abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lorain County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 124 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks. Another 3 properties were once listed, but have been removed.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

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# National Register of Historic Places listings in Lorain County, Ohio

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Lorain County, Ohio**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 124 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks. Another 3 properties were once listed, but have been removed.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks |  | July 14, 1978
(#78002115) | 5501 E. Lake Rd.
41°30′01″N 82°04′10″W / 41.500278°N 82.069444°W / 41.500278; -82.069444 (103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks) | Sheffield Lake |  |
| 2 | Darlon Allen House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003877) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′46″N 82°13′12″W / 41.112778°N 82.22°W / 41.112778; -82.22 (Darlon Allen House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 3 | American Felsol Company Building |  | June 15, 2011
(#11000367) | 200 W. 9th St.
41°27′47″N 82°10′26″W / 41.463056°N 82.173889°W / 41.463056; -82.173889 (American Felsol Company Building) | Lorain | 1909 building originally built for the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; also known as the IOOF Building and the Lorain YWCA Building |
| 4 | Amherst Town Hall |  | May 29, 1975
(#75001459) | 206 S. Main St.
41°23′54″N 82°13′38″W / 41.398333°N 82.227222°W / 41.398333; -82.227222 (Amherst Town Hall) | Amherst |  |
| 5 | Antlers Hotel |  | November 30, 1982
(#82001470) | Southwestern corner of the junction of Erie and Washington Aves.
41°28′03″N 82°10′51″W / 41.467500°N 82.180833°W / 41.467500; -82.180833 (Antlers Hotel) | Lorain |  |
| 6 | Carlos Avery House |  | May 31, 1984
(#84003762) | 18797 State Route 58, north of Wellington
41°12′33″N 82°13′08″W / 41.209167°N 82.218889°W / 41.209167; -82.218889 (Carlos Avery House) | Pittsfield Township |  |
| 7 | Avon Isle |  | July 8, 2010
(#10000456) | 37080 Detroit Rd.
41°27′07″N 82°02′11″W / 41.451944°N 82.036389°W / 41.451944; -82.036389 (Avon Isle) | Avon |  |
| 8 | O.T. Baker House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003878) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′26″N 82°13′13″W / 41.107361°N 82.220278°W / 41.107361; -82.220278 (O.T. Baker House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 9 | Henry Bradford Farm |  | September 30, 1982
(#82003608) | North of Rochester on State Route 511
41°08′12″N 82°18′26″W / 41.136667°N 82.307222°W / 41.136667; -82.307222 (Henry Bradford Farm) | Rochester Township |  |
| 10 | Justin Breckenridge House |  | November 29, 1978
(#78002107) | 37174 S. East Main St., southeast of Grafton
41°15′51″N 82°02′44″W / 41.264167°N 82.045417°W / 41.264167; -82.045417 (Justin Breckenridge House) | Grafton Township |  |
| 11 | Broadway Building |  | November 14, 1985
(#85002833) | Southeastern corner of W. Erie Ave. and Broadway
41°28′06″N 82°10′40″W / 41.468333°N 82.177778°W / 41.468333; -82.177778 (Broadway Building) | Lorain |  |
| 12 | Broadway Historic District |  | March 16, 2022
(#100007496) | Roughly bounded by Broadway, West Erie Ave. from Washington Ave. & Erie Street Bridge, Washington Ave, Reid Ave., West 10th. West 4th, West 5th, West 6th, West 7th, West 8th, and West 9th Sts.
41°28′00″N 82°10′35″W / 41.4668°N 82.1763°W / 41.4668; -82.1763 (Broadway Historic District) | Lorain |  |
| 13 | Brownhelm Historic District |  | June 28, 1979
(#79003748) | Along N. Ridge Rd. in Brownhelm
41°23′23″N 82°17′24″W / 41.389722°N 82.290000°W / 41.389722; -82.290000 (Brownhelm Historic District) | Vermilion |  |
| 14 | Burrell Fort |  | April 4, 1978
(#78002111) | Along French Creek, ¼ mile from the Black River
41°27′32″N 82°06′08″W / 41.458889°N 82.102222°W / 41.458889; -82.102222 (Burrell Fort) | Sheffield |  |
| 15 | Burrell Orchard Site |  | September 15, 1977
(#77001073) | On a ridge off East River Road
41°27′18″N 82°06′24″W / 41.455000°N 82.106750°W / 41.455000; -82.106750 (Burrell Orchard Site) | Sheffield |  |
| 16 | Jabez and Robbins Burrell House and Cheese Factory |  | January 1, 1976
(#76001471) | North of Lorain off State Route 301
41°27′17″N 82°06′20″W / 41.454722°N 82.105556°W / 41.454722; -82.105556 (Jabez and Robbins Burrell House and Cheese Factory) | Sheffield |  |
| 17 | Burrell-King House |  | March 7, 1979
(#79001886) | 317 E. College St.
41°17′27″N 82°12′21″W / 41.290833°N 82.205833°W / 41.290833; -82.205833 (Burrell-King House) | Oberlin |  |
| 18 | Samuel C. Cahoon House |  | September 20, 1978
(#78002113) | 38369 Center Ridge Rd.
41°23′00″N 82°03′10″W / 41.383333°N 82.052778°W / 41.383333; -82.052778 (Samuel C. Cahoon House) | North Ridgeville |  |
| 19 | Wilbur Cahoon House |  | April 6, 1978
(#78002104) | 2940 Stoney Ridge Rd.
41°26′50″N 82°01′58″W / 41.447222°N 82.032778°W / 41.447222; -82.032778 (Wilbur Cahoon House) | Avon |  |
| 20 | Patrick Carlin House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002710) | 1182 W. River Rd., N.
41°23′19″N 82°06′18″W / 41.388611°N 82.105000°W / 41.388611; -82.105000 (Patrick Carlin House) | Elyria |  |
| 21 | Central School |  | November 19, 1987
(#87001985) | 474 Church St.
41°23′44″N 82°13′33″W / 41.395556°N 82.225833°W / 41.395556; -82.225833 (Central School) | Amherst |  |
| 22 | Century Block |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002718) | Northeastern corner of Broad St. and Washington Ave. and northern side of Broad St.
41°22′04″N 82°06′22″W / 41.367778°N 82.106111°W / 41.367778; -82.106111 (Century Block) | Elyria |  |
| 23 | John A. Chapman House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003879) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′57″N 82°13′10″W / 41.115833°N 82.219444°W / 41.115833; -82.219444 (John A. Chapman House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 24 | Christ Episcopal Church |  | November 30, 1978
(#78002114) | 156 S. Main St.
41°17′15″N 82°13′05″W / 41.2875°N 82.218056°W / 41.2875; -82.218056 (Christ Episcopal Church) | Oberlin |  |
| 25 | Ansel Clark House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003880) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°07′13″N 82°13′12″W / 41.120278°N 82.22°W / 41.120278; -82.22 (Ansel Clark House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 26 | Whitney Clark House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003881) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′59″N 82°13′12″W / 41.116389°N 82.22°W / 41.116389; -82.22 (Whitney Clark House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 27 | Columbia Baptist Church |  | July 12, 1976
(#76001466) | 25514 Royalton Rd.
41°18′47″N 81°55′32″W / 41.313056°N 81.925556°W / 41.313056; -81.925556 (Columbia Baptist Church) | Columbia Township |  |
| 28 | Columbia Town Hall |  | March 17, 1976
(#76001468) | 25496 Royalton Rd.
41°18′47″N 81°55′30″W / 41.313056°N 81.925000°W / 41.313056; -81.925000 (Columbia Town Hall) | Columbia Township |  |
| 29 | Commercial Building |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002724) | Northeastern corner of 2nd St. and Middle Ave.
41°22′00″N 82°06′24″W / 41.366667°N 82.106667°W / 41.366667; -82.106667 (Commercial Building) | Elyria |  |
| 30 | Congregational Church of Christ |  | August 13, 1974
(#74001554) | W. Lorain and N. Main Sts.
41°17′40″N 82°13′06″W / 41.294444°N 82.218333°W / 41.294444; -82.218333 (Congregational Church of Christ) | Oberlin |  |
| 31 | Dean Road Bridge |  | November 28, 1978
(#78002119) | West of South Amherst at Dean Rd. and the Vermilion River
41°20′56″N 82°20′41″W / 41.348889°N 82.344722°W / 41.348889; -82.344722 (Dean Road Bridge) | Henrietta Township | Extends into Erie County |
| 32 | Downtown Oberlin Historic District |  | May 1, 2003
(#03000324) | Roughly includes W. and E. College St., within 1 block of S. Main and S. Main from College to approximately Vine St.
41°17′25″N 82°13′05″W / 41.290278°N 82.218056°W / 41.290278; -82.218056 (Downtown Oberlin Historic District) | Oberlin |  |
| 33 | Duane Block |  | July 16, 1987
(#87001248) | 387-401 Broadway
41°28′03″N 82°10′36″W / 41.467500°N 82.176667°W / 41.467500; -82.176667 (Duane Block) | Lorain |  |
| 34 | Eagles Building |  | April 24, 1986
(#86000850) | 575 Broadway
41°27′58″N 82°10′30″W / 41.466111°N 82.175000°W / 41.466111; -82.175000 (Eagles Building) | Lorain | Located on the east (right) side of Broadway, it has a tall-white facade. |
| 35 | Eiden Prehistoric District |  | November 21, 1978
(#78002112) | 0.8 km north of the confluence of the Black River and French Creek
41°27′52″N 82°06′45″W / 41.464306°N 82.112500°W / 41.464306; -82.112500 (Eiden Prehistoric District) | Sheffield |  |
| 36 | Ely Block |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002717) | Northern side of Broad St. between Washington and East Ave.
41°22′04″N 82°06′26″W / 41.367778°N 82.107222°W / 41.367778; -82.107222 (Ely Block) | Elyria |  |
| 37 | Elyria Downtown-West Avenue Historic District |  | January 16, 2001
(#00001663) | Roughly bounded by Railroad, East Ave., 5th St., and West Ave.
41°21′55″N 82°06′26″W / 41.365278°N 82.107222°W / 41.365278; -82.107222 (Elyria Downtown-West Avenue Historic District) | Elyria |  |
| 38 | Elyria Elks Club |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002726) | 246 2nd St.
41°21′59″N 82°06′22″W / 41.366389°N 82.106111°W / 41.366389; -82.106111 (Elyria Elks Club) | Elyria |  |
| 39 | Elyria High School - Washington Building |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002735) | Southwestern corner of 6th St. and Middle Ave.
41°21′43″N 82°06′28″W / 41.361944°N 82.107778°W / 41.361944; -82.107778 (Elyria High School - Washington Building) | Elyria |  |
| 40 | Wilson Bruce Evans House |  | April 16, 1980
(#80003143) | 33 E. Vine St.
41°17′19″N 82°12′59″W / 41.288611°N 82.216389°W / 41.288611; -82.216389 (Wilson Bruce Evans House) | Oberlin |  |
| 41 | First Church of Christ, Scientist |  | July 18, 1975
(#75001460) | 309 East Ave.
41°21′53″N 82°06′16″W / 41.364861°N 82.104444°W / 41.364861; -82.104444 (First Church of Christ, Scientist) | Elyria |  |
| 42 | First National Bank Building |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002719) | Broad St.
41°22′04″N 82°06′19″W / 41.367778°N 82.105278°W / 41.367778; -82.105278 (First National Bank Building) | Elyria |  |
| 43 | First United Methodist Church |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002730) | 312 3rd St.
41°21′55″N 82°06′29″W / 41.365278°N 82.108056°W / 41.365278; -82.108056 (First United Methodist Church) | Elyria |  |
| 44 | Halsey Garfield House |  | May 22, 1978
(#78002116) | 4789 Detroit Rd.
41°25′19″N 82°05′35″W / 41.422083°N 82.093056°W / 41.422083; -82.093056 (Halsey Garfield House) | Sheffield |  |
| 45 | Milton Garfield House |  | September 21, 1978
(#78002117) | 4921 Detroit Rd.
41°25′22″N 82°05′22″W / 41.422778°N 82.089444°W / 41.422778; -82.089444 (Milton Garfield House) | Sheffield |  |
| 46 | Arthur L. Garford House |  | December 30, 1974
(#74001551) | 509 Washington Ave.
41°22′28″N 82°06′21″W / 41.374444°N 82.105833°W / 41.374444; -82.105833 (Arthur L. Garford House) | Elyria |  |
| 47 | Gould Block |  | February 9, 2005
(#05000031) | 608-630 Broadway Ave.
41°15′56″N 82°10′31″W / 41.265556°N 82.175278°W / 41.265556; -82.175278 (Gould Block) | Lorain |  |
| 48 | Grafton School |  | February 21, 2008
(#08000117) | 1111 Elm St.
41°16′33″N 82°03′03″W / 41.275833°N 82.050833°W / 41.275833; -82.050833 (Grafton School) | Grafton |  |
| 49 | Gregg House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003882) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′11″N 82°13′14″W / 41.102917°N 82.220556°W / 41.102917; -82.220556 (Gregg House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 50 | Gunn House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003883) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°08′27″N 82°13′08″W / 41.140833°N 82.218889°W / 41.140833; -82.218889 (Gunn House) | Wellington Township |  |
| 51 | Huntington Grange |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003884) | South of Wellington at the junction of State Routes 58 and 162
41°06′03″N 82°13′11″W / 41.100833°N 82.219722°W / 41.100833; -82.219722 (Huntington Grange) | Huntington Township |  |
| 52 | Huntington Public School |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003885) | South of Wellington at junction of State Routes 58 and 162
41°06′01″N 82°13′11″W / 41.100278°N 82.219722°W / 41.100278; -82.219722 (Huntington Public School) | Huntington Township |  |
| 53 | Huntington Township Hall |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003886) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°05′59″N 82°13′12″W / 41.099722°N 82.22°W / 41.099722; -82.22 (Huntington Township Hall) | Huntington Township |  |
| 54 | William E. Hurst House |  | September 11, 1974
(#74001550) | 33065 Detroit Ave.
41°27′12″N 81°59′07″W / 41.453333°N 81.985278°W / 41.453333; -81.985278 (William E. Hurst House) | Avon |  |
| 55 | Immaculate Conception Church |  | March 16, 1976
(#76001469) | 708 Erie St.
41°16′37″N 82°03′36″W / 41.276944°N 82.06°W / 41.276944; -82.06 (Immaculate Conception Church) | Grafton |  |
| 56 | Frank Jewett House |  | July 24, 1979
(#79001887) | 73 S. Professor St.
41°17′23″N 82°13′11″W / 41.289722°N 82.219722°W / 41.289722; -82.219722 (Frank Jewett House) | Oberlin |  |
| 57 | Johnson Steel Street Railway Company General Offices Building |  | July 16, 1992
(#92000887) | 1807 E. 28th St.
41°26′45″N 82°08′11″W / 41.445833°N 82.136389°W / 41.445833; -82.136389 (Johnson Steel Street Railway Company General Offices Building) | Lorain |  |
| 58 | E.J. Johnson House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002737) | Middle Ave. and 8th St.
41°21′35″N 82°06′25″W / 41.359722°N 82.106944°W / 41.359722; -82.106944 (E.J. Johnson House) | Elyria |  |
| 59 | John Mercer Langston House |  | May 15, 1975
(#75001464) | 207 E. College St.
41°17′28″N 82°12′36″W / 41.291111°N 82.21°W / 41.291111; -82.21 (John Mercer Langston House) | Oberlin |  |
| 60 | Thomas W. Laundon House |  | October 21, 1975
(#75001462) | 307 West Ave.
41°21′54″N 82°06′39″W / 41.365000°N 82.110833°W / 41.365000; -82.110833 (Thomas W. Laundon House) | Elyria |  |
| 61 | John Lersch House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002711) | 121 Harrison St.
41°22′21″N 82°06′20″W / 41.372500°N 82.105556°W / 41.372500; -82.105556 (John Lersch House) | Elyria |  |
| 62 | Lorain Carnegie Public Library |  | June 26, 2023
(#100009060) | 329 West 10th St.
41°27′39″N 82°10′30″W / 41.4607°N 82.1750°W / 41.4607; -82.1750 (Lorain Carnegie Public Library) | Lorain |  |
| 63 | Lorain County Courthouse |  | June 18, 1975
(#75001463) | 308 2nd St.
41°21′57″N 82°06′27″W / 41.365833°N 82.1075°W / 41.365833; -82.1075 (Lorain County Courthouse) | Elyria |  |
| 64 | Lorain Fire Station No. 1 |  | August 20, 1987
(#87001374) | 605 W. 4th St.
41°28′00″N 82°10′47″W / 41.466528°N 82.179722°W / 41.466528; -82.179722 (Lorain Fire Station No. 1) | Lorain |  |
| 65 | Lorain Lighthouse |  | December 29, 1978
(#78002108) | Lorain Harbor
41°28′38″N 82°11′25″W / 41.477222°N 82.190278°W / 41.477222; -82.190278 (Lorain Lighthouse) | Lorain |  |
| 66 | Lorain YMCA Building |  | July 16, 1992
(#92000886) | Junction of E. 28th St. and Pearl Ave.
41°26′45″N 82°08′17″W / 41.445833°N 82.138056°W / 41.445833; -82.138056 (Lorain YMCA Building) | Lorain |  |
| 67 | Addison Lord House |  | December 9, 1999
(#99001497) | 315 West Ave.
41°21′53″N 82°06′39″W / 41.364722°N 82.110833°W / 41.364722; -82.110833 (Addison Lord House) | Elyria |  |
| 68 | The Mill Hollow House |  | June 29, 1976
(#76001472) | Southeast of Vermilion on N. Ridge Rd.
41°22′55″N 82°18′54″W / 41.381806°N 82.315000°W / 41.381806; -82.315000 (The Mill Hollow House) | Brownhelm Township |  |
| 69 | Peter Miller House |  | August 25, 1978
(#78002106) | 33740 Lake Rd.
41°30′08″N 82°03′36″W / 41.502222°N 82.060000°W / 41.502222; -82.060000 (Peter Miller House) | Avon Lake |  |
| 70 | Monteith Hall |  | October 9, 1974
(#74001552) | 218 East Ave.
41°21′56″N 82°06′14″W / 41.365556°N 82.103889°W / 41.365556; -82.103889 (Monteith Hall) | Elyria |  |
| 71 | Leonard M. Moore House |  | December 30, 1993
(#93001439) | 309 5th St.
41°27′57″N 82°10′41″W / 41.465833°N 82.178056°W / 41.465833; -82.178056 (Leonard M. Moore House) | Lorain |  |
| 72 | Morris-Franks Site |  | September 5, 1975
(#75001465) | Between Vermilion Rd. and the Black River, southeast of central Vermilion
41°24′33″N 82°20′04″W / 41.409167°N 82.334444°W / 41.409167; -82.334444 (Morris-Franks Site) | Vermilion |  |
| 73 | Mosher House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003887) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°09′13″N 82°13′03″W / 41.153611°N 82.2175°W / 41.153611; -82.2175 (Mosher House) | Wellington Township |  |
| 74 | New York Central Freight House |  | June 1, 1982
(#82003605) | 412 E. River St.
41°22′11″N 82°05′46″W / 41.369722°N 82.096111°W / 41.369722; -82.096111 (New York Central Freight House) | Elyria |  |
| 75 | Walter Nichols House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002733) | Southeastern corner of 4th St. and West Ave.
41°21′50″N 82°06′36″W / 41.363889°N 82.110000°W / 41.363889; -82.110000 (Walter Nichols House) | Elyria |  |
| 76 | Nimocks House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003888) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°05′35″N 82°13′13″W / 41.092917°N 82.220278°W / 41.092917; -82.220278 (Nimocks House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 77 | William Nooney House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003889) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′29″N 82°13′13″W / 41.107917°N 82.220278°W / 41.107917; -82.220278 (William Nooney House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 78 | North Ridgeville Town Hall |  | December 30, 1974
(#74001553) | 36119 Center Ridge Rd
41°23′20″N 82°01′14″W / 41.388889°N 82.020556°W / 41.388889; -82.020556 (North Ridgeville Town Hall) | North Ridgeville |  |
| 79 | Oberlin College |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000615) | Tappan Sq.
41°17′34″N 82°13′08″W / 41.292778°N 82.218889°W / 41.292778; -82.218889 (Oberlin College) | Oberlin |  |
| 80 | Oberlin Gas Lighting Company Gasholder House |  | November 19, 1998
(#98001397) | 291 S. Main St.
41°17′03″N 82°12′58″W / 41.284167°N 82.216111°W / 41.284167; -82.216111 (Oberlin Gas Lighting Company Gasholder House) | Oberlin |  |
| 81 | Oberlin Lake Shore And Michigan Southern Station |  | March 2, 1979
(#79001888) | Depot Park
41°17′04″N 82°13′08″W / 41.284444°N 82.218889°W / 41.284444; -82.218889 (Oberlin Lake Shore And Michigan Southern Station) | Oberlin |  |
| 82 | Old Amherst Freight Depot |  | November 21, 1978
(#78002103) | Franklin St.
41°23′42″N 82°13′08″W / 41.395°N 82.218889°W / 41.395; -82.218889 (Old Amherst Freight Depot) | Amherst |  |
| 83 | Old Baptist Parsonage |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003890) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′12″N 82°13′14″W / 41.103333°N 82.220556°W / 41.103333; -82.220556 (Old Baptist Parsonage) | Huntington Township |  |
| 84 | Old City Hall |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002725) | Court St. facing Elyria Square
41°22′01″N 82°06′29″W / 41.366944°N 82.108056°W / 41.366944; -82.108056 (Old City Hall) | Elyria |  |
| 85 | Old Elyria Water Tower |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002739) | Southern side of W. 15th St., 100 ft (30 m) west of Black River Bridge
41°21′09″N 82°06′54″W / 41.352500°N 82.115000°W / 41.352500; -82.115000 (Old Elyria Water Tower) | Elyria |  |
| 86 | Old Huntington Inn |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003891) | South of Wellington at the junction of State Routes 58 and 162
41°06′04″N 82°13′14″W / 41.101111°N 82.220556°W / 41.101111; -82.220556 (Old Huntington Inn) | Huntington Township |  |
| 87 | Old Methodist Parsonage |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003892) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′21″N 82°13′13″W / 41.105833°N 82.220278°W / 41.105833; -82.220278 (Old Methodist Parsonage) | Huntington Township |  |
| 88 | Old Railroad Station |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002714) | 49 East Ave.
41°22′06″N 82°06′13″W / 41.368333°N 82.103611°W / 41.368333; -82.103611 (Old Railroad Station) | Elyria |  |
| 89 | Old St. Patrick's Church |  | March 21, 1979
(#79001890) | 512 N. Main St.
41°10′27″N 82°13′00″W / 41.174167°N 82.216667°W / 41.174167; -82.216667 (Old St. Patrick's Church) | Wellington |  |
| 90 | Palace Theatre Building |  | March 30, 1978
(#78002109) | Broadway and 6th St.
41°27′57″N 82°10′30″W / 41.465833°N 82.175000°W / 41.465833; -82.175000 (Palace Theatre Building) | Lorain |  |
| 91 | Reamer Barn |  | March 21, 1979
(#79001889) | Southern side of State Route 511, east of Quarry Rd. and west of Oberlin
41°17′38″N 82°14′42″W / 41.293889°N 82.245000°W / 41.293889; -82.245000 (Reamer Barn) | New Russia Township |  |
| 92 | Redington Block |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002723) | Eastern side of Middle Ave. between Broad and 2nd Sts., second building from Ind. St.
41°22′01″N 82°06′24″W / 41.366806°N 82.106667°W / 41.366806; -82.106667 (Redington Block) | Elyria |  |
| 93 | Frederick Reefy House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002729) | 3rd St. between West Ave. and Court St.
41°21′55″N 82°06′35″W / 41.365278°N 82.109861°W / 41.365278; -82.109861 (Frederick Reefy House) | Elyria |  |
| 94 | Robinson Building |  | June 6, 2022
(#100007765) | 401-415 Broad St.
41°22′04″N 82°06′24″W / 41.3677°N 82.1067°W / 41.3677; -82.1067 (Robinson Building) | Elyria |  |
| 95 | William H. Root House |  | September 20, 1978
(#78002110) | 3535 E. Erie Ave.
41°29′04″N 82°07′52″W / 41.484444°N 82.131111°W / 41.484444; -82.131111 (William H. Root House) | Lorain |  |
| 96 | Sage House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003893) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′23″N 82°13′12″W / 41.106389°N 82.22°W / 41.106389; -82.22 (Sage House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 97 | St. Andrew's Episcopal Church |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002731) | 300 3rd St.
41°21′54″N 82°06′26″W / 41.365°N 82.107222°W / 41.365; -82.107222 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church) | Elyria |  |
| 98 | St. Ladislaus Roman Catholic Church |  | April 1, 1982
(#82003607) | 2908 Wood Ave.
41°26′39″N 82°09′00″W / 41.444028°N 82.150000°W / 41.444028; -82.150000 (St. Ladislaus Roman Catholic Church) | Lorain |  |
| 99 | St. Mary's Catholic School |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002734) | 320 Middle Ave.
41°21′52″N 82°06′22″W / 41.364444°N 82.106111°W / 41.364444; -82.106111 (St. Mary's Catholic School) | Elyria |  |
| 100 | St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002732) | 320 Middle Ave.
41°21′52″N 82°06′24″W / 41.364444°N 82.106667°W / 41.364444; -82.106667 (St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church) | Elyria |  |
| 101 | William Seher House |  | June 17, 1976
(#76001470) | 329 W. 9th St.
41°27′42″N 82°10′33″W / 41.461528°N 82.175833°W / 41.461528; -82.175833 (William Seher House) | Lorain |  |
| 102 | Sheffield Village Hall |  | October 5, 1978
(#78002118) | Detroit Rd.
41°25′17″N 82°05′34″W / 41.421389°N 82.092778°W / 41.421389; -82.092778 (Sheffield Village Hall) | Sheffield |  |
| 103 | John J. Shipherd House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002736) | Northwestern corner of East Ave. and 8th St.
41°21′36″N 82°06′16″W / 41.360000°N 82.104444°W / 41.360000; -82.104444 (John J. Shipherd House) | Elyria |  |
| 104 | Charles William and Anna Smith House |  | January 25, 1997
(#96001623) | 651 W. Broad St.
41°22′05″N 82°06′43″W / 41.368056°N 82.111944°W / 41.368056; -82.111944 (Charles William and Anna Smith House) | Elyria |  |
| 105 | Soldiers and Sailors Monument |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002722) | Elyria Square (Downtown)
41°22′03″N 82°06′27″W / 41.3675°N 82.1075°W / 41.3675; -82.1075 (Soldiers and Sailors Monument) | Elyria |  |
| 106 | South Ridge Schoolhouse |  | August 8, 1985
(#85001692) | State Route 113 and Bechtel Rd.
41°22′11″N 82°10′32″W / 41.369722°N 82.175556°W / 41.369722; -82.175556 (South Ridge Schoolhouse) | Amherst Township |  |
| 107 | Sprague House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003894) | South of Wellington at the junction of State Route 58 and Jones Rd.
41°08′48″N 82°13′06″W / 41.146667°N 82.218333°W / 41.146667; -82.218333 (Sprague House) | Wellington Township |  |
| 108 | Horace C. Starr House and Carriage Barns |  | April 3, 1979
(#79001885) | 276 Washington Ave.
41°22′16″N 82°06′25″W / 41.371111°N 82.106944°W / 41.371111; -82.106944 (Horace C. Starr House and Carriage Barns) | Elyria |  |
| 109 | U.S. Post Office |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002720) | 281 Broad St.
41°22′04″N 82°06′13″W / 41.367778°N 82.103611°W / 41.367778; -82.103611 (U.S. Post Office) | Elyria |  |
| 110 | U.S. Post Office |  | December 9, 1982
(#82001471) | 9th St. and Broadway Ave.
41°27′48″N 82°10′22″W / 41.463333°N 82.172778°W / 41.463333; -82.172778 (U.S. Post Office) | Lorain |  |
| 111 | Union Church |  | March 15, 1982
(#82003606) | 511 Church St.
41°15′56″N 82°18′15″W / 41.265556°N 82.304167°W / 41.265556; -82.304167 (Union Church) | Kipton |  |
| 112 | United Church of Huntington |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003895) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°06′19″N 82°13′11″W / 41.105278°N 82.219722°W / 41.105278; -82.219722 (United Church of Huntington) | Huntington Township |  |
| 113 | Benjamin Wadsworth House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003896) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°08′09″N 82°13′11″W / 41.135833°N 82.219722°W / 41.135833; -82.219722 (Benjamin Wadsworth House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 114 | Washington Avenue Historic District |  | August 20, 1987
(#87001376) | Roughly Ohio, Columbus, Harrison, and Saint Clair Sts. between Washington Ave. and Glenwood St.
41°22′27″N 82°06′13″W / 41.374167°N 82.103611°W / 41.374167; -82.103611 (Washington Avenue Historic District) | Elyria |  |
| 115 | Washington Terrace Apartments |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002713) | Washington Ave.
41°22′10″N 82°06′25″W / 41.369444°N 82.106944°W / 41.369444; -82.106944 (Washington Terrace Apartments) | Elyria |  |
| 116 | A.R. Webber House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002712) | 251 Washington Ave.
41°22′13″N 82°06′21″W / 41.370139°N 82.105833°W / 41.370139; -82.105833 (A.R. Webber House) | Elyria |  |
| 117 | Wellington Center Historic District |  | November 21, 1974
(#74001556) | Main St. and Herrick Ave.
41°10′07″N 82°13′03″W / 41.168611°N 82.217500°W / 41.168611; -82.217500 (Wellington Center Historic District) | Wellington |  |
| 118 | Wellington Historic District |  | May 30, 1979
(#79001891) | Irregular pattern along Main St. from Kelley St. to the former Wheeling & Lake Erie railroad line
41°09′52″N 82°13′03″W / 41.164444°N 82.2175°W / 41.164444; -82.2175 (Wellington Historic District) | Wellington and Wellington Township |  |
| 119 | West House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003897) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°05′14″N 82°13′13″W / 41.087222°N 82.220278°W / 41.087222; -82.220278 (West House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 120 | Westervelt Hall |  | May 3, 1974
(#74001555) | 39 S. Main St.
41°17′26″N 82°13′01″W / 41.290556°N 82.216944°W / 41.290556; -82.216944 (Westervelt Hall) | Oberlin |  |
| 121 | J.B. Wilber House |  | June 15, 1979
(#79003898) | South of Wellington on State Route 58
41°07′48″N 82°13′11″W / 41.13°N 82.219722°W / 41.13; -82.219722 (J.B. Wilber House) | Huntington Township |  |
| 122 | Henry Harrison Williams House |  | July 12, 1978
(#78002105) | 37392 Detroit Rd.
41°26′58″N 82°02′18″W / 41.449444°N 82.038333°W / 41.449444; -82.038333 (Henry Harrison Williams House) | Avon |  |
| 123 | Wilson-Falkner-Baldauf House |  | May 21, 2010
(#10000278) | 3260 Center Rd.
41°26′26″N 82°01′11″W / 41.440436°N 82.019667°W / 41.440436; -82.019667 (Wilson-Falkner-Baldauf House) | Avon |  |
| 124 | Wooster Block |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002716) | Northern side of Broad St. between Lodi St. and Washington Ave.
41°22′05″N 82°06′30″W / 41.368056°N 82.108472°W / 41.368056; -82.108472 (Wooster Block) | Elyria |  |

## Former listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | George Bryant House |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002727) | May 12, 2016 | 333 3rd St.
41°21′56″N 82°06′33″W / 41.365556°N 82.109167°W / 41.365556; -82.109167 (George Bryant House) | Elyria |  |
| 2 | Old District Nine Schoolhouse |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002715) | May 12, 2016 | Chestnut St.
41°22′06″N 82°06′44″W / 41.368472°N 82.112361°W / 41.368472; -82.112361 (Old District Nine Schoolhouse) | Elyria |  |
| 3 | Old St. John's Church |  | August 13, 1979
(#79002721) | May 12, 2016 | 600 W. Broad St.
41°22′03″N 82°06′38″W / 41.367500°N 82.110556°W / 41.367500; -82.110556 (Old St. John's Church) | Elyria |  |


title: Greater trochanter

abstract: The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed lateral and medially and slightly posterior. In the adult it is about 2–4 cm lower than the femoral head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. It is a traction epiphysis.

text:
# Greater trochanter

The **greater trochanter** of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.

It is directed lateral and medially and slightly posterior. In the adult it is about 2–4 cm lower than the femoral head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female.

It has two surfaces and four borders. It is a traction epiphysis.

## Surfaces

The *lateral surface*, quadrilateral in form, is broad, rough, convex, and marked by a diagonal impression, which extends from the postero-superior to the antero-inferior angle, and serves for the insertion of the tendon of the gluteus medius.

Above the impression is a triangular surface, sometimes rough for part of the tendon of the same muscle, sometimes smooth for the interposition of a bursa between the tendon and the bone. Below and behind the diagonal impression is a smooth triangular surface, over which the tendon of the gluteus maximus lies, a bursa being interposed.

The *medial surface*, of much less extent than the lateral, presents at its base a deep depression, the trochanteric fossa (digital fossa), for the insertion of the tendon of the obturator externus, and above and in front of this an impression for the insertion of the obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles.

## Borders

The *superior border* is free; it is thick and irregular, and marked near the center by an impression for the insertion of the piriformis.

The *inferior border* corresponds to the line of junction of the base of the trochanter with the lateral surface of the body; it is marked by a rough, prominent, slightly curved ridge, which gives origin to the upper part of the vastus lateralis.

The *anterior border* is prominent and somewhat irregular; it affords insertion at its lateral part to the gluteus minimus.

The *posterior border* is very prominent and appears as a free, rounded edge, which bounds the back part of the trochanteric fossa.

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 244 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

1. Standring, Susan, editor. *Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice*. Forty-First edition, Elsevier Limited, 2016, p. 1327.
2. Lovell, Wood W.; Winter, Robert B.; Morrissy, Raymond T.; Stuart L. Weinstein (2006). *Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 990. ISBN 978-0-7817-5358-6.

## InfoBox

| Greater trochanter | |
| --- | --- |
| Upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above. | |
| Details | |
| Origins | Vastus lateralis |
| Insertions | Obturator internus, gemelli, piriformis, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *trochanter major* |
| TA98 | A02.5.04.005 |
| TA2 | 1364 |
| FMA | 32852 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |


title: The Palace on the River

abstract: The Palace on the River is a 1940 Italian comedy film directed by Alberto Salvi and starring Ferdinand Guillaume, Leda Gloria and Gildo Bocci. Three penniless friends live in a slum by a river which they nickname "the palace". Taking pity on a struggling orphaned young woman, they take her in and look after her. In order to raise money so she can marry her sweetheart, they decide to try and collect a reward for capturing a notorious thief. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ivo Battelli. It was shot at Cinecittà Studios in Rome.

text:
# The Palace on the River

***The Palace on the River*** (Italian: ***La Reggia sul fiume***) is a 1940 Italian comedy film directed by Alberto Salvi and starring Ferdinand Guillaume, Leda Gloria and Gildo Bocci. Three penniless friends live in a slum by a river which they nickname "the palace". Taking pity on a struggling orphaned young woman, they take her in and look after her. In order to raise money so she can marry her sweetheart, they decide to try and collect a reward for capturing a notorious thief.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Ivo Battelli. It was shot at Cinecittà Studios in Rome.

## Cast

1. Savio p.79

## Bibliography

* Francesco Savio. *Ma l'amore no: realismo, formalismo, propaganda e telefoni bianchi nel cinema italiano di regime (1930-1943)*. Sonzogno, 1975.

## InfoBox

| The Palace on the River | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Alberto Salvi |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Edoardo Brescia |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Renato Del Frate |
| Edited by | Ettore Salvi |
| Music by | Alberto Paoletti |
| Production<br>company | Fotovox |
| Distributed by | Consorzio Italiano Noleggiatori Filmi |
| Release date | * 30 June 1940 (1940-06-30) |
| Running time | 82 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Jaenimonas drosophilae

abstract: Jaenimonas drosophilae is a trypanosomatid parasite of mushroom-feeding flies, first characterized in Drosophila neotestacea and Drosophila falleni. Jaenimonas takes up residence in the gut of the fly, and infection leads to reduced fecundity of its fly host. The species is named for John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous Drosophila. Of note, Jaenimonas is the only identified trypanosomatid parasite of a Drosophila species, and can facilitate study of insect-trypanosome infection dynamics; Drosophila have powerful genetic tools, and many trypanosomes are vectored by insects and are responsible for diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis. Additionally, Crithidia trypanosomes are important parasites of Bumblebees implicated in colony collapse disorder.

text:
# Jaenimonas drosophilae

***Jaenimonas drosophilae*** is a trypanosomatid parasite of mushroom-feeding flies, first characterized in *Drosophila neotestacea* and *Drosophila falleni*. *Jaenimonas* takes up residence in the gut of the fly, and infection leads to reduced fecundity of its fly host. The species is named for John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous Drosophila.

Of note, *Jaenimonas* is the only identified trypanosomatid parasite of a *Drosophila* species, and can facilitate study of insect-trypanosome infection dynamics; *Drosophila* have powerful genetic tools, and many trypanosomes are vectored by insects and are responsible for diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis. Additionally, *Crithidia* trypanosomes are important parasites of Bumblebees implicated in colony collapse disorder.

## InfoBox

| Trypanosomes | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Excavata |
| Phylum: | Euglenozoa |
| Class: | Kinetoplastea |
| Subclass: | Metakinetoplastina |
| Order: | **Trypanosomatida**
Kent 1880 |
| Family: | Trypanosomatidae
Doflein 1901 |
| Genus: | *Jaenimonas* |
| Species: | ***drosophilae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Jaenimonas drosophilae***
Hamilton et al. (2015) | |
|


title: Tony Scalzo

abstract: Tony Scalzo is an American rock musician and songwriter best known as the lead singer of the band Fastball.

text:
# Tony Scalzo

**Tony Scalzo** (born May 6, 1964) is an American rock musician and songwriter best known as the lead singer of the band Fastball.

## Early and personal life

Tony Scalzo was born in Hawaii to a mother from Arizona and an Italian-American father from New Jersey but moved quite often as a child because his father was a U.S. Marine. Scalzo learned to play guitar as a teen. He attended Tustin High School in Tustin, California. Scalzo began playing bass guitar in the 1980s and soon began forming bands. He has four children: Scarlett, Claudia, Gabriel, and Henry Scalzo.

## Career

In 1992, Scalzo left his punk/pop group The Goods and made the decision to relocate to Austin, Texas to join the Beaver Nelson Band. However, he ended up leaving the group and helped form the band Fastball. The new group was composed of Scalzo and two of his former bandmates, Joey Shuffield and Miles Zuniga. Fastball was signed by Hollywood Records and began touring the country. Their second album had Top Ten hits in six countries in the middle of 1998, and the album soon went platinum. Scalzo describes his success as being "a big homegrown thing." Scalzo also wrote their hit song, "The Way".

In 2013, Scalzo released his first studio album, *My Favorite Year*. It was engineered by Joe Blaney, who helped to engineer The Clash's fifth album *Combat Rock*. Work on the album started on 2011, when Tony started a Kickstarter program. Some of the songs were co-written with his Fastball colleague Miles Zuniga and were intended to be Fastball tracks, but were not included in any of the band's records.

## Discography

### Fastball

### Solo

## Filmography

* Screw Cupid (2007) (completed) (writer: "Lonely Heart")
* Summer Catch (2001) (writer: "Every Time She Walks")
* Loser (2000) (writer: "Out Of My Head")
* "Charmed" Fastball (1 episode, 2000)

## InfoBox

| Tony Scalzo | |
| --- | --- |
| Scalzo performing in Austin, Texas, 2006 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1964-05-06) May 6, 1964<br>Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Origin | Austin, Texas, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop rock, alternative rock |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, guitarist |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, bass |
| Years active | 1980s–present |
| Member of | Fastball |


title: Albanian Armed Forces Central Archive

abstract: The Central Archive of the Armed Forces (AQFA) was created by Council of Ministers decree No. 89, dated March 21, 1964.

text:
# Albanian Armed Forces Central Archive

The **Central Archive of the Armed Forces (AQFA)** (Albanian: *Arkivi Qendror i Forcave të Armatosura*) was created by Council of Ministers decree No. 89, dated March 21, 1964.

## History

The foundation for the establishment of AQFA was a collection of military documents drafted by the country's political and military formations during the National Liberation War, as well as the activities of the Albanian Armed Forces in the first two decades of the post-war period.

On the day of the Liberation of Tirana, on 17 November 1944, the General Staff of the National Liberation Army, by an order sent to the Army Corps, commanded a commission to be formed by a member of the National Liberation General Council, who would receive handing over all the official documents of the Albanian state, the ministries, the municipalities, the police, the quisling army, and have them safeguarded by the Armed Forces.

These documents constituted the basis for creating a national archive fund, and thereafter the creation of future institutions that would enrich, systematize, maintain, and make use of these documents.

## InfoBox

Arkivi Qendror i Forcave të Armatosura
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 21 March 1964 (1964-03-21) |
| Location | Tirana, Albania |
| Type | Archives |


title: Herbert Knowles Morrison

abstract: Herbert Knowles Morrison was an American entomologist and professional collector of insects. He was one of the founding members of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Massachusetts. Morrison was born in Boston, the oldest child of William Albert and Mary Elizabeth. He began to collect insects at the age of twelve and then began to take a special interest in the noctuid moths. From 1874, he began to collect and sell specimens for a living, making trips to remote areas. He collected in Colorado, Nevada, Washington, southern California, Arizona, Florida, and New Mexico. In 1885 while collecting in Key West, he was struck with dysentery and died, despite his fitness. He often walked forty miles a day collecting insects. He died in Morganton, North Carolina. The Cambridge Entomological Club was formed in 1874 by amateur entomologists in the Boston area. They met in the home of H.A. Hagen, and the club was formed with thirteen members of whom Morrison was later made head of a committee on excursions.

text:
# Herbert Knowles Morrison

**Herbert Knowles Morrison** (January 24, 1854 – June 15, 1885) was an American entomologist and professional collector of insects. He was one of the founding members of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Massachusetts.

Morrison was born in Boston, the oldest child of William Albert and Mary Elizabeth (née Butler). He began to collect insects at the age of twelve and then began to take a special interest in the noctuid moths. From 1874, he began to collect and sell specimens for a living, making trips to remote areas. He collected in Colorado, Nevada, Washington, southern California, Arizona, Florida, and New Mexico. In 1885 while collecting in Key West, he was struck with dysentery and died, despite his fitness. He often walked forty miles a day collecting insects. He died in Morganton, North Carolina.

The Cambridge Entomological Club was formed in 1874 by amateur entomologists in the Boston area. They met in the home of H.A. Hagen, and the club was formed with thirteen members of whom Morrison was later made head of a committee on excursions.


title: Hicks Airfield

abstract: Hicks Airfield is a public use airport located 14 nautical miles northwest of the central business district of Fort Worth, in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The airport is used solely for general aviation purposes.

text:
# Hicks Airfield

**Hicks Airfield** (FAA LID: **T67**) is a public use airport located 14 nautical miles (16 mi; 26 km) northwest of the central business district of Fort Worth, in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The airport is used solely for general aviation purposes.

## History

The present Hicks Airfield opened in 1985. It is located near the former site of the unrelated Hicks Field, a military training field used in World War I and World War II. The original Hicks Field was converted to civil ownership by April 1945 but it fell into disuse by 1976; it was redeveloped into an industrial park by the early 1990s, although a few World War II-era hangars still stood.

## Facilities and aircraft

Hicks Airfield covers an area of 77 acres (31 ha) at an elevation of 855 feet (261 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 14/32 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,740 by 60 feet (1,140 by 18 m).

For the 12-month period ending March 7, 2009, the airport had 31,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 84 per day. At that time there were 327 aircraft based at this airport: 92% single-engine, 6% multi-engine, 1% helicopter and 1% ultralight.

## Accidents and incidents

* 20 July 2005: A Mooney M20J, registration number *N5670M*, executed a series of "erratic" maneuvers culminating in a "knife-edge drop" while flying near the airport; the aircraft then leveled off at very low altitude and maneuvered to miss two nearby houses before crashing in the yard between them. The crash and post-crash fire killed the pilot and both passengers, destroyed the aircraft, and caused minor injuries to a person on the ground. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigators were unable to conclusively determine the cause of the crash.
* 26 December 2005: A Boeing A75N1 biplane, registration number *N67195*, lost engine power during a steep climb to reenter the airfield traffic pattern after a touch-and-go landing; the aircraft spun and crashed southeast of the departure end of Runway 14. The aircraft was substantially damaged, the pilot was seriously injured, and the single passenger was killed. The accident was attributed to *"The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin. Contributing factors were the reported loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and the low altitude maneuver."*

## InfoBox

| Hicks Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Hicks Airfield Pilots Assn. |
| Serves | Fort Worth, Texas |
| Location | Tarrant County |
| Elevation AMSL | 855 ft / 261 m |
| Coordinates | 32°54′44″N 097°24′04″W / 32.91222°N 97.40111°W / 32.91222; -97.40111 |
| Website | https://www.t67.org/ |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  14/32 3,740 1,140 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2009) | |
| Aircraft operations 31,000  Based aircraft 327 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Gopal Kundu

abstract: Gopal Chandra Kundu is an Indian cell and cancer biologist and a Senior Scientist (Scientist-G) at National Centre for Cell Science. He is known for his contributions towards the understanding the mechanism of cancer progression in breast, melanoma and other cancers and development of novel therapeutic targets and target-based therapy in cancers. An elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, India, he received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2003. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004, for his contributions to biological sciences.

text:
# Gopal Kundu

**Gopal Chandra Kundu** (born 1959) is an Indian cell and cancer biologist and a Senior Scientist (Scientist-G) at National Centre for Cell Science. He is known for his contributions towards the understanding the mechanism of cancer progression in breast, melanoma and other cancers and development of novel therapeutic targets and target-based therapy in cancers.

An elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, India, he received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2003. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004, for his contributions to biological sciences.

## Education and career

Kundu obtained his Ph.D. from Bose Institute, Kolkata, India (1989) in protein biochemistry and did his post-doctoral research work at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, University of Colorado, University of Wyoming, and the National Institutes of Health from 1989 to 1998. He has performed work in the area of cardiovascular biology, inflammation and immunomodulation during that period. In 1998, he joined as Scientist-D at the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune. At present, he is working as Scientist-G at NCCS. His area of research at NCCS is tumor biology, regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, angiogenesis, cancer therapeutics, biomarker studies for cancer detection, and nanomedicine.

He is Fellow of The National Academy of Sciences, India, and Indian Academy of Sciences. He is member of American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and New York Academy of Sciences. He has published 70 papers in peer reviewed international journals.

He serves as Editorial Board Member of *Current Molecular Medicine*, *Molecular Medicine Reports*, *The Open Cancer Journal* and *American Journal of Cancer Research*.

## Awards

In 2004 Kundu was awarded a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, following the receipt of an earlier National Bioscience Award for Career Development in 2003. International Journal of Oncology, Oncology Reports and International Journal of Molecular Medicine Award for an outstanding achievement in Oncology, Greece; International Young Investigator Award, USA. 7th National Grassroots Innovation Award-2013, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi.

## Controversy

A controversy erupted in the NCCS in 2006 when an anonymous mail alleged that Kundu and others might have misrepresented data in a paper published in the *Journal of Biological Chemistry*. The allegation was that they had rehashed the same set of data which they had published earlier. An internal committee of the NCCS advised the authors to take back their paper, however an independent committee led by G. Padmanabhan, a former director of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, concluded that there was no manipulation in the data. On 23 February 2007, the *Journal of Biological Chemistry* withdrew the paper amid allegations of data manipulation, although the authors maintained that the two papers used different set of data though similar experiments.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| Gopal Kundu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-11-02) 2 November 1959<br>Bataspur, West Bengal |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Known for | Therapeutics; Biomarker (cell); Angiogenesis; Nanomedicine; |
| Awards | N-BIOS Prize, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Cancer |
| Institutions | National Centre for Cell Science |
|  | |


title: Klaus-Heiner Lehne

abstract: Klaus-Heiner Lehne is a German lawyer and politician who has been serving as member of the European Court of Auditors (ECA) since 2014. From 2016 until 2022, he was its 11th President Beforehand, he was a member of the European Parliament for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) which is part of the European People's Party political group. In his previous national and European parliamentary career, spanning more than twenty years, he served among other things from 2009 to 2014 as political group coordinator and then Chair of the European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs and concurrently as Chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs.

text:
# Klaus-Heiner Lehne

**Klaus-Heiner Lehne** (born 28 October 1957 in Düsseldorf, Germany) is a German lawyer and politician who has been serving as member of the European Court of Auditors (ECA) since 2014. From 2016 until 2022, he was its 11th President

Beforehand, he was a member of the European Parliament for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) which is part of the European People's Party political group. In his previous national and European parliamentary career, spanning more than twenty years, he served among other things from 2009 to 2014 as political group coordinator and then Chair of the European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs and concurrently as Chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs.

## Early career

After his A levels, Lehne studied law, physics and philosophy at the universities of Freiburg, Cologne, Bonn and Düsseldorf from 1978 to 1986. Following the conclusion of his studies, he took up a position as a lawyer in Düsseldorf.

His brother Olaf Lehne is a member of the Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2005.

## Political career

### Career in local politics

Lehne joined the Christian Democrats when he turned 18, in 1975. He became a member of the City Council of Düsseldorf in 1984.

In 2003, Lehne became the chairman of the CDU Kreisverband Düsseldorf. Upon nomination as Member of the European Court of Auditors in March 2014, he was succeeded in this function by Thomas Jarzombek.

### Member of the German Parliament, 1992–1994

In 1992, Lehne entered the German Bundestag replacing the deceased Hubert Doppmeier. At the German Bundestag, he was a member of the Transport Committee and the Committee on Legal Affairs. In addition, he took part in the Treuhand Investigative Committee and the SED committee of inquiry.

### Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2014

In the European Parliament election in 1994, Lehne was elected to become a member of the European Parliament. Between 2009 and 2014, he held the position of chair of the Committee on Legal Affairs and chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs. He was also vice-chair of the interparliamentary delegation for relations with Russia and member of the delegation for relations with Japan.

At the European Parliament, Lehne served as rapporteur for the following EU legislative procedures in the field of company law:

As a rapporteur for *European Contract Law*, Lehne supported the preliminary academic work of the so-called Common Frame of Reference, which, as decided by the European Parliament at a resolution in December 2007, would form the basis for an optional instrument. This instrument would give parties involved in cross-border business the option to make use of European contract law instead of national contract law.

Lehne was also rapporteur on the issue of *Collective Redress*. In his report, he called on cartel victims to be entitled to compensation. However, he argued that this compensation should not follow the example of a claims industry as in the United States.

A complete list of the files for which Lehne was rapporteur is available here for the 7th parliamentary term (2009–2014) and for the 6th parliamentary term (2004–2009).

## European Court of Auditors, 2014–present

In early 2014, the German government nominated Lehne as the German member of the European Court of Auditors for six years; following a positive opinion by a majority of the European Parliament the Council appointed him as Member. He served in Chamber III, which is responsible for auditing external EU policies. Lehne dealt, among other things, with the development of renewable energy in East Africa, the ACP Investment Facility, EU support for the fight against torture and the abolition of the death penalty.

On 13 September 2016, Lehne was elected President of the European Court of Auditors, becoming its 11th President. Under the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Auditors, the President shall: (a) call and chair meetings of the Court and be responsible for the proper conduct of the sessions; (b) ensure that the Court's decisions are implemented; (c) ensure that the departments of the Court operate properly and that its various activities are soundly managed; (d) appoint an agent to represent the Court in all litigation in which the Court is involved; (e) represent the Court in its external relations, in particular in its relations with the discharge authority, the other institutions of the Union and the Member States’ audit institutions.

On 12 September 2019, he was re-elected for a second term of three years running until 30 September 2022.

On 23 October 2019 he presented the Court Annual Report for the Year 2018 to the European Parliament's plenary session in Strasbourg.

## Recognition

* Federal Cross of Merit (Federal Republic of Germany)
* High State Award of the Republic of Poland
* Honorary chairman of the CDU Düsseldorf
* Doctor Honoris Causa at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies

## InfoBox

| Klaus-Heiner Lehne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the European Court of Auditors | |
| **In office**
1 October 2016  1 October 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Vítor Manuel da Silva Caldeira |
| Succeeded by | Tony Murphy |
| Chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs | |
| **In office**
8 September 2009  28 February 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Gerardo Galeote Quecedo |
| Succeeded by | Jerzy Buzek |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Germany | |
| **In office**
19 July 1994  28 February 2014 | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **In office**
12 March 1992  10 November 1994 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-10-28) 28 October 1957
Düsseldorf, Germany |
| Political party | Christian Democratic Union |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudon County, Tennessee. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Loudon County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another 2 properties were once listed but have been removed.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudon County, Tennessee

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudon County, Tennessee**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Loudon County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another 2 properties were once listed but have been removed.

**Contents:** Counties in Tennessee
| Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson |
| --- |

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Blair's Ferry Storehouse |  | July 14, 1977
(#77001277) | 800 Main St.
35°44′27″N 84°20′00″W / 35.740833°N 84.333333°W / 35.740833; -84.333333 (Blair's Ferry Storehouse) | Loudon |  |
| 2 | Bowman House |  | July 8, 1970
(#70000610) | East of Loudon on Little River Rd.
35°42′51″N 84°15′15″W / 35.714167°N 84.254167°W / 35.714167; -84.254167 (Bowman House) | Loudon |  |
| 3 | Bussell Island Site |  | March 29, 1978
(#78002606) | On Bussell Island in the Little Tennessee River
35°46′58″N 84°15′23″W / 35.782778°N 84.256389°W / 35.782778; -84.256389 (Bussell Island Site) | Lenoir City |  |
| 4 | Cannon-Calloway House |  | July 8, 1970
(#70000611) | West of Loudon off U.S. Route 11
35°41′51″N 84°22′44″W / 35.6975°N 84.378889°W / 35.6975; -84.378889 (Cannon-Calloway House) | Loudon |  |
| 5 | Craigs Chapel AME Zion Church |  | March 12, 2001
(#01000256) | Craigs Chapel Rd.
35°38′58″N 84°10′22″W / 35.649444°N 84.172778°W / 35.649444; -84.172778 (Craigs Chapel AME Zion Church) | Greenback | Added as part of MTSU's survey of rural African-American churches in Tennessee |
| 6 | Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Loudon |  | April 15, 1982
(#82003988) | College St.
35°44′28″N 84°20′21″W / 35.741111°N 84.339167°W / 35.741111; -84.339167 (Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Loudon) | Loudon |  |
| 7 | Dunbar Public School |  | November 15, 2007
(#07001196) | 113 Steekee St.
35°44′14″N 84°20′12″W / 35.737222°N 84.336667°W / 35.737222; -84.336667 (Dunbar Public School) | Loudon | Currently a community center |
| 8 | Fort Loudon Hydroelectric Project |  | August 11, 2017
(#100001469) | 1280 City Park Dr.
35°47′27″N 84°14′34″W / 35.790908°N 84.24265°W / 35.790908; -84.24265 (Fort Loudon Hydroelectric Project) | Lenoir City |  |
| 9 | Greenback Depot |  | December 18, 2013
(#13000950) | 6736 Morganton Rd.
35°39′40″N 84°10′18″W / 35.6612°N 84.1717°W / 35.6612; -84.1717 (Greenback Depot) | Greenback | Built by the L&N in 1914 |
| 10 | William H. Griffitts House |  | March 2, 1989
(#89000141) | Jackson Ferry-Greenback Rd.
35°40′26″N 84°13′39″W / 35.673889°N 84.2275°W / 35.673889; -84.2275 (William H. Griffitts House) | Greenback |  |
| 11 | Hackney Chapel AME Zion Church |  | July 10, 2000
(#00000729) | Junction of Antioch and Hackney Chapel Rds.

35°44′41″N 84°11′49″W / 35.744667°N 84.197°W / 35.744667; -84.197 (Hackney Chapel AME Zion Church) | Lenoir City | Added as part of MTSU's survey of rural African-American churches in Tennessee |
| 12 | Lenoir City Company |  | March 19, 1982
(#82003987) | Depot St.
35°47′26″N 84°15′54″W / 35.790556°N 84.265000°W / 35.790556; -84.265000 (Lenoir City Company) | Lenoir City | Now a museum, originally the main office of the failed Lenoir City Company, c. 1890 |
| 13 | Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse |  | July 6, 2006
(#06000584) | 150 Bussells Ferry Rd.
35°47′13″N 84°15′25″W / 35.786806°N 84.256944°W / 35.786806; -84.256944 (Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse) | Lenoir City | Now a residence, originally a warehouse used by the Lenoir Cotton Mill |
| 14 | Albert Lenoir House |  | April 11, 1973
(#73001808) | West of Loudon on River Rd. (State Route 72)
35°44′20″N 84°22′21″W / 35.738889°N 84.3725°W / 35.738889; -84.3725 (Albert Lenoir House) | Loudon | Located where River Rd. crosses Sweetwater Creek |
| 15 | Loudon County Courthouse |  | May 28, 1975
(#75001768) | Grove and Mulberry Sts.
35°44′28″N 84°20′10″W / 35.741111°N 84.336111°W / 35.741111; -84.336111 (Loudon County Courthouse) | Loudon |  |
| 16 | Mason Place |  | November 27, 1989
(#89002029) | 600 Commerce St.
35°45′01″N 84°20′32″W / 35.750278°N 84.342222°W / 35.750278; -84.342222 (Mason Place) | Loudon |  |
| 17 | McCollum Farm |  | April 15, 1978
(#78002605) | Southwest of Greenback on Morganton Rd.
35°39′00″N 84°12′13″W / 35.65°N 84.203611°W / 35.65; -84.203611 (McCollum Farm) | Greenback |  |
| 18 | Melton Hill Hydroelectric Project |  | August 11, 2017
(#100001470) | 2009 Grubb Rd.
35°53′07″N 84°18′00″W / 35.885278°N 84.3°W / 35.885278; -84.3 (Melton Hill Hydroelectric Project) | Lenoir City |  |
| 19 | National Campground |  | January 7, 1972
(#72001243) | State Route 1
35°41′15″N 84°13′24″W / 35.6875°N 84.223333°W / 35.6875; -84.223333 (National Campground) | Greenback |  |
| 20 | Robinson Mill |  | April 5, 1984
(#84003592) | State Route 72
35°43′24″N 84°19′21″W / 35.723333°N 84.3225°W / 35.723333; -84.3225 (Robinson Mill) | Loudon |  |
| 21 | Tellico Dam Project |  | August 14, 2017
(#100001471) | c/o 1280 City Park Dr.
35°46′40″N 84°15′35″W / 35.777778°N 84.259722°W / 35.777778; -84.259722 (Tellico Dam Project) | Lenoir City |  |
| 22 | War Memorial Building |  | December 29, 2011
(#11000979) | 103 N. B St.
35°47′28″N 84°16′02″W / 35.791111°N 84.267222°W / 35.791111; -84.267222 (War Memorial Building) | Lenoir City | Constructed as a memorial for local veterans in 1951 |
| 23 | Orme Wilson and Company Storehouse |  | February 12, 1980
(#80003845) | Hackberry St.
35°44′31″N 84°20′05″W / 35.741944°N 84.334722°W / 35.741944; -84.334722 (Orme Wilson and Company Storehouse) | Loudon | Now home to the Wharf Street Coffeehouse; located adjacent to the formerly-listed Carmichael Inn |
| 24 | John Winton House |  | July 17, 2003
(#03000665) | 18350 Martel Rd.
35°49′28″N 84°12′53″W / 35.824444°N 84.214722°W / 35.824444; -84.214722 (John Winton House) | Lenoir City |  |

## Former listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Carmichael Inn |  | July 8, 1970
(#70000612) | November 25, 1987 | Off US 11
35°44′31″N 84°20′06″W / 35.741881°N 84.334992°W / 35.741881; -84.334992 (Carmichael Inn) | Loudon | Relocated into greater Loudon, adjacent to the Orne Wilson Warehouse. |
| 2 | Lenoir Cotton Mill |  | June 18, 1975
(#75001767) | July 30, 2002 | Depot Street
 | Lenoir City | Destroyed by arsonist in 1991. |


title: Mustapha Berraf

abstract: Mustapha Berraf is an Algerian sports official and executive who currently serves as the President of the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA). He has been serving in that role since 2018.

text:
# Mustapha Berraf

**Mustapha Berraf** (born 21 February 1954) is an Algerian sports official and executive who currently serves as the President of the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA). He has been serving in that role since 2018.

1. "Mr Mustapha BERRAF-Comite Olympique et Sportif Algerien, IOC Member since 2019". *www.insidethegames.biz*. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
2. "ANOCA President Berraf visits Tunisia to chair African athletes online forum". *www.insidethegames.biz*. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
3. "Mustapha Berraf wins the confidence of his peers and calls for the unity of the african olympic movement". *ANOCA*. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
4. "Mustapha Berraf offers himself a second mandate". *Francs Jeux*. Retrieved 2021-08-09.


title: The Park (video game)

abstract: The Park is a first-person psychological horror video game developed and published by Funcom. The game was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam on October 27, 2015 and is a spin-off of an earlier Funcom game, The Secret World. It was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on May 3, 2016 and Nintendo Switch on October 22, 2019. It was released in Japan on September 24, 2020. The game takes place in the Atlantic Island Park that closed in 1980 for mysterious reasons that are gradually revealed throughout the game.

text:
# The Park (video game)

***The Park*** is a first-person psychological horror video game developed and published by Funcom. The game was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam on October 27, 2015 and is a spin-off of an earlier Funcom game, *The Secret World*. It was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on May 3, 2016 and Nintendo Switch on October 22, 2019. It was released in Japan on September 24, 2020. The game takes place in the Atlantic Island Park that closed in 1980 for mysterious reasons that are gradually revealed throughout the game.

## Gameplay

*The Park* is experienced from a first-person perspective as the player, Lorraine, interacts with and experiences the decrepit environment of Atlantic Island Park. The game does not feature combat or enemies, and Lorraine can only interact with limited objects, mainly notes that reveal the backstory of the park. Lorraine can call out to character Callum and follow his voice to reach areas or objectives within the park, such as the rides. There are seven different rides to experience, including a dark ride and a roller coaster. The rides further the story, and provide scares. Throughout the game, Lorraine narrates her feelings and memories.

## Plot

The game follows Lorraine, a struggling single mother and widow with a troubled past, as she searches for her young son, Callum, who goes missing in Atlantic Island Park. Lorraine follows her son into the park just as it prepares to close for the afternoon. Nighttime comes unnaturally fast as she ascends the escalator and finds the park to be abandoned, vandalized and rundown as if several years have passed. Despite this, the rides and lights mysteriously still function. Lorraine calls for Callum and follows his voice deeper into the decrepit park.

Lorraine boards several rides which reveal the themes and backstory of the game: the Tunnel of Tales tells the story of Hansel and Gretel, ending with the two devouring the witch after cooking her. On the Ferris Wheel, Lorraine remembers Callum's father Don, a construction worker at the park who died in a fall from the Ferris Wheel when Lorraine was still pregnant with Callum. Between rides, Lorraine expresses her frustration with Callum, her belief that she is a failure as a mother, her history of mental health problems, and her fear that Callum is becoming changed by some mysterious threat. While aboard the roller coaster, a monstrous top-hatted ringmaster (identified in the credits as The Boogeyman) accosts Lorraine and claims 'the Witch' has her son.

According to notes, the park's grounds were tainted by a sinister history due to the actions of previous owner Archibald Henderson, which the new owner Mr. Winter took advantage of. Notes indicate he harvested the positive emotions of guests, and the energy he unlocked would grant him immortality. As a result, workers and employees alike experienced anxiety and a number of fatal incidents occurred. One case involved 'Chad the Chipmunk', the park's mascot. Steve, the employee wearing the chipmunk suit, refused to remove the costume and murdered a teenager with an icepick. Following Steve's arrest and the disappearance of over a dozen children inside the House of Horrors, the Park was closed permanently.

Lorraine follows Callum into the witch-faced House of Horrors, remarking on the similarity to the Hansel and Gretel story. Inside, messages from Mr. Winter reveal he retreated into the House with his machines when the Park closed, still hoping to achieve immortality. The interior of the House changes to a loop of Lorraine and Callum's home through time, similar to the game P.T. It is revealed that Lorraine's father abused and abducted her as a child, and that she suffered from depression when Callum was born and was given electroshock therapy. Each version of her house becomes more decrepit and disturbing. At the end, she finds a message by Mr. Winter revealing he needs children for his harvesting machines, and has already kidnapped and killed at least one. The notes, combined with depictions of Winter in a similar ringmaster's garb and top hat, suggest he is the Boogeyman haunting the grounds.

Lorraine reveals that in the oldest versions of the Hansel and Gretel story, the cruel mother and the Witch were the same person, and she believes she is the real Witch - apparently accepting that her neglect of Callum indirectly caused his disappearance. She reaches Callum, lying unconscious on a slab. Chad the Chipmunk appears behind her, then is replaced by the Boogeyman, who forces a bloody icepick into her hands, guides her hands above Callum's chest and allows her to stab him in the heart.

After, Lorraine sits grief-stricken in a police station interrogation room. A detective identical to the Park gatekeeper enters, carrying a jar with a bee in it, and tells her to think of the last place she saw her son. Lorraine narrates that, in her heart and mind, she will always return to Atlantic Island Park. Ultimately, though the game's supernatural elements are confirmed by Lorraine's appearance in *The Secret World*, it's left ambiguous how much of *The Park* was real or imaginary.

## Development

*The Park* was announced by Funcom on August 26, 2015. According to Funcom's Rui Casais, the games' development began as an experiment by a small team. The team hoped to utilize the worlds from their previous massively multiplayer online games, and reshape them into some smaller single-player games. According to Casasis, it was "creatively energising" for the team to work on a new single-player game as their last game with a single-player focus was *Dreamfall: The Longest Journey* in 2006. The game's universe is based on 2012's *The Secret World*.

The game was announced for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in November 2015. Funcom later announced that the console versions will be released on May 3, 2016, making it the first Funcom game developed for consoles since *Dreamfall* in 2006.

## Reception

The game holds a rating of 67 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 25 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## InfoBox

| The Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Funcom |
| Publisher(s) | Funcom |
| Director(s) | Joel Bylos |
| Artist(s) | Gavin Whelan |
| Composer(s) | Simon Poole |
| Series | *The Secret World* |
| Engine | Unreal Engine 4 |
| Platform(s) | Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch |
| Release | * **Windows** * October 27, 2015 * **PS4**, **Xbox One** * May 3, 2016 * **Switch** * October 22, 2019 |
| Genre(s) | Psychological horror |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Jaenimonas

abstract: Jaenimonas is a genus of trypanosomatid parasite that infects mushroom-feeding Drosophila, similar to Crithidia parasites of Bumblebees. Jaenimonas drosophilae is the sole representative of this genus. The genus is named in honor of John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous Drosophila. Jaenike was also an early proponent of the Red Queen hypothesis.

text:
# Jaenimonas

***Jaenimonas*** is a genus of trypanosomatid parasite that infects mushroom-feeding *Drosophila*, similar to *Crithidia* parasites of Bumblebees. *Jaenimonas drosophilae* is the sole representative of this genus. The genus is named in honor of John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous *Drosophila*. Jaenike was also an early proponent of the Red Queen hypothesis.

## InfoBox

| *Jaenimonas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Euglenozoa |
| Class: | Kinetoplastea |
| Order: | Trypanosomatida |
| Family: | Trypanosomatidae |
| Genus: | *Jaenimonas*<br>Hamilton et al. (2015) |
|
| Species | |
| * *J. drosophilae* Votypka & Hamilton 2015 | |


title: Tony Scannell

abstract: Thomas Anthony Scannell was an Irish actor, known for his role as DS Ted Roach in ITV's The Bill.

text:
# Tony Scannell

**Thomas Anthony Scannell** (14 August 1945 – 26 May 2020) was an Irish actor, known for his role as DS Ted Roach in ITV's *The Bill*.

## Career

Scannell's debut on *The Bill* was on 23 October 1984, in an episode called "A Friend in Need". Initially, he was signed for two episodes, but stayed until 1993 and returned for two episodes in 2000. He also appeared in the Channel 5 soap opera *Family Affairs* as Eddie Harris from 1997 to 1999.

## Personal life

His father, Tom Scannell, was a professional goalkeeper and played once for the Republic of Ireland against Luxembourg in 1954.

In 2002, Tony Scannell was forced to declare himself bankrupt, owing the Inland Revenue over £42,000.

He was a Freemason.

Scannell died on 26 May 2020 aged 74 from natural causes.

## Partial filmography

* *Enemy at the Door* (1978, TV Series) .... 1st Sailor in Bar / Gefreiter
* *The Playbirds* (1978) .... Man at depot (uncredited)
* *All the Fun of the Fair* (1979) .... Frank
* *The Professionals* (1979, TV Series) .... Man 1
* *Armchair Thriller* (1980, TV Series) .... Connally
* *Flash Gordon* (1980) .... Ming's Officer
* *Cribb* (1981, TV Series) .... Millar
* *Strangers* (1981, TV Series) .... John McCleod
* *The Gentle Touch* (1981, TV Series) .... Andy Golding
* *Blue Money* (1982, TV Movie) .... Ninian
* *The Princess and the Cobbler* (1993) .... Brigand (re-edited versions) (voice)
* *Family Affairs* (1997, TV Series) .... Eddie Harris
* *The Things You Do for Love* (1998, TV Movie) .... Tony Booth
* *The Bill* (1984–1993, 2000, TV Series) – D.S. Ted Roach
* *Point of View* (2004, TV Movie) .... Stanley
* *Monkey Trousers* (2005, TV Series) .... Police Officer
* *Waking the Dead* (2007, TV Series) .... Papa McDonagh
* *Evil Never Dies* (2014) .... Harry Payne
* *Bendy Caravans and Everlasting Pens: A Portrait of Evered Wigg* (2015) .... Evered Wigg (voice)
* *With Love From... Suffolk* (2016) .... Bill
* *The House in the Clouds* (2020, Short) .... Salesman (final film role)

## InfoBox

| Tony Scannell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-08-14)14 August 1945<br>Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland |
| Died | 26 May 2020(2020-05-26) (aged 74) |


title: New Synagogue of Graz

abstract: The New Synagogue of Graz is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on David-Herzog-Place, on the right bank of the Mur River in the Gries neighborhood, in the city of Graz, Austria. The synagogue serves the Jews of Graz, Styria, Carinthia, and southern parts of Burgenland. The congregation was established in 1868 and built its initial synagogue in 1895 on this site. Destroyed by the Nazis in 1938 on Kristallnacht, the depleted congregation used temporary premises until the current building was completed in 2000.

text:
# New Synagogue of Graz

The **New Synagogue of Graz** is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on David-Herzog-Place, on the right bank of the Mur River in the Gries neighborhood, in the city of Graz, Austria. The synagogue serves the Jews of Graz, Styria, Carinthia, and southern parts of Burgenland.

The congregation was established in 1868 and built its initial synagogue in 1895 on this site. Destroyed by the Nazis in 1938 on Kristallnacht, the depleted congregation used temporary premises until the current building was completed in 2000.

## History

### The Old Synagogue

| Old Synagogue of Graz | |
| --- | --- |
| The old synagogue in 1900, since destroyed | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Judaism (former) |
| Ecclesiastical or organisational status | Synagogue (18951938) |
| Status | **Destroyed** |
| Location | |
| Location | David-Herzog-Place, Graz |
| Country | Austria |
| Geographic coordinates | 47°03′50″N 15°26′01″E / 47.06399203805216°N 15.433677041°E / 47.06399203805216; 15.433677041 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Maximilian Katscher |
| Type | Synagogue architecture |
| Style | Renaissance Revival |
| Date established | 1868 (as a congregation) |
| Completed | 1895 |
| Destroyed | November 9, 1938<br>on Kristallnacht |
| Specifications | |
| Dome(s) | Three |
| Dome height (outer) | 30 metres (98 ft) |
| Materials | Brick |

Jews first settled in Graz in the latter part of the 13th century. Expelled in 1439, Jews returned from 1447, however it took until 1868 to officially form a congregation. The community ten grew rapidly, partly because of economic factors and by 1934 there were over 1,700 Jews in Graz. The congregation built a large school by 1892 and the inaugural synagogue was completed. Designed by Maximilian Katscher in the Renaissance Revival style, the imposing square brick building was topped by a dome cupola, 30 metres (98 ft) high.

Despite significant local Antisemitism, there was a large influx of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe in the wake of World War I. During the rise of Austrian Nazism in the latter part of the 1930s, Graz was a center of Austrian National Socialism, leading to the social serration of Jews.

Immediately after the *Anschluss*, the Jewish cemetery was desecrated. The members of the community board were arrested and released after prolonged negotiation. The congregation made payment of 5,000,000 marks to Adolf Eichmann so the 600 Jews could emigrate to Palestine. However, before that plan was put into effect, on *Kristallnacht* the synagogue was completely destroyed by explosives and fire. More than 300 Jews were taken to Dachau concentration camp, and released several months later. Of the 1,600 Jews in Graz on *Kristallnacht*, 417 emigrated. In June 1939, only 300 remained in Graz; most were sent to Vienna and then to the death camps.

### The New Synagogue

After World War II, 110 Jews settled in Graz. There were 420 in 1949 and 286 in 1950. In 1952, the Jewish community of Graz, dissolved in 1940, was re-founded. The community covers the States of Styria, Carinthia and the districts of Oberwart, Güssing and Jennersdorf in Burgenland. A small synagogue in a communal center built on the site of the synagogue ruins was consecrated in 1968. A Jewish community of fewer than 100 members remained at the beginning of the 21st century.

In 1983, artist Fedo Ertl approached the Jewish community with the suggestion of clearing the foundation of the former synagogue site, but this suggestion was rejected due to fears of an Antisemitic reaction from city officials. Ertl found that some of the bricks from the synagogue were reused as early as 1939 in the construction of a garage on Alberstraße.

On October 21, 1998, all parties in Graz's Municipal Council unanimously resolved to reconstruct the synagogue. This decision was taken following the intervention of the then-president of the local Jewish community, Kurt David Brühl.

Architects from Graz, Jörg and Ingrid Mayr, who had already been put in charge of a memorial for the destroyed Jewish cemetery of Graz, worked with Ertl's plans.

Approximately 9600 bricks of the former synagogue were reused in the new building, after being washed by over 150 students of the local state high school in Lichtenfelsgasse, the local vocational technical school, and the Grazbachgasse school of commerce, who worked for over 10,000 hours. A steel black obelisk, constructed on the site of the synagogue in 1988, was incorporated in the project and is now found under the Bimah. The new building was primarily made from brick, reinforced concrete and glass. The cube and sphere create a central space for the synagogue and help it stick out in its exterior appearance.

The new synagogue followed the blueprints of the old synagogue, but on a smaller scale than its predecessor, as the Jewish community of Graz numbered about a hundred members, compared to the 2000 members before World War II. The synagogue was consecrated and opened on November 9, 2000, the anniversary of Kristallnacht.

#### Architecture and conception

While the building is largely Modernist, the design of the synagogue does recall several general aspects of the synagogue destroyed by the Nazis.

In the middle of the sanctuary rests a glass *Bimah* where the Torah is read. Behind the Bimah is the Torah ark where the Torah scrolls are stored. This space is dominated by a glass dome supported by twelve metal pillars (representing the Twelve Tribes of Israel) and creating a Star of David-shaped cupola on the ceiling. The clear blue glass is meant to invoke the unobstructed skies. Hebrew prayers are engraved into the glass through sandblasting.

The synagogue is located at David Herzog Place, named after the last Rabbi for Styria and Carinthia before the Second World War, who escaped Graz after Kristallnact and sought refuge in England.

## Recent history

In 2013, the Jewish community of Graz was dissolved following long-term internal conflicts. The synagogue, community center, and other community assets were made part of the Jewish Cultural Foundation of Styria, Carinthia and Southern Burgenland. The community itself was turned into a subsidiary organization of the Jewish Community of Vienna, with responsibilities for the areas covered by the Jewish Cultural Foundation. Since 2016, the organization is headed by a delegate with the title of "president". That position is currently held by Elie Rosen, a well-known member of the Austrian Jewish community.

At the insistence of Rosen, and following the agreement of the Jewish communities of Graz and Vienna and the Chief Rabbi of Vienna, the Rabbinate of Styria (with jurisdiction over Styria, Carinthia, and Burgenland) which had been dissolved in 1938, was re-established on December 1, 2016. That same day, for the first time since 1938, Vienna Rabbi Schlomo Hofmeister was named Chief Rabbi of Graz.

In 2021, an Austrian man was handed a three-year custodial sentence for vandalizing the synagogue and other antisemitic attacks.

## Notable members

* David Herzog, historian and rabbi of Graz from 1908 to 1938
* Otto Loewi, a Nobel Prize laureate who taught pharmacology at Graz University from 1909 to 1938

1. "Graz, Austria". *Jewish Virtual Library*. The Gale Group. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
2. Baum, Naomi (September 11, 2014). "A Tale Of Two Synagogues". *5TJT*. The 5 Towns Jewish Times. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
3. "Mahnzeichen 1938/83". *Offsite Graz* (in Austrian German). 1983. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
4. Binder, Dieter A. (2011). "Jüdisches Graz - Grazer Juden? - Eine Spurensuche in der Zweiten Republik". In Senarclens de Grancy, Antje; Zettelbauer, Heidrun (eds.). *Architektur. vergessen - Jüdische Architekten in Graz* (in Austrian German). Böhlau. p. 66. ISBN 978-3205784722.
5. "Synagogues in Graz". *Jewish Communities of Austria*. National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism. n.d. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
6. "Synagogues in Graz". *Jewish Communities of Austria*. Museum of the Jewish People. n.d. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
7. "Jüdische Gemeinde Graz". *Nach 78 Jahren - Neuer steirisches Landesrabbiner* (Press release) (in Austrian German). communauté juive de Graz du 1er. December 2016.
8. "Austria jails Syrian for vandalizing synagogue, threatening Jewish leader". *The Times of Israel*. Agence France-Presse. October 21, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2024.

## InfoBox

| New Synagogue of Graz | |
| --- | --- |
| New Synagogue of Graz in 2006 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Judaism |
| Ecclesiastical or organisational status | Synagogue |
| Status | Actice |
| Location | |
| Location | David-Herzog-Place, Graz, Bundesland |
| Country | Austria |
| Location of the synagogue in Austria | |
| Geographic coordinates | 47°03′50″N 15°26′01″E / 47.06399203805216°N 15.433677041°E / 47.06399203805216; 15.433677041 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Jörg and Ingrid Mayr |
| Type | Synagogue architecture |
| Style | Modernist |
| Date established | 1868 (as a congregation) |
| Completed | 2000 |
| Specifications | |
| Dome(s) | One |
| Materials | Brick; reinforced concrete; glass |


title: Hermann Josef Schnell

abstract:
Hermann Schnell was a German organic chemist who developed the first commercial polycarbonate, Makrolon.
Hermann Schnell studied chemistry at the University of Freiberg. His supervisor was Hermann Staudinger a well-known polymer chemist. After his phd he worked in the research laboratory of the Bayer AG in Uerdingen, starting in 1946. In 1953 he developed the synthesis of polycarbonates by reacting phosgene with bisphenol A. This material marketed as Makrolon was a commercial success.

text:
# Hermann Josef Schnell

**Hermann Schnell** ( 16. September March 1916 – 7 September 1999) was a German organic chemist who developed the first commercial polycarbonate, Makrolon. Hermann Schnell studied chemistry at the University of Freiberg. His supervisor was Hermann Staudinger a well-known polymer chemist.

After his phd he worked in the research laboratory of the Bayer AG in Uerdingen, starting in 1946. In 1953 he developed the synthesis of polycarbonates by reacting phosgene with bisphenol A. This material marketed as Makrolon was a commercial success.

* Wolfgang Göbel (2007), "Schnell, Hermann", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 315–316; (full text online)

## InfoBox

| Hermann Schnell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-09-16)16 September 1916
Gaienhofen, Germany |
| Died | 8 September 1999(1999-09-08) (aged 83)
Gaienhofen, Germany |
| Alma mater | University of Freiburg |
| Known for | Polycarbonates
 |
| Awards | Hermann-Staudinger-Gedächtnismedaille (1970), Swinburne Award 1976 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Polymer chemistry |
| Institutions | Bayer AG |
| Doctoral advisor | Hermann Staudinger |
|  | |


abstract: Hicks Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and flows through Exeter Township and Exeter. The watershed of the creek has an area of 3.95 square miles (10.2 km⁲). A reach of the creek is designated as an impaired stream, with the cause of the impairment being sedimentation/siltation and water/flow variability. It is not a perennial stream. The upper reaches of the creek's watershed is mountainous, but the creek has an extremely low gradient in its lower reaches. A reach of the creek has been channelized and a debris basin is located along it. There are several bridge crossings along its course. Most of the watershed of Hicks Creek is forested land. However, residential areas, open space, meadows, and various other land uses also occur. The creek has been described as a "typical urban stream", but its upper reaches are considerably different from its lower reaches. Hicks Creek used to be a tributary of Abrahams Creek, but stream realignment due to mine subsidence caused it to relocated itself and become a tributary of the Susquehanna River since the 1940s. The creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but has low levels of aquatic biodiversity.

text:
# Hicks Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)

**Hicks Creek** is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and flows through Exeter Township and Exeter. The watershed of the creek has an area of 3.95 square miles (10.2 km2). A reach of the creek is designated as an impaired stream, with the cause of the impairment being sedimentation/siltation and water/flow variability. It is not a perennial stream. The upper reaches of the creek's watershed is mountainous, but the creek has an extremely low gradient in its lower reaches. A reach of the creek has been channelized and a debris basin is located along it. There are several bridge crossings along its course.

Most of the watershed of Hicks Creek is forested land. However, residential areas, open space, meadows, and various other land uses also occur. The creek has been described as a "typical urban stream", but its upper reaches are considerably different from its lower reaches. Hicks Creek used to be a tributary of Abrahams Creek, but stream realignment due to mine subsidence caused it to relocated itself and become a tributary of the Susquehanna River since the 1940s. The creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but has low levels of aquatic biodiversity.

## Course

Hicks Creek begins in a valley on Peterson Mountain in Exeter Township. It flows southwest for several tenths of a mile before turning south and entering Exeter. In Exeter, the creek flows through a water gap for several tenths of a mile and continues to flow south from the southern side of the gap. Over the next several tenths of a mile, it gradually turns east and then north before turning northeast for several tenths of a mile. The creek then turns north for a short distance before turning east-northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it crosses Pennsylvania Route 92 and reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River near Scovell Island.

Hicks Creek joins the Susquehanna River 198.46 miles (319.39 km) upriver of its mouth.

### Tributaries

Hicks Creek has no named tributaries. However, it does have several unnamed tributaries. Most of these join the creek in its upper reaches.

## Hydrology

Part of Hicks Creek is not designated as an impaired stream. However, a reach of the creek is designated as impaired. The cause of the impairment is sedimentation/siltation and water/flow variability. The likely source of the impairment is road runoff.

Hicks Creek experiences low flow in dry weather. However, it also is prone to flash flooding. The creek also experiences nonpoint source pollution, as well as siltation, sedimentation, and streambank erosion. In the 1980s, hazardous waste was observed in the creek.

Hicks Creek has perennial flow upstream of Slocum Avenue. Downstream of this point, the creek flows into a mine pool and loses its flow. However, it still flows during storm events and snowmelt.

In 2001, Hicks Creek was observed to have foul-smelling water and a slow flow in some reaches. In 2013, there were reports that an unknown person was contaminating Hicks Creek with oil.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Hicks Creek is 531 feet (162 m) above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between 1,420 and 1,440 feet (430 and 440 m) above sea level. The lower reaches of the creek have an extremely low gradient of only 12 feet (3.7 m) in 1.9 miles (3.1 km). However, in its upper reaches, it drops 800 feet (240 m) in 2.4 miles. This low gradient is linked to the surface mining activities that were done in the watershed in the 1940s and 1950s.

The northern part of the watershed of Hicks Creek is relatively mountainous. Most of the watershed's highest elevations occur in the northern two thirds of the creek's watershed. However, there are some hills along the southern edge of the watershed. Upstream of Slocum Avenue, he creek's valley has steep sides and a fairly steep floor.

Hicks Creek has mainly been channelized from Slocum Avenue downstream to its mouth. There is a debris basin on the creek just upstream of Slocum Avenue. It was built by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection in 2003 and serves to prevent debris from clogging the creek's lower reaches. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection also completed another flood protection project along the creek in 1982.

The hydrologic soil group C is predominant along most of Hicks Creek's upper reaches, though its headwaters are near the hydrologic soil group D. Hydrologic soil group A occurs in a large patch in the creek's middle reaches and hydrological soil group B occurs in two patches along the creek, one of which is near its mouth.

There is a railroad line near the lower reaches of Hicks Creek. Numerous road crossings and sediment basins occur in the watershed. A total of eight structures span the creek in its lower reaches. The furthest upstream is the Slocum Avenue bridge. Further downstream, it passes under three golf cart bridges at the Four Seasons Golf Course. Additionally, it crosses under Sturmer Avenue, Schooley Avenue, Packer Avenue, and Exeter Avenue. The creek flows through an artificial concrete channel in at least one reach. It flows through a pumping station near its mouth.

The zero damage elevation, at which flooding from Hicks Creek cannot cause any damage, ranges from 553.79 to 555.90 feet (168.80 to 169.44 m), depending on the stream reach.

## Watershed

The watershed of Hicks Creek has an area of 3.95 square miles (10.2 km2). The creek is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Pittston. The watershed is mainly in Exeter, Exeter Township, and West Wyoming. However, a small area is in West Pittston. There are approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of streams in the watershed.

The largest land use in the watershed of Hicks Creek is forested land, which makes up 57.0 percent of the total land area. Most of it is in the northern part of the watershed. The second-largest land use is residential land, which makes up 19.6 percent of the total land area. 6.7 percent each is devoted to open space and meadows, while 5.5 percent is commercial land. A total of 2.2 percent is abandoned mining land, 1.8 percent is agricultural land, and 0.5 percent is water. Several residential areas, such as Ida Acres, Schooley Village, and Wildflower Village, have been developed since the early 2000s in the watershed.

Hicks Creek flows through several sub-basins, including 1B, 1C, 2, 3, 4A, 6A, and 8A. The first three of these contain no impervious surfaces. However, sub-basin 3 contains 22.2 percent impervious surface and 20.0 percent of sub-basin 4A is impervious. A total of 30.0 and 42.7 percent of sub-basins 6A and 8A consist of impervious surfaces, respectively.

The watershed of Hicks Creek is prone to flooding from stormwater. In its lower reaches, this flooding is caused by a levee on the Susquehanna River.

The upper portion of the watershed of Hicks Creek is substantially different from the lower portion. The upper reaches, upstream of Slocum Avenue in Exeter, is largely undeveloped and undisturbed. However, there are some residential dwellings scattered throughout this reach. On the other hand, the lower reaches of the creek's watershed are predominantly flat and developed.

The Hicks Creek Watershed Association has described Hicks Creek as having the characteristics of a "typical urban stream".

## History

Hicks Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1200087. The creek has also been known as Abraham Creek, Abrahams Creek, Carpenter River, Carpenters Creek, Hicks River, and Hicks Run.

In addition to development, stream realignment has impacted Hicks Creek since the 1940s. The peak realignment occurred during the 1940s and 1950s.

Some maps of Hicks Creek have shown the creek as joining up with Abrahams Creek. However, others show it as turning eastward through a marshy area towards the Susquehanna River. The creek was formerly a tributary of Abrahams Creek, but mine subsidence caused it to change to its current course to the Susquehanna River. Flood control additionally contributed to the creek's realignment.

The Hicks Creek Watershed Association formed in 2001 to restore Hicks Creek and reestablish perennial flow. The organization was one of the winners of the Environmental Partnership Award in 2004.

Hicks Creek experienced flooding in June 2006. In some reaches, flooding was evident several hundred feet from the creek.

## Biology

The drainage basin of Hicks Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.

Hicks Creek has a low level of aquatic biodiversity. It also has large amounts of "undesirable" streambank vegetation. Mosquitos have been known to breed along a stretch of the creek near Donna's Way in Exeter due to the slow speed of the creek's water.

## InfoBox

| Hicks Creek
Abraham Creek, Abrahams Creek, Carpenter River, Carpenters Creek, Hicks River, Hicks Run | |
| --- | --- |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | valley on Peterson Mountain in Exeter Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania |
| elevation | between 1,420 and 1,440 feet (430 and 440 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Susquehanna River in Exeter, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 41°20′30″N 75°48′14″W / 41.34153°N 75.8038°W / 41.34153; -75.8038 |
| elevation | 531 ft (162 m) |
| Length | 4.5 mi (7.2 km) |
| Basin size | 3.95 sq mi (10.2 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Susquehanna River → Chesapeake Bay |