title: Microbead

abstract: Microbeads are manufactured solid plastic particles of less than one millimeter in their largest dimension. They are most frequently made of polyethylene but can be of other petrochemical plastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene. They are used in exfoliating personal care products, toothpastes, and in biomedical and health-science research. Microbeads can cause plastic particle water pollution and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the United States, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phased out microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics by July 2017. Several other countries have also banned microbeads from rinse-off cosmetics, including Canada, France, New Zealand, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.

text:
# Microbead

**Microbeads** are manufactured solid plastic particles of less than one millimeter in their largest dimension. They are most frequently made of polyethylene but can be of other petrochemical plastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene. They are used in exfoliating personal care products, toothpastes, and in biomedical and health-science research.

Microbeads can cause plastic particle water pollution and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the United States, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phased out microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics by July 2017. Several other countries have also banned microbeads from rinse-off cosmetics, including Canada, France, New Zealand, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.

## Types

Microbeads are manufactured solid plastic particles of less than one millimeter in their largest dimension when they are first created, and are typically created using material such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The most frequently used materials are polyethylene or other petrochemical plastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene. Microbeads are commercially available in particle sizes from 10 micrometres (0.00039 in) to 1 millimetre (0.039 in). Low melting temperature and fast phase transitions make them especially suitable for creating porous structures in ceramics and other materials.

## Regional differences

The parameters for what qualifies as a microbead change subtly based on location and the corresponding legal jurisdiction; minor distinctions in the definition may be encountered from one country to another. For example, the U.S. official definition for a microbead, as per the *Microbead-Free Waters Act 2015* laid out by Congress, is "any solid plastic particle less than 5 millimeters in size that was created with the intention of being used to exfoliate or cleanse the human body." On the other hand, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), the governmental agency responsible for Canada's microbead ban, settled on a definition which includes only plastics with diameters between 0.5 microns and 2 millimeters; although a diameter range of 0.1 microns to 5 millimeters was initially proposed, the definition was revised after consultation with members of industry and meeting resistance from plastic manufacturers who claimed that many of their raw materials (for example, those needed to make bottles for soft drinks) would be covered by the ban, affecting their business unduly. While the intent clause in the American law leaves open a loophole for producers of other equally frivolous and environmentally destructive products to potentially exploit in the future—as long as their use case does not involve grooming or personal care—the Canadian law has already been criticized publicly for its overly restrictive nature, which could cripple its efficacy in practice; in response to the revised definition, concerned conservation groups (including the Sierra Club of Canada) have raised warnings about the law's wording, fearing that Canada may "become a dumping ground for \[those\] microbead-containing products" which are now banned in the United States.

## Use

Microbeads are added as an exfoliating agent to cosmetics and personal care products, such as soap, facial scrub, and toothpastes. They may be added to over-the-counter drugs to make them easier to swallow. In biomedical and health science research, microbeads are used in microscopy techniques, fluid visualization, fluid flow analysis, and process troubleshooting.

Sphericity and particle size uniformity create a ball-bearing effect in creams and lotions, resulting in a silky texture and spreadability. Smoothness and roundness can provide lubrication. Colored microspheres add visual appeal to cosmetic products.

## Environmental effects

When microbeads are washed down the drain, they may subsequently pass unfiltered through sewage treatment plants and make their way into rivers and canals, resulting in plastic particle water pollution. The beads can absorb and concentrate pollutants like pesticides and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Microbeads have been found to pollute the Great Lakes in high concentrations, particularly Lake Erie. A study from the State University of New York, found anywhere from 1,500 to 1.1 million microbeads per square mile on the surface of the Great Lakes.

One study suggested that environmentally relevant levels of polyethylene microbeads had no impact on larvae. Some wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the U.S. and Europe can remove microbeads with an efficiency of greater than 98%, others may not. As such, other sources of microplastic pollution (e.g. microfibers/fibers and car tires) are more likely to be associated with environmental hazards.

A variety of wildlife, from insect larvae, small fish, amphibians and turtles to birds and larger mammals, mistake microbeads for their food source. This ingestion of plastics introduces the potential for toxicity not only to these animals but to other species higher in the food chain. Harmful chemicals thus transferred can include hydrophobic pollutants that collect on the surface of the water such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Because the negative impacts of microbeads are a recent discovery, there is still debate about the extent to which they harm various marine life. Despite this uncertainty in the scientific community, there is widespread consensus that microbeads are harmful to marine life. Current methods for cleaning microplastics from the ocean are inefficient, unscalable, and economically infeasible, which serves to intensify the harms they pose. Because their lifespan cannot easily be reduced, the current best method to reduce pollution is to invest in their prohibition.

## Banning production and sale in cosmetics

In 2012, the North Sea Foundation and the Plastic Soup Foundation launched an app allowing Dutch consumers to check whether personal care products contain microbeads. In the summer of 2013, the United Nations Environment Programme and UK-based NGO Fauna and Flora International joined the partnership to further develop the app for international audiences. The app has enjoyed success, convincing a number of large multinationals to stop using microbeads, and is available in seven languages. There are many natural and biodegradable alternatives to microbeads that have no environmental impact when washed down the drain, as they will either decompose or get filtered out before being released into the natural environment. Some examples to use as natural exfoliates include ground-up almonds, oatmeal, sea salt, and coconut husks. Burt's Bees and St. Ives use apricot pits and cocoa husks in its products instead of microbeads to reduce their negative environmental impact.

Due to the increase in bans of microbeads in the United States, many cosmetic companies had also been phasing out microbeads from their production lines. L'Oréal had phased out polyethylene microbeads in the exfoliates, cleansers and shower gels from its products by 2017. Johnson and Johnson, who had already started to phase out microbeads at the end of 2015, had stopped producing polyethylene microbeads in their products by 2017. Lastly, Crest had phased out microbeads in its toothpastes in the U.S. by February 2016, and globally by 2017.

The following countries have taken action towards ban on microbeads.

| State | Sales ban effective date | Scope |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | 29 December 2022 | Ban on import, manufacture, and sale of microbeads in cosmetics. |
| Canada | 1 January 2018 | Ban on microbeads smaller than 5 mm in size. |
| China | 31 December 2022 | Ban on sale, following a ban on production two years earlier (31 December 2020). |
| France | 1 January 2018 | Ban on import, manufacture, and sale of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics. |
| Ireland | 20 February 2020 | Ban on microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics. |
| Italy | 1 January 2020 | Ban on microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics. |
| New Zealand | 7 June 2018 | Ban on import, manufacture, and sale of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics. |
| South Korea | 1 July 2017 | Ban on sale of microbeads in cosmetics. |
| Sweden | 1 January 2019 | Ban on sale of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics, following an earlier ban on import and manufacture (1 July 2018). |
| Taiwan | 1 July 2018 | Ban on sale of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics, following an earlier ban on import and manufacture (1 January 2018). |
| Thailand | 1 January 2020 | Ban on import, manufacture, and sale of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics. |
| United Kingdom | 1 October 2018 | Ban on the use of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics and personal care products. England and Scotland (19 June 2018), Wales (30 June 2018), Northern Ireland (1 October 2018). |
| United States | 1 July 2017 | Ban on manufacture of microbeads for rinse-off cosmetics at the federal level. |

### Australia

In 2016, the federal and state governments agreed to support a voluntary industry phase-out of microbeads in rinse-off personal care, cosmetic, and cleaning products. An independent assessment in 2020 found that more than 99% of products it inspected were microbead-free. The New South Wales state government banned the supply of rinse-off personal care products containing microbeads, effective from 1 November 2022.

### Canada

On May 18, 2015, Canada took its first steps toward banning microbeads when a Member of Parliament from Toronto, John McKay, introduced Bill C-680, which would ban the sale of microbeads. The first Canadian province to take action against microbeads was Ontario, where Maire-France Lalonde, a Member of the Provincial Parliament, introduced the Microbead Elimination and Monitoring Act. This bill enforced the ban of manufacturing microbeads in cosmetics, facial scrubs or washes, and similar products. The bill also proposed that there would be yearly samples taken from the Canadian Great Lakes, which would be analyzed for traces of microbeads.

Pointe-Claire mayor Morris Trudeau and members of the City Council requested Pointe-Claire residents to sign a petition asking governments of Canada and Quebec to ban "the use of plastic microbeads in cosmetic and cleansing products." Trudeau suggested that if Quebec banned microbeads, manufactures would be encouraged to stop producing them in their products. Megan Leslie, Halifax Member of Parliament, presented a motion against microbeads in the House of Commons, which received "unanimous support" and was hoping for them to be listed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act as a toxin.

On June 29, 2016, the Federal Government of Canada added microbeads in the Canadian Environmental Protection Act under Schedule 1 as a toxic substance. The import or manufacture of toiletries containing microbeads was banned on January 1, 2018, and sales were banned from July 1, 2018. Microbeads in natural health products and non-prescription drugs were also banned in 2019.

### Ireland

In November 2016, Simon Coveney, the Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government, said that the Fine Gael–led government would press for an EU-wide ban on microbeads and rejected a Green Party bill banning them on the basis that it might conflict with the EU's freedom of movement of goods. In June 2019, Coveney's successor Eoghan Murphy introduced the Microbeads (Prohibition) Bill 2019, which would ban manufacture, sale, and export of rinse-off microbead products. The government also intends to include microbeads when updating the law on preventing marine pollution. Microbeads were banned in February 2020.

### Netherlands

The Netherlands was the first country to announce its intent to be free of microbeads in cosmetics by the end of 2016. State Secretary for Infrastructure and the Environment Mansveld has said she is pleased with the progress made by the members of the Nederlandse Cosmetica Vereniging (NCV), the Dutch trade organisation for producers and importers of cosmetics, who have ceased using microbeads or are working towards removing microbeads from their product. Among the NCV's members are large multinationals such as Unilever, L'Oréal, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, and Johnson & Johnson.

### South Africa

A ban on microbeads has been proposed in South Africa after microplastic pollution was found in tap water.

### United Kingdom

The British government has banned the production of microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics and cleaning products in England effective 9 January 2018, followed by a sales ban on 19 June 2018. Scotland introduced its own manufacture and sales ban on the same day and Wales introduced its on 30 June 2018. The ban was extended to Northern Ireland from 11 March 2019.

### United States

#### National

At the federal level, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 prohibits the manufacture and introduction into interstate commerce of rinse-off cosmetics containing intentionally-added plastic microbeads by July 1, 2017. Representative Frank Pallone proposed the bill in 2014 (H.R. 4895, reintroduced in 2015 as H.R. 1321). On December 7, 2015, his proposal was narrowed by amendment to rinse-off cosmetics, and passed unanimously by the House. The American Chemistry Council and other industry groups supported the final bill, which the Senate passed on December 18, 2015, and the president signed on December 28, 2015. Since the act took effect, the use of microbeads in toothpaste and other rinse-off cosmetic products has been discontinued in the U.S.; however, since 2015, many industries have instead shifted toward using FDA-approved "rinse-off" metallized-plastic glitter as their primary abrasive agent.

#### States

Illinois became the first U.S. state to enact legislation banning the manufacture and sale of products containing microbeads; the two-part ban went into effect in 2018 and 2019. The Personal Care Products Council, a trade group for the cosmetics industry, came out in support of the Illinois bill. Other states have followed.

As of October 2015, all state bans except California's ban, had allowed biodegradable microbeads. Johnson & Johnson and Procter & Gamble opposed the California law.

| State/territory | Date enacted | Effective date | Scope |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| California | October 8, 2015 | January 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics that contain more than 1 ppm of microbeads. Does not allow biodegradable microbeads. |
| Colorado | March 26, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| Connecticut | June 30, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| Illinois | June 8, 2014 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. Excludes prescription drugs. |
| Indiana | April 15, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| Maine | March 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| Maryland | May 12, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| New Jersey | March 2015 | Jan. 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. |
| Wisconsin | July 1, 2015 | January 1, 2018 (manufacture of personal care products) – Jan. 1, 2020 (sale of over-the-counter drugs) | Restricted to rinse-off cosmetics. Allows biodegradable microbeads. Excludes prescription drugs. |

In 2014, legislation was voted on but failed to pass in New York.

#### Local

In 2015, Erie County, New York, passed the first local ban in the state of New York. It banned the sale and distribution of all plastic microbeads (including biodegradable ones) including from personal care products. As of September 2015, its prohibition on sales was stronger than any other law in the country. It was enacted on August 12, 2015, and took effect in February 2016.

In November 2015, four other NY counties followed suit.


title: Microbeam

abstract: A microbeam is a narrow beam of radiation, of micrometer or sub-micrometer dimensions. Together with integrated imaging techniques, microbeams allow precisely defined quantities of damage to be introduced at precisely defined locations. Thus, the microbeam is a tool for investigators to study intra- and inter-cellular mechanisms of damage signal transduction. Essentially, an automated imaging system locates user-specified targets, and these targets are sequentially irradiated, one by one, with a highly-focused radiation beam. Targets can be single cells, sub-cellular locations, or precise locations in 3D tissues. Key features of a microbeam are throughput, precision, and accuracy. While irradiating targeted regions, the system must guarantee that adjacent locations receive no energy deposition.

text:
# Microbeam

A **microbeam** is a narrow beam of radiation, of micrometer or sub-micrometer dimensions. Together with integrated imaging techniques, microbeams allow precisely defined quantities of damage to be introduced at precisely defined locations. Thus, the microbeam is a tool for investigators to study intra- and inter-cellular mechanisms of damage signal transduction.

Essentially, an automated imaging system locates user-specified targets, and these targets are sequentially irradiated, one by one, with a highly-focused radiation beam. Targets can be single cells, sub-cellular locations, or precise locations in 3D tissues. Key features of a microbeam are throughput, precision, and accuracy. While irradiating targeted regions, the system must guarantee that adjacent locations receive no energy deposition.

## History

The first microbeam facilities were developed in the mid-90s. These facilities were a response to challenges in studying radiobiological processes using broadbeam exposures. Microbeams were originally designed to address two main issues:

1. The belief that the radiation-sensitivity of the nucleus was not uniform, and
2. The need to be able to hit an individual cell with an exact number (particularly one) of particles for low dose risk assessment.

Additionally, microbeams were seen as ideal vehicles to investigate the mechanisms of radiation response.

### Radiation-sensitivity of the cell

At the time it was believed that radiation damage to cells was entirely the result of damage to DNA. Charged particle microbeams could probe the radiation sensitivity of the nucleus, which at the time appeared not to be uniformly sensitive. Experiments performed at microbeam facilities have since shown the existence of a bystander effect. A bystander effect is any biological response to radiation in cells or tissues that did not experience a radiation traversal. These "bystander" cells are neighbors of cells that have experienced a traversal. The mechanism for the bystander effect is believed to be due to cell-to-cell communication. The exact nature of this communication is an area of active research for many groups.

### Irradiation with an exact number of particles

At the low doses of relevance to environmental radiation exposure, individual cells only rarely experience traversals by an ionizing particle and almost never experience more than one traversal. For example, in the case of domestic radon exposure, cancer risk estimation involves epidemiological studies of uranium miners. These miners inhale radon gas, which then undergoes radioactive decay, emitting an alpha particle This alpha particle traverses the cells of the bronchial epithelium, potentially causing cancer. The average lifetime radon exposure of these miners is high enough that cancer risk estimates are driven by data on individuals whose target bronchial cells are subjected to multiple alpha particle traversals. On the other hand, for an average house occupant, about 1 in 2,500 target bronchial cells will be exposed per year to a single alpha particle, but less than 1 in 107 of these cells will experience traversals by more than one particle. Therefore, in order to extrapolate from miner to environmental exposures, it is necessary to be able to extrapolate from the effects of multiple traversals to the effects of single traversals of a particle.

Due to the random distribution of particle tracks, the biological effects of an exact number (particularly one) of particles cannot practically be simulated in the laboratory using conventional broadbeam exposures. Microbeam techniques can overcome this limitation by delivering an exact number (one or more) of particles per cell nucleus. True single-particle irradiations should allow measurement of the effects of exactly one alpha particle traversal, relative to multiple traversals. The application of such systems to low frequency processes such as oncogenic transformation depends very much on the technology involved. With an irradiation rate of at least 5,000 cells per hour, experiments with yields of the order of 10−4 can practically be accomplished. Hence, high throughput is a desired quality for microbeam systems.

## Charged particle microbeam

The first microbeam facilities delivered charged particles. A charged particle microbeam facility must meet the following basic requirements:

1. The beam spot size should be on the order of a few micrometres or smaller, corresponding to cellular or sub-cellular dimensions.
2. Irradiations of living cells should take place at atmospheric pressure.
3. Beam current must be reduced to levels such that targets may be irradiated with an exact number of particles with high reproducibility.
4. An imaging system is required to visualize and register cellular targets.
5. Cell positioning must have high spatial resolution and reproducibility in order that the ion beam hit the target with a high degree of accuracy and precision.
6. A particle detector with high efficiency must count the number of particles per target and switch off the beam after the desired number of particles have been delivered.
7. Environmental conditions (humidity, for example) for cells must be maintained such that cells are under little or no stress.

### *Beam spot size*

Beam spots with diameter down to about two micrometres can be obtained by collimating the beam with pinhole apertures or with a drawn capillary. Sub-micrometre beam spot sizes have been achieved by focusing the beam using various combinations of electrostatic or magnetic lenses. Both methods are used at present.

### *Vacuum window*

A vacuum window is necessary in order to perform microbeam experiments on living cells. Generally, this is accomplished with the use of a vacuum-tight window of a polymer a few micrometres thick or 100-500 nm thick Silicon nitride.

### *Cell registration and positioning*

Cells must be identified and targeted with a high degree of accuracy. This can be accomplished using cell staining and fluorescence microscopy or without staining through the use of techniques such as quantitative phase microscopy or phase contrast microscopy. Ultimately, the objective is to recognize cells, target them, and move them into position for irradiation as fast as possible. Throughputs of up to 15,000 cells per hour have been achieved.

### *Particle counters*

Particles must be counted with a high degree of detection efficiency in order to guarantee that a specific number of ions are delivered to a single cell. Generally, detectors can be placed before or after the target to be irradiated. If the detector is placed after the target, the beam must have sufficient energy to traverse the target and reach the detector. If the detector is placed before the target, the detector must have a minimal effect on the beam. When the desired number of particles are detected, the beam is either deflected or shut off.

### *Other considerations*

Living cells must be maintained under conditions that do not stress the cell, causing an unwanted biological response. Normally, cells must be attached to a substrate so that their position can be determined by the imaging system. Recent advancements in beam position control and high speed imaging have made flow through systems possible (Flow and Shoot).

## X-ray microbeam

Some facilities have developed or are developing soft x-ray microbeams. In these systems, zone plates are used to focus characteristic x rays generated from a target hit by a charged particle beam. When using synchrotron x-rays as a source, x-ray microbeam can be obtained by cutting the beam with a precise slit system due to high directionality of synchrotron radiation.

## Biological endpoint

Many biological endpoints have been studied including oncogenic transformation, apoptosis, mutations, and chromosomal aberrations.

## Microbeam systems worldwide

Microbeam facilities worldwide and their characteristics
| Microbeam Facilities Worldwide | Radiation Type/LET | Beam Spot Size on Cell | Running Biology? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF), Columbia University | any cation, x rays
low to very high | 0.6 μm | yes |
| JAERI, Takasaki, Japan |
high |  | yes |
| Special Microbeam Utilization Research Facility (SMURF), Texas A&M |
low |  | no |
| Superconducting Nanoscope for Applied nuclear (Kern-)physics Experiments (SNAKE), University of Munich | From p to HI
2-10000 keV/μm | 0.5 μm | yes |
| INFN-LABEC, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy | p, He, C other ions | 10 μm for 3 MeV p | no |
| INFN-LNL Legnaro, Italy | p, 3He+,++,4He+,++
7-150 keV/μm | 10 μm | yes |
| CENBG, Bordeaux, France | p, α
Up to 3.5 MeV | 10 μm |  |
| GSI, Darmstadt, Germany | From α to U-ions
Up to 11.4 MeV/n | 0.5 μm | yes |
| IFJ, Cracow, Poland | p - Up to 2.5 MeV
x ray - 4.5 keV | 12 μm
5 μm | yes |
| LIPSION, Leipzig, Germany | p, 4He+,++
Up to 3 MeV | 0.5 μm | yes |
| Lund NMP, Lund, Sweden | p
Up to 3 MeV | 5 μm |  |
| CEA-LPS, Saclay, France | p 4He+,++
Up to 3.75 MeV | 10 μm | yes |  |
| Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK | x ray
0.3-4.5 keV | \< 1 μm | yes |
| University of Surrey, Guilford, UK | p, α, HI | 0.01 μm (in vacuum) | yes |
| PTB, Braunschweig, Germany | p, α
3-200 keV/μm | \< 1 μm | yes |
| Single Particle Irradiation System to Cell (SPICE), National Institute of Radiological Sciences(NIRS), QST, Japan | p
3.4 MeV | 2 μm | yes |
| W-MAST, Tsuruga, Japan | p, He | 10 μm | no |
| McMaster University, Ontario, Canada |  |  | no |
| Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan | x-rays
0.3-4.5 keV | \< 1 μm | yes |
| Photon Factory, KEK, Japan | x-rays
4-20 keV | 5 μm | yes |
| CAS-LIBB, Institute of Plasma Physics, CAS, Hefei, China | p
2-3 MeV | 5 μm | yes |
| Centro Atómico Constituyentes, CNEA, Buenos Aires, Argentina | to H from U
15 MeV | 5 μm | yes |
| FUDAN University, Shanghai, China | p,He
3 MeV | 2 μm | yes |
| Institute of Modern Physics CAS, Lanzhou, China |  |  |  |
| Gray Laboratory, London | low, high |  | Yes |
| Gray Laboratory, London | soft X |  | Yes |
| PNL, Richland, Washington | low |  | Yes |
| Padua, Italy | soft X |  | Yes |
| MIT Boston | low, high |  | Yes |
| L'Aquila, Italy | high |  | No |
| LBL, Berkley | very high |  | No |
| University of Maryland | low |  | Yes |
| Tsukuba, Japan | soft X |  | Yes |
| Nagatani, Japan | low, high |  | Yes |
| Seoul, South Korea | low |  | Yes |
| Helsinki, Finland | high |  | No |
| Chapel Hill, North Carolina | low |  | No |
| Gradignan, France | high |  | Yes |

## Microbeam Workshops

There have been nine international workshops, held approximately once every two years, on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response. These workshops serve as an opportunity for microbeam personnel to come together and share ideas. The proceedings of the workshops serve as an excellent reference on the state of microbeam-related science.

List of eight microbeam workshops
| International Workshops on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response | Year | Number of Microbeams |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gray Laboratory, London | 1993 | 3 |
| Pacific Northwest Labs, Washington | 1995 | 3 |
| Columbia University, New York | 1997 | 4 |
| Dublin, Ireland | 1999 | 7 |
| Stresa, Italy | 2001 | 12 |
| Oxford, England | 2003 | 17 |
| Columbia University, New York | 2006 | 28 |
| NIRS, Chiba, Japan | 2008 | 31 |
| GSI, Darmstadt, Germany | 2010 |  |
| Columbia University, New York | 2012 |  |
| Bordeaux, France | 2013 |  |
| Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan | 2015 |  |
| Manchester, UK | 2017 |  |


title: Genoplesium confertum

abstract: Genoplesium confertum, commonly known as the crowded midge orchid, is a small terrestrial orchid endemic to the south-east of Queensland. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to sixty small, densely crowded, reddish and green flowers and grows in coastal heath.

text:
# Genoplesium confertum

***Genoplesium confertum***, commonly known as the **crowded midge orchid**, is a small terrestrial orchid endemic to the south-east of Queensland. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to sixty small, densely crowded, reddish and green flowers and grows in coastal heath.

## Description

*Genoplesium confertum* is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf 100–160 mm (4–6 in) long, about 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and fused to the flowering stem with the free part 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long. Between ten and sixty flowers are densely crowded along a flowering stem 15–35 mm (0.6–1 in) tall and slightly taller than the leaf. The flowers lean forwards, are reddish with green tips, 3.5 mm (0.14 in) long and about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide. The flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is pinkish red, broadly egg-shaped, about 3 mm (0.1 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, 4 mm (0.2 in) long, 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide, spread apart from each other and have a small whitish gland on their tip. The petals are lance-shaped to egg-shaped, blackish red, about 2 mm (0.08 in) long and 11 mm (0.4 in) wide with a prominent gland on their tips. The labellum is dark red, egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide, with small teeth on the sides. There is a thick, fleshy callus in the centre of the labellum, covering about half of its surface and extending almost to its tip. Flowering occurs between February and May.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Genoplesium confertum* was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen collected near the road to Rainbow Beach in the Great Sandy National Park and the description was published in *Australian Orchid Research*. In 2002, David Jones and Mark Clements changed the name to *Corunastylis conferta* but the change is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census. The specific epithet (*conferta*) is a Latin word meaning "crowded", referring to the crowded flowers in this species.

## Distribution and habitat

*Genoplesium confertum* grows in heath on stabilised sand dunes in coastal districts between Fraser Island and Runaway Bay, including the Great Sandy National Park.

## InfoBox

| Crowded midge orchid | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Diurideae |
| Genus: | *Genoplesium* |
| Species: | ***G. confertum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Genoplesium confertum***<br>D.L.Jones | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Corunastylis conferta* (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. | |


title: Thomas Manningham

abstract: Thomas Manningham (1651?-1722) was an English churchman, bishop of Chichester from 1709.

text:
# Thomas Manningham

**Thomas Manningham** (1651?-1722) was an English churchman, bishop of Chichester from 1709.

## Life

He was born about 1651 in the parish of St. George, Southwark, the son of Richard Manningham (d. 1682), rector of Michelmersh, Hampshire, and grandson of John Manningham, the diarist. He was admitted in 1661 scholar of Winchester College, then going with a scholarship to New College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 12 August 1669. He was fellow from 1671 until 1681, and graduated B.A. in 1673, M.A. on 15 January 1676–7.

He was for some time tutor to Sir John Robinson, bart., eldest son of Sir John Robinson, sometime Lieutenant of the Tower of London. In 1681 he was presented to the rectory of East Tisted, Hampshire. The king, who admired his preaching, promised him the prebend of Winchester, vacated by the promotion of Thomas Ken to the bishopric of Bath and Wells; it proved, however, to be in the gift of the lord keeper, and Thomas Fox obtained it. In November 1684 Manningham was made preacher at the Rolls Chapel, and from about 1689 to 1692 was head-master of Westerham grammar school, Kent. He subsequently became rector of St. Andrew, Holborn, on 8 September 1691; chaplain in ordinary to William III and Mary II; canon at St George's Chapel, Windsor on 28 January 1692-3 (until 1709); rector of Great Haseley, Oxfordshire, 1708; and dean of Windsor on 26 February 1709.

On 21 December 1691 John Tillotson, the Archbishop of Canterbury, created him D.D. He was consecrated bishop of Chichester on 13 November 1709, and dying on 25 August 1722 at his house in Greville Street, Holborn, was buried in St. Andrew's, Holborn.

## Works

Manningham printed many sermons between 1680 and his death, and was author of *Two Discourses*, London, 1681, and *The Value of Church and College Leases consider'd* in Sir Isaac Newton's *Tables*, 1742.

## Family

His wife Elizabeth (1657–1714) was buried in Chichester Cathedral, where there is a monument to her memory by Edward Stanton.

In his will he mentions three sons: Thomas Manningham, D.D. (d. 1750), treasurer of Chichester in 1712, prebendary of Westminster in 1720, and rector of Slinfold and Selsey, Sussex; Sir Richard Manningham, M.D.; and Simon Manningham, prebendary of Chichester (1719–67) and vicar of Eastbourne (1720–34); and two married daughters, Mary Rawlinson and Dorothea Walters, besides five other children.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Manningham, Thomas". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: I've Been There

abstract: I've Been There is a studio album by American singer Johnny Hartman, released in 1973 by Perception Records. It was produced by Boo Frazier, and arranged and conducted by Tony Monte. Similar to his previous album – Today (1972) – Hartman includes several popular tunes by contemporary songwriters such as Paul Simon, Kris Kristofferson, and Antonio Carlos Jobim. Jazz musician Jimmy Heath is among the musicians on the album, performing on tenor saxophone and flute.

text:
# I've Been There

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| DownBeat |  |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz |  |

***I've Been There*** is a studio album by American singer Johnny Hartman, released in 1973 by Perception Records. It was produced by Boo Frazier, and arranged and conducted by Tony Monte. Similar to his previous album – *Today* (1972) – Hartman includes several popular tunes by contemporary songwriters such as Paul Simon, Kris Kristofferson, and Antonio Carlos Jobim. Jazz musician Jimmy Heath is among the musicians on the album, performing on tenor saxophone and flute.

## Reception

The album received mostly positive reviews when it was released. *Billboard* selected it as one of their "Top Album Picks," saying, "The veteran ballad singer has a fine collection of tunes here and they emphasize his fine vocal artistry." *Jazz Digest* praised *I've Been There* as "a quality LP of good songs by a good singer," and *Coda* called it "a pleasurable set."

*DownBeat* reviewer Harvey Siders was more critical of the album. "The voice is there; so is the articulation. The intonation never falters; neither does the ability to dramatize. And yet, the overall result is disappointing. The blame is not Johnny's—although he sure as hell shouldn't have allowed this album to be released. . . . On rock-flavored tunes, such as *Rainy Days*, the backing sounds like dedicated jazzmen self-consciously trying to appeal to the bubblegum set." Siders praised "whichever guitarist plays the single-string runs on *Meditation*. His backing is intelligent and sensitive. And much credit to Johnny for taking *Raindrops* slow, and almost bluesy."

Later reviews have been negative. Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gives the album two out of five stars, calling it "a polished collection of contemporary pop and soul hits as sung by the gifted jazz vocalist. . . . But Hartman is simply not suited for this straightahead style – he is too idiosyncratic to put himself into this straightjacket. As a result, *I've Been There* sounds awkward, with only a few moments rising to the merely pleasurable status.".

In *The Last Balladeer: The Johnny Hartman Story,* biographer Gregg Akkerman calls *I've Been There* "an album of considerably poor quality. . . . It came off sounding like good musicians were asked to play music they really weren't excited or knowledgeable about, and hoping something good would come of it." The only positive note, Akkerman claims, is the song "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head," which he calls "the highlight of the album. . . . This arrangement was as good as the song ever sounded and worthy of future imitation."

## Reissues

*I've Been There* has been reissued on compact disc with Hartman's other album for Perception, *Today* (1972), initially as *Today/I've Been There – The Perception Years* (Collectables, 1997), and then as *Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head* (Definitive, 2003)

## Track listing

### Side 1

1. "59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" (Paul Simon) – 2:05
2. "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 4:50
3. "If" (David Gates) – 5:35
4. "Rainy Days and Mondays" (Paul Williams, Roger Nichols) – 3:57
5. "You Go to My Head" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie ) – 3:40

### Side 2

1. "Meditation" (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Newton Mendonça, Norman Gimbel) – 4:13
2. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" (Ewan MacColl) – 3:55
3. "Sunday Son" (Jimmy Curtiss) – 3:50
4. "For the Good Times" (Kris Kristofferson) – 4:04
5. "Easy Come Easy Go" (Diane Hildebrand, Jack Keller) – 2:30

## Personnel

1. Johnny Hartman – vocals
2. Jimmy Heathtenor saxophone, flute
3. Ken Ascher – keyboards
4. Bob Rose – guitar
5. Al Gafa – guitar
6. Earl Maybass
7. Don Reid – drums
8. Tony Monte – arranger, conductor
9. Boo Frazier – producer
10. Eddie Korvinengineer

## InfoBox

| I've Been There | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Johnny Hartman | |
| Released | June 1973 |
| Recorded | April 1973 |
| Venue | New York City |
| Studio | Blue Rock Studio |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 38:39 |
| Label | Perception |
| Producer | Boo Frazier |
| Johnny Hartman chronology | |
| *Today*
(1972) ***I've Been There***
(1973) *Johnny Hartman, Johnny Hartman*
(1977) | |


title: Oh Yes! You're Beautiful

abstract: "Oh Yes! You're Beautiful" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter, written by Glitter with Mike Leander and produced by Leander. It was released as a standalone single in the UK in 1974, and peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The single features the non-album track, "Thank You, Baby, for Myself" as its B-side, which was exclusive to the single.

text:
# Oh Yes! You're Beautiful

"**Oh Yes! You're Beautiful**" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter, written by Glitter with Mike Leander and produced by Leander. It was released as a standalone single in the UK in 1974, and peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The single features the non-album track, "Thank You, Baby, for Myself" as its B-side, which was exclusive to the single.

## Track listing

1. "Oh Yes! You're Beautiful" – 3:38
2. "Thank You, Baby, for Myself" – 3:35

## Chart performance

| Chart | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 10 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 1 |
| UK Singles Chart | 2 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 28 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 250,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Oh Yes! You're Beautiful" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Gary Glitter | |
| B-side | "Thank You, Baby, for Myself" |
| Released | 1974 |
| Genre | Glam rock |
| Length | 3:51 |
| Label | Bell |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Mike Leander |
| Gary Glitter singles chronology | |
| "Always Yours"
(1974) "**Oh Yes! You're Beautiful**"
(1974) "Love Like You and Me"
(1975) | |


title: Tell Me (Billie Myers song)

abstract: "Tell Me" is a 1998 song by British singer Billie Myers, released as the second single from her debut album, Growing, Pains. It reached number 28 on the UK charts, which compared to her previous single was a commercial failure.

text:
# Tell Me (Billie Myers song)

"**Tell Me**" is a 1998 song by British singer Billie Myers, released as the second single from her debut album, *Growing, Pains*. It reached number 28 on the UK charts, which compared to her previous single was a commercial failure.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote that the song "has a stompin' alterna-rock attack that allows Myers to flex her quivering, melodramatic vocal style to maximum effect." He added further that producer Desmond Child's "pop savvy is evident in a mix that counters the forceful guitar/drum execution with cushiony keyboards and a spree of fluttering sitar lines. Holding everything together is a sticky chorus that picks up to an anthemic pace by the track's close. In fact, it's easy to see a sea of punters chanting and punching the air in unison during a live performance of this hit-bound gem." Gerald Martinez from *New Sunday Times* described it as "a whimsical song where she imagines she is the person making love to her."

## Versions

1. LP Version - 5:04
2. Radio Edit (LP Edit) - 4:03
3. Alternative Radio Remix - 6:31
4. Alternative Radio Edit - 3:46
5. Victor Calderone Club Mix - 7:39 (promo)

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 98 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 23 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 28 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Tell Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Billie Myers | |
| from the album  *Growing, Pains* | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Length | 5:04 |
| Label | Universal |
| Songwriter(s) | * David Mortimer * Billie Myers |
| Producer(s) | Desmond Child |
| Billie Myers singles chronology | |
| "Kiss the Rain"
(1997) "**Tell Me**"
(1998) "A Few Words Too Many"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Tell Me" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters M50 5000 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Hand | Auto | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 14:51.38 | Francis Kipkoech Bowen | Kenya | 12 October 1973 | Gothenburg | 14 August 2024 |  |
|  | 14:52.92 | Sean Wade | United States | 02.02.1966 | Houston | 25.03.2016 |
| 14:53.2 |  | David Martin Rees | United Kingdom | 28.02.1953 | Neath | 10.05.2003 |
|  | 14:55.60 | Antonio Villanueva | Mexico | 25.07.1940 | Turku | 25.07.1991 |
| 15:06.0 |  | Jean van Onselen | Belgium | 13.03.1934 | Willebroek | 12.09.1984 |
| 15:31.0 |  | Alain Mimoun | France | 01.01.1921 | Colombes | 06.06.1971 |
|

Masters Athletics 5000 m list


title: Thomas Morstede

abstract: Thomas Morstede was an esquire and English surgeon who served the three successive kings, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI of England. He was described by Theodore Beck as the "most eminent English surgeon of the fifteenth century".

text:
# Thomas Morstede

**Thomas Morstede** (fl. c. 1411–1450) was an esquire and English surgeon who served the three successive kings, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI of England. He was described by Theodore Beck as the "most eminent English surgeon of the fifteenth century".

## Family

Thomas Morstede was the son of Thomas and Alianora Morstede from Betchworth, Surrey. After the death of his first wife, Juliana, Morstede married Elizabeth Michell in 1431. She was the widow of his wealthy friend, William Fitzharry, and the daughter of John Michell. John Michell had been an alderman since 1413, a sheriff from 1414 to 1415 and a Lord Mayor in 1424–45. As well as this, he had been a Member of Parliament for London on six occasions and thus an influential father-in-law to Morstede.

There are many other people with whom Morstede had valuable friendships during his lifetime. One notable example is in the gift of "10 marks sterling, his English book bound with two latitudinibus and all his instruments of surgery" which Morstede left to his apprentice, Robert Bryttende.

Although he was married twice, the absence of children in Morstede's will has led R.R. James to assume he did not have any.

## Career

Morstede apprenticed under the surgeon Thomas Dayron in London. He first entered the service of Henry IV in 1410 and was appointed as the King's Surgeon in 1411.

By 1413 Morstede was appointed Searcher of the Vessels and was responsible for collecting Henry V's dues from ships travelling on the Thames. This office had previously been held by John Bradmore. Thomas Morstede and William Bradwardyne were also asked to "raise, equip and lead" a company of surgeons during the Agincourt Campaign of 1415. They were therefore contracted to serve the king abroad.

In 1423 and working under Henry VI, Morstede, along with physicians John Somerset and Gilbert Kymer, attempted to found a conjoint college of physicians and surgeons. The college was founded "for the better education and control of physicians and surgeons in the city and its liberties". Despite this, the college only lasted a year and collapsed in November 1424. By 1426 Morstede became known as "Master Thomas" and was sheriff in the city of London.

## Legacy

Morstede's will is dated 20 April 1450 and his body was buried in the church of St. Olave in Old Jewry.

Morstede's legacy remains in many historical works. A manuscript titled *A Fair Book of Surgery*, which has been dated to 1446, making it one of the earliest surgical works written in English, has been attributed to Morstede. In the manuscript, Morstede states that surgeons should be skilled in both the theory and practice of surgery, and should conduct themselves graciously and show mercy to the poor.

S.J. Lang has questioned Morstede's authorship of the manuscript, as it has direct parallels with John Bradmore's *Philomena*. Such similarities include a description of an incident at the Battle of Shrewsbury. Here, Henry Prince of Wales was struck with an arrow in the left-hand side of his face. The arrowhead became lodged and an instrument illustrated in both Morstede and Bradmore's manuscripts was devised to remove it.

1. Kirkpatrick, JJ; Naylor, IL (May 1997). "The qualities and conduct of an English surgeon in 1446: as described in a manuscript attributed to Thomas Morstede". *Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England*. **79** (3): 225–8. PMC 2502902. PMID 9196347.
2. Prioreschi, Plinio (1996). *A History of Medicine: Medieval medicine*. Horatius Press. pp. 491–2. ISBN 9781888456059.
3. Beck, Theodore Richard (1974). *Cutting Edge: Early History of the Surgeons of London*. Lund Humphries Published ltd. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0853313663.
4. Carlin, Martha (2004). "Morstede, Thomas". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52676. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
5. James, R (1933). "The will of Thomas Morstede: surgeon to Henry the Fifth". *The Lancet*. **222** (5757): 1513–1516. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94012-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
6. Rawcliffe, Carole (1999). *Medicine and Society in Later Medieval England*. London: Sandpiper Books. p. 140. ISBN 9781840040050.
7. Talbot, C.H.; Hammond, E. A. (1965). *The Medical Practitioners of Medieval England: a biographical register*. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library. pp. 61, 351. ISBN 978-0854840342.
8. Lang, S. J. (1992). "John Bradmore and His Book *Philomena*". *Social History of Medicine*. **5** (1): 121–130. doi:10.1093/shm/5.1.121. ISSN 0951-631X. PMID 11612773.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Morstede | |
| --- | --- |
| Original manuscript of Morstede's 1446 *A Fair Book of Surgery*. | |
| Died | 20 April 1450<br>Church of St. Olave, Old Jewry |
| Occupation | Royal Surgeon |
| Spouse(s) | Juliana Michell, Elizabeth Michell |


title: Mowry Shale

abstract: The Mowry Shale is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation. The formation was named for Mowrie Creek, northwest of Buffalo in Johnson County, Wyoming.

text:
# Mowry Shale

The **Mowry Shale** is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation. The formation was named for Mowrie Creek, northwest of Buffalo in Johnson County, Wyoming.

## Description

The Mowry Shale or Fish-scale Beds because of the abundance of fish scales, is a dark-gray, siliceous shale that weathers silver gray; it is 10-70 m thick. 40Ar/39Ar of sanidine from a bentonite yielded an age of 97.17 +/-0.69 Ma, thus is Cenomanian in age. Fossils indicate the Mowry was deposited during the early stages of the Western Interior Seaway.

## Age

In so much as the Mowry was observed to lie above formations that were originally thought to be associated with the difficult to date upper Dakota units, especially Newcastle Sandstone, the Mowry was previously thought to be of Cenomanian age. However, recent studies, particularly of fossil pollens and spores, have dated the Mowry to the late-Albian. In many locations, the Mowry is bounded above by the Clay Spur bentonite, which is assigned the radiometric date of 97 million years, the upper Mowry may extend into the earliest Cenomanian.

## Paleontology

Invertebrate fossils known include the ammonites *Metengonoceras aspenanum*, *Metengonoceras teigenense*, *Neogastroplites americanus*, and *Neogastroplites muelleri*.

Isolated, lenticular accumulations of fish bones, scales, teeth and coprolites are thought to represent storm lag deposits formed by winnowing of the seafloor and concentration of the bones in bottom scours. The following fish species have been identified from the Mowry: an unnamed caturid, an unnamed ichthyodectid, *Clupavus* sp., *Enchodus* sp., *Apateodus* sp., an unnamed alepisaurid*,* and *Xenyllion* *zonensis*. *Xenyllion* is the oldest acanthomorph (spiny-rayed) teleost in North America.

Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus have been recovered from the formation.

## Distribution

The Mowry outcrops or occurs at depth in parts of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming. It occurs within the following geologic regions:

* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

## InfoBox

| Mowry Shale | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Characteristic white or silvery colored Mowry Shale below the Mancos Shale, west of Dinosaur National Monument. | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Location | |
| Region | Johnson County, Wyoming |
| Type section | |
| Named by | N. H. Darton in 1904 |


title: Vicki Vola

abstract: Victoria Vola was an American actress. She was best known for her portrayal of Edith Miller on both the radio and television runs of Mr. District Attorney.

text:
# Vicki Vola

**Victoria Vola** (August 27, 1916 – July 21, 1985) was an American actress. She was best known for her portrayal of Edith Miller on both the radio and television runs of *Mr. District Attorney*.

## Early years

Vola was born in Denver, Colorado. Living with an Italian mother and a French father who spoke five languages, she grew up in Denver and was herself fluent in five languages at age 14. She attended a Denver ballet school and studied the violin as a pupil of Hungarian violinist Leopold Auer. She paid for acting lessons by working summer vacations as a grocery store cashier. After appearing in a high school play, she joined a stock company touring in the Denver area. She graduated from a Colorado Springs, Colorado, high school in 1931.

## Early career

Vola began a Little Theater, and they presented "A Child Is Born", a Christmas program, on KVOR in 1931. After seeking an audition with a Denver radio station in 1932, she began working on KLZ there in 1933. She acted on *Gloria Gale* and *Doctor Kate* on KGO in San Francisco in addition to performing in theater there and in radio and theater in Los Angeles. While in Los Angeles, Vola assembled a company of actors that gained a six-month contract with KFI. That success led to a three-year contract with a syndicator of transcribed radio program to produce religious dramas.

## Life in Hollywood

Arriving in Hollywood during the mid-1930s, she was heard on a variety of shows, including *The First Nighter Program*, Bing Crosby's *Kraft Music Hall*, *Radio Theater*, *Calling All Cars*, *Strange as It Seems* and the *Joe Penner* Show. She played opposite Boris Karloff in NBC radio adaptations of *Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde* and *Death Takes a Holiday*. During those same years, she appeared on stage in several productions, including *Romeo and Juliet*. *Saturday Murder* and *White Collars*.

She played Carol Manning on *Foreign Assignment* on Mutual (1943–1944).

## NBC in San Francisco

Relocating to San Francisco in 1936, she was heard from NBC's San Francisco studios on such shows as Hal Burdick's *Dr. Kate*, *Winning the West*, *Junior News* and *Tales of California*. From 1939–40 she had the title role in the daytime drama *Brenda Curtis* while also appearing in another soap opera, *Manhattan Mother*. During the 1940s, she was heard in *The Adventures of Christopher Wells* and as Shanghai Lil on *Jungle Jim*, plus roles on *The Cisco Kid*, *Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar* and *The Fat Man*.

## Films and television

In 1945, she was a narrator for *Universal Newsreel*. On television, she appeared in *Search for Tomorrow*, *Mr. District Attorney*, *Armstrong Circle Theatre*, *Omnibus*, *Escape* (1950) and *Love Is a Many Splendored Thing* (1970).

## Other professional activities

Vola served four consecutive terms as vice president of the New York local of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, after which she was elected president of the national organization for 1963-1965.

## InfoBox

| Vicki Vola | |
| --- | --- |
| Vola in a 1937 radio publicity photo. | |
| Born | Victoria Vola
(1916-08-27)August 27, 1916
Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
| Died | July 21, 1985(1985-07-21) (aged 68) |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Victorian State Football League

abstract: The Victorian State Football League (VSFL) was an Australian rules football governing body. The VSFL was established at the end of 1991 to take over administration of football in Victoria from the Australian Football League, which was now becoming pre-occupied with administration of the game nationally. The VSFL ran the AFL reserves competition from 1992 until 1999, which was also known as the VSFL from 1992 until 1994. The body also ran the Under-18s competition now known as the TAC Cup. At the end of 1994, the VSFL took over administration of the Victorian Football Association competition. At the end of 1999, the VSFL was succeeded in an administrative capacity by Football Victoria.

text:
# Victorian State Football League

The **Victorian State Football League** (**VSFL**) was an Australian rules football governing body.

The VSFL was established at the end of 1991 to take over administration of football in Victoria from the Australian Football League, which was now becoming pre-occupied with administration of the game nationally.

The VSFL ran the AFL reserves competition from 1992 until 1999, which was also known as the VSFL from 1992 until 1994. The body also ran the Under-18s competition now known as the TAC Cup. At the end of 1994, the VSFL took over administration of the Victorian Football Association competition (which it renamed the Victorian Football League in 1996).

At the end of 1999, the VSFL was succeeded in an administrative capacity by Football Victoria (now known as AFL Victoria).


title: Victoria Tejeda

abstract: Victoria Tejeda is an Argentine politician who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina.

text:
# Victoria Tejeda

**Victoria Tejeda** is an Argentine politician who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina.

## Biography

Tejeda worked for Agribusiness Management Tech before her election in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Victoria Tejeda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>10 December 2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1988-11-06) 6 November 1988 |
| Political party | Evolucion |
| Occupation | Agribusiness Management Tech. |
|  | |


title: Mulga-eucalypt line

abstract: The mulga-eucalypt line, or mulga-eucalypt boundary line, marks a boundary between Acacia-dominated shrublands and Eucalyptus-dominated open woodlands across Western Australia. It runs across the north of the Eastern Goldfields, and through the northeastern segment of Charles Darwin Reserve, from Seven Mile Well to Christmas Bore. Its course runs along the isohyet marking 250 mm (10 in) annual rainfall. Ferdinand von Mueller predicted its existence in 1883, and it was subsequently mapped by explorers and botanists Woodward, Diels, Clarke, Gardner, Burbidge and Beard.

text:
# Mulga-eucalypt line

The **mulga-eucalypt line**, or **mulga-eucalypt boundary line**, marks a boundary between *Acacia*-dominated shrublands and *Eucalyptus*-dominated open woodlands across Western Australia. It runs across the north of the Eastern Goldfields, and through the northeastern segment of Charles Darwin Reserve, from Seven Mile Well to Christmas Bore.

Its course runs along the isohyet marking 250 mm (10 in) annual rainfall.

Ferdinand von Mueller predicted its existence in 1883, and it was subsequently mapped by explorers and botanists Woodward, Diels, Clarke, Gardner, Burbidge and Beard.


title: Victoria Square Shopping Centre

abstract: Victoria Square is a shopping complex located in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The area includes over 62 shops, 16 restaurants and an Odeon cinema. Opened on 6 March 2008, Victoria Square is a commercial, residential and leisure development that took 6 years to build. Its anchor tenant is the largest House of Fraser that the retailer has opened in the UK, at nearly 200,000 square feet (19,000 m⁲).

text:
# Victoria Square Shopping Centre

**Victoria Square** is a shopping complex located in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The area includes over 62 shops, 16 restaurants and an Odeon cinema. Opened on 6 March 2008, Victoria Square is a commercial, residential and leisure development that took 6 years to build. Its anchor tenant is the largest House of Fraser (now Frasers) that the retailer has opened in the UK, at nearly 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2).

## Design

Victoria Square was developed by Multi Development UK Ltd. The architects were Building Design Partnership and T+T Design, the in house architects of Multi Corporation. At approximately 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) and costing £400m, Victoria Square is the biggest and was one of the most expensive property developments ever undertaken in Northern Ireland.

An element of the development is two covered, multi-level streets linked to the glass dome, which measures 37 m in diameter and 45 m in height. A public square covered entirely by the glass dome serves as the hub of the entire area. The Jaffe Fountain, constructed in the 1870s by former Lord Mayor Otto Jaffe in memory of his father, has been restored to its original location in Victoria Square. There are pedestrian links to nearby business, nightlife and shopping streets on Laganside, Donegall Place, Royal Avenue and Ann Street.

A large section of the center's roof is covered in Sedum in an attempt to reduce the carbon footprint of Victoria Square.

## Facilities

The development spans approximately 800,000 ft² (75,000m²) of retail over four floors. Q-Park provides 2 levels of basement parking with approx. 1,000 car spaces. The retail space includes 98 unit shops, with leisure units including an 8 screen Odeon Cinema. There are also restaurants, bars and cafés. The development also included 106 apartments.

Belfast Grand Central Station is nearby.

## Events

On 24 November 2013, a car bomb detonated outside a Victoria Square car park. There were no injuries.

## InfoBox

Victoria Square
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Coordinates | 54°35′54″N 5°55′31″W / 54.5983°N 5.9253°W / 54.5983; -5.9253 |
| Opening date | 6 March 2008 (2008-03-06) |
| Developer | Multi Development UK |
| Owner | Commerz Real AG |
| No. of stores and services | 98 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 1 |
| Total retail floor area | 75,000 m2 (810,000 sq ft) |
| No. of floors | 7 |
| Parking | 1000 |
| Website | victoriasquare.com |


title: Muhammad Shoaib Khan Afridi

abstract: Muhammad Shoaib Khan Afridi is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

text:
# Muhammad Shoaib Khan Afridi

**Muhammad Shoaib Khan Afridi** is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

## Political career

Afridi contested 2019 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election on 20 July 2019 from constituency PK-115 (ex-Frontier Regions) on the ticket of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F). He won the election by the majority of 6,074 votes over the runner up Abid Rehman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He garnered 18,102 votes while Rehman received 12,028 votes.

## InfoBox

| Muhammad Shoaib Khan Afridi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member-elect of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | |
| Constituency | PK-115 (ex-Frontier Regions) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Political party | Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (2019-present) |
|  | |


title: Vicky Riback-Wilson

abstract: Vicky Riback-Wilson is a former American Democrat politician who served in the Missouri House of Representatives. Born in Columbia, Missouri, she graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in English and from the University of Missouri with a master's degree in higher and adult education. She served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Uganda. Vicky Riback-Wilson served as a coordinator for the University of Missouri's Fellowships Office, as assistant director of the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center, and as associate director of the Missouri Rural Innovation Institute.

text:
# Vicky Riback-Wilson

**Vicky Riback-Wilson** (born August 24, 1946) is a former American Democrat politician who served in the Missouri House of Representatives.

Born in Columbia, Missouri, she graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in English and from the University of Missouri with a master's degree in higher and adult education. She served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Uganda.

Vicky Riback-Wilson served as a coordinator for the University of Missouri's Fellowships Office, as assistant director of the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center, and as associate director of the Missouri Rural Innovation Institute.

1. Rebecca McDowell Cook. *Official Manual State of Missouri 1999-2000*. p. 137.
2. "Vicky Riback Wilson retires after more than 18 years at MU". 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2022-02-23.


title: Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

abstract: Vijai Sagar Sanctuary is located in Mahoba District of Uttar Pradesh. Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary was founded in 1990.

text:
# Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

**Vijai Sagar Sanctuary** is located in Mahoba District of Uttar Pradesh. Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary was founded in 1990.

## Getting there

The nearest railway and bus stations are located at Mahoba about 4 km from the sanctuary.

## Attractions

Jackal, mongoose, wildcat and various local and migratory birds occupy the 3 km2 of area. The ideal time to visit is from December to February.

* "Vijai Sagar Sanctuary". Archived from the original on 16 April 2013.
* "Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in India". *india9.com*. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.

25°17′53″N 79°54′47″E / 25.298°N 79.913°E / 25.298; 79.913


title: Vikas Kashalkar

abstract: Vikas Kashalkar is an Indian classical vocalist, with training in the Gwalior, Jaipur and Agra gharanas.

text:
# Vikas Kashalkar

**Vikas Kashalkar** (born 16 July 1950) is an Indian classical vocalist, with training in the Gwalior, Jaipur and Agra gharanas.

## InfoBox

| Vikas Kashalkar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1950-07-16) 16 July 1950 |
| Origin | Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Genres | Hindustani classical music, <br>Gwalior Gharana |
| Occupation | Classical Vocalist |
| Years active | 1975–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.vikaskashalkar.com |


title: Muhammed Conteh

abstract: Muhammed Conteh is a Gambian international footballer who plays for Mbour Petite-Côte, as a midfielder.

text:
# Muhammed Conteh

**Muhammed Conteh** (born 31 March 1996) is a Gambian international footballer who plays for Mbour Petite-Côte, as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Wellingara, he has played club football for Stade de Mbour and Mbour Petite-Côte.

He made his international debut for Gambia in 2016.

## InfoBox

Muhammed Conteh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1996-03-31) 31 March 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | Wellingara, Gambia | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Mbour Petite-Côte | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2015 | Stade de Mbour |  |  |
| 2015– | Mbour Petite-Côte |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2016– | Gambia | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15:19, 2 March 2018 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15:19, 2 March 2018 (UTC) | | | |


title: Vilić Selo

abstract:
Vilić Selo is a village in Požega-Slavonia County, Croatia. The village is administered as a part of the Brestovac municipality.
According to national census of 2011, population of the village is 185. The village is connected by the D38 state road.

text:
# Vilić Selo

**Vilić Selo** is a village in Požega-Slavonia County, Croatia. The village is administered as a part of the Brestovac municipality. According to national census of 2011, population of the village is 185. The village is connected by the D38 state road.

## Sources

1. *Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia*. Wikidata Q119585703.
2. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements" (xlsx). *Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021*. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
3. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Vilić Selo". *Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011*. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.

## InfoBox

| Vilić Selo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vilić Selo | |
| Coordinates: 45°21′22″N 17°32′59″E / 45.35611°N 17.54972°E / 45.35611; 17.54972 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Region | Slavonia |
| County | Požega-Slavonia County |
| Municipality | Brestovac |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 181 m (594 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 120 |
| Density | 32/km2 (82/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 34322 |
| Area code | 034 |


title: Vilivalla, Harju County

abstract: Vilivalla is a village in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.

text:
# Vilivalla, Harju County

**Vilivalla** is a village in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.

59°14′38″N 23°55′46″E / 59.24389°N 23.92944°E / 59.24389; 23.92944

## InfoBox

| Vilivalla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Harju County |
| Parish | Lääne-Harju Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Villanueva de Azoague

abstract: Villanueva de Azoague Spanish pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 315 inhabitants.

text:
# Villanueva de Azoague

**Villanueva de Azoague** Spanish pronunciation: \[biʎaˈnweβa ðe aθoˈaɣe\]) is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 315 inhabitants.

41°58′N 5°40′W / 41.967°N 5.667°W / 41.967; -5.667

## InfoBox

| Villanueva de Azoague | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Zamora |
| Municipality | Villanueva de Azoague |
| Area | |
| Total | 19 km2 (7 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 336 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Multimedia PC

abstract: The Multimedia PC (MPC) was a recommended configuration for a personal computer (PC) with a CD-ROM drive. The standard was set and named by the Multimedia PC Marketing Council, which was a working group of the Software Publishers Association. The MPMC comprised companies including Microsoft, Creative Labs, Dell, Gateway, and Fujitsu. Any PC with the required standards could be called an "MPC" by licensing the use of the logo from the SPA.

text:
# Multimedia PC

Official logo for the Multimedia PC standard

The **Multimedia PC** (**MPC**) was a recommended configuration for a personal computer (PC) with a CD-ROM drive. The standard was set and named by the **Multimedia PC Marketing Council**, which was a working group of the Software Publishers Association (SPA, now the Software and Information Industry Association). The MPMC comprised companies including Microsoft, Creative Labs, Dell, Gateway, and Fujitsu. Any PC with the required standards could be called an "MPC" by licensing the use of the logo from the SPA.

## Background and reception

CD-ROM drives were just coming to market in 1990, and it was difficult to concisely communicate to a consumer all the hardware requirements for using "multimedia software", which mostly meant "displaying video synced with audio on a PC via a CD-ROM drive". The MPC standard was supposed to communicate this concisely, so a consumer buying hardware or software could simply look for the MPC logo and be assured of compatibility.

The MPC program had mixed results primarily because of the vast number of PCs sold under different brands, and once Windows became ubiquitous on PCs, specifying minimum or recommended Windows versions and features was often clearer to consumers than the MPC nomenclature. As the standardized term failed to catch on, and as the Software Publishers Association turned away from consumer software in the late 1990s, interest in the MPC standard vanished. The problem of software labeling continues, especially in the field of computer games, where a multitude of 3D video cards has been manufactured with an extremely wide range of capabilities, and no common industry labeling standard to let consumers know whether their card is powerful enough to run a particular game.

No further specification beyond MPC Level 3 in 1996 was published; the Multimedia PC Marketing Council dissolved not too long afterward.

## Levels

### MPC Level 1

The first MPC minimum standard, set in 1991, was:

### MPC Level 2

In 1993, an MPC Level 2 minimum standard was announced:

### MPC Level 3

In 1996, MPC Level 3 was announced:


title: Multiple units of India

text:
# Multiple units of India

A multiple-unit train or simply multiple unit (MU) is a self-propelled train composed of one or more carriages joined together, which when coupled to another multiple unit can be controlled by a single driver, with multiple-unit train control. Although multiple units consist of several carriages, single self-propelled carriages, such as railbuses and trams – are in fact multiple-units when two or more of them are working connected through multiple-unit train control.

In India, MUs are used for all suburban trains and metros and are increasingly used for short-medium-long distance trains also such as DEMUs, SSEMUs, MEMUs and Vande Bharat Express.

## Design

Most MUs are powered either by traction motors, receiving their power through a third rail or overhead wire (EMU), or by a diesel engine driving a generator producing electricity to drive traction motors (DMU).

A MU has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components being concentrated in one car, they are spread throughout the cars that make up the unit. In many cases, these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of the unit, so they are semi-permanently coupled. For example, in a DMU one car might carry the prime mover and traction motors, and another the engine for head-end power generation; an EMU might have one car carry the pantograph and transformer, and another car carry the traction motors. MU cars can be a motor or trailer car, it is not necessary for every one to be motorized.

## Usage

### Rapid transit

There are currently 16 operational rapid transit (popularly known as 'metro') systems in fifteen cities across India. With Delhi Metro being the largest metro system which connects too few other nearby cities in the National Capital Region. As of October 2022, India has 810 km (503 mi) of operational metro lines and 631 15 systems. A further 568.15 km of lines is under construction.

Metro trains are all electric multiple units (EMUs). Different metro systems have different configuration of trains. Earlier metro lines tended to use the mainline 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Indian gauge while most of the more recent systems instead opt for 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge for economies of scale with international systems. Power is varyingly supplied by either 750 V DC third rails as is typical on older metros in areas such as North America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the former Soviet Union, or 25 kV AC 50 hz overhead catenary, which is very rare on metros outside of India. Delhi Metro uses Hyundai ROTEM EMUs and Bombardier MOVIA EMUs. Mumbai Metro uses CRRC, BEML EMUs.

### Suburban

Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals".

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen, to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus, a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers. In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.

### SSEMU

SSEMU is an acronym for *Stainless steel EMU*. Most modern SSEMUs are produced by BEML, it's manufacturing procedure and internals are different from MEMUs. It is specifically developed for coastal cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai etc. It is basically used of stainless steel for reducing corrosion and reducing the maintenance cost of MEMUs. Indian Railways has already deployed SSEMU in coastal regions of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.

### DEMU and MEMU

The DEMUs and MEMUs are diesel multiple units (DMUs) and electric multiple units (EMUs) that serve short and medium-distance routes in India, as compared to normal EMU trains that connect urban and suburban areas. The acronyms stand for "Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit" and "Mainline Electric Multiple Unit".

These have two-sided cabs for changing and reversing the route, which is a bigger advantage over the attachment-detachment process of rakes and locomotives. Indian Railways (IR) is progressively replacing all locomotive-hauled slow and fast passenger and intercity trains with various EMUs. After replacing with EMUs, passenger trains would be re-branded as either MEMU or DEMU. Since IR is going to be fully electrified by 2024, DEMUs itself would be replaced by MEMUs.

### Vande Bharat Express

The Vande Bharat Express, previously known as Train 18, is a semi-high-speed, electric multiple unit train, operated by the IR on few routes. It is a seater train which serves medium to long distance routes.

The Vande Bharat Express's exterior appearance consists of aerodynamic design, narrowing at each end of the train which is designed to combat air resistance. It has a driver cabin at each end, allowing for faster turnaround at terminating stations. The train has 16 passenger cars, with a seating capacity of 1,128 passengers. The chassis of a coach is 23 meters long, and the frame of the train is made entirely of stainless steel.

Alternate coaches are motorised to ensure even distribution of power and to help in quicker acceleration and deceleration. The gangways are interconnected and fully sealed to allow better mobility between coaches and to reduce noise respectively. The train features GPIS-based passenger information system, bio-vacuum toilets, and rotational seats which can be aligned in the direction of travel (only in executive class).

### Tram

The double-coach trams in Kolkata are also multiple-units. The pantograph which draws power is in one coach and another coach is a trailer coach. Cabs are there at both ends.

## Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains


title: The Crucifixion (Moskos)

abstract: The Crucifixion is an egg tempera painting created by Ioannis Moskos. Moskos was a Greek painter originally from Crete. He migrated to Venice. Two other painters named Moskos were active during the same period. Their names were Elias Moskos and Leos Moskos. Leos and Ioannis were both in Venice during the same period. Ioannis was a member of the Late Cretan School. He was active from 1650 to 1721. Forty-four of his paintings survived. The crucifixion is one of the most popular subjects among painters. The most famous crucifixion painting of the Cretan School was completed by Andreas Pavias. Countless Greek and Italian painters were inspired by his work. Other notable crucifixions were completed by Konstantinos Paleokapas and Georgios Markazinis. The crucifixion paintings each offer a unique array of hidden symbols and meanings. The most common are the dice players and the resurrection of the Christian saints. In the dice player scene, soldiers gamble to see who wins the clothes of Jesus, the story is part of Matthew 27:35–37. The crucifixion by Moskos is part of the collection of the Hellenic Institute of Venice.

text:
# The Crucifixion (Moskos)

***The Crucifixion*** is an egg tempera painting created by Ioannis Moskos. Moskos was a Greek painter originally from Crete. He migrated to Venice. Two other painters named Moskos were active during the same period. Their names were Elias Moskos and Leos Moskos. Leos and Ioannis were both in Venice during the same period. Ioannis was a member of the Late Cretan School. He was active from 1650 to 1721. Forty-four of his paintings survived.

The crucifixion is one of the most popular subjects among painters. The most famous crucifixion painting of the Cretan School was completed by Andreas Pavias. Countless Greek and Italian painters were inspired by his work. Other notable crucifixions were completed by Konstantinos Paleokapas and Georgios Markazinis. The crucifixion paintings each offer a unique array of hidden symbols and meanings. The most common are the dice players and the resurrection of the Christian saints. In the dice player scene, soldiers gamble to see who wins the clothes of Jesus, the story is part of Matthew 27:35–37. The crucifixion by Moskos is part of the collection of the Hellenic Institute of Venice.

## Description

The painting is egg tempera and gold leaf on a wood panel. The height is 91 cm (35.8 in) and the width is 70 cm (27.5 in). The work was completed in 1711. The first record of the icon was in 1742. The painting was mentioned in later catalogs namely 1904 and 1949. It was characterized as the work of Ioannis Moskos, the 1949 catalog also authenticated his signature. The painting was associated with the Greek brotherhood of Venice and San Giorgio dei Greci.

Most of the gold background is painted with dark clouds. Jerusalem is in the background under the dark clouds. Both the sky and the city are painted with a grey variant. The painter masterfully blends the colors. The cross is painted in the foreground. Jesus, the Impenitent thief and the Penitent thief create a spatial relationship. The three figures form a geometric triangle. The Impenitent thief to our right is greeted by a demonic figure while the Penitent thief on the left is crowned by an angel. The Penitent thief also features a small inscription in Greek. The inscription says: Remember me in your kingdom. A similar inscription was present in Georgios Markazinis's Crucifixion.

A small crowd is gathered to witness the event. There is a huge crowd of soldiers and members of the Sanhedrin. The Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene, and John the Evangelist are at the foot of the cross. Several other noble figures are also present. A soldier pierces the side of Jesus with the Spear of Destiny, as he hangs on the cross. Another important symbolic scene occurs to the right in the foreground. Three soldiers gamble over Jesus's robe. They are playing dice for the holy garment. The story follows Matthew 27:35–37.

## InfoBox

| Crucifixion | |
| --- | --- |
| Greek: *Σταύρωση*, <br>Italian: *Crocifissione di Gesù* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Ioannis Moskos |
| Year | c. 1711 |
| Medium | tempera on wood |
| Movement | Late Cretan School |
| Subject | Crucifixion of Jesus |
| Dimensions | 91 cm × 70 cm (35.8 in × 27,6 in) |
| Location | Hellenic Institute, Venice, Italy |
| Owner | Hellenic Institute of Venice |


title: Munkoyo

abstract: Munkoyo or ibwatu is a popular drink in rural Zambia. It is a mildly fermented drink made from maize porridge and pounded Rhynchosia venulosa roots. This mixture is then boiled. It can then be drunk immediately after it is made or allowed to ferment for several days. It is often called "sweet beer" by Zambians. It is also found in central African countries like Congo where it is used as a drink in traditional ceremonies as well as an ordinary beverage. Munkoyo is known to have positive health effects, including promoting a healthier gut microbiome and vitamin B.

text:
# Munkoyo

**Munkoyo** or i**bwatu** is a popular drink in rural Zambia. It is a mildly fermented drink made from maize porridge and pounded Rhynchosia venulosa (known locally as *munkoyo*) roots. This mixture is then boiled. It can then be drunk immediately after it is made or allowed to ferment for several days. It is often called "sweet beer" by Zambians. It is also found in central African countries like Congo where it is used as a drink in traditional ceremonies as well as an ordinary beverage.

Munkoyo is known to have positive health effects, including promoting a healthier gut microbiome and vitamin B.

## Health incidents

While collecting munkoyo roots, some root harvesters also remove poisonous roots. This has caused several incidents of dozens of people being hospitalized. One such incident happened in Solwezi District, hospitalizing 17 and killing 2, and another incident near Kitwe which hospitalized 98.


title: Ville-du-Pont

abstract: Ville-du-Pont is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Ville-du-Pont

**Ville-du-Pont** (French pronunciation: \[vil dy pɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 286 |  |
| 1968 | 300 | +4.9% |
| 1975 | 249 | −17.0% |
| 1982 | 239 | −4.0% |
| 1990 | 246 | +2.9% |
| 1999 | 264 | +7.3% |
| 2008 | 286 | +8.3% |

## InfoBox

| Ville-du-Pont | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Ville-du-Pont | |
| Location of Ville-du-Pont | |
| Ville-du-PontVille-du-Pont | |
| Coordinates: 47°00′13″N 6°28′42″E / 47.0036°N 6.4783°E / 47.0036; 6.4783 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Pontarlier |
| Canton | Ornans |
| Intercommunality | Montbenoît |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gérard Jouille |
| Area**1** | 15.02 km2 (5.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 329 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25620 /25650 |
| Elevation | 758–1,199 m (2,487–3,934 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Murci

abstract: Murci is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Scansano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 173. Murci is about 40 km from Grosseto and 14 km from Scansano, and it is situated on the hills along the Amiatina Provincial Road.

text:
# Murci

**Murci** is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Scansano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 173.

Murci is about 40 km from Grosseto and 14 km from Scansano, and it is situated on the hills along the *Amiatina* Provincial Road.

## Main sights

* *San Domenico* (19th century), main parish church of the village.
* *Poggi Alti* wind farm, it was built in 2006.

## Bibliography

* Aldo Mazzolai, *Guida della Maremma. Percorsi tra arte e natura*, Le Lettere, Florence, 1997.
* Giuseppe Guerrini, *Torri e castelli della Provincia di Grosseto*, Nuova Immagine Editrice, Siena, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Murci | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
| The church of *San Domenico* | |
| MurciLocation of Murci in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 42°44′3″N 11°24′43″E / 42.73417°N 11.41194°E / 42.73417; 11.41194 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Grosseto (GR) |
| *Comune* | Scansano |
| Elevation | 595 m (1,952 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 149 |
| Demonym | *Murciaioli* |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 58054 |
| Dialing code | (+39) 0564 |


title: Villa Mantero

abstract: Villa Mantero is a village and municipality in Entre Ríos Province in north-eastern Argentina. The municipality includes the town of the same name and a rural area. It is located 40 km from the town of Pronunciamiento, 30 from the town of Caseros, 50 km from Concepción del Uruguay and 15 km from Basavilbaso. Agro-industrial town, with big rice, corn and legumes mills.

text:
# Villa Mantero

**Villa Mantero** is a village and municipality in Entre Ríos Province in north-eastern Argentina. The municipality includes the town of the same name and a rural area.

It is located 40 km from the town of Pronunciamiento, 30 from the town of Caseros, 50 km from Concepción del Uruguay and 15 km from Basavilbaso. Agro-industrial town, with big rice, corn and legumes mills.

## History

The oldest antecedent of this town is the San Pedro ranch, on its outskirts, properties of Justo José de Urquiza and his descendants for more than a century and a half. Here, the plot that culminated in the murder of Justo José de Urquiza, led by Sergeant Major Simón Luengo and Nicomedes Coronel, butler of the caudillo, took place.

After Urquiza's death, the properties was inherited by his daughter Justa, married to General Luis María Campos. The main house of San Pedro dates back to 1872, although the current Tudor residences was built on the original building in 1928 with the addition of splendid furniture. On October 19, 1876, Argentine Law No. 817 on Immigration and Colonization was passed, known as the "Avellaneda Law", with which the history of the massive European colonization in Argentina begins. This law refers in its first part to immigration and, in the second, to colonization. But this was not enough, it was necessary to open trade, exploit natural resources; land, minerals, livestock, and the vast plains had to be populated with industrious hands.

With regard to Entre Ríos, the Executive Power authorized by Law of June 11, 1883 the construction and operation of a European standard gauge railway, from Paraná to Concepción del Uruguay, passing through Nogoyá and Rosario del Tala, being contracted for the Lucas Gonzales & Cía. At kilometer 235,650 the station 1 ° de Mayo was located. It was founded on September 29, 1893, and its founder was Juan Miguel Seró. It was born as a Development Board (or 2nd category municipality) on October 26, 1916.

As of December 10, 2011, it became a municipality.

32°24′S 58°45′W / 32.400°S 58.750°W / -32.400; -58.750

## InfoBox

| Villa Mantero | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and village | |
| Villa Mantero | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Entre Ríos Province |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |


title: Munster Hurler of the Year

abstract: The Munster Hurler of the Year is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best during the Munster Senior Championship. The current holder is Séamus Harnedy, who won the award for his performances throughout the 2018 Munster Championship for Cork.

text:
# Munster Hurler of the Year

The **Munster Hurler of the Year** is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best during the Munster Senior Championship. The current holder is Séamus Harnedy, who won the award for his performances throughout the 2018 Munster Championship for Cork.

## Winners

| Year |  | Player | County | Also won | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 |  | Dan Shanahan | Waterford | GAA Hurler of the Year |  |
| 2008 |  | Shane McGrath | Tipperary | GAA All-Star |  |
| 2009 |  | Brendan Cummins | Tipperary |  |  |
| 2010 |  | Michael Walsh | Waterford | GAA All-Star |  |
| 2011 |  | Lar Corbett | Tipperary | GAA/GPA All-Star |  |
| 2012 |  | Patrick Maher | Tipperary |  |  |
| 2013 |  | Richie McCarthy | Limerick | GAA/GPA All-Star |  |
| 2014 |  | Patrick Horgan | Cork |  |  |
| 2015 |  | John O'Dwyer | Tipperary |  |  |
| 2016 |  | John McGrath | Tipperary | GAA/GPA All-Star |  |
| 2017 |  | Mark Coleman | Cork | GAA/GPA All-Star |  |
| 2018 |  | Séamus Harnedy | Cork | GAA/GPA All-Star |  |
| 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |