title: It's Time (Australian campaign)

abstract: It's Time was a political campaign run by the Australian Labor Party (ALP) under Gough Whitlam during the 1972 federal election in Australia. Campaigning on the perceived need for change after 23 years of conservative government, Labor put forward a raft of major policy proposals, accompanied by a television advertising campaign of prominent celebrities singing a jingle entitled It's Time. It was ultimately successful, as Labor picked up eight seats and won a majority. This was the first time Labor had been in government since it lost the 1949 federal election to the Liberal Party.

text:
# It's Time (Australian campaign)

**It's Time** was a political campaign run by the Australian Labor Party (ALP) under Gough Whitlam during the 1972 federal election in Australia. Campaigning on the perceived need for change after 23 years of conservative (Liberal-Country Party coalition) government, Labor put forward a raft of major policy proposals, accompanied by a television advertising campaign of prominent celebrities singing a jingle entitled *It's Time*. It was ultimately successful, as Labor picked up eight seats and won a majority. This was the first time Labor had been in government since it lost the 1949 federal election to the Liberal Party.

## Origins

In the 1969 federal election, the endorsed ALP candidate for the blue-ribbon Liberal seat of Ryan, John Conn, then a lecturer at the University of Queensland, had employed a highly successful door-to-door campaign. For this, he had devised a pamphlet headed: 'It's Time for a Change' followed by a dot-point list of reasons, including education, the war in Vietnam, urban renewal, etc. He managed a swing of 19 per cent, by far the biggest in Queensland, forcing the incumbent, Nigel Drury, to DLP preferences for the first time. Soon afterwards, at a post-election occasion in Brisbane, John Conn was approached and congratulated by Gough Whitlam and Mick Young together. They enquired about the likely reasons for the successful local campaign. Conn gave each of them a copy of his pamphlet. Young asked if Labor could expect to see a similar effort in 1972. He was told yes but that a shorter, snappier version, 'It's time ...', might be more effective for the next campaign. The originator of the idea heard no more about it until the revamped slogan re-emerged in 1972. John Conn ran again for Ryan in 1972, gaining a further swing but not quite enough to win.

## Campaign

The slogan "It's Time", around which the three-stage campaign was built, was conceived by Paul Jones, at the time creative director at Sydney advertising agency Hansen-Rubensohn–McCann-Erickson which was handling the ALP's advertising account. The goal of the campaign's first stage was to popularise the phrase while the television commercial was the core element of the second stage. Conceived by Jones, copywriter Ade Casey (then known as Adrienne Dames) and art director Rob Dames, it was directed by Ric Kabriel and produced through Fontana Films, Sydney. The song was written by Jones and advertising jingle writer Mike Shirley, it was arranged as well as produced by Pat Aulton. Lead singer Alison McCallum laid down the foundation track at ATA Studios, Sydney. The chorus comprising a "Who's Who" of Australian entertainment and sport personalities, including Tony Barber, Barry Crocker, Lynette Curran, Chuck Faulkner, Jimmy Hannan, Brian Henderson, Col Joye, Graham Kennedy, Dawn Lake, Bobby Limb, Little Pattie, Bert Newton, Terry Norris, Hazel Phillips, Judy Stone, Maggie Tabberer, Jack Thompson, Jacki Weaver, Kevin Sanders, Ade and Rob Dames, among others, was recorded one day in early spring at either the Hordern Pavilion or Supreme Sound in Sydney's Paddington with Joye conducting. The TV spot mainly shows McCallum and the other singers performing the song, intercut are pictures from Whitlam's private photo collection. As well as reaching its target demographic—loosely speaking, women and young people—, "the ad reached a far wider and probably quite unexpected segment of the electorate."

### Launch

The *It's Time* campaign was first launched in Blacktown, Sydney in 1972. According to Whitlam himself, Blacktown was chosen because it "represented  symbolised even  the new outer suburbs of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane where we were building a new constituency. It typified all the urban policy failures of the time, through lack of planning and misallocation of resources at both Federal and State government level."

The speech that Whitlam delivered to the audience in the Blacktown Civic Centre was written for the Labor Party by Graham Freudenberg, the advisor and speech writer to several successive Labor governments.

### Themes and policies

The campaign concentrated heavily on the mistakes made by the prime minister of the day, William McMahon, with a special focus given to the areas of the national economy, health care, city planning and the Vietnam War, as well as Whitlam's ideas for governmental reform.

#### Economic policy

Whitlam put forward an economic plan as part of his *It's Time* speech that advocated strong, productive relationships between the public, industry and employees. He contended that only if strong economic growth was maintained, would policies in other areas be feasible. A restoration of genuine full employment along with a projected 6-7% growth of industry were predicted. He argued that his government need not increase taxation to achieve its goals.

#### Health care reforms

The Labor party planned to introduce a universal health insurance scheme, to which contributions would be made according to income, thus turning the old system on its head.

Whitlam declared that the Labor party would set up an Australian Hospitals Commission to promote the modernisation and regionalisation of hospitals. Hospital services would not be the only thing the commission would be interested in. Its concern and financial backing would also go toward the creation of community-based health services and the funding of health promotion initiatives. Labour promoted funding for community health centers and public nursing homes.

#### City planning

Labor under Whitlam proposed co-operation with the States, local government and semi-government authorities in a major effort to reduce land and housing costs, and to retard rises in rates and local government charges. To this end they advocated the establishment of a new Ministry of Urban Affairs to analyse, research and co-ordinate plans for each city and region and to advise the Federal Government on grants for urban purposes.

Whitlam claimed that the average cost of housing could be reduced by up to 20% by merely standardizing the reticulation and building and lending authority regulations. He also sought to lower interest payments by making them tax deductible. Labor committed itself to reducing the waiting time for a commission home to under twelve months.

#### Vietnam War

Whitlam promised an end to Australian involvement in the war in Vietnam and an end to conscription into the Australian armed forces. He underscored the relevance of treaties such as ANZUS to the defence of Australia, but also noted that beginning serious relations with China was in the country's best interest.

It was also announced that all of those previously imprisoned under the National Service Act would be released.

#### Social justice

Whitlam asserted that education was to be the fastest-growing public sector in Australia, should Labor gain power. In furtherance of this goal, he proposed the establishment of an Australian Schools Commission to examine and determine the needs of students in Government and non-government primary, secondary and technical schools. He promised to increase funding to schools, and to allocate it based on need, accusing his predecessor of having neglected some schools in favour of more prestigious ones. Whitlam announced that pre-school education would be paid for by the state, and that child care would be heavily subsidised under a Labor government. He also said that university fees would be abolished from 1974. The ALP saw a great weakness in Australian social welfare in that it relied almost wholly on the provision of cash benefits. Whitlam said he would establish an Australian Assistance Plan with the emphasis on providing social workers to provide advice, counselling and above all the sheer human contact that the under-privileged in the community needed. He also sought to unify the different social justice systems that were in place at that time. Under Labor, the pension rate would be raised to 25% of the average Australian male's earnings.

## Political climate

### Leadership

By 1972 Australia had been governed by the Liberal-Country coalition for 23 years. However, the Coalition had barely avoided defeat when it suffered an 18-seat swing in the 1969 federal election—one of the largest swings against a government that still managed to keep power. Labor won a majority of the two-party vote but did not win sufficient seats to form government.

After the election, Liberal Prime Minister John Gorton was unable to get the better of Whitlam. Over the next two years, the Coalition fell further behind Labor in the polls, and Gorton resigned in 1971 after a tied vote of no confidence in the Liberal caucus. However, his successor, William McMahon, was indecisive, and failed to deliver on many of the Coalition's campaign promises. McMahon was also unable to get the better of Whitlam; his skills as an orator were no match for Whitlam's abilities. One of his own most cited quotes pointed out his indecisive nature.

### Foreign relations

The Coalition had focused heavily on relations with the United States since World War II to bring Australia under their defence umbrella. Under the auspices of ANZUS, Australia had sent over fifty thousand troops to Vietnam in support of the South Vietnamese forces. The Australian government did not recognise the sovereignty of several communist bloc states including the German Democratic Republic and the People's Republic of China.

Apartheid in South Africa was becoming a huge source of controversy, and there was wide public support in Australia to increase sanctions against the white government there, particularly with respect to their sports teams.

### Economy

Unemployment was 2.5% and inflation was sitting on 6.1%. The Australian Dollar bought 1.93 US Dollars, 362 Yen or 1.97 Pounds Sterling. A general downturn in the western economies of the world, and the rising price of oil were contributing to a poor financial situation for Australia.

## Success

Labor received 49.7 per cent of the primary vote, leaving the Liberal-Country Party coalition with just 41.4 per cent. Labor, with 67 of 125 seats in the House of Representatives, now controlled Australia's lower house of Parliament by a margin of nine seats. The overall swing to Labor on 2 December was 2.5 per cent. Labor lost four seats while gaining twelve.

The 1972 election was the first ALP victory since 1946. Its success is usually attributed to both the *It's Time* campaign, and Whitlam's skills as an orator, though Graham Freudenberg had a major influence on many speeches given by members of the ALP during the *It's Time* campaign. The campaign helped the ALP to establish new voter constituencies, particularly in outer lying areas of Australia's major population centres, who until then were to a large extent marginalised by the major parties.

On his first day in office as Prime Minister of Australia, Whitlam declared an end to conscription and began arranging for those imprisoned for avoiding the draft to be released and compensated. During the next few weeks he implemented a range of new measures including the establishment of an Australian honours system and the banning of racially selected sporting teams, a move intended to impede the South African Apartheid policy. East Germany and the People's Republic of China were also recognised for the first time by an Australian government.

## Reforms

During its time in office, the Whitlam government embarked on an ambitious program of social reform in keeping with the promise of change that the ALP campaign emphasised. The social radicalism of the Whitlam government was such that, during its first thirteen days in office, some forty important decisions had been made.

