abstract: Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 563 U.S. 754 (2011), is a United States Supreme Court case. The case considered whether a party, in order to "actively [induce] infringement of a patent" under 35 U.S.C. § 271(b), must know that the induced act constitutes patent infringement, or whether deliberate indifference to the existence of a patent can be considered a form of actual knowledge. In an 8–1 decision delivered by Justice Samuel Alito, the Court held that induced infringement requires knowledge of patent infringement, but because the petitioners had knowledge of a patent infringement lawsuit involving the respondent and Sunbeam Products over the same invention, the Federal Circuit's judgement that petitioners induced infringement must be affirmed under the doctrine of willful blindness. Justice Anthony Kennedy filed a dissenting opinion.

text:
# Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.

***Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.***, 563 U.S. 754 (2011), is a United States Supreme Court case. The case considered whether a party, in order to "actively \[induce\] infringement of a patent" under 35 U.S.C. § 271(b), must know that the induced act constitutes patent infringement, or whether deliberate indifference to the existence of a patent can be considered a form of actual knowledge. In an 8–1 decision delivered by Justice Samuel Alito, the Court held that induced infringement requires knowledge of patent infringement, but because the petitioners had knowledge of a patent infringement lawsuit involving the respondent and Sunbeam Products over the same invention, the Federal Circuit's judgement that petitioners induced infringement must be affirmed under the doctrine of willful blindness.

Justice Anthony Kennedy filed a dissenting opinion.

## Background

In the late 1980s, respondent SEB, S.A., a French maker of home appliances, invented an innovative deep fryer, the external surfaces of which remain cool-to-the-touch during operation. The "cool-touch" fryer consisted of a framing that suspends the metal frying pot within the plastic housing, leaving an insulating air space between the heated pot and the exterior. SEB obtained U.S. Patent No. 4,995,312 for this design in 1991 and began manufacturing and selling it under the T-Fal brand. With no similar products in the American market, the fryer became a commercial success. In 1997, Sunbeam Products asked Pentalpha Enterprises, Ltd., a Hong Kong maker of home appliances and wholly owned subsidiary of Global-Tech Appliances, Inc., to design a deep fryer meeting certain specifications that could be sold under the Sunbeam label. To fulfill the request, Pentalpha purchased an SEB fryer in Hong Kong which lacked the U.S. patent notices and copied all but its cosmetic features. Pentalpha then retained an attorney to conduct a right-to-use study for the United States, but neglected to inform the attorney that the design was copied from an SEB fryer. Failing to discover SEB's patent, the attorney issued an opinion letter in August, 1997, stating that Pentalpha's product did not infringe upon any U.S. patents that he had found. That same month, Pentalpha began manufacturing and selling its fryer to Sunbeam, which sold them in the United States.

Sunbeam's fryer, which cost less to manufacture than SEB's, allowed Sunbeam to sell the same invention at a lower cost. Once purchasers of cool-touch deep fryers began selecting Sunbeam's product, SEB sued Sunbeam in March, 1998, alleging patent infringement. Sunbeam notified Pentalpha of the lawsuit the next month, but Pentalpha, undeterred, went on to sell the fryers to Fingerhut Corporation and Montgomery Ward & Co., which each resold the fryers in the United States under their respective labels.

SEB accepted a settlement with Sunbeam and proceeded to sue Pentalpha under two theories. First, SEB claimed that Pentalpha had directly infringed upon its patent in violation of 35 U.S.C. §271(a). Second, SEB claimed that Pentalpha had induced Sunbeam, Fingerhut, and Montgomery Ward to infringe upon the patent, contravening §271(b). The jury found for SEB on both claims and additionally that Pentalpha had willfully infringed upon SEB's patent, awarding SEB $4.65 million. Pentalpha filed post-trial motions on a number of grounds with the District Court for the Southern District of New York. The District Court granted them in part, reducing the jury award to $2.65 million.

Pentalpha appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which affirmed the District Court's ruling after finding no reversible error in the proceedings. Pentalpha then filed a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Federal Circuit with the Supreme Court on June 23, 2010. The case was argued before the Supreme Court on February 22, 2011, with former Texas Solicitor General Ted Cruz appearing for the French *société anonyme*.

## Opinion of the Court

In an 8–1 decision delivered by Justice Alito, in which Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined, the court held:

> 1. Induced infringement under §271(b) requires knowledge that the induced acts constitute patent infringement.
> 2. Deliberate indifference to a known risk that a patent exists does not satisfy the knowledge required by §271(b). Nevertheless, the Federal Circuit's judgment must be affirmed because the evidence in this case was plainly sufficient to support a finding of Pentalpha's knowledge under the doctrine of willful blindness.

### Kennedy's dissent

In Kennedy's dissenting opinion, he agreed with the Court that to contravene §271(b), the inducer must know that "the induced acts constitute patent infringement". However, he argued that willful blindness does not suffice for actual knowledge of the infringement, writing that the Court justifies substitution of willful blindness for knowledge in two ways, "neither of which is convincing".

## InfoBox

| Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued February 23, 2011
Decided May 31, 2011 | |
| Full case name | *Global-Tech Appliances, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. SEB S.A.* |
| Docket no. | 10-6 |
| Citations | 563 U.S. 754 (*more*)131 S. Ct. 2060; 179 L. Ed. 2d 1167; 2011 U.S. LEXIS 4022; 79 U.S.L.W. 4400; 98 U.S.P.Q.2d 1665 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *SEB SA v. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc.*, 594 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2010); cert. granted, 562 U.S. 960 (2010). |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy
Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor **·**  Elena Kagan | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Alito, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan |
| Dissent | Kennedy |
| Laws applied | |
| 35 U.S.C. § 271(b) | |


title: New York's 44th State Senate district

abstract: New York's 44th State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Republican Jim Tedisco since 2023.

text:
# New York's 44th State Senate district

**New York's 44th State Senate district** is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Republican Jim Tedisco since 2023.

## Geography

District 44 covers parts of Saratoga and Schenectady Counties.

The district is located in New York's 20th congressional district, and overlaps with the 107th, 108th, 109th, and 110th districts of the New York State Assembly.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | *Jim Tedisco* |  |  |
|  | Conservative | *Jim Tedisco* |  |  |
|  | **Total** | **Jim Tedisco (incumbent)** |  |  |
|  | Democratic | *Minita Sangvhi* |  |  |
|  | Working Families | *Minita Sangvhi* |  |  |
|  | Total | Minita Sangvhi |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |

### 2022 (redistricting)

2022 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Republican** | **Jim Tedisco** | **5,296** | **76.9** |
|  | Republican | Daphne Jordan | 1,582 | 22.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 11 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **6,889** | **100.0** |
|  | **Conservative** | **Jim Tedisco** | **314** | **80.9** |
|  | Conservative | Daphne Jordan | 72 | 18.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 2 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **388** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Republican | *Jim Tedisco* | 61,610 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Jim Tedisco* | 9,347 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Jim Tedisco** | **70,957** | **56.4** |
|  | Democratic | *Michelle Ostrelich* | 50,427 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Michelle Ostrelich* | 4,424 |  |
|  | Total | Michelle Ostrelich | 54,651 | 43.5 |
|  | Write-in | | 94 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **125,702** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **win** (new boundaries) | | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Neil Breslin* | 80,255 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Neil Breslin* | 10,144 |  |
|  | Independence | *Neil Breslin* | 2,616 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **93,015** | **73.0** |
|  | Republican | David Yule | 34,269 | 26.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 155 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **127,439** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Neil Breslin* | 61,880 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Neil Breslin* | 4,275 |  |
|  | Independence | *Neil Breslin* | 2,575 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **68,730** | **70.6** |
|  | Republican | *Christopher Davis* | 23,647 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Christopher Davis* | 4,204 |  |
|  | Reform | *Christopher Davis* | 683 |  |
|  | Total | Christopher Davis | 28,534 | 29.3 |
|  | Write-in | | 83 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **97,347** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Neil Breslin* | 69,816 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Neil Breslin* | 4,335 |  |
|  | Independence | *Neil Breslin* | 3,670 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **77,821** | **68.6** |
|  | Republican | *Christopher Davis* | 27,671 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Christopher Davis* | 4,468 |  |
|  | Reform | *Christopher Davis* | 3,670 |  |
|  | Total | Christopher Davis | 33,036 | 29.1 |
|  | Green | Leyva Arthur | 2,501 | 2.2 |
|  | Write-in | | 98 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **113,456** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Neil Breslin* | 43,893 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Neil Breslin* | 6,065 |  |
|  | Independence | *Neil Breslin* | 5,971 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **55,929** | **98.9** |
|  | Write-in | | 619 | 1.1 |
| Total votes | | | **56,548** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Senate election, District 44
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **16,795** | **70.9** |
|  | Democratic | Shawn Morse | 6,905 | 29.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **23,700** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Neil Breslin* | 75,168 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Neil Breslin* | 5,368 |  |
|  | Independence | *Neil Breslin* | 5,120 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Neil Breslin (incumbent)** | **85,656** | **90.4** |
|  | Green | Peter LaVenia Jr. | 8,796 | 9.3 |
|  | Write-in | | 248 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **94,700** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### Federal results in District 44

| Year | Office | Results |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | President | Biden 67.4 – 30.2% |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 62.9 – 31.8% |
| 2012 | President | Obama 67.3 – 30.6% |
| | Senate | Gillibrand 77.0 – 21.3% |

## InfoBox

| New York's 44th
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Senator | Jim Tedisco
Glenville |
| Registration | 52.5% Democratic
16.7% Republican
23.0% No party preference |
| Demographics | 69% White
14% Black
7% Hispanic
7% Asian |
| Population (2017) | 293,861 |
| Registered voters | 184,695 |


title: Vaccinium glaucoalbum

abstract: Vaccinium glaucoalbum, the grey-white blueberry, is a species of Vaccinium native to Nepal, east Himalaya, and Myanmar, and Tibet and Yunnan in China. An evergreen shrub with white-bloomed black berries, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental. It grows in thickets and forest margins. Local people collect and eat the fruit.

text:
# Vaccinium glaucoalbum

***Vaccinium glaucoalbum***, the **grey-white blueberry**, is a species of *Vaccinium* native to Nepal, east Himalaya, and Myanmar, and Tibet and Yunnan in China. An evergreen shrub with white-bloomed black berries, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental. It grows in thickets and forest margins. Local people collect and eat the fruit.

## Taxonomy

*Vaccinium glaucoalbum* was first described for science by Charles Baron Clarke in the third volume of Hooker's *Flora of British India*, published in 1882. Clarke attributed the name to Hooker. In the same work, Clarke also described *Vaccinium sikkimense*. Some sources agree this is a separate species, while others treat it as a synonym of *V. glaucoalbum*.

## InfoBox

| *Vaccinium glaucoalbum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Vaccinium* |
| Species: | ***V. glaucoalbum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vaccinium glaucoalbum***<br>Hook.f. ex C.B.Clarke | |
|


title: Gareth Sciberras

abstract: Gareth Sciberras is a professional footballer currently playing for Birkirkara in the Maltese Premier League, where he plays as a midfielder.

text:
# Gareth Sciberras

**Gareth Sciberras** (born 29 March 1983 in Pietà, Malta) is a professional footballer currently playing for Birkirkara in the Maltese Premier League, where he plays as a midfielder.

## Playing career

### Pietà Hotspurs

Gareth was spotted playing for the San Gwann youth team and joined Pietà Hotspurs for the 2000–01 season. Sciberras almost instantly slotted into the Pietà Hotspurs midfield, in his first season with his new club he made 18 appearances, but failed to score any goals, as Pietà Hotspurs finished in 7th position in the Maltese Premier League.

For the 2001–02 season, Gareth helped Pietà Hotspurs to another 7th-place finish in the Maltese Premier League, making 20 appearances, but again failed to score any goals.

Gareth went into the 2002–03 season, hoping to help Pietà Hotspurs to a higher league finish, which the club achieved as Pietà Hotspurs recorded a 5th-place finish in the Maltese Premier League, with Sciberras making 26 appearances, but failed to score any goals.

The 2003–04 season, was Sciberras' fourth with Pietà Hotspurs, again Gareth was heavily involved in the team's fortunes throughout the season, making 26 appearances and scoring his first two goals for the club, helping them to another 5th-place finish in the Maltese Premier League.

The 2004–05 season proved to be Gareth's last as a Pietà Hotspurs player, he helped the club to a 7th-place finish in the Maltese Premier League, making 13 appearances and scoring another two goals.

### Marsaxlokk

Gareth Sciberras left Pietà Hotspurs and joined fellow Maltese Premier League team Marsaxlokk for the 2005–06 season, following an impressive season he helped his new club to their highest finish in their history, as they finished in 3rd position in Maltese Premier League, with Gareth making 12 appearances, but failing to score any goals.

The 2006–07 season proved to be the most successful season in Gareth's career. During the season, Sciberras made 25 appearances, and scored two goals, as Marsaxlokk were crowned as champions of the Maltese Premier League for the first time in the club's history.

For the 2007–08 Marsaxlokk were to some degree victims of their own success, following the previous season's triumph. The squad was weakened as many of the club's star players moved on to pastures new, this left the club short of talent, Sciberras stuck around and despite the club's loss of players, they still managed to record a very creditable 2nd-place finish in the Maltese Premier League, with Gareth making 15 appearances and scoring one goal.

Gareth went into the 2008–09 season hoping to help Marsaxlokk gain some more silverware, however the club had an extremely disappointing start to the season by their own high standards, and only managed to gain a place in the championship pool by beating Msida Saint-Joseph in the final game of the first round. Sciberras made 25 appearances, but failed to score any goals during the season. Despite the club's extremely disappointing start to the season, they managed to finish the season in 4th position in the Maltese Premier League.

For the 2009–10 season, Marsaxlokk were due to play in the Maltese Premier League, however following a guilty verdict on corruption case from the previous season, Marsaxlokk were demoted to the Maltese First Division, despite this Gareth stayed with the club.

## International career

Sciberras has gained 52 caps for Malta.

On 11 December 2003, Gareth made his international debut for Malta in a friendly match against Poland; Malta lost the game 4-0. His last appearance for the Maltese national team was on 26 March 2017 in a 1-3 loss against Slovakia.

## Honours

### Marsaxlokk

**Winner**

### Birkirkara

**Winner**

## Career statistics

*Statistics accurate as of match played 1 August 2012.*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|
| Malta | | | League | | Maltese Cup | | League Cup | | Europe | | Total | |
| 2000–01 | Pietà Hotspurs | Maltese Premier League | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| 2001–02 | | | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 2002–03 | | | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | | | 26 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| 2004–05 | | | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |
| 2005–06 | Marsaxlokk | | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| 2006–07 | | | 25 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2 |
| 2007–08 | | | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
| 2008–09 | | | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| 2009–10 | | Maltese First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010–11 | | Maltese Premier League | 26 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 2 |
| 2011–12 | | Birkirkara | 31 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| Total | Malta | | 237 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 246 | 10 |
| Career total | | | 237 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 246 | 10 |

## InfoBox

Gareth Sciberras
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gareth Sciberras | | |
| Date of birth | (1983-03-29) 29 March 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Pietà, Malta | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Birkirkara | | |
| Number | 4 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | San Gwann | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2005 | Pietà Hotspurs | 103 | (4) |
| 2005–2011 | Marsaxlokk | 77 | (3) |
| 2011– | Birkirkara | 135 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Malta U16 |  |  |
|  | Malta U18 |  |  |
|  | Malta U19 |  |  |
|  | Malta U21 | 20 | (0) |
| 2003–2017 | Malta | 49 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 December 2016<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 28 December 2016 | | | |


title: Merna, Nebraska

abstract: Merna is a village in Custer County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 363 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Merna, Nebraska

**Merna** is a village in Custer County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 363 at the 2010 census.

## History

Merna was founded in the 1880s about the time the railroad was extended to that point. It was named Merna in honor of the young daughter of the first postmaster.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.54 square miles (1.40 km2), all land.

Recently, Merna was at the center of a geological controversy regarding a depression in the land several miles west of town in the Loess Hills. Originally called the Bartak Depression after the owners of the land, it was redubbed the *Merna Crater* by University of Kansas geology professor Wakefield Dort, Jr. Further research showed the crater to be more likely formed by wind and water erosion, but memories of the flurry of importance in the small town remain.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 141 |  |  |
| 1910 | 459 |  | 225.5% |
| 1920 | 553 |  | 20.5% |
| 1930 | 439 |  | −20.6% |
| 1940 | 414 |  | −5.7% |
| 1950 | 385 |  | −7.0% |
| 1960 | 349 |  | −9.4% |
| 1970 | 322 |  | −7.7% |
| 1980 | 389 |  | 20.8% |
| 1990 | 377 |  | −3.1% |
| 2000 | 391 |  | 3.7% |
| 2010 | 363 |  | −7.2% |
| 2020 | 343 |  | −5.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 363 people, 151 households, and 110 families living in the village. The population density was 672.2 inhabitants per square mile (259.5/km2). There were 174 housing units at an average density of 322.2 per square mile (124.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.6% White, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 151 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.2% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the village was 40.2 years. 27.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.6% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 391 people, 157 households, and 116 families living in the village. The population density was 734.5 inhabitants per square mile (283.6/km2). There were 176 housing units at an average density of 330.6 per square mile (127.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.47% White, 0.51% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population.

There were 157 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $36,406. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,474. About 10.1% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.2% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Merna, Nebraska
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Merna, Custer County". *Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies*. University of Nebraska. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
5. Fitzpatrick, Lillian L. (1960). *Nebraska Place-Names*. University of Nebraska Press. p. 47. ISBN 0803250606. A 1925 edition is available for download at University of Nebraska—Lincoln Digital Commons.
6. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
7. "CBS News | The Great Crater Debate". *www.cbsnews.com*. Archived from the original on August 4, 2002.
8. "The Scarlet » the news source for faculty and staff at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln".
9. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
10. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Merna, Nebraska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Downtown Merna: north side of Center Avenue | |
| Location of Merna, Nebraska | |
| MernaLocation within NebraskaMernaLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°29′07″N 99°45′40″W / 41.48528°N 99.76111°W / 41.48528; -99.76111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Custer |
| Township | Kilfoil |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.54 sq mi (1.39 km2) |
| Land | 0.54 sq mi (1.39 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,661 ft (811 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 343 |
| Density | 639.93/sq mi (247.26/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 68856 |
| Area code | 308 |
| FIPS code | 31-31780 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2399317 |


title: Mern

abstract: Mern is a village with a population of 1,001 located in Vordingborg Municipality, Region Zealand in Denmark. The village is a former Railway town at the Næstved-Præstø-Mern Railroad which was closed in 1961.

text:
# Mern

**Mern** is a village with a population of 1,001 (1 January 2024) located in Vordingborg Municipality, Region Zealand in Denmark.

The village is a former Railway town at the Næstved-Præstø-Mern Railroad which was closed in 1961.

## Mern church

Mern church was originally a Romanesque brick-covered church, later rebuild and extended, now as a white-washed village church. The church has 4 south chapels from approximately 1510-20, the tower somewhat later.

## The Mern meteorite

In the early afternoon, 29. August 1878, a 4.6 kg meteoritic stone fell from the sky with impact just east of Mern. The Mern meteorite is the most massive meteorite of the only 4 clearly witnessed meteorite falls (all stones) recovered in Denmark.

## Notable people

* Line Luplau (1823 in Mern - 1891) a Danish feminist and suffragist.
* Anders Lassen, VC, MC & Two Bars (1920 in Høvdingsgaard estate, Mern Parish – 1945) a highly decorated Danish soldier, who was the only non-Commonwealth recipient of the British Victoria Cross in the WWII

1. BY3: Population 1st January by urban areas, area and population density The Men Statbank from Statistics Denmark
2. Mern church VisitDenmark
3. The Mern meteorite

## InfoBox

| Mern | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| The former railway station in Mern | |
| MernLocation in DenmarkMernMern (Denmark Region Zealand) | |
| Coordinates: 55°02′54″N 12°03′24″E / 55.04841°N 12.05678°E / 55.04841; 12.05678 | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | Zealand (*Sjælland*) |
| Municipality | Vordingborg |
| Area | |
| Urban | 0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2024) | |
| Urban | 1,001 |
| Urban density | 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | DK-4735 Mern |


title: Garcia Opera House

abstract: The Garcia Opera House, at Terry Ave. and California St. in Socorro, New Mexico was built in 1886. Its owner hoped to attract opera, but there is no record of any traveling opera company stopping. It did host travelling theatre performances, masked balls, and other functions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Garcia Opera House

The **Garcia Opera House**, at Terry Ave. and California St. in Socorro, New Mexico was built in 1886. Its owner hoped to attract opera, but there is no record of any traveling opera company stopping. It did host travelling theatre performances, masked balls, and other functions.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Garcia Opera House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Terry Ave. and California St., Socorro, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 34°03′30″N 106°53′28″W / 34.05833°N 106.89111°W / 34.05833; -106.89111 (Garcia Opera House) |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1886 |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001210 |
| Added to NRHP | August 13, 1974 |


title: Mesorhizobium plurifarium

abstract: Mesorhizobium plurifarium is a species of root nodule bacteria first isolated from Acacia species in Senegal. Its type strain is ORS 1032.

text:
# Mesorhizobium plurifarium

***Mesorhizobium plurifarium*** is a species of root nodule bacteria first isolated from *Acacia* species in Senegal. Its type strain is ORS 1032 (= LMG 11892).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Mesorhizobium plurifarium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Hyphomicrobiales |
| Family: | Phyllobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mesorhizobium* |
| Species: | ***M. plurifarium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesorhizobium plurifarium***<br>de Lajudie et al. 1998 | |
|


title: Get in the Ring

abstract: "Get in the Ring" is the fifth song on the Guns N' Roses album Use Your Illusion II. Written by Axl Rose, Duff McKagan and Slash, it is a diss track directed at music critics. Mentioned by name are critics from Hit Parader, Circus, Kerrang! and Spin.

text:
# Get in the Ring

"**Get in the Ring**" is the fifth song on the Guns N' Roses album *Use Your Illusion II*. Written by Axl Rose, Duff McKagan and Slash, it is a diss track directed at music critics. Mentioned by name are critics from *Hit Parader* (Andy Secher), *Circus*, *Kerrang!* (Mick Wall) and *Spin* (Bob Guccione, Jr.).

## Background

The song was originally written by McKagan as "Why Do You Look at Me When You Hate Me?", which is its first line. In the interview that precipitated Mick Wall's mention in the song *(see below)*, Rose said: "I've brought in an album. Duff brought in one song. It's called 'Why Do You Look At Me When You Hate Me?' and it's just bad-assed. And I wrote a bunch of words to that." The song was then going to be titled "Get in the Ring Motherfucker" but that was changed too.

At the time of the song's release, Mick Wall of *Kerrang!* was thought to have been mentioned because of his book *Guns N' Roses: The Most Dangerous Band in the World*, which was a no holds barred collection of interviews and stories about the band. Wall denies this, and claims the real reason was an interview he conducted in early 1990 for *Kerrang!* that included Rose's threat to harm Vince Neil of Mötley Crüe after an incident involving Neil's then-wife and Izzy Stradlin.

The song suggests that Bob Guccione, Jr.'s father (founder of *Penthouse* magazine) "gets more pussy" than Guccione Jr. The younger Guccione responded in a letter to Rose, saying he accepted the challenge to a fight and could use the promotion to help sell magazines.

"Get in the Ring" is notorious for its amount of swearing.

## Recording

The chants of "Guns. And. Roses" and "Get in the ring" were recorded with the audience at a Saratoga Springs concert on June 10, 1991.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Get in the Ring" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Guns N' Roses | |
| from the album  *Use Your Illusion II* | |
| Released | September 17, 1991 |
| Recorded | June 9–10, 1991 |
| Studio | Metalworks Recording Studios |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 5:41 |
| Label | Geffen |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |


title: Terry Haskins

abstract: Terry Edward Haskins was a South Carolina Republican politician who served as the Speaker pro-tempore of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1995 until his death five years later.

text:
# Terry Haskins

**Terry Edward Haskins** (January 31, 1955 – October 24, 2000) was a South Carolina Republican politician who served as the Speaker pro-tempore of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1995 until his death five years later.

## Background

Haskins was the second of four children born in Pontiac in Oakland County in the Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan area to Charles "Ed" and Dorothy Haskins, who were evangelical Christians. As a high school student, Haskins developed his musical and dramatic talents and was elected president of his class.

In 1972, he entered fundamentalist Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, from which in 1976 he received a Bachelor of Arts in Speech and in 1978 a Master of Arts in public speaking. His graduate speech recital described his plan to become President of the United States. While still a graduate student at BJU, Haskins became chairman of the Greenville Young Republicans.

Haskins graduated in 1981 from the University of South Carolina School of Law in the capital city of Columbia and returned to Greenville to begin his legal practice.

## Political life

In 1983, he became at twenty-eight the youngest member ever elected to the Greenville City Council, in which he represented District 1 during the early tenure of Mayor Bill Workman. In 1986, Haskins was elected as a conservative Republican to the state legislature from the district that contained Bob Jones University and held that seat until his death. In 1990, he lost a bid for the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district to the Democrat Liz J. Patterson, who had previously defeated the Republicans Bill Workman in 1986 and Knox H. White in 1988, the current mayor of Greenville.

Although he continued to take conservative positions on such topics as sex education in the schools, Haskins quickly developed bipartisan relationships in the state legislature, having endorsed affirmative action, the election of African American judges, and the admission of women to The Citadel. Haskins's support for extending scholarships for South Carolina residents to the then-unaccredited Bob Jones University was accepted by the legislative Black Caucus because unaccredited black schools were also included in the final bill.

In 1995, Haskins was elected speaker pro-tempore of the House. By 1999, he was influential in settling the two most divisive political issues of the period, including the compromise by which the legislature was able to remove the Confederate battle flag from flying over the state capitol. Through careful political strategy, he was also able to end video poker in South Carolina, an issue that had led to the defeat in 1998 of one-term Republican Governor David Beasley.

Carl Langley, writing in the *Edgefield Daily*, declared:

> Let us bow this morning to the ingenuity of Rep. Terry Haskins and the wisdom of our Supreme Court which stood up for the people while many elected to represent us took to cover in the tall grass. It was Haskins who wrote the amendment to poker legislation that called for its banishment if the court ruled against a referendum on the games. The Supreme Court, in unanimity I add, did just as Haskins expected. The court told the cowards in our legislature to enact our laws and not hand untidy things over to the people. There are few Medal of Honor winners in the General Assembly, but Haskins is a brave and fearless warrior who served the people well.

In October 1999, Haskins became co-chairman of the South Carolina campaign organization of U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona. After the national furor over the campaign visit of McCain's intraparty opponent, George W. Bush, the governor of Texas, to Bob Jones University in February 2000, Haskins withdrew from the campaign because of what he called McCain's "religious baiting". Haskins and McCain remained personal friends.

## Death

The day that Haskins was elected speaker pro-tem in 1995, he discovered a lump under his right arm, which was quickly diagnosed as a melanoma. By July 2000, the cancer had spread to his brain, and he lost his hearing and most of the use of his left arm. At his death in October, he was nearly paralyzed. In January 2005, a Greenville bridge was named in his honor.

Haskins was survived by his wife, Gloria Arias Haskins, a native of Colombia, South America and their four sons, David, Bryan, Hayden, and Harlan Haskins. Mrs. Haskins successfully ran for her late husband's seat in the state legislature and became one of the first Latina members of the South Carolina legislature.

* Terry Haskins Memorial Website
* *Greenville News* obituary, October 25, 2000.
* Alan Ehrenhalt, *The United States of Ambition: Politicians, Power, and the Pursuit of Office* (New York: Random House, 1991), 97-98, 102.
* K. Michael Prince, *Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! South Carolina and the Confederate Flag* (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 200-01.

## InfoBox

| Terry Haskins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
from the 22 district | |
| **In office**
1986  October 24, 2000 | |
| Succeeded by | Gloria Arias Haskins |
| Member of the Greenville City Council from District 1 | |
| **In office**
1983  November 10, 1986 | |
| Preceded by | Harry B. Luthi |
| Succeeded by | Dayton H. Walker |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Terry Edward Haskins
(1955-01-31)January 31, 1955
Pontiac, Oakland County
Michigan, USA |
| Died | October 24, 2000(2000-10-24) (aged 45) |
| Cause of death | Melanoma |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Gloria Arias Haskins |
| Children | David, Bryan, Hayden, and Harlan Haskins |
| Parent(s) | Charles "Ed" and Dorothy Haskins |
| Residence | Greenville, South Carolina |
| Alma mater | Bob Jones University
University of South Carolina School of Law |
| Occupation | Attorney |
|  | |


title: European Trophy

abstract: European Trophy was an annually held ice hockey tournament, traditionally composed of teams from the higher-level ice hockey leagues in countries across Europe. With 32 participating teams from seven countries in 2013, the European Trophy was at the time the biggest active ice hockey tournament in Europe. Starting with the 2014–15 season, the European Trophy was replaced by the Champions Hockey League, a more formal competition which also included all of the champions of Europe's major national leagues. Sweden and Finland always participated, and they were the only two countries participating when the tournament was named "Nordic Trophy". The tournament began in 2006 under the name "Nordic Trophy" with eight teams, four from Sweden and four from Finland. In 2010, several teams from European countries outside Scandinavia agreed to join the tournament, which changed its name to European Trophy as a result. By the 2013 tournament, eight countries had been represented: Sweden, Finland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Norway. No team ever won the tournament more than one time.

text:
# European Trophy

**European Trophy** (previously named *Nordic Trophy* between 2006 and 2009) was an annually held ice hockey tournament, traditionally composed of teams from the higher-level ice hockey leagues in countries across Europe. With 32 participating teams from seven countries in 2013, the European Trophy was at the time the biggest active ice hockey tournament in Europe. Starting with the 2014–15 season, the European Trophy was replaced by the Champions Hockey League, a more formal competition which also included all of the champions of Europe's major national leagues.

Sweden and Finland always participated, and they were the only two countries participating when the tournament was named "Nordic Trophy". The tournament began in 2006 under the name "Nordic Trophy" with eight teams, four from Sweden and four from Finland. In 2010, several teams from European countries outside Scandinavia agreed to join the tournament, which changed its name to **European Trophy** as a result. By the 2013 tournament, eight countries had been represented: Sweden, Finland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Norway. No team ever won the tournament more than one time.

## Teams

In 2006 and 2007, the Nordic Trophy consisted of four Swedish teams, Djurgården, Frölunda, Färjestad and Linköping; as well as four Finnish teams, HIFK, Oulun Kärpät, Tappara and TPS.

In 2007, the tournament expanded from six to eight teams. A Junior edition was also started, but it was discontinued after 2010. In 2008, the senior tournament was expanded with two teams, Swedish team HV71 and Finnish team Jokerit. It got expanded again in 2009, when Malmö Redhawks from Sweden and Lukko from Finland joined the tournament. However, the Swedish and Finnish teams were split that year and instead, there were two tournaments: a Swedish 2009 Nordic Trophy for the Swedish teams; and a Finnish 2009 Nordic Trophy for the Finnish teams.

In 2010, the tournament expanded to European countries beyond Scandinavia. Lukko from Finland left, and was replaced by fellow Nordic team Vålerenga from Norway. Adler Mannheim and Eisbären Berlin from Germany, and Czech team Sparta Praha, completed the Capital Division; while Austrian team Red Bull Salzburg, along with SC Bern and ZSC Lions from Switzerland, completed the Central Division. These new teams prompted the changing of the tournament name to European Trophy.

In the 2011 tournament, there were 24 teams. Sweden and Finland were represented by six teams each. Luleå HF replaced the Swedish team Malmö Redhawks. From Finland, KalPa was for the first time included in the tournament. Seven teams from the Czech Republic participated: Slavia Praha, Sparta Praha, Mountfield České Budějovice, Bílí Tygři Liberec, ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice, Plzeň 1929, and Kometa Brno. The German teams Eisbären Berlin and Adler Mannheim remained in the tournament. Besides Red Bull Salzburg, there was now a second team from Austria, the Vienna Capitals. Slovakia was for the first time represented in the European Trophy tournament, with Slovan Bratislava. Norway and Switzerland, however, were no longer represented. The tournament's schedule was also changed; instead of having the playoffs in September right after the regulation round in August–September, the playoffs were now played in December.

The 2012 edition of the tournament is expanded further by eight teams, for a total of 32 teams. Another Swedish team, Brynäs IF joins the tournament this year; Switzerland returns with four teams; another two German teams participate; and another team from Finland joins the tournament. The regulation round is played in July–November, while the playoffs were played in December. Slavia Praha, however, announced on 31 May 2012 that they would be pulling out of the European Trophy. On 18 June it was announced that Piráti Chomutov had taken over Slavia Praha's spot in the South Division.

On 14 February 2013, the 2013 tournament was officially announced. It featured exactly the same 32 teams from last year, marking the first time in Nordic/European Trophy history that the teams remained the same from last year. The 32 teams were also divided into exactly the same divisions, and the regulation round schedule (before the playoffs) was similar to last year, the only difference being that the home–away team assignings for each game were switched. Due to the 2014 Winter Olympics, the regulation round ended in September 2013 instead of a spread-out schedule ending in November.

### Map

FrölundaHV71TPSOulun KärpätTapparaSalzburgEisbären BerlinMannheimDjurgårdenLuleåFärjestadLinköpingJokerit/HIFKPrahaChomutovLiberecPardubiceBrnoKalPaČ. Buděj.PlzeňViennaBratislavaBrynäsJYPZugZSCFribourgBernHamburgIngolstadtclass=notpageimage|2013 European Trophy teams (Divisions: : North, : West, : South, : East)

### List

| Division | Team | City | Home arena* | Capacity | Joined NT/ET |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North | **Oulun Kärpät** | Oulu | Oulun Energia Areena | 6,614 | 2006 |
| | **Eisbären Berlin** | Berlin | O2 World | 14,200 | 2010 |
| | **Red Bull Salzburg** | Salzburg | Eisarena Salzburg | 3,600 | 2010 |
| | **Luleå HF** | Luleå | Coop Norrbotten Arena | 6,200 | 2011 |
| | **Kometa Brno** | Brno | Kajot Arena | 7,200 | 2011 |
| | **Mountfield České Budějovice** | České Budějovice | Budvar Arena | 6,421 | 2011 |
| | **HC Plzeň** | Plzeň | ČEZ Aréna | 8,420 | 2011 |
| | **Hamburg Freezers** | Hamburg | O2 World | 12,947 | 2012 |
| South | **Linköpings HC** | Linköping | Cloetta Center | 8,500 | 2006 |
| | **HV71** | Jönköping | Kinnarps Arena | 7,038 | 2008 |
| | **Sparta Praha** | Prague | Tipsport Arena | 13,150 | 2010 |
| | **Piráti Chomutov** | Chomutov | Multifunkční aréna Chomutov | 5,250 | 2012 |
| | **KalPa** | Kuopio | Kuopion Jäähalli | 5,225 | 2011 |
| | **Slovan Bratislava** | Bratislava | Slovnaft Arena | 10,000 | 2011 |
| | **UPC Vienna Capitals** | Vienna | Albert Schultz Eishalle | 7,000 | 2011 |
| | **JYP** | Jyväskylä | Synergia-areena | 4,628 | 2012 |
| East | **TPS** | Turku | HK Arena | 11,820 | 2006 |
| | **Tappara** | Tampere | Hakametsä Areena | 7,800 | 2006 |
| | **Djurgårdens IF** | Stockholm | Hovet | 8,094 | 2006 |
| | **SC Bern** | Bern | PostFinance-Arena | 17,131 | 2010\** |
| | **Bílí Tygři Liberec** | Liberec | Tipsport Arena | 7,500 | 2011 |
| | **ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice** | Pardubice | ČEZ Aréna | 10,194 | 2011 |
| | **Brynäs IF** | Gävle | Läkerol Arena | 8,585 | 2012 |
| | **HC Fribourg-Gottéron** | Fribourg | BCF Arena | 6,900 | 2012 |
| West | **Färjestad BK** | Karlstad | Löfbergs Arena | 8,647 | 2006 |
| | **Frölunda Indians** | Gothenburg | Scandinavium | 12,044 | 2006 |
| | **HIFK** | Helsinki | Helsinki Ice Hall | 8,200 | 2006 |
| | **Jokerit** | Helsinki | Hartwall Areena | 13,349 | 2008 |
| | **ZSC Lions** | Zürich | Hallenstadion | 10,700 | 2010\** |
| | **Adler Mannheim** | Mannheim | SAP Arena | 10,600 | 2010 |
| | **ERC Ingolstadt** | Ingolstadt | Saturn Arena | 4,815 | 2012 |
| | **EV Zug** | Zug | Bossard Arena | 7,015 | 2012 |

* Note (\*): the stated home arenas don't have to be used in the European Trophy tournament.
* Note (\**): SC Bern and ZSC Lions did not participate in 2011.

## Tournament structure

The European Trophy tournament was divided into regular round games between late July and November, where teams played each other in a predefined schedule, and a playoff weekend in December which was an elimination tournament where two teams played against each other to win in order to advance to the next round. The final remaining team was crowned the *Red Bulls Salute Champion*. If a game was tied after regulation time (60 minutes), an overtime lasting for 5 minutes was played. During overtime, both teams substituted only 4 players on the ice at once (except for 3 when either of the teams had a penalized player). If no team scored during the overtime period, a shootout was played, starting with three penalty shots for both teams. If the shootout remained tied after the first three rounds, sudden death rounds were played until a winning team had been determined.

### Regular round games

In the regular round, the 32 teams were divided into four divisions and each team played once against each other team in the same division. Additionally, each team was assigned a "local rival" in the same division, against which they played a second game. Thus, each team played a total of 8 regular round games. Points were awarded for each game, with three points awarded for a win in regulation time, two points for winning in overtime or a shootout, one point for losing in overtime or a shootout, and zero points for a loss in regulation time. The two highest-ranked teams in each division qualified for the playoffs.

### Playoffs

The European Trophy playoffs, known as the *Red Bulls Salute*, were the last part of the tournament. It was a single-elimination tournament, where two teams played against each other in order to advance to the next round. In the 2013 tournament, the Red Bull Salute took place in Berlin. There were no classification/placement games, meaning there were only Quarterfinals, Semifinals as well as the Final game. The Red Bulls Salute previously took place in Salzburg and Vienna in 2010 and 2011, and in Vienna and Bratislava in 2012. Before the 2013 tournament, the playoff hosts were always guaranteed a playoff spot (i.e. automatically qualified for the playoffs) and took the playoff spots of the worst 2nd-ranked teams of all divisions in the tournament.

### Prize money

After the regulation round, the four division winners received 25 000 each, the four second-placed teams €20 000, and the third, fourth and fifth team of each division received €15 000, €10 000, and €5 000, respectively. Additionally, in the final of the Red Bulls Salute, the winning team received €50 000, while the losing finalist got €10 000. In total, €360 000 were given out during the entire 2013 European Trophy tournament.

## Winners

| Nordic Trophy | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Regular round winners | Playoff winners
(Nordic Trophy Champions) |
| 2006 | Färjestad BK | Färjestad BK |
| 2007 | Oulun Kärpät | Oulun Kärpät |
| 2008 | Linköpings HC | Linköpings HC |
| 2009 | HV71 (Swedish tournament) | Djurgårdens IF (Swedish tournament) |
| | Lukko (Finnish tournament) | Tappara (Finnish tournament) |
| European Trophy | | |
| Year | Regular round winners | Playoff winners
(European Trophy Champions) |
| 2010 | HV71 | Eisbären Berlin |
| 2011 | Plzeň 1929 | Red Bull Salzburg |
| 2012 | Luleå HF | Luleå HF |
| 2013 | Färjestad BK | JYP |

Note that due to the divisioning system in the European Trophy tournaments, the regular-round winning team was determined by the best record of all teams.

## Medals (European Trophy 2010-2013)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sweden | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 2 | Czech Republic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Finland | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Austria | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Germany | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Switzerland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |

## InfoBox

European Trophy
| Official European Trophy logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Formerly | *Nordic Trophy* (2006–2009) |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Founded | 2006 |
| First season | 2006 |
| Ceased | 2013 (turned into Champions Hockey League) |
| Director | Bo Lennartsson |
| No. of teams | 32 |
| Country | Austria (2 teams)
Czech Republic (7 teams)
Finland (7 teams)
Germany (4 teams)
Slovakia (1 team)
Sweden (7 teams)
Switzerland (4 teams) |
| Last
champion(s) | JYP |
| Qualification | Invitation |
| Related
competitions | European Trophy Junior (defunct) |


title: European Trotting Derby

abstract: The European Trotting Derby, also called UET Grand Prix and Grand Prix de l'UET, is an annual Group One harness event that is arranged by the European Trotting Union, UET. The final takes place on a racetrack in one of the member countries of UET. The event is open for 4-year-old European-born trotters and was first raced in 1985. The 2009 final will be hosted by Tampere Racetrack, Finland, and has a purse of approximately US$607,000, or €460,000.

text:
# European Trotting Derby

The **European Trotting Derby**, also called **UET Grand Prix** and **Grand Prix de l'UET**, is an annual Group One harness event that is arranged by the European Trotting Union, UET. The final takes place on a racetrack in one of the member countries of UET. The event is open for 4-year-old European-born trotters and was first raced in 1985. The 2009 final will be hosted by Tampere Racetrack, Finland, and has a purse of approximately US$607,000, or €460,000.

## Racing conditions

### The races

To qualify for the European Trotting Derby final, horses must progress from the qualifying races. These races takes place on two racetracks in two countries every year, in 2009 at Vincennes, France and Tampere, Finland.

### Distance and starting method

The distance has most years been 2,100 meters. Some years, a slight variation has been made, but the distance has always been in the interval 2,000-2,140 meters. The race has always been started by the use of auto start.

## Past winners

### Drivers with most wins

### Trainers with most wins

### Sires with at least two winning offsprings

* 2 - Pershing (Mack the Knife, Atas Rocket)

### Countries, number of wins

### Winner with lowest odds

### Winner with highest odds

* Winning odds: 22.00 - Progress Value (1994)

### Fastest winner

* 1:11.7 (km rate) - Kiss Melody (2002)

### All winners of the European Trotting Derby

| Year | Horse | Driver | Trainer | Winning horse's native country | Odds of winner | Winning time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Qualita Bourbon | Joseph Verbeeck | Jean Baudron | France | 1.51 | 1:13.2 |
| 2007 | Virgill Boko | Hugo Langeweg J:r | Hugo Langeweg | Netherlands | 3.34 | 1:14.0 |
| 2006 | Oiseau de Feux | Christian Bigeon | Fabrice Souloy | France |  | 1:14.1 |
| 2005 | Conny Nobell | Björn Goop | Björn Goop | Sweden | 1.73 | 1:12.9 |
| 2004 | Daguet Rapide | Pietro Gubellini | Jean-Pierre Dubois | Italy | 1.65 | 1:14.2 |
| 2003 | Naglo | Örjan Kihlström | Stefan Hultman | Sweden | 4.29 | 1:13.0 |
| 2002 | Kiss Melody | Dominique Locqueneux | Pierre Desiré Allaire | France | 2.63 | 1:11.7 |
| 2001 | Abano As | Stig H. Johansson | Stig H. Johansson | Germany | 1.90 | 1:12.7 |
| 2000 | Com Karat | Dominique Locqueneux | Jan Kruithof | Sweden | 2.40 | 1:14.6 |
| 1999 | Himo Josselyn | Jean-Michel Bazire | Jean-Michel Bazire | France | 2.90 | 1:14.9 |
| 1998 | Giant Cat | Nicolas Roussel | Nicolas Roussel | France | 5.07 | 1:15.7 |
| 1997 | General November | Pekka Korpi | Veijo Kivijoja | Germany | 3.00 | 1:13.2 |
| 1996 | Elision | Jean-Pierre Viel | Albert Viel | France | 2.62 | 1:15.7 |
| 1995 | Derby du Gite | Heinz Wewering | Sylvain Leliévre | France | 10.01 | 1:14.5 |
| 1994 | Progress Value | Lennart Forsgren | Kari Lähdekorpi | Sweden | 22.00 | 1:15.1 |
| 1993 | Ina Scot | Kjell P. Dahlström | Kjell P. Dahlström | Sweden | 1.20 | 1:14.6 |
| 1992 | Jexpress Dahlia | Jorma Kontio | Jukka-Pekka Kauhanen | Finland | 1.91 | 1:15.2 |
| 1991 | Market Leader | Leif Witasp | Leif Witasp | Sweden | 11.30 | 1:15.8 |
| 1990 | Ultra Ducal | Paul Viel | Paul Viel | France | 4.01 | 1:15.4 |
| 1989 | Tipouf | Pierre Vercruysse | Pierre Vercruysse | France | 2.60 | 1:17.5 |
| 1988 | Atas Rocket | Stig H. Johansson | Stig H. Johansson | Sweden | 4.37 | 1:16.6 |
| 1987 | Rangone | Jean-Pierre Dubois | Jean-Pierre Dubois | France | 2.80 | 1:14.7 |
| 1986 | Clash Hammering | Stig H. Johansson | Stig H. Johansson | Sweden | 3.13 | 1:15.4 |
| 1985 | Mack the Knife | Stig H. Johansson | Stig H. Johansson | Sweden | 2.20 | 1:16.6 |

## InfoBox

European Trotting Derby
| Group One International race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Various European racetracks <br>Europe |
| Inaugurated | 1985 |
| Race type | Harness race for standardbred trotters |
| Race information | |
| Distance | approximately 2,100 meters (1.31 mile) |
| Qualification | 4-year-old European-born stallions and mares |
| Purse | ≈US$607,000 (€460,000) |


title: European Triarchy

abstract: European Triarchy was a book by Moses Hess published in Leipzig 1841. European Triarchy was originally published anonymously with the intent of giving a revolutionary impetus to Hegel's Philosophy of History. Hess claims that the three countries of the Triarchy - France, Germany and England - were already striving for the emancipation of humanity. Both Frederick Engels and Karl Marx read the book. Engels met Hess in the offices of the Rheinische Zeitung, Cologne, in 1842. According to George Lichtheim, it was Hess who converted Engels to communism two years before he embarked on his lifelong partnership with Karl Marx. In fact it was because Hess argued that the revolution would break out first in England that led Engels to move to Manchester, the focal point of English industry. While his father thought Engels would gain first class experience in business by working at the centre of the world economy, Frederick saw it as an opportunity to learn about the class struggle. Steven Marcus argues that whereas radicals based in Europe could look at the industrial heartland of England through rose tinted spectacles, it was by moving there and working on his book The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) that Engels developed a more empirical approach to political writing and that this choice arose from reading Hess's European Triarchy.

text:
# European Triarchy

***European Triarchy*** (*Die europäische Triarchie*) was a book by Moses Hess published in Leipzig 1841.

*European Triarchy* was originally published anonymously with the intent of giving a revolutionary impetus to Hegel's Philosophy of History. Hess claims that the three countries of the Triarchy - France, Germany and England \- were already striving for the emancipation of humanity. Both Frederick Engels and Karl Marx read the book. Engels met Hess in the offices of the *Rheinische Zeitung*, Cologne, in 1842. According to George Lichtheim, it was Hess who converted Engels to communism two years before he embarked on his lifelong partnership with Karl Marx. In fact it was because Hess argued that the revolution would break out first in England that led Engels to move to Manchester, the focal point of English industry. While his father thought Engels would gain first class experience in business by working at the centre of the world economy, Frederick saw it as an opportunity to learn about the class struggle.

Steven Marcus argues that whereas radicals based in Europe could look at the industrial heartland of England through rose tinted spectacles, it was by moving there and working on his book *The Condition of the Working Class in England* (1845) that Engels developed a more empirical approach to political writing and that this choice arose from reading Hess's *European Triarchy*.

## InfoBox

European Triarchy
| Cover of original publication | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Moses Hess |
| Original title | *Die europäische Triarchie* |
| Language | German |
| Subject | Socialism |
| Publisher | Otto Wigand |
| Publication date | 1841 |
| Publication place | Germany |


title: Eternity Road (novel)

abstract: Eternity Road, published in 1998, is a science fiction novel written by Jack McDevitt.

text:
# Eternity Road (novel)

***Eternity Road***, published in 1998, is a science fiction novel written by Jack McDevitt.

## Plot introduction

1,700 years after a deadly plague has wiped out the great civilizations of man, the survivors' descendants have built up a new, comparably primitive society. A group of explorers sets out on an expedition to find a legendary haven of knowledge and ancient wisdom, and in the process learn more about the people they only remember as "the Roadmakers".

## Plot

In a post-apocalypse North America where almost everyone was killed by a plague over 1,700 years prior, little is known about the ancient "Roadmaker" civilization that is said to have built the devastated ruins of enormous cities, and the magnificent roads that still cover the landscape. In the valley of the Mississippi River, a number of towns have united again, trade and science have begun anew. But along with trade comes the threat of new civilizations

When a copy of Mark Twain's novel *A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court* is discovered in the estate of the sole survivor of an earlier expedition to the north, a young woman named Chaka Milana, whose brother died in the previous expedition almost a decade ago, decides to gather a band of explorers and try to find Haven, a legendary stronghold where the knowledge of mankind is said to have been collected and kept safe for future generations. A long voyage ensues along the Mississippi River using various modes of transport such as horse, boats, and even air transport.

Taking the group on a long journey to the ruins of the ancient city of Chicago. Meeting civilizations such as the Illyrian scholars, tribal Tuks and raiders to the remnants of the old world and with their AI and machines which continue to follow their programming.

After losing several members of their team, such as Silas falling over the walkway, Jon to a gas leak explosion and Avila to pirates and traveling by a extraordinary means of transport that still functions after hundreds of years, the team eventually finds Haven. In their excitement at having finally reached their destination, Chaka and her group open the door that had sealed away the knowledge of the old world, spared from the destruction of the plague by the October Patrol, only to realize that they had made a mistake similar to the first expedition. By opening the doors in the underground facility they caused flooding to occur start the destruction of the books there. With quick thinking the group manages to save most of the books as the flooding subsides.

In the Epilogue it is explained that group made it back with most of the books saved from the underground facility. Chaka married Quait, Flojian settled down with a from the Canal, The trail from Devils Eye was renamed in honor of Jon Shannon, and along with the books brought back being reprinted so that all locations of the League can have the knowledge, the one that made the biggest impact to the new world was that from Silas and Chaka detailing their Odyssey to Haven.

## Major themes

One of the core themes of the book is the loss of knowledge and collective memory after an apocalyptic disaster: Even though the people of the Mississippi valley are aware of the remnants of the "Roadmaker" civilization, they have great difficulties understanding the purpose of certain concepts.

## InfoBox

Eternity Road
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jack McDevitt |
| Cover artist | Joe Dansis |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction novel |
| Publisher | Eos Books |
| Publication date | May 1, 1997 (1997-05-01) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 416 pp (paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-06-105427-5 |


title: Police and Thieves (album)

abstract: Police and Thieves is an album by Junior Murvin and backing band the Upsetters, released in 1977. Along with the Heptones' Party Time and Max Romeo's War Ina Babylon, this album is considered part of a Black Ark Lee 'Scratch' Perry-produced "holy trinity".

text:
# Police and Thieves (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B |
| *The Daily Telegraph* |  |
| *The Independent* | (very favorable) |

***Police and Thieves*** is an album by Junior Murvin and backing band the Upsetters, released in 1977. Along with the Heptones' *Party Time* and Max Romeo's *War Ina Babylon*, this album is considered part of a Black Ark Lee 'Scratch' Perry-produced "holy trinity".

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Junior Murvin and Lee "Scratch" Perry; except where indicated

### Original LP

1. "Roots Train"
2. "Police and Thieves"
3. "Solomon" (Murvin)
4. "Rescue Jah Children"
5. "Tedious"
6. "False Teachin" (Perry)
7. "Easy Task" (Murvin)
8. "Lucifer"
9. "Workin' in the Cornfield" (Perry)
10. "I Was Appointed" (Murvin)

### 2003 CD re-release

1. "Roots Train"
2. "Police and Thieves"
3. "Solomon"
4. "Rescue Jah Children"
5. "Tedious"
6. "False Teachin"
7. "Easy Task"
8. "Lucifer"
9. "Working in the Cornfield"
10. "I Was Appointed"
11. "Childhood Sweetheart" (Murvin)
12. "Bad Weed" (Discomix)
13. "Roots Train" (Discomix)
14. "Memories" (B-side of "Police and Thieves")
15. "Rasta Get Ready" (Curtis Mayfield's "People Get Ready")

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Police and Thieves | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Junior Murvin | |
| Released | April 1977 |
| Recorded | Black Ark Studio, Washington Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica |
| Genre | Reggae |
| Length | 37:59 |
| Label | Island |
| Producer | Lee 'Scratch' Perry |
| Junior Murvin chronology | |
| ***Police and Thieves***
(1977) *Tedious*
(1978) | |


title: Jon Pearn

abstract: Jon Pearn is an English house music producer and a member of several successful acts including Araknofobia, Full Intention and Bodyrox.

text:
# Jon Pearn

**Jon Pearn** is an English house music producer and a member of several successful acts including Araknofobia, Full Intention and Bodyrox.

## Biography

Pearn, with production partner Nick Bridges formed Bodyrox. Their track "Yeah Yeah" was a hit in 2006 with the help of Luciana. "Yeah Yeah" went on to chart at number 2 in the UK Top 40 and was subsequently nominated for two International Dance Music awards, an MTV video award and the prestigious Ivor Novello awards in 2007.

Working alongside Michael Gray as Full Intention, the duo has produced songs such as "America (I Love America)", "Once in a Lifetime" and "I Can Cast a Spell". Moreover, the duo provided remixes for artists including Jamiroquai, Supafly, Mariah Carey, Masters at Work, Emma Bunton and Ultra Nate. Full Intention were also nominated for a Grammy Award for their remix of "Amazing" by George Michael in 2004.

In the 2010s, Pearn released numerous tracks with Full Intention. In May 2019, he collaborated with PowerDress and Arthur Baker on a track called "Constellations".

## InfoBox

| Jon Pearn | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | House, dance |
| Occupation(s) | Record producer, musician |
| Years active | 1996–present |
|  | |
| Website | http://jonpearn.com/ |


title: Josef Milnarik

abstract: Josef Milnarik was an Austrian footballer. He played in one match for the Austria national football team in 1924.

text:
# Josef Milnarik

**Josef Milnarik** (2 August 1903  30 November 1969) was an Austrian footballer. He played in one match for the Austria national football team in 1924.

## InfoBox

Josef Milnarik
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1903-08-02)2 August 1903 | | |
| Date of death | 30 November 1969(1969-11-30) (aged 66) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1924 | Austria | 1 | (0) |


title: Josef Mifsud

abstract: Josef Mifsud is a former professional footballer and an accredited physical education teacher. As a footballer, he played as a defender.

text:
# Josef Mifsud

**Josef Mifsud** (born 7 September 1984 in Sliema, Malta) is a former professional footballer and an accredited physical education teacher. As a footballer, he played as a defender.

## Playing career

### Sliema Wanderers

Mifsud began his career as a product of the Sliema Wanderers youth team, but following some impressive displays, he got his chance to play for the first team by making his debut during the 2001–02 season, he made two appearances during the season, but failed to score, as Sliema Wanderers finished 3rd in the Maltese Premier League.

For the 2002–03 season, Josef made one further appearance, but again failed to score any goals, as Sliema Wanderers finished as champions in the Maltese Premier League.

Josef never really made his mark for Sliema Wanderers and spent some time on loan with Lija Athletic in a bid to gain some first team experience.

During his time with Sliema Wanderers, Mifsud only made three appearances, but failed to score any goals.

### Msida Saint-Joseph

In the summer of 2003, Josef Mifsud moved to Msida Saint-Joseph in a bid to play more first team football, he began the 2003–04 season slotting into the Msida Saint-Joseph defence well and made 17 appearances, but failed to score any goals, as Msida Saint-Joseph narrowly avoided relegation finishing 8th in the Maltese Premier League.

Mifsud established himself firmly as a first team regular for the 2004–05 season, making 23 appearances, but again failing to score. His contribution helped Msida Saint-Joseph to another 8th-place finish as the club avoided relegation once again.

With the profile of Josef rising, he entered the 2005–06 season hoping to gain a mid table finish with Msida Saint-Joseph, and get them away from the dreaded relegation group, and he managed to do so, as Msida Saint-Joseph finished in the championship group, in 6th position. During the season Josef made 24 appearances, without finding the net.

Mifsud hoped to build on an impressive season with Msida Saint-Joseph, and continued to perform with a string of fine performances for Msida Saint-Joseph, as the club again finished in the championship group, in 6th position, with Mifsud making 27 appearances and again failing to score. Josef's performances didn't go unnoticed and was given his chance to play for the Maltese national team and made his debut in 2007.

Mifsud played for Msida Saint-Joseph for four seasons and in total made 91 appearances, but failed to score any goals.

### Valletta

With Josef being branded as one of the best home grown defenders in the Maltese Premier League, he joined Valletta in the summer of 2007, for the 2007–08 season, Mifsud made 25 appearances and scored two goals, as Valletta won the Maltese Premier League title.

For the 2008–09 season, first-team chances diminished in his second season, mainly down to the signing of Luke Dimech, Mifsud made 13 appearances during the season, but failed to find the net as Valletta missed out on the title to Hibernians.

During his time with Valletta, Josef made 38 appearances and scored his first two goals in the Maltese Premier League.

### Sliema Wanderers

In June, 2009, Sliema Wanderers announced their first signing of the close season, securing the services of the Valletta defender Josef Mifsud, with the player signing a five-year contract.

Mifsud made his Premier League debut for Sliema Wanderers on 30 August 2009 in a 1–0 defeat to Qormi.

## International career

### Malta

Josef Mifsud made his international debut for Malta during his time as a Msida Saint-Joseph player. He was used in a friendly match against Armenia on 12 September 2007, however Malta lost the match 1–0.

## Honours

### Sliema Wanderers

### Valletta

## Career statistics

*Statistics accurate as of match played 1 August 2013.*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|
| Malta | | | League | | Maltese Cup | | League Cup | | Europe | | Total | |
| 2001–02 | Sliema Wanderers | Maltese Premier League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2002–03 | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | Msida Saint-Joseph | | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| 2004–05 | | | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| 2005–06 | | | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| 2006–07 | | | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| 2007–08 | Valletta | | 25 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2 |
| 2008–09 | | | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| 2009–10 | Sliema Wanderers | | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| 2010–11 | | | 19 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 2 |
| 2011–12 | | | 27 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 1 |
| 2012–13 | | | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
| Total | Malta | | 223 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 230 | 6 |
| Career total | | | 223 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 230 | 6 |

## InfoBox

Josef Mifsud
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-09-07) 7 September 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Sliema, Malta | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Sliema Wanderers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2003 | Sliema Wanderers | 3 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Lija Athletic (loan) |  |  |
| 2003–2007 | Msida Saint-Joseph | 91 | (0) |
| 2007–2009 | Valletta | 39 | (2) |
| 2009– | Sliema Wanderers | 90 | (4) |
| 2013–2014 | Tarxien Rainbows (loan) | 28 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Gżira United | 20 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Malta U16 |  |  |
|  | Malta U21 |  |  |
| 2007–2008 | Malta | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18 July 2020<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17 June 2009 | | | |


title: Josef Kammhuber

abstract: Josef Kammhuber was a career officer who served in the Imperial German Army, the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany and the post-World War II German Air Force. During World War II, he was the first general of night fighters in the Luftwaffe. Kammhuber created the night fighter defense system, the so-called Kammhuber Line, but the detailed knowledge of the system provided to the Royal Air Force by British military intelligence allowed them to render it ineffective. Personal battles between him and Erhard Milch, director of the Reich Air Ministry, led to his dismissal in 1943. After the war, he joined the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of West Germany serving as the first Inspector of the Air Force.

text:
# Josef Kammhuber

**Josef Kammhuber** (August 19, 1896 – January 25, 1986) was a career officer who served in the Imperial German Army, the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany and the post-World War II German Air Force. During World War II, he was the first general of night fighters in the Luftwaffe.

Kammhuber created the night fighter defense system, the so-called Kammhuber Line, but the detailed knowledge of the system provided to the Royal Air Force by British military intelligence allowed them to render it ineffective. Personal battles between him and Erhard Milch, director of the Reich Air Ministry, led to his dismissal in 1943. After the war, he joined the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of West Germany serving as the first Inspector of the Air Force.

## Career

Josef Kammhuber was born in Tüßling, Bavaria, the son of a farmer. At the outbreak of World War I Kammhuber was 18 and joined a Bavarian engineer battalion. He participated in the Battle of Verdun in 1916 and was promoted to Second Lieutenant in 1917. He remained in Germany's post-war army, and in 1925 was promoted to First Lieutenant. Between October 1926 and September 1928, he received division-level leadership training. From 1 May to 30 September 1930, he was sent to the USSR for pilot training at the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school. On his return, Kammhuber joined the staff of General Walter Wever, chief of staff of the Luftwaffe prior to World War II.

Kammhuber returned to active duty in February 1939 and was assigned as chief-of-staff of *Luftflotte 2*. On January 11, 1940, he was reprimanded by Adolf Hitler personally because of the Mechelen Incident. He was then transferred to the Western Front where he became commander of *KG 51*. On 3 June 1940, he flew with the wing (possibly on Operation Paula). He was shot down and briefly became a prisoner of war. Kammhuber was released upon the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In July 1940 he was placed in command of coordinating flak, searchlight and radar units at Luftwaffe's General Staff. The result was the *XII. Fliegerkorps* (12th Air Corps), a new dedicated night-fighting command, created on 1 August 1940. He reached the rank of Generalleutnant by October 1941 and General der Flieger on 1 January 1943.

### Defence of the Reich

He organised the night fighting units into a chain known to the British as the Kammhuber Line, which was a series of radar stations with overlapping coverage. The stations were layered three deep from Denmark to the middle of France, each covering a zone about 32 km (20 mi) long (north-south) and 20 km (12 mi) wide (east-west). Each control centre was known as a *Himmelbett* (four-poster bed) zone, consisting of a Freya radar with a range of about 100 km (62 mi), a number of searchlights spread through the cell, and one primary and one backup night fighter assigned to the cell. Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers flying into Germany or France would have to cross the line at some point and the radar would direct a searchlight to illuminate the aircraft. Once this had happened, other manually controlled searchlights would also pick up the aeroplane and the night fighter would be directed to intercept the illuminated bomber. Demands by *Bürgermeister*s in Germany led to the recall of the searchlights to the major cities.

Later versions of the *Himmelbett* added two Würzburg radars, with a range of about 30 km (19 mi). Unlike the early-warning Freya radar, Würzburgs were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second Würzburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the *Himmelbett* center to get continual readings on the positions of both aircraft, controlling them to a visual interception. To aid in this, a number of the night fighters were fitted with a short-range infrared device known as 'Spanner anlage' but these proved almost useless in practice.

Another tactic that proved effective was to send their own planes to England while the raids were taking off or landing. Radio operators listening to the RAF bomber frequencies were able to recognize the start of a raid and the raiding force of about 30 night fighters would be sent over the RAF airbases to shoot down the bombers as they took off or landed. By the beginning of October the night intruder force had claimed a hundred kills but on October 13, Hitler ordered the force sent to the Mediterranean, despite their success.

British intelligence soon discovered the nature of the Kammhuber Line and started studying ways to defeat it. RAF Bomber Command sent aircraft one at a time to force the defenses to be spread as far apart as possible, meaning that any one aircraft would have to deal with little concentrated flak. The *Himmelbett* centers were only dealing with perhaps one or two planes at a time, making their job much easier. At the urging of R. V. Jones, Bomber Command planned attacks against a target at a time, sending all of the bombers in a "bomber stream", carefully positioned to fly down the middle of a cell. The Himmelbett centers were faced with hundreds of bombers, countering with only a few aircraft of their own. So successful was this tactic that the success rate of the night fighters dropped almost to zero.

### Technological battle

Kammhuber started looking for solutions, and the result was the two-prong concept of *Wilde Sau* ("wild boar") and *Zahme Sau* ("tame boar"). In the former, day fighters would be sent up and look for the enemy aircraft from the light of flares dropped from light bombers, searchlights set to a wide beam or illuminating lower clouds, or the fires on the ground below. The *Wilde Sau* force scored their most notable success during Operation Hydra (the British operation against the V-weapon centre), at Peenemünde on 17 August 1943. De Havilland Mosquito bombers had dropped target marker flares over Berlin and most of the night fighter force was sent there. When it was realized what was really happening, most of these aircraft were too far away and too slow to intercept the raid. However, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190s being flown by the *Wilde Sau* forces were able to reach them, and about 30 planes entered the third and last wave of the stream and shot down 29 of the 40 Avro Lancaster bombers lost on that raid.

*Zahme Sau* envisioned freeing the night fighters (now equipped with radar for the final stages of the interception) from the *Himmelbett* cells and allowing them to attack on their own. This was not all that easy, given the capabilities of the current generation of radars, but newer systems being developed would greatly increase the detection range and angles. In this role the existing cells created as part of the original Kammhuber Line would be used primarily for early warning and vectoring the planes to the stream.

At the same time Kammhuber continued to press for a new dedicated nightfighter design, eventually selecting the Heinkel He 219 *Uhu* after seeing it demonstrated in 1942. However Milch had decided to cancel the *Uhu*, and conflict arose between the two. As a result, in 1943 Kammhuber was transferred to *Luftflotte 5* in Norway, in command of a handful of outdated planes. After the reorganization of the *Luftwaffe* in Scandinavia and the dissolution of *Luftflotte 5*, he became commanding general of the *Luftwaffe* in Norway (September–October 1944). In 1945 Kammhuber was re-appointed to command of the night fighters, at this point a largely ceremonial position considering the state of the Third Reich at that time.

## Postwar

After Germany's capitulation in May 1945, Kammhuber was held by the United States, but he was released in April 1948 without charges being brought against him. He wrote a series of monographs for the US Department of Defense on the conduct of the German defenses against the RAF and USAAF. These were later collected into book form (listed under References). In 1953 he published a definitive work on what he learned during the war as *Problems in the Conduct of a Day and Night Defensive Air War*. He later spent time in Argentina, helping to train the air force under Juan Perón..

Josef Kammhuber returned to Germany and joined the German Air Force while it was being formed. He was promoted to *Inspekteur der Luftwaffe*, serving in that role between 1956 and 1962. Following the 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident, when two West German Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks strayed into East German airspace and flew to West Berlin, Kammhuber and his superior, the West German Minister of Defence, Franz-Josef Strauß, relieved *Oberstleutnant* Siegfried Barth, commander of the pilots' unit, of his command. After protests, three official investigations and a formal complaint by Barth against Strauß, the former was reinstated in his position. Kammhuber was the only inspector of a branch of the German Armed Forces to achieve the rank of (full) General in this office, although actually designated as a Lieutenant General, because of his services to the development of the post-war Air Force. He retired shortly after the crash of a Starfighter formation on 19 June 1962 near Nörvenich.

Kammhuber died on January 25, 1986, aged 89 in Munich and is buried there.

## Awards

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer \[in German\] (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Hinchliffe, Peter (2003). *"The Lent Papers" Helmut Lent*. Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84145-105-3.
* Rall, Günther (2007). Braatz, Kurt \[in German\] (ed.). *Günther Rall: Mein Flugbuch—Erinnerungen 1938–2004* \[*Günther Rall: My Flight Book—Recollections 1938–2004*\] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-3-7.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Scutts, Jerry (1998). *German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
* Wolfgang Schmidt, *"Seines Wertes bewusst"! General Josef Kammhuber*, in: Helmut R. Hammerich / Rudolf J. Schlaffer (eds.), *Militärische Aufbaugenerationen der Bundeswehr 1955 bis 1970. Ausgewählte Biografien*, München, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag 2011, pp. 351–381.
* Kammhuber, Joseph, and David C. Isby (eds.); *Fighting the Bombers: The Luftwaffe's Struggle Against the Allied Bomber Offensive*, Greenhill Books, 2003. ISBN 1-85367-532-6.

## InfoBox

| Josef Kammhuber | |
| --- | --- |
| Josef Kammhuber as Inspector of the West German Air Force | |
| Born | (1896-08-19)19 August 1896
Tüßling, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire |
| Died | 25 January 1986(1986-01-25) (aged 89)
Munich, West Germany |
| Buried | Westfriedhof (Munich) |
| Allegiance |  |
| Service/branch |  |
| Years of service | * 1914–1945 * 1955–1962 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Political positions of Libertas

abstract: The political positions of Libertas were the political positions of members or affiliates of Libertas, the umbrella title given to a constellation of organizations associated with Declan Ganley. Candidates and parties underneath its pan-European arm, Libertas.eu contended the 2009 European Parliament elections.

text:
# Political positions of Libertas

The **political positions of Libertas** were the political positions of members or affiliates of *Libertas*, the umbrella title given to a constellation of organizations associated with Declan Ganley. Candidates and parties underneath its pan-European arm, Libertas.eu contended the 2009 European Parliament elections.

## Preamble

Libertas is a political party founded by Declan Ganley that took part in the 2009 European Parliament election in several member states of the European Union. For the purposes of contending those elections, Libertas candidates ran under *lists* (the lists of candidates presented to voters in a European election) branded with the Libertas identity, as exemplified by the French approach. Each list was made up of some combination of the following:

* *members of member parties* (member parties usually had names in the *Libertas X* format e.g. "Libertas Sweden")
* *members of affiliate parties* (parties that were not members of Libertas.eu but cooperate with it electorally)
* *individual members* (people who chose to join Libertas.eu as individuals. Candidates that ran under Libertas lists but who had no national party membership were automatically individual members).

Their political positions were as follows:

## EUProfiler

The EUProfiler was produced by a consortium of three institutions (Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Kieskompas and the University of Zurich) analysing parties taking part in the 2009 elections. Some of those parties were Libertas. A summary of their analyses is given below.

### Hix-Lord diagram

The EUProfiler gave the positions of political parties on the left-right and Eurosceptic spectra. Six of those parties were Libertas parties. They were as follows:

Those positions are summarized on the Hix-Lord diagram (a type of political compass) on the right. The Eurosceptic parties are towards the bottom, Europhile parties towards the top, the left-wing parties are towards the left, and right-wing parties towards the right.

### Profile

The EUProfiler also collated party statements into their positions on distinct questions. A summary of those collations for the six Libertas parties analysed is as follows:

| Category | Question | LI | CPNT | MPF | LP | MPT | C |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finances and taxes | The EU should acquire its own tax raising powers | Completely disagree | Tend to disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Tend to disagree | Completely disagree |
| Economy and work | The EU should drastically reduce its subsidies to Europe's farmers | Tend to disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Tend to agree |
| European integration | The European Union should be enlarged to include Turkey | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | No opinion | No opinion |
| Society, religion and culture | Euthanasia should be legalised | Completely disagree | No opinion | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Tend to agree |
| European integration | Individual member states of the EU should have less veto power | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | No opinion | Tend to agree |
| Society, religion and culture | The legalisation of same sex marriages is a good thing | Completely disagree | No opinion | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | No opinion | Tend to agree |
| Welfare, family and health | Greater efforts should be made to privatise healthcare services in your member state | No opinion | Tend to disagree | No opinion | Neutral | Tend to disagree | Completely disagree |
| Migration and immigration | Immigration policies oriented towards skilled workers should be encouraged as a means of fostering economic growth | Tend to disagree | No opinion | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Neutral | Tend to agree |
| Foreign policy | On foreign policy issues, such as the relationship with Russia, the EU should speak with one voice | Neutral | No opinion | Completely disagree | Tend to disagree | Tend to disagree | No opinion |
| Society, religion and culture | The decriminalisation of the personal use of soft drugs is to be welcomed | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Tend to agree |
| Finances and taxes | Governments should bail out failing banks with public money | No opinion | Tend to disagree | Completely agree | Completely disagree | No opinion | Tend to disagree |
| European integration | European integration is a good thing | Tend to agree | Completely disagree | Completely disagree | Neutral | No opinion | Tend to agree |
| Environment, transport and energy | The promotion of public transport should be fostered through green taxes (e.g. road taxing) | No opinion | Completely disagree | No opinion | No opinion | Tend to agree | Neutral |
| Law and order | Restrictions of civil liberties should be accepted in the fight against terrorism | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | Tend to disagree |
| Foreign policy | The European Union should strengthen its security and defence policy | No opinion | No opinion | Neutral | No opinion | Tend to disagree | No opinion |
| Finances and taxes | Government spending should be reduced in order to lower taxes | No opinion | No opinion | Completely agree | No opinion | Tend to disagree | Tend to disagree |
| Economy and work | Governments should reduce workers' protection regulations in order to fight unemployment | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | Neutral |
| Environment, transport and energy | Policies to fight global warming should be encouraged even if it hampers economic growth or employment | No opinion | Tend to agree | No opinion | Completely disagree | Tend to agree | Neutral |
| Environment, transport and energy | Renewable sources of energy (e.g. solar or wind energy) should be supported even if this means higher energy costs | No opinion | Tend to disagree | Tend to agree | Completely disagree | Completely agree | Tend to agree |
| European integration | Your member state is much better off in the EU than outside it | Tend to agree | Tend to agree | Completely disagree | Tend to disagree | No opinion | Completely agree |
| Welfare, family and health | Social programmes should be maintained even at the cost of higher taxes | No opinion | Tend to agree | Completely disagree | Neutral | Completely agree | Tend to agree |
| Society, religion and culture | Religious values and principles should be shown greater respect in politics | Completely agree | Tend to disagree | Tend to agree | Completely agree | No opinion | Completely disagree |
| European integration | The European Parliament should be given more powers | Tend to agree | Completely agree | No opinion | Tend to agree | Tend to disagree | Neutral |
| Law and order | Criminals should be punished more severely | No opinion | Neutral | Completely agree | Completely agree | No opinion | Tend to agree |
| Migration and immigration | Immigrants from outside Europe should be required to accept our culture and values | Tend to agree | No opinion | Completely agree | Completely agree | No opinion | Tend to agree |
| Welfare, family and health | State subsidies for crèches and child care should be increased substantially | No opinion | Completely agree | Tend to agree | Completely agree | Tend to agree | Completely agree |
| Migration and immigration | Immigration into your member state should be made more restrictive | Completely agree | Completely agree | Completely agree | Tend to agree | Neutral | Tend to agree |
| European integration | Any new European Treaty should be subject to approval in a referendum in your member state | Completely agree | Completely agree | Completely agree | Completely agree | Completely agree | Completely agree |
| Sources | |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## CPDS

The University of Bern Institute for Political Science (*Universität Bern, Institut für Politikwissenschaft*) maintains comparative political datasets CPDS I,II and III classifying political parties from the OECD and EU into distinct political families. Two of those parties were Libertas parties. The CPDS characterized those parties as follows:

| Libertas member/affiliate | Political family | Sources |
| --- | --- | --- |
| League of Polish Families | Religious |  |
| Komma Fileftheron | Liberal |  |

## Human rights monitors

The Anti-Defamation League, United Nations, and Council of Europe monitor parties for use of racist, xenophobic and/or anti-Semitic discourse. Two of those parties were Libertas parties. They are as follows:

| Libertas member/affiliate | Sources |
| --- | --- |
| League of Polish Families |  |
| Mouvement pour la France |  |

## Left-right positions

The Oscarsson and Dahlberg paper "Mapping the European Party Space: Does Party System Simplicity produce Democratic Legitimacy?" characterized parties on the left-right spectrum. Three of those parties were Libertas parties. Oscarsson and Dahlberg characterized those parties as follows (data from 2004):

| Libertas member/affiliate | Score (0=extreme left, 10=extreme right) | Sources |
| --- | --- | --- |
| League of Polish Families | 7.25 |  |
| Komma Fileftheron | 6.27 |  |
| Mouvement pour la France | 6.27 |  |

1. "Libertas Poland" here refers to the party of that name in Poland, not to the Libertas list of the same name, a coalition of Libertas Poland with NP, PSL Piast, PR, LPF candidates


title: Josep Rius-Camps

abstract: Josep Rius-Camps is a priest, biblical scholar and patristic scholar, Professor Emeritus of the Faculty of Theology of Catalonia. D. in Oriental ecclesiastical sciences from the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome (1968), where he also taught at the University of Münster and the Augustinianum in Rome. He is the author of numerous studies -in Catalan, Spanish and English- on patristics and on the New Testament. He was director of the Catalan Journal of Theology from its foundation in 1976 until 2008. He has been editor, with Jenny Read-Heimerdinger, of the bilingual edition (Greek-Spanish), for the first time in a single work, of the two volumes of Luke's writings: Demonstration to Theophilus. Gospel and Acts of the Apostles according to the Beza Codex, winner of the City of Barcelona Prize for translation into Catalan for its previous edition in this language, in 2009. In 2012 it was translated into English. In his novel Diari de Teòfil he gave narrative form to research on the work of Luke. Conversations with Josep Rius-Camps, by Ignasi Moreta, have recently been published. He lives in the hermitage of Sant Pere de Reixac.

text:
# Josep Rius-Camps

**Josep Rius-Camps** (born June 15, 1933, in Esparreguera, Barcelona, Spain) is a priest, biblical scholar and patristic scholar, Professor Emeritus of the Faculty of Theology of Catalonia.

D. in Oriental ecclesiastical sciences from the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome (1968), where he also taught at the University of Münster and the Augustinianum in Rome. He is the author of numerous studies -in Catalan, Spanish and English- on patristics (Origen, the Pseudoclementines and Ignatius of Antioch) and on the New Testament (Mark and Luke-Acts). He was director of the Catalan Journal of Theology from its foundation in 1976 until 2008. He has been editor, with Jenny Read-Heimerdinger, of the bilingual edition (Greek-Spanish), for the first time in a single work, of the two volumes of Luke's writings: *Demonstration to Theophilus. Gospel and Acts of the Apostles according to the Beza Codex* (Fragmenta Editorial, 2009), winner of the City of Barcelona Prize for translation into Catalan for its previous edition in this language, in 2009. In 2012 it was translated into English. In his novel *Diari de Teòfil* (Fragmenta Editorial, 2011) he gave narrative form to research on the work of Luke. *Conversations with Josep Rius-Camps*, by Ignasi Moreta, have recently been published. He lives in the hermitage of Sant Pere de Reixac.

## Works

## InfoBox

| Josep Rius-Camps | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | June 15, 1933<br>Esparreguera, Catalonia, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation | Biblist scholar |
| Employer | Faculty of Theology of Catalonia |
| Awards | Ciutat de Barcelona de Traducció |
| Website | rius-camps.cat/ |