title: Istanbul (electoral districts)

abstract: Istanbul is a Turkish province divided into three electoral districts of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects ninety-eight members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. The first district is situated on the Anatolian side of İstanbul on the east of the Bosphorus. The second and third electoral district are both on the European side, with the third situated to the west of the second. The first and third districts, electing 35 MPs, are the largest electoral districts of Turkey in terms of members elected.

text:
# Istanbul (electoral districts)

**Istanbul** is a Turkish province divided into three electoral districts of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects ninety-eight members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.

The first district is situated on the Anatolian side of İstanbul on the east of the Bosphorus. The second and third electoral district are both on the European side, with the third situated to the west of the second. The first and third districts, electing 35 MPs, are the largest electoral districts of Turkey in terms of members elected.

## Members

Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. Istanbul has the largest number of allocated seats and also the largest number of electoral districts within its provincial boundaries.

The province's administrative districts (*ilçe*) are divided among three electoral districts as follows:

| 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

## General elections

### 2011

| General Election 2011: İstanbul | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidates standing | | | | Votes | | | Seats won | | | | |
| | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | Total | Number | % | swing | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | Total elected | change ± |
|  | AK Party | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 3,931,210 | 49.38 | 4.22 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 46 / 85 | 7 |
|  | CHP | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 2,492,910 | 31.31 | 4.32 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 29 / 85 | 7 |
|  | MHP | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 747,666 | 9.39 | 1.05 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Independents | 12 | 8 | 10 | 30 | 425,417 | 5.34 | 0.53 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 / 85 | 1 |
|  | Felicity | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 129,030 | 1.62 | 1.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | HAS Party | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 57,399 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | BBP | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 50,023 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Democrat | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 33,122 | 0.42 | 2.66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | HEPAR | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 32,740 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Democratic Left | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 19,489 | 0.24 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Communist | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 16,626 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Nation | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 14,831 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Nationalist Conservative | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 4,321 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Liberal Democrat | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 3,364 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | DYP | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 2,759 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
|  | Labour | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 85 | 0 |
| **Total** | | | | | | 7,960,907 | 100.00 |  | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 15 |
| **Rejected ballots** | | | | | | 175,733 | 2.17 | 2.86 |  | | | | |
| **Turnout** | | | | | | 8,112,340 | 86.32 | 4.33 |  | | | | |
|  | AK Party **hold** **Majority** | | | | | 1,436,300 | 18.04 | 0.13 |  | | | | |

### June 2015

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AK Party | **Justice and Development Party** | **3,393,862** | **40.9%** |
|  | CHP | Republican People's Party | 2,440,167 | 29.4% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 1,030,808 | 12.4% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 918,540 | 11.1% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 177,713 | 2.1% |
|  |  | Other | 334,488 | 4% |
| **Total** | | | 8,295,578 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 81.08 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

### November 2015

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AK Party | **Justice and Development Party** | **4,381,816** | **48.7%** |
|  | CHP | Republican People's Party | 2,736,490 | 30.4% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 904,793 | 10.1% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 772,549 | 8.6% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 67,935 | 0.8% |
|  |  | Other | 125,509 | 1.4% |
| **Total** | | | 8,989,092 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 87.17 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

### 2018

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AK Party | **Justice and Development Party** | **3,821,773** | **41.7%** |
|  | CHP | Republican People's Party | 2,429,519 | 26.5% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 1,146,449 | 12.5% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 745,268 | 8.1% |
|  | IYI | Good Party | 738,171 | 8.1% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 136,652 | 1.5% |
|  |  | Other | 137,286 | 1.5% |
| **Total** | | | 9,155,118 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 86.70 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

## Presidential elections

### 2014

Presidential Election 2014: İstanbul
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **AK Party** | **Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** | **3,568,047** | **49.83** |
|  | Independent | Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu | 2,941,207 | 41.08 |
|  | HDP | Selahattin Demirtaş | 650,653 | 9.09 |
| Total votes | | | **7,159,907** | **100.00** |
| Rejected ballots | | | 104,409 | 1.44 |
| Turnout | | | 7,264,316 | 72.80 |
|  | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan **win** | | | |

### 2018

Presidential Election 2018: İstanbul
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **AK Party** | **Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** | **4,578,526** | **50.00** |
|  | CHP | Muharrem İnce | 3,378,032 | 36.89 |
|  | HDP | Selahattin Demirtaş | 661,774 | 7.23 |
|  | İYİ | Meral Akşener | 435,549 | 4.76 |
|  | SAADET | Temel Karamollaoğlu | 86,145 | 0.94 |
|  | Patriotic | Doğu Perinçek | 16,683 | 0.18 |
| Total votes | | | **9,156,889** | **100.00** |
| Rejected ballots | | | 147,731 | 1.59 |
| Turnout | | | 9,304,620 | 88.11 |
|  | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan **win** | | | |

41°10′N 28°45′E / 41.167°N 28.750°E / 41.167; 28.750

## InfoBox

| Istanbul | |
| --- | --- |
| electoral district
for the Grand National Assembly of Turkey | |
| Istanbul shown within Turkey | |
| Province | Istanbul |
| Electorate | 10,559,686 |
| Current electoral district | |
| Created | 1923 |
| Seats | 98 |
| Subdistricts | 1st district
2nd district
3rd district |
| Representation | |
| AK Party | 43 / 98 |
| CHP | 27 / 98 |
| HDP | 12 / 98 |
| MHP | 8 / 98 |
| İYİ | 8 / 98 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus

abstract: New Bus Stand popularly known as Pudhu Bus Stand or Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus or Mettupalayam Road Bus Terminus, is one of the bus terminus of Coimbatore City.

text:
# Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus

**New Bus Stand** popularly known as **Pudhu Bus Stand** or **Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus** or **Mettupalayam Road Bus Terminus**, is one of the bus terminus of Coimbatore City.

## History

The New Bus Stand on Mettupalayam Road, Opposite to CTC Depot, was opened in 2010. This bus stand is intended to act as an originating bus stand for buses plying from Coimbatore to destinations to the north of the city, namely, Ooty, Mettupalayam, Coonoor, Gudalur, etc.

## Route

| Location | Bus Station | Destinations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mettupalayam Road | Coimbatore North | Mettupalayam, Ooty, Gudalur, Coonoor, Piloor Dam and Mysore |

### Destinations

* Mettupalayam
* Coonoor (via Mettupalayam)
* Ooty (via Coonoor)
* Gudalur (via Ooty)
* Kothagiri (via Mettuppalayam)
* KSRTC Mangaluru

## Connections

The terminus is connected to all the major places within the city such as:

1. "Mettupalayam Road Bus Stand in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Coimbatore Mettupalayam Bus Stand - Coimbatoreplaza.com". *www.coimbatoreplaza.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
2. "Buses should enter Mettupalayam Road bus stand".

## InfoBox

| New Bus Stand
புதிய பேருந்து நிலையம் | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu. PIN  641 034.
India |
| Coordinates | 11°01′50″N 76°57′04″E / 11.030554°N 76.951178°E / 11.030554; 76.951178 |
| Owned by | Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation |
| Operated by | Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu) |
| Platforms | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Yes |
| Bicycle facilities | Yes |
| Accessible |  |
| Other information | |
| Station code | CBE |
| Fare zone | TNSTC Coimbatore Division CBE/191 |
| History | |
| Opened | 2010 (2010) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 10,000 / Per day | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Redneck (comics)

abstract: Vincent Stewart, codenamed Redneck and later Skybolt is a fictional mutant character in the Marvel Comics Universe.

text:
# Redneck (comics)

**Vincent Stewart**, codenamed **Redneck** and later **Skybolt** is a fictional mutant character in the Marvel Comics Universe.

## Publication history

His first appearance was in *New X-Men* #126 by Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely.

## Fictional character biography

Vincent Stewart, the young mutant called Redneck, was a student of the Xavier Institute. He came from a large family in Arkansas, experienced first-hand violence against mutants and became friends with fellow student Radian. Redneck was ready to fight Cassandra Nova as she made her second assault. Instead, Redneck became mentally controlled by Nova and was forced to fight the X-Men on her behalf. Redneck and the other students were freed soon after by the Stepford Cuckoos.

Sometime after, Redneck joined Quentin Quire, also known as Kid Omega, and his group. This small team of mutants was dubbed the Omega Gang. As the Omega Gang later attacked a small group of humans to avenge the mutant fashion designer Jumbo Carnation, Redneck used his powers to burn one of the humans.

When Kid Omega and his gang started a riot at the Xavier Institute, Redneck was stopped by Cyclops, whose optic blasts broke his nose. As his punishment for his involvement in the riot, Redneck was sent to a prison run by humans. As informed by Wolverine, once his sentence would be up, he would be sent overseas to do charity work. He was later questioned about the drug Kick by Bishop. Redneck lost his mutant powers after the event called M-Day.

He would later be offered membership in the newest incarnation of the New Warriors. After being given a flight suit and new technological weaponry based on the designs of the Beetle and the Turbo suit to replace his lost powers he adopted the codename Skybolt, and began training with the team, which included his former Omega Gang teammate Tattoo, now using the code-name Longstrike. However, on one of the team's first missions out to stop the Zodiac, Longstrike got too cocky when fighting Cancer, and was brutally killed in front of the rest of the team. Vin didn't seem too saddened by Christine's death, even criticizing her work ethic in front of her brother shortly after her death. Although callous and harsh, he shows a commitment to the New Warriors and their cause. He was later killed along with Ripcord.

## Powers and abilities

Using a suit and weapons derived from technology used by the Beetle and Turbo, Skybolt can fly and fire an array of both lethal and non-lethal projectiles from his wrist-mounted gauntlets. He is also armored in an osmium alloy, making him durable enough to act as a human battering ram.

Before losing his mutant powers, Redneck had the superhuman ability to generate intense heat from his hands.

## InfoBox

| Redneck | |
| --- | --- |
| Skybolt.
Art by Paco Medina. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *New X-Men* #126 |
| Created by | Grant Morrison
Frank Quitely |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Vincent "Vin" Stewart |
| Team affiliations | New Warriors
Xavier Institute
Omega Gang |
| Notable aliases | Skybolt |
| Abilities | Uses weaponry and flight pack derived from the designs of the Beetle
Depowered, formerly:
Heat generation |


title: Heliozela eugeniella

abstract: Heliozela eugeniella is a species of moth in the family Heliozelidae. It was described by August Busck in 1900 and is known only from Florida.

text:
# Heliozela eugeniella

***Heliozela eugeniella*** is a species of moth in the family Heliozelidae. It was described by August Busck in 1900 and is known only from Florida.

## Description

The wingspan of the adult moth is 3.8 mm (0.15 in). The head, thorax, and forewings are shining dark purple and the hindwings are dark gray. There is a golden-metallic band on the middle of the forewing. The larvae are leaf miners that feed on *Eugenia* species, forming an upper blotch mine. When ready to pupate the larva cuts out an oval case which falls to the ground.

## InfoBox

| *Heliozela eugeniella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype specimen of *H. eugeniella* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Heliozela* |
| Species: | ***H. eugeniella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Heliozela eugeniella***<br>(Busck, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Antispila eugeniella* Busck, 1900 | |


title: National Book Award

abstract:
The National Book Awards (NBA) are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors. The National Book Awards were established in 1936 by the American Booksellers Association, abandoned during World War II, and re-established by three book industry organizations in 1950. Non-U.S. authors and publishers were eligible for the pre-war awards. Since then they are presented to U.S. authors for books published in the United States roughly during the award year. The nonprofit National Book Foundation was established in 1988 to administer and enhance the National Book Awards and "move beyond [them] into the fields of education and literacy", primarily by sponsoring public appearances by writers.
Its mission is "to celebrate the best literature in America, expand its audience, and ensure that books have a prominent place in American culture." In 2018, there were 1,637 books nominated for the five award categories, led by the Nonfiction category with 546 nominations. The 2018 ceremony was held on November 14 in New York City.

text:
# National Book Award

The **National Book Awards** (**NBA**) are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors. The National Book Awards were established in 1936 by the American Booksellers Association, abandoned during World War II, and re-established by three book industry organizations in 1950. Non-U.S. authors and publishers were eligible for the pre-war awards. Since then they are presented to U.S. authors for books published in the United States roughly during the award year.

The nonprofit National Book Foundation was established in 1988 to administer and enhance the National Book Awards and "move beyond \[them\] into the fields of education and literacy", primarily by sponsoring public appearances by writers. Its mission is "to celebrate the best literature in America, expand its audience, and ensure that books have a prominent place in American culture."

In 2018, there were 1,637 books nominated for the five award categories, led by the Nonfiction category with 546 nominations. The 2018 ceremony was held on November 14 in New York City.

## Winners and finalists

## Process

National Book Awards are given to one book (author) annually in each of five categories: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, translation, and young people's literature. There have previously been many other categories but they have been retired or subsumed in the existing five. The National Book Foundation also presents two lifetime achievement awards each year: the "Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters" and the "Literarian Award for Outstanding Service to the American Literary Community".

Only publishers nominate books for the National Book Awards, but panelists may request particular nominations from publishers. Each panel comprises five judges, including writers, librarians, booksellers, and literary critics. In 2013, the judging panels were expanded to include experts in the literary field in addition to established writers.

Each panel considers hundreds of books each year in each of the five categories. In 2013, the Foundation announced the addition of a National Book Awards longlist—announced in September and consisting of ten titles per category—to precede the finalists list, announced in October and comprising five titles per category. The fifth category, the National Book Award for Translated Literature, was added in 2018, recognizing works in translation for the first time since 1983. At the National Book Awards Ceremony and Dinner held in New York City each November, the chair of each judging panel announces the winners of the year's National Book Awards. Each finalist receives $1,000, a medal, and a citation written by the judging panel; winners get $10,000 and a bronze sculpture.

## History

### Pre-war awards by booksellers

The first National Book Awards were presented in May 1936 at the annual convention of the American Booksellers Association, one month after *The New York Times* reported institution of the "new annual award". The winners were authors of four 1935 books selected by a vote of ABA members. Virginia Kirkus chaired the central committee of seven including the ABA president, three bookshops, *Publishers Weekly*, and American News Company. Three were called "the most distinguished of 1935" (novel, biography, and general nonfiction) and one "the most original" (novel). Two of the books were advertised by their publishers as "The most distinguished autobiography of 1935" and "The most distinguished general non-fiction book of 1935" in *NYTimes* on May 12, the same day that the newspaper reported yesterday's awards.

For the next six years, 1937 to 1942, the awards were announced from mid-February to early March.

The "Most Distinguished" Nonfiction, Biography, and Novel (for 1935 and 1936) were reduced to two and termed "Favorite" Nonfiction and Fiction beginning 1937. Master of ceremonies Clifton Fadiman declined to consider the Pulitzer Prizes (not yet announced in February 1938) as potential ratifications. "Unlike the Pulitzer Prize committee, the booksellers merely vote for their favorite books. They do not say it is the best book or the one that will elevate the standard of manhood or womanhood. Twenty years from now we can decide which are the masterpieces. This year we can only decide which books we enjoyed reading the most."

The Bookseller Discovery officially recognized "outstanding merit which failed to receive adequate sales and recognition" (quoted by NYT) Finally that award stood alone for 1941 and the *New York Times* frankly called it "a sort of consolation prize that the booksellers hope will draw attention to his work."

The winning authors and books were selected by a nationwide poll of booksellers (ABA members); during the 1937/38 cycle, ballots were received from 319 stores, triple the number who voted in the first rendition early in 1936. In a 1941 advertisement, the Booksellers described the "significance of the awards" thus:

> In effect, his ballot says, "Of all the books of the year these are the three I enjoyed most – *in two ways*! I enjoyed reading them; and I enjoyed selling them." And that to a bookseller means people who, on his recommendation, read and enjoyed – and sent in other people who also read and enjoyed. The National Book Awards give you perhaps a greater guarantee of reading pleasure than any other literary prizes.

### Reestablished by the book industry

In January 1950 three book industry organizations announced that "works by Americans published here" would be recognized by three awards in March (at the annual convention?). There would be three distinct panels of five judges. The fifteen judges were "Elmer Davis, John Kieran, Henry Steele Commager, Fairfield Osborn and Norman Cousins for non-fiction; Mary Colum, Glenway Wescott, Max Gissin, W. G. Rogers and Malcolm Cowley for fiction; and W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Babett Duetsch, Horace Gregory and Louise Untermeyer for poetry."

The awards were administered by the National Book Committee from 1950 to 1974, when the Committee disbanded after publishers withdrew support.

In 1950 and 1967, at least, the prize sponsors were three book-industry organizations American Booksellers Association, the American Book Publishers Council and the Book Manufacturers Institute.

In 1973 NYTimes still called the National Book Committee a nonprofit funded "by publishers and by organizations involved in the book trade" A temporary Committee on Awards Policy handled 1975.

### New categories and split awards

In 1964 Nonfiction was divided in three. The National Book Award for Translation was introduced in 1967 and split between two books, the first split.

Children's literature was first recognized as one of seven categories in 1969. Two awards were split in 1973 for the first time.

Publishers dropped their support after 1974 and the National Book Committee was disbanded. In 1975 the temporary administrator"begged" judges not to split awards.

Three of 27 awards were split in 1983 before the drastic cutback that also required selection of a single winner in all three categories for 1984.

The currently active Poetry category was added in 1991, followed by Young People's Literature in 1996, and Translated Literature in 2018.

### "American Book Awards"

In 1980 the "National Book Awards" were canceled and replaced by "American Book Awards" on the film industry model (Oscars). "It will be run almost exactly the way the Academy Awards are run," a spokesman told reporters." There would be nearly 30 awards presented in an extravagant TV-friendly ceremony, to winners selected by a standing "academy" of more than 2,000 people in the book industry. Implementation was poor, the episode a disaster.

Most new categories survived only one to four cycles, 1980 to 1983. There were seven awards categories in 1979, twenty-eight in 1980, nineteen in 1983 (plus graphics awards, see below), three in 1984.

In 1983 there were 30 award winners in 27 categories including 14 categories of literary achievement in writing for adults; in turn, five for hardcover editions, six for paperback editions, and three general.

1983 awards categories (27)

* 8 for graphics: Pictorial Design, Typographical Design, Illustration Collected Art, Illustration Original Art, Illustration Photographs, Cover Design, Jacket Design
* 5 for children's literature: (Children's) Fiction hardcover and paperback, Nonfiction, Picture Books hardcover and paperback
* 14 for adults' literature: General Nonfiction hardcover and paperback, History hardcover and paperback, Biography hardcover and paperback, Science hardcover and paperback, Translation, Fiction hardcover and paperback, Poetry, First Novel, Original Paperback

Late that year, the AAP Board voted to fund a new version of the Awards, which had been "close to expiring from lack of support". At the time, AAP and Harper & Row president Brooks Thomas anticipated "probably fewer than ten" categories, including some "only for original paperbacks, not reprints". Edwin McDowell reported that "many book-industry officials hope ... \[to\] rank in importance with the $15,000 Booker McConnell Prize for Fiction" (British).

For 1983 publications (January to October) there would be no awards. A committee comprising American Book Awards executive director Barbara Prete and four publishers designed the new and improved program, implemented fall 1984 for a publication year beginning November 1983. They cut the roster to merely three (Nonfiction, Fiction, and First Work of Fiction), moved the ceremony from early spring to late fall, and redefined eligibility to require publication during the calendar year of the awards (roughly, see Annual eligibility). There were only fiction and nonfiction awards in 1986.

### 1987-present day

In 1987 the "National" award returned in name. Covering the November ceremony, Edwin McDowell of *The New York Times* remarked upon the recurring changes in format and contrasted 1983 in particular, when there were 96 finalists in 27 awards categories (listed above).

