title: Philippine presidential inauguration

abstract: The inauguration of the president of the Republic of the Philippines is a ceremony marking the commencement of the six-year term of a president of the Philippines, who is both head of state and head of government. The inauguration is performed on June 30, as mandated by the 1987 Constitution. Under the older 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration held on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony was that of President Bongbong Marcos, who began his six-year term in office on Thursday, June 30, 2022. The only inauguration element mandated by the Constitution is that the president-elect takes the oath, or makes an affirmation, before that person can "enter on the execution" of the office of the presidency. Over the years, various unofficial traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls. When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death, resignation, or deposition of another president, the oath of office is administered as soon as possible, and due to the sudden nature of such an event, formal public celebrations are not held.

text:
# Philippine presidential inauguration

The **inauguration of the president of the Republic of the Philippines** is a ceremony marking the commencement of the six-year term of a president of the Philippines, who is both head of state and head of government. The inauguration is performed on June 30, as mandated by the 1987 Constitution. Under the older 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration held on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony was that of President Bongbong Marcos, who began his six-year term in office on Thursday, June 30, 2022.

The only inauguration element mandated by the Constitution is that the president-elect takes the oath, or makes an affirmation, before that person can "enter on the execution" of the office of the presidency. Over the years, various unofficial traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.

When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death, resignation, or deposition of another president, the oath of office is administered as soon as possible, and due to the sudden nature of such an event, formal public celebrations are not held.

## Inauguration rites

The ceremony since 1992 traditionally begins with the president-elect fetching the incumbent in Malacañang Palace on the morning of June 30. At the Palace's State Entrance, the president-elect will wait for the incumbent to descend the Grand Staircase. Upon meeting at the foot of the staircase, the president-elect would greet the incumbent.

Both travel to the Quirino Grandstand aboard any of the presidential cars. Following protocol, the outgoing president takes the back right-hand seat of the vehicle, while the president-elect is seated behind the chauffeur. At the Grandstand's parade grounds, the outgoing president will be welcomed with arrival honors, and then shake hands with the president-elect. The outgoing president conducts a final troop review and is presented to the public before departing the Grandstand aboard their own private vehicle. Corazon Aquino broke the custom of leaving the Grandstand immediately, choosing instead to stay until the end of Fidel Ramos's inaugural speech. Ramos also attended the oath-taking of Joseph Estrada and the inaugural ceremonies.

The inauguration proper then begins with the singing of the national anthem. An ecumenical invocation follows, led by leaders of the different major religions of the Philippines, followed by a patriotic musical piece by a musical ensemble. Afterward, the president of the Senate of the Philippines reads the Joint Resolution of the Joint Congressional Board of Canvassers proclaiming the newly elected president and vice president. Since the Third Republic, the vice-president-elect is sworn in before the president-elect to immediately secure the line of succession. During his inauguration, President Manuel L. Quezon took the oath of office first to mark a "new start".

As mandated by the Constitution, the president-elect then takes the oath of office at exactly 12:00 PST (GMT+8); in 2010, President-elect Aquino did not await noon, he instead took his oath moments after Vice-President-elect Binay finished doing so. The oath is customarily administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but that is not required. Due to political differences, Benigno Aquino III instead had then-Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer the oath instead of then-Chief Justice Renato Corona. A 21-gun salute is then immediately fired, followed by four ruffles and flourishes and the Presidential Anthem, *We Say Mabuhay*, is played in honor of the new president, followed by the presidential honors music *Marangal na Parangal* (Glorious Honors).

The new president then delivers an inaugural address. Previous inaugurations also saw a full military and civil parade in the same manner as the Independence Day celebrations on 12 June (similar to the US Inaugural Parades) right after the address. From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, similar parades were also held on Rizal Day on 30 December as well and to ring in the New Year's celebrations that would start the day after.

The new president then returns to Malacañang Palace to formally take possession of the residence. This formal entry is symbolized by the president ascending the Grand Staircase and proceeding to the Ceremonial Hall. Juan Luna's painting, *The Blood Compact*, is currently displayed at the top of the Staircase. The president then inducts the new Cabinet on the same day and holds its first meeting immediately after.

In the evening, an inaugural reception is held for other officials and foreign dignitaries who wish to call on the new president. The customary banquets of either a *vin d'honneur* or an inaugural ball were abolished in an effort to revert to the pre-martial law practice of simpler official receptions. The last inaugural ball was held in 1981 for Ferdinand Marcos' third inauguration, which was also the last time the *Rigodon de Honor* (a Hispanic dance analogous to a court dance) was performed; it was again danced on the Independence Day celebrations of 2009. The president concludes the ceremonies with a toast, as a gesture of amity towards states that maintain diplomatic ties with the Philippines.

### Date

The new president is to be inaugurated at noon of June 30 as currently mandated by the 1987 Constitution, but past ceremonies were held on different dates. The first president, Emilio Aguinaldo, was inaugurated on January 23, 1899, while presidents under the 1935 Constitution were inaugurated at noon of Rizal Day (December 30). Only two presidents under the 1935 Constitution were not inaugurated on December 30, namely Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. Ferdinand Marcos changed the inauguration date to the present June 30, while his successors Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo were inaugurated on February 25, 1986, and January 20, 2001, respectively, Aquino after the People Power Revolution and Arroyo after the Second EDSA Revolution.

### Location

Nine inaugurations have been held at the Quirino Grandstand in the Luneta, namely Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (December 1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981), Ramos (1992) and Aquino III (2010). Presidents Estrada and Arroyo only delivered their inaugural addresses there. To date, Estrada and Arroyo were the only presidents to take the oath of office and inaugural addresses in two different locations.

Other presidents, namely Aguinaldo and Estrada, were inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan; Quezon, Laurel, Roxas and Marcos Jr. were inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building (renamed as the National Museum of Fine Arts when Marcos Jr. was inaugurated); and Aquino in Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila. Marcos was inaugurated in Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace in 1986, and Duterte was inaugurated in the Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace in 2016. Arroyo took her first oath as president at the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Osmeña, who assumed the presidency upon the death of his predecessor Manuel L. Quezon, took his oath of office in Washington D.C. Quirino and Garcia took their first oath of office in the Quirino Council of State Room of the Malacañang Palace following the death of their predecessors.

List of venues that hosted inaugurations
| Times hosted | Venue | Location | Ceremonies |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 | Independence Grandstand / Quirino Grandstand | Manila, Metro Manila | 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1981, 1992, 2010 |
| 4 | Malacañang Palace | | 1948, 1957, 1986, 2016 |
| | Legislative Building / National Museum of Fine Arts | | 1935, 1943, 1946, 2022 |
| 2 | Barasoain Church | Malolos, Bulacan | 1899, 1998 |
| | Washington, D.C. | United States | 1943, 1944 |
| 1 | Holy Cross Parish Church | Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite | 1897 |
| | Malinta Tunnel | Corregidor, Cavite | 1941 |
| | Club Filipino | San Juan, Metro Manila | 1986 |
| | EDSA Shrine | Quezon City, Metro Manila | 2001 |
| | Cebu Provincial Capitol | Cebu City, Cebu | 2004 |

### Attendees

In addition to the general public, the following are the attendants of the inauguration:

If a civil-military parade follows the speech the format is the same as in the Independence Day parades, with the AFP first, with the units of the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and the Philippine Coast Guard following them and later by civilian marchers representing the government, private sector, youth and youth uniformed organizations, national athletes and the representatives of the nation's religious sector and its various ethnic nationalities.

## Ceremonial

### Oath of office

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution, before the president and vice-president can

> *SECTION 5. ...enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation:* “I, \_________ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.” (In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.)

The oath from the Filipino version of the Constitution was used for the inaugurations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos:

> *Ako, si \_______________, ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan \[o pinatotohanan\] na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo \[o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo\] ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos.* \[*Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.*\]

### Inaugural address

Every president since Emilio Aguinaldo delivered an inaugural address. Presidents, who became president upon the death of their predecessor, also delivered an address. It is usually delivered after the new president took the oath of office. However, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered the inaugural address first at the Quirino Grandstand and then took the oath of office in Cebu.

## List of inaugural ceremonies

Note: Vice presidents-elect usually take the oath of office with the president-elect, but Rodrigo Duterte broke tradition by requesting then Vice President-elect Leni Robredo to hold inauguration rites separately. The only other instance that the vice president was inaugurated separately was when Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded to the presidency and nominated Teofisto Guingona as vice president. Guingona was confirmed by Congress on February 9, 2001, and took the oath of office the same day.

| Date | President | Event | Location | Oath administered by | Document sworn on | Address | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 22, 1897 | Emilio Aguinaldo | First inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo | Holy Cross Parish Church, Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite | Fr. Cenon Villafranca | none | none |  |
| January 23, 1899 | | Second inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo | Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan | Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini | | Full text |  |
| November 15, 1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Legislative Building, Manila | Ramon Avanceña | | Full text |  |
| December 30, 1941 | | Second inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor, Cavite City | José Abad Santos | | Full text |  |
| November 15, 1943 | | Third inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Washington, D.C., United States | US Assoc. Justice Felix Frankfurter | | none |  |
| August 1, 1944 | Sergio Osmeña | | Inauguration of Sergio Osmeña
(Extraordinary inauguration) | US Assoc. Justice Robert H. Jackson | | Full text | First of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| October 14, 1943 | Jose P. Laurel | Inauguration of José P. Laurel | Legislative Building, Manila | José Yulo | | Full text |  |
| May 28, 1946 | Manuel Roxas | First inauguration of Manuel Roxas | | Manuel Moran | | Full text |  |
| July 4, 1946 | | Second inauguration of Manuel Roxas | | Independence Grandstand, Manila | | none |  |
| April 17, 1948 | Elpidio Quirino | First inauguration of Elpidio Quirino
(Extraordinary inauguration) | Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace | Assoc. Justice Ricardo Paras | | Full text | Second of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| December 30, 1949 | | Second inauguration of Elpidio Quirino | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Manuel Moran | | Full text |  |
| December 30, 1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | | Inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay | Ricardo Paras | Two family bibles; one each from his mother and father's side | Full text |  |
| March 18, 1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | First inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia
(Extraordinary inauguration) | | Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace | none | Full text | Third of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| December 30, 1957 | | Second inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia | | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Closed family bible | Full text |  |
| December 30, 1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal | | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | César Bengzon | Full text |  |
| December 30, 1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | | | Two closed family bibles; one owned by his father Mariano and one owned by his wife Imelda. | Full text |  |
| December 30, 1969 | | Second inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | | Roberto Concepcion | none | Full text |  |
| June 12, 1978 | | Prime Ministerial confirmation of Ferdinand Marcos | | Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City | Fred Ruiz Castro | none |  |
| June 30, 1981 | | Third inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Enrique Fernando | Two closed family bibles | Full text |  |
| February 25, 1986 | | Fourth inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
(Extraordinary inauguration) | Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace | Ramon Aquino | none | none |  |
| February 25, 1986 | Corazon Aquino | Inauguration of Corazon Aquino
(Extraordinary inauguration) | Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila | Assoc. Justice Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Closed family bible; owned by Aurora Aquino, mother of Ninoy Aquino | Full text |  |
| June 30, 1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Andres Narvasa | Closed family bible | Full text |  |
| June 30, 1998 | Joseph Ejercito Estrada | Inauguration of Joseph Estrada | Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan | | | Full text |  |
| January 20, 2001 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(Extraordinary inauguration) | EDSA Shrine, Quezon City | Hilario Davide, Jr. | | Full text |  |
| June 30, 2004 | | Second inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Cebu Provincial Capitol, Cebu City | | Closed family bible; same one used by Diosdado Macapagal in 1961 | Full text |  |
| June 30, 2010 | Benigno S. Aquino III | Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Assoc. Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales | Closed family bible; same one used by Corazon Aquino in 1986 | Full text |  |
| June 30, 2016 | Rodrigo Roa Duterte | Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte | Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace, Manila | Assoc. Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes | Family bible; owned by Rodrigo's mother, Soledad | Full text | Vice President Leni Robredo held a separate inauguration at Quezon City Reception House |
| June 30, 2022 | Bongbong Marcos | Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos | National Museum of Fine Arts, Manila | Alexander Gesmundo | Closed family bible used by his father Ferdinand Marcos during 1965 Presidential Inauguration | Full text | Vice President Sara Duterte held a separate inauguration at San Pedro Square in Davao City on June 19, 2022 |

1. Quezon, Manuel L. III (ed.). "Presidents of the Philippines". *The Philippine Presidency Project*. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
2. Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural". *The Long View*. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
3. The Possession of Malacañang Palace, Presidential Museum and Library, June 30, 2012
4. "Briefer on the Vin d'honneur | GOVPH".
5. "1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY". *www.chanrobles.com*.
6. The Protocol, Ceremony, History and Symbolism of the Presidential Inauguration on the Presidential Museum and Library
7. Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural".
8. *ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS*, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
9. "Photo5". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
10. "Separate inauguration a first in recent history". *philstar.com*.
11. Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ISBN 1-881261-05-0
12. Kitty Duterte to hold Bible of Duterte's mother for oath-taking, Pia Ranada, Rappler, June 27, 2016
13. "WATCH: Marcos Jr. uses Bible from dad's 1965 inauguration for his own oath-taking". *ABS-CBN News*. June 30, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.


title: Philippa Coulthard

abstract: Philippa Anne Coulthard is an Australian television actress, best known for playing Jorjie in the Doctor Who spin-off series K-9, lead character Amber Mitchell in Lightning Point, and Helen Schlegel in the BBC production of Howards End. Started performing on a stage in 1996, when she was four, taking dance classes at Promenade Dance School.

text:
# Philippa Coulthard

**Philippa Anne Coulthard** is an Australian television actress, best known for playing Jorjie in the *Doctor Who* spin-off series *K-9*, lead character Amber Mitchell in *Lightning Point*, and Helen Schlegel in the BBC production of *Howards End*.

Started performing on a stage in 1996, when she was four, taking dance classes at Promenade Dance School.

## Filmography

Film roles
| Year | Work | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *Unfinished Sky* | Rose |  |
| 2013 | *After the Dark* | Poppie | originally titled *The Philosophers* |
| 2015 | *Now Add Honey* | Clare Morgan |  |
| 2017 | *Annabelle: Creation* | Nancy |  |

Television roles
| Year | Work | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009–10 | *K-9* | Jorjie Turner | Main role |
| 2012 | *Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms* | Leanne | Episodes 1.05, 1.06 |
| 2012 | *Lightning Point* | Amber Mitchell | Main role; also known as *Alien Surf Girls* |
| 2014 | *Secrets and Lies* | Tasha Gundelach | Main role |
| 2017 | *The Catch* | Tessa Riley | Recurring role |
| 2017 | *Howards End* | Helen Schlegel | Miniseries |
| 2018 | *Gone* | Samantha | Episode 1.09 |
| 2019 | *For the People* | Betty | Episode 2.09 |

## InfoBox

| Philippa Anne Coulthard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2007–present |


title: Jiří Zelenka

abstract: Jiří Zelenka is a Czech ice hockey forward. He played 15 seasons for HC Sparta Praha. Zelenka scored 69 goals in Czechoslovak Extraliga and 199 goals in Czech Extraliga. Zelenka played 24 games and scored 13 goals in Euroleague.

text:
# Jiří Zelenka

**Jiří Zelenka** (born 17 August 1972) is a Czech ice hockey forward. He played 15 seasons for HC Sparta Praha.

Zelenka scored 69 goals in Czechoslovak Extraliga and 199 goals in Czech Extraliga.

Zelenka played 24 games and scored 13 goals in Euroleague.

## InfoBox

| Jiří Zelenka | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-08-17) August 17, 1972
Prague, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 187 lb (85 kg; 13 st 5 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | HC Sparta Praha
Blues
Wölfe Freiburg
HC Plzeň | | |
| National team | Czech Republic | | |
| Playing career | 19902009
2012–2014 | | |


title: Joan D. Hedrick

abstract: Joan Doran Hedrick is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and biographer of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Jack London.

text:
# Joan D. Hedrick

**Joan Doran Hedrick** (born May 1, 1944) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and biographer of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Jack London.

## Early life and career

Hedrick was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Paul Thomas Doran and Jane Connorton Doran.

She earned an A.B. degree from Vassar College in 1966, and a Ph.D. from Brown University in 1974. Her Ph.D. dissertation at Brown was titled "The True American: Henry Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, 'Prufrock', and Others". She taught at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut from 1972 through 1980 and in 1980 began teaching at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.

## Works

In 1982, Hedrick's first book, *Solitary Comrade: Jack London and His Work*, was published by the University of North Carolina Press. Her book *Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life* was published in 1994 by Oxford University Press and won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. The book received favorable reviews from *The New York Times* and *Publishers Weekly*.

## InfoBox

| Joan D. Hedrick | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Joan Doran<br>Baltimore, Maryland |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Charles A. Dana Professor of History, Emerita |
| Spouse | Travis Hedrick |
| Awards | Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Brown University |
| Thesis | *The True American : Henry Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, "Prufrock", and Others* (1974) |
|  | |


title: Phil Sterner

abstract: Phillip M. Sterner is a Minnesota politician, DFL Party member and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives who represented State Senate District 37B, which included portions of Dakota County in the southeastern Twin Cities metropolitan area. After the retirement announcement of long-time Republican Rep. Dennis Ozment, Sterner ran for and won the November 4, 2008, general election, defeating Republican Judy Lindsay. He was subsequently unseated by Republican Kurt Bills in the November 2, 2010, general election. Sterner is the owner of an insurance business in Apple Valley and has served on the Rosemount City Council. He and his children have attended ISD 196 public schools. Sterner's priorities while in office included job growth, reduction in property taxes, support for education, and making health care more effective and more affordable.

text:
# Phil Sterner

**Phillip M. Sterner** (born 1960) is a Minnesota politician, DFL Party member and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives who represented State Senate District 37B, which included portions of Dakota County in the southeastern Twin Cities metropolitan area.

After the retirement announcement of long-time Republican Rep. Dennis Ozment, Sterner ran for and won the November 4, 2008, general election, defeating Republican Judy Lindsay. He was subsequently unseated by Republican Kurt Bills in the November 2, 2010, general election.

Sterner is the owner of an insurance business in Apple Valley and has served on the Rosemount City Council. He and his children have attended ISD 196 public schools.

Sterner's priorities while in office included job growth, reduction in property taxes, support for education, and making health care more effective and more affordable.

## InfoBox

| Phillip Sterner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
from the 37B district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 2009  January 3, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Dennis Ozment |
| Succeeded by | Kurt Bills |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1960
Bismarck, North Dakota |
| Political party | Democratic Farmer Labor Party |
| Children | 5 |
| Residence | Burnsville, Minnesota |
| Alma mater | University of St. Thomas |
| Occupation | Business owner, legislator |
|  | |


title: Joe Felmet

abstract: Joseph Andrew Felmet was an American journalist, pacifist, and civil rights activist. He worked as a reporter for The Hartford Times and the Winston-Salem Journal. He participated in the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947, considered the precursor to the Freedom Riders.

text:
# Joe Felmet

**Joseph Andrew Felmet** (May 31, 1921 – 1994) was an American journalist, pacifist, and civil rights activist. He worked as a reporter for *The Hartford Times* and the *Winston-Salem Journal*. He participated in the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947, considered the precursor to the Freedom Riders.

## Early life

Felmet was born on May 31, 1921, in Asheville, North Carolina. He attended Lee H. Edwards High School and delivered newspapers for *The Asheville Times*. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1942 with a bachelor's degree in journalism.

## Civil rights, journalism, and politics

After graduating from college, Felmet worked as a reporter for the *Asheville Advocate*. In 1942, he was sent to a conscientious objector camp for failing to register with the Selective Service. He was released after agreeing to register with the Selective Service after spending six months in the camp, but in 1943, he was drafted to the United States Army and refused to report. Felmet was sentenced to one year and one day in prison, but was released after six months. After the war, he joined the United World Federalists. He registered with the Socialist Party of America. In 1946, he became secretary of the Workers' Defense League (WDL). He was sentenced to 15 days in jail in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in February 1947 for not registering with the city prior to canvassing in African-American neighborhoods for the WDL.

In April 1947, Felmet participated in the Journey of Reconciliation, the precursor to the Freedom Riders, challenging racial segregation. Felmet, Bayard Rustin, Igal Roodenko, and Andrew Johnson were arrested in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation. They were sentenced to serve on a chain gang for 30 days. On June 17, 2022, Judge Allen Baddour, with full consent of the State and Defense, dismissed the charges against the four Freedom Riders, with members of the exonerees’ families in attendance.

Felmet worked as a reporter for *The Hartford Times* in the 1950s. He returned to North Carolina in 1955 when he accepted a job with the *Winston-Salem Journal*, where he worked in the editorial staff. Felmet retired from journalism in 1969.

In the 1974 elections, Felmet ran for the Democratic Party nomination for North Carolina's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, challenging incumbent Republican Wilmer Mizell on an anti-war platform. He lost the primary election to Stephen L. Neal, receiving 5,141 votes to Neal's 28,379, and Neal went on to defeat Mizell. Felmet ran for the Democratic Party nomination for the United States Senate in the 1978 election. Luther H. Hodges Jr., who received 38% of the vote, and John Ingram, getting 26% of the vote, advanced to a runoff election.

Felmet delivered a petition to President Jimmy Carter and Governor Jim Hunt seeking a pardon on behalf of the Wilmington Ten. As a member of the War Resisters League, Felmet petitioned President Ronald Reagan to end the draft, which President Carter had reinstated during his administration. He was arrested on the campus of North Carolina State University for trespassing when he refused to stop circulating petitions. Felmet filed a brief with the court challenging the university's restrictions on outsiders communicating with students as a violation of his First Amendment rights. The university dropped the charges and agreed to review their policy. Felmet enrolled at Wake Forest University to study the Russian language, and petitioned the United States Information Agency for issues of *Amerika*, the Russian-language magazine published by the United States Department of State. They declined his request based on the Smith–Mundt Act, a 1948 anti-propaganda law that prohibits domestic distribution of its materials meant for foreign distribution.

## Personal life

In 1952, it was reported that Felmet was engaged to Marianne Ryon of Stonington, Connecticut. It is not clear that the marriage took place.

It is known that on July 27, 1965, Felmet married widow Marjorie "Margie" Halpern (née Marjorie Spainhour Keiger). Her father, Joseph Lee Keiger, Sr. (1899-1956), founded Old Town Telephone System. Through a series of mergers, the company became part of what would be known as the telecommunications company Alltel, which along the way would provide substantial financial assets to Margie. Despite the monetary comfort her money brought to the couple, they lived in a modest house in Winston-Salem.

Margie was a talented piano player and teacher. She was a graduate of Hollins College and UNC Chapel Hill, with an MA from Eastman School of Music in Rochester, NY. She taught piano at Meredith College in the 1940s and later taught at Wake Forest University and gave private piano lessons in Winston-Salem.

Margie died on March 9, 1993, from a blood disorder.

After Margie's death, Felmet focused his attention on challenging his wife's will. Her estate was substantial primarily due to investments rooted in her father's founding of Old Town Telephone System. Although the will provided generous lifetime support for Felmet, his wife also intended for her siblings and their heirs to benefit from her father's achievements and pass that heritage on to them. Felmet insisted he was entitled to more than the will specified and was successful in gaining a notable portion of additional proceeds from her estate through legal action, thereby reducing the distribution of the family money to her siblings and their children. The settlement resulted in Felmet becoming a wealthy man.

## Death

Felmet remained in the couple's modest home after his wife's death in 1993. He died in September 1994, but his exact date of death could not be determined. A family member who had been unable to reach Felmet went to his home on September 28 and called the police when no one answered the door. An officer discovered Felmet's body, allegedly in the bathtub.

Felmet's death certificate says he was pronounced dead on September 28, 1994, but the date of his death is listed as September 20, 1994, which is when he reportedly was last seen alive. The cause of death, ischemic heart disease, was later added to the death certificate after an autopsy was performed.

The October 20, 1994, edition of the *Winston-Salem Chronicle* simply mentioned that Felmet had died "recently". The *Chronicle* noted that prior to his death, Felmet had expressed he did not want a memorial service held for him after he died. Instead, it was his wish that mourners donate to the War Resisters League, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, or the Unitarian Church of Winston-Salem.

Felmet's fortune disappeared after his death.

## InfoBox

| Joe Felmet | |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 photo | |
| Born | Joseph Andrew Felmet
(1921-05-31)May 31, 1921
Asheville, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | 1994 (aged 7273)
Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
| Education | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: Vernon Dubois Penner Jr.

abstract: Vernon DuBois Penner Jr. is a retired United States diplomat. He served as Ambassador to Cape Verde (1986–1990), as well as tours in Frankfurt, Warsaw, Oporto, Zurich, and Kobe-Osaka. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, he was Director of the Visa Office in the State Department in Washington in 1983. While ambassador in Cape Verde, he assisted with archeological discoveries relating to "17th-century Hebraic tombs and early 19th century grave markers of deceased US Navy seamen." From 1997 to 2001, he was Deputy Commandant of the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy. He speaks German, Polish, and Portuguese.

text:
# Vernon Dubois Penner Jr.

**Vernon DuBois Penner Jr.** (born October 20, 1939) is a retired United States diplomat. He served as Ambassador to Cape Verde (1986–1990), as well as tours in Frankfurt, Warsaw, Oporto, Zurich, and Kobe-Osaka. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, he was Director of the Visa Office in the State Department in Washington in 1983.

While ambassador in Cape Verde, he assisted with archeological discoveries relating to "17th-century Hebraic tombs and early 19th century grave markers of deceased US Navy seamen."

From 1997 to 2001, he was Deputy Commandant of the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy. He speaks German, Polish, and Portuguese.

## Personal life

Penner is the son of Vernon DuBois Penner (1905-1987) and his wife, Edna Anna Johanna Burhenn (1903-1999). His ancestors include eight of the twelve Patentees, or founders, of New Paltz, New York, including Louis DuBois.

On July 6, 1963, in Smithtown, New York, Penner married Dorothy Anne Skripak (born May 2, 1942); together they have two children, Alexandra Suzanne and Robert DuBois Penner.

## InfoBox

| Vernon Dubois Penner Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Cape Verde | |
| **In office**
July 15, 1986  November 21, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | John Melvin Yates |
| Succeeded by | Francis Terry McNamara |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-10-20) October 20, 1939
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Deep Springs College |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
|  | |


title: Goran Jurić

abstract: Goran "Goca" Jurić is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a defender. During his career, he played for Velež Mostar, Red Star Belgrade, Celta Vigo, Croatia Zagreb, Yokohama F. Marinos, and NK Zagreb. He earned 4 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team in 1988, and 16 caps for the Croatia national football team.

text:
# Goran Jurić

**Goran "Goca" Jurić** (born 5 February 1963) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a defender.

During his career, he played for Velež Mostar, Red Star Belgrade, Celta Vigo, Croatia Zagreb, Yokohama F. Marinos, and NK Zagreb. He earned 4 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team in 1988, and 16 caps for the Croatia national football team.

## International career

He made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1988 friendly match away against Spain. After the break-up of the country, he started to represent Croatia, playing his first game for them in April 1997. He was a non-playing member of the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where Croatia finished third. His final international was an October 1999 European Championship qualification match against Serbia and Montenegro.

## Career statistics

### Club

| Club performance | | | League | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals |
| Yugoslavia | | | League | |
| 1982/83 | Velež Mostar | First League | 11 | 0 |
| 1983/84 | | | 32 | 1 |
| 1984/85 | | | 32 | 0 |
| 1985/86 | | | 30 | 0 |
| 1986/87 | | | 25 | 0 |
| 1987/88 | Red Star Belgrade | First League | 23 | 0 |
| 1988/89 | | | 26 | 0 |
| 1989/90 | | | 21 | 0 |
| 1990/91 | | | 8 | 0 |
| Spain | | | League | |
| 1990/91 | Celta Vigo | Segunda División | 14 | 0 |
| 1991/92 | | | 30 | 1 |
| 1992/93 | | La Liga | 32 | 0 |
| Croatia | | | League | |
| 1995/96 | Croatia Zagreb | Prva HNL | 1 | 0 |
| 1995/96 | Hrvatski Dragovoljac | Prva HNL | 9 | 0 |
| 1996/97 | Zagreb | Prva HNL | 10 | 0 |
| 1996/97 | Croatia Zagreb | Prva HNL | 15 | 0 |
| 1997/98 | | | 23 | 0 |
| 1998/99 | | | 25 | 0 |
| 1999/00 | | | 21 | 0 |
| Japan | | | League | |
| 2000 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 9 | 0 |
| Croatia | | | League | |
| 2000/01 | Zagreb | Prva HNL | 5 | 0 |
| Country | Yugoslavia | | 208 | 1 |
| | Spain | | 76 | 1 |
| | Croatia | | 109 | 0 |
| | Japan | | 9 | 0 |
| Total | | | 402 | 2 |

### International

Source:

| Yugoslavia national team | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1988 | 3 | 0 |
| 1989 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 4 | 0 |

| Croatia national team | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1997 | 8 | 0 |
| 1998 | 3 | 0 |
| 1999 | 5 | 0 |
| Total | 16 | 0 |

## Honours

### Club

**Velež Mostar**

**Red Star Belgrade**

**Celta de Vigo**

**Dinamo Zagreb**

### Individual

**Croatia**

### Orders

## InfoBox

Goran Jurić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Goran Jurić | | |
| Date of birth | (1963-02-05) 5 February 1963 | | |
| Place of birth | Mostar, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,<br>Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1982–1987 | Velež Mostar | 130 | (1) |
| 1987–1991 | Red Star Belgrade | 78 | (0) |
| 1991–1993 | Celta Vigo | 76 | (1) |
| 1993–2000 | Croatia Zagreb | 84 | (0) |
| 1995–1996 | Hrvatski Dragovoljac (loan) | 9 | (0) |
| 1996 | NK Zagreb (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 13 | (0) |
| 2001 | NK Zagreb | 5 | (0) |
| Total |  | **406** | **(2)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1988–1989 | Yugoslavia | 4 | (0) |
| 1997–1999 | Croatia | 16 | (0) |
| Medal record      Representing  Croatia  FIFA World Cup 1998 | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Gojko Ćuk

abstract: Gojko Ćuk is a Montenegrin male volleyball player. He is part of the Montenegro men's national volleyball team. On club level he plays for Nice Volley-Ball, Nice Volleu-ball.

text:
# Gojko Ćuk

**Gojko Ćuk** (born 10 October 1988) is a Montenegrin male volleyball player. He is part of the Montenegro men's national volleyball team. On club level he plays for Nice Volley-Ball, Nice Volleu-ball.

1. "Team Roster – Montenegro". *fivb.org*. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

## InfoBox

| Gojko Ćuk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Montenegro |
| Born | (1988-10-10) 10 October 1988 |
| Height | 209 cm (6 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 101 kg (223 lb) |
| Spike | 345 cm (136 in) |
| Block | 335 cm (132 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Number | 4 (national team) |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2015 Chaumont | |
| National team | |
| 2014-  Montenegro | |


title: False Fronts

abstract: False Fronts is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Samuel R. Brodsky and starring Edward Earle, Madelyn Clare and Frank Losee.

text:
# False Fronts

***False Fronts*** is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Samuel R. Brodsky and starring Edward Earle, Madelyn Clare and Frank Losee.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Connelly, Robert B. *The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2*. December Press, 1998.
* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| False Fronts | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Samuel R. Brodsky |
| Written by | S. Barret McCormick |
| Produced by | Samuel R. Brodsky |
| Starring | Edward Earle
Madelyn Clare
Frank Losee |
| Cinematography | Don Canady |
| Production
company | Bradley Feature Film Company |
| Distributed by | American Releasing Corporation |
| Release date | * April 30, 1922 (1922-04-30) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Kangru, Pärnu County

abstract: Kangru is a village in Põhja-Pärnumaa Parish, Pärnu County in southwestern Estonia.

text:
# Kangru, Pärnu County

**Kangru** is a village in Põhja-Pärnumaa Parish, Pärnu County in southwestern Estonia.

58°33′41″N 24°31′13″E / 58.56139°N 24.52028°E / 58.56139; 24.52028

## InfoBox

| Kangru, Pärnu County | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Pärnu County |
| Parish | Põhja-Pärnumaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Grey-headed nigrita

abstract: The grey-headed nigrita is a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 3,700,000 km⁲. It is widespread throughout the African tropical rainforest. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

text:
# Grey-headed nigrita

The **grey-headed nigrita** (***Nigrita canicapillus***) is a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 3,700,000 km2.

It is widespread throughout the African tropical rainforest.

The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

BirdLife Species Factsheet

## InfoBox

| Grey-headed nigrita | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Estrildidae |
| Genus: | *Nigrita* |
| Species: | ***N. canicapillus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nigrita canicapillus***
(Strickland, 1841) | |
|


title: Titulus Regius

abstract: Titulus Regius is a statute of the Parliament of England issued in 1484 by which the title of King of England was given to Richard III. The act ratified the declaration of the Lords and the members of the House of Commons a year earlier that the marriage of Edward IV of England to Elizabeth Woodville had been invalid and so their children, including Edward, Richard and Elizabeth, were illegitimate and thus debarred from the throne. Richard III had been proclaimed the rightful king. Since the Lords and the Commons had not been officially convened as a parliament, doubts had arisen as to its validity and so when Parliament convened, it enacted the declaration as a law. After the death and overthrow of Richard III, the act was repealed, which had the effect of reinstating the legitimacy of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's children.

text:
# Titulus Regius

****Titulus Regius**** ("royal title" in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England issued in 1484 by which the title of King of England was given to Richard III.

The act ratified the declaration of the Lords and the members of the House of Commons a year earlier that the marriage of Edward IV of England to Elizabeth Woodville had been invalid and so their children, including Edward, Richard and Elizabeth, were illegitimate and thus debarred from the throne. Richard III had been proclaimed the rightful king. Since the Lords and the Commons had not been officially convened as a parliament, doubts had arisen as to its validity and so when Parliament convened, it enacted the declaration as a law.

After the death and overthrow of Richard III, the act was repealed, which had the effect of reinstating the legitimacy of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's children.

## Contents

Edward's marriage was invalidated because Bishop Robert Stillington testified that the king had precontracted a marriage to Lady Eleanor Butler.

> And how also, that at the time of contract of the same pretensed Marriage, and before and long time after, the said King Edward was and stood married and troth-plight to one Dame Eleanor Butler, Daughter of the old Earl of Shrewsbury, with whom the same King Edward had made a precontract of Matrimony, long time before he made the said pretensed Marriage with the said Elizabeth \[Woodville\] Grey, in manner and form above-said.

The document also claimed that Elizabeth Woodville and her mother had used witchcraft to get the king to marry her. Since Richard's brother George, Duke of Clarence, had been executed and attainted, his descendants forfeited all rights to the throne, leaving Richard the true heir. For good measure, the document also hinted that George and Edward (born in Ireland and Normandy, respectively) were themselves illegitimate and stated Richard, "born within this land" was the "undoubted son and heir of Richard, late Duke of York".

Edward's reign was also criticised, he was said to have led by "sensuality and concupiscence" and delighted in "adulation and flattery" and to have been easily influenced by "persons insolent, vicious and of inordinate avarice", a reference to the Woodville family. In contrast, Richard was said to have been a man distinguished by "great wit, prudence, justice, princely courage, and memorable and laudable acts in diverse battles."

## Repeal

| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of England | |
| Long title | Titulus Regis. |
| Citation | 1 Hen. 7 (part preceding c. 1) |
| Dates | |
| Commencement | 7 November 1485 |
| Repealed | 30 July 1948 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1948 |
| Status: Repealed | |

After Richard was killed in battle, the act was repealed by the first parliament of the new king, Henry VII. The repeal was important because the new King and his supporters viewed Richard III's rule as a usurpation and also because Henry VII's prospective wife, Elizabeth of York, whom he had pledged to marry if he gained the throne, was the eldest daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville and the Act had made her illegitimate.

Henry also ordered his subjects to destroy all copies of it and all related documents without reading them. His orders were carried out so well that only one copy of the law has ever been found. That copy was transcribed by a monastic chronicler into the *Croyland Chronicle*, where it was discovered by Sir George Buck more than a century later during the reign of James I.

The repealing act was passed in the first Parliament of Henry VII, stating that the original *Titulus Regius* was

> void, adnulled, repelled, irrite \[invalidated\], and of noe force ne effecte

and that the original be destroyed, and that any copies should be either destroyed or returned to Parliament on pain of fine and imprisonment.

A law report from his reign stated:

> ...that the said Bill, Act and Record, be annulled and utterly destroyed, and that it be ordained by the same Authority, that the same Act and Record be taken out of the Roll of Parliament, and be cancelled and brent \['burned'\], and be put in perpetual oblivion.

Henry almost succeeded in suppressing the *Titulus Regius*. The 100-year gap during which **Titulus Regius** was censored coincided with the ruling period of the Tudor dynasty. It was known that Richard had claimed that a marriage pre-contract invalidated Edward's sons' right to the throne, but it was not known who Edward's supposed "real" wife was. Thomas More assumed that the act referred to Edward's longtime mistress, Elizabeth Lucy, a view that was repeated until Buck discovered the original document.

Edward IV's first son, though *Titulus Regius* annulled his reign, is still counted as Edward V to emphasise that Richard III was a usurper. Thus, Henry VII's grandson was numbered Edward VI.

## InfoBox

**Titulus Regius**
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of England | |
| Long title | Under which title all the reasons and allegations divised to prove the King to be true and undoubted heir to the crown, are set forth at large, and the same allowed, ratified; and enacted by the lords and commons; and his brothers children made bastards. |
| Citation | 1 Ric. 3 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 February 1484 |
| Commencement | 23 January 1484 |
| Repealed | 7 November 1485 |
| Status: Repealed | |


title: Titumate

abstract: Titumate is a settlement in Unguía Municipality, Chocó Department in Colombia.

text:
# Titumate

**Titumate** is a settlement in Unguía Municipality, Chocó Department in Colombia.

## Climate

Titumate has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.

| Climate data for Titumate | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9
(85.8) | 30.0
(86.0) | 30.3
(86.5) | 30.5
(86.9) | 29.7
(85.5) | 30.0
(86.0) | 29.9
(85.8) | 29.9
(85.8) | 29.7
(85.5) | 29.4
(84.9) | 29.5
(85.1) | 29.8
(85.6) | 29.9
(85.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.0
(78.8) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.6
(79.9) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.1
(79.0) | 25.9
(78.6) | 25.9
(78.6) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.9
(78.6) | 26.1
(79.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.1
(71.8) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.2
(72.0) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.1
(71.8) | 22.4
(72.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 118.9
(4.68) | 91.8
(3.61) | 112.1
(4.41) | 358.6
(14.12) | 393.8
(15.50) | 332.1
(13.07) | 422.0
(16.61) | 385.3
(15.17) | 323.9
(12.75) | 285.1
(11.22) | 307.7
(12.11) | 238.9
(9.41) | 3,370.2
(132.66) |
| Average rainy days | 6 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 128 |
| Source 1: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Titumate | |
| --- | --- |
| TitumateLocation in Chocó and ColombiaTitumateTitumate (Colombia) | |
| Coordinates: 8°18′29.0″N 77°4′33.0″W / 8.308056°N 77.075833°W / 8.308056; -77.075833 | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Chocó |
| Municipality | Unguía Municipality |
| Elevation | 20 ft (6 m) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 303 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |


title: Melendy Britt

abstract: Melendy Britt is an American actress who has been active in television and voice acting since the 1970s.

text:
# Melendy Britt

**Melendy Britt** is an American actress who has been active in television and voice acting since the 1970s.

## Career

Britt's most notable animated work is for Filmation, voicing characters such as She-Ra, and the second animated Batgirl (Jane Webb was the first). She also provided the voice for Penny, would-be love interest and aide to Plastic Man on *The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show*, which was produced by Ruby-Spears. She was also the voice of Gran Gran in *Avatar: The Last Airbender*.

Her film credits include roles in *Gray Lady Down* (1978) and *Being There* (1979). On television she appeared in three different roles in three episodes of *The Rockford Files*, and on *Cheers* she played Kelly Gaines' mother, Roxanne Gaines, in the episode "Woody or Won't He".

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *The Lawyer* | Ann Greer |  |
| 1978 | *Gray Lady Down* | Liz Bennett |  |
| 1979 | *Being There* | Sophie |  |
| 1985 | *The Secret of the Sword* | Adora/She-Ra |  |
| | *Girls of the Moulin Rouge* | Narrator | Documentary |
| 2015 | *Hotel Transylvania 2* | Additional voices |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *Then Came Bronson* | Marcia Ford | Episode: "The Mountain" |
| 1971 | *The Interns* | Rose | Episode: "Changes" |
| | *Men at Law* | Tina Edwards | Episode: "Yesterday Is But a Dream" |
| | *Sarge* | Candy Mills | Episode: "Psst! Wanna Buy a Dirty Picture?" |
| 1971–1972 | *Mannix* | Various roles | 3 episodes |
| 1971 | *Longstreet* | Lenore Crowley | Episode: "The Girl with the Broom" |
| 1972 | *The Brian Keith Show* | Claire Wells | Episode: "Little Boy Flu" |
| 1973 | *Ironside* | Rona Bartlet | Episode: "A Special Person" |
| 1974 | *Kojak* | Joan Marly | Episode: "Slay Ride" |
| | *Police Woman* | Mary Kay | Episode: "Requiem for Bored Wives" |
| 1975–1977 | *The Rockford Files* | Various roles | 3 episodes |
| 1975 | *They Only Come Out at Night* | Mrs. Owens | Television film |
| 1976 | *Bronk* | Beth | Episode: "Target: Unknown" |
| | *Family* | Mrs. Richardson | Episode: "Monday Is Forever" |
| | *The Tony Randall Show* | Mrs. Jenkins | Episode: "Pilot" |
| | *ABC Afterschool Special* | Various roles | 2 episodes |
| | *Starsky & Hutch* | Janice Drew | Episode: "The Specialist" |
| 1977 | *The New Adventures of Batman* | Barbara Gordon / Batgirl / Catwoman | Voice, 16 episodes |
| 1978 | *Barnaby Jones* | Phyllis Hunter | Episode: "Deadly Sanctuary" |
| | *The Love Boat* | Georgina | 1 episode |
| 1978–1979 | *Tarzan and the Super 7* | Batgirl / Catwoman | Voice, 33 episodes |
| 1979–1980 | *The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show* | Penny / Chief | Voice, 19 episodes |
| 1979–1982 | *The New Adventures of Flash Gordon* | Princess Aura | Voice, 24 episodes |
| 1980 | *Mother and Daughter: The Loving War* | Dinah Drake | Television film |
| | *The Incredible Hulk* | Joan Singer | Episode: "Deathmask" |
| | *Reunion* | Evelyn Hollander | Television film |
| | *A Snow White Christmas* | | Wicked Queen |
| 1981 | *Taxi* | Janine | Episode: "Jim Joins the Network" |
| 1981-1982 | *Shannon* | Patty | 2 episodes |
| 1982 | *Flash Gordon: The Greatest Adventure of All* | Princess Aura | Voice, television film |
| 1984 | *Matt Houston* | Sheila | Episode: "Stolen" |
| 1985 | *The Transformers* | Alana | Voice, Episode: "Sea Change" |
| | *He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special* | Adora, She-Ra, Catra, Mermista, Castaspella, Octavia, Hunga, Jewlestar | Voice, television film |
| 1985–1987 | | *She-Ra: Princess of Power* | Voice, 93 episodes |
| 1986 | *Falcon Crest* | Skylar Kimball | 2 episodes |
| 1990 | *Cheers* | Roxanne Gaines | Episode: "Woody or Won't He" |
| 1992 | *Life Goes On* | Colette Swanson | Episode: "Corky's Romance" |
| 1993 | *Star* | Priscilla Barclay | Television film |
| 1994 | *Weird Science* | Marcia Donnelly | 5 episodes |
| 2000 | *Gilmore Girls* | Gloria | Episode: "Kill Me Now" |
| 2001 | *Jack & Jill* | Cecilia Barrett | Episode: "Caution: Parents Crossing" |
| 2003 | *The Wild Thornberrys* | Fox | Voice, episode: "Sir Nigel: Part 2" |
| 2005 | *Avatar: The Last Airbender* | Gran Gran | Voice, 2 episodes |
| | *The Young and the Restless* | Dr. Carlene Woods | 2 episodes |
| 2013 | *Last Man Standing* | Dolores | Episode: "The Fight" |
| 2017 | *Michael Jackson's Halloween* | Bernice | Television film |

## InfoBox

| Melendy Britt | |
| --- | --- |
| Britt at the 2015 Phoenix Comicon | |
| Occupation(s) | Television and voice actress |
| Years active | 1967present |
| Children | 2 |


title: Tmesisternus lugubris

abstract: Tmesisternus lugubris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Tmesisternus lugubris

***Tmesisternus lugubris*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Tmesisternus lugubris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tmesisternus* |
| Species: | ***T. lugubris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tmesisternus lugubris***<br>Breuning, 1939 | |
|


title: GCompris

abstract: GCompris is a software suite comprising educational entertainment software for children aged 2 to 10. GCompris was originally written in C and Python using the GTK+ widget toolkit, but a rewrite in C++ and QML using the Qt widget toolkit has been undertaken since early 2014. GCompris is free and open-source software and the current version is subject to the requirements of the AGPL-3.0-only license. It has been part of the GNU project. The name GCompris is a pun, in the French language is pronounced the same as the phrase "I have understood", J'ai compris. It is available for Linux, BSD, macOS, Windows and Android. While binaries compiled for Microsoft Windows and macOS were initially distributed with a restricted number of activities and a small fee was required to unlock all the activities, since February 2020 the full version is entirely free for all platforms.

text:
# GCompris

**GCompris** is a software suite comprising educational entertainment software for children aged 2 to 10. GCompris was originally written in  and Python using the GTK+ widget toolkit, but a rewrite in C++ and QML using the Qt widget toolkit has been undertaken since early 2014. GCompris is free and open-source software and the current version is subject to the requirements of the AGPL-3.0-only license. It has been part of the GNU project.

The name GCompris is a pun, in the French language is pronounced the same as the phrase "I have understood", *J'ai compris* \[ʒekɔ̃ˈpʁi\].

It is available for Linux, BSD, macOS, Windows and Android. While binaries compiled for Microsoft Windows and macOS were initially distributed with a restricted number of activities and a small fee was required to unlock all the activities, since February 2020 the full version is entirely free for all platforms.

## Extent

In 2024 GCompris comprised 190 games, called "activities". These are bundled into the following groups:

* Computer discovery: keyboard, mouse, different mouse gestures
* Numeracy: table memory, enumeration, double entry table, mirror images
* Science: the canal lock, the water cycle, the submarine, electric simulations
* Geography: place the country on the map
* Games: chess, memory, connect 4, oware, sudoku
* Reading: reading practice
* Other: learn to tell time, puzzle of famous paintings, vector drawing, cartoon making

## Development history

The first version of the game was made in 2000 by Bruno Coudoin, a French software engineer. Since the first release it was distributed freely on the Internet and was protected by the GNU General Public License. The motivation behind the development was to provide native educational application for Linux. Since then, the software has seen continuous improvements, in terms of graphics and number of activities, thanks to the help of many developers and graphic artists joining the project over the years.

There are two branches of GCompris; with released versions in each. The first, older of which is the GTK+ branch that contains 140 activities is now considered to be a legacy branch in maintenance mode, with no new development. The latest release of the GTK+ version is 15.10 of 18 October 2015.

The newer branch of GCompris is completely rewritten using Qt Quick. The current version is developed using JavaScript, QML and C++ languages.

## InfoBox

GCompris
|
|  |
|
| Original author(s) | Bruno Coudoin |
| Developer(s) | KDE, Timothée Giet and Johnny Jazeix (maintainers) |
| Initial release | 2000 (2000) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 4.2  / 20 September 2024 |
|  | |
| Repository | invent.kde.org/education/gcompris.git |
| Written in |  |
| Operating system | Android, BSD, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows |
| Platform |  |
| Available in | more than 50 languages |
| Type | Educational entertainment, Educational software |
| License | New (Qt Quick):
Since 1.1: AGPL-3.0-only
0.1 to 1.0: GPL-3.0-or-later
Legacy (GTK):
8.5 to 15.10: GPL-3.0-or-later
0.2.4? to 8.3.1: GPL-2.0-or-later |
| Website | gcompris.net |


title: Toilet no Kamisama

abstract: "Toilet no Kamisama" is a song by Japanese singer-songwriter Kana Uemura, recounting her thoughts about her late grandmother. It was the leading track from her extended play Watashi no Kakera-tachi, released on March 10, 2010. The song was re-recorded with Kotaro Oshio, and used as a promotional track from Uemura's self-cover album, Kana: My Favorite Things, later in September 2010. The song was popular enough to boost Uemura's popularity, being downloaded more than 250,000 times to cellphones and 250,000 times to PCs and boosting the sales of Watashi no Kakera-tachi, giving Uemura her first gold-certified album. The song inspired several other media, such as an autobiographical book by Uemura, as well as a special drama to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the opening of Mainichi Broadcasting System. The song was awarded two Japan Record Awards in 2010, one in the general song category along with 9 other songs, as well as Uemura being awarded the lyricist award for the song.

text:
# Toilet no Kamisama

"**Toilet no Kamisama**" (トイレの神様, *Toire no Kamisama*, "The Goddess in the Toilet") is a song by Japanese singer-songwriter Kana Uemura, recounting her thoughts about her late grandmother. It was the leading track from her extended play *Watashi no Kakera-tachi*, released on March 10, 2010. The song was re-recorded with Kotaro Oshio, and used as a promotional track from Uemura's self-cover album, *Kana: My Favorite Things*, later in September 2010.

The song was popular enough to boost Uemura's popularity, being downloaded more than 250,000 times to cellphones and 250,000 times to PCs and boosting the sales of *Watashi no Kakera-tachi*, giving Uemura her first gold-certified album. The song inspired several other media, such as an autobiographical book by Uemura, as well as a special drama to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the opening of Mainichi Broadcasting System.

The song was awarded two Japan Record Awards in 2010, one in the general song category along with 9 other songs, as well as Uemura being awarded the lyricist award for the song.

## Writing

The song is a ballad, beginning with a simple guitar-based arrangement and later expanding to a band and orchestra arrangement. The song's lyrics are an extended narrative that tell the story of Uemura and her grandmother. When she was a 3rd grader (8 years old), she lived at her grandmother's house next door to her parents, playing gomoku, eating nanban-style duck noodle soup when they went out shopping, watching videotapes of the comedy program *Yoshimoto Shinkigeki* and helping her every day. Uemura was not very fond of cleaning toilets, so her grandmother told her that a beautiful goddess lives in the toilet, if she cleaned it every day, this goddess would make her into a beautiful woman. As Uemura grew older, the communication gap between her and her grandmother worsened and the two grew apart. Uemura, feeling resentful, moved away from home with her then boyfriend and rarely came home to visit. Her grandmother later became more ill and was hospitalized two years after Uemura left for Tokyo. Uemura visited her, saying "Grandma, I'm home!" as she used to when she was little, before the two began to fight. Her grandmother could not say much and the next morning died quietly in her sleep. Uemura believes her grandmother was waiting for her, besides being left alone from her all this time. She feels regret for hurting her grandmother and says thank you to her at the end of the song.

The song mentions several words in Kansai dialect, especially in the way the grandmother speaks. She adds *yade* (やで) to the ends of her sentences, and uses specifically Kansai terms, such as *beppin* (べっぴん, "Beautiful Woman") and *kamo nanba* (鴨なんば, "Nanban-style duck noodle soup"), instead of standard Japanese *bijin* (美人) and *kamo nanban* (鴨南蛮). Uemura thanks her grandmother by saying *honma ni arigatō* (ホンマにありがとう), as opposed to *hontō ni arigatō* (本当に ありがとう). While the song is called "Toilet no Kamisama," the word *kamisama* (神様, "god") is not used in the song, instead the song talks about a *megami* (女神, "goddess") in the toilet.

When Uemura met music producer Yohito Teraoka, her self-introduction featured the story of her grandmother. Teraoka suggested they turn this story into a song.

## Promotion

The song was first aired at FM802, on "Hiro T's Morning Jam" on January 7, 2010, and began receiving radio play in the song's full length. The song was released as a free ringtone from February 10, until March 9, when it became a paid ringtone.

Uemura performed at the 61st *Kōhaku Uta Gassen* New Years' singing battle. She performed the full-length version of "Toilet no Kamisama." The performance was one of the longest in Kōhaku's history, after Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi's 15 minute performance in 1990. She also performed the song on Yoshimoto Shinkigeki's new years' special during the curtain call, the television show mentioned in Uemura's song.

## Music videos

Two music videos were produced for the song: a live action version directed by Tatsuaki, which was shot on January 23, 2010, and an animated version by Daisuke Hashimoto, set to the version from *Kana: My Favorite Things* featuring Kotaro Oshio.

The live action version features Uemura performing the song on guitar on a sunlit river bank, interspersed with scenes of a grandmother and several different actresses portraying the scenes described in the song. The final scenes show the grandmother walking with the adolescent actress along the river bank where Uemura sung the song. The Hashimoto animated version similarly enacts the storyline from the song, featuring drawings of a grandmother and a small girl. The video's artwork is based on the *Toilet no Kamisama* picture book, illustrated by Mari Torigoe, and released in September 2010.

## Adaptations

The song inspired two books by Uemura, both with the same title. The first is an autobiography released in July 2010 through Takarajimasha, telling anecdotes about her grandmother and the process of making the song. The second is a picture book version, published through Kodansha in September 2010. The version features illustrations by Mari Torigoe.

Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. aired a two-hour drama based on the autobiography *Toilet no Kamisama* on January 5, 2011, on 28 stations including itself, TBS and CBC, also on Akita TV on January 8. It was one of the programs for the 60th anniversary of the opening of MBS. The drama starred Kii Kitano as Uemura, and Shima Iwashita as her grandmother. The drama's plot is inspired by the events described in Uemura's *Toilet no Kamisama* autobiography, such as the death of her grandfather and her path to becoming a singer.

Under the influence of the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami which occurred on March 11, 2011, MBS aired the drama again on March 16, instead of "Ichi-Hachi Final Special", on 26 stations except TBC and TV U Fukushima.

The drama received the TV Film Prize in the 17th Shanghai TV Festival International Program Contest in May 2011.

### Main cast and staff in drama

(from MBS drama *Toilet no Kamisama* website)

Main cast * Kana Uemura: Mana Ashida (in her childhood) / Kii Kitano (after growing up)
* Waka Uemura (Kana's grandmother): Shima Iwashita
* Yoko Uemura (Kana's mother): Yui Natsukawa
* Shunji Uemura (Kana's grandfather): Nenji Kobayashi
* Daisuke (Kana's boyfriend in her high school days): Shohei Miura
Staff * Dramawriter: Shizuka Oki
* Producers: Yasuo Yagi (TBS), Hajime Takezono (MBS), Hiroaki Kamei (MBS-Planning Corp.)
* Director: Hajime Takezono (MBS)
* Production cooperated by MBS-Planning Corporation
* Copyrighted by Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Toilet no Kamisama" | 9:52 |
| 2. | "Toilet no Kamisama (Karaoke)" | 9:52 |
| Total length: | | 19:44 |

DVD
| No. | Title | Animator | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Toilet no Kamisama (Animation Music Clip)" (Kana Uemura with Kotaro Oshio) | Daisuke Hashimoto | 9:52 |

## Chart rankings

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Billboard* Adult Contemporary Airplay | 6 |
| *Billboard* Japan Hot 100 | 1 |
| *Oricon* daily singles | 1 |
| *Oricon* weekly singles | 1 |
| *RIAJ* Digital Track Chart weekly top 100 | 1 |
| *RIAJ* Digital Track Chart weekly top 100 * "Toilet no Kamisama" with Kotaro Oshio | 45 |
| *RIAJ* Digital Track Chart yearly top 100 | 37 |

### Sales and certifications

| Chart | Amount |
| --- | --- |
| *Oricon* physical sales | 137,000 |
| *RIAJ* physical shipping certification | Gold (100,000+) |
| *RIAJ* full-length cellphone downloads | Platinum (250,000+) |
| *RIAJ* PC downloads | Platinum (250,000+) |

## Personnel

* Kana Uemura - acoustic guitar, lyrics, music, vocals
* Hiroshi Hiranuma - recording engineer
* Haruki Mino - acoustic piano, celesta
* Eiji Shimamura - drums
* Masatsugu Shinozaki - string section arranger
* Shinozaki Strings - string instruments
* Kenji Takamizu - bass
* Yohito Teraoka - arranger, producer, recording engineer
* Hiroshi Yamada - additional lyrics

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | January 7, 2010 | Radio debut |
| | February 10, 2010 | Ringtone |
| | July 14, 2010 | Cellphone download |
| | August 18, 2010 | PC download |
| | November 24, 2010 | CD single, rental CD |

## InfoBox

| "Toilet no Kamisama" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kana Uemura | |
| from the album  *Watashi no Kakera-tachi* | |
| Released | July 14, 2010 (2010-07-14) |
| Recorded | Studio Crybaby (2009)
Avaco Creative Studio (strings) (December 23, 2009) |
| Genre | Folk, acoustic |
| Length | 9:52 |
| Label | King Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Kana Uemura, Hiroshi Yamada |
| Producer(s) | Yohito Teraoka |
| Kana Uemura singles chronology | |
| "Bless/Haru ni Shite Kimi o Omou"
(2009) "**Toilet no Kamisama**"
(2010) "My Favorite Songs"
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Toilet no Kamisama" at YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Function-level programming

abstract:
In computer science, function-level programming refers to one of the two contrasting programming paradigms identified by John Backus in his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other being value-level programming. In his 1977 Turing Award lecture, Backus set forth what he considered to be the need to switch to a different philosophy in programming language design:
Programming languages appear to be in trouble. Each successive language incorporates, with a little cleaning up, all the features of its predecessors plus a few more. [...] Each new language claims new and fashionable features... but the plain fact is that few languages make programming sufficiently cheaper or more reliable to justify the cost of producing and learning to use them. He designed FP to be the first programming language to specifically support the function-level programming style. A function-level program is variable-free, since program variables, which are essential in value-level definitions, are not needed in function-level programs.

text:
# Function-level programming

In computer science, **function-level** programming refers to one of the two contrasting programming paradigms identified by John Backus in his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other being value-level programming.

In his 1977 Turing Award lecture, Backus set forth what he considered to be the need to switch to a different philosophy in programming language design:

> Programming languages appear to be in trouble. Each successive language incorporates, with a little cleaning up, all the features of its predecessors plus a few more. \[...\] Each new language claims new and fashionable features... but the plain fact is that few languages make programming sufficiently cheaper or more reliable to justify the cost of producing and learning to use them.

He designed FP to be the first programming language to specifically support the function-level programming style.

A *function-level* program is **variable-free** (cf. *point-free* programming), since program variables, which are essential in value-level definitions, are not needed in function-level programs.

## Introduction

In the function-level style of programming, a program is built directly from programs that are given at the outset, by combining them with **program-forming operations** or **functionals**. Thus, in contrast with the value-level approach that applies the given programs to values to form a *succession of values* culminating in the desired result value, the function-level approach applies program-forming operations to the given programs to form a *succession of programs* culminating in the desired result program.

As a result, the function-level approach to programming invites study of the *space of programs under program-forming operations*, looking to derive useful algebraic properties of these program-forming operations. The function-level approach offers the possibility of making the set of programs a mathematical space by emphasizing the algebraic properties of the program-forming operations over the *space of programs*.

Another potential advantage of the function-level view is the ability to use only strict functions and thereby have bottom-up semantics, which are the simplest kind of all. Yet another is the existence of function-level definitions that are not the *lifted* (that is, *lifted* from a lower value-level to a higher function-level) image of any existing value-level one: these (often terse) function-level definitions represent a more powerful style of programming not available at the value-level.

## Contrast to functional programming

When Backus studied and publicized his function-level style of programming, his message was mostly misunderstood as supporting the traditional functional programming style languages instead of his own FP and its successor FL.

Backus calls functional programming applicative programming; his function-level programming is a particular, constrained type.

A key distinction from functional languages is that Backus' language has the following hierarchy of types:

* atoms
* functions, which take atoms to atoms
* Higher-order functions (which he calls "functional forms"), which take one or two functions to functions

...and the only way to generate new functions is to use one of the functional forms, which are fixed: you cannot build your own functional form (at least not within FP; you can within FFP (Formal FP)).

This restriction means that functions in FP are a module (generated by the built-in functions) over the algebra of functional forms, and are thus algebraically tractable. For instance, the general question of equality of two functions is equivalent to the halting problem, and is undecidable, but equality of two functions in FP is just equality in the algebra, and thus (Backus imagines) easier.

Even today, many users of lambda style languages often misinterpret Backus' function-level approach as a restrictive variant of the lambda style, which is a *de facto* value-level style. In fact, Backus would not have disagreed with the 'restrictive' accusation: he argued that it was *precisely* due to such restrictions that a well-formed mathematical space could arise, in a manner analogous to the way structured programming limits programming to a *restricted* version of all the control-flow possibilities available in plain, unrestricted unstructured programs.

The value-free style of FP is closely related to the equational logic of a cartesian-closed category.

## Example languages

The canonical function-level programming language is FP. Others include FL, and .


title: Félix Garrigou

abstract: Joseph Louis Félix Garrigou was a French physician, prehistorian and hydrologist. He is known for his investigations of prehistoric artifacts and remains found in caves of southern France (Pyrenees). Also, he was the author of numerous writings on mineral waters from a chemical/medical perspective. A native of Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Garrigou received his medical doctorate in Paris. Subsequently he served as a physician in the town of Ax-les-Thermes, afterwards working in Bagnères-de-Luchon. In 1891 he was appointed chair of medical hydrology at Toulouse. He was a founding member of the Association pyrénéenne, and a member of the Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (1872-1912), the Société géologique de France and the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris.

text:
# Félix Garrigou

**Joseph Louis Félix Garrigou** (16 September 1835, Tarascon-sur-Ariège \- 1920) was a French physician, prehistorian and hydrologist. He is known for his investigations of prehistoric artifacts and remains (human and animal) found in caves of southern France (Pyrenees). Also, he was the author of numerous writings on mineral waters from a chemical/medical perspective.

A native of Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Garrigou received his medical doctorate in Paris. Subsequently he served as a physician in the town of Ax-les-Thermes, afterwards working in Bagnères-de-Luchon (from 1869). In 1891 he was appointed chair of medical hydrology at Toulouse.

He was a founding member of the *Association pyrénéenne*, and a member of the *Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques* (1872-1912), the *Société géologique de France* and the *Société d'Anthropologie de Paris*.

## Selected writings

* *Étude chimique et médicale des eaux sulfureuses d'Ax (Ariège)*, 1862 - Chemical and medical studies of the sulfurous water of Ax (Ariège).
* *L'Age de la Pierre dans les cavernes de la vallée de Tarascon (Ariège)* (with Henri Filhol), 1863 - The Stone Age caves in the valley of Tarascon.
* *L'âge du renne dans les Basses-Pyrénées (caverne d'Espalungue)*, (with Louis Martin), 1864 - The era of the reindeer in the Basses-Pyrenees (caverns of Espalungue).
* *Age de la pierre polie dans les cavernes des Pyrénées ariégeoises*, 1866 - Era of polished stone in caves in the Ariègois Pyrenees.
* *Généralités sur les eaux minérales des Pyrénées*, 1873 - Overview on the mineral waters of the Pyrenees.
* *Passé, présent, avenir de Luchon*, 1874 - Past, present, future of Luchon.
* *Histoire de la découverte du mercure dans l'eau de la source du Rocher de Saint-Nectaire (Puy de Dôme)*, 1879 - History of the discovery of mercury in the water from the source rock of Saint-Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme).
* *L'enseignement de l'hydrologie A Toulouse: La creation d'un Institut d'hydrologie*, 1911 - Assignment of hydrology at Toulouse: The creation of an institute of hydrology.


title: Melanostomias melanopogon

abstract: Melanostomias melanopogon is a species of fish from the family Stomiidae and the Stomiiformes order. The species can be found in the deep waters of the Eastern and Western Atlantic. It has a maximum length of 15.3 cm (6.0 in), and a long, slim body, dull snout and black scales.

text:
# Melanostomias melanopogon

***Melanostomias melanopogon*** is a species of fish from the family Stomiidae and the Stomiiformes order. The species can be found in the deep waters of the Eastern and Western Atlantic. It has a maximum length of 15.3 cm (6.0 in), and a long, slim body, dull snout and black scales.

## InfoBox

| *Melanostomias melanopogon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Genus: | *Melanostomias* |
| Species: | ***M. melanopogon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanostomias melanopogon***<br>Regan & Trewavas, 1930 | |
|


title: Meliton Borja

abstract: Meliton Borja, was a Filipino chess player, Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1958), Filipino Chess Championship two-times winner.

text:
# Meliton Borja

**Meliton Borja** (unknown – unknown), was a Filipino chess player, Chess Olympiad individual bronze medalist (1958), Filipino Chess Championship two-times winner (1953, 1957).

## Biography

From the begin of 1950s to the mid of 1960s Meliton Borja was one of Filipino leading chess players. He twice won Filipino Chess Championship: in 1953 and 1957. Meliton Borja has three times represented the Philippine team in the Chess Olympiads (1958, 1960, 1964). In 1958, at third board he won Chess Olympiad individual bronze medal.

By profession Meliton Borja was lawyer.

## InfoBox

| Meliton Borja | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Philippines |


title: Tola Kasali

abstract: Tola Kasali is a former chairman of Ibeju-Lekki and two-term commissioner in lagos state. He is a member of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) party now called All Progressive Congress (APC) Party. Kasali came on board the Tinubu administration in the second term in 2003 as Commissioner for Rural Development. He was at home in the ministry until midway into the second term that his boss moved him to another familiar terrain, the Ministry of Health. He resigned from the cabinet to contest the governorship ticket of the Action Congress (AC), which the incumbent governor won. From his last assignment as the Director-General of the BRF Campaign Organisation, Kasali took charge of the Ministry of Special Duties as Commissioner. He ran for governor of lagos state in 2007 and in 2015 under the party APC but lost in the primaries. He is currently a member of the Odua Investment board for Western States in which he represents Lagos State.

text:
# Tola Kasali

**Tola Kasali** is a former chairman of Ibeju-Lekki and two-term commissioner in lagos state. He is a member of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) party now called All Progressive Congress (APC) Party. Kasali came on board the Tinubu administration in the second term in 2003 as Commissioner for Rural Development. He was at home in the ministry until midway into the second term that his boss moved him to another familiar terrain, the Ministry of Health. He resigned from the cabinet to contest the governorship ticket of the Action Congress (AC), which the incumbent governor won. From his last assignment as the Director-General of the BRF (Babatunde Raji Fashola) Campaign Organisation, Kasali took charge of the Ministry of Special Duties as Commissioner.

He ran for governor of lagos state in 2007 and in 2015 under the party APC (All Progressive Congress) but lost in the primaries.

He is currently a member of the Odua Investment board for Western States in which he represents Lagos State.

## Early life and education

Tola Kasali was born to the popular Kasali family of Ibeju-Lekki local government; he was raised in the old Epe division of Lagos State. He was a medical doctor from the State Medical Institute of Zaporozhye, Ukrainian Republic, in the old Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and grassroots politician from the seaside Ibeju/Lekki community.

## Political career

Kasali's foray into administration began when he was elected as the chairman of ibeju-lekki local government. As chairman he started the empowerment programme in the local government, he also encouraged the distribution of bursaries to indigenes of the local government, he was dedicated to improving the lives of people in his constituency. After his tenure, he was appointed a commissioner by asiwaju bola tinubu till 2006."

Kasali was later re-appointed by Governor Fashola to serve with him, a position he held until 2011.

## InfoBox

| Tola Kasali | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lagos State Commissioner for Special Duties | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>May 2007 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Lekki |
| Political party | Action People's Congress |
| Education | Medical doctor |
|  | |


title: Tola Rose

abstract: Tola Rose was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won several stakes races in his career but is best remembered for easily defeating U.S. Triple Crown winner Whirlaway in the 1942 running of the Butler Memorial Handicap. Ridden by Warren Mehrtens in front of a record crowd at Empire City Race Track, Tola Rose won by four lengths and did it in track record time. A year earlier, Tola Rose had finished second in the 1941 Butler Memorial to Belair Stud's Foxbrough. Tola Rose was owned by Arthur J. Sackett who had been appointed President and Chairman of Mason & Hanger‐Silas Mason Company, Inc. succeeding Silas B. Mason, a fellow horse racing enthusiast who owned and bred Thoroughbreds. Tola Rose was race-conditioned by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer, Max Hirsch.

text:
# Tola Rose

**Tola Rose** (foaled 1937 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won several stakes races in his career but is best remembered for easily defeating U.S. Triple Crown winner Whirlaway in the 1942 running of the Butler Memorial Handicap. Ridden by Warren Mehrtens in front of a record crowd at Empire City Race Track, Tola Rose won by four lengths and did it in track record time. A year earlier, Tola Rose had finished second in the 1941 Butler Memorial to Belair Stud's Foxbrough.

Tola Rose was owned by Arthur J. Sackett who had been appointed President and Chairman of Mason & Hanger‐Silas Mason Company, Inc. succeeding Silas B. Mason, a fellow horse racing enthusiast who owned and bred Thoroughbreds.

Tola Rose was race-conditioned by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer, Max Hirsch.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Tola Rose, bay horse, 1937
| Sire
Head Play | My Play | Fair Play | Hastings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Fairy Gold |
| | Mahubah | Rock Sand |
| | Merry Token |
| | Red Head | King Gorin | Transvaal |
| | | Ethel Simpson |
| | Pimenta | Light Brigade |
| | Allspice |
| Dam
June Rose | Myram | Flying Fox | Orme |
| | | Vampire |
| | Airs and Graces | Ayrshire |
| | Lady Alwyne |
| | Pietra | Pietermaritzburg | St. Simon |
| | | Sea Air |
| | Brian-Root | Springfield |
| | Eglentyne (family: 2-o) |

## InfoBox

| Tola Rose | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Head Play |
| Grandsire | My Play |
| Dam | June Rose |
| Damsire | Myram |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1937 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Suzanne Burnett Mason |
| Owner | Arthur J. Sackett |
| Trainer | Max Hirsch |
| Record | 76: 16-13-8 |
| Earnings | US$96,825 |
| Major wins | |
| Questionnaire Handicap (1940)
Butler Memorial Handicap (1942)
Havre de Grace Handicap (1942)
Bowie Handicap (1944) | |


title: To Sleep in a Sea of Stars

abstract: To Sleep in a Sea of Stars is a 2020 science fiction novel written by American author Christopher Paolini and published under the Tor imprint of Macmillan Publishers. The book is unrelated to his Inheritance Cycle series. In an interview, Paolini described the book as adult-oriented as opposed to the young adult genre of his previous books. The audiobook is read by American voice actress Jennifer Hale.

text:
# To Sleep in a Sea of Stars

***To Sleep in a Sea of Stars*** is a 2020 science fiction novel written by American author Christopher Paolini and published under the Tor imprint of Macmillan Publishers. The book is unrelated to his *Inheritance Cycle* series. In an interview, Paolini described the book as adult-oriented as opposed to the young adult genre of his previous books.

The audiobook is read by American voice actress Jennifer Hale.

## Plot

Kira Navárez is a xenobiologist in the year 2257 who plans to settle down with her fiance on a new colony in the Sigma Draconis system. Her last assignment is to investigate a crashed drone, which leads her to discover an alien reliquary. Inside, she awakens the Soft Blade, an ancient nanotechnology created by advanced, extinct beings known as the Vanished. The Soft Blade covers her body and binds itself to her will, but it is unaccustomed to serving humans.

At her research base, the Soft Blade believes she is in danger and launches tendrils that impale everyone around her, including her fiance. She is taken into military quarantine, where a doctor, Carr, experiments on the Soft Blade, burning it and Kira with laser blasts despite her pleas for him to stop. Carr is interrupted by an attack from the Wranaui, aliens who worship the Vanished and had hidden the Soft Blade in the reliquary. Kira escapes and inadvertently causes an explosion that joins a damaged piece of the Soft Blade to both Carr and one of the Wranaui, creating a malevolent, corrupted being calling itself the Maw, which floats through space seeking to grow and spread despite its madness and pain. It eventually finds a planet and begins converting the planet's mass into interstellar ships containing Corrupted warriors.

Kira flees to 61 Cygni on a shuttle and discovers that the Wranaui have started a war with humanity, as they believe that humanity intentionally activated the Soft Blade and created the Maw. She is rescued by the *Wallfish*, a smuggler ship, and convinces its crew to help her access a Wranaui ship, as she intends to use the Soft Blade to broadcast a diplomatic message from the ship’s transmitters. They succeed in boarding a disabled attacking ship, but she is only able to broadcast the location of the Soft Blade, drawing large numbers of both Wranaui and Corrupted to the system. The Soft Blade shows her memories of a Vanished relic, the Staff of Blue, which would allow her to eradicate the Corrupted and protect humanity from the Wranaui.

The *Wallfish* and a military cruiser journey to the Vanished planet containing the Staff of Blue, but they find it irreparably broken. They are attacked by Wranaui and Corrupted who had tracked them there, but they are saved by the Knot of Minds, a rebellious faction within the Wranaui. It has learned the truth of the Soft Blade’s awakening and seeks to form an alliance with humanity against the Corrupted. The Knot has a plan to use a human warship to kill the current Wranaui leader, Ctein, a tyrant who has genetically modified the Wranaui to be unable to directly kill it.

The *Wallfish* travels to Sol to inform Earth of the Knot’s offer, but the military detains Kira and the *Wallfish* crew and sends a fleet to ambush the Knot at their rendezvous point under orders from Earth's leader. Kira and the *Wallfish* crew escape during a Corrupted attack and leave to warn the Knot and preserve the chance of an alliance. They succeed and travel with the Knot to Ctein’s fleet, which is preparing for a final push against humanity.

As a human attack distracts Ctein, the Knot escorts the *Wallfish* within firing range, telling Ctein's fleet that its computers contain vital intelligence. The *Wallfish* hits Ctein’s ship with a nuclear shaped charge, but it does not succeed in killing Ctein, and Wranaui laser defenses preclude further hits. The *Wallfish* crew boards Ctein’s ship, and Kira advances through the ship with the Soft Blade, which she has now mastered. She kills the numerous Wranaui defenders but finds that Ctein is clad in Vanished armor that resists the Soft Blade. Ctein slowly wears her down, but a surprise attack from the *Wallfish's* captain opens a hole in the armor large enough for the Soft Blade to breach it and kill Ctein.

The Knot takes control of the Wranaui and unites with the human fleet against the Maw, which has arrived at the system. Kira desperately tries to disable the Maw by killing Carr and the Wranaui controlling it with a nuclear explosion, but instead the Maw’s portion of the Soft Blade merges with her own, joining their minds. She uses her presence to soothe and subdue the Maw's controllers and unmake the Corrupted. She then converts the Maw’s mass into a space station, *Unity*, intended to serve as an embassy between humanity and the Wranaui. Finally, Kira reveals that the Maw had previously released seven parts of itself in different directions, and she departs alone to track them down.

## Reception

The novel received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed towards Paolini's worldbuilding, plot, and pace. *Kirkus Reviews* called it "A fun, fast-paced epic that science fiction fans will gobble up." *The Nerd Daily* awarded the novel an eight out of ten, stating it was "...a wild ride from the start to the end."

The novel won the 2020 Goodreads Choice Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

## Television adaptation

On October 8, 2020, Paolini announced on Twitter that *To Sleep in a Sea of Stars* would be adapted for film by him and his sister, Angela Paolini, in collaboration with Made Up Stories and Snoot Entertainment. Paolini and his sister will also serve as executive producers on the project. The news was also covered in entertainment trade press.

In August 2022, Paolini announced that the book would no longer be adapted as a feature film, but instead was being adapted as a television show and that writing had already begun on episodic scripts.

## Prequel

A prequel titled *Fractal Noise* was released on May 16, 2023.

## InfoBox

To Sleep in a Sea of Stars
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Christopher Paolini |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Macmillan Publishers |
| Publication date | 15 September 2020 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Hardcover, softback, Ebook |
| Pages | 880 |
| ISBN | 978-1-5290-4652-6 |
| Followed by | **Fractal Noise** |
| Website | Official website |