As noted by one historian, "Labor’s extensive reforms during its first term in office were the high water mark of Australian postwar social democracy." On coming to office, the Whitlam government granted federal public servants paid maternity leave, a thirty-six-and-a-quarter-hour workweek, large wage rises and four weeks annual leave. Free tertiary education was introduced, together with a universal health care system and a sole parent pension. Laws were also passed providing for equal pay for women and national land rights, divorce laws were made more liberal, and legislation against racial discrimination was introduced. In addition, the principle of equal pay was extended, occupational health and safety was improved, annual leave loading was introduced, trade union education was established, four weeks of annual leave was achieved as a national standard military conscription was abolished and Australian troops were withdrawn from Vietnam, a separate ministry responsible for Aboriginal affairs was established, controls on foreign ownership of Australian resources were put in place, laws against sexual discrimination were passed, maternity leave and benefits for single mothers were extended, an attempt was made to democratise the electoral system through the introduction of one-vote-one-value, and a Community Health Program was introduced. The social services were also significantly expanded, with big improvements in the real value of social security payments, spending on housing quadrupled, education outlays doubled, and federal health expenditure rising by 20% A Department of Aboriginal Affairs was also established, while Australia's first federal legislation on human rights, the environment and heritage was initiated.

A significant amount of legislation was passed altogether from 1972 to 1975, with 221 acts passed by parliament in 1973 alone, while the welfare state was significantly extended. Public spending was raised significantly, with the 1973 budget quadrupling spending on housing, tripling outlays on urban development, and doubling spending on education. Through initiatives such as the Australian Assistance Plan and the Regional Employment Development scheme, employment opportunities were expanded and funds allocated towards improving services and amenities in deprived areas, as characterised by the construction of new health centres, community houses, legal services, footpaths, sewers, streetlights, and public libraries.

In 1978, one observer praised the Australian Assistance Plan for generating: "much more general acceptance of the concepts of welfare for the community and local participation. Moreover, a great deal had actually happened. During the year 1975-76, 1408 grants for community welfare projects were approved by the Social Security Department. A detailed list of AAP projects includes projects relating to citizens' advice bureaus, community centres, and resource centres, projects to aid families, women, children, young people, the aged, the handicapped, migrants and the needy. It would be difficult to refute the conclusion that the sum of $6.6 million granted to Regional Councils of Social Development in 1975-76 promoted a very large amount of constructive welfare activity because it was spent in support of local and often voluntary efforts".

Broadcast and television license fees were abolished, while a wide range of new benefits were introduced, such as a handicapped child's allowance, a special orphan's pension, and the Supporting Mothers Benefit. Rates of sickness and unemployment benefits were increased to bring them in line with other social security benefits, while funding was provided for child care, women's refuges, and community health programs. The means test for pensioners over the age of seventy-five was abolished in 1973, and in 1975 the means test was abolished for all pensioners over the age of seventy. As a result of the welfare measures undertaken by the Whitlam government, social expenditures as a percentage of GDP rose from 12.5% to 17.6% during its time in office.

Needs-based funding for schools was implemented, spending on technical colleges (including the construction of residential accommodation for students) was significantly increased, and special initiatives for the handicapped, Indigenous Australians, and isolated children were introduced. Farmers benefited from tariff cuts and additional markets established by the Whitlam government's trade and diplomatic initiatives, together with higher spending on regional education and health, rural research, and other upgraded country facilities. A number of measures were also undertaken to enhance women's rights. International conventions on equal pay, discrimination, and the political rights of women were ratified. New health centres and many women's refuges were established throughout Australia, together with a pre-school and child care program which catered for 100,000 children.

In March 1973, the service pension was extended to war widows, and in September 1973 the means test on service pensions was abolished for recipients over the age of 74. In May 1975 the means test was abolished for the age group 70–74 years. Free artificial limbs were also made available through the repatriation artificial limb and appliance centre to all amputees, while free medical and hospital treatment was introduced for veterans of both the Great War and the Boer War and for ex-prisoners of war. The Mental Health and Related Community Services Act of 1973 made grants available to the states for the provision of community-oriented services for drug, alcohol, and mental problems. In 1973, the age limit of 21 years was removed for the payment of additional pension for full-time students and for the payment of guardian's allowance or mother's allowance, and provision was made for payment of additional benefit for a child to continue after their 16th birthday and without limitation on age if the child was a dependent full-time student.

The government introduced reforms for the superannuation arrangements of its own employees. In July 1973, for instance, the government financed element of pensions was properly indexed against changes in the cost of living for the first time. In August 1973, fair rent provisions for houses and flats were introduced, while a separate housing list for in need families was introduced. In 1974, a generous rental rebate scheme and improved concessions on government loans were introduced to benefit low income earners. Funds were provided to improve the education of handicapped children, while money was also made available for upgrading accommodation in homeless persons' centres, while finance was also made available to centres on a pro rata basis for the provision of meals and accommodation. An Office of Women's Affairs was established to help women achieve equality, while the Legal Aid Office was set up to provide legal representation for those who could not afford it. The Trade Practices Act, passed in 1974, was aimed at promoting competition in the economy and to improve consumer safeguards. Funding on the arts was doubled, and both FM radio and radio station 2JJ were introduced, the latter in Sydney as part of a plan for a national youth radio network.

A number of amendments to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act were also made. The Act was revised to require the democratic control of unions by their rank-and-file members, to require that a union's rules should provide for full participation of its members in its affairs, and prohibited the dismissal of an elected official "unless he is found guilty of misappropriation of funds, gross misbehaviour or gross neglect of duty". The Act was also revised to prevent returning officers from rejecting a defective nomination "without giving the candidate seven days in which to correct the defect", to debar union officials from rejecting a rival's nomination for office, and to prohibit a union official or employee "being appointed as that union’s returning officer".

Tariffs for farming implements and equipment were reduced, and farm incomes more than trebled during Whitlam's time in office. In 1973, a payment of emergency adjustment assistance was initiated to benefit canning-fruit growers and growers of pears and apples, while the Dairy Adjustment Act of 1974 provided generous assistance for financially unsound dairy farms. A number of environmental measures were also implemented by the Whitlam government. In 1974, the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act was passed, which was the first piece of Commonwealth legislation to specifically address environmental issues, and set up procedures to review the environmental impact of development proposals which involved Commonwealth Government decisions. In 1973, the federal government awarded $100,000 in grants to environmental centres throughout Australia, the first action of its kind in Australia. In 1975, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act was passed, which allowed for the establishment of the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.

The Supporting Mother's Benefit was introduced in 1973 to alleviate financial deprivation among women whose de facto husbands were in jail, deserted de facto wives, unmarried mothers and other wives separated from their husbands who, for other reasons, were not eligible for the widows' pension. The Double Orphans' pension was introduced that same year, providing $10 a week to the guardian of an orphan who had lost both parents. The Handicapped Children's Allowance, introduced a year later, provided $10 a week to the guardians of severely physically or mentally handicapped children who had not been placed in an institution. A special discretionary benefit was introduced for lone fathers in August 1974, payable at the unemployment benefit rate. In February 1973, eligibility for the standard rate of pension, payable to widow pensioners with children and single age and invalid pensioners, was extended to Class B widow pensioners (those over the age of fifty with no dependent children). A change was also made ensuring that pensioners would not lose their extra benefits when a student turned twenty-one. The standard age pension rate was increased from 19.5% of average weekly earnings in September 1972 to 24.4% by December 1975. Social welfare administration was also made more efficient and equitable via the establishment of a Social Welfare Commission and benefit appeals tribunals.

The sales tax on artificial contraceptives was removed, while grants were made for family planning organisations. Maternity leave provisions for the Public Service were introduced consistent with the requirements of ILO Convention No. 103 – Maternity Provisions (Revised), 1952. The Aged or Disabled Persons' Homes Bill of 1974 increased the Federal subsidy for aged persons' homes from two dollars for every dollar provided by a non-profit or local government association to four dollars, while also extending the provisions of the Aged Persons' Homes Act of 1954 to handicapped adults. The Handicapped Persons' Assistance Act of 1974 extended the government's program of assistance to voluntary organisations responsible for the welfare of handicapped people. While spending on education increased from 4.83% of GDP in 1972–73 to 6.18% in 1974–75, the Federal government's share of funding went up from 22.6% in 1972–73 to 42.5% in 1975–76. The Defence Service Homes Act of 1973 extended eligibility for a loan to current servicemen who had not served overseas but who had served for more than three years, to those who had served overseas under the banner of recognised welfare organisations, and to certain unmarried females with qualifying service. In addition, the maximum loan available under the scheme was increased from $9000 to $12000. For veterans, an expanded system of repatriation benefits was introduced, together with improved resettlement allowances, wider eligibility for defence service housing loans, a $1000 free-tax bonus for re-engagements, an attractive new retirement and death benefit scheme, and a more generous system of remuneration.

The Whitlam government also sought to extend to Federal public servants the conditions that their state counterparts had long enjoyed. Among the benefits that the Whitlam government introduced for federal public servants included a reduction in the qualifying time for long-service leave from 15 to 10 years, the removal of job discrimination provisions against women, ample redundancy provisions, a minimum of 12 weeks paid maternity leave with six weeks of paid leave following confinement, one week of paid paternity leave for any employee required to stay at home to care for his wife during or following her confinement, and entitlement to four weeks of annual leave with a 17.5% loading.

The government also financed a wide range of new local government programs through the State, including tourism, urban transport, national estate, leisure facilities, sewerage backlog, flood mitigation, area improvement, growth centres, and senior citizens' centres. Outlays on Aboriginal affairs programs were significantly increased with expenditure rising in real terms by 254.6% for legal aid, employment by 350.9%, education by 97.1%, health by 234.6%, and housing by 103.7%. The Australian Citizenship Act of 1973 established Australian citizenship for the first time on the basis of "one criteria,\[sic\] one national allegiance, one citizenship and one ceremony," while the Roads Grants Act 1974 provided funds for the building of rural arterial roads, urban arterial roads, minor traffic engineering and road safety improvements, rural local roads, developmental roads, urban local roads and beef roads.

In 1973, an improved scheme of allowances was introduced to assist parents of children who did not have reasonable access to school services as a result of their geographic location. The quality of health care in rural areas was also improved via the development of a regional hospitals program and promotion of community-based health services. The Trade Union Training Authority Act of 1975 set up a national college and state centres designed to educate trade union leaders in various aspects of industrial relations. The Commonwealth Secondary Scholarship Scheme was replaced by a system of secondary allowances which were made available on the basis of financial need. An isolated children's allowance was introduced to compensate the educational disadvantages faced by children living in remote parts of the country. Greater spending was allocated to the arts, while spending on urban and regional development was accelerated, which contributed to a significant rise in the number of Australian households connected to a sewerage services. A School Dental Service Scheme was also introduced, providing free dental care for schoolchildren. Via grants to the states, the Whitlam government funded the construction of 18,500 homes for low income earners from 1973 to 1975.

Various measures were also introduced to enhance educational opportunities. A disadvantaged school program was introduced that provided additional financial assistance for more than 1,000 schools whose students suffered special socio-economic disadvantages. In 1973, capital funds and assistance with running costs were made available for the education of handicapped children while a large training program was initiated for teachers and basic training and research financed for the area of special education. A program of innovative educational projects was successful in providing parents, teachers, and community groups with the first opportunity to try out their ideas for improving education. Over 1,000 projects were funded, ranging from bee-keeping and remedial reading to computers, while a network of educational innovators was set up to exchange experiences and to provide mutual support among people who wanted to be active in improving schools. In 1975, the quality of school curricula was enhanced by the establishment of the Curriculum Development Centre. For those in higher education, the Commonwealth Scholarship Scheme was abolished and replaced by the Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme, which offered means-tested and non-competitive financial assistance for all tertiary students.

Initiatives were introduced to assist teacher training. Following the delivery of a report by the Special Committee on Teacher Education in March 1973, the Whitlam government introduced various measures to implement its recommendations for special grants to the States for the building of teachers' college libraries, fostering research into teacher education, increasing the number of students training to become teachers for handicapped children, and improving facilities in existing colleges of advanced education. The States Grants (Advanced Education) Act (No. 3) 1973 allocated $188 million for the development of teacher education in pre-school teachers' colleges, state teachers' colleges, and colleges of advanced education throughout 1973–75, while the States Grants (Advanced Education) Act of 1974 provided recurrent financial assistance for non-government teachers' colleges for 1974 and 1975. The first national program for technical and further education resulted from the recommendations of the Committee on Technical and Further Education, established in early 1973. This committee produced an interim report in April 1974 which led to the payment of capital and recurrent grants to the states for building and planning new technical colleges and improving facilities at existing ones, especially with respect to teacher training, library services, research facilities, and student accommodation. The sum total of federal grants increased from $18.1 million in 1972–73 to $81.1 million in 1975–76. Expenditure on state government schools increased more than sixfold, and more than doubled on non-government schools.

Resources were also allocated towards a program for migrants. In August 1973, an Immigration (Education) Act was introduced to provide (as an emergency measure under the child migrant education program) supplementary class-room accommodation in schools with special programs for migrant children. In 1973–74, the number of teachers for special migrant classes increased from 1,000 to 1,500 and the number of children receiving instruction went up from 40,000 to 60,000. Migrant education centres were established in Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, while a home tutoring scheme was established, designed to instruct migrant women in the English language. In migrant communities in all the states, 48 multilingual welfare officers were employed to overcome the social isolation of underprivileged groups. Portable benefit rights were also introduced, with respect to age, invalid, wives' and widows' pensions. Whereas under previous arrangements a pensioner had to live in Australia for 20 years after reaching the age of 16 and only had portability rights in Malta, Turkey, Greece, and Italy, the new provisions allowed a person drawing a pension to take up that benefit anywhere in the world after 10 years of Australian residence in the case of an age pension and after 5 years for most invalid pensions, while no period of residence was required for widows permanently resident in Australia when their husbands died.

The voting age was also lowered to eighteen, and grant programs for regional development were introduced, which provided for urban renewal, the construction of sewerage systems in unserviced urban areas, tourist and leisure facilities, and flood prevention. During its last year in office, the Whitlam government carried out measures such as the introduction of a national employment and training scheme, the first no fault divorce procedure in the world via the Family Law Act 1975, and a welfare payment for homeless Australians. In the field of communications, the Whitlam government removed the limitations on the amount of non-English-language programming on radio and television and established the experimental ethnic radio stations 2EA in Sydney and 3EA in Melbourne. In addition, emergency telephone interpreter services were initiated in all community languages.

A number of initiatives were also carried out to improve socio-economic conditions for First Nations Australians. The rate of training Aboriginal teachers and teachers' aides was increased, while the Aboriginal Secondary Grants Scheme was introduced to provide allowances to all students of Aboriginal descent attending secondary schools. An Aboriginal Study Grants Scheme was introduced to assist Aboriginal students in tertiary education institutions, while a scheme was introduced for Aboriginal children living in Aboriginal communities to receive primary school instruction in their own language and in their traditional arts and crafts. To grant First Nations Australians fairer representation within the legal system, the Whitlam government significantly expanded the terms of the Aboriginal Legal Service established in 1970. $7.8 million was allocated between 1973 and 1976 to establish 25 offices throughout the country which provided free legal aid to Aborigines irrespective of the seriousness of the case. The offices had a majority of Indigenous Australians on their governing bodies and, as a result, were integrated into local Aboriginal communities and provided trustworthy and effective legal representation. In addition, a change was made whereby Indigenous Australians no longer needed to acquire permission to leave the country. Outlays on Aboriginal affairs programs were considerably increased, with expenditure increasing from $61.44 million in 1972–73 to $185.79 million in 1975–76, representing a real increase of 105.8%. Expenditure in real terms went up by 254.6% for legal aid, 350.9% for employment, 97.1% for education, 234.6% for health, and 103.7% for housing. Federal grants to the States for the purpose of Aboriginal health care increased from $4.4 million in 1972–73 to $21.5 million in 1975–76. An Aboriginal Health Service was set up, whereby health and social workers were trained to provide community-based services either at local clinics or as mobile teams in the field. According to Whitlam, this initiative was successful "in eliminating the barriers that exist between Aborigines and primary health institutions".

The Housing Society Scheme allowed Aboriginal communities to formulate their own budgets in spending departmental grants (taking into account the importance of Indigenous Australians determining their own housing needs), and by June 1975 over 100 housing societies had been set up and 450 houses had been completed under the scheme. The Aboriginal Loans Commission was set up in December 1974 to make personal and housing loans to First Nations Australians at a discounted rate of interest, and encouraged the incidence of Aboriginal home ownership while helping to overcome discrimination in finance markets whereby Aborigines with steady employment and incomes were often refused loans for reasons related to their race. In June 1973, the Whitlam government set up Aboriginal Hostels Limited as a public enterprise designed to provide the Aboriginal population with essential and urgent accommodation. By 1975, 74 hostels had been set up, with a combined capacity of 1,677 beds.

The budget presented on 17 September 1974 included a 173% increase for urban and regional development, a 30% increase for health, and a 78% increase for education. In addition, a revised income-tax scale reduced tax payable for people on incomes less than $10,500 a year. The 1975 budget provided funding for the new Medibank health scheme, together with a 2% increase in education, a 5% increase in urban and regional development, a 15% real increase in social security expenditure, and a restructuring of personal income tax.

Despite being in office for only three years, the Whitlam government was able to carry out a radical programme of progressive social reform, and arguably made great progress in meeting the promises of change envisioned by its electoral slogan. As noted in Thomas Bramble and Rick Kuhn's book "Labor's conflict : big business, workers and the politics of class",

If many Labor supporters regard the Curtin and Chifley governments as a period of great achievements and greater ambitions frustrated by conservative forces, their illusions in the Whitlam government are even more heroic. After nearly a quarter of a century of stagnant conservative rule during which Australia seemed to be a backward looking outpost of the British empire run by monarchists and reactionaries, Gough Whitlam, the Mighty Gough, broke through and during his first 12 months in office remade Australia forever.

## Legacy

The words *It's Time* have become an important contribution to the lexicon of Labor's constituency since their first use in Blacktown in 1972. An updated version of the *It's Time* song was used in advertisements for the 'Yes' vote in the republic referendum in 1999, which ended with Whitlam saying: "Yes. It's time." In 2000, after another period of Liberal dominance, the phrase had an unsuccessful short-lived recurrence, with Whitlam speaking on behalf of the Leader of the Labor Party, Kim Beazley. Labor's 2015 Marriage Equality initiative used the phrase "It's Time. Marriage Equality".

The Anti Poverty Network of South Australia in 2018 with the Choir of Hard Knocks of Port Adelaide recorded a revised version of the It's Time song, it included lyrics such as:

"It’s time for changing, not deck-chair rearranging." "Time for poor folk, not rich folk." "It’s time for us folk, yes it’s time." and "It’s time for Newstart, to give a real start, One hundred more a week start, yes it’s time"."

The song was used by the Anti-Poverty Network SA to campaign for the Australian Labor Party to commit if it wins government to raise Newstart, the Australian Government's Welfare and Social Safety Net for those who are unemployed.

## Further reading


title: Hilda Morales Trujillo

abstract: Hilda Morales Trujillo is a lawyer in Guatemala who has become internationally known for her work in defending women's rights and as a campaigner for Guatemala's Network for Non-Violence Against Women. In 2004 she shared the Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience Award with Mary Robinson.

text:
# Hilda Morales Trujillo

**Hilda Morales Trujillo** is a lawyer in Guatemala who has become internationally known for her work in defending women's rights and as a campaigner for Guatemala's *Network for Non-Violence Against Women*. In 2004 she shared the Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience Award with Mary Robinson.

## Background

Trujillo was born in Ciudad Flores, Petén, Guatemala in 1943. She graduated in law from University of San Carlos of Guatemala in 1970. Many of her early cases involved domestic violence. After being appointed Professor of Family Law at the University of San Carlos she lectured for eight years in family law and on the need for law to provide legal protection for women and their children.

In 1991 she was appointed a delegate to the *National Women’s Office* (ONAM). In 1993 after the coup d’etat, she was appointed Vice Minister for Work and Social Security, helping to establish the *Unit for the Promotion of Women Workers*.

In 1994 Trujillo was involved in petitioning the Guatemalan state to ratify the Inter-American Convention for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women. In 1996 she helped pass a law for the *Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Domestic Violence*. In 1997 as part of the *Network against Violence against Women* (*Red de la No Violencia contra Mujeres*) Tujillo authored a report on the family courts refusal to apply the *Law for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Domestic Violence*. Her findings and recommendations were approved in 2000, establishing the *National Commission for the Prevention of Domestic Violence* (CONAPREVI).

## Campaign against rape and murder of women and children

Trujillo's primary concern is preventing more examples of the thousands of women who have been raped and then murdered, often in an horrific manner, over the last decade. In 2009, the Amnesty International report on human rights violations in Guatemala included this section on violence against women and children (the core area of Trujillo's work):
"The police reported that 687 women were the victims of homicide in 2008; their bodies frequently showed signs of rape and other torture. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights reported in January that discriminatory practices by the authorities persisted, resulting in a failure to investigate killings of women and a tendency to blame the victim. In April, Congress passed a new Law Against Femicide. The law received a mixed response from civil society organizations." This social violence has been referred to by Trujillo as "femicidio".

## Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience Award

In 2004, Trujillo shared the Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience Award with Mary Robinson former President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

1. "Hilda Morales Trujillo : : Ambasador of Conscience". 2009-05-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
2. "Guatemala's epidemic of killing". 2005-06-09. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
3. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Amnesty International Report 2009 - Guatemala". *Refworld*. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
4. "Guatemala's Femicides and the Ongoing Struggle for Women's Human Rights" (PDF). 2010-06-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
5. Amnesty International. Ambassador of Conscience Award. http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-mission-and-the-movement/ambassador-of-conscience-award/page.do?id=1381034 Archived 2011-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 9 November 2009.


title: Up for Days

abstract: Up for Days is the eighth mixtape by Palestinian-Canadian rapper Belly. It was released through XO and Roc Nation on 7 May 2015. The mixtape features guest appearances from the Weeknd, Travis Scott, French Montana, and Juelz Santana. Production was handled by Belly himself, Ben Billions, DaHeala, Bizzy, Boi-1da, DannyBoyStyles, the ANMLS, and Infamous.

text:
# Up for Days

***Up for Days*** is the eighth mixtape by Palestinian-Canadian rapper Belly. It was released through XO and Roc Nation on 7 May 2015. The mixtape features guest appearances from the Weeknd, Travis Scott, French Montana, and Juelz Santana. Production was handled by Belly himself, Ben Billions, DaHeala, Bizzy, Boi-1da, DannyBoyStyles, the ANMLS, and Infamous.

## Background

The project is Belly's first release since his five-year hiatus. Upon releasing the project, Belly stated "This is the introduction for me: it's not a new chapter in my story, it's a completely new book."

## Reception

Rose Lilah of HotNewHipHop praised the project, stating that during his hiatus, he was "perfecting and curating his latest body of work, Up For Days, and it definitely shows".

## Track listing

*Up for Days*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Came From Nothing" |  | Ben Billions | 3:40 |
| 2. | "No Option" |  |  | 2:57 |
| 3. | "Might Not" (featuring the Weeknd) |  | Ben Billions | 3:45 |
| 4. | "Come Down Is Real" |  |  | 4:17 |
| 5. | "Maison" |  | Boi-1da | 3:19 |
| 6. | "White Girls" (featuring Travis Scott) |  | Ben Billions | 4:32 |
| 7. | "Dealer Plated" (featuring French Montana) |  |  | 4:10 |
| 8. | "Poltergeist" | * Balshe * Schofield * Brian White | DannyBoyStyles | 3:29 |
| 9. | "Love Kills" (featuring Juelz Santana) | * Balshe * LaRon James * Schofield * Richard Muñoz * Faris Al-Majed * Joseph Bostani * Hollemon | * DannyBoyStyles * The ANMLS | 4:18 |
| 10. | "Who Am I" |  |  | 2:46 |
| Total length: | | | | 37:13 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  signifies a co-producer

## InfoBox

| Up for Days | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mixtape by Belly | |
| Released | 7 May 2015 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 37:13 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Belly chronology | |
| *The Revolution*
(2007) ***Up for Days***
(2015) *Another Day in Paradise*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Up for Days* | |
| 1. "Might Not"
Released: 18 December 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Ardmore Carnegie Library

abstract: The Ardmore Carnegie Library, at 511 Stanley SW. in Ardmore, Oklahoma, is a Carnegie library built in 1905. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It has also been known as the Ardmore Garden Clubs Building. The idea for a library in Ardmore began with Anna Barnes Townsend, wife of Judge Hosea Townsend for the southern district of the Indian Territory. After the Townsends moved to Ardmore, Anna obtained funding from Andrew Carnegie about 1903 and the Ardmore Carnegie Library was opened on October 1, 1906. The Townsends donated 800 books for the library. It was designed by Fort Worth architect S. Wemyss Smith. It is 60 by 54 feet in plan. It is built with post-and-beam structural support and has load-bearing walls built of 18 by 8.5 inches cast-stone blocks. The building was modified in 1926 with removal of its original roof and second floor, and again in 1941 with addition of a new wing. The resulting building is a mix of Classical Revival and Craftsman styles.

text:
# Ardmore Carnegie Library

The **Ardmore Carnegie Library**, at 511 Stanley SW. in Ardmore, Oklahoma, is a Carnegie library built in 1905. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It has also been known as the **Ardmore Garden Clubs Building**.

The idea for a library in Ardmore began with Anna Barnes Townsend, wife of Judge Hosea Townsend for the southern district of the Indian Territory. After the Townsends moved to Ardmore, Anna obtained funding from Andrew Carnegie about 1903 and the Ardmore Carnegie Library was opened on October 1, 1906. The Townsends donated 800 books for the library.

It was designed by Fort Worth architect S. Wemyss Smith. It is 60 by 54 feet (18 m × 16 m) in plan. It is built with post-and-beam structural support and has load-bearing walls built of 18 by 8.5 inches (0.46 m × 0.22 m) cast-stone blocks.

The building was modified in 1926 with removal of its original roof and second floor, and again in 1941 with addition of a new wing. The resulting building is a mix of Classical Revival and Craftsman styles.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ardmore Carnegie Library | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 511 Stanley SW., Ardmore, Oklahoma |
| Coordinates | 34°10′14″N 97°8′7″W / 34.17056°N 97.13528°W / 34.17056; -97.13528 (Ardmore Carnegie Library) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1905 |
| Architect | Smith, S. Wemyss |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000620 |
| Added to NRHP | June 2, 2000 |


title: Ontario Highway 17A

abstract: King's Highway 17A, commonly referred to as Highway 17A or as the Kenora By-Pass, is an alternate route of Highway 17 around the city of Kenora, in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was built along a former Canadian Pacific Railway right-of-way, and has two westbound passing lanes in separate parts, and one eastbound passing lane.

text:
# Ontario Highway 17A

**King's Highway 17A**, commonly referred to as **Highway 17A** or as the **Kenora By-Pass**, is an alternate route of Highway 17 around the city of Kenora, in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was built along a former Canadian Pacific Railway right-of-way, and has two westbound passing lanes in separate parts, and one eastbound passing lane.

## Route description

Although it is not an official part of the Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 17A is designated as the through route when travelling into Kenora on the Trans-Canada. The road also provides access to Kenora Airport, but otherwise avoids the built-up areas of the city. The highway passes through a heavily forested area dominated by large granite rock outcroppings, geography typical of the Canadian Shield. On an average day approximately 3,200–5,200 vehicles travel along the road, varying by season.

## History

Construction of Highway 17A began in 1981 in response to traffic congestion within the city of Kenora, which created a severe bottleneck for cross-national traffic. The bypass opened in stages as it was constructed from west to east. The first 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi), from Highway 17 to Highway 596 opened in September 1983. Following this, contracts were tendered for construction of the Winnipeg River bridge. The section between Highway 596 and Highway 658 opened several years later in the autumn of 1988. The final section, linking Highway 658 with Highway 17, was opened on November 16, 1990, at which point the Kenora Bypass was designated Highway 17A.

## Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 17A, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. The entire route is located in Kenora District.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unorganized Kenora | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 17 / TCHKenora, Winnipeg | Through traffic follows Highway 17 west |
| | 7.0 | 4.3 | Highway 596 north – Minaki
Darlington Drive |  |
| Kenora | 12.5 | 7.8 | Winnipeg River Bridge | |
| | 14.8 | 9.2 | Highway 658 north (Redditt Road) – Redditt |  |
| | 21.0 | 13.0 | East Melick Road | Formerly Highway 659 north |
| | 25.3 | 15.7 | Highway 671 north (Jones Road) – Jones |  |
| Unorganized Kenora | 33.3 | 20.7 | Highway 17 / TCHKenora, Thunder Bay | Through traffic follows Highway 17 east |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 17A | |
| --- | --- |
| Kenora By-Pass | |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of Highway 17 | |
| Maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Length | 33.3 km (20.7 mi) |
| Existed | November 16, 1990–present |
| Major junctions | |
| Beltway around Kenora | |
| West end | Highway 17 west near Keewatin |
| Major intersections | Highway 596 near Keewatin
Highway 658 near Jaffray–Melick
Highway 671 |
| East end | Highway 17 east near Kenora |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Counties | Kenora District |
| Major cities | Kenora, Kenora Airport |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 17   Highway 17B | |


title: President's House (Gallaudet College)

abstract: The President's House was built in 1868. It is on the campus of Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. On campus, it is known as the Edward Miner Gallaudet Residence, after the university's first president, who was the first to occupy the house. More popularly, it is known as House One. It is a 35-room High Victorian Gothic mansion. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# President's House (Gallaudet College)

The **President's House** was built in 1868. It is on the campus of Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. On campus, it is known as the Edward Miner Gallaudet Residence, after the university's first president, who was the first to occupy the house. More popularly, it is known as House One. It is a 35-room High Victorian Gothic mansion.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| President's House, Gallaudet College | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in Washington, D.C. | |
| Location | 7th St. and Florida Ave., NE., Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°54′22″N 76°59′50″W / 38.9061°N 76.9971°W / 38.9061; -76.9971 |
| Built | 1868 |
| Architect | Frederick Clarke Withers |
| Architectural style | High Victorian Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 74002172 |
| Added to NRHP | February 15, 1974 |


title: Ismet Rizvić

abstract: Ismet Rizvić was a Bosnian artist.

text:
# Ismet Rizvić

**Ismet Rizvić** (Mostar, 1933 - Sarajevo 1992) was a Bosnian artist.

## Life

Rizvić was born in Mostar in 1933, but spent much of his life, and all of his working life, in Sarajevo, where he studied the fine arts at the Pedagogical Academy. As a scholarship-holder, he spent time in London in 1966, studying the English watercolourists. Rizvić worked between 1963 and 1982 as a primary school teacher. He died on 9 December 1992 in Sarajevo.

## Work

Rizvić first exhibited his works with the Bosnia and Herzegovina Artists' Association in 1957. He was a member of the Visual Artists' Association of Bosnia & Herzogovina from 1963. During his thirty-five years' work as an artist, he tool part in numerous joint exhibitions and held ten solo exhibitions. The Bosniak Institute has a collection of his work. Many of Rizvić's works are in private collections in Bosnia and around the world. In 2004, a monograph on the artist Ismet Rizvić was published, with 384 pages including 237 reproductions of his works.


title: Welgemoed, Bellville

abstract: Welgemoed is an upmarket residential suburb of Bellville in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated approximately 4 kilometres north-west of the Bellville CBD and 22 kilometres north-east of Cape Town.

text:
# Welgemoed, Bellville

**Welgemoed** is an upmarket residential suburb of Bellville in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north-west of the Bellville CBD and 22 kilometres (13.7 mi) north-east of Cape Town.

## Geography

Welgemoed lies in the northern reaches of Bellville on the slopes of the Tygerberg Hill at an altitude of 310 m (1017 ft), making it the highest suburb of the city. As a result of its location, the suburb offers views overlooking Bellville and the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area.

Welgemoed can be also be used as a collective for its neighbouring suburbs stretching from Loevenstein to Kanonberg and includes the suburbs of Welgemoed Greens, De Bron, Protea Valley, Door de Kraal, Van Riebeeckshof, Oude Westhof, Welgedacht, Hoheizen, Blomvlei and Selborne.

## Education

Welgemoed has a primary school called Welgemoed Primary School, situated alongside Jip de Jäger Avenue and between the Bellville Golf Club and Welgemoed Forum.

## Retail

Welgemoed is served by the Welgemoed Forum Shopping Centre, which is anchored by Woolworths Food, Clicks and an Engen service station and Welgemoed Plaza, which is anchored by PicknPay. However, due to the small size of the two shopping centres the variety of goods sold is limited, and for larger shopping trips, residents need to make the short journey to nearby the shopping centres of Tygervalley and Willowbridge, both within an 8-minute drive.

## Recreation

### Bellville Golf Club

Established in 1957, the Bellville Golf Club, an 18-hole golf course forms an integral part of Welgemoed, with the suburb surrounding the golf course. It stretches in an east–west direction across the suburb and is located on both sides of Jip de Jäger Avenue.

### Tygerberg Nature Reserve

The Tygerberg Nature Reserve is set just above Welgemoed on the Tygerberg Hills to the west, with the entrance on Totius Street. The nature reserve offers sweeping views across the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area.

## Transport

### Roads

Jip de Jäger Avenue (M16) is the suburb's main road, connecting to the N1 highway and Bellville West in the south and Durbanville in the north-east. In the broader area of Welgemoed, Van Riebeeckshof Road connects the suburbs of Van Riebeeckshof, Protea Valley, Door de Kraal, Oude Westhof, Kanonberg and Welgedacht, which lie north of Welgemoed with Kenridge to the east.

## InfoBox

| Welgemoed | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| WelgemoedWelgemoedWelgemoed | |
| Coordinates: 33°52′25″S 18°37′4.1″E / 33.87361°S 18.617806°E / -33.87361; 18.617806 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| Municipality | City of Cape Town |
| Main Place | Bellville |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.5 km2 (1.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,274 |
| Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 3.4% |
| Coloured | 7.0% |
| Indian/Asian | 1.3% |
| White | 86.1% |
| Other | 2.2% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 70.0% |
| English | 25.1% |
| Other | 4.9% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 7530 |
| PO box | 7538 |
| Area code | 021 |


title: Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine

abstract: Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine

**Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine** (French pronunciation: \[tjœlwa sɛ̃.t‿ɑ̃twan\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## InfoBox

| Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| An aerial view of Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine | |
| Location of Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine | |
| Thieuloy-Saint-AntoineThieuloy-Saint-Antoine | |
| Coordinates: 49°38′06″N 1°56′49″E / 49.635°N 1.9469°E / 49.635; 1.9469 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Beauvais |
| Canton | Grandvilliers |
| Intercommunality | Picardie Verte |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacky Dumont |
| Area**1** | 2.49 km2 (0.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 393 |
| Density | 160/km2 (410/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60633 /60210 |
| Elevation | 165–196 m (541–643 ft)
(avg. 200 m or 660 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: It's Time (Stefanie Sun album)

abstract: It's Time is the tenth studio album by Singaporean singer Stefanie Sun. It was released on March 8, 2011, by Wonderful Music and was her sole record to be released by the company. The album sold more than 75,000 copies in Taiwan alone, and became the second best-selling album of the year in Taiwan.

text:
# It's Time (Stefanie Sun album)

***It's Time*** (simplified Chinese: 是时候; traditional Chinese: 是時候) is the tenth studio album by Singaporean singer Stefanie Sun. It was released on March 8, 2011, by Wonderful Music and was her sole record to be released by the company. The album sold more than 75,000 copies in Taiwan alone, and became the second best-selling album of the year in Taiwan.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "世說心語" (A Voice Within) |  |
| 2. | "追" (The Chase) |  |
| 3. | "當冬夜漸暖" (Time and Tide) |  |
| 4. | "時光小偷" (Thief of Time) |  |
| 5. | "空口言" (Sky) |  |
| 6. | "明天的記憶" (Tomorrow's Memory) |  |
| 7. | "180度" (180 Degrees) |  |
| 8. | "快瘋了" (Crazy) |  |
| 9. | "愚人的國度" (Fool's Kingdom) |  |
| 10. | "是時候" (It's Time) |  |

## InfoBox

| It's Time | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stefanie Sun | |
| Released | March 8, 2011 |
| Genre | Mandopop |
| Language | Chinese |
| Label | Wonderful |
| Stefanie Sun chronology | |
| *Against the Light*
(2007) ***It's Time***
(2011) *Kepler*
(2014) | |


title: Nickelodeon (album)

abstract: Nickelodeon is the first live album by The Masters Apprentices, released in November 1971 on Columbia Records.

text:
# Nickelodeon (album)

***Nickelodeon*** is the first live album by The Masters Apprentices, released in November 1971 on Columbia Records.

## Background

The Masters Apprentices began their 1971 national tour of Australia in Perth. They enlisted producer Howard Gable to recorded their first show at the Nickelodeon Theatre using portable four-track equipment. The band was tired and under-rehearsed, and were not satisfied with the results, these recordings became the live LP *Nickelodeon*, believed to be the second live rock album recorded in Australia. Two of its tracks—the brooding "Future of Our Nation" and the non-album cut "New Day"—were released as a single in June 1971.

## Reception

The lead single "Future of Our Nation" would reach #51 on the Go-Set National Top 60 Charts.

## Track listing

All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted.

Side A
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Future of Our Nation" | 5:20 |
| 2. | "Evil Woman" (Larry Weiss) | 19:19 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Because I Love You" | 6:11 |
| 2. | "Light A Fire Within Yourself" (Doug Ford) | 4:08 |
| 3. | "When I´ve Got Your Soul" | 5:30 |
| 4. | "Fresh Air By the Ton" | 9:21 |

## Personnel

The Masters Apprentices Production Team * Producer – Howard Gable

General * Keays, Jim (1999). *His Master's Voice: The Masters Apprentices: The bad boys of sixties rock 'n' roll*. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-185-X. Retrieved 29 May 2017. Note: limited preview for on-line version.
* Kimball, Duncan (2002). "The Masters Apprentices". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
* McFarlane, Ian (1999). "WHAMMO Homepage". *Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2017. Note: Archived \[on-line\] copy has limited functionality.
* Spencer, Chris; Nowara, Zbig; McHenry, Paul (2002) \[1987\]. *The Who's Who of Australian Rock*. Noble Park, Vic.: Five Mile Press. ISBN 1-86503-891-1. Note: \[on-line\] version was established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition. As from September 2010 the \[on-line\] version is no longer available.

Specific

## InfoBox

| Nickelodeon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by The Masters Apprentices | |
| Released | November 1971 (1971-11) |
| Recorded | January 1971 |
| Venue |  |
| Genre | Hard rock, psychedelic rock |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Howard Gable |
| The Masters Apprentices chronology | |
| *Master's Apprentices (Choice Cuts)*
(1971) ***Nickelodeon***
(1971) *A Toast To Panama Red*
(1972) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Nickelodeon* | |
| 1. "Future of Our Nation" / "New Day"
Released: June 1971 | |
|  | |


title: Urophora hispanica

abstract: Urophora hispanica is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Urophora of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Urophora hispanica

***Urophora hispanica*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Urophora* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

France, Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Urophora hispanica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Myopitini |
| Genus: | *Urophora* |
| Species: | ***U. hispanica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urophora hispanica***<br>Strobl, 1905 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Urophora affinis* ssp. *hispanica* Strobl, 1905 | |


title: Archery at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

abstract: Archery at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of eight events.

text:
# Archery at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

**Archery** at the **1996 Summer Paralympics** consisted of eight events.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland (POL) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | South Korea (KOR) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Japan (JPN) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 5 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 9 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (10 entries) | | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |

### Participating nations

### Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's individual standing
 | Ryszard Olejnik
Poland | Jean Francois Garcia
France | Tae Sung An
South Korea |
| Men's individual W1
 | Martti Rantavouri
Finland | Kurt MacCaferri
Switzerland | Koichi Minami
Japan |
| Men's individual W2
 | Ouk Soo Lee
South Korea | Jappie Walstra
Netherlands | Udo Wolf
Germany |
| Men's teams standing
 | South Korea (KOR)
Tae Sung An
Hyeon Cho
Hak Young Lee | Poland (POL)
Stanislaw Jonski
Tomasz Lezanski
Ryszard Olejnik | Japan (JPN)
Masao Sato
Kenichi Nishii
Mitoya Ishida |
| Men's teams W1/W2
 | Germany (GER)
Hermann Nortmann
Mario Oehme
Udo Wolf | Italy (ITA)
Giuseppe Gabelli
Marco Mai
Luciano Malovini | South Korea (KOR)
In You
Doo Oh
Ouk Soo Lee |
| Women's individual standing
 | Malgorzata Olejnik
Poland | Anita Chapman
Great Britain | Marie-Francoise Hybois
France |
| Women's individual W2
 | Hifumi Suzuki
Japan | Sandra Truccolo
Italy | Paola Fantato
Italy |
| Women's teams open
 | Italy (ITA)
Paola Fantato
Roberta Lazzaroni
Sandra Truccolo | Japan (JPN)
Masako Yonezawa
Shigeko Matsueda
Hifumi Suzuki | Great Britain (GBR)
Rebecca Gale
Kathleen Smith
Anita Chapman |

## InfoBox

| Archery
at the X Paralympic Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Paralympic Archery | |
| Venue | Stone Mountain Park |
| Competitors | 78 from 23 nations |
|


title: OpenVZ

abstract: OpenVZ is an operating-system-level virtualization technology for Linux. It allows a physical server to run multiple isolated operating system instances, called containers, virtual private servers (VPSs), or virtual environments (VEs). OpenVZ is similar to Solaris Containers and LXC.

text:
# OpenVZ

**OpenVZ** (**Open Virtuozzo**) is an operating-system-level virtualization technology for Linux. It allows a physical server to run multiple isolated operating system instances, called containers, virtual private servers (VPSs), or virtual environments (VEs). OpenVZ is similar to Solaris Containers and LXC.

## OpenVZ compared to other virtualization technologies

While virtualization technologies such as VMware, Xen and KVM provide full virtualization and can run multiple operating systems and different kernel versions, OpenVZ uses a single Linux kernel and therefore can run only Linux. All OpenVZ containers share the same architecture and kernel version. This can be a disadvantage in situations where guests require different kernel versions than that of the host. However, as it does not have the overhead of a true hypervisor, it is very fast and efficient.

Memory allocation with OpenVZ is soft in that memory not used in one virtual environment can be used by others or for disk caching. While old versions of OpenVZ used a common file system (where each virtual environment is just a directory of files that is isolated using chroot), current versions of OpenVZ allow each container to have its own file system.

## Kernel

The OpenVZ kernel is a Linux kernel, modified to add support for OpenVZ containers. The modified kernel provides virtualization, isolation, resource management, and checkpointing. As of vzctl 4.0, OpenVZ can work with unpatched Linux 3.x kernels, with a reduced feature set.

### Virtualization and isolation

Each container is a separate entity, and behaves largely as a physical server would. Each has its own:

FilesSystem libraries, applications, virtualized `/proc` and `/sys`, virtualized locks, etc. Users and groupsEach container has its own root user, as well as other users and groups. Process treeA container only sees its own processes (starting from `init`). PIDs are virtualized, so that the init PID is 1 as it should be. NetworkVirtual network device, which allows a container to have its own IP addresses, as well as a set of netfilter (`iptables`), and routing rules. DevicesIf needed, any container can be granted access to real devices like network interfaces, serial ports, disk partitions, etc. IPC objectsShared memory, semaphores, messages.

### Resource management

OpenVZ resource management consists of four components: two-level disk quota, fair CPU scheduler, disk I/O scheduler, and user bean counters (see below). These resources can be changed during container run time, eliminating the need to reboot.

Two-level disk quotaEach container can have its own disk quotas, measured in terms of disk blocks and inodes (roughly number of files). Within the container, it is possible to use standard tools to set UNIX per-user and per-group disk quotas. CPU schedulerThe CPU scheduler in OpenVZ is a two-level implementation of fair-share scheduling strategy.On the first level, the scheduler decides which container it is to give the CPU time slice to, based on per-container *cpuunits* values. On the second level the standard Linux scheduler decides which process to run in that container, using standard Linux process priorities. It is possible to set different values for the CPUs in each container. Real CPU time will be distributed proportionally to these values. In addition, OpenVZ provides ways to set strict CPU limits, such as 10% of a total CPU time (`--cpulimit`), limit number of CPU cores available to container (`--cpus`), and bind a container to a specific set of CPUs (`--cpumask`). I/O schedulerSimilar to the CPU scheduler described above, I/O scheduler in OpenVZ is also two-level, utilizing Jens Axboe's CFQ I/O scheduler on its second level. Each container is assigned an I/O priority, and the scheduler distributes the available I/O bandwidth according to the priorities assigned. Thus no single container can saturate an I/O channel. User BeancountersUser Beancounters is a set of per-container counters, limits, and guarantees, meant to prevent a single container from monopolizing system resources. In current OpenVZ kernels (RHEL6-based 042stab\*) there are two primary parameters, and others are optional. Other resources are mostly memory and various in-kernel objects such as Inter-process communication shared memory segments and network buffers. Each resource can be seen from `/proc/user_beancounters` and has five values associated with it: current usage, maximum usage (for the lifetime of a container), barrier, limit, and fail counter. The meaning of barrier and limit is parameter-dependent; in short, those can be thought of as a soft limit and a hard limit. If any resource hits the limit, the fail counter for it is increased. This allows the owner to detect problems by monitoring /proc/user\_beancounters in the container.

### Checkpointing and live migration

A live migration and checkpointing feature was released for OpenVZ in the middle of April 2006. This makes it possible to move a container from one physical server to another without shutting down the container. The process is known as checkpointing: a container is frozen and its whole state is saved to a file on disk. This file can then be transferred to another machine and a container can be unfrozen (restored) there; the delay is roughly a few seconds. Because state is usually preserved completely, this pause may appear to be an ordinary computational delay.

## Limitations

By default, OpenVZ restricts container access to real physical devices (thus making a container hardware-independent). An OpenVZ administrator can enable container access to various real devices, such as disk drives, USB ports, PCI devices or physical network cards.

`/dev/loopN` is often restricted in deployments (as loop devices use kernel threads which might be a security issue), which restricts the ability to mount disk images. A work-around is to use FUSE.

OpenVZ is limited to providing only some VPN technologies based on PPP (such as PPTP/L2TP) and TUN/TAP. IPsec is supported inside containers since kernel 2.6.32.

A graphical user interface called EasyVZ was attempted in 2007, but it did not progress beyond version 0.1. Up to version 3.4, Proxmox VE could be used as an OpenVZ-based server virtualization environment with a GUI, although later versions switched to LXC.

## InfoBox

OpenVZ
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Virtuozzo and OpenVZ community |
| Initial release | 2005 (2005) |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C |
| Operating system | Linux |
| Platform | x86, x86-64 |
| Available in | English |
| Type | OS-level virtualization |
| License | GPLv2 |
| Website | openvz.org |


title: Judy Francesconi

abstract: Judy Francesconi is an American photographer who concentrates on black-and-white fine art photography of lesbian women. She graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in journalism. She is most noted for her black-and-white and sepia photography featuring beautiful women. Her images have appeared in galleries, books, on CDs, postcards, greeting cards, posters, and in advertising. For many years, Francesconi was the only publisher of a fine-art calendar aimed at lesbians. Her yearly calendar remains a top-seller to this day. Her first book, Stolen Moments, was published in 1997.

text:
# Judy Francesconi

**Judy Francesconi** (born May 11, 1957) is an American photographer who concentrates on black-and-white fine art photography of lesbian women.

She graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in journalism. She is most noted for her black-and-white and sepia photography featuring beautiful (lipstick lesbian) women. Her images have appeared in galleries, books, on CDs, postcards, greeting cards, posters, and in advertising. For many years, Francesconi was the only publisher of a fine-art calendar aimed at lesbians. Her yearly calendar remains a top-seller to this day. Her first book, *Stolen Moments*, was published in 1997.

## Bibliography

* (1997) *Stolen Moments*. Shake It Up Productions. ISBN 978-0-9629959-1-0.
* (2000) *Visual Sonnets*. Shake It Up Productions. ISBN 978-0-9629959-2-7.
* (2003) *Intimate Moments*. Shake It Up Productions. ISBN 0-9629959-4-0.
* (2003) *Passion*. Shake It Up Productions. ISBN 0-9629959-3-2.
* (2004) *Tenderness*. 10% Productions. ISBN 978-1-931978-20-0.
* (2006) *Provocateur*. 10% Productions. ISBN 1-931978-53-0.
* (2008) *On The Lips*. Judy Francesconi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9629959-8-9.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Judy Francesconi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Judith Ann Francesconi
(1957-05-11) 11 May 1957
Huntington, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Photographer |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Known for | Black-and-white fine art photography |


title: Isn't It Midnight

abstract: "Isn't It Midnight" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, from their 1987 studio album Tango in the Night. The song was co-written and sung by Christine McVie, with contributions from Lindsey Buckingham and McVie's then-husband Eddie Quintela. "Isn't It Midnight" was the sixth and final single to be released from Tango in the Night in 1988. The cover art for the single features the portrait of Mademoiselle Caroline Rivière. The verse is in E Aeolian with a i-bVII-i-i progression, while the bridge and chorus are in B Aeolian, with a i-bVI-bVII-i progression.

text:
# Isn't It Midnight

"**Isn't It Midnight**" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, from their 1987 studio album *Tango in the Night*. The song was co-written and sung by Christine McVie, with contributions from Lindsey Buckingham and McVie's then-husband Eddie Quintela. "Isn't It Midnight" was the sixth and final single to be released from *Tango in the Night* in 1988. The cover art for the single features the portrait of Mademoiselle Caroline Rivière. The verse is in E Aeolian with a i-bVII-i-i progression, while the bridge and chorus are in B Aeolian, with a i-bVI-bVII-i progression.

## Release

In the United Kingdom, "Isn't It Midnight" was released as the follow-up to "Everywhere"; it charted at a peak position of number 60 on 18 June 1988. The song performed better in Ireland, where it reached the top 30, peaking at number 23. The song was also released as a single in the United States as an original album cut and as a live performance taken from the Tango in the Night concert filmed at Cow Palace. The former version reached number 14 on the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock chart.

"Isn't It Midnight" was the second official Fleetwood Mac song to be released on the 3-inch CD single format as well being issued on 7" and 12" vinyl. All of the formats included the *Tango in the Night* track "Mystified", and the CD and 12-inch included the bonus tracks "Say You Love Me" (from 1975; it had previously been included as a bonus track on the "Everywhere" CD single) and "Gypsy" (from the 1982 album *Mirage*).

"Isn't it Midnight" was featured consistently throughout Fleetwood Mac's *Tango in the Night* and *Behind the Mask* concert tours, though it was not played after 1990 until 2018 during the An Evening with Fleetwood Mac tour.

## Alternate versions

There are two alternate mixes of the song, one featured on the 1992 four-disc retrospective *25 Years – The Chain*, and one on the *Tango in the Night* deluxe set released in 2017. Both versions of the song have a sparser synth-driven arrangement with a lack of select electric guitar and backing vocal passages from Lindsey Buckingham. The mix featured on *25 Years – The Chain* is also included on the 1992 CD single "Love Shines".

## Reception

In a retrospective review, Alexis Petridis of *The Guardian* described "Isn't It Midnight" as an example of McVie's "bullet-proof" songwriting, a "confection of booming drums, precise, tinkly synth and wailing guitar solos that sounds as if it’s just waiting to appear in the background of a film starring Ally Sheedy." David Bowling of *Blogcritics Magazine* also grouped it as one of Christine McVie's strongest songs, noting that McVie delivers an atypical vocal in a song "about as hard as this incarnation of Fleetwood Mac gets". Upon reflection, Stevie Nicks considers the track, along with Buckingham's own songs on the album, as a representative of his best contributions to any Fleetwood Mac album.

## Track listings

**UK 7-inch single – Warner: W 7860**

* A1. "Isn't It Midnight" – 4:06
* B1. "Mystified" – 3:06

**UK 12-inch single – Warner: W 7860 (T)**

* A1. "Isn't It Midnight" – 4:06
* A2. "Mystified" – 3:06
* B1. "Say You Love Me" – 4:11
* B2. "Gypsy" – 4:24

## Personnel

## Chart positions

Chart performance for "Isn't It Midnight"
| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 35 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 23 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 4 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 32 |
| UK Singles Chart | 60 |
| US Mainstream Rock Tracks | 14 |

* Fleetwood Mac Legacy

## InfoBox

| "Isn't It Midnight" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Fleetwood Mac | |
| from the album  *Tango in the Night* | |
| B-side | "Mystified" |
| Released | 6 June 1988 (UK) |
| Recorded | 1987 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:09 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Songwriter(s) | Christine McVie, Eddie Quintela, Lindsey Buckingham |
| Producer(s) | Lindsey Buckingham, Richard Dashut |
| Fleetwood Mac singles chronology | |
| "Everywhere"
(1987) "**Isn't It Midnight**"
(1988) "As Long as You Follow"
(1988) | |


abstract: The West Midlands Collaborative Commerce Marketplace (WMCCM) is an online marketplace that promotes the services of small-medium-sized engineering enterprises in the English county West Midlands. It is financed by the European Regional Development Fund, based within WMG, University of Warwick at Coventry. The marketplace was founded by Professor Jay Bal with Dr Mark Swift. As of 2006, 2,000 firms had joined the website.

text:
# West Midlands Collaborative Commerce Marketplace

The **West Midlands Collaborative Commerce Marketplace** (WMCCM) is an online marketplace that promotes the services of small-medium-sized engineering enterprises (engineering SMEs) in the English county West Midlands. It is financed by the European Regional Development Fund, based within WMG, University of Warwick at Coventry. The marketplace was founded by Professor Jay Bal with Dr Mark Swift. As of 2006, 2,000 firms had joined the website.


title: Theridion luteitarse

abstract: Theridion luteitarse is a species of spiders of the family Theridiidae. It is endemic on the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. The species was named and described by Günter E. W. Schmidt and Rolf Harald Krause in 1995.

text:
# Theridion luteitarse

***Theridion luteitarse*** is a species of spiders of the family Theridiidae. It is endemic on the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. The species was named and described by Günter E. W. Schmidt and Rolf Harald Krause in 1995.

## Further reading

* Schmidt & Krause, 1995 : *Weitere Spinnen von Cabo Verde.* Entomologische Zeitschrift, Frankfurt am Main, vol. 105, no 18, p. 355-364.

## InfoBox

| *Theridion luteitarse* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Theridion* |
| Species: | ***T. luteitarse*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Theridion luteitarse***<br>Schmidt & Krause, 1995 | |
|


title: PDVAL

abstract: Producción y Distribución Venezolana de Alimentos (PDVAL) is a nationwide food supply network in Venezuela. It was created by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) in response to the high food demand and presumed stockpiling by private food sectors, creating food shortage. Along with the related Mission Mercal, it was started following the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003, which saw concerns about corporate control of food distribution. PDVAL's goal is to distribute basic goods such as meat, milk, chicken and other goods that have prices regulated by the government.

text:
# PDVAL

**Producción y Distribución Venezolana de Alimentos** (**PDVAL**) is a nationwide food supply network in Venezuela. It was created by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) in response to the high food demand and presumed stockpiling by private food sectors, creating food shortage. Along with the related Mission Mercal, it was started following the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003, which saw concerns about corporate control of food distribution.

PDVAL's goal is to distribute basic goods such as meat, milk, chicken and other goods that have prices regulated by the government.

## Controversies

From June 2010, PDVAL started being administrated by the Vicepresidency of Venezuela after the discovery of tons of decomposed food supplies around the country. Government opposition denounced the finding of thousands of containers with a total of 130.000 tons of decomposed supplies.

## InfoBox

Producción y Distribución Venezolana de Alimentos (PDVAL)
|
|  |
| Company type | State-owned enterprise (Public) |
| Industry | Food |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Headquarters | Venezuela |
| Key people | Rafael Ramírez, President - Hugo Chávez |
| Parent | Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. |


title: Walter A. Davis

abstract: Walter A. "Mac" Davis is an American philosopher, critic, and playwright. He is Professor Emeritus of English at Ohio State University and the author of eight books. Davis has also taught at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His theoretical work engages critically with psychoanalysis, Marxism, existentialism, Hegelian dialectics and postmodernism. For a more general audience, he has written plays and two volumes of essays in cultural criticism.

text:
# Walter A. Davis

**Walter A.** "**Mac**" **Davis** (born November 9, 1942) is an American philosopher, critic, and playwright. He is Professor Emeritus of English at Ohio State University and the author of eight books. Davis has also taught at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His theoretical work engages critically with psychoanalysis, Marxism, existentialism, Hegelian dialectics and postmodernism. For a more general audience, he has written plays and two volumes of essays in cultural criticism.

## Education and academic career

Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Davis earned a B.A. from Marquette University in 1964, an M.A. from the same institution in 1966, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1969. He taught in the English departments at the University of California at Santa Barbara from 1969 to 1977 and at Ohio State University from 1977 to 2002, when he retired to focus on writing.

## Literary theory and criticism

As a theorist and critic of literature, Davis has been associated with the 'Chicago School' of R. S. Crane and Wayne C. Booth, but Davis's work shows him to be an engaged critic of these critics. His first book, *The Act of Interpretation: A Critique of Literary Reason*, published by The University of Chicago Press in 1978, stages a series of interpretations of William Faulkner's The Bear as a simultaneous demonstration and critique of critical pluralism. In his later book, *Get The Guests: Psychoanalysis, Modern American Drama, and the Audience*, Davis takes a more psychoanalytic approach, analyzing in depth five American plays--*The Iceman Cometh*, *A Streetcar Named Desire*, *Death of a Salesman*, *Long Day's Journey into Night*, and *Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*—in terms of their psychological impact upon the audience. Critic Frank Lentricchia called Davis's *Get The Guests* "unparalleled" and wrote of the author, "Davis is a man of the theatre, he reads plays as theatrical events, and he can get at plays in ways that most people of the theatre cannot because he is a superb theorist and scholar as well."

## Philosophical works

Davis's most wide-ranging philosophical work is *Inwardness and Existence: Subjectivity in/and Hegel, Heidegger, Marx, and Freud*. In this book, Davis adumbrates a theory of the human subject (less technically, "the self") that dialectically integrates four theories of subjectivity usually considered incompatible: G. W. F. Hegel's self-consciousness, Martin Heidegger's existentialism, Karl Marx's dialectical materialism and related Marxist theories of ideology, and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. In his consideration of Hegel, Davis argues that the Structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss and the Deconstruction of Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, et al. represent prematurely arrested moments in a dialectical movement issuing in Hegelian "unhappy consciousness." At other points in the text Davis writes at length upon such topics as sexuality, love, neurosis, psychosis, death, capitalism, freedom and authenticity, seeking always to challenge the consensus of intellectual and/or popular discourse on these topics. In the section on existentialism, for example, Davis attempts to revitalize this philosophy by taking it beyond pop-Sartrean notions of freedom. He emphasizes the extent to which human freedom is not a given but merely a possibility. The struggle to achieve freedom and authenticity proceeds through the hard intellectual work that Davis calls "anti-*bildung*", the rooting out of all the ideological obfuscations that have been implanted in us by our families and cultures. *Inwardness and Existence* has influenced the writings of scholars as diverse as leading Anglican theologian Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury, and film theorist Todd McGowan, who has said of it, "No one who reads \[*Inwardness and Existence*\] will ever think about existence itself in the same way again. Davis’s landmark work will profoundly transform anyone who reads it."

Building on the idea of anti-*bildung*, Davis's 2001 book *Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative* takes the historical trauma of the first atomic bombing as the basis for a radically interdisciplinary investigation of trauma generally and of historical discourse in particular, culminating in a chapter that combines psychoanalysis, history and aesthetics to argue for "artistic cognition as a distinct and primary way of knowing." The "deracination" of the title refers to the necessity of "deracinating," or "rooting out," the ideological "guarantees" that structure our responses to events both personal and political.

## Cultural criticism

Davis has written two volumes of essays in cultural criticism. *Death's Dream Kingdom: The American Psyche Since 9-11* (2006) contains Davis's clearest and most direct statement of his concept of "deracinating" the "guaranteees" as well as essays on the Iraq War, Abu Ghraib, Christian fundamentalism, capitalism, ethics and evil. The essay "A Postmodernist Response to 9-11: Slavoj Zizek, or the Jouissance of an Abstract Hegelian" contains Davis's critique of critical theorist Slavoj Zizek and an extended critical discussion of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Davis's 2007 book *Art and Politics: Psychoanalysis, Ideology, Theatre* takes the controversy surrounding the play *My Name is Rachel Corrie* as a jumping-off point for a discussion of the role of the arts (specifically the theatre) in post 9-11 America. The book includes Davis's "Manifesto for a Progressive Theatre" and an argument for monologue as the form that can best accomplish the necessary task of dramatically examining what Davis calls "the tragic structure of experience.".

## Plays

Davis is both a playwright and an actor in regional theatre. His plays include: *The Holocaust Memorial: A Play About Hiroshima*; *An Evening with JonBenet Ramsey*, an exploration of the effects of childhood trauma; *Between Two Deaths: Life on the Row*, a monologue spoken by a murderer on death row; and *Trim: The Tyger Woods Story*, a satire of celebrity, media and race in America. As an actor his roles have ranged from Oscar Madison in Neil Simon's *The Odd Couple* to the title role in King Lear.

## Fiction

Davis is currently at work on an epic-length novel, a vast *bildungsroman* titled *The Last Catholic.*

## Select bibliography

### Non-fiction

* *The Act of Interpretation: A Critique of Literary Reason*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
* *Inwardness and Existence: Subjectivity in/and Hegel, Heidegger, Marx, and Freud*. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
* *Get The Guests: Psychoanalysis Modern American Drama, and the Audience*. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.
* *Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative*. Albany: SUNY Press, 2001.
* *Death's Dream Kingdom: The American Psyche Since 9-11*. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2006.
* *Art and Politics: Psychoanalysis, Ideology, Theatre*. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2007.

### Plays

* *The Holocaust Memorial: A Play About Hiroshima*. Bloomington: First Books, 2000.
* *An Evening With JonBenet Ramsey: A Play and Two Essays*. iUniverse, 2003.
* *Between Two Deaths: Life on the Row* (monologue of a murderer on death row), included in *Art and Politics,* 2007.
* *Trim: The Tyger Woods Story,* 2010.
* *Aberration of Starlight: A Play About Emily Dickinson,* 2013.

### Fiction

* *The Last Catholic: A Novel* (in progress)

## Notes and references


title: Nicolette Peel

abstract: Nicolette Peel was a British midwife and an advocate for women and families with cancer in pregnancy and postpartum period. In 2007, Peel was first diagnosed with breast cancer. After treatment, she was eventually cancer-free. However, in 2012, Peel was diagnosed with cancer again, soon after the birth of one of her children. From this experience, she co-founded a charity called Mummy’s Star (2013) in memory of a friend, Mair Wallroth. It is the only charity in the UK and Ireland dedicated to women and their families diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy or within 12 months of giving birth. Working with Mummy's Star inspired Peel to change her career. Leaving her job as a primary school teacher, she trained as a midwife so she could work in the National Health Service. She attended the University of Salford, graduating in 2016. Whilst at university, she won the Best Academic Achievement in Nursing & Midwifery for her cohort. Peel was also the chairwoman of the Midwifery Society at Salford University, part of a steering committee for pregnant asylum seekers, and was dedicated to supporting and empowering women during pregnancy and childbirth In June 2018, Peel became only the third person in the United Kingdom to receive a chief midwifery gold award, which is given to midwives who go above and beyond their job roles in the NHS. She also received the Kate Granger Award for compassionate care. In late 2019, Peel was awarded the MBE for her work with Mummy’s Star and other charitable work. In January 2023, Nicolette Peel died of cancer, aged 50.

text:
# Nicolette Peel

**Nicolette Peel** MBE was a British midwife and an advocate for women and families with cancer in pregnancy and postpartum period. In 2007, Peel was first diagnosed with breast cancer. After treatment, she was eventually cancer-free. However, in 2012, Peel was diagnosed with cancer again, soon after the birth of one of her children. From this experience, she co-founded a charity called *Mummy’s Star* (2013) in memory of a friend, Mair Wallroth. It is the only charity in the UK and Ireland dedicated to women and their families diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy or within 12 months of giving birth.

Working with Mummy's Star inspired Peel to change her career. Leaving her job as a primary school teacher, she trained as a midwife so she could work in the National Health Service. She attended the University of Salford, graduating in 2016. Whilst at university, she won the Best Academic Achievement in Nursing & Midwifery for her cohort. Peel was also the chairwoman of the Midwifery Society at Salford University, part of a steering committee for pregnant asylum seekers, and was dedicated to supporting and empowering women during pregnancy and childbirth

In June 2018, Peel became only the third person in the United Kingdom to receive a chief midwifery gold award, which is given to midwives who go above and beyond their job roles in the NHS. She also received the Kate Granger Award for compassionate care.

In late 2019, Peel was awarded the MBE for her work with Mummy’s Star and other charitable work.

In January 2023, Nicolette Peel died of cancer, aged 50.

1. Limited, Alamy. "Nicolette Peel, who has been awarded an MBE for services to women with cancer during pregnancy in the New Year's Honours List, at Admiralty House, London Stock Photo - Alamy". *www.alamy.com*. Retrieved 2022-11-25. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
2. "Walking the line – being a mum with cancer that cannot be cured". *RCM*. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
3. Laville, Sandra (2019-12-27). "Grassroots heroes from fundraisers to fosterers get new year honours". *the Guardian*. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
4. Skinner, Nigel (2019-12-30). "Midwife awarded MBE in New Year Honours". *Quest Media Network*. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
5. Carr, Sue (2011-03-24). "Baby is little miracle to breast cancer survivor". *Manchester Evening News*. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
6. "HIGHLIGHTS OF 2019/20: SALFORD GRADUATE AWARDED MBE FOR CHARITY WORK". *University of Salford*. 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
7. "Nicolette Peel MBE". *UK Honours System*. Retrieved 2022-11-25.

## InfoBox

| Nicolette PeelMBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nicolette Jennifer Kemp Moore
(1972-03-29)29 March 1972
Newton Abbot, Devon, England |
| Died | 31 January 2023(2023-01-31) (aged 50)
Tameside, Greater Manchester, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | University of Salford |
| Occupation(s) | Midwife, Cancer Advocate |
| Known for | Mummy’s Star, nonprofit organization |


title: Urophora euryparia

abstract: Urophora euryparia is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Urophora of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Urophora euryparia

***Urophora euryparia*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Urophora* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Urophora euryparia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Myopitini |
| Genus: | *Urophora* |
| Species: | ***U. euryparia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urophora euryparia***<br>Steyskal, 1979 | |
|


title: Ramkot, Jammu and Kashmir

abstract: Ramkot is a village and tehsil in Kathua district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The village is located about 80 kilometres from the district headquarter kathua.

text:
# Ramkot, Jammu and Kashmir

**Ramkot** is a village and tehsil in Kathua district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The village is located about 80 kilometres from the district headquarter kathua.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Ramkot has 534 households. The literacy rate of Ramkote was 73.08% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. Male literacy stands at 79.55% while the female literacy rate was 65.99%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 2724 | 1441 | 1283 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 350 | 199 | 151 |
| Scheduled caste | 664 | 352 | 312 |
| Scheduled tribe | 285 | 156 | 129 |
| Literacy | 73.08% | 79.55% | 65.99% |
| Workers (all) | 769 | 663 | 106 |
| Main workers (all) | 700 |  |  |
| Marginal workers (total) | 69 | 60 | 9 |

## Transport

### Road

Ramkot is connected by road to other places in Jammu and Kashmir by the Challa-Dayalachak Road and NH 44.

### Rail

The nearest railway station is Chak Dayala, located at a distance of 28 kilometres. The nearest major railway stations are Jammu Tawi railway station and Kathua railway station located at a distance of 83 kilometres and 55 kilometres respectively.

### Air

The nearest airport to Ramkot is Jammu Airport located at a distance of 80 kilometres.

## InfoBox

| Ramkot Ramkote | |
| --- | --- |
| Tehsil and Village | |
| RamkotLocation in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaRamkotRamkot (India) | |
| Coordinates: 32°38′24″N 75°19′55″E / 32.640°N 75.332°E / 32.640; 75.332 | |
| Country | India |
| Union Territory | Jammu and Kashmir |
| District | Kathua |
| Tehsil | Ramkot |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,734 |
| Languages | |
| Spoken | Dogri, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 184205 |


title: Onthobium

abstract: Onthobium is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea.

text:
# Onthobium

***Onthobium*** is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea.

## InfoBox

| *Onthobium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Scarabeiformia |
| Superfamily: | Scarabaeoidea |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | ***Onthobium*** |
|