The surviving awards for general Fiction and Nonfiction, now with precisely five finalists each, were administered by National Book Awards, Inc., whose Chairman of the Board was the president of Hearst Trade Book Group. He declaimed that "Book people are really not actors, and there's a realization now that we should not try to reward things like who did the best book blurb." The fixed number five finalists was retained through 2012, while the number of book categories has doubled with the addition of Poetry in 1991 and Young People's Literature in 1996. Beginning with 2013, the Foundation announced there would be a "longlist" of 10 titles in each of the four categories in September (40 titles), followed by a "finalist" list of 5 titles in October (20 titles), and then the winners in November (4 titles). In 2018 a fifth award category was announced, the National Book Award for Translated Literature. It is for living translators and authors and for fiction and non-fiction. The foundation previously gave a translation award from 1967-1983, but did not require the author to be living and was for fiction only.

In 2024, the National Book Foundation announced the awards would no longer require U.S. citizenship for eligibility, following a similar decision the Pulitzer Prizes had made in 2023.

## Annual eligibility

A book must be published "between December 1 of the previous year and November 30 of the current year" to be eligible. Its publisher must complete a nomination in the spring and mail copies to the panelists. The panelists read all the valid nominees during this time, and the panels compile shortlists in September.

The pre-war awards were announced in the winter, usually February, and described with reference to the year of publication, if any; for example, "National Book Awards for 1939" announced February 1940. The 1950 to 1983 awards, as the National Book Foundation labeled them, were presented in the spring to works published during the preceding calendar year. Since 1984 the NBA have been presented in the fall, usually November, to books published roughly during the calendar year (December of the previous year through November).

## Medal for Distinguished Contribution (lifetime)

The **Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters** is a lifetime achievement award presented by the Foundation at the final ceremony for the Book Awards. The medal comes with a cash prize of $10,000. It recognizes someone who "has enriched \[American\] literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work."

Five of the seventeen medalists through 2004 were previous National Book Award winners (Bellow, Welty, McCullough, Updike, and Roth, all but McCullough for fiction). Between 2005 and 2018, all of the medalists except Leonard and Allende have been previous National Book Award winners.

## Literarian Award for Outstanding Service (lifetime)

The **Literarian Award for Outstanding Service to the American Literary Community** is a lifetime achievement award presented by the Foundation annually from 2005. It recognizes "an individual for outstanding service to the American literary community, whose life and work exemplify the goals of the National Book Foundation to expand the audience for literature and to enhance the cultural value of literature in America."

1. "National Book Award" Archived 2009-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, Infoplease: Arts and Entertainment: Awards: Book, Magazine, Newspaper Awards. *Infoplease.com*. Retrieved before 2011-10.
2. "Seattle's Egan wins National Book Award" Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Mary Ann Gwynn, *The Seattle Times*, November 15, 2006. Retrieved before 2011-10.
3. "Books and Authors", *The New York Times*, 1936-04-12, page BR12.
4. "Lewis is Scornful of Radio Culture: Nothing Ever Will Replace the Old-Fashioned Book ...", *The New York Times*, 1936-05-12, page 25.
5. National Book Foundation: Awards: "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved before 2012-01-07.
6. National Book Foundation: "Mission and History of the National Book Foundation" Archived 2023-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
7. National Book Foundation: About Us: "Frequently Asked Questions" Archived 2017-11-19 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
8. National Book Foundation: Awards: "National Book Award Winners: 1950 – 2009" Archived 2012-05-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
9. National Book Foundation: About Us: "History of the National Book Awards" Archived 2018-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved before 2011-10.
10. "How the National Book Awards Work". *www.nationalbook.org*. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
11. "National Book Foundation Announces Changes in the National Book Awards Review and Selection Process". National Book Award. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
12. "Book Awards Honor Translated Literature For The First Time Since 1983". *NPR.org*. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
13. National Book Foundation: Awards: "National Book Award Selection Process" Archived 2008-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved before 2011-10.
14. "5 Honors Awarded on the Year's Books: Authors of Preferred Volumes Hailed at Luncheon of Booksellers Group", *The New York Times*, 1937-02-26, page 23.
15. "Booksellers Give Prize to 'Citadel': Cronin's Work About Doctors Their Favorite--'Mme. Curie' Gets Non-Fiction Award TWO OTHERS WIN HONORS Fadiman Is 'Not Interested' in What Pulitzer Committee Thinks of Selections", *The New York Times* 1938-03-02, page 14.
16. "Book About Plants Receives Award: Dr. Fairchild's 'Garden' Work Cited by Booksellers", *The New York Times* 1939-02-15, page 20.
17. "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition", *The New York Times*, 1940-02-14, page 25.
18. "Books and Authors", *The New York Times*, 1941-02-16, page BR12.
19. "Neglected Author Gets High Honor: 1941 Book Award Presented to George Perry for 'Hold Autumn In Your Hand'", *The New York Times*, 1942-02-11, page 18.
20. "The Booksellers of America Announce Their National Awards", *The New York Times*, February 23, 1941, page BR21.
• More than half of the advertisement featured the three prize books of 1937, announced earlier that month. The "Discovery of the Year" sported a dust jacket with stylized "First Prize" ribbon affixed and the Novel was promoted in its "National Book Award Edition" (also advertised ten days earlier: February 13, 1941, page 17).
21. "Book Trade Plans to Honor Writers: Industry Will Award Annual Prizes for Poetry, Fiction ...", *The New York Times*, January 22, 1950, page 68.
22. "Host of Celebrated Writers To Attend Book Award Dinner". *Seminole Producer*. March 26, 1950. p. 7. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
23. "Book Award Goes to 'La Vida'; 'The Fixer' Wins Fiction Prize: 3 Others Will Be Honored at a Cerem\[ony\] ...", *The New York Times*, March 5, 1967, page 39.
24. "The Last of the National Book Awards?" (The Guest Word), William Cole, *The New York Times*, May 4, 1975, page 288.
25. "2 Book Awards Split for First Time" Archived 2018-03-18 at archive.today, Eric Pace, *The New York Times*, April 11, 1973. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
26. "National Book Awards – 1964" Archived 2021-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1963 (via menu at top of page).
27. "National Book Awards – 1967" Archived 2019-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1966 (via menu at top of page).
28. "National Book Awards – 1969" Archived 2018-10-28 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1968 (via menu at top of page).
29. "American Book Awards Announced", Edwin McDowell, *The New York Times*, April 14, 1983, page C30.
30. "11 Nominated for American Book Awards", Edwin McDowell, *The New York Times*, October 18, 1984, page C25.
31. "Three Writers Win Book Awards". *The New York Times*, November 16, 1984, page C32.
32. "National Book Foundation - Browse Awards by Year". *National Book Foundation*. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
33. "The Short, Unsuccessful Life of the American Book Awards" Archived 2019-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, Craig Fehrman, *The New York Times*, October 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
34. "National Book Awards – 1979" Archived 2019-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
35. "National Book Awards – 1980" Archived 2020-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-04. Compare 1983 and 1984 (via menu at top of page).
36. "Publishing: New Life for American Book Awards", Edwin McDowell, *The New York Times*, November 4, 1983, page C28.
37. "National Book Awards - 1986". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
38. "An Upset at the Book Awards", Edwin McDowell, *The New York Times*, November 10, 1987, page C13.
39. National Book Foundation: Awards: "How the National Book Awards Work" Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
40. Alexandra Alter (January 31, 2018). "The Globalization of the National Book Awards". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
41. Alter, Alexandra (February 15, 2024). "The National Book Awards Opens Up to Writers Who Are Not U.S. Citizens". *The New York Times*. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
42. Stewart, Sophia (February 15, 2024). "National Book Awards Expand Eligibility to Non–U.S. Citizens". *Publishers Weekly*. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
43. Evans, Nia T. (February 15, 2024). "The National Book Awards Finally Expands Eligibility Rules to Include Non-Citizens". *Mother Jones*. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
44. "National Book Awards Entry Rules & Guidelines, The National Book Foundation". *www.nationalbook.org*. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
45. "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition", *The New York Times*, February 14, 1940, page 25.
46. "Book Publishers Make 3 Awards: ... Gold Plaques", *The New York Times*, March 17, 1950, page 21.
47. Alison Flood (September 20, 2012). "Elmore Leonard to be honoured by National Book Foundation". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
48. "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, 2013". Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
49. Baker, Jeff (September 9, 2014). "Ursula K. Le Guin wins big honor from National Book Foundation". oregonlive.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
50. "The 2014 Medalist For Distinguished Contribution To American Letters". September 9, 2014. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
51. "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
52. "Robert A. Caro to Receive 2016 Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters". *penguinrandomhouse.com*. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
53. "The National Book Foundation's Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters". *National Book Foundation*. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
54. "Watch the 2018 National Book Awards Ceremony". November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
55. "NBF to Present Pioneering Writer Edmund White with lifetime achievement award". September 12, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
56. "National Book Foundation to Present Lifetime Achievement Award to Walter Mosley". *National Book Foundation*. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
57. "Karen Tei Yamashita to receive honorary National Book Award". *Associated Press*. September 10, 2021. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
58. "Imani Perry Wins National Book Award for 'South to America". *The New York Times*. November 16, 2022. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
59. Italie, Hillel (September 8, 2023). "Poet Rita Dove to receive an honorary National Book Award medal for lifetime achievement". *Associated Press*. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
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61. Leslie Kaufman (November 14, 2012). "Novel About Racial Injustice Wins National Book Award". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
62. "The Literarian Award, 2013". Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
63. "Literacy advocate Kyle Zimmer to receive honorary National Book Award". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
64. "The Literarian Award, 2015". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
65. "Cave Canem » Blog Archive » Cave Canem Awarded the 2016 Literarian Award from the National Book Foundation". *cavecanempoets.org*. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
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68. "NBF to honor Oren Teicher with lifetime achievement award". *National Book Foundation*. September 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
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71. "ALA Executive Director Tracie D. Hall Receives Literarian Award from National Book Foundation". *News and Press Center*. September 7, 2022. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
72. McMurtrie, John (September 6, 2023). "The quintessential California bookseller behind City Lights gets his moment". *The Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved February 7, 2024.

## InfoBox

| National Book Award | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of National Book Awards | |
| Sponsored by | U.S. books industry |
| Date | November |
| Hosted by | National Book Foundation |
| First awarded | Original version: 1936–42 (1935–41 publications); new version: 1950 (1949 publications) |
| Last awarded | Active |
| Website | nationalbook.org |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1926, adopted unanimously on June 2, 2010, after noting the resignation of International Court of Justice (ICJ) judge Thomas Buergenthal with effect from September 6, 2010. The Council decided that the election to fill the vacancy would take place on September 9, 2010 at a meeting of the Security Council and at a meeting of the General Assembly. The vacancy had to be filled in accordance with the Statute of the ICJ. Buergenthal had served at the ICJ since March 2000. He was re-elected in 2006 to serve a nine-year term beginning in February 2006.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1926

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1926**, adopted unanimously on June 2, 2010, after noting the resignation of International Court of Justice (ICJ) judge Thomas Buergenthal with effect from September 6, 2010. The Council decided that the election to fill the vacancy would take place on September 9, 2010 at a meeting of the Security Council and at a meeting of the General Assembly.

The vacancy had to be filled in accordance with the Statute of the ICJ. Buergenthal had served at the ICJ since March 2000. He was re-elected in 2006 to serve a nine-year term beginning in February 2006.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1926 | |
| --- | --- |
| Robes at the ICJ | |
| Date | 2 June 2010 |
| Meeting no. | 6,327 |
| Code | S/RES/1926 (Document) |
| Subject | **International Court of Justice** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Politics of Karnataka

abstract:
The politics of Karnataka is represented by three major political parties, the Indian National Congress, the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party. The Janata Dal (Secular) and the Indian National Congress led coalition government was in power in the state since May, 2018, till July, 2019. H.D. Kumaraswamy of the Janata Dal (Secular) was the Chief Minister from 23 May, 2018, to 23 July, 2019.
Now Siddaramaiah of INC is incumbent, forming the government since 20 May 2023.

text:
# Politics of Karnataka

**The politics of Karnataka** is represented by three major political parties, the Indian National Congress, the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party. The Janata Dal (Secular) and the Indian National Congress led coalition government was in power in the state since May, 2018, till July, 2019. H.D. Kumaraswamy of the Janata Dal (Secular) was the Chief Minister from 23 May, 2018, to 23 July, 2019. Now Siddaramaiah of INC is incumbent , forming the government since 20 May 2023.

## In national politics

Karnataka consists of 28 parliamentary constituencies from which 28 members of parliament get elected to the Lok Sabha. Several politicians and bureaucrats from Karnataka have served at the center at various times in different capacities. Deve Gowda, who hails from Hassan served as the Prime minister of India in 1996. C. K. Jaffer Sharief from Chitradurga is a veteran Congressman and 9-time MP and former Minister of Railways of Government of India. B. D. Jatti from Bijapur served as the Vice President and also as acting President in the past. S.Nigalingappa from Chitradurga was Congress I president.

### Members of Parliament

#### Lok Sabha

#### Rajya Sabha

## Elections

## Chief ministers

## Deputy ministers

## Political parties

### State parties

Janata dal (secular)

### Other parties

### Alliances

#### INC

## Political crisis

### 2011 Karnataka political crisis

### 2019 Karnataka political crisis

## Civic organizations

There are several organizations like B.PAC (Bangalore Political Action Committee) which help in the civic administration of Bangalore. These organizations are formed by responsible citizens of India like Narayana Murthy (founder of InfoSys), Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (Biocon), T. V. Mohandas Pai, Nooraine Fazal (educationist), etc. These organizations help in creating social awareness programs, forming transparency in governance, raise voice against corruption, funding for candidates and strive towards the welfare of Citizens.

1. "BPAC - A civic organization launched for better governance". *IndiaTimes*. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2. "BPAC agenda for better city governance unveiled". *The New Indian Express*. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2020.


title: Henry Goulding House

abstract: The Henry Goulding House is an historic house at 26 Harvard Street in Worcester, Massachusetts< USA. Built in 1850-51 for a major local industrialist, it is one of the city's most opulent Italianate houses. In 1921, the house became the Swedish Lutheran Home for the Aged after the Goulding heirs gave it to the Swedish Lutheran Church of Worcester. The house was owned by Lutheran Social Services, Inc. in 1980 when the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now owned by the Sheehan Health Group and is operated as the Lutheran Rehabilitation & Skilled Care Center.

text:
# Henry Goulding House

The **Henry Goulding House** is an historic house at 26 Harvard Street in Worcester, Massachusetts\< USA. Built in 1850-51 for a major local industrialist, it is one of the city's most opulent Italianate houses. In 1921, the house became the **Swedish Lutheran Home for the Aged** after the Goulding heirs gave it to the Swedish Lutheran Church of Worcester. The house was owned by Lutheran Social Services, Inc. in 1980 when the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now owned by the Sheehan Health Group and is operated as the **Lutheran Rehabilitation & Skilled Care Center**.

## Description and history

The Henry Goulding House is located on the northern fringe of downtown Worcester, on the east side of Harvard Street at its junction with Dix Street. The building is now a large multisection structure, extending for some length along the road. The original mansion block is located at the northern end, with an early 20th-century addition in the middle, and a 1970s modern section at the southern end. It is a two-story frame structure, with a low-pitch hip roof and stuccoed exterior. The roof eave is adorned with modillion blocks. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows arranged around the center entrance. The ground floor windows are flanked by slender pilasters and have bracketed sills and a gabled and bracketed lintel; the second floor windows are more simply framed, with a projecting sill and projecting bracketed cornice. The entrance is sheltered by a portico with round-arch openings and a roof with modillioned cornice and balustrade.

The opulent Italianate mansion was built in 1850 for Henry Goulding on the site of his earlier Greek Revival house, W.H. Goulding House, which was moved to 4 Dix Place. Goulding was a principal partner in some of Worcester's largest industrial businesses. He was also a Worcester selectman, a founder and president of the Mechanics' National Bank, and a founder of the Worcester Mechanics' Association. The house was occupied by Goulding until his death in 1866, and then by his son. His heirs sold the house to the Swedish Lutheran church in 1921, which built the first addition and converted the property to its present medical support use.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Henry Goulding House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 26 Harvard St., Worcester, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°16′9″N 71°48′8″W / 42.26917°N 71.80222°W / 42.26917; -71.80222 |
| Area | 1.4 acres (0.57 ha) |
| Built | c. 1850 (1850) |
| Architect | M.G. Wheelock |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| MPS | Worcester MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000564 |
| Added to NRHP | March 05, 1980 |


title: Mel Spence

abstract: Melville "Mel" Spence was a Jamaican sprinter who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics. He is the twin brother of Mal Spence, an Olympic sprint medalist. He was a relay silver medalist at the 1955 Pan American Games and was runner-up in the individual 400 m event at the 1963 Pan American Games. He was part of the winning Jamaican 4×400 metres relay team at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games.

text:
# Mel Spence

**Melville "Mel" Spence** (2 January 1936  28 October 2012) was a Jamaican sprinter who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics. He is the twin brother of Mal Spence, an Olympic sprint medalist.

He was a relay silver medalist at the 1955 Pan American Games and was runner-up in the individual 400 m event at the 1963 Pan American Games. He was part of the winning Jamaican 4×400 metres relay team at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games.

## InfoBox

Mel Spence
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Melville Spence |
| Born | 2 January 1936
Kingston, Jamaica |
| Died | 28 October 2012(2012-10-28) (aged 76)
Florida |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  British West Indies (BWI)  Pan American Games  1959 Chicago  4×400 m  Representing  Jamaica  Pan American Games  1963 São Paulo  400 m  1963 São Paulo  4×400 m  Commonwealth Games  1962 Perth  4x440 yards  Central American and Caribbean Games  1962 Kingston  4×400 m  1962 Kingston  800 metres | |


title: Victor Hennequin

abstract: Victor Hennequin was a French Socialist politician and spirit medium who published several works in the 19th century.

text:
# Victor Hennequin

**Victor Hennequin** (3 June 1816 – 10 December 1854) was a French Socialist politician and spirit medium who published several works in the 19th century.

## Political career

The son of Antoine Hennequin, a deputy of the Nord department, he became a lawyer in 1838 in Paris. He came under the influence of Victor Prosper Considerant, who was a disciple of Charles Fourier, and became an editor of *La Démocratie Pacifique*, a Fourierist daily newspaper published 1843–1851. In 1848 he became a member of the National Assembly of France. He was a young barrister "infatuated with the reveries of Fourier."

## Mediumship

Being banished as a consequence of the French coup of 1851, he took up table-turning during his enforced inactivity; he soon fell victim to mediomania and believed himself an instrument for the revelations of the soul of the earth. He published a book entitled *Save the Human Race* (1853); it was a mix of socialistic and Christian reminiscences.

In a final work of which only one volume was issued, Victor Hennequin represents God in the guise of an immense polypus located at the centre of the earth, having antennae and horns turned inwards like tendrils all over his brain, as also over that of his wife Octavia. Soon afterwards it was reported that Victor Hennequin had died from the consequences of a maniacal paroxysm in a madhouse. His madness is said otherwise to have been partial or characterized by many lucid intervals. His second work was *Religion*. It preached the doctrine of reincarnation with periodical changes of sex. It described the Deity as an infinite substance in which circulated myriads of soul-entities.

The occult writer Éliphas Lévi presents the case of Victor Hennequin as an example of the dangers of trying to develop mediumistic powers. "The reiterated efforts of a healthy person to develop mediumistic faculties cause fatigue, disease and may even derange reason."

