title: Gustavo Viera (Paraguayan footballer)

abstract: Gustavo Agustín Viera Velázquez is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Independiente F.B.C.

text:
# Gustavo Viera (Paraguayan footballer)

**Gustavo Agustín Viera Velázquez** (born 28 August 1995) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Independiente F.B.C.

## Career

Viera played in his youth career for Libertad, before moving to Rubio Ñu. He made his professional debut for the club in 2012 and remained there until 2014. In August 2014, he transferred to Corinthians in Brazil. Despite already being a professional player, Viera was relocated to Corinthians' youth team. The central midfielder scored the winning goal at the U20 Campeonato Brasileiro final against Atlético Paranaense and was chosen as the best player of the tournament.

## International career

He was called by Paraguay national under-20 football team to play in the 2015 South American Youth Football Championship.

## Honours

Corinthians

## InfoBox

Gustavo Viera
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gustavo Agustín Viera Velázquez | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-08-28) 28 August 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Asunción, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Carlos A. Mannucci | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2008 | Libertad | | |
| 2014–2015 | Corinthians | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2012–2014 | Rubio Ñu | 44 | (5) |
| 2014–2018 | Corinthians | 0 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Rubio Ñu (loan) | 57 | (2) |
| 2018– | Independiente F.B.C. | 17 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2013–2015 | Paraguay U20 | 13 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18:22, 20 September 2015 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18:22, 20 September 2015 (UTC) | | | |


title: Pekin Celestials

abstract: The Pekin Celestials were an Illinois–Missouri League baseball team based in Pekin, Illinois, USA that played from 1909 to 1913. In their very first season, the Celestials had four different managers. Two future major league baseball players played for them that year as well: Cecil Coombs and Mike Prendergast. Coombs played for them in 1910 as well. In 1911 and 1912, future big leaguers Jim Bluejacket and Patsy McGaffigan played for the Celestials. 1913 is the only year in which no known future big league players played for the Celestials.

text:
# Pekin Celestials

The **Pekin Celestials** were an Illinois–Missouri League baseball team based in Pekin, Illinois, USA that played from 1909 to 1913.

In their very first season, the Celestials had four different managers. Two future major league baseball players played for them that year as well: Cecil Coombs and Mike Prendergast. Coombs played for them in 1910 as well. In 1911 and 1912, future big leaguers Jim Bluejacket and Patsy McGaffigan played for the Celestials. 1913 is the only year in which no known future big league players played for the Celestials.

## InfoBox

| Pekin Celestials | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | D |
| League | Illinois–Missouri League |
| Team data | |
| Manager | * Walter Diehl * Harry Horton * Doug Jeffries * Will Dithridge * William Hickey * Jack Herbert |


title: Pebble Hill Plantation

abstract: Pebble Hill Plantation is a plantation and museum located near Thomasville, Georgia. The plantation is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Pebble Hill Plantation

**Pebble Hill Plantation** is a plantation and museum located near Thomasville, Georgia. The plantation is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

The plantation was established in the 1820s, when Thomas Jefferson Johnson built the first house. After his death, the plantation was inherited by his daughter, Julia Ann, and her husband, John H. Mitchell. They hired English architect John Wind to design a new mansion. Their slaves grew cotton, tobacco and rice.

The plantation was purchased by Howard Melville Hanna in 1896. It was passed on to his daughter Kate in 1901, who turned it into a hunting estate. After the main house burned down in 1934, architect Abram Garfield designed the new mansion, completed in 1936. After Kate's death, the plantation was inherited by her daughter, Elizabeth "Pansy" Ireland.

Through the Pebble Peach Foundation endowed by Pansy Ireland, the plantation is open to the public.

The Pebble Hill Plantation Film Collection at the University of Georgia's Brown Media Archives is thought to contain the earliest known moving image recording of Georgia, dating to 1917.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pebble Hill Plantation | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Thomasville, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 30°46′49″N 84°03′50″W / 30.78022°N 84.06386°W / 30.78022; -84.06386 |
| Area | 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) |
| Built | 1934 |
| Architect | Abram Garfield |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000146 |
| Added to NRHP | February 23, 1990 |


title: Gwerful Fychan

abstract: Gwerful Fychan was a poet during the period of the Welsh Beirdd yr Uchelwyr during the Late Middle Ages. She came from a noble family, her full name in genealogies being given as Gwerful ferch Ieuan Fychan ap Ieuan ap Hywel y Gadair ap Gruffudd ap Madog ap Rhirid Flaidd. She was the heiress of the mansion of Caer-Gai, near Llanuwchllyn, Merioneth. The name Fychan was later anglicised as Vaughan. Gwerful was married to Tudur Penllyn, a drover and wool-trader but also a notable poet, and their son Ieuan also wrote poetry which survives in a number of sources. They may also have had a daughter, Gwenllian, though her poetic abilities have been harder to prove. No work definitely ascribed to Gwerful Fychan is known to survive, but the cywydd titled Cywydd y March Glas, sometimes ascribed either to Gwerful Mechain or Tudur Aled, has been suggested as her work. Some early antiquaries confuse her with Gwerful Mechain, who was a contemporary. Her memory persisted in the area of Llanuwchllyn as late as the 20th century and a variety of traditional verses were claimed as by her.

text:
# Gwerful Fychan

**Gwerful Fychan** (fl. 1420–1490) was a poet during the period of the Welsh *Beirdd yr Uchelwyr* during the Late Middle Ages. She came from a noble family, her full name in genealogies being given as Gwerful ferch Ieuan Fychan ap Ieuan ap Hywel y Gadair ap Gruffudd ap Madog ap Rhirid Flaidd. She was the heiress of the mansion of Caer-Gai, near Llanuwchllyn, Merioneth. The name Fychan was later anglicised as *Vaughan*.

Gwerful was married to Tudur Penllyn, a drover and wool-trader but also a notable poet, and their son Ieuan also wrote poetry which survives in a number of sources. They may also have had a daughter, Gwenllian, though her poetic abilities have been harder to prove.

No work definitely ascribed to Gwerful Fychan is known to survive, but the *cywydd* titled *Cywydd y March Glas* (the Grey Horse), sometimes ascribed either to Gwerful Mechain or Tudur Aled, has been suggested as her work. Some early antiquaries confuse her with Gwerful Mechain, who was a contemporary. Her memory persisted in the area of Llanuwchllyn as late as the 20th century and a variety of traditional verses were claimed as by her.


title: Penitent Magdalene (El Greco)

abstract: Penitent Magdalene is a 1576–1578 painting by El Greco depicting Mary Magdalene, produced during his first period in Toledo and showing the major influence of Titian on him at that time. It is now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest.

text:
# Penitent Magdalene (El Greco)

***Penitent Magdalene*** is a 1576–1578 painting by El Greco depicting Mary Magdalene, produced during his first period in Toledo and showing the major influence of Titian on him at that time. It is now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest.

## Variants

A c. 1577 version is now in the Worcester Art Museum, whilst a later c.1580–1585 version is in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City. A different composition on the subject from 1585–1590 is in the Cau Ferrat Museum.

1. Scholz, pag. 26.
2. "The Penitent Magdalene". European Collection. Nelson-Atkins Museum

## Bibliography

* (in Spanish) ÁLVAREZ LOPERA, José, *El Greco*, Madrid, Arlanza, 2005, Biblioteca «Descubrir el Arte», (colección «Grandes maestros»).
* (in Spanish) SCHOLZ-HÄNSEL, Michael, *El Greco*, Colonia, Taschen, 2003. ISBN 978-3-8228-3173-1

## InfoBox

| Penitent Magdalene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | El Greco |
| Year | 1576–1578 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 164 cm × 121 cm (65 in × 48 in) |
| Location | National Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest |


title: Penitencia Creek station

abstract: Penitencia Creek station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). This station is served by VTA's Orange Line. The station was opened on June 24, 2004, as part of VTA's Capitol light rail extension.

text:
# Penitencia Creek station

**Penitencia Creek station** is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). This station is served by VTA's Orange Line.

The station was opened on June 24, 2004, as part of VTA's Capitol light rail extension.

## Service

### Location

Penitencia Creek station is located in the median of North Capitol Avenue, just south of Penitencia Creek Road in San Jose, California.

## InfoBox

| Penitencia Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Penitencia Creek station platform | |
| General information | |
| Location | Capitol Avenue and Penitencia Creek Road<br>San Jose, California |
| Coordinates | 37°22′57″N 121°51′22″W / 37.382546°N 121.856179°W / 37.382546; -121.856179 |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Parking | 53 spaces |
| Bicycle facilities | Lockers |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | June 24, 2004 (2004-06-24) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  VTA light rail Following station  Berryessatoward Mountain View  Orange Line  McKeetoward Alum Rock | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: HK Sāga Ķekava Riga

abstract: HK Sāga Ķekava Riga was an ice hockey team in Riga, Latvia. They played in the Latvian Hockey League from 1991-1996.

text:
# HK Sāga Ķekava Riga

**HK Sāga Ķekava Riga** was an ice hockey team in Riga, Latvia. They played in the Latvian Hockey League from 1991-1996.

## History

The club was founded in 1991, and promptly won the first Latvian Hockey League title. They were not able to repeat this success, and their best finish was fifth place in the following season. After a 9th-place finish in the 1995-96 season, the club folded.

## Season-by-season record

| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | GF | GA | P | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991-92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1st |
| 1992-93 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 95 | 23 | 9 | 2nd in Group A (qualified for final round) |
| 1992-93 | 21 | 9 | 11 | 1 | - | 158 | 169 | 19 | 5th in final round |
| 1993-94 | 20 | 13 | 5 | 2 | - | 150 | 121 | 28 | 3rd in Group B |
| 1994-95 | 14 | - | - | - | - | 70 | 69 | 10 | 7th in Division II |
| 1995-96 | 30 | 19 | 7 | 2 | - | 212 | 156 | 40 | 3rd in Division II |

## InfoBox

| HK Sāga Ķekava Riga | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Riga, Latvia |
| League | Latvian Hockey League |
| Founded | 1991 |


title: Gymnanthemum mespilifolium

abstract: Gymnanthemum mespilifolium, is a sprawling woody liane up to 15 cm thick from Southern Africa occurring in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Western Cape. This species is found as a vigorous pioneer in abused or degraded habitats such as cleared areas and forest margins. The genus comprises some 43 species found in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Southern Asia, and introduced into Brazil. Gymnanthemum was first described by Cassini in 1817, then included in Vernonia by Candolle in 1836 and Bentham in 1873 and finally resurrected by Robinson and Kahn in 1986 and 1999. The taxonomic limits of the genus are presently narrower than in 1999. Currently nine species are recognised in southern Africa, of which five are endemic to South Africa. The other four are more widespread - they are Gymnanthemum theophrastifolium H. Rob., Gymnanthemum coloratum (Willd.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Del.) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. and Gymnanthemum myrianthum H. Rob. In the South African Journal of Botany Volume 102, January 2016, Pages 81–101, N.Swelankomo, J.C.Manning and A.R.Magee have proposed sinking Gymnanthemum mespilifolium in a new combination, Gymnanthemum capense.

text:
# Gymnanthemum mespilifolium

***Gymnanthemum mespilifolium*** (Greek gymnos = naked and anthos = flower, alluding to the lack of paleae on the receptacle - mespilifolium = leaf like that of *Mespilus*), is a sprawling woody liane up to 15 cm thick from Southern Africa occurring in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Western Cape. This species is found as a vigorous pioneer in abused or degraded habitats such as cleared areas and forest margins. The genus comprises some 43 species found in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Southern Asia, and introduced into Brazil.

*Gymnanthemum* was first described by Cassini in 1817, then included in *Vernonia* by Candolle in 1836 and Bentham in 1873 and finally resurrected by Robinson and Kahn in 1986 and 1999. The taxonomic limits of the genus are presently narrower than in 1999. Currently nine species are recognised in southern Africa, of which five are endemic to South Africa. The other four are more widespread - they are *Gymnanthemum theophrastifolium* (Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern) H. Rob., *Gymnanthemum coloratum* (Willd.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn, *Gymnanthemum amygdalinum* (Del.) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. and *Gymnanthemum myrianthum* (Hook. f.) H. Rob.

In the South African Journal of Botany Volume 102, January 2016, Pages 81–101, N.Swelankomo, J.C.Manning and A.R.Magee have proposed sinking *Gymnanthemum mespilifolium* in a new combination, *Gymnanthemum capense*.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnanthemum mespilifolium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Sprawling over trees and shrubs on forest margin | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Gymnanthemum* |
| Species: | ***G. mespilifolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnanthemum mespilifolium***<br>(Less.) H.Rob. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cacalia mespilifolia* (Less.) Kuntze * *Eupatorium capense* Spreng.f. * *Vernonia mespilifolia* Less. * *Vernonia mespilifolia* var. *mespilifolia* * *Vernonia mespilifolia* var. *subcanescens* DC. | |


title: Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum

abstract: Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum, the dotted ecdytolopha moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are on wing from March to November, with most records from May to August. The larvae feed on Robinia species.

text:
# Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum

***Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum***, the **dotted ecdytolopha moth**, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are on wing from March to November, with most records from May to August.

The larvae feed on *Robinia* species.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Gymnandrosoma* |
| Species: | ***G. punctidiscanum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum***<br>Dyar, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ecdytolopha punctidiscana* * *Cydia punctidiscana* | |


title: Pedro Florentino

abstract: General Pedro Alejandrino Florentino was a Dominican officer in the army of the Dominican Republic. A native of Hincha, be was an active participant in border conflicts during the Dominican War of Independence. He was the hero of the important Battle of Sabana Larga. He later participated in the Dominican Restoration War, along with Gregorio Luperón, against Spain.

text:
# Pedro Florentino

General **Pedro Alejandrino Florentino** (1805/1808 – 1864) was a Dominican officer in the army of the Dominican Republic. A native of Hincha, be was an active participant in border conflicts during the Dominican War of Independence. He was the hero of the important Battle of Sabana Larga. He later participated in the Dominican Restoration War, along with Gregorio Luperón, against Spain.

## Birth

He was born in Hincha, today Haitian territory. Of mulatto ancestry, his father was José Antonio Florentino, who was of Italian descent. Pedro Alejandrino was the name of this stubborn character, protagonist in two wars for Independence. His historical figure has been so discussed and controversial to the point that there is more than one version about the date and place of his birth. His biographer and defender, Sócrates Nolasco, assures that Florentino must have been born between 1805 and 1806; but other information maintains that he was 52 years old in 1861, so his birth must have occurred in 1809; and the same historian Nolasco cites statements offered in Azua by Florentino himself who declared that he was 55 years old in 1863, that his birthplace had been Santo Domingo and that he had lived in San Juan de la Maguana, which sets the date of his coming to the world in 1808. It would be worth sticking then to what he himself declared and establishing it as conventional truth.

## Early military career

In the handling of the saber he had few rivals. And famous was the duel he had with another brave man from the legendary south, Timoteo Ogando, the head of the heroic tribe of Pedro Corto. From that event it was said that “Florentino pressured (crossed) Timoteo," because he knocked down his sword and marked a cross on his forehead.

He owns stills and agricultural and livestock properties in San Juan de la Maguana. He was a patriot of radical nationalism and questionable methods due to the violent and primitive character that Florentino gave him. He was an officer in the fight against the Haitian incursions that lasted for nearly thirteen years. He fought under the orders of General Antonio Duvergé, as an artillery officer and commander of one of the Dominican columns that victoriously fought the famous Battle of Sabana Larga on January 24, 1856.

On October 11, 1856, under the presidency of the leader of his political devotion, Buenaventura Báez, went on to occupy the Arms Command of San Francisco de Macorís and later to serve as Governor of La Vega, a province that then included Moca, Cotuí, Bonao, Constanza, Jarabacoa and San Francisco de Macorís to the Northeast coast. He was also a Government Delegate in the entire Northern region, from Bonao to Monte Cristi. Among other important positions, Florentino had been Chief of the Southern Borders and commander of Las Matas de Farfán. When the liberal revolution of 1857, he left La Vega and came to the Capital, which was then under an eleven-month siege, to fight in defense of the Baecista government.

## Restoration War

From there he returned to the South and already during the Spanish regime, suspicions arose that he was involved in conspiracies. In January 1863, he was called for interrogation in Azua and the authorities gave him the choice between El Seibo, Santo Domingo or Azua, as a place of residence as a prisoner. He chose Azua and in September 1863, after the outbreak of the Restoration War in the North, he placed himself at the head of the national movement in the Southern region.

The provisional government of Cibao, based in the city of Santiago, proceeded to appoint Pedro Florentino as Senior Chief of Operations in the South. The person named immediately began to receive congratulations and multiple endorsements from all the towns and fields of all those fierce regions. And he arrived with his troops to Baní and San Cristóbal. Precisely in San Cristóbal, Gregorio Luperón was organizing guerrillas, when Pedro Florentino, a man of recognized courage, treated Luperón with great deference and presented him with the decree of the government of Santiago, where he, Florentino, was named Superior Chief of the South. And he also presented him with an order ordering Luperón to be shot. Luperón read it and told him: “General Florentino, do your duty.” Florentino told him: “Retreat to the house where you are staying.” Later Florentino appeared in front of Luperón, telling him: “I am going to send you a letter so that you can go out along the road to El Maniel. So that the government shoots you there in Santiago. Because I should not bear the responsibility of such a crime.”

He led the uprisings of San Juan, Las Matas de Farfán and Sabana Mula, between September 16 and 17 and days later that of Neiba and Barahona, whose protagonist and main organizer was General Ángel Félix –Liberata–. Together with him and other officers such as General Aniceto Martínez, Florentino, superior leader of the movement in the entire region, attacked Azua, took Baní, San Cristóbal and on the banks of the Haina he threatened to march on the Capital, just as he had been told, as proposed to President José Antonio Salcedo.

The Spanish counterattack came. On October 15, 1863, the Spanish general José de la Gándara left the Capital heading south, leading a well-armed column of three thousand men, accompanied by the Pro-Spanish general Eusebio Puello. After being detained in San Cristóbal for about a month, De la Gándara unleashed a vast-scale offensive before which the resistance of the patriots was broken. On November 18, in the middle of a fire, Baní fell. The Spanish attack became unstoppable, the Dominicans could not find a way to stop that overwhelming march and the Southern region once again fell into the hands of the annexationists.

Florentino did not find a way to offer effective resistance to that attack, he himself withdrew towards the vicinity of the border; demoralization Gabino Simonó, Rudecindo de León, Francisco Martínez, Domingo Piñeiro, Julián Morris, Pedro Zorilla, Manuel Baldemora, Juan Gregorio Rincón, José Corporán, Luciano Solís, Romualdo Montero, Juan de la Cruz, Epifanio Jiménez Sierra and José Luis Paredes.

## Assassination

According to tradition, Pedro Florentino killed his son, Captain “Santo Domingo Florentino." And he did not appeal to revenge. Later, Florentino was assassinated at the border, while he was asleep, by Lieutenant Juan Rondón, in 1864.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Florentino | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | c.1805 or 1806
Hincha, Santo Domingo
(now Hinche, Haiti) |
| Died | 1864 (aged 58 or 59)
Dominican Republic |
| Cause of death | Assassination |
| Allegiance | Dominican Republic |
| Service/branch | Dominican Army |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Dominican War of Independence
Dominican Restoration War |


title: Pedro Flores (composer)

abstract: Pedro Flores born was one of Puerto Rico's best known composers of ballads and boleros.

text:
# Pedro Flores (composer)

**Pedro Flores** born (March 9, 1894 – July 14, 1979) was one of Puerto Rico's best known composers of ballads and boleros.

## Early years

Flores (birth name: **Pedro Juan Flores Córdova**) was one of twelve children born into a poor family in the town of Naguabo, Puerto Rico. Flores' father died when he was only nine years old, which meant he had to do work from a young age. When Flores was sixteen years old, he took a special course at the University of Puerto Rico (Universidad de Puerto Rico) and received his teaching certificate. Flores then taught for five years, and worked for one year at a sugar mill on the island of Vieques. In 1918, he served in a clerical position in the United States Army, and was honorably discharged when he was twenty-four years old.

## Trío Borinquen

In 1926, Flores went to New York City without having any formal musical education. There, he joined another Puerto Rican composer, Rafael Hernández, in his *Trío Borinquen*. Even though Flores and Hernández became very good friends, they also became competitors as composers. When Flores wrote "Sin Bandera," Hernández rushed to write *Preciosa*.

In 1930, Flores formed his own trio called "Trío Galón.” The group’s music differed from “Trío Borinquen,” with the use of faster beats. When Flores began to have problems with the music publishing company, he made the decision to leave the trio**.** Flores eventually returned to New York where he reconstituted his former trio. Some of the singers of this new trio were Myrta Silva, Daniel Santos and Pedro Ortiz Dávila, known as "Davilita".

## Musical compositions

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| You may listen to the interpretation of Flores' "Perdón" on YouTube by Marc Anthony and Ednita Nazario | |
| and to Luciano Quiñones piano interpretation of **"Amor Perdido"** **here** | |

Flores composed various different works, including: *Obsesión*, *Amor Perdido* (Lost Love), *Bajo un Palmar* (Under A Palm Tree), *Borracho no Vale* (which may translate to Drunk Doesn't Count or Doesn't Count If You're Drunk), *Linda*, *Sin Bandera* (Without a Flag), *Despedida* (Farewell), and *Perdón* (I'm Sorry). Well known performers such as Beny More, Los Panchos, Celia Cruz, and María Luisa Landín collaborated with Flores in portraying his works. A 1996 television special honoring his work features versions by many Puerto Rican and international artists as well, such as Ednita Nazario, Marc Anthony, Yolandita Monge and Shakira.

### Selected discography

* "Despedida", single Nelson Navarro 1967

## Later years

Pedro Flores died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on July 14, 1979, and is buried in Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery located in Old San Juan.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Flores | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | **Pedro Juan Flores Córdova** |
| Born | (1894-04-09)April 9, 1894 |
| Origin | Naguabo, Puerto Rico |
| Died | July 14, 1979(1979-07-14) (aged 85)<br>San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Bolero |
| Occupation(s) | Composer and bandleader |


title: Masterbatch

abstract: A masterbatch is a concentrated mixture of pigments and / or additives blended and extruded together in a carrier matrix, such as resin or wax, that is used to add these mixed additives to a final plastic product. The additives may be used for colouring or for imparting other properties. The typical alternative to using a masterbatch is to compound the plastic from raw undiluted additives.

text:
# Masterbatch

A **masterbatch**  is a concentrated mixture of pigments and / or additives blended and extruded together in a carrier matrix, such as resin or wax, that is used to add these mixed additives to a final plastic product. The additives may be used for colouring (a "colour masterbatch") or for imparting other properties (an "additive masterbatch"). The typical alternative to using a masterbatch is to compound the plastic from raw undiluted additives.

## Manufacturing plastics from masterbatches

The general process for the manufacture of masterbatches involves first identifying and weighing the needed pigments and/or additives, then mixing the pigments or additives with a carrier resin or polymer. Finally, the concentrated mixture is extruded, cooled and formed into granules, powders, or other masterbatch vehicles and the final product is bagged.

The carrier material of the masterbatch can be based on wax (a universal carrier) or a specific polymer that is identical to or compatible with the natural polymer used (a polymer-specific carrier). Polymers such as EVA or LDPE can be used as carriers for polyolefins and nylon, while polystyrene can be used for ABS, SAN, and sometimes polycarbonates. When a carrier other than the base plastic is used, this carrier material may modify the resulting plastic's properties. The usual ratio of masterbatch to base polymer is 15%. Several masterbatches (colors and various additives) can be used together.

Processing machines are usually fed with premixed granules of the host polymer and the masterbatch, where the final mixing takes place in the screw and extrusion parts of the processor. Granule processing is sometimes prone to causing adverse effects, such as the separation of the masterbatch and the base material in the hopper. As an alternative, the masterbatch can be added directly to the machine's screw as a free-flowing solid or, if the masterbatch is liquid, by a peristaltic pump. Such use of liquid masterbatches allows highly accurate dosing and quick color changes between machine runs.

Masterbatches are highly concentrated compared to the target composition, with high "let-down ratios"; for example, often 25 kgs of a masterbatch can be used to compound one ton of base polymer.

The dilutive nature of masterbatches, compared to raw additives, allows for higher accuracy in dosing small amounts of expensive additives. The use of granular solid masterbatches reduces problems with dust typically inherent to the use of finer-grained solid additives. Solid masterbatches have longer shelf lives than solutions in solvents, which evaporate over time. The masterbatch usually contains 4065% of the additive, but the range can be as wide as 1580% in extreme cases.

## Using masterbatches in plastic manufacturing

The additives in a masterbatch are chosen to impart desired physical property changes to a final plastic product. They can increase volumetric output due to thermal conductivity and volumetric expansion at a given temperature as well as potentially increasing the toughness, flexural stiffness, adhesion, and printability of a final product. The additives in a masterbatch can modify the permanent electrical conductivity of a plastic product, which can prevent problems caused by static electrical charges, or the specific heat capacity, which can help reduce material costs by reducing energy used to run the machine.

Depending on the needs of the output product, manufacturers mix primary plastic with additives in a certain amount. These raw materials are mixed through the process of casting, compression and pressing to create the masterbatch, which can be used directly as an input material or in combination with other materials to make plastic products through different forming methods.

## Applications of masterbatches

Additive masterbatches modify various properties of the base plastic:

Masterbatches are used in the following areas:

* **Plastics and Packaging Industry**: Masterbatch is extensively used in the plastics and packaging sector for colouring and enhancing the properties of plastic materials used in packaging products.
* **Automotive Industry**: Masterbatch is applied in the automotive sector for colouring and improving the properties of plastic components used in vehicle interiors, exteriors, and various parts.
* **Textile Industry**: In the textile industry, masterbatch is used for colouring and modifying the properties of synthetic fibres and fabrics, such as polyester and nylon.
* **Agricultural Film Production**: Masterbatch is employed in the production of agricultural films, contributing to properties like UV resistance and durability.
* **Construction and Building Materials**: Masterbatch is used in the construction industry to enhance the properties of plastic materials used in pipes, cables, and other building components.
* **Medical Devices:** In the medical industry, masterbatch is used in the manufacturing of plastic components for medical devices, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
* **Electronics**: Masterbatch is applied in the electronics industry for colouring and improving the properties of plastic parts used in electronic devices and components.
* **Furniture Manufacturing:** Masterbatch is used in the production of plastic components for furniture, providing colour options and enhancing material properties.
* **Food Packaging:** Masterbatch is employed in the food packaging industry to colour and modify the properties of plastic materials used in packaging for food products.

1. "Masterbatch | Discover The Color Masterbatch Manufacturing Process & Technologies Online - Americhem". *www.americhem.com*. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
2. Kutz, M. (2011). *Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook: Processing and Materials*. William Andrew. p. 439. ISBN 9781437735147. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
3. Whelan, A. (2012). *Polymer Technology Dictionary*. Springer Netherlands. p. 238. ISBN 9789401112925. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
4. Wheeler, I.; Rapra Technology Limited (1999). *Metallic Pigments in Polymers*. RAPRA Technology. p. 59. ISBN 9781859571668. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
5. "Addition rates explained". *Colourhouse Masterbatch*. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
6. European Plastic, Company. "The ways filler masterbatch benefits to plastic manufacturers". `{{cite web}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
7. Abbey Masterbatch, Company. "CONDUCTIVE COMPOUNDS AND MASTERBATCH – EC RANGE". `{{cite web}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
8. "Developing the Perfect Masterbatch Solution for Your Project: A…". *Colourhouse Masterbatch*. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
9. "مستربچ های افزودنی Archives". *پتروهانیک* (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-02-18.
10. "CESA Additive masterbatches" at the Clariant web site". clariant.masterbatches.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2017-02-18.


title: George N. Phillips

abstract: George N. Phillips, Jr. is a biochemist, researcher, and academic. He is the Ralph and Dorothy Looney Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University, where he also serves as Associate Dean for Research at the Wiess School of Natural Sciences and as a professor of chemistry. Additionally, he holds the title of professor emeritus of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Phillips' research is primarily centered on protein structure, protein dynamics, and computational biology, with a specific emphasis on understanding the correlation between the dynamics of proteins and their biological functions. He has authored book chapters, and is an editor for the Handbook of Proteins: Structure, Function and Methods Volume 2. He is the recipient of the Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, the American Heart Association's Established Investigator Award, and the Vilas Associate Award. Phillips is an Elected Fellow of the Biophysical Society, the American Crystallographic Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He served as president and vice-president of the American Crystallographic Association from 2011 to 2013. He also holds the position of Editor-in-Chief for Structural Dynamics with the AIP Press and serves as an Associate Editor for Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

text:
# George N. Phillips

**George N. Phillips, Jr.** is a biochemist, researcher, and academic. He is the Ralph and Dorothy Looney Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University, where he also serves as Associate Dean for Research at the Wiess School of Natural Sciences and as a professor of chemistry. Additionally, he holds the title of professor emeritus of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Phillips' research is primarily centered on protein structure, protein dynamics, and computational biology, with a specific emphasis on understanding the correlation between the dynamics of proteins and their biological functions. He has authored book chapters, and is an editor for the *Handbook of Proteins: Structure, Function and Methods Volume 2*. He is the recipient of the Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, the American Heart Association's Established Investigator Award, and the Vilas Associate Award.

Phillips is an Elected Fellow of the Biophysical Society, the American Crystallographic Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He served as president and vice-president of the American Crystallographic Association from 2011 to 2013. He also holds the position of Editor-in-Chief for *Structural Dynamics* with the AIP Press and serves as an Associate Editor for *Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology*.

## Education

Phillips obtained his bachelor's degree in Biochemistry and Chemistry from Rice University in 1974 and followed it with a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the same institution in 1976. He also held a Robert A. Welch Predoctoral Fellowship from 1974 to 1976 and received a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Institutes of Health in 1977 as well as a Research Fellowship from the Medical Foundation in 1980.

## Career

Phillips started his academic career as an assistant professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, followed by his appointment as a professor of biochemistry at Rice University in 1987. In 1993, he assumed the position of Rice Scientia Lecturer, subsequently receiving the Robert A. Welch Lecturer appointment in 2001. He joined the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2000 as a professor of Biochemistry and took on the role of professor emeritus in 2012. He has been serving as a professor of chemistry, as well as the Ralph and Dorothy Looney Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University.

## Research

Phillips has directed his research toward the field of computational biology, primarily exploring protein structure. In the Phillips Lab, his work has involved conducting research on the binding of oxygen and ligands to heme proteins, as well as the development of techniques for analyzing protein and nucleic acid dynamics through diffuse X-ray scattering analysis.

### Protein structures

Phillips conducted various studies on protein structures and their functional implications. He examined the structural features of type 6 streptococcal M proteins, highlighting their predominantly alpha-helical coiled-coil, which demonstrates a unique conformation in bacterial surface projections. His research on the crystal structure of tropomyosin filaments proposed a model in which tropomyosin exhibited distinct conformations related to muscle contraction, suggesting a statistical mechanism for regulating muscle function.

In one of his highly cited studies, Phillips, alongside Fan Yang and Larry G. Moss, described the crystal structure of recombinant wild-type green fluorescent protein, unveiling a unique structure referred to as the "ß-can." This study also delved into the protective environment for the fluorophores within the cylinder and its applications in elucidating the effects of GFP mutants.

Phillips has utilized X-ray crystallography and various advanced spectroscopy techniques to provide details about the dynamic structural changes in proteins. He used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of unstable intermediate caused by photodissociation of CO from myoglobin and provided insights into the dynamics and structural alterations involved in this protein reaction. In addition, his study focused on capturing the structural evolution of the protein on a picosecond timescale used time-resolved X-ray diffraction and mid-infrared spectroscopy on a myoglobin (Mb) mutant (L29F mutant) revealing conformational changes within the protein.

### Heme proteins and ligand interactions

Phillips' research on heme proteins and ligand affinity has provided insights into engineering strategies for physiological functions. He explored the impact of His64 in sperm whale myoglobin on ligand affinity, shedding light on structural changes induced by ligand binding and mechanisms of ligand discrimination in myoglobin. By measuring CO binding properties in various mutants and comparing them to mutant myoglobins, he elucidated how mutations influence CO affinity. In his 1994 study, he delved into how heme proteins like myoglobin and hemoglobin differentiate between oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO) binding at the atomic level. He investigated the role of nitric oxide in physiological functions by examining the kinetics of NO-induced oxidation in myoglobins and hemoglobins revealing insights into protein engineering strategies aimed at mitigating hypertensive events.

### Computational biology

Phillips' contributions to computational biology include advanced techniques for interpreting experimental data in complex chemical and biological systems. He focused on the interaction between troponin T (TnT) and tropomyosin, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms in muscle contractions. Additionally, he explored protein dynamics in crystals by using the Gaussian network model (GNM) and a crystallographic model to calculate Cα atom fluctuations in 113 proteins emphasizing the improved results obtained by considering neighboring molecules in the crystal. In a book chapter discussing ongoing advancements in experimental methods for complex chemical and biological systems, he highlighted the growing need for creative approaches and delved into the exploration of Normal Mode Analysis as a technique to address these challenges.

## Awards and honors

* 1982 – Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, University of Illinois
* 1983 – Established Investigator Award, American Heart Association
* 2003 – Vilas Associate Award, UW-Madison

## Bibliography

### Books

### Selected articles

* Quillin, M. L., Arduini, R. M., Olson, J. S., & Phillips Jr, G. N. (1993). High-resolution crystal structures of distal histidine mutants of sperm whale myoglobin. Journal of molecular biology, 234(1), 140–155.
* Springer, B. A., Sligar, S. G., Olson, J. S., & Phillips, G. N. J. (1994). Mechanisms of ligand recognition in myoglobin. Chemical Reviews, 94(3), 699–714.
* Eich, R. F., Li, T., Lemon, D. D., Doherty, D. H., Curry, S. R., Aitken, J. F., ... & Olson, J. S. (1996). Mechanism of NO-induced oxidation of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Biochemistry, 35(22), 6976–6983.
* Yang, F., Moss, L. G., & Phillips Jr, G. N. (1996). The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein. Nature biotechnology, 14(10), 1246–1251.
* Schotte, F., Lim, M., Jackson, T. A., Smirnov, A. V., Soman, J., Olson, J. S., ... & Anfinrud, P. A. (2003). Watching a protein as it functions with 150-ps time-resolved x-ray crystallography. Science, 300(5627), 1944–1947.

## InfoBox

| George N. Phillips, Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Occupation(s) | Biochemist, researcher and academic |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | B.A. Biochemistry and Chemistry
Ph.D. Biochemistry |
| Alma mater | Rice University |
| Thesis | *3.5 angstrom resolution structure of L-arabinose binding protein from E. coli* (1977) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Wisconsin-Madison
Rice University |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.phillipslab.org/ |


title: Proceratium vinaka

abstract: Proceratium vinaka is a species of ant from Fiji, and the third species of its genus to be identified there.

text:
# Proceratium vinaka

***Proceratium vinaka*** is a species of ant from Fiji, and the third species of its genus to be identified there.

## Etymology

The specific name is derived from the Fijian word meaning "thank you" or "hello".

## Description

Workers of the species measure 2.41 mm long, making it one of the smaller species of its clade. The species has small eyes. The legs are long. The body is a yellowish or light orange brown, densely covered in short hairs, but with longer, erect hairs interspersed.

## Range and habitat

The species is only known from Mount Tomanivi on the Fijian island of Viti Levu, but is believed to also inhabit the islands of Taveuni and Vanua Levu.

Individuals were collected from leaf litter and decaying wood from undisturbed rainforest half way up the mountain.

## Phylogeny

*P. vinaka* is part of the *P. silaceum* clade.

## InfoBox

| *Proceratium vinaka* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Proceratium vinaka* worker | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Genus: | *Proceratium* |
| Species: | ***P. vinaka*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proceratium vinaka***<br>Hita Garcia, Sarnat, & Economo, 2015 | |
|


title: Richard Atwood Glass

abstract: Sir Richard Atwood Glass was an English telegraph cable manufacturer and a Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1869.

text:
# Richard Atwood Glass

**Sir Richard Atwood Glass** (1820 – 22 December 1873) was an English telegraph cable manufacturer and a Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1869.

## Biography

Glass was born in Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, in Southern England, the son of Francis Glass. He was educated at King's College London. In 1846 with George Elliot, he provided capital for an insolvent wire-rope manufacturers Heimann & Kuper, and by 1851 the firm was trading as Glass, Elliott & Company. The company produced submarine communications cables and in 1854 ran a circuit from Denmark to Sweden and undertook the manufacture of long cables for the French Mediterranean Telegraph Company of J W Brett. The cables with a resin-insulated conducting wire protected by an armour of iron wire proved to be long-lasting, and in the later 1850s the company introduced anti-corrosive compounds to coat the finished cable. The firm merged with the Gutta-Percha Company in 1864, and Glass became managing director of the resulting Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Company. Glass's company provided half of the first transatlantic telegraph cable and all the cable laid by the Great Eastern in 1866. Glass was knighted for these services on 26 November 1867.

In the 1868 general election Glass was elected Member of Parliament for Bewdley. He was unseated on 16 February 1869 when the election was declared void.

Glass lived at Ashurst in Dorking, Surrey. He died on 22 December 1873, aged 53, of chronic Bright's disease at his home at South Stoneham, Hampshire.


abstract: The Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations (ORIC) assists the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations in administering the Corporations Act 2006 and in supporting and regulating corporations for Indigenous people throughout Australia. The CATSI Act is similar to the Corporations Act 2001. The Registrar of Indigenous Corporations, formerly the Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations (1977–2007) and Registrar of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporations, is an Australian Government statutory office appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians under the CATSI Act. The Registrar has powers similar to those of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) for corporations registered at the national level set up by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. As of May 2021 the Registrar is Selwyn Button. ORIC allocates and maintains a public register of Indigenous Corporation Numbers (ICNs).

text:
# Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations

The **Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations** (**ORIC**) assists the **Registrar of Indigenous Corporations** in administering the ***Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006*** ("CATSI Act") and in supporting and regulating corporations for Indigenous people throughout Australia. The CATSI Act is similar to the *Corporations Act 2001*.

The **Registrar of Indigenous Corporations**, formerly the **Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations** (1977–2007) and **Registrar of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporations** (2007 – 1 May 2008), is an Australian Government statutory office appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians under the CATSI Act. The Registrar has powers similar to those of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) for corporations registered at the national level set up by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. As of May 2021 the Registrar is Selwyn Button.

ORIC allocates and maintains a public register of Indigenous Corporation Numbers (ICNs).

Compare:


abstract: Mountaineer Casino Resort is a thoroughbred racetrack and casino resort located on the Ohio River north of New Cumberland, West Virginia. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Century Casinos. It is notable for being the first race track in the United States to get slot machines and become a racino.

text:
# Mountaineer Casino, Racetrack and Resort

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waterford Park | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | WV 2, |
| Coordinates | 40°34′49″N 80°39′42″W / 40.58028°N 80.66167°W / 40.58028; -80.66167 |
| Area | 77 acres (31 ha) |
| Built | 1949 |
| Architect | Boyle, A.J. |
| Architectural style | Moderne |
| NRHP reference No. | 02001528 |
| Added to NRHP | December 12, 2002 |

**Mountaineer Casino Resort** is a thoroughbred racetrack and casino resort located on the Ohio River north of New Cumberland, West Virginia. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Century Casinos. It is notable for being the first race track in the United States to get slot machines and become a racino.

## History and information

Originally to be known as **Waterford Downs**, the track's parent company was incorporated in 1937. The effort was led by Al Boyle, president of the Charles Town Races, who named it after his family's ancestral home of Waterford, Ireland. The company's initial public offering was approved in February 1939, with the track expected to open the following September. By August 1940, construction had not begun, but 250 acres of land had been bought or optioned. In 1942, Boyle planned to begin construction of the track, but expected the grandstand to be delayed at least until 1943 by a steel shortage due to World War II.

Construction was finally underway by July 1948, with opening scheduled for September 1949. The name was changed to **Waterford Park** in 1950. Opening day was finally held on May 19, 1951.

In the mid-1950s, Boyle sold the track to James F. Edwards. The Ogden Corporation acquired Edwards's holdings, including Waterford Park, in 1969.

The track was purchased by Bill Blair and renamed as **Mountaineer Park** in 1987. In 1992, Blair sold the track to California-based Excalibur Holding Co. for $4 million cash plus $2.7 million in stock. The track was authorized to have slot machines and installed them in 1994. Excalibur was renamed Winners Entertainment, then renamed MTR Gaming Group.

Mountaineer added casino table games on December 20, 2007, with 50 tables, including blackjack, three card poker, and roulette.

In 2019, Eldorado Resorts (which had merged with MTR Gaming in 2014) sold Mountaineer, along with two other properties, to Century Casinos and Vici Properties. Century bought Mountaineer's operating business for $30 million, while Vici bought the land and buildings for $97 million and leased them to Century.

The track was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 2002.

## Physical attributes

The track has a main dirt track with a one-mile oval. The turf course is seven furlongs long and inside the dirt. The track is curved slightly in the front stretch. The track also has a large casino and resort on site.

The casino has 3,200 slot machines.

## Racing

Mountaineer was one of the busiest Thoroughbred courses in the country with as many as 217 racing dates scheduled in year 2012. The Mountaineer live racing season had consisted of 4 to 5 nights per week, starting as early as March and ending as late as December. This had been reduced to 130 racing dates, running May through November by 2019 The track had been able to offer purses much higher than those in neighboring states and attracted larger field and the products of such a higher parimutuel handle and better attendance. Over the past decade, competition from surrounding states increased, and purses have reduced. Mountaineer hosts the West Virginia Derby, a Grade III race that had significantly grown in stature and purse in the late 2000’s and early 2010’s to a Grade II race, but has also had its purse reduced and reverted to a Grade III race in recent years. The first Saturday in August traditionally has been the day the Derby takes place, and is the only day of the calendar that the track offers afternoon racing. Otherwise, the races are run at 7pm. Mountaineer had previously been considered as a possible host for the 2009 Breeders' Cup, but it was awarded to Santa Anita.

The track runs many stakes and overnight handicaps. Here, in order, are the stakes that ran at Mountaineer in 2005:

### Graded events

The following Graded events were held at Mountaineer Racetrack in 2019.

**Grade III**

### Stakes events

* Coca-Cola Independence Day Stakes
* Firecracker Stakes
* Mountain State Stakes
* Harvey Arneault Memorial Breeders' Cup Stakes
* West Virginia Senate President's Breeders' Cup
* West Virginia House of Delegates Speaker's Cup
* West Virginia Legislature Chairman's Cup
* West Virginia Secretary of State
* Mountaineer Juvenile Stakes
* Mountaineer Juvenile Fillies Stakes
    + Fall Stakes
* Autumn Leaves Stakes
* Mountaineer Mile Handicap
* Sophomore Sprint Championship Stakes
*

## InfoBox

Mountaineer Casino Resort
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Roadside view of the casino | |
| Location | New Cumberland, West Virginia |
| Owned by | Vici Properties |
| Operated by | Century Casinos |
| Date opened | May 19, 1951 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred |
| Notable races | West Virginia Derby |
| Official website | |


title: Mălușteni

abstract: Mălușteni is a commune in Vaslui County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Ghireasca, Lupești, Mălușteni, Mânăstirea, Mânzătești and Țuțcani. The commune has an area of 55.53 km2.

text:
# Mălușteni

**Mălușteni** is a commune in Vaslui County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Ghireasca, Lupești, Mălușteni, Mânăstirea, Mânzătești and Țuțcani.

The commune has an area of 55.53 km2.

## InfoBox

| Mălușteni | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Vaslui County | |
| MălușteniLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′N 27°55′E / 46.183°N 27.917°E / 46.183; 27.917 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Vaslui |
| Subdivisions | Ghireasca, Lupești, Mălușteni, Mânăstirea, Mânzătești, Țuțcani |
| Area | 55.53 km2 (21.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 1,802 |
| Density | 32/km2 (84/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | VS |


title: Guerrant House (Arvonia, Virginia)

abstract: Guerrant House is a historic home located near Arvonia, Buckingham County, Virginia. It was built about 1835, and consists of a 1+1⁄2-story, two room frame house with a separate kitchen set perpendicular to the rear of the main block. It features typical Federal period decorative and construction details. They include beaded weatherboards, a boxed cornice with dentils, and shouldered chimneys. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

text:
# Guerrant House (Arvonia, Virginia)

**Guerrant House** is a historic home located near Arvonia, Buckingham County, Virginia. It was built about 1835, and consists of a 1+12-story, two room frame house with a separate kitchen set perpendicular to the rear of the main block. It features typical Federal period decorative and construction details. They include beaded weatherboards, a boxed cornice with dentils, and shouldered chimneys.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Guerrant House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Property entrance | |
|  | |
| Location | Rte. 1, Arvonia, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°43′45″N 78°23′29″W / 37.72917°N 78.39139°W / 37.72917; -78.39139 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | 1835 (1835) |
| Built by | Peter Guerrant |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001497 |
| VLR No. | 014-5001 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | December 7, 2000 |
| Designated VLR | September 13, 2000 |


title: Gursahaiganj

abstract: Gursahaiganj is a town and a municipal board in Kannauj district in the states and territories of India.

text:
# Gursahaiganj

**Gursahaiganj** is a town and a municipal board in Kannauj district in the states and territories of India.

## Education

Top five school in Gurshaiganj

This school best education provide in a town.

1 J.P Education Academy

2 Aakash Education Centre

3 KC Education Academy

4 SS Girl Primary School

5 City Montessori School

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Gursahaiganj had a population of 46,060. Males constitute 24,282 of the population and females 21,778. Gursahaiganj has an average literacy rate of 57%, progressive results in comparison to the 2001 census: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 43%. In Gursahaiganj, 15% of the population is under 0-6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Gursahaiganj | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| GursahaiganjLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 27°07′N 79°43′E / 27.12°N 79.72°E / 27.12; 79.72 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Kannauj |
| Government | |
| Type | local government |
| Area | |
| Total | 3 km2 (1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 146 m (479 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 46,060 |
| Density | 15,000/km2 (40,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-74 |


title: W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury

abstract: The W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a Hawker Sea Fury carrier fighter produced by War Aircraft Replicas International for amateur construction. The first example was built in England, and flew in 1986.

text:
# W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury

The **W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury** is a half-scale homebuilt replica of a Hawker Sea Fury carrier fighter produced by War Aircraft Replicas International for amateur construction.

The first example was built in England, and flew in 1986.

## Specifications (W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury)

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Capacity:** 1
* **Empty weight:** 600 lb (272 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 900 lb (408 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental O-200 , 100 hp (75 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 143 kn (165 mph, 266 km/h)
* **Cruise speed:** 117 kn (135 mph, 217 km/h)
* **Stall speed:** 48 kn (55 mph, 89 km/h)
* **Range:** 350 nmi (400 mi, 640 km)
* **Wing loading:** 12 lb/sq ft (59 kg/m2)

## InfoBox

| W.A.R. Hawker Sea Fury | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. |
| First flight | 1986 |


title: Gustav Egloff

abstract: Gustav Egloff (1886–1955) was an American chemist nicknamed Gasoline Gus. He was Universal Oil Products' first chemist and by 1917 became their director, serving in that capacity until death. Science magazine described him as a "human catalyst". He was president of the American Institute of Chemists from 1942 to 1946, and chairman of the American Chemical Society from 1947 to 1948. He had 280 patents to his name and wrote over 600 articles, mostly on the subject of petroleum and hydrocarbons. He holds the record for one of the longest answers to a question in a courtroom in relation to a lawsuit in St. Louis regarding one of his patents. On being asked "What do you know about emulsions?" his response continued for 21 days.

text:
# Gustav Egloff

**Gustav Egloff** (1886–1955) was an American chemist nicknamed **Gasoline Gus**. He was Universal Oil Products' first chemist and by 1917 became their director, serving in that capacity until death. *Science* magazine described him as a "human catalyst".

He was president of the American Institute of Chemists from 1942 to 1946, and chairman of the American Chemical Society from 1947 to 1948.

He had 280 patents to his name and wrote over 600 articles, mostly on the subject of petroleum and hydrocarbons.

He holds the record for one of the longest answers to a question in a courtroom in relation to a lawsuit in St. Louis regarding one of his patents. On being asked "What do you know about emulsions?" his response continued for 21 days.

## Life

Egloff was born in New York City on 10 November 1886 to Swiss parents.

He graduated from Cornell University in 1912 and received his doctorate from Columbia in 1915.

In 1915 he got his first job with Universal Oil Products, based in Independence, Kansas. There he worked with Carbon P. Dubbs (son of Jesse A. Dubbs) building a demulsification unit to create gasoline. This is a means of creating gasoline artificially rather than pumping it out of the ground in a "natural" form, and is a forerunner to fracking. This “artificial” gasoline was named "polymer gasoline".

In 1940 he received the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal and the National Research Council gave him a distinguished service award in 1941. In 1950 the Royal Society of Arts in Britain made him an Honorary Fellow.

In 1953 he was elected an Honorary Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

In 1954, he won the Carl Engler Medal for petroleum research and refinery technology.

In later life he largely operated from an office on Michigan Avenue in Chicago. He lived at 2100 Lincoln Park West.

He died in Alexian Brothers Hospital in Chicago on 29 April 1955. He is buried in St. Johns Cemetery in Yonkers, New York.

## Family and personal life

Egloff married Clara Mellor in Pittsburgh in 1915. Unable to have children of their own, they raised their great-niece Adele M. Costello from the age of 5, after the death of her father reduced the family circumstances, making it impossible for her mother to care for all six children.

Egloff was a keen cyclist and in early life an amateur wrestler.

He anonymously helped many struggling students achieve their goals, always via third parties.

## Publications

* *The Properties of Mixed Liquids: Phenol and Water* (1916)
* *The Cracking of Bitumen from Canadian Alberta Tar Sands* (1926)
* *The Refining of Seminole Crude Oil* (1927)
* *The Cracking Process: A Universal Source of Motor Fuel* (1928)
* *Earth Oil* (1933)
* *Thermal Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons* (1934)
* *Catalytic Production of Polymer Gasoline* (1936)
* *The Reactions of Pure Hydrocabons* (1937)
* *Cracking Oils the World Over* (1937)
* *The Cracking Art in 1937: UOP* (1937)
* *The Cracking Art in 1938: UOP* (1938)
* *The Cracking Art in 1939: UOP* (1939)
* *Catalysis Inorganic and Organic* (1940)
* *Sulfur Limits in Gasoline* (1941)
* *Emulsions and Foams* (1941) with Sophia Berkman
* *Isomerization of Pure Hydrocarbons* (1942)
* *Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons* (1947)
* *Alkylation of Alkanes* (1948)
* *The Engineer in the Oil Industry* (1954)


title: Gustav Ehrhart

abstract: Gustav Ehrhart was a German chemist. He synthesized the first fully synthetic opioid analgesic, methadone, together with Max Bockmühl.

text:
# Gustav Ehrhart

**Gustav Ehrhart** (21 December 1894 – 11 December 1971) was a German chemist. He synthesized the first fully synthetic opioid analgesic, methadone, together with Max Bockmühl.

## Education and professional positions

Ehrhart studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg, with a focus on organic chemistry. His studies were interrupted by the First World War. He served as an artillery officer. After the war he resumed his studies and was awarded a doctorate degree in 1922. One of his professors was Theodor Curtius. Ehrhart received the Victor-Meyer Award for his dissertation. In 1923 he started working for Hoechst AG. Two years later he became the deputy of Max Bockmühl, the head of the pharmaceutical research laboratories of the company. In 1949, after the Second World War, Erhardt succeeded Bockmühl as the head of the entire pharmaceutical research division of Hoechst AG. In 1951 he became a deputy member of the Board, and two years later a regular member of Hoechst AG's Board of Directors. During his time on the Board of Hoechst AG and after his retirement in 1961 Ehrhart maintained a laboratory which he personally supervised.

## Honors

Ehrhart was awarded honorary doctorate degrees by the universities of Graz, Mainz, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, and Gießen. In 1952 Ehrhart was awarded the Adolf von Baeyer Medal, and in 1970 he was awarded the Grand Merit Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany.

## Products synthesized

Ehrhart's main focus was the development of new analgesics (painkillers). His most notable contribution is the development of methadone, which he synthesized together with his boss Bockmühl in 1939.

In the winter of 1937-38, Erhart and Bockmühl began the synthesis of over 300 compounds which contained diphenylmethane as a central structural element. In late 1939 they gave the compound (±)-6-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenylheptan-3-one the development code VA 10820. In the first animal experiments, Ehrhart and Bockmühl found that VA 10820 had a five- to ten-fold stronger analgesic effect than pethidine. In mid-1941, VA 10820 was given the generic name *Amidon*. Bockmühl and Ehrhart filed a patent on 11 September 1938 for the whole substance class. Due to the turmoil of the Second World War, Amidon was not clinically tested any further. Due to the expropriation of IG Farben's patents and recipes, VA 10820 came to the United States, where it was given the international nonproprietary name *methadone* in 1949. In the same year Eli Lilly marketed it under the brand name *Dolophine*. In January 1949 Hoechst AG, which had re-formed after the dissolution of IG Farben with Ehrhart as its research director, marketed methadone as a strong painkiller under the brand name *Polamidone*.

## Selected publications

* H. Alpermann, G. Ehrhart: *Arzneimittel: Entwicklung, Wirkung, Darstellung* (Drug: Development, Action, Representation). Volume 1, Verlag Chemie, 1973, ISBN 3-527-25375-0
* E. Bäumler, G. Ehrhart, V. Muthesius: *Ein Jahrhundert Chemie* (A century of Chemistry). Econ Verlag, 1900063.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gustav Ehrhart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1894-12-21)21 December 1894
Ludwigshafen, Germany |
| Died | 11 December 1971(1971-12-11) (aged 76)
Mainz, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship | German |
| Alma mater | University of Heidelberg |
| Known for | Synthesis of methadone
(with Max Bockmühl) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry,
Organic chemistry |
| Institutions | Hoechst AG |
|  | |


title: NK SAŠK Napredak

abstract: NK SAŠK Napredak is a football club from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It came into existence in 2000 through the merger of SAŠK with NK Napredak.

text:
# NK SAŠK Napredak

**NK SAŠK Napredak** is a football club from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It came into existence in 2000 through the merger of SAŠK with NK Napredak.

## SAŠK

SAŠK's history traces back to 1910 when it was founded as Hrvatski ŠK. In 1919 it was renamed to Sarajevski amaterski športski klub (*Sarajevo Amateur Sports Club*) or SAŠK. Along with FK Slavija, it is the club from Bosnia with most participations in the Yugoslav First League in the period before the star of Second World War. Its coaches in this period were Gal, Bevanda, Giljaković, Kražić, Ferigec, Koželuh and Ivan Kezić.

After World War II ended, SAŠK was banned by the authorities of Communist Yugoslavia because of its participation in the Croatian First League during the war in what was then Axis-allied Croatia. SAŠK was re-founded in 1999.

## Napredak

NK Napredak was formed in 1994 by the Croat cultural society of the same name.

## Merge

Two teams merged in 2000 to form the current club.

Since the 2000–01 season, the club has been in the First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The club is part of HKD Napredak (Croatian Cultural Society 'Progress'). It organizes a futsal tournament around Christmas every year.

## InfoBox

SAŠK Napredak
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nogometni Klub Sarajevski amaterski športski klub Napredak |
| Founded | 2000 (Merge)
SAŠK (1910, 1999)
NK Napredak (1994) |
| Ground | Stadion Doglodi |
| Capacity | 400 |
| Chairman | Gabrijel Vukadin |
| Manager | Amir Beća |
| League | Druga Liga FBiH |
| 2017–18 | Kantonalna liga Sarajevo, 1st (promoted) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: W. G. G. Duncan Smith

abstract: Group Captain Wilfrid George Gerald Duncan Smith, was a Royal Air Force flying ace of the Second World War. He was the father of Iain Duncan Smith, Member of Parliament and Leader of the Conservative Party.

text:
# W. G. G. Duncan Smith

Group Captain **Wilfrid George Gerald Duncan Smith**, DSO & Bar, DFC & Two Bars, AE (28 May 1914 – 11 December 1996) was a Royal Air Force flying ace of the Second World War. He was the father of Iain Duncan Smith, Member of Parliament and Leader of the Conservative Party.

## Early life

Duncan Smith was born in Madras, India (now Chennai) on 28 May 1914, the son of a Mysore Post Office Superintendent, Wilfrid Arthur Smith and Anna Cecilia Smith (née Duncan). He was educated at Nairn and Morrison's Academy, Crieff, in Scotland, where he joined his school's Officers' Training Corps. Returning to India in 1933, he became a coffee and tea planter, but in 1936 returned to Britain to work as a mechanical engineer, and then was a salesman for Great Western Motors in Reading. With war looming, he joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR).

## Second World War

A sergeant at the start of the Second World War, Duncan Smith was commissioned as a pilot officer (on probation) on 29 September 1940. Serving with No. 7 Operational Training Unit at the outbreak of war, Duncan Smith was posted to the Spitfire-equipped No. 611 Squadron RAF at RAF Hornchurch in October 1940. He was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in June 1941, and went to No. 603 Squadron RAF in August 1941 as a Flight Commander. Duncan Smith was due for a rest but had to remain operational, leading his squadron while bringing their new squadron leader up to speed. He was promoted to flying officer (war-substantive) on 29 September. On 20 November he was taken ill, passing out after returning from a convoy patrol. Duncan Smith spent some time in hospital with double pneumonia, the symptoms of which he had assumed was only the result of exhaustion from a long operational tour.

Upon recovery in January 1942, Duncan Smith rejoined the Hornchurch Wing, now flying the improved Spitfire Mk.IX. In March 1942 he was promoted to acting squadron leader and given command of No. 64 Squadron RAF. He was promoted to flight lieutenant (war-substantive) on 27 June.

During the ill-fated Dieppe Raid on 19 August, Duncan Smith was shot down by an enemy fighter but rescued from the English Channel with injuries and eardrum pain. In August he became an acting wing commander (flying) at RAF North Weald. In November he was rested from operations with a posting to take charge of the Tactics Branch at Fighter Command, his input leading to the formation of the Fighter Command School of Tactics at RAF Charmy Down. He was promoted to squadron leader (war-substantive) on 30 November.

While Duncan Smith's non-operational tour was recognised as very productive, he began to seek a return to operations, and he was sent to Malta to command the 244th Fighter Wing. During this time he flew in support of the Allied landings on Sicily. On 12 July his Mark IX Spitfire was badly damaged in combat, but this episode ended well when he landed at Safi airfield on Malta with his aircraft riddled with cannon shells in fuselage, elevator and rudder:

> My Spitfire was in a mess. Cannon shells had blasted a couple of large holes in the side. One had burst against the radio and armour behind my seat. Another, having made a hole the size of a football, had torn the control wires to shreds. The elevator was hanging by one thread of frayed wire and my rigger neatly snapped this with a sharp blow from his fingers. "You will not be needing that any more," he grinned at me. "It all looks very untidy – doesn't it?" Another cannon shell had torn big pieces out of the elevator and rudder surfaces.

Potential victors could be *Experten* *Feldwebel* Heinrich Steis from 4./JG 27 or *Oberfeldwebel* Günther "Hupatz" Seeger of 7./JG 53. On 2 September 1943, just before the invasion of Italy, Duncan Smith ran out of fuel when a switch between fuel tanks failed. He was forced to bail out into the sea, injuring his kneecap in the process. He was rescued after more than six hours adrift. He was very lucky for a second time; while he was being dragged to the Air Sea Rescue Services Supermarine Walrus by a rope, the Walrus was severely shot up by an enemy fighter:

> The Walrus was badly holed below the water and a cannon shell had pierced the wing tank, but luckily, though petrol spewed all over the place, the old bus did not catch fire. The blow I felt was from a bullet that tore through the collar of my Mae West grazing my neck before smacking into the Walrus. We got down at Milazzon safely, after a brilliant landing by the pilot, and I was whisked off to the American field hospital close by. There they were very kind and after fixing up my leg and dressing the neck wound tried to keep me for the night, but I managed to talk the doctor into letting me return to Lentini. The Walrus Air Sea Rescue aircraft was a total wreck having been damaged in too many vital parts.

The sad end to the story, other than Duncan Smith losing his footwear in the sea, was news that his comrade Dick Charrington had been shot down and killed during this rescue mission by an enemy fighter. Charrington may have been shot down by *Unteroffizier* Alfred Scharl of 2./JG 53 who was credited with a kill at 17:20 2 September 1943, 15 km north of Tropea at low altitude. The identity of the German pilot who severely damaged the Walrus is not known. After all those sunburns, injuries, wounds and the return of his ear pain from 19 August 1942, Duncan Smith was considered unfit for action. As an acting group captain, he then took charge of 324 Wing, finally leaving in March 1945.

Duncan Smith was credited with 17 enemy aircraft shot down, two shared destroyed, six probables, two shared probables and eight damaged in aerial combat. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and Bar and the DFC and Bar in recognition of his bravery.

He was the author of *Spitfire into Battle* (1981), an account of aerial combat in the Supermarine Spitfire.

## Post war

On 3 December 1946, Duncan Smith was promoted to the temporary rank of squadron leader in the RAFVR (seniority from 1 November 1946), receiving promotion to the substantive rank of flight lieutenant in the RAFVR on 1 November 1947 (seniority from 1 December 1942). On 22 March 1948, he was appointed to a permanent RAF commission in the rank of squadron leader, with seniority from the same date. He received a second Bar to his DFC for service in the Malayan Emergency in 1952, and was promoted to wing commander on 1 January 1953. He retired on 24 November 1960, retaining the rank of group captain.

## Personal life

Duncan Smith was given his mother's maiden name (Duncan) as a middle name—a fairly conventional practice of the Edwardian period—but his father's name was "Smith", not "Duncan Smith" and, in Second World War RAF records, Duncan Smith himself is always listed as W. G. G. D. Smith, not W.G.G. Duncan Smith. It is not known precisely when he started using his mother's maiden name as part of his surname but he decided to pass the name to his children. Whether this makes the current family surname "Duncan Smith" or still "Smith" is a moot point.

His second wife, Pamela Summers (whom he married in 1946) was a ballet dancer who was born in Nanking, China where her father was a commissioner in the Chinese Postal Service. Her maternal grandmother was Ellen Oshey Matsumuro, a Japanese woman whose father was a Japanese artist. Their son Iain Duncan Smith is a politician who was leader of the Conservative Party from September 2001 to November 2003 and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in the Coalition government of 2010. In his office hangs a portrait of Adam Duncan, the admiral who defeated the Dutch Navy at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797. It is, however, very unlikely that W. G. G. D. Smith's mother was a legitimate descendant of Admiral Duncan.

## Honours and awards

> This officer has participated in many operational flights over enemy territory and has always displayed the utmost keenness to engage the enemy. During recent operations, Pilot Officer Smith has destroyed at least three hostile aircraft.

> During 1941, this officer has carried out 190 operational patrols, 98 of which have been over enemy territory. By his skill, coolness and strong sense of duty, Flight Lieutenant Smith has set a splendid example to all. He has always devoted himself unselfishly to the success of his squadron thereby contributing materially to its achievements. Flight Lieutenant Smith has destroyed at least 5 enemy aircraft.

> Since being awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross, this officer has completed a great number of sorties. He is a brilliant pilot and a fine leader whose skill has proved a source of inspiration to all. Squadron Leader Smith has destroyed 10 and probably destroyed several other enemy aircraft.

## Sources

* Price, Dr. Alfred. *Spitfire Mark V Aces 1941 – 1945*. London: Osprey Publishing, 1997. ISBN 978-1-85532-635-4.
* Price, Dr. Alfred. *Spitfire Mark I/II Aces 1939 – 41*. London: Osprey Publishing, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85532-627-9

## InfoBox

| Group Captain
Wilfrid George Gerald Duncan Smith
DSO & Bar, DFC & Two Bars, AE | |
| --- | --- |
| Wing Commander Smith with "Bonzo", an RAF squadron bulldog mascot in Italy, 1943 | |
| Nickname(s) | Smithy |
| Born | (1914-05-28)28 May 1914
Madras, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Died | 11 December 1996(1996-12-11) (aged 82) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1936–1960 |
| Rank | Group Captain |
| Service number | 85684 |
| Commands | No. 64 Squadron RAF |
| Battles/wars | Second World War
Malayan Emergency |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Distinguished Flying Cross & Two Bars
Air Efficiency Award |
| Relations | Iain Duncan Smith (son) |


title: W. G. Hoskins

abstract: William George Hoskins was an English local historian who founded the first university department of English Local History. His great contribution to the study of history was in the field of landscape history. Hoskins demonstrated the profound impact of human activity on the evolution of the English landscape in a pioneering book: The Making of the English Landscape. His work has had lasting influence in the fields of local and landscape history and historical and environmental conservation.

text:
# W. G. Hoskins

**William George Hoskins** CBE FBA (22 May 1908 – 11 January 1992) was an English local historian who founded the first university department of English Local History. His great contribution to the study of history was in the field of landscape history.

Hoskins demonstrated the profound impact of human activity on the evolution of the English landscape in a pioneering book: *The Making of the English Landscape*. His work has had lasting influence in the fields of local and landscape history and historical and environmental conservation.

## Life

William George Hoskins was born at 26–28 St David's Hill, Exeter, Devon on 22 May 1908: his father, like his grandfather, was a baker.

He won a scholarship to Hele's School in 1918, and attended the University College of South West England where he gained BSc and MSc degrees in economics by the age of 21. Both his MSc in 1929 and his PhD in 1938 were on the history of Devon.

The remainder of his life was devoted to university teaching and the authorship of historical works. He died on 11 January 1992 in Cullompton, Devon.

## Academic career

Hoskins was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Commerce at University College, Leicester in 1931. He found the trade statistics to be dull lecture material, but he enjoyed the evenings that he spent teaching archaeology and local history at Vaughan College. His academic researches covered historical demography, urban history, agrarian history, the evolution of vernacular architecture, landscape history and local history. He became a member of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society in September 1935.

After the award of his doctorate Hoskins was appointed Reader in English Local History at University College, Leicester (1938).

In 1952, Hoskins resigned from his posts at University College, Leicester, and on the Leicestershire Victoria County History Committee to become Reader in Economic History in the University of Oxford. In his obituary, this was stated to be generally acknowledged as a mistake.

## *The Making of the English Landscape*

In 1955, Hoskins published the book that was to make his name. *The Making of the English Landscape* is a landscape history of England and a seminal text in that discipline and in local history. The brief history of some one thousand years has become a standard text in local and environmental history courses. Hoskins sets out his stall in the introduction with "No book exists to describe the manner in which the various landscapes of this country came to assume the shape and appearance they now have...". The brief concluding chapter contains only one image, Plate 82, "The completed English landscape" showing a tall tree in a wide open field, a strip of hedges and villages just visible in the distance. The chapter laments the damage caused to parts of the English landscape, mentioning bulldozers and tractors, nuclear bombers and by-passes, and ends by celebrating again the wealth of detail within a few hundred yards of Hoskins' study window at Steeple Barton.

The book has been well received by critics. Penelope Lively describes the book as "a marvellous, robust, opinionated account of the landscape as narrative". William Boyd describes it as "an absolute trailblazer, a revolution." Boyd notes that W. H. Auden "revered" the book, and that reading Hoskins had enabled him to "read" a landscape as a "historical palimpsest". Local historian Graeme White calls the book "brilliantly-crafted".

## Later career and television work

Hoskins was one of the founders of the Exeter Group in 1960 (later to become the Exeter Civic Society). He was president of the Dartmoor Preservation Association from 1962 until 1976.

He became the first professor of local history at the University of Leicester in 1965 when he was appointed Hatton Professor of English History. He retired in 1968.

Following his retirement, Hoskins presented an episode of *Horizon* based on *The Making of the English Landscape* in 1972.

This led to a BBC television series *Landscapes of England* which examined in more detail how human influence has greatly shaped the landscape of twelve distinct regions in England, the first series in 1976 and the second in 1978. For the final episode, Hoskins talks passionately about his home county of Devon and his home city of Exeter.

## Honours and memorials

Hoskins was awarded the Fellowship of the British Academy in 1969 and the CBE in 1971. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1973, and received the Murchison Award of the Royal Geographical Society in 1976.

The University of Exeter acknowledged his links with the city by conferring an honorary Doctorate of Letters upon him in 1974.

As founder of the Department of English Local History (now the Centre for English Local History) at the University of Leicester, his achievements are commemorated by the Friends of the Centre for English Local History each year in the annual *W. G. Hoskins lecture*, and another at St Anne's College, Oxford.

In 2004 the Devon History Society erected a blue plaque on his birthplace in Exeter with the inscription: "W. G. Hoskins CBE FBA Dlitt 1908–1992 Historian of Devon, Exeter and the English Landscape Born Here 'Hic Amor, Haec Patria Est'."

## Works

Hoskins wrote the following books and essays:

* *The Face of Britain. Midland England: A Survey of the Country Between the Midlands and the Trent* (London & New York: B.T. Batsford, 1949)
* *East Midlands and the Peak* (London: Festival of Britain Office/Collins, 1951)
* *Chilterns to Black Country* (London: Festival of Britain Office/Collins, 1951)
* (with Finberg, H. P. R.) *Devonshire Studies* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1952)
* *A New Survey of England: Devon*, (London: Collins, February 1954; New edition David & Charles, June 1972)
* *The Making of the English Landscape* (Leicester, 1955) ISBN 0-340-77020-1, new edition Little Toller Books (2013)
* *Leicestershire: an illustrated essay on the history of the landscape*. (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1957)
* *The Midland Peasant: The economic and social history of a Leicestershire village* (1957)
* *Local History in England* (Harlow: Longman, 1959; 2nd edition 1972; 3rd edition 1984) ISBN 0-582-48286-0
* *Devon and its People*, (Exeter: A. Wheaton, 1959) ISBN 0-7153-4865-5
* *Two Thousand Years in Exeter*, (Exeter: James Townsend, 1960) ISBN 1-86077-303-6
* "Foreword" in West, John. *Village Records* (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1962) ISBN 0-85033-444-6
* (with Stamp, L. Dudley) *The Common Lands of England and Wales* (London: Collins, 1963)
* *English Local History: the Past and the Future, An inaugural lecture* (Leicester, 1966)
* *Old Devon* (London: David & Charles, 1966) ISBN 0-7153-4049-2
* *Fieldwork in Local History* (London: Faber & Faber, 1967) ISBN 0-571-18051-5
* (as editor) *History from the Farm* (London: Faber & Faber, 1970) ISBN 0-571-09437-6
* *Exeter Militia List 1803* (Chichester: Phillimore, 1972)
* *The Age of Plunder: The England of Henry VIII 1500–1547* (London, 1976) ISBN 0-582-48544-4
* *English Landscapes* (London: BBC, 1979) ISBN 0-563-17399-8
* *Devon* (Tiverton: Devon, 1992) ISBN 1-86077-204-8
* *Trade and People in Exeter 1688–1800*

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| W. G. Hoskins | |
| --- | --- |
| Hoskins in an English landscape | |
| Born | William George Hoskins
22 May 1908
Exeter, Devon, England |
| Died | 11 January 1992(1992-01-11) (aged 83)
Cullompton, Devon, England |
| Education | University College of South West England |
| Occupation | Historian |
| Known for | *The Making of the English Landscape* |
| Title | Reader in English Local History at University College, Leicester |
| Spouse | Jane |


title: W. G. Grace Jr

abstract: William Gilbert Grace Jr was an English first-class cricketer who was the first-born son of W. G. Grace. He won scholarships to Clifton College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics. He played in 57 matches for Cambridge University, Gloucestershire and London County in a career lasting from 1893 to 1903, playing as an all-rounder. He made 1,324 runs at an average of 15.21 with a highest score of 79, and took 42 wickets at an average of 39.45 with a best of six for 79. Grace often played for Gloucestershire, London County and MCC alongside his father, his brother Charles Grace and his uncle E. M. Grace, mostly under his father's captaincy. Grace also played rugby union for the Northants and East Midland XV. He became a schoolteacher, teaching at Oundle School in Northamptonshire and then at Royal Naval College, Osborne. He died in 1905 at the age of 30 after an operation for appendicitis.

text:
# W. G. Grace Jr

**William Gilbert Grace Jr** (6 July 1874 – 2 March 1905) was an English first-class cricketer who was the first-born son of W. G. Grace.

He won scholarships to Clifton College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics. He played in 57 matches for Cambridge University, Gloucestershire and London County in a career lasting from 1893 to 1903, playing as an all-rounder. He made 1,324 runs at an average of 15.21 with a highest score of 79, and took 42 wickets at an average of 39.45 with a best of six for 79.

Grace often played for Gloucestershire, London County and MCC alongside his father, his brother Charles Grace and his uncle E. M. Grace, mostly under his father's captaincy. Grace also played rugby union for the Northants and East Midland XV.

He became a schoolteacher, teaching at Oundle School in Northamptonshire and then at Royal Naval College, Osborne. He died in 1905 at the age of 30 after an operation for appendicitis.

## InfoBox

W. G. Grace Jr
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | William Gilbert Grace |
| Born | (1874-07-06)6 July 1874
West Brompton, Kensington, England |
| Died | 2 March 1905(1905-03-02) (aged 30)
East Cowes, Isle of Wight, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Role | All-rounder |
| Relations | W. G. Grace (father), E. M. Grace, Fred Grace (uncles), Charles Grace (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1893–98 | Gloucestershire |
| 1894–95 | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) |
| 1894–96 | Cambridge University |
| 1900–03 | London County |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 57  Runs scored 1,324  Batting average 15.21  100s/50s 0/5  Top score 79  Balls bowled 3561  Wickets 42  Bowling average 39.45  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 6/79  Catches/stumpings 43/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive | |


title: NSU Sulmobil

abstract: The NSU Sulmobil was a three-wheeled car built by Neckarsulmer Fahrzeugwerke Aktiengesellschaft (NSU) in the years 1905 to 1909. The Sulmobil was the first car designed and constructed in-house by NSU. Three versions were produced, first with a single-cylinder and later with a two-cylinder engine.

text:
# NSU Sulmobil

The **NSU Sulmobil** was a three-wheeled car built by Neckarsulmer Fahrzeugwerke Aktiengesellschaft (NSU) in the years 1905 to 1909.

The Sulmobil was the first car designed and constructed in-house by NSU. Three versions were produced, first with a single-cylinder and later with a two-cylinder engine.

## Technical details

The single-cylinder models (types II and IV) had an air-cooled engine with an upright cylinder, which produced 3.5 hp (2.6 kW) from a displacement of 451 cm³ (bore × stroke = 82 × 86 mm). The engine had a high-voltage Magneto ignition and was mounted with the three-speed gearbox on the single front wheel, which was propelled by a chain. The transmission was actuated by a right-hand-side slide mechanism. The wheelbase was 2000 mm, the track of the rear axle 1150 mm and the length of the vehicles about 2950 mm. The weight of the chassis was 300 kg, and the top speed 35 km / h.

The two-cylinder model (Type III) had a displacement of 795 cm³ (bore × stroke = 75 × 90 mm) and produced 5.5 hp (4.0 kW). Otherwise it was the same as the single-cylinder models.

The types II and IV were built 1905-1909, while the type III was only made in 1909. In that year, construction of the Sulmobil (which was expensive, costing RM 2500) was ceased, because of the vehicles' limited capabilities: the weight of their load, for example, was 150–200 kg.

The vehicle was a compromise between the car and the motorcycle, with a wooden luggage box 1000 × 800 × 900 mm. But there are also said to have been three-wheelers for personal transport.

## Further reading

* Seherr-Thoss, Hans-Christoph von (1979). *Die deutsche Automobilindustrie: eine Dokumentation von 1886 - 1979* \[*The German automotive industry. A documentation from 1886 to today.*\] (2., korr. u. erweit. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Dt. Verlags-Anst. ISBN 3-421-02284-4.
* Arth, Klaus (2011). *NSU Automobile: Typen, Technik, Modelle* (1. Aufl ed.). Bielefeld: Delius Klasing Verl. ISBN 978-3-7688-3276-2.


title: Gustavo Balcázar Monzón

abstract: Gustavo Balcázar Monzón is a Colombian lawyer and retired politician. A member of the Colombian Liberal Party, he served as Member of both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, presiding over both chambers of Congress. He also served in the administrations of President Guillermo León Valencia as the 48th Governor of Valle del Cauca, and as the 16th Minister of Agriculture, and in the administration of President Julio César Turbay Ayala as the 18th Ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom, and Non-Resident Ambassador to Algeria.

text:
# Gustavo Balcázar Monzón

**Gustavo Balcázar Monzón** (born 10 August 1927) is a Colombian lawyer and retired politician. A member of the Colombian Liberal Party, he served as Member of both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, presiding over both chambers of Congress. He also served in the administrations of President Guillermo León Valencia as the 48th Governor of Valle del Cauca, and as the 16th Minister of Agriculture, and in the administration of President Julio César Turbay Ayala as the 18th Ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom, and Non-Resident Ambassador to Algeria.

## Personal life

He was born on 10 August 1927 in Santiago de Cali, to Ricardo Balcázar and Leonor Monzón and married Bolivia Ramos, with whom he had two daughters, María Isabel and Iliana. Already divorced, he remarried to Nydia Quintero Turbay, former First Lady of Colombia, in a civil ceremony in 1984.

He received his primary and secondary education at Berchmans School in Cali. He later traveled to Bogotá to pursue his university studies in Law and Economics at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, obtaining his degree in 1950 with the thesis *The city, urban planning and the valorization tax*.

## InfoBox

| Gustavo Balcázar Monzón | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator of Colombia | |
| **In office**
20 July 1982  20 July 1994 | |
| **In office**
20 July 1966  18 January 1979 | |
| **In office**
20 July 1962  8 September 1962 | |
| 15th Colombia Ambassador to the United Kingdom | |
| **In office**
18 January 1979  21 September 1981 | |
| President | Julio César Turbay Ayala |
| Preceded by | Jaime García Parra |
| Succeeded by | Diego Andrés Restrepo Londoño |
| 16th Colombian Minister of Agriculture | |
| **In office**
6 October 1964  1 September 1965 | |
| President | Guillermo León Valencia |
| Preceded by | Virgilio Barco Vargas |
| Succeeded by | José Mejía Salazar |
| 48th Governor of Valle del Cauca | |
| **In office**
8 September 1962  17 October 1964 | |
| President | Guillermo León Valencia |
| Preceded by | Carlos Humberto Morales |
| Succeeded by | Humberto González Narváez |
| Member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia | |
| **In office**
20 July 1958  20 July 1962 | |
| Constituency | Valle del Cauca Department |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gustavo Balcázar Monzón
(1927-08-10) 10 August 1927
Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse(s) | Bolivia Ramos (divorced)
Nydia Quintero Turbay (1984–present) |
| Children | María Isabel Balcázar Ramos
Iliana Balcázar Ramos |
| Alma mater | Pontifical Xavierian University (LLB, LLM, LLD) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |