title: Roger Clitheroe

abstract: Roger Ian Clitheroe is a former English cricketer. Clitheroe was a right-handed batsman who fielded occasionally as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire. Clitheroe made his first-class debut for Cambridge University against Northamptonshire in 1987. He played 12 further first-class matches for Cambridge University, the last coming against Oxford University in 1991. In his 13 first-class matches for the University, he scored 291 runs at a batting average of 15.31, with a high score of 36. Behind the stumps he took 8 catches and 2 stumpings. He later made his debut for Wales Minor Counties in the 1996 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. He played Minor counties cricket for Wales Minor Counties from 1996 to 2002, which included 31 Minor Counties Championship matches and 12 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 1998, he made his List A debut for Wales Minor Counties against Nottinghamshire in the NatWest Trophy. He made 2 further List A appearances for the county, against Norfolk and Leicestershire in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 37 runs at a batting average of 12.33, with a high score of 23. Behind the stumps he took a single catch and made a single stumping.

text:
# Roger Clitheroe

**Roger Ian Clitheroe** (born 18 November 1966) is a former English cricketer. Clitheroe was a right-handed batsman who fielded occasionally as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire.

Clitheroe made his first-class debut for Cambridge University against Northamptonshire in 1987. He played 12 further first-class matches for Cambridge University, the last coming against Oxford University in 1991. In his 13 first-class matches for the University, he scored 291 runs at a batting average of 15.31, with a high score of 36. Behind the stumps he took 8 catches and 2 stumpings.

He later made his debut for Wales Minor Counties in the 1996 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. He played Minor counties cricket for Wales Minor Counties from 1996 to 2002, which included 31 Minor Counties Championship matches and 12 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 1998, he made his List A debut for Wales Minor Counties against Nottinghamshire in the NatWest Trophy. He made 2 further List A appearances for the county, against Norfolk and Leicestershire in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 37 runs at a batting average of 12.33, with a high score of 23. Behind the stumps he took a single catch and made a single stumping.

## InfoBox

Roger Clitheroe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Roger Ian Clitheroe |
| Born | (1966-11-18) 18 November 1966<br>Radcliffe, Lancashire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | wicket-keeper batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1996–2002 | Wales Minor Counties |
| 1987–1991 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 13 3  Runs scored 291 37  Batting average 15.31 12.33  100s/50s –/– –/–  Top score 36 23  Balls bowled    Wickets    Bowling average    5 wickets in innings    10 wickets in match    Best bowling    Catches/stumpings 8/2 1/1 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 13 May 2011 | |


title: Turbonilla hiradoensis

abstract: Turbonilla hiradoensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla hiradoensis

***Turbonilla hiradoensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla hiradoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. hiradoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla hiradoensis***<br>Pilsbry, 1904 | |
|


title: Ptychadena neumanni

abstract:
Ptychadena neumanni is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae.
It is endemic to Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-elevation shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-elevation grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Ptychadena neumanni

***Ptychadena neumanni*** is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-elevation shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-elevation grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychadena neumanni* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ptychadenidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychadena* |
| Species: | ***P. neumanni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychadena neumanni***
(Ahl, 1924) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ptychadena largeni* Perret, 1994 | |


title: Hyperolius cystocandicans

abstract:
Hyperolius cystocandicans is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae.
It is endemic to Kenya.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, and ponds.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Hyperolius cystocandicans

***Hyperolius cystocandicans*** is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to Kenya. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Hyperolius cystocandicans* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hyperoliidae |
| Genus: | *Hyperolius* |
| Species: | ***H. cystocandicans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyperolius cystocandicans***
Richards & Schiøtz, 1977 | |
|


title: Groningen theology

abstract: The Groningen Theology was a theological movement in the Dutch Reformed Church of the mid-nineteenth century that sought a middle way between theological rationalism and orthodox Calvinism. The innovators of the Groningen theology—Petrus Hofstede de Groot (1802-1886), Johan Frederik van Oordt (1794-1852), and Louis Gerlach Pareau (1800-1866)—were professors at the Royal University of Groningen who met weekly with friends and pastors starting in 1835 to study the New Testament. Professor Willem Muurling (1805-1882) joined the society after Van Oordt accepted a chair at Leiden in 1839. The Groningen theologians attracted national attention above all through their journal, Waarheid in Liefde, which ran from 1837 to 1872. The concept of practical Christian formation was central to the theology of the Groningen School. “The basic thought-form that controls everything is this,” wrote Hofstede de Groot, “that the foremost thing about Christianity is the revelation and the education that God grants us in Jesus Christ in order to bring us into greater conformity with God…” They drew upon Platonism, especially as mediated to them by the philosopher Philip Willem van Heusde (1778-1839), to articulate their understanding of Christian formation; Hofstede de Groot charged the church with the task that Plato had mistakenly assigned the state in his Republic, namely, that of forming its citizens. As Th. L. Haitjema pointed out, the emphasis the Groningen School placed on the church as the locus of formation set it apart from the theological rationalism of the eighteenth century. The Groningen School adopted a self-consciously nationalistic stance in its theology. Although respectful of Martin Luther and John Calvin, the Groningen theologians blamed French-speaking refugees for importing a hardnosed Calvinism at the Synod of Dordt (1619) that did not respect native traditions of doctrinal tolerance. The Groningen theologians looked back to Thomas à Kempis, Wessel Gansfort, Desiderius Erasmus, Cornelius Jansen, and Johannes Coccejus, among others, as spiritual predecessors. They were more standoffish about the influence of contemporary German theologians like Friedrich Schleiermacher, with whom many nevertheless compared them. The Groningen School was thoroughly Christocentric in their approach to theology, but also frequently revisionist in regard to traditional doctrinal formulations. The Groningen School's revisions to classic christological and Trinitarian doctrines brought them into conflict with more orthodox factions in the Dutch Reformed Church. Hofstede de Groot, who served as pastor at Ulrum in the province of Groningen from 1826 to 1829, entered into a polemical debate in 1833 with his successor, Hendrik de Cock, who later seceded from the state church in 1834. Some held the teachings of the Groningen School partly responsible for this succession, an accusation that Hofstede de Groot considered unfair. In 1842, a circle of orthodox laymen associated with the Réveil and led by Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer called upon the synod of the Dutch Reformed Church to declare the Groningen School in contradiction with its confessional standards. After the synod rejected that petition on technical grounds, these so-called “Seven Gentlemen from the Hague” appealed directly to church members, urging them to rise up against the influence of the Groningen School. The controversy settled down after the church authorities in Groningen made clear their support for the Groningen theologians. Although the Groningen School was a major influence in the Dutch Reformed Church of the nineteenth century, the middle ground it occupied proved unstable and unable to holdback the growing split between modernist and orthodox factions.

text:
# Groningen theology

The Groningen Theology was a theological movement in the Dutch Reformed Church of the mid-nineteenth century that sought a middle way between theological rationalism and orthodox Calvinism. The innovators of the Groningen theology—Petrus Hofstede de Groot (1802-1886), Johan Frederik van Oordt (1794-1852), and Louis Gerlach Pareau (1800-1866)—were professors at the Royal University of Groningen who met weekly with friends and pastors starting in 1835 to study the New Testament. Professor Willem Muurling (1805-1882) joined the society after Van Oordt accepted a chair at Leiden in 1839. The Groningen theologians attracted national attention above all through their journal, *Waarheid in Liefde* (Truth in Love), which ran from 1837 to 1872.

The concept of practical Christian formation was central to the theology of the Groningen School. “The basic thought-form that controls everything is this,” wrote Hofstede de Groot, “that the foremost thing about Christianity is the revelation and the education that God grants us in Jesus Christ in order to bring us into greater conformity with God…” They drew upon Platonism, especially as mediated to them by the philosopher Philip Willem van Heusde (1778-1839), to articulate their understanding of Christian formation; Hofstede de Groot charged the church with the task that Plato had mistakenly assigned the state in his Republic, namely, that of forming its citizens. As Th. L. Haitjema pointed out, the emphasis the Groningen School placed on the church as the locus of formation set it apart from the theological rationalism of the eighteenth century.

The Groningen School adopted a self-consciously nationalistic stance in its theology. Although respectful of Martin Luther and John Calvin, the Groningen theologians blamed French-speaking refugees for importing a hardnosed Calvinism at the Synod of Dordt (1619) that did not respect native traditions of doctrinal tolerance. The Groningen theologians looked back to Thomas à Kempis, Wessel Gansfort, Desiderius Erasmus, Cornelius Jansen, and Johannes Coccejus, among others, as spiritual predecessors. They were more standoffish about the influence of contemporary German theologians like Friedrich Schleiermacher, with whom many nevertheless compared them.

The Groningen School was thoroughly Christocentric in their approach to theology, but also frequently revisionist in regard to traditional doctrinal formulations. The Groningen School's revisions to classic christological and Trinitarian doctrines brought them into conflict with more orthodox factions in the Dutch Reformed Church. Hofstede de Groot, who served as pastor at Ulrum in the province of Groningen from 1826 to 1829, entered into a polemical debate in 1833 with his successor, Hendrik de Cock, who later seceded from the state church in 1834. Some held the teachings of the Groningen School partly responsible for this succession, an accusation that Hofstede de Groot considered unfair. In 1842, a circle of orthodox laymen associated with the Réveil and led by Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer called upon the synod of the Dutch Reformed Church to declare the Groningen School in contradiction with its confessional standards. After the synod rejected that petition on technical grounds, these so-called “Seven Gentlemen from the Hague” appealed directly to church members, urging them to rise up against the influence of the Groningen School. The controversy settled down after the church authorities in Groningen made clear their support for the Groningen theologians.

Although the Groningen School was a major influence in the Dutch Reformed Church of the nineteenth century, the middle ground it occupied proved unstable and unable to holdback the growing split between modernist and orthodox factions.

## Bibliography

* Haitjema, Theodorus Lambertus. *De Richtingen in de Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk*. 2nd edition. Wageningen: H. Veenman & Zonen, 1953.
* Hofstede de Groot, Petrus. *De Groninger Godgeleerden in Hunne Eigenaardigheid*. Groningen: A. L. Scholtens, 1855.
* Vree, Jasper. De Groninger Godeleerden: *De Oorsprongen en de Erste Periode van Hun Optreden (1820-1843)*. Kampen : J.H. Kok, 1984.


title: Turbonilla utuana

abstract: Turbonilla utuana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla utuana

***Turbonilla utuana*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla utuana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. utuana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla utuana***<br>Hertlein & Strong, 1951 | |
|


title: Hamadi Dhaou

abstract: Hamadi Dhaou is a Tunisian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Hamadi Dhaou

**Hamadi Dhaou** (born 10 January 1940) is a Tunisian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Hamadi Dhaou
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1940-01-10) 10 January 1940 | | |
| Place of birth | Tunis, Tunisia | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Tunisia |  |  |


title: Petit Bateau

abstract: Petit Bateau is a French brand of clothing and underwear for children founded in 1920, but whose origins date back to 1893, in Troyes. Integrated into the Rocher Group since 1988, Petit Bateau is a children's brand that became trans-generational in the 2000s thanks to the launch of the adult collection.

text:
# Petit Bateau

**Petit Bateau** is a French brand of clothing and underwear for children founded in 1920, but whose origins date back to 1893, in Troyes. Integrated into the Rocher Group since 1988, Petit Bateau is a children's brand that became trans-generational in the 2000s thanks to the launch of the adult collection.

## History

In 1893 Pierre Valton opened, in a 3,700 m2 workshop, the Valton-Quinquarlet & Sons hosiery factory, which specialized in underwear, especially in underpants and vests. Established in the Aube, capital of the French textile industry in the nineteenth century, at that time the Saint-Joseph factory in Troyes manufactured the entire production. In 1918 Étienne, the founder's son, invented underpants without legs and buttons and replaced the rough wool by white unbleached cotton. For greater convenience, he replaced the buttons by an elastic band at the waist and the thighs. However, the brand used the term "panties", which referred more to women's or children's underwear.

Valton was inspired by the nursery rhyme *Maman les p'tits bateaux (Mummy the little boats)* for the name of this new underwear, and he registered it as his trademark. The Petit Bateau brand was thus registered in 1920 by the Valton-Quinquarlet company, and was symbolized at that time by the drawing of a little girl nicknamed Marinette. At the 1937 Universal Exhibition in Paris, the company won the "Grand Prix de l'innovation" but it was really after the Second World War that the company developed and diversified its product range.

In the late 1980s the company was on the verge of filing for bankruptcy; it was acquired in 1988 by the Rocher Group, formerly the Yves Rocher Group, which beat a BNP bid. The Rocher Group also includes Yves Rocher, Stanhome, Pierre Ricaud, Daniel Jouvance, Kiotis, ID Parfums, Flomar and Sabon.

In the middle of the 1990s, in the midst of a minimalist trend, *Petit Bateau* became a “fashionable” brand: Karl Lagerfeld had Claudia Schiffer walk the catwalk in a Petit Bateau T-shirt under his Chanel suit, and success was immediate. The child's T-shirt she wore was then made available in adult sizes. T-shirt sales increased tenfold over the next three years. In 1994 Petit Bateau put on a fashion show. The designers seized on the child's white T-shirt and made it a fashion phenomenon. This event marked the entrance of the brand into the ready-to-wear market for adults.

In 2000 Petit Bateau opened its flagship store on the Champs-Elysées in Paris. In 2013 Gildas Loaëc and Masaya Kuroki were named artistic directors of the adult collections.

Today, Petit Bateau is a brand of clothing and underwear with century-old expertise and international influence. Present in Europe, Japan, China, the Middle East, Russia and the United States, its products are sold in nearly 400 Petit Bateau shops, 4,300 partner stores and also on its e-commerce website launched in 2006.

All the collections are devised by the style teams located in Paris. In Troyes, in the historic Saint-Joseph factory, the designers bring them to life. Then comes the production of samples made by a dedicated team.

## Petit Bateau's inventions

### The little panties

Until the early 1900s, children and adults wore long woollen underpants, uncomfortable and unhygienic. Étienne Valton, son of the company's founder Pierre Valton and father of 13 children, listening to the nursery rhyme “Maman les p'tits bateaux” ("Mummy, do the little boats on the water have legs?”), had the idea of cutting off the legs of the long underpants of the time. The famous washable cotton panties were born. For greater convenience, the buttons were replaced by an elastic band at the waist and thighs. Offering children greater ease and freedom of movement, this creation represented a major shift for the family business.

Étienne Valton was also inspired by this nursery rhyme for the brand's name, and he registered the trademark "Petit Bateau" in 1920.

In 1937 the Petit Bateau panties received the "Grand Prix of Innovation" at the Universal Exhibition of Paris. They gradually became more accessible and became part of the everyday life of women, emancipating them from the thick woollen undergarments worn in the nineteenth century.

Today 3.5 million pairs of Petit Bateau cotton panties, the iconic product of the brand, requiring 2,520 metres of pure cotton yarn and a natural rubber elastic, are sold a year and they are worn by celebrities like Jane Birkin and Inès de La Fressange.

### The bodysuit

It was by observing the special armholes of T-shirts worn by American soldiers, who could put on their underwear without taking off their helmets, that Petit Bateau invented its first baby bodysuits in 1950, designed for ease and practicality. The Valton family devised a new way of putting on children's clothes: over the head, thanks to a more oval neckline. In 1980 the Valton family continued to revisit the traditional bodysuit for babies by creating the first model with press stud closure between the legs to further facilitate the dressing and movement of toddlers.

### Materials

Terry velours was born in 1960 in the Petit Bateau workshops. It is mainly used for children's pyjamas for its qualities of thermal insulation.

Terry cloth bouclette, also mainly used by Petit Bateau for pyjamas or for bathing accessories and childcare items, has a soft feel and offers a high level of wearing comfort.

In 1970 the emblematic pinstripe cotton of the brand appeared. This completely new two-thread knitting required special knitting machines to create a thousand metres per kilogram. It is recognizable by the delicacy of its pattern, associated with the world of childhood.

In 1990 the warmth of wool yarn was added to the softness of cotton when Petit Bateau created a new wool and cotton fabric that combined the properties of both materials, softness and warmth, designed to protect children from their outside environment.

### Finishes

The picot stitch and cocotte stitch are part of the identity finishes of the Petit Bateau brand.

The picot stitch forms a free mini-loop, while the cocotte stitch is composed of tight stitches made by a procedure specifically invented by Petit Bateau in the 1960s.

## The Petit Bateau Icons

The Petit Bateau collections are composed of certain permanent features season after season. From collection to collection, the brand's inventions are present (panties, pinstripe cotton, terry velours), but also garments that have become iconic. The Breton “marinière” striped top, the T-shirt, the vest top, the panties, the waxed raincoat and the peacoat are some of the essentials that the brand renews each season for children as well as adults.

The Breton striped top made its appearance in the Petit Bateau collections during the 1995 spring-summer season. Since then, the brand has made it evolve each season in its cuts (round or admiral neckline, or American armholes) and its colours.

Inspired by fishermen's oiled cloth coats, Petit Bateau's yellow waxed raincoat was created in the summer of 1996. The brand now uses this element of the seafaring wardrobe in each of its collections. It revisits it with new colours and new forms, and has singled out this product of its range by using pinstripe cotton for its lining.

The Petit Bateau T-shirt was originally an undergarment, born 120 years ago in Troyes, initially in wool, then in premium cotton. In the mid-1990s, in the midst of a minimalist trend, *Petit Bateau* became a fashionable brand: Karl Lagerfeld had Claudia Schiffer walk the catwalk in a Petit Bateau T-shirt under his Chanel suit; the success was immediate. Underwear for children, the white Petit Bateau T-shirt became an outer garment, a new fashion icon worn by adults. Fuelling the phenomenon, the brand sent T-shirts to fashion editors, produced the model in adult sizes and launched its range of coloured T-shirts in 1996, to offer less " babyish " colours, such as black. Sales of T-shirts increased tenfold over the next three years and Petit Bateau made its entrance into the adult clothing department at Printemps Haussmann in 1999.

Today, sales of the Petit Bateau T-shirt amount to four million a year. While the children's size range has been maintained to keep the house spirit, it has been extended to age 18 to dress adults as well. Since the 2000s collections have been developed specifically for adults.

## Advertising

### Early campaigns

Petit Bateau was one of the first brands to use advertising, which it has done since 1920. Marinette, an imaginary character designed by the English illustrator Beatrice Mallet, represented the company with humour for thirty years. Her plump and mischievous look anchored the brand historically in playful and light-hearted advertising. The brand has always put the energy, creativity and freedom of children at the heart of its message.

### Turning point

Since the early 1990s Petit Bateau has worked with the BETC agency in the construction of its advertising campaigns. In 1994 the campaign "Don't do this, don't do that", punctuated by the song of Jacques Dutronc, changed the face of advertising for children. The public discovered in these commercials the slogan "What's the use of having clothes if you can't do anything in them?" and the rallying cry "Petit Bateau! ". The playfulness, spontaneity and cheerful tone of the campaign captivated people and the brand's popularity rose, supported by the new notoriety of the Petit Bateau T-shirt.

In 2004 Petit Bateau addressed itself to adults by evoking the gentleness of the world of childhood with the slogan "For adults too". Four years later, BETC created the "Les Mois" (“The Months”) campaign for Petit Bateau with the aim of reconquering the adult market; "The weight of adults in brand communication makes it impossible to talk only about children," said Muriel Fagnoni, vice-president of the agency. The slogan became "Forever" and the age of the adults was expressed in months.

In 2013 a new campaign by BETC, continuing the theme of "The Months", stressed the trans-generational dimension of Petit Bateau with the voluntarily incorrect syntax: "Never old forever", and used photographs based on energy and spontaneity: the models skip, stick out their tongues, or dance.

### Becoming international

In 2015 Petit Bateau launched an advertising campaign based on the quality aspect of its products and the spontaneity of childhood. *The Mini Factory* commercial marked the international turning point of Petit Bateau. Created by BETC and directed by Patrick Daughters, it staged children in a secret factory that follows a fanciful production process, as if taken from a child's imagination. This film unveiled a complex process of fabrication and stress tests. In March 2016 the brand launched a *printed* campaign with the slogan " *For serious kids* " in English, which was a series of brightly colourful compositions. This campaign showed children dressing up in not very scary cardboard masks and taking over the city to live fantastic adventures.

In 2017 Petit Bateau released a new advertising film directed by Luis Cervero. The spectator followed the day of a Petit Bateau Breton stripe sweatshirt subjected to the test of children. In this advertisement, the sweatshirt accompanies the daily life of children. The commercial retains the spirit of the brand through a sequence of 72 shots in one minute, punctuated by the title line of Plastic Bertrand's *Ça plane pour moi*. A follower of popular melodies since its creation, its own name being inspired by the famous nursery rhyme “Maman les p'tits bateaux” (“*Mummy do the little boats that go on the water have legs?”)*, the brand strengthened its musical identity in 2017 by reusing Jacques Dutronc's song released in 1978.

## Collaborations

### Guest designers

Petit Bateau collaborates with many fashion brands. Guillaume Henry of Carven House, Tsumori Chisato, Didier Ludot, Cédric Charlier, Christian Lacroix, Maison Kitsuné, Jean-Charles de Castelbajac and Inès de la Fressange have created capsule collections, revisiting classic pieces in their own way. Sometimes, it is Petit Bateau which revisits the iconic pieces of other brands, as in its collaboration with K-way.

### Guest illustrators

Beyond the world of fashion, Petit Bateau establishes partnerships with illustrators from various horizons, from contemporary children's literature to the alternative culture of the 1980s. Thus, the house of Deyrolle, Keith Haring, Hervé Tullet or the emblematic authors of L'École des loisirs (Claude Ponti, Tomi Ungerer, Mario Ramos, Dorothée de Monfreid and Iris Moüy) have each in their turn stamped their style on T-shirts, panties and bodysuits.

### Patronage of the Palais de Tokyo's Tok Tok workshops

Since February 2017 Petit Bateau has supported the Palais de Tokyo in its approach to young audiences. Petit Bateau is a sponsor of the *Tok-Tok* activities for children aged 5 to 10 which make children aware of contemporary art by making them actors of creation themselves. Experimentation, imagination, recreation: a fun way to familiarize children with contemporary art. As part of this partnership, Petit Bateau also produces *Tok-Tok* videos in which artists present their work to children in a pedagogic way and invite them to create, at home, a unique creation influenced by their work.

## Production and quality

The company has been accused by the UFC-Que Choisir of deceiving the consumer. According to Fabienne Maleysson, the company is a "past master" in the art of making customers believe that their products are made in France, more particularly in Troyes. She estimates in her article that only 20% of the production is made in France and 80% in North Africa. This publication is criticized by Jean-Pierre Lambour, secretary of the works council; the union delegate stresses the fact that the company still employs 1,100 people in the Aube and 2,000 in France while the majority of companies in the hosiery sector have closed.

On the occasion of its 120th anniversary, Petit Bateau produced an urban photographic journey directed by Stéphane Remael, consisting of 42 images paying tribute to the workers of the company who, according to Patrick Pergament, CEO of the company, "perpetuate French know-how".

45% of the knitting and dyeing is done in the Petit Bateau St Joseph factory in Troyes, the remaining 55% being done in the Petit Bateau factory in Morocco created in 1989.

As for the manufacture, 85% of the clothes (underpants, pyjamas, panties or T-shirts) are made in the Petit Bateau factory in Marrakech and in the partner production plants in Morocco and Tunisia. As underlined by François Hollande after a visit to the workshops of the historic site of the Troyes factory in April 2017, if they had not made the decision to move a portion of their production to North Africa, Petit Bateau would no longer exist in Troyes. Regarding the remaining 15%, Petit Bateau collaborates with manufacturers with expertise complementary to that of the brand. Thus, products such as raincoats or trousers are produced by about thirty external suppliers, installed in particular in Eastern Europe and Asia.

The sustainable approach of the house also has an influence on the sales packaging, from which plastic has been banned. Petit Bateau is committed to a sustainable approach in 2017, by developing recycling between individuals based on the circular economy. Called “Faites passer les Petit Bateau”(Pass on the “Petit Bateau”) the webspace of this Petit Bateau application puts sellers and buyers of the brand's used clothing – which is deemed almost indestructible - in contact free of charge.

1. http://www.tendances-de-mode.com/2010/05/19/1756-petit-bateau « Petit Bateau », by Lise Huret on *tendances-de-mode.com*, May 19, 2010 (consulted October 27, 2014).
2. EOLAS. "La bonneterie : l'Aube, capitale de la maille - Département de l'Aube". *www.aube.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
3. "Petit Bateau: the boat that rocked - Telegraph". *fashion.telegraph.co.uk*. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
4. Fauconnier, Virginie (15 February 2013). "Petit Bateau rhabille les 18-108 ans". *Le Parisien* (21286): 80–81. Archived from the original on 2019-03-13.
5. "Elle porte la culotte". *Libération.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
6. "Petit Bateau (Marque de mode) - Tendances de Mode". *www.tendances-de-mode.com*. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
7. "Comment Petit Bateau s'est inspiré des G.I.'s américains". *RTL Radio, Émission "Il était une marque"*. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
8. "Télématin". *www.france2.fr*. 14 February 2017.
9. Conso, L. S. A. (5 April 2012). "Petit Bateau vogue sur les codes de l'enfance". *lsa-conso.fr*. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
10. Sandie Meusnier (11 May 2007). "Et vogue le Petit Bateau !". *Madame Figaro*. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
11. "Petit Bateau : 91 ans au service des petits comme des grands". *Glamour Paris*. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
12. "Petit Bateau a des jambes et marche bien". *Ouest-France.fr*. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
13. "Visite privée dans les coulisses de la collection été de Petit Bateau". *leparisien.fr*. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
14. "Petit Bateau : et vogue la légende…". *Madame Figaro*. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
15. "Success story : la culotte Petit Bateau". *Marie Claire* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
16. "Petit Bateau réinvente la marinière". *Femme Actuelle*. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
17. "Mode. Quand le pêcheur breton envahit les dressings". *jactiv.ouest-france.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
18. Catherine., Ormen-Corpet (2000). *Modes XIXe-XXe siècles*. Paris: Hazan. ISBN 2850257303. OCLC 412433026.
19. "Petit Bateau mène sa marque". *LExpress.fr*. 13 June 2002. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
20. "Petit Bateau : 1 440 mois et vogue le succès - Stratégies". *Stratégies* (in French). 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
21. Ruaud, Sabine; Boulocher, Véronique (2017-02-26). *Analyse de marché: De la définition au diagnostic* (in French). Vuibert. ISBN 9782311403466.
22. "Petit Bateau: For Serious Kids by BETC Paris". *The Drum*. March 2016. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
23. "Le tourbillon Petit Bateau". *CB News*. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
24. Mélanie Roosen (28 August 2017). "Petit Bateau revient en mode crash test". *ladn.eu*.
25. "Petit Bateau se met à la musique avec Spotify". *Madame Figaro* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
26. Média, Prisma. "Carven en eaux chics avec Petit Bateau - Gala". *Gala.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
27. Trochu, Eugénie. "Tsumori Chisato et Petit Bateau, saison 2". *Vogue* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
28. "Mode". *Cosmopolitan.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
29. "Cédric Charlier revisite la marinière Petit Bateau - Elle" (in French). 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
30. Grazia.fr (2013-09-19). "Christian Lacroix emmène Petit Bateau à l'Opéra Garnier". *Grazia.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
31. "Collaboration : quand Petit Bateau accueille à son bord la maison Kitsuné". *O* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
32. "Jean-Charles de Castelbajac embarque pour Petit Bateau". *Madame Figaro* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
33. Assor, Constance (2016-08-29). "Petit Bateau donne carte blanche à Inès de la Fressange". *Le Point* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
34. Grazia.fr (2015-07-24). "K-Way x Petit Bateau : quand l'imper fusionne avec la marinière". *Grazia.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
35. "Petit Bateau la joue naturaliste avec Deyrolle". *FashionNetwork.com*. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
36. Périer, Marie. "Petit Bateau x Keith Haring, la collection pop pour petits et grands". *Vogue* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
37. "Les gribouillis de Petit Bateau et Hervé Tullet". *www.dailyelle.fr*. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
38. "Collection capsule : Petit Bateau + L'école des loisirs". *MilK* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
39. "Les tutos vidéos des ateliers Tok-Tok avec Petit Bateau". *L’ADN*. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
40. "Made in France – Une marque nous mène en bateau" (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
41. "Pour ses 120 ans, Petit Bateau rend hommage à ses ouvriers". *Le Monde.fr* (in French). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
42. "Petit Bateau fête ses 120 ans à Troyes". *FIGARO*. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
43. "Petit Bateau cherche à multiplier les partenariats à l'international". *Le Monde.fr* (in French). 4 October 2012. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
44. "Soldes : que cache l'étiquette de votre tee-shirt ?". *Franceinfo* (in French). 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
45. "Vidéo - François Hollande visite l'usine de Petit Bateau ce jeudi matin". *lest-eclair.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
46. "Petit Bateau lance son appli de recyclage". *MilK* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.

## InfoBox

Petit Bateau
| Trade name | Petit Bateau |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Public |
| Industry | Textile |
| Founded | 1920 (1920) |
| Founder | Pierre Valton |
| Headquarters | Troyes, France |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Patrick Pergament (CEO) |
| Products |  |
| Brands | Petit Bateau |
| Revenue | €265 million in 2008 |
| Owner | Yves Rocher Company |
| Number of employees | Nearly 4,000 employees, of which 1,100 in the Aube |
| Website | www.petit-bateau.com |


title: Hopea treubii

abstract: Hopea treubii is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. It is named for the Dutch botanist Melchior Treub.

text:
# Hopea treubii

***Hopea treubii*** is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. It is named for the Dutch botanist Melchior Treub.

## Description

*Hopea treubii* grows as a forest canopy tree, up to 40 metres (130 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 80 cm (30 in). It has buttresses and flying (detached) buttresses. The bark is fissured. The leathery leaves are shaped obovate to elliptic and measure up to 8 cm (3 in) long. The inflorescences measure up to 8 cm (3 in) long and bear up to seven yellow flowers. The nuts are egg-shaped and measure up to 1.1 cm (0.4 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

*Hopea treubii* is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests, to elevations of 400 m (1,300 ft).

## Conservation

*Hopea treubii* has been assessed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by conversion of land for plantations, agriculture and logging roads. The species is also threatened by logging for its timber. The species is found in some protected areas.

## InfoBox

| *Hopea treubii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Dipterocarpaceae |
| Genus: | *Hopea* |
| Species: | ***H. treubii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hopea treubii***
F.Heim | |
|


title: Norton RCW588

abstract: The Norton RCW588 is a Works Racing motorcycle, produced for the 1988 to 1994 racing seasons, initially with an air-cooled version of the road-going twin-rotor Wankel engine used in the Classic soon followed by watercooled versions from 1989. Racing started in late 1987 with employee Malcolm Heath as development rider on a limited budget, then with a six-man team from 1989 including riders Trevor Nation and Simon Buckmaster. With major sponsor John Player & Sons, the Norton Rotary achieved significant racing success with riders Steve Spray, Robert Dunlop, and Ron Haslam, together with stand-in riders Andy McGladdery and Terry Rymer. Steve Hislop achieved a win at the 1992 Senior TT race, the first time Norton had won the class since 1961, and Ian Simpson won the 1994 British Superbike Championship. The unique Wankel engine configuration measured at a capacity of 588 cc was accepted by the FIM in 1990, allowing the Norton to enter the 500 cc Grand Prix premier racing class.

text:
# Norton RCW588

The **Norton RCW588** is a Works Racing motorcycle, produced for the 1988 to 1994 racing seasons, initially with an air-cooled version of the road-going twin-rotor Wankel engine used in the Classic soon followed by watercooled versions from 1989.

Racing started in late 1987 with employee Malcolm Heath as development rider on a limited budget, then with a six-man team from 1989 including riders Trevor Nation and Simon Buckmaster. With major sponsor John Player & Sons, the Norton Rotary achieved significant racing success with riders Steve Spray, Robert Dunlop, and Ron Haslam, together with stand-in riders Andy McGladdery and Terry Rymer. Steve Hislop achieved a win at the 1992 Senior TT race, the first time Norton had won the class since 1961, and Ian Simpson won the 1994 British Superbike Championship. The unique Wankel engine configuration measured at a capacity of 588 cc was accepted by the FIM in 1990, allowing the Norton to enter the 500 cc Grand Prix premier racing class.

## Development

### RC588

Tracing its origins to the motor from the Norton Classic devised and developed by David Garside at BSA in the 1970s, the racing engine was nevertheless the creation of Brian Crighton, who joined the Norton factory at Shenstone, Staffordshire in 1984 from a background in electronic engineering to oversee the service department's maintenance of the Norton Commander for the Police Force, and was responsible for establishing Norton's return to racing.

After recognising the engine was capable of producing much more power, Crighton firstly received no backing from Norton management, instead developing the engine in his own time, until sanctioned by the factory in late 1987 with the prototype race bike debuted by Norton employee Malcolm Heath at Darley Moor.

Based on an ex-police bike engine, it was restricted to club-level racing as the ACU had not decided on how to categorise the rotary engine as it was so unusual.

One of the initial changes for racing was to reduce the cooling-fin area on the engine, as when racing, the machines were moving at much higher speeds than the road-going types, where traffic police and RAC breakdown patrols had experienced overheating when in slow-moving convoys. Also added was Ram Air induction from fairing-mounted air scoops, which *Motorcycle Sport* confirmed in 1988 that Crighton had used since 1972, "...some years before Honda, who later claimed it as one of their innovatory applications...", and a longer induction-length. Power output was stated to be raised from road-going 79 bhp to 130 bhp, or with maximum ram-effect at a high-speed circuit of 140 bhp.

The engine was basically similar to the road version, but fitted into a monoshock Spondon aluminium frame with Kayaba front forks and Dymag wheels. The revised induction system was simplified, abandoning the road system where the cooling air was routed through the engine rotors before being fed into the carburettors. Instead, exhaust-gas velocity was used with a venturi to create a low pressure area that dragged the air through the engine components and into the exhaust system.

Crighton confirmed the usual method of modifying a road engine for racing was to replace the essential components of crankshaft, conrods, pistons and camshafts – but the rotary had none of these. Even raising the compression ratio was extremely difficult, requiring re-engineered rotors and/or altered motion within the chambers. Instead, modifications were made in similar style to two-stroke engines, by changes to the internal ports controlling intake mixture and waste gases, in conjunction with enhanced carburation and exhaust gas extraction.

Initially the team raced with a limited budget in 1988 with riders Trevor Nation and Simon Buckmaster, having some sponsorship from Dunlop tyres, Duckham's oils, Renold chains and Amal carburettors. The roadgoing SU carburettors of CV type were replaced for racing by Amal slide-operated units.

Subsequent temporary riders covering for injuries included Terry Rymer and Andy McGladdery. The team won the British Formula One Championship with rider Steve Spray in 1989.

Crighton left Norton in September 1990, following the appointment of Barry Symmons (previously chief of the Honda Britain motorcycle racing squad) as Race Team Manager in early 1990, with Crighton retained for consultancy work. Crighton subsequently developed a shadow-project which he named *Roton*, again with Spray, which competed in the Australian GP held at Eastern Creek circuit, placing 15th with one World Championship point.

Crighton aspired to pursue backing from Chris Oldfield, an Australian businessman and a potential investor who intended to manufacture the machines and run his own race team with Australian riders Grant Hodson and Wayne Clark.

A limited-production road-going version was subsequently developed, initially designated **P55**, becoming known as the Norton F.1.

## Racing results

The RCW588 had a number of racing successes at circuits including the Isle of Man TT, Cadwell Park, Mallory Park and Thruxton.

Ian Simpson won the British Superbike Championship in 1994 on a Team Crighton Norton rotary machine with Duckhams sponsorship, an oil brand name owned by BP.

## Legacy

Brian Crighton continued to develop the Rotary Norton NRV588 concept for Stuart Garner, owner of Norton Motorcycles Ltd based at Donington Hall, again using an aluminium twin-spar beam frame and swinging arm by Derbyshire-based frame specialist Spondon Engineering, which became fully owned by Norton in 2013.

### CR700P

Crighton has further-developed his own machine, designated *CR700P*, with engine chambers enlarged to 700 cc, and using a sealed, pressurised-gas cooling system powered by an external, belt-driven pump circulating the gas through an intercooler mounted in the seat-tailpiece. This allows the engine, designated **Rotron RT700**, echoing the earlier 1990s era when he also used the term *Rotron* for his semi-works Norton rotary, to produce 200 bhp and remain within safe working temperatures.

### CR700W

Engine geometry:

* Generating radius *R = 71 mm*
* Eccentricity *e = 11.6 mm*
* Equidistance *a = 0.5 mm*
* Rotor housing width *B = 80 mm*
* Chamber displacement *Vk = 345 cm3*

In respect to the 588 engine it has a thinner intermediate plate of 22 mm and wider rotor housings of 80 mm, but after all it is 5 mm narrower overall. It produces 220 hp at 10500 rpm (pme = 1.36 MPa) and 105 lbf · ft at 9500 rpm (pme = 1.30 MPa).


title: Laidlaw (novel)

abstract: Laidlaw is the first novel of a series of crime books by William McIlvanney, first published in 1977. It features the eponymous detective in his attempts to find the brutal sex-related murderer of a Glasgow teenager. Laidlaw is marked by his unconventional methods in tracking the killer, immersing himself in a 1970s Glasgow featuring violence and bigotry. When Laidlaw was released in 1977, McIlvanney was known for recently winning the Whitbread Prize with his historical family novel, Docherty; as a complete departure from that genre, it surprised many of his readers.

text:
# Laidlaw (novel)

***Laidlaw*** is the first novel of a series of crime books by William McIlvanney, first published in 1977. It features the eponymous detective in his attempts to find the brutal sex-related murderer of a Glasgow teenager. Laidlaw is marked by his unconventional methods in tracking the killer, immersing himself in a 1970s Glasgow featuring violence and bigotry.

When Laidlaw was released in 1977, McIlvanney was known for recently winning the Whitbread Prize with his historical family novel, *Docherty*; as a complete departure from that genre, it surprised many of his readers.

## Tartan Noir

This novel is considered the first 'Tartan Noir' and is cited as being inspiration for the Rebus novels by Ian Rankin. Alan Massie wrote that "Hemingway used to say that all American literature came out of Huckleberry Finn; all Scottish crime writing — ‘tartan noir’ — comes out of Laidlaw."

## InfoBox

Laidlaw
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | William McIlvanney |
| Language | English |
| Series | Laidlaw #1 |
| Genre | crime fiction |
| Publisher | Hodder and Stoughton |
| Publication date | 1977 |
| Publication place | Scotland |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 224 |
| ISBN | 0340207272 |
| OCLC | 3108663 |
| Dewey Decimal | 823/.9/14 |
| LC Class | PZ4.M1498 Lai PR6063.A237 |
| Followed by | *The Papers of Tony Veitch* |


title: Turbo angelvaldesi

abstract: Turbo angelvaldesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

text:
# Turbo angelvaldesi

***Turbo angelvaldesi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico off Yucatan.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 45.6 mm.

## Habitat

The minimum recorded depth is 43 m, and the maximum recorded depth is 43 m.

* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
* Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) T*he family Turbinidae. Subfamily Turbinidae, Genus Turbo. Errata, corrections and new information on the genera Lunella, Modelia and Turbo (vol. I)*. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 69–72, pls 96–103.

## InfoBox

| *Turbo angelvaldesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Turbinidae |
| Genus: | *Turbo* |
| Species: | ***T. angelvaldesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbo angelvaldesi***<br>Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Turbo (Senectus) angelvaldesi* Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 | |


title: Ptychadena nilotica

abstract: Ptychadena nilotica is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is found in the upper reaches of the Nile and its major tributaries in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, and possibly Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia. Its natural habitats are wetlands near rivers, large lakes, swamps, and freshwater marshes and springs., as well as dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, arable land, irrigation canals and ditches.

text:
# Ptychadena nilotica

***Ptychadena nilotica*** is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is found in the upper reaches of the Nile and its major tributaries in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, and possibly Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia. Its natural habitats are wetlands near rivers, large lakes, swamps, and freshwater marshes and springs., as well as dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, arable land, irrigation canals and ditches.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychadena nilotica* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ptychadenidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychadena* |
| Species: | ***P. nilotica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychadena nilotica***
(Seetzen, 1855) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rana nilotica* Seetzen, 1855 * *Ptychadena filwoha* Largen, 1997 | |


title: Nou Nou Hau

abstract: Nou Nou Hau, stylized NOU NOU HAU, abbreviated NNH, was an avant-garde dōjinshi manga anthology first published in November 1998. The magazine serialized the manga series Afro Samurai.

text:
# Nou Nou Hau

***Nou Nou Hau*** (ノウノウハウ, lit. "No, Know How"), stylized ***NOU NOU HAU***, abbreviated ***NNH***, was an avant-garde *dōjinshi* manga anthology first published in November 1998. The magazine serialized the manga series *Afro Samurai*.

## History

Manga artist Takashi Okazaki started drawing African-American characters on Kleenex boxes when he was younger, inspired by his fondness of hip hop music and culture. Takashi Okazaki threw in some elements of samurai into his work, eventually developing *Afro Samurai*. Takashi Okazaki started writing the series when, he and his other artistic friends created the magazine *Nou Nou Hau*. The magazine debuted in November 1998 with a preparatory "issue 0", featuring *Afro Samurai* on the cover. The lineup of the first issue consisted of Takashi Okazaki, and his friends Dai Okazaki, Ryoji Shibasaki and Mai Shibasaki. The official first issue of *Nou Nou Hau* was published in January 1999 and manga artists Motonobu Hattori and Hiroyuki Hiwatashi began to contribute to the magazine. By the second issue, the binding was changed and contributors of the magazine were asking bookstores to put the magazine on sale, making the magazine's readership increase. Dai Okazaki (now going by the name "Smelly") was asked to be on the Japanese show *Takashi no Dare Demo Picasso* (たけしの誰でもピカソ), which made him famous in the later years. The fourth issue of *Nou Nou Hau* was released right when "Smelly" became a star on *Takashi no Dare Demo Picasso*, which increased the sales of the magazine. The artist Imaitoonz also started to contribute. By issue four, in October 1999, puppet animator Kaori Kuniyasu joined the magazine and for the first time began making a manga. In 2002, German artists named Moga Mobo, who liked the works of *Nou Nou Hau*, asked the artists if they could collaborate. The collaborative effort was included in the September 2002, issue six of *Nou Nou Hau*. In September 2002, *Nou Nou Hau* opened an exhibition called "Show Yavay!!!" in Berlin, with advertising by Moga Mobo. *Nou Nou Hau* was brought to a close when the artists could no longer afford the printing costs.

## Features

The magazine ran many manga series as well an additional "*Nou Hau Talk*" section, featuring interviews with other Japanese artists. The magazine had an array of contributors who serialized many series in the magazine:

* Dai Okazaki — One of the first contributors out of four who became famous on the TV show *Takeshi no Dare Demo Picasso* and became known as "Smelly". Dai was also featured on the cover of issue 3. Dai Okazaki started serializing a *Smelly* manga in May 1999 and also started the series entitled *Bijutsu Techō* in October 1999.
* Mai Shibasaki — Also one of the first contributors who illustrated the cover of issue 1 in January 1999.
* Ryoji Shibasaki — Along with his sister Mai Shibasaki, Ryoji was also one of the first contributors who illustrated the cover of issue 2.
* Takashi Okazaki — Also one of the first contributors who serialized the manga *Afro Samurai* within the pages of *Nou Nou Hau*. *Afro Samurai* first appeared in the promotional issue 0, and then was officially first serialized in the January 1999 issue.

## InfoBox

*Nou Nou Hau*
| Preparatory issue zero of *Nou Nou Hau* featuring *Afro Samurai* on the cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | manga, *dōjinshi*, avant-garde, indie |
| Frequency | Random |
| Circulation | 100 (2006) |
| First issue | November 1998 |
| Final issue
Number | September 2002
6 |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Website | kugel-blitz.com |


title: Vladimir Skočajić

abstract: Vladimir Skočajić is Bosnian football manager and former player. A winger, is most famous for his playing for FK Velež from Mostar, where he scored 48 goals in 153 matches.

text:
# Vladimir Skočajić

**Vladimir Skočajić** (born 14 October 1954) is Bosnian football manager and former player. A winger, is most famous for his playing for FK Velež from Mostar, where he scored 48 goals in 153 matches.

## Playing career

Skočajić started his career in FK Velež Mostar. He is known for scoring 4 goals against strong Dinamo Zagreb. The game ended 9–2, and symbolically, it happened on 9 February 1980. He is one of the two Velež players, the other being Vladimir Matijević, who won the Yugoslav Cup twice, in 1981 and 1986. Nicknamed *Taramba*, he moved to Greece to play for Apollon Kalamarias.

He finished his career because of a serious car accident. His recovery lasted for four months.

## InfoBox

Vladimir Skočajić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1954-10-14) 14 October 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Mostar, FPR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Zrinjski youth categories | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Lokomotiva Zagreb |  |  |
|  | Velež Mostar |  |  |
|  | Igman Konjic |  |  |
|  | Stolac |  |  |
| 1977–1979 | Čapljina |  |  |
| 1979–1983 | Velež Mostar | 153 | (48) |
| 1983–1985 | Apollon Kalamarias | 28 | (4) |
| 1985–1987 | Velež Mostar |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2000 | Zrinjski Mostar | | |
|  | Branitelj | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Turbonilla valdeobesa

abstract: Turbonilla valdeobesa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla valdeobesa

***Turbonilla valdeobesa*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla valdeobesa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. valdeobesa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla valdeobesa***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Wayne Marshall (basketball)

abstract: Wayne Marshall is an American professional basketball player for Shinshu Brave Warriors of the Japanese B.League.

text:
# Wayne Marshall (basketball)

**Wayne Marshall**  (born January 7, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for Shinshu Brave Warriors of the Japanese B.League.

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011-12 | Osaka | 48 |  | 29.3 | .456 | .429 | .626 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 11.2 |
| 2012-13 | Shinshu | 24 |  | 25.9 | .533 | .500 | .769 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 14.6 |
| 2013-14 | Yokohama | 48 |  | 22.8 | .485 | .000 | .566 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 11.0 |
| 2014-15 | Yokohama | 38 |  | 24.8 | .467 | .000 | .637 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.3 |

## InfoBox

Wayne Marshall
| No. 50  Shinshu Brave Warriors | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Center |
| League | B.League |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1986-01-07) January 7, 1986<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Listed height | 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) |
| Listed weight | 287 lb (130 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College |  |
| NBA draft | 2008: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2009–present |
| Career history | |
| 2009-2010 | Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry |
| 2010 | Vancouver Titans |
| 2010-2012 | Osaka Evessa |
| 2012-2013 | Shinshu Brave Warriors |
| 2013-2015 | Yokohama B-Corsairs |
| 2015-2017 | Shimane Susanoo Magic |
| 2017-2018 | Kanazawa Samuraiz |
| 2018-present | Shinshu Brave Warriors |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * B2 Block leader (2020) | |
|  | |


title: Petit Bleu de Gascogne

abstract: The Petit Bleu de Gascogne is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France and used for hunting in packs. Today's breed is the descendant of a large hunting dog. The Petit Bleu de Gascogne is not a small (petite) dog, the name comes from its use on small game.

text:
# Petit Bleu de Gascogne

The **Petit Bleu de Gascogne** is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France and used for hunting in packs. Today's breed is the descendant of a large hunting dog. The Petit Bleu de Gascogne is not a small (petite) dog, the name comes from its use on small game.

## Appearance

The Petit Bleu de Gascogne is directly descended from the Grand Bleu de Gascogne, a hound of ancient type. Smaller examples of the Grand Bleu de Gascogne were selected for hunting small game such as hare (the Grand Bleu de Gascogne was developed to hunt wolves, bears and boars) and eventually became a separate breed. It is a medium-large size dog, not a small dog, standing 52 to 58 cm (20 to 23 in) at the withers, with females slightly smaller.

The colour of the coat is the same as the Grand Bleu de Gascogne, white mottled with black, giving a slate blue overall appearance. There are black patches on either side of the head, with a white area on top of the head which has in it a small black oval. Tan "eyebrow" marks are over each eye give a 'quatreoeuillé' (four-eyed) effect. Faults are deviations in appearance that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as an absence of expected features of colour, structure, and size, indicating that a dog with such faults should not be bred. Faults include aggression or fearfulness, anatomical malformation, and lack of type.

The Petite Bleu de Gascogne is noted for working well in a pack and being calm and easy to handle.

## History

The Grand Bleu de Gascogne's ancestors were contemporary with the St. Hubert Hounds, dogs that were hunted in packs by the 14th century Comte de Foix on wolves, bears and boars. The slightly smaller Petit Bleu de Gascogne used on small game may have existed along with the boar hunting dog for centuries.

"Petite" does not necessarily refer to the size of the dogs, but refers to the French expression for hounds used for smaller game.

## Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. Temperament of individual dogs may vary, but in general dogs bred to be pack hunting dogs do not make good pets.

## InfoBox

| Petit Bleu de Gascogne | |
| --- | --- |
| Petit Bleu de Gascogne (31) | |
| Origin | France |
| Traits  Height  Males  52–58 cm (20–23 in)  Females  50–56 cm (20–22 in)  Coat  Short and thick  Colour  Mottled black and white | |
| Kennel club standards  Société Centrale Canine standard  Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard | |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |


title: Hopea sulcata

abstract: Hopea sulcata is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

text:
# Hopea sulcata

***Hopea sulcata*** is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

## InfoBox

| *Hopea sulcata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Dipterocarpaceae |
| Genus: | *Hopea* |
| Species: | ***H. sulcata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hopea sulcata***
Sym. | |
|


title: Hygrotus versicolor

abstract: Hygrotus versicolor is a species of Dytiscidae native to Europe.

text:
# Hygrotus versicolor

***Hygrotus versicolor*** is a species of Dytiscidae native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Hygrotus versicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Dytiscidae |
| Genus: | *Hygrotus* |
| Species: | ***H. versicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hygrotus versicolor***<br>(Schaller, 1783) | |
|


title: Roger Dobkowitz

abstract: Roger Kurt Dobkowitz is an American television producer best known for his 36-year tenure on the CBS game show The Price Is Right. In addition to The Price Is Right, Dobkowitz also worked on other game shows, such as Family Feud, Double Dare, Now You See It, and Match Game. Dobkowitz graduated from San Francisco State University in 1972 after completing a thesis, A Historical Study of Prime-Time Network Audience Participation Shows 1948–1968.

text:
# Roger Dobkowitz

**Roger Kurt Dobkowitz** (born July 30, 1945) is an American television producer best known for his 36-year tenure on the CBS game show *The Price Is Right*. In addition to *The Price Is Right*, Dobkowitz also worked on other game shows, such as *Family Feud*, *Double Dare*, *Now You See It*, and *Match Game*. Dobkowitz graduated from San Francisco State University in 1972 after completing a thesis, *A Historical Study of Prime-Time Network Audience Participation Shows 1948–1968*.

## *The Price Is Right*

Dobkowitz started as a member of the production staff with *The Price Is Right* when the show debuted in 1972, and became a producer in 1984. He created eighteen of the show's pricing games (one of which, Gas Money, debuted on the first new episode after his departure). He won five Emmy Awards for his work on the show.

Dobkowitz left *Price* in July 2008, following production on the show's 36th season. While *Variety* reported that it was unclear whether his termination was voluntary, Dobkowitz refutes this and says he was terminated, believing the culprit was potentially Drew Carey, Bob Barker's successor as host of the series, after a discussion with top CBS brass.

## InfoBox

| Roger Dobkowitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Dobkowitz in 2007 | |
| Born | (1945-07-30) July 30, 1945<br>San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Television producer |
| Spouse | Valerie Dobkowitz (m. 1976) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Turgenitubulus aslini

abstract: Turgenitubulus aslini is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Turgenitubulus aslini

***Turgenitubulus aslini*** is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Turgenitubulus aslini* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra |
| Superfamily: | Helicoidea |
| Family: | Camaenidae |
| Genus: | *Turgenitubulus* |
| Species: | ***T. aslini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turgenitubulus aslini***
Solem, 1985 | |
|


title: Ptychadena harenna

abstract: Ptychadena harenna is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia and only known from its type locality at the foothills of the Bale Mountains, in the Bale Mountains National Park. The locality is within the Harenna Forest, and common name Harenna Forest grass frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Ptychadena harenna

***Ptychadena harenna*** is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia and only known from its type locality at the foothills of the Bale Mountains, in the Bale Mountains National Park. The locality is within the Harenna Forest, and common name **Harenna Forest grass frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 36–39 mm (1.4–1.5 in) and adult females, based on a single specimen, 45 mm (1.8 in) in snout–vent length. The head is longer than it is broad. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is conspicuous. The toes have moderate webbing. The dorsum has four pairs of longitudinal dermal folds, of which the outer pair is prominent, whereas the inner ones are less well-defined, partly broken into clusters of large, rounded warts. Dorsal colouration is cream or pale grey-brown to dark olive-brown. The dorsal skin folds, upper flanks, upper surface of forelimbs, outer edge of hind limbs, upper eyelids, and lips have often suffused to a variable degree with pink, reddish, or purplish pigment, There are dark grey to black markings on the back that vary from being almost obsolete to relatively numerous and prominent, at least dorsolaterally.

## Habitat and conservation

*Ptychadena harenna* is known from a *Podocarpus* forest, found amongst herbaceous vegetation on the forest floor, and from a shallow, stagnant pool without aquatic vegetation, next to a fast-flowing river. These are at 1,550 m (5,090 ft) above sea level.

The type locality is within a national park, affording the species some protection. Outside the area, it would suffer from environmental degradation caused by increasing human settlement, with the consequent exploitation of resources, particularly forests.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychadena harenna* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ptychadenidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychadena* |
| Species: | ***P. harenna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychadena harenna***
Largen, 1997 | |
|


title: Noé Murayama

abstract: Noé Murayama Tudón was a Mexican actor, who starred in numerous Mexican films.

text:
# Noé Murayama

**Noé Murayama** Tudón (July 4, 1930 – August 25, 1997) was a Mexican actor, who starred in numerous Mexican films.

## Biography

Noé was born in Ciudad del Maíz in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. His father was Japanese Mexican. His name is a Spanish form of the name Noah.

Noé studied to be a dentist.

He played a key role in the Mexican soap opera *El pecado de Oyuki*. He also appeared in *Esmeralda* as Fermín.

His son is actor Claudio Rojo.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Noé Murayama | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 4, 1930<br>Ciudad del Maíz, San Luis Potosí, Mexico |
| Died | August 25, 1997 (age 67) |
| Children | Claudio Rojo |


title: Greg Swann (blogger)

abstract: Greg Swann is the lead author for a leading US based realty website Bloodhound Blog and also DistinctivePhoenix.com, which is devoted to historic and architecturally-distinctive homes in Central and North Central Phoenix. In 2007 Swann was one of ten blog coaches for Active Rain's Project Blogger competition. He also writes for a number of other real estate focused magazines and websites. Greg Swann is a Phoenix-area real estate broker and is frequently interviewed for news items relating to this area. When Ben Behrouzi's Brabus Ventures filed a controversial lawsuit in defense of their ePerks brand against minor blogger Vlad Zablotskyy on June 4, 2008, Swann established a legal defense fund for Zablotskyy and instigated a community led re-branding of the company as eJerks.

text:
# Greg Swann (blogger)

**Greg Swann** is the lead author for a leading US based realty website Bloodhound Blog and also DistinctivePhoenix.com, which is devoted to historic and architecturally-distinctive homes in Central and North Central Phoenix. In 2007 Swann was one of ten blog coaches for Active Rain's Project Blogger competition. He also writes for a number of other real estate focused magazines and websites.

Greg Swann is a Phoenix-area real estate broker and is frequently interviewed for news items (including the New York Times) relating to this area.

When Ben Behrouzi's Brabus Ventures filed a controversial lawsuit in defense of their ePerks brand against minor blogger Vlad Zablotskyy on June 4, 2008, Swann established a legal defense fund for Zablotskyy and instigated a community led re-branding of the company as eJerks.


title: George Phatudi

abstract: Moletje George Phatudi is a South African judge who has been Judge President of the Limpopo High Court since 1 December 2023. He joined that court in July 2016 as a puisne judge. Before that, he was an advocate, attorney, and lecturer at the University of the North.

text:
# George Phatudi

**Moletje George Phatudi** (born 8 March 1959) is a South African judge who has been Judge President of the Limpopo High Court since 1 December 2023. He joined that court in July 2016 as a puisne judge. Before that, he was an advocate, attorney, and lecturer at the University of the North.

## Early life and education

Phatudi was born on 8 March 1959. He studied law at the University of the North, where he was president of the student representative council, completing a BJuris in 1984 and an LLB in 1988. He later completed an LLM at the University of Pretoria in 1995.

While studying towards his LLB, Phatudi was a legal adviser to Anglo-American Property Services from 1986 to 1987. After his graduation, he remained at his alma mater as a lecturer in law from 1989 to 1995. In 1996, he returned to private practice, first as an advocate until 1999 and thereafter as an attorney and director of his own firm, M. G. Phatudi Incorporated.

He was also a commissioner in the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration from 1996 to 2000, and he was an acting judge in the Gauteng Division and Limpopo Division of the High Court of South Africa on several occasions between 2013 and 2016.

## Limpopo High Court: 2016–present

In April 2016, the Judicial Service Commission interviewed Phatudi as a candidate for permanent appointment to the recently established Limpopo Division. Julius Malema, a member of the commission, pressed Phatudi on his business interests and political affiliations, in particular about his former membership in the African National Congress. The Judicial Service Commission recommended Phatudi and Gerrit Muller for the vacancies, and President Jacob Zuma confirmed their appointment with effect from 1 July 2016.

In 2017, Phatudi presided in a high-profile case involving Pastor Lethebo Rabalago, the so-called Doom Pastor, and his church, the Mount Zion General Assembly; he granted an interdict prohibiting the pastor from treating his congregants with Doom insecticide.

### Nominations to deputy judge presidency

Between February and June 2019, Phatudi stood in for Fikile Mokgohloa as acting Deputy Judge President of the Limpopo Division. Thereafter he was twice shortlisted unsuccessfully for appointment to succeed Mokgohloa permanently: first in August 2019 as one of four candidates, though he withdrew from contention on that occasion, and then in April 2021 as one of three candidates.

### Judge presidency

In July 2022, the Judicial Service Commission announced that Phatudi was one of three candidates shortlisted for possible appointment to succeed Ephraim Makgoba as Judge President of the Limpopo Division. The other candidates were Legodi Phatudi and Maake Kganyago. Following the interviews in October 2022, the Judicial Service Commission recommended Phatudi for appointment.

A group of lawyers in Limpopo, the Amalgamated Lawyers Association, objected to his appointment, lodging an application in the Pretoria High Court and a complaint with President Cyril Ramaphosa. The same group also alleged that Phatudi had attempted improperly to block the appointment of Violet Semenya as Limpopo Deputy Judge President.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableGeorge Phatudi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge President of the Limpopo High Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 December 2023 | |
| Appointed by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| Deputy | Violet Semenya |
| Preceded by | Ephraim Makgoba |
| Judge of the High Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 July 2016 | |
| Appointed by | Jacob Zuma |
| Division | Limpopo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Moletje George Phatudi
(1959-03-08) 8 March 1959 |
| Alma mater | University of the North
University of Pretoria |
|  | |


title: Hallock, Minnesota

abstract: Hallock is a city in and the county seat of Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 906 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Hallock, Minnesota

**Hallock** (/ˈhælɒk/ *HAL-ok*) is a city in and the county seat of Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 906 at the 2020 census.

## History

Hallock was platted in 1879. The city was named for Charles Hallock, an American writer. Hallock was incorporated as a city in 1887. A post office has been in operation at Hallock since 1879.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.10 square miles (5.44 km2), of which 2.04 square miles (5.28 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is water.

U.S. Highway 75 and Minnesota State Highway 175 are two of the main routes in the city.

Hallock Municipal Airport serves the city, being just one mile south of Hallock.

### Climate

| Climate data for Hallock, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1899–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 51
(11) | 61
(16) | 77
(25) | 98
(37) | 101
(38) | 103
(39) | 109
(43) | 104
(40) | 102
(39) | 92
(33) | 75
(24) | 54
(12) | 109
(43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 36.1
(2.3) | 35.9
(2.2) | 49.3
(9.6) | 69.4
(20.8) | 86.0
(30.0) | 89.1
(31.7) | 89.7
(32.1) | 92.1
(33.4) | 84.5
(29.2) | 72.7
(22.6) | 51.0
(10.6) | 34.8
(1.6) | 88.5
(31.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 13.1
(−10.5) | 17.7
(−7.9) | 31.6
(−0.2) | 50.1
(10.1) | 66.3
(19.1) | 75.8
(24.3) | 79.4
(26.3) | 78.6
(25.9) | 68.7
(20.4) | 51.7
(10.9) | 33.9
(1.1) | 19.0
(−7.2) | 48.8
(9.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 4.5
(−15.3) | 8.6
(−13.0) | 23.7
(−4.6) | 40.1
(4.5) | 54.5
(12.5) | 64.7
(18.2) | 68.4
(20.2) | 67.0
(19.4) | 57.2
(14.0) | 42.6
(5.9) | 26.2
(−3.2) | 11.8
(−11.2) | 39.1
(3.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −6.3
(−21.3) | −0.4
(−18.0) | 15.8
(−9.0) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 42.7
(5.9) | 53.7
(12.1) | 57.4
(14.1) | 55.5
(13.1) | 45.8
(7.7) | 33.4
(0.8) | 18.5
(−7.5) | 4.6
(−15.2) | 29.4
(−1.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −27.9
(−33.3) | −25.4
(−31.9) | −13.1
(−25.1) | 12.0
(−11.1) | 26.8
(−2.9) | 42.1
(5.6) | 46.5
(8.1) | 44.3
(6.8) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 16.8
(−8.4) | −6.1
(−21.2) | −19.0
(−28.3) | −25.5
(−31.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −44
(−42) | −45
(−43) | −42
(−41) | −13
(−25) | 11
(−12) | 24
(−4) | 34
(1) | 28
(−2) | 13
(−11) | −7
(−22) | −32
(−36) | −54
(−48) | −54
(−48) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.53
(13) | 0.47
(12) | 0.72
(18) | 1.14
(29) | 3.00
(76) | 4.24
(108) | 3.49
(89) | 2.58
(66) | 2.57
(65) | 1.85
(47) | 0.93
(24) | 0.79
(20) | 22.31
(567) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 67.5 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 302 |  |  |
| 1900 | 805 |  | 166.6% |
| 1910 | 910 |  | 13.0% |
| 1920 | 1,012 |  | 11.2% |
| 1930 | 869 |  | −14.1% |
| 1940 | 1,353 |  | 55.7% |
| 1950 | 1,552 |  | 14.7% |
| 1960 | 1,527 |  | −1.6% |
| 1970 | 1,477 |  | −3.3% |
| 1980 | 1,405 |  | −4.9% |
| 1990 | 1,304 |  | −7.2% |
| 2000 | 1,196 |  | −8.3% |
| 2010 | 981 |  | −18.0% |
| 2020 | 906 |  | −7.6% |
| 2022 (est.) | 872 |  | −3.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 981 people, 449 households and 256 families living in the city. The population density was 480.9 inhabitants per square mile (185.7/km2). There were 549 housing units at an average density of 269.1 per square mile (103.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.7% White, 0.1% African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 449 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the city was 51.9 years. 17.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17% were from 25 to 44; 31.5% were from 45 to 64; and 29.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,196 people, 485 households and 305 families living in the city. The population density was 573.2 inhabitants per square mile (221.3/km2). There were 586 housing units at an average density of 280.9 per square mile (108.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.91% White, 0.08% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.59% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.42% of the population.

There were 485 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.

24.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 26.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males.

The median household income was $37,063 and the median family income was $46,042. Males had a median income of $31,848 compared with $21,136 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,156. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

Presidential election results

2020 Precinct Results Spreadsheet
**2016 Precinct Results Spreadsheet**
**2012 Precinct Results Spreadsheet**
**2008 Precinct Results Spreadsheet**
**2004 Precinct Results Spreadsheet**
**2000 Precinct Results Spreadsheet**
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third parties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2020** | **49.0%** *266* | 47.3% *257* | 3.7% *20* |
| **2016** | **51.3%** *272* | 40.6% *215* | 8.1% *43* |
| **2012** | 47.7% *254* | **49.4%** *263* | 2.9% *15* |
| **2008** | 37.3% *225* | **61.2%** *369* | 1.5% *9* |
| **2004** | 46.7% *303* | **51.9%** *337* | 1.4% *9* |
| **2000** | **47.8%** *308* | 44.8% *289* | 7.4% *48* |

Hallock was a main filming location in the Coen brothers' 1996 film *Fargo*, substituting as a fictional version of Brainerd, Minnesota due to Hallock having a better snowfall than Brainerd during production.

## Notable people

48°46′28″N 96°56′47″W / 48.77444°N 96.94639°W / 48.77444; -96.94639

## InfoBox

| Hallock | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Hallock Minnesota welcome sign | |
| Location of Hallock
within Kittson County and state of Minnesota | |
| Coordinates: 48°46′20″N 96°56′38″W / 48.77222°N 96.94389°W / 48.77222; -96.94389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Kittson |
| Founded | 1879 |
| Incorporated | June 11, 1887 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Dave Treumer |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.20 sq mi (5.69 km2) |
| Land | 2.13 sq mi (5.52 km2) |
| Water | 0.07 sq mi (0.17 km2) |
| Elevation | 817 ft (249 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 906 |
| Estimate (2022) | 872 |
| Density | 425.15/sq mi (164.13/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC–6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC–5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56728 |
| Area code | 218 |
| FIPS code | 27-26576 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0644582 |
| Sales tax | 6.875% |
| Website | hallockmn.org |


title: Jim Dunn (pitcher)

abstract: James William Dunn — also known as Bill Dunn — was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who worked in three Major League games, all in relief, for the 1952 Pittsburgh Pirates. Dunn stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84 kg). He graduated from Gadsden, Alabama, High School in 1949 and attended the University of Alabama. Dunn's professional career extended for nine seasons (1951–1959), spent in the Pirates' and Chicago Cubs' organizations. In his first two MLB appearances, August 26 and 28, 1952, he faced the defending National League champion New York Giants and pitched 3⅓ hitless, scoreless innings, with two strikeouts. In his final big league game, on September 12, he worked two innings and allowed two earned runs on four hits to the Boston Braves at Braves Field. He spent the rest of his career in minor league baseball, winning 15 games for the Class C Billings Mustangs in 1955 in his finest season.

text:
# Jim Dunn (pitcher)

**James William Dunn** (February 25, 1931 – January 6, 1999) — also known as **Bill Dunn** — was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who worked in three Major League games, all in relief, for the 1952 Pittsburgh Pirates. Dunn stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84 kg). He graduated from Gadsden, Alabama, High School in 1949 and attended the University of Alabama.

Dunn's professional career extended for nine seasons (1951–1959), spent in the Pirates' and Chicago Cubs' organizations. In his first two MLB appearances, August 26 and 28, 1952, he faced the defending National League champion New York Giants and pitched 3⅓ hitless, scoreless innings, with two strikeouts. In his final big league game, on September 12, he worked two innings and allowed two earned runs on four hits to the Boston Braves at Braves Field.

He spent the rest of his career in minor league baseball, winning 15 games for the Class C Billings Mustangs in 1955 in his finest season.

## InfoBox

| Jim Dunn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1931-02-25)February 25, 1931
Valdosta, Georgia, U.S. | |
| **Died:** January 6, 1999(1999-01-06) (aged 67)
Gadsden, Alabama, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 26, 1952, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 12, 1952, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–0 |
| Earned run average | 3.38 |
| Innings pitched | 5+13 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Nkange

abstract: Nkange is a village located in the Central District of Botswana. It had 3,550 inhabitants at the 2011 census.

text:
# Nkange

**Nkange** is a village located in the Central District of Botswana. It had 3,550 inhabitants at the 2011 census.

## InfoBox

| Nkange | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nkange | |
| Coordinates: 20°17′56″S 27°08′08″E / 20.29889°S 27.13556°E / -20.29889; 27.13556 | |
| Country | Botswana |
| District | Central District |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,550 |
| Time zone | GMT +2 |
| Climate | BSh |


title: Now We're Starting Over Again

abstract: "Now We're Starting Over Again" is a ballad composed by Michael Masser and lyricist Gerry Goffin and first recorded by Dionne Warwick in 1981. The song was most successful as a 1989 single release by Natalie Cole.

text:
# Now We're Starting Over Again

| "Starting Over Again" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Natalie Cole | |
| from the album  *Good to Be Back* | |
| B-side | "I Do" (duet with Freddie Jackson) |
| Released | 1989 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:13 |
| Label | EMI |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Michael Masser * Gerry Goffin |
| Natalie Cole singles chronology | |
| "As a Matter of Fact"
(1989) "**Starting Over Again**"
(1989) "Wild Women Do"
(1990) | |

"**Now We're Starting Over Again**" is a ballad composed by Michael Masser and lyricist Gerry Goffin and first recorded by Dionne Warwick in 1981. The song was most successful as a 1989 single release by Natalie Cole.

## Background

"Now We're Starting Over Again" was one of five studio recordings by Dionne Warwick to augment the concert tracks on her 1981 album *Hot! Live and Otherwise*: three of these studio tracks were produced and co-written by Michael Masser being – besides "Now We're Starting Over Again" – "There's a Long Road Ahead of Us" (also co-written with Gerry Goffin) and "Some Changes Are for Good" (co-written with Carole Bayer Sager), with the latter two tracks being chosen for single release in the US. Also, "Now We're Starting Over Again" was afforded a single release in some countries though without becoming a major hit, with its only evident chart showing being in the UK where it peaked at No. 76.

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 76 |

## Natalie Cole version

Natalie Cole's version of "Now We're Starting Over Again" (simply titled as "**Starting Over Again**") was released in late 1989 in the UK and early 1990 in the U.S., being the fifth of five singles released from her 1989 album *Good to Be Back*, the first of which, "Miss You Like Crazy" (#7 on the Hot 100 / #1 R&B), also a Michael Masser production and co-write, becoming Cole's second major hit produced by Masser and written by Masser and Gerry Goffin, with the first being "Someone That I Used to Love" in 1980 (#21 Hot 100 / #21 R&B). "Starting Over Again" did not afford Cole a Hot 100 or R&B hit but did chart on *Billboard* magazine's Adult Contemporary chart at number five, while also reaching number 12 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart. "Starting Over Again" was also a minor hit in the UK (#56). The B-side of the single was Cole's duet with Freddie Jackson entitled "I Do" which in a previous release had been a top ten R&B chart hit.

### Charts

| Chart (1989-90) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Adult Contemporary (*RPM*) | 12 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 5 |
| UK Singles Chart | 56 |

## Other versions

## InfoBox

| "Now We're Starting Over Again" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dionne Warwick | |
| from the album  *Hot! Live and Otherwise* | |
| B-side | "Hit Record Medley (Anyone Who Had a Heart, The Look of Love, Make It Easy on Yourself)" |
| Released | August 1981 |
| Recorded | 1981 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:08 |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Michael Masser |


title: Lake Tanuki

abstract: Lake Tanuki is a lake near Mount Fuji, Japan. It is located in the city of Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Prefecture, and is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.

text:
# Lake Tanuki

**Lake Tanuki**  (田貫湖, *Tanuki-ko*) is a lake near Mount Fuji, Japan. It is located in the city of Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Prefecture, and is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.

## History

Originally a swampy area, the lake was created in 1935 by diverting the waters of nearby Shiba River to create a reservoir for use in irrigation. The lake is now a popular vacation location, with camp sites, fishing, boating and is noted for its views of Mount Fuji.

## InfoBox

| Lake Tanuki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lake Tanuki | |
| Location | Shizuoka Prefecture |
| Coordinates | 35°20′37″N 138°33′38″E / 35.34361°N 138.56056°E / 35.34361; 138.56056 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Basin countries | Japan |
|  | |
| Max. length | 1.0 km (0.62 mi) |
| Max. width | 0.5 km (0.31 mi) |
| Surface area | 0.312 km2 (0.120 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Water volume | 0.0012 km3 (970 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface elevation | 660 m (2,170 ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Fujinomiya, Shizuoka |


title: Turcot, Quebec

abstract: Turcot is a former village in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A road junction, a railway yard and a city park are also named Turcot, and a street is named rue Philippe-Turcot. The name comes from Philippe Turcot (1791–1861), a merchant and landowner, who sold building lots over the period 1847 to 1860 that became a village known as Turcot.

text:
# Turcot, Quebec

**Turcot** is a former village in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A road junction (the Turcot Interchange), a railway yard and a city park are also named Turcot, and a street is named rue Philippe-Turcot.

The name comes from Philippe Turcot (17911861), a merchant and landowner, who sold building lots over the period 1847 to 1860 that became a village known as Turcot.

45°28′04″N 73°35′59″W / 45.4678°N 73.5997°W / 45.4678; -73.5997


title: Ptychadena ingeri

abstract: Ptychadena ingeri is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. The species is native to the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is known from the Garamba National Park. It is likely to occur more widely, possibly reaching into South Sudan. It is named after Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History. The common name Inger's grassland frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Ptychadena ingeri

***Ptychadena ingeri*** is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. The species is native to the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is known from the Garamba National Park. It is likely to occur more widely, possibly reaching into South Sudan. It is named after Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History. The common name **Inger's grassland frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males of *P. ingeri*, based on two specimens only, measure 30–33 mm (1.2–1.3 in) in snout–vent length (SVL), and adult females measure 39–42 mm (1.5–1.7 in) SVL. It is the only member of the *P. stenocephala* group to have a mid-dorsal skin fold. The legs are relatively long. The shared characteristics of this group are reduced toe webbing, sacral folds on the back, and metatarsal tubercles on the feet. Specifically, one and a half phalanges of the toe V are free of webbing in *P. ingeri*.

## Habitat and conservation

*P. ingeri* occurs in open and wooded humid savanna in association with marshes and temporary as well as permanent waterbodies, including streams. It presumably breeds in water. Population trends of *P. ingeri* are unknown, but it occurs in an area of low human impact and is unlikely to face significant threats. It appeared to be common at the time of collection in 1959. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as "data deficient". The type locality is a protected area.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychadena ingeri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ptychadenidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychadena* |
| Species: | ***P. ingeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychadena ingeri***
Perret, 1991 | |
|