title: Timeline of Chilean history

abstract: This is a timeline of Chilean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.

text:
# Timeline of Chilean history

This is a **timeline of Chilean history**, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.

## Pre-Columbian Chile

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *c*. 16500 BC |  | Settlement of Monte Verde, the "earliest known human settlement in the Americas". |
| *c*. 5050 BC |  | Chinchorro culture practices funerary mummification, the first known example of this practice in the world. |
| *c*. 1000–1150 |  | Tiwanaku Empire collapses ushering migratory and societal changes that reach as far south as Araucanía. |
| 1300–1399 |  | Possible date for a Cunco-Huilliche migration to Chiloé Island. Chonos were possibly displaced further such to places like Guaitecas Archipelago. |
| 1420 | September 1 | a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan. |
| 1471–1493 | Unknown | At some point in this time interval the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches may have occurred. |

## 16th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1502 |  | The Inca Emperor Túpac Yupanqui reached Itata River |
| 1513 | 25 September | Vasco Núñez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World; he calls it Mar del Sur. |
| 1520 | October - November | Explorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition finds the passage now known as the Strait of Magellan. In the process, they become the first Europeans to describe Chilean Patagonia and its inhabitants. |
| 1532 |  | Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru from Panamá. He begins the Conquest of the Inca Empire and captures Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca. |
| | Unknown | A possible date for the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches. |
| 1535 | July - December | Spanish Conquistador Diego de Almagro begins his expedition to the lands south of Peru through the eastern side of the Andes Mountains. |
| 1536 | March - May | Almagro's expedition crosses the Andes into the Copiapó River valley and explores the central region of Chile as far south as the Aconcagua River valley. |
| | Winter of 1536 | Almagro sends an expedition under :es:Gómez de Alvarado southwards toward the Bio-Bio region. The expedition ends at the Battle of Reynogüelén, near the Itata River, being considered the first battle between Spaniards and Mapuches. |
| 1541 | 12 February | Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now known as Santiago. |
| | 25 April | es:Lucas Martínez Vegaso founds Villa San Marcos de Arica, now known as Arica. |
| | 11 September | An uprising led by toqui Michimalonco attacks fledgling Santiago in an attempt to drive out the Spanish. Key actions undertaken by Inés de Suárez, the first Spanish woman to set foot in Chile, are attributed with avoiding the complete destruction of the outnumbered settlement. |
| 1544 | September 4 | es:Juan Bohón founds Villanueva de la Serena, now known as La Serena. |
| 1545 |  | Foundation of the port of Arica. The port becomes a key staging point between the mines of Potosí in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) and Lima. |
| 1546 |  | Mapuche child Lautaro is captured by the Spanish and made a yanacona. Eventually, Lautaro becomes personal page of Pedro de Valdivia. |
| 1550 | 5 October | Pedro de Valdivia founds Concepción del Nuevo Extremo, now known as Concepción. |
| 1552 | February 9 | Founding of Valdivia. |
| | Winter of 1552 | Lautaro, after six years' imprisonment by the Spanish, escapes. He then teaches his people European warfare, including riding horses. |
| 1553 | December 25 | Battle of Tucapel: Mapuches led by Lautaro defeat the Spanish at the ruins of Tucapel capturing Pedro de Valdivia who is then executed. A general Mapuche uprising develops under Lautaro. |
| 1557 | April 30 | Battle of Mataquito: A Spanish force led by Francisco de Villagra defeats the forces of Lautaro, killing him amidst the battle. Caupolicán assumes the role of Mapuche toqui (wartime chief). |
| 1558 |  | Caupolicán is captured and executed by impalement. |
| | 27 March | Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza founds San Mateo de Osorno, now known as Osorno. |
| 1564 | April | Concepción is unsuccessfully besieged by native Mapuches. |
| 1565 | August 27 | The King of Spain decrees the creation of Real Audiencia in Concepción. |
| 1567 | 12 February | Chiloé Archipelago is claimed by Spain. Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Castro on the main island; the southernmost European settlement at that time. |
| | August 5 | Real Audiencia in Concepción starts its functions. The Audiencia is abolished in 1575. |
| 1570 | February 8 | Concepción is struck by an earthquake. |
| 1574 | November 22 | Spanish captain Juan Fernández discovers the Juan Fernández Islands. |
| 1575 | December 16 | Earthquake in Valdivia causes extensive damage in Valdivia and surrounding cities of Villarrica, Osorno, and Castro. As in the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Riñihue Lake dams. |
| 1576 | April | The dam of San Pedro River burst flooding many settlements downstream including Valdivia. |
| 1578 | December | Francis Drake attacks the coast of Chile during his circumnavigation of the earth; La Serena and Valparaíso are plundered. |
| 1580 | June 26 | Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Chillán. |
| 1584 | 5 February | Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds the settlement Nombre de Jesús on the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan. |
| | March 25 | Gamboa founds the settlement Rey Don Felipe in the Strait of Magellan. By 1587 both settlements lay in ruins, leading English pirate Thomas Cavendish to dub Rey Don Felipe as Port Famine. |
| 1598 | December 23 | Battle of Curalaba: Governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola killed in a Mapuche ambush. |
| 1599 |  | The Real Situado, an annual payment of silver from Potosí to Chile, is established. |

## 17th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1600 | February 16 | Huaynaputina begins its catastrophic eruption. |
| | April 19 | In the Battle of Castro a Spanish force defeat and expel Huilliche rebels and Dutch corsairs from Castro. |
| 1602 |  | General uprising of the Mapuches under Pelantaro. All cities south of the Bío-Bío River are demolished, in what is now called *Destruction of the Seven Cities*. |
| 1604 |  | A fort established in 1602 at the ruins of Valdivia is abandoned. |
| 1608 |  | Jesuits establishes themselves in Chiloé Archipelago. |
| 1612 |  | Beginning of the Defensive War phase (promoted by Luis de Valdivia) in the Arauco War. |
| 1613 |  | Jesuits from Chiloé reach Guayaneco Archipelago for the first time. |
| 1639 |  | The alcabala is reestablished after it had been suspended since the Disaster of Curalaba in 1598. |
| 1640 |  | Llaima begins an eruption. |
| 1641 | January 6 | The first Parliament of Quillín is held. |
| |  | The first large shipment of *Fitzroya* wood leaves Chiloé Archipelago. |
| 1643 | May 20 | A Dutch expedition led by plunders Carelmapu and Castro soon after. Governor of Chiloé Andrés Herrera dies in battle and is replaced by Fernando de Alvarado. |
| | August 28 | The Dutch, now led by Elias Herckmans, establish a base at the ruins of Valdivia. |
| | October 28 | The Dutch retreat from Valdivia to Constantino Island and then to Dutch Brazil. |
| 1644 | April 30 | Captain Juan de Acevedo departs to investigate about the Dutch presence in Valdivia, entering the site of the ruins and finding they have left. |
| 1645 |  | Repopulation of Valdivia and construction of the Valdivian Fort System. Valdivia comes under direct rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru. |
| 1647 | May 13 | Santiago is struck by a devastating earthquake. |
| 1651 | January 24 | The Parliament of Boroa is held. |
| | March 21 | Spanish ship *San José* with provisions aimed for Valdivia wrecks of the coast south of Valdivia. Its surviving crew is killed by local Cuncos. |
| 1654 | January 11 | A Spanish army led by Juan de Salazar is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile. |
| 1655 | February 14 | Mapuches launch a general insurrection creating turmoil as far north as Maule River, far beyond the ordinary frontier. |
| 1656 | January 20 | New governor Pedro Porter Casanate defeat a Mapuche army at the battle of Conuco. |
| 1660 |  | Military leader Alejo is murdered by his two wives. |
| 1664 |  | The Viceroalty of Peru estimates 30,000 to 42,000 Spaniards to have died in Chile of which half would have died by the direct consequences of the Arauco War. |
| 1667 |  | Governor Francisco de Meneses is destituted after accusations of immorality against him. |
| 1670 | December 31 | The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish. |
| 1671 | January | The Parliament of Malloco is held. |
| 1672 |  | Jesuits established in Chiloé founds the Mission of Nahuel Huapi across the Andes. |
| 1674 | November 30 | Bartolomé Gallardo's expedition reaches the mouth of San Tadeo River after crossing the isthmus of Ofqui. |
| 1675 | November 28 | The Antonio de Vea expedition departs from Chiloé to explore the fjords and channels of Patagonia. |
| 1676 | January 26 | The Antonio de Vea expedition returns to the shipyard of Chiloé. |
| | February 17 | Sixteen expeditionaries are seen for the last time while attempting to reach Evangelistas Islets. |
| 1680 | December 13 | Bartholomew Sharp destroys and pillages La Serena. |
| 1681 |  | By royal decree, the Atacama desert is declared to be the border between the Captain-Generalship of Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru. |
| 1684 |  | Valdivia's original site, downtown of modern Valdivia is repopulated. |
| 1687 | October 20 | Peru is struck by a major earthquake and stem rust plague. These events marks the beginning of an era of Chilean wheat exports to Peru. |

## 18th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1709 |  | Alexander Selkirk, the inspiration for Defoe's *Robinson Crusoe*, is rescued from the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago. |
| 1712 | 10 February | A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the Chiloé Archipelago. |
| 1717 |  | The Jesuit mission at Nahuel Huapi Lake is destroyed. |
| 1722 | 5 April | Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is discovered by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen. |
| 1723 |  | After 30 years of peace, the War of Arauco resumes with a Mapuche uprising. |
| 1726 |  | A Mapuche-Spanish peace treaty is signed at a parliament in Negrete. |
| 1737 | December 24 | A violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami strike Valdivia and Chiloé. |
| 1740 |  | Valdivia is reincorporated as part of the Captaincy General of Chile. |
| 1741 |  | HMS *Wager* is wrecked off the coast of Western Patagonia. |
| 1742 |  | Martín Olleta rescue the survivors of HMS *Wager* and hands them over to Spanish authorities. |
| 1749 |  | A fort and prison is established on Robinson Crusoe Island of Juan Fernández Archipelago. |
| 1751 | 25 May | A violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami completely destroy the city of Concepción. The earthquake causes severe destruction to cities as far away as Talca. |
| 1759 | January 27 | Cuncos and Huilliches defeat a Spanish expedition aiming to build a fort on Bueno River. |
| 1766 | December 25 | The Arauco War resumes with a large Mapuche uprising. |
| 1767 | February | An agreement between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1766–1767. |
| | August 26 | Jesuits all over Chile are arrested as the Spanish Empire suppresses the Society of Jesus. |
| 1768 | August 20 | Ancud is founded. Chiloé becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. |
| 1769 |  | Pehuenches attack Spanish settlements in Isla del Laja. |
| 1771 |  | The Franciscan order assumes the religious functions of the Jesuits in Chiloé. |
| | October | Jesuit properties in Chile begin to be auctioned. |
| 1776 |  | The territories of Cuyo, previously governed as part of Chile, become part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. (*See History of Argentina.*) |
| 1778 |  | Direct commerce between Chile and Spain is allowed. |
| 1788 | May | Ambrosio O'Higgins, father of future Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins, is named governor of Chile. |
| |  | Caicumeo, a road across forests and swamps that connects Castro with Ancud is opened. |
| 1784 |  | La Moneda Palace begins construction in Santiago. |
| 1789 |  | Start of the French Revolution, which affected Europe and the Americas with its ideas. |
| 1792 |  | A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the surroundings of Río Bueno. |
| 1793 |  | The parliaments of *Negrete* and *Las Canoas* between Spanish and native Mapuche and Huilliche are celebrated. The native chiefs accept the Spanish king as their de jure sovereign, but their own independence is also confirmed. |
| 1796 | 13 January | Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins officially begins the repopulation of Osorno atop the city ruins discovered in 1792. The city had previously been destroyed by the indigenous mapuche in 1602. |

## 19th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1805 |  | Rafael de Sobremonte, the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, sends the first smallpox vaccines to Santiago and Lima. Friar es:Pedro Manuel Chaparro administers the vaccine throughout Santiago. |
| 1807 | December | The South American branch, under Manuel Julián Grajales, of the Real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition) reaches Santiago. Grajales proceeds to organize the Junta Central de Vacuna (Central Vaccine Board) to reinforce the smallpox immunization efforts of 1805. |
| 1808 |  | Francisco Antonio García Carrasco is the unpopular Governor of Chile. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII is imprisoned by Napoleon during his invasion of Spain. |
| 1810 |  | Imitating the *juntista* movement of the rest of Latin America, the criollos (people of Spanish ancestry, but not born in Spain) of Santiago de Chile proclaim a governing Junta. |
| 1811 | April 1 | Tomás de Figueroa leads a failed a mutiny to restore colonial order in Santiago. |
| | September 4 | José Miguel Carrera leads a successful coup d'état in Chile. |
| | October 7 | Near Vallenar the silver deposit of Agua Amarga is discovered. |
| | December 2 | The congress of Chile is dissolved and José Miguel Carrera initiates a dictatorship. |
| 1812 |  | Hostilities begin between the *moderados*, led by Bernardo O'Higgins, and the *exaltados*, led by Carrera. Carrera institutes the first Chilean national symbols (flag, coat of arms, and national anthem), and Fray Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the *Aurora de Chile*, the first Chilean newspaper. The Chilean Constitution of 1812 comes into effect. Founding of the Logia Lautaro. |
| 1813 |  | The Spanish send military expeditions (under Antonio Pareja and Gabino Gaínza) from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In the ensuing battles O'Higgins rises to be seen as a figure of great stature, overshadowing the continually less popular Carrera, who ultimately resigns. Francisco de la Lastra becomes Supreme Director. |
| 1814 |  | The "Disaster of Rancagua". Mariano Osorio, in command of a third Spanish expedition, defeats O'Higgins (October 1  ). Osorio reconquers Santiago for Spain. Exodus of Chilean patriots to Mendoza, Argentina, where they receive the support of José de San Martín. Those patriots who remain in Chile are captured by the Spaniards are deported to the Juan Fernández Islands. Osorio is confirmed Governor of Chile by the Viceroy Fernando de Abascal of Peru. The *talaveras*, under the command of San Bruno, install a regime of terror extending to those merely suspected of sympathy for the Chilean cause. |
| 1815 |  | Guerrilla resistance against the Spanish begins, led by Manuel Rodríguez Erdoiza, and other spies such as Justo Estay. Increasing enmity between Osorio and Abascal leads Abascal to replace Osorio with Casimiro Marcó del Pont. |
| 1817 |  | Battle of Chacabuco. José de San Martín and O'Higgins defeat Rafael Maroto, reconquering Santiago. Captain San Bruno, hated chief of the *talaveras*, is captured and  less than 24 hours later  executed by firing squad. O'Higgins becomes dictator. |
| 1818 |  | O'Higgins signs the Chilean Declaration of Independence (February 12). Shortly afterwards, in the Battle of Maipú, O'Higgins defeats a new military expedition led by Mariano Osorio, and Chile definitively obtains independence from Spain (April 5). The rivalry between O'Higgins and Manuel Rodríguez ends with the ambush and assassination of the latter in Tiltil. The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Argentina. |
| 1820 |  | Valdivia is captured by Lord Cochrane who commands the Chilean navy. The Freedom Expedition of Perú is organised by the government of Chile, and manages to free some parts of Peru from Spanish rule. |
| 1821 |  | José Miguel Carrera arrested as a *montonero* (mounted rebel/bandit) in Argentina, and executed in Mendoza. |
| 1822 |  | The Chilean Constitution of 1822 comes into effect. |
| 1823 |  | Ramón Freire leads a military expedition from Concepción to Santiago and forces O'Higgins to resign. He goes into exile in Peru, where he dies in 1842. Freire assumes power. |
| 1825 |  | Taking advantage of the un-surveyed border, and ignoring the royal decree of 1681 and the principal *uti possidetis*, Simón Bolívar grants the port of Cobija to Bolivia. This gives Bolivia an outlet to the sea between Chile and Peru, which it will retain until the War of the Pacific. |
| 1826 |  | Freire incorporates Chiloé, the last area under Spanish control, into Chile. He later resigns, initiating an interregnum known as The Anarchy. First attempt in Chile of federal (as against centralized) government, led by the first president of Chile Manuel Blanco Encalada, and the federalist José Miguel Infante. |
| 1828 |  | Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes power after the resignation of Encalada and his predecessors. Chilean Constitution of 1828. |
| 1829 |  | Chilean Civil War of 1829. After several battles, Joaquín Prieto defeats Ramón Freire in the Battle of Lircay. |
| 1830 |  | Diego Portales begins to remodel Chilean institutions, converting the country into an authoritarian republic. |
| 1831 |  | José Joaquín Prieto becomes president of Chile. He will serve two consecutive five-year terms. With him, the so-called *decenios* (decade-long reigns) begin, which continue until 1871. This 30-year Conservative Party hegemony is sometimes referred to as the Authoritarian Republic. |
| 1832 |  | Discovery of mineral deposits in Chañarcillo, and the beginning of the rise of silver in what was then el Norte Chico and now constitutes the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The mining fortunes constitute an important source of power in the following decades. |
| 1833 |  | Chilean Constitution of 1833. "Portalian"  that is, inspired by Diego Portales  definitively fixed Chilean institutions. |
| 1834 |  | Charles Darwin lands at Valparaíso, during the second voyage of HMS *Beagle*. He also visits Santiago. |
| 1835 |  | Southern Chile is affected by the worst earthquake for several decades on 20 February, an event witnessed by Charles Darwin. Darwin visits Valdivia, Concepción and Mendoza. |
| 1836 |  | Diego Portales declares the war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. |
| 1837 |  | Diego Portales is assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Quillota. A Chilean military expedition debarks in Perú, beginning the War of the Confederation. |
| | November 17 | An earthquake strikes Valdivia and Chiloé. The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck Hawaii, what is now French Polynesia and Japan. |
| 1839 |  | Battle of Yungay and defeat of the Confederation. |
| 1840 |  | The Vatican acknowledges the Independence of Chile |
| 1841 |  | Manuel Bulnes, victorious marshal of the Battle of Yungay, elected president of Chile. |
| 1843 | September 17 | The University of Chile is founded. |
| | September 21 | The crew of *Ancud* takes formal possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of Chile. |
| 1844 |  | Spain recognizes the Independence of Chile |
| 1848 |  | Founding of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan |
| 1851 |  | José María de la Cruz revolts in the southern provinces of Chile. Bulnes crushes the revolutionary attempt and signs the treaty of *Purapel* with the revolutionaries. Manuel Montt becomes the third of the *decenal* presidents. |
| | November 17 | Mutiny of Cambiazo: Mutineers led by José Miguel Cambiazo ravages the nascent settlement of Punta Arenas. |
| 1853 | 12 February | The city of Puerto Montt is founded. |
| 1856 |  | The Dispute of Sacristán (*"Cuestión del Sacristán"*). An apparently trivial question of ecclesiastical discipline divides the Conservative Party into secular and ultra-Catholic factions, which lays the ground for their political defeat in the elections of 1861. |
| 1857 |  | The Civil Code of Chile comes into effect; it will become a model for Latin American legal codes down to the present day. |
| 1859 |  | Chilean Revolution of 1859. Pedro León Gallo, radical revolutionary of Copiapó, and others are defeated by the government forces. However, as a consequence, Antonio Varas renounces to his candidature. |
| 1861 |  | José Joaquín Pérez of the Liberal Party elected president. His party will retain power until the Chilean Revolution of 1891. |
| 1863 |  | A French adventurer proclaims himself Orélie Antoine I, King of Araucanía. After a short time he is arrested by the Chileans and deported in the pacification of Araucanía. |
| 1866 |  | Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia at war with Spain. The port of Valparaíso is bombed by the Spanish. A treaty of limits (borders) of 1866 is signed with Bolivia. |
| 1871 |  | A constitutional reform prohibits re-election, resulting in the end of the *decenios*. Governments of five years duration persist until 1925, except for the premature death of Pedro Montt in 1910. |
| 1874 |  | Another treaty of limits is signed with Bolivia due to political tensions. |
| 1879 |  | The War of the Pacific begins with Chilean troops occupying the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Bolivia's ally Peru attempts to mediate, but Chile refuses to negotiate and Peru enters the war on the side of Bolivia. Chile captures the provinces of Antofagasta from Bolivia and Tarapacá from Peru. |
| 1880 |  | The United States attempts to mediate in the Lackawanna Conference, but both sides refuse to negotiate. |
| 1881 |  | Chilean troops occupy Lima, the capital of Perú. Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. |
| 1883 |  | The Treaty of Ancón is signed with Perú to end the war, but hostilities with Bolivia continue. Law of Civil Matrimony adopted. This secularization was fiercely resisted by the Roman Catholic Church. The "Pacification of Araucanía" ends, and according to some historians this concludes the long-running War of Arauco. |
| 1884 |  | The War of the Pacific ends with the signing of a truce with Bolivia. Chile's territorial gains allow the mining of saltpeter in the conquered regions, leading to great national prosperity for Chile. Treaty called "Pacto de Tregua". |
| 1888 | June 21 | The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is established. |
| | September 9 | Policarpo Toro ahead of a naval expedition takes possession of Easter Island. |
| | November | The pirate Pedro Ñancúpel is executed in Castro. |
| 1890 |  | The Malleco Viaduct is opened and railway traffic expands further south during the following decades. |
| 1891 |  | 1891 Chilean Civil War. The constitutional president José Manuel Balmaceda is overthrown by troops favorable to the National Congress. The beginning of "Parliamentarism". |
| 1895 |  | Easter Island is rented to Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua. |

## 20th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1903 | March 20 | The first auction of sheep farming lands in the Magallanes Territory takes place. |
| 1905 | October 22 | The Meat riot in Santiago begins. The workers revolt against the central government due to an increase in the cost of living, including the price of meat. The government responds sending in the army. Two days of riots follow, during which hundreds of civilians are killed in street fighting. |
| 1907 |  | Massacre of the Escuela Santa María de Iquique; soldiers fire on saltpeter workers and their unarmed associates. It will be years before the workers, terrorized by the brutal repression, resume the struggle for their rights. |
| 1910 |  | Centenary of Chilean independence. Celebrations are darkened by the death of President Pedro Montt, the only president between 1831 and 1925 did not serve for a full five-year term. |
| 1912 | October 21 | 15 Mapuche-Huilliche are killed by Chilean police in the Forrahue massacre near Osorno. |
| 1914 | 15 August | The Panama Canal opens; with Atlantic–Pacific shipping redirected to the new canal, the formerly crucial port of Valparaíso enters an economic decline. |
| | 1 November | First World War: A German naval squadron decisively defeats a British squadron at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Chile. |
| 1920 |  | Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected president, indicating a rise to power by the Chilean middle classes. |
| 1924 |  | Chile's first income tax is levied. |
| 1925 |  | After intense political agitation the Chilean Constitution of 1925 is adopted, only slightly less authoritarian than that of 1833. The *Impuesto Global Complementario*, a graduated income tax, is introduced. |
| 1927 |  | In a bloodless coup, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo takes the presidency by force during great political instability. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931. The corps of *Carabineros*  paramilitary police  is founded. |
| 1928 | 1 December | A magnitude 7.7 Mw earthquake strikes Talca. |
| 1929 |  | The crash of 1929 begins to affect the Chilean economy. The World Economic Survey of the League of Nations estimated that Chile was the worst affected nation by the Great Depression. |
| 1930 | 21 March | Fuerza Aérea de Chile (Chilean Air Force) founded. |
| 1931 |  | The deep economic crisis obliges Ibáñez del Campo to step down. A series of civilian governments and military juntas follows, some of which last no more than a few days. |
| 1932 |  | The period of political anarchy ends with the return to power of Arturo Alessandri Palma. |
| 1934 |  | Women obtain the legal right to vote in municipal elections. |
| 1938 |  | Massacre of Seguro Obrero: the Carabineros execute members of the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile (*Nacistas*), after the fascists attempted to oust the government in a coup d'état. |
| 1939 |  | The Radical Party gains power, which they will retain until 1952. |
| 1940 |  | President Pedro Aguirre Cerda registers the first Chilean claims in Antarctica. |
| 1945 |  | Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. |
| 1946 |  | Gabriel González Videla becomes president, backed by a broad alliance of parties, including the Radicals and Communists. Once in power, he accedes to pressure from the United States and promulgates the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy, also known as the *Ley Maldita* ("accursed law"). The law outlawed his former allies the Communists, some of whom were placed in concentration camps in Pisagua. Poet Pablo Neruda is hounded into exile. |
| 1949 |  | Women obtain the legal right to vote in both presidential and parliamentary elections. |
| | 6 August | First publication of Condorito comic in :es:Okey magazine. |
| 1952 |  | Carlos Ibáñez del Campo returns to the presidency, this time via the ballot box, ending the era of the Radical Party. |
| 1958 |  | Argentine forces destroy a Chilean lighthouse during the Snipe incident. |
| 1960 | February | First instance of the yearly Viña del Mar International Song Festival is organized. |
| | 22 May | The magnitude 9.5 Mw Great Chilean earthquake, the most intense earthquake ever recorded, hits offshore near Valdivia. The earthquake generated a tsunami which spread across the Pacific Ocean, affecting Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and New Zealand, among many. |
| 1962 | 30 May - 17 June | Chile hosts the FIFA World Cup football competition. The Chile national football team comes in 3rd; its highest ever placement in the competition. |
| 1964 |  | Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva becomes president, proclaiming the so-called "Revolution in Liberty". His election campaign was largely (and secretly) funded by the CIA, an intelligence agency of the United States. |
| 1970 | 4 September | Salvador Allende is elected president; the first democratic election of a Marxist politician. The election campaign was highly polarised and subject to covert interference by foreign intelligence agencies (the CIA and KGB). Allende's socialist and Marxist orientation greatly displeased the government of the United States which directed resources to "prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him". |
| | 25 October | Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army René Schneider is assassinated in Santiago in an alleged kidnapping attempt. The group responsible received material support prior to and after the crime from the CIA. |
| 1971 |  | Poet Pablo Neruda receives Nobel Prize for Literature. |
| 1973 |  | The armed forces, *carabineros*, and others stage a violent coup by overthrowing Allende, who dies in the course of the coup. Some historians believe that the coup was supported or encouraged by the CIA. In the aftermath, Augusto Pinochet establishes himself as the head of a military junta. The subsequent repression of leftists and other opponents of the military regime results in approximately 130,000 arrests and at least 2,000 dead or "disappeared" over the next 17 years. |
| 1977 |  | Beagle conflict: The binding Beagle Channel Arbitration awards the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands to Chile. |
| 1978 |  | Beagle conflict: Argentina refuses to abide by the judgement and invades Chile in Operation Soberania. Argentine forces withdraw before any combat occurs. |
| 1980 |  | The military government promulgates the Chilean Constitution of 1980, which is adopted by plebiscite. Economic policy begins to be significantly influenced by the ideas of the Chicago School and of Neoliberalism. The United States oblige President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos to cancel a scheduled visit by President Pinochet to the Philippines. |
| 1982 |  | Chile provides non-combat support for British armed forces during the Falkland War. |
| 1984 |  | Beagle conflict: Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina is signed. |
| 1988 |  | Pinochet loses a plebiscite mandated by the constitution, which triggers elections the following year. |
| 1990 |  | Patricio Aylwin takes office as president after democratic elections. The Chilean transition to democracy begins. |
| 1991 | June 18 | More than 90 people die in Antofagasta and Taltal as result of mudflows generated by unusual rainfall in the Atacama Desert. |
| | June 21 | The volcano Mount Hudson erupts, in one of the world's largest volcanic eruptions of the twentieth century. |
| 1994 |  | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected president. |
| 1998 |  | During a visit to London for medical reasons, Augusto Pinochet is arrested in accord with the orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, beginning an international struggle between his supporters and detractors. He returns to Chile the following year, and the charges against him are later thrown out on the basis of his mental state. Chile suffers greatly from a world economic crisis, resulting in years of inflation and unemployment. |
| 2000 |  | In the second round of voting, in a tight contest with right wing candidate Joaquín Lavín, Ricardo Lagos Escobar is elected president. |

## 21st century

| Year | Date | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 |  | Chile Promotes the death penalty for ordinary crimes. |
| | 30 November | Eduardo Miño commits suicide by self-immolation in protest to government neglect of Pizarreño's asbestos victims. |
| 2002 |  | Christianity was introduced to thousands of locals. |
| 2004 |  | The Supreme Court of Chile declares that Augusto Pinochet is mentally competent to stand trial. |
| 2005 |  | The Pinochet trial continues. The presidential election of December 11 puts Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera into a second round. |
|  | March 17 | Death of Gavin King (Famous Explorer) |
| 2006 | December 10 | Augusto Pinochet dies. |
| 2007 | April 5 | Chile Helps Fund a Christian school in Austin,TX |
| 2010 | 27 February | 2010 Chile earthquake. |
| | 11 March | Sebastián Piñera assumed office as President of Chile. |
| | 5 August – 13 October | Copiapó mining accident. |
| 2011 |  | 2011 student protests, and later massive protest claiming for better education and economic equality. |
| 2014 |  | Michelle Bachelet assumed office as President of Chile as the first woman to be reelected. |
| 2017 | July 16 | Snowfall in the capital Santiago. |

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Bibliography


title: Tilt (restaurant)

abstract: Tilt was a hamburger restaurant with multiple locations in Portland, Oregon, United States.

text:
# Tilt (restaurant)

**Tilt** was a hamburger restaurant with multiple locations in Portland, Oregon, United States.

## Description

Tilt's menu included burgers, sandwiches, house-made jalapeño tots, French fries, pies, and pie milkshakes. The Island Trucker burger had a beef patty with honey-cured ham, beer-battered onion rings, grilled pineapple, Swiss cheese, and teriyaki. The business also served biscuits and gravy with bacon and pork. The last word cocktail had gin, Chartreuse, and maraschino liqueur, and the Second Amendment had rum, Aperol, lemon, cinnamon, and bitters. The Peanut Butter, Cookies and Cream, Pie Milkshake had a full slice of pie blended into the drink. The family-operated business' motto was "handcrafted food, built for the American workforce".

The business operated in three locations. Fodor's called the Pearl District restaurant a "slightly snazzier but still informal outpost of a classic blue-collar burger joint in Portland's industrial Swan Island neighborhood." The guide book says, "On the right side of this cavernous order-at-the-counter space, there's a full bar as well as a coffee counter serving high-quality Ristretto Roasters espresso drinks. There's ample seating on the patio, a former loading dock." Lonely Planet said the restaurant next to the Burnside Skatepark was "committedly industrial-chic" with "raw-concrete pillars \[and\] shop-rags for napkins".

## History

Octavian and Brittany Jurj opened the original Tilt on Swan Island, in the Overlook neighborhood, in 2012.

In 2013, the restaurant announced plans to open a second location in the Pearl District. The restaurant opened in December.

The business announced plans for a third location in February 2014. Following a legal dispute and a year renovating the RJ Templeton Building, Tilt announced plans to instead open at the Yard, in the northeast Portland part of the Kerns neighborhood. The restaurant opened next to the Burnside Skatepark on August 13, 2018.

Tilt was featured on the fourth episode of the first season of the Food Network series *The Grill Dads*.

### Closure

The Swan Island restaurant was replaced by Tito's Taquitos.

The Pearl District location closed c.2020. Toro Mexican Kitchen opened in the space in 2023. Andi Prewitt of *Willamette Week* said Tilt's "dark, industrial aesthetics are gone".

## Reception

Fodor's recommended the Island Trucker. In 2014, Chris Onstad of the *Portland Mercury* said Tilt was "hugely successful".

## InfoBox

| Tilt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Exterior of the restaurant in the Pearl District, 2021 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Owner(s) | Octavian and Brittany Jurj |
| City | Portland |
| County | Multnomah |
| State | Oregon |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°33′34″N 122°42′08″W / 45.55940°N 122.70233°W / 45.55940; -122.70233 |
| Website | tiltitup.com |


title: Tim Söderlund

abstract: Tim Söderlund is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward for BK Mladá Boleslav of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in the fourth round of the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Söderlund previously played with Skellefteå AIK, Frölunda HC and Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

text:
# Tim Söderlund

**Tim Söderlund** (born 23 January 1998) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward for BK Mladá Boleslav of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in the fourth round (112th overall) of the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Söderlund previously played with Skellefteå AIK, Frölunda HC and Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

## Playing career

Born in Skellefteå, Sweden, Söderlund played junior hockey, with local team Skellefteå AIK. In 2011–12, he debuted at the under-16 level as a 14-year-old, playing three games in the J16 SM. The following season he dressed for 19 U-18 games playing for Clemensnäs HC, recording 3 goals and 8 assists. He also competed with a regional all-star team from Västerbotten in the annual TV-pucken, an under-15 national tournament, and notched one goal and one assists over eight games.

In 2013–14, Söderlund moved on to Luleå HF's J20 SuperElit team at 15 years old, appearing in 30 games. In 2013, Söderlund once again participated in the TV-pucken, playing for Norrbotten. He appeared in five games throughout the tournament and recorded 1 goal and 4 assists. After impressive performances in the J20 SuperElit, with both Skellefteå AIK and Luleå HF; Söderlund played 8 games in Sweden's top-flight SHL.

On 24 June 2017, Söderlund was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.

On 27 April 2018, Söderlund was signed by fellow SHL outfit, Frölunda HC. In the 2018–19 season, following 26 games with Frölunda where Söderlund scored 5 points, he returned to Skellefteå for the remainder of the campaign on 2 January 2019.

On 6 May 2019, Söderlund signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks.

Prior to the 2020–21 season, with the North America season delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Söderlund was loaned to Swedish second tiered club, Almtuna IS, on 2 September 2020.

On 12 July 2021, Söderlund was traded to the Edmonton Oilers, along with Duncan Keith, in exchange for Caleb Jones and a conditional third-round pick in 2022. In the 2021–22 season, Söderlund split time between the Oilers AHL and ECHL affiliates in the Bakersfield Condors and the Wichita Thunder. Unable to make an impact at the AHL level, Söderlund was placed on unconditional waivers by the Oilers and after clearing he opted to mutually terminate the remainder of his contract in order to return to Sweden on 22 January 2022. He immediately agreed to a contract for the remainder of the season with Djurgårdens IF of the SHL.

With Djurgårdens relegated to the HockeyAllsvenskan for the 2022–23 season, Söderlund continued with the club and registered 4 goals and 14 points through 29 regular season games. On 2 January 2023, Söderlund left Sweden in order to attain a bigger role, and joined Czech club, BK Mladá Boleslav of the ELH, for the remainder of the season.

## Personal life

Tim Söderlund has an older sister named Fanny and his parents names are Ted and Katarina.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2014–15 | Luleå HF | J20 | | 30 | 8 | 15 | 23 | 24 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | Skellefteå AIK | J20 | | 42 | 21 | 18 | 39 | 26 | | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Skellefteå AIK | J20 | | 6 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 2016–17 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 39 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017–18 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 43 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 6 | | 16 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| 2018–19 | Frölunda HC | SHL | | 26 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 29 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 22 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 4 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019–20 | Rockford IceHogs | AHL | | 29 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Indy Fuel | ECHL | | 7 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Almtuna IS | Allsv | | 23 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Rockford IceHogs | AHL | | 23 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Bakersfield Condors | AHL | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Wichita Thunder | ECHL | | 8 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Djurgårdens IF | SHL | | 21 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022–23 | Djurgårdens IF | Allsv | | 29 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 37 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| SHL totals | | | | 159 | 24 | 24 | 48 | 65 | | 23 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 |

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Sweden | | |
| Ice hockey | | |
| World Junior Championships | | |
|  | 2018 United States |  |
| World U18 Championships | | |
|  | 2016 United States |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Sweden | U18 |  | | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| 2017 | Sweden | WJC | 4th | | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2018 | Sweden | WJC |  | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 21 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 12 |

## InfoBox

| Tim Söderlund | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Söderlund with Skellefteå AIK in 2016 | | | |
| Born | (1998-01-23) 23 January 1998
Skellefteå, Sweden | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 163 lb (74 kg; 11 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| ELH team
Former teams | *BK Mladá Boleslav*
Skellefteå AIK
Frölunda HC
Djurgårdens IF | | |
| NHL draft | 112th overall, 2017
Chicago Blackhawks | | |
| Playing career | 2015present | | |


title: Tin Wan Shan

abstract: Tin Wan Shan is a hill in southern Hong Kong.

text:
# Tin Wan Shan

**Tin Wan Shan** (Chinese: 田灣山) is a hill in southern Hong Kong.

## Geography

Tin Wan Shan is 252 metres (827 ft) in height and is north of the area of Tin Wan. The entire mountain is located inside Aberdeen Country Park.

1. "Aberdeen\_WahFu Map" (PDF). *Hong Kong Government Lands Dept*.
2. "Aberdeen". *www.afcd.gov.hk*. Retrieved 2020-03-30.

## InfoBox

| Tin Wan Shan | |
| --- | --- |
| 田灣山 | |
| Tin Wan Shan | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 252 m (827 ft) |
| Coordinates | 22°15′28″N 114°09′30″E / 22.2579°N 114.1583°E / 22.2579; 114.1583 |
| Geography | |
| Tin Wan ShanLocation of Tin Wan Shan in Hong Kong | |
| Location | Hong Kong |


title: Tinutuan

abstract: Tinutuan, also known as bubur manado or Manadonese porridge, is a specialty of the Manado cuisine and a popular breakfast food in the city of Manado and the surrounding province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

text:
# Tinutuan

**Tinutuan**, also known as ***bubur manado*** or **Manadonese porridge**, is a specialty of the Manado cuisine and a popular breakfast food in the city of Manado and the surrounding province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## Ingredients

Tinutuan is a congee made from rice, pumpkin, and sweet potato or cassava cooked up into a pulp. It is then mixed with corn kernels and various leafy vegetables such as *gedi* (*Abelmoschus manihot*), *kangkung* (water spinach), *kemangi* (lemon basil), *melinjo* (*Gnetum gnemon*), and *bayam* (amaranth). Finally, it is served with many toppings that may include fried shallots, fried tofu, spring onions, leeks, coriander, chili, and condiments like sambal, dabu-dabu, and a smoked or salted fish, usually skipjack tuna, anchovies, or *nike* (a small species of fish from nearby Lake Tondano).

## History

The etymology of the word *tinutuan* is unknown. The exact date when tinutuan was invented is also uncertain. Some sources say it has been popular since 1970, while others date its invention as late as 1981. The local government of Manado made tinutuan an official icon of the city in 2005 and assigned a "traditional food area" lined with tinutuan stalls at Wakeke Street.

At its place of origin, Manado, tinutuan usually served with cakalang fufu (smoked skipjack tuna), shrimp paste or smoked garfish sambal, or meatballs.

Tinutuan with noodles is called *miedal* or *midal*.

## InfoBox

Tinutuan
| Tinutuan with salted fish | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Bubur Manado |
| Course | Main |
| Place of origin | Indonesia |
| Region or state | Minahasa, North Sulawesi |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Rice congee with vegetables |
|  | |


title: Timbalier Island

abstract: Timbalier Island is an island off southeastern Louisiana in the United States. The island lies off the southeastern coast of Terrebonne Parish. Timbalier Bay lies between the island and the Louisiana mainland, and the island separates the bay from the Gulf of Mexico. It borders Terrebonne Bay to its north and the Gulf of Mexico to its south. It is considered a barrier island essential in Louisiana to assist in the reduction of storm surges during hurricanes. It experiences more rapid land loss than the rest of Louisiana because of local tidal action.

text:
# Timbalier Island

**Timbalier Island** is an island off southeastern Louisiana in the United States.

The island lies off the southeastern coast of Terrebonne Parish. Timbalier Bay lies between the island and the Louisiana mainland, and the island separates the bay from the Gulf of Mexico.

It borders Terrebonne Bay to its north and the Gulf of Mexico to its south. It is considered a barrier island essential in Louisiana to assist in the reduction of storm surges during hurricanes. It experiences more rapid land loss than the rest of Louisiana because of local tidal action.

* *Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition*. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.

29°03′51″N 90°28′03″W / 29.06417°N 90.46750°W / 29.06417; -90.46750


title: Time in Benin

abstract: Time in Benin is given by a single time zone, officially denoted as West Africa Time. Benin adopted WAT on 1 January 1912 as French Dahomey, and has never observed daylight saving time.

text:
# Time in Benin

**Time in Benin** is given by a single time zone, officially denoted as West Africa Time (WAT; UTC+01:00). Benin adopted WAT on 1 January 1912 as French Dahomey, and has never observed daylight saving time.

## IANA time zone database

In the IANA time zone database, Benin is given one zone in the file zone.tabAfrica/Porto-Novo. "BJ" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Benin directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:

| c.c.\* | coordinates\* | TZ\* | Comments | UTC offset | DST |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BJ | +0629+00237 | Africa/Porto-Novo |  | +01:00 | +01:00 |

## InfoBox

| Time in Benin | |
| --- | --- |
| Time zone | West Africa Time |
| Initials | WAT |
| UTC offset | UTC+01:00 |
| Adopted | 1 January 1912 |
| Daylight saving time | |
| DST not observed | |
| tz database | |
| Africa/Porto-Novo | |


title: Tipperary Racecourse

abstract: Tipperary Racecourse is a horse racing venue in County Tipperary, Ireland which stages both National Hunt and Flat racing. The course is located adjacent to Limerick Junction railway station and approximately two miles from Tipperary town. Tipperary Racecourse is owned by Horse Racing Ireland. The course is left-handed and flat and measures one mile and two furlongs round. There is a five furlong sprint track which joins the main racecourse at the start of the straight.

text:
# Tipperary Racecourse

**Tipperary Racecourse** is a horse racing venue in County Tipperary, Ireland which stages both National Hunt and Flat racing. The course is located adjacent to Limerick Junction railway station and approximately two miles from Tipperary town. Tipperary Racecourse is owned by Horse Racing Ireland. The course is left-handed and flat and measures one mile and two furlongs round. There is a five furlong sprint track which joins the main racecourse at the start of the straight.

## History

The first recorded racemeeting at Tipperary Races at Barronstown Course was on 27 March 1848 but at the current Limerick Junction racetrack it was September 1916 when the meeting was attended by trainers Senator J.J. Parkinson, Stephen Grehan and Charles Moore. It remained Limerick Junction until the name was changed to Tipperary in 1986.

## Notable races

| Month | DOW | Race Name | Type | **Grade** | Distance | Age/Sex |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| August | Thursday | Fairy Bridge Stakes | Flat | Group 3 | 7f 100y | 3yo + f |
| October | Sunday | Joe Mac Novice Hurdle | Hurdle | Grade 3 | 2m | 4yo + |
| October | Sunday | Concorde Stakes | Flat | Group 3 | 7f 100y | 3yo + |
| October | Sunday | Tipperary Hurdle | Hurdle | Grade 2 | 2m | 4yo + |
| October | Sunday | Like A Butterfly Novice Chase | Chase | Grade 3 | 2m 4f | 4yo + |

52°30′08″N 8°12′23″W / 52.502287°N 8.206336°W / 52.502287; -8.206336


title: Thomas C. Hennings Jr.

abstract: Thomas Carey Hennings Jr. was an American political figure from Missouri. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

text:
# Thomas C. Hennings Jr.

**Thomas Carey Hennings Jr.** (June 25, 1903  September 13, 1960) was an American political figure from Missouri. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives (from 1935 until 1940) and the United States Senate (from 1951 until 1960).

## Early life

Born into a wealthy family in St. Louis, Missouri to Judge Thomas Carey Hennings, his father was an influential member of the Jefferson Club, an organization dedicated to overthrowing the bossism of the city's Democratic Political Machine. Hennings Jr. attended Soldan High School, and displayed talents in athletics, going on to run track and field at Cornell University. After graduating from Cornell in 1924, he finished his education at the law school of Washington University in St. Louis in 1926. He was admitted to the bar in 1926 and commenced practice in St. Louis, and served as assistant circuit attorney for that city from 1929 to 1934. He served as a colonel on the Governor's staff from 1932 to 1936 and was a lecturer on criminal jurisprudence at the Benton College of Law in St. Louis from 1934 to 1938.

## Congressional career

### House of Representatives

Hennings was elected to the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, and Seventy-sixth Congresses and served from January 3, 1935, to December 31, 1940. He was the first Democrat in 22 years to represent Missouri's 11th congressional district. Hennings enjoyed support from St. Louis' growing African American population. Hennings regularly hired African Americans to his offices in Washington D.C. and St. Louis. During the Second New Deal, he worked towards establishing an African American branch of the Civilian Conservation Corps at Poplar Bluff, Missouri. Within the New Deal's Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), Hennings advocated for a "Negro Federal Employment Office" with all black staff. Hennings also sponsored anti-lynching bills while in the House. His work secured him the endorsements of two of St. Louis' black newspapers, the *Argus* and the *American* and the city's NAACP chapter. Hennings resigned in 1940 to become a candidate for circuit attorney of St. Louis.

### Time out of Office

Hennings was circuit attorney from 1941 to 1944, taking leave of absence in September, 1941 to volunteer in active duty in the United States Naval Reserve. Serving in the Pacific and Caribbean as a lieutenant commander for three years, he was discharged from active duty due to physical disability incurred in the line of duty. After which, he resumed the practice of law in the St. Louis firm of Green, Hennings, Henry and Evans.

### Senate

He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1950 over Republican incumbent and former governor Forrest Donnell in the only senate election that year where Democrats took a seat from Republicans, was reelected in 1956, and served from January 3, 1951, until his death from abdominal cancer in Washington, D.C. in 1960. Hennings did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Rules and Administration (Eighty-fifth and Eighty-sixth Congresses).

## Personal life

Hennings died on September 13, 1960, and is buried Arlington National Cemetery.

Hennings' daughter Karla Ann was briefly married to White House Counsel John Dean who would later be deeply involved in events leading up to the Watergate burglaries and the subsequent cover-up.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Hennings | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 1952 | |
|  | |
| Chair of the Senate Rules Committee | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1957  September 13, 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Theodore F. Green |
| Succeeded by | Mike Mansfield |
| Secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1953  September 13, 1960 | |
| Leader | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Preceded by | Brien McMahon |
| Succeeded by | George Smathers |
| United States Senator
from Missouri | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1951  September 13, 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Forrest C. Donnell |
| Succeeded by | Edward V. Long |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 11th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1935  December 31, 1940 | |
| Preceded by | James Edward Ruffin |
| Succeeded by | John B. Sullivan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Thomas Carey Hennings Jr.
(1903-06-25)June 25, 1903
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | September 13, 1960(1960-09-13) (aged 57)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Cornell University (BA)
Washington University (LLB) |
|  | |


title: Murlagan

abstract: Murlagan is a small hamlet located on the north shore of Loch Arkaig in Inverness-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Murlagan, also called Murlaggan and Mhurlagain, is the location of the minor seat of Clan MacMillan.

text:
# Murlagan

**Murlagan** is a small hamlet located on the north shore of Loch Arkaig in Inverness-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Murlagan, also called Murlaggan and Mhurlagain, is the location of the minor seat of Clan MacMillan.

## History

The Murlagan, chief of Clan MacMillan was tacksman to Cameron of Lochiel.

> The progenitor of this branch was Alexander, second son of John MacMillan, possessor of Glenpeanmore. According to family tradition, he and his brothers were out during the '45. It is also a family tradition that he and Doctor Archibald Cameron of Lochiel hid the Prince's gold at the Callich burn while the Hanoverian troops were hot on their heels coming from Murlaggan private burial-ground where they hid it for a time among loose soil from a newly opened grave.  *Bygone Lochaber*, Somerled MacMillan (1971)

Many generations of these MacMillans served the Camerons of Lochiel and worked land on Loch Arkaig, below the Mountain called Murlagan at the inland end of Loch Arkaig, which is near Fort William in the highlands of Scotland.

John the (Seventh?) of Murlagan resisted Bonny Prince Charlie's attempt in 1745 for the British throne although his two sons went out in support of the prince under Cameron of Locheil, and one died at Culloden, the other rescued the prince and the last skirmish of the 1745 rebellion against the House of Hanover was on the land and policies of Murlagan, where French gold to fund the rebellion was rumoured buried,as the remnants scattered into hiding and the Prince went on his secret journey to the Isle of Skye and exile in France and into legend.

## Emigration

Many MacMillans and relatives left Loch Arkaig for a new beginning and went to Canada in 1802, and their descendants returned in 2002 to raise a cairn at Murlagan during "The Great Return".

> Archibald MacMillan of Murlaganand and Allan MacMillan of Glenpean, along with 200 clansmen, emigrated to Canada about the year 1802. Murlagan settled in Montreal where he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. Shortly after his arrival in Canada he applied to the Governor General for land for himself and the majority of those who accompanied him. After several court attendances on the Governor at Quebec, he obtained two and a quarter townships, namely those of Suffolk, Templeton and Grenville on the banks of the River Ottawa.  *The MacMillans and their Septs*, Somerled MacMillan (1952)

## InfoBox

| Murlagan | |
| --- | --- |
| MurlaganLocation within the Highland council area | |
| OS grid reference | NN012922 |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Roy Bridge |
| Postcode district | PH31 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
|


title: Ilah Marian Kibbey

abstract: Ilah Marian Kibbey (1883–1957) was an American genre and landscape painter. Her series Airplane Impressions consisted of paintings of views from various flights she took over the Midwest.

text:
# Ilah Marian Kibbey

**Ilah Marian Kibbey** (1883–1957) was an American genre and landscape painter. Her series Airplane Impressions consisted of paintings of views from various flights she took over the Midwest.

## Life

Ilah Marian Kibbey was born in Geneva, Ohio. She attended the New York School of Fine and Applied Art, the Kansas City Art Institute, and the Art Institute of Chicago. Alongside her art career, she worked as a teacher for the Kansas City Public Schools and as a registrar at the Kansas City Art Institute.

Kibbey's works are housed in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Library of Congress, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and the Kansas City Museum.

Kibbey died on August 10, 1958, in Kansas City, MO.


title: Three Young Texans

abstract: Three Young Texans is a 1954 American Western film directed by Henry Levin and starring Mitzi Gaynor, Keefe Brasselle and Jeffrey Hunter.

text:
# Three Young Texans

***Three Young Texans*** is a 1954 American Western film directed by Henry Levin and starring Mitzi Gaynor, Keefe Brasselle and Jeffrey Hunter.

## Plot

A couple of cowboys, Johnny Colt and Tony Ballew, both have a romantic interest in tomboy Rusty Blair while working for her father. Tony loses his wages gambling, then borrows money from Johnny and wins $700, which they intend to put toward a ranch of their own.

Johnny's nervous because his father Jim is also a gambler. Jim goes to Mexico, gets drunk, catches a man named McAdoo cheating at cards, then shoots him in self-defense. McAdoo's two associates, Catur and Joe, decide to blackmail Jim into helping them rob a train of its $50,000 in payroll loot. If he refuses, they'll tell the law Jim shot their friend in cold blood.

To help his father, Johnny robs the train first. He hides the money with the $700. A posse is formed, which Johnny joins to go search for a thief who is actually himself.

McAdoo turns out to have been wounded, not killed. He turns up and Tony is shot in the back. McAdoo and Catur are done away with in a gunfight, and when Joe flees on horseback from Johnny, he falls to his death over a cliff. Johnny returns the robbery money, then ends up with a $10,000 reward and Rusty to boot.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Three Young Texans | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Henry Levin |
| Screenplay by | Gerald Drayson Adams |
| Story by | William MacLeod Raine |
| Produced by | Leonard Goldstein |
| Starring | Mitzi Gaynor
Keefe Brasselle
Jeffrey Hunter |
| Cinematography | Harold Lipstein |
| Edited by | William B. Murphy |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | Panoramic Productions |
| Distributed by | 20th Century-Fox |
| Release date | * January 16, 1954 (1954-01-16) |
| Running time | 78 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $505,000 |


title: Geoffrey Saxton White

abstract: Geoffrey Saxton White VC was an English Royal Navy officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

text:
# Geoffrey Saxton White

**Geoffrey Saxton White** VC (2 July 1886  28 January 1918) was an English Royal Navy officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Early life and career

Educated at Bradfield College, he was in September 1902 appointed a naval cadet on the armoured cruiser HMS *Aboukir*, serving with the Mediterranean Fleet.

He was 31 years old, and a Lieutenant-Commander during the First World War when he won the VC.

### The VC action

On 28 January 1918 in the Dardanelles, Turkey, Lieutenant-Commander White, commanding British submarine *E.14* was under instructions to find the German battlecruiser *Goeben*, which was reported to be aground. She was not found, however, and *E.14* turned back. Then came the following sequence of events, for which White was posthumously awarded the VC on 24 May 1919:

> *Admiralty, S.W., 24th May, 1919.*
>
> The KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the posthumous award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers : —
>
> Lieutenant-Commander Geoffrey Saxton White, R.N.
>
> For most conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty as Commanding Officer of H.M. Submarine "E 14" on the 28th of January, 1918.
>
> "E 14" left Mudros on the 27th of January under instructions to force the Narrows and attack the "Goeben" which was reported aground off Nagara Point after being damaged during her sortie from the Dardanelles. The latter vessel was not found and "E 14" turned back. At about 8.45 a.m. on 28 January a torpedo was fired from "E 14" at an enemy ship; 11 seconds after the torpedo left the tube a heavy explosion took place, caused all lights to go out, and sprang the fore hatch. Leaking badly the boat was blown to 15 feet, and at once a heavy fire came from the forts, but the hull was not hit. "E 14" then dived and proceeded on her way out.
>
> Soon afterwards the boat became out of control, and as the air supply was nearly exhausted, Lieutenant-Commander White decided to run the risk of proceeding on the surface. Heavy fire was immediately opened from both sides, and, after running the gauntlet for half-an-hour, being steered from below, "E 14" was so badly damaged that Lieutenant-Commander White turned towards the shore in order to give the crew a chance of being saved. He remained on deck the whole time himself until he was killed by a shell.

White's body was not recovered at the time, and he has no known grave. He is commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval Memorial.

## InfoBox

| Geoffrey Saxton White
VC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 2 July 1886
Bromley, Kent |
| Died | 28 January 1918 (aged 31)
Dardanelles, Ottoman Turkey |
| Buried | Portsmouth Naval Memorial |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1902-1918 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Commander |
| Commands | HMS E14 |
| Awards | Victoria Cross |


title: CentralPlaza Ramindra

abstract: Central Ramindra is a shopping center on Ram Intra Road in the Bang Khen District of Bangkok, Thailand. It is the second shopping center of Central Pattana. It was served by Ram Inthra 3 MRT station since 21 November 2023.

text:
# CentralPlaza Ramindra

**Central Ramindra** is a shopping center on Ram Intra Road in the Bang Khen District of Bangkok, Thailand. It is the second shopping center of Central Pattana.

It was served by Ram Inthra 3 MRT station since 21 November 2023.

## Overview

This shopping center has a five floors and is built as a community concept. It contains a Central Department Store, retail outlets, restaurants and a six-screen cinema. There is a variety of family-oriented activities.

## Anchors

## Parking

The shopping center has a parking space for 1000 cars.

* Central Pattana (21 March 2012). *Annual Report 2011* (PDF). Retrieved 30 March 2012.
* Central Pattana (5 April 2012). *Form 56-1 2011* (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 23 May 2012.

## InfoBox

Central Ramindra
เซ็นทรัล รามอินทรา
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 109/9, Mu 3, Ram Intra Rd., Anusawari, Bang Khen, Bangkok 10220, Thailand |
| Coordinates | 13°52′20″N 100°36′07″E / 13.872283°N 100.602004°E / 13.872283; 100.602004 |
| Opening date | November 1993 (1993-11) (renovated in 2006,2023) |
| Developer | Central Pattana |
| Management | Wanphen Kawbuakaew |
| Owner | Central Pattana |
| No. of stores and services | 80 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 5 |
| Total retail floor area | 17,156 square metres (184,670 sq ft) |
| No. of floors | 6 |
| Website | www.centralplaza.co.th |


title: Tennis Cup

abstract: Tennis Cup is a 1990 tennis video game developed and published by Loriciel for the Amiga. It was ported to the Atari ST, MS-DOS and Amstrad CPC during the same year. Tennis Cup was ported to TurboGrafx-16 in 1991 as Davis Cup Tennis. Versions for the Super Nintendo and Mega Drive/Genesis were released in 1993. The Amstrad version received a sequel, Tennis Cup 2, in 1990. A 16-bit sequel, also titled Tennis Cup 2, was released in 1992 for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS.

text:
# Tennis Cup

***Tennis Cup*** is a 1990 tennis video game developed and published by Loriciel for the Amiga. It was ported to the Atari ST, MS-DOS and Amstrad CPC during the same year. *Tennis Cup* was ported to TurboGrafx-16 in 1991 as ***Davis Cup Tennis***. Versions for the Super Nintendo (***International Tennis Tour***) and Mega Drive/Genesis (***Davis Cup World Tour***) were released in 1993.

The Amstrad version received a sequel, ***Tennis Cup 2***, in 1990. A 16-bit sequel, also titled *Tennis Cup 2*, was released in 1992 for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS.

## Gameplay

### 16-bit home computers

The screen is split horizontally with both players seen from a behind the back viewpoint, even in single-player. The player is competing against 32 computer players, each with their own skills and weaknesses. You can adjust your skills at the beginning, with six basic types of shots to choose from: service, forehand, backhand, forehand volley, backhand volley, and smash. At first, each type has a 50% skill rating, but there are 30 percentage points to distribute. One type of shot can be weakened to strengthen another. New computer players can be created by adjusting the percentages and they can be saved to a disk. In practice mode, the player can play against a ball machine. There are four court types: clay, indoor, hard, or grass. There are five tournaments: Wimbledon, US Open, Australian Open, French Open, and Davis Cup. They can be entered individually, or in a marathon-style championship that links all five competitions together.

Unlike the first game *Tennis Cup 2* can be played in full screen in single- or multiplayer. A new feature has been added to the game that allows for two human players to play a doubles match against a single computer opponent. According to *Amiga Format*, *Tennis Cup 2* features "better character animation and more user-friendly options".

### SNES

There are practice, exhibition, and career mode where the player is given a generous number of dollars and must compete on the world tennis circuit in order to gain more money. The player can only play as a male tennis player. During the exhibition mode, the rules can be altered along with the opponent.

Players can either represent themselves in a singles tournament, a two-person team in a doubles tournament or their respective home country in a "Nations Cup" tournament It takes approximately 52 in-game weeks in order for a player in career mode to go from being the worst tennis player in the world to being the best tennis player in the world.

Passwords are given out at the end of each match in order to players to continue their progress at a later date.

## Reception

### Home computers and PC Engine

*Computer and Video Games* concluded: "What makes Tennis Cup so outstanding, though, is the presentation - apart from some niggly disk loading times, there's great scope for changing all the parameters from player statistics to the type, length and difficulty of a match" *The Games Machine* noted that "Playability is good but not exceptional." and recommended the game slightly over *Pro Tennis Tour*. The Atari ST version was said to have better graphics and sound effects. It was called the best tennis game on the Atari ST along with *International 3D Tennis*. *Aktueller Software Markt* said *Tennis Cup* is better than *Pro Tennis Tour* but worse than *Tie Break*. They noted that the Atari ST version has better animation than the Amiga version. Comparing tennis games on the PC Engine, they recommended *World Court Tennis* and *Final Match Tennis* instead of *Davis Cup*. *Amiga Joker* said the screen size is insufficient, the animations are unimpressive, and the controls are sluggish.

*CU Amiga* called *Tennis Cup 2* almost identical to the first game and recommended to get *Advantage Tennis* instead. *Zero* said "it's very addictive at first, but play for a while and it can become really infuriating, crossing the thin line between addictiveness and frustration."

### Mega Drive

*Mean Machines Sega* called the game "\[t\]he best and surely the definitive and unquestionably grooviest tennis game for the Megadrive." One reviewer from *Electronic Gaming Monthly* called the game "\[a\] good, solid tennis game", another one said "\[i\]t doesn't have everything I'd like to see in a tennis game, but it's a worthwhile effort."

## Reviews

1. Yvan (September 1990). "Test - Tennis Cup 2". *Joystick* (in French). No. 8. Sipress. p. 84.
2. Lapworth, Warren (June 1990). "Reviews - Tennis Cup \[Amiga\]". *The Games Machine*. No. 31. Newsfield Publications. p. 53.
3. "Back cover of the game box". *Tennis Cup 2*. Loriciel. 1992. Double Camera option allowing 1 or 2 players to play on 1 or 2 screens; © 1992 Loriciel
4. Ahmed, Mohammed (October 1992). "Review - Tennis Cup 2". *Zero* (36). Dennis Publishing: 34.
5. Nuttall, Andy (September 1992). "Game Reviews - Tennis Cup 2". *Amiga Format* (38). Future plc: 93.
6. "Gameplay/password information" (in Japanese). SFC no Game Seiha Shimasho. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
7. Suck, Michael (April 1990). "Sport-Kaleidoskop - Tennis Cup". *Aktueller Software Markt* (in German). Vol. 5, no. 4/90. Tronic-Verlag. p. 100. Preis/Leistung: 9/12
8. Suck, Michael (August 1990). "Konvertierungen - Tennis Cup". *Aktueller Software Markt* (in German). Vol. 5, no. 8–9/90. Tronic-Verlag. p. 68. Preis/Leistung: 9/12
9. Suck, Michael (October 1990). "Tennis Cup". *Aktueller Software Markt* (in German). Vol. 5, no. 10/90. Tronic-Verlag. Preis/Leistung: 8/12
10. Anton, Michael (December 1991). "Konsolen - Davis Cup" (PDF). *Aktueller Software Markt* (in German). Vol. 6, no. 12/91. Tronic-Verlag. p. 141. Gesamtnote: 7/12
11. Houghton, Gordon (June 1990). "Review - Tennis Cup". *Computer and Video Games*. No. 103. Future plc. p. 76.
12. Harris, Steve; Semrad, Ed; Alessi, Martin; Sushi-X (July 1993). "Review Crew - Davis Cup". *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. Vol. 6, no. 7. Sendai Publishing Group, Inc. p. 27. 6/10, 7/10, 7/10, 7/10
13. Swan, Angus; McVittie, Andy (August 1993). "Mega Drive Review - Davis Cup World Tour". *Mean Machines Sega*. No. 10. EMAP. pp. 64–65.
14. Lapworth, Warren (September 1990). "Reviews - Tennis Cup \[ST\]". *The Games Machine*. No. 34. Newsfield Publications. p. 62.
15. Beckers, Norbert (May 1990). "Games im Test - Tennis Cup". *Amiga Joker* (in German). No. 5/90. Joker-Verlag. p. 64.
16. Game review, Computer + Video Games issue 103, June 1990
17. Merrett, Steve (September 1992). "Game Review - Tennis Cup II". *CU Amiga*. EMAP: 75.
18. "Jeux & stratégie NF 7". May 1990.
19. "ACE Magazine Issue 34". July 1990.
20. "TOS :05/1990 Tennis Cup: Tennissimulation mit zahlreichen Spielmodi".
21. "Kultpower Archiv: Komplettscan Powerplay 6/1990".
22. https://www.kultpower.de/archiv/hefte/powerplay\_1990-05/big/powerplay\_1990-05\_100.jpg
23. "TheOne Magazine Issue 36". September 1991.

## InfoBox

| Tennis Cup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Loriciel |
| Publisher(s) | Loriciel * **Home computers**     + FR: Loriciel     + EU/NA: Electronic Zoo**TurboGrafx-16****PC Engine CD**     + JP: Micro World**Super Nintendo****Mega Drive/Genesis** |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Amstrad CPC, TurboGrafx-16, PC Engine CD, Super Nintendo, Mega Drive/Genesis |
| Release | * EU/NA: 1990 (home computers) * NA: 1991 (T-16) * JP: 1992 (PCE-CD) * WW: 1993 (SNES, MD) |
| Genre(s) | Sports |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Timeline of S4C

abstract: This is a timeline of the history of S4C, originally the fourth-oldest terrestrial television channel in Wales. Until 2010 it carried a mixture of Welsh language programmes and programmes from Channel 4 which was not broadcast on analogue TV in Wales. In 2010, Channel 4 became available in Wales on all platforms and S4C became a Welsh-language-only channel.

text:
# Timeline of S4C

This is a timeline of the history of **S4C** (Welsh pronunciation: \[ˌɛs ˌpɛdwar ˈɛk\], *Sianel Pedwar Cymru*, meaning *Channel Four Wales*), originally the fourth-oldest terrestrial television channel in Wales. Until 2010 it carried a mixture of Welsh language programmes and programmes from Channel 4 which was not broadcast on analogue TV in Wales. In 2010, Channel 4 became available in Wales on all platforms and S4C became a Welsh-language-only channel.

## 1970s

* **1975**
    + No events.

* **1976**
    + No events.

* **1978**
    + No events.

* **1979**
    + Both the Conservative and Labour parties promise that the fourth television channel in Wales will be a Welsh-language fourth channel, if elected to government in the 1979 general election. However, the new Conservative government decides against a Welsh fourth channel and suggests that, except for an occasional opt-out, the fourth channel service should be the same as that offered in the rest of the UK. This leads to acts of civil disobedience, including refusals to pay the television licence fee and sit-ins in BBC and HTV studios and some attacks on TV transmitters in Welsh-speaking areas.

## 1980s

* **1981**
    + The *S4C Authority* is founded to oversee the management of the Welsh-language television channel S4C.

* **1982**
    + 31 October – Programmes in Welsh are broadcast on BBC Wales and HTV Cymru Wales for the final time.
    + 1 November
        - At 6pm, Sianel 4 Cymru (S4C) launches as Wales' fourth channel. Its Welsh-language programmes will be made by BBC Wales, HTV Cymru Wales and independent production companies. Programmes include a weeknight BBC-produced news programme called *Newyddion*. Soap opera *Pobol y Cwm* transfers from BBC Wales to the new channel.
        - S4C launches its own pull-out weekly listings supplement magazine *Sbec*. It is distributed free with the Wales edition of *TV Times*. It contains full details of schedules in both Welsh and English. The children's programming block *Clwb S4C* also launches.
    + 2 November – Channel 4 launches across England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In Wales, some Channel 4 output is broadcast at off-peak times on S4C.

* **1983**
    + No events.

* **1984**
    + No events.

* **1985**
    + No events.

* **1986**
    + No events.

* **1987**
    + 25 May – S4C launches a computer-generated ident featuring an animation of the streamlined S4C logo and the colours of the logo of blue, green and red.
    + 14 September – ITV Schools transfers to the fourth channel and are carried by S4C. S4C uses its own presentation and opts out of the Channel 4 schedule at various points to broadcast schools programmes in Welsh.

* **1988**
    + 5 September – Sports programme *Sgorio* launches. It is set up to provide highlights of European football although other sports are included within it.

## 1990s

* **1990**
    + April – Stereo broadcasts begin in Wales following the switching on of NICAM digital stereo from the Wenvoe transmitting station.
    + 7 September – A new ident is introduced, depicting a piece of Welsh slate with colours blue, green and red washing over the letters S4C.
    + 17 September – S4C’s children’s block is renamed from *Clwb S4C* to *Slot Meithrin*.

* **1991**
    + No events.

* **1992**
    + 14 September – S4C's Newyddion news programme moves to the 6pm programme slot.

* **1993**
    + 1 June – S4C introduces a new series of idents which depict inanimate objects as having characteristics of dragons (such as flight or breathing fire), as a reference to the red dragon on the flag of Wales.
    + 20 September – The schools programmes shown on S4C now carries its own branding, S4C Ysgollon.

* **1994**
    + No events.

* **1995**
    + 10 February – S4C introduces a new logo featuring a tilde representing a dragon with a flame next to the "C" as if were breathing fire.
    + 11 September – S4C launches its second Welsh-language soap *Rownd a Rownd*.

* **1996**
    + No events.

* **1997**
    + BBC Wales launches a Welsh-language rugby union programme *Clwb Rygbi* on S4C.
    + Ahead of the launch of digital terrestrial television, S4C, United News and Media and NTL set up S4C Digital Networks (each owned one-third of the company) and bid for the right to operate Multiplex A. They were the only bidder and after having their business plan approved, were awarded the licence to operate Multiplex A by the Independent Television Commission.

* **1998**
    + 17 September – S4C’s children’s block is renamed from *Slot Meithrin* to *Planed Plant*.
    + 1 November – S4C Digidol launches.
    + 15 November – The public launch of digital terrestrial TV in the UK takes place and this sees the launch of SDN. SDN chooses to rent out their capacity to various free and subscription channels, including to the BBC and to ITV which in the year 2000 uses the capacity to launch ITV Select, although S4C did keep their gifted space in Wales to allow it to launch S4C2.

## 2000s

* **2000**
    + 6 June – S4C launches the *Chwaraeon/Sport 2000* promotional branding with the ancient history theme, featuring Welsh sport personalities and presenters recreating classic works of Greek and Roman art masterpieces with the "you can see more" tagline.

* **2001**
    + No events.

* **2002**
    + No events.

* **2003**
    + No events.

* **2004**
    + August – S4C picks up the secondary rights to the Welsh football team and well as the rights to Welsh domestic football.

* **2005**
    + 27 April – S4C sells its share of to ITV plc for approximately £34million. However, it retained the half-multiplex as of right in Wales.

* **2006**
    + No events.

* **2007**
    + 18 January – A new corporate logo launched with new idents and branding. Developed by the London-based firm Proud Creative, the new look is intended to portray S4C as a more "contemporary" multi-platform broadcaster and downplayed "traditional" Welsh imagery such as dragons. Its idents were filmed around various parts of the country and themed around magnetism—representing the "uncontrollable attraction" of Welsh people and their "emotional affinity to the homeland, whether near or far".

* **2008**
    + 20 June - S4C broadcasts the final day of Ysgolion - Welsh schools programming and so does Planed Plant Bach.
    + 23 June – S4C launches a daily morning children’s programming block called *Cyw*.

* **2009**
    + 9 September
        - The Digital switchover begins in Wales when the Kilvey Hill transmitter is the first of eight main transmitters to complete it.
        - S4C's teletext service Sbectel closes down.
        - Three weekday afternoon five-minute news bulletins are launched on S4C.

## 2010s

* **2010**
    + January – Coverage of proceedings from the Senedd are moved from S4C2 to the new BBC Democracy Live website.
    + 31 March – Digital switchover is completed in Wales when the analogue transmissions at Wenvoe are switched off. Consequently, S4C begins broadcasting solely in Welsh and the channel no longer carries Channel 4 programmes due to their becoming available full-time across all of Wales for the first time.
    + 26 April – S4C launches *Stwnsh*, aimed at children between the ages of seven and thirteen, it broadcasts on weekdays between 4pm and 6pm and on Saturday mornings between 9am and 11am. It replaces *Planed Plant* which had been on the air since 1998.
    + 19 July – S4C begins broadcasting in high definition when it launches a channel called 'Clirlun'.
    + August – S4C beings showing a live match from the Welsh Premier League each Saturday afternoon. The live match replaces a weekly 30-minute highlights programme.
    + 16 September – S4C2 is removed from Sky.
    + 20 October – The Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announces that part of the responsibility for funding S4C is to be transferred to the BBC.
    + October – S4C2 is removed from Virgin Media.
    + 30 November – S4C2 is removed from Freeview.
    + 6 December – S4C2 ceases broadcasting when it is removed from the Freesat platform.

* **2012**
    + 1 December – S4C Clirlun closes and the following day Channel 4 HD takes over its transmission capacity.

* **2013**
    + 1 April – Responsibility for the funding of S4C begins to transfer to the BBC.

* **2014**
    + March – S4C announces that it will be relocating its headquarters to Carmarthen.
    + 7 June – S4C introduces a new S4C logo and brand. The new design is developed around a concept of providing "context" to S4C's target audience and programming.
    + December – S4C's programmes and live-streaming become available on the BBC's catch-up service, BBC iPlayer.

* **2015**
    + September – S4C begins showing one live match from each round of rugby union's Pro 12 competition. It had previously shown coverage in highlights form since the league's conception as the Celtic League in 2001.

* **2016**
    + 7 June – S4C resumes high definition broadcasting.
    + 7 September – It is agreed that the BBC will provide £74.5m a year funding to S4C from the licence fee until 2022.

* **2017**
    + No events.

* **2018**
    + 29 March – The UK Government announces that it will continue providing £6.72m of funding for S4C until 2020 with the aim of S4C being funded wholly from the licence fee from 2022. This will see S4C's funding being decided as part of the licence fee settlement, for 10 year periods.
    + September – S4C starts the process of relocating to its new headquarters in Carmarthen. An office in Cardiff was retained for technical purposes until full change over to the new BBC Wales Headquarters.

* **2019**
    + No events.

## 2020s

* **2020**
    + 16 June – *Pobol y Cwm* begins a transmission break due to the spread of COVID-19. The number of episodes being broadcast would be also be reduced from four to two a week "so that we can ensure the audience can continue to enjoy *Pobol y Cwm* in their homes for as long as possible."
    + 8 September – *Pobol y Cwm* returns with episodes airing twice a week.

* **2021**
    + 27 January – S4C's Presentation, Library, Promotion and Commercial departments move to BBC Wales headquarters in Central Square, Cardiff.

* **2022**
    + No events.

* **2023**
    + 2 May – An independent investigation is launched after the broadcasting union BECTU makes allegations of "bullying and a toxic culture" at S4C.