title: USS Anderson

abstract: USS Anderson (DD-411) was a Sims-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr., a Medal of Honor recipient.

text:
# USS Anderson

**USS *Anderson* (DD-411)** was a *Sims*-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr., a Medal of Honor recipient.

## Construction and commissioning

*Anderson* was laid down on 15 November 1937 at Kearny, New Jersey, by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company; launched on 4 February 1939; sponsored by Mrs. Mertie Loraine Anderson, the widow of Rear Admiral Anderson; towed to the New York Navy Yard, and delivered there to the Navy on 18 May 1939; and commissioned on 19 May 1939, Lieutenant Commander William M. Hobby, Jr., in command.

## Service history

### Inter-War Period

*Anderson* was the first of the *Sims* class to be delivered in early 1939, and was found to be 150 tons overweight and dangerously top-heavy due to insufficient metacentric height. This touched off a redesign and rebuilding of the class, completed during 1941. One 5-inch gun (No. 3) and one quad torpedo tube mount were removed, with another torpedo tube mount relocated to the centerline. It was determined that an underestimate by the Bureau of Engineering of the weight of a new machinery design was responsible and that the Bureau of Construction and Repair did not have sufficient authority to detect or correct the error during the design process. This eventually led to the consolidation of the previous bureaus into the new Bureau of Ships on 20 June 1940.

After commissioning, *Anderson* remained at the New York Navy Yard through June, fitting out, during which time she contributed a landing party of sailors to march in the New York City Flag Day parade on 14 June 1939. Underway from her berth on 5 July, *Anderson* reached Newport, Rhode Island, on 7 July, mooring to the east dock at the Naval Torpedo Station, and taking on board torpedo warheads, exploders, and test equipment before returning to the New York Navy Yard the next day, pausing there only briefly before getting underway later that afternoon for Washington, D.C.

Anchoring off Quantico on the night of 9 July, *Anderson* steamed up the Potomac River, rendering the prescribed passing honors abeam of Mount Vernon, and arrived at the Washington Navy Yard at 0721 on 10 July. The next day, a number of high-ranking officers informally inspected the new destroyer, the first of the *Sims*-class to be placed in commission, Admiral Harold R. Stark, the Chief of Naval Operations, accompanied by Captain H. T. Markland; Rear Admirals Robert L. Ghormley, Director of War Plans, and William R. Furlong, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, as well as Charles Edison, the Acting Secretary of the Navy.

On 12 July, assisted by *Tecumseh* and *Undaunted*, *Anderson* got underway for Yorktown, Virginia. She loaded depth charges at the mine depot at Yorktown before moving to the Naval Operating Base (NOB) at Norfolk before getting underway on 14 July for Wilmington, North Carolina. Wilmington was the hometown of the man for whom the ship had been named, Admiral Anderson; and it accorded the ship a warm welcome. The local paper editorialized: "It is a pleasure to have you in port and to inspect the magnificent new destroyer named in honor of a distinguished son. The ship and its personnel are a credit to the record and memory of the man for whom your ship is named... Therefore, we bid you welcome, and if there is aught that can add to your entertainment while here, you have but to ask any resident and it is yours..." *Anderson* gave a tea for Mrs. Anderson, members of the late flag officer's family, and the city officials of Wilmington on the afternoon of 17 July. On the next day, assisted out into the stream by the tug *Battler*, the destroyer made a departure from Wilmington.

Reaching NOB, Norfolk, on 19 July, *Anderson* shifted to the Norfolk Navy Yard that same day to take onboard ammunition. After embarking six enlisted Marines for transportation to the Marine Barracks at Guantanamo Bay, *Anderson* got underway on 21 July for Cuban waters and the initial part of her shakedown cruise. Arriving at Guantanamo on 24 July, the destroyer disembarked her passengers before operating locally over the next few days.

*Anderson* then visited San Juan, Puerto Rico (from 1–5 August); Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone (8–14 August); and Hamilton, Bermuda (19–21 August); St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (25–28 August); before she reached Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on the morning of 31 August. Underway on 5 September, the destroyer called briefly at Quebec (5 to 6 September) before she headed for Newport. On 8 September, while en route, *Anderson* sighted a merchantman eight miles (13 km) distant, identifying her as Norwegian by the display of national colors on ship's side. Soon thereafter, a plane, identified as "British" (possibly Royal Canadian Air Force) by the wing markings, circled *Anderson* at low altitude, obviously scrutinizing the ship thoroughly before banking away and heading for the coast.

*Anderson* made arrival at the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport the following day, 9 September, and over the next few days served as the underway "target" for torpedo practice conducted by *Jouett* on the testing range in Narragansett Bay. On 16 September, *Anderson* arrived back at the New York Navy Yard, her shakedown completed, for the installation of her main battery director. After brief periods underway for testing fire control equipment (21–22 September), *Anderson* took a departure from New York for NOB, Norfolk, arriving on 24 September.

*Anderson* conducted gunnery exercises on the Southern Drill Grounds off the Virginia Capes, firing at a target towed by *Acushnet* on 26 September before firing antiaircraft battery practice on 28 September. She arrived at the New York Navy Yard for post-shakedown availability on the morning of 1 October; these repairs and alterations continuing through the end of January 1940.

The destroyer then touched briefly at the Boston Navy Yard before she ran her final acceptance trials off Rockland, Maine, on 7 February 1940, with Rear Admiral H. L. Brinser, president of the Board of Inspection and Survey, embarked. *Anderson* then paid a return visit to the Boston Navy Yard on 9 February before returning to New York, via the Cape Cod Canal, Buzzards Bay and Oyster Bay, on 12 February.

*Anderson* remained at the Navy Yard through the end of March, after which time she sailed for Newport, for torpedo firing tests on 10 April. At 1130 on 12 April, the destroyer embarked the Honorable John Z. Anderson, a California Congressman and member of the House Naval Affairs Committee, and got underway shortly thereafter, reaching NOB, Norfolk, and mooring to Pier 7, at 2008 the following day, disembarking her passenger the next morning.

Underway in company with *Manley*, *Anderson* stood out, headed for Guantanamo Bay, on the afternoon of 15 April. The next day, 14 hours out of Norfolk, the ships ran into heavy weather. At 0440 on 16 April, the strongback of the port lifeboat was reported to be cracked. Lieutenant George R. Phelan, the executive officer, gathered men of the deck force in the lee of the galley, amidships, as the ship steered various courses in an attempt to lessen the roll and thereby facilitate efforts to secure the port lifeboat. Between rolls, Lieutenant Phelan and his men attempted to recover the boat and make it fast, but the effort soon became too dangerous, not worth the lives of the men, and the work had to be abandoned, the boat carrying away completely at 0718. Ultimately, *Anderson* reached Guantanamo Bay at 0618 on 19 April.

Underway again nine hours later, *Anderson*, again in company with *Manley*, reached the submarine base at Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone, on 21 April. Transiting the Panama Canal on 23 April, *Anderson* proceeded independently up the west coast of Central America, reaching Acapulco, Mexico, on the 27th. The next morning, following by nine hours the visit of Commander W. M. Dillon, the naval attaché at the United States Embassy in Mexico City, *Anderson* sent ashore a working party to bring off "naval stores salvaged from the wreck" of *Timber Rush* (listed in the 1941 Merchant Vessel Register as "abandoned" during the previous year). Underway again four hours later, *Anderson* rejoined *Manley* on 30 April, and reached San Diego at 0900 on 1 May 1940.

After conducting a brief harbor cruise with 85 Army reservists embarked on 18 May, *Anderson* got underway to conduct a neutrality patrol off the coast of southern California. During the course of this operation on 20 May, the destroyer sighted a tug five miles (8 km) away at 0945 and altered course to close and investigate. Closer examination revealed *Ray P. Clark*, towing a barge laden with horses and bales of hay and flying a distress signal. *Anderson* immediately called away her fire and rescue party and stopped to render assistance, help which turned out to be only giving directions to the tug which had become lost and needed the course to San Nicolas Island. The assistance duly rendered, *Anderson* continued on her appointed rounds, arriving back at San Diego on the morning of 23 May.

The warship commenced the month of June as plane guard for *Yorktown*, as that carrier conducted local operations out of North Island; she later planeguarded for *Enterprise* from 19 to 21 June, interspersed with type training and gunnery practices out of Pyramid Cove, San Clemente Island. At 0900 on 22 June, as the ship prepared to sail for Hawaiian waters, Commander Allan E. Smith reported on board and broke his pennant in *Anderson* as Commander, Destroyer Division 3 (DesDiv 3); *Anderson* subsequently took a departure from San Diego on the morning of 25 June, sailing in company with *Enterprise* and *Hammann*, *Mustin*, *Sterett*, *Hopkins* and *Rowan*.

During the passage to Hawaii, *Anderson* alternated with the other destroyers in standing plane guard duty for *Enterprise* and then serving as an antisubmarine screen. On 28 June, during morning flight operations, a plane from Scouting Squadron (VS) 6 lost power after being catapulted from the flight deck and was forced to ditch. *Hammann* arrived on the scene first and rescued the pilot and his radioman, *Enterprise* later drew alongside the plane and recovered it. Subsequently, *Anderson* covered the arrival of the force at Pearl Harbor and then followed it in, mooring on the morning of 2 July.

For the next five months, *Anderson* operated locally put of Pearl Harbor and Lahaina Roads. Her operations within the Hawaiian chain took her to Palmyra (22 July) and Christmas Island (23 July); and included such evolutions as antiaircraft and machine gun practices; battle depth charge practices, and torpedo practices, often operating in company with destroyers, light cruisers, and battleships. Interspersed were periods of upkeep back at Pearl Harbor alongside *Altair* between 26 and 28 October, and drydocking (28 to 29 October and again from 30 October to 4 November). The ship also patrolled assigned areas adjacent to the Lahaina Roads anchorage, off Maui, and off Honolulu and Pearl Harbor, intercepting and identifying many merchantmen, and local craft, such as fishing boats, as well as noting the movements of American warships. Following this intensive period of operations in Hawaiian waters, *Anderson* took a departure from Pearl Harbor on 2 December 1940, bound for the West Coast in company with the rest of Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 8.

Arriving at San Diego on the afternoon of 8 December, *Anderson* steamed to the Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, San Pedro, Los Angeles, the day after Christmas, and underwent an overhaul there through the first week of January 1941. Then, after operating locally out of Long Beach and San Diego, *Anderson* took a departure from San Diego on the morning of 14 January and rendezvoused with *Enterprise* and *Lexington* off San Pedro. The force conducted drills and exercises en route to the Hawaiian Islands, reaching Pearl Harbor on the morning of 21 January.

*Anderson* resumed operations in the Hawaiian area on 12 February, conducting such evolutions as depth charge practices, night battle practice runs, and gunnery drills, until returning to Pearl Harbor on 19 February. Underway again two days later she conducted more gunnery runs and damage control problems before returning to port that afternoon to provision from the storeship *Arctic*. Underway again on the morning of 22 February, *Anderson* patrolled off the entrance to Pearl Harbor and encountered a fishing craft trespassing in a security zone; lowering her motor whaleboat, *Anderson* investigated the craft and warned her owner to keep away from those waters. *Anderson* returned to Pearl Harbor the next morning, 23 February, before resuming the intensive schedule of operations with the other ships in her division that lasted through the end of February.

During March 1941, *Anderson* continued the rapid pace of operations out of Pearl Harbor, operating with the fleet and honing her skills in antisubmarine warfare tactics and in gunnery. She also operated for a time with *Yorktown* as plane guard. During flight operations on the morning of 17 March 1941, two TBD Devastators from Torpedo Squadron 5 collided at 1,000 feet (300 metres) and crashed into the sea, 2,500 yards (2.3 km) from the carrier. *Yorktown*'s boats recovered the bodies of the pilots, but both planes sank in 2,910 fathoms (5,320 m) of water, carrying the other four men – two in each aircraft – with them. *Anderson* – detailed to remain in the vicinity and continue the search – found only small parts of the planes and pieces of clothing.

These evolutions in Hawaiian waters proved to be the last for some time; *Anderson* got underway for the West Coast of the United States shortly after noon on 24 March, and reached Mare Island Navy Yard on the last day of the month after first disembarking, at San Francisco, enlisted passengers transported from Pearl Harbor. The destroyer spent all of April 1941 undergoing repairs and alterations at the West Coast yard, and on 16 May got underway for her post-repair trials.

After operating briefly in San Francisco Bay, *Anderson* shifted to Long Beach on 21 May, and eight days later, took a departure, ostensibly, for the Hawaiian Islands, in company with her division mates, *Hammann*, *Mustin*, and *Rowan*. The ships soon received a change of orders. They rendezvoused with *Philadelphia* on the afternoon of 30 May, and soon proceeded down the coast, bound for Panama, as another increment of the Pacific Fleet was withdrawn to augment the Atlantic Fleet in its undeclared war with the German Navy in the Atlantic.

### Atlantic Neutrality Patrols

Transiting the Panama Canal on the night of 8–9 June, *Anderson*, her hull number and name painted out for security reasons, passed the Cristobal breakwater at 0125 on 9 June, en route to Guantanamo Bay. Fueling there on 11 June, *Anderson* got underway the same afternoon, quickly taking up antisubmarine screening station off the port bow of *Idaho*, which she escorted up the eastern seaboard to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, arriving there on 15 June.

The respite in port proved brief, however, since *Anderson* took a departure early on the morning of 19 June. Joined by *Rowan* shortly thereafter, the destroyer stood down the Delaware River, and out into the Atlantic. They joined *Tuscaloosa* the following morning, and, later, *Wasp* shortly after noon on 21 June.

Together, these ships proceeded out into the central Atlantic on neutrality patrol, cruising almost as far as the Cape Verde Islands, "safeguarding the neutrality of the United States." Their voyage took them almost to the edge of the zones defined in operations orders of April and June 1941. *Anderson* served as plane guard for *Wasp* and as an antisubmarine screen for the carrier and for *Tuscaloosa* during the patrol that ultimately came to an end at Bermuda on Independence Day, 1941.

After a brief period in Bermudan waters, a break she utilized for a short stint of close-range battle practice, *Anderson* took a departure on 12 July for Norfolk, reaching her destination the following day. After getting underway from the Tidewater region for torpedo practice on 17 July, the warship sailed north for Boston, and reached the Boston Navy Yard on the afternoon of 19 July.

*Anderson* then underwent repairs and alterations into early August; during her time in the yard, her number three 5 inch (127 mm) mount was removed to save topside weight and allow the fitting of additional .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, extensions to her depth charge tracks, and a "Y"-gun (depth charge projector), in addition to two dozen additional depth charges. Thus refitted to better perform the escort role needed in the developing Battle of the Atlantic, she participated in intensive antisubmarine exercises out of Provincetown, Massachusetts, during the latter half of August 1941 before returning to Boston on the 30th. *Anderson*'s operations now carried her farther north, as she sailed for Casco Bay, Maine, on 2 September, exercising with *Tuscaloosa* en route.

Assigned to Task Force 15 (TF 15), *Anderson* steamed as part of the escort force for the first major reinforcement convoy bound for Iceland, carrying an Army brigade to augment the Marines who had been there since July. The ships reached Reykjavík on the evening of 15 September after a passage enlivened by two "submarine" contacts in *Anderson*'s vicinity: one summarily depth-charged by *Walke* on 8 September, the other by *Hilary P. Jones* on the 10th. Then, between 26 September and 3 October, *Anderson* escorted a convoy to Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.

*Anderson* remained at Placentia Bay for almost a week before getting underway on 10 October as part of the antisubmarine screen for TF 14, formed around *Yorktown*. This force reached Casco Bay, Maine, on the afternoon of 13 October. Moving down to Provincetown, *Anderson* again conducted antisubmarine exercises, and as in previous practices, the ship's performance was "outstanding in detecting the presence of a submarine and carrying out a successful attack." Later, after a tender availability alongside *Denebola* at Casco Bay, she resumed her operations at sea with TF 14.

Standing out of Casco Bay on the afternoon of 26 October, with Task Group 14.3 (TG 14.3), *Savannah*, *Philadelphia*, *New Mexico*, *Yorktown*, and seven destroyers as the escort for a convoy of six British cargo ships bound for the British Isles, *Anderson*, in the inner anti-submarine screen, plane guarded for the carrier as she conducted flight operations covering the convoy as it moved out into the Atlantic.

On 30 October, 700 mi (1,100 km) from St. John's, Newfoundland, *Yorktown* had just completed recovering planes and was proceeding to refuel *Sims* when, at 1219, *Anderson* made an underwater contact, 1,300 yards (1,200 m) distant. *Anderson* went to general quarters immediately and proceeded ahead to develop the contact dropping a standard pattern of six depth charges at 1225. Five minutes later, *Morris* dropped an "embarrassing barrage". Other ships in the vicinity, however, began sighting porpoises and blackfish, leading Commander Frank G. Fahrion, Commander, DesDiv 3 in *Anderson*, to report over the high-frequency radio (TBS) to *Morris* that, in view of the fish sightings, the contact was a false one.

Soon thereafter, however, *Anderson*'s men saw an oil slick and lowered a bucket that, when drawn up, contained a mixture of oil, water, and burnt TNT. At 1305, the destroyer picked up a propeller noise and attacked with a second pattern of six depth charges. Soon thereafter, *Hughes*, also in on the "hunt", picked up a contact and requested *Anderson* to develop it. The latter dropped another pattern in 1409.

*Anderson* secured from general quarters at 1421, and then, in company with *Hughes*, tried to develop further contacts or to obtain concrete evidence of a "kill." Unfortunately, it appeared that their quarry had escaped.

After securing from the search at 1503, *Anderson* remained with TF 14 until detached on 6 November. At 1637 on that same day, while steaming in company with *Hammann*, *Anderson* sighted an unidentified ship which instituted radical course changes when she apparently sighted the two American destroyers. As *Hammann* parted company, *Anderson* investigated the stranger, finding her to be *Trondheim*, steaming singly from Belfast, Northern Ireland, to Halifax, Nova Scotia. The destroyer then trailed the tanker for a time until securing from the effort at 2246.

Reaching Hvalfjörður on 7 November and fueling from *Sapelo* upon arrival, *Anderson* then spent the next month operating in Icelandic waters, out of Hvalfjörður ("Valley Forge") and Reykjavík ("Rinky Dink"). The ship's last "peacetime" operations consisted of a sweep, in company with *Idaho* and *Mississippi* from Reykjavík across the southern end of the Denmark Strait, between Iceland and Greenland, between 1 and 6 December 1941.

### World War II

#### Atlantic

Underway from Hvalfjörður, Iceland, on the morning of 9 December 1941, two days after the Japanese attack upon the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, halfway across the globe, *Anderson* reached the Norfolk Navy Yard on 17 December, tarrying only a short time before taking a departure at 0537 on 18 December for Charleston, South Carolina in company with *Hammann*, *Mustin*, and *Morris*, and reaching their destination the following morning. Unloading ammunition the following day, *Anderson* spent the rest of 1941 undergoing repairs and alterations at the Charleston Navy Yard, including the replacement of her .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns with 20 mm antiaircraft guns.

Three days into 1942, *Anderson* sailed for Norfolk, Virginia and after calibrating her degaussing gear on the Wolf Trap degaussing range, near Norfolk, the destroyer arrived at NOB, Norfolk, on the morning of 5 January. mi Once again, the respite in port proved brief, and at midday on 6 January, *Anderson* cleared Hampton Roads in company with *Morris* and *Hammann*, ultimately taking a screening position on the port beam of *Mississippi* in the force escorting the battlewagons of BatDiv 3 back to the Pacific Ocean.

#### Pacific

Over the next four days, the destroyers guarded *New Mexico*, *Mississippi*, and *President Hayes* as they headed down the East Coast of the United States and across the Gulf of Mexico. Reaching Cristobal on the morning of 11 January, *Anderson* transited the Panama Canal during the day, mooring at Balboa that afternoon. After taking on fuel, the destroyer was underway once more, that evening, bound for San Diego, California. On the second leg of the voyage, all ships remained alert. Within two days of a departure from Panama, *Anderson*'s lookouts reported a torpedo track at 0113 on 13 January. Over the next four days, the ships sighted, challenged and identified two ships, both of which proved to be friendly: the British-registry *Ocean Voice* and the American-registry *Kishacoquillas*, on 15 and 17 January, respectively.

During the passage, the ships honed up their gunnery skills, and OS2U Kingfishers simulated dive, torpedo, and high-level bombing attacks on the convoy. Off San Francisco Bay, the submarine jitters struck again, this time as *Hammann* reported a contact on the morning of 22 January and depth charged the "contact" with negative results. The odyssey from the East Coast completed, *Anderson* moored in a nest at Pier 54, San Francisco, at 1250 on 22 January 1942.

*Anderson* subsequently unmoored on the morning of 25 January, after having undergone a brief tender availability in a nest alongside *Dixie* and stood out of San Francisco Bay, bound for a rendezvous with Convoy 2019.

Hampered by the typical foggy conditions surrounding the bay area, assembly took some time, but ultimately, with all units present and accounted for, the convoy set out for the Hawaiian Islands. *Anderson* covered the entry of the ships into the Pearl Harbor channel shortly before noon on 2 February.

*Anderson* spent the next two weeks either at or operating locally from Pearl Harbor. Her underway periods included a turn at the Pearl Harbor entrance patrol (11–12 February) and duty screening *Louisville* as that ship conducted gunnery exercises on 14 February.

Underway at 0817 on 16 February, *Anderson* stood out to sea, joining up with Task Force 17 (TF17), consisting of *Yorktown*, *Astoria*, *Louisville*, *Hammann*, *Sims*, and *Walke*, under Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, later that afternoon. The next two weeks found the *Yorktown* task force working its way toward the southwest Pacific. On 6 March 1942, TF 17 rendezvoused with TF 11 under Vice Admiral Wilson Brown, to raid the Japanese stronghold of Rabaul.

While Brown's and Fletcher's ships were en route to that area, however, Australian reconnaissance planes detected a Japanese invasion force moving toward the settlements of Lae and Salamaua, on the eastern coast of New Guinea. Both fell with little resistance, but the incipient enemy base, and the airfields at both places, presented the Allies with a fine new target, and a chance to get back at the enemy at his most vulnerable time – before he had consolidated his beachhead. The raid on Rabaul was shelved.

To provide security for the carriers' operations in the Gulf of Papua, Brown detached a surface force to remain in the waters of the Louisiade Archipelago, near Rossel Island, to intercept any enemy thrust toward Port Moresby and cover the arrival of Army troops scheduled to arrive at about that time at Nouméa, New Caledonia. He placed this force, *Astoria*, *Chicago*, *Louisville*, *Australia*, *Anderson*, *Sims*, *Hammann*, and *Hughes*, under Rear Admiral John G. Crace, Royal Australian Navy. While the patrol proved uneventful for Grace's ships, which rejoined TF 11 on 14 March, the Lae-Salamaua raid carried out by planes from *Yorktown* and *Lexington* forced the Japanese to husband carefully their amphibious resources, already on the proverbial "shoestring", for their planned operations in the Solomon Islands.

*Anderson*, operated with *Yorktown* through late April, patrolling the Coral Sea as the sole barrier against Japanese expansion in that region, putting into Tongatapu, in the Tonga (or "Friendly") Islands, late that month. With intelligence data indicating that the postponed movement against Tulagi, in the Solomons, was imminent—confirmed by the Japanese landing men and supplies there on 29 April and establishing a seaplane base on the heels of the retreating Australian garrison, TF 17 moved north to deal with this threat.

##### Battle of the Coral Sea

On 4 May, *Anderson*, her men "anxious to get a chance to attack" the enemy, screened *Yorktown* as she launched three attacks on the incipient base at Tulagi, the carrier's planes sinking a destroyer and some small auxiliaries, at the relatively modest cost of only three aircraft (whose crews were later recovered).

Reinforced on 6 May by Rear Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch's TF 11, Fletcher planned to meet the Japanese in the Coral Sea on 7 May, to stop the enemy thrust toward Port Moresby. On that day, each side attempted to strike blows with carrier aircraft; the Americans enjoying more success in that planes from *Yorktown* and *Lexington* sank *Shōhō*. Japanese planes, attempting to strike the Americans, could not find them in the gathering darkness, and a twilight encounter between the returning Japanese air groups and American fighters robbed the enemy of experienced crews as well as virtually irreplaceable aircraft. *Anderson*, assigned to the Air Group (TG 17.5), operated in the screen of *Lexington*.

The Japanese Striking Force, however, formed around *Shōkaku* and *Zuikaku* was, on 7 May, well south of Guadalcanal. The same day that American planes had dispatched *Shōhō*, planes from the enemy carriers sank *Sims* and damaged *Neosho* so severely that she had to be sunk later.

The next morning some 170 mi (270 km) separated the two forces. The Americans struck first, crippling *Shōkaku*; anti-aircraft fire and combat air patrol aircraft soon decimated *Zuikaku*'s air group. Meanwhile, the American carriers had taken divergent courses as the incoming Japanese strike neared them, *Yorktown*, *Lexington*, and their respective screens drawing three or four miles apart; *Anderson* continued to screen *Lexington*. About 1116 on 8 May, the first of the Japanese planes came in on the attack, which lasted until 1200. During the attack, *Anderson* maintained station on *Lexington*, constantly firing at the enemy, but scoring no hits. With the exception of one burst of machine gun fire, the destroyer was not attacked, the enemy concentrating his attack on *Lexington*.

"Lady Lex" took two hits on the port side. Then, Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers punctured her with near misses and staggered her with two direct hits. A bomb smashed into the port forward gun gallery, and another exploded inside the carrier's funnel. During the afternoon her fires were brought under control and her list corrected. But the explosions had ruptured her gasoline pipes, and about 1445 a series of explosions occurred, setting off internal fires. *Anderson* stood by to render assistance and pick up survivors as the big carrier was abandoned, and rescued 377 men. Eventually, *Phelps* had to sink *Lexington* with torpedoes.

The first battle fought with neither side sighting the other except from the cockpits of their respective aircraft, the engagement in the Coral Sea stopped the Japanese thrust toward Port Moresby. It was a strategic victory for the Allies, but a tactical one for the enemy, since the Japanese had inflicted heavier damage on the American carriers. Besides the loss of *Lexington*, *Yorktown* had been badly damaged.

On 10 May, *Anderson* transferred the 377 *Lexington* sailors to *Portland*, and, the following day, put into Nouméa, New Caledonia, where she transferred five torpedoes to *Phelps*, which had expended torpedoes in attempting to sink Lexington. She sailed thence to Tongatapu, where she rejoined TF 17. On 28 May, she reached Pearl Harbor. Her rest, however, was to prove short, for forces were needed to thwart a new Japanese thrust, this one directed at Midway Island to draw out the United States fleet in a decisive battle. *Anderson* sortied again with TF 17 on 30 May, again in the screen for *Yorktown*, which had been hastily repaired.

##### Battle of Midway

On 4 June, Japanese planes struck the island of Midway with little opposition, and returned to their carriers to re-arm for a second strike. Confusion on the Japanese side as to what forces they found themselves facing proved fatal, as the American air attack from *Yorktown*, *Enterprise*, and *Hornet* caught the enemy at a vulnerable moment. While torpedo planes from the three carriers successively drew off the combat air patrols, dive bombers from *Yorktown* and *Enterprise* wrought mortal damage on three of the four enemy carriers engaged.

Planes from *Hiryū*, the one enemy aircraft carrier that had escaped destruction that morning, soon sought out the Americans and located TF 17. Although decimated by TF 17's combat air patrol, "Val" dive bombers managed to score damaging hits on *Yorktown*, causing her to go dead in the water. *Anderson*'s gunners claimed two Japanese planes downed as they retired from the scene. *Yorktown*, however, was underway again two hours later, her fires put out and power restored, and commencing to launch fighters when a second attack wave, this time composed of Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo planes, showed up. In the developing melee, *Anderson* shot down one "Kate" before it had a chance to launch its torpedo, but others managed to penetrate the terrific barrage and drop their ordnance, scoring two hits on the carrier's port side amidships.

*Anderson*'s gunners claimed one of the retiring planes with a direct hit. As *Yorktown*, mortally wounded, slowed to a halt for the second time that day, *Anderson* picked up Ensign Milton Tootle, IV, USNR, a pilot from Fighting Squadron 3 (VF-3) who had been shot down attacking a Japanese torpedo plane. The destroyer then closed *Yorktown* and picked up 203 more men.

While TF 17 gathered *Yorktown*'s men and then cleared the area, the ship remained stubbornly afloat. When it became evident that the carrier would not sink immediately and might be saved, Admiral Fletcher ordered a salvage party put on board. Under tow by *Vireo* and with a salvage party on board composed of volunteers from the various ship departments, *Yorktown* appeared to be on the threshold of salvage. The arrival of Japanese submarine *I-168* (2), however, changed all that, and the gallant carrier was torpedoed on 6 June, along with *Hammann*. The latter sank immediately; *Yorktown* lingered until the following morning when she, too, sank.

*Anderson* returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 June. From 8–15 July she escorted *Fulton* to Midway, and from 22 to 27 July, she escorted *Long Island* to Palmyra Island and back to Pearl Harbor.

##### Guadalcanal

On 17 August, *Anderson* sortied from Pearl Harbor with TF 17, en route to the Solomons area, where she sighted and joined TF 61 on 29 August. *Anderson* was assigned as screen for *Hornet* in TG 61.2. The Battle of the Eastern Solomons, which had taken place on 24 August, had turned back a major Japanese attempt to recapture Guadalcanal. Enemy submarines, however, still lurked in the waters east of Guadalcanal. On 31 August, *Saratoga*, in TG 61.1, was torpedoed and damaged, and forced to retire to Tongatapu. On 14 September, six transports carrying reinforcements and supplies for Guadalcanal departed Espiritu Santo, with the task groups formed around *Wasp* and *Hornet* in support.

Enemy submarines, however, again made their deadly presence felt. On 15 September, the Japanese submarine *I-19* torpedoed *Wasp*. At that time, *Anderson* was screening *Hornet*, about six miles (10 km) northeast of *Wasp*. A few minutes later, torpedoes were spotted racing toward *Hornet*, which maneuvered to avoid them. They passed ahead, one smashing into *North Carolina* and the other into *O'Brien*. *Anderson* was ordered to stand by the damaged battleship, and escorted her to Tongatapu on 19 September.

During the remainder of September 1942, *Anderson* escorted a Dutch convoy to Dumbea Bay, New Caledonia, then on 3 October sortied with TF 17 en route to launch an air attack against enemy vessels in the Buin-Faisi area. On 3 October, *Anderson* was detached to proceed to the rescue of a downed pilot. The pilot was not found, and since the task force was by that time too far away to enable her to rejoin before the mission was accomplished, she proceeded singly to Nouméa.

##### Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands

She rejoined TF 17 on 8 October, and on 15 October, received orders to proceed north to the Guadalcanal area to strike enemy forces in order to relieve pressure there. *Hornet* launched strikes on 16 October, and on 24 October the force joined with TF 16 to form TF 61. On 26 October, the American ships engaged a numerically superior Japanese striking force in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. Contact between the two opposing forces, as at Coral Sea, was almost simultaneous. During the day planes from *Enterprise* and *Hornet* damaged two enemy carriers, a cruiser, and two destroyers. American ship casualties, however, were considerably heavier.

At 1010 on that morning some 27 planes attacked *Hornet*. *Anderson* opened fire, scoring hits on two planes, and splashing one. One bomb hit *Hornet*'s flight deck, then a "Val" crashed the ship. A moment later two "Kates" swept in, launching torpedoes which hit the carrier's engineering spaces. As she slowed to a halt, she was hit by three more bombs and another "Val". During this melee, *Anderson* succeeded in downing another torpedo plane, scored hits on several others, and took one machine gun bullet hit causing a small crack and dent in her side plating amidships.

At noon, *Northampton* attempted to take *Hornet* in tow, but at 1815, another flock of enemy dive-bombers and torpedo planes roared in to attack the crippled carrier. A veritable sitting duck, she took a torpedo and a bomb hit, and abandoned ship. *Anderson* moved in to pick up survivors, taking on board 247 men. *Mustin* was ordered to sink the hulk, and scored three torpedo hits, but Hornet remained stubbornly afloat. *Anderson* was ordered to finish the job and slammed six torpedoes into the target, but she still remained afloat. *Anderson* and *Mustin* shelled *Hornet*, but the arrival of Japanese destroyers on the horizon forced the two American destroyers to take a hurried a departure. On the morning of 27 October, Japanese destroyers performed the final rites for *Hornet* with four torpedoes.

During the Japanese attack on Hornet, the *Enterprise* group over the horizon had not gone unscathed. *Porter* was sunk inadvertently by torpedo from a Japanese submarine while rescuing a downed pilot; *Enterprise* suffered three bomb hits; *Smith* was severely damaged by a suicider; and both *South Dakota* and *San Juan* suffered minor damage from bomb hits. Although the American forces had suffered heavier damage, they had succeeded in stopping the Japanese thrust toward Guadalcanal.

In November 1942, *Anderson* participated in further operations in the waters off Guadalcanal, screening a transport group landing troops in Lunga Roads and providing call fire during landings on 4 to 6 November, and screening *Enterprise* during strikes against enemy shipping at Guadalcanal on 13–14 November.

From December 1942 to 23 January 1943, the ship operated with TF 16 out of Espiritu Santo on antisubmarine patrol and training. Between 23 January and 3 February, she escorted Task Unit 62.4.7 (TU 62.4.7), a merchant ship convoy, to Guadalcanal to unload, and returned to Espiritu Santo. While in the Solomons, she conducted a photographic reconnaissance and bombardment of enemy-held beaches on northern coast of Guadalcanal on 29 January in company with *Wilson*.

*Anderson*, continued to operate out of the New Hebrides Islands on hunter-killer missions, and escort runs for a fueling rendezvous with TF 67 and TF 68 until 7 March 1943. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 22 March and received onward routing back to the United States. From 9 April to 8 June, she lay at San Francisco undergoing overhaul and repairs.

Following an escort run to Pearl Harbor and back in June, *Anderson* departed San Francisco on 11 July with TG 96.1 en route to Kodiak, Alaska, arriving on 21 July. Joining TG 16.17 on 30 July, she participated in bombardments of Kiska on 2 and 15 August 1943. The ship remained in the Aleutians on patrol duty until 21 September, when she departed for Pearl Harbor.

From 14 October to 1 November, *Anderson* lay at Wellington, New Zealand, staging with the transports for the next operation. With TF 53, she arrived at Tarawa Atoll on 19 November 1943. As a part of Fire Support Group No. 3, she took station off the eastern end of Betio on D-day, 20 November, and began conducting bombardments of assigned targets. Betio was captured by 24 November, but *Anderson* remained in the general area on radar picket patrol and rendered intermittent call fire until 29 November, when she departed for Pearl Harbor.

##### Battle of Kwajalein

By 21 December 1943, she was back in San Diego to escort the 4th Marine Division to Kwajalein. En route, *Anderson* was one of the units designated to conduct a diversionary strike at Wotje on 30 January 1944. As one of the leading destroyers she opened the bombardment at 0642 and began to maneuver to avoid enemy return fire. At 0646, a shell hit in her combat information center (CIC), killing the commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander John G. Tennent, III, two ensigns, and three enlisted men, and wounding 14 others. Her executive officer immediately assumed command and kept her firing until she could maneuver to seaward to act as antisubmarine screen until completion of the Wotje bombardment at noon. The next day, *Anderson* approached the objective islands of Roi and Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, and screened to seaward as the heavy units began the bombardment. On 1 February, while transferring her wounded, she struck an uncharted pinnacle and had to be towed to Pearl Harbor.

Following the completion of repairs on 15 June, the destroyer sailed to the southwest Pacific. Following an escort run to Oro Bay, New Guinea, *Anderson* arrived off Cape Sansapor, New Guinea, on 1 August with TG 77.3. During the landing operations she operated on antisubmarine station between Amsterdam Island and Cape Opmarai, then conducted patrols off Woendi Harbor, and Cape Sunsapor until 25 August. During the Morotai landings on 15 September 1944, the ship rendered call fire and conducted patrols off White beach.

##### Battle of Leyte Gulf

On 12 October, *Anderson* departed Seeadler Harbor with TG 78.2 for the landing operations at Leyte Gulf. Arriving in the area on 20 October, she took up patrol during the initial assault and until she joined TG 77.2 on 25 October. This group was under enemy air attack and *Anderson* fired on several planes without results. On 1 November, enemy air attacks were intense. The ship scored hits on several planes, splashing one. At 1812 on that day, a Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" fighter crashed into the ship's port side, aft of the break in the deck. *Anderson* suffered 14 dead and 22 wounded. Two of the wounded later died.

Departing Leyte on 3 November 1944 and steaming via Hollandia, Manus, and Majuro, *Anderson* arrived at Pearl Harbor on 29 November 1944. There she received orders to proceed to San Francisco, where she moored on 9 December to begin repairs.

##### Duty off Japan

On 11 May 1945, she arrived at Attu Island, Alaska where she was assigned to TG 92.2. Eight days later, *Anderson* took part in a bombardment of Suribachi Wan and a sweep in the Sea of Okhotsk. From 10 to 12 June, she participated in the bombardment of enemy shore installations on Matsuwa To, Kuril Islands, and another anti-shipping sweep in the Sea of Okhotsk. While the remainder of the task group entered that body of water to intercept an enemy convoy headed south from Paramushir from 23 to 25 June, *Anderson*, *Hughes*, and *Trenton* established a patrol east of the Kurils to thwart any attempt of the convoy to escape into the Pacific. From 15 to 22 July, *Anderson* conducted a patrol east of the Kurils, an anti-shipping sweep in the Sea of Okhotsk, and another bombardment of Suribachi Wan, Paramushiru To, Kuriles. Another sweep was made in the Sea of Okhotsk, coupled with another bombardment of Matsuwa To, Kuriles, on 11–12 August 1945.

*Anderson* remained with the Northern Pacific Force for the remainder of the war, and departed Alaskan waters for Japan on 27 August. She reached Ominato, Japan, on 8 September, and supported the occupation of northern Honshū through 30 October. She departed Japanese waters on that date, bound for the United States, and arrived at San Diego on 1 December. She was earmarked for retention in an inactive status in view of the experimental tests to which she would be subjected. Two days after Christmas, she got underway for Hawaiian waters.

### Post-War

#### Operation Crossroads

Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 3 January 1946, *Anderson* was assigned to Joint Task Force 1 on 15 May, and was slated to be utilized in the tests of the atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll. She reached her ultimate destination on 30 May 1946.

On 1 July 1946, the bomb used in Test "Able" Operation Crossroads sank *Anderson* in Bikini lagoon. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 25 September 1946.

## Awards

## In media

*Anderson* was prominently displayed on a famous U.S. Navy recruitment poster of World War II which suggested people could "Join the Navy and Free the World."

11°34′54″N 165°22′46″E / 11.58167°N 165.37944°E / 11.58167; 165.37944

## InfoBox

| *Anderson* running trials in 1939 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Builder | Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company |
| Laid down | 15 November 1937 |
| Launched | 4 February 1939 |
| Commissioned | 19 May 1939 |
| Decommissioned | 28 August 1946 |
| Stricken | 25 September 1946 |
| Honours and<br>awards |  |
| Fate | Sunk by Test "Able" (Operation Crossroads) at Bikini Atoll 1 July 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Sims*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 1,570 long tons (1,600 t) (std) * 2,211 long tons (2,246 t) (full) |
| Length | 348 ft, 3¼ in, (106.15 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft, 1 in (11 m) |
| Draught | 13 ft, 4.5 in (4.07 m) |
| Propulsion | High-pressure super-heated boilers, geared turbines with twin screws, 50,000 horsepower |
| Speed | 35 knots |
| Range | 3,660 nautical miles at 20 kt (6,780 km at 37 km/h) |
| Complement | 192 (10 officers/182 enlisted) |
| Armament | * 5 × 5 inch/38, in single mounts * 4 × .50 caliber/90, in single mounts * 8 × 21 inch torpedo tubes in two quadruple mounts * 2 × depth charge track, 10 depth charges |
| Armor | None |


title: Unknown Treasures

abstract: Unknown Treasures is a 1926 American silent horror film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Gladys Hulette, Robert Agnew and John Miljan. The screenplay by Charles A. Logue was based on a short story written by Mary Spain Vigus called The House Behind the Hedge. Although the film is considered lost today, it is said to have been a straight forward "old dark house" film without the usual 1920s comedy elements. Gustav von Seyffertitz plays the mad doctor in the film, and later went on to appear in several other horror films, including The Bat Whispers (1930) and Son of Frankenstein (1939). Director Mayo started out making comedic shorts, but moved on in later life to directing more prestigious films. He only directed two horror films however, this one and Svengali.

text:
# Unknown Treasures

***Unknown Treasures*** is a 1926 American silent horror film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Gladys Hulette, Robert Agnew and John Miljan. The screenplay by Charles A. Logue was based on a short story written by Mary Spain Vigus called *The House Behind the Hedge*. Although the film is considered lost today, it is said to have been a straight forward "old dark house" film without the usual 1920s comedy elements. Gustav von Seyffertitz plays the mad doctor in the film, and later went on to appear in several other horror films, including *The Bat Whispers* (1930) and *Son of Frankenstein* (1939). Director Mayo started out making comedic shorts, but moved on in later life to directing more prestigious films. He only directed two horror films however, this one and *Svengali (1931 film)*.

## Plot

Bob Ramsey is in love with Mary Hamilton, and he comes to suspect that her Uncle Cyrus has hidden a fortune in stolen bonds somewhere in his mansion. Bob tries to discover the hiding place of the old man's fortune, but only succeeds in getting involved in a complicated murder plot. A mad scientist named Dr. Simmons has trained a gorilla to kill people who get in his way.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Unknown Treasures | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Archie Mayo |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Harry Davis |
| Production<br>company | Sterling Pictures |
| Distributed by | Sterling Pictures |
| Release date | * September 1, 1926 (1926-09-01) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages |  |


title: Harry C. Aderholt

abstract: Harry Clay "Heinie" Aderholt was an American brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a prominent figure in air force special operations.

text:
# Harry C. Aderholt

**Harry Clay** "**Heinie**" **Aderholt**  (January 6, 1920  May 20, 2010) was an American brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a prominent figure in air force special operations.

## Biography

Aderholt was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1920. He entered active military duty through the aviation cadet program in April 1942 and graduated from pilot training with a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Air Forces in May 1943.

During World War II, from October 1943 to August 1945, Aderholt served in North Africa and Italy as a B-17 and C-47 pilot.

In September 1945 Aderholt went to Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, assigned as a staff pilot with the Army Air Forces Eastern Flying Training Command. After completion of Air Tactical School at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, in December 1948, Aderholt returned to Maxwell and served as a flight instructor and flying safety officer with the 3800th Air Base Wing.

During the Korean War, from July 1950 to September 1951, Aderholt commanded a Special Air Warfare Detachment of the 21st Troop Carrier Squadron. He next was assigned as an operations staff officer with the 1007th Air Intelligence Service Group in Washington, D.C. In June 1953 he was transferred to Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina, where he served with Headquarters Eighteenth Air Force as tactical and operations staff officer in the Directorate of Operations and Training.

In October 1954, Aderholt was assigned to Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany, and served in the Directorate of Plans as an unconventional warfare planning staff officer.

In September 1957 Aderholt returned to Washington, D.C., assigned to the 1007th Air Intelligence Service Group as a special warfare staff officer, and in September 1959 joined the 1040th United States Air Force Field Activity Squadron in the same capacity.

Aderholt left for Okinawa in January 1960 where he became commander of the 1095th Operational Evaluation Training Group. During this assignment, he contributed to the pioneering of special air warfare techniques, and was instrumental in developing the Laos airfield complex known as Lima sites. These fields were used throughout Southeast Asia as support sites for special warfare operations and as CH-3 "Jolly Green" helicopter forward staging bases for rescue and recovery operations in Laos and North Vietnam.

From August 1962 to February 1964, Aderholt served as special advisor to the commander of the United States Air Force Special Air Warfare Center (SAWC) at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. During this period, he contributed to and participated in RAND Corporation studies which resulted in the publication of the Single Integrated Attack Team Study. He then was transferred to Hurlburt Field, Florida, (Eglin Auxiliary Field 9) where he served as vice commander and commander of the famed 1st Air Commando Wing.

Aderholt left for the Republic of the Philippines in August 1965 where he was assigned as deputy commander for plans and operations with the 6200th Materiel Wing at Clark Air Base. While in this assignment, he joined the United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, where he conceived and activated the Joint Personnel Recovery Center in Saigon, and served as chief from July to December 1966. He then was selected by Headquarters Pacific Air Forces to activate the 56th Air Commando Wing at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. This wing, which he organized and commanded from December 1966 to December 1967, conducted low-level night interdiction missions over the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos and North Vietnam, using prop-driven aircraft. The efforts of this wing were so successful in slowing infiltration that the enemy reacted by greatly increasing anti-aircraft defenses and committing a large amount of his total assets to keep the trail open.

In January 1968 Aderholt was reassigned to the United States Air Force Special Air Warfare Center, later redesignated United States Air Force Special Operations Force (SOF), at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, to serve as deputy chief of staff for operations.

Aderholt returned to Thailand in June 1970 for a two-year tour of duty as chief of the Air Force Advisory Group, Joint United States Military Advisory Group, in Bangkok. He retired from active military duty in December 1972 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

He was recalled to active duty in October 1973 and assigned as deputy commander, United States Military Assistance Command Thailand, and deputy chief, Joint United States Military Advisory Group - Thailand, with headquarters at Bangkok.

Aderholt became commander, USMACTHAI, and chief, JUSMAG, Thailand, in May 1975.

## Evacuation of the Hmong

One of Aderholt's prouder moments was his assistance in evacuating Hmong leaders from Laos as the Pathet Lao communist army advanced on their base at Long Tieng in May 1975. The United States by that time had withdrawn all its civilian and military personnel from Indochina, except for a few Embassy personnel in Laos. Aderholt was the last American general on the ground in Southeast Asia. He had few resources. Aderholt was informed that help was needed to evacuate the Hmong who for more than a decade had comprised the "secret army" in Laos assisting the United States in fending off the North Vietnamese Army in the Lao Civil War. He located one American C-130 (leaving star and bar marking) transport aircraft and two CASI C-46 aircraft and pilots in Thailand. He had the planes "sheep dipped" to remove all markings identifying them as American-owned and sent them to Long Tieng. In four days of intense activity, the transport planes evacuated more than 2,000 Hmong, including General Vang Pao and Jerry Daniels, his CIA case officer.

During the last few years of his life, from 2002 until 2010, Aderholt was directly involved with the Thailand Laos Cambodia Brotherhood as a member of the TLC Assistance Committee working to raise many thousands of dollars of funds and also made several trips back to Northeast Thailand and Laos hands on involved with humanitarian aid. The TLC Brotherhood has dedicated an assistance project in his memory and many of the members of the TLC Brotherhood served at Nakhon Phanom at all phases.

## Decorations

His military decorations and awards include the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with eight oak leaf clusters, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal, Presidential Unit Citation Emblem, and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Ribbon with oak leaf cluster. He is a command pilot and wears the Parachutist Badge.

Aderholt was promoted to major in February 1951; lieutenant colonel in March 1961; and colonel in January 1964. He was promoted to the grade of brigadier general effective May 31, 1974, with date of rank May 25, 1974.

* *This article incorporates text from the biography of General Aderholt in the US Air Force Library, whose work is in the public domain.*

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Harry C. Aderholt | |
| --- | --- |
| Aderholt in 1964 | |
| Nickname(s) | Heinie |
| Born | (1920-01-06)January 6, 1920
Birmingham, Alabama |
| Died | May 20, 2010(2010-05-20) (aged 90) |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army Air Corps
United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1942–1976 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Battles/wars | World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War |


title: Anna Führing

abstract: Anna Führing was a German actress. She is, however, more famous as the model for the Germania stamp of the Reichspost.

text:
# Anna Führing

**Anna Führing** (German: \[ˈana ˈfyːʁɪŋ\] ; 1866–1929) was a German actress. She is, however, more famous as the model for the Germania stamp of the Reichspost.

## Life and career

Anna Führing was born in Hamburg on 6 March 1866, as the daughter of the theatre and restaurant owner Carl Führing. In Berlin she received her education in acting. Frequently she represented on stage the figure of Germania, as for instance at a festival in Düsseldorf in 1891 when emperor Wilhelm II was in attendance. In 1892, when the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm in Berlin was inaugurated, Führing played the role of Iphigenie. With the rise of the silent films, Führing took on roles in the new medium.

Führing was the model for engraver Paul Eduard Waldraff who designed the Germania series of definitive stamps that were first issued in 1900 and continued in use for 22 years. She is depicted wearing an octagonal imperial crown, holding a sword and an olive branch\] The Art Nouveau design was personally chosen by the emperor Wilhelm II.

In 1899, she married Ferdinand von Strantz, the Director of the Hofoper of Berlin and 45 years her senior. She henceforth carried the title Baronin Anna von Strantz-Führing; the couple had one daughter. Führing died in Berlin on 2 November 1929.

## Filmography

* *Hausdame aus bester Familie gesucht* (1915, as Anna von Strantz-Führing)
* *Ein Held des Unterseebootes* (1915, as Anna von Strantz-Führing)
* *Nacht und Morgen* (1916)
* *The Wonderful Adventure* (1924)
* *Eine kleine Freundin braucht ein jeder Mann* (1927)
* *Ossi hat die Hosen an* (1928, as Baronin Strantz-Führing)

## Literature

* Thinius, Carl (1975). *Damals in St. Pauli: Lust und Freude in der Vorstadt*. Hamburg: Verlag Hans Christians. ISBN 978-3-7672-0368-6.

## InfoBox

| Anna Führing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Anna Führing
(1866-03-06)6 March 1866
Hamburg, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg |
| Died | 2 November 1929(1929-11-02) (aged 63)
Berlin, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, model |


title: Naimángitsoᴋ' Petersen

abstract: Naimángitsoᴋ' Petersen was a Greenlandic politician. He was a member of the Atassut party and later Inuit Ataqatigiit. He was a city councilor for Qaanaaq (Thule), and served as its mayor from 2001 to 2005, changing parties during his term. He was also a member of the Inatsisartut, Greenland's parliament, from 1995 to 1999.

text:
# Naimángitsoᴋ' Petersen

**Naimángitsoᴋ' Petersen** (1956 or 1957 – 18 July 2013) was a Greenlandic politician. He was a member of the Atassut party and later Inuit Ataqatigiit. He was a city councilor for Qaanaaq (Thule), and served as its mayor from 2001 to 2005, changing parties during his term. He was also a member of the Inatsisartut, Greenland's parliament, from 1995 to 1999.

## Early life

Naimángitsoᴋ' Petersen was born in either 1956 or 1957.

## Career

Petersen's political career started in 1983. That year, he stood for a city council election in Qaanaaq (Thule). In 1995, he became a member of the Inatsisartut, representing the Atassut party. He left the parliament in 1999. While there, he called for an end to the prohibition on reindeer hunting in Avannaa, saying that the people of the territory have made use of reindeer skin for protection from the cold.

Since at least 1995, Petersen was a member of the city council for the Atassut party. In 2001, he was elected mayor of Qaanaaq, the northernmost city of Greenland, and that year, refused to meet with Greenpeace. He met with crown prince of Denmark, Frederik, in 2004. The next year, he switched parties from Atassut to Inuit Ataqatigiit. He lost his position as mayor as a result, and became a city councilor.

## Later life and death

In his later years, Petersen had diabetes. He died on 18 July 2013 at 56 years old; he was buried in Qaanaaq.

### Citations

1. Broberg 2013.
2. Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten 1983, pp. 19–20.
3. Inatsisartut.
4. Lyberth 2013.
5. Landsting 1996.
6. Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten 1995, p. 7.
7. Fyens Stiftstidende 2001; KNR 2005.
8. Kristeligt Dagblad 2004.
9. KNR 2005.
10. Duus 2013.
11. Broberg 2013; Duus 2013.

### Bibliography

* Broberg, Hanne (19 July 2013). "Naimángitsoq er død" \[Naimángitsoq is dead\]. *Sermitsiaq.AG* (in Danish). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* Duus, Søren Duran (23 July 2013). "IA skriver mindeord om Naimángitsoq" \[IA writes memoir about Naimángitsoq\]. *Sermitsiaq.AG* (in Danish). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* Lyberth, Jaaku (14 February 2013). "Illoqqortoormiut Qaanaarlu puigugaasutut misigisimapput". *KNR* (in Kalaallisut). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Qinigassatut akuerineqartut". *Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten* (in Kalaallisut). 1983. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Omringningsfast af hvidhvaler slut" \[Surrounded by white whales\]. *Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten* (in Danish). No. 81. 1995. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Borgmester vil ikke mødes med Greenpeace" \[Mayor will not meet with Greenpeace\]. *Fyens Stiftstidende* (in Danish). Ritzau. 1 August 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Inatsisartunut ilaasortat" \[Members of the Inatsisartut\]. *Inatsisartut* (in Kalaallisut). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Qaanaaq som politisk puslespil" \[Qaanaaq as a political puzzle\]. *KNR* (in Danish). 6 April 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Kronprinsen fik tårer i øjnene" \[The Crown Prince had tears in his eyes\]. *Kristeligt Dagblad* (in Danish). Ritzhau. 2 July 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
* "Fredagsforespørgsler" \[Friday inquiries\]. *Grønlands Landsting* (in Danish). 18 October 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2021.


title: Le Chastelain de Couci

abstract: Le Chastelain de Couci was a French trouvère of the 12th century. He may have been the Guy de Couci who was castellan of Château de Coucy from 1186 to 1203. Guy de Couci fought in the third and fourth Crusades. Some twenty-six songs, written in langue d'oïl are attributed to him, and about fifteen or sixteen are considered authentic. They are modelled very closely on Provençal originals, but are saved from the category of mere imitations by a grace and simplicity peculiar to the author. Many are in bar form and the Châtelain favored the Natureingang. The legend of the love of the Châtelain de Coucy and the Lady of Fayel, in which there figures a jealous husband who makes his wife eat the heart of her lover, has no historical basis, and dates from a late 13th century romance by Jakemon Sakesep. The story, which seems to be Breton in origin, has been also told of a Provençal troubadour, Guilhem de Cabestaing, and of the minnesinger Reinmar von Brennenberg. Pierre de Belloy, who wrote some account of the family of Couci, made the story the subject of his tragedy Gabrielle de Vergy.

text:
# Le Chastelain de Couci

**Le Chastelain de Couci** (modern orthography **Le Châtelain de Coucy**) was a French trouvère of the 12th century. He may have been the **Guy de Couci** who was castellan of Château de Coucy from 1186 to 1203. Guy de Couci fought in the third and fourth Crusades.

Some twenty-six songs, written in langue d'oïl are attributed to him, and about fifteen or sixteen are considered authentic. They are modelled very closely on Provençal originals, but are saved from the category of mere imitations by a grace and simplicity peculiar to the author. Many are in bar form and the Châtelain favored the Natureingang. The legend of the love of the Châtelain de Coucy and the Lady of Fayel, in which there figures a jealous husband who makes his wife eat the heart of her lover, has no historical basis, and dates from a late 13th century romance by Jakemon Sakesep.

The story, which seems to be Breton in origin, has been also told of a Provençal troubadour, Guilhem de Cabestaing, and of the minnesinger Reinmar von Brennenberg. Pierre de Belloy, who wrote some account of the family of Couci, made the story the subject of his tragedy *Gabrielle de Vergy*.

Attribution


title: Ida M. Rice House

abstract: The Ida M. Rice House, also known as Haskell House, is a Colonial Revival style building in Colorado Springs, Colorado that was built in 1927. It was designed by Thomas P. Barber. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It's now featured on a Colorado Springs walking tour.

text:
# Ida M. Rice House

The **Ida M. Rice House**, also known as **Haskell House**, is a Colonial Revival style building in Colorado Springs, Colorado that was built in 1927. It was designed by Thomas P. Barber.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

It's now featured on a Colorado Springs walking tour.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ida M. Rice House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1196 N. Cascade Ave., Colorado Springs, Colorado |
| Coordinates | 38°51′2″N 104°49′28″W / 38.85056°N 104.82444°W / 38.85056; -104.82444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1927 |
| Architect | Thomas P. Barber |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 06001049 |
| Added to NRHP | November 21, 2006 |


title: Hydrotaea albipuncta

abstract: Hydrotaea albipuncta is a fly from the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

text:
# Hydrotaea albipuncta

***Hydrotaea albipuncta*** is a fly from the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

* D'Assis Fonseca, E.C.M, 1968 Diptera Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata: Muscidae *Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects* pdf
* Seguy, E. (1923) Diptères Anthomyides. Paris: Éditions *Faune de France* Faune n° 6 393 p., 813 fig.Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique pdf

## InfoBox

| *Hydrotaea albipuncta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hydrotaea albipuncta* North Wales | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Muscidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrotaea* |
| Species: | ***H. albipuncta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydrotaea albipuncta***<br>(Zetterstedt, 1845) | |
|


title: USS Andres

abstract: USS Andres (DE-45) was an Evarts-class destroyer escort constructed for the United States Navy during World War II. Sent off to the dangerous waters of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Battle of the Atlantic to protect convoys and other ships from Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine U-boats and fighter aircraft, Andres performed escort and anti-submarine operations. Andres was originally built as HMS Capel (BDE-45) for the United Kingdom, allocated to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease. Laid down on 12 February 1942 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched on 24 July 1942; sponsored by Miss Mary Elizabeth Schumacher, the daughter of Captain Theodore L. Schumacher, USN, who was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard; reclassified to DE-45 on 25 January 1943 when the ship was reallocated to the United States Navy; renamed Andres on 4 March 1943; and commissioned at her builders' yard on 15 March 1943.

text:
# USS Andres

**USS *Andres* (DE-45)** was an *Evarts*-class destroyer escort constructed for the United States Navy during World War II. Sent off to the dangerous waters of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Battle of the Atlantic to protect convoys and other ships from Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine U-boats and fighter aircraft, *Andres* performed escort and anti-submarine operations.

*Andres* was originally built as **HMS *Capel* (BDE-45)** for the United Kingdom, allocated to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease. Laid down on 12 February 1942 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched on 24 July 1942; sponsored by Miss Mary Elizabeth Schumacher, the daughter of Captain Theodore L. Schumacher, USN, who was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard; reclassified to DE-45 on 25 January 1943 when the ship was reallocated to the United States Navy; renamed *Andres* on 4 March 1943; and commissioned at her builders' yard on 15 March 1943.

## Service history

After fitting out, undergoing post-commissioning alterations, and completing acceptance trials, *Andres* proceeded to Bermuda, whence she carried out her shakedown from 12 April to 3 May. Upon completion of this training, she sailed for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 3 May.

While in the course of her homeward voyage, at 1913 on the 4th, she sighted red signal rockets off her port bow. Two minutes later she went to general quarters, changing course toward the direction of the rockets. Soon thereafter, she spotted a dinghy, awash in the sea, containing four men, 1,500 yards off her port bow, and three life rafts lashed together about 1,000 yards beyond. *Andres* then steered various courses and speeds, picking up men from the water; these proved to be the 31 survivors (28 merchant seamen and three members of the Navy armed guard detachment) of USAT Oneida, which, after straggling from a coastal convoy en route from New York to Guantánamo Bay, had foundered and sunk in bad weather at 0213 on 4 May, some 70 miles northeast of Cape Charles. The men had drifted nine and a half miles since the sinking. Completing the rescue effort at 1950, and ascertaining from the survivors than no additional boats and rafts had gotten clear of Oneida before she had gone down, *Andres* then resumed her voyage to Philadelphia. She moored at the Navy Yard at 1257 on 5 May, and disembarked the 31 rescued men later the same day.

### World War II

#### North Atlantic

Following post-shakedown repairs and alterations, *Andres* then conducted further training off Rockland, Maine, and put out of New London, Connecticut, before she proceeded to Miami, Florida, arriving there on 10 June 1943 for duty with the Operational Training Command, Atlantic Fleet. She then operated principally in the Florida Straits area as a school ship at the Submarine Chaser Training School (SCTS), Miami, Florida, indoctrinating student officers and nucleus crews, and interspersed this training with periodic overhauls at the Charleston Navy Yard, South Carolina, (19–29 March, 25 June – 1 July, and 16–26 October 1944).

#### North Africa

Detached from that duty on 28 November 1944, *Andres* proceeded to New York, reaching that port on 1 December 1944, and reported for duty with Escort Division (CortDiv) 80 the following day. After refresher training out of Casco Bay, Maine, the destroyer escort then proceeded to Norfolk, Virginia, where she was assigned to Task Force 64. Over the next five months, *Andres* operated with CortDiv 80 and escorted convoys to Gibraltar and back. News of the German surrender reached her on 7 May 1945 shortly after she had conducted antisubmarine warfare exercises off Mers-El-Kebir in company with *Edgar G. Chase*, *John M. Bermingham*, and *Doris*, and had concluded a "rescue of survivors drill." *Andres* returned to the United States on 28 May 1945.

#### Assignment as a Training Ship

Following upkeep at New York, *Andres* conducted further training out of Casco Bay before she proceeded back to Miami, Florida, arriving there on 20 July. She resumed work as a training ship, this time with the Naval Training Center, Miami, Florida. Word of the Japanese surrender on 14 August 1945 found the ship operating south of the Dry Tortugas.

#### Eric Theodore Andres

*Andres* was renamed after Eric Theodore Andres in 1943. Eric Andres enlisted in the Naval Reserve on 25 October 1941 at Chicago, Illinois and underwent his initial naval training at the Naval Reserve Midshipman's School at Northwestern University. Promoted to ensign on 15 May 1942, Ensign Andres was assigned to duty in *Astoria*, and joined his ship soon thereafter.

Ensign Andres was killed on *Astoria* during the Battle of Savo Island on 9 August 1942.

### Post war

Detached from the Naval Training Center, Miami, on 8 September 1945, *Andres* sailed in company with the other ships of CortDiv 80, and reached the Charleston Naval Shipyard on 9 September 1945 to commence inactivation. Decommissioned there on 18 October 1945, *Andres* was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 November 1945. She was scrapped in February 1946.

## Awards

|  | American Campaign Medal |
| --- | --- |
|  | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal |
|  | World War II Victory Medal |

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | **HMS *Capel* (BDE-45)** |
| Namesake | Eric Theodore Andres |
| Builder | Philadelphia Navy Yard |
| Laid down | 12 February 1942 |
| Launched | 24 July 1942 |
| Sponsored by | Mary Elizabeth Schumacher |
| Commissioned | 15 March 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 18 October 1945 |
| Reclassified | DE-45 25 January 1943 |
| Stricken | 1 November 1945 |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Evarts class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | 1,140 (std), 1,430 tons (full) |
| Length | 289 ft 5 in (88.21 m) (oa), 283 ft 6 in (86.41 m) (wl) |
| Beam | 35 ft 2 in (10.72 m) |
| Draft | 11 ft 0 in (3.35 m) (max) |
| Propulsion | 4 GM Model 16-278A diesel engines with electric drive, 6000 shp, 2 screws |
| Speed | 19 knots |
| Range | 4,150 nm |
| Complement | 15 officers / 183 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: John Hinde (broadcaster)

abstract: John Hamilton Hinde was an Australian broadcaster and film reviewer. He worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) for more than 50 years, in both television and radio. Hinde was also one of Australia's first foreign correspondents, reporting from the Pacific Theater during World War II. Upon his death he left bequests to fund two awards: a literary prize in honour of his late wife, novelist Barbara Jefferis; and the John Hinde Award, for a science fiction script for film or television.

text:
# John Hinde (broadcaster)

**John Hamilton Hinde** AM (26 October 1914 – 4 July 2006) was an Australian broadcaster and film reviewer. He worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) for more than 50 years, in both television and radio.

Hinde was also one of Australia's first foreign correspondents, reporting from the Pacific Theater during World War II.

Upon his death he left bequests to fund two awards: a literary prize in honour of his late wife, novelist Barbara Jefferis; and the John Hinde Award, for a science fiction script for film or television.

## Early life and education

Born in 1914, Hinde grew up in Adelaide. He started studying medicine at the University of Adelaide, but dropped out and married. After a short-lived marriage he went first to Melbourne and later to Sydney.

## Career

### Journalism

In Sydney, Hinde got a job with *The Daily Telegraph* in 1937, but was sacked by the editor, Syd Deamer, who mistook him for someone else. Hinde then took a job with the *Labor Daily*, but soon left because of a political disagreement. Deamer later became editor of *ABC Weekly* and rehired him. Hinde then joined the ABC News and Current Affairs department in 1939 and in the same year married for the second time to Barbara Jefferis, who later became a well-known novelist.

In 1942 Hinde got a break as a war correspondent, after senior correspondent Haydon Lennard was badly injured in a plane crash in New Guinea. Hinde was attached to General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters in 1942, first in Melbourne and then Brisbane, and eventually got to New Guinea and the Pacific.

Hinde was hurt at Hollandia in Netherlands New Guinea, after a Japanese Betty bomber bombed a US Army ammunition dump. His eyes were badly injured, which affected him for the rest of his life.

After the war Hinde returned to Sydney and was responsible for writing the ABC's first television news bulletin. But in 1963, with no career progress, a frustrated Hinde resigned from the ABC and for three years, with his wife earning a good living from her novels, Hinde indulged in electronics, his favourite pastime.

### Film reviewer

After the ABC's previous reviewer, Frank Legg, was killed in a car crash, Hinde was offered freelance work as the film critic. To start with he received 30 and tickets to three movies a week which he then critiqued on a radio show, initially on 2BL, but later on Radio 2 and ABC regional radio.

Hinde made the transition from radio to television, in 1983, and found the switch surprisingly easy. He found though that on television he could not be as critical as on radio, but the value of showing footage made up for that. By 1986 he was doing film reviews every Sunday night as part of the ABC Television news.

### Comedy

Towards the end of his career, Hinde gained a new generation of fans through appearances on comedy programs like Elle McFeast's ABC show *McFeast*. He was renowned for outrageous skits on the show, even donning high heels and pink tights for *McFeast's* foray into the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. He was astonished that he had gained a cult following, saying "When I went to Adelaide recently, young people were stopping me in the street everywhere".

## Recognition

On 10 June 2002, Hinde was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the Queen's Birthday Honours list "for service to the film and media industry, particularly through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

## Later life, death and legacy

In 1999, with his eyesight failing and threatened by blindness, he was obliged to retire because he could not watch films properly. The last film that John Hinde presented on the ABC was *Odd Man Out*, starring James Mason and Kathleen Ryan, on 15 December 1999.

He died on 4 July 2006 in a nursing home in Sydney.

### John Hinde Award

The John Hinde Award for Excellence in Science-Fiction Writing is funded by a bequest left by Hinde. Intended to encourage and reward creativity in science-fiction writing for feature film, television, web series, and interactive media, the award is worth $10,000 for the best produced script, as well as professional support for the best unproduced script. It is administered by the Australian Writers' Guild and awarded at the AWGIE Awards ceremony.

### Barbara Jefferis Award

Upon Hinde's death the Barbara Jefferis Award was created in 2007 in honour of Hinde's late wife of 64 years, Barbara Jefferis. The literary prize will be one of Australia's richest, the result of a $1 million bequest by Hinde.

## InfoBox

| John Hinde | |
| --- | --- |
| John Hinde as a war correspondent in 1942 | |
| Born | 26 October 1914
Adelaide, South Australia |
| Died | 4 July 2006(2006-07-04) (aged 91)
Sydney |
| Occupation(s) | Film reviewer, news reporter |
| Spouse | Barbara Jefferis |


abstract: The National Symphony Orchestra of the Dominican Republic is the leading classical orchestra of the Dominican Republic; it was founded in 1941.

text:
# National Symphony Orchestra (Dominican Republic)

The **National Symphony Orchestra** of the Dominican Republic (Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional) is the leading classical orchestra of the Dominican Republic; it was founded in 1941.

## Background

The National Symphony Orchestra was officially created on August 5, 1941. Nevertheless, its history can be traced to the beginning of the 20th century, when under the initiative of Juan Bautista Alfonseca, the Octet of the Youth Casino was founded in Santo Domingo.

Since its beginning in 1904 the Octet turned into an active group, conducted by Maestro José de Jesús Ravelo, which diffused classical music. The support offered to the public was so enthusiastic that before its first year the Octet had been established as a small chamber orchestra (although it always maintained its original name) with a regular program of concerts.

After the disappearance of the Youth Casino in 1922, the Octet turned into the Concert Society Orchestra with headquarters in the Dominican Athenaeum. At the same time, in 1932, the Santo Domingo Symphony Orchestra was formed, conducted by Maestros Enrique Mejia Arredondo and Julio Alberto Hernández.

Emigration, as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War that so decisively influenced culture and arts in both sides of the Atlantic, and specially the arrival in Santo Domingo of the noteworthy Spanish musician Enrique Casal Chapí were determining factors for the transformation of the Santo Domingo Symphony Orchestra into the National Symphony Orchestra. The recently formed group was composed of musicians from the Concert Society Orchestra, the Army Music Band and the Municipal Band.

## History of the National Symphony Orchestra

The first conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra was Enrique Casal Chapí (1941–1945) y Enrique Mejía Arredondo, it first assistant conductor. The following have been Principal conductors: Mexican Abel Eisenberg (1946–1951); Italian Roberto Caggiano (1951–1959); Dominicans Manuel Simó (1959–1980), Jacinto Gimbernard (1980–1984), Carlos Piantini (1984–1994), Rafael Villanueva (1994–1995), Julio De Windt (1995–2000); Alvaro Manzano from Ecuador (2001–2004), who occupied the position under the title of Musical Conductor; Carlos Piantini, Principal Laureate Conductor (2001 al 2006); Alvaro Manzano, Music Director (2007–2009). Presidential Decree 245-09 dated March 20, 2009 designates maestro José Antonio Molina as Principal Conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra.

After sixty six years and more than 1,700 concerts, the National Symphony Orchestra has been the most representative Dominican musical institution. Its repertoire covers from the most important Baroque and Classic works to pieces from contemporary composers. Symphony music of Dominican composers has occupied a place of exception in its repertoire and the premiering of new works form part of its contribution to the development of Dominican music. In addition, the National Symphony Orchestra plays opera, ballet and zarzuela, in a great part of the annual productions of such genders.

Since its beginning, the National Symphony Orchestra has been integrated by outstanding Dominican musicians, as well as musicians of various nationalities, many of which have made Santo Domingo their home. The most recent history of the Orchestra is intimately linked to the Fundación Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional (Sinfonía). This private non profit organization was founded in 1986 by Pedro Rodriguez Villacañas, who together with his wife Doña Margarita Copello de Rodriguez, actual President, gathered a distinguished group of music lovers with the purpose of helping in the consolidation and increase of the prestige of the National Symphony Orchestra. For more than two decades, “Sinfonía” has done an extraordinary work, always with the support and collaboration of the Dominican Government, together modelling the present and the future of the musical life of the Dominican Republic.

## Location

The orchestra performs at the Teatro Nacional Eduardo Brito in Santo Domingo.

## Music Directors

* Website of the orchestra, with outline of its history (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

| National Symphony Orchestra (Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional) | |
| --- | --- |
| Orchestra | |
| Founded | 1941 |
| Location | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Principal conductor | José Antonio Molina |
| Website | www.sinfonia.org.do |


title: R129 road (Ireland)

abstract:
The R129 road is a regional road in Fingal, Dublin, Ireland. The official description of the R129 from the Roads Act 1993 Order 2012 reads:
  - R129: Coldwinters - Wyanstown, County Dublin
  - Between its junction with R132 at Coldwinters and its junction with R122 at Wyanstown via Thomondstown, Grange, Ballyboghill, Murragh and Leastown all in the county of Fingal..

text:
# R129 road (Ireland)

The **R129 road** is a regional road in Fingal, Dublin, Ireland.

The official description of the R129 from the *Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012* reads:

**R129: Coldwinters - Wyanstown, County Dublin** Between its junction with R132 at Coldwinters and its junction with R122 at Wyanstown via Thomondstown, Grange, Ballyboghill, Murragh and Leastown all in the county of Fingal..

## InfoBox

| R129 road | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bóthar R129* | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ireland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Göteborgs IF

abstract: Göteborgs IF was a Swedish football club which was located in Gothenburg. They won the Swedish Championship in 1903. The club was founded in 1900 when the three clubs Göteborgs Velocipedklubb, Skridskosällskapet Norden and Idrottssällskapet Lyckans Soldater merged.

text:
# Göteborgs IF

**Göteborgs IF** (full name Göteborgs Idrottsförbund) was a Swedish football club which was located in Gothenburg. They won the Swedish Championship in 1903. The club was founded in 1900 when the three clubs Göteborgs Velocipedklubb, Skridskosällskapet Norden and Idrottssällskapet Lyckans Soldater merged.

## Achievements

* **Swedish Champions**<sup>\[A\]</sup>
    + **Winners (1):** 1903

### Cups

## Footnotes

A.  The title of "Swedish Champions" has been awarded to the winner of four different competitions over the years. Between 1896 and 1925 the title was awarded to the winner of Svenska Mästerskapet, a stand-alone cup tournament. No club were given the title between 1926 and 1930 even though the first-tier league Allsvenskan was played. In 1931 the title was reinstated and awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan. Between 1982 and 1990 a play-off in cup format was held at the end of the league season to decide the champions. After the play-off format in 1991 and 1992 the title was decided by the winner of Mästerskapsserien, an additional league after the end of Allsvenskan. Since the 1993 season the title has once again been awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan.


title: U.S. Route 1 in Rhode Island

abstract: U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north–south U.S. Route through the U.S. state of Rhode Island, specifically within the Providence metropolitan area. Staying close to the Atlantic Ocean and Narragansett Bay, it is a longer route than Interstate 95 (I-95), and many portions are a four-lane divided highway.

text:
# U.S. Route 1 in Rhode Island

**U.S. Route 1** (**US 1**) is a major north–south U.S. Route through the U.S. state of Rhode Island, specifically within the Providence metropolitan area. Staying close to the Atlantic Ocean and Narragansett Bay, it is a longer route than Interstate 95 (I-95), and many portions are a four-lane divided highway.

## Route description

US 1 enters Rhode Island via a small bridge from Pawcatuck, Connecticut, to downtown Westerly. US 1 winds through downtown Westerly, passing two shopping plazas (the Granite Street Shopping Center and the Franklin Shopping Plaza) prior to a junction with Route 78, the two-lane highway designed to bypass downtown. A right onto Airport Road at this intersection provides access to Westerly State Airport, Watch Hill, and Misquamicut. US 1 continues to Dunn's Corners, with Langworthy Road providing more beach access.

The road then becomes a divided highway shortly after, with Route 1A merging into the highway from the Misquamicut area. US 1 then crosses into Charlestown near Shelter Harbor. After stoplight intersections with Ross Hill Road (Route 216), West Beach Road (providing access to Quonochontaug), East Beach Road (providing access to Blue Shutters Town Beach and East Beach), and Wildflower Road, there are no more stoplights until the end of the freeway after the Wakefield-Peacedale exits. Access to exits on the opposite side of the road are provided through U-turn ramps. The southbound side has junction with Prosser Trail, a road leading to Burlingame State Park. Burlingame access is also located prior to the East Beach Road exit. An exit for Route 1A on the northbound side leads to Ningret Park and the police station. US 1 bends to the right. On the southbound side is Kings Factory Road. Another junction with Route 1A occurs on US 1 north. Route 1A merges onto US 1 from the south, briefly, before exiting and continuing north to Cross Mills. US 1 north then features a ramp, providing access to Cross Mills and Route 1A—leading to Charlestown Breachway State and Charlestown Town beaches—for those just merging in on a U-turn from US 1 south via a junction with Route 2/Route 112 (South County Trail).

Another set of U-turn ramps is located for access to Route 2 and Route 112. After northbound junctions with more beach access roads (Falcone Lane, Narrow Lane, which is split in half by the highway, the other half continuing on the southbound side that leads to South County Trail), US 1 continues into South Kingstown, where Green Hill Beach Road (Route 1A) meets US 1 on the northbound side and Post Road (also Route 1A) meets US 1 south. After a junction with Moonstone Beach Road (northbound side leads to the Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge, southbound side leads to Perryville), Route 110 meets US 1 south. Prior to this on the southbound side, Route 1A meets US 1. Back to the northbound side, where Matunuck Beach Road is found, leading to the beachside community of Matunuck.

Following this is Succotash Road, which leads to Jerusalem, Snug Harbor, and East Matunuck State Beach. Then comes Post Road, leading to the signed destination, Jerry Brown Farm Road. Another Post Road/Route 1A junction comes on US 1 north, before it meets the highway again after a brief exitless stint. US 1 south's junction with Post Road/Route 1A north leads to Wakefield and Peace Dale. The road becomes a freeway and has two exits for the Salt Pond/South County Hospital area.

A third exit leads to Route 108 and Narragansett's town beach, Galilee, and Point Judith. A Wakefield exit marks the end of the freeway. Access to South County Commons comes soon. Route 138 meets from the west and stays on in the concurrency until the exits for access to the Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge and Jamestown and the Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge and Newport. US 1 then meets Route 4, a thruway leading to I-95.

## History

Except north of Downtown, where US 1 was built as the Providence and Pawtucket Turnpike (now Main Street), the highway was never a turnpike road. Portions are the old Boston Post Road, while other parts were built as bypasses, leaving the old road as US 1A. The turnpike south of Providence—the Providence and Pawcatuck and Hopkinton and Richmond turnpikes—followed the diagonal route that I-95 now takes.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pawcatuck River | | 0.0 | 0.0 |
US 1 south | Bridge; continuation into Connecticut |
| Washington | Westerly | 0.1 | 0.16 |
Route 1A north | Southern terminus of Route 1A |
| | | 0.3 | 0.48 |

Route 3 north (Grove Avenue) to I-95 | Southern terminus of Route 3 |
| | | 2.2 | 3.5 |

Route 78 north to I-95 | Southern terminus of Route 78 |
| | | 5.7 | 9.2 |
Route 1A south Misquamicut State Beach, Watch Hill |  |
| | Charlestown | 7.1 | 11.4 |
Route 216 north (Ross Hill Road) | Southern terminus of Route 216 |
| | 9.8 | 15.8 |
Route 1A north / Prosser Trail Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge, Burlingame State Park | Right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | 11.2 | 18.0 |
Route 1A south (Old Post Road) | Northbound right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | 11.4 | 18.3 |
Route 1A north (Old Post Road) | Northbound right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | 11.9 | 19.2 |

Route 2 north / Route 112 north / Cross Mills Road Kenyon, Carolina, Charlestown Beach | Right-in/right-out with u-turns; southern termini of Routes 2 and 112 |
| | South Kingstown | 14.3–
14.8 | 23.0–
23.8 | Route 1A (Post Road) / Green Hill Beach Road Perryville | Right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | 16.4 | 26.4 |
Route 110 north Kingston, University of Rhode Island | Southbound right-in/right-out with u-turns; southern terminus of Route 110 |
| | 16.6 | 26.7 | Post Road (Route 1A south) – Perryville | Southbound right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| |  |  | Post Road (Route 1A north) to Camp Fuller Road | Northbound right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | 18.5 | 29.8 | Post Road (Route 1A) – Wakefield | Right-in/right-out with u-turns; former routing of US 1 |
| | Southern terminus of freeway section | |
| | 20.6 | 33.2 | Pond Street |  |
| | 21.0 | 33.8 | Salt Pond Road South County Hospital |  |
| | Narragansett | 21.4 | 34.4 |
Route 108 south Narragansett, Point Judith, Scarborough | No southbound entrance |
| | 21.9 | 35.2 | Route 1A Narragansett | No northbound exit; former routing of US 1 |
| | South Kingstown | 22.4 | 36.0 | Old Tower Hill Road Wakefield |  |
| | | Northern terminus of freeway section | |
| | 26.3 | 42.3 |

Route 138 west to I-95 south University of R.I. | Southern terminus of Route 138 concurrency |
| | North Kingstown | 28.6 | 46.0 |
Route 138 east Jamestown, Newport | Interchange; northern terminus of Route 138 concurrency |
| | 29.5 | 47.5 |

Route 4 north to Route 403 Quonset, T.F. Green Airport | Southern terminus of Route 4; no northbound access from Route 4 |
| | 31.5 | 50.7 | Route 102 (Ten Rod Road / Phillips Street) |  |
| | 32.0 | 51.5 |
Route 1A south (West Main Street) Wickford | Northern terminus of Route 1A |
| | 34.4 | 55.4 | Route 403 | Interchange; exit 3A on Route 403; westbound entrance via Gate Road |
| | 36.3 | 58.4 |

Route 402 west (Frenchtown Road) to Route 4 / I-95 | Eastern terminus of Route 402 |
| Hunt River | |  |  | Bridge | |
| Kent | East Greenwich | 38.1 | 61.3 |
Route 401 (First Avenue) to Route 4 | Eastern terminus of Route 401 |
| | Warwick | 41.4 | 66.6 |
Route 117 (Centerville Road / West Shore Road) to I-95 |  |
| | 41.5 | 66.8 |
Route 5 north (Greenwich Avenue) | Southern terminus of Route 5 |
| | 42.8 | 68.9 |
Route 113 (Main Avenue) to I-95 | Southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| | 43.6 | 70.2 |
T. F. Green Airport Connector Road to I-95 T.F. Green Airport | Interchange |
| | 44.8 | 72.1 |

Route 37 west to I-95 / I-295 Providence, New York | Interchange, eastern terminus of Route 37, exit 3 on Route 37, Interchange to be reconstructed as part of the Rte 37 Improvements project |
| | 45.7 | 73.5 |
US 1A north (Post Road) | Southern terminus of US 1A |
| Providence | Cranston | 47.6 | 76.6 | Route 12 (Park Avenue) |  |
| | Providence | 48.0 | 77.2 |

Route 10 north to I-95 | Interchange, no access to Route 10 south |
| | 48.5 | 78.1 |
I-95 south | Entrance from I-95 south only |
| | 49.2 | 79.2 |
Route 2 south (Reservoir Avenue) | Northern terminus of Route 2 |
| | 50.4 | 81.1 |
Route 117 south (Broad Street) | Northern terminus of Route 117 |
| | 51.1 | 82.2 |

I-95 / US 6 to I-195 east | Exit 36B on I-95 / US 6 |
| | 51.6 | 83.0 |
US 44 west (Smith Street) | Southern terminus of concurrency with US 44 |
| |  |  | Francis Street Bridge over the Woonasquatucket River | |
| | 52.0 | 83.7 |
US 44 east (Canal Street / North Main Street) | Northern terminus of concurrency with US 44 |
| | 52.2 | 84.0 |

Route 246 north (Mill Street) to Route 7 / Route 146 | Southern terminus of Route 246 |
| | 53.7 | 86.4 |

Route 126 north (Smithfield Avenue) to I-95 |  |
| | Pawtucket | 54.1 | 87.1 |
Route 122 north (Main Street) | Southern terminus of Route 126 |
| | 55.3 | 89.0 |
I-95 south | Southern terminus of concurrency with I-95 |
| | 55.5 | 89.3 | Route 114 (School Street) | Exit 41B |
| |  |  | Pawtucket River Bridge over the Pawtucket River | |
| | 56.1 | 90.3 |
I-95 north | Northern terminus of concurrency with I-95 |
| | 57.2 | 92.1 |
US 1 north Attleboro | Continuation into Massachusetts |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 1 in Rhode IslandKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 1 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by RIDOT | |
| Length | 57 mi (92 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 1 in Stonington, CT |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | US 1 in Attleboro, MA |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Rhode Island |
| Counties | Washington, Kent, Providence |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 403   US 1A | |


title: Lead picrate

abstract: Lead picrate is an organic picrate salt. It is a sensitive and highly explosive compound that is typically found as a hydrate. Dry lead picrate is incredibly dangerous and cannot be handled without explosive decomposition occurring.

text:
# Lead picrate

**Lead picrate** is an organic picrate salt. It is a sensitive and highly explosive compound that is typically found as a hydrate. Dry lead picrate is incredibly dangerous and cannot be handled without explosive decomposition occurring.

## History

Lead picrate was first discovered in the early 1900s. It was investigated by numerous militaries during the First World War as a potential primary explosive, most notably Germany for using it in blasting caps.

## Preparation

Numerous lead precursors can be used to create lead picrate. Two of the simplest examples of lead picrate synthesis are the addition of lead(II) oxide or lead carbonate with picric acid.

## InfoBox

Lead picrate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Lead(II) 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate | |
| Other names Lead dipicrate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.210.303 |
| EC Number | * 229-335-2 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/2C6H3N3O7.Pb/c2\*10-6-4(8(13)14)1-3(7(11)12)2-5(6)9(15)16;/h2\*1-2,10H;/q;;+2/p-2Key: MHVVRZIRWITSIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L | |
| SMILES * C1=C(C=C(C(=C1\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\].C1=C(C=C(C(=C1\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\].\[Pb+2\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H4N6O14Pb |
| Molar mass | 663.4 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Orange powder |
| Solubility in water | 7.06 g/L |
| Solubility | Soluble in ethanol, acetic acid
Very soluble in DMF, dichloromethane |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H201, H302, H332, H360, H373, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P304+P340, P330, P391, P405, P501 |
| Autoignition
temperature | 270.75-327.15 °C (519.7-621.0 °F; 600.3-543.9 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |