title: Giro d'Italia Women

abstract: The Giro d’Italia Women is an annual women's cycle stage race around Italy. First held in 1988, the race is currently part of the UCI Women's World Tour, and is currently organised by RCS Sport, the organisers of the men's Giro d'Italia. The race was previously branded as the Giro d'Italia Femminile prior to 2013, the Giro Rosa from 2013 to 2020, and the Giro Donne from 2021 to 2023. The race has been considered the most prestigious stage race in women's road cycling, with some teams and media referring to the race as a 'Grand Tour'. However, the race does not meet the UCI definition of such an event. It has generally held over nine or ten days in early July each year, competing for attention with the more famous men's Tour de France. Organisers also stated that they wished to work with the UCI to move the calendar position of the race, so that the race is not overshadowed by the Tour de France. The race is owned by the Italian Cycling Federation, with organisation of the race outsourced. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the general classification and wears the pink jersey. While the general classification gathers the most attention, there are other contests held within the Giro: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for the riders under the age of 23, and the best Italian rider classification. Achieving a stage win also provides prestige, often accomplished by a team's sprint specialist or a rider taking part in a breakaway.

text:
# Giro d'Italia Women

The **Giro d’Italia Women** is an annual women's cycle stage race around Italy. First held in 1988, the race is currently part of the UCI Women's World Tour, and is currently organised by RCS Sport, the organisers of the men's Giro d'Italia. The race was previously branded as the **Giro d'Italia Femminile** prior to 2013, the **Giro Rosa** from 2013 to 2020, and the **Giro Donne** from 2021 to 2023.

The race has been considered the most prestigious stage race in women's road cycling, with some teams and media referring to the race as a 'Grand Tour'. However, the race does not meet the UCI definition of such an event. It has generally held over nine or ten days in early July each year, competing for attention with the more famous men's Tour de France. Organisers also stated that they wished to work with the UCI to move the calendar position of the race, so that the race is not overshadowed by the Tour de France. The race is owned by the Italian Cycling Federation, with organisation of the race outsourced.

The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the general classification and wears the pink jersey. While the general classification gathers the most attention, there are other contests held within the Giro: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for the riders under the age of 23, and the best Italian rider classification. Achieving a stage win also provides prestige, often accomplished by a team's sprint specialist or a rider taking part in a breakaway.

## History

The men's Giro d'Italia cycling race was first held in 1909, and is considered the second most important cycling race in the world. The women's Giro d'Italia was first held in 1988 as the Giro d'Italia Femminile. The first edition in 1988 was won by two-time Tour de France Feminin winner Maria Canins from Italy.

Global Cycling Network notes how "how little we actually know" about early editions of the women's Giro, with no information about stage winners. The race was the second biggest women's race in Italy, behind the long running Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio. In the 1990s, the race was dominated by Italian rider Fabiana Luperini, who won 4 editions of the race between 1995 and 1998, winning 13 stages in the process. Luperini later won the 2008 edition of the race, 10 years after her last victory.

In the 2000s, the race initially grew to 13 stages in length before falling back to 9 stages. Other big races like Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale and Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin were cancelled due to financial difficulties in 2009 and 2010 respectively, leaving the Giro Donne was the only 'Grand Tour' left in women's cycling after 2010.

In December 2012 it was reported that the company Epinike had withdrawn as Giro Donne organiser, making the 2013 edition uncertain. In April 2013, however, organisers announced they had rebranded the race as the **Giro Rosa**, taking place over eight days. It returned to its traditional ten-day length the following year. In 2016, the race became part of the new UCI Women's World Tour, organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the race was dominated by Dutch riders, with Annemiek van Vleuten winning four times. In 2021, the race lost its World Tour status due to the lack of live television coverage during the 2020 edition of the race. The decision to downgrade to a 2.Pro-level stage race was met with criticism. The race used the **Giro d'Italia Donne** name in 2021, before returning to **Giro Donne** in 2022. The race returned to World Tour level in 2022, following promises of live television coverage on Eurosport and Rai Sport. The prize money was also increased to €250,000, with €50,000 for the winner of the general classification. The organisation of the 2023 edition of the race was criticised, with information about the route and riders not available until the last minute.

From 2024, the race will be organised by the men's Giro d'Italia organiser RCS Sport on a four-year contract. The 2024 edition of the race will be rebranded to **Giro d'Italia Women.**

## Winners

| Year | Distance<br>\[km\] | NoS | First | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 |  | 8 | Maria Canins (ITA) | Elizabeth Hepple (AUS) | Petra Rossner (GDR) |
| 1989 |  |  | Roberta Bonanomi (ITA) | Aleksandra Koliaseva (URS) | Tea Vikstedt-Nyman (FIN) |
| 1990 |  |  | Catherine Marsal (FRA) | Maria Canins (ITA) | Kathy Watt (AUS) |
| 1991 | Race not held | | | | |
| | 1992 |
| 1993 |  |  | Lenka Ilavská (SVK) | Luzia Zberg (SUI) | Imelda Chiappa (ITA) |
| 1994 |  |  | Michela Fanini (ITA) | Kathy Watt (AUS) | Luzia Zberg (SUI) |
| 1995 | 976 km (606.5 mi) | 11 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Luzia Zberg (SUI) | Roberta Bonanomi (ITA) |
| 1996 | 1,181.1 km (733.9 mi) | 12 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Alessandra Cappellotto (ITA) | Imelda Chiappa (ITA) |
| 1997 | 1,156.5 km (718.6 mi) | 12 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Linda Jackson (CAN) | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) |
| 1998 | 1,173.4 km (729.1 mi) | 13 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Linda Jackson (CAN) | Barbara Heeb (SUI) |
| 1999 | 1,210 km (751.9 mi) | 12 | Joane Somarriba (ESP) | Svetlana Bubnenkova (RUS) | Daniela Veronesi (SMR) |
| 2000 | 1,298 km (806.5 mi) | 13 | Joane Somarriba (ESP) | Alessandra Cappellotto (ITA) | Valentina Polkhanova (RUS) |
| 2001 | 1,440.5 km (895.1 mi) | 13 | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | Diana Žiliūtė (LTU) | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) |
| 2002 | 889.2 km (552.5 mi) | 9 | Svetlana Bubnenkova (RUS) | Zinaida Stahurskaya (BLR) | Diana Žiliūtė (LTU) |
| 2003 | 888 km (551.8 mi) | 9 | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) | Joane Somarriba (ESP) |
| 2004 | 852.9 km (530.0 mi) | 9 | Nicole Cooke (GBR) | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Priska Doppmann (SUI) |
| 2005 | 858.3 km (533.3 mi) | 9 | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | Joane Somarriba (ESP) | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) |
| 2006 | 894.2 km (555.6 mi) | 9 | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | Susanne Ljungskog (SWE) |
| 2007 | 895.3 km (556.3 mi) | 9 | Edita Pučinskaitė (LTU) | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | María Isabel Moreno (ESP) |
| 2008 | 808 km (502.1 mi) | 8 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | Amber Neben (USA) | Claudia Häusler (GER) |
| 2009 | 918 km (570.4 mi) | 9 | Claudia Häusler (GER) | Mara Abbott (USA) | Nicole Brändli (SUI) |
| 2010 | 921.9 km (572.8 mi) | 10 | Mara Abbott (USA) | Judith Arndt (GER) | Tatiana Guderzo (ITA) |
| 2011 | 962.1 km (597.8 mi) | 10 | Marianne Vos (NED) | Emma Pooley (GBR) | Judith Arndt (GER) |
| 2012 | 961 km (597.1 mi) | 9 | Marianne Vos (NED) | Emma Pooley (GBR) | Evelyn Stevens (USA) |
| 2013 | 803 km (499.0 mi) | 8 | Mara Abbott (USA) | Tatiana Guderzo (ITA) | Claudia Häusler (GER) |
| 2014 | 953 km (592.2 mi) | 10 | Marianne Vos (NED) | Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (FRA) | Anna van der Breggen (NED) |
| 2015 | 913.68 km (567.7 mi) | 10 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Mara Abbott (USA) | Megan Guarnier (USA) |
| 2016 | 857.7 km (533.0 mi) | 10 | Megan Guarnier (USA) | Evelyn Stevens (USA) | Anna van der Breggen (NED) |
| 2017 | 1,008.6 km (626.7 mi) | 10 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) |
| 2018 | 975.2 km (606.0 mi) | 10 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Ashleigh Moolman (RSA) | Amanda Spratt (AUS) |
| 2019 | 905.8 km (562.8 mi) | 10 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Amanda Spratt (AUS) |
| 2020 | 975.8 km (606.3 mi) | 9 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Katarzyna Niewiadoma (POL) | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) |
| 2021 | 1,022.74 km (635.50 mi) | 10 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Ashleigh Moolman (RSA) | Demi Vollering (NED) |
| 2022 | 1,007.2 km (625.8 mi) | 10 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Marta Cavalli (ITA) | Margarita Victoria García (ESP) |
| 2023 | 928 km (577 mi) | 9 | Annemiek Van Vleuten (NED) | Juliette Labous (FRA) | Gaia Realini (ITA) |
| 2024 | 876.7 km (544.8 mi) | 8 | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) | Lotte Kopecky (BEL) | Neve Bradbury (AUS) |

### Multiple winners

| Wins | Rider | Editions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) | 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2008 |
| 4 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | 2015, 2017, 2020, 2021 |
| | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023 |
| 3 | Nicole Brändli (SUI) | 2001, 2003, 2005 |
| | Marianne Vos (NED) | 2011, 2012, 2014 |
| 2 | Joane Somarriba (ESP) | 1999, 2000 |
| | Edita Pučinskaitė (LIT) | 2006, 2007 |
| | Mara Abbott (USA) | 2010, 2013 |

### Wins per country

| Wins | Country |
| --- | --- |
| 11 | Netherlands |
| 9 | Italy |
| 3 | Switzerland,  United States |
| 2 | Lithuania,  Spain |
| 1 | Germany,  France,  Russia,  Slovakia,  United Kingdom |

## Secondary classifications

The Giro Donne awards a number of jerseys for winners of certain classifications – the current competitions that award a jersey are:

* ( from 1988 to 2023,  in 2012) Points classification, for the rider with the most points as awarded by finishing positions on stages and the first riders to go through intermediate sprints. Recently, the winner wears the **maglia rossa** (red jersey).
* ( from 1988 to 2023) Mountains classification, for the rider awarded the most points for crossing designated climbs, generally at the peaks of hills and mountains. The winner wears the **maglia azzurra** (blue jersey).
* Young rider classification, for the fastest rider under the age of 25 to complete the race. The winner wears the **maglia bianca** (white jersey).
* Best Italian rider classification, for the fastest Italian rider to complete the race. The winner used to wear the **maglia azzurra** (blue jersey).

In 2006, the young riders classification was not run, instead a sprints competition was won by Olga Slyusareva (RUS) and awarded the blue jersey.

### Winners by year

| Year | Giro |  | Points |  | Mountains |  | Young |  | Italian |  | Team | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1988** | 1 |  | Petra Rossner |  | Maria Canins |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1989** | 2 |  | Petra Rossner (2) |  | Roberta Bonanomi |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1990** | 3 |  | Catherine Marsal |  | Catherine Marsal |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1991** | Race not held | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | **1992** |
| **1993** | 4 |  | Luzia Zberg |  | Lenka Ilavská |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1994** | 5 |  | Imelda Chiappa |  | Sigrid Corneo |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1995** | 6 |  | Petra Rossner (3) |  | Fabiana Luperini |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1996** | 7 |  | Fabiana Luperini |  | Fabiana Luperini (2) |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1997** | 8 |  | Diana Žiliūtė |  | Fabiana Luperini (3) |  | Edita Pučinskaitė | Not awarded | |  | Sanson Mimosa |  |
| **1998** | 9 |  | Anna Wilson |  | Fabiana Luperini (4) |  | Cindy Pieters | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **1999** | 10 |  | Svetlana Bubnenkova |  | Daniela Veronesi |  | Tetyana Styazhkina | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2000** | 11 |  | Svetlana Bubnenkova (2) |  | Edita Pučinskaitė |  | Nicole Brändli | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2001** | 12 |  | Nicole Brändli |  | Mari Holden |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2002** | 13 |  | Zinaida Stahurskaya |  | Jolanta Polikevičiūtė |  |  | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2003** | 14 |  | Regina Schleicher |  | Jolanta Polikevičiūtė (2) |  | Modesta Vžesniauskaitė | Not awarded | | Not awarded | |  |
| **2004** | 15 |  | Oenone Wood |  | Svetlana Bubnenkova |  | Nicole Cooke | Not awarded | |  | Safi–Pasta Zara Manhattan |  |
| **2005** | 16 |  | Giorgia Bronzini |  | Svetlana Bubnenkova (2) |  | Volha Hayeva | Not awarded | | Not awarded | |  |
| **2006** | 17 |  | Susanne Ljungskog |  | Edita Pučinskaitė (2) | Not awarded | | Not awarded | |  | Top Girls Fassa Bortolo Raxy Line |  |
| **2007** | 18 |  | Marianne Vos |  | Svetlana Bubnenkova (3) |  | Tatiana Guderzo | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2008** | 19 |  | Ina-Yoko Teutenberg |  | Fabiana Luperini (5) |  | Claudia Häusler | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2009** | 20 |  | Claudia Häusler |  | Mara Abbott |  | Lizzie Armitstead | Not awarded | |  |  |  |
| **2010** | 21 |  | Marianne Vos (2) |  | Emma Pooley |  | Marianne Vos |  | Tatiana Guderzo |  |  |  |
| **2011** | 22 |  | Marianne Vos (3) |  | Marianne Vos |  | Elena Berlato |  | Tatiana Guderzo (2) |  |  |  |
| **2012** | 23 |  | Marianne Vos (4) |  | Emma Pooley (2) |  | Elisa Longo Borghini |  | Fabiana Luperini |  |  |  |
| **2013** | 24 |  | Marianne Vos (5) |  | Mara Abbott (2) |  | Francesca Cauz |  | Tatiana Guderzo (3) |  |  |  |
| **2014** | 25 |  | Marianne Vos (6) |  | Emma Pooley (3) |  | Pauline Ferrand-Prévot |  | Elisa Longo Borghini |  |  |  |
| **2015** | 26 |  | Megan Guarnier |  | Flávia Oliveira |  | Katarzyna Niewiadoma |  | Elisa Longo Borghini (2) |  |  |  |
| **2016** | 27 |  | Megan Guarnier (2) |  | Elisa Longo Borghini |  | Katarzyna Niewiadoma (2) |  | Tatiana Guderzo (4) |  |  |  |
| **2017** | 28 |  | Annemiek van Vleuten |  | Annemiek van Vleuten |  | Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig |  | Elisa Longo Borghini (3) |  | Boels–Dolmans |  |
| **2018** | 29 |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (2) |  | Amanda Spratt |  | Sofia Bertizzolo |  | Elisa Longo Borghini (4) |  | Team Sunweb |  |
| **2019** | 30 |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (3) |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (2) |  | Juliette Labous |  | Elisa Longo Borghini (5) |  | WNT–Rotor Pro Cycling |  |
| **2020** | 31 |  | Marianne Vos (7) |  | Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig |  | Mikayla Harvey |  | Elisa Longo Borghini (6) |  | CCC Liv |  |
| 2021 | 32 |  | Anna van der Breggen |  | Lucinda Brand |  | Niamh Fisher-Black |  | Marta Cavalli |  | SD Worx |  |
| 2022 | 33 |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (4) |  | Kristen Faulkner |  | Niamh Fisher-Black (2) |  | Marta Cavalli (2) |  | FDJ Nouvelle-Aquitaine Futuroscope |  |
| 2023 | 34 |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (5) |  | Annemiek van Vleuten (3) |  | Gaia Realini |  | Gaia Realini |  | Movistar Team |  |
| 2024 | 35 |  | Lotte Kopecky |  | Justine Ghekiere |  | Neve Bradbury | Not awarded | |  | Liv AlUla Jayco |  |
| Year | Giro |  | Points |  | Mountains |  | Young |  | Italian |  | Team | Notes |

### Winners by country

| Rank | Country | Points | Mountains | Youth | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Netherlands | 13 | 5 | 1 | 19 |
| 2 | Italy | 3 | 9 | 6 | 18 |
| 3 | Germany | 6 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
| | Lithuania | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | Russia | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| | United States | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| 7 | United Kingdom | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 8 | France | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| | Australia | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 10 | Switzerland | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| | Belgium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| | New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 12 | Belarus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Poland | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 15 | Brazil | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | San Marino | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovakia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |

## Stage wins

| Rank | Rider | Stage wins |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Marianne Vos (NED) | 32 |
| 2 | Petra Rossner (GER) | 18 |
| 3 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | 16 |

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## InfoBox

Giro d'Italia Women
| *2024 Giro d'Italia Women* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Race details | |
| Date | Late June / early July |
| Region | Italy |
| Nickname(s) | Giro d'Italia Donne <br>Giro Rosa (2013–2020) |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Women's World Tour |
| Type | Stage race |
| Organiser | RCS Sport |
| Web site | www.giroditaliawomen.it |
| History | |
| First edition | 1988 (1988) |
| Editions | 35 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Maria Canins (ITA) |
| Most wins | Fabiana Luperini (ITA) *(5 wins)* |
| Most recent | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) |


title: Kayaderosseras

abstract: The Kayaderosseras Creek, usually shortened to Kaydeross, is the largest river that lies completely within Saratoga County, New York State. It originates in the Kayaderosseras Range in the northern part of the county, passes through the towns of Corinth, Greenfield, and Milton, and serves as the boundary between the City of Saratoga Springs and the Town of Malta before emptying into Saratoga Lake.

text:
# Kayaderosseras

The **Kayaderosseras** Creek, usually shortened to **Kaydeross**, is the largest river that lies completely within Saratoga County, New York State. It originates in the Kayaderosseras Range in the northern part of the county, passes through the towns of Corinth, Greenfield, and Milton, and serves as the boundary between the City of Saratoga Springs and the Town of Malta before emptying into Saratoga Lake.

## History

The Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Five Nations used the associated valley as a summer hunting and fishing destination. They named the creek *Kayaderosseras* (which translates into "Valley of the Crooked Stream") due to its tortuous course and dramatic drop in elevation. An 1887 source says that the name was derived from French terms, a Mohawk corruption of either *pays arrosé*, a watered country, or *pays des ruisseaux*, a country of streams, adapted by the Mohawk when they pushed out the previous inhabitants, the Mahican, in the 17th century.

The creek is best known for providing water power to a host of paper mills and a hard edge-tool factory in the 19th century. "Paper Bag King" George West established his paper bag empire on the banks of the Kayaderosseras Creek in Rock City Falls in 1862. Of the dozen paper mills situated along the creek in the late 19th century, only the Cottrell Paper Company is still in operation as of 2024.

From 1898 to 1929, the 12-mile (19 km) Kaydeross Railroad, or Ballston Terminal Railroad, a trolley railroad line, closely followed the banks of the creek to serve the paper mills and Isaiah Blood's tool factory. Although this line also carried passengers, it mainly existed to carry freight.

Over-logging caused the flow of the creek to decrease dramatically in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the creek possesses several popular fishing spots, especially in Rock City Falls, Milton Center, and Craneville. The principal fish is the brown trout, which is stocked.

* *The Ballston Terminal Railroad And Its Successors,* 2007

## InfoBox

| Kayaderosseras Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Kayaderosseras Creek looking downstream from US Route 9, April 2012 | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Region | Upstate New York |
| Metropolitan area | Capital District |
| Counties | Saratoga County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Corinth, Saratoga County, New York |
| coordinates | 43°12′00″N 73°55′17″W / 43.20000°N 73.92139°W / 43.20000; -73.92139 |
| elevation | 1,400 ft (430 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Saratoga Lake |
| location | Saratoga Springs/Malta, Saratoga County, New York |
| coordinates | 43°02′27″N 73°44′14″W / 43.04083°N 73.73722°W / 43.04083; -73.73722 |
| elevation | 200 ft (61 m) |
| Basin size | 195 sq mi (510 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Hudson River Watershed |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Mud Creek, Vly Creek, Star Brook, Geyser Brook, Bog Meadow Brook |
| right | South Branch Kayaderosseras, Crook Brook, Glowgee Creek, Gordon Creek, Mourning Kill |


title: Pingyang station

abstract: Pingyang station is a subway station in Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by the Changsha subway operator Changsha Metro.

text:
# Pingyang station

**Pingyang station** (Chinese: 平阳站; pinyin: *Píngyáng Zhàn*) is a subway station in Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by the Changsha subway operator Changsha Metro.

## Layout

Pingyang has one island platform.

## History

The station opened on 26 May 2019.

## Surrounding area

* Hengda International Plaza (恒大国际广场)
* Lituo School (黎托小学)

## InfoBox

| Pingyang station
平阳站 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 2C Entrance of Pingyang Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan
China |
| Coordinates | 28°09′07″N 113°03′18″E / 28.1518137°N 113.055023°E / 28.1518137; 113.055023 |
| Operated by | Changsha Metro |
| Line(s) | Line 4, Changsha Metro |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 May 2019 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nandi Temple, Khajuraho India

abstract: The Nandi temple is a Hindu temple located in Khajuraho city of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is dedicated to Nandi, the bull which serves as the mount (vāhana) of Shiva, in Hindu mythology. As a common architecture trend, temples of Shiva display stone images of a seated Nandi facing Shiva. Following the trend, this temple is located opposite to the Vishvanatha Temple, which is dedicate to Shiva. This structure is one of the monument among Khajuraho Group of Monuments, a World Heritage Site in India.

text:
# Nandi Temple, Khajuraho India

The **Nandi temple** is a Hindu temple located in Khajuraho city of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is dedicated to Nandi, the bull which serves as the mount (vāhana) of Shiva, in Hindu mythology. As a common architecture trend, temples of Shiva (and Parvati) display stone images of a seated Nandi facing Shiva. Following the trend, this temple is located opposite to the Vishvanatha Temple, which is dedicate to Shiva.

This structure is one of the monument among Khajuraho Group of Monuments, a World Heritage Site in India.

## Location

The temple is located in the Western Group of Temple Complex Khajuraho. Inside the temple complex, it is located opposite to Vishvanath Temple.

Khajuraho is a small village in Chhatarpur District of Madhya Pradesh, India.

## Architecture

The temple stands on a rectangular modest (*chabutara*). The plan of the main structure is of the shape of cross quadrate (combination of cross and rectangle), where the rectangle form the sanctum and the cross edges form the four balconies (one on each side). The temples walls are like balcony walls and do not complete cover the sanctum completely. The roof rests on the pillars (one at each corner).

The border design is made of carvings depicting elephant (front view with head, trunk and two legs). Human figures are also depicted on both side of elephant.

Erotic sculpture of couples are also seen on the outer roof.

The sculpture of Shiva (with trishula on right shoulder ; and snake on left shoulder) can also be seen on outer roof and wall(along with border design).

## Nandi Sculpture

The Nandi Sculpture (see image) is 2.2 m long and 1.8 m high.

## InfoBox

| Nandi Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| नन्दी मंदिर | |
| Nandi Temple at Khajuraho | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Chhatarpur, Khajuraho |
| Deity | Nandi |
| Location | |
| Location | Khajuraho |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| Country | India |
| Location in Madhya Pradesh | |
| Geographic coordinates | 24°51′11.9″N 79°55′21.7″E / 24.853306°N 79.922694°E / 24.853306; 79.922694 |
| Architecture | |
| Creator | Chandela Rulers |
| Temple(s) | 1 |


title: Harold's

abstract: Harold's Stores, Inc. was a Norman, Oklahoma- and later Dallas-based chain of traditional, high-end classic styled ladies and men's specialty apparel stores. The chain operated 43 stores in 19 southern, western, and mid-western states in the United States. Prior to its bankruptcy filing, the company employed 624 people. The company was granted bankruptcy liquidation on November 10, 2008.

text:
# Harold's

**Harold's Stores, Inc.** was a Norman, Oklahoma\- and later Dallas-based chain of traditional, high-end classic styled ladies and men's specialty apparel stores. The chain operated 43 stores in 19 southern, western, and mid-western states in the United States. Prior to its bankruptcy filing, the company employed 624 people. The company was granted bankruptcy liquidation on November 10, 2008.

## History

Harold's was founded in 1948 in Norman, Oklahoma by Harold G. Powell. The buying offices were later moved to Dallas, Texas while distribution and operations were based out of Norman, Oklahoma. The chain operated high-end men's and women's clothing stores, usually located in upper-class areas and shopping centers in the southern, western, and mid-western parts of the United States, and targeted sales to customers between the ages of 30 and 50.

Originally selling only menswear, Harold's added women's apparel in 1958. The chain issued its own credit card in 1977, became a public company in 1987, and issued its first clothing catalog in 1990. In 1999 it had 53 stores in 22 states. At its peak, Harold's employed up to 1,800 people and its annual sales exceeded $150 million.

Harold's locations in Houston were known as "Harold Powell", the result of a 1992 gentlemen's agreement with Harold's Men's Wear founder Harold Wiesenthal, who had operated there since 1950. By 1996, however, Wiesenthal believed customer confusion had grown and filed a lawsuit blaming Powell's company. The two sides worked out a deal at the end of 1996, before the suit went to trial, with Powell agreeing to use a different cover on catalogs delivered to the Houston area, rather than just a sticker noting the differing store name.

### Changes in leadership

Powell stepped down from leadership in May 1998 when his daughter, Rebecca Powell Casey, who joined the company in 1977 and was its CEO from 1992, became the company's board chairman. Casey had been president of the company from 1989 to 1992, preceded in that role by former Bonwit Teller president, Bernard H. Newburg. Clark Hinkley replaced Casey as Harold's CEO in February 2001, and in June 2001 the company stopped all of its catalog and Internet ordering activities, which had been losing money. After concentrating on their core business and accumulating seven consecutive months of store sales increases, Harold's reinstituted catalog sales in September 2003. Hugh Mullins, formerly of Neiman Marcus, became the CEO in February 2004 and resigned in August 2005. Hinkley then re-assumed the role as interim CEO. Casey, serving as executive vice president, left the company for personal reasons in January 2006, expressing in her resignation letter a lost faith in the company's leadership. Ronald S. Staffieri, who had been president of Michaels Stores, succeeded Hinkley as CEO in October 2006.

### Decline and bankruptcy

By 2001, the company was under the control of preferred stockholders Howard Lester of Williams-Sonoma and Ronald de Waal, formerly of Saks. Company headquarters moved that year to Dallas, and Casey stepped down as CEO. Lester and de Waal loaned the company millions of dollars over the next several years to keep it running. Harold's had added new clothing styles to attract more youthful buyers, but alienated its core customers in the process. Hurricanes in 2005 added to heavy losses for stores in three southern states, and the company lost $6 million that year and $11 million in 2006, the year Harold's stock was delisted from the American Stock Exchange.

On November 10, 2008, Harold's Stores and six related companies were granted bankruptcy liquidation, stating, "Increased competition and a weak economy have left us no choice but to cease operations." The month before, it had hired consultants to look at alternatives, though only received interest from merchandise liquidators, of which it chose Gordon Brothers. The closure surprised some as the Chapter 11 filing is usually to allow for financial restructuring, and the chain had received a $1.8 billion loan in the prior quarter; the filing was converted to Chapter 7 in March 2009. Before bankruptcy, Harold's had 43 stores and 624 employees, about half of whom were part-time, across 19 states. Its assets (and liabilities) were listed as between $10 million and $50 million. Investors Lester and de Wall lost at least $15 million and $23.5 million, respectively.

### Aftermath

Two years before he became mayor of Knoxville, Tennessee, Bill Haslam of Saks Fifth Avenue was appointed in September 2001 as non-executive chairman of Harold's, a role he kept through the 2008 bankruptcy. In August 2009, the trustee of the bankruptcy filed a lawsuit against Haslam and the other directors and officers of Harold's, charging that the company had illegally paid nearly $6 million in dividends to preferred shareholders while in debt, and that Lester and de Waal's loans to the company were made in bad faith and without considering other options. Harold's leadership denied the claims and both sides ultimately settled out of court for $2 million in February 2014. Haslam said he was not influenced by de Waal and that he never had an operational role in the company, a claim also supported by Casey.

Powell had sold most of his stock in the company before it went bankrupt. A large antique carousel horse he bought and which was the basis for a longtime logo and mascot for Harold's, was still at Casey's vacation home in Texas as of September 2014. Cafe Plaid, a restaurant Powell had opened in 1996 next to the flagship store in Norman, was also still in business then, but with different ownership. In October 2010, the former flagship store in the city's Campus Corner district became an OU IT technology store run by University of Oklahoma's Information Technology department, with additional space made available for meetings. Powell died at the age of 92 in June 2016 from complications related to lung cancer.

## InfoBox

Harold's
|
|  |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 1948 |
| Founder | Harold G. Powell |
| Defunct | 2008 |
| Fate | Bankruptcy
Liquidation |
| Headquarters | Norman, Oklahoma (1948–2001)
Dallas, Texas (2001–2008) |
| Products | Men's and women's clothing |
| Number of employees | 624 (prior to bankruptcy filing) |


title: Harmandalı, Ortaköy

abstract: Harmandalı is a village in the Ortaköy District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,078 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is the presumed location of Nyssa, an ancient city and former bishopric in Cappadocia, which remains a titular see in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Latin Catholic Church.

text:
# Harmandalı, Ortaköy

**Harmandalı** is a village in the Ortaköy District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,078 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*). It is the presumed location of Nyssa, an ancient city and former bishopric in Cappadocia, which remains a titular see in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Latin Catholic Church.

## InfoBox

| Harmandalı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| HarmandalıLocation in TurkeyHarmandalıHarmandalı (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 38°56′04″N 33°56′56″E / 38.93444°N 33.94889°E / 38.93444; 33.94889 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Aksaray |
| District | Ortaköy |
| Population (2021) | 1,078 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Intihuatana

abstract: Intihuatana is a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca. Its name is derived from the local Quechua language. The most notable Intihuantana is an archaeological site located at Machu Picchu in the Sacred Valley near Machu Picchu, Peru. The name of the stone is derived from Quechua: inti means "sun", and wata- is the verb root "to tie, hitch (up)". The Quechua -na suffix derives nouns for tools or places. Hence inti watana is literally an instrument or place to "tie up the sun", often expressed in English as "The Hitching Post of the Sun".

text:
# Intihuatana

**Intihuatana** is a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca. Its name is derived from the local Quechua language. The most notable Intihuantana is an archaeological site located at Machu Picchu in the Sacred Valley near Machu Picchu, Peru. The name of the stone (coined perhaps by Hiram Bingham) is derived from Quechua: *inti* means "sun", and *wata-* is the verb root "to tie, hitch (up)" (*huata-* is simply a Spanish spelling). The Quechua *-na* suffix derives nouns for tools or places. Hence *inti watana* is literally an instrument or place to "tie up the sun", often expressed in English as "The Hitching Post of the Sun".

* Inti Watana, Ayacucho, an archaeological site in the Vilcas Huamán Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru
* Inti Watana, Calca, an archaeological site in the Pisac District, Calca Province, Cusco Region, Peru
* Inti Watana, Urubamba, an archaeological site in the Machupicchu District, Urubamba Province, Cusco Region, Peru
* Inti Watana II and III, also known as Usqunta I and II, an archaeological site in the Lucanas Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru


title: Valentine Dell

abstract: Valentine Dell was an educator, newspaper editor and publisher, politician, and U.S. marshal in Arkansas. He served terms in the Arkansas Senate and helped establish Fort Smith's first free public school system. He immigrated to the United States from Germany. He eventually settled in Fort Smith. He had several children including a son Valentine Dell Jr. He published the New Era in Fort Smith.

text:
# Valentine Dell

**Valentine Dell** (November 8, 1829 - October 10, 1885) was an educator, newspaper editor and publisher, politician, and U.S. marshal in Arkansas. He served terms in the Arkansas Senate and helped establish Fort Smith's first free public school system. He immigrated to the United States from Germany. He eventually settled in Fort Smith. He had several children including a son Valentine Dell Jr.

He published the *New Era* in Fort Smith.

## InfoBox

| Valentine Dell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Arkansas Senate | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1829-11-08)November 8, 1829
Weinheim, Grand Duchy of Baden |
| Died | October 10, 1885(1885-10-10) (aged 55)
Fort Smith, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Residence(s) | Fort Smith, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Occupation | Newspaper editor |
| Profession | Journalist |
|  | |


title: USS Watseka

abstract: USS Watseka (YTM-387) was a medium harbor tug of the YTM-192 class in the service of the United States Navy during World War II. The Naval Historical Center lists the namesake as: "Possibly a variant spelling of Watsaghika, a former village of the Iruwaitsu Shasta Indian tribe of northern California, at the extreme west end of Scott Valley." Watseka was purchased in 1943 from Ira S. Bushey and Sons of Brooklyn, New York, and assigned to the 8th Naval District, New Orleans, Louisiana, as YT-387. On 15 May 1944, her designation was changed from YT-387 to YTB-387. While in reserve, she was redesignated YTM-387 in February 1962. Placed in reserve, out of service, and berthed with the Columbia River, Oregon, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet from March 1946, she was subsequently sold on 1 July 1972. As a civilian tug, she operated under the names Deborah W, Beaver, Seahorse, SB IX, Seahorse, and Glen Cove.

text:
# USS Watseka

**USS *Watseka* (YTM-387)** was a medium harbor tug of the *YTM-192* class in the service of the United States Navy during World War II. The Naval Historical Center lists the namesake as: "Possibly a variant spelling of Watsaghika, a former village of the Iruwaitsu Shasta Indian tribe of northern California, at the extreme west end of Scott Valley."

*Watseka* was purchased in 1943 from Ira S. Bushey and Sons of Brooklyn, New York, and assigned to the 8th Naval District, New Orleans, Louisiana, as YT-387. On 15 May 1944, her designation was changed from YT-387 to YTB-387. While in reserve, she was redesignated YTM-387 in February 1962.

Placed in reserve, out of service, and berthed with the Columbia River, Oregon, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet from March 1946, she was subsequently sold on 1 July 1972. As a civilian tug, she operated under the names *Deborah W*, *Beaver*, *Seahorse*, *SB IX*, *Seahorse*, and *Glen Cove*.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Watseka* |
| Acquired | by purchase, 1943 |
| Decommissioned | March 1946 |
| Reclassified | YTM-387, 15 May 1944 |
| Fate | Sold, 1 July 1972 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tugboat |
| Length | 100 ft (30 m) |
| Beam | 25 ft (7.6 m) |
| Draft | 10 ft (3.0 m) |


title: French destroyer Épée (1900)

abstract: Épée was one of four Framée-class destroyers built for the French Navy around the beginning of the 20th century. During the First World War, the ship saw service in the Mediterranean Sea and survived the war to be stricken from the naval register on 1 October 1920.

text:
# French destroyer Épée (1900)

***Épée*** was one of four *Framée*-class destroyers built for the French Navy around the beginning of the 20th century. During the First World War, the ship saw service in the Mediterranean Sea and survived the war to be stricken from the naval register on 1 October 1920.

## Design and description

The *Framée*s had an overall length of 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in), a beam of 6.31 meters (20 ft 8 in), and a maximum draft of 3.03 meters (9 ft 11 in). They displaced 319 metric tons (314 long tons) at deep load. The two triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, produced a total of 4,200–5,200 indicated horsepower (3,132–3,878 kW), using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The ships had a designed speed of 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) and *Épée* reached a speed of 26.19 knots (48.50 km/h; 30.14 mph) during her sea trials on 1 July 1901. The ships carried enough coal to give them a range of 2,055 nautical miles (3,806 km; 2,365 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Their complement consisted of four officers and forty-four enlisted men.

The *Framée*-class ships were armed with a single 65-millimeter (2.6 in) gun forward of the bridge and six 47-millimeter (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single 381-millimeter (15 in) torpedo tubes, one between the funnels and the other on the stern. Two reload torpedoes were also carried.

## Construction and career

*Épée* was ordered from Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée on 27 October 1897 and was laid down on 126 May 1898 at its shipyard in Granville-Le Havre. The ship was launched on 27 July 1900 and conducted her sea trials in May–July. She was commissioned for her trials on 2 January and was later assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, *Épée* was one of the leaders (*divisionnaire*) in the 3rd Submarine Flotilla (*3e escadrille sous-marins*) of the 2nd Light Squadron (*2e escadre légère*), based at Cherbourg, although the ship was not ready for service.

## Bibliography

* Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905*. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
* Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). *French Warships of World War I*. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.
* Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). *La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915* \[*The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book I 1914–1915*\]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.
* Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). *La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918* \[*The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book II 1916–1918*\]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.
* Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). *French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.

## InfoBox

| Sister ship *Pique* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Epée* |
| Namesake | Épée |
| Builder | Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée, Le Havre |
| Laid down | 1897 |
| Launched | 27 July 1900 |
| Stricken | 1 October 1920 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 8 January 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Framée*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 319  (314 long tons) |
| Length | 58.2 m (190 ft 11 in) o/a |
| Beam | 6.31 m (20 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 3.03 m (9 ft 11 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 triple-expansion steam engines |
| Speed | 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) |
| Range | 2,055 nmi (3,806 km; 2,365 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 48 |
| Armament |  |


title: Pitcairnia poortmanii

abstract: Pitcairnia poortmanii is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. It is native to Ecuador.

text:
# Pitcairnia poortmanii

***Pitcairnia poortmanii*** is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. It is native to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Pitcairnia poortmanii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pitcairnia* |
| Species: | ***P. poortmanii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pitcairnia poortmanii***<br>André | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hepetis poortmanii* (André) Mez | |


title: Haroharo Caldera

abstract: The Haroharo Caldera is a 26 by 16 km postulated volcanic feature in Taupō Volcanic Zone of the North Island, New Zealand within the larger and older Ōkataina Caldera. Since 2010 further studies have tended to use the terms Haroharo vent alignment, Utu Caldera, Matahina Caldera, Rotoiti Caldera and a postulated Kawerau Caldera to the features assigned to it. However the name is used in the peer reviewed literature to summarise and group these features based on gravitational and magnetic features.

text:
# Haroharo Caldera

The **Haroharo Caldera** (**Haroharo volcanic complex**) is a 26 by 16 km (16.2 by 9.9 mi) postulated volcanic feature in Taupō Volcanic Zone of the North Island, New Zealand within the larger and older Ōkataina Caldera. Since 2010 further studies have tended to use the terms Haroharo vent alignment, Utu Caldera, Matahina Caldera, Rotoiti Caldera and a postulated Kawerau Caldera to the features assigned to it. However the name is used in the peer reviewed literature to summarise and group these features based on gravitational and magnetic features.

## Geography

In the north the **Haroharo Caldera** has been mapped as extending from the eastern half of Lake Rotoiti to the western border of Lake Rotoma. Its southern extent was defined by the Tarawera volcano. A recent analysis is consistent with the south western structural boundary of the older single event caldera's being in the eastern portions of Lake Tarawera. Both the Okareka Embayment and the Tarawera Volcanic Complex are adjacent, so many, especially older maps, had these features overlapping the Haroharo Caldera or Okataina caldera as part of the Haroharo volcanic complex or Ōkataina volcanic centre.

### Geology

The **Haroharo Caldera** was within the older and larger Ōkataina Caldera and its boundaries in geological terms are related mainly to the Matahina and Rotoiti sub-calderas which were formed in single eruption sequences. These boundaries relate to events that happened before about 45,000 years ago. It is therefore not regarded now as a caldera in its own right formed by one single event and there have been many attempts to rationalise the literature from a descriptor used since at least 1962. There have been multiple significant eruptions from the **Haroharo vent line**, that is parallel and to the north of the Mount Tarawera vent line and also within the Ōkataina Caldera. There has been a large amount of dome infilling that refer to the Haroharo name, but the term Ōkataina complex volcano is felt by many to be a better name than the Haroharo volcano to understand the processes that have happened in this portion of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.

Within the Haroharo vent line there was a VEI-5 volcanic eruption about 6060 BCE producing about 17 km3 (4.1 cu mi) of eruptive material and one about 2000 years later that produced 13 km3 (3.1 cu mi) of material. With its linear parallel young vent alignment to those of the similarly young in geological terms, Tarawera volcano, and related magma sources, this means it is now usually regarded as a subsidiary volcanic part of the Ōkataina Caldera which in the last 21,000 years has contributed a total magma eruptive volume greater than about 80 km3 (19 cu mi).

1. The following is recorded in the geology literature:
> *HaroHaro pile ... are rhyolite lavas of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, extruded on the floor of Haroharo Caldera*J. Healy, Geology of the Rotoroa District 1962, p54-55

with the author presuming that certain ignimbrites came from this source.


title: Happy (2015 film)

abstract: Happy is a 2015 French feature film directed by Jordan Goldnadel, with Isabel Ryan, Vladimir Perrin, Jordan Goldnadel and Léa Moszkowicz. The film showed at the 2015 Montréal World Film Festival, where it received great reviews. The film is sold internationally by Wide Management and receives two nominations at the 2016 Prix Henri Langlois. The film also integrates the Eye on Films European Label and is released in several countries including the US, the UK, Ireland and South Korea.

text:
# Happy (2015 film)

***Happy*** is a 2015 French feature film directed by Jordan Goldnadel, with Isabel Ryan, Vladimir Perrin, Jordan Goldnadel and Léa Moszkowicz.

The film showed at the 2015 Montréal World Film Festival, where it received great reviews. The film is sold internationally by *Wide Management* and receives two nominations at the 2016 Prix Henri Langlois (Henri Langlois Awards). The film also integrates the Eye on Films European Label and is released in several countries including the US, the UK, Ireland and South Korea.

## Synopsis

Alessia, a young American photographer, comes to Paris for obscure reasons. There, she meets Florent, a young bourgeois Parisian searching for purpose in his life. For one summer, they will live an intense passion, orchestrated by travels and encounters with strangers.

## Cast

* Jordan Goldnadel as Florent - Rich Frenchman
* Isabel Ryan as Alessia - Texas American
* Vladimir Perrin as Thomas - Waiter
* Léa Moszkowicz as Marion - Childhood friend
* Charlotte Vercoustre as Coralie
* Arthur Jalta as Louis
* Marcel Aloro as Marcel
* Marc de Panda as Marc

## Awards

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Happy | |
| --- | --- |
| UK poster | |
| Directed by | Jordan Goldnadel |
| Screenplay by | Jordan Goldnadel with the help of Florence Chouraqui Suissa |
| Produced by | * Jordan Goldnadel * The Third Generation |
| Starring | * Jordan Goldnadel * Isabel Ryan * Vladimir Perrin * Lea Moszkowicz * Arthur Jalta |
| Cinematography | Jean Sotelo |
| Edited by | Marsha Bramwell |
| Music by | Izzy Gaon |
| Distributed by | Wide Management |
| Release date | * August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23) (Avvantura Film Festival) |


title: Intihuatana, Urubamba

abstract:
Intihuatana at the archaeological site of Machu Picchu is a notable ritual stone associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca in South America. Machu Picchu was thought to have been built c. 1450 by the Sapa Inca Pachacuti as a country estate. In the late 16th century, the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo and the clergy destroyed those Intihuatana which they could find. They did so as they believed that the Incas' religion was a blasphemy and the religious significance of the Intihuatana could be a political liability. The Intihuatana of Machu Picchu was found intact by Bingham in 1911, indicating that the Spanish conquerors had not found it.
Intihuatana was damaged on September 8, 2000 when a crane being used in an ad shoot toppled over and chipped off a piece of the granite.

text:
# Intihuatana, Urubamba

**Intihuatana** (possibly from in the Quechua spelling *Inti Watana* or *Intiwatana*) at the archaeological site of Machu Picchu (Machu Pikchu) is a notable ritual stone associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca in South America. Machu Picchu was thought to have been built c. 1450 by the Sapa Inca Pachacuti as a country estate. In the late 16th century, the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo and the clergy destroyed those *Intihuatana* which they could find. They did so as they believed that the Incas' religion was a blasphemy and the religious significance of the *Intihuatana* could be a political liability. The *Intihuatana* of Machu Picchu was found intact by Bingham in 1911, indicating that the Spanish conquerors had not found it. Intihuatana was damaged on September 8, 2000 when a crane being used in an ad shoot toppled over and chipped off a piece of the granite.

## Design

The *Intihuatana* of Machu Picchu was carved directly into the bedrock of the mountain's summit area. It is characterized by complex surfaces, planes and angles whose purpose at this time is unknown. Featuring a slightly inclined plane at its top, an upright stone column tilts 13 degrees northward.

## Function

Possibly used as a sundial, it was aligned with the sun's position during the winter solstice. The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. At midday on the equinoxes the sun stands almost above the pillar, casting no shadow at all. At midday on 11 November and 30 January, the sun stands almost exactly above the pillar, casting no shadow. On June 21, the stone is casting the longest shadow on its southern side and on December 21, a much shorter one on its northern side. The base is said to be "in the shape of a map of the Inca Empire" but most archaeologists disagree, observing that the base is squat and stubby whereas the Tawantinsuyu is long and thin. Pedro Sueldo Nava describes the landmark as "perhaps one of the most beautiful and enigmatic places to be found in Machu Picchu."

## InfoBox

Intihuatana
| Intihuatana | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Peru | |
| Alternative name | Hitching post of the Sun |
| Location | Peru |
| Region | Cusco Region, Urubamba Province |
| Coordinates | 13°09′54″S 72°32′44″W / 13.1651°S 72.5455°W / -13.1651; -72.5455 |
| History | |
| Founded | c. 1450 |
| Abandoned | ~ 1535 |
| Cultures | pre-Inca ("megalithic"); Inca |
| Associated with | up to 800 at peak |


title: Rufous-rumped lark

abstract: The rufous-rumped lark is a species of lark in the family Alaudidae. It is found in western and central Africa from Mali, Guinea and Sierra Leone to eastern Sudan, South Sudan and north-western Uganda. Its natural habitat is dry savannah. Originally, the rufous-rumped lark was classified within the genus Alauda. Later, some authorities considered the rufous-rumped lark to be a species within the genera Certhilauda and Mirafra. Alternate common names include red-rumped lark, red-tailed bush lark and red-tailed lark.

text:
# Rufous-rumped lark

The **rufous-rumped lark** (***Pinarocorys erythropygia***) is a species of lark in the family Alaudidae. It is found in western and central Africa from Mali, Guinea and Sierra Leone to eastern Sudan, South Sudan and north-western Uganda. Its natural habitat is dry savannah.

Originally, the rufous-rumped lark was classified within the genus *Alauda*. Later, some authorities considered the rufous-rumped lark to be a species within the genera *Certhilauda* and *Mirafra*. Alternate common names include **red-rumped lark**, **red-tailed bush lark** and **red-tailed lark**.

## InfoBox

| Rufous-rumped lark | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Alaudidae |
| Genus: | *Pinarocorys* |
| Species: | ***P. erythropygia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinarocorys erythropygia***
(Strickland, 1852) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alauda erythropygia* * *Certhilauda erythropygia* * *Mirafra erythropygia* * *Mirafra nigricans erythropygia* | |


title: Graciela Paraskevaidis

abstract: Graciela Paraskevaidis was an Argentine writer and composer of Greek ancestry who lived and worked in Uruguay.

text:
# Graciela Paraskevaidis

**Graciela Paraskevaidis** (1 April 1940 – 21 February 2017) was an Argentine writer and composer of Greek ancestry who lived and worked in Uruguay.

## Life

Graciela Paraskevaidis was born in Buenos Aires. She studied composition at the National Conservatory in Buenos Aires with Roberto García Morillo and at the Instituto Torcuato Di Tella with Gerardo Gandini and Iannis Xenakis from 1965-66 with a scholarship from the Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales (CLAEM). She continued her studies at the Musikhochschule Freiburg/Breisgau with Wolfgang Fortner from 1968-71 with a grant from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. She studied at Darmstadt in 1972.

After completing her studies, Parakevaidis took a position at the Universidad Nacional in Montevideo where she taught from 1985–92 and also worked as a composer. Her works have been performed internationally in Europe, Asia and the Americas. She has written two books *La obra sinfónica de Eduardo Fabini* published in 1992 and *Luis Campodónico, compositor* published in 1999, and a number of articles on 20th-century Latin-American music published in the journals *Pauta*, Mexico, and *MusikTexte*, Germany. She published a translation of *Schoenbergs Zeichen* by Jean-Jacques Dünki in 2005.

Paraskevaídis served as co-editor of *World New Music Magazine* and the yearbook of ISCM. She was an organizer of the Latin American Contemporary Music Courses (CLAMC) from 1975-89. With Max Nyffeler, she co-founded the website *latinoamérica música* in 2004 and has served co-editor. She holds both Argentinean and Uruguayan citizenship, and has lived in Uruguay since 1975.

She was married to musicologist Coriún Aharonián.

## Honors and awards

* Residency at Berliner Künstlerprogramm of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (1984)
* Goethe Medal from the Goethe-Institut in Munich (1994)
* Attended the First Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals of Greek Origin (1985) on an invitation from the Government of Greece
* Award from the Argentine National Endowment for the Arts
* Award from the City of Buenos Aires
* Award from the Akademie der Künste in Berlin
* Award from the Young Musicians of Uruguay
* Morosoli Silver Award (Morosoli) from the Fundación Lolita Rubial in Minas, Uruguay (2006)

## Works

Paraskevaídis composes mostly for chamber ensemble, choral, vocal, and piano performance. Selected works include:

* *Aphorismen*(text by Karl Kraus), 2 speakers, piano, percussion, tape, 1969
* *Mozart* (text by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), actor, ensemble, 1970–72
* *magma I*, 4 French horns, 2 Trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, 1965-67 **magma II*, 4 trombones, 1968
* *Trio*, flute, clarinet, bassoon, 1969
* *Mellonta tauta*, accordion, 1970
* *magma III*, flute, trombone, cello, piano, 1974
* *magma IV*, string quartet, 1974
* *magma V*, 4 kena (Andean flutes), 1977
* *todavía no*, 3 flutes, 3 clarinets, 1979
* *magma VI*, 2 Trumpets, 2 Trombones, 1979
* *más fuerza tiene*, clarinet, 1984
* *magma VII*, 14 winds, 1984
* *dos piezas para pequeño conjunto*, oboe, clarinet, trumpet, piano, claves, 1989
* *sendas*, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, French horn, trumpet, trombone, piano, 1992
* *el nervio de arnold*, guitar, 1992
* *algún sonido de la vida*, 2 oboes, 1993
* *ta*, flute, oboe, clarinet, piano, 1994
* *No quiero oír ya más campanas*, 14 winds, 1995
* *dos piezas para oboe y piano*, 1995
* *hacen así*, 6 percussion, 1996
* *altibajos*, 2 double basses, 1996
* *libres en el sonido presos en el sonido*, flute (+ alto flute), clarinet, 1997
* *La terra e la morte* (text by Cesare Pavese), mixed chorus, 1968 **libertà goes by ...* (Text by Dante Alighieri), mixed chorus, 1969
* *E Desidero only colori* (text by Cesare Pavese), female chorus, 1969
* *Die Hand voller Stunden* (text by Paul Celan), 9 mixed voices, 1970
* *Schattenreich* (text by Hans Magnus Enzensberger), 4 mixed voices, 1972
* *der Weg* (text from the Old Testament), 9 mixed voices, brass ensemble, 1973
* *the outcry*, mixed chorus, 1987
* *discord*, 9 mixed voices, 1998
* *replication*, harpsichord, 2006
* *huauqui*, tape, 1975
* *A entera revisación del público en general*, tape, 1978–81


title: Giovanni Conti (died 1332)

abstract: Giovanni dei Conti di Poli, sometimes shortened to Giovanni Conti or anglicized John of Conti, was an Italian nobleman and Dominican friar who served successively as the archbishop of Pisa (1299–1312) and archbishop of Nicosia (1312–1332).

text:
# Giovanni Conti (died 1332)

**Giovanni dei Conti di Poli** (died 1 August 1332), sometimes shortened to **Giovanni Conti** or anglicized **John of Conti**, was an Italian nobleman and Dominican friar who served successively as the archbishop of Pisa (1299–1312) and archbishop of Nicosia (1312–1332).

## Family and early life

Born in the latter half of the 13th century, Giovanni was the third son of Pietro di Giovanni di Poli and Giacoma, daughter of Ottone Colonna. His parents belonged to two powerful families, his father to the Conti and his mother to the Colonna. He was a cousin of Cardinal Pietro Colonna. His eldest brother, Stefano, was the lord of Lunghezza and the senator of Rome under Popes Clement V and John XXII. He entered the Dominican Order and passed his novitiate in Viterbo. He studied at the University of Paris and was a lecturer at Orvieto and Siena. He was elected provincial of Rome in 1290, serving until 1297. During his tenure, the province of Naples was split off from Rome in 1296.

## Archbishop of Pisa

In 1299, Pope Boniface VIII appointed Giovanni archbishop of Pisa. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Matteo d'Acquasparta and given the *pallium* by Cardinal Matteo Orsini. On 5 December 1299, Boniface granted him the authority to exempt the Republic of Pisa, up to a limit, from the rules on taxation of clergy laid out in the bull *Clericis laicos*. On 11 April 1300, Giovanni consecrated Ottone, the prior of the Dominicans of Pisa, as bishop of Terralba. Later that year, he asked the pope to return the provostry of San Pietro, which the pope had provided for his nephew, Benedetto Caetani. Instead, on 29 January 1301, Boniface granted the Camaldolese abbey of San Zenone to the archbishopric.

Giovanni consolidated the archdiocese's holdings by exchanging property in other dioceses for lands closer to Pisa. In 1307, Pope Clement V ordered him to examine the Templars in the patriarchate of Aquileia. In 1312, he welcomed the Emperor Henry VII to Pisa.

## Archbishop of Nicosia

On 10 May 1312, Giovanni was transferred to the archdiocese of Nicosia in the Kingdom of Cyprus, which was at the time the wealthiest diocese in the Eastern Mediterranean and suffered a long vacancy owing to a disputed election. He requested that its income be assigned to his uncle, Cardinal Giacomo Colonna until he could take up his see. On 8 February 1314, Clement V authorized Giacomo to draw up to 5,000 florins annually from the archdiocese. In December 1318, Giovanni was in Avignon dealing with family affairs. He did not set out for Cyprus until 1319, after prompting from Pope John XXII. He arrived in Famagusta on 31 August and entered Nicosia on 6 September.

Giovanni maintained good relations with King Henry II of Cyprus and, on 30 March 1324, he crowned his successor, Hugh IV. He used his good offices to secure peace between Cyprus and the Italian merchant republics. In 1318, Cyprus had signed a truce with the Republic of Genoa and the pope charged Giovanni with shepherding the parties towards a permanent peace. This was finally achieved in 1329. In 1328, Giovanni drafted a similar treaty with the Republic of Venice.

Giovanni commissioned and supervised the *Chartularium sanctae Sophiae*, a cartulary of all the documents in the archives of the cathedral of the Holy Wisdom dated between 1195 and 1292. This work was completed in 1322. He continued to renovate the cathedral, reconsecrating it on 14 November 1326.

Giovanni had a reputation for rigor and charity. He imposed rigorous standards of conduct on his clergy. He forbade them to engage in commerce and forbade laypersons to visit monasteries. Giovanni Colonna, his chaplain and a friend of Petrarch, wrote about his many acts of charity towards the poor. When violent storms and flooding struck Cyprus in November 1330, for example, he opened the church's grain stores.

Giovanni died in Nicosia on 1 August 1332.

## Bibliography

* Bacci, Michele (2000). "Tra Pisa e Cipro: la committenza artistica di Giovanni Conti (†1332)". *Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa: Classe di Lettere e Filosofia*. **5** (2): 343–386. JSTOR 24308346.
* Coureas, Nicholas (1997). *The Latin Church in Cyprus, 1195–1312*. Routledge.
* Dykmans, Mark (1983). "Conti, Giovanni". *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 28: Conforto–Cordero* (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
* Ronzani, Mauro (2022). "Bishops, Archbishops, and Religious Institutions from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Century". In Karen Rose Mathews; Silvia Orvietani Busch; Stefano Bruni (eds.). *A Companion to Medieval Pisa*. Brill. pp. 361–382.


title: McGehee station

abstract: The Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot-McGehee is a historic railroad station on Railroad Street in McGehee, Arkansas. The single-story brick building was built c. 1910 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad in its distinctive Mediterranean/Italianate style. The building is of particular importance in McGehee because the town is located where it is due to the company's decision to locate the station here. The station has a basic cruciform plan, an elongated rectangle with a projecting telegrapher's station on one side, and a matching projection on the other. It has a red tile roof, with a spreading cornice supported by Italianate brackets. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

text:
# McGehee station

The **Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot-McGehee** is a historic railroad station on Railroad Street in McGehee, Arkansas. The single-story brick building was built c. 1910 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad in its distinctive Mediterranean/Italianate style. The building is of particular importance in McGehee because the town is located where it is due to the company's decision to locate the station here. The station has a basic cruciform plan, an elongated rectangle with a projecting telegrapher's station on one side, and a matching projection on the other. It has a red tile roof, with a spreading cornice supported by Italianate brackets.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Missouri--Pacific Railroad Depot--McGehee | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | Railroad St., McGehee, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 33°37′42″N 91°23′42″W / 33.62833°N 91.39500°W / 33.62833; -91.39500 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1910 (1910) |
| Built by | Missouri-Pacific Railroad |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Bungalow/American craftsman, Mediterranean, Italianate |
| MPS | Historic Railroad Depots of Arkansas MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 92000616 |
| Added to NRHP | June 11, 1992 |


title: Pitcairnia pungens

abstract: Pitcairnia pungens is a plant species of bromeliad in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is native to Ecuador. Pitcairnia × daiseyana is a natural hybrid of P. heterophylla and P. pungens.

text:
# Pitcairnia pungens

***Pitcairnia pungens*** is a plant species of bromeliad in the genus *Pitcairnia*. This species is native to Ecuador.

*Pitcairnia* × *daiseyana* is a natural hybrid of *P. heterophylla* and *P. pungens*.

* Luther, H.E. (1999). "Bromeliaceae". In Jørgensen, P.M.; León-Yánez, S. (eds.). *Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador = Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Ecuador* (PDF). St. Louis, Mo.: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 337–361. ISBN 978-0915279609. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2006. DEAD LINK

## InfoBox

| *Pitcairnia pungens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pitcairnia* |
| Species: | ***P. pungens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pitcairnia pungens***<br>Kunth | |
|


title: Walter Obare

abstract: Walter Obare Omwanza is the former presiding bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya (ELCK), which is a member of the Lutheran World Federation and the International Lutheran Council. Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a seminary of the U.S. Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), awarded Obare an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 2006.

text:
# Walter Obare

**Walter Obare Omwanza** is the former presiding bishop (in apostolic succession) of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya (ELCK), which is a member of the Lutheran World Federation and the International Lutheran Council.

Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a seminary of the U.S. Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), awarded Obare an honorary Doctor of Divinity (Honoris Causa) degree in 2006.

## Childhood and family life

Obare was born in Misambi village on 10 May 1947 in the Nyamira District of Kenya. He married in 1976 and has ten children and seven grandchildren.

## Schooling and service

Obare studied at Matongo Lutheran Theological College (MLTC) and graduated with a General Certificate in Theology in 1981.

He was ordained as a pastor in 1982, after which he served as a parish pastor in nine congregations simultaneously. In 1985, he was appointed by the ELCK to be Pastor for Schools, a churchwide position. In 1991, he again studied at MLTC, graduating with a Higher Diploma in Theology in 1993. In the same year he began a teaching career at MLTC.

He was awarded a master's degree from the LCMS's Concordia Seminary in St Louis, Missouri. He came back to Kenya and continued at MLTC until August 2002, when he was called to the office of the Presiding Bishop of ELCK. He was consecrated a bishop on 24 November 2002 by bishop Samson Mushemba, the presiding bishop of the ELCT, assisted by bishop Francis Nyamwaro Onderi who is ordained by Gunnar Weman archbishop of Uppsala.

## Apostolic succession

Walter Obare was ordained bishop on 24 November 2002 by:

Samson Mushemba, the presiding bishop of the ELCT, who was ordained in 1984 by :

Paulo Mukuta, bishop of Karagwe, who was ordained in 1979 by :

Josias Kibira, assistant bishop of Bukoba, who was ordained bishop by :

Bengt Sundkler, the first Lutheran bishop in Tanzania, who was ordained bishop by :

Bo Giertz, bishop of Gothenburg (Church of Sweden)

## Mission Province and Lutheran World Federation

On 5 February 2005, he consecrated a Swedish pastor, Arne Olsson, as bishop for a conservative group called Missionsprovinsen, which opposes the Church of Sweden's policy on placing women and unrepentant homosexuals into the ordained pastorate. The Council of the Lutheran World Federation subsequently terminated a leadership position Obare held within the LWF on 1 September 2005.

1. "Lutheran Christians Urged to Work toward Mission-Oriented Evangelism". *The Christian Post*. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
2. "Apostolisk succession - Missionsprovinsen". *missionsprovinsen.se* (in Swedish). 23 October 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
3. "Kibira, Josiah Mutabuzi Isaya (1925-1988) | History of Missiology". *www.bu.edu*. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
4. Relevant exegetical and theological studies can be found at: Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod Commission on Theology and Church Relations.
5. "LWF Council Terminates Tenure of Bishop Walter E. Obare as Adviser". August 2007.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Walter Obare | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop Emeritus of Nairobi
Presiding Bishop Emeritus of ELCK | |
|  | |
| Church | Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya |
| Archdiocese | Nairobi |
| Appointed | 2002 |
| In office | 2002–2019 |
| Predecessor | Francis Nyamwaro Onderi |
| Successor | Joseph Ochola Omolo |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1982 |
| Consecration | 24 November 2002
by Samson Mushemba |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-05-10) 10 May 1947
Misambi, Nyamira County, Kenya |
| Nationality | Kenyan |


title: Harry K. Allen

abstract: Harry Kyle Allen was an Oklahoma state senator, a dean of Washburn University School of Law and a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from January 11, 1937 to January 11, 1943.

text:
# Harry K. Allen

**Harry Kyle Allen** (1872 – July 14, 1959) was an Oklahoma state senator, a dean of Washburn University School of Law and a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from January 11, 1937 to January 11, 1943.

## Early life and education

He was born in 1872 in Gallatin, Missouri then later moved to Cameron, Missouri with his family. He then moved back to Gallatin, Missouri later in his life to further his education.

He went into the law office of Joshua W. Alexander to start studying law. With this experience he obtained his law degree from Washington University in St. Louis in just one year. He then moved back again to Gallatin, Missouri to start his career.

He married Florence Daugherty Smith in Topeka in 1920, they had no children by birth but adopted a baby girl in 1922.

## Career

After getting his law degree he served as the Gallatin city attorney and then elected the Daviess County attorney in 1900. He then moved to Kansas City persuaded by his brother to become an examiner of land titles in his brothers real estate firm. He worked in Kansas City until 1903 before moving to Chickasaw and starting up a law office with fellow Washington student Charles Von Weiss. They moved the land office to Ardmore, Oklahoma where he almost exclusively practiced land title law until 1909.

In 1909 he was elected to the Oklahoma state legislator as the senator for Carter, Murray and Love counties, serving just one term.

He moved back to Kansas City where he practiced law in a private practice from 1913 until 1918. In 1918 he moved to Topeka, Kansas, where he found his way to Washburn University School of Law as a teacher as they were lacking one with expertise in land titles and property law. The first semester he taught just one class and continued his private practice, from the second semester he started to take on more classes. He went on to become the Dean of the school in 1922 and remained through till 1936.

He was persuaded by friends and some other Democratic lawyers, after getting approval from his wife, to run for the supreme court. During the campaign he only made two political speeches, keeping to mostly legal and constitutional issues in other speeches.

He was elected November 1936 to the Kansas Supreme Court defeating Rousseau Angelus Burch who had been on the court from 1902 and the chief justice by seniority since 1935. As a Democrat he was one of the few to serve on the Kansas Supreme Court. His win was accredited to two factors, these being union labor who had been angered by Burch and the large number of Washburn students that had known him during his tenure as teacher and dean at Washburn. He hoped that during his time on the court he could help remove the excess technical legal lore related to the states property and trusts laws, that he stated helped no one but the business of lawyers.

He ran for a second term but was beaten in the polls by Republican Jay S. Parker. After his single six year term he returned to private practice as well as doing some part-time teaching at Washburn.

While still the dean just after he was elected to the supreme court he met a young Clair E. Robb as a student who claimed that he too would be on the court some day. Allen let him try on the court 's robe and told him if he was elected to the court he could have the robe. In 1954, when Robb was duly elected, as promised, he was wearing Allen's robe when sworn in.

## Death

He died Tuesday July 14, 1959 at the age of 86 in a Kansas hospital after a long illness. He was survived by his wife and adopted daughter. He had two brothers, Sidney and Glenn, that has already passed prior to his death. After his death alumni from Washburn worked to set up a memorial fund in hope of funding a teaching chair and scholarship.


title: Happy Life

abstract: "Happy Life" is a song recorded by Japanese singers Mika Nakashima and Salyu. It was released as an exclusively digital single by Sony Music Associated Records on May 12, 2017. It was co-written by Takeshi Kobayashi and Yuko Ando and composed, arranged and produced by Kobayashi. The song was subsequently included as a B-side on the single "A or B". "Happy Life" was used in Tokyo Metro's televised commercial campaign Find My Tokyo, starring actress Satomi Ishihara.

text:
# Happy Life

"**Happy Life**" is a song recorded by Japanese singers Mika Nakashima and Salyu. It was released as an exclusively digital single by Sony Music Associated Records on May 12, 2017. It was co-written by Takeshi Kobayashi and Yuko Ando and composed, arranged and produced by Kobayashi. The song was subsequently included as a B-side on the single "A or B". "Happy Life" was used in Tokyo Metro's televised commercial campaign *Find My Tokyo*, starring actress Satomi Ishihara.

## Composition

Kobayashi wrote the song with an image in mind of a woman working in the urban area of Tokyo. Salyu was invited to be a featured artist on the song because Kobayashi wanted the song to represent friendship among women; he thought having two unique voices rather than one would better symbolize this theme. Yuko Ando also co-wrote the lyrics to "Happy Life", adding a third female creative voice to the mix.

## Critical reception

"Happy Life" was praised for the "peaceful quality" of the song. CDJournal critics also praised the combination of Nakashima and Salyu's voices, describing it as a duet that leaves you "basking in the afterglow".

## InfoBox

| "Happy Life" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mika Nakashima and Salyu | |
| Released | May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:42 |
| Label | Sony Music Associated Records |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Takeshi Kobayashi |
| Mika Nakashima singles chronology | |
| "Koi o Suru"
(2017) "**Happy Life**"
(2017) "A or B"
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Salyu singles chronology | |
| "What a Wonderful World"
(2016) "**Happy Life**"
(2017) | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Happy Life" | |
|  | |


title: Interavia (magazine)

abstract:
Interavia was a Swiss monthly magazine on aerospace published in English, French, German and Spanish between 1946 and 1993: ISSN 0020-5168. In September 1992, Interavia was the leader of the aerospace press with a magazine circulation of 42,602 as French press group fr:Le Revenu bought it from Jane's Information Group, a Thomson Corporation subsidiary at the time.
It was to merge by October with monthly Aerospace World as Le Revenu also published Air & Cosmos (41,509) and Aéronautique et Astronautique (6,000), controlling 30% of the aerospace publications market with a ₣300 million revenue.

text:
# Interavia (magazine)

***Interavia*** was a Swiss monthly magazine on aerospace published in English, French, German and Spanish between 1946 and 1993: ISSN 0020-5168.

In September 1992, Interavia was the leader of the aerospace press with a magazine circulation of 42,602 as French press group fr:Le Revenu bought it from Jane's Information Group, a Thomson Corporation subsidiary at the time. It was to merge by October with monthly Aerospace World (circulation: 31,500) as *Le Revenu* also published Air & Cosmos (41,509) and Aéronautique et Astronautique (6,000), controlling 30% of the aerospace publications market with a 300 million revenue.


title: Lazare Gousseau

abstract: Lazare Gousseau is a Belgian stage and film actor. After developing an interest in acting, Gousseau enrolled at the Royal Conservatory of Liège and graduated from there in 1004. He later began working in theatre and became a regular performer for Cave Canem Productions in Brussels. He made his film debut in Baden Baden (2016) that earned him a Jean Carmet Award for Best Supporting Actor. Gousseau rose to prominence with his role in The Experience of Love (2023), a comedy-drama film directed by Ann Sirot and Raphaël Balboni. The latter film earned him a Magritte Award for Most Promising Actor.

text:
# Lazare Gousseau

**Lazare Gousseau** is a Belgian stage and film actor.

After developing an interest in acting, Gousseau enrolled at the Royal Conservatory of Liège and graduated from there in 1004. He later began working in theatre and became a regular performer for Cave Canem Productions in Brussels.

He made his film debut in *Baden Baden* (2016) that earned him a Jean Carmet Award for Best Supporting Actor. Gousseau rose to prominence with his role in *The Experience of Love* (2023), a comedy-drama film directed by Ann Sirot and Raphaël Balboni. The latter film earned him a Magritte Award for Most Promising Actor.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Baden Baden* | Grégoire | Jean Carmet Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2023 | *The Experience of Love* | Rémi | Magritte Award for Most Promising Actor |
| 2024 | *Sentimental Value* | Laurent |  |

## InfoBox

| Lazare Gousseau | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Alma mater | Royal Conservatory of Liège |
| Occupations | * Stage actor * film actor |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Mitry-Mory

abstract: Mitry-Mory is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris 24.4 km (15.2 mi) from the center just off the N2 national highway. About one-sixth of Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG) lies on the territory of the commune of Mitry-Mory—mostly at the end of the runway. The construction of CDG caused the closure of the prewar Mitry-Mory airfield in the late 1960s. From the air, the most prominent feature, aside from farmland, is the Great circle of Rue de la Garenne, a feature which forms a wagon wheel like structure with spokes forming a cross in which a crucifix building is surrounded by another inter-circle round-about. It is also a major railroad centre. Another very prominent feature is a huge parking lot for such a small commune. Many of the streets and roads are named for famous people: Mozart, Guy-Lussac, Léon Foucault, Berlioz, Picasso, Gauguin among others — some of whom actually visited there. Mitry-Mory is very convenient to Paris and a less expensive place to live for those who work in Paris but prefer the commute by train or road.

text:
# Mitry-Mory

**Mitry-Mory** (French pronunciation: \[mitʁi mɔʁi\] ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris 24.4 km (15.2 mi) from the center just off the N2 national highway.

About one-sixth of Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG) (essentially runways and taxiways) lies on the territory of the commune of Mitry-Mory—mostly at the end of the runway. The construction of CDG caused the closure of the prewar **Mitry-Mory airfield** in the late 1960s. From the air, the most prominent feature, aside from farmland, is the Great circle (or round-about) of Rue de la Garenne, a feature which forms a wagon wheel like structure with spokes forming a cross in which a crucifix building is surrounded by another inter-circle round-about. It is also a major railroad centre. Another very prominent feature is a huge parking lot for such a small commune.

Many of the streets and roads are named for famous people: Mozart, Guy-Lussac, Léon Foucault, Berlioz, Picasso, Gauguin among others — some of whom actually visited there.

Mitry-Mory is very convenient to Paris and a less expensive place to live for those who work in Paris but prefer the commute by train or road.

## Twin towns

It is twinned with the English town of Prudhoe in Northumberland.

## History

The commune of Mitry-Mory was created in 1839 by the merger of the commune of Mitry with the commune of Mory. The commune town hall (*mairie*) is located in Mitry. The Commune Church contains a very important Pipe Organ which survived the French Revolution and was used by Gene Bedient as a model in his studies of French Organs to build similar ones in the United States.

## Demographics

Inhabitants are called *Mitryens*.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 13,122 |  |
| 1975 | 13,741 | +0.66% |
| 1982 | 12,731 | −1.08% |
| 1990 | 15,205 | +2.24% |
| 1999 | 16,869 | +1.16% |
| 2007 | 18,348 | +1.06% |
| 2012 | 19,147 | +0.86% |
| 2017 | 19,931 | +0.81% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Transportation

The Commune shares an RER station with the neighboring commune of Villeparisis on the RER B line with the Villeparisis–Mitry-le-Neuf station. It is also served by Mitry–Claye station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line B and on the Transilien Paris-Nord suburban rail line. The commune is an important rail center.

## Education

Schools in the commune include:

* Preschools (*écoles maternelles*)
* Primary schools:
    + Acacias: Guy Môquet and Vincent van Gogh
    + Bourg: François Couperin and Jean-Moulin
    + Mitry-le-Neuf: Irène et Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Henri Barbusse, and Noël Fraboulet
* Junior high schools: Collège Paul Langevin in Mory/Acacias and Collège Erik Satie in Mitry-le-Neuf
* Lycée Honoré de Balzac in Mory/Acacias, a senior high school/sixth-form college

## InfoBox

| Mitry-Mory | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town Hall of Mitry-Mory | |
|  | |
| Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs | |
| Location of Mitry-Mory | |
| Mitry-MoryMitry-Mory | |
| Coordinates: 48°59′00″N 2°37′00″E / 48.9833°N 2.6167°E / 48.9833; 2.6167 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Seine-et-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Meaux |
| Canton | Mitry-Mory |
| Intercommunality | CA Roissy Pays de France |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Charlotte Blandiot-Faride |
| Area**1** | 29.95 km2 (11.56 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 20,627 |
| Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 77294 /77290 |
| Elevation | 53–106 m (174–348 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Tiefenbach (Jagst)

abstract: The Tiefenbach is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is a tributary of the Jagst and flows into it in Untergriesheim.

text:
# Tiefenbach (Jagst)

The **Tiefenbach** is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is a tributary of the Jagst and flows into it in Untergriesheim.

## InfoBox

| Tiefenbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Jagst |
| coordinates | 49°16′17″N 9°13′20″E / 49.2713°N 9.2223°E / 49.2713; 9.2223 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | JagstNeckarRhineNorth Sea |


title: Helium cryogenics

abstract: In the field of cryogenics, helium [He] is utilized for a variety of reasons. The combination of helium’s extremely low molecular weight and weak interatomic reactions yield interesting properties when helium is cooled below its critical temperature of 5.2 K to form a liquid. Even at absolute zero (0K), helium does not condense to form a solid under ambient pressure. In this state, the zero point vibrational energies of helium are comparable to very weak interatomic binding interactions, thus preventing lattice formation and giving helium its fluid characteristics. Within this liquid state, helium has two phases referred to as helium I and helium II. Helium I displays thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of classical fluids, along with quantum characteristics. However, below its lambda point of 2.17 K, helium transitions to He II and becomes a quantum superfluid with zero viscosity. Under extreme conditions such as when cooled beyond Tλ, helium has the ability to form a new state of matter, known as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), in which the atoms virtually lose all their energy. Without energy to transfer between molecules, the atoms begin to aggregate creating a volume of equivalent density and energy. From observations, liquid helium only exhibits super-fluidity because it contains isolated islands of BECs, which have well-defined magnitude and phase, as well as well-defined phonon–roton (P-R) modes. A phonon refers to a quantum of energy associated with a compressional wave such as the vibration of a crystal lattice while a roton refers to an elementary excitation in superfluid helium. In the BEC’s, the P-R modes have the same energy, which explains the zero point vibrational energies of helium in preventing lattice formation. When helium is below Tλ, the surface of the liquid becomes smoother, indicating the transition from liquid to superfluid. Experiments involving neutron bombardment correlate with the existence of BEC’s, thereby confirming the source of liquid helium’s unique properties such as super-fluidity and heat transfer. Though seemingly paradoxical, cryogenic helium systems can move heat from a volume of relatively low temperature to a volume of relatively high temperature. Though this phenomenon appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics, experiments have shown this to prevail in systems where the volume of low temperature is constantly heated, and the volume of high temperature is constantly cooled. It is believed this phenomenon is related to the heat associated with the phase change between liquid and gaseous helium.

text:
# Helium cryogenics

In the field of cryogenics, helium \[He\] is utilized for a variety of reasons. The combination of helium’s extremely low molecular weight and weak interatomic reactions yield interesting properties when helium is cooled below its critical temperature of 5.2 K to form a liquid. Even at absolute zero (0K), helium does not condense to form a solid under ambient pressure. In this state, the zero point vibrational energies of helium are comparable to very weak interatomic binding interactions, thus preventing lattice formation and giving helium its fluid characteristics. Within this liquid state, helium has two phases referred to as helium I and helium II. Helium I displays thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of classical fluids, along with quantum characteristics. However, below its lambda point of 2.17 K, helium transitions to He II and becomes a quantum superfluid with zero viscosity.

Under extreme conditions such as when cooled beyond Tλ, helium has the ability to form a new state of matter, known as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), in which the atoms virtually lose all their energy. Without energy to transfer between molecules, the atoms begin to aggregate creating a volume of equivalent density and energy. From observations, liquid helium only exhibits super-fluidity because it contains isolated islands of BECs, which have well-defined magnitude and phase, as well as well-defined phononroton (P-R) modes. A phonon refers to a quantum of energy associated with a compressional wave such as the vibration of a crystal lattice while a roton refers to an elementary excitation in superfluid helium. In the BEC’s, the P-R modes have the same energy, which explains the zero point vibrational energies of helium in preventing lattice formation.

When helium is below Tλ, the surface of the liquid becomes smoother, indicating the transition from liquid to superfluid. Experiments involving neutron bombardment correlate with the existence of BEC’s, thereby confirming the source of liquid helium’s unique properties such as super-fluidity and heat transfer.

Though seemingly paradoxical, cryogenic helium systems can move heat from a volume of relatively low temperature to a volume of relatively high temperature. Though this phenomenon appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics, experiments have shown this to prevail in systems where the volume of low temperature is constantly heated, and the volume of high temperature is constantly cooled. It is believed this phenomenon is related to the heat associated with the phase change between liquid and gaseous helium.

## Applications

### Superconductors

Liquid helium is used as a coolant for various superconducting applications. Notable are particle accelerators where magnets are used for steering charged particles. If large magnetic fields are required then superconducting magnets are used. In order for superconductors to be efficient, they must be kept below their respective critical temperature. This requires very efficient heat transfer. Because of the reasons discussed previously, superfluid helium can be used to effectively transfer heat away from superconductors.

### Quantum computing

One proposed use for superfluid helium is in quantum computing. Quantum computers utilize the quantum states of matter, such as the electron spin, as individual quantum bits (qubits), a quantum analogue of the bit used in traditional computers to store information and perform processing tasks. The spin states of the electrons present on the surface of superfluid helium in a vacuum show promise as excellent qubits. In order to be considered a usable qubit, a closed system of individual quantum objects must be created that interact with each other, but whose interaction with the outside world is minimal. In addition, the quantum objects must be able to be manipulated by the computer, and the quantum system’s properties must be readable by the computer to signal the termination of a computational function. It is believed that in vacuum, superfluid helium satisfies many of these criteria since a closed system of its electrons can be read and easily manipulated by the computer in a similar fashion as electrostatically manipulated electrons in semiconductor heterostructures. Another beneficial aspect of the liquid helium quantum system is that application of an electrical potential to liquid helium in a vacuum can move qubits with little decoherence. In other words, voltage can manipulate qubits with little effect on the ordering of the phase angles in the wave functions between the components of the liquid helium quantum system.

### X-ray crystallography

The advent of high-flux X-rays provides a useful tool for developing high-resolution structures of proteins. However, higher energy crystallography incurs radiation damage to the proteins studied. Cryogenic helium systems can be used with greater efficacy than nitrogen cryogenic systems to prevent radical damage to protein crystals.

Dilution refrigerator