title: John Hinde (photographer)

abstract: John Wilfrid Hinde was an English photographer, whose idealistic and nostalgic style influenced the art of postcard photography and was widely known for his meticulously planned shoots. His interest in colour photography arose during the 1940s. From the later half of the 1940s to the middle half of the 1950s, he entered the circus life, where he met his future wife. However, he soon returned to photography and, in 1956, he left the circus and founded John Hinde Ltd. in Dublin to produce and distribute his colour pictures of Ireland. Hinde's most famous work is that of the Butlin's holiday camps, in which he portrayed a welcoming and jubilant environment. In 1972, he sold his company to pursue his love of painting. The Irish Museum of Modern Art recognised his work with a retrospective in Dublin in 1993. In 1997, Hinde died in Dordogne, France. At the time of his death, millions of his postcards had been sold worldwide.

text:
# John Hinde (photographer)

**John Wilfrid Hinde** (17 May 1916 – 26 December 1997) was an English photographer, whose idealistic and nostalgic style influenced the art of postcard photography and was widely known for his meticulously planned shoots.

His interest in colour photography arose during the 1940s. From the later half of the 1940s to the middle half of the 1950s, he entered the circus life, where he met his future wife. However, he soon returned to photography and, in 1956, he left the circus and founded John Hinde Ltd. in Dublin to produce and distribute his colour pictures of Ireland. Hinde's most famous work is that of the Butlin's holiday camps, in which he portrayed a welcoming and jubilant environment. In 1972, he sold his company to pursue his love of painting. The Irish Museum of Modern Art recognised his work with a retrospective in Dublin in 1993. In 1997, Hinde died in Dordogne, France. At the time of his death, millions of his postcards had been sold worldwide.

## Early life

John Wilfrid Hinde was born in Street, Somerset on 17 May 1916, in a close-knit Quaker community. He stuck to his Quaker values during the war by becoming a photographer for the civil defence forces instead of a soldier. Some of his photography was published in colour magazines and books, such as *Of Cabbages and Kings*, *Citizens of War*, and *British Circus Life*. His interest in photography would lead him to become an important pioneer in colour photographs.

## The circus

Hinde briefly switched professions when he became a circus publicity manager in 1944. Here, he met his wife Antonia "Jutta" Falnoga, a trapeze artist for the circus; they married in 1952 and had five children, three sons and two daughters. In 1954, he and Antonia started their own travelling circus company in Ireland named "The John Hinde Show." This venture quickly failed however and Hinde quit the circus business in 1956. He returned to his life as a photographer, and that same year, he founded John Hinde Ltd in Dublin.

## Ireland photography

While travelling with the circus for twelve years, and in the years after, he began to take colour photographs of the Irish countryside. During this time, Ireland was becoming a popular destination for tourists. Black and white postcards were favoured because it was felt that this method could better capture the romantic landscape of Ireland. Hinde, a colour photographer, tried to find a way in which he could achieve the same or better effect with the addition of colour, something that would set his pictures apart from all the others. He hoped to capture the vividness of the Irish countryside, as well as the imagination of his audience. With much thought, he came up with a method that blended Irish stereotypes (donkeys, red-headed children, etc.) and the lush, seemingly endless, landscape with bright colours.

Hinde would sometimes enhance colours in his studio to get a desired effect. He was well known for setting up, or changing a scene so that it would fit his strict style. If he found something unpleasant or out of place in his pictures, he could simply cover it up or move it to get the best shot. So common was this practice that he kept a saw in the back of his car so that, if there happened to be an unsightly object in the view of his camera, he would chop down a nearby rhododendron bush and use it to conceal the eyesore. Needless to say, many rhododendron bushes appear in Hinde's Ireland postcards. This series of photographs was a huge success, not only with tourists, but also with the Irish people who enjoyed being reminded of the vibrant environment in which they lived.

## Butlin's

From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Hinde worked on his most widely known production: the Butlin Holiday Camps postcards. Billy Butlin had founded the camps as a place for working-class people to go for vacation, complete with high excitement and low cost. Butlin hired Hinde to produce postcards that reflected the spirited and enjoyable environment found at his camps. By this time, Hinde worked more as an art director than an actual photographer, so he hired two German photographers, Elmar Ludwig and Edmund Nägele, and one British photographer, David Noble. They travelled to the different camps and set up the necessary lights and photography equipment, often taking a whole day to make them just right.

Hinde's pictures portrayed holiday makers taking advantage of all of the things Butlin's had to offer, having a grand old time in the process. The photographers used large format cameras and Ektachrome film to capture the optimistic tone that Butlin was looking for. Scenes from the postcards included people eating in lavishly decorated dining halls, large indoor swimming pools, themed bars, and amusement park rides. Actual holiday makers were used in the shots, but like the Ireland pictures, the sets were often added to, to capture the energetic feeling of the setting. Hinde would often enhance certain colours later on so that the result would be a lively, idealistic view of a Butlin vacation. The combination of the images of a fun-filled family vacation and the vivacious colour produced a nostalgic portrait for the masses.

## Legacy

Hinde's postcards were immensely popular, despite Hinde's view that the photographs held no artistic value. In 1972, he decided to sell his company to the Waterford Glass Group to pursue his love of landscape painting.

Even though Hinde never viewed his photographs with much reverence, the Irish Museum of Modern Art recognised his photographic works with a retrospective in Dublin in 1993. Since his death in 1997, exhibits of his photography have travelled all over the world and he proved to be the most successful postcard producer in the world. His works have also been compiled into books, including *Hindesight*, a collection of the Ireland postcards and *Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight*, a collection of the Butlin's postcards.

Some of his postcards form the basis for an Irish 30-minute television programme called *Cartai Phoist* which selects 3 postcards per episode, and using a contemporary Irish artist/celebrity/TV personality, recreates the postcard by finding the original individuals (or their next-of-kin) and standing at the exact spot where the original postcard shot was taken.

## Publications

* *Hindesight: John Hinde Photographs and Postcards by John Hinde Ltd. 1935–1971.* Irish Museum of Modern Art, 1993. ISBN 1-873654-09-X.
* *Our True Intent Is All for Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs.* By Martin Parr. London: Chris Boot, 2002. ISBN 0-9542813-0-6.
* *Nothing to Write Home About: Celebrating the Heyday of the British Holiday Postcard: a Collection of John Hinde Postcards and Their Messages*. Compiled by Michelle Abadie & Susan Beale. Friday Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-905548-36-1.
* *Postcards* – by Martin Parr and Thomas Weski. London: Chris Boot, 2008. Contains a selection of John Hinde cards among others. ISBN 978-1-905712-10-6.

## General references

## InfoBox

| John Hinde | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | John Wilfrid Hinde
(1916-05-17)17 May 1916
Street, Somerset, England |
| Died | 26 December 1997(1997-12-26) (aged 81)
Brive en Gaiard, Dordogne, France |
| Occupation | Photographer |
| Known for | Photos of Butlin's holiday camps |
| Spouse | Antonia "Jutta" Falnoga  (m. 1952) |
| Children | 5 |


title: George Jeffery (cricketer)

abstract: George Ernest Jeffery was an English cricketer active from 1872 to 1874 who played for Sussex. He was born in Eastbourne and died in Streatham Common. He appeared in 31 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled roundarm slow. He scored 808 runs with a highest score of 127 and took 68 wickets with a best performance of eight for 44. Jeffery was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1873 before graduating LLB in 1875. He was called to the Bar in 1878.

text:
# George Jeffery (cricketer)

**George Ernest Jeffery** (9 February 1853 – 8 April 1891) was an English cricketer active from 1872 to 1874 who played for Sussex. He was born in Eastbourne and died in Streatham Common. He appeared in 31 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled roundarm slow. He scored 808 runs with a highest score of 127 and took 68 wickets with a best performance of eight for 44.

Jeffery was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1873 before graduating LLB in 1875. He was called to the Bar in 1878.


title: USCGC Abbie Burgess

abstract: USCGC Abbie Burgess (WLM-553) is a Keeper-class coastal buoy tender of the United States Coast Guard. Launched in 1997, she is home-ported in Rockland, Maine. Her primary mission is maintaining 366 aids to navigation from Boothbay Harbor, Maine to the Canadian border. Secondary missions include marine environmental protection, light icebreaking, search and rescue, and security. She is assigned to the First Coast Guard District.

text:
# USCGC Abbie Burgess

**USCGC *Abbie Burgess* (WLM-553)** is a Keeper-class coastal buoy tender of the United States Coast Guard. Launched in 1997, she is home-ported in Rockland, Maine. Her primary mission is maintaining 366 aids to navigation from Boothbay Harbor, Maine to the Canadian border. Secondary missions include marine environmental protection, light icebreaking, search and rescue, and security. She is assigned to the First Coast Guard District.

## Construction and characteristics

On 22 June 1993 the Coast Guard awarded the contract for the Keeper-class vessels to Marinette Marine Corporation in the form of a firm order for the lead ship and options for thirteen more. The Coast Guard exercised options for three additional ships, including *Abbie Burgess* on 7 February 1996. She was launched on 5 April 1997 into the Menominee River. *Abbie Burgess* is the third of the fourteen Keeper-class ships built.

Her hull was built of welded steel plates. She is 175 feet (53 m) long, with a beam of 36 feet (11 m), and a full-load draft of 8 feet (2.4 m). *Abbie Burgess* displaces 850 long tons fully loaded. Her gross register tonnage is 904, and her net register tonnage is 271. The top of the mast is 58.75 feet (17.91 m) above the waterline.

Rather than building the ship from the keel up as a single unit, Marinette Marine used a modular fabrication approach. Eight large modules, or "hull blocks" were built separately and then welded together.

The ship has two Caterpillar 3508 DITA (direct-injection, turbocharged, aftercooled) 8-cylinder Diesel engines which produce 1000 horsepower each. These drive two Ulstein Z-drives. Keeper-class ships were the first Coast Guard cutters equipped with Z-drives, which markedly improved their maneuverability. The Z-drives have four-bladed propellers which are 57.1 inches (145 cm) in diameter and are equipped with Kort nozzles. In 1999 stainless steel cages were added around *Abbie Burgess'* propellers to reduce the number of lobster pot lines they fouled. They can be operated in "tiller mode" where the Z-drives turn in the same direction to steer the ship, or in "Z-conn mode" where the two Z-drives can turn in different directions to achieve specific maneuvering objectives. An implication of the Z-drives is that there is no reverse gear or rudder aboard *Marcus Hanna*. In order to back the ship, the Z-drives are turned 180 degrees which drives the ship stern-first even though the propellers are spinning in the same direction as they do when the ship is moving forward. Her maximum speed is 12 knots. Her tanks can hold 16,385 gallons of diesel fuel which gives her an unrefueled range of 2,000 nautical miles at 10 knots.

She has a 500 horsepower bow thruster. The Z-drives and bow thruster can be linked in a Dynamic Positioning System. This gives *Abbie Burgess* the ability to hold position in the water even in heavy currents, winds, and swells. This advanced capability is useful in bringing buoys aboard that can weigh more than 16,000 lbs.

Electrical power aboard is provided by three Caterpillar 3406 DITA generators which produce 285 Kw each. She also has a 210 Kw emergency generator, which is a Caterpillar 3406 DIT.

The buoy deck has 1,335 square feet (124.0 m2) of working area. A crane with a boom 42 feet (13 m) long lifts buoys and their mooring anchors onto the deck. The crane can lift up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg).

The ships' fresh water tanks can hold 7,339 gallons. She has three ballast tanks that can be filled to maintain the ship's trim, and tanks for oily waste water, sewage, gray water, new lubrication oil, and waste oil.

Accommodations were designed for mixed gender crews from the start. Crew size and composition has varied over the years. When she first arrived in Rockland in 1997, she had an authorized complement of 18, commanded by a chief warrant officer. By 2009, her crew had been increases to 24.

*Abbie Burgess*, as all Keeper-class ships, has a strengthened "ice belt" along the waterline so that she can work on aids to navigation in ice-infested waters. Not only is the hull plating in the ice belt thicker than the rest of the hull, but framing members are closer together in areas that experience greater loads when working in ice. Higher grades of steel were used for hull plating in the ice belt to prevent cracking in cold temperatures. Her bow is sloped so that rather than smashing into ice, she rides up over it to break it with the weight of the ship. *Abbie Burgess* is capable of breaking flat, 9-inch thick ice at 3 knots.

The ship carries a cutter boat on davits. She was originally equipped with a CB-M boat which was replaced in the mid-2010s with a CB-ATON-M boat. This was built by Metal Shark Aluminum Boats and was estimated to cost $210,000. The boat is 18 feet (5.5 m) long and are equipped with a Mercury Marine inboard/outboard diesel engine.

The ship's namesake is lighthouse keeper Abbie Burgess. She was a lighthouse keeper on the Maine coast for most of the last half of the nineteenth century. Her most famous act of service took place when she was just a teenager. Her father was appointed keeper of the Matinicus Rock lighthouse in 1853. The regular supply ship to the island was late, so in January 1856 he rowed to the mainland to pick up supplies for his family and to maintain the light. While he was gone, a strong storm blew in. Hurricane-force winds, snow, and large waves pounded Matinicus Rock. The bad weather prevented her father's return, leaving 17-year-old Abbie to maintain the lights for a month during one of the worst storms of the century.

*Abbie Burgess* replaced USCGC *White Lupine*, which was decommissioned in 1998.

## Operational history

After her launch and builder's trials, the Coast Guard accepted the ship and placed her in commission-special status on 19 September 1997. Her crew was trained by Marinette personnel and she sailed from Lake Michigan through the Great Lakes to her new homeport. She was commissioned at a ceremony in Rockport on 31 July 1998.

*Abbie Burgess'* buoy tending involves lifting them onto her deck where marine growth is scraped and pressure washed off, inspecting the buoy itself, and replacing lights, solar cells, and radar transponders. The mooring chain or synthetic cable is inspected and replaced as needed. The concrete block mooring anchor is also inspected. The coast of northern New England is prone to difficult weather that requires extra maintenance of the buoys that are assigned to *Abbie Burgess*. For example, every spring the tender must replace buoys damaged by ice in the Penobscot River. A strong nor'easter in April 2007 damaged or displaced 70 aids to navigation which *Abbie Burgess*, and USCGC *Marcus Hanna* were dispatched to repair. The ship has also been dispatched to other Coast Guard districts to assist in seasonal or one-time events. For example, in 2018 *Abbie Burgess* was sent to the Great Lakes on a 37-day deployment to assist in replacing summer buoys with more ice-resistant winter buoys.

The bulk of *Abbie Burgess'* year is spent at sea tending her buoys, or in port maintaining the ship. She has been asked to perform other missions, as described below.

### Search and rescue

In May 2006 the three-masted sailing ship *RawFaith*, was dismasted in a gale off the Maine coast. *Abbie Burgess* teamed with USCGC *Seneca* to tow the ship back to Rockland.

### Marine environmental protection

Oil, asphalt, and other hazardous substances are transported in the Penobscot River. Significant changes in currents during spring freshets caused by rapid snowmelt can be a hazard for vessels on the river. In April 2005, Abbie Burgess set four NOAA current monitoring stations in the river to learn more about these potentially dangerous flows. Later in 2005, *Abbie Burgess* participated in a joint U.S.-Canada oil spill exercise, with the cutter deploying in Frenchman Bay, Maine.

*Abbie Burgess* served as a dive platform for an archeological survey of the Minot's Ledge Lighthouse, which was destroyed in a storm in 1851. In 2007, Coast Guard divers from the Maritime Safety and Security team searched the sea floor for evidence of the lighthouse. The ship's crane was used to lower a commemorative plaque to the bottom to commemorate the two lighthouse keepers who were killed.

### Security

In July 2000, *Abbie Burgess* provided security for the parade of tall ships at OpSail 2000 Connecticut on the Thames River. In 2004 she was deployed to New York Harbor to support emergency evacuation plans for the Republican national convention.

Along with US and Canadian naval units, *Abbie Burgess* participated in a homeland security exercise called Frontier Sentinel in 2008.

### Public engagement

The Coast Guard has offered tours aboard *Abbie Burgess* on several occasions. These include:

* New London, Connecticut on 3 and 4 October 2007

* Maine Lobster Festival in 2007
* New York Fleet Week in 2010
* Maine bicentennial celebration in Portland in 2021

## InfoBox

| USCGC *Abbie Burgess* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Abbie Burgess* |
| Operator | US Coast Guard |
| Builder | Marinette Marine Corporation |
| Launched | 5 April 1997 |
| Commissioned | 31 July 1998 |
| Homeport | Rockland, Maine |
| Identification |  |
| Status | Active |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Keeper-class buoy tender |
| Displacement | 850 long tons (864 t) full load |
| Length | 175 ft (53.3 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft (11.0 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Installed power | 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) sustained |
| Propulsion | 2 × Caterpillar 3508 DITA Diesel engines; bow thruster, 500 hp (373 kW) |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 2000 nautical miles at 10 kn |
| Crew | 24 (2 Officers, 22 Enlisted) |


title: Gherardo Bosio

abstract: Gherardo Bosio was an Italian architect, engineer and urbanist, famed for his work in planning the centre of Tirana, the capital of Albania.

text:
# Gherardo Bosio

**Gherardo Bosio** (19 March 1903 – 16 April 1941) was an Italian architect, engineer and urbanist, famed for his work in planning the centre of Tirana, the capital of Albania.

## Biography

Bosio pursued a degree in Engineering in Rome in 1926 and subsequently graduated from the University of Florence School of Architecture in 1931.

After the conquest of Italian East Africa in 1936, Bosio was dispatched by the Italian authorities to Ethiopia, where he prepared the masterplans for the Ethiopian cities of Gondar and Dessie.

Gherardo Bosio died of cancer at the age of 38, on 16 April 1941, at his villa in Montefonti, Florence.

## Summary of works

## Bibliography

* G. Bosio,  *Future città dell'Impero* , in "Architettura", XVI, July 1937, pp. 417–432
* TO. Maraini,  *Gherardo Bosio e la sua opera* , in "Illustrazione Toscana e dell'Etruria", 9, September 1941, pp. 18–21
* G. Bridges,  *Ricordo di Gherardo Bosio* , in "Stile", July 1941, pp 14–19
* G. Carapelli,  *Gli operatori, in Edilizia in Toscana fra le due guerre* , Edifir, Florence 1994, pp 214–215
* *Gherardo Bosio architetto fiorentino 1903–1941* , edited by C. Cresti, Pontecorboli, Florence 1996
* P. Malentacchi,  *Scheda su Gherardo Bosio*  in  *Guida agli archivi di architetti e ingegneri del Novecento in Toscana* , edited by E. Insabato, C. Ghelli, pp. 77–83
* R. Renzi,  *Gherardo Bosio. Le Ville* , Alinea, Florence 2010

## InfoBox

| Gherardo Bosio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1903-03-19)19 March 1903
Florence, Tuscany, Italy |
| Died | 16 April 1941(1941-04-16) (aged 38)
Florence, Tuscany, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Buildings | Presidential Palace, Tirana, Grand Hotel Dajti |
|  | |


title: Gherardo Colombo

abstract: Gherardo Colombo is an Italian former magistrate and judge specialized in political corruption cases. He was a member of the Court of Cassation between 2005 and 2007.

text:
# Gherardo Colombo

**Gherardo Colombo** (born 23 June 1946) is an Italian former magistrate and judge specialized in political corruption cases. He was a member of the Court of Cassation between 2005 and 2007.

## Career

Colombo was born on 23 June 1946 in Briosco. He obtained a degree in Jurisprudence from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan in 1971.

Colombo had a 33-year long career as magistrate in Milan. He worked amongst others on the cases of the 1979 murder on advocate Giorgio Ambrosoli, the Propaganda Due Freemason lodge, and off the books money at the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale. Together with Giuliano Turone he investigated the finances of Michele Sindona. In the 1990s Colombo was one of the judges in the Mani pulite political corruption investigation in Italy.

He resigned from the judiciary in 2007 even though he could have continued sitting as a judge for another fourteen years. As a reason for his resignation he explained that he felt the fight against corruption should not take place solely in the legal arena.

## Books

* *On rules*, Amsterdam University Press, 2017, ISBN 978 94 6298 1942


title: Gherardi Davis

abstract: Gherardi Davis was an American lawyer, writer and politician from New York.

text:
# Gherardi Davis

**Gherardi Davis** (October 15, 1858 – March 9, 1941) was an American lawyer, writer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on October 15, 1858 in San Francisco, California, the son of George Henry Davis (1824–1897) and Clara Jane (Gherardi) Davis (1827–1897).

Governor of Massachusetts John Davis was his grandfather; Rear Admiral Bancroft Gherardi was his uncle; and electrical engineer Bancroft Gherardi, Jr. was his first cousin.

In 1868, the family went to Europe, and Gherardi attended school in Germany and college in France.

## Career

In 1879, he returned to the United States, and studied law, first in Washington, D.C., and then in New York City. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in New York City.

Davis was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 27th D.) in 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1902; and was Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry in 1902.

On March 20, 1903, he was appointed as Third Deputy New York City Police Commissioner.

### Sailing

In 1910, he became interested in sailing boats. He competed in regattas with his yacht *Alice*, and won many prizes.

## Personal life

On April 7, 1894, he married Alice King (1860–1920), daughter of State Senator John A. King. Gherardi and Alice Davis published several works on military standards.

He died on March 9, 1941, in the Harkness Pavilion of the Columbia–Presbyterian Medical Center in Manhattan.

## Works

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Gherardi Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| *Photograph of Davis, c. 1900* | |
|  | |
| Member of the
New York State Assembly | |
| **In office**
1899–1902 | |
| Preceded by | Francis E. Laimbeer |
| Succeeded by | George B. Agnew |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1858-10-15)October 15, 1858
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | March 9, 1941(1941-03-09) (aged 82)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Alice King
(m. 1894; died 1920) |
| Relations | Aaron Bancroft (great-grandfather, twice)
John Davis (grandfather)
Bancroft Gherardi (uncle)
Bancroft Gherardi, Jr. (cousin) |
| Parent(s) | George Henry Davis
Clara Jane Gherardi |
|  | |


title: Gigamesh

abstract: Matthew Thomas Masurka, better known by his stage name Gigamesh, is a Minneapolis-based American music producer and DJ. Gigamesh is most recognized for having produced Mike Posner's track "Cooler Than Me" as well as for his remix of Foster the People's single "Pumped Up Kicks". Prior to launching his solo career, Masurka was also involved in two other collaborative projects, Discotech and Señor Stereo, both alongside DJs Danny Daze and Joe Maz. Gigamesh's releases include an EP on Kitsuné and a single and two EPs on OurLabel International. In the spring of 2013, he released the single, "Enjoy", on New York City-based house label Nurvous Records. Touring internationally, he has performed in Asia, Australia, Europe and across North America.

text:
# Gigamesh

**Matthew Thomas Masurka** (born May 12, 1983), better known by his stage name **Gigamesh**, is a Minneapolis-based American music producer and DJ. Gigamesh is most recognized for having produced Mike Posner's track "Cooler Than Me" as well as for his remix of Foster the People's single "Pumped Up Kicks" (which currently has over 172 million plays on YouTube).

Prior to launching his solo career, Masurka was also involved in two other collaborative projects, Discotech and Señor Stereo, both alongside DJs Danny Daze and Joe Maz. Gigamesh's releases include an EP on Kitsuné and a single and two EPs on OurLabel International. In the spring of 2013, he released the single, "Enjoy", on New York City-based house label Nurvous Records. Touring internationally, he has performed in Asia, Australia, Europe and across North America.

## Discography

### Singles and EPs

* When You're Dancing ft. Induce \- Single (2011) (OurLabel Intl)
* Gigamesh - EP Single (2011) (OurLabel Intl)
* Remix EP Single (2011) (OurLabel Intl)
* All My Life EP (2012) (Kitsuné)
* Enjoy - Single (2013) (Nurvous Records)

### Albums

* Time Travel (2016) (Hyperreal)

### Remixes

### Production


title: Minister for Tourism and Hospitality

abstract: The Northern Territory Minister for Arts and Culture is a Minister of the Crown in the Government of the Northern Territory, Australia. The minister administers their portfolio through the Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade. The Minister is responsible for Aboriginal sacred sites, archives management, arts and cultural development, the Arts Grants Board, botanic gardens, the collection and preservation of natural and cultural heritage, community grants for recreation and sports associations, conservation and wildlife, film, television and new media, heritage conservation, the Indigenous Arts Reference Group, library and information services, major events, management of cultural facilities, management of territory parks and reserves, sport and recreation, sporting events, sporting facilities, tourism, the Territory Wildlife Park and the Alice Springs Desert Park, tourist event development, attracting and acquisition, tourism infrastructure development, tourism strategy, water safety, wildlife management and the Window on the Wetlands. The responsibilities of the ministry expanded substantially at that time, as it was renamed "Tourism and Culture" and incorporated the roles of three formerly separate ministries: Arts and Museums, Parks and Wildlife, and Sport and Recreation. There are two assistant ministers attached to the portfolio: and, as part of the Gunner government's decision to appoint all government backbenchers as assistant ministers.

text:
# Minister for Tourism and Hospitality

The Northern Territory **Minister for Arts and Culture** is a Minister of the Crown in the Government of the Northern Territory, Australia. The minister administers their portfolio through the Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade.

The Minister is responsible for Aboriginal sacred sites, archives management, arts and cultural development, the Arts Grants Board, botanic gardens, the collection and preservation of natural and cultural heritage, community grants for recreation and sports associations, conservation and wildlife, film, television and new media, heritage conservation, the Indigenous Arts Reference Group, library and information services, major events, management of cultural facilities, management of territory parks and reserves, sport and recreation, sporting events, sporting facilities, tourism, the Territory Wildlife Park and the Alice Springs Desert Park, tourist event development, attracting and acquisition, tourism infrastructure development, tourism strategy, water safety, wildlife management and the Window on the Wetlands.

The responsibilities of the ministry expanded substantially at that time, as it was renamed "Tourism and Culture" and incorporated the roles of three formerly separate ministries: Arts and Museums, Parks and Wildlife, and Sport and Recreation.

There are two assistant ministers attached to the portfolio: (assistant minister for sports and community events) and (assistant minister for bringing back the Arafura Games), as part of the Gunner government's decision to appoint all government backbenchers as assistant ministers.

## List of ministers

### Tourism

| Minister | | Party | Term | Ministerial title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Roger Steele | Country Liberal | 1 July 1980 – 25 January 1982 | Minister for Primary Production and Tourism |
|  | | | 26 January 1982 - 30 November 1982 | Minister for Industrial Development and Tourism |
|  | Paul Everingham | Country Liberal | 1 December 1982 – 12 December 1983 | Minister for Lands, Industrial Development and Tourism |
|  | | | 13 December 1983 – 20 December 1984 | Minister for Industrial Development and Tourism |
|  | Ian Tuxworth | | Country Liberal | 17 October 1984 – 20 December 1984 |
| ***21 December 1984 – 19 August 1985: no minister – responsibilities held by other ministers*** | | | | |
|  | Nick Dondas | Country Liberal | 20 August 1985 – 28 April 1986 | Minister for Industry and Small Business and Tourism |
|  | Ray Hanrahan | Country Liberal | 29 April 1986 – 5 April 1988 | Minister for Tourism |
|  | Eric Poole | Country Liberal | 6 April 1988 – 3 September 1989 | |
|  | Roger Vale | Country Liberal | 4 September 1989 – 29 November 1992 | |
|  | Barry Coulter | Country Liberal | 30 November 1992 – 20 June 1996 | |
|  | Mike Reed | Country Liberal | 21 June 1996 – 29 January 1998 | |
|  | Shane Stone | Country Liberal | 30 January 1998 – 7 December 1998 | |
|  | Mike Reed | Country Liberal | 8 December 1998 – 26 August 2001 | |
|  | Stephen Dunham | Country Liberal | 9 February 1999 – 26 August 2001 | |
|  | Syd Stirling | Labor | 27 August 2001 – 12 November 2001 | |
|  | Paul Henderson | Labor | 13 November 2001 – 17 October 2002 | |
|  | Chris Burns | Labor | 18 October 2002 – 14 December 2003 | |
|  | Clare Martin | Labor | 15 December 2003 – 31 August 2006 | |
|  | Paul Henderson | Labor | 1 September 2006 – 29 November 2007 | |
|  | Kon Vatskalis | Labor | 30 November 2007 – 3 February 2009 | |
|  | Chris Burns | Labor | 4 February 2009 - 3 December 2009 | |
|  | Malarndirri McCarthy | Labor | 4 December 2009 – 28 August 2012 | |
|  | Terry Mills | Country Liberal | 29 August 2012 – 3 September 2012 | |
|  | Matt Conlan | Country Liberal | 4 September 2012 – 9 September 2013 | Minister for Tourism and Major Events |
|  | | | 10 September 2013 – 11 December 2014 | Minister for Tourism |
|  | Adam Giles | | Country Liberal | 12 December 2014 – 27 August 2016 |
|  | Michael Gunner | | Labor | 31 August 2016 – 11 September 2016 |
|  | Lauren Moss | Labor | 12 September 2016 – 7 September 2020 | Minister for Tourism and Culture |
|  | Natasha Fyles | Labor | 8 September 2020 – present | Minister for Tourism and Hospitality |
|

### Arts and museums

| Minister | | Party | Term | Ministerial title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tom Harris | Country Liberal | 4 August 1999 – 30 January 2000 | Minister for Education, the Arts and Cultural Affairs |
|  | Shane Stone | Country Liberal | 4 September 1989 – 12 November 1990 | Minister for Education and the Arts |
|  | | | 20 December 1991 – 20 June 1996 | Minister for the Arts |
|  | | | 1 July 1995 – 20 June 1996 | Minister for the Arts and Museums |
|  | Daryl Manzie | | Country Liberal | 21 June 1996 – 8 February 1999 |
|  | | | 15 September 1997 – 8 February 1999 | Minister for Arts and Museums |
|  | Peter Adamson | | Country Liberal | 9 February 1999 – 3 August 1999 |
|  | Chris Lugg | | Country Liberal | 4 August 1999 – 30 January 2000 |
|  | Peter Adamson | | Country Liberal | 31 January 2000 – 26 August 2001 |
|  | Clare Martin | | Labor | 27 August 2001 – 10 July 2005 |
|  | Marion Scrymgour | | Labor | 11 July 2005 – 3 February 2009 |
|  | Alison Anderson | | Labor | 4 February 2009 – 5 August 2009 |
|  | Gerry McCarthy | | Labor | 6 August 2009 – 28 August 2012 |
|  | Terry Mills | | Country Liberal | 29 August 2012 – 3 September 2012 |
|  | Matt Conlan | | Country Liberal | 4 September 2012 – 11 December 2014 |
|  | Adam Giles | | Country Liberal | 12 December 2014 – 10 February 2015 |
|  | Gary Higgins | | Country Liberal | 11 February 2015 – 27 August 2016 |
|  | Michael Gunner | | Labor | 31 August 2016 – 11 September 2016 |
| ***12 September 2016 – 7 September 2020: no minister – responsibilities held by other ministers*** | | | | |
|  | Chansey Paech | Labor | 8 September 2020 – Present | Minister for Arts and Culture |
|

### Sport and recreation

| Minister | | Party | Term | Ministerial title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nick Dondas | Country Liberal | 2 January 1979 – 25 January 1982 | Minister for Youth, Sport and Recreation |
|  | | | 26 January 1982 – 30 November 1982 | Minister for Sport and Recreation |
|  | | | 1 December 1982 – 12 December 1983 | Minister for Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | | | 13 December 1983 – 16 October 1984 | Minister for Health, Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | | | 17 October 1984 – 20 December 1984 | Minister for Health, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | Jim Robertson | Country Liberal | 21 December 1984 – 19 August 1985 | Minister for Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | Ray Hanrahan | Country Liberal | 20 August 1985 – 28 April 1986 | |
|  | Don Dale | Country Liberal | 29 April 1986 – 18 March 1987 | |
| ***19 March 1987 – 3 September 1989: no minister – responsibilities held by other ministers*** | | | | |
|  | Roger Vale | Country Liberal | 4 September 1989 – 12 November 1990 | Minister for Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | | | 13 November 1990 – 29 November 1992 | Minister for Sport, Recreation, Ethnic Affairs and Local Government |
|  | Eric Poole | Country Liberal | 30 November 1992 – 15 September 1993 | Minister for Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs |
|  | | | 16 September 1993 – 30 June 1995 | Minister for Sport and Recreation |
|  | Stephen Hatton | | Country Liberal | 1 July 1995 – 14 September 1997 |
|  | Peter Adamson | | Country Liberal | 15 September 1997 – 3 August 1999 |
|  | Chris Lugg | | Country Liberal | 4 August 1999 – 26 August 2001 |
|  | Peter Toyne | | Labor | 27 August 2001 – 12 November 2001 |
|  | Jack Ah Kit | | Labor | 13 November 2001 – 23 June 2005 |
|  | Paul Henderson | | Labor | 24 June 2005 – 10 July 2005 |
|  | Delia Lawrie | | Labor | 11 July 2005 – 31 August 2006 |
|  | Kon Vatskalis | | Labor | 1 September 2006 – 29 November 2007 |
|  | Matthew Bonson | | Labor | 30 November 2007 – 17 August 2008 |
|  | Karl Hampton | | Labor | 18 August 2008 – 28 August 2012 |
|  | Terry Mills | | Country Liberal | 29 August 2012 – 3 September 2012 |
|  | Matt Conlan | | Country Liberal | 4 September 2012 – 6 March 2013 |
|  | Lia Finocchiaro | | Country Liberal | 7 March 2013 – 13 March 2013 |
|  | Adam Giles | | Country Liberal | 14 March 2013 – 19 March 2013 |
|  | Matt Conlan | | Country Liberal | 20 March 2013 – 11 December 2014 |
|  | Gary Higgins | | Country Liberal | 12 December 2014 – 14 February 2016 |
|  | Nathan Barrett | | Country Liberal | 15 February 2016 – 11 June 2016 |
|  | Adam Giles | | Country Liberal | 12 June 2016 – 18 July 2016 |
|  | Gary Higgins | | Country Liberal | 19 July 2016 – 27 August 2016 |
|  | Michael Gunner | | Labor | 31 August 2016 – 11 September 2016 |
| ***12 September 2016 – 7 September 2020: no minister – responsibilities held by other ministers*** | | | | |
|  | Kate Worden | Labor | 8 September 2020 – Present | Minister for Sport |
|

### Parks and wildlife

| Minister | | Party | Term | Ministerial title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Barry Coulter | Country Liberal | 1 July 1995 – 20 June 1996 | Minister for Parks and Wildlife |
|  | Stephen Hatton | Country Liberal | 21 June 1996 – 14 September 1997 | |
|  | Tim Baldwin | Country Liberal | 15 September 1997 – 7 December 1998 | |
|  | Eric Poole | Country Liberal | 8 December 1998 – 8 February 1999 | |
|  | Mike Reed | Country Liberal | 9 February 1999 – 26 August 2001 | |
|  | Syd Stirling | Labor | 27 August 2001 – 12 November 2001 | |
|  | Kon Vatskalis | Labor | 13 November 2001 – 14 December 2003 | |
|  | Chris Burns | Labor | 15 December 2003 – 10 July 2005 | |
|  | Marion Scrymgour | Labor | 11 July 2005 – 6 August 2007 | |
|  | Delia Lawrie | Labor | 7 August 2007 – 29 November 2007 | |
|  | Len Kiely | Labor | 30 November 2007 – 17 August 2008 | |
|  | Alison Anderson | Labor | 18 August 2008 – 5 August 2009 | |
|  | Karl Hampton | Labor | 6 August 2009 – 28 August 2012 | |
|  | Terry Mills | Country Liberal | 29 August 2012 – 3 September 2012 | |
|  | Matt Conlan | Country Liberal | 4 September 2012 – 9 September 2013 | |
|  | Bess Price | Country Liberal | 10 September 2013 – 27 August 2016 | |
|  | Michael Gunner | Labor | 31 August 2016 – 11 September 2016 | |
| ***12 September 2016 – 7 September 2020: no minister – responsibilities held by other ministers*** | | | | |
|  | Selena Uibo | Labor | 8 September 2020 – Present | Minister for Parks and Rangers |
|

## InfoBox

| Minister for Arts and Culture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Appointer | Administrator of the Northern Territory |


title: Gil Kalai

abstract: Gil Kalai is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist. He is the Henry and Manya Noskwith Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Professor of Computer Science at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, and adjunct Professor of mathematics and of computer science at Yale University, United States.

text:
# Gil Kalai

**Gil Kalai** (born 1955) is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist. He is the Henry and Manya Noskwith Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Professor of Computer Science at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, and adjunct Professor of mathematics and of computer science at Yale University, United States.

## Biography

Kalai received his PhD from Hebrew University in 1983, under the supervision of Micha Perles, and joined the Hebrew University faculty in 1985 after a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was the recipient of the Pólya Prize in 1992, the Erdős Prize of the Israel Mathematical Society in 1993, and the Fulkerson Prize in 1994. He is known for finding variants of the simplex algorithm in linear programming that can be proven to run in subexponential time, for showing that every monotone property of graphs has a sharp phase transition, for solving Borsuk's problem (known as Borsuk's conjecture) on the number of pieces needed to partition convex sets into subsets of smaller diameter, and for his work on the Hirsch conjecture on the diameter of convex polytopes and in polyhedral combinatorics more generally.

From 1995 to 2001, he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Israel Journal of Mathematics. In 2016, he was elected honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2018 he was a plenary speaker with talk *Noise Stability, Noise Sensitivity and the Quantum Computer Puzzle* at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rio de Janeiro.

## Kalai's conjectures on quantum computing

Kalai is a quantum computing skeptic who argues that true (classically unattainable) quantum computing will not be achieved because the necessary quality of quantum error correction cannot be reached.

**Conjecture 1 (No quantum error correction)**. The process for creating a quantum error-correcting code will necessarily lead to a mixture of the desired codewords with undesired codewords. The probability of the undesired codewords is uniformly bounded away from zero. (In every implementation of quantum error-correcting codes with one encoded qubit, the probability of not getting the intended qubit is at least some δ \> 0, independently of the number of qubits used for encoding.)

**Conjecture 2**. A noisy quantum computer is subject to noise in which information leaks for two substantially entangled qubits have a substantial positive correlation.

**Conjecture 3**. In any quantum computer at a highly entangled state there will be a strong effect of error-synchronization.

**Conjecture 4**. Noisy quantum processes are subject to detrimental noise.

## Recognition

Kalai was the winner of the 2012 Rothschild Prize in mathematics. He was named to the 2023 class of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, "for contributions to combinatorics, convexity, and their applications, as well as to the exposition and communication of mathematics".

## InfoBox

| Gil Kalai | |
| --- | --- |
| Kalai at Oberwolfach, 2007 | |
| Born | 1955 (age 6869) |
| Alma mater | Hebrew University (PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Micha Perles |
| Notable students |  |
|  | |


title: Gil Jamieson

abstract: Gil Jamieson was an Australian painter. Jamieson was born in the central Queensland town of Monto in 1934 and died there in 1992.

text:
# Gil Jamieson

**Gil Jamieson** (31 January 1934 – 14 June 1992) was an Australian painter. Jamieson was born in the central Queensland town of Monto in 1934 and died there in 1992.

## Career

Jamieson liked to be thought of as a Romantic. He objected to the labels of art commentators. He painted figurative art works, landscape art works, and portraits striking for their passionate intensity of both subject and colour. He wrestled with the tough reality of survival in the bush and lived the landscape that he painted.

He lived and worked on the land with his family raising cattle on a bush block near Monto. He embarked on extensive expeditions throughout Australia capturing the subtle beauty and magnificence of the country in gouaches he called his 'sonnets'. His 72-foot 360 degree mural *Jay Creek* (depicting Jay Creek, Northern Territory), an oil on canvas, painted on location in Central Australia, his largest and a most engrossing work was painted in four days in searing heat.

Jamieson regarded himself as a self-taught artist, however he attended Brisbane Central Technical College (with Melville Haysom), 1956–57. While in Brisbane he aspired to political cartooning, worked as a quick sketch artist outside a nightclub and held his first exhibition at a Brisbane pub

Jamieson and his wife Maureen moved from Monto to Melbourne and his career flourished. His work was taken up by John Reed of Heide Museum of Modern Art where he exhibited. He developed strong friendships with fellow artists: George Johnson, Fred Williams, John Perceval, Edwin Tanner to name a few. These friendships sustained and affirmed his contribution to Australian art as later in his career, fellow artists such as Cliff Pugh and Arthur Boyd supported his work. He chose to return to the bush and relative obscurity returning regularly to exhibit in Melbourne.

Throughout his career Jamieson had many supporters of his work including Kym Bonython and Rudy Komon. He had a long association with Rockhampton exhibiting there and in Brisbane regularly throughout his career. Rockhampton Art Gallery toured a retrospective for two years throughout regional Australia and overseas 1997–9.

## Exhibitions

* Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne 1960
* Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1961
* South Yarra Gallery, Melbourne 1962
* Bonython Gallery, Adelaide 1963
* South Yarra Gallery, Melbourne 1964
* Australian Galleries, Melbourne 1966
* Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1967
* Bonython Gallery, Sydney 1971
* Bonython Gallery, Adelaide 1971
* John Gild Gallery, Perth 1972
* Talamo Gallery, Melbourne 1972
* Talamo Gallery, Melbourne 1973 (*Jay Creek* exhibition, 72 ft landscape from Central Australia)
* Reid Gallery, Brisbane 1974
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1974
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1975
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1976
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1977
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1978
* Philip Bacon Gallery, Brisbane 1978
* CIEA Rockhamption 1978 ('Jay Creek' exhibit, opening library by HRH Princess Alexandra)
* Adelaide Festival Centre 1978 ('Jay Creek' complementary exhibit in theatre foyer)
* Bakehouse Gallery, Mackay 1978
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1979
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1980
* Realities Gallery, Melbourne 1981
* City Hall, Brisbane 1982
* Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1982
* Nerang Gallery, Gold Coast 1983
* Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1983
* Realities Gallery, Melbourne 1983
* Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Darwin 1984
* The Schubert Gallery, Broadbeach 1985
* William Mora Gallery, Melbourne 1988.
* Monto Art Gallery, Monto QLD Newton Street, 2023

## Collections

His work was represented in many major public collections, including:

## Awards

* 1965: McCaughey Prize, NGV Melbourne
* 1977: Maryborough Watercolour Prize
* 1978: Bundaberg Painting Prize
* 1978: Bundaberg Watercolour Prize
* 1978: Rockhampton Art Prize

## InfoBox

| Gil Jamieson | |
| --- | --- |
| Gil Jamieson's Self-Portrait | |
| Born | Hugh Gilmour Jamieson
(1934-01-31)31 January 1934
Monto, Queensland |
| Died | 14 June 1992(1992-06-14) (aged 58)
Monto, Queensland |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Brisbane Central Technical College |
| Known for | Romantic figurative art, Australian landscapes & portraits |
| Notable work | *Jay Creek* |
| Awards | McCaughey Prize (1965) |
|  | |
| Patron(s) | John Reed, Cliff Pugh, Arthur Boyd |
|  | |


title: Gibson Desert

abstract: The Gibson Desert is a large desert in Western Australia, largely in an almost pristine state. It is about 155,000 square kilometres (60,000 sq mi) in size, making it the fifth largest desert in Australia, after the Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami and Simpson deserts. The Gibson Desert is both an interim Australian bioregion and desert ecoregion.

text:
# Gibson Desert

The **Gibson Desert** is a large desert in Western Australia, largely in an almost pristine state. It is about 155,000 square kilometres (60,000 sq mi) in size, making it the fifth largest desert in Australia, after the Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami and Simpson deserts. The Gibson Desert is both an interim Australian bioregion and desert ecoregion.

## Location and description

The Gibson Desert is located between the saline Kumpupintil Lake and Lake Macdonald along the Tropic of Capricorn, south of the Great Sandy Desert, east of the Little Sandy Desert, and north of the Great Victoria Desert. The altitude rises to just above 500 metres (1,600 ft) in places. As noted by early Australian explorers such as Ernest Giles large portions of the desert are characterized by gravel-covered terrains covered in thin desert grasses and it also contains extensive areas of undulating red sand plains and dunefields, low rocky/gravelly ridges and substantial upland portions with a high degree of laterite formation. The sandy soil of the lateritic *buckshot* plains is rich in iron. Several isolated salt-water lakes occur in the centre of the region and to the southwest a system of small lakes follow paleo-drainage features. Groundwater sources include portions of the Officer Basin and Canning Basin.

## Climate

Rainfall in the Gibson Desert ranges from 200 to 250 millimetres (7.9 to 9.8 in) annually, while evaporation rates are in the range of 3,600 millimetres (140 in) per year. The climate is generally hot; summer maximum temperatures rise above 40 °C (104 °F) whilst in winter the maximum may fall to 18 °C (64 °F) and minimum winter temperatures dip to 6 °C (43 °F).

## Name

The Gibson Desert was named by explorer Ernest Giles after a member of his party, Alfred Gibson, who became lost and presumably died in this desert during an expedition in 1874.

## Indigenous habitation

In much of the region, especially the drier western portion, the majority of people living in the area are Indigenous Australians. In 1984, due to a severe drought which had dried up all of the springs and depleted the bush foods, a group of the Pintupi people who were living a traditional semi-nomadic desert-dwelling life, walked out of a remote wilderness in the central-eastern portion of the Gibson Desert (northeast of Warburton) and made contact for the first time with mainstream Australian society. They are believed to have been perhaps the last uncontacted tribe in Australia. On the eastern margin of the region, population centres (which include people of European descent) include Warburton, Mantamaru and Warakurna. Young Indigenous adults from the Gibson Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture.

Media related to Gibson Desert at Wikimedia Commons

## Further reading

* Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) *An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program* Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2

23°S 125°E / 23°S 125°E / -23; 125

## InfoBox

| Gibson Desert | |
| --- | --- |
| The typical appearance of the Gibson Desert | |
| The IBRA-defined boundaries of the Gibson Desert | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Australasian |
| Biome | deserts and xeric shrublands |
| Borders |  |
| Geography | |
| Area | 156,289 km2 (60,344 sq mi) |
| Country | Australia |
| States | Western Australia |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Relatively stable/intact |
| Protected | 91,274 km² (58%) |


title: Gibson Dokyi Ampaw

abstract: Gibson Dokyi Ampaw was a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He was a minister of state in the second republic.

text:
# Gibson Dokyi Ampaw

**Gibson Dokyi Ampaw** (born 25 September 1929, date of death unknown) was a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He was a minister of state in the second republic.

## Early life and education

Ampaw was born on 26 September 1929 at Kukurantumi, East Akim District in the Eastern Region. He had his secondary education at Abuakwa State College, Kibi. He attended Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone and the University of London, London where he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn.

## Career

Ampaw began his career as a teacher at his alma mater Abuakwa State College. He was later appointed secretary of the Akyem Abuakwa State Council, and also taught at Wilberforce Memorial. He ventured into legal practice for eleven years as a barrister-at-law. Prior to politics he was a member of the board of directors of the Ghana Commercial Bank; he was a member of the bank's delegation which went to Lome, Togo to explore the possibility of opening a branch of the bank there. He also held directorship in various companies including Trans-Africa Engineering and Motor Industry (Ghana) Ltd., Susco Diamond Company, Accra Water Distillery Company and Industrial Agencies Ltd.

## Politics

From 1969 to 1972 Ampaw was the member of parliament representing Abuakwa. He was appointed Minister for Health in 1969 and he served in that capacity until 1971.

## Personal life and death

Ampaw was married with seven children. He was a Christian and his hobbies included football, volleyball, music and walking.

Ampaw died prior to 2015.

Minister for Health (Ghana)

## InfoBox

| Gibson Dokyi Ampaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ghana Parliament
for Abuakwa | |
| **In office**
1969–1972 | |
| Minister for Health | |
| **In office**
1969–1971 | |
| President | Edward Akufo-Addo |
| Prime Minister | Kofi Abrefa Busia |
| Preceded by | Eustace Akwei |
| Succeeded by | Simon Diedong Dombo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gibson Dokyi Ampaw
(1929-09-25)25 September 1929
Kukurantumi, East Akim District, Gold Coast |
| Nationality | Ghanaian |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: UCLA Taser incident

text:
# UCLA Taser incident

On November 14, 2006, Mostafa Tabatabainejad, a fourth-year University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) student, was drive stunned five times with a Taser by campus police while handcuffed.

Tabatabainejad allegedly refused to show his school ID to a fellow student acting as security at the college library Instructional Computing Commons (CLICC) lab at Powell Library during finals week. A UCLA ID card with magnetic strip is needed to enter into the library after hours and therefore it was assumed that all individuals in the library were students and had valid ID cards to gain access. However, asking students to show ID was not a common practice and for this reason the student refused to show his ID and instead asked the community officer if he had asked anyone else that evening to show their ID.

The community officer threatened to call campus police if he didn't show ID. Tabatabainejad, being confident the campus police would take his side as he felt he was being harassed and singled out because of his Middle Eastern ethnicity, invited the community officer to do so.

When the campus police arrived they did not ask questions but instead handcuffed Tabatabainejad and attempted to physically remove him from the library. Tabatabainejad sat on the floor in protest of the way he was being treated at his own university while he was studying for final exams. The campus police then tasered him five times while his hands were bound behind his back with plastic wrist restraints. Part of the incident was recorded on video by a camera phone and is available for viewing on YouTube.

Tabatabainejad, an Iranian-American of Muslim heritage, said through his lawyers that he refused to identify himself because he believed himself a victim of racial profiling and that the tasing was an instance of police brutality. Tabatabainejad filed a federal lawsuit alleging that the officers used excessive force and that they violated the Americans with Disabilities Act. The case was settled on May 15, 2009, with UCLA agreeing to pay $220,000.

## Incident

At approximately 11:30 p.m. on November 14, 2006, Community Service Officers were conducting routine checks of students' BruinCard IDs in Powell Library. UCPD Assistant Chief of Police Jeff Young said the checks are a standard procedure in the 24-hour library after 11:00 p.m., when use of the library is restricted to staff, faculty and students.

When Tabatabainejad refused to produce university identification, he was asked to leave the premises. When Tabatabainejad failed to leave, UCPD officers were called to the scene, arriving approximately 10 minutes later. Following a confrontation, the officers used the Taser repeatedly, then told him to stand up.

Tabatabainejad was released from custody after being given a citation for obstruction/delay of a peace officer in the performance of duty. According to a press release issued by the UCPD, he was also issued a court date.

### Officers

Terrence Duren, a former Marine and 18-year veteran of the UCLA Police Department, tasered Tabatabainejad multiple times. Duren had been the subject of other use-of-force complaints and had been previously recommended for dismissal. In an October 2003 incident, Duren shot and wounded a homeless man in a university building, a case that went to trial. In May 1990, Duren was accused of using his nightstick to choke Kente S. Scott, who was idling in front of a fraternity late on a Saturday night. Scott sued, and the university moved to have Duren removed from the force but later gave him a 90-day suspension. Duren stated that all of the past allegations against him regarding police misconduct and use of excessive force were investigated by the UCPD and proven false. Prior to the UCLA Taser Incident, several grassroots campaigns between 2002-2006 were undertaken by UCLA students to educate the student body in regard to Duren's history of excessive force. The campaigns were initiated by distinct parties in response to Duren's aggressive behavior for pedestrian citations. Prior to joining the UCPD in the late 1980s, Duren was fired from the Long Beach Police Department due to "poor report-writing skills and geographical knowledge." Following the tasering incident, Duren remained on active duty. Duren was named 2001 UCLA Officer of the Year by the University of California Police Department. Also on the scene were Officers Alexis Bicomong, Kevin Kilgore, and Andrew Ikeda.

### Video and eyewitness accounts

Part of the event is recorded in a six-minute cell phone video recorded by another student. The video has been widely disseminated online, and an edited version is available on the *Daily Bruin* site. Tabatabainejad is first heard (though not seen) repeatedly shouting "Don't touch me!" to the officers. Over the course of the video, he is stunned multiple times, while officers repeatedly order him to stand up and stop fighting, and threaten to administer further stuns. Tabatabainejad repeatedly states that he is not fighting and that he will leave the premises. He shouts that he has a medical condition, and shouts "Here's your PATRIOT Act! Here's your fucking abuse of power!" Witnesses say that when it was clear none of the other students were going to help him, Tabatabainejad said "Am I the only martyr?" According to one witness, "\[Tabatabainejad was\] no possible danger to any of the police. \[He was\] getting shocked and tasered as he was handcuffed." Bystanders can be heard demanding the officers' names and badge numbers, and shouting for them to stop using the Taser on Tabatabainejad; numerous times these officers responded to demands of their badge numbers with phrases such as "do you want to get tased too?"

At one point, the officers told the crowd to stand back and threatened to tase anyone who approached too closely. A female student said that the officers threatened to tase her when she asked an officer for his name and badge number. According to an ACLU attorney, such a threat of force in response to a badge number request constitutes illegal assault. At 6:36 in the video, an officer tells a male student, "Get back over there or you're going to get tased, too."

A press release issued by the UCPD claims that the officers "asked Tabatabainejad to leave the premises multiple times", and that Tabatabainejad refused to leave. Witnesses dispute this account, saying that Tabatabainejad had begun to walk toward the door with his backpack when an officer approached him and grabbed his arm, whereupon Tabatabainejad told the officer several times to let go.

Tabatabainejad has said through his lawyers that he was stunned five times, which is the count reported in the media immediately after the incident. The reported count was reduced to three after the release of the independent report.

The independent report clarifies:

> It is our understanding that Tabatabainejad remembers being tased on at least four or five occasions. Officer 2 \[Duren\] notes at the conclusion of his initial report that "it's possible that I may have tased Tabatabainejad a 4th time, but I am unsure at which time this may have occurred." Various media accounts following the incident reported the common assumption from several students that Tabatabainejad "was hit with a Taser five times when he did not leave." Accordingly, we cannot rule out the possibility that Tabatabainejad was tased more than the three discrete times that we have identified and confirmed. Still, we note that the internal recording system in the X26 Taser is considered by most law enforcement personnel to be reliable, and we have no reason to believe that its record of three Taser firings is inaccurate.

## Official response

According to the UCPD press release from soon after the incident, "Tabatabainejad went limp and refused to exit as the officers attempted to escort him out." The release also states that Tabatabainejad "encouraged library patrons to join his resistance." At this point, the officers "deemed it necessary to use the Taser in a 'Drive Stun' capacity".

In a statement released November 15, 2006, the day after the incident, Acting Chancellor Norman Abrams said:

> Investigators are reviewing the incident and the officers' actions. The investigation and review will be thorough, vigorous and fair. The safety of our campus community is of paramount importance to me. Routinely checking student identification after 11 p.m. at the campus library, which is open 24 hours, is a policy posted in the library that was enacted for the protection of our students. Compliance is critical for the safety and well-being of everyone.

On November 17, 2006, a press conference was held by Abrams and UCPD Chief Karl Ross, during which it was announced that the UCPD was planning to conduct an independent investigation into the incident led by Merrick Bobb, president of the Police Assessment Resource Center.

On November 18, 2006, Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesman Mohammad-Ali Hosseini condemned the incident, and urged punishment for those responsible.

On August 1, 2007, the results of the internal and independent investigations were released, nine months after the incident. The independent investigation found a number of policy violations, but the internal investigation found none. According to Abrams's statement, the difference in conclusions "is not unusual in the legal system. Reasonable people may disagree regarding the inferences to be drawn from the same set of facts, and the facts may differ if some witnesses testify in one investigation and not in the other." The internal investigation is confidential, but the full independent report is available for review.

On December 10, 2007, the UCLA Police Department released its new policy governing Taser use. The policy was developed from recommendations made in the independent report and with input from experts on Tasers and police use-of-force policy. School administrators and student leaders were asked to review and comment on the policy before it was finalized.

## Community response

On November 17, 2006, 400 protesters, including UCLA faculty and staff, parents, community members, and UCLA students, gathered at Kerckhoff Hall to protest against the incident. This was followed by a march to the UCPD police station, where protesters were met by officers in riot gear.

The protest was organized by more than fifty student organizations to demand an independent investigation into the incident, and to demand the inclusion of students in the investigation.

Combiz Abdolrahimi, one of the protest organizers, said that the chancellor should appoint students who will be able to make sure the investigation is transparent and campus police reforms are carried out to protect the students and ensure their safety. He also called for justice and the officers to be held accountable.

On the same day as the protest, Abrams announced an independent investigation in addition to the internal investigation.

On November 18, 2006, the University of California Students Association passed a "Police Brutality Resolution" regarding recent incidents at UC Santa Cruz and UCLA. A *Daily Bruin* editorial criticized the UCLA portion of the resolution, describing it as "full of inaccuracies".

On November 21, 2006, the UCLA Undergraduate Students Association Council passed a resolution "opposing inappropriate force against students by university police".

## Lawsuit

Tabatabainejad's former lawyer, Stephen Yagman, announced on November 17, 2006 that he planned to file a lawsuit against university police alleging "brutal excessive force" and false arrest. According to Yagman, Tabatabainejad was asked to show his university identification card and did not do so because he believed he was being singled out for racial profiling. Yagman, who characterized the incident as an example of police brutality, claimed Tabatabainejad was the only person who was asked to show ID. A November 22, 2006 article in the *Los Angeles Times* reported that Yagman had said on November 21 that he was no longer representing Tabatabainejad.

On January 17, 2007, Tabatabainejad filed a federal lawsuit alleging the campus officers used excessive force, and that they violated the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. He was seeking unspecified damages. According to the lawsuit, Tabatabainejad has bipolar disorder and informed the officers of his condition, but was treated in a way that constitutes discrimination under the ADA. His attorney, Paul Hoffman, said that a February 2008 court date had been set. On May 15, 2009, UCLA announced that the university would pay $220,000 to settle the civil rights lawsuit.

## UCPD policy on Taser use

The UCLA PD policy in effect at the time of the incident calls the Taser a "less lethal device" and says that "although not absolutely prohibited, officers should give additional consideration to the unique circumstances involved prior to applying the Taser to ... Individuals who are handcuffed or otherwise restrained" (4C). According to the policy, the "Drive Stun" capacity is appropriate "to eliminate physical resistance from an arrestee in accomplishing an arrest or physical search" (6A) as well as "pain compliance against passive resistors" (6B).

Of the ten UC campus police departments, six have equipped officers with Tasers, but only UCLA had a flexible policy authorizing Tasers to be used as a pain-compliance tool against suspects who are passively resisting.

The UCLA PD released its new Taser policy on December 10, 2007. According to UCPD Chief Karl Ross, the new policy is considerably longer, includes specific definitions of appropriate and inappropriate use, and explicitly prohibits use against a "passive resister".

1. "Campus Police Use Stun Gun On UCLA Student", CBS2 Los Angeles, November 15, 2006.
2. "Groups Call For Answers In UCLA Stun Gun Incident", the Associated Press at CBS2 Los Angeles, November 17, 2006.
3. Sara Taylor (November 20, 2006) "Student to file suit in Taser incident", *Daily Bruin*.
4. Sara Taylor (November 16, 2006) "Community responds to Taser use in Powell", *Daily Bruin*.
5. Sara Taylor (November 17, 2006) "Student to file suit against UCPD" . *Daily Bruin*.
6. *A Bad Night at Powell Library: The Events of November 14, 2006* Merrick Bobb, Matthew Barge and Camelia Naguib (August 2007) Police Assessment Resource Center, Retrieved September 3, 2007.
7. "Re: Powell Library Incident", memo released by the UCLA Police Department.
8. Charles Proctor; Richard Winton (November 21, 2006) "Officer in Taser case identified" *Los Angeles Times*
9. Sara Taylor (November 21, 2006) "Officer named in Taser incident", *Daily Bruin*.
10. Officer of the Year 2001, UCPD, UCLA, 2001
11. Lisa Connolly, Derek Lipkin and Saba Riazat (November 15, 2006) "Student shot with Taser by UCPD officers" i, *Daily Bruin*
12. R. Winton (November 21, 2006) "UCLA orders outside probe of Taser arrest" *The Chicago Tribune*.
13. Amanda Covarrubias; Stuart Silverstein (November 16, 2006) "A third incident, a new video" *Los Angeles Times*.
14. "USAC opposes 'inappropriate force'" Kimberly Young and Jennifer Han, *Daily Bruin*, November 22, 2006.
15. Laura Mecoy (November 18, 2006) "UCLA sets Taser probe". *The Sacramento Bee*.
16. Sarah Kamshoshy (November 21, 2006) "Students Protest Taser Incident" *The Daily Californian*.
17. Anthony Pesce (August 6, 2007) "Report examines use of force". *Daily Bruin*, Retrieved August 12, 2007.
18. "Statement from UCLA Acting Chancellor Norman Abrams About Incident at Powell Library", November 15, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
19. Richard Winton, Rong-Gong Lin II and Charles Proctor (November 18, 2006) "UCLA orders outside probe of Taser arrest", *Los Angeles Times*.
20. "Powell Incident Investigation" *UCLA*, November 17, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
21. "Spokesman condemns beating of Iranian student by US police", Islamic Republic News Agency, November 18, 2006.
22. "Statement Regarding Report of Independent Investigation of Taser Incident at UCLA", UCLA Office of Media Relations, August 1, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
23. Anthony Pesce (December 10, 2007) "New Taser policy released" *Daily Bruin*, Retrieved January 30, 2008.
24. Julia Erlandson and Anthony Pesce (November 17, 2006) "UCLA community gathers to protest Taser incident, campus violence", *Daily Bruin*.
25. Foaad Khosmood, Doug Jorgesen, and Tina Park (November 17, 2006) "UCSA Police Brutality Resolution", .
26. "Editorial: UCSA Taser resolution inaccurate, uninformed", *Daily Bruin*, November 29, 2006.
27. Andrew Blankstein (January 17, 2007) "UCLA student sues over tasering" *Los Angeles Times*.
28. Sara Taylor (January 18, 2007) "Student files lawsuit over Taser use", *Daily Bruin*. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
29. "Taser plaintiff awarded $220,000", The Daily Bruin, May 18, 2009.
30. "UCLA and former student settle Taser case", UCLA Newsroom, May 15, 2009.
31. General Order 05-01, UCPD policy on Taser use, amended September 27, 2005. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
32. Rong-Gong Lin II (November 22, 2006) "Taser use limited at most UC campuses" *Los Angeles Times*.

## InfoBox

UCLA Taser incident
| Date | November 14, 2006 |
| --- | --- |
| Time | 11:30 p.m. |
| Location | University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Cause | Shocked by a Taser |
| Participants | Terrence Duren, Alexis Bicomong, Kevin Kilgore, Andrew Ikeda (officers)
Mostafa Tabatabainejad (detainee) |
| Non-fatal injuries | Mostafa Tabatabainejad |
| Litigation | Tabatabainejad filed a lawsuit against UCLA; settled with $220,000 |


title: Tūwharetoa a Turiroa

abstract: Tūwharetoa a Turiroa was a Māori rangatira (chieftain) of Ngāti Kurapoto and Ngāti Tūwharetoa from the region around Lake Taupō, New Zealand. He was involved in multiple conflicts between Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Raukawa, and his death, around the middle of the seventeenth century, marked the end of a cycle of revenge sparked by the Ngāti Tama–Ngāti Tūwharetoa War

text:
# Tūwharetoa a Turiroa

15km
10miles  3  2  1Locations in the life of Tūwharetoa a Turiroa
1 Pōnui, Rangatira Point
2 Whakāngiangi
3 Wharewaka

**Tūwharetoa a Turiroa** was a Māori *rangatira* (chieftain) of Ngāti Kurapoto and Ngāti Tūwharetoa from the region around Lake Taupō, New Zealand. He was involved in multiple conflicts between Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Raukawa, and his death, around the middle of the seventeenth century, marked the end of a cycle of revenge sparked by the Ngāti Tama–Ngāti Tūwharetoa War

## Life

Tūwharetoa a Turiroa was the son of Turiroa and Taniwha-pare-tuiri. He had one half-brother, Umu-ariki. Through his father, he was a direct descendant of Tuamatua, the shared ancestor of Te Arawa and Ngāti Tūwharetoa. The final part of his name, 'a Turiroa' ("of Turiroa"), distinguishes him from his distant cousin Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri, the ancestor of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi, who lived some time earlier.

Tūwharetoa a Turiroa made his base at Pōnui on Rangatira Point, which forms the western arm of Tapuae-haruru Bay (location of modern Taupō township).

### Attack of Te Ata-inutai

At the end of the Ngāti Tama–Ngāti Tūwharetoa War, the Ngāti Tūwharetoa ariki, Waikari had attacked and killed the Ngāti Raukawa *rangatira* Poutū who had originally sparked the war by giving the leaders of Ngāti Tama a mere (club) called Paroparo-roumeia, with which they killed the Ngāti Tūwharetoa ariki, Rua-wehea. Poutū's cousin, Te Ata-inutai gathered a war party in order to get revenge for this killing. He attacked Pōnui and killed Tūwharetoa's wife Hine-te-ao, but Tūwharetoa himself eluded them and made it to Whakāngiangi, where he warned Ngāti Tūwharetoa of the invasion.

### Visit to Pahautea

Later, Tūwharetoa a Turiroa went to Pahautea (located on the modern State Highway 5, between Taupo township and the Rangitaiki River), with his daughter Tawhanga-rangi and a slave, in order to prepare and preserve some kākā. One evening, after they had roasted and eaten several kākā, Tawhanga-rangi wanted water and Tūwharetoa told the slave to go and get some from the Rangitaiki River, but the slave ignored him, so Tūwharetoa took a calabash and got it himself. He offered the slave some of the water, but the slave said he was not thirsty. Later, when Tūwharetoa and Tawhanga-rangi had gone to bed, the slave snuck over to the calabash and took a drink, but Tūwharetoa, who had only been pretending to sleep, heard him and killed him for his earlier disobedience.

### Death

A member of Ngāti Tūwharetoa murdered Te Ata-inutai in revenge for his earlier attack. In revenge for that killing, Te Ata-inutai's grandson, Tū-te-tawhā, eventually organised an attack on Ngāti Tūwharetoa. The Ngāti Raukawa *rangatira*, Whiti-patatō, led his force to Tuhinga-mata, which was completely unprepared for an attack. The people broke and ran.

Tūwharetoa a Turiroa was not in the village, since he had taken to sleeping in a cave called Matanuku and Matarangi in the cliff overlooking Lake Taupō. When he realised that they were being attacked told his wife Rauhato to take their son and swim across Tapuae-haruru Bay to Wharewaka (now a suburb of Taupō township), a distance of about 3 km, to safety. Despite the cold, she successfully made it across the bay, coming to shore at Te Tara-o-te-marama, the home of her mother Hine-kaharoa. The son was thereafter known as Te Urunga ("the pillow"), because he had been tied to Rauhato's shoulders like a pillow.

Whiti-patatō came up behind Tūwharetoa, leaving him with no escape, so he turned around and asked Whiti-patatō why he had attacked. When Whiti-patatō told him that they had come to avenge the murder of Te Ata-inutai, Tūwharetoa a Turiroa replied, "It is well. The cause is just. It is death, and I have acted as if I had forgotten Opurukete". Then he handed his patu (club) to Whiti-patatō, and allowed him to kill him with it. This patu had been acquired at Opurukete during the Ngāti Tama–Ngāti Tūwharetoa War. It was Paroparo-houmea, the same club that had been used to murder Rua-wehea and spark the cycle of revenge that culminated in Tūwharetoa a Turiroa's death. Tūwharetoa's head was taken away and placed in a stream, to function as a *mauri tuna* (a talisman for attracting eels).

## Family

Tūwharetoa a Turiroa married Hine-te-ao, who was killed during the attack of Te Ata-inutai. They had a daughter, Tawhanga-rangi, and a son, Werewere.

Later he married Rauhato and had another son, Te Urunga.

## Bibliography

* Te Hata, Hoeta; Fletcher, H. J. (1916). "Ngati-Tuhare-toa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia". *Journal of the Polynesian Society*. **25**: 104–116, 150–162.
* Te Hata, Hoeta; Fletcher, H. J. (1917). "Ngati-Tuhare-toa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia". *Journal of the Polynesian Society*. **26**: 19–30, 69–99, 180–187.
* Grace, John Te Herekiekie (1959). *Tuwharetoa: The History of the Maori People of the Taupo District*. Wellington; Auckland; Sydney: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
* Jones, Pei Te Hurinui; Biggs, Bruce (2004). *Ngā iwi o Tainui : nga koorero tuku iho a nga tuupuna = The traditional history of the Tainui people*. Auckland \[N.Z.\]: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869403312.


title: Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri

abstract: Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri, also called Tūwharetoa-waekae-rakau, was a Māori ariki (chieftain) in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand and the eponymous ancestor of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi, who probably lived in the sixteenth century. During his life, he established control over a large section of the Bay of Plenty. In his old age, his children and grandchildren invaded Taupō, which became the centre of the iwi's rohe.

text:
# Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri

**Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri**, also called **Tūwharetoa-waekae-rakau**, was a Māori *ariki* (chieftain) in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand and the eponymous ancestor of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi, who probably lived in the sixteenth century. During his life, he established control over a large section of the Bay of Plenty. In his old age, his children and grandchildren invaded Taupō, which became the centre of the iwi's rohe.

## Life

Tūwharetoa was the son of Mawake-Taupō and Ha-ahuru. Through his father, he descended from Te Arawa, Mataatua, and ultimately from Ngātoro-i-rangi, who arrived in New Zealand on the *Arawa* canoe, and the atua, Rongomai-nui. Through his mother, he was descended from Hapuonone, a tribe that had been settled at Ōhiwa before the arrival of *Arawa*, and from Mataatua. This ancestry gave him great mana and a strong claim to the land. On account of this, the tribal elders married him to Paekitawhiti who was also of very high rank. From this marriage were born the pre-eminent chiefly lines of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. At the birth of their first and only son, Rongomai-te-ngangana, Tūwharetoa took the baby up Otukaira hill to announce the birth of the future *ariki*.

After this, Mawake-Taupō told Tūwharetoa to go out with a band to visit the surrounding tribes and lands. At the Mōtū River, he visited the village of Rongomai-ururangi, then paramount chief of Ngāitai. Rongomai-ururangi's daughter led a poi dance to welcome the band, which responded with a haka. Tūwharetoa and Hinemotu fell in love and she ran off with him. They married at Mawake-Taupō's  at Kawerau and settled at Waitahanui, where they had eight children. Once he had succeeded his father as leader of the tribe, he also married Te Uiraroa.

John Te Herekiekie Grace reports that Tūwharetoa was a remarkable warrior, a wise advisor, and a master wood carver. With the help of his ally Tūtewero son of Maruka, Tūwharetoa established control of a region encompassing Ōtamarākau, the Awa-o-te-atua (Tarawera River), and Kawerau.

### Invasion of Taupō

When Tūwharetoa was an old man, Tūtewero was attacked by a group called Marangaranga / Maruiwi but handily defeated them. Ngāti Tūwharetoa were ashamed that this conflict had taken place without them, so Tūwharetoa's sons Rakahopukia, Rākei-poho, Rākei-makaha, Taniwha-paretuiri, and Rongomai-te-ngangana formed a war party of 240 men and attacked the Marangaranga / Maruiwi. They suffered a terrible defeat at Kaka-tarae near Runanga Lake, but the survivors were able to avenge their defeat.

According to Locke, as the war party was returning from this expedition, they travelled to Hinemaiaia on the coast of Lake Taupō, where they deposited their dead. Then they travelled north along the coast, past Maniaheke and Kowhaiataku to Lake Rotongaio, where an argument with the priestess Hine-kaho-roa culminated in her uttering a powerful curse and comparing Tūwharetoa's ancestors, Rangitu and Tangaroa, to fernroot (i.e. treating them both as food). According to Locke and Te Hata, when the war party departed and reported this to Tūwharetoa at Kawerau, a special sacred force was summoned to Kawerau by Tūwharetoa, who neutralised the curse by sacrificing a lizard. However, Tūwharetoa felt compelled to send an expedition against Ngāti Kurapoto to avenge the insult represented by the curse. According to Grace, the war party returned home to find that Tūwharetoa had died, and the expedition was dispatched by Rakei-Uekaha.

This invasion force, led by Tūwharetoa's grandsons Rongo-Patuiwi and Taringa, his great-grandson Waikari, and his son Rereao defeated Ngāti Kurapoto on the northeast shore of Taupō and Ngāti Hotu on the southern shore and occupied both territories.

### Death

Tūwharetoa died at an advanced age at Waitahanui. He was buried at the nearby cemetery. According to the section of Ngāti Tūwharetoa that now lives by Lake Taupo, the tohunga Te Ngako later disinterred his bones and moved them to Te Atuareretahi cave in the hills above Kawerau. According to the section still based in the Bay of Plenty, Te Ngako interred the bones in a hole in the trunk of a great tōtara tree, that was still alive as of 1959.

## Family

Tūwharetoa married three women and had children with all of them. His senior wife was Pae-ki-tawhiti, by whom he had a daughter and a son:

* A daughter, Manaiawharepu, first in a line of female chiefs (*ariki tūpuna*) which continued unbroken until Rangiamohia Te Herekiekie, who died in 1908.
* Rongomai-te-ngangana, who died at the battle of Kaka-tarae, but left two sons the ancestor of the *kāhui ariki* of Tūwharetoa:

* Tūtapiriao, father of Rongoteahu, father of Piri, father of Tunono the *upoko ariki*, father of Turanigitukua, the ancestor of the Aitanga a Huruao hapū, through his children by Te Rewhangao-te-rangi:

* Hingaia, who married Rupokohuka and had descendants.
* Te Maha-o-te-rangi, who had descendants.
* Te Rangitautahanga, *upoko ariki*
* Hinerangi, who married Taopowaha and had descendants.
* Whakatihi, father of Tūpoto, father of Tāne-turiwera, father of Hinetuki, who married her cousin Taringa.

Tūwharetoa's second wife was Hinemotu, by whom he had one daughter and seven sons:

* Hinewharangi (daughter)
* Rākei-poho

* Rua-wehea
* Taringa, who married his cousin Hinetuki (descendant of Whakatihi) and had two sons

* Rākei-whakaniwha, father of Matangikaiawha, father of Umu-ariki, father of Matangikaiawha, father of Te Rehu
* Rereao
* Taniwha, father of Rongo-patuiwi, father of Waikari.
* Turangiawe
* Te Aotahi
* Poukopa
* Poutomuri

Tūwharetoa's third wife was Te Uiraroa, with whom he had five sons:

* Rākei-marama
* Manuwhare
* Rākei-uekaha

* Mawake-hore
* Kariawe

She subsequently remarried to Awanui-a-rangi, with whom she was ancestor of Te Rangihouhiri (ancestor of Ngati Te Rangihouhiri) and Manu-Tongātea.

On a visit to Rotorua, Tūwharetoa slept with Rangiuru, the wife of Whakakauekaipapa, the ancestor Ngāti Whakaue, resulting in a son, Tūtānekai, who is famous for his romance with Hinemoa.

## Bibliography

* Locke, Samuel (1882). "Historical Traditions of Taupo and East Coast Tribes". *Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **15**: 433–459.
* Te Hata, Hoeta; Fletcher, H. J. (1916). "Ngati-Tuhare-toa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia". *Journal of the Polynesian Society*. **25**: 104–116, 150–162.
* Grace, John Te Herekiekie (1959). *Tuwharetoa: The history of the Maori people of the Taupo District*. Auckland \[N.Z.\]: A.H. & A.W. Reed. ISBN 9780589003739.
* Stafford, Don (1967). *Te Arawa: A History of the Arawa People*. Reed. ISBN 9780947506100.
* Jones, Pei Te Hurinui; Biggs, Bruce (2004). *Ngā iwi o Tainui : nga koorero tuku iho a nga tuupuna = The traditional history of the Tainui people*. Auckland \[N.Z.\]: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869403312.
* McCallum-Haire, Hermione; Te Nana, Rihi; Gallagher, Joanne (2021). "Hihiko O Mangarautawhiri: Power Sovereignty for a Prosperous Whānau and Hapū". *Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Kaupapa Kai Tahu)* (6): 33–43. doi:10.34074/scop.2006011.


title: Tūwhakararo

abstract: Tūwhakararo was a chief in Hawaiki in Māori mythology. His murder and the subsequent war led to one of the reasons for the Māori's emigrating from Hawaiki. Tūwhakararo went on a visit to the Āti Hāpai people, whose chief, Poporokewa, had married Tūwhakararo's sister Mairatea. In a wrestling match he was treated unfairly, and was killed in a treacherous manner. In revenge for this murder, his brother, Whakatau, set out with an army and destroyed Ati Hapai. In a South Island account, Tūwhakararo's wife is named Hakiri-maurea. In North Island versions, Hakiri-maurea is a young sister of Poporokewa; her rejection of a lover in favour of Tūwhakararo leads to the latter's death at the hands of the discarded suitor. In some versions he is a son of Tūhuruhuru and Apakura, thus a grandson of Hina and great-nephew of Māui. In other versions, Tūwhakararo is the son of Rātā and Tonga-rau-tawhiri, and Tūwhakararo and his wife Apakura have a son named Whakatau. In yet other versions of the myth, he is the son of Rātā and Tongarautawhiri, and Apakura is his wife.

text:
# Tūwhakararo

**Tūwhakararo** was a chief in Hawaiki in Māori mythology. His murder and the subsequent war led to one of the reasons for the Māori's emigrating from Hawaiki.

Tūwhakararo went on a visit to the Āti Hāpai (or Raeroa) people, whose chief, Poporokewa, had married Tūwhakararo's sister Mairatea. In a wrestling match he was treated unfairly, and was killed in a treacherous manner. In revenge for this murder, his brother, Whakatau, set out with an army and destroyed Ati Hapai. In a South Island account, Tūwhakararo's wife is named Hakiri-maurea. In North Island versions, Hakiri-maurea is a young sister of Poporokewa; her rejection of a lover in favour of Tūwhakararo leads to the latter's death at the hands of the discarded suitor.

In some versions he is a son of Tūhuruhuru and Apakura, thus a grandson of Hina and great-nephew of Māui. In other versions, Tūwhakararo is the son of Rātā and Tonga-rau-tawhiri, and Tūwhakararo and his wife Apakura have a son named Whakatau. In yet other versions of the myth, he is the son of Rātā and Tongarautawhiri, and Apakura is his wife.

## InfoBox

| Tūwhakararo | |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Male |
| Region | New Zealand |
| Ethnic group | Māori |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Tūhuruhuru and Apakura, or Rātā and Tonga-rau-tawhiri |
| Siblings | Mairatea, Whakatau |
| Consort | Haukiri Maurea, or Apakura |
| Offspring | Whakatau |