title: Harrogate, Tennessee

abstract: Harrogate is the largest city in Claiborne County, Tennessee, United States. It is adjacent to Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. The community has been known as "Harrogate" since the 19th century, but did not incorporate by that name until 1993. As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,389. It is considered a college town with Lincoln Memorial University's main campus located entirely within Harrogate. Before incorporation, the United States Census Bureau treated Harrogate as a census-designated place (CDP) called Harrogate-Shawanee. At the time of the 2000 census the CDP had a population of 2,865.

text:
# Harrogate, Tennessee

**Harrogate** is the largest city in Claiborne County, Tennessee, United States. It is adjacent to Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.

The community has been known as "Harrogate" since the 19th century, but did not incorporate by that name until 1993. As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,389. It is considered a college town with Lincoln Memorial University's main campus located entirely within Harrogate.

Before incorporation, the United States Census Bureau treated Harrogate as a census-designated place (CDP) called Harrogate-Shawanee. At the time of the 2000 census the CDP had a population of 2,865.

## History

In 1974, the population of Harrogate continued to grow at a fast pace, leading to the construction of a new middle school serving both students of Harrogate and the adjacent town of Cumberland Gap. In 1993, Harrogate was incorporated into a city, and continued to see the fastest population growth of all in Claiborne County. Lincoln Memorial University saw growth as new dorms, an athletic arena, new classrooms, a medical program, and a partnership with Japan's Kanto International Senior High School enhanced the Harrogate campus.

By the late 2000s, the city would construct a sewage treatment system following increased contaminations of groundwater and instances of human waste surfacing from failing septic tank systems.

## Geography

Harrogate is located at 36°34′56″N 83°39′25″W / 36.58222°N 83.65694°W / 36.58222; -83.65694 (37.811324, -82.806780). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.26 square miles (18.8 km2), all land.

The unincorporated community of Shawanee, is located east inside of the city limits of Harrogate.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 2,865 |  |  |
| 2010 | 4,389 |  | 53.2% |
| 2020 | 4,400 |  | 0.3% |
| Sources: | | | |

### CDP

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,865 people, 1,032 households, and 747 families residing in the Harrogate-Shawanee CDP. The population density was 688.3 inhabitants per square mile (265.8/km2). There were 1,091 housing units at an average density of 262.1 per square mile (101.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.73% White, 0.94% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 2.79% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 1,032 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.83.

The age distribution was 20.5% under 18, 14.7% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,227, and the median income for a family was $44,492. Males had a median income of $36,000 versus $25,036 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,585. About 7.2% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

### City

When Harrogate first incorporated the city population was approximately 2,700, but since that time the population has increased as a result of annexations. As of 2003, the United States Census Bureau estimated the city population at 3,974. In 2006 the estimated population was 4,425, making Harrogate the largest city in Claiborne County.

### 2020 census

Harrogate racial composition
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 3,954 | 89.86% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 101 | 2.3% |
| Native American | 13 | 0.3% |
| Asian | 41 | 0.93% |
| Pacific Islander | 2 | 0.05% |
| Other/Mixed | 175 | 3.98% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 114 | 2.59% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 4,400 people, 1,678 households, and 1,039 families residing in the city.

## Education and culture

Lincoln Memorial University, a private four-year co-educational liberal arts college founded in 1897, is located in Harrogate. Its Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum houses a large collection of memorabilia relating to the school's namesake, Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War. Lincoln Memorial is the parent institution of the Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, the first osteopathic medical school in Tennessee.

Public schools in Harrogate are Ellen Myers Elementary, H.Y. Livesay Middle School, and Forge Ridge Consolidated School.

Cumberland Gap High School is located in Harrogate but has a Cumberland Gap address. This is also where Tri-State Christian Academy is located.

The town's Daniel Boone Arboretum contains over 50 labeled species of native trees.

## Town twinning

## Further reading

* Sweet, Natalie. *Harrogate and Cumberland Gap.* (Arcadia Publishing, 2014).

## InfoBox

| Harrogate, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| City of Harrogate | |
| Businesses in Harrogate along US 25E/SR 32, as viewed from LMU overhead walkway | |
|  | |
| Location of Harrogate in Claiborne County, Tennessee. | |
| Coordinates: 36°34′56″N 83°39′25″W / 36.58222°N 83.65694°W / 36.58222; -83.65694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Claiborne |
| Founded | 1888 |
| Incorporated | 1993 |
| Founded by | Alexander Arthur |
| Named for | Harrogate, England |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-council |
| Mayor | Linda Fultz |
| Vice Mayor | Allen Hurst |
| City Council | Councilmembers |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.26 sq mi (18.82 km2) |
| Land | 7.26 sq mi (18.82 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)  0.0% |
| Elevation | 1,253 ft (382 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,400 |
| Density | 605.64/sq mi (233.85/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 37724, 37752 |
| Area code | 423 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2403807 |
| Website | www.harrogate-tn.com |


title: Untamed Youth

abstract: Untamed Youth is a 1957 American teen film directed by Howard W. Koch, written by John C. Higgins and Stephen Longstreet, and starring Mamie Van Doren and Lori Nelson as two starstruck sisters who are sentenced to farm labor.

text:
# Untamed Youth

***Untamed Youth*** is a 1957 American teen film directed by Howard W. Koch, written by John C. Higgins and Stephen Longstreet, and starring Mamie Van Doren and Lori Nelson as two starstruck sisters who are sentenced to farm labor.

## Plot

Sisters Penny and Jane Lowe are arrested for hitchhiking and skinny-dipping and are sentenced to work on a rural Texas farm for a corrupt agricultural magnate named Russ Tropp. The judge, who sentenced the sisters to the farm, is secretly married to Tropp. Unaware she is being used for her position, she is likewise unaware of the mistreatment of the prisoners. When her son is hired to work at the farm, he uncovers that a scam had been going on. Through dating the judge, Tropp ensures that all delinquents and rule breakers are ordered to work off their sentence at his farm, therefore giving him a stable amount of cheap labor and allowing him to undercut all competition he faces. The judge's son falls in love with Jane, while Penny, who performs four songs in the film, dreams of making it big in show business. One of the girls, named Baby, at one point falls ill, leaving the judge's son to hijack one of Tropp's cars to rush her to a hospital for treatment. Baby dies from internal hemorrhaging caused by a miscarriage.

## Cast

## Critical reception

According to a contemporary review for *The New York Times*, the film was "a mélange of mediocre melodrama" that sought to "portray sisters who run afoul of the law and are sent to a prison farm populated almost entirely by rock 'n' roll addicts...Call it a fate almost worse than death," and noted that "the amazingly endowed Miss Van Doren \[...\] renders a variety of torrid gyrations that are guaranteed to keep any red-blooded American boy awake. Nothing else in this picture can make that claim. Film critic Glenn Erickson wrote on DVD Talk that the film was "prime camp Juvenile Delinquency material -- with musical numbers! -- that veers between laughable dramatics and pure 50s exploitation," that the characters "both male and female alike are stereotyped," that Van Doren "is unconvincing in almost every scene," "bounces merrily whenever she walks" and that her dancing is "straight from the burlesque stage," and noted the "stultifying finale." A review of the film by critic Hal Erickson on AllMovie described it as "a camp classic, so stupefyingly awful that it's actually festive," and noted that "to repeat examples of the film's howlingly bad dialogue would be to rob the viewer of the perverse pleasure of experiencing *Untamed Youth* in all its trashy glory."

## Legacy

The film was featured on an early episode of *Mystery Science Theater 3000,* and an updated livestream version in 2021 during Joel Hodgson's Make More MST3K campaign on Kickstarter.

1. "Untamed Youth' Full of Rock'n' Roll." *New York Times*. (May 11, 1957).
2. Erickson, Glenn (December 27, 2009). "Untamed Youth - Warner Archive Collection". *DVD Talk*. DVDTalk.com. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
3. Erickson, Hal. "Untamed Youth (1957)". *AllMovie*. Netaktion LLC. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
4. *#MakeMoreMST3K Livestream II: UNTAMED YOUTH!*, archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved April 30, 2021

## InfoBox

| Untamed Youth | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Howard W. Koch |
| Written by | * John C. Higgins * Stephen Longstreet |
| Produced by | Aubrey Schenck |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Carl E. Guthrie |
| Edited by | John F. Schreyer |
| Music by | Les Baxter |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * March 10, 1957 (1957-03-10) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III

abstract: The Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III was a large four-engined monoplane flying boat designed by Claudius Dornier and built during 1917 on the German side of Lake Constance at the Zeppelin-Lindau works.

text:
# Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III

The **Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III** (known incorrectly postwar as the Dornier Rs.III) was a large four-engined monoplane flying boat designed by Claudius Dornier and built during 1917 on the German side of Lake Constance at the Zeppelin-Lindau works.

## Design and development

Although the Rs.III differed in appearance from its predecessors, it was the result of the experience gained from building and flying the Rs.I and Rs.II. The broad hull was retained as well as the push-pull tandem nacelles, but the open framework tail boom was replaced by a steel and Duralumin fuselage that sat on the centreline of the high mounted wing and the substantial tubular trusses supporting the wing were replaced by conventional wire bracing.

The short and broad hull accommodating the flight crew supported the engine nacelles and the wing centre section on a frame-work of struts, in similar fashion to the later version of the Rs.II. The high set fuselage had several tasks, providing gun positions for defence, ensuring that the tail unit was as high as possible to reduce damage from spray and to act as a king-post for the wings landing-wire bracing. Constructed of steel longerons riveted to Duralumin frames and covered with Duralumin sheet over the forward portion and fabric aft it supported the tail unit which consisted of a biplane tail cellule with elevators and a large central rudder, initially with a long central fin, but later with two smaller fixed fins in the tail cellule. At approximately the mid-wing chord position the fuselage had a cockpit with provision for two machine guns and also housed a sound-proof wireless cabin in the nose.

The hull was very similar to that of the Rs.II, being short and broad with a cockpit near the nose protected by a large coaming. Fuel for the engines was housed in a large fuel tank mounted in the hull, which also provided accommodation for the crew when not at their stations. The flight crew usually consisted of two pilots, a commander, and possibly a navigator, with gunners and mechanics to man the guns and engines as well as manually pump fuel up to each engine's gravity tanks.

## Operational history

As the Rs.III neared completion, the facilities at the Norderney Seaplane station on the North Sea coast were also completed. Delivery of the Rs.III was planned to follow the river Rhine after crossing the Black Forest, with a fighter escort between Rottweil and Duisburg due to the proximity of Allied forces, as well as a guide aircraft to prevent it inadvertently crossing the Dutch border.

Flight testing of the Rs.III carried on apace from November 1917, at the Lake Constance factory, with good results. Flying characteristics were generally good, the aircraft proving easy to fly, taxi on water, and capable of taking off in moderate seas. With only minor modifications, the Rs.III was ready for its delivery flight by the end of January 1918, but the route was covered with fog. The weather cleared by 19 February when the Rs.III set off on its 7-hour non-stop delivery flight to Norderney.

Operational testing at Norderney cleared the giant Rs.III for service with the Imperial German Navy on 13 June 1918 and it was turned over to the Seaplane Experimental Command (*Seeflugzeug-Versuchs-Kommando*) on 27 August 1918 for further Navy tests. After the Armistice the Rs.III was not destroyed immediately but continued flying with the German Navy Air Service on mine clearing duties until the Allied Control Commission finally ordered its scrapping in July 1921.

The Rs.III had proved easy to fly (but with some minor quirks), easy to manoeuvre on the water and durable, due to its metal construction.

## Specifications (Rs.III)

*Data from* The German Giants

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** Six
* **Length:** 22.75 m (74 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 37 m (121 ft 5 in)
* **Height:** 8.20 m (26 ft 11 in)
* **Wing area:** 226 m2 (2,430 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 7,865 kg (17,339 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 10,670 kg (23,523 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 2,260 kg (4,982 lb) / 3,140 L (691 imp gal; 830 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 4 × Maybach Mb.IVa. 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine, 183 kW (245 hp) each
* **Propellers:** 4-bladed fixed pitch wooden, 3 m (9 ft 10 in) diameter propeller centres 3.3 m (11 ft) apart

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 135 km/h (84 mph, 73 kn)
* **Endurance:** 10 hours
* **Time to altitude:** 2,000 m (6,562 ft) in 35 mins

**Armament**

* **Guns:** Provision for one machine-gun in the nose and two machine-guns on top of the fuselage

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen (1987) \[1970\]. *German Aircraft of the First World War* (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-809-7.
* Haddow, G. W.; Peter M. Grosz (1988). *The German Giants - The German R-Planes 1914-1918* (3rd ed.). London: Putnam & Company. ISBN 0-85177-812-7.
* Rimell, Ray (2009). *Dornier Flying Boats*. Windsock Datafile. Vol. 136. Berkhampstead, UK: Albatros Productions. ISBN 978-1-906798-03-1.
* Schmeelke, Michael (2020). *Zeppelin-Lindau Aircraft of WWI: Claude Dornier's Metal Airplanes 1914–1919*. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 42. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-83-4.

## Further reading

* Zuerl, Walter (1941). *Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure*. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag.

## InfoBox

| Rs III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Patrol flying boat |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Zeppelin-Lindau |
| Designer | Claudius Dornier |
| First flight | 4 November 1917 |
| Primary user | Kaiserliche Marine |
| Number built | 1 |
| Developed from | Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II |
| Variants | Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV |


title: Pierre Horsfall

abstract: Pierre Horsfall is a retired hotelier and politician from Jersey. He was a member of the States Assembly from 1975 for 27 years, and as the President of Policy and Resources committee he was Jersey's most senior politician. On 24 June 2021, it was announced that Horsfall would be a founding member of the soon-to-be-launched Jersey Liberal Conservatives party, founded by former External Relations Minister Philip Bailhache.

text:
# Pierre Horsfall

**Pierre Horsfall** CBE (born c. 1938) is a retired hotelier and politician from Jersey. He was a member of the States Assembly from 1975 for 27 years, and as the President of Policy and Resources committee he was Jersey's most senior politician.

On 24 June 2021, it was announced that Horsfall would be a founding member of the soon-to-be-launched Jersey Liberal Conservatives party, founded by former External Relations Minister Philip Bailhache.

* Body, Peter. *A Jerseyman's Journey – from Occupation to thriving mini-state*. Jersey Heritage.
* Horsfall, Pierre (5 August 2014). "Concord in the Beginning". Inspiring Travel Company.
* McLoughlin, Rod (24 November 2020). "A Jerseyman who played a part on the world stage". *Jersey Evening Post*. pp. 8–9.

## InfoBox

| Pierre HorsfallCBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | British |
| Spouse | Thelma (married 1963 - 2021) |
| Children | 1 |
| Committees | Policy and Resources Committee |
|  | |


title: Geraldine Newman

abstract: Geraldine Newman is an English film and television actress who has acted in more than 30 television programmes and films.

text:
# Geraldine Newman

**Geraldine Newman** (born 18 February 1934) is an English film and television actress who has acted in more than 30 television programmes and films.

## Career

Newman attended drama school in Brighton. She is best known for her role as Hilda Hughes in the 1980s BBC TV series, *Ever Decreasing Circles* which ran from 1984 to 1987 with an extended Christmas series finale in December 1989.

## Personal life

She was married to fellow English actor David Garth, who was 14 years her senior, until his death in 1988.

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *All the Way Up* | Makepiece's Secretary |
| 1997 | *Breakout* | Neighbour |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962–66 | *Dr. Finlay's Casebook* | Mary Davidson |
| 1964 | *Crossroads* | Constance Merrow |
| 1969–70 | *Dear Mother...Love Albert* | Mrs. McKewan |
| 1977 | *Backs to the Land* | Miss Rainbow |
| 1979 | *Lovely Couple* | Madge Dent |
| 1984–89 | *Ever Decreasing Circles* | Hilda Hughes |
| 1985–86 | *Mapp & Lucia* | Grosvenor |
| 1987 | *Sleeping Murder* | Janet Erskine |
| 1993 | *Keeping Up Appearances* | Ladies Luncheon Committee chairlady |

## InfoBox

| Geraldine Newman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Geraldine Newman
(1934-02-18) 18 February 1934
Brighton, Sussex, England |
| Spouse | David Garth (died 1988) |


title: The Sexual Contract

abstract: The Sexual Contract is a 1988 non-fiction book by British feminist and political theorist Carole Pateman which was published through Polity Press. This book is a seminal work which discusses how contract theory continues to affirm the patriarchy through methods of contractual submission where there is ultimately a power imbalance from systemic sexism. The focus of The Sexual Contract is on rebutting the idea that a post-patriarchal or anti-patriarchal society presently exists as a result of the conception of a civil society. Instead, Pateman argues that civil society continues to aid feminine oppression and that the orthodoxy of contracts such as marriage cannot become equitable to both women and men. Pateman uses a feminist lens when rationalising the argument proposed in The Sexual Contract through the use of works by classic political and liberal philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and later interpreted by the Founding Fathers whom Pateman has before critiqued as being responsible for the development of modern rights and freedoms derived from archaic standards of contract that are deeply embedded within Western Spheres, particularly America, England and Australia, which are the focus areas for her work.

text:
# The Sexual Contract

***The Sexual Contract*** is a 1988 non-fiction book by British feminist and political theorist Carole Pateman which was published through Polity Press. This book is a seminal work which discusses how contract theory continues to affirm the patriarchy through methods of contractual submission where there is ultimately a power imbalance from systemic sexism. The focus of *The Sexual Contract* is on rebutting the idea that a post-patriarchal or anti-patriarchal society presently exists as a result of the conception of a civil society. Instead, Pateman argues that civil society continues to aid feminine oppression and that the orthodoxy of contracts such as marriage cannot become equitable to both women and men. Pateman uses a feminist lens when rationalising the argument proposed in *The Sexual Contract* through the use of works by classic political and liberal philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and later interpreted by the Founding Fathers whom Pateman has before critiqued as being responsible for the development of modern rights and freedoms derived from archaic standards of contract that are deeply embedded within Western Spheres, particularly America, England and Australia, which are the focus areas for her work.

## Background

Carole Pateman when writing *The Sexual Contract* used her previous background in political theory as support to substantiate a feminist commentary and critique on the nature of contracts as tools to control womanhood establishing how "the original contract constitutes men's freedom and women's subjection". Pateman writes within the confines of the Western Tradition which presents both how this tradition excludes women and how it fundamentally supported female oppression in western political and legal thought. Pateman elucidates how *The Sexual Contract* as a theory is rooted in how the period of enlightenment was essentially led by men for the liberation of men with the quote Liberté, égalité, fraternité excluding the liberation of women through language used within this period, effectively fashioning the beginnings of modern patriarchy. Pateman voices this in order to demonstrate her point that social contracts based upon these ideas of liberty are inherently skewed to favor the sex-right of men and the subordination of women to sustain social contract therefore becoming a sexual contract which inhibits the autonomy of women.

## Summary

*The Sexual Contract* is divided into eight chapters. Pateman utilizes 'feminist storytelling' structures to illustrate contract theory from its origins to its contemporary implications. Pateman displays how contracts affect womanhood in a multitude of ways such as economic and sexual capitalisation, that is exploited from women through marriage, prostitution and surrogacy. *The Sexual Contract* reveals the complications associated with contract theory and how "Feminists therefore cannot 'reform' those parts of political theory, they must start anew and from scratch".

The articulation throughout the book is that contractarian theory cannot be amended in a progressive manner. Contracts always initiate a political right entailing an intrinsically dominant and subordinate party. Moreover, *The Sexual Contract* explores how the basis of Western society is built upon the contractual oppression of women in order to uphold a patriarchal regime, depicting how in the wake of social contract between enlightened men there exists "another contract, the sexual contract, by which men gain possession of women."

### Marriage

Pateman pays close attention to the contract obligations associated with marriage: "Women are incorporated into society via the marriage contract but they may enter such a contract not as equal individuals but as natural subordinate". Marriage acts as a way to gain "sexual access" to a woman's body and the "labour" she provides as a wife." It is regarded as a major institution in society: "the institution of marriage gives each husband the capacity, if he so wishes, to ill-treat his wife." The institution of marriage is established as "legal prostitution", an entity comparable to a labour contract, wherein the master (husband) enters into this contract with the servant (housewife) as a subordinate. According to Thomas Hobbes' state of nature, the "conquering" of a woman within the marriage contract leads to the wife's submission as a sexual servant, rendering her the property of the husband who is recognised as the proper member of civil and contractual society. Pateman's issue with marriage begins with how institutionally becoming a 'husband' gives patriarchal right over the 'wife'.

### Prostitution

The example of prostitution is utilised by Pateman to explain how the patriarchy manages to create sexual capital off the sexual labour of women. Using the 'story' of the sexual contract, it becomes apparent that "prostitution is part of the exercise of the law of male sex-right" ensuring continued access to women's bodies. 'The prostitution contract' is outlined by Pateman to be an example of an 'original' sexual contract, becoming a precursor to the metaphorical prostituting of the worker for capital, within civil patriarchal society. Pateman deduces that contractarians defend prostitution as a form of labour explaining that prostitution contracts are similar to employment contracts. This, Pateman shows, is a rationale for enduring affirmation of male sex-right and the monetization of women's bodies, legitimising how prostitution affirms patriarchal status.

### Surrogacy

Surrogacy as an example is used throughout *The Sexual Contract* to create a dialogue on how women's bodies have become legitimized capital in contemporary society. Pateman outlines how this is a result of the sexual contract imposed onto women similar to the contracts associated with prostitution. The surrogacy contract is another facet of the sexual contract providing a new form of access to women's bodies. The issue within the surrogacy contract is that its aspects are inherently class-based, that is, working-class women are attracted to the financial aspect of this contract, but are ultimately not equal to the party that benefits from the time and nature of the service they are providing. Pateman uses the words of John Locke as an example on the differences between a surrogacy contract and prostitution contract, where although men don't use direct sexual use of a woman's body for surrogacy, the 'mixing of the man's seed' with the 'woman's uterus' if performed 'faithfully' results in a child essentially owned by the male party. Patemans argues the intervention of women within civil society demonstrates how the surrogacy contract remains a part of a dependence on female sexuality and how it is not the discretion of the woman which is valued in the contract but instead her body which is used by society.

### Conclusion

*The Sexual Contract* concludes with Pateman stating how the original contract is a political fiction that belongs to modern patriarchy. There is no true origin to the original contract; instead, it exists as a progression to liberty but only the liberty of *certain* individuals. The crux of the issue as outlined by Pateman is that political and legal liberty need to be discussed and explored from a perspective different from a traditionalist one. Pateman seeks in her work to elaborate more thoroughly on the issues with civil society and how it cannot be established as equal because of its patriarchal origins. It instead must be dismissed and re-established to become equitable between the sexes. Women can never truly become individuals because their bodies cannot be forgotten by their male counterparts. A contract between men and women is influenced because of the ideal of embodied feminine beings which can never truly exist, as individuals like men can, with civil society.

## Reception

*The Sexual Contract* received the 2005 Benjamin E. Lippincott Award, sponsored by the American Political Science Association, 17 years after it was initially published. The book has been widely used as an example of work that transcends mainstream academic work being called a "challenging and thought-provoking" work, it has been cited in a number of journals on political theory and feminism and translated into Polish, French, Turkish, Portuguese, Spanish, Croatian and Slovak. *The Sexual Contract* has remained a relevant and valid addition to feminist theory and is still a work often referenced across many fields of discipline. Thirty years after its initial publication, an anniversary edition of *The Sexual Contract* was published to celebrate the impact it had on political and feminist theory with the addition of a new preface from the author.

### Response

Pateman states how *The Sexual Contract* was written specifically with Anglo countries in mind, directly addressing the common-law traditions present within these spheres; however, it has become evident that Pateman's work speaks to a number of experiences from different cultures. An issue in criticisms directed at *The Sexual Contract* is a contextual problem from when Pateman was writing – the issue of essentialism, taking her nuanced arguments from specific portions of the work without concern for the uniting thread on how *The Sexual Contract* is most importantly a portrait on how "sexual difference as political difference" between the sexes, is based within the knowledge and works of classic theorists.

### Impacts on understandings of law and gender

*The Sexual Contract* has become an important work within the context of understanding the intersection between womanhood and political and legal theories with Pateman's work, becoming an entity which "challenges assumptions made in political theory and it has become a classic second-wave feminist text". Pateman's work manages to continue to establish how modern society continues to support the institutional contract which ultimately continues to oppress women. Even with the social change that has occurred over the past thirty years, the increase in migration and the radical changes in working-class industries such as mining and printing, *The Sexual Contract* with its subsequent theories endures the passage of time with relative ease. *The Sexual Contract* "has been informed by her \[Pateman's\] understanding of feminism as a call to keep focused on the big picture, speaking truth to power." Its impact on understandings of law and gender has reached beyond its initial 1988 release. It continues to be consistent with issues within modern movements such as the #MeToo movement which highlights the struggle of supported celebrity women, but skips over women unable to voice their experiences of harassment in case of retaliation from social and economic spheres. This is where Pateman's text supports the idea on how "the un-silencing of women in contemporary society is only partial."

### Critiques

The criticisms of Pateman's argument have focused on her emphasis on the argument of the sexual contract, and the relationship this has with Hobbes' and Locke's views on contract theory, "making Hobbes more theoretically consistent and Locke less overtly patriarchal". Pateman also continually ignores the consensual entering of women into these contracts, or how "female sexual desire" fits into the dominating patriarchal society that Pateman outlines in her work. *The Sexual Contract* also lacks the nuances of how race and class intersect with social/sexual contract theory, particularly the lack of analysis on how this dynamic works between black individuals or how Pateman's exclusionary approach to sex, race and class threatens to defy the hegemonic narrative Pateman constructs.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

The Sexual Contract
| 30th Anniversary Edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Carole Pateman |
| Language | English |
| Subjects | Gender studies, political theory, legal theory |
| Publisher | Polity Press |
| Publication date | 1 August 1988 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 280 |
| Awards | Winner of the 2005 Benjamin E. Lippincott Award, Winner of the 1989 APSA Victoria Schuck Award |
| ISBN | 0804714770 |


title: Jack Chatfield

abstract: Jack "Jackey" Chatfield is an American politician, businessman, and rancher, currently serving as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. Elected in 2019, Chatfield represents the 67th district, which includes Tucumcari, New Mexico, Ute Lake State Park, and Clayton Lake State Park.

text:
# Jack Chatfield

**Jack "Jackey" Chatfield** is an American politician, businessman, and rancher, currently serving as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. Elected in 2019, Chatfield represents the 67th district, which includes Tucumcari, New Mexico, Ute Lake State Park, and Clayton Lake State Park.

## Early life

Chatfield was born in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico.

## Career

Prior to serving in the New Mexico House of Representatives, Chatfield worked as a rancher at Bell Ranch. He currently owns and operates a Headquarters Restaurant in Mosquero, New Mexico. Chatfield took office on January 15, 2019, succeeding Dennis Roch. He is a member of the Republican Party.

## Personal life

Chatfield is married and has five children.

1. "Jackey Chatfield". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
2. "Legislator - New Mexico Legislature". *www.nmlegis.gov*. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
3. "New Mexico House of Representatives District 67". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
4. "The Voter's Self Defense System". *Vote Smart*. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
5. "House approves gender-neutral bathroom bill". *AP NEWS*. 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
6. By, Andrew Oxford | (14 January 2019). "People to watch during New Mexico's 2019 legislative session". *Santa Fe New Mexican*. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
7. "Jack Chatfield's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Jack Chatfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the
New Mexico House of Representatives
from the 67th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 15, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Dennis Roch |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Jill |
| Children | 5 |
|  | |


title: George Chayka

abstract: George Chayka is a Canadian football executive who serves as vice-president of football and business operations for the BC Lions.

text:
# George Chayka

**George Chayka** is a Canadian football executive who serves as vice-president of football and business operations for the BC Lions.

## Early life

Chayka was born in Sardis, British Columbia. He played running back and defensive back at Simon Fraser University from 1977-1980 and was a graduate assistant in 1981, coaching running backs and special teams. While working as a player agent, Chayka also co-owned and managed a Vancouver nightclub and worked as a lumber broker.

## Agent

In 1982, Rick Klassen, a former SFU teammate who Chayka had known since elementary school, hired Chayka as his agent. In 1985 he began representing Klassen's teammate Gerald Roper. By 1988 his client list had grown to include John Ulmer, Joe Germain, Robert Molle, Tony Dennis, Leon Hatziioannou, Jim Mills, and Ian Sinclair. Chayka earned a reputation as a tough negotiator. He negotiated a contract for Roper that made him the CFL's highest-paid offensive lineman and one for Willie Pless that made him the highest-paid non-quarterback in the league.

## BC Lions

In 1992, Chayka joined the sales and marketing staff of the BC Lions. His client list was taken over by Klassen. Chayka left the Lions in March 1993 and joined former team president Frank Gigliotti on the staff of Dr. Lee Pulos. He returned to the team later that year as director of marketing. In 1996 he was promoted to vice-president of football and business operations. Under the Lions front-office structure, head coach Joe Paopao handled personnel and Chayka negotiated contracts. Chayka's role was essentially that of general manager while also maintaining his duties as director of marketing. The Lions finished 5–13 under Chayka and Paopao and Chayka duties were shifted away from football operations and towards business development. His new role has him oversee game day operations, ticket and suite sales, sponsorship, and the selection of the team's training camp site. He also assumed operational duties of the club following the death of president Bob Ackles in 2008. In 2017, Chayka was inducted into the BC Football Hall of Fame and was recipient the Bob Ackles Award for outstanding contribution to Canadian Football.

## InfoBox

George Chayka
| BC Lions | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | Sardis, British Columbia |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | Vice-president of football and business operations |
| Career history | |
| As administrator | |
| 1992–1993 | BC Lions (Sales and marketing) |
| 1993–1996 | BC Lions (Director of marketing) |
| 1996–present | BC Lions (Vice-president of football and business operations) |
|  | |


title: Zerobridge

abstract: Zerobridge was a New York-based indie alternative/rock band from 2001–2017 founded by brothers Mubashir and Mohsin (drums) Mohi-ud-Din. The band draws its name from the actual bridge in Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Greg Eckelman was added to the lineup on bass in 2004. Between 2002-2011, the band went through a series of lineup changes including: Kristin Fayne Mulroy, Kenji Shinigawa, Jay Barclay, and Paolo Arao. In 2005 Earl Slick produced the band and joined them for a series of live dates in Lower Manhattan. In 2011, noted Strokes production consultant/ guitar teacher / 'guru'/ 'sensei' J. P. Bowersock joined the lineup as producer and lead guitar player.

text:
# Zerobridge

**Zerobridge** was a New York-based indie alternative/rock band from 2001–2017 founded by brothers Mubashir (songwriter, lead singer, and rhythm guitarist) and Mohsin (drums) Mohi-ud-Din. The band draws its name from the actual bridge in Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Greg Eckelman was added to the lineup on bass in 2004. Between 2002-2011, the band went through a series of lineup changes including: Kristin Fayne Mulroy (bass, 2002-2003), Kenji Shinigawa (lead guitar, 2004), Jay Barclay (lead guitar, 2007-2009), and Paolo Arao (keyboards, 2008-2010). In 2005 Earl Slick produced the band and joined them for a series of live dates in Lower Manhattan. In 2011, noted Strokes production consultant/ guitar teacher / 'guru'/ 'sensei' J. P. Bowersock joined the lineup as producer and lead guitar player.

## *No Epiphany* (2001)

No Epiphany was Zerobridge's first self-released EP. The tracks on this recording include "No Epiphany", "Ice Candy Man", and "Bleed". "Ice Candy Man" references a main character from the novel "Cracking India" by Bapsi Sidhwa, which was later turned into the film, "Earth," directed by Deepa Mehta. “Bleed” is a 12 and a half minute instrumental which samples “Chalte, Chalte,” composed by Ghulam Muhammad for the film Pakeezah, a popular 1972 "Bollywood" film. The cover photography was taken by writer/photographer Maryam Reshi.

## *Zerobridge*, aka *The Basement Tapes* (2003)

The band's first full-length debut was self-titled and recorded at Phase Recording Studios in College Park, MD and at Spike Recording Studios in New York City from 2002 to 2003. The songs were directly inspired by Kashmir and the brothers' travels there in December 2001, a tense time in the region after 9/11 and a terrorist attack that was carried out on the Indian parliament. Songs such as "Suffering Moses" (which reappears on the 2007 EP, *Havre de Grace*),"Nothing Doing," and "Refugee Citizen" offer a glimpse of life in the midst of the Kashmir conflict. "Nazar" is influenced by the book, “The Tiger Ladies,” by Kashmiri author Sudha Kohl. "In Exile" is an experiment of the Ghazal, a poetic structure in Urdu, transposed into English form and influenced by famed Kashmiri poet Agha Shahid Ali, writer Salman Rushdie and professor, writer, and philosopher Edward Said. The cover photo was taken in Kashmir in 1989 by Amar Talwar, a prominent actor in India. The self titled album came to be known as *The Basement Tapes*. Music from *The Basement Tapes* was inspired by song structures and melodies from the likes of guitar based rock bands like Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers, The Beatles, and Oasis mixed with Indian instrumentation, rhythms, and samples. The song structure of "Refugee Citizen" borrows heavily from The Velvet Underground's "I'm Waiting for the Man."

## *The Earl Slick Sessions* (2004-2005)

Former John Lennon and David Bowie guitarist, Earl Slick, teamed up with the band from 2004–2005 to play live with them and record demos with the intention of securing a record deal. Earl Slick provided all the lead guitar work on these unreleased recordings in addition to production, with the mixing assistance of Mark Plati. The song "It Is What It Is" was recorded for the first time during these sessions. It was inspired by the play The South Asian Monologues, in which lead singer Din played one of the lead characters, Zain.

## *Havre de Grace* (2007)

In the fall of 2007, Zerobridge released their third EP, *Havre de Grace,* whose sound was more stripped down, capturing the band as a 3-piece, and reflected the music of bands like The Clash and U2. The title song takes its name from Havre de Grace, Maryland, a town near where the brothers grew up. "Havre de Grace" would go on to be included in independent films "The Messenger" (2009) and "Amira and Sam" (2015). The "Havre de Grace" video was directed by Musa Syeed, winner of the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival Best Documentary Short award and director of feature-length film "Valley of Saints" (2012), for which Din would compose the musical score.

"Late Bloomer" would be included in the independent film "Slakistan." "The Shake" is a direct confrontation to Islamic extremism from a songwriter of Muslim background. "This Is My Version" was remixed from *The Earl Slick Sessions* and includes the rhythm guitar work of Earl Slick.

## *There We Were, Now Here We Are* (2009)

After self-releasing a single every month for the last half of 2008, the band released a six-song EP titled *There We Were, Now Here We Are* in 2009.

## *Big Songs for Small Spaces* (2015)

In 2011, Zerobridge added record producer J. P. Bowersock to its lineup and began recording songs in Chinatown, Manhattan over the course of four years on a minimal budget. On August 21, 2015, they released their full-length album titled *Big Songs for Small Space*. To promote the album in advance, the band released its lead single "Ten Years" on December 8, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Zerobridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Alternative rock, indie rock |
| Years active | 2001–2017 |
|  | |
| Members | * Mubashir Mohi-ud-Din ("Din")- songwriter, lead singer, rhythm guitar player * Mohsin Mohi-ud-Din ("Mo")- drums * J. P. Bowersock\- lead guitar * Greg Eckelman- bass |
|  | |
| Past members | * Paolo Arao * Jay Barclay * Kristin Fayne Mulroy * Kenji Shinigawa |


title: Zerocoin protocol

abstract: Zerocoin is a privacy protocol proposed in 2013 by Johns Hopkins University professor Matthew D. Green and his graduate students, Ian Miers and Christina Garman. It was designed as an extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would improve Bitcoin transactions' anonymity by having coin-mixing capabilities natively built into the protocol. Zerocoin is not currently compatible with Bitcoin.

text:
# Zerocoin protocol

**Zerocoin** is a privacy protocol proposed in 2013 by Johns Hopkins University professor Matthew D. Green and his graduate students, Ian Miers and Christina Garman. It was designed as an extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would improve Bitcoin transactions' anonymity by having coin-mixing capabilities natively built into the protocol. Zerocoin is not currently compatible with Bitcoin.

## History

Due to the public nature of the blockchain, users may have their privacy compromised while interacting with the network. To address this problem, third-party coin mixing service can be used to obscure the trail of cryptocurrency transactions. In May 2013, Matthew D. Green and his graduate students (Ian Miers and Christina Garman) proposed the Zerocoin protocol where cryptocurrency transactions can be anonymized without going through a trusted third-party, by which a coin is destroyed then minted again to erase its history.

While a coin is spent, there is no information available which reveal exactly which coin is being spent. Initially, the Zerocoin protocol was planned to be integrated into the Bitcoin network. However, the proposal was not accepted by the Bitcoin community. Thus, the Zerocoin developers decided to launch the protocol into an independent cryptocurrency. The project to create a standalone cryptocurrency implementing the Zerocoin protocol was named "Moneta". In September 2016, Zcoin (XZC), the first cryptocurrency to implement the zerocoin protocol, was launched by Poramin Insom and team. In January 2018, an academic paper partially funded by Zcoin was published on replacing Proof-of-work system with memory intensive Merkle tree proof algorithm in ensuring more equitable mining among ordinary users. In April 2018, a cryptographic flaw was found in the Zerocoin protocol which allows an attacker to destroy the coins owned by honest users, create coins out of thin air, and steal users' coins. The Zcoin cryptocurrency team while acknowledging the flaw, stated the high difficulty in performing such attacks and the low probability of giving economic benefit to the attacker. In December 2018, Zcoin released an academic paper proposing the Lelantus protocol that removes the need for a trusted setup and hides the origin and the amount of coins in a transaction when using the Zerocoin protocol.

## Architecture

Transactions which use the Zerocoin feature are drawn from an escrow pool, where each coin's transaction history is erased when it emerges. Transactions are verified by zero-knowledge proofs, a mathematical way to prove a statement is true without revealing any other details about the question.

## Zerocash

On 16 November 2013, Matthew D. Green announced the Zerocash protocol, which provides additional anonymity by shielding the amount transacted. Zerocash reduces transaction sizes by 98%, however was significantly more computationally expensive, taking up to 3.2 GB of memory to generate. More recent developments into the protocol have reduced this to 40 MB.

Zerocash utilizes succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments of knowledge (also known as zk-SNARKs), a special kind of zero-knowledge method for proving the integrity of computations. Such proofs are less than 300 bytes long and can be verified in only a few milliseconds, and contain the additional advantage of hiding the amount transacted as well. However, unlike Zerocoin, Zerocash requires an initial set up by a trusted entity.

Developed by Matthew D. Green, the assistant professor behind the Zerocoin protocol, Zcash was the first Zerocash based cryptocurrency which began development in 2013.

## Cryptocurrencies

### Zcoin (XZC)

In the late 2014, Poramin Insom, a student in Masters in Security Informatics from Johns Hopkins University wrote a paper on implementing the zerocoin protocol into a cryptocurrency with Matthew Green as faculty member. Roger Ver and Tim Lee were Zcoin's initial investors. Poramin also set up an exchanged named "Satang" that can convert Thai Baht to Zcoin directly.

On 20 February 2017, a malicious coding attack on Zerocoin protocol created 370,000 fake tokens which perpetrators sold for over 400 Bitcoins ($440,000). Zcoin team announced that a single-symbol error in a piece of code "allowed an attacker to create Zerocoin spend transactions without a corresponding mint". Unlike Ethereum during the DAO event, developers have opted not to destroy any coins or attempt to reverse what happened with the newly generated ones.

In September 2018, Zcoin introduced the Dandelion protocol that hides the origin IP address of a sender without using a The Onion Router (Tor) or Virtual Private Network (VPN). In November 2018, Zcoin conducted the world's first large-scale party elections in Thailand Democrat Party using InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). In December 2018, Zcoin implemented Merkle tree proof, a mining algorithm that deters the usage of Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) in mining coins by being more memory intensive for the miners. This allows ordinary users to use central processing unit (CPU) and graphics card for mining, so as to enable egalitarianism in coin mining. On 30 July 2019, Zcoin formally departed from Zerocoin protocol by adopting a new protocol called "Sigma" that prevents counterfeit privacy coins from inflating coin supply. This is achieved by removing a feature called "trusted setup" from the Zerocoin protocol.

## Reception

One criticism of zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by bitcoin miners. If the proofs were posted to the blockchain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the blockchain. Nevertheless, as stated by the original author, the proofs could be stored outside the blockchain.

Since a zerocoin will have the same denomination as the bitcoin used to mint the zerocoin, anonymity would be compromised if no other zerocoins (or few zerocoins) with the same denomination are currently minted but unspent. A potential solution to this problem would be to only allow zerocoins of specific set denominations, however, this would increase the needed computation time since multiple zerocoins could be needed for one transaction.

Depending on the specific implementation, Zerocoin requires two very large prime numbers to generate a parameter which cannot be easily factored. As such, these values must either be generated by trusted parties, or rely on RSA unfactorable objects to avoid the requirement of a trusted party. Such a setup, however, is not possible with the Zerocash protocol.


title: Zeroday Emergency Response Team

abstract: In computer security, the Zeroday Emergency Response Team (ZERT) was a group of volunteer security researchers who produced emergency patches for zero day attack vulnerabilities in proprietary software. They came to public notice in late September 2006 with a patch for that month's Vector Markup Language vulnerability before Microsoft, later producing a patch for older versions of Microsoft Windows which are no longer supported by Microsoft. The team included several members prominent in antivirus and network security work. Their manifesto states: "ZERT members work together as a team to release a non-vendor patch when a so-called "0day" (zero-day) exploit appears in the open which poses a serious risk to the public, to the infrastructure of the Internet or both. The purpose of ZERT is not to "crack" products, but rather to "uncrack" them by averting security vulnerabilities in them before they can be widely exploited." The ZERT website has not been updated since April 2007 and the group is presumed to be inactive.

text:
# Zeroday Emergency Response Team

In computer security, the **Zeroday Emergency Response Team** (**ZERT**) was a group of volunteer security researchers who produced emergency patches for zero day attack vulnerabilities in proprietary software. They came to public notice in late September 2006 with a patch for that month's Vector Markup Language vulnerability before Microsoft, later producing a patch for older versions of Microsoft Windows which are no longer supported by Microsoft.

The team included several members prominent in antivirus and network security work.

Their manifesto states: *"ZERT members work together as a team to release a non-vendor patch when a so-called "0day" (zero-day) exploit appears in the open which poses a serious risk to the public, to the infrastructure of the Internet or both. The purpose of ZERT is not to "crack" products, but rather to "uncrack" them by averting security vulnerabilities in them before they can be widely exploited."*

The ZERT website has not been updated since April 2007 and the group is presumed to be inactive.


title: Zawory, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Zawory is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książ Wielkopolski, within Śrem County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Książ Wielkopolski, 10 km (6 mi) east of Śrem, and 41 km (25 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Zawory, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Zawory** \[zaˈvɔrɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książ Wielkopolski, within Śrem County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Książ Wielkopolski, 10 km (6 mi) east of Śrem, and 41 km (25 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Zawory | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zawory | |
| Coordinates: 52°4′N 17°9′E / 52.067°N 17.150°E / 52.067; 17.150 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Śrem |
| Gmina | Książ Wielkopolski |
| Highest elevation | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Population | 101 |


title: Zelma Wilson

abstract: Zelma Wilson, née Gussin, was an American architect, practicing mainly in California.

text:
# Zelma Wilson

**Zelma Wilson**, née **Gussin** (November 23, 1918 – May 10, 1996), was an American architect, practicing mainly in California.

## Early life and education

Zelma Gussin was born in New York City, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants. She and her older sister were raised in Santa Paula, California, by their mother Rose (a shopkeeper) and their stepfather, Ed Kraus. She graduated from Santa Paula Union High School, where she played on the tennis team. She majored in art at the University of California Berkeley and later studied at the California Institute of Technology. At the USC School of Architecture, she was the only woman in her 1947 graduating class.

## Career

In 1948 she worked as a draftsperson at the Los Angeles City Planning Department. She moved to France with her family after her husband was blacklisted in 1952. In Paris, Zelma pursued her interest in sculpture at the École des Beaux-Arts. She earned her architecture license in 1957, and worked with Richard Neutra, Victor Gruen, Rudolph Schindler, and Raphael Soriano. The Wilsons settled in Ojai upon returning to California in 1964.

Zelma Wilson opened her architectural practice in Ojai, Zelma Wilson and Associates, AIA, in 1967. Wilson primarily designed community buildings such as schools, churches, and libraries (see list of works below), but she also designed private residences, banks, and at least one bridge. She served as president of the Ventura County branch of the AIA in 1977. In 1983 she was named a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

In addition to her architectural firm, Wilson lectured on architecture at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. She also served on the California State Governors Emergency Task Force on Earthquake Preparedness, and was active in Ojai organizations, including the "Ojai Beautiful" conference, Ojai Downtown Redevelopment, the Ojai Historical Preservation Commission, and the Ojai Valley Performing Arts Theater. In 1994, she received the City of Ojai's "Lifetime Achievement in the Arts Award." In 1978 she traveled to China with a group of California architects and engineers at the invitation of the Architectural Society of China, to work on structural issues in earthquake-prone regions.

## Partial list of works

The following buildings or structures were among those designed by Zelma Wilson:

* Ojai Branch Bank of America Bank of America; Ojai, CA (1956)
* Peck residence; Ventura, CA (1973-1974)
* Simi Valley Public Library; Simi, Valley CA (1979)
* Ojai City Hall; Ojai, CA (1976)
* Meditation Mount educational center; Ojai, CA (1971)
* Iwata Garden Center; Ojai, CA (1967)
* Oak Grove Elementary School; Ojai, CA
* Villanova Preparatory School Gymnasium; Ojai, CA
* Ojai Valley Athletic Club; Ojai, CA
* The Thacher School/Thacher School; Ojai, CA (1987-1989)
* Stroberg/Patterson residence; Ojai, CA (1989-1991)

## Personal life

Zelma Gussin married screenwriter Michael Wilson in 1941; the couple had two daughters together. Her older sister Sylvia was married to Paul Jarrico, another blacklisted screenwriter. Zelma and Michael Wilson were members of the American Communist Party from 1938 until early 1956.

Zelma Wilson was widowed in 1978. As Michael Wilson's widow, she was presented with his posthumous Academy Award in 1985. She died in 1996, days before she was scheduled to be an honored guest of the Ojai Film Society.

## Legacy

Zelma Wilson's professional papers are held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg. She appears in the 1987 television documentary "Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist," discussing her family's experience of the blacklist.

There is a plaque in Libbey Park in Ojai, dedicating a nearby tree to "Zelma Gussin Wilson, FAIA, 1918–1996, Pioneering Architect, City Planner, Conservationist, Teacher, Mentor, & Artist. Passionate Protector of Ojai's Beauty."

## InfoBox

| Zelma Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Zelma Gussin
(1918-11-23)November 23, 1918
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 10, 1996(1996-05-10) (aged 77) |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse(s) | Michael Wilson, m. 1941-1978; his death) |
| Children | 2 |
| Family | Paul Jarrico (brother in-law) |


title: Zenophassus

abstract: Zenophassus is a monotypic moth genus of the family Hepialidae. The only described species is Z. schamyl of Georgia and Abkhazia. The larva of this species feeds on grapevines. It was named after Imam Shamil, the leader of a nineteenth century rebellion against the Russian annexation of the Caucasus.

text:
# Zenophassus

***Zenophassus*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Hepialidae. The only described species is ***Z. schamyl*** of Georgia and Abkhazia. The larva of this species feeds on grapevines.

It was named after Imam Shamil, the leader of a nineteenth century rebellion against the Russian annexation of the Caucasus.

## InfoBox

| *Zenophassus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hepialidae |
| Genus: | *Zenophassus*
Tindale, 1941 |
| Species: | ***Z. schamyl*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zenophassus schamyl***
(Christoph, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hepialus schamyl* Christoph, 1888 * *Phassus schamyl* | |


title: Ludwik Zabrocki

abstract:
Ludwik Zabrocki was a Polish linguist, an expert in German and Indo-European studies. He was a professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was the editor-in-chief of the following journals: Lingua Posnaniensis, Biuletyn Fonograficzny, Glottodydactica. His notable works include:
  - Gwara Borów Tucholskich (1934)
  - Wspólnoty komunikatywne w genezie i rozwoju języka niemieckiego (1963)
  - U podstaw struktury i rozwoju języka (1980), published posthumously

text:
# Ludwik Zabrocki

**Ludwik Zabrocki** (24 November 1907 in Czersk, German Empire – 8 October 1977 in Poznań) was a Polish linguist, an expert in German and Indo-European studies.

He was a professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (from 1953), a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 1971). He was the editor-in-chief of the following journals: *Lingua Posnaniensis*, *Biuletyn Fonograficzny*, *Glottodydactica*.

His notable works include:

* *Gwara Borów Tucholskich* (1934)
* *Wspólnoty komunikatywne w genezie i rozwoju języka niemieckiego* (1963)
* *U podstaw struktury i rozwoju języka* (1980), published posthumously

* "Zabrocki Ludwik". *Internetowa encyklopedia PWN* (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-04-23.
* "Zabrocki Ludwik". *WIEM Encyclopedia* (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-04-23.


title: Harold Dadford West

abstract: Harold Dadford West was an American biochemist who was the first to synthesize threonine. Born in New Jersey, his father George, was from Washington D.C. and his mother, Mary, was from Rhode Island. He worked at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee as a teacher. He was married to Jessie Juanita West and had at least two children, Edna and Harold West Jr. He died in 1974 in Nashville, Tennessee.

text:
# Harold Dadford West

**Harold Dadford West** (July 16, 1904 – March 5, 1974) was an American biochemist who was the first to synthesize threonine. Born in New Jersey, his father George, was from Washington D.C. and his mother, Mary, was from Rhode Island. He worked at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee as a teacher. He was married to Jessie Juanita West and had at least two children, Edna (named after his older sister) and Harold West Jr. He died in 1974 in Nashville, Tennessee.

* Cohen, S G (1998), "Asthma among the famous. Harold D. West (1904-1974), American medical scientist and educator.", *Allergy and Asthma Proceedings*, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 233–6, PMID 9727157
* Cobb, W M (1976), "Harold Dadford West, Ph.D., LL.D.: a good man and true.", *Journal of the National Medical Association*, vol. 68, no. 4 (published Jul 1976), pp. 269–75, PMC 2609553, PMID 787546

## InfoBox

| Harold Dadford West | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 16, 1904
Flemington, New Jersey |
| Died | March 5, 1974 (1974-03-06) (aged 69)
Nashville, Tennessee |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | threonine |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | biochemistry |
|  | |


title: Gabriele Bertaccini

abstract: Gabriele Bertaccini is an Italian chef, television personality, and writer. He is known for his roles on the Netflix series Say I Do (2020) and the Food Network series Ciao House (2023–).

text:
# Gabriele Bertaccini

**Gabriele Bertaccini** (born 18 December 1985) is an Italian chef, television personality, and writer. He is known for his roles on the Netflix series *Say I Do* (2020) and the Food Network series *Ciao House* (2023–).

## Life and career

Bertaccini was born and raised in Florence to a Mormon Italian family. He learned to cook at the age of 13, training at the Bernardo Buontalenti Institute of Culinary Arts and Management in regional Italian cuisine with a speciality in Tuscan cuisine as well as in food and beverage management. He then worked at several restaurants and hotels such as Ristorante Sabatini, Grand Hotel Baglioni, and Hotel Astoria and was named head chef at boutique restaurant Conquinarius.

He moved to the United States to study journalism and PR at Arizona State University. Bertaccini founded his first catering company, il TOCCO FOOD, in 2008. His second catering company, Culinary Mischief, is dedicated to invitation-only experiences, and his third, the \[UN\]OFFICIAL, was founded in 2015. He was a food and wine columnist for the local *Green Living Magazine*.

In 2019, he became one of the hosts and the food expert on the Netflix reality series *Say I Do*.

In April 2023, a new culinary competition *Ciao House* premiered on the Food Network, with Bertaccini as one of the co-hosts and celebrity guest judges alongside Alex Guarnaschelli.

## Personal life

Bertaccini is based in Venice, Los Angeles with his four Australian Shepards. He is openly gay. In the first episode of *Say I Do*, he revealed he is HIV-positive.

## InfoBox

| Gabriele Bertaccini | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1985-12-16) 16 December 1985<br>Florence, Italy |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | chef, television personality |


title: John Guedel

abstract: John Guedel, was a radio and television producer who co-created and produced Art Linkletter's and Groucho Marx's most important and successful broadcast properties, including You Bet Your Life, House Party and People Are Funny. He also created The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and is sometimes credited with the first singing radio commercial in 1937. He was a producer for The Charlotte Greenwood Show on radio. Earlier in his career, he wrote for Hal Roach Studios, including work on the Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang series. In the 1946 film People Are Funny, Guedel was portrayed by actor Phillip Reed. One of his less successful creations was a daytime soap opera, For Better or Worse, for which he also served as executive producer. It preceded his House Party show during 1959-1960 but lasted only one season.

text:
# John Guedel

**John Guedel**, (October 9, 1913 in Portland, Indiana – December 14, 2001 in Los Angeles, California) was a radio and television producer who co-created and produced Art Linkletter's and Groucho Marx's most important and successful broadcast properties, including *You Bet Your Life,* *House Party* and *People Are Funny*. He also created *The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet* and is sometimes credited with the first singing radio commercial in 1937. He was a producer for *The Charlotte Greenwood Show* on radio.

Earlier in his career, he wrote for Hal Roach Studios, including work on the Laurel and Hardy and *Our Gang* series. In the 1946 film *People Are Funny*, Guedel was portrayed by actor Phillip Reed.

One of his less successful creations was a daytime soap opera, *For Better or Worse*, for which he also served as executive producer. It preceded his *House Party* show during 1959-1960 but lasted only one season.

## Personal life

In 1957-1959 he was married to actress Helen Parrish.

## Further reading

* Guedel, Heidi (2003). *Animatrix – a Female Animator: How Laughter Saved My Life*. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595287307.

John Guedel at IMDb

## InfoBox

| John Guedel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1913-10-09)October 9, 1913
Portland, Indiana |
| Died | December 14, 2001(2001-12-14) (aged 88)
Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Radio and television producer |
| Known for | *You Bet Your Life*
*People Are Funny*
*House Party*
*The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet* |
| Spouse(s) | Beth Pingree
Helen Parrish
Valerie McDonald |
| Children | 2 |


title: Geraldine O'Brien

abstract: Geraldine O'Brien was an Irish botanical illustrator.

text:
# Geraldine O'Brien

**Geraldine O'Brien**  (27 February 1922 – 3 July 2014) was an Irish botanical illustrator.

## Early life

She was born Geraldine Mary O'Brien on 27 February 1922, to parents Donough Richard O'Brien and distinguished artist Cicely Maud Carus-Wilson. She was cousin to both the artist Dermod O'Brien PRHA, Brigid Ganly HRHA and President of the Watercolour Society Kitty Wilmer O'Brien RHA.

## Education and work

O'Brien was educated in Dublin where she won prizes in the international competitions of London's Royal Drawing Society. At 17 she spent a year in West Cornwall with Stanhope Alexander Forbes and at 18 she took part in her first exhibition at the Royal Hibernian Academy. It became difficult to study internationally with the outbreak of the Second World War, and O'Brien took the opportunity to use her skills for the war effort and turned to mechanical drawing. However, it was as a botanical illustrator she was best known.

Her studio in Limerick was always called *the piggery* and was where she brought in the plants from her garden to arrange for her work. She continued to exhibit on a regular basis both with the RHA and private exhibitions around Ireland. On occasion she would use her art to raise funds for charities like Friends of St Luke's Hospital in Rathgar.

## Personal life

O'Brien married David Coote Hely Hutchinson on 25 September 1948 with whom she had one daughter. They lived in 2003 at Parteen, a village close to Limerick City. She died in St. Martha's Nursing Home, Charleville, County Cork on 3 July 2014.

## References and sources

## InfoBox

| Geraldine Hely-Hutchinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Geraldine Mary O'Brien
(1922-02-27)27 February 1922 |
| Died | 3 July 2014(2014-07-03) (aged 92)
Charleville, County Cork |


title: The Sexual Life of the Savages

abstract: The Sexual Life of the Savages is a compilation album produced by Bruno Verner and Eliete Mejorado, and released in 2005 by British record company Soul Jazz Records. It contains a collection of songs from various artists that formed the São Paulo post-punk movement of the early 1980s. The album's name is an allusion to a verse of the song "Nosso Louco Amor" by Gang 90 e as Absurdettes, one of the bands present in the compilation. Depicted in the album's front cover is Patife Band's frontman Paulo Barnabé.

text:
# The Sexual Life of the Savages

***The Sexual Life of the Savages*** (subtitled ***Underground Post-Punk from São Paulo, Brazil***) is a compilation album produced by Bruno Verner and Eliete Mejorado (the components of avant-garde music duo Tetine), and released in 2005 by British record company Soul Jazz Records. It contains a collection of songs from various artists that formed the São Paulo post-punk movement of the early 1980s. The album's name is an allusion to a verse of the song "Nosso Louco Amor" by Gang 90 e as Absurdettes, one of the bands present in the compilation.

Depicted in the album's front cover is Patife Band's frontman Paulo Barnabé.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| PopMatters | 7/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.8/10 |

The album received positive reviews. Scott Hreha of PopMatters stated: "If there's one drawback to the disc as a whole, it's the relative transparency of many of the bands' inspirations, which doesn't diminish its importance as much as it makes for an entertaining critical exercise". Hreha also praised the album's "remastered sound" and "availability", noting that "most of this music was recorded for independent labels that have long since folded". Pitchfork critic Nitsuh Abebe wrote that the album "doubles up tracks on key artists and feels mixed for continuity". Abebe further stated: "It kicks off with its most accessible pop and then swings, as befits a Soul Jazz product, into a midsection that piles on the funk".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Inimigo" | Mercenárias | 1:27 |
| 2. | "Pânico" | Mercenárias | 1:53 |
| 3. | "Sobre as Pernas" | Akira S. e as Garotas que Erraram | 4:37 |
| 4. | "Swing Basses Series I (Eu Dirijo o Carro-Bomba)" | Akira S. e as Garotas que Erraram | 1:12 |
| 5. | "Rock Europeu" | Fellini | 3:44 |
| 6. | "Jack Kerouac" | Gang 90 e as Absurdettes | 4:29 |
| 7. | "Samba do Morro" | Chance | 4:31 |
| 8. | "Poema em Linha Reta" | Patife Band | 2:03 |
| 9. | "Teu Bem" | Patife Band | 3:43 |
| 10. | "Borboleta Psicodélica" | Gueto | 3:02 |
| 11. | "Madame Oráculo" | Nau | 2:55 |
| 12. | "O Striptease de Mme. X" | Chance | 6:01 |
| 13. | "Fora Daqui" | Smack | 3:00 |
| 14. | "Mediocridade Afinal" | Smack | 4:03 |
| 15. | "Zum Zum Zum Zazoeira" | Fellini | 5:35 |
| 16. | "Ilha Urbana" | Muzak | 3:20 |
| 17. | "Tão Perto" | Cabine C | 2:33 |
| 18. | "You Have Gone Wrong" | Harry | 5:08 |

## Personnel

Technical personnel * Bruno Verner – production, compiling
* Eliete Mejorado – production, compiling
* Adrian Self – cover art
* Quid Proque – cover art
* Duncan Cowell – mastering
* Pete Reilly – mastering

## InfoBox

| The Sexual Life of the Savages | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by various artists | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Recorded | 1980s |
| Genre | Post-punk |
| Label | Soul Jazz |
| Producer | Bruno Verner, Eliete Mejorado |


title: Paniyara Assembly constituency

abstract: Paniyara is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Paniyara in the Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Paniyara is one of five assembly constituencies in the Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 319 amongst 403 constituencies.

text:
# Paniyara Assembly constituency

**Paniyara** is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Paniyara in the Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Paniyara is one of five assembly constituencies in the Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 319 amongst 403 constituencies.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Vir Bahadur Singh |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1969 | | | |
| 1974 | | | |
| 1977 | Gunjeshwar Tripathi |  | Independent |
| 1980 | Vir Bahadur Singh |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | | | |
| 1989 | Ganpat Singh |  | Independent |
| 1991 | Fateh Bahadur Singh |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1993 | Ganpat Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1996 | Fateh Bahadur Singh |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2002 | |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2007 | |  | Bahujan Samaj Party |
| 2012 | | | Deo Narayan Singh |
| 2017 | Gyanendra Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | | | |
|

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Paniyara
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Gyanendra Singh | 143531 | 41.57 | 9.82 |
|  | SP | Krishnabhan |  |  |  |
|  | BSP | Omprakash Chaurasia |  |  |  |
|  | AAP | Avdhesh Singh Saithwar |  |  |  |
|  | INC | Shardendu Kumar Pandey |  |  |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | **gain** from | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

2017 Assembly Elections: Paniyara
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Gyanendra Singh | 1,19,308 | 49.35 | 24.72 |
|  | BSP | Ganesh Shankar Pandey | 51,817 | 21.43 | 5.12 |
|  | INC | Talat Aziz | 48,004 | 19.86 | 3.08 |
|  | NISHAD | Suman | 10,762 | 4.45 | *New* |
|  | RLD | Ganpat Singh | 3,561 | 1.47 | *New* |
|  |  | Remaining 9 Candidates | 8,310 | 2.56 |  |
|  | None of the Above | None of the Above | 2,124 | 0.88 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 67,491 | 27.92 | 25.99 |
| Turnout | | | 2,43,886 | 61.16 | 2.83 |
| Registered electors | | | 3,98,745 |  |  |
|  | BJP **gain** from BSP | | Swing | 22.79 |  |

2012 Assembly Elections: Paniyara
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BSP | Deo Narayan Singh | 56,114 | 26.56 |  |
|  | BJP | Gyanendra Singh | 52,031 | 24.63 |  |
|  | SP | Janardan Prasad Ojha | 39,264 | 18.59 |  |
|  | INC | Talat Aziz | 35,451 | 16.78 |  |
|  | PECP | Diwakar | 4,314 | 2.04 |  |
|  |  | Remaining 17 Candidates | 24,051 | 11.40 |  |
| Majority | | | 4,083 | 1.93 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,11,265 | 58.33 |  |
|  | BSP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

27°00′N 83°28′E / 27.00°N 83.46°E / 27.00; 83.46

## InfoBox

| Paniyara | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 319 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Maharajganj |
| Total electors | 3,98,745 (2017) |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Gyanendra Singh** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janta Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Palpita minuscula

abstract: Palpita minuscula is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1996. It is found in China.

text:
# Palpita minuscula

***Palpita minuscula*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1996. It is found in China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong).

## InfoBox

| *Palpita minuscula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Palpita* |
| Species: | ***P. minuscula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palpita minuscula***<br>Inoue, 1996 | |
|


title: Jack Fennell

abstract: Jack "Jackie" Fennell was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Yorkshire Schoolboys rugby league team, Yorkshire Schoolboys, and at club level for Bagley's Recs and Featherstone Rovers as a goal-kicking fullback, wing, centre or stand-off.

text:
# Jack Fennell

**Jack "Jackie" Fennell** (6 May 1933 – 3 January 2019) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Yorkshire Schoolboys rugby league team, Yorkshire Schoolboys (versus Lancashire Schoolboys rugby league team, Lancashire Schoolboys on Saturday 24 April 1948), and at club level for Bagley's Recs (a pressed glass factory in Knottingley) and Featherstone Rovers as a goal-kicking fullback, wing, centre or stand-off.

## Background

Jackie Fennell was born in Pontefract, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He died aged 85 and his funeral took place at Pontefract Crematorium, Wakefield Road, Pontefract on Monday 28 January 2019, followed by a reception at Featherstone Rovers RLFC.

## Playing career

### County Cup Final appearances

Jackie Fennell played fullback in Featherstone Rovers' 15–14 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1959–60 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1959–60 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 31 October 1959, and played fullback in the 0–10 defeat by Halifax in the 1963–64 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1963–64 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 2 November 1963.

### Club career

Jackie Fennell signed for Featherstone Rovers during December 1952, and made his début on Saturday 20 December 1952, he played in the Challenge Cup semi-final three times, losing on each occasion; the 1957–58 Challenge Cup during the 1957–58 season, 1959–60 Challenge Cup during the 1959–60 season, and the 1961–62 Challenge Cup during the 1961–62 season, he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers against Batley during April 1965, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored.

### Testimonial match

Jackie Fennell's benefit season/testimonial match at Featherstone Rovers took place during the 1962–63 season, including the match against Huddersfield at Post Office Road, Featherstone on Saturday 25 May 1963.

## Honours

Featherstone Rovers

## Honoured at Featherstone Rovers

Jackie Fennell is a Featherstone Rovers Hall of Fame inductee.

## Genealogical information

Jackie Fennell's marriage to Priscilla J. (née Bannister) was registered during second ¼ 1954 in Pontefract district. They had children; the future rugby league footballer; Dale Fennell.

## InfoBox

Jack Fennell
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Jack Fennell |
| Born | (1933-05-06)6 May 1933<br>Pontefract, England |
| Died | 3 January 2019(2019-01-03) (aged 85) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Fullback, Wing, Centre, Stand-off |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1952–65 Featherstone Rovers 319+3 30 455 0 1000 | |


title: Pammene amygdalana

abstract: Pammene amygdalana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Belgium and Germany to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Austria and Hungary and from France to Romania and Bulgaria. The wingspan is 12–15 mm. Adults are on wing from April to August in one generation per year. The larvae live as an inquiline in cynipid galls on various plant species, including Andricus kollari, Andricus conglomeratus, Andricus hungaricus, Andricus lucidus and Aphelonyx cerricola. They often consume the cynipid larva as well as gall tissue.

text:
# Pammene amygdalana

***Pammene amygdalana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Belgium and Germany to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Austria and Hungary and from France to Romania and Bulgaria.

The wingspan is 12–15 mm. Adults are on wing from April to August in one generation per year.

The larvae live as an inquiline in cynipid galls on various plant species, including *Andricus kollari*, *Andricus conglomeratus*, *Andricus hungaricus*, *Andricus lucidus* and *Aphelonyx cerricola*. They often consume the cynipid larva as well as gall tissue.

## InfoBox

| *Pammene amygdalana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Pammene* |
| Species: | ***P. amygdalana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pammene amygdalana***<br>(Duponchel in Godart, 1842) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Grapholitha amygdalana* Duponchel in Godart, 1842 * *Carpocapsa gallanum* Graells, 1858 * *Carpocapsa gallarum* Graells, 1858 * *Carpocapsa kockeilana* Freyer, 1845 * *Pammene koekeilana* Razowski, 2003 * *Carpocapsa kokeilana* Freyer, 1845 * *Pammene lobarczewskii zelleri* Schulze, 1918 | |


title: Panthera principialis

abstract: Panthera principialis is an extinct species in big cat genus Panthera described in 2023 based on fragmentary Pliocene-aged fossils from Laetoli, Tanzania. As the species was the oldest known Panthera species at the time, it was given the specific epithet "principialis", from the Latin word meaning "initial, original, in the beginning".

text:
# Panthera principialis

***Panthera principialis*** is an extinct species in big cat genus *Panthera* described in 2023 based on fragmentary Pliocene-aged fossils from Laetoli, Tanzania. As the species was the oldest known *Panthera* species at the time, it was given the specific epithet "principialis", from the Latin word meaning "initial, original, in the beginning".

## Taxonomy & evolution

The fossils on which *P. principialis* was based had previously been assigned to the species *Panthera leo*, *Panthera gombaszoegensis*, and *Panthera palaeosinensis*.

## Description

*Panthera principialis* was a lion-sized cat.

## InfoBox

| *Panthera principialis*
Temporal range: Pliocene
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
| Genus: | *Panthera* |
| Species: | ***P. principialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Panthera principialis***
Hemmer, 2023 | |
|


title: Papilla (fish anatomy)

abstract: The papilla, in certain kinds of fish, particularly rays, sharks, and catfish, are small lumps of dermal tissue found in the mouth, where they are "distributed uniformly on the tongue, palate, and pharynx". They "project slightly above the surrounding multi-layered epithelium", and the taste buds of the fish are "situated along the crest or at the apex of the papillae". Unlike humans, fish have little or nothing in the way of a tongue, and those that have such an organ do not use it for tasting, but merely for cushioning the mouth and manipulating things within it. The papillae of the fish, and the taste buds found on them, are therefore located on the interior or exterior surfaces of the mouth. Most typically, these are found on the floor of the mouth, or on the upper lip.

text:
# Papilla (fish anatomy)

The **papilla**, in certain kinds of fish, particularly rays, sharks, and catfish, are small lumps of dermal tissue found in the mouth, where they are "distributed uniformly on the tongue, palate, and pharynx". They "project slightly above the surrounding multi-layered epithelium", and the taste buds of the fish are "situated along the crest or at the apex of the papillae".

Unlike humans, fish have little or nothing in the way of a tongue, and those that have such an organ do not use it for tasting, but merely for cushioning the mouth and manipulating things within it. The papillae of the fish, and the taste buds found on them, are therefore located on the interior or exterior surfaces of the mouth. Most typically, these are found on the floor of the mouth, or on the upper lip.


title: J. T. Thomas (linebacker)

abstract: J.T. Thomas III is an American former professional football linebacker. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL draft. He played college football at West Virginia.

text:
# J. T. Thomas (linebacker)

**J.T. Thomas III** (born August 15, 1988) is an American former professional football linebacker. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL draft. He played college football at West Virginia.

## Professional career

### Chicago Bears

On July 27, 2011, the Bears signed Thomas to a 4-year contract. Thomas was eventually placed on injured reserve due to a hip problem. In the 2012 season opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Thomas forced LaVon Brazill to fumble, and Kelvin Hayden recovered the loose ball.

On August 31, 2013, Thomas was among the final cuts by the Bears.

### Jacksonville Jaguars

Thomas was claimed off waivers by the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 1, 2013.

### New York Giants

On March 10, 2015, Thomas signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the New York Giants. On December 31, 2015, Thomas was placed on injured reserve.

On September 12, 2016, Thomas was placed on injured reserve after he suffered torn ligaments in his left knee in Week 1 against the Dallas Cowboys.

On September 28, 2017, Thomas was once again placed on injured reserve after suffering a groin injury in Week 2. He was released with an injury settlement on November 28, 2017.

## NFL career statistics

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Led the league |
| **Bold** | Career high |

| Year | Team | Games | | Tackles | | | | | Interceptions | | | | | Fumbles | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Cmb | Solo | Ast | Sck | TFL | Int | Yds | TD | Lng | PD | FF | FR | Yds | TD |
| 2012 | CHI | **16** | 0 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2013 | JAX | 15 | 2 | 23 | 18 | 5 | 0.0 | **2** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | JAX | **16** | 10 | **85** | **51** | **34** | 0.0 | **2** | **2** | **10** | 0 | **10** | **5** | **2** | **1** | 0 | **1** |
| 2015 | NYG | 12 | **11** | 46 | 30 | 16 | **0.5** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2016 | NYG | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | NYG | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | | 62 | 23 | 159 | 102 | 57 | 0.5 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |

## Personal life

Thomas has a brother named Jared who has autism. Thomas is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity and was initiated through the Nu Zeta chapter at WVU. Thomas attended Blanche Ely High School, where he was teammates with Patrick Peterson.

He gained some national media attention for taking a disabled eighth grade girl in Morgantown, West Virginia to her 8th grade dance on Friday, May 20, 2011. He received more national attention after he gave a 14-year-old boy with epilepsy tickets to Super Bowl XLVI, with Thomas also attending the game.

## InfoBox

J. T. Thomas
| No. 97, 52, 55 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1988-08-15) August 15, 1988
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 236 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Blanche Ely
(Pompano Beach, Florida) |
| College: | West Virginia |
| NFL draft: | 2011 / round: 6 / pick: 195 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 159  Forced fumbles: 4  Fumble recoveries: 1  Interceptions: 2  Defensive touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Jack Nusan Porter

abstract: Jack Nusan Porter is an American writer, sociologist, human rights activist, and former treasurer and vice-president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars. He is a former assistant professor of social science at Boston University and a former research associate at Harvard's Ukrainian Research Institute. Currently, he is a research associate at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, where he conducts research on Israeli-Russian relations. Some of his research foci include the life of Golda Meir, the application of mathematical and statistical models to predict genocide and terrorism, and modes of resistance to genocide.

text:
# Jack Nusan Porter

**Jack Nusan Porter** (born **Nusia Jakub Puchtik**, 1944) is an American writer, sociologist, human rights activist, and former treasurer and vice-president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars. He is a former assistant professor of social science at Boston University and a former research associate at Harvard's Ukrainian Research Institute. Currently, he is a research associate at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, where he conducts research on Israeli-Russian relations. Some of his research foci include the life of Golda Meir, the application of mathematical and statistical models to predict genocide and terrorism, and modes of resistance to genocide.

## Early life and education

Nusia Jakub Puchtik was born December 2, 1944, in Rovno, Ukraine to Jewish-Ukrainian partisan parents Faljga Merin and Srulik Puchtik. The family emigrated to the United States on June 20, 1946, and their name was Anglicized to Porter.

Growing up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Porter attended Washington High School and was active in Habonim Dror, a Labor Zionist Youth movement. He left for Israel soon after high school and worked on Kibbutz Gesher Haziv and studied in Jerusalem at the Machon L'Madrichei Chutz La'Aretz (a youth leaders institute). Porter eventually returned to Wisconsin and attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1963 to 1967, majoring in sociology and Hebrew Studies. In 1967, he began working on his PhD in sociology at Northwestern University, studying under Howard S. Becker, Bernie Beck, Janet Abu-Lughod, and Charles Moskos. In the late 1960s, Porter was an active leader in the moderate wing of Students for a Democratic Society. However, in response to the growing anti-Zionism emanating from the black and white leftist movements, Porter and other students at Northwestern founded the activist Jewish Student Movement in 1970; it was a forerunner to all Jewish “renewal” groups and predecessor to Michael Lerner’s Tikkun movement.

## Career

In 1976, Porter founded the *Journal of the History of Sociology*; it published its first issue in 1978.

In the spring of 2012, Porter ran for United States Representative as a write-in candidate in Massachusetts' Fourth District following the departure of incumbent Representative Barney Frank. Running as a Democrat, Porter described himself as a "radical-libertarian-progressive" and aligned his views with those of Representative Ron Paul and Senator Bernie Sanders. Porter's write-in candidacy gained less than 0.1% of the vote; Joseph Kennedy III won the primary with approximately 90% of the vote and was later elected to his first term in Congress in the 2012 general election.

## Selected works

Porter's books include:

* *Student Protest and the Technocratic Society: The Case of ROTC* (Chicago: Adams Press, 1973 and based on his sociology Ph.D. dissertation from Northwestern University, June 1971)
* *Jewish Radicalism* (Grove Press, 1973; with Peter Dreier)
* *The Sociology of American Jews* (University Press of America, 1978, 1980)
* *The Jew as Outsider* (University Press of America, 1981; The Spencer Press, 2014)
* *Jewish Partisans: A Documentary of Jewish Resistance in the Soviet Union During World War II* (University Press of America, 1982; The Spencer Press, 2013)
* *Conflict and Conflict Resolution: An Historical Bibliography* (Garland Publishing, 1982)
* *Genocide and Human Rights: A Global Anthology* (University Press of America, 1982)
* *Confronting History and Holocaust* (University Press of America, 1983; new edition with bibliography of Porter's works, The Spencer Press, 2014)
* *Sexual Politics in the Third Reich: The Persecution of the Homosexuals During the Holocaust* (The Spencer Press, 1991, with Rudiger Lautmann and Erhard Vismar; 20th Anniversary edition, The Spencer Press, 2011)
* *The Sociology of Genocide: A Curriculum Guide* (American Sociological Association, 1992)
* *The Sociology of Jewry: A Curriculum Guide* (American Sociological Association, 1992)
* *Women in Chains: On the Agunah* (Jason Aronson, 1995)
* *The Genocidal Mind: Sociological and Sexual Perspectives* (University Press of America, 2006)
* *Is Sociology Dead? Social Theory and Social Praxis in a Post-Modern Age* (University Press of America, 2008)
* *Sexual Politics in Nazi Germany: The Persecution of the Homosexuals and Lesbians During the Holocaust* (The Spencer Press, 2011, 2023)
* *The Radical Writings of Jack Nusan Porter* (Academic Studies Press, 2020)
* *Jewish Partisans of the Soviet Union During World War II* (in Russian and English, Academic Studies Press, 2022)
* *Can Mathematical Models Predict Genocide?* (The Spencer Press, 2022)
* *Can Mathematical Models Predict Terrorist Acts?* (Academic Studies Press, 2022; with Trevor Jones)
* *The Wit and Wisdom of Erich Goldhagen on Hitler, Nazism, the Holocaust and Other Genocides* (The Spencer Press, 2023)
* *If Only You Could Bottle It: Memoirs of a Radical Son* (Academic Studies Press, 2023)
* *L'Matara (For the Purpose): Jewish Partisan Poetry and Prose from the DP Camps of Europe* (Academic Studies Press, 2023)

## Awards

* 2004: Lifetime Achievement Award, American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology for his founding of the *Journal of the History of Sociology*, 1977-1982. He shared the award with Glenn Jacobs and Alan Sica.
* 2009: The Robin Williams Award for Distinguished Contributions to Scholarship, Teaching, and Service from the American Sociological Association, Section on Peace, War, and Social Conflict (for his work in genocide and Holocaust studies).

## InfoBox

| Jack Nusan Porter | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nusia Jakub Puchtik
1944 (age 7980)
Rovno, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, sociologist, human rights and social activist |


title: Para-Ethoxyamphetamine

abstract: para-Ethoxyamphetamine, also known as 4-ethoxyamphetamine (4-ETA), is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which is closely related to the infamous para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). para-Ethoxyamphetamine has similar effects to PMA in animal studies, although with slightly weaker stimulant effects. Like PMA, it has prominent MAOI activity, and is likely to have similar dangers associated with its use.

text:
# Para-Ethoxyamphetamine

***para*-Ethoxyamphetamine**, also known as **4-ethoxyamphetamine** (**4-ETA**), is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which is closely related to the infamous *para*-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). *para*-Ethoxyamphetamine has similar effects to PMA in animal studies, although with slightly weaker stimulant effects. Like PMA, it has prominent MAOI activity, and is likely to have similar dangers associated with its use.

## InfoBox

*para*-Ethoxyamphetamine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C11H17NO |
| Molar mass | 179.263 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O(c1ccc(cc1)CC(N)C)CC | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C11H17NO/c1-3-13-11-6-4-10(5-7-11)8-9(2)12/h4-7,9H,3,8,12H2,1-2H3 Y * Key:CCAMEVFYMFXHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |