 2006 to 2014. He also served as the past President of the North American Regional Science Association and as an editor of the *Journal of Urban Economics* from 2012 to 2019. Since 2016, he has been a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Center and a Research Fellow at the Center for Economic Policy Research.

## Research

Henderson has authored publications spanning the areas of development economics, urban economics, housing markets, and investment dynamics including articles in peer-reviewed journals.

### Urban economics

Beginning with two papers in 1974, Henderson developed the framework for systems of cities, which encompasses an equilibrium model of a nation featuring trade and mobility of factors. Furthermore, he expanded this model to encompass dynamic scenarios involving capital accumulation and the emergence of endogenous technological advancements. He applied this theoretical framework to various international contexts, including nations like China, the United States, Brazil, and Korea, as well as select regions within sub-Saharan Africa. His research on urban economics has investigated factors driving urban development and growth including transportation, environment, and shared resources. His early work examined the issues of congestion and optimum city sizes, and presented staggered work hours and congestion tolls as an effective countermeasure to mitigate traffic congestion by incentivizing commuters to travel during less congested periods, thereby facilitating an optimal redistribution of traffic. In related research, he examined the impact of state policies on urban concentration and concluded that government policies attempting to reduce urban concentration by diverting people from large metropolitan areas to smaller urban centers have limited effectiveness and can lead to problems such as under-exploitation of agglomeration economies and income inequality.

Henderson's research on new urban landscapes highlighted the importance of conducting detailed assessments to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of proximity to the city core, considering factors such as residential rents, production efficiency, local market power, commuting costs, and historical downtown capacity, in order to make well-informed decisions about business district location and capacity. He conducted research on advertising economies at a highly specific level within New York City, showing that significant external factors can have a highly localized impact, affecting areas within a range of just a few hundred meters. In 2011, he explored the relationship between migration patterns and exclusionary practices in both developed and developing countries, with a specific focus on the provision of water services to low-income migrants in Brazil. The study emphasized the harmful impact of deliberate water service restrictions on the growth and development of low-income households and communities with limited education. In 2021, his work has investigated various indicators of economic density as a means to assess the impact of urban agglomeration in six African nations and demonstrated that simple density measures outperform intricate metrics when it comes to elucidating income disparities among cities.

Focusing his research efforts on air quality regulations, Henderson investigated the influence of localized regulatory efforts on ground-level ozone pollution levels and the spatial distribution of industrial facilities, revealing that when a county shifts from meeting air quality standards to failing them, stricter regulations are implemented, leading to noticeable improvements in air quality. Moreover, he analyzed plant data from 1963 to 1992 and revealed that air quality regulation's unintended consequences on major polluters led to a 40-50% decline in expected births within polluting industries, prompting relocation of pollution-intensive operations to cleaner, less populated areas in attainment zones.

### Development and growth economics

Henderson's development economics research has focused on the role of institutions, governance, human capital, and infrastructure, along with other variables relevant to economic growth and development. In his early research, he examined the timing of regional development along with the factors impacting rural-urban migration and the determinants of urban concentration in countries. His study identified a strong link between city size and education levels in developing countries, attributing it to rising skill demands and attractive urban amenities. His 2006 research investigated the impact of migration restrictions on limiting productivity in China. This study established a correlation between output per worker and the scale of the cities, revealing that a significant proportion of these cities potentially operated below their optimal size and advocated for the relaxation of intra-sector migration restrictions as a means to facilitate agglomeration and enhance productivity in China. Furthermore, his examination of local democratization and the composition of political parties within local assemblies on corruption levels in Indonesia demonstrated an overall decline in corruption levels in Indonesia between 2001 and 2004 and emphasized the importance of the presence of different political parties in local assemblies in an effort to curb corruption. In collaboration with David Weil and Adam Storeygard, he developed process for economic assessment by utilizing nightlights as a valuable alternative indicator for gauging economic advancement, especially in situations where official national statistics may be limited in accuracy or quality. He also studied the global distribution of economic activity accounting for history, geography and trade.

### Housing markets

Henderson's research on the housing market has examined the impacts of various factors such as interest rates, demographics, and zoning policies. In 1983, he presented a framework for comprehending the factors that influence the decision of housing tenure and recommended that policies promoting homeownership should prioritize reducing the overall cost of owning a home, rather than solely focusing on expanding credit accessibility. His subsequent research shed light on the multifaceted factors that impact families' choices regarding the duration of residence, housing tenure, and consumption levels, revealing that renters and homeowners do not fundamentally differ in their housing preferences, but rather their decisions are shaped by their unique life circumstances. In a collaborative study with Anthony Venables and Tanner Regan, he conducted an analysis that encompassed the urban development patterns in Nairobi, examining the significance of slums within the city's growth trajectory, as well as examining the disruptions occurring within urban land markets. His most recent work in 2023 involved a project in Tanzania that encompassed the utilization of comprehensive satellite data on buildings, alongside field surveys involving real estate agents, village leaders, landowners, and residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

## Selected articles

* Henderson, V., Kuncoro, A., & Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 1067–1090
* Henderson, V. (1997). Externalities and industrial development. Journal of Urban Economics, 42(3), 449–470.
* Becker, R., & Henderson, V. (2000). Effects of air quality regulations on polluting industries. Journal of Political Economy, 108(2), 379–421.
* Henderson, V. (2003). The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 47–71.
* Henderson, J. V., Storeygard, A., & Weil, D. N. (2012). Measuring economic growth from outer space. American Economic Review, 102(2), 994–1028.
* Henderson, J. V., Squires, T., Storeygard, A., & Weil, D. (2018). The global distribution of economic activity: nature, history, and the role of trade. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(1), 357–406.
* Henderson, J. V., Regan, T., & Venables, A. J. (2021). Building the city: from slums to a modern metropolis. The Review of Economic Studies, 88(3), 1157–1192.

## InfoBox

| John Vernon Henderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian-American |
| Occupation(s) | Economist and academic |
| Awards | Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1984–85)
Fellow, Leverhulme Foundation (2004)
Fellow, Regional Science Association International (2004)
Research Fellow, Center for Economic and Policy Research (2016)
Fellow, the British Academy (2021) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | BA., University of British Columbia
Ph.D., University of Chicago (1972) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Urban and Spatial Economics
Development Economics
Housing Economics |
| Sub-discipline | Regional Specialties: Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia with Special Reference to China, Tanzania, Kenya, and Indonesia |
| Institutions | London School of Economics
Centre for Economic Policy Research |
|  | |


title: John Vernon Bartlett

abstract: John Vernon Bartlett was a British civil engineer, particularly associated with developments in tunnelling technologies. He was President of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1982 to November 1983, and received various industry honours including the Telford and Sir Frank Whittle Medals.

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# John Vernon Bartlett

**John Vernon Bartlett** CBE FREng (18 June 1927 – 17 November 2021) was a British civil engineer, particularly associated with developments in tunnelling technologies. He was President of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1982 to November 1983, and received various industry honours including the Telford and Sir Frank Whittle Medals.

## Early life and career

Bartlett was born in London on 18 June 1927. He was an officer cadet in the Royal Engineers and held a regular army commission, being promoted to Second Lieutenant on 20 June 1947. (Bartlett returned to the British Army on 30 November 1978, being commissioned a Major in the Engineer and Railway Staff Corps, an unpaid voluntary unit providing engineering and logistics expertise.)

He had a Master of Arts degree.

Bartlett spent most of his career with consulting engineers Mott, Hay and Anderson from 1957 until his retirement as chairman and senior partner in 1988. He worked on the first Dartford Tunnel, the first tunnelled sections of the Toronto subway and was the project engineer responsible for London's Victoria line. He also had design responsibility for the Channel Tunnel, first as a principal designer for the scheme and following the project's revision in the early 1970s, as a principal design consultant for all civil and geotechnical engineering on the UK section.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1976 New Year Honours, and elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the November 1982 to November 1983 session, and was a founder member and chairman of the British Tunnelling Society.

## Tunnelling expertise

John Bartlett's work included the invention of the Bentonite tunnelling machine, the precursor of all the world's tunnel boring machines for loose, sandy soils. Boring tunnels in non-cohesive soils – sands, silts, gravels and mixed ground – is a difficult and often dangerous task, with the tunnel face needing continuous support and a risk of groundwater flooding the works. Tunnelling in such loose soils was possible before the invention of the Bentonite tunnelling machine, but the traditional processes used, such as workers digging by hand under compressed air, were extremely hazardous and expensive.

John Bartlett's solution was inspired by a visit to Milan, where he observed how the city's first metro line had been built using a ‘cut and cover’ method rather than boring tunnels. The engineers had used bentonite clay to support the trenches while they were being excavated. Bentonite clay is frequently used in construction because it is thixotropic: a thick gel when at rest but a liquid when agitated. Bartlett began developing a new type of tunnelling machine that combined slurry trenches with mechanical digging technology.

The result was the Bentonite tunnelling machine, which he patented in 1964. The machine uses pressurised bentonite slurry in a sealed bulkhead behind the cutting face to balance the water pressure in the ground and stabilises the tunnel while supporting rings are installed. The excavated soil is then separated from the slurry, which is recirculated to the cutting face. Bartlett's Bentonite tunnelling machine became the prototype for a whole new class of slurry tunnelling machines and by the end of the 1970s more than 1000 had been used worldwide.

Lord Mair, when President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, said: "There can be no doubt that a major revolution in the worldwide tunneling industry was triggered by John Bartlett’s invention of the Bentonite Tunnelling Machine. It has enabled a rapid increase in tunnel construction around the world, particularly in urban areas, for water supply, sanitation, and transport – with remarkable benefit to humanity."

## Sir Frank Whittle Medal 2018

The Sir Frank Whittle Medal is awarded to an engineer whose sustained achievements have had a profound impact upon their engineering discipline. Academy president Professor Dame Ann Dowling presented the award at the Royal Academy of Engineering's AGM in London to Bartlett on 18 September 2018. On receiving the award, John Bartlett said: "Civil Engineering today is a team game. I hope members of my team will enjoy sharing the recognition given by this award. Many thanks to those who put me forward."

## Personal life and death

Bartlett also had a passion for ships. The Bartlett Maritime Research Centre and Library at the National Maritime Museum Cornwall is named after him, marking his 2003 donation of 6,000 volumes of maritime history to add to its now 18,000 volume collection. He also wrote in his spare time.

He died on 17 November 2021, at the age of 94.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| John Vernon Bartlett | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1927-06-18)18 June 1927<br>Wimbledon, London, England |
| Died | 17 November 2021(2021-11-17) (aged 94) |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Stowe School, Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Gillian Bartlett |
| Children | 4 |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Discipline | Civil, |
| Institutions | Institution of Civil Engineers (president - 1982 - 1983) |
| Projects | Londons Victoria Line (credited) Uks Channel tunnel (credited) Tower Bridge Mechanism (credited) |
| Significant design | Bentonite Tunneling Machine |
| Awards | Telford medal Sir Frank Whittle Medal |
|  | |


title: John Whichelo

abstract: Charles John Mayle Whichelo (1784–1865), who usually signed as John Whichelo, was a British marine, landscape and topographical painter. He was made the Prince Regent's Marine and Landscape Painter’. His works were engraved for Londina Illustrata, The Beauties of England and Wales and David Hughson's Walks Through London. His brother was Henry Mayle Whichelo. His grand-child and John's great niece was Mary Eleanor [Nellie] Whichelo (1862–1959) who was the head designer of the Royal School of Art Needlework.

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# John Whichelo

**Charles John Mayle Whichelo** (1784–1865), who usually signed as **John Whichelo**, was a British marine, landscape and topographical painter. He was made the Prince Regent's Marine and Landscape Painter’.

His works were engraved for *Londina Illustrata*, *The Beauties of England and Wales* and David Hughson's *Walks Through London*.

His brother was Henry Mayle Whichelo. His grand-child and John's great niece was Mary Eleanor \[Nellie\] Whichelo (1862–1959) who was the head designer of the Royal School of Art Needlework.


title: John Southworth (musician)

abstract: John Southworth is a British-Canadian singer-songwriter, performer, author and videomaker. He performs a diverse range of popular and peculiar song genres, from AM oldies-radio to traditional folk balladry, 80s pop to art song and cabaret.

text:
# John Southworth (musician)

**John Southworth** is a British-Canadian singer-songwriter, performer, author and videomaker. He performs a diverse range of popular and peculiar song genres, from AM oldies-radio to traditional folk balladry, 80s pop to art song and cabaret.

## History

Southworth's orchestral debut record *Mars Pennsylvania* was released on Bar None Records in 1998.

He has since released a number of cross-genre albums on small labels, each stylistically varied from the other, including *Sedona Arizona* (1999), *Banff Springs Transylvania* (2000 featuring Mary Margaret O'Hara), *Yosemite* (2005), *The Pillowmaker* (2007) (performed with his longtime band The South Seas, featuring members from Toronto's avant-jazz-improv community) and *Mama Tevatron* (2009). The South Seas also backed John on the elegiac *Human Cry* (2010) reissued on UK label Tin Angel Records in August 2018.

In 2011 Southworth released *Spiritual War Cassette Tape*, recorded in part on a Sony Cassette Corder Model TCM-939. The following year he debuted the surreal cabaret song cycle *Easterween* featuring arrangements by Toronto arranger Andrew Downing at the Lower Ossington Theatre in Toronto. A collection of actual rejected jingles appeared later in the same year on *Failed Jingles for Bank of America & other U.S. Corporations* (2012).

In July 2014 it was announced that Southworth would be releasing a double record on Tin Angel Records called *Niagara*, featuring nine songs on the Canadian side and eleven on the American side. Co-produced by Jean Martin (a drummer and percussionist known for his work with Tanya Tagaq) and again featuring The South Seas, *Niagara* was named Album of the Year 2014 by Rolling Stone Germany and Canada's National Post. On September 2, 2016, *Small Town Water Tower* LP was announced, set for an October release. The LP *Miracle in the Night* was released May 3, 2019.

On October 1, 2021, the album to the multiplatform *Rialto* (album, podcast, book, show-film) was released on Tin Angel Records. The album features singers The Weather Station, Martin Tielli, Daniel Knox, Felicity Williams, Robin Dann, Thom Gill and Ryan Driver with arrangements for string quartet by Andrew Downing performed by Venuti String Quartet. An eight-episode podcast featuring chapters of the novella began on July 19, 2021, and features the speaking voices of the singers as well as twenty other artists including U.S. Girls, Claudia Dey and Veda Hille among others. All Music's four-star review of the album said, "Southworth delivers some of the most serpentine and complex melodies of his career...one of his most fully realized and imaginative works." A show featuring an art film directed by Southworth with accompanying live performance premiered in Toronto in March 2022 at the Paradise Theater.

On May 12, 2023, Southworth released *When you're this, this in love* on Tin Angel.

Southworth's songs have been covered by or written for such artists as The Weather Station, Basia Bulat, Kevin Johansen, Sarah Slean, Luke Temple, Buck 65, Hawksley Workman, Jully Black, Martin Tielli and Veda Hille. The Weather Station covered "Loving You" (from *Niagara*) on their 2022 album *How Is It That I Should Look at the Stars*.

*Daydreams For Night*, an alternative children's book featuring illustrations by David Ouimet, was published by Azuka in Japan and Simply Read in 2015.

A former film student, he directs his own videos.

He is the son of Peter Shelley, the British 1970s pop singer-songwriter, later a producer and record executive.

## Discography

* *Mars Pennsylvania* (1997)
* *Sedona Arizona* (1999)
* *Banff Springs Transylvania* (2000)
* *Rose Milk Appalachia* (EP 2001)
* *Yosemite* (2005)
* *The Pillowmaker* (2006)
* *Mama Tevatron* (2009)
* *Human Cry* (2010)
* *Spiritual War Cassette Tape* (2011)
* *Easterween* (with Andrew Downing 2012)
* *West Coast Persona* (EP 1998 & 2012)
* *Failed Jingles for Bank of America & other U.S Corporations* (2012)
* *Niagara* (2014)
* *Small Town Water Tower* (2016)
* *Miracle In The Night* (2019)
* *Rialto* (2021)
* *When You're This, This in Love* (2023)

## InfoBox

| John Southworth | |
| --- | --- |
| Southworth at the Hillside Festival in 1998 | |
| Background information | |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 1996–present |


title: John Walley

abstract: John Walley was an English politician.

text:
# John Walley

**John Walley** (died 1615) was an English politician.

## Family

Walley was the son of William Walley, who was Mayor of Bath in 1573 and 1582. His nephew, John Walley, was a later mayor. William Shareston, MP and Mayor, was described in Walley's will as his 'brother', presumably his brother-in-law.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Bath in 1589. He was Mayor of Bath in 1585 and 1586.


title: Plastic optical fiber

abstract: Plastic optical fiber (POF) or polymer optical fiber is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light through the core of the fiber. Its chief advantage over the glass product, other aspect being equal, is its robustness under bending and stretching.

text:
# Plastic optical fiber

**Plastic optical fiber** (**POF**) or **polymer optical fiber** is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light (for illumination or data) through the core of the fiber. Its chief advantage over the glass product, other aspect being equal, is its robustness under bending and stretching.

## History

Since 2014 a full family of PHY transceivers have been available in the market enabling the design and manufacturing of home networking equipment delivering Gigabit speeds into the home.

One of the most exciting developments in polymer fibers has been the development of microstructured polymer optical fibers (mPOF), a type of photonic crystal fiber.

## Materials

Traditionally, PMMA (acrylic) comprises the core (96% of the cross section in a fiber 1mm in diameter), and fluorinated polymers are the cladding material. Since the late 1990s much higher performance graded-index (GI-POF) fiber based on amorphous fluoropolymer (poly(perfluoro-butenylvinyl ether), CYTOP) has begun to appear in the marketplace. Whereas glass fibers are only manufactured by drawing, polymer optical fibers can also be manufactured by drawing.

### Characteristics of PMMA POF

* PMMA is used as the core, with a refractive index of 1.49.
* Generally, fiber cladding is made of fluorinated polymers (refractive index \<1.40).
* High refractive index difference is maintained between core and cladding.
* High numerical aperture.
* Have high mechanical flexibility and low cost.
* Industry-standard (IEC 60793-2-40 A4a.2) step-index fiber has a core diameter of 1mm.
* Attenuation loss is about 1 dB/m @ 650 nm.
* Bandwidth is ~5 MHz-km @ 650 nm.

## Applications

### Data networks

POF has been called the "consumer" optical fiber because the fiber and associated optical links, connectors, and installation are all inexpensive. Due to the attenuation and distortion characteristics of PMMA fibers, they are commonly used for low-speed, short-distance (up to 100 meters) applications in digital home appliances, home networks, industrial networks (PROFIBUS, PROFINET, Sercos, EtherCAT), and car networks (MOST). The perfluorinated polymer fibers are commonly used for much higher-speed applications such as data center wiring and building LAN wiring.

In relation to the future requirements of high-speed home networking, there has been an increasing interest in POF as a possible option for next-generation Gigabit/s links inside the home. To this end, several European Research projects are active, such as POF-ALL  and POF-PLUS .

### Sensors

Polymer optical fibers can be used for remote sensing and multiplexing due to their low cost and high resistance.

It is possible to write fiber Bragg gratings in single and multimode POF. There are advantages in doing this over using silica fiber since the POF can be stretched further without breaking, some applications are described in the PHOSFOS project page.

## Standards

Optical fiber used in telecommunications is governed by European Standards EN 60793-2-40-2011.

Several standardization bodies at country, European, and worldwide levels are currently developing Gigabit communication standards for POF aimed towards home networking applications. It is expected the release at the beginning of 2012.

An IEEE study group and later task force has been meeting since then until the publication on 2017 of the IEEE802.3bv Amendment. IEEE 802.3bv defines a 1 Gigabit/s full duplex transmission over SI-POF using red LED. It is called 1000BASE-RH.

This Gigabit POF IEEE standard is based on multilevel PAM modulation a frame structure, Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding and Multilevel coset coding modulation. The combination of all these techniques has proven to be an efficient way of achieving low-cost implementations at the same time that the transmission theoretical maximum capacity of the POF is approached.

Other alternatives are schemes like DMT, PAM-2 NRZ, DFE equalization or PAM-4. VDE standard was published in 2013. After the publication the IEEE asked VDE to withdraw the specification and bring all the effort to IEEE. VDE withdrew the specification and a CFI was presented to IEEE in March 2014.

## Literature

* C.M.Okonkwo, E. Tangdiongga, H. Yang, D. Visani, S. Loquai, R. Kruglov, B. Charbonnier, M. Ouzzif, I. Greiss, O. Ziemann, R. Gaudino, A. M. J. Koonen, "Recent Results From the EU POF-PLUS Project: Multi-Gigabit Transmission Over 1 mm Core Diameter Plastic Optical Fibers", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 29., No.2., pp186–193 January 2011.
* Ziemann, O., Krauser, J., Zamzow, P.E., Daum, W.: POF Handbook - Optical Short Range Transmission Systems. 2nd ed., 2008, Springer, 884 p. 491 illus. in color, ISBN 978-3-540-76628-5
* I. Möllers, D. Jäger, R. Gaudino, A. Nocivelli, H. Kragl, O. Ziemann, N. Weber, T. Koonen, C. Lezzi, A. Bluschke, S. Randel, “Plastic Optical Fiber Technology for Reliable Home Networking – Overview and Results of the EU Project POF-ALL,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Optical Communications Series, Vol.47, No.8, pp. 58–68, August 2009
* R. Pérez de Aranda, O. Ciordia, C. Pardo, “A standard for Gigabit Ethernet over POF. Product Implementation”, Proc. of POF Conference 2011. Bilbao
* S. Randel, C. Bunge, “Spectrally Efficient Polymer Optical Fiber Transmission”, Coherent Optical Communications, Subsystems and Systems, Proc. SPIE Vol. 7960
* J. Lee, "Discrete Multitone Modulation for Short-Range Optical Communications," PhD Thesis, University of Technology Eindhoven, 2009. Link.


title: Platt Report 1964

abstract: The Platt Report (1964) or the Platt Report(s) on the Reform of Nursing Education was the report of Harry Platt upon the investigations of a committee established by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN). It made recommendations about how nurses should be educated and what prior qualifications should be required in order to begin nurse training in England.

text:
# Platt Report 1964

The **Platt Report** (1964) or the **Platt Report(s) on the Reform of Nursing Education** was the report of Harry Platt upon the investigations of a committee established by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN). It made recommendations about how nurses should be educated and what prior qualifications should be required in order to begin nurse training in England.

## Context

By the 1960s, problems with recruitment of nurses to the National Health Service had been identified by studies, questionnaires, and job analyses. As many as 10,000 students failed to complete training and wastage rates were as high as 50 percent.

The RCN established a committee chaired by Platt to look at nursing education and suggest ways to reduce loss of staff during training or soon afterwards. Committee members included Annie Altschul, Barbara Fawkes, Catherine Hall, John Greene and Winifred Hector.

## Recommendations

The Platt Report was published in 1964.

### Entry requirements

The Platt Report proposed that to be accepted onto nurse training, people should have a minimum of five O-Levels.

### Training requirements

The Platt Report stated that trainee nurses should receive two years of academic study and monitored clinical experience, followed by an exam, then another year of work in a hospital under supervision.

Nurse training had to cover general medicine and surgery, gynaecology, paediatrics, ear nose and throat medicine, ophthalmology and dermatology.

All nurse training schools were to have access to hospitals or groups of hospitals with 300 beds or more.

The Platt Report recommended that student nurses remained employees funded by Regional Health Authorities and paid a grant. It recommended different courses for state registered nurses (SRN) and state enrolled nurses (SEN), with a SEN required to complete two years' training and have their name on a roll and an SRN a three-year training programme and have their name on a professional register. Both would receive training grants.

## Impact

As Health Minister, Kenneth Robinson rejected suggestions from the Platt Report.

The General Nursing Council questioned the Report's "move away from a vocational ethos of nursing."

In 1969, the Welsh School of Medicine created a course that provided the first route to a degree in nursing.


title: John Spencer (Scottish footballer)

abstract: John Spencer is a Scottish former professional footballer and coach. As a player, he was a forward from 1988 until 2004, notably in the English Premier League for Chelsea and Everton and the Scottish Premier League for Motherwell. He also played in his native country for Rangers and Morton, in Hong Kong for Lai Sun and in the English Football League with Queens Park Rangers. He finished his career in the United States with a three-year spell with the Colorado Rapids. He also earned 14 caps for Scotland. Since retiring from playing in 2004, Spencer has remained in America, and was assistant coach of Houston Dynamo before becoming head coach of the Portland Timbers in 2011 until being relieved of his coaching position on 9 July 2012. He returned to the Colorado Rapids as an assistant coach in 2016, before joining the San Jose Earthquakes in a similar role for the 2017 season, until both he and head coach Dominic Kinnear were let go on 25 June 2017.

text:
# John Spencer (Scottish footballer)

**John Spencer** (born 11 September 1970) is a Scottish former professional footballer and coach.

As a player, he was a forward from 1988 until 2004, notably in the English Premier League for Chelsea and Everton and the Scottish Premier League for Motherwell. He also played in his native country for Rangers and Morton, in Hong Kong for Lai Sun and in the English Football League with Queens Park Rangers. He finished his career in the United States with a three-year spell with the Colorado Rapids. He also earned 14 caps for Scotland.

Since retiring from playing in 2004, Spencer has remained in America, and was assistant coach of Houston Dynamo before becoming head coach of the Portland Timbers in 2011 until being relieved of his coaching position on 9 July 2012. He returned to the Colorado Rapids as an assistant coach in 2016, before joining the San Jose Earthquakes in a similar role for the 2017 season, until both he and head coach Dominic Kinnear were let go on 25 June 2017.

## Early life

Spencer was born in Glasgow and raised in the city's Gorbals district. He initially attended John Bosco Secondary School locally, and was in the same school year as fellow professional footballer Paddy Connolly. He then changed to St Ninian's High School in Giffnock.

## Club career

### Rangers

Spencer started his career at Rangers, signing with the club as a schoolboy in 1982 and as a professional in 1985. Future Scotland colleague Eoin Jess was a teammate at youth level. His signing, even as a 12-year-old schoolboy who had yet to play a competitive senior match proved problematic; Spencer was Catholic and the club had a strong Protestant culture. His decision to sign for Rangers meant that he was regularly threatened and challenged to fights at the Catholic school he attended, while Celtic-supporting members of his family would walk by him in the street, and have never spoken to him since.

Spencer made his debut for Rangers in 1987, winning the minor Glasgow Cup in his first season. In 1988, he was loaned by then manager Graeme Souness to Morton, where he made four league appearances (scoring once) before returning to Ibrox. Spencer remained a fringe player at Rangers and after a further loan spell with Lai Sun of Hong Kong was sold in 1992 to Chelsea for a fee of £450,000, having made 20 appearances in all competitions over five years.

### Chelsea

At Chelsea, Spencer enjoyed a consistent period of playing in his career. Between August 1992 and October 1996 he made 137 appearances and scored 43 goals in all competitions. He featured in the teams which lost 4–0 to Manchester United in the 1994 FA Cup Final and reached the semi-finals of the 1994–95 European Cup Winners' Cup and the 1995–96 FA Cup.

### Queens Park Rangers

In November 1996, recently appointed Chelsea manager Ruud Gullit sold Spencer for £2.5 million to Queens Park Rangers, then in the second tier of English football, the First Division. Spencer appeared 56 times and scored 25 goals, but QPR failed to gain promotion to the Premier League after Spencer's initial season, and in his second flirted with relegation.

### Everton

In 1998, he moved to Everton, initially on loan, but subsequently for a fee of £1.5 million. Reunited with Walter Smith, his former manager at Rangers, Spencer's career at Everton quickly stalled, as he struggled to regain the performance levels required as a Premiership player. After only eight months and nine games he was loaned to Motherwell.

### Motherwell

In 1999, Spencer's move to Motherwell was made permanent, for a club-record fee of £600,000. Spencer's signing was seen as evidence of a raised level ambition at Fir Park. Scoring 21 times in 81 appearances spread over three seasons, Spencer's time at Motherwell was tempered by a series of injuries. His final season, 2000–01, saw three goals. As Motherwell sought to cut costs, Spencer was sold to Colorado Rapids on 21 February 2001.

### Colorado Rapids

Spencer made an impressive MLS debut with the Rapids. In his first year, he started 22 games, and finished the year with 14 goals and seven assists, and was subsequently named to the MLS Best XI. Spencer's second year was once more hampered by injuries, but he still finished with five goals and four assists in 13 games. He returned to form in 2003, leading the team in scoring again with 14 goals and five assists, winning a place in the MLS Best XI, as well as ranking as a finalist for the MLS MVP Award.

In 2004, as injuries kept him out of several games, he finished the season with four goals and one assist in 19 starts. He retired after the season. On 30 August 2009, Spencer was inducted into the Rapids Gallery of Honor at halftime of the Dynamo's 1–0 loss to the Rapids

## International career

Having played three matches for the under-21s while at Rangers, Spencer's prominence at Chelsea saw him gain the first of 14 caps for the Scotland national team in November 1994, appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Russia at Hampden Park in Scotland's successful campaign to qualify for the 1996 European Championship. He played in all three matches at the finals, starting in the defeat to England and coming off the bench in the draw against the Netherlands and the win over Switzerland. As his club career fluctuated he also featured less on the international scene, making one appearance at the outset of the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, and claiming his last cap in a friendly against Wales in May 1997.

## Coaching career

### Houston Dynamo

Upon retiring from his playing career, Spencer joined Houston Dynamo as an assistant coach on Dominic Kinnear's staff. With Spencer on staff, the Dynamo won back-to-back MLS Cup championships in 2006 and 2007. Spencer also served as the head coach for the Dynamo Reserves and led that squad to the 2008 MLS Reserve Division Championship.

### Portland Timbers

Appointed the first head coach in the Timbers' MLS history on 10 Aug. 2010, Spencer led the Timbers to a successful season in 2011, finishing on the brink of a coveted MLS Cup playoff berth in what was his first season as a head coach and the club's inaugural MLS season.

Under Spencer's guidance in 2011, the Timbers opened their MLS era with a historic start, winning their first five MLS matches on their home field at Jeld-Wen Field. Portland became the first MLS expansion side to win the first five home matches of its inaugural season. The Timbers' momentum at home continued throughout the season as the club finished among MLS leaders in goals scored at home (30) and home wins (9). The Timbers' success at home combined with energy of their passionate supporters group, the Timbers Army, gave Jeld-Wen Field the reputation of being one of the most intimidating venues for visiting teams in MLS. The club's 11 wins in 2011 ranks tied for fourth with the 2006 Houston Dynamo among wins for MLS "expansion" franchises (that Houston franchise being a relocated San Jose Earthquakes franchise).

Known as a "players coach", Spencer installed an attacking style of play and a blue-collar, hard-working mentality to the Timbers in his first season at the helm. Following a slow start for the Timbers in their second season, Spencer was relieved of his coaching duties for the Portland Timbers in July 2012.

## Personal life

Spencer is brother-in-law to football manager Billy Davies, who also played for Rangers and Motherwell and managed Preston North End, Derby County and Nottingham Forest. His other brother-in-law John Davies was also a footballer, with Billy Davies signing both Johns to play under him during his time as Motherwell boss.

His son, Brad Spencer, is a footballer who plays for Falkirk.

## Managerial record

*As of 21 May 2012*

| Team | From | To | Record | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | G | W | D | L | Win % |
| Portland Timbers | 10 August 2010 | 9 July 2012 | 45 | 14 | 12 | 19 | 031.11 |
| Total | | | 45 | 14 | 12 | 19 | 031.11 |

* 1. Includes league, playoffs, cup and CONCACAF Champions League.
* 2. Spencer was hired as the first coach of the Major League Soccer franchise; not as the club's USSF Division 2 Professional League coach.

## Honors

**Individual**

## InfoBox

John Spencer
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | John Spencer | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-09-11) 11 September 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland | | |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Rangers SABC | | |
| 1982–1988 | Rangers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1988–1992 | Rangers | 13 | (2) |
| 1988–1989 | Morton (loan) | 4 | (1) |
| 1989–1990 | Lai Sun (loan) | 24 | (20) |
| 1992–1997 | Chelsea | 103 | (36) |
| 1996–1997 | Queens Park Rangers (loan) | 25 | (17) |
| 1997–1998 | Queens Park Rangers | 23 | (5) |
| 1998–1999 | Everton (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Everton | 3 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Motherwell (loan) | 21 | (7) |
| 1999–2000 | Motherwell | 33 | (11) |
| 2001–2004 | Colorado Rapids | 88 | (37) |
| Total |  | **343** | **(136)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1990–1991 | Scotland U21 | 3 | (1) |
| 1994–1997 | Scotland | 14 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2006–2010 | Houston Dynamo (assistant) | | |
| 2011–2012 | Portland Timbers | | |
| 2016 | Colorado Rapids (assistant) | | |
| 2017 | San Jose Earthquakes (assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Plassac, Gironde

abstract: Plassac is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

text:
# Plassac, Gironde

**Plassac** (French pronunciation: \[plasak\]) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 814 |  |
| 1968 | 853 | +4.8% |
| 1975 | 901 | +5.6% |
| 1982 | 956 | +6.1% |
| 1990 | 964 | +0.8% |
| 1999 | 913 | −5.3% |
| 2008 | 906 | −0.8% |

## InfoBox

| Plassac | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Plassac | |
|  | |
| Location of Plassac | |
| PlassacPlassac | |
| Coordinates: 45°06′16″N 0°38′45″W / 45.1044°N 0.6458°W / 45.1044; -0.6458 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Gironde |
| Arrondissement | Blaye |
| Canton | L'Estuaire |
| Intercommunality | Blaye |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Louis Bernard |
| Area**1** | 7.12 km2 (2.75 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 939 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 33325 /33390 |
| Elevation | 0–79 m (0–259 ft)
(avg. 20 m or 66 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Plassanal

abstract: Plassanal is a very small town in Kottayam district, state of Kerala, India. It is 4 km northwest of the town of Erattupetta.

text:
# Plassanal

**Plassanal** is a very small town in Kottayam district, state of Kerala, India. It is 4 km northwest of the town of Erattupetta.

## Places of interest

* Discs and Machines - Sunny's Gramophone Museum and Records Archive: a private museum of gramophone players and a large collection of mainly 78 rpm disc records.

## Education

* St. Antony's Higher Secondary School
* Government Lower Primary School
* Plassanal Nursery School

## Hospitals

* Holy Family Hospital

## Religious places

* St. Mary's Church
* Incholikkavu Temple
* Carmelite Convent

## Accessibility: Nearest cities and towns

Nearest Airport - Cochin International Airport

Nearest Railway Station- Kottayam railway station

Distance to Cochin \- 80 km

Distance to Kottayam \- 37 km

Distance to Pala \- 9 km

Distance to Bharananganam \- 4 km

## InfoBox

| Plassanal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PlassanalLocation in Kerala, IndiaPlassanalPlassanal (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°42′30.1″N 76°45′41.1″E / 9.708361°N 76.761417°E / 9.708361; 76.761417 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kottayam |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram Panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 686579 |
| Telephone code | 04822 |
| Vehicle registration | KL- 35 |
| Literacy | 100% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Kottayam |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Pala |


title: Piz de Trescolmen

abstract: Piz de Trescolmen is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, situated in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has several summits: the highest at 2,652 metres and the southern at 2,581 metres. On its southern side it overlooks the Trescolmen Pass.

text:
# Piz de Trescolmen

**Piz de Trescolmen** is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, situated in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has several summits: the highest at 2,652 metres and the southern at 2,581 metres. On its southern side it overlooks the Trescolmen Pass (2,161 m).

## InfoBox

| Piz de Trescolmen | |
| --- | --- |
| Piz de TrescolmenLocation in Switzerland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,652 m (8,701 ft) |
| Prominence | 182 m (597 ft) |
| Parent peak | Piz Pian Grand |
| Coordinates | 46°24′25.5″N 9°11′04.4″E / 46.407083°N 9.184556°E / 46.407083; 9.184556 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Lepontine Alps |


title: Piz di Sassiglion

abstract: Piz di Sassiglion is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It is the highest summit of the chain south of the Passo di Malghera. The mountain lies east of Poschiavo (Graubünden) and west of the Val Grosina (Lombardy).

text:
# Piz di Sassiglion

**Piz di Sassiglion** (2,855 m) is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It is the highest summit of the chain south of the Passo di Malghera. The mountain lies east of Poschiavo (Graubünden) and west of the Val Grosina (Lombardy).

## InfoBox

| Piz di Sassiglion | |
| --- | --- |
| Pizzo di Sassiglione | |
| Sassalb (centre) and Piz di Sassiglion (right) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,855 m (9,367 ft) |
| Prominence | 313 m (1,027 ft) |
| Parent peak | Cima Viola |
| Coordinates | 46°19′22″N 10°6′46″E / 46.32278°N 10.11278°E / 46.32278; 10.11278 |
| Geography | |
| Piz di SassiglionLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland <br>Lombardy, Italy |
| Parent range | Livigno Alps |


title: Plating efficiency

abstract:
Plating efficiency ("PE") is a measure of the number of colonies originating from single cells. It is a very sensitive test and is often used for determining the nutritional requirements of cells, testing serum lots, measuring the effects of growth factors, and for toxicity testing. Plating Efficiency is the number of cells that grow into colonies per 100 cells inoculated. That is, it is the proportion of cells that attach and grow to the number of cells originally plated, expressed as a percentage. PE can be determined by the following formulae:
  - P E = # cells on day 1 # cells plated on day 0 × 100 or
  - P E = # colonies counted # cells inoculated × 100 The first method is more accurate. Cell growth in culture generally undergoes a decline after plating, and graphically, PE is the global minimum of the growth curve at day one, after which growth rises again. The decrease in viable cells after plating is due to "anchorage-dependence"--cells must attach to the bottom of the culture dish. Plating Efficiency is one of the parameters typically used to define growth properties of cells in culture. Other common parameters are doubling time ("DT"), and saturation density ("SD").

text:
# Plating efficiency

**Plating efficiency** ("PE") is a measure of the number of colonies originating from single cells. It is a very sensitive test and is often used for determining the nutritional requirements of cells, testing serum lots, measuring the effects of growth factors, and for toxicity testing.

Plating Efficiency is the number of cells that grow into colonies per 100 cells inoculated. That is, it is the proportion of cells that attach and grow to the number of cells originally plated, expressed as a percentage. PE can be determined by the following formulae:

$$\mathrm {PE} ={\frac {\\#\\,{\text{cells on day 1}{\\#\\,{\text{cells plated on day 0}\times 100}}}}}$$

or

$$\mathrm {PE} ={\frac {\\#\\,{\text{colonies counted}{\\#\\,{\text{cells inoculated}\times 100}}}}}$$

The first method is more accurate.

Cell growth in culture generally undergoes a decline after plating, and graphically, PE is the global minimum (lowest point) of the growth curve at day one, after which growth rises again. The decrease in viable cells after plating is due to "anchorage-dependence"--cells must attach to the bottom of the culture dish.

Plating Efficiency is one of the parameters typically used to define growth properties of cells in culture. Other common parameters are doubling time ("DT") (which is an average of generation time ("GT")), and saturation density ("SD").


title: John of Leiden

abstract: John of Leiden was a Dutch Anabaptist leader. In 1533 he moved to Münster, capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, where he became an influential prophet, turned the city into a millenarian Anabaptist theocracy, and proclaimed himself King of New Jerusalem in September 1534. The insurrection was suppressed in June 1535 after Prince-Bishop Franz von Waldeck besieged the city and captured John. John was tortured to death in the city's central marketplace on 22 January 1536, along with Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting.

text:
# John of Leiden

**John of Leiden** (born **Johan Beukelszoon**; 2 February 1509 – 22 January 1536) was a Dutch Anabaptist leader. In 1533 he moved to Münster, capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, where he became an influential prophet, turned the city into a millenarian Anabaptist theocracy, and proclaimed himself King of New Jerusalem in September 1534. The insurrection was suppressed in June 1535 after Prince-Bishop Franz von Waldeck besieged the city and captured John. John was tortured to death in the city's central marketplace on 22 January 1536, along with Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting.

## Life

John was the illegitimate son of a Dutch mayor, and a tailor's apprentice by trade. He was born in the village of Zevenhoven in the municipality of Nieuwkoop, located in the Dutch province of South Holland. Raised in poverty, young John became a charismatic leader who was widely revered by his followers. John was an Anabaptist, secretly at first, but later he became a recognized prophet of a sect which would eventually take over the German town of Münster. According to his own testimony, he moved to Münster in 1533 because he had heard there were inspired preachers there. He sent for Jan Matthys, who had baptized him, to come.

After his arrival Matthys – recognized as a prophet – became the principal leader of the city. Matthys expelled all of the Catholics from the city shortly after his arrival and set up a communal structure based on the Gospels. He outlawed money and forbade owning property. A Catholic supported army, led by Franz von Waldeck, Prince-Bishop of Münster, Osnabrück and Minden, laid siege to the town of Münster after the Anabaptist takeover. Matthys led an assault on the siege on Easter Sunday 1534, but died quickly. John of Leiden became a self-proclaimed "king of the New Jerusalem" until its fall in June 1535.

John of Leiden would lead the Anabaptists during the siege. When he was the leader, he assumed Matthys' position as the prophet and eventually established a Royal Order complete with a Royal Court and a kingly costume, which was made from the property taken from the citizens of Münster. John of Leiden would make many promises to his starving subjects about salvation from the siege and upcoming rewards for their enduring loyalty. This, along with his charisma, kept his position in the city secure until the eventual defeat by the hands of the prince bishop. His motto was: *"Gottes macht is myn cracht"* (God's might is my strength).

The army of Münster was defeated in 1535 by the prince-bishop Franz von Waldeck. John of Leiden was captured. He was found in the cellar of a house, from where he was taken to a dungeon in Dülmen, then brought back to Münster. On 22 January 1536, along with Bernhard Krechting and Bernhard Knipperdolling, he was tortured and then executed. Each of the three was attached to a pole by an iron spiked collar and his body ripped with red-hot tongs for the space of an hour.

After Knipperdolling saw the process of torturing John of Leiden, he attempted to kill himself with the collar, using it to choke himself. After that, the executioner tied him to the stake to make it impossible for him to kill himself. After the burning, their tongues were pulled out with tongs before each was killed with a burning dagger thrust through the heart. The bodies were placed in three iron baskets and hung from the steeple of St. Lambert's Church and the remains left to rot. About fifty years later the bones were removed, but the baskets remain.

## Historiography

The conventional view is that John of Leiden set up in Münster a polygamous theocracy, best known for a law John passed stating that any unmarried woman must accept the first proposal of marriage made to her, with the result that men competed to acquire the most wives. Some sources report that John himself took sixteen wives aside from his "Queen" Divara van Haarlem, and that he publicly beheaded one of his wives, Elisabeth Wandscherer, after she rebelled against his authority.

Karl Kautsky in his *Communism in Central Europe at the Time of the Reformation*, notes that this picture of Anabaptist Münster is based almost entirely on accounts written by the Anabaptists' enemies, who sought to justify their bloody reconquest of the city. Kautsky's reading of the sources emphasizes the Anabaptists' emphasis on social equality, political democracy, and communal living during the time of John's nominal rule.

## In proverb, on stage and in fiction

* John's name still lives on in the Dutch language, in the saying **zich met een Jan(tje) van Leiden van iets afmaken** (loosely: *To pull a John of Leiden*), which means *not putting too much effort (or any effort) into something*.
* John Leiden features in Thomas Nashe's *The Unfortunate Traveller* (1594), whose hero, Jack Wilton, satirically describes the siege of Münster and Leiden's death.
* The opera *Le prophète* (1849) by Giacomo Meyerbeer features John as its hero. It involves the capture of Münster (Acts III and IV), John's coronation as God's elect at the cathedral (Act IV), and its finale is set in John's palace in Münster.
* John appears as a proxy for Hitler in Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen’s 1937 anti-Nazi novel, *Bockelson: Geschichte eines Massenwahns* ("Bockelson: A Tale of a Mass Insanity").
* John of Leiden is featured in the 1962 Peter Vansittart novel published as *The Siege* in USA and as *Friends of God* in the U.K.
* John (as Jan Bockelson) is one of the main protagonists in the 1967 play *Die Wiedertäufer* by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, and in the 1985 opera Behold the Sun by Alexander Goehr.
* John of Leiden appears in the novel *L'Œuvre au noir* or *The Abyss* by Marguerite Yourcenar, from 1968, in which Yourcenar blends fictitious and real characters, describing the whole Münster Rebellion and its downfall. The passage occupies a short chapter.
* The 1993 German TV drama *A King for Burning* about Leiden features Christoph Waltz as Jan Beuckelszoon and Mario Adorf as Bishop von Waldeck.
* John is also featured in Luther Blissett's novel, .
* John (Jan) of Leiden is the central character in Anita Mason's 2003 novel *Perfection*.
* John is a central character in Antonio Orejudo's 2005 novel, "Reconstruction"
* John is a central character in Jonathon Rainbow's 2010 novel, *Speak to Her Kindly*, a novel of historical fiction set during the events of the Munster Rebellion.
* The protagonist of Richard Powers's 2014 novel *Orfeo* composes an opera with John of Leiden as the main character.
* The opera 'J.S. Bach - the Apocalypse' (2022) by OPERA2DAY and the Nederlandse Bachvereniging about the stages of radicalization is based on the life of John.
* He was one of the leading characters in The Golden City, a 1974 award-winning immersive drama written and performed by Strathclyde Theatre Group in Glasgow Cathedral and St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal) during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

## Further reading

* *New Jerusalem: The short life and terrible death of Christendom's most defiant sect*, by Paul Ham, ISBN 978-0143781332

*The Tailor-King: The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster*, by Anthony Arthur, ISBN 0-312-26783-5

## InfoBox

| John of Leiden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Anabaptist King of Münster | |
| Reign | 8 September 1534 – 24 June 1535 (1534-09-08 1535-06-24) |
| Deputies | Chancellor
Heinrich Krechting
Lieutenant
Bernhard Krechting
Stadtholder
Bernhard Knipperdolling |
|  | |
| Born | Johan Beukelszoon
(1509-02-02)2 February 1509
Zevenhoven, County of Holland, Habsburg Netherlands |
| Died | 22 January 1536(1536-01-22) (aged 26)
Prinzipalmarkt, Münster, Prince-Bishopric of Münster |
| Spouse |  |
|  | |
| Occupation(s) | Tailor, merchant, innkeeper |
| Known for | Role in the Münster rebellion |
|  | |


title: Pizzeria Gabbiano

abstract: Pizzeria Gabbiano was an Italian restaurant and pizzeria in Seattle, Washington. It closed in 2016.

text:
# Pizzeria Gabbiano

**Pizzeria Gabbiano** was an Italian restaurant and pizzeria in Seattle, Washington. It closed in 2016.

## Description

The pizzeria operated in Pioneer Square. It had a seating capacity of 36 people.

## InfoBox

| Pizzeria Gabbiano | |
| --- | --- |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | Italian |
| City | Seattle |
| County | King |
| State | Washington |
| Country | United States |


title: Pleurotomella enderbyensis

abstract: Pleurotomella enderbyensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Pleurotomella enderbyensis

***Pleurotomella enderbyensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 12 mm

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Antarctic waters in the Weddell Sea.

* Engl, W. (2012). *Shells of Antarctica*. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 402 pp

* Kantor Y.I., Harasewych M.G. & Puillandre N. (2016). A critical review of Antarctic Conoidea (Neogastropoda). Molluscan Research. 36(3): 153-206
* Biolib.cz: *Pleurotomella enderbyensis*
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* Griffiths, H.J.; Linse, K.; Crame, J.A. (2003). SOMBASE - Southern Ocean mollusc database: a tool for biogeographic analysis in diversity and evolution. Organisms Diversity and Evolution. 3: 207-213

## InfoBox

| *Pleurotomella enderbyensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Pleurotomella* |
| Species: | ***P. enderbyensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleurotomella enderbyensis***<br>Powell, 1958 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pleurotomella (Anomalotomella) enderbyensis* Powell, 1958 | |


title: Pleurotomella expeditionis

abstract: Pleurotomella expeditionis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Pleurotomella expeditionis

***Pleurotomella expeditionis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 3 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Chatham Islands

* Dell, R. K. (1956). *The archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand.* Dominion Museum Bulletin. 18: 1-235
* Powell, A.W.B. 1979 *New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells*, Collins, Auckland
* Beu, A.G. 2011 *Marine Molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 4. Gastropoda (Ptenoglossa, Neogastropoda, Heterobranchia).* Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 41, 1–153

* Spencer H.G., Willan R.C., Marshall B.A. & Murray T.J. (2011). Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone
* Biolib.cz: *Pleurotomella expeditionis*
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.

## InfoBox

| *Pleurotomella expeditionis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Pleurotomella* |
| Species: | ***P. expeditionis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleurotomella expeditionis***<br>(Dell, 1956) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Asperdaphne expeditionis* Dell, 1956 (original combination) | |


title: Platystomos albinus

abstract: Platystomos albinus is a species of beetle in the family Anthribidae, the fungus weevils. Adults measure 7 to 10 mm (0.3–0.4 in). The larvae feed on decaying trees, and are associated with the fungus Daldinia. It is present in deciduous forests throughout Europe and the Near East, including central southern and eastern Britain. The species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae.

text:
# Platystomos albinus

***Platystomos albinus*** is a species of beetle in the family Anthribidae, the fungus weevils. Adults measure 7 to 10 mm (0.3–0.4 in). The larvae feed on decaying trees, and are associated with the fungus *Daldinia*. It is present in deciduous forests throughout Europe and the Near East, including central southern and eastern Britain.

The species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his *Systema Naturae*.

## InfoBox

| *Platystomos albinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Curculionoidea |
| Family: | Anthribidae |
| Genus: | *Platystomos* |
| Species: | ***P. albinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platystomos albinus***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platystomus albinus* * *Anthribus albinus* Geoffroy, 1762 * *Macrocephalus albinus* Olivier, 1789 | |


abstract: Sir John Julius Wells was a British Conservative politician.

text:
# John Wells (British politician, born 1925)

**Sir John Julius Wells** DL (30 March 1925 – 8 February 2017) was a British Conservative politician.

## Life before politics

Wells was educated at Eton College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (MA). He served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War, as a seaman in 1942, commissioned in 1943 and in submarines until 1946. He was a marine engineer, company director and farmer, and was a councillor on Leamington Spa Borough Council.

## Political career

At the 1955 general election, Wells stood unsuccessfully in the Smethwick constituency. At the 1959 general election, he was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone, following in the footsteps of a 19th-century ancestor, also John Wells. He held the safe Conservative seat until his retirement at the 1987 general election, when his successor was the future minister Ann Widdecombe.

Throughout his period as a Member of Parliament, Wells was a strong supporter of country interests and the local economy, on one occasion riding his horse through the streets of Westminster and on another loudly eating a Kentish apple during a speech by a Labour Minister of Agriculture, as a protest against the import of cheap, subsidised and, in his opinion, inferior imports from France. He was appointed to the speaker's panel of chairmen in 1974, becoming senior Chairman of Standing Committees in 1983 until his retirement. He became chairman of the Horticultural Sub-Committee of the Select Committee on Agriculture in 1968 and was Master of the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers in 1977. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1984 and appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Kent in 1992.

## Personal life

Wells married in 1948, Lucinda, eldest daughter of Francis R Meath Baker, of Hasfield Court, Gloucestershire. In 1958 the family moved to Mere House in Mereworth, Kent. The house had been built in the 18th century by Sir Francis Dashwood, a distant ancestor of Lucinda. The Wells family have themselves had a long association with West Kent dating back to at least the 16th century, and were mentioned by Samuel Pepys in his famous diary as owners of a successful shipbuilders on the Thames. Together the Wellses had two sons (WA Andrew, High Sheriff of Kent in 200506, and Oliver) and two daughters (the late Julia, Mrs James Luard, and Henrietta, homeopathic practitioner and author). Lady Wells died on 24 February 2013. Wells was a freemason.

## InfoBox

| Sir John WellsDL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Maidstone | |
| **In office**
8 October 1959  18 May 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Alfred Bossom |
| Succeeded by | Ann Widdecombe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Julius Wells
(1925-03-30)30 March 1925 |
| Died | 8 February 2017(2017-02-08) (aged 91) |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Lucinda Meath Baker  (m. 1948; died 2013) |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | Corpus Christi College, Oxford |
|  | |


title: Poczekajka, Gmina Żmudź

abstract: Poczekajka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żmudź, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Poczekajka, Gmina Żmudź

**Poczekajka** \[pɔt͡ʂɛˈkai̯ka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żmudź, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Poczekajka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Poczekajka | |
| Coordinates: 51°01′36″N 23°36′18″E / 51.02667°N 23.60500°E / 51.02667; 23.60500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Chełm |
| Gmina | Żmudź |


title: Mariveles Coal-Fired Power Plant

abstract: GNPower Mariveles Energy Center Ltd. Co. is a subcritical coal-fired power plant in Mariveles, Bataan. The 600-MW facility was connected to the Luzon power grid on January 21, 2013. The facility was a joint project of GNPower Mariveles Energy Center Ltd. Co. and AC Energy. Two additional units are under construction, both with 600-MW capacity. It was scheduled in early 2016 that the construction of the first unit which would cost P1 billion would commence. Aboitiz Power Corporation (AP), through their wholly-owned subsidiary Therma Power, Inc. acquired 66.1 percent ownership interest. It was completed on December 27, 2016.

text:
# Mariveles Coal-Fired Power Plant

**GNPower Mariveles Energy Center Ltd. Co. (formerly "GNPower Mariveles Coal Plant Ltd. Co.")** is a subcritical coal-fired power plant in Mariveles, Bataan. The 600-MW facility was connected to the Luzon power grid on January 21, 2013. The facility was a joint project of GNPower Mariveles Energy Center Ltd. Co. and AC Energy.

Two additional units are under construction, both with 600-MW capacity. It was scheduled in early 2016 that the construction of the first unit which would cost P1 billion would commence.

Aboitiz Power Corporation (AP), through their wholly-owned subsidiary Therma Power, Inc. acquired 66.1 percent ownership interest. It was completed on December 27, 2016.

## InfoBox

| GNPower Mariveles Energy Center Ltd. Co. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Location | Mariveles, Bataan |
| Coordinates | 14°25′29″N 120°32′12″E / 14.42478°N 120.53658°E / 14.42478; 120.53658 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | January 2010 |
| Commission date | January 21, 2013 |
| Owners | GNPower Mariveles Coal Plant Ltd Co. |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Coal |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 650 MW |
| External links | |
| Website | www.gnpower.com.ph |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Hyperolius balfouri

abstract: Hyperolius balfouri is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia, Uganda, and western Kenya. The specific name balfouri honours J.W. Balfour, a missionary in Uganda. Common names Balfour's reed frog and Ethiopia reed frog have been coined for this species, with the latter name referring to the now-synonymized Hyperolius zavattarii. Populations from the western part of the range may be referred to the subspecies Hyperolius balfouri viridistriatus.

text:
# Hyperolius balfouri

***Hyperolius balfouri*** is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia, Uganda, and western Kenya. The specific name *balfouri* honours J.W. Balfour, a missionary in Uganda. Common names **Balfour's reed frog** and **Ethiopia reed frog** have been coined for this species, with the latter name referring to the now-synonymized *Hyperolius zavattarii*. Populations from the western part of the range may be referred to the subspecies *Hyperolius balfouri viridistriatus*.

## Description

Adult males measure 28–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) and adult females 36–42 mm (1.4–1.7 in) in snout–vent length. The dorsum is yellow to brown with thin, dark dorsolateral stripes. In the eastern populations these are shorter, extending 2/3 down the body, whereas in the western populations the lines are green and better developed; often a dark middorsal line, sometimes split into spots, is present. The venter and throat are white to orange. Males possess a large, flat, somewhat shagreened gular flap and small asperities on the dorsum. Females have smooth skin.

## Habitat and conservation

*Hyperolius balfouri* occurs in savannas at elevations below 820 m (2,690 ft). In southwestern Ethiopia it can occur in tropical deciduous forests, and it can also occur formerly forested areas in Cameroon. Breeding takes place in small pools. It is an abundant species that is unlikely to face significant threats, except perhaps in the Ethiopian part of its range where deforestation could be a threat. It occurs in some protected areas.

## InfoBox

| *Hyperolius balfouri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hyperoliidae |
| Genus: | *Hyperolius* |
| Species: | ***H. balfouri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyperolius balfouri***
(Werner, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rappia balfouri*  Werner, 1908 "1907" * *Hyperolius zavattarii*  Scortecci, 1943 * *Hyperolius concolor viridistriatus*  Monard, 1951 | |


title: Gastropod (podcast)

abstract: Gastropod is a podcast about the science and history of food. It has aired since 2014 and is hosted by journalists Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber.

text:
# Gastropod (podcast)

***Gastropod*** is a podcast about the science and history of food. It has aired since 2014 and is hosted by journalists Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber.

## Format and content

*Gastropod* is an independent podcast produced and hosted by Twilley and Graber, who interview chefs, scientists, and historians to collect stories about the science and history of food. They produce the podcast out of their homes in Somerville, Massachusetts and Los Angeles, California, respectively. Typical stories Twilley and Graber have shared on the show include Leonardo da Vinci inventing the first pasta machine, the effect of gold spoons on the flavor of foods, Jack Daniel learning how to make whiskey from an enslaved person from Africa, and the history of birthday cake. Episodes usually delve deeply into details about the historical, cultural, and scientific background of the episode's subject and feature interviews with multiple experts, sometimes recorded on location at laboratories, farm fields, or archaeological digs. Each episode is approximately fifty minutes and episodes are released every two weeks. In 2017, each episode had about 100,000 downloads.

## Awards

1. Kurland, Ann Trieger (2019-10-11). "It's Gastropod's fifth birthday (and that's practically 100 in podcast years)". *BostonGlobe.com*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
2. Shaw, Iain (2018-10-02). "Gastropod Podcast Review: Food Podcasts That Will Make You Hungry". *Podcast Review*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
3. "Food for Thought". *Atlanta Tribune*. Vol. 30, no. 7. October 2016. p. 68. ISSN 1064-3877.
4. Griner, David (2017-12-08). "Q&A: How the 2 Women Behind Gastropod Turned a Passion Project Into a Steady Income". *Adweek*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
5. Galarza, Daniela (2015-03-29). "IACP Announces 2015 Food Writing Award Winners". *Eater*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
6. "2015 Region 10 Murrow Winners". *www.rtdna.org*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
7. "Digital Awards & Runners-Up". *IACP*. Retrieved 2020-11-06.

## InfoBox

| *Gastropod* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presentation | |
| Hosted by | Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber |
| Genre | * culinary * food * history * non-fiction * science |
| Updates | Biweekly |
| Length | approximately 22 to 56 minutes |
| Production | |
| Production | Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber |
| No. of episodes | 196 as of September 2022 |
| Publication | |
| Original release | 2014 <br>present |
| Cited for | 2019 International Association of Culinary Professionals Best Podcast or Radio Show |


abstract: The Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). It was first awarded at the 1st Metro Manila Film Festival ceremony, held in 1975; Nida Blanca received the award for his role in Batu-Bato sa Langit and it is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. Currently, nominees and winners are determined by Executive Committees, headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman and key members of the film industry.

text:
# Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress

The **Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress** is an award presented annually by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). It was first awarded at the 1st Metro Manila Film Festival ceremony, held in 1975; Nida Blanca received the award for his role in *Batu-Bato sa Langit* and it is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. Currently, nominees and winners are determined by Executive Committees, headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman and key members of the film industry.

## Winners and nominees

| Key | Explanation |
| --- | --- |
|  | Indicates the winning supporting actress |

### 1970s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975
(1st) | Nida Blanca | *Batu-bato sa Langit* |  |  |
| 1976
(2nd) | Mona Lisa | *Insiang* | Tonia |  |
| 1977
(3rd) | Rosemarie Gil | *Burlesk Queen* | Virgie Nite |  |
| 1978
(4th) | *None* | | |  |
| 1979
(5th) | Rebecca Gonzales | *Kasal-Kasalan, Bahay-Bahayan* |  |  |

### 1980s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980
(6th) | *None* | | |  |
| 1981
(7th) | Charito Solis | *Kisapmata* | Adelina Carandang |  |
| 1982
(8th) | Gigi Dueñas | *Himala* | Nimia |  |
| 1983
(9th) | Alicia Alonzo | *Bago Kumalat ang Kamandag* |  |  |
| 1984
(10th) | Celia Rodriguez | *Bulaklak sa City Jail* | Luna |  |
| 1985
(11th) | Cherie Gil | *God... Save Me!* | Edita |  |
| 1986
(12th) | Maritess Gutierrez | *Halimaw sa Banga* | Halimaw |  |
| 1987
(13th) | Susan Africa | *Olongapo...The Great American Dream* | Mama Charlie |  |
| 1988
(14th) | Jaclyn Jose | *Celestina Sanchez, Alyas Bubbles/ Enforcer: Ativan Gang* |  |  |
| 1989
(15th) | Cherie Gil | *Ang Bukas ay Akin* | Mirriam |  |

### 1990s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990
(16th) | Gina Alajar | *Andrea, Paano Ba ang Maging Isang Ina?* | Joyce |  |
| 1991
(17th) | Tetchie Agbayani | *Okay Ka, Fairy Ko!: The Movie* | Luka |  |
| 1992
(18th) | Sylvia Sanchez | *Takbo, Talon, Tili* | Lucresia/Ms. Lopez |  |
| | Tetchie Agbayani | *Okay Ka, Fairy Ko!: Part 2* | | Munita |
| 1993
(19th) | Amy Austria | *Kung Mawawala Ka Pa* | Sylvia |  |
| 1994
(20th) | Teresa Loyzaga | *Lucas Abelardo* | Lucas's Wife |  |
| 1995
(21st) | Donna Cruz | *Muling Umawit ang Puso* | Noemi |  |
| 1996
(22nd) | Jean Garcia | *Trudis Liit* | Clara |  |
| 1997
(23rd) | Nida Blanca | *Babae* | Lola Adora |  |
| 1998
(24th) | Gloria Diaz | *José Rizal* | Teodora Alonzo |  |
| 1999
(25th) | Angelu de Leon | *Bulaklak ng Maynila* | Ada |  |

### 2000s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000
(26th) | Cherie Gil | *Sugatang Puso* | Miriam |  |
| 2001
(27th) | Alessandra de Rossi | *Hubog* | Nikka |  |
| 2002
(28th) | Kris Aquino | *Mano Po* | Juliet Go-Co |  |
| 2003
(29th) | Hilda Koronel | *Crying Ladies* | Rhoda Aling Doray Rivera |  |
| 2004
(30th) | Rebecca Lusterio | *Panaghoy sa Suba* | Bikay (Duroy's sister) |  |
| 2005
(31st) | Cherry Pie Picache | *Ako Legal Wife* | Patty Que-Chiong |  |
| 2006
(32nd) | Gina Pareño | *Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo* | Belita |  |
| 2007
(33rd) | Eugene Domingo | *Bahay Kubo: A Pinoy Mano Po!* | Marang |  |
| 2008
(34th) | Manilyn Reynes | *One Night Only* | George |  |
| 2009
(35th) | Heart Evangelista | *Mano Po 6: A Mother's Love* | Stephanie Uy |  |
| | Heart Evangelista | *Nobody, Nobody But... Juan* | | Young Aida |
| | Kim Chiu | *I Love You, Goodbye* | | Ysa Benitez |

### 2010s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010
(36th) | Eugene Domingo | *Ang Tanging Ina Mo (Last na 'To!)* | Rowena |  |
| 2011
(37th) | Eugene Domingo | *My Househusband (Ikaw Na!)* | Aida |  |
| | Bing Loyzaga | *Enteng ng Ina Mo* | | Satana/Amarillo |
| | Solenn Heussaff | *Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow* | | Selene |
| 2012
(38th) | Wilma Doesnt | *Sisterakas* | Jessie |  |
| | Gina Pareno | *One More Try* | | Lola Medy |
| 2013
(39th) | Aiza Seguerra | *My Little Bossings* | Ice |  |
| | Gloria Sevilla | *Boy Golden* | | Aling Puring |
| | Shaina Magdayao | *Pagpag: Siyam na Buhay* | | Lucy |
| | Carla Humphries | *10,000 Hours* | | Isabelle Manahan |
| | Mylene Dizon | *10,000 Hours* | | Anna Alcaraz |
| 2014
(40th) | Lotlot de Leon | *Kubot: The Aswang Chronicles* | Nieves |  |
| | Cai Cortez | *English Only, Please* | | Mallows |
| | Nikki Gil | *My Big Bossing's Adventures* | | Prinsesa Reyna Beatriz |
| | Chanda Romero | *Shake, Rattle & Roll XV* | | Aling Lina |
| | Carmi Martin | *Feng Shui 2* | | Ruby Anonuevo |
| 2015
(41st) | Maine Mendoza | *My Bebe Love* | Anna Carillo |  |
| | Nova Villa | *All You Need Is Pag-Ibig* | | Loisa |
| | Kim Molina | *#WalangForever* | | Luli |
| | Iza Calzado | *Haunted Mansion* | | Amara |
| | Lotlot de Leon | *Buy Now, Die Later* | | Maita |
| 2016
(42nd) | Phoebe Walker | *Seklusyon* | Madre Cecilia |  |
| | Cai Cortez | *Ang Babae sa Septic Tank 2: #ForeverIsNotEnough* | | Jocelyn |
| | Gladys Reyes | *Die Beautiful* | | Beth |
| | Mercedes Cabral | *Oro* | | Linda |
| 2017
(43rd) | Jasmine Curtis-Smith | *Siargao* | Abi |  |
| | Rachel Alejandro | *Ang Larawan* | | Paula Marasigan |
| | Menchu Lauchengco | *Ang Larawan* | | Pepang |
| | Dimples Romana | *Deadma Walking* | | Mary |
| | Andrea Torres | *Meant to Beh* | | Agatha Bayona |
| 2018
(44th) | Aiko Melendez | *Rainbow's Sunset* | Georgina |  |
| 2019
(45th) | Yeng Constantino | *Write About Love* | Joyce |  |
| | Meryll Soriano | *Culion* | | Ditas |
| | Krystal Brimner | *Sunod* | |  |

### 2020s

| Year | Actress | Film | Role | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020
(46th) | Shaina Magdayao | *Tagpuan* |  |  |
| | Jaclyn Jose | *Mang Kepweng: Ang Lihim ng Bandanang Itim* | | Milagros |
| | Miles Ocampo | *The Missing* | | Len |
| | Bibeth Orteza | *Magikland* | | Mama Mandalagan |
| | Rosanna Roces | *Suarez: The Healing Priest* | |  |
| 2021
(47th) | Rans Rifol | *Kun Maupay Man it Panahon* | Andrea |  |
| | Eugene Domingo | *Big Night!* | |  |
| | Janice de Belen | *Big Night!* | |  |
| 2022
(48th) | Dimples Romana | *My Father, Myself* |  |  |
| | Tiffany Grey | *My Father, Myself* | |  |
| | Louise delos Reyes | *Deleter* | | Aileen |
| 2023
(49th) | Miles Ocampo | *Family of Two* |  |  |
| | Alessandra de Rossi | *Firefly* | |  |
| | Agot Isidro | *Becky & Badette* | |  |
| | Gloria Diaz | *Mallari* | |  |
| | Janella Salvador | *Mallari* | |  |

## Multiple awards for Best Supporting Actress

Throughout the history of Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF), there have been actresses who received multiple Awards for Best Supporting Actress. As of 2015 (41st MMFF), 3 actresses have received two or more Best Supporting Actress awards.

| Actress | Record Set | First year awarded | Recent year awarded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eugene Domingo | 3 | 2007 | 2011 |
| Cherie Gil | | 1985 | 2000 |
| Nida Blanca | 2 | 1975 | 1997 |

1. Only the "Best Performer" award was given.
2. Only the "Best Actor" and "Best Actress" awards were given.

## InfoBox

| Metro Manila Film Festival Award | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role |
| Country | Philippines |
| Presented by | MMDA |
| First awarded | 1975 |
| Currently held by | Miles Ocampo,
*Family of Two* (2023) |
| Website | www.mmda.gov.ph/mmff/ |


title: Gateway Bridge (Illinois–Iowa)

abstract: The Gateway Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Mississippi River in Clinton, Iowa, United States. It carries U.S. Route 30 from Iowa into Illinois just south of Fulton, Illinois. The bridge itself is two travel lanes wide.

text:
# Gateway Bridge (Illinois–Iowa)

The **Gateway Bridge** (locally called the **South Bridge**) is a suspension bridge over the Mississippi River in Clinton, Iowa, United States. It carries U.S. Route 30 from Iowa into Illinois just south of Fulton, Illinois. The bridge itself is two travel lanes wide.

## Description

The Gateway Bridge is a steel suspension bridge that carries U.S. Route 30 from Clinton, Iowa to Fulton, Illinois. Its main span length is 1,269.49 m (4,165 ft), its maximum length is 196.3 m (644 ft), and its width is 7.92 m (26 ft). The consultant engineer to the bridge was the City of Clinton Commission. The bridge was financed by bonds, which expired in 1979.

## History

The bridge was constructed from August 1954 to May 1956, and the bridge opened at the end of June 1956. Illinois Lieutenant Governor John William Chapman said that the bridge would have a "considerable impact on the improvement of the economic and traffic pattern of Iowa and Illinois". Iowa Governor Leo Hoegh called the bridge a "masterpiece in engineering" and praised Iowa for its role in the project. Henry O. Talle, a congressman who represented Iowa's 2nd congressional district, stated that the bridge opening was "something worthy to be remembered."

In 1982, the Illinois-Iowa Department of Transportation announced that tolls would be discontinued on the bridge.

From February to December 1999, the Gateway Bridge closed for a construction upgrade, which had an estimate cost of $10.6 million.

It was closed in March 2006 for repainting and reconstruction of Route 30 on the Illinois side of the river, and reopened in November 2006. Traffic on U.S. Route 30 intending to cross the river was detoured north to the Lyons-Fulton Bridge.

From October 1, 2018, to October 4, 2018, the lane on the bridge closed for bridge inspections.

## InfoBox

| Gateway Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 41°50′16″N 90°11′02″W / 41.83778°N 90.18389°W / 41.83778; -90.18389 |
| Carries | 2 lanes of  US 30 |
| Crosses | Mississippi River |
| Locale | Clinton, Iowa and Fulton, Illinois |
| Maintained by | Illinois Department of Transportation |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Suspension bridge |
| Total length | 1,269.49 m (4,165 ft) |
| Width | 7.92 m (26 ft) |
| Longest span | 196.29 m (644 ft) |
| No. of lanes | 2 |
| History | |
| Designer | Modjeski & Masters |
| Engineering design by | City of Clinton Bridge Commission |
| Opened | June 1956 |
| Statistics | |
| Daily traffic | 10,000 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Geky Dor

abstract: Geky Dor was an Italian comic book series created and written by Andrea Lavezzolo with illustrations by Andrea Bresciani. It was published weekly in 20 issues from 1949 to 1950.

text:
# Geky Dor

***Geky Dor*** was an Italian comic book series created and written by Andrea Lavezzolo with illustrations by Andrea Bresciani. It was published weekly in 20 issues from 1949 to 1950.

## Background

Inspired by a newspaper story, the series recounts the adventures of Geky Dor, a youth who turns detective to clear the name of his father who had been wrongly accused of murder. Geky is accompanied in his adventures by Salvatore, a tramp whom he had befriended. A mysterious figure known only as "il fantasma" (the ghost) intervenes at various points to rescue the pair from danger. Geky Dor was the third major comic character created by Lavezzolo, and the second on which he and Bresciani collaborated. The first issue, published on 20 November 1949, was entitled *Doloroso ritorno* (Sad Return). The last issue and concluding episode, *La vittoria del fantasma* (The Ghost's Victory), was published on 9 April 1950. The series was republished in 1954 in the children's magazine, *Il Giornalino di Lucky* with the protagonist's name changed to "Teddy Len". The entire series was republished in facsimile and under its original name in 1978 by the Associazione Nazionale Amici del Fumetto.

Other comics series created by Andrea Lavezzolo:

## InfoBox

| *Geky Dor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the first issue, 20 November 1949 | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Edizioni Popolari Moderne |
| Genre |  |
| Publication date | November 1949 – April 1950 |
| No. of issues | 20 |
| Creative team | |
| Written by | Andrea Lavezzolo |
| Artist(s) | Andrea Bresciani |


title: Gekokujō

abstract: Gekokujō Gekokujō is a Japanese word which refers to someone of a lower position overthrowing someone of a higher position using military or political might, seizing power. It is variously translated as "the lower rules the higher" or "the low overcomes the high".

text:
# Gekokujō

***Gekokujō*** (下克上, also 下剋上) is a Japanese word which refers to someone of a lower position overthrowing someone of a higher position using military or political might, seizing power. It is variously translated as "the lower rules the higher" or "the low overcomes the high".

## History

The term originated from Sui dynasty China. In Japan, it came into use during the Kamakura period.

Instances of *gekokujō* date back to the Sengoku period. Through the chaotic political climate of the era, Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were able to create fervour and acquire political and military power. In 1588, Hideyoshi ordered the sword hunt, a nationwide confiscation of weapons, to try to prevent further insurrection. After the shogunate was established, social mobility and the freedom of soldiers and farmers was restricted to try to prevent further *gekokujō*. The Tokugawa shogunate adopted a Confucian system of social stratification, which put all members of society into distinct groups, making it unlikely for anyone to leave their given social class.

During the early Showa period, repeated acts of *gekokujō* occurred. The Imperial Way Faction were responsible for attempting to assassinate many public figures in the 1920s and 1930s, including the visiting Charlie Chaplin, but were given light prison sentences because they received public support. Inspired by the Imperial Way Faction, the Kwantung Army orchestrated the Mukden Incident in 1931, leading to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. British correspondent Hugh Byas described the phenomenon as "government by assassination". Masanobu Tsuji (辻 政信) was a well known supporter of extreme *gekokujō* during World War II.

## In art

## Further reading

* *Sources of Japanese Tradition Volume 2* compiled by William T. de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann


title: Patrick Fowler

abstract: Trooper Patrick Fowler, from Dublin, was a member of a cavalry regiment of the British Army, the 11th Hussars who served during World War I. During an advance, Fowler was cut off from his regiment, and after surviving alone in the woods for five months, was hidden by French civilians living in territory occupied by the German Army. He is therefore notable for spending most of The Great War hiding in a wardrobe. He managed to survive the war and moved to Scotland after leaving the army.

text:
# Patrick Fowler

Trooper **Patrick Fowler** (died 1964, aged 90), from Dublin, was a member of a cavalry regiment of the British Army, the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) who served during World War I. During an advance, Fowler was cut off from his regiment, and after surviving alone in the woods for five months, was hidden by French civilians living in territory occupied by the German Army. He is therefore notable for spending most of The Great War hiding in a wardrobe. He managed to survive the war and moved to Scotland after leaving the army.

## World War I

On 26 August 1914, Fowler took part in the Battle of Le Cateau, but he was cut off from his regiment during a German advance. For five months, Fowler lived in the local woods, until he was discovered by a local man, Louis Basquin, on 15 January 1915. Instead of handing him over to the Germans, Basquin took him to the Bertry farmhouse of his mother-in-law, Madame Belmont-Gobert, and her daughter Angèle. It was decided to hide Fowler in a wardrobe that was 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) high, and 20 inches (510 mm) deep.

However, soon after Fowler moved in, sixteen German soldiers were billeted at the farm. As a result, the Germans spent much of their time in the same room as Fowler, unaware that he was hiding in the wardrobe. Fowler had to remain completely still and silent in order to avoid being spotted. He could only come out at night, and had to live on a small amount of food that was shared by those helping him. The German High Command then sent orders for the farmhouse to be requisitioned and the family to be moved to a small cottage. Madame Belmont-Gobert asked the billeting Germans to help her move, which included moving the wardrobe with Fowler inside it. Luckily for Fowler, none of the Germans looked inside.

The Germans only ever searched the wardrobe once, after a British nurse, Edith Cavell, was executed for helping Allied soldiers. However, the Germans failed to find Fowler as he had temporarily been hidden under a mattress, because, so Madame Belmont-Gobert later claimed, she had a premonition that the wardrobe would be searched.

Following the move to the new cottage, Fowler was allowed more freedom of movement, but he still had to hide whenever the Germans approached, and at night. Fowler was eventually reunited with the 11th Hussars who evacuated Bertry on 10 October 1918. Fowler was then able to explain to his regiment why he was absent for four years without being charged for desertion.

## Aftermath

After the war had finished, Fowler moved to the 8,400-acre (34 km2) Glenernie Estate in the Scottish Highlands, where he lived with his wife and three daughters. The wardrobe was moved to the 11th Hussars regimental museum in Winchester and is currently on display.

Madame Belmont-Gobert was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire as a reward for her efforts in keeping Fowler hidden. By 1927, she was living in poverty, and so *The Daily Telegraph* launched a campaign to help her. As a result, the 11th Hussars gave Madame Belmant-Gobert £100, and then gave her full billeting pay for caring for Fowler, dating back to 1914. In response, the French War Minister Paul Painlevé demanded that the British government would not have to pay Madame Belmant-Gobert any more money, because they would give her a pension.

There was a plan in 2000 to make a film based on Fowler's life during the war, with Robert Carlyle tipped to play Fowler and backing from Bill Shepherd. It was planned to be made by Shepperton Studios and shot on in location in France, but nothing came of the project.

A sketch inspired by Fowler's time in the wardrobe was included in a Horrible Histories special about World War I in 2014 (series 5, episode 15, 'Frightful First World War Special', first shown 4 August 2014).

In 2017 Fowler was the subject of an episode of the Futility Closet Podcast, where his experience living in a wardrobe was compared with the experience of Harriet Jacobs, a North Carolina slave and future author.


title: W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center

abstract: The W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center is a research facility on the campus of the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona which specializes on equine studies, breeding and research.

text:
# W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center

The **W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center** is a research facility on the campus of the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) which specializes on equine studies, breeding and research.

## History

The horse center dates back to 1925. W.K. Kellogg had a longtime interest in Arabian horses, and purchased 377 acres (1.5 km2) for $250,000 in Pomona, California, to establish a ranch. After erecting the first buildings, Kellogg funded the development of an Arabian horse breeding program, which (as of 2008) remains the oldest in the United States and the fifth largest in the country.

Starting with breeding stock descended from the imports of Homer Davenport and W.R. Brown, Kellogg then looked to England, where he purchased a significant number of horses from the Crabbet Arabian Stud, making multiple importations during the 1920s. The Kellogg ranch became well known in southern California not only for its horse breeding program but also for its entertaining, weekly horse exhibitions, open to the public and frequently visited by assorted Hollywood celebrities. Among many other connections to Hollywood, the actor Rudolph Valentino borrowed the Kellogg stallion, "Jadaan," for use in his 1926 movie, *Son of the Sheik*, along with a Kellogg employee, Carl Raswan, who rode in certain scenes as Valentino's stunt double.

In 1932, Kellogg donated the ranch, which had grown to 750-acre (3.0 km2) to the University of California, requiring that the property would be used for educational purposes, the herd of Arabian horses must be maintained, and the horse shows would continue. It was until 1943, during World War II, that the ranch was taken over by the U.S. War Department and was known as the Pomona Quartermaster Depot (Remount). In 1948, the ranch was transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture and in 1949 the ranch was turned over to the state of California. Title to the then 813-acre (3.3 km2) ranch and horses was passed to the State of California.

The ranch became part of the Voorhis unit of what was then known as the California Polytechnic State College in San Luis Obispo. This became known as the Kellogg Campus, and in 1966, it was separated to form California State Polytechnic College Pomona (now California State Polytechnic University, Pomona). The Center occupied the original Kellogg stables prior to the dedication of the existing facility on April 6, 1974.

This was also the location of the W.K. Kellogg Airport (not to be confused with the W. K. Kellogg Airport in Battle Creek, Michigan). It operated from 1928 to 1932, and was then the largest privately owned airport in the country.

## Today

Today the facility is home to approximately 85 purebred Arabian horses used in Equine Sciences’ teachings, outreach, research and internationally recognized breeding and training programs. Facilities at the center include 38 acres (150,000 m2) of pasture, three barns, foaling stalls, a breeding area, a veterinary clinic, a farrier shop, four arenas and a grandstand.

The University operates the W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Library, which is open to the public.

34°03′32″N 117°48′54″W / 34.058958°N 117.815108°W / 34.058958; -117.815108

## InfoBox

W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1925 |
| Location | Pomona, California, United States |
| Website | W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center |