title: Pluto's Cave

abstract:
Pluto's Cave is a partially collapsed lava tube on the northern outskirts of Mount Shasta in the Klamath National Forest. Its main entrance is located close to the 99-97 Cutoff c. 12 miles (19 km) North-east of Weed and c. 14 miles (23 km) East-southeast of Grenada. The tube is roughly 190,000 years old, which is quite old for a lava tube, as they normally collapse quickly, having ceilings only a few metres thick. However, Pluto's Cave is located in a semi-arid climate, where erosion is restricted, which contributes to its survival. The cave was discovered in the spring of 1863 by Nelson Cash, who came upon it while looking for stray cattle. It was further explored in April 1863, and named "Pluto's Cave" after Pluto, the Greek God of the underworld. William Henry Brewer assisted by Clarence King on a field trip for the California Division of Mines and Geology, visited the cave on October 10, 1863. Brewer writes about it a month later on November 11:
October 10 in the morning we went to visit a cave about three-quarters of a mile distant, just discovered, and of which extraordinary stories were told. It was, indeed, quite a curiosity. It is called Pluto’s Cave. The surface of the country is a gentle lava slope, very rocky, with but little soil and with stunted cedars and bushes, the lava rising into innumerable hummocks a few feet high. Under this the cave extends. It looks as if the surface of the great lava flow had cooled, but that the crust had broken somewhere lower down and a long stream of the fluid had run out, leaving a long, empty channel or gallery. The roof of this gallery is beautifully arched—in places it is at least fifty feet high and as many broad. The bottom is of broken blocks of lava, and the sides are occasionally ornamented with fantastic shapes of stone, where the melted or viscous fluid has oozed through cracks, sometimes in a thick, black stream, like tar, then cooled, in others like froth on the surface of the molten mass—but all now cool enough, hard, rough, black rock. We went in near a mile, to the end, or at least to where the fallen fragments blocked up the way. Multitudes of bats lived in it, even to the very end. Near the entrance the roof had broken in in several places, and there were many skulls of mountain sheep that had got in and perished. These are the chamois of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra. They are nearer a goat than sheep, and have enormous horns, hence some hunters call them the "big horn." On one of these skulls the horns were 14 1/2 inches in circumference at the base and 33 inches between the tips. King in 1870, now a director of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, returned to Mount Shasta, and with a fellow explorer revisited the cave, which King recounts in his 1872 book Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada:
In 1863, in company with Professor Brewer, I visited this very region, and we were then shown an interesting tubular cavern lying directly under the surface of a lava plain. Mr. Palmer and I revisited the spot, and, having tied our mules, descended through a circular hole to the cavern's mouth. An archway of black lava sixty feet wide by eighty high, with a floor of lava sand and rough boulders, led under the basalt in a northerly direction, preserving an incline not more than the gentle slope of the country. Our roof overhead could hardly have been more than twenty or thirty feet thick. We followed the cavern, which was a comparatively regular tube, for half or three quarters of a mile. Now and then the roof would open up in larger chambers, and the floor be cumbered with huge piles of lava, over which we scrambled, sometimes nearly reaching the ceiling. Fresh lava-froth and smooth blister-holes lined the sides. Innumerable bats and owls on silent wing floated by our candles, fanning an air singularly still and dense. After a cautious scramble over a long pile of immense basalt blocks, we came to the end of the cave, and sat down upon piles of debris. We then repeated an experiment, formerly made by Brewer and myself, of blowing out our candle to observe the intense darkness, then firing a pistol that we might hear its dull, muffled explosion. The formation of this cave, as explained in Professor Whitney's Geological Report, is this: A basalt stream, flowing down from Shasta, cooled and hardened upon the surface, while within the mass remained molten and fluid. From simple pressure the lava burst out at the lower end, and flowing forth left an empty tube. Wonderfully fresh and recent the whole confused rock-walls appeared, and we felt, as we walked and climbed back to the opening and to daylight, as if we had been allowed to travel back into the volcano age. John Muir explored the Mount Shasta area in the winter of 1874–75, and includes the cave on his Shasta circumnavigation guide:
Regaining the low ground at the base of the mountain and holding on in your grand orbit, you pass through a belt of juniper woods, called "The Cedars," to Sheep Rock at the foot of the Shasta Pass. Here you strike the old emigrant road, which leads over the low divide to the eastern slopes of the mountain. In a north-northwesterly direction from the foot of the pass you may chance to find Pluto's Cave, already mentioned; but it is not easily found, since its several mouths are on a level with the general surface of the ground, and have been made simply by the falling-in of portions of the roof. Far the most beautiful and richly furnished of the mountain caves of California occur in a thick belt of metamorphic limestone that is pretty generally developed along the western flank of the Sierra from the McCloud River to the Kaweah, a distance of nearly four hundred miles. These volcanic caves are not wanting in interest, and it is well to light a pitch pine torch and take a walk in these dark ways of the underworld whenever opportunity offers, if for no other reason to see with new appreciation on returning to the sunshine the beauties that lie so thick about us. Evidence was found of its use by Pre-Columbian peoples. Visitors can safely hike into the cave about 1,200 feet (370 m).

text:
# Pluto's Cave

**Pluto's Cave** (or **Pluto Cave**) is a partially collapsed lava tube on the northern outskirts of Mount Shasta in the Klamath National Forest. Its main entrance is located close to the 99-97 Cutoff c.12 miles (19 km) North-east of Weed and c.14 miles (23 km) East-southeast of Grenada. The tube is roughly 190,000 years old, which is quite old for a lava tube, as they normally collapse quickly (in geological terms), having ceilings only a few metres thick. However, Pluto's Cave is located in a semi-arid climate, where erosion is restricted, which contributes to its survival.

The cave was discovered in the spring of 1863 by Nelson Cash, who came upon it while looking for stray cattle. It was further explored in April 1863, and named "Pluto's Cave" after Pluto, the Greek God of the underworld.

William Henry Brewer assisted by Clarence King on a field trip for the California Division of Mines and Geology (predecessor of today's California Geological Survey), visited the cave on October 10, 1863. Brewer writes about it a month later on November 11:

> October 10 in the morning we went to visit a cave about three-quarters of a mile distant, just discovered, and of which extraordinary stories were told. It was, indeed, quite a curiosity. It is called Pluto’s Cave. The surface of the country is a gentle lava slope, very rocky, with but little soil and with stunted cedars and bushes, the lava rising into innumerable hummocks a few feet high. Under this the cave extends. It looks as if the surface of the great lava flow had cooled, but that the crust had broken somewhere lower down and a long stream of the fluid had run out, leaving a long, empty channel or gallery. The roof of this gallery is beautifully arched—in places it is at least fifty feet high and as many broad. The bottom is of broken blocks of lava, and the sides are occasionally ornamented with fantastic shapes of stone, where the melted or viscous fluid has oozed through cracks, sometimes in a thick, black stream, like tar, then cooled, in others like froth on the surface of the molten mass—but all now cool enough, hard, rough, black rock. We went in near a mile, to the end, or at least to where the fallen fragments blocked up the way. Multitudes of bats lived in it, even to the very end. Near the entrance the roof had broken in in several places, and there were many skulls of mountain sheep that had got in and perished. These are the chamois of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra. They are nearer a goat than sheep, and have enormous horns, hence some hunters call them the "big horn." On one of these skulls the horns were 14 1/2 inches in circumference at the base and 33 inches between the tips.
>
> William Henry Brewer, "Book 4, Chapter 7", *Up and Down California in 1860–1864* (1930)

King in 1870, now a director of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, returned to Mount Shasta, and with a fellow explorer revisited the cave, which King recounts in his 1872 book *Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada*:

> In 1863, in company with Professor Brewer, I visited this very region, and we were then shown an interesting tubular cavern lying directly under the surface of a lava plain.
>
> Mr. Palmer and I revisited the spot, and, having tied our mules, descended through a circular hole to the cavern's mouth. An archway of black lava sixty feet wide by eighty high, with a floor of lava sand and rough boulders, led under the basalt in a northerly direction, preserving an incline not more than the gentle slope of the country. Our roof overhead could hardly have been more than twenty or thirty feet thick. We followed the cavern, which was a comparatively regular tube, for half or three quarters of a mile. Now and then the roof would open up in larger chambers, and the floor be cumbered with huge piles of lava, over which we scrambled, sometimes nearly reaching the ceiling. Fresh lava-froth and smooth blister-holes lined the sides. Innumerable bats and owls on silent wing floated by our candles, fanning an air singularly still and dense.
>
> After a cautious scramble over a long pile of immense basalt blocks, we came to the end of the cave, and sat down upon piles of debris. We then repeated an experiment, formerly made by Brewer and myself, of blowing out our candle to observe the intense darkness, then firing a pistol that we might hear its dull, muffled explosion.
>
> The formation of this cave, as explained in Professor Whitney's Geological Report, is this: A basalt stream, flowing down from Shasta, cooled and hardened upon the surface, while within the mass remained molten and fluid. From simple pressure the lava burst out at the lower end, and flowing forth left an empty tube. Wonderfully fresh and recent the whole confused rock-walls appeared, and we felt, as we walked and climbed back to the opening and to daylight, as if we had been allowed to travel back into the volcano age.
>
> Clarence King, "Shasta Flanks", *Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada* (1872)

John Muir explored the Mount Shasta area in the winter of 1874–75, and includes the cave on his Shasta circumnavigation guide:

> Regaining the low ground at the base of the mountain and holding on in your grand orbit, you pass through a belt of juniper woods, called "The Cedars," to Sheep Rock at the foot of the Shasta Pass. Here you strike the old emigrant road, which leads over the low divide to the eastern slopes of the mountain. In a north-northwesterly direction from the foot of the pass you may chance to find Pluto's Cave, already mentioned; but it is not easily found, since its several mouths are on a level with the general surface of the ground, and have been made simply by the falling-in of portions of the roof. Far the most beautiful and richly furnished of the mountain caves of California occur in a thick belt of metamorphic limestone that is pretty generally developed along the western flank of the Sierra from the McCloud River to the Kaweah, a distance of nearly four hundred miles. These volcanic caves are not wanting in interest, and it is well to light a pitch pine torch and take a walk in these dark ways of the underworld whenever opportunity offers, if for no other reason to see with new appreciation on returning to the sunshine the beauties that lie so thick about us.
>
> John Muir, "Shasta Rambles and Modoc Memories", *Picturesque California and the Region West of the Rocky Mountains, from Alaska to Mexico* (1888)

Evidence was found of its use by Pre-Columbian peoples. Visitors can safely hike into the cave about 1,200 feet (370 m).

## InfoBox

| Pluto's Cave | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance to the cave | |
| Location of cave in California | |
| Location | Klamath National Forest; Siskiyou County, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°34′05″N 122°16′57″W / 41.568012°N 122.282632°W / 41.568012; -122.282632 (Pluto's Cave) |
| Length | 0.5 to 1 mile (0.80 to 1.61 km) |
| Discovery | 1863 |
| Geology | Lava tube |


title: Plymouth Citybus

abstract: Plymouth Citybus is a bus operator in Plymouth. It is a subsidiary of the Go South West sector of the Go-Ahead Group.

text:
# Plymouth Citybus

**Plymouth Citybus** is a bus operator in Plymouth. It is a subsidiary of the Go South West sector of the Go-Ahead Group.

## History

### Plymouth City Transport

In 1892, Plymouth Corporation purchased the horse-powered tramways of the Plymouth Tramway Company and placed them in the care of a new Tramways Department. The network was expanded and the horses were replaced by new electric tramcars between 1899 and 1906. Following the union of the Three Towns of Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse in October 1914, the Plymouth Tramways Department took control of the tramways in these places too. The Devonport and District Tramways was sold to the Corporation in 1914 (although the tracks of the two networks were not connected until October 1915) but the Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport Tramways, which dated back to 1872, remained an independent company until 1922 when it too was sold to the Corporation. The various depots of the old companies were slowly closed and the equipment and rolling stock concentrated at the old Devonport and District depot at Milehouse. Some new tramcars were constructed at the depot, and many more were completely stripped down and rebuilt. In 1923 new administrative offices were built there; that year saw the tram network at its greatest extent.

From 1920, the Corporation also operated motor buses on routes beyond the tram tracks. The first four bus routes were operated by a fleet of twenty single-deck 31-seat vehicles with solid tyres. By 1927 this had expanded to ten routes and 57 buses, some of which were one-man operated. Plymouth was granted city status in 1928 and the buses started to carry the city's coat of arms and the "Plymouth City Transport" name.

By 1930, it was becoming necessary to renew much of the tramway rolling stock. Consideration was given to converting to trolleybuses, but instead it was decided to implement a ten-year programme of bus replacement. The first line to be converted was the Devonport to St Budeaux line which was closed in October 1930 when six new double-deck buses replaced the trams. The line to West Hoe closed in 1931, the line to Compton closed in 1932, and regular services to the Royal Naval Barracks withdrawn in 1934. Further new buses were brought for these routes, and a few second hand tramcars from the now closed Exeter Tramway Company and Torquay Tramways allowed the oldest of the Plymouth cars to be withdrawn. In 1935 the Milehouse to Devonport line closed following the delivery of the city's first diesel-engined buses. More were needed in 1936 to allow the closure of the line to Prince Rock and in 1937 to allow the withdrawal of the two long circular routes. It was at this time that the bus routes were first numbered. The plan to close the remaining tram lines was put on hold because of the outbreak of World War II in 1939; they were powered by electricity generated by British coal, whereas the buses relied on imported fuel. The one remaining route, from Theatre to Peverell, kept running but following city centre bomb damage in April 1941 (when car 133 was destroyed) the service was only operated between Drake's Circus to Peverell until the final tram ran in September 1945.

A large part of the population of Plymouth moved out to the relative safety of the countryside during the war which meant that the Corporation's buses and trams were carrying fewer passengers, but rival Western National was under increasing pressure. Both operators had suffered damage to their depots and fleet – Milehouse was bombed in April 1941 – and so the two companies decided to pool resources under a Plymouth Joint Services agreement. This took effect from 1 October 1942 and resulted in 80% of mileage in and around the city were to be operated by the Corporation and 20% by Western National; the receipts were also divided in the same proportion, irrespective of which company operated which routes. This allowed Plymouth buses to operate beyond the city boundary to places such as Yelverton, Plympton and Wembury, while Western National were now allowed to pick up local passengers within the city where they had previously been restricted to only those travelling beyond the boundary. The Plymouth Joint Services agreement remained in place after the war, enabling both the Corporation and Western National to serve new housing estates that sprang up around the edge of the city. The routes in the Joint Services area, including those of Western National, were renumbered in a single sequence from 1 to 57 in 1957.

Buses with front entrances were delivered to Plymouth City Transport from 1960 which paved the way to conversion of routes to one man operation from 1968, the first operator in the South West of England to do so. To help speed boarding times the fares were restructured to multiples of 3. Fare stages at regular 0.85 miles (1.37 km) intervals were introduced in December 1975 to further simplify the fare structure. In 1982 the fare stages were revised to one-mile intervals outside the city centre and promoted as 'Easyfare'; a journey in one zone cost 25p and increased in 10p stages to a maximum of 45p.

### Plymouth Citybus

During the early part of the 1980s, the National Bus Company (of which Western National was a subsidiary) undertook Market Analysis Projects in many areas to match services with demand. This resulted in most Plymouth Joint Services cross-city routes being split into two that terminated in the city centre from 24 October 1982, as the survey revealed that few passengers travelled across the city without changing buses. The revision saw annual mileage reduced from more than 5.4 million miles to around 4.5 million, and the fleet from 185 to 160 vehicles. Buses were repainted and given "Plymouth Citybus" branding.

For some time, the Citybus services had been operated to break even so that no financial support was needed from the Plymouth City Council, but the Transport Act 1985 required all council-owned bus operations to be established as limited companies. As a result, Plymouth Citybus Limited was formed on 26 October 1986. It was owned by Plymouth City Council. The Transport Act was designed to increase competition and reduce subsidies; in Plymouth it resulted in a 'bus war' between Plymouth Citybus and Western National, its former partner in the Joint Services. Strategies included minibuses operating higher frequencies, and fare reductions.

On 21 January 1988, Citybus sacked 120 drivers who had stopped work to attend a mass meeting. Their colleagues walked out in solidarity and the Citybus service was crippled for two weeks. Western National used this opportunity to lay on extra buses, using the same numbers as Citybus services they were replacing, and Western National also covered Citybus school and Dockyard routes. Western National threatened to give jobs to sacked Citybus drivers. The *Plymouth Evening Herald* reported daily on the war of words between Citybus Director Brian Fisher (formerly Principal Assistant Transport Manager for Plymouth City Transport) and Western National Director John Preece. Agreement between Citybus management and unions was reached on 5 February, with drivers returning to work on 6 February.

After a while direct competition between the two companies ceased and they largely returned to operating their old routes. At the end of the century Citybus operated about 75% of routes in Plymouth along with a few routes beyond the city boundaries.

### Go-Ahead Group

In May 2009, Plymouth City Council announced that it intended to sell the company. Early interest came from FirstGroup and local taxi owner John Preece who had been behind the privatisation of Western National and had made previous attempts to purchase Citybus. The proposed sale led to increased competition in the city but FirstGroup withdrew its interest. It was debated in the House of Commons in October 2009. A £20 million bid by the Go-Ahead Group was accepted in November 2009.

## Operations

As of October 2013, Plymouth Citybus employed 443 people, operated 151 buses and coaches, and carried about 14 million passengers annually. In addition to its bus and coach operations, it also provides vehicle repairs and servicing for other commercial road operators and private car drivers through its Car and Commercial division. Its fleet is based at a depot in Milehouse.

In October 2013, Plymouth Citybus launched a new service to Tavistock. This has since been withdrawn leaving Tavistock-Plymouth services in the hands of Stagecoach South West.

### Go Southwest Coach Hire

Plymouth City Transport's first coach-seated vehicles was a Leyland National fitted with coach seats. A separate unit branded 'Plymouth Citycoach' was later created Citybus with its own management and a remit to produce a profit. It offered both advertised day trips and holiday tours, as well as hiring out its vehicles. It initially carried a version of the bus livery, but generally with more white.

The coaching business was shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 but was reintroduced in 2023 using the 'Go Southwest Coach Hire' brand.

### Go Cornwall Bus

The Liskeard-based operations of Western Greyhound were purchased on 8 December 2014 with 9 Optare Solo buses and relaunched as Go Cornwall Bus. This included the Liskeard-Plymouth section of route 593 but the Liskeard-Newquay section of the same route remained with Western Greyhound and through tickets were made available.

It was announced on 6 January 2020 that Cornwall Council had awarded the entire tendered county bus network (except the Truro Park & Ride) to the Go-Ahead Group from 1 April. It will be operated under Go Cornwall Bus brand. The contract consists of 73 routes and will require approximately 130 vehicles. FirstGroup subsidiary Kernow retained the Truro Park & Ride contract and will continue to run their commercially-operated routes.

### The '*Flash'* services

In more recent years, Plymouth Citybus launched a range of services known as the Flash, with the colour of the livery preceding Flash, with Red, Blue, Green, Yellow and Orange. The *Red Flash* being the 21/21A service between Barne Barton and Chaddlewood, *BlueFlash* being varying guises of the 42's services to Tamerton Foliot, Derriford, Woolwell & Tavistock using both Enviro400 & Wright Eclipse vehicles, then the 11 between Plymouth and Bodmin, in Cornwall, repurposing the Wright Eclipse single-decks. *GreenFlash* was the name given to the commuter services 8/9 and 23/24 between the City Centre and Efford and Mount Gould, as well as the 5/A/B/C serving Plymstock. *YellowFlash* buses were commonly Enviro400's running the 50/A/51 services that loop around the City in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, serving the City Centre, Plymouth railway station, Camels Head, Derriford Hospital, Estover and Marsh Mills. Finally the final addition, the *OrangeFlash*, was the service 43 between the City Centre and Ernesettle, with the buses running the route being MAN EcoCity Gas Buses.

'Flash' branding has now been withdrawn in favour of the default Plymouth Citybus brand. 21/A has been replaced with a new, fresh livery called 'SPARK' with the delivery of 2017 Enviro400 City vehicles.

## Fleet

The first buses delivered in 1920 were twenty 31-seat Straker-Squire vehicles with solid tyres.

By 1927 the fleet included Burford, Shelvoke and Drewry, Guy and AEC models and totalled 57 buses; The tram replacement scheme of 1930 saw the introduction of double-deck buses, initially Leyland TD1s. by 1929 it had expanded to 83. As well as more Leylands, some Dennis Lancet buses were brought for later route conversions. In 1935 the city's first diesel-engined double-deck buses were delivered (more Leylands); some as tram replacements and others so that older single-deck buses could be replaced. During the war a mixture of buses were acquired as few new buses were being built. Further Leyland Titan PD1 buses were delivered once production resumed after the war, but the spread of suburbs onto the hilly hinterland saw more powerful Leyland PD2s entering service from 1948.

Leyland Atlanteans were introduced from 1960. These had rear-engines and front entrances which eventually paved the way to conversion to one man operation from 1968. Single-deck buses reappeared in the fleet in 1975 in the shape of Leyland Nationals. In October 1986 85 Renault/Dodge S56A minibuses was introduced, which represented 70% of the Citybus fleet at the time. These allowed narrow housing estate roads to be served and service frequencies to be increased on existing routes. They were replaced by Mercedes-Benz 709D minibuses. Mid-size single deck buses replaced most double-deck vehicles on busier routes to give high service frequencies, principally Dennis Darts.

Since becoming part of the Go Ahead Group newer types have been purchased and a number of second hand buses have been transferred from other fleets in the group.

As of February, the fleet consists of:

### Preservation

A number of Plymouth City Transport and Plymouth Citybus vehicles have been preserved by members of the Plymouth City Transport Preservation Group.

## Liveries and brands

Plymouth City Tramways initially used a maroon colour scheme but a yellow and white livery was introduced in 1922 although some had varnished teak bodies. A change to maroon and white was made in 1929. Buses later used a bright red and cream livery.

A new image (designed by Ososki Graphics of Exmouth) was introduced to coincide with the revised Plymouth Joint Services network in 1982. Plymouth's red and cream colours were retained, but the cream area was extended below the lower deck windows and also added around the upper deck windows; the red skirt was upswept at the rear. The new 'Plymouth City bus' logo was placed on the cream below the windows near the centre of each side; 'city' was red and the other words black. Western National buses used on Plymouth Joint Services carried the same 'Plymouth City bus' logos on a broad white panel around the lower deck on their otherwise green buses. Six Bristol LHs that operated beyond the city boundaries were given a matching 'Country bus' logo, and a Leyland National with a wheelchair lift was branded as 'Mobility bus'. The Minibuses introduced in 1986 were painted in cream with red and orange bands and branded 'City shuttle'.

A few years later a black, red and white livery was adopted for all buses, but the black was eventually replaced by grey. When low floor buses were introduced they were given 'Super Rider' branding. Park and ride services were introduced using Mercedes-Benz minibuses in a mid-grey scheme but the Dennis Dart MPDs that replaced them were given special green and yellow livery.

The red, white and grey livery later became red and white. Following the takeover by Go Ahead in 2009, Best Impressions designed a two tone red livery with a white 'swoosh', this accompanied a new version of the Plymouth CityBus logo. However this has since been adapted by the company, who now use a plain red with a different style of swoosh (which covers more of the bus) and a simplified version of the Best Impressions devised logo. The new livery is often dubbed as 'Lines'.

## InfoBox

Plymouth Citybus
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Dennis Dart SLF in the 'Swoop' Livery on the route 61 near Plymouth City Centre. | |
| Parent | Go South West, (Part of Go-Ahead Group) |
| Founded | 1986 |
| Headquarters | Milehouse, Plymouth |
| Service area | South-West Devon<br>Cornwall |
| Service type | Bus and coach services |
| Routes | 143 |
| Fleet | 300+ (April 2020) |
| Chief executive | Richard Stevens |
| Website | www.plymouthbus.co.uk |


title: Plymouth Company

abstract: The Plymouth Company, officially known as the Virginia Company of Plymouth, was a company chartered by King James in 1606 along with the Virginia Company of London with responsibility for colonizing the east coast of America between latitudes 38° and 45° N.

text:
# Plymouth Company

The **Plymouth Company**, officially known as the **Virginia Company of Plymouth**, was a company chartered by King James in 1606 along with the Virginia Company of London with responsibility for colonizing the east coast of America between latitudes 38° and 45° N.

## History

The Plymouth Company was funded by wealthy investors from Plymouth, Bristol, and Exeter such as Sir John Popham and Sir Ferdinando Gorges. Competition between the two branches with overlapping territory was intended to motivate efficient settlement, but only the Virginia Company succeeded in establishing a permanent colony.

The Virginia Company emerged at a time when European empires chartered corporations for their imperial efforts. The English East India Company and Dutch East India Company had both recently received royal charters by their governments. The Virginia Company represented a new strategy that relied less on protected trade and ports: settler colonialism. Many of these early colonists sought to establish lasting communities with political institutions, as developed in Jamestown.

The merchants (with George Popham named in the patent) agreed to finance the settlers’ trip in return for repayment of their expenses plus interest out of the profits made. The Plymouth Company established the one-year Popham Colony in present-day Maine in 1607, the northern answer to Jamestown Colony. Two ships, the *Gift of God* and *Mary and John*, arrived in August 1607 with around 100 settlers. The colony was led by George Popham, nephew of Sir John Popham, and Raleigh Gilbert, nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh.

## Decline

Popham Colony fared better than Jamestown in the cold winter of 1607, and their president, George Popham, was the only colonist who died. Fifty colonists returned to England that December. Leadership fell to second-in-command Raleigh Gilbert for six months, until a supply ship in autumn 1608 brought news that he had inherited a title and land in England following his brother's death. The ship also brought news about the death of Sir John Popham, a major investor in the Plymouth Company. When Gilbert left for England on the returning ship, the discouraged colonists followed him, abandoning Popham Colony.

Beyond crises of leadership, the colony faced poor relationships with local Native Americans and were unable to trade with nearby tribes. The colony was also burdened with few natural resources to exploit and few skilled workers to take advantage of them. Even their time of arrival, two months later than the settlers of Jamestown, gave them less time to prepare for the harsh Maine winter. Unlike Jamestown, colonists abandoned Popham Colony before they found a resource or product to profit from. They did, however, produce the first ship built by English colonists in the Americas, the *Virginia of Sagadahoc*. Despite failing to establish a permanent settlement, the knowledge of local peoples and geography proved useful for future colonial endeavors under the Council for New England.

The Popham Colony was abandoned in 1608. In 1620, after years of disuse, the Plymouth Company was revived and reorganized as the Plymouth Council for New England with a new charter, the New England Charter of 1620. The Plymouth Company had 40 patentees at that point, and established the Council for New England to oversee their efforts, but it stopped operating in 1624.

The Council for New England was not dissolved until 1635 and issued several patents after 1624, including one to John Mason for New Hampshire and to New Plymouth Colony with the Bradford patent of 1630.

## InfoBox

Virginia Company of Plymouth
|
|  |
| Trade name | Plymouth Company |
| Industry | Maritime transport, trade |
| Founded | (10 April 1606 (1606-04-10)) at Westminster, England |
| Founder | James I |
| Defunct | 24 May 1624 (1624-05-24) |
| Fate | Dissolved following transformation of areas into crown colony |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Area served | New England |
| Products | Cash crops, timber |


title: Planos (Revueltas)

abstract: Planos (Planes) is a chamber-music composition by the Mexican composer Silvestre Revueltas, also slightly enlarged and scored for full orchestra and published under its alternate title, Danza geométrica. Both versions were composed in 1934, and the scores are both dedicated to the architect Ricardo Ortega.

text:
# Planos (Revueltas)

***Planos*** (Planes) is a chamber-music composition by the Mexican composer Silvestre Revueltas, also slightly enlarged and scored for full orchestra and published under its alternate title, ***Danza geométrica*** (Geometric Dance). Both versions were composed in 1934, and the scores are both dedicated to the architect Ricardo Ortega.

## History

From at least as early as 1926, the architect Ricardo Ortega had encouraged Revueltas to take his composing more seriously, and showed some of his early scores to Edgard Varèse. When, in 1934, Revueltas composed *Planos* with a structure clearly alluding to architectural models, he dedicated the score to his architect friend. Although Revueltas is often regarded as a Mexican nationalist with strong populist leanings, *Planos* contains no obvious reference to folklore. It is one of his purest musical works, in which the use of any folk-like musical elements is almost imperceptible. His references to geometry, though more programmatic than Varèse's, nevertheless indicate a kinship with the older composer's work in a shared overall linear character. Revueltas was certainly aware of Varèse's music and aesthetics in the 1920s, when the two composers had exchanged correspondence.

The chamber-music version was completed in March 1934, and was reorchestrated in June of the same year for full orchestra.

Revueltas described the work as

> functional architecture, which does not exclude sentiment. Melodic fragments derive from the same impulse, the same emotion as my other works; they sing in persistent rhythms, ever in motion; they produce sonorities that may seem strange because they are not common. My rhythms and sonorities are reminiscent of other rhythms and sonorities, just as building material in architecture is identical with any building material, but it serves for constructions that are different in meaning, form, and expression.

## Instrumentation

The chamber version, published as *Planos*, is scored for a nonet: B clarinet, B bass clarinet, bassoon, C trumpet, piano, 2 violins, cello, and double bass. This heterogenous scoring, reminiscent of provincial bands, resembles those of other Revueltas scores, such as *Alcancías* and  *Colorines*  (both from 1932), *Toccata sin Fuga* (1933), and the slightly later *Homenaje a Federico García Lorca*.

The large-orchestra version, published as *Danza geométrica*, is scored for piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 E clarinets, 2 B clarinets, B bass clarinet, 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, percussion (4 players: xylophone, glockenspiel, large and small tamtams, bass drum, slapstick, cymbal, large gong, tambourine, and tubular bells), 2 pianos, and strings. The larger ensemble seems to have required a temporal expansion as well. Two sections in the first half are extended and rewritten with newly added melodic material, the return of the opening material at the end is recast, and occasional motivic repetitions are added throughout.

## Analysis

*Planos* departs from the ternary A–B–A form Revueltas habitually employed in single-movement works. Instead, it is freely structured and through-composed. It is constructed in modular, mosaic fashion from six generating motives, each with several variant forms. These motives are manipulated and juxtaposed, resulting in their continual re-contextualization. The identity of each of these motivic groups is intensified by the use of particular timbres, intensities, articulations, registers, melodic contours, meters, rhythmic patterns, and durations. Revueltas combines them into a whole through the use of sequencing, double and triple superimposition, stretto, fragmentation, extension, and shadowing, united by a complex design of ostinatos and rhythmic planes. The resulting musical discourse is often both flowing and abrupt, "a faithful mirror of the daily battle within the conflicting imagery of his inner and outer worlds".

When the influence of Igor Stravinsky on the orchestral version was suggested, the composer reacted:

> It was performed last year. Opinion was divided. Some thought that it was Stravinsky; who knows what Stravinsky would have thought. Because it uses two pianos and some gongs, the chords at the beginning and end recall the sonority of the final chords of *Les noces* by Stravinsky; however, they are neither the same notes nor the same intervals, which probably bestows upon them an even stronger resemblance.

## Discography

### Chamber version

* Silvestre Revueltas: *Homenaje a Garcia Lorca*; *Planos, a Geometric Dance*; *Toccata sin fuga*; *Two Little Serious Pieces*; *Tres sonetos*. MGM Chamber Orchestra, Carlos Surinach, cond. LP recording, 1 sound disc: 33⅓ rpm, monaural; 12 in. MGM E 3496. Pan-American Music Series. \[N.p.\]: MGM Records, 1956.
* *Orquesta de la Universidad*. Eduardo Mata: *Improvisaciones no. 2*, for 2 pianos and strings; Silvestre Revueltas: *Planos*; *Ocho por radio*; Rodolfo Halffter: *Tres piezas para orquesta de cuerda*. Homero Valle, Jorge Suárez, pianos (in the 1st work); Orquesta de la Universidad; Eduardo Mata, conductor. LP recording, 1 audio disc: analog, 33⅓ rpm, 12 in., stereo. RCA Red Seal MRL/S-001. México, D.F. : RCA Red Seal, 1970.
* *Silvestre Revueltas: Musica de camara*. Revueltas: *Alcancías*; *El renacuajo paseador*; *Ocho por radio*; *Toccata sin fuga*; *Planos*. London Sinfonietta, David Atherton, cond. Recorded November 1979, London. LP recording, 1 audio disc: analog, 33⅓ rpm, 12 in. stereo. RCA Victor MRS-019. Mexico, D.F.: RCA Victor, 1980. Reissued on *Night of the Mayas: Music of Silvestre Revueltas*. CD recording, 1 audio disc: digital, 4¾ in., stereo. Catalyst 09026-62672-2. \[New York\]: Catalyst, 1994.
* *Homenaje a Revueltas*. Silvestre Revueltas: *Sensemayá*; *Ocho por radio*; *Planos* (chamber version); *Caminando*; *Este era un rey* (arr. by Timothy McKeown); *Hora de Junio*; *El renacuajo paseador*; *Pieza para doce instrumentos*; *Homenaje a Frederico García Lorca* (arr. by The Ebony Band); José Pomar: *Preludio y fuga rítmicos*. Juan Carlos Tajes, reciter; Ebony Band, Amsterdam, Werner Herbers, cond.. Recorded November 2003, at Concert Hall, Tilburg, The Netherlands. SACD hybrid recording, 1 audio disc: digital, 4 ¾ in., multi-channel surround sound/stereo. Channel Classics CCS SA 21104. Herwijnen, Netherlands: Channel Classics, 2004.

### Orchestral version

* *Silvestre Revueltas: Música orquestal*. New Philharmonia Orchestra of London; Eduardo Mata, conductor. Recorded November 1975 in Walthamstrow, London. LP recording, 2 sound discs: analog, 33⅓ rpm, stereo, 12 in. RCA Red Seal MRSA-1. Mexico, D.F.: RCA Red Seal, 1976. Reissued on *Silvestre Revueltas, Centennial Anthology 1899–1999: 15 Masterpieces*. CD recording, 2 audio discs: digital, 4¾ in., stereo. RCA Red Seal 09026-63548-2. New York: RCA Red Seal; México, D.F.: Conaculta, BMG, 1999.

**Sources**

* Archibald, Bruce. 1966. "Silvestre Revueltas: *Danza geometrica*. New York: Southern Music Publishing Co., 1964" (review). *Notes*, second series, 23, no. 2 (December): 345.
* Hernández, Juan de Dios. 2009. "Nationalism and Musical Architecture in the Symphonic Music of Silvestre Revueltas". DMA diss. Tucson: University of Arizona.
* Kolb Neuhaus, Roberto. 1998. "Silvestre Revueltas: Tale of an Unforgivable Oblivion". Peer Music Classical website (accessed 13 February 2015).
* Revueltas, Silvestre. 1989. *Silvestre Revueltas, por él mismo: apuntes autobiográficos, diarios, correspondencia y otros escritos de un gran músico*, edited by Rosaura Revueltas. Mexico, D.F.: Ediciones Era. ISBN 968-411-287-4.
* Sánchez-Gutierrez, Carlos Daniel. 1996. "The Cooked and the Raw: Syncretism in the Music of Silvestre Revueltas". PhD diss. Princeton: Princeton University.
* Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1945. *Music in Latin America*. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.

## Further reading

* Hoag, Charles. 2002. "Algunos aspectos de las melodías de Revueltas". In *Diálogo de resplandores: Carlos Chávez y Silvestre Revueltas*, edited by Ricardo Miranda Pérez and Yael Bitrán, 109–117. México, D.F.: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA) (Dirección General de Publicaciones). ISBN 978-970-18-8409-6.
* Leclair, Charmaine Françoise. 1995. "The Solo and Chamber Music of Silvestre Revueltas". PhD diss. Eugene: University of Oregon.
* Mayer-Serra, Otto. 1941. "Silvestre Revueltas and Musical Nationalism in Mexico". *The Musical Quarterly* 27, no. 2 (April): 123–145.
* Revueltas, Silvestre. 1963. *Planos (Planes) for Small Orchestra* (score). New York: Southern Music Publishing.
* Revueltas, Silvestre. 1964. *Danza Geometrica for Large Orchestra* (score). New York: Southern Music Publishing.
* Ruppli, Michel, and Ed Novitsky. 1998. *The MGM Labels: Additional Recordings*. Volume 3 of The MGM Labels: A Discography. Discographies: Association for Recorded Sound Collections Discographic Reference Series 75. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313300523.
* Saavedra, Leonora. 2009. "Manuel M. Ponce's *Chapultepec* and the Conflicted Representations of a Contested Space". *The Musical Quarterly* 92, nos. 3–4 (Fall–Winter): 279–328.
* Stevenson, Robert. 2001. "Revueltas, Silvestre". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.

* *Planos* on Vimeo, members of the UNM Symphony Orchestra, Jorge Pérez Gómez conducting


title: Planotetrastichus

abstract: Planotetrastichus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Planotetrastichus

***Planotetrastichus*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Planotetrastichus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Tetrastichinae |
| Genus: | *Planotetrastichus*<br>Yang, 1996 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: John de Peebles

abstract: John de Peebles [Peblys] was a 14th-century bishop of Dunkeld and chancellor of Scotland. He was a graduate of the University of Paris by 1351, where he became both a determinant and licentiate. He chose to remain there and soon became procurator of the "English nation" before obtaining a doctorate in Canon law. From 1360 he was an official in the bishopric of Glasgow and was master of the hospital of Peebles. By 1365 he was treasurer of Glasgow. Eventually he held canonries and prebends in that diocese and in the diocese of Aberdeen and controlled the church of Douglas. By 1374 he was archdeacon of St Andrews and the papal collector for the Kingdom of Scotland. He was provided to the bishopric of Dunkeld by Pope Gregory XI either in late 1377 or early 1378. When the Western Schism began, he initially supported Pope Urban VI, perhaps still being in Continental Europe on the succession of Urban. However, in 1379 Avignon Pope Clement VII commissioned the bishop of St Andrews to absolve him from this, and granted John leave to be consecrated by any adhering bishop. He was Chancellor of Scotland between March 1377 and March 1390. He died sometime between 18 March 1390 and 1 February 1391.

text:
# John de Peebles

**John de Peebles** \[Peblys\] was a 14th-century bishop of Dunkeld and chancellor of Scotland. He was a graduate of the University of Paris by 1351, where he became both a determinant and licentiate. He chose to remain there and soon became procurator of the "English nation" before obtaining a doctorate in Canon law. From 1360 he was an official in the bishopric of Glasgow and was master of the hospital of Peebles. By 1365 he was treasurer of Glasgow. Eventually he held canonries and prebends in that diocese and in the diocese of Aberdeen and controlled the church of Douglas. By 1374 he was archdeacon of St Andrews and the papal collector for the Kingdom of Scotland. He was provided to the bishopric of Dunkeld by Pope Gregory XI either in late 1377 or early 1378.

When the Western Schism began, he initially supported Pope Urban VI, perhaps still being in Continental Europe on the succession of Urban. However, in 1379 Avignon Pope Clement VII commissioned the bishop of St Andrews to absolve him from this, and granted John leave to be consecrated by any adhering bishop. He was Chancellor of Scotland between March 1377 and March 1390. He died sometime between 18 March 1390 and 1 February 1391.

* Dowden, John, *The Bishops of Scotland*, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)


title: John de Pageham

abstract: John de Pageham was a medieval Bishop of Worcester.

text:
# John de Pageham

**John de Pageham** (or **John of Pageham**) was a medieval Bishop of Worcester.

## Life

John was a clerk of Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury before he was selected to become bishop. He was ordained a priest on 3 March 1151. He was consecrated on 4 March 1151. He died in 1157, possibly in December.

## Citations

* Barlow, Frank *Thomas Becket* Berkeley, CA:University of California Press 1986 ISBN 0-520-07175-1
* British History Online Bishops of Worcester accessed on 3 November 2007
* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| John de Pageham | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Worcester | |
| Appointed | 1151 |
| Term ended | 1157 |
| Predecessor | Simon of Worcester |
| Successor | Alured |
| Previous post(s) | Clerk of Theobald of Bec |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 3 March 1151 |
| Consecration | 4 March 1151 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1157 |
| Denomination | Catholic |


title: John Williamson (Canadian politician)

abstract: John S. L. Williamson is a Canadian politician who has represented the riding of New Brunswick Southwest in the House of Commons of Canada as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada since 2019. He represented the riding from 2011 until his defeat in the 2015 election. He was elected again in the 2019 election.

text:
# John Williamson (Canadian politician)

**John S. L. Williamson** MP (born January 30, 1970) is a Canadian politician who has represented the riding of New Brunswick Southwest in the House of Commons of Canada as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada since 2019. He represented the riding from 2011 until his defeat in the 2015 election. He was elected again in the 2019 election.

## Education

Williamson graduated from Fredericton High School, and then McGill University with a degree in economics and political science. He later went on to receive a master's degree in economic history at the London School of Economics.

## Arms

Mr. Williamson is an heraldic heir, entitled to inherit a coat of arms. .

## Early career

Williamson joined the *National Post* as an editorial writer and was a founding member of the newspaper's editorial board (1998-2001) before moving on to the Canadian Taxpayers Federation in September 2002. After opening up the organization's Toronto office, as provincial director for Ontario, he was promoted to federal director in January 2004, acting as Ottawa spokesperson until his departure in September 2008, national director in Ottawa.

In 2009, Williamson was hired by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to become director of communications in the PMO and oversaw government-wide communications from his PMO perch. He stepped down in 2010 in order to prepare his campaign after deciding to run for elected office, and was succeeded as director of communications by Dimitri Soudas.

## Member of Parliament

Williamson was introduced, along with other candidates for the 41st Parliament, to readers of the St. Croix Courier in an April 2011 interview.

Williamson is an outspoken MP who sometimes speaks up against his own government policies, such as C-30, a bill that ignited some controversy about online anonymity.

Williamson is also responsible for creating public calls for an oil pipeline from its Alberta origin to Saint John, New Brunswick, that would carry undistilled petroleum product to the east and across the St. Lawrence River for refining at the J. D. Irving plant.

Williamson has called repeatedly for the creation of a federal "Sunshine" list that would publish the salary information of public servants who earn over $100,000 per year, as is done in some provinces, for example when he seconded in Parliament Brent Rathgeber's Private Member's Bill C-461, to propose the *CBC and Public Service Disclosure and Transparency Act*, on two occasions: upon first reading, and then upon reintroduction. Rathgeber resigned from the Conservative caucus on June 5, 2013, and Bill C-461 was knifed by the Conservative caucus in the amendment stage on February 26, 2014.

In April 2012 Williamson visited Toronto restaurant owner, Naveen Polapady, who was charged by Toronto Police with assault causing bodily harm, assault with a weapon and administering a noxious substance (a reference to the thrown spices) after allegedly defending his property from a repeated thief using spices from his kitchen. Williamson was quoted as saying "Like a lot of Canadians, when I heard this story I was outraged and concerned that once again the Toronto Police had targeted the wrong individual" referring to the previous case of David Chen who had been charged when he apprehended a thief who had been stealing from his Chinatown store.

On April 5, 2012, the Conservative majority in the Canadian Senate voted to scrap the long-gun registry. In a speech in the House of Commons, Williamson quoted Martin Luther King Jr.: "Free at last, free at last", accompanied by cheers by other Conservative MPs. This comment dismayed many, who thought it inappropriate to paraphrase the words of a man who was killed by a rifle.

On June 1, 2012 a story about Williamson's dismay in regard to International Cooperation Minister Bev Oda's travel expense claims surfaced in a CBC article. Williamson stated that he had brought the claims up in a caucus meeting but would not specify what he said due to caucus confidence. A member of his staff did, however, mention it could be taken in context of Williamson's past days as the National Director of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation.

In March 2013 Williamson joined several backbench Conservative MPs in speaking to a Point of Privilege launched by MP Mark Warawa to the Speaker. Williamson advocated to increase the freedom of individual MPs to speak in the House of Commons by encouraging the Speaker to recognize any MP who wishes to make a Member's Statement and also to pose a question in Question Period. The practice of the Speaker up to that point had been to recognize MPs who were allocated speaking spots by each party's leadership.

Williamson has said Alward should schedule the Senate vote for the same day as the 2014 provincial election. "I worry that if we wait until 2016, we're going to miss an opportunity, when the next Senate vacancy after that won't be until 2020, and that's an awfully long time," Williamson said.

He also supported Bill C-461, a controversial private member's bill that would have enacted a law that would publicly disclose the names and salaries of every federal employee earning in excess of $188,000. In a speech supporting the bill, Williamson stated that he thought the threshold should be even lower, and set at the rate of pay of MPs, which was $157,000 at the time.

On October 1, 2014, Williamson made a statement in the House of Commons criticising the incoming Liberal provincial government in New Brunswick over its moratorium on shale gas development.

On March 8, 2015, it was reported that Williamson made this remark about the Temporary Foreign Workers Program: "It makes no sense to pay 'whities' to stay home while we bring in brown people to work in these jobs." Williamson later apologized on Twitter for his "offensive and inappropriate language".

In the 2015 election, Williamson was defeated by Liberal candidate Karen Ludwig. He reclaimed the seat in the 2019 Federal election.

## Electoral record

| 2021 Canadian federal election: New Brunswick Southwest | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Conservative | John Williamson | 18,309 | 50.0 | +0.8 | $75,984.11 |
|  | Liberal | Jason Hickey | 8,750 | 23.9 | -1.6 | $51,273.87 |
|  | New Democratic | Richard Trevor Warren | 4,893 | 13.4 | +5.2 | $814.71 |
|  | People's | Meryl Sarty | 3,090 | 8.4 | +5.3 | $6,020.69 |
|  | Green | John Reist | 1,587 | 4.3 | -9.2 | $3,397.49 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 36,629 | 99.4 |  | $105,371.47 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 239 | 0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 36,868 | 67.4 |
| Eligible voters | | | 54,730 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | +1.2 |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |

| 2019 Canadian federal election: New Brunswick Southwest | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Conservative | John Williamson | 19,451 | 49.15 | +10.59 | $88,037.67 |
|  | Liberal | Karen Ludwig | 10,110 | 25.54 | -18.38 | $77,377.08 |
|  | Green | Susan Jonah | 5,352 | 13.52 | +8.57 | $7,039.17 |
|  | New Democratic | Doug Mullin | 3,251 | 8.21 | -4.36 | $0.00 |
|  | People's | Meryl Sarty | 1,214 | 3.07 | - | $5,133.77 |
|  | Veterans Coalition | Abe Scott | 200 | 0.51 | - | $0.00 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 39,578 | 100.00 |  |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 301 | 0,75 | +0.17 |
| Turnout | | | 39,879 | 74,46 | +0.21 |
| Eligible voters | | | 53,556 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | | +14.49 |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |

| 2015 Canadian federal election: New Brunswick Southwest | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Liberal | Karen Ludwig | 16,656 | 43.92 | +30.36 | $58,390.36 |
|  | Conservative | John Williamson | 14,625 | 38.56 | -18.10 | $115,782.35 |
|  | New Democratic | Andrew Graham | 4,768 | 12.57 | -10.74 | $14,930.22 |
|  | Green | Gayla MacIntosh | 1,877 | 4.95 | -0.15 | $1,331.74 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 37,926 | 100.00 |  | $198,596.97 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 220 | 0.58 | -0.01 |
| Turnout | | | 38,146 | 74.25 | +9.54 |
| Eligible voters | | | 51,376 |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | | +24.23 |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |

| 2011 Canadian federal election: New Brunswick Southwest | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Conservative | John Williamson | 18,066 | 56.64 | -1.68 | $46,347.59 |
|  | New Democratic | Andrew Graham | 7,413 | 23.24 | +6.69 | $7,703.67 |
|  | Liberal | Kelly Wilson | 4,320 | 13.54 | -6.03 | $25,159.26 |
|  | Green | Janice Harvey | 1,646 | 5.16 | -0.40 | $7,546.35 |
|  | Christian Heritage | Jason Farris | 450 | 1.41 |  | $2,698.60 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | | | 31,895 | 100.0 |  | $81,201.04 |
| Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots | | | 188 | 0.59 | -0.01 |
| Turnout | | | 32,083 | 64.71 | +3.54 |
| Eligible voters | | | 49,578 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | -4.18 |
| Sources: | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| John WilliamsonMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for New Brunswick Southwest | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
October 21, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Karen Ludwig |
| **In office**
May 2, 2011  October 19, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Greg Thompson |
| Succeeded by | Karen Ludwig |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1970-01-30) January 30, 1970
Fredericton, New Brunswick |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Residence | Saint Andrews, New Brunswick |
|  | |


title: Podanur-Chettipalayam Road

abstract: Chettipalayam Road, SH 162 is an arterial road in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. This road connects the city with the Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus and Podanur Junction. It is a four lane road from Podanur to Chettipalayam.

text:
# Podanur-Chettipalayam Road

**Chettipalayam Road**, **SH 162** is an arterial road in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. This road connects the city with the Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus and Podanur Junction. It is a four lane road from Podanur to Chettipalayam.

## Flyovers

In Chettipalayam Road, the Podanur flyover was opened in 2018 to reduce traffic congestion by the railway crossing in the Podanur-Palakkad railway line.

A grade separator has been planned at the L&T Bypass Road junction to facilitate the vehicle movement towards the Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus.

## Railway stations along Chettipalayam Road

## Bus Terminals along Chettipalayam Road

## Places transversed

## Major Landmarks on Chettipalayam Road

## Educational institutions

* GD Hospital

## Coimbatore Metro

The Coimbatore Metro feasibility study has been completed and one of the corridors has been planned from Ukkadam Bus Terminus to Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus covering 10 km.

## InfoBox

Chettipalayam Road
| Maintained by | Highways of Tamil Nadu
Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 8 km (5.0 mi) |
| South end | Podanur, Coimbatore |
| Major
junctions |
Kurichi Road/Sundarapuram Road(Podanur)
Vellalore Road(GD Hospital)
Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus
Eachanari Road(Eachanari Pirivu)
Coimbatore Bypass(L&T Bypass Road junction)
Malumichampatty Road/Kinathukadavu Road/Palladam Road(Chettipalayam Road) |
| South end | Chettipalayam, Coimbatore |


title: Plumbing (mathematics)

abstract: In the mathematical field of geometric topology, among the techniques known as surgery theory, the process of plumbing is a way to create new manifolds out of disk bundles. It was first described by John Milnor and subsequently used extensively in surgery theory to produce manifolds and normal maps with given surgery obstructions.

text:
# Plumbing (mathematics)

In the mathematical field of geometric topology, among the techniques known as surgery theory, the process of **plumbing** is a way to create new manifolds out of disk bundles. It was first described by John Milnor and subsequently used extensively in surgery theory to produce manifolds and normal maps with given surgery obstructions.

## Definition

Let $\xi \_{i}=(E\_{i},M\_{i},p\_{i})$ be a rank *n* vector bundle over an *n*-dimensional smooth manifold $M\_{i}$ for *i* = 1,2. Denote by $D(E\_{i})$ the total space of the associated (closed) disk bundle $D(\xi \_{i})$and suppose that $\xi \_{i},M\_{i}$ and $D(E\_{i})$are oriented in a compatible way. If we pick two points $x\_{i}\in M\_{i}$, *i* = 1,2, and consider a ball neighbourhood of $x\_{i}$ in $M\_{i}$, then we get neighbourhoods $D\_{i}^{n}\times D\_{i}^{n}$ of the fibre over $x\_{i}$ in $D(E\_{i})$. Let $h:D\_{1}^{n}\rightarrow D\_{2}^{n}$ and $k:D\_{1}^{n}\rightarrow D\_{2}^{n}$ be two diffeomorphisms (either both orientation preserving or reversing). The **plumbing** of $D(E\_{1})$ and $D(E\_{2})$ at $x\_{1}$ and $x\_{2}$ is defined to be the quotient space $P=D(E\_{1})\cup \_{f}D(E\_{2})$ where $f:D\_{1}^{n}\times D\_{1}^{n}\rightarrow D\_{2}^{n}\times D\_{2}^{n}$ is defined by $f(x,y)=(k(y),h(x))$. The smooth structure on the quotient is defined by "straightening the angles".

### Plumbing according to a tree

If the base manifold is an *n*-sphere $S^{n}$, then by iterating this procedure over several vector bundles over $S^{n}$ one can plumb them together according to a tree§8. If $T$ is a tree, we assign to each vertex a vector bundle *$\xi $* over $S^{n}$ and we plumb the corresponding disk bundles together if two vertices are connected by an edge. One has to be careful that neighbourhoods in the total spaces do not overlap.

## Milnor manifolds

Let $D(\tau \_{S^{2k})}$ denote the disk bundle associated to the tangent bundle of the *2k*-sphere. If we plumb eight copies of $D(\tau \_{S^{2k})}$ according to the diagram $E\_{8}$, we obtain a *4k*-dimensional manifold which certain authors call the **Milnor manifold** $M\_{B}^{4k}$ (see also E8 manifold).

For $k\>1$, the boundary $\Sigma ^{4k-1}=\partial M\_{B}^{4k}$ is a homotopy sphere which generates $\theta ^{4k-1}(\partial \pi )$, the group of *h*-cobordism classes of homotopy spheres which bound π-manifolds (see also exotic spheres for more details). Its signature is $sgn(M\_{B}^{4k})=8$ and there exists V.2.9 a normal map $(f,b)$ such that the surgery obstruction is $\sigma (f,b)=1$, where $g:(M\_{B}^{4k},\partial M\_{B}^{4k})\rightarrow (D^{4k},S^{4k-1})$ is a map of degree 1 and $b:\nu \_{B}^{4k}\rightarrow \xi $ is a bundle map from the stable normal bundle of the Milnor manifold to a certain stable vector bundle.

## The plumbing theorem

A crucial theorem for the development of surgery theory is the so-called *Plumbing Theorem* II.1.3 (presented here in the simply connected case):

For all $k\>1,l\in \mathbb {Z} $, there exists a *2k*-dimensional manifold $M$ with boundary $\partial M$ and a normal map $(g,c)$ where $g:(M,\partial M)\rightarrow (D^{2k},S^{2k-1})$ is such that $g|\_{\partial M}$ is a homotopy equivalence, $c$ is a bundle map into the trivial bundle and the surgery obstruction is $\sigma (g,c)=l$.

The proof of this theorem makes use of the Milnor manifolds defined above.

* Browder, William (1972), *Surgery on simply-connected manifolds*, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-50022-0
* Milnor, John (1956), *On simply connected 4-manifolds*, Symposium Internal de Topología Algebráica, México
* Hirzebruch, Friedrich; Berger, Thomes; Jung, Rainer (1994), *Manifolds and Modular Forms*, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-528-16414-0
* Madsen, Ib; Milgram, R. James (1979), *The classifying spaces for surgery and cobordism of manifolds*, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1-4008-8147-5
* López de Medrano, Santiago (1971), *Involutions on Manifolds*, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-65014-7


title: Podgóry, Puck County

abstract: Podgóry is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puck, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Puck and 49 km (30 mi) north of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Podgóry, Puck County

**Podgóry** \[pɔdˈɡurɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puck, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Puck and 49 km (30 mi) north of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Podgóry | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Podgóry | |
| Coordinates: 54°46′25″N 18°21′41″E / 54.77361°N 18.36139°E / 54.77361; 18.36139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Puck |
| Gmina | Puck |


title: Johnathan Aitken

abstract: Johnathan James Aitken is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins and the Chicago Blackhawks.

text:
# Johnathan Aitken

**Johnathan James Aitken** (born May 24, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins and the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Playing career

Aitken was drafted 8th overall in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. He played in three games over the course of his two-year entry-level contract. For the 2000–01 season he went to the Czech Republic to play for HC Sparta Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He returned to North America after only a year, and made it back to the NHL during the 2003–04 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, playing 41 games, scoring just one assist. He moved to the Austrian Hockey League for Klagenfurt AC for the 2006–07 season before retiring from professional hockey.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1993–94 | Sherwood Park Kings AAA | AMHL | | 31 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 54 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Medicine Hat Tigers | WHL | | 53 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 71 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995–96 | Medicine Hat Tigers | WHL | | 71 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 131 | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 1996–97 | Brandon Wheat Kings | WHL | | 65 | 4 | 18 | 22 | 211 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1997–98 | Brandon Wheat Kings | WHL | | 69 | 9 | 25 | 34 | 183 | | 18 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 67 |
| 1998–99 | Providence Bruins | AHL | | 65 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 92 | | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 1999–2000 | Boston Bruins | NHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | Providence Bruins | AHL | | 70 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 121 | | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 26 |
| 2000–01 | HC Sparta Praha | ELH | | 24 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 62 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Jackson Bandits | ECHL | | 43 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 141 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 28 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 43 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002–03 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 80 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 207 | | 9 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 18 |
| 2003–04 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 41 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Norfolk Admirals | AHL | | 40 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 97 | | 8 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 27 |
| 2004–05 | Manitoba Moose | AHL | | 46 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 101 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| 2005–06 | Hamilton Bulldogs | AHL | | 47 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 81 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Klagenfurt AC | EBEL | | 34 | 2 | 11 | 13 | 157 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Fort Saskatchewan Chiefs | ChHL | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 17 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Fort Saskatchewan Chiefs | ChHL | | 12 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 26 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | Fort Saskatchewan Chiefs | ChHL | | 14 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Innisfail Eagles | ACHW | | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 8 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| AHL totals | | | | 376 | 8 | 41 | 49 | 742 | | 45 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 97 |
| NHL totals | | | | 44 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| WHL | | |
| East Second All-Star Team | 1998 |  |
| AHL | | |
| Calder Cup (Providence Bruins) | 1999 |  |

* 2005 NHL Official Guide & Record Book ISBN 0-920445-91-8

## InfoBox

| Johnathan Aitken | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-05-24) May 24, 1978
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) | | |
| Weight | 211 lb (96 kg; 15 st 1 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Boston Bruins
HC Sparta Praha
Chicago Blackhawks
EC KAC | | |
| NHL draft | 8th overall, 1996
Boston Bruins | | |
| Playing career | 19982007 | | |


title: Police oversight in Chicago

abstract: Five government agencies in the city of Chicago are charged with oversight of the Chicago Police Department. These agencies have overlapping authority and their membership is determined through a mix of appointments by the Mayor of Chicago, confirmations by the Chicago City Council, and elections. The agencies were created and reformed over several years as a result of ongoing efforts for civilian oversight of law enforcement and in response to numerous controversies in the police department.

text:
# Police oversight in Chicago

Five government agencies in the city of Chicago are charged with **oversight of the Chicago Police Department**. These agencies have overlapping authority and their membership is determined through a mix of appointments by the Mayor of Chicago, confirmations by the Chicago City Council, and elections. The agencies were created and reformed over several years as a result of ongoing efforts for civilian oversight of law enforcement and in response to numerous controversies in the police department.

## History

In 1974, mounting allegations of police brutality in Chicago led to the creation of a blue-ribbon panel led by U.S. Representative Ralph Metcalfe. On the panel's recommendation, the Office of Professional Standards (OPS) was formed as an independent investigating agency. In 2007, amid criticism of the OPS' ineffectiveness and a series of police scandals, the City Council and Mayor Richard M. Daley replaced it with the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA). In 2015, controversy following the murder of Laquan McDonald led Mayor Rahm Emanuel to create the Police Accountability Task Force. In April 2016, the Task Force recommended sweeping changes including the replacement of IPRA with an agency with more authority and resources. In October 2016, City Council passed an ordinance creating the Civilian Office of Police Accountability (COPA) and granting more oversight powers to a new Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety in the city's inspector general office.

### CPAC and GAPA

In the 2010s, two new proposals for civilian oversight of police emerged and gained some support in the City Council. The Chicago chapter of the National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression began drafting an ordinance called **Civilian Police Accountability Council** (CPAC) in 2012, which was first introduced in City Council by alderperson Carlos Ramirez-Rosa in 2016. This was in part motivated by the murder of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald by Chicago Police officer Jason Van Dyke. It was proposed when then-Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel formed the Police Accountability Task Force, which was chaired Lori Lightfoot, who was later elected Mayor after Emanuel stepped down. As of 2020, only 19 Chicago aldermen supported the legislation; support from 26 aldermen is needed to pass the legislation.

The CPAC proposal would have created an elected agency with "authority to select the person in charge of the department tasked with investigating cops, hire and fire the police superintendent and make the final call on police rules." CPAC would be an elected council with a representative from each of Chicago's 22 police districts with the power to both appoint and dismiss the Superintendent of Police, investigate police misconduct, and would be the final authority regarding discipline in the Chicago Police Department.

In 2016, a coalition of community organizations formed the **Grassroots Alliance for Police Accountability** (GAPA), and proceeded to introduce an alternative police oversight proposal in 2017. The proposal, based partly on reforms in Seattle and Los Angeles, would have created a new commission with "the power to subpoena documents, fire the police superintendent, reversible only by a two-thirds City Council vote, establish police policy, choose the Police Board and hire and fire the Police Board president."

After voicing some support for the GAPA proposal in the 2019 election, Mayor Lori Lightfoot backed away from the proposal in October 2020, primarily over the issue of whether the proposed civilian body or the mayor would have final say over police department policy.

### ECPS

In February 2021, the CPAC and GAPA coalitions began talks on a joint effort for a compromise ordinance, which they put forward the subsequent month as the Empowering Communities for Public Safety (ECPS) ordinance. The measure advanced through City Council and garnered support with the Progressive, Black, and Latino caucuses. Lightfoot introduced an alternative measure, which would have retained mayoral control over superintendent appointments and departmental policy. In July 2021, Lightfoot agreed to support the ECPS proposal after a compromise that gave the proposed civilian commission authority over departmental policy while allowing for mayoral vetos of the commission (which in turn could be overturned by a two-thirds majority of City Council). The next week, the City Council passed the Empowering Communities for Public Safety ordinance in a 36–13 vote. The ordinance created two new bodies: a 7-member Community Commission for Public Safety and Accountability (CCPSA) and 3-member district councils for each of the 22 police districts in the city.

## Agencies

### Police District Councils

The Empowering Communities for Public Safety (ECPS) ordinance enacted in 2021 created 22 district councils corresponding to each of the 22 police districts in Chicago. Each council will consist of three members who are elected to four-year terms. The councils are required to hold monthly meetings and are charged with building connections between the police and the community, collaborating on the implementation of community policing, and soliciting community input on police policies and practices. The district councils also nominate 14 candidates for the Community Commission for Public Safety and Accountability (CCPSA), of which seven will be selected by the Mayor.

The first elections for district council members were held during the 2023 municipal elections, and councils will take office on May 2, 2023.

### Community Commission for Public Safety and Accountability

The ECPS ordinance enacted in 2021 also created the Community Commission for Public Safety and Accountability (CCPSA), a seven-member body that is charged with police oversight and accountability. The CCPSA holds monthly public meetings and is charged with promoting community engagement and transparency in policing, and has various oversight powers including:

* Submitting a list of candidates when vacancies occur in the offices of police superintendent, Police Board members, or COPA chief administrator (the Mayor selects and the Council confirms a nominee from this list)
* Setting goals for the police superintendent, the police department, the COPA chief administrator, and Police Board and evaluating the performance of each
* Soliciting public comment on and approving proposed policy changes for the police department (CCPSA decisions can be vetoed by the Mayor; these vetoes can in turn be overridden by a two-thirds majority of the City Council)
* Making recommendations to the Public Safety Inspector General
* Reviewing and recommending changes to the police department budget

In August 2022, Mayor Lori Lightfoot selected seven interim members for the CCPSA based on 14 candidates nominated by the City Council. The interim members will serve until the elected police district councils take office in May 2023 and recommend candidates for full terms on the CCPSA.

### Chicago Police Board

The Chicago Police Board is a nine-member agency charged with nominating candidates for the position of Superintendent to the Mayor, adopting rules and regulations for the department, and deciding disciplinary cases when the Superintendent files to discharge or suspend (for more than 30 days) a police officer. The Board is also charged with resolving disciplinary cases when there is a dispute between the Chief Administrator of the Civilian Office of Police Accountability and the Superintendent. The board is made up of nine civilian members who are appointed by the Mayor and confirmed by the City Council.

### Civilian Office of Police Accountability

The Civilian Office of Police Accountability (COPA) is an independent city agency which has the authority to investigate allegations of police officer misconduct and police shootings. It can make recommendations about disciplinary action and department policy, but cannot take such action itself. COPA was created in 2016, replacing the former Independent Police Review Authority.

### Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety

Within the city of Chicago's Office of Inspector General, the Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety is charged with "charged with auditing police practices, identifying troubling trends, recommending changes to the police contract and bird-dogging the new multi-tiered accountability system." This position was created in 2016, in the same ordinance that created the Independent Police Review Authority (since replaced by COPA).

The current Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety is Tobara Richardson, who was nominated by Inspector General Deborah Witzburg and confirmed by the City Council in September 2022.

1. Redmond, Larry (2015–2016). "Why We Need Community Control of the Police". *Public Interest Law Reporter*. **21**: 226  via HeinOnline.
2. Leven, Rachel L. (2017-09-29). "What's Really New About Chicago's Newest Police Oversight Office?". *Better Government Association*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
3. "Chicago police task force recommends sweeping changes in department". *Chicago Tribune*. Apr 13, 2016. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
4. "NYPD's assistant inspector general chosen as Chicago's police watchdog". *Chicago Sun-Times*. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
5. Chaidez, Alexandra (2020-06-18). "What's CPAC? Here's What You Need To Know About A Local Push For Civilian Oversight Of Police". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
6. "After Decades Of Police Corruption, Can Chicago Finally Reform Its Force?". *WBEZ*. June 13, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
7. Communities need control over police if justice is to prevail: Community oversight created without any community oversight is doomed to fail *Chicago Sun-Times*, Craig B. Futterman and Sheila A. Bedi, March 9, 2020
8. Stop Police Crimes - Enact CPAC for Community Control caarpr.org
9. The Next Step For Police Accountability in Chicago: Civilian Oversight *Midwest Socialist*, Sean Duffy, October 18, 2018
10. "Mayor's Police Accountability Panelists Balk At His Plan To Select Next COPA Chief". *WBEZ Chicago*. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
11. "'Grassroots' Plan Seeks Accountability For Police Leadership". *WBEZ Chicago*. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
12. "After chaotic hearing on civilian oversight of cops, alderman to change format". *Chicago Sun-Times*. 2018-05-18. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
13. Nitkin, Alex (2020-10-01). "Lightfoot 'Moving On' From GAPA Police Oversight Proposal, Pledges To Introduce 'Alternative' Plan". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
14. Toomey, Shamus (2021-02-19). "Rival Proposals To Let Civilians Run Police Department Could Be Merged In A Compromise Deal — But Lightfoot Delays Vote Again". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
15. Toomey, Shamus (2021-03-19). "Rival Civilian Oversight Plans For Police Department Join Forces For 'People's Ordinance'". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
16. Sabino, Pascal (2021-05-21). "'People's Ordinance' For Civilian Police Oversight Plan Set For City Council Committee Vote As Advocates Blast Lightfoot, Await Her Counterproposal". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
17. Bauer, Kelly (2021-05-24). "Lightfoot's Plan For Police Oversight Released As Battle Brews Over Her Proposal And Aldermen-Backed 'United Proposal'". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
18. Cherone, Heather (July 21, 2021). "City Council Approves Elected Board to Oversee Chicago Police with 36-13 Vote". *WTTW News*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
19. Waldman, Aviva (2021-07-28). "Here's what you should know about Chicago's latest police accountability 'compromise'". *Injustice Watch*. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
20. "What are District Councils?". *www.chicago.gov*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
21. Rhodes, Dawn (2023-01-30). "What Do Police District Councils Do?". *Block Club Chicago*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
22. "2023 Election Information Pamphlet and Calendar" (PDF). *Chicago Board of Elections*. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
23. "What is the Community Commission?". *www.chicago.gov*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
24. "Lightfoot appoints 7-member interim police oversight commission". *Chicago Sun-Times*. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
25. Chapter 2-84, Municipal Code of Chicago, including amendments passed on September 8, 2011.
26. "Chicago Police Board". *City of Chicago*. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
27. "Activists push for new police oversight board in Chicago". *Associated Press*. 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
28. Chapter 2-78, Chicago Municipal Code, retrieved on June 20, 2020.
29. "Our History". *Chicago COPA*. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
30. Washington, Kenyatta (2022-08-18). "Inspector General Witzburg to Nominate Tobara Richardson To Serve as Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety". *Office of Inspector General*. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
31. "City Council protects abortion rights, declares Chicago 'bodily autonomy sanctuary city'". *Chicago Sun-Times*. 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2023-03-27.


title: Point, Mississippi

abstract: Point is an unincorporated community in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, United States. Its ZIP code is 39323.

text:
# Point, Mississippi

**Point** is an unincorporated community in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, United States. Its ZIP code is 39323.

## History

Initially established sometime prior to 1891 as a flagstop and freight station on the Illinois Central Railroad, the community was known as Lacey until September 1895, when a post office was established at the place by Samuel H. Wilson. The community had a depot, water tank, post office, house track, school, and a siding track. The population was 27 in 1900. The post office was abolished in March 1907.

## InfoBox

| Point, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Bridge over Chunky River with Kansas City Southern crossing in the background in Point, Mississippi | |
| PointPoint | |
| Coordinates: 32°18′41″N 88°53′26″W / 32.31139°N 88.89056°W / 32.31139; -88.89056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Lauderdale |
| Elevation | 276 ft (84 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 39320 |
| Area code(s) | 601 & 769 |
| GNIS feature ID | 676166 |


title: Johnlongia

abstract: Johnlongia is an extinct genus of sand shark from the Cretaceous period. It contains two described species, J. parvidens and J. allocotodon, and possibly a third unnamed species from the Niobrara Chalk. It is presumed piscivorous; however, it forms a clade with an early filter-feeding shark genus, Pseudomegachasma.

text:
# Johnlongia

***Johnlongia*** is an extinct genus of sand shark from the Cretaceous period. It contains two described species, *J. parvidens* and *J. allocotodon*, and possibly a third unnamed species from the Niobrara Chalk. It is presumed piscivorous; however, it forms a clade with an early filter-feeding shark genus, *Pseudomegachasma*.

## InfoBox

| *Johnlongia*
Temporal range: Albian-Coniacian | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Subdivision: | Selachimorpha |
| Order: | Lamniformes |
| Family: | Odontaspididae |
| Subfamily: | Johnlonginae |
| Genus: | *Johnlongia*
Siverson, 1996 |
|
| Species | |
| * *J. parvidens* * *J. allocotodon* | |


abstract: The Poland women's national rugby sevens team represents Poland in rugby sevens. They compete in the Rugby Europe Women's Sevens.

text:
# Poland women's national rugby sevens team

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rugby Europe Women's Sevens | | |
|  | 2022 Portugal–Poland |  |
|  | 2021 Portugal–Russia |  |
| European Games | | |
|  | 2023 Kraków–Małopolska |  |

The **Poland women's national rugby sevens team** represents Poland in rugby sevens. They compete in the Rugby Europe Women's Sevens.

## History

Poland placed second overall at the 2021 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Championship Series. They helped Kazakhstan prepare for the Olympic qualifiers.

Poland qualified for the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town after winning one of four available spots at the European Qualifiers in Bucharest. The team then won the silver medal at the 2023 European Games, qualifying for the final 2024 Summer Olympics play off tournament.

In 2024, they participated in the World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series; they placed sixth overall in the first round of the series which took place in Dubai. They finished fourth at the 2024 Sevens Challenger Series and secured their place at the new SVNS Play-off promotion and relegation competition in Madrid.

## Tournament history

### Rugby World Cup Sevens

| Rugby World Cup Sevens | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | L | D |
| 2009 | ***Did not qualify*** | | | | | |
| 2013 | |
| 2018 | |
| 2022 | Challenge Final | 10th | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | 0 Titles | 1/4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |

## Players

### Recent squad

Poland's squad to the 2024 World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series:

| No. | Player | Date of birth (age) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Patrycja Zawadzka |  |
| 2 | Julianna Schuster | 17 May 1997 |
| 3 | Tamara Czumer-Iwin |  |
| 5 | Marta Morus | 9 August 2003 |
| 7 | Anna Klichowska | 25 March 1993 |
| 9 | Hanna Maliszewska | 19 April 1992 |
| 10 | Julia Druzgała | 28 April 2004 |
| 11 | Natalia Pamięta | 28 August 1999 |
| 12 | Sylwia Witkowska | 14 April 1996 |
| 13 | Ilona Zaishliuk | 10 October 1997 |
| 15 | Martyna Wardaszka |  |
| 19 | Oliwia Krysiak |  |

### Previous squads

**Squad to the 2022 World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series**
| **Squad** | Patrycja Zawadzka • Julianna Schuster • Tamara Czumer-Iwin • Małgorzata Kołdej • Marta Morus • Katarzyna Paszczyk • Anna Klichowska • Karolina Jaszczyszyn (c) • Hanna Maliszewska • Julia Druzgała • Natalia Pamięta • Sylwia Witkowska |
| --- | --- |

**Squad to the 2021 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Championship Series**
| **Squad** | Marta Nowosz • Aleksandra Lachowska • Tamara Czumer • Malgorzata Koldej • Marta Morus • Patrycja Zawadzka • Anna Klichowska • Karolina Jaszczyszyn (c) • Hanna Maliszewska • Julia Druzgala • Natalia Pamieta • Sylwia Witkowska |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Poland
| Union | Polish Rugby Union |
| --- | --- |
| Coach(es) | Janusz Urbanowicz |
| Captain(s) | Karolina Jaszczyszyn |
| **World Cup Sevens** | |
| Appearances | 1 (*First in 2022*) |
| Best result | 10th |