title: Ori (Stargate)

abstract:
The Ori are fictional characters in the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1. Within the storyline, there are fictional beings described as "ascended" because of their use of advanced technology and knowledge of the universe. The Ori are an example of such beings. A significant part of the storyline in the ninth season of Stargate SG-1 involves the Ori's attempt to trick humans into worshipping them as gods. The Ori first appeared in the ninth season of Stargate SG-1, replacing the Goa'uld as the TV series's primary antagonists. While the Goa'uld relied solely on stolen technology from other civilizations to pose as gods, the Ori were conceived as having paranormal abilities in addition to advanced technology. As ascended beings, they live on a higher plane of existence with great power and knowledge and are as close to being "gods" as any non-deific being can be.
The Ori fabricated a religion called Origin, which they use in an attempt to control non-ascended beings. Those who reject Origin risk getting their civilization–or even their planet–wiped out by the Ori.

text:
# Ori (Stargate)

The **Ori** /ˈɔːr/ are fictional characters in the science fiction television series *Stargate SG-1*. Within the storyline, there are fictional beings described as "ascended" because of their use of advanced technology and knowledge of the universe. The Ori are an example of such beings. A significant part of the storyline in the ninth season of *Stargate SG-1* involves the Ori's attempt to trick humans into worshipping them as gods.

The Ori first appeared in the ninth season of *Stargate SG-1*, replacing the Goa'uld as the TV series's primary antagonists. While the Goa'uld relied solely on stolen technology from other civilizations to pose as gods, the Ori were conceived as having paranormal abilities in addition to advanced technology. As ascended beings, they live on a higher plane of existence with great power and knowledge and are as close to being "gods" as any non-deific being can be. The Ori fabricated a religion called Origin, which they use in an attempt to control non-ascended beings. Those who reject Origin risk getting their civilization–or even their planet–wiped out by the Ori.

## Concept and creation

### Genesis

Since the eighth season of *Stargate SG-1* was intended to be the last, the producers finished it with the defeat of the Goa'uld and Replicators. When the Sci Fi Channel renewed the series, however, the producers had grown tired of writing creative endings. Having had good experiences with the first season of *Stargate Atlantis*, they decided to revamp the series by introducing new villains and missions. Thus they considered the beginning of Season 9 as the pilot of a new show.

Season Nine was about wiping the slate clean and resetting the story to where *Stargate SG-1* was in its first season. The reason was that the SG-1 team was now winning every time, having already defeated the main enemies the previous season. Since *SG-1* had always been grounded in Earth mythology, the producers chose the legend of King Arthur for the new season. Merlin, as a famous magical figure, became an Ancient, leading to the Ancients' enemies named the Ori. The Ori are thus "a natural extension of where the Ancient mythology had gone." Up until that point, the story of the Ancients had been kept at arm's length because the show was not about the aliens but "human beings going out into this unexplored, fantastical universe." The producers also stated that a premature full revelation of the Ancients would have caused their story to be less interesting.

Producer Brad Wright believed the Ori were still within the overriding theme of Stargate, as they are "aliens playing gods" in their relationship with ordinary human folk. The introduction of the Ori was to prepare the viewer for their invasion that would occur later in the show. The Ori also served as a challenge for the new heroes in the SG-1 team (Mitchell, Landry, Vala). The writers believed that new bad guys and new obstacles for the characters to overcome would make for a more interesting story.

The name "Ori" comes from the word "origin," as in the origin of the Ancients. When executive producer Robert C. Cooper looked at the root of "origin," he retcon-invented the word "Origin" as the name of the Ori religion. Cooper said it was an interesting idea for him to address the philosophical arguments with various religious people, seeing the whole challenge as "how do you prove whose God exists or whether God exists at all?" Unlike the Goa'uld, who were quickly proven to not be gods after killing them and figuring out their technology, it would be hard to present the same argument to the Ori followers because the Ori were essentially ascended gods. Even if their gods were dead, it would not make much difference to them, as their followers would continue to believe; without the "magic powers" of the Ori, their followers and the Priors (the Ori's missionaries) could still use the technology and their ships. Cooper said that "it's not necessarily wrong to believe in something \[...\] what's wrong is to murder somebody because they don't believe the way you do." Although Cooper was reluctant to get too serious about the meaning behind the Ori as *Stargate* should "first and foremost \[...\] entertain people," he considered it representative of television and the media "mak\[ing\] people believe whatever the people in charge of that magic boxwhatever they want you to believe–they can pretty much convince you, or convince the vast majority of people." For Cooper, "the followers of the Ori were the interesting part," and he "wanted to do a story that was in some way reflective of the differences between people's beliefs that we see around us in our society, and how conflicts arise as a result of that." Cooper was particularly interested in the interaction between Ori followers and other normal human beings and the resulting "mysterious aspect and quality to religious belief and the passion that it invokes." The producers therefore inserted the Ori into the story's background, similar to the way there was very little direct interaction between the actual deities of the religion and mankind in real life.

Cooper was concerned that the distinction between the Ori and their followers was often overlooked, and that the SG-1 team dealt with the followers, not the ascended gods. If, as "The Shroud" suggested, the Ori were actually destroyed by the Merlin's Ancient weapon, the real issue for the SG-1 teams became the followers. Brad Wright pointed to power corruption, the catch of the Ori killing unbelievers.

### Story ideas

In the original pitch for "Beachhead," Brad Wright had intended to let the Ori build and come through the Supergate. It was then decided among the writers to only let the threat of the Ori come through the Priors, and to postpone the actual arrival of the Ori until the end of the season.

The last ten minutes of "Camelot" should serve as a "great, ominous harbinger of the foe" SG-1 is up against. In Season 10, the Ori sweep through the Milky Way galaxy, forcing SG-1 to start from scratch again in finding technology, resources, and allies to fight against them.

If *Stargate SG-1* had continued, the producers would have considered the search for the Ark (of *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*) as the overriding story for the eleventh season, similar to the Sangraal in seasons nine and ten. The producers did not explore more detailed ideas after the show's cancellation.

### Design

Art director James Robbins designed the Ori and the Priors from scratch. At the beginning, he knew a basic description of them and their powers, and that their weapon of choice would look like a staff. The art department looked at Samurai to design their costumes. Inspired by the rituals of remote jungle tribes, Robbins came up with the idea of scarification for the Priors and the Doci (a chief Prior who acts as a mediator or mouthpiece for the Ori). The Priors have scarifications on the chin and the cheek; the Doci have the same scarifications as the Priors with added ones on their foreheads. Scarification would therefore be a symbol of high establishment. Originally, it was also considered for the Priors to have scarification on the hands, along with finger extensions, but this was deemed impracticable. When the Prime Jaffa (a subspecies of humans enslaved by the Goa'Uld) Gerak became a Prior in "The Fourth Horseman," the golden Jaffa tattoo on his forehead was replaced with a Prior scarification, and his makeup was made to look like the gold had melted and become part of the new mark.

Each Prior was given his own unique symbol, which he would wear on his wardrobe and also on his staff weapon. The art department built each staff to have a little orb encased in natural wood, which glows when the actor pushes a little button on the handle.

### Music

Composer Joel Goldsmith's inspiration for the Ori themes had "certain parallels to what's happening today, in modern day." He admits that the music of the Ori was intentionally given a Gothic, Gregorian and Christian feel. He tried to meld a few different styles.

## Mythology of the Ori and the Ancients

The Ori backstory is elaborate. It is explained throughout Seasons 9 and 10 and in the film *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*. Robert C. Cooper considered the backstory "pretty complicated" but felt the show gave the answers to the audience members who wanted to delve deeper.

Part of this story returns to the Ancients, whose backstory began in the Season 1 episode "The Torment of Tantalus." Early in Season 9, Brad Wright explained that the Ori are the original Ancients, who would disagree with the Alterans (later to relocate and be known as the Ancients of the Milky Way galaxy) that they shouldn't interfere because interference would mean playing god, which these beings hadn't quite achieved.

The Ori and the Alterans were one race millions of years ago and lived in a single society on an evolutionary path to ascension. *The Ark of Truth* shows flashbacks to human Ancients coexisting with the people who eventually became the Ori. However, a philosophical division emerged. The Ori grew more and more fervent in their religious belief, while the Alterans adopted a more scientific/rational outlook to become a more progressive society. The Ancients were well known for their fierce belief in free will and had a code to be "fairly non-violent." As such, they do not interfere on lower planes of existence at all, not even to save their own kind from being exterminated by the Ori, or to prevent all life in the Milky Way galaxy from being exterminated by Anubis. In contrast, the Ori constantly interfere. For example, Origin states that failure to share the secrets of the universe with those on the lower planes of existence is an evil act and that anyone not following it must be eliminated; by this definition, every ascended Ancient was evil and must be destroyed. They also have no rules against taking direct control of living beings or completely changing the living beings to behave as the Ori desire. With the Ori outnumbering the Alterans, their viewpoints ultimately diverged so much that the two groups split apart and began to actively oppose each other, with the Ori attempting to kill the Alterans.

Their fundamentally different beliefs in regards to science led the Alterans to hide their level of scientific belief so that they would not get into a conflict. Eventually, the Ancients decided to build a spaceship and leave rather than to use their technology, like the Ark of Truth, to defeat the Ori. Though they had the ability to stop the Ori, they thought it to be philosophically and morally wrong. The film thus addresses the non-interference policy of the Ancients under the Ori threat, and how they act millions of years later, when SG-1 succeeds in killing the Ori.

After much time, believed by Daniel Jackson to be thousands of years, the Alterans discovered the Milky Way, where they eventually seeded life and built their empire. However, even after the Ori had forced the Alterans to leave their galaxy, the two factions remained bitter enemies. Eventually, the Alterans were afflicted with a terrible plague that wiped out most of their civilization and forced them to relocate again. It would later be discovered that what was known of this plague is very similar to the disease used by Priors against non-believers, which had led Daniel Jackson to speculate that the pre-ascended Ori might have been responsible for this plague.

After millions of years, both the Alterans and the Ori learned how to ascend and evolved, forming two groups that continued to oppose each other, even at the higher planes of existence. According to the Orici Adria, the Ori-Ancient war on the Ascended plane is due to the Ancients' intolerance for those who do not comply with their rules about non-interference. According to Orlin, a de-ascended Ancient, the conflict arises from the Ori's ultimate wish to destroy the Ancients once and for all as they seek to eliminate all who oppose them.

When the Ori ascended, they re-created humanity (the second generation of humans) to worship them in the Ori galaxy, and gave their followers the knowledge and technology to essentially enslave others and to force them to believe as the Ori desired. The Ancients shielded the humans in the Milky Way, preventing the Ori from finding out about and enslaving them to "Origin," as they had in their own galaxy. The Ancients do not view this action as a violation of their non-interference policies, as the Ori are at a level equal to themselves. However, as the Ancients will not interfere in the lower planes of existence, the Ori are allowed to send their human followers to the Milky Way in order to convert it, and anyone who wishes to worship the Ori will not be prevented from doing so.

According to Orlin, ascended beings can be empowered by massive numbers of humans worshipping them. The Ori fabricated an entire "Origin" religion, based on the false promise of ascension in order to take power from their human followers. The Ancients refrain from interfering in the lower planes of existence because manipulating and aligning lower life forms could result in exactly this type of corruption. According to the Ancient Myrddin, the Ori had the best intentions when they began. Even after the Ori were destroyed, their followers and Priors continued acting in their name to oppress thousands of people since, for the most part, they were ignorant to the demise of their "gods."

## Characteristics

The Ori impose a religion called Origin on sentient beings, promising a guide towards enlightenment that is also known in the series as Ascension. The faith comes with a holy book called *The Book of Origin*, and the Priors spread the Word of Origin. *The Book of Origin* contains tales of how the followers of the Ori returned to the path of enlightenment and achieved Ascension, although some skeptics consider these merely "fables meant to fill a soul bereft of hope with purpose." Several lines from the *Book of Origin*, or otherwise repeated mantras, are heard on the show. These include variations of "Hallowed are the Ori." The central icon of this religion is fire because it is something that gives off light and warmth. The fact that on Earth fire has some evil or Satanic associations in many modern religions prompted Daniel to posit that the Ancients had influenced this negative connotation in order to identify the threat the Ori pose. Among the populations of natives in the Ori home galaxy are groups of heretics who believe they are being suppressed, and seek to discover forbidden historical knowledge to show others that the Ori, despite their power, are not gods.

Ori military tactics varied during the initial incursions into the Milky Way galaxy and the full-scale invasion that was later achieved through the Supergate. The initial incursions were achieved through lone Priors who were sent to worlds in the Milky Way galaxy, preaching to the populace and distributing copies of the Book of Origin. When the people failed to comply, more drastic measures were taken, eventually to the point of destroying the population. The show features powerful Ori weapons in "Ethon," ships in "Camelot," control chairs like that in "Counterstrike" and Supergates in "Beachhead." The Ori can be killed by Merlin's Sangraal weapon, which nullifies ascended beings. As seen in *The Ark of Truth*, there is also an Ark that Cooper considered "a truly fascinating centerpiece" and "mass brain-washing device" which causes people to see the truth in any given situation. Comparing the Ark to television as it is "a box that light comes out of, and you believe what it says," Cooper left it open whether the choice to do it without guns was ultimately the better method.

## Characters

### Doci

The **Doci** (Latin *docere*, "to teach"), played by Julian Sands, represents the Ori in their home galaxy and leads the Priors. He appears in "Origin," "The Fourth Horseman, Part 1" and *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*. The Doci is essentially a chief Prior who acts as a mediator or mouthpiece for the Ori. The Doci has brown hair and colored eyes, pale skin and facial markings of a Prior. The Doci was introduced in "Origin," where he was shown to reside in the city of Celestis, with his chambers next to the Ori's *Flames of Enlightenment*. In one instance, the Ori possessed the Doci to speak to Daniel. Had Julian Sands not been able to come back as the Doci for the direct-to-DVD film *The Ark of Truth*, the producers had planned to hire another actor as a different Doci in charge in Celestis. Although Sands' availability eventually was a hindrance in *The Ark of Truth*, the producers felt it was better to include the Doci than to completely forego the character.

### Priors

The Ori are served by so-called **Priors**, highly evolved human beings who act as missionaries of the Ori by traveling to different planets to spread the religion of Origin. As the Ori are incapable of directly affecting the material universe in the Milky Way Galaxy due to the protection of the ascended Ancients, they send the Priors as their representatives to circumvent this rule. Cooper said the Priors have "these incredible, superhuman powers," which allow them to perform deeds which they convince people are miracles, attack enemies, and resurrect the dead. They also unleash plagues as punishment for not following the Ori. The Priors believe fervently in their mission, and essentially offer a real religion with big promises. Priors have been encountered on various worlds, trying to convert the local population and fight anyone who tried to stop them, including the Tau'ri and the Jaffa.

As shown in the series, priors are normal humans whom the Ori transform into an evolved state of human to serve as missionaries as a reward for loyalty and devoted service. This process drastically alters their appearance: albino skin and hair, a tracery of raised lines on the chin and cheeks, and indentation of the skull just above and behind the eyes. Their eyes appear as a misty gray pupil without an iris. In "The Fourth Horseman" and The Ark of Truth, SG-1 was able to temporarily disable a Prior's abilities by using ultrasonic sounds to deny Priors access to the advanced areas of their brains.

* **Damaris** (played by William B. Davis) is a Prior who makes contact with the Sodan in "Babylon." SG-1 challenges him in "The Fourth Horseman," where Damaris is killed in self-defense.
* **Daniel Jackson** (played by Michael Shanks) is turned into a Prior by Adria in "The Shroud" as part of her plan to convert the Tau'ri to the path of Origin. However, because Merlin had previously downloaded his memories into him, Daniel is able to maintain his own personality and, after exploiting his Prior powers to finish constructing and activating the Sangraal, reverts to his normal form.
* **Gerak** (played by Louis Gossett Jr.) is a Jaffa introduced in "Origin" who, after becoming interested in the promised path of ascension, turns into a Prior in "The Fourth Horseman." He dies later on in the same episode after turning against Origin. Daniel Jackson speculated that the Ori had included a kill switch when they transformed him into a Prior, to prevent disloyalty.
* **Prior #1** (played by Mark Houghton) visits the village of Ver Eger and revives Vala after her Trial of Fire in "Avalon." He then brings Vala and Daniel to the Doci in the city of Celestis and back to the village to find more heretics in "Origin."
* **Prior #2** (played by Larry Cedar) is the first Prior to be sent to the Milky Way after the Ori learns of the existence of humans in this galaxy. Cameron Mitchell brings him to Stargate Command in "Origin," where the Prior eventually bursts into flames after learning that he would never again leave the planet.
* **Prior #3** (played by Greg Anderson) is the governor of the village of Ver Eger and is introduced in "Avalon" when Daniel and Vala first came to the village. As a reward for doing his duties and putting Vala through a Trial by Fire, he is transformed into a Prior in "Origin." He is later sent to the Milky Way and makes appearances in "The Powers That Be" (unleashing a plague in a defiant village), in "The Fourth Horseman" (turning Gerak into a Prior), and in "Line in the Sand" (ordering the destruction of a village by spaceship). He also appears in *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*, in which he is killed.
* **Prior #4** (played by Ian Butcher) tries to convert the people of Kallana in "Beachhead" and later transforms the planet into a micro black hole to power a Supergate.
* **Prior #5** (played by Morris Chapdelaine) visits the Sodan homeworld in "Arthur's Mantle" and causes Volnek to turn on his fellow Jaffa and kill them.
* **Prior #6** (played by Doug Abrahams) is a Prior introduced in "Crusade" who visits Ver Isca and cures Tomin of his limp, also informing him that he is unable to father children. Prior #6 is on board one of the Ori battlecruisers invading the Milky Way in "Camelot" and is present during Adria's birth in "Flesh and Blood" and informs her parents of her divine purpose. He also appears in "The Quest," accompanying Adria in the search of the Sangraal. He made an appearance in *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*.
* **Prior #7** (played by Peter Nicholas Smyth) accompanies Adria in "Counterstrike" and is killed in an attack by the Jaffa with the Dakara Superweapon.

### Tomin and the Ori warriors

The **Ori warriors** are conscripted men, who were trained to fight non-believers as foot soldiers and take over the Milky Way. Introduced in "Crusade," they are shown wearing metallic plate armor and armed with powerful staff weapons. They are first seen in combat in Season 10. Cooper wrote "Crusade" with the intention to show that the Ori warriors are not two-dimensional, even though their strength of belief and single-mindedness makes them fight for what they want to fight for. According to Cooper, the Ori warriors are a fictional mirror of the events in the real world, but he wanted people to try and understand "why people want to go to war with us, or blow up our buildings, or our airplanes." Cooper also wanted to show that "there's really no winner to the argument" when it comes to "religion and belief, and gods;" according to Cooper, there is a line when a society takes up arms instead of finding a more civilized way of dialogue.

Tim Guinee played **Tomin**, a devout Ori follower of the village of Ver Isca, who becomes an Ori commander in Season 10. He appears in "Crusade," "Flesh and Blood," "Line in the Sand," and *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*. Tomin is intended as a representation of the Ori warriors, and Cooper described Guinee as a "fabulous actor who instantly creates that humanity and empathy ... while he's mass-murdering people." Tomin is introduced in flashbacks in "Crusade," having found Vala after she was transported to the Ori home galaxy. Tomin had been crippled since childhood, and was therefore looked down on by his fellow villagers. Tomin married Vala and accepted her pregnancy as his child, not knowing that it was a miraculous conception set by the Ori. A little later, a Prior visited the village and cured Tomin of his limp, allowing him to become a warrior for the Ori. The prior also told Tomin the truth about the child as "the will of the Ori," who would later be the Orici. Tomin is later able to forgive Vala. Tomin and Vala depart aboard the first wave of Ori vessels entering the Milky Way, and they go separate ways in "Flesh and Blood". Tomin rises to the rank of commander within the Ori warrior armies, and he and Vala meet again in "Line in the Sand." Because a Prior twists the words of the *Book of Origin*, Tomin begins to doubt the Priors and their interpretations of Origin's teachings, and helps Vala escape. Tomin plays an important role in the film *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*, in which, after seeing a Prior's death with his own eyes, he learns the truth about the Ori.

### Adria the Orici

In Season 10, the primary antagonist switched from the Priors and the Doci to the **Orici**, also known by the name **Adria**. The story presents her as a genetically advanced human infused with Ori knowledge, created to circumvent the Ancients' rules that the Ori cannot directly use their powers to conquer the Milky Way galaxy. Adria is one step higher than the Doci, but equal in terms of her role in the Milky Way galaxy, which is to lead the armies of the Ori in the Milky Way galaxy, converting the galaxy to Origin in the process. Adria possesses several Prior-like superhuman abilities, and leads the armies of the Ori until her Ascension in the penultimate episode of *Stargate SG-1*. From a creative standpoint, Adria's character was created to give Vala Mal Doran a story and personality arc as a member of the SG-1 team.

Adria's story begins shortly after the events of "Beachhead," when Vala is impregnated by the Ori in the Ori home galaxy. Vala eventually returns to the Milky Way aboard one of the Ori battlecruisers invading the Milky Way galaxy. In "Flesh and Blood," Vala gives birth to a baby girl, the Orici. Within hours of being born, the child reaches the apparent age of four and heals her mother's pain, knowing that Vala is not a believer in Origin. By the child's apparent age of seven, Vala gives her the name Adria, after her stepmother, a "witch of a woman." Vala escapes when Adria is at the apparent age of twelve. Adria only starts to have an impact in the second quarter of the season, when she has grown "into a beautiful but deadly young woman."

When Vala, who has joined the SG-1 team, meets adult Adria in "Counterstrike," Adria foreshadows her plans with Daniel. In "The Quest," Adria tricks SG-1 into obtaining the Sangraal for her. Adria captures Daniel before he can complete the device. Hoping to convert both Earth and Vala, Adria attempts to convert Daniel to the path of Origin and makes him a Prior. In "The Shroud," however, Daniel betrays her and uses the weapon on the Ori galaxy. In "Dominion," Adria is briefly implanted with a cloned Ba'al symbiote. Although the symbiote is removed, the procedure almost kills Adria and she ascends. Being the only surviving Ori after the events of "The Shroud," Adria alone controls the power generated by the followers of Origin–becoming the closest thing the *Stargate* universe has seen to a true god. She continues the Ori's assault on the Milky Way in *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*. After an Ancient device known as the Ark of Truth affects her galaxy's believers, Adria is last seen in *Stargate: The Ark of Truth* in a battle with the Ancient Morgan le Fay, which in Cooper's view started as a fight in the human realm of existence and continues on the ascended level similar to what happened with Anubis and Oma Desala in "Threads." Adria is thus "eternally distracted from being able to continue her evil ways."

Young Adria was played by three child actressesAdria at age four was played by Robert C. Cooper's daughter Emma, who replaced the originally cast child who suffered from stage fright. Adria at age seven was played by Jodelle Ferland, and at age twelve by Brenna O'Brien. Morena Baccarin was offered the role of adult Adria in a phone call by the producers, who were *Firefly* fans. The orange contact lenses that the actress had to wear made her feel nearly blind and irritated her eyes, so the lenses were dropped during the shooting of "The Quest." Baccarin enjoyed "the whole experience \[...\] incredible" as she got to play a character she could learn from. In her words, "Adria was a complex character and I loved trying to make her sweet as well as totally bad." Brad Wright called Adria "an interesting character because she's the Ori cheating," and compared her to the Ori equivalent of a Harcesis. Cooper considered Adria becoming host to a Goa'uld "the marriage of the old villains and the new villains" and compared it to the episode "Enemies," the first where both the Replicators and the Goa'uld first appeared together. Morena Baccarin was only available for one day during the filming of *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*, worth six pages of script. Cooper had written more scenes between her, Julian Sands ("Doci") and the SG-1 team, but the only other option to what ended up in the film was to cut the character.

### Anti-Ori underground

In the second episode of season 9, it is shown that not all Humans in the Ori Home Galaxy believe their gods to be benevolent as is seen in the case of the **Anti-Ori Underground**. This group of humans live a dangerous life in hiding from purges and the fanatical followers. Their purpose is simply to collect enough evidence to prove to their brethren that the claims of the Ori are false. Despite this, they do believe that the Ori are very powerful; it is only their intentions they doubt. Even though the group lives in the shadows of Ori society, they have collected a number of artifacts that they have kept hidden, since such pieces of technology contradict the book of Origin and thus would be destroyed if discovered. The group also has a number of followers in high positions even within the City of the Gods. All known members of this movement**Harrid** (played by Stephen Park), **Sallis** (April Amber Telek), **Fannis** (Paul Moniz de Sa), **Seevis** (Michael Ironside), and **Denya** (Daniella Evangelista)die shortly after their introduction. Another member is introduced in *Stargate: The Ark of Truth*: **Hertis** (Chris Gauthier). Tomin somehow finds him and takes him to meet with Daniel and Vala in order to find the location of Ortus Malum where the team believes the Ark of Truth to be. He is somewhat suspicious of Daniel and Vala as they are unaware that the fires of Celestis are out (an indication that the Ori are dead) which should have spread very far. Apparently, Tomin told him they were from far away but just not how far (another galaxy). In order to give him proof of their story, Daniel, Vala and Tomin take him to the *Odyssey* which is in orbit. He tells them what is believed to be the location: a mountain high above the Plains of Celestis on another planet. Presumably he is then returned to his home planet as he is not seen again.

## Reception

In reviewing the first part of Season 9, Steven Graves of *TV Zone* was concerned that "mining Arthurian mythology for season 9 may prove to be a mistake for *Stargate,*" comparing scenes of "Avalon" to "a god-awful Merri Olde England pastiche straight out of *Monty Python and the Holy Grail*, complete with unwashed peons, an overbearing church and witch-burning." He however commented about "Origin" that "*Stargate SG-1* seems to be establishing an interesting set of themes this season, providing a timely commentary on religious evangelism and intolerance with its new villains, the Ori." By "The Powers That Be," Graves was sure that "the Ori are a force to be reckoned with." Regarding "The Fourth Horseman," he thought it was "doubly nice" to see an *SG-1* story where the apocalyptic events have an effect on contemporary Earth instead of on alien planets.


title: Raheny

abstract: Raheny is a northern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, halfway from the city centre to Howth. It is centred on a historic settlement, first documented in 570 AD. The district shares Dublin's two largest municipal parks, Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island with its 4.5 km beach, with neighbouring Clontarf, and is crossed by several small watercourses. The coastal hamlet grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now a mid-density, chiefly residential, Northside suburb with a village core. It is home to a range of retail and banking outlets, multiple sports groups including two golf courses, several schools and churches, Dublin's second-busiest library and a Garda station. Raheny is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock.

text:
# Raheny

**Raheny** (Irish: *Ráth Eanaigh*) is a northern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, halfway from the city centre to Howth. It is centred on a historic settlement, first documented in 570 AD (Mervyn Archdall). The district shares Dublin's two largest municipal parks, Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island with its 4.5 km beach, with neighbouring Clontarf, and is crossed by several small watercourses.

The coastal hamlet grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now a mid-density, chiefly residential, Northside suburb with a village core. It is home to a range of retail and banking outlets, multiple sports groups including two golf courses, several schools and churches, Dublin's second-busiest library and a Garda station.

Raheny is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock.

## Location and access

Raheny runs from the coast inland, with its centre about eight kilometres (5.0 mi) from Dublin city centre and seven kilometres (4.3 mi) from Dublin Airport. It is administered by Dublin City Council. The county boundary with Fingal lies close by, where Raheny meets Kilbarrack. Nearby areas include Killester, Clontarf, Artane, Kilbarrack, Coolock and Donaghmede, and the skyline is dominated by Howth Head. Raheny is bisected by the Howth Road (R105) and the R809 (from Bull Island via in turn Watermill Road, Main Street, Station Road) and is also accessed from the Malahide Road (R107), the coastal James Larkin Road (R807) and the R104 (including the Oscar Traynor Road and Kilbarrack Road).

Raheny railway station, opened on 25 May 1844, overlooking the village centre, serves the DART suburban railway system and the Dublin-Belfast main line, and parts of Raheny are served by other DART stations, Harmonstown and Kilbarrack, on the same line. Raheny is also served by Dublin Bus (routes H1, H2 and H3) and has a taxi rank.

Much of the district is situated on gently rising ground, with a bluff overlooking Bull Island at Maywood and Bettyglen, and further rises from the village centre to the station and then to Belmont or Mount Olive, a hill which once featured a windmill. Opposite and beyond Belmont was once an area of sunken land with limestone quarries but this was landfilled, much of it with urban refuse, and then partly levelled and converted into a city park, Edenmore Park, in the late 1960s.

## Historical features

### Ráth (ringfort)

Within Raheny lies the remains of a large ringfort (or *ráth*) from which the area gets its name. The ráth extends under the centre of the modern village, from beside the Santry River, including some marshy ground, to the Roman Catholic church, Windsor Motors, the Scout Den and the two St. Assam's Churches. Some excavations were carried out in the 1970s, giving an idea of its size (probably c. 110m across) and structure. The old church and graveyard complex behind the village plaza may reflect a remnant of the rath, as does some embankment behind the Scout Den.

During the 19th century, significant changes to the village, especially the centre, occurred, as a result of work on the Howth Road by the Telford Engineering Company; prior to this, the road entered the village at the bottom of the central hill, turning sharply coastwards at the top of Main Street. Works to straighten the road resulted in a reduction of the old ringfort.

### Religious sites

The ruined St. Assam's Church, dating from a 1712 reconstruction of a 1609 building, is believed to be the successor to early religious settlement. The later St. Assam's Church, opposite it, was built from 1859, in the period when Roman Catholics regained the right to have their own churches and opened in 1864.

Raheny was also the site of two holy wells. The first of these, St. Ann's Well, gave its name to St. Anne's Park. The site of this well is still visible under a stone cupola by the boating lake in the park, but it has been dry for several decades, despite efforts by municipal authorities to restart it. The second well, dedicated to the patron saint of the area, St. Assam, lay in the field which now holds the Church of Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace. When last recorded, it was marked by a depression in the ground but was later, in the 20th century, covered over, and its waters diverted into the Santry River.

The "Celtic-style" cross on display in the village (now on the main plaza but previously placed in other locations, including at the junctions of Main Street and Watermill Lane, and of Watermill Land and Howth Road) is a memorial to Marie Elizabeth Hayes, an early female medical graduate and 19th-century medical missionary from the area to India, paid for by locals in the area in which the doctor worked.

### Raheny Heritage Trail and guides

In 1992, the *Raheny Heritage Society* published a walking guide, the *Raheny Heritage Trail*, which included a general introduction to the area and its history, and a map, and this was reprinted, with only minor changes, in 2000. Large panels describing highlights of the area's historical and natural sights in English and Irish, and with maps of the central village area, stand either side of the central crossroads. In 2006 the *Raheny Business Association* placed blue informational plaques, with wording coordinated with the *Raheny Heritage Society*, on or near 15 historical buildings.

### Raheny-on-the-Strand

There was, at least by the 18th century, a hamlet, a "second Raheny", Lower Raheny or Raheny-on-the-Strand, in the area of *Black Bush* and by the coastal point known as the "Whip of the Water" - where the Howth Road on its then route, and Fox Stream, met the sea. There was a beach road here, later washed away, then succeeded by the tram line to Howth. The current coastal road, the James Larkin Road, is a later construction.

### Mills and quay

In the 18th century, Raheny had a water mill near the mouth of the Santry River, in ruins by 1757; this gave the name to the lane from the village down to the coastal road, now Watermill Road. There were also two windmills, a rare item on the map of the Dublin area. One of the latter, mapped as "Old Windmill", was situated on the Howth Road, on the slope above the Naniken River, and the other, "The Mill of Raheny", on Belmont hill, where the Capuchin friary now stands. There was also a stone wharf where the lane from the village came down to join the coastal road.

### Crescent Cottages

Eight cottages in a crescent formation on Station Road near the junction with the Howth Road are among the oldest buildings in the village, having been built around 1790 by local resident Samuel Dick, then Governor of the Bank of Ireland. The cottages served as residences for men who worked on Mr. Dick's estate. The cottages are informally known as the "Doh-Ray-Mee" cottages due to their resemblance to piano keys. The cottage nearest to the Manhattan pub was once the village post office. The cottages were willed to a trust to support what is now Springdale School, and aside from one sold, with court permission, to fund capital developments, the rent from the cottages contributes to the running of the school.

## Name

Several explanations exist for the origin of the name Raheny: one (from Ráth Éanna) is that it means the ringfort of Éanna, an early local chief, another (Ráth Eanaigh) is that the name derives from *eanach*, an old Irish word for marsh or swamp, or for a passage through a swampy area. Yet another (deriving from Rath Ain Abha) comes from "Noble Fortress of the Sea". Locally, most use Ráth Éanna while officialdom now tends towards Ráth Eanaigh. Until the mid-20th century, many local residents pronounced the English language name as something more like Rahenny or Rathenny, as it was mapped in the 18th century, or Ratheny.

Although there is a range of similar names (such as Rahanna), the name Raheny is nearly unique in Ireland, occurring in just one other locality, a portion of the rural town of Lusk. This once-significant monastic and civil centre in north County Dublin is not very remote but no connection between the two locales is known.

## Natural features

In addition to the Santry River (historically *Skillings Glas*), Raheny is also crossed by the Naniken River (previously parts of it named *Ballyhoy* after a Raheny townland through which it passes), the Fox Stream and the Blackbanks Stream, all monitored by Dublin City Council. The Santry and the Naniken are shown on many old maps, and one or other of the other two sometimes also appear. The Santry comes from Harristown and Dubber, north of Ballymun, and passes through eastern Santry, and Coolock, then between Harmonstown and Edenmore, to reach central Raheny and then flow on to the sea; it is in the open for most of its course. The Naniken, now culverted for more than half its length, flows from central Santry through Artane, then passes under the railway line in a syphon. Its line is marked by a disused lane from Ennafort to Howth Road, it passes under Ballyhoy Bridge (now hidden under the tarmac of the main road) and comes out of the culvert at the edge of St Anne's Park, and forms a feature through the park. From partway through the park, its course marks the boundary between Raheny and Clontarf. Both the Fox and Blackbanks Streams flow from the limestone area above Station Road (which used to hold caves and quarries), one either side of the steep Belmont or Mount Olive hill on Station Road; both flow underground. The Fox Stream runs through Walmer lands, under Tuscany Downs, but is today smaller than historically, as some of its flow is diverted by pipe before the railway, into the already larger Blackbanks Stream. According to a chronicle of the ceremony of "Riding the Franchises", the Fox Stream used to mark the northern boundary of Dublin City.

A major feature is the nearly five-kilometre (3.1 mi) beach known as *Dollymount Strand*, on the nature reserve of North Bull Island, which is shared with Clontarf. Parklands include the two largest Dublin municipal parks, North Bull Island itself and Saint Anne's Park (formerly the home of the Guinness family of brewing and later banking fame), which is also shared with Clontarf, as well as Edenmore Park (10.25 hectares, with a pitch and putt course, playground and exercise area, and playing fields), Springdale Road Park (along the Santry River) and many small green areas, such as at Rathmore Park, Maywood Lawn and within the Foxfield housing area.

There are walking and cycling lanes on the seafront (one can walk, or cycle on designated cycleways, from Howth to Dún Laoghaire), and also on North Bull Island and in St. Anne's Park. The *Raheny Tidy Village Group*, with the support of Dublin City Council, launched a set of three measured walking routes for the Raheny area, the *Raheny Way*, with a guiding noticeboard placed at Raheny DART Station, and a leaflet available at various locations around the area.

## Community organisations and media

A range of residents' associations have been established over time but many have faded as housing areas have matured. One of those still functioning, the St Anne's Residents' Association (SARA), with some allied bodies, operates a community hall, CARA Hall, on All Saints' Drive, while the Grange Woodbine Association has hall facilities on Station Road. One umbrella body, the *Raheny Community Council* operated for a time in the 1970s, while another, the *Federation of Raheny Residents* (FoRR), was active from 1981 to 2011. The Federation organised a range of activities, some in conjunction with the Raheny Business Association and some with the local authority and other official bodies, including strategic plans for the village, Neighbourhood Watch arrangements, community awareness weeks, the charitable Mayor of Raheny campaigns, events for older people, the setting up of the Millennium Clock in the middle of the village, and the moving of the Marie Elizabeth Hayes Cross.

Many other voluntary groups operate in the area, some secular, such as the Raheny Heritage Society, Raheny Toastmasters, Raheny St. John Ambulance Division Raheny Order of Malta unit and Raheny Community First Responders and some church-related, such as the local conference of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul and the Mothers' Union. A special form of community organisation was the Maywood Avondale Bettyglen TV Association (MABTVA), which provided a local TV cable service for parts of Raheny (most of Dublin being served by one of two large TV cable companies), using its own receiving station, situated at the back of the old Bettyglen Estate.

The *Raheny News*, a local voluntary production founded in 1975, is a four-page local newsletter, known as the "green paper" due to its distinctive publication material. It is produced weekly throughout most of the year by a group of local people, with some support from the Roman Catholic parish. It was a partial successor to *The Acorn*, a bi-monthly magazine sponsored by the joint Killester-Raheny parish, and then by Raheny parish alone, and to *The Relay*, the magazine of Raheny Community Council. Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland parishes also produce bulletins. Another local paper, *The Raheny Informer*, was published monthly in the 2000s. From time to time, postcards of the area are published.

Raheny is part of the service area of the community radio station NEAR FM.

### Business community

A number of local businesses, and some civic entities, are members of the Raheny Business Association (RBA), a form of chamber of commerce.

### Environment and Tidy Towns

Raheny's voluntary Tidy Village Group drives activities for the Tidy Towns competition, and has helped the area win a number of civic awards. In 2006, the Raheny Business Association began to sponsor a part-time paid coordinator to help the group in its work. Raheny received a *Highly Commended* rating in the 2008 Tidy Towns competition, and the detailed report noted potential, with some further organisation, to win the competition outright. The following year, 2009, Raheny won the Best Urban Village award and was one of four areas of Dublin City to receive a commendation in the overall Tidy Towns competition. In 2014 Raheny again won the Best Urban Village award in the Tidy Towns competition. Raheny won the bronze medal in its category in the National Tidy Towns Competition every year from 2015 to 2019; the Tidy Towns contest was not held in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Raheny Way is a project developed by the Raheny Tidy Village group aimed at developing walking routes within the Raheny area. Routes identified take the walker past many historical and environmental attractions in the area. The Tidy Village group also runs community events such a Tallest Sunflower Competition and beach cleans.

## Amenities and business

Raheny's library was opened in 1972 and is Dublin's second busiest municipal branch library. Located near the village centre it has a reading garden and recycling centre. Adjacent to the library is the site of the first Catholic School in the village, built by William Sweetman circa 1820, now a solicitor's office. The district also holds St. Francis Hospice and St. Joseph's Hospital (administered by Beaumont Hospital Board), as well as a small local health centre, a Credit Union branch (the local credit union merged with those of Artane and Coolock), a Garda Síochána station, located opposite the national school complex on All Saints' Drive, and one of Dublin's three driving test centres, at the St. Anne's shopping plaza. Local amenities include several shops and small shopping areas. There are several financial institutions, a fitness club and several doctors, dentists and specific and alternative health providers. The area's swimming pool, separate from but adjacent to St. Paul's College, closed to the public in 2006 after about 30 years of private operation, and was later replaced by an apartment block development.

The main local shopping facility is located in the centre of the village, on Howth Road beside the Santry River. The anchor unit is a SuperValu store. Across Howth Road from the shopping centre proper, are several other retail units and service outlets. Dublin bus routes 31 and 32 serve the shopping centre's 'Raheny Village' stop. Parts of the areas are also served by the Tesco-anchored Kilbarrack Shopping Centre and another in coastal Kilbarrack and Edenmore Shopping Centre, and the nearest large supermarkets are in Donaghmede and at Clare Hall. There are two service stations, one at each end of the area, and there are several motor dealers and vehicle repair locations.

### Hospitality

In addition to a number of bed-and-breakfasts and guest houses, there are several pubs in the area. These include the Cedar Lounge, the Manhattan, the (Raheny) Inn and the Watermill, and eating places include the Watermill and three restaurants, one of the three old schoolhouses in the village centre, at the top of Main Street, one on Watermill Road, in the former Raheny Hardware building, and one in St Assam's, as well as a coffee shop with dinner service, under the main shopping centre.

## Religious institutions

Raheny has four church buildings in the village core, active Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland (Anglican) churches, one closed Catholic church, and one ruin. The Catholic church overlooks the centre of the village (with feature belfry and baptistry), while the Church of Ireland building is sited on the approach to the village centre from the city.

The central Roman Catholic church building is the Church of Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace, of the Catholic Parish of Raheny. The building, completed in 1962, was designed by Peppard and Duffy architects, at the behest of Monsignor William Fitzpatrick and Archbishop John Charles McQuaid, with a capacity of 1500 to accommodate a burgeoning local congregation. The church opened on Sunday, 22 July 1962. The main entrance is framed within a large triangle inset with numerous smaller triangles, recalling traditional motifs from Romanesque Irish churches. The facade and the bell tower are built with green limestone.

Our Lady's substantially smaller predecessor, St. Assam's Church, built between 1859 and 1864, is directly opposite. Regular worship ceased there when Our Lady's opened, and it was lightly used for the succeeding three decades, hosting St Joseph's Youth Club (Bru Sheosamh), Taize prayer services, and some meetings and occasional Masses. The building is a Protected Structure. It was later sold, and a conversion to office space was planned.

The district is also served by the pyramid-style church of Kilbarrack-Foxfield Parish, by St. Benedict's, of Grange Park Parish, and by St. Brigid's, of Killester Parish, and by the chapel at the Capuchin Friary. A number of other Roman Catholic religious orders also have local presences. Prior to the restoration of local worship, Rahenyites had for centuries to attend Mass in Coolock or, later, Clontarf, or in local houses.

The Church of Ireland church, for the Anglican Parish of Raheny, (now in Union with the Parish of Coolock), All Saints Church, was built at the expense of Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun of the Guinness family. Before this church was built, Raheny Parish was served by the older church in the centre of Raheny, an earlier St. Assam's Church, dating back to 1712, and previously to 1609 and before. All Saints' has a Rectory in the grounds, as well as a community hall and a preserved gate lodge for the verger. In April 2010, it was announced that the church required extensive roof repairs and funds were raised to complete this.

There was for some time also a large Plymouth Brethren meeting hall in "new" Bettyglen. Methodist worshippers have churches in Clontarf and Sutton, and Presbyterian churches are in Clontarf and Howth.

## Education

The district has a boys' secondary school, St. Paul's College, Raheny (attended by approximately 600 pupils in 2006) and one of Ireland's largest girls' secondary schools, Manor House, as well as Ardscoil La Salle, on Raheny Road, a smaller mixed second level facility.

There is a primary school complex just behind the village centre, with a mixed junior school, Scoil Ide, and distinct boys' and girls' senior schools, Scoil Assaim and Scoil Aine respectively, as well as a shared assembly hall, used for many community events. There is also a mixed primary school, Springdale National School, on Springdale Road, overseen by a Board of Governors, with an endowment which includes rent from seven of the area's historic cottages at the Crescent. There is a special national school operated by St. Michael's House on Raheny Road, and another general primary school in the Grange Park locality.

The locality of Edenmore has its own school facilities, with a junior girls' school (St Monica's), and separate senior primary schools for boys (St Malachy's) and girls (St Eithne's).

## Sport

### GAA

Raheny GAA, founded in the late 1950s, has a large clubhouse on All Saints Drive. St Vincents GAA was based north of the village centre, but has since moved to Marino

### Athletics

Raheny Shamrock Athletic Club operates from a converted old schoolhouse behind the Scout Den on the slopes of the old fortification which gives its name to Raheny. The Shamrocks manage the annual AXA Raheny Five Mile Road Race, and 30 other events. The club became the largest athletics club in Dublin and have provided four Olympians. There is also a regular "parkrun" in St Anne's Park.

### Soccer (association football)

Raheny United F.C. was formed from the union of two local clubs, Raheny Boys F.C. and Dunseedy United F.C. The senior men's team plays in Athletic Union League, while the senior women's team were founder members of the Women's National League and have also played in the Dublin Women's Soccer League Grange Woodbine F.C. was founded in 1973 and its teams play their home matches at Edenmore Park and Woodbine Road Belgrove F.C. play their home matches at St. Paul's College, Raheny.

St. Anne's Golf Club, founded by a small group of locals in 1921, is based at the Raheny end of Bull Island, while the Royal Dublin Golf Club is also on Bull Island, primarily in Clontarf but partly, and with its service entrance, in Raheny. There is also a public par-3 golf course in St Anne's Park, and municipal Pitch and Putt facility within Edenmore Park, on Station Road.

### Racquet sports

St Anne's Park Tennis Club plays at the public tennis courts at St Anne's Park. There are also two badminton clubs, Raheny Badminton Club and Raheny Smashers, both playing at the badminton facility in Baldoyle.

## Youth groups

The 73rd Raheny Scout Group, a unit of Scouting Ireland, meet at their den on the banks of the Santry River, opposite the Church of Our Lady Mother of Divine Grace on the Howth Road. Raheny Guides, also known as Buion An Leanbh Prague of the Catholic Guides of Ireland, have been in existence since 1966, meeting on a Wednesday evening. The Cygnets (age 5–7) meet in the CARA Hall and the Brigins (age 6–10), Guides (age 10–16) and Rangers (age 14–19) meet in Scoil Aine (Raheny N.S.) Hall. There are also Girls' and Boys' Brigade companies meeting at the Church of Ireland halls.

Previously the area had a youth club for the eastern end of the village, M.A.F.R.A., and later St Joseph's Youth Club, based at the new St Assam's Church, and supported by the Roman Catholic parish.

## Politics

In Dáil Éireann, Raheny is part of the five-seat Dublin Bay North constituency. Until the 2016 general election it was split between the constituencies of Dublin North-Central and Dublin North-East. The splitting of the district, which also gives electoral stations on either side of the village centre (generally at the library and at the National Schools complex), was a source of local anger for many years.

Long-serving politicians for the area include Seán Kenny (politician), a Dublin City Councillor from 1979 until 2011 when he was elected for the second time in Dáil Éireann (the first occasion having been in the 1990s) and former minister Michael Woods, who lives in neighbouring Kilbarrack. Past figures include the late ex-Taoiseach Charles Haughey, and Councillor Niamh Cosgrave, of Foxfield, the latter in a rare move having been removed from the City Council for non-attendance.

## Localities and housing

The civil parish of Raheny comprises at least the townlands of Ballyhoy, Bettyville, Charleville, Edenmore, Foxlands, Glebe, Maryville, Mountolive (or Mount of Olives), North Bull Island, Raheny North, Raheny South and (the) Snug. Some historic records also note the village centre as a distinct entity, "Raheny Town". Foxlands now contains Avondale, Maywood and Bettyglen, while Mountolive (and parts of Swan's Nest) now include several roads and estates, notably "Tuscany Downs" whose naming caused ministerial comment and public discussion about inappropriate naming conventions. The modern civic district is sometimes seen as extending beyond these areas, and at one time Raheny was used as the address for much of what is now Donaghmede, for example. The civil parish is still maintained in law, and its boundaries were last reviewed in 1985, with their extension to a greater part of Dublin Bay; it includes half, or slightly more, of Bull Island.

The first major housing development in Raheny was St Anne's, built for Dublin Corporation on parts of the former Guinness estate not retained as a public park, which was followed by Cill Éanna and Ennafort, then Avondale, Rathmore Park, St Assam's and Foxfield, and Maywood were developed by the building firm of Curtis & Farrelly in the early to mid-1960s. Grange Park, Millwood and Grange-Woodbine, and "Old" Bettyglen followed, and later Ashcroft on the former St Vincent's grounds, "New Bettyglen" in the 1980s, Belmont and Tuscany Downs. There are a number of housing units for older people, notably in St. Anne's and at Avondale, and three retirement/nursing homes, one formerly dedicated for retired members of the Garda Siochana and their families, one run by the Little Sisters of the Poor at Sybil Hill, and one HSE facility. The Sorohan Brothers built a range of houses from 1966.

Starting in the mid-2000s, Raheny, most of which was laid out with semi-detached and terraced houses with good gardens front and rear, has seen some infill development, especially on corner sites, and the arrival of a small but growing number of apartment developments (the area previously had almost no apartment buildings).

### Localities

All of one and part of another of Raheny's townlands were largely developed by Dublin Corporation to form a new neighbourhood, Edenmore, in one of its largest-ever housing projects. Although still part of the overall district, and shown in addresses as *Edenmore, Raheny*, the new area, with its own schools, small shopping centre (including one of Dublin's highest-turnover pubs), church (Roman Catholic: St. Monica's), health centre and some sports teams, has a distinct identity. There is also a nursing home, St Gabriel's.

The locality of Harmonstown, straddling the boundary between Raheny and Artane, lies just over the railway line from the Ennafort housing development in Raheny, and across the Santry River from Edenmore.

## People

**Born in Raheny**

**Resident**

**Went to school in Raheny**

**Otherwise connected**

## Sources

* www.raheny.com (as at 10 March and 17 April 2006, and since)
* Dublin: The Acorn (journal), Roman Catholic Parish of Killester and Raheny
* Raheny Branch, Dublin Public Libraries: Local History File
* Raheny, Dublin, 1990: Through countless ages: The story of the church and parish of All Saints, and the district of Raheny; Arthur Garrett
* Raheny, Dublin, 1992 and 2000: Raheny Heritage Trail, Raheny Heritage Society
* Raheny, Dublin: Census Returns of Raheny and Environs, Raheny Heritage Society
* Dublin, Cahill, 1922: Authentic Derivations of Place-Names in County Dublin Traced and Explained With the Aid of Real Evidence; MacNamara, M. A
* Dublin, Ordnance Survey of Ireland: 2005, Map of Dublin District

## InfoBox

| Raheny Ráth Eanaigh | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb (village core) | |
|  | |
| RahenyLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 53°22′49″N 6°10′30″W / 53.3803°N 6.17498°W / 53.3803; -6.17498 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Leinster |
| County | Dublin |
| Council | Dublin City |
| Government | |
| Dáil Éireann | Dublin Bay North |
| EU Parliament | Dublin |
| Area<br>(Civil Parish, excluding sea) | |
| Suburb (village core) | 3.88 km<sup>2</sup> (1.50 sq mi) |
| Elevation<br>(village centre) | 20 m (70 ft) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Urban | over 18 000 (census areas are not a match for districts) |
| Area code(s) | 01, +353 1 |
| Website | www.raheny.com |


title: The Naturalists' Handbooks

abstract: The Naturalists' Handbooks is a series of natural history books aimed at students, naturalists and ecologists. Most volumes cover topics relating to insects, but some cover other groups of invertebrates, and some are botanical or mycological in scope, and other cover study techniques. The series first handbook, Insects on Nettles was published in 1983.

text:
# The Naturalists' Handbooks

***The Naturalists' Handbooks*** is a series of natural history books aimed at students, naturalists and ecologists. Most volumes cover topics relating to insects, but some cover other groups of invertebrates, and some are botanical or mycological in scope, and other cover study techniques. The series first handbook, *Insects on Nettles* was published in 1983.

## Volumes

A list of the volumes published to date is:

1. *Insects on Nettles* by B N K Davis (1991)
2. *Grasshoppers* by V K Brown (1990)
3. *Solitary Wasps* by Peter F Yeo and Sarah A Corbet (1995)
4. *Insects and Thistles* by Margaret Redfern (1995)
5. *Hoverflies* by Francis S Gilbert (1993)
6. *Bumblebees* by Oliver E Prys-Jones and Sarah A Corbet (1991)
7. *Dragonflies* by Peter L Miller (1995)
8. *Common Ground Beetles* by Trevor G Forsythe (1987)
9. *Animals on Seaweed* by Peter J Hayward (1998)
10. *Ladybirds* by Michael Majerus and Peter Kearns (1989)
11. *11 Aphid Predators* by Graham E Rotheray (1989)
12. *Animals on the Surface Film* by Marjorie Guthrie (1989)
13. *Mayflies* by Janet Harker (1989)
14. *Mosquitoes* by Keith R Snow (1990)
15. *Insects, Plants and Microclimate* by D M Unwin and Sarah A Corbet (1991)
16. *Weevils* by M G Morris (1991)
17. *Plant Galls* by Margaret Redfern and R R Askew (1992)
18. *Insects on Cabbages and Oilseed Rape* by William D J Kirk (1992)
19. *Pollution Monitoring with Lichens* by D H S Richardson (1992)
20. *Microscopic Life in Sphagnum* by Marjorie Hingley (1993)
21. *Animals of Sandy Shores* by Peter J Hayward (1994)
22. *Animals under Logs and Stones* by C Philip Wheater & Helen J Read (1996)
23. *Blowflies* by Zakaria Erinçlioglu (1996)
24. *Ants* by Gary J Skinner
25. *Thrips* by William D J Kirk (1996)
26. *Insects on Dock Plants* by David T Salt & B Whittaker (1998)
27. *Insects on Cherry Trees* by Simon R Leather & Keith P Bland (Spring 1999)
28. *Studying Invertebrates* by C Philip Wheater & Penny A Cook (2003)
29. *Aphids on deciduous trees* by Tony Dixon & Thomas Thieme (2020)
30. *Snails on rocky sea shores* by John Crothers (2012)
31. *Amphibians and reptiles* by Trevor J. C. Beebee
32. *Ponds and Small Lakes: Microorganisms and Freshwater Ecology* by Brian Moss (2017)
33. *Solitary bees* by Ted Benton (2017)
34. *Leaf beetles* by Dave Hubble (2017)


title: Poly ICLC

abstract: Poly ICLC is an immunostimulant. It is polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid mixed with the stabilizers carboxymethylcellulose and polylysine. It is under trial for use in cancer. Poly I:C is a ligand for toll like receptor-3, which usually triggers on the structurally similar double-stranded RNA present in some viruses.

text:
# Poly ICLC

**Poly ICLC** is an immunostimulant. It is polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) mixed with the stabilizers carboxymethylcellulose and polylysine. It is under trial for use in cancer.

Poly I:C is a ligand for toll like receptor-3, which usually triggers on the structurally similar double-stranded RNA present in some viruses.

## InfoBox

Poly ICLC
| Clinical data | |
| --- | --- |
| ATC code |  |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| (verify) | |


title: Olaf C. Seltzer

abstract: Olaf C. Seltzer was a Danish-born American painter and illustrator from Great Falls, Montana. He did over 2,500 paintings and illustrations of the American West, including cowboys.

text:
# Olaf C. Seltzer

**Olaf C. Seltzer** (August 27, 1877 - December 16, 1957) was a Danish-born American painter and illustrator from Great Falls, Montana. He did over 2,500 paintings and illustrations of the American West, including cowboys.

## Early life

Seltzer was born on August 27, 1877, in Copenhagen, Denmark. He emigrated to the United States with his mother after his father died, and settled in Great Falls, where his uncle lived. He did not speak English when he arrived.

## Career

Seltzer worked as a machinist for the Great Northern Railway. In 1897, he began painting alongside Charles M. Russell. Seltzer decided to paint independently from 1921 onward. He worked as an illustrator for *The New York Tribune* in 1934, and he exhibited his work in Seattle in 1936. He did 275 paintings for physician Philip G. Cole. He did over 2,500 paintings and illustrations over the course of his career.

Seltzer did both watercolor and oil paintings, and he depicted life in the American West, including animals, cowboys and historical events. He also painted pioneers like Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Seltzer did a painting for the Grand Masonic Library in Helena. President Harry Truman received one of his paintings as a gift on his 1950 visit to Montana. His work was exhibited at the Gilcrease Museum in Oklahoma in 1957.

## Personal life, death and legacy

Seltzer married Mabel L. Cleeland in 1903. They had two sons, Carl and Walter, and they resided in Great Falls.

Seltzer died on December 16, 1957, in Great Falls, Montana. Some of his work is in the permanent collection of the C. M. Russell Museum Complex in Great Falls, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Gilcrease Museum in Oklahoma, and the Tacoma Art Museum in Tacoma, Washington. His papers are at the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art.

His grandson, Steve Seltzer, is a painter.

## Works

* Kennedy, Michael S. (1960). *The Life and Times of Olaf C. Seltzer, 1877 to 1957: Meticulous Montana Frontier Artist*. Helena, Montana: Historical Society of Montana. OCLC 22900958.

## InfoBox

| Olaf Carl Seltzer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | August 27, 1877
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Died | December 16, 1957
Great Falls, Montana, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Painter, illustrator |
| Spouse | Mabel L. Cleeland |
| Children | 2 sons |


title: New Cathedral Cemetery

abstract: The New Cathedral Cemetery, formerly Bonnie Brae Cemetery, is a Roman Catholic cemetery, with 125 acres, located on the westside of Baltimore, Maryland, at 4300 Old Frederick Road. It is the final resting place of 110,000 people, including numerous individuals who played important roles in Maryland history.

text:
# New Cathedral Cemetery

The **New Cathedral Cemetery**, formerly **Bonnie Brae Cemetery**, is a Roman Catholic cemetery, with 125 acres, located on the westside of Baltimore, Maryland, at 4300 Old Frederick Road. It is the final resting place of 110,000 people, including numerous individuals who played important roles in Maryland history.

## History

New Cathedral Cemetery was begun in 1869. It didn't open until 1871, replacing Cathedral Cemetery (established in 1816), which moved its burials to the new cemetery. The Bonnie Brae estate was purchased from Captain Charles McBlair to establish the new cemetery. For a time, the new cemetery was called the Bonnie Brae Cemetery. Burials were transferred from the old cemetery to the new cemetery between 1877 and 1890. The cemetery was originally 40–50 acres, but, as of 2011, had expanded to 122 acres (49 ha).

As of 2018, the cemetery is 125 acres (51 ha).

## Interments

The cemetery is the final resting place of 100,000 people. contains several players from the Baltimore Orioles, including four members of the Baseball Hall of Fame: John McGraw, Joseph Kelley, Ned Hanlon, and Wilbert Robinson. It is believed that no other cemetery has so many Hall of Famers.

### Other notable burials

## InfoBox

| New Cathedral Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Location | Baltimore, Maryland |
| Country | United States of America |
| Coordinates | 39°17′16″N 76°41′14″W / 39.287708°N 76.687355°W / 39.287708; -76.687355 |
| Type | Roman Catholic |
| Size | 125 acres (51 ha) |
| Find a Grave | New Cathedral Cemetery |


title: Union Township, Clark County, Indiana

abstract: Union Township is one of twelve townships in Clark County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,507 and it contained 1,415 housing units.

text:
# Union Township, Clark County, Indiana

**Union Township** is one of twelve townships in Clark County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,507 and it contained 1,415 housing units.

## History

Union Township was organized in 1858. Its name was given from the fact that this township was created through the merger or "union" of land given by three neighboring townships.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 21.08 square miles (54.6 km2), of which 20.85 square miles (54.0 km2) (or 98.91%) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2) (or 1.09%) is water.

### Cities and towns

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

### Major highways

### Cemeteries

The township contains three cemeteries: Black and White (aka Weir or Wilson), Bowery, Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church.

## InfoBox

| Union Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location of Union Township in Clark County | |
| Coordinates: 38°28′26″N 85°46′01″W / 38.47389°N 85.76694°W / 38.47389; -85.76694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Clark |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.08 sq mi (54.6 km2) |
| Land | 20.85 sq mi (54.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.23 sq mi (0.6 km2) |
| Elevation | 512 ft (156 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,552 |
| Density | 168.2/sq mi (64.9/km2) |
| FIPS code | 18-77174 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453909 |