* Lévi, Éliphas (1860). *Histoire de la magie* \[*The History of Magic*\].
* "Victor Hennequin", in Adolphe Robert and Gaston Cougny, *Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1789-1891)*, Bourloton, Paris, 1889 Edition details Wikisource


title: Saint-Jean-de-Sauves

abstract: Saint-Jean-de-Sauves is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

text:
# Saint-Jean-de-Sauves

**Saint-Jean-de-Sauves** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃  sov\]) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,557 |  |
| 1975 | 1,480 | −0.72% |
| 1982 | 1,486 | +0.06% |
| 1990 | 1,436 | −0.43% |
| 1999 | 1,294 | −1.15% |
| 2007 | 1,317 | +0.22% |
| 2012 | 1,352 | +0.53% |
| 2017 | 1,389 | +0.54% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Jean-de-Sauves | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The plain between Mazeuil and Saint-Jean-de-Sauves. | |
| Location of Saint-Jean-de-Sauves | |
| Saint-Jean-de-SauvesSaint-Jean-de-Sauves | |
| Coordinates: 46°50′28″N 0°05′38″E / 46.8411°N 0.0939°E / 46.8411; 0.0939 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Vienne |
| Arrondissement | Châtellerault |
| Canton | Loudun |
| Intercommunality | Pays Loudunais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Moreau |
| Area**1** | 56.58 km2 (21.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,331 |
| Density | 24/km2 (61/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 86225 /86330 |
| Elevation | 60–130 m (200–430 ft)
(avg. 82 m or 269 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Hellen Kimaiyo

abstract: Hellen Kimaiyo Kipkoskei is a retired runner from Kenya. She won many continental competitions. She competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics aged less than 16 and at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She is also a multiple Kenyan champion. In addition, she was a successful road runner. She won the Peachtree Road Race three times a row (1996–1998) and Dam tot Damloop four times a row (1992–1995). Kimaiyo won Zevenheuvelenloop in 1995. She won in 1994. She held the African records for 1500 and 3000 metres. Kimaiyo went to the Singore Girls Secondary School in Iten. She is married to Charles Kipkorir, who is also a former Kenyan runner. Soon after the 1984 Olympics she became pregnant and gave birth to her first child. She had a second child following her 1990 pregnancy.

text:
# Hellen Kimaiyo

**Hellen Kimaiyo Kipkoskei** (born September 8, 1968 in Moiben) is a retired runner from Kenya.

She won many continental competitions. She competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics aged less than 16 and at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She is also a multiple Kenyan champion.

In addition, she was a successful road runner. She won the Peachtree Road Race three times a row (1996–1998) and Dam tot Damloop four times a row (1992–1995). Kimaiyo won Zevenheuvelenloop in 1995. She won in 1994.

She held the African records for 1500 and 3000 metres.

Kimaiyo went to the Singore Girls Secondary School in Iten. She is married to Charles Kipkorir, who is also a former Kenyan runner. Soon after the 1984 Olympics she became pregnant and gave birth to her first child. She had a second child following her 1990 pregnancy.

## International competitions

Representing  Kenya
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | African Championships | Cairo, Egypt | 1st | 3000 m |  |
| | | | 3rd | 1500 m |  |
| 1987 | All-Africa Games | Nairobi, Kenya | 2nd | 3000 m |  |
| 1989 | African Championships | Lagos, Nigeria | 1st | 3000 m |  |
| | | | 2nd | 1500 m |  |
| 1992 | World Cross Country Championships | Boston, United States | 11th | Long race |  |
| | | | 1st | Team race |  |
| | Summer Olympics | Barcelona, Spain | 9th | 10,000 m |  |
| 1993 | World Cross Country Championships | Amorebieta, Spain | 12th | Long race |  |
| | | | 1st | Team race |  |
| 1994 | World Cross Country Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 12th | Long race |  |
| | | | 3rd | Team race |  |


title: Werdauer-Greiz Forest

abstract: The Werdauer-Greizer forest, also known as the Greiz-Werdauer forest or the Werdauer forest, is the conservation forests around Greiz and Werdau and is one of the largest closed forest areas in Western Saxony and eastern Thuringia.

text:
# Werdauer-Greiz Forest

The **Werdauer-Greizer forest**, also known as the **Greiz-Werdauer forest** or the **Werdauer forest**, is the conservation forests around Greiz and Werdau and is one of the largest closed forest areas in Western Saxony and eastern Thuringia.

## Location

The 62 km² large forested area extends mainly between the valley of the Pleiße and the White Elster. On its northern edge in Thuringia flows the Krebsbach.

The northern spur forms the forest area near the village Trünzig.

West of Greiz the Quirlbach forms a section of the conservation boundary. In the west, the forest area extends beyond the edge of the Elster Valley and ends southeast of the village Daßlitz. The northeastern tip of Werdau with the headwaters of the north adjacent Meiselbach goes into the Leubnitzer Waldsiedlung whose undeveloped area before 1945 still belonged to the Trünzig state forest.

The forest borders the city of Werdau (Saxony) to the northeast and Greiz (Thuringia) to the southwest. In the middle of the forest there is a clearing, where the settlement Waldhaus is located.

The common border of the states of Saxony and Thuringia runs from Teichwolframsdorf going in a north-south direction along a road in the direction of Reudnitz through the forest.

## Conservation area

The former Gera district created a conservation area in the Thuringian part of the forest in 1961. The Werdauer forest on the Saxon side was declared a conservation in 1968 by the administration of the former Karl-Marx-Stadt district.


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1932, adopted unanimously on June 29, 2010, after recalling resolutions 955 (1995), 1165 (1998), 1329 (2000), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1717 (2006), 1824 (2008), 1855 (2008), 1878 (2008) and 1901 (2009) on Rwanda, the Council noted that the 2010 target for the completion of trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) could not be met, and therefore extended the terms of 16 judges at the ICTR.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1932

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1932**, adopted unanimously on June 29, 2010, after recalling resolutions 955 (1995), 1165 (1998), 1329 (2000), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1717 (2006), 1824 (2008), 1855 (2008), 1878 (2008) and 1901 (2009) on Rwanda, the Council noted that the 2010 target for the completion of trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) could not be met, and therefore extended the terms of 16 judges at the ICTR.

## Resolution

### Observations

The Security Council recalled resolutions 1503 (2003) and 1534 (2004) which called for the completion of all ICTR cases by 2010. Earlier in 2009 the Council expressed its intention to review the terms of all trial judges at the ICTR, and expressed concern at the loss of experienced staff at the Tribunal. Furthermore, it noted that one permanent and two ad litem judges would leave before the end of 2010 upon the completion of their respective cases. The council was aware of the lack of co-operation by Kenya in the case of Félicien Kabuga and a later pledge by the country to enhance co-operation made at the Security Council.

### Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council reaffirmed the necessity of the trial of those indicted by the ICTR and called for full co-operation from all states, particularly those in the African Great Lakes region, with regard to bringing Félicien Kabuga, Augustin Bizimana and Protais Mpiranya to justice. It also acknowledged that the Tribunal had to be adequately staffed.

The following permanent judges had their terms extended until December 31, 2012 or until the completion of their cases:

The following permanent judges had their terms extended until December 31, 2011 or until the completion of their cases:

The following ad litem judges had their terms extended until December 31, 2011 or until the completion of their cases:

* Aydin Sefa Akay (Turkey)
* Florence Rita Arrey (Cameroon)
* Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda)
* Vagn Joensen (Denmark)
* Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso)
* Lee Gacugia Muthoga (Kenya)
* Seon Ki Park (South Korea)
* Mparany Mamy Richard Rajohnson (Madagascar)
* Emile Francis Short (Ghana)

Finally, the Statute of the Tribunal was amended concerning the election and appointment of ad litem judges.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1932 | |
| --- | --- |
| African Great Lakes region | |
| Date | 29 June 2010 |
| Meeting no. | 6,349 |
| Code | S/RES/1932 (Document) |
| Subject | **International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Polymyxin

abstract: Polymyxins are antibiotics. Polymyxins B and E are used in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. They work mostly by breaking up the bacterial cell membrane. They are part of a broader class of molecules called nonribosomal peptides. They are produced in nature by Gram-positive bacteria such as Paenibacillus polymyxa.

text:
# Polymyxin

**Polymyxins** are antibiotics. Polymyxins  and E (also known as colistin) are used in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. They work mostly by breaking up the bacterial cell membrane. They are part of a broader class of molecules called nonribosomal peptides.

They are produced in nature by Gram-positive bacteria such as *Paenibacillus polymyxa*.

## Medical use

Polymyxin antibiotics are relatively neurotoxic and nephrotoxic, so are usually used only as a last resort if modern antibiotics are ineffective or are contraindicated. Typical uses are for infections caused by strains of multiple drug-resistant *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Polymyxins have less effect on Gram-positive organisms, and are sometimes combined with other agents (as with trimethoprim/polymyxin) to broaden the effective spectrum.

Polymyxins B are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so they are only administered orally if the goal is to disinfect the GI tract. Another route of administration is chosen for systemic treatment, e.g., parenteral (often intravenously) or by inhalation. They are also used externally as a cream or drops to treat otitis externa (swimmers ear), and as a component of triple antibiotic ointment to treat and prevent skin infections.

## Mechanism of action

After binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, polymyxins disrupt both the outer and inner membranes. The hydrophobic tail is important in causing membrane damage, suggesting a detergent-like mode of action.

Removal of the hydrophobic tail of polymyxin B yields polymyxin nonapeptide, which still binds to LPS, but no longer kills the bacterial cell. However, it still detectably increases the permeability of the bacterial cell wall to other antibiotics, indicating that it still causes some degree of membrane disorganization.

Gram-negative bacteria can develop resistance to polymyxins through various modifications of the LPS structure that inhibit the binding of polymyxins to LPS.

Antibiotic resistance to this drug has been increasing, especially in southern China. Recently the gene *mcr-1*, which confers the antibiotic resistance, has been isolated from bacterial plasmids in *Enterobacteriaceae*.

## Chemistry

Polymyxins are a group of cyclic non-ribosomal polypeptide (NRPs) which are biosynthesized by bacteria belonging to the genus *Paenibacillus*. Polymyxins consist of 10 amino acid residues, six of which are L-α,γ-diaminobutyric acid (L-DAB). The DAB residues cause polymyxins to have multiple positively charged groups at physiological pH. Seven amino acid residues form the main cyclic component, while the other three extend from one of the cyclic residues as a linear chain terminating in either 6-methyloctanoic acid or 6-methylheptanoic acid at the N-terminus. During cyclization, residue 10 is bound to the bridging residue 4. The amino acid residues and DAB monomers are generally in the L (levo) configuration, however certain strains such as P. polymyxa PKB1 have been observed to incorporate DAB with the D (dextro) configuration at position 3 producing variations of polymyxin B.

Polymyxin M is also known as "mattacin".

### Biosynthesis

The polymyxins are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetase systems in Gram-positive bacteria such as *Paenibacillus polymyxa*. Like other NRPs, polymyxins are assembled by synthetases with multiple modules, each containing a set of enzyme domains that sequentially operate on the growing chain by adding the next residue and extending the chain through peptide-bond formation and condensation reactions. The final steps involve a thioesterase domain at the C-terminal of the last module to cyclize the molecule and liberate the chain from the enzyme.

## Research

Polymyxins are used to neutralize or absorb LPS contaminants in samples, for example in immunological experiments. Minimization of LPS contamination can be important because LPS can evoke strong reactions from immune cells, distorting experimental results.

By increasing permeability of the bacterial membrane system, polymyxin is also used in clinical work to increase the release of secreted toxins, such as *Shiga* toxin, from *Escherichia coli*.

The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in their use.

### Compound Mixtures in Polymyxin B drug

---

In formulations for the commercial pharmaceutical Polymyxin drug, the principal Polymyxins are B1 and B2, amounting to 75% and 15% of the final mixture, respectively. Polymyxin B1, in turn, comprises several isomers, like isoleucine-polymyxin B1 and B1-1. The major impediment in the purification and isolation of one isomer is due to the minimal structural differences between Polymyxin B1 and B2, differing only in one carbon at the 6th position of the fatty acyl side chain linked to the D-Phenylalanine of the structure. Polymyxin B1 contains 6-methyl octanoic acid, while Polymyxin B2 contains 6-methyl heptanoic acid. Similarly, Polymyxins B3 and B4 also differ at this position, with B3 containing octanoic acid and B4 featuring heptanoic acid.


title: GD-ROM

abstract: The GD-ROM is a proprietary optical disc format developed as a collaboration between Sega and Yamaha for the Dreamcast.

text:
# GD-ROM

The **GD-ROM** (gigabyte disc read-only memory) is a proprietary optical disc format developed as a collaboration between Sega and Yamaha for the Dreamcast.

## Specification

A double-density format based on the CD-ROM that could hold up to 1 GB, it consists of a single-density track near the disc's center surrounded by a double-density track comprising much of the disc's capacity. The GD-ROM was created in response to developers exceeding the typical 650 MB storage capacity of the CD-ROM; while DVD-ROM would have addressed this limitation, implementing its then-new technology would have made console production cost prohibitive. Along with the format's general novelty, the extra capacity also had the theoretical benefit of curbing video game piracy, a major concern of CD-based consoles that was validated by its rampancy on the PlayStation.

## Dreamcast console

The Dreamcast was considered by the video game industry as one of the most secure consoles on the market with its use of the GD-ROM, but this was nullified by a flaw in the Dreamcast's support for the MIL-CD format, a Mixed Mode CD first released on June 25, 1999, that incorporates interactive visual data similarly to CD+G. A hacker group self-named Utopia released their exploit in June 2000, having discovered that they could replace the visual data with Dreamcast code, enabling games burned onto CD-Rs to run on the console without any modding; boot discs were initially used to facilitate this effort, but hackers subsequently discovered the ability to have burned games self-boot without the need for a boot disc. While copying Dreamcast games onto a CD-ROM sometimes required the removal of certain game features, this did not affect their playability; such games were typically distributed on file sharing networks such as Internet Relay Chat. Sega initially responded by aggressively pursuing cease and desist orders against online marketplaces selling pirated games, announcing the effort a month after the exploit's release; the company eventually released a new revision of the Dreamcast hardware that removed MIL-CD support towards the end of 2000, closing the loophole. Games released around that time also began to incorporate a more robust copy protection system to thwart illegitimate use.

Before the Dreamcast was released, Sega "confirmed that Dreamcast owners will one day be able to upgrade the GD-ROM drive to DVD" as part of its general expansion system to keep it competitive against more powerful contemporaries. In June 1999, *The Nihon Keizai Shimbun* reported on the development of a DVD distribution system by Sega alongside Hitachi, Nippon Columbia, and an additional partner; one known planned use for it involved encrypted multi-title releases that were to be accessed via downloadable product keys. Despite displaying a Dreamcast DVD display unit at E3 2000, the plans for a DVD add-on or fully separate unit never materialized during the short production run of the Dreamcast, rendering it the only sixth generation console to not adopt the format.

## Arcade systems

GD-ROM was also made available as an upgrade for the Dreamcast's arcade cousin, Sega NAOMI and the later Sega NAOMI 2, providing alternate media to its cartridge-based software. It is also used as an option on both the Sega Chihiro and Triforce, respectively based on the Xbox and GameCube consoles.

The GD-ROM drive in the Dreamcast reads data in constant angular velocity (CAV) mode at up to 12× speed.

1. Hagiwara, Shiro; Oliver, Ian (November–December 1999). "Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World". *IEEE Micro*. **19** (6): 29–35. doi:10.1109/40.809375.
2. Kent, Steven (November 23, 1998). "Here comes Sega's Dreamcast". *ZDNet*. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
3. Ohbuchi, Yutaka (September 30, 1998). "New Look at Dreamcast". *GameSpot*. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
4. Robinson, John (September 9, 1999). "Sega unleashes a 128-bit monster on the gaming world". *CNN*. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
5. Scullion, Chris (30 November 2023). "The Games". *The Dreamcast Encyclopedia: Every Game Released for the Sega Dreamcast*. White Owl. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-5267-7224-4. Retrieved July 4, 2024  via Google Books.
6. Diver, Mike (April 18, 2024). "Dreamcast". *THE CON50LE: 50 Years of Home Video Gaming*. White Owl. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-3990-4050-1. Retrieved July 4, 2024  via Google Books.
7. "Sega Crushes Dreamcast Pirates". *Wired*. July 20, 2000. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
8. Kohler, Chris (October 2005). "Retro-Hack the Dreamcast". *Retro Gaming Hacks*. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9780596009175.
9. "First MIL CDs released in Japan". *IGN*. June 28, 1999. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
10. Gantayat, Anoop (June 7, 2000). "Soundtrack Review: Kitahe - Pure Songs and Pictures". *IGN*. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
11. Johnston, Chris (February 1999). "Hands On: Dreamcast". *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. No. 115. Ziff Davis. p. 26.
12. Borland, John (June 30, 2000). "Hackers break Dreamcast safeguards, distribute games online". *CNET*. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
13. Carless 2004, p. 217
14. "Sega Shuts Down Computer Game Pirates". *ABC News*. July 21, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
15. Carless 2004, p. 199
16. Gantayat, Anoop (January 16, 2001). "Sega Kills MIL CD Format". *IGN*. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
17. Zackheim, Ben (January 27, 2005). "The Dreamcast never dies". *Engadget*. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
18. Bramwell, Tom (January 18, 2001). "Sega Fights Piracy". *Eurogamer*. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
19. "Dreamcast Expandability" (PDF). *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. Vol. 122. Ziff Davis. September 1999. p. 204.
20. "Sega to Co-Develop DVD Technology for Use with Dreamcast?". *IGN*. June 8, 1999. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
21. Justice, Brandon (May 12, 2000). "E3 2000: First Look – Dreamcast DVD Player". *IGN*.
22. Gantayat, Anoop (September 20, 2000). "JAMMA 2000: Naomi 2 Revealed". *IGN*. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
23. "SEGA Arcade Continues Its Dominance". *IGN*. February 9, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
24. Gantayat, Anoop (September 19, 2002). "JAMMA 2002: First Look at Chihiro". *IGN*. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
25. Gantayat, Anoop (February 21, 2002). "AOU2002: First Triforce Game Footage". *IGN*. Retrieved June 12, 2024.

## Bibliography

Carless, Simon (2004). *Gaming Hacks*. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00714-0  via Google Books.

## InfoBox

GD-ROM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The underside of a GD-ROM disc | |
| Media type | Optical disc |
| Capacity | 1 GB |
| Developed by | Yamaha |
| Usage |  |


title: Verticillium

abstract: Verticillium is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota, and are an anamorphic form of the family Plectosphaerellaceae. The genus used to include diverse groups comprising saprobes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc eggs, and other fungi, thus the genus used to have a wide-ranging group of taxa characterised by simple but ill-defined characters. The genus, currently thought to contain 51 species, may be broadly divided into three ecologically based groups - mycopathogens, entomopathogens, and plant pathogens and related saprotrophs. However, the genus has undergone recent revision into which most entomopathogenic and mycopathogenic isolates fall into a new group called Lecanicillium. At least five species are known to cause a wilt disease in plants called verticillium wilt: V. dahliae, V. longisporum, V. albo-atrum, V. nubilum, and V. tricorpus. A sixth species, V. theobromae, causes fruit or crown rot, a non-wiliting disease.

text:
# Verticillium

***Verticillium*** is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota, and are an anamorphic form of the family Plectosphaerellaceae. The genus used to include diverse groups comprising saprobes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc eggs, and other fungi, thus the genus used to have a wide-ranging group of taxa characterised by simple but ill-defined characters. The genus, currently thought to contain 51 species, may be broadly divided into three ecologically based groups - mycopathogens, entomopathogens, and plant pathogens and related saprotrophs. However, the genus has undergone recent revision into which most entomopathogenic and mycopathogenic isolates fall into a new group called *Lecanicillium*.

At least five species are known to cause a wilt disease in plants called verticillium wilt: *V. dahliae*, *V. longisporum*, *V. albo-atrum*, *V. nubilum*, and *V. tricorpus*. A sixth species, *V. theobromae*, causes fruit or crown rot, a non-wiliting disease.

## Verticillium wilt

Verticillium wilt is a disease that can affect over 400 different eudicot plants, many of which are economically important worldwide. Several characteristics of *Verticillium* make it difficult to manage: prolonged survival in soils without the presence of a host, inaccessibility during infection, a wide host range, and limited resistance in host germplasm. However, all monocots, gymnosperms and ferns are immune.

The fungus survives in the soil principally in the form of microsclerotia, invades the plant through the root system, colonizes the vasculature, and eventually leads to plant death. The main mechanisms of its pathogenesis are xylem vessel blockage and toxin production. When the fungus propagates within a host plant, the mycelium blocks the xylem vessels, impairing the transport of water and nutrients in the host. The forces of transpiration and respiration in leaves combined with blocked xylem transport cause water imbalances in leaves that result in leaf yellowing and wilting, contributing to plant death. In addition, *Verticillium* produces mycotoxins within the plant that can cause necrosis in leaves and impair metabolism in the plant body. In some systems, toxin production has been shown to be the main cause of plant wilting.

First identified from potatoes in Germany in 1870, this disease affects a variety of cultivated plants and can persist as a saprotrophic soil organism for more than 15 years. Identification can be made by looking for one-celled conidia, hyaline round to ellipsoid which are formed at the tips of whorled branches. They are easily separated from the tips. When infecting ornamental trees such as maples, elms, aspen, ash, beech, catalpa, oak, and others, the first symptoms are midsummer wilting on one side of a tree or branch. The sapwood has greenish or brownish streaks, and the infection can take a few years to progress to the rest of the tree or move rapidly. The fungi universally move up the xylem vessels. In fruit trees, the infection is known as black heart, and is common in apricots and sometimes affects almond, peach, plum, and avocado trees. This fungus affects herbaceous ornamentals such as chrysanthemums, mints, *Lychnis* spp. It infects many agriculturally important crops like vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, okra, broccoli, cauliflower and rhubarb; food related crops like rapeseed and hops; and fiber crops like cotton.

## Selected species

## Further reading

* Phillips, D.H.; Burdekin, D.A. (1992). *Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees*. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-49493-6.

## InfoBox

| *Verticillium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Verticillium theobromae* culture | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Glomerellales |
| Family: | Plectosphaerellaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticillium*
Nees (1816) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Verticillium dahliae*
Kleb. (1913) | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Verticillium isaacii

abstract: Verticillium isaacii is a fungus inhabiting artichoke, spinach and lettuce, without necessarily being pathogenic. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing abundant chlamydospores and resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. tricorpus and V. klebahnii.

text:
# Verticillium isaacii

***Verticillium isaacii*** is a fungus inhabiting artichoke, spinach and lettuce, without necessarily being pathogenic. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing abundant chlamydospores and resting mycelium. It is most closely related to *V. tricorpus* and *V. klebahnii*.

## Further reading

* Inderbitzin, Patrik, et al. "Identification and differentiation of Verticillium species and V. longisporum lineages by simplex and multiplex PCR assays." PLoS ONE8.6 (2013): e65990.
* Stajner, Natasa. "Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species with PCR Markers and Sequencing of ITS Region." Plant and Animal Genome XXIII Conference. Plant and Animal Genome.
* Inderbitzin, Patrik, and Krishna V. Subbarao. "Taxonomic challenges-molecular evidence for species and sub-specific groups in Verticillium." 11 th International Verticillium Symposium. 2013.
* Inderbitzin, Patrik; Subbarao, Krishna V. (2014). "Verticillium systematics and evolution: How confusion impedes Verticillium wilt management and how to resolve it". *Phytopathology*. **104** (6): 564–574. doi:10.1094/phyto-11-13-0315-ia. PMID 24548214.
* Tyvaert, L.; França, S.C.; Debode, J.; Höfte, M. (2014). "The endophyteVerticilliumVt305 protects cauliflower against Verticillium wilt". *Journal of Applied Microbiology*. **116** (6): 1563–1571. doi:10.1111/jam.12481. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 24905219.

## InfoBox

| *Verticillium isaacii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Hypocreomycetidae |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Incertae sedis |
| Genus: | *Verticillium* |
| Species: | ***V. isaacii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticillium isaacii***<br>Inderbitzin et al., 2011 | |
|


title: Mrinmoy Dutta

abstract:
Mrinmoy Dutta is an Indian cricketer who plays for Assam. He made his first-class debut for Assam in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 21 November 2016. He was the leading wicket-taker for Assam in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with seven dismissals in five matches.
Mrinmoy Dutta is called by Rajasthan Royals for the upcoming IPL 2020 to be held on UAE as Net Bowler. Mrinmoy previously impressed Royal's when they are practicing in Guwahati.

text:
# Mrinmoy Dutta

**Mrinmoy Dutta** (born 24 November 1998) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Assam. He made his first-class debut for Assam in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 21 November 2016. He was the leading wicket-taker for Assam in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with seven dismissals in five matches. Mrinmoy Dutta is called by Rajasthan Royals for the upcoming IPL 2020 to be held on UAE as Net Bowler. Mrinmoy previously impressed Royal's when they are practicing in Guwahati.

## InfoBox

Mrinmoy Dutta
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mrinmoy Khirud Dutta |
| Born | (1998-11-24) 24 November 1998<br>Nagaon, Assam, India |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm fast-medium |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2016–present | Assam |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 21 November 2016 | |


title: Mount Gibson, Western Australia

abstract: Mount Gibson, Western Australia is located on the Wubin - Mount Magnet section of the Great Northern Highway in the mid-west region of Western Australia.

text:
# Mount Gibson, Western Australia

**Mount Gibson, Western Australia** is located on the Wubin \- Mount Magnet section of the Great Northern Highway in the mid-west region of Western Australia.

## Sheep and conservation

Mount Gibson is also the name of a pastoral lease (sheep station) and a nature conservancy project.

## Mining

In the early twentieth century it was a gold exploration area, and continued to be of interest for some time. Currently it is the site of an iron ore mine.

The iron ore mine and operations were suspended at various stages due to contract negotiations between the mining companies and their clients.

Iron ore is moved first by road to Perenjori where it is hauled by rail to the port of Geraldton.

29°36′25″S 117°24′40″E / 29.607°S 117.411°E / -29.607; 117.411


title: PCC Community Markets

abstract: Puget Consumers Co-op, doing business as PCC Community Markets, is a food cooperative based in Seattle, Washington. With over 114,000 members, it is the largest consumer-owned food cooperative in the United States. Both members and non-members may shop at the retail locations, but members receive certain discounts. The organization currently operates fifteen retail locations. Eight of the fifteen stores are located in Seattle. The West Seattle location reopened on October 2, 2019. The other seven are located in Issaquah, Kirkland, Burien, Bothell, Redmond, Edmonds and Bellevue. The organization was founded in 1953; it rebranded to PCC Natural Markets in 1998 and then to its current name in 2017.

text:
# PCC Community Markets

**Puget Consumers Co-op**, doing business as **PCC Community Markets**, is a food cooperative based in Seattle, Washington. With over 114,000 members, it is the largest consumer-owned food cooperative in the United States. Both members and non-members may shop at the retail locations, but members receive certain discounts. The organization currently operates fifteen retail locations. Eight of the fifteen stores are located in Seattle (in the Fremont, Green Lake, Columbia City, View Ridge, West Seattle, Ballard and Central District neighborhoods). The West Seattle location reopened on October 2, 2019. The other seven are located in Issaquah, Kirkland, Burien, Bothell, Redmond, Edmonds and Bellevue.

The organization was founded in 1953; it rebranded to **PCC Natural Markets** in 1998 and then to its current name in 2017.

## Organization

PCC is a member-owned and operated cooperative. The members govern through established bylaws and yearly elect a board of trustees who represent the interests of the members. Like other grocery cooperatives, the profits from the retail store operations go directly back into the stores or to the community (through classes, education or charitable efforts).

Current PCC programs include:

Candidates on the board of trustees are required to collect 1,000 member signatures to appear on ballots. As of 2021, it has 90,000 members. Two candidates in the 2021 election, both employees endorsed by the United Food and Commercial Workers union, alleged that store managers had called the police on them while gathering signatures in an attempt to dissuade support. The employees were ultimately included in the ballot and won election to the board of trustees, becoming the first store employees to sit on the board since the early 2000s.

## Relationship with Central Co-op

In 1978, Capitol Hill Co-op dissolved for financial reasons and, in keeping with the principle that co-operatives cooperate with other cooperatives, PCC agreed to provide technical and financial assistance to the Central Co-op to replace it.

## Pricing

According to *Consumers' Checkbook* magazine, PCC's prices for the limited number of comparable items available were higher than the big-chain average. However, the quality of PCC's fresh produce and meat received very high scores. The prices of organic food at PCC were about the same as the average prices at other stores in the Puget Sound area.

## InfoBox

Puget Consumers Co-op
|
|  |
| Trade name | PCC Community Markets |
| Company type | Consumers' cooperative |
| Industry | Grocery store |
| Founded | 1953 (1953) |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Key people | Krishnan (Krish) Srinivasan, CEO |
| Products | Organic food |
| Revenue | USD 436 million *(2023)* |
| Operating income | USD (12.5 million) *(2023)* |
| Net income | USD (9.8 million) *(2023)* |
| Members | Over 114,000 *(2023)* |
| Number of employees | ~ 1,800 *(2023)* |
| Website | Official website |
| **Footnotes / references**<br>Financials as of December 31, 2023. | |


title: Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers

abstract: Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

text:
# Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers

**Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃  ʁəbɛʁvilje\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

## Geography

The Commune along with another 70 communes shares part of a 47,681 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Forêts et étangs du Perche.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 69 |  |
| 1968 | 92 | +33.3% |
| 1975 | 103 | +12.0% |
| 1982 | 118 | +14.6% |
| 1990 | 161 | +36.4% |
| 1999 | 181 | +12.4% |
| 2008 | 220 | +21.5% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers | |
| Saint-Jean-de-RebervilliersSaint-Jean-de-Rebervilliers | |
| Coordinates: 48°36′44″N 1°15′06″E / 48.6122°N 1.2517°E / 48.6122; 1.2517 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Dreux |
| Canton | Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets |
| Intercommunality | CA Pays de Dreux |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Caroline Barré |
| Area**1** | 11.03 km2 (4.26 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 252 |
| Density | 23/km2 (59/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28341 /28170 |
| Elevation | 134–186 m (440–610 ft)
(avg. 190 m or 620 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Khmer

abstract: Khmer may refer to:

text:
# Khmer

**Khmer** may refer to:

## Cambodia

* *Srok Khmer* (lit. "Khmer land" or "Land of the Khmer(s)"), a colloquial exonym used to refer to Cambodia by Cambodians; see
*
* Khmer people, the ethnic group to which the great majority of Cambodians belong
* Khmer (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Khmer script
* Khmer architecture, the architecture of Cambodia
* Khmer cuisine, the dominant cuisine in Cambodia
* Khmer Empire, which ruled much of Indochina from the 9th to the 13th centuries
* Khmer Issarak, anti-French, Khmer nationalist political movement formed in 1945
* Khmer language, the language of the Khmers, also the official and national language of Cambodia
* Khmer nationalism, a form of nationalism founded in Cambodia
* Khmer Republic, the official name of Cambodia from 1970 to 1975
* Khmer Sâ (White Khmer), a pro-US force formed by the Khmer Republic's defence minister Sak Sutsakhan
* Khmer script, the script used to write the Khmer and Khmer Loeu languages
* Khmer Serei, anti-communist and anti-monarchist guerrilla force founded by Cambodian nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh
* Political terms coined by Norodom Sihanouk based on the word 'Khmer':
    + Khmer Bleu, Sihanouk's domestic opponents on the right
    + Khmer Rouge, a Cambodian Communist political group and guerrilla movement
    + Khmer Việt Minh, Cambodian communists who lived in exile in North Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference

## Other uses


title: Hellen Hedemann

abstract: Hellen Hedemann is a Danish politician and lawyer, who served as Lord Mayor of Copenhagen for two days from 25 October to 26 October 2004. In doing so, she became the Lord Mayor of Copenhagen from the Socialist People's Party, and controversially, the city's first female Lord Mayor. In 2005, the fact that her name was omitted from the official list of Lord Mayors of Copenhagen located in the antechamber of the Copenhagen City Hall drew criticism. She was also a member and deputy chairwoman of the Copenhagen City Council from 1998 to 2005.

text:
# Hellen Hedemann

**Hellen Hedemann** (born 25 May 1953, in Tranebjerg) is a Danish politician and lawyer, who served as Lord Mayor of Copenhagen for two days from 25 October to 26 October 2004. In doing so, she became the Lord Mayor of Copenhagen from the Socialist People's Party, and controversially, the city's first female Lord Mayor. In 2005, the fact that her name was omitted from the official list of Lord Mayors of Copenhagen located in the antechamber of the Copenhagen City Hall drew criticism. She was also a member and deputy chairwoman of the Copenhagen City Council from 1998 to 2005.


abstract: The first series of Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker started on 21 October 2021 and aired for eight episodes concluding on 25 November 2021. The series was hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park.

text:
# Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker series 1

The first series of ***Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker*** started on 21 October 2021 and aired for eight episodes concluding on 25 November 2021. The series was hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park.

## Woodworkers

| Woodworker | Age | Occupation | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Billy |  | Builder & novice carpenter | Lancashire |
| Chantal |  | Artist & teacher | Midlands |
| Charlie |  | Furniture maker | Edinburgh |
| Jade |  | Furniture maker/set builder | Paris |
| Joe |  | YouTuber | Wolverhampton |
| Michelle |  | Retired | Essex |
| Misti |  | Sculptor | Ludlow |
| Radha |  | Junior cabinet maker | Watford |
| Tim |  | Bike mechanic | London |
|

## Results and eliminations

| Elimination chart | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Woodworker | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Misti | IMMUNITY |  | | WINNER | WINNER | WINNER |
| Charlie |  | WINNER | IMMUNITY |  | | RUNNER-UP |
| Radha | WINNER |  | | IMMUNITY | IMMUNITY | RUNNER-UP |
| Billy |  | IMMUNITY |  | | OUT |  |
| Joe |  | | WINNER | OUT |  | |
| Jade |  | | OUT |  | | |
| Michelle |  | | OUT |  | | |
| Tim |  | OUT |  | | | |
| Chantal | OUT |  | | | | |
|

**Colour key:**

Woodworker got through to the next round.   Woodworker was eliminated.   Woodworker won immunity from elimination.   Woodworker of the week.   Woodworker was a series runner-up.   Woodworker was the series winner.

## Episodes

Woodworker eliminated   Woodworker of the week   Woodworker won immunity   Winner

### Episode 1

Mel Giedroyc welcomes nine passionate enthusiast woodworkers to the workshop, where they are challenged to build a bed of dreams in just two days.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Bed) | Skills Test
(Printing Block) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Billy | Arched Framed Bed |  |
| Chantal | Sleeper Bed |  |
| Charlie | Living Tree Bed |  |
| Jade | Four Poster Bed |  |
| Joe | Space Age Bed |  |
| Michelle | Six Poster Bed |  |
| Misti | Gothic Bed | IMMUNITY |
| Radha | Japanese Low Bed |  |
| Tim | Boat-shaped Bed |  |
|

### Episode 2

The Big Build challenge this week is to build a doll's house. With just 2 days to build what would normally take weeks, the pressure is on.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Doll's House) | Skills Test
(Impossible Dovetail Joint) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Billy | Rustic Farm House | IMMUNITY |
| Charlie | Lighthouse |  |
| Jade | Arches Doll's House |  |
| Joe | Modernist Doll's House |  |
| Michelle | Chalet-style Doll's House |  |
| Misti | Medieval Castle |  |
| Radha | Indian Palace |  |
| Tim | Transformable Doll's House |  |
|

### Episode 3

The woodworkers must bend and build their way to create chairs that could become design classics - and they have just two days to do it. Plus, the judges have a nasty surprise up their sleeves with a double elimination.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Bespoke Chair) | Skills Test
(Whittled Teaspoons) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Billy | Steam-bent Chair |  |
| Charlie | Minimalist Cube Chair | IMMUNITY |
| Jade | Deck Chair |  |
| Joe | Modernist Plywood Chair |  |
| Michelle | Chair of Correction |  |
| Misti | Regal Tub Chair |  |
| Radha | Minimalist Rocking Chair |  |
|

### Episode 4

The five remaining woodworkers take on animal sculptures. They must chainsaw and carve their way through this colossal big build and unleash their inner beasts as they attempt to uncover the animal within the wood in just 2 days.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Animal Sculpture) | Skills Test
(Pole Lathe-turned Candlestick) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Billy | Oak Lion |  |
| Charlie | Oak Snail |  |
| Joe | Oak Boxer Dog |  |
| Misti | Blackened Oak Zebra |  |
| Radha | Peacock on a Log | IMMUNITY |
|

### Episode 5: Semi-Final

In the semi-final, the remaining woodworkers are asked to make a drinks cabinet inspired by a particular decade - the ultimate test of joinery, craftsmanship and design.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Drinks Cabinet) | Skills Test
(Lathe Lampshade) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Billy | Art Deco Drinks Cabinet |  |
| Charlie | Art Deco Drinks Cabinet |  |
| Misti | Memphis Style Drinks Cabinet |  |
| Radha | Georgian-inspired Drinks Cabinet | IMMUNITY |
|

### Episode 6: Final

The three remaining woodworkers tackle their biggest build yet - towering garden buildings - in a bid to impress judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch, and be crowned Britain's best woodworker.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Garden Building) | Skills Test
(Marquetry) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Charlie | Hexagonal Potting Shed |  |
| Misti | Geometric Garden Lounge |  |
| Radha | Outdoor Meditation Room |  |
|

## InfoBox

| *Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 | |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 21 October (2021-10-21)
25 November 2021 (2021-11-25) |
| Series chronology | |


title: United We Fall

abstract: "United We Fall" is word play on the motto "united we stand, divided we fall". United We Fall may also refer to:

text:
# United We Fall

**"United We Fall"** is word play on the motto "united we stand, divided we fall".

**United We Fall** may also refer to:

## Music

* *United We Fall* (album), a 2005 album by Canadian hip hop group Sweatshop Union
* "United We Fall", a song on the *Torment* album by Zoogz Rift
* "United We Fall", a song on the *End of Disclosure* album by Swedish death metal band Hypocrisy
* "United We Fall", a song on the *Revolt* album by The Dreams
* "United We Fall", a song written by Mick Moss

## Film and television

## Literature


title: Polistes fastidiosus

abstract: Polistes fastidiosus is a species of paper wasp from Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Ivory Coast; Benin; Nigeria; Zaire; Sudan; Somalia; Saudi Arabia; Yemen; Kenya; Tanzania, including Zanzibar; Zambia; Mozambique; South Africa: Transvaal, Cape Prov.

text:
# Polistes fastidiosus

***Polistes fastidiosus***  is a species of paper wasp from Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Ivory Coast; Benin; Nigeria; Zaire; Sudan; Somalia; Saudi Arabia; Yemen; Kenya; Tanzania, including Zanzibar; Zambia; Mozambique; South Africa: Transvaal, Cape Prov.

## InfoBox

| *Polistes fastidiosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae |
| Genus: | *Polistes* |
| Species: | ***P. fastidiosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polistes fastidiosus***<br>Saussure, 1853 | |
|