title: Villar del Campo

abstract: Villar del Campo is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 35 inhabitants.

text:
# Villar del Campo

**Villar del Campo** is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 35 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Villar del Campo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Villar del CampoLocation in Spain.Villar del CampoVillar del Campo (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°47′13″N 2°08′54″W / 41.78694°N 2.14833°W / 41.78694; -2.14833 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Soria |
| Municipality | Villar del Campo |
| Area | |
| Total | 25 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 22 |
| Density | 0.88/km2 (2.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art

abstract: MIMA, or Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough, England. The gallery was formally launched on Sunday, 27 January 2007; since 2014, it has been part of Teesside University.

text:
# Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art

**MIMA**, or **Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art**, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough, England. The gallery was formally launched on Sunday, 27 January 2007; since 2014, it has been part of Teesside University.

## History and estates

The gallery's opening marked the completion of an accumulative journey for the art collection of post-industrial Middlesbrough. The early artistic heritage of a town as young as Middlesbrough rested largely on the success of the Linthorpe Art Pottery (1879–1889), co-launched by Christopher Dresser, out of the Sun Brickworks that also built the suburb of Linthorpe. A School of Art opened alongside the Mechanics' Institute in the old town's Durham Street, in 1870, and by the 1950s that, too, had relocated to Linthorpe. The region's cultural profile was further boosted by the Cleveland International Drawing Biennale, until that competition's extinction in the 1990s.

A site for the town's first art gallery was granted by the father of the Mayor, Sir Arthur Dorman, in 1904. This was on Linthorpe Road opposite, and conceived in the same spate of events as what was to become the Dorman Museum outside Albert Park. Funding shortfalls amid the onset of war, however, ensured that only a rest garden was eventually sited there. In the meantime, from 1927, the Carnegie library and Grange Road Methodist Church housed the collection of paintings. No permanent provision for the pieces materialised until 1957, with the purchase by the Council of a former doctor's surgery on Linthorpe Road. It was not until 2003 that this building was vacated.

The former Cleveland Crafts Centre, on Gilkes Street, catered for a collection of twentieth-century British studio ceramics and artist-made jewellery dating from the 1970s onwards. The Cleveland Crafts Centre was closed as an exhibition venue in January 2003, and thereafter operated as the mima offices whilst the new gallery was being constructed. Its sister institution that lasted until 1999, the Cleveland Gallery, resided nearby in the unused school buildings on Victoria Road. They are today home to the University of Teesside's graduate incubation studios in aid of new business start-ups.

Following the closure in January 2003 of the two surviving galleries, construction of the present accommodation comprising the gallery spaces, education suite, auditorium, café-bar, shop, roof terrace, collection stores and conservation studio commenced in 2004. The centre was designed by Erick van Egeraat Associated Architect. Whilst construction was underway, mima programmed a series of offsite exhibitions and events including such artists as John Harrison and Paul Wood, Susan Pietzsch, Yuka Oyama, Graham Dolphin, Chicks on Speed, Martin Creed, Oliver Zwink and Mah Rana.

MIMA's founding director was Godfrey Worsdale, who left in 2008 to become director of the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. He was succeeded by Kate Brindley, previously director of Museums and Galleries at Bristol City Council She was briefly succeeded by Mark Robinson, who was acting director during the transition of ownership between the local authority and the university, and managed the recruitment of Alistair Hudson, previously Deputy Director at Grizedale Arts, who took on the role in 2014 and left in 2017 to become Director of the Manchester Art Gallery and the Whitworth. The current director is Laura Sillars, who joined from Sheffield's Site Gallery.

MIMA has participated in the Tate's programme Artist Rooms, featuring exhibitions by Gerhard Richter, Jannis Kounellis and Louise Bourgeois.

On 21 and 22 November 2009, the cast of the BBC motoring programme *Top Gear*Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May – held an exhibition of automotive art at MIMA, which featured in the 5th episode of the 14th series of the show, setting an all-time record for the gallery.

## Middlesbrough Collection

MIMA's Middlesbrough Collection comprises outstanding fine and applied art from 19th century to the present day, with many pieces acquired by mima's forerunners, Middlesbrough Art Gallery and the Cleveland Craft Centre.

Works include; Frank Auerbach, Elizabeth Blackadder, David Bomberg, Ken Currie, Jeremy Deller, Tracey Emin, Sir Jacob Epstein, Dame Elisabeth Frink, James Walter Gozzard, David Hockney, Peter Howson, Gwen John, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, L.S. Lowry, Ben Nicholson, Eduardo Paolozzi, Adrian Piper, Katherine Pleydell-Bouverie, Anne Redpath, Paula Rego, David Remfry, Lucie Rie, Stanley Spencer, Nancy Spero and Kara Walker.

In 2015, Tees Valley Arts donated a collection of significant artworks to the gallery as the Tees Valley Arts Collection, including works by artists Vivan Sundaram, Len Tabner and Adrian Wiszniewski.

54°34′28″N 1°13′58″W / 54.5745°N 1.2327°W / 54.5745; -1.2327

## InfoBox

Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 27 January 2007 (2007-01-27) |
| Location | Centre Square, Middlesbrough, England |
| Type | Art Museum |
| Director | Laura Sillars |
| Website | mima.art |


title: HD 48265 b

abstract: HD 48265 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 293 light-years away in the constellation of Puppis, orbiting the 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 48265. It has a minimum mass of 1.47 times that of Jupiter. Because its inclination is not known, its true mass is not known. It orbits at a distance of 1.81 AU with an orbital eccentricity of 0.08. As part of the NameExoWorlds project of the IAU, HD 48265 b was named "Naqaỹa" ("brother") and HD 48265 "Nosaxa" ("springtime") in the Moqoit language by Argentine respondents to an online poll.

text:
# HD 48265 b

**HD 48265 b** is an extrasolar planet located approximately 293 light-years away in the constellation of Puppis, orbiting the 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 48265. It has a minimum mass of 1.47 times that of Jupiter. Because its inclination is not known, its true mass is not known. It orbits at a distance of 1.81 AU with an orbital eccentricity of 0.08.

As part of the NameExoWorlds project of the IAU, HD 48265 b was named "Naqaỹa" ("brother") and HD 48265 "Nosaxa" ("springtime") in the Moqoit language by Argentine respondents to an online poll.

## InfoBox

HD 48265 b / Naqaỹa
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Minniti *et al.* |
| Discovery site | La Silla Observatory |
| Discovery date | October 29, 2008 |
| Detection method | Doppler spectroscopy<br>(CORALIE) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Semi-major axis | 1.81±0.07 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.08±0.05 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 780.3±4.6 |
| Argument of periastron | 344±138 |
| Semi-amplitude | 27.7±1.2 |
| Star | HD 48265 |
|  | |


title: Nicholas Quah

abstract: Nicholas Quah is a journalist for Vulture and is the creator of the Nieman Lab newsletter Hot Pod News.

text:
# Nicholas Quah

**Nicholas Quah** is a journalist for Vulture and is the creator of the Nieman Lab newsletter Hot Pod News.

## Career

Quah was the creator of the *Hotpods* newsletter. Quah worked for BuzzFeed in 2015 while writing the newsletter. Vox Media acquired the Hotpod newsletter in 2021 as part of plan to expand *The Verge*. Quah had been running the newsletter for almost seven years. After *Hot Pod* was acquired by *The Verge,* Quah started working at *Vulture*. Quah also hosts his own podcast called "Servant of Pod," which discusses the business side of podcasting. The show was a 2021 Webby Award honoree in the business category. Quah occasionally contributes podcast reviews and criticism to NPR's *Fresh Air*. He also wrote a book about the podcasting industry.

Quah provided commentary on the effects the COVID-19 pandemic has had on podcast consumption. For instance, Quah noted that podcast downloads decreased in March 2020, but that in late April 2020 downloads began increasing again. Jim Epstein criticized Quah for supporting government funded public broadcasting. Quah is in support of a decentralized federated business model for NPR because he believes that would allow for an increase in local reporting. Quah worked for Panoply and commented on the benefits of podcast networks. Quah covered the story about Gimlet Media unionizing. Quah opposed Luminary's paywalled business model saying that it "strikes at the ideological heart of the medium." Quah pointed out that a paywalled podcast company will have to be able to beat all the free alternatives in order to do well. Quah covered the plagiarism issues that Crime Junkie ran into. Quah has called the true crime genre the "bloody, beating heart of podcasting." Quah uses multiple podcasting applications but recommends Pocket Casts.

Quah was a juror for the Peabody Awards. Quah has written about how being on the Apple Podcast charts is often meaningless. Quah was an Antitrust Writing Award nominee in 2020. Quah was a 2021 Fortune Creator 25. Tom Jones wrote in Poynter that "No one analyzes the ins and outs of the podcast world better" Quah and that "no one \[provides reliable coverage on podcasts\] better than Vulture's Nicholas Quah."

## InfoBox

| Nicholas Quah | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1989 or 1990 (age 34–35) |
| Other names | Nick Quah |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Employer | Vulture |
| Known for | Writing about podcasts |
| Notable work | * Hot Pod Newsletter * Servant of Pod |
| Awards | * 2020 Antitrust Writing Award nominee * 2021 Fortune Creator 25 |
| Website | www.nicholasquah.com |


abstract: Northern Ireland national cerebral palsy football team is the national cerebral football team for Northern Ireland that represents the team in international competitions. The team was ranked thirteenth in the world in 2016. At the 2015 IFCPF World Championships, they finished fourteenth in a fifteen deep field.

text:
# Northern Ireland national cerebral palsy football team

**Northern Ireland national cerebral palsy football team** is the national cerebral football team for Northern Ireland that represents the team in international competitions. The team was ranked thirteenth in the world in 2016. At the 2015 IFCPF World Championships, they finished fourteenth in a fifteen deep field.

## Background

The Irish Football Association manages the national team. While Northern Ireland was active in participating on the World Championship level by 2016, the country did not have a national championships to support national team player development.

## Ranking

Northern Ireland was ranked thirteenth in the world by the IFCPF in November 2014 and 2016. In August 2013, the team was ranked fifteenth. Northern Ireland was ranked twenty-first in July 2011 and September 2012.

## Results

Northern Ireland has participated in a number of international tournaments. The team was scheduled to participate in the 2016 IFCPF Qualification Tournament World Championships in Vejen, Denmark in early August. The tournament was part of the qualifying process for the 2017 IFCPF World Championships. Other teams scheduled to participate included Scotland, Canada, Portugal, Iran, Australia, Venezuela, Japan, Republic of South Korea, Germany, Denmark, and Spain.

| Competition | Location | Year | Total Teams | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| IFCPF World Championships Qualification Tournament | Vejen, Denmark | 2016 |  |  |  |
| Euro Football 7-a-side | Maia, Portugal | 2014 | 11 | 8 |  |
| Intercontinental Cup | Barcelona, Spain | 2013 | 16 |  |  |
| Nations Cup | Lilleshall, England | 2009 |  |  |  |

### IFCPF World Championships

Northern Ireland has participated in the IFCPF World Championships.

| World Championships | Location | Total Teams | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 IFCPF World Championships | England | 15 | 14 |  |

## InfoBox

Northern Ireland national cerebral palsy football team
| Federation | Irish Football Association |
| --- | --- |
| IFCPF ranking | 13 |
| Highest IFCPF ranking | 13 (November 2014, 2016) |
| Lowest IFCPF ranking | 21 (July 2011, September 2012) |


title: LB buffer

abstract: LB buffer, also known as lithium borate buffer, is a buffer solution used in agarose electrophoresis, typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Lithium borate. LB(R) is a registered (USPTO) trademark of Faster Better Media LLC, which owns US patent 7,163,610 covering low-conductance lithium borate polynucleotide electrophoresis. Lithium Borate buffer has a lower conductivity, produces crisper resolution, and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TBE or TAE. At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TBE/TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time. Downstream applications, such as isolation of DNA from a gel slice or Southern blot analysis, work as expected with lithium boric acid gels. SB buffer containing sodium borate is similar to lithium borate and has nearly all of its advantages at a somewhat lower cost, but the lithium buffer permits use of even higher voltages due to the lower conductivity of lithium ions as compared to sodium ions and has a better resolution for fragments above 4kb.

text:
# LB buffer

**LB buffer**, also known as **lithium borate buffer**, is a buffer solution used in agarose electrophoresis, typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Lithium borate (lithium hydroxide monohydrate and boric acid).

LB(R) is a registered (USPTO) trademark of Faster Better Media LLC, which owns US patent 7,163,610 covering low-conductance lithium borate polynucleotide electrophoresis.

Lithium Borate buffer has a lower conductivity, produces crisper resolution, and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TBE or TAE (5-50 V/cm as compared to 5-10 V/cm). At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TBE/TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time. Downstream applications, such as isolation of DNA from a gel slice or Southern blot analysis, work as expected with lithium boric acid gels.

SB buffer containing sodium borate is similar to lithium borate and has nearly all of its advantages at a somewhat lower cost, but the lithium buffer permits use of even higher voltages due to the lower conductivity of lithium ions as compared to sodium ions and has a better resolution for fragments above 4kb.


title: Transition (novel)

abstract: Transition is a novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks, first published in 2009. The American edition was published under the name "Iain M. Banks", which is the name Banks used for his science fiction work.

text:
# Transition (novel)

***Transition***  is a novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks, first published in 2009. The American edition was published under the name "Iain M. Banks", which is the name Banks used for his science fiction work.

## Background

In an interview with *The Guardian*, Banks explained what he was aiming for: "With *Transition*, I wanted to prove something. I wanted to show I could do something like *The Bridge* again because until now, that has been my favourite."

While he has insisted it wasn't a commentary on American imperialism ("I don't think it's about America per se; it's more about power and the way that it is wielded in general") he does admit that the character The Philosopher is a way of addressing the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.

## Plot summary

Set between the dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the 2007–2008 financial crisis, *Transition* centres on a shadowy organisation called "The Concern" (also known as "L'Expédience"), and how the workings of this organisation affect the lives of the novel's multiple narrators and characters. Banks uses the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics theory to imagine "infinitudes" of parallel realities, between which The Concern's agents – known as Transitionaries – can "flit", intervening in events to produce what The Concern sees as beneficial outcomes for that world. Transitioning, or flitting, is only possible for people with a predisposed talent for such movement, who may only flit after ingesting a mysterious drug called "septus". When a Transitionary flits into another world, he or she temporarily takes control of the body of an existing inhabitant of that world, along with some of that body's residual idiosyncrasies (such as personality disorders and sexual preferences).

## Main characters

### The Transitionary

Referred to in section headings as "The Transitionary", the character's name is Temudjin Oh. Like the majority of The Concern's operatives, he naturally inhabits a version of Earth called Calbefraques, which is an "Open" world – one in which the presence of the many worlds is commonly known about and accepted. Temudjin, or Tem, is one of The Concern's most skilled and prized Transitionaries, although much mistrusted by the organisation's *de facto* head, Madame d'Ortolan, owing to his formerly close relationship with a renegade Concern operative, Mrs Mulverhill.

### Patient 8262

A former Transitionary, now in hiding in a far-flung reality, posing as a patient in a hospital. Patient 8262 is in the end revealed to be Temudjin Oh.

### Madame d'Ortolan

The ruthless, sexually predatory and ancient *de facto* head of The Concern's Central Council. More than two hundred years old, Madame d'Ortolan has been accorded the honour of being allowed to transition permanently into a younger body when her older one is near death. An unstable genius, she is deeply worried about the influence of Mrs Mulverhill on the Concern's activities.

### Adrian Cubbish

A City trader in the reality of our own Earth, Adrian is, at first, apparently not connected to the other characters or The Concern. He is a former drug dealer and arch-capitalist, who becomes extremely wealthy from his work as a trader, before setting up his own hedge fund.

### Mrs Mulverhill

A former member of The Concern, a highly talented Transitionary and erstwhile teacher at The Concern's University of Practical Talents. She believes that the ruling elite of the Concern has ulterior motives and a hidden agenda for the actions they perform. After forming a close relationship with Temudjin Oh, she disappears, causing Madame d'Ortolan to become deeply paranoid about her motives and intentions.

Mrs Mulverhill theorises that Madame d'Ortolan is motivated, along with a need to control the Council (and therefore humanity), to ensure that none of the many Earth worlds are contaminated by alien contact. Her instructions to the transitionaries to kill, supposedly to eliminate evil workers, are suspected by Mrs Mulverhill as being the means of eliminating the possibility of alien contact for Earth in all its realities (or otherwise of covering up this motive). In a final scene, Mme 'O' appears to accept this accusation.

### The Philosopher

A torturer and former employee of the police and army. The Philosopher likes to imagine himself as an ethical and thoughtful man – hence his sobriquet – and claims to take no pleasure in his work, seeing it only as a necessary evil.

### Bisquitine

A young and apparently mad woman kept under close watch by the Concern. Through various extreme and unethical measures, the Concern has developed Bisquitine's transition powers to a very high degree. Thus crazy and possessed of superpowers, she is the Concern's secret weapon; a real loose cannon. In the end she is revealed to be an abused character we have briefly met in previous chapters, named "Subject 7".

## Reception

Doug Johnstone for *The Independent* concluded: "Transition is a book that makes you think, one that makes you look at the world around you in a different light, and it's also a properly thrilling read. If only more contemporary fiction was like it."

Patrick Ness for *The Guardian* suggested the book has a "weird half-heartedness". He concluded "this is an airport novel, something for the flight from JFK to Eafrow *\[sic\]*. You're welcome to take that for as much of a recommendation as you choose."

## Unused material

In 2010, an unused section of the first draft was published by the Birmingham Science Fiction group as the short story "The Spheres" in a booklet of the same name. The publication was a limited edition of 500 to mark Novacon 40.

## InfoBox

Transition
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Iain Banks |
| Audio read by | Peter Kenny |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Little, Brown and Company |
| Publication date | 3 September 2009 |
| Publication place | Scotland |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 416 pp |
| ISBN | 0-316-73107-2 |
| OCLC | 373479614 |


title: Horton Country Park

abstract: Horton Country Park is a 152.3-hectare (376-acre) Local Nature Reserve north-west of Epsom in Surrey. It is owned and managed by Epsom and Ewell Borough Council. The park is a wooded recreation and amenities area occupying the east of a narrow upland watershed between two tributaries. As such, the summit being the parish divide, it is in traditional terms, within Epsom parish and occupies land due west of the town, and due east of the semi-rural, semi-urban London district of Chessington. Part of the area is occupied by Hobbledown Children's Farm, which contains various folkloric themed adventure playgrounds and a small zoo hosting domestic farm animals, and exotics such as meerkat, nilgai, emu and Bactrian camel. The farm is not open to adults without children. The Horton Light Railway used to run through this land from Ewell West railway station to the five psychiatric hospitals owned by the London County Council, known as the Epsom Cluster. Parts of the landscaped grounds of these hospitals have now been incorporated into the country park. The Thames Down Link long-distance footpath from Kingston upon Thames to Box Hill & Westhumble station passes through the park.

text:
# Horton Country Park

**Horton Country Park** is a 152.3-hectare (376-acre) Local Nature Reserve north-west of Epsom in Surrey. It is owned and managed by Epsom and Ewell Borough Council.

The park is a wooded recreation and amenities area occupying the east of a narrow upland watershed between two tributaries. As such, the summit being the parish divide, it is in traditional terms, within Epsom parish and occupies land due west of the town, and due east of the semi-rural, semi-urban London district of Chessington.

Part of the area is occupied by Hobbledown Children's Farm, which contains various folkloric themed adventure playgrounds and a small zoo hosting domestic farm animals, and exotics such as meerkat, nilgai, emu and Bactrian camel. The farm is not open to adults without children. The Horton Light Railway used to run through this land from Ewell West railway station to the five psychiatric hospitals owned by the London County Council, known as the Epsom Cluster. Parts of the landscaped grounds of these hospitals have now been incorporated into the country park.

The Thames Down Link long-distance footpath from Kingston upon Thames to Box Hill & Westhumble station passes through the park.

51°21′04″N 0°17′24″W / 51.351°N 0.290°W / 51.351; -0.290

## InfoBox

| Horton Country Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Local Nature Reserve |
| Location | Epsom, Surrey |
| OS grid | TQ 192 627 |
| Area | 152.3 hectares (376 acres) |
| Managed by | Epsom and Ewell Borough Council |


title: Trogossitinae

abstract: Trogossitinae is a subfamily of beetles in the family Trogossitidae.

text:
# Trogossitinae

**Trogossitinae** is a subfamily of beetles in the family Trogossitidae.

* Kolibáč, J. 2014: Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys. ZooKeys, 366: 1–194, doi:10.3897/zookeys.366.6172

## InfoBox

| Trogossitinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tenebroides corticalis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Trogossitidae |
| Subfamily: | Trogossitinae<br>Latreille, 1802 |
|
| Tribes | |
|  | |


title: Walter Mussing

abstract: Walter Mussing (1916-1990) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s.

text:
# Walter Mussing

**Walter Mussing** (1916-1990) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s.

## Background

Walter Mussing was the son of Vanuatu born father who was a share-farmer from Murwillumbah, New South Wales and was one of eight children. Walter Mussing was an elder brother of the noted Australian civil rights activist Faith Bandler. He started his rugby league career in Brisbane, Queensland and often played with the Queensland 'All Blacks' teams of the era with another Ex St. George Dragons player Walter Slockie.

## Career

Mussing came to St. George via the local Tweed Heads rugby league club in 1945. He made an immediate impact at the Dragons as a blockbusting try scorer. He was the club's top try scorer in his debut year, and was immensely popular with the fans. The following year, Mussing was one of the major contributors to the club's fantastic season, although he missed the 1946 Grand Final after suffering a broken collar-bone in the second last club game of the year. His place in the team was ultimately given to the young local junior Chick Donnelley. Mussing stayed with the club for the 1947 season, before returning to Queensland in 1948 to play for the Fingal All Blacks.

## Death

He died on 27 January 1990 aged 73.

## InfoBox

Walter Mussing
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter Mussing |
| Born | (1916-09-01)1 September 1916
Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 27 January 1990(1990-01-27) (aged 73)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Lock, Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1945–47 St. George Dragons 37 13 0 0 39 | |
| Source: Whiticker/Hudson | |


title: Norbord

abstract: Norbord Inc. was a Canadian company that manufactured wood-based panels and became the world's largest producer of oriented strand board (OSB). Norbord also manufactured particleboard, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and related value-added products. Norbord had assets of approximately $1.7 billion and employs approximately 2,600 people at 17 plant locations in the United States, Canada and Europe.

text:
# Norbord

**Norbord Inc.** was a Canadian company that manufactured wood-based panels and became the world's largest producer of oriented strand board (OSB). Norbord also manufactured particleboard, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and related value-added products. Norbord had assets of approximately $1.7 billion and employs approximately 2,600 people at 17 plant locations in the United States, Canada and Europe.

## History

The company was formed as a corporate spin-off of Noranda Mines. Until it was acquired by West Fraser Timber, Norbord was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "OSB".

## Structure

Norbord operates 13 OSB mills, 1 MDF (medium density fibreboard) plant, 2 particleboard (chipboard) plants and 1 furniture plant.

Its OSB mills in the US are located in Minnesota, Georgia (2 lines), Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and 2 in Texas. In Canada there are 2 mills in Alberta, 1 in British Columbia, 1 in Ontario and 2 in Québec. In Europe there are mills located in Inverness (2 lines) and Cowie (2 lines), Scotland, in South Molton, England as well as in Genk, Belgium.

The MDF line is located in Cowie, Scotland.

Its particleboard lines are located in Cowie, Scotland and South Molton, England.

Norbord's furniture factory is based in South Molton, England.

Both lines in Inverness as well as the line in Genk produce OSB.

In 2016 Norbord announced an expansion of the Inverness facility by addition of a 55m continuous OSB line, expanding production capacity to 750.000 m³/year

## InfoBox

Norbord Inc.
|
|  |
| Formerly | Noranda Forest; Nexfor |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | TSX: OSB<br>NYSE: OSB |
| Industry | Forestry |
| Genre | Engineered Wood Products |
| Predecessor | Noranda Mines |
| Defunct | February 1, 2021 (2021-02-01) |
| Fate | Acquired by West Fraser Timber |
| Headquarters | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Key people | Peter Wijnbergen (CEO) |
| Products | Oriented strand board, particleboard, medium-density fibreboard |
| Number of employees | 2,700 |
| Website | www.norbord.com |


title: Pere Tomich

abstract: Pere Tomich or Tomic was a Catalan knight and historian. He was son of the mayor of Bagà and attorney for the baronies of Pinós and Mataplana. He was Castilian of the castle of Aristot in the years 1446-47. He wrote a monumental general history of Catalonia from Creation, through the "primers pobladors d'Espanya", to the reign of Ferdinand I of Aragon. His Histories e Conquestes del reyalme Darago e principat de Cathalunya he finished at Bagà in 1438. One of its distinguishing marks is Pere's uncritical acceptance of legend and incorporation of folklore into his otherwise accurate account. Besides legend, Pere especially revels in listing the names of the major noble families of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. The events in which they were actors accompany their names, and the names of the lords of Pinós and Bagà are heavily favoured. Pere is the sole source for several historical events. He adds to the so-called "Legend of the Cowardly Peasants", in which the cowardice of the peasantry in the face of the Moors is led to explain their servitude, the fact that the Christian leader whose summons to arms they refused to obey was Louis the Pious and that the summons took place in 814. Pere also asserts that Huguet de Mataplana, the troubadour, was present at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He provides a detailed explanation of how Raymond Berengar I and Almodis codified the Catalan system of rank in their Usatges. Pere also wrote that Martin of Aragon died of the plague, which has been disproved. In 1431, a lawyer representing the guild of bitmakers of Barcelona arrived in Bagà to obtain a copy of a document authenticating a miracle supposedly performed by Saint Stephen on Galceran de Pinós. Finding the rector of the city away on business, the lawyer obtained the testimony of the oldest and most trustworthy men of Bagà in a public information-gathering session held in front of a notary public. The first sworn testimony recorded was that of Pere Tomich. His recollection is detailed and he adds the story of one hundred young ladies who were rescued through the saint's intervention. All subsequent witnesses simply affirmed Pere's testimony, adding that so had they heard from their fathers and grandfathers.

text:
# Pere Tomich

**Pere** (or **Père**) **Tomich** or **Tomic** (Bagà, Barcelona, fl. 14311438) was a Catalan knight and historian. He was son of the mayor of Bagà and attorney for the baronies of Pinós and Mataplana. He was Castilian of the castle of Aristot (Alt Urgell) in the years 1446-47.

He wrote a monumental general history of Catalonia from Creation, through the "primers pobladors d'Espanya" (first populators of Spain), to the reign of Ferdinand I of Aragon. His *Histories e Conquestes del reyalme Darago e principat de Cathalunya* he finished at Bagà in 1438. One of its distinguishing marks is Pere's uncritical acceptance of legend and incorporation of folklore into his otherwise accurate account. Besides legend, Pere especially revels in listing the names of the major noble families of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. The events (especially military, with a taste for naval expeditions) in which they were actors accompany their names, and the names of the lords of Pinós and Bagà are heavily favoured. Pere is the sole source for several historical events. He adds to the so-called "Legend of the Cowardly Peasants", in which the cowardice of the peasantry in the face of the Moors is led to explain their servitude, the fact that the Christian leader whose summons to arms they refused to obey was Louis the Pious and that the summons took place in 814. Pere also asserts that Huguet de Mataplana, the troubadour, was present at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He provides a detailed explanation of how Raymond Berengar I and Almodis codified the Catalan system of rank in their *Usatges*. Pere also wrote that Martin of Aragon died of the plague, which has been disproved.

In 1431, a lawyer representing the guild of bitmakers of Barcelona arrived in Bagà to obtain a copy of a document authenticating a miracle supposedly performed by Saint Stephen on Galceran de Pinós. Finding the rector of the city away on business, the lawyer obtained the testimony of the oldest and most trustworthy men of Bagà in a public information-gathering session held in front of a notary public. The first sworn testimony recorded was that of Pere Tomich. His recollection is detailed and he adds the story of one hundred young ladies who were rescued through the saint's intervention. All subsequent witnesses simply affirmed Pere's testimony, adding that so had they heard from their fathers and grandfathers.


title: Hertford British Hospital

abstract: The Hertford British Hospital was a hospital founded in Paris in 1871 for British and other English-speaking patients. In 2008, it merged with a nearby French hospital and was renamed to Hôpital franco-britannique. The Hertford British Hospital building was designed by Ernest-Paul Sanson and is a protected national monument.

text:
# Hertford British Hospital

The **Hertford British Hospital** was a hospital founded in Paris in 1871 for British and other English-speaking patients. In 2008, it merged with a nearby French hospital and was renamed to Hôpital franco-britannique. The Hertford British Hospital building was designed by Ernest-Paul Sanson and is a protected national monument.

## History

The hospital was founded in 1871 by Sir Richard Wallace, younger son of the Marquess of Hertford. In 1874, it opened its hospital at 3 rue Barbès in the Paris suburb of Levallois-Perret, near Neuilly-sur-Seine.

The site was taken over as a British military hospital and from 1957 to 1961 run by the War Office. This association ended in 1963, when the British Government arranged for the hospital to become financially independent.

In 2008, the Hertford British Hospital merged with the neighbouring Hôpital du Perpetuel Secours on Rue Kleber, to form the Institut Hospitalier Franco-Britannique.

The current Patron of the charity is the 9th Marquess of Hertford: his predecessor as Patron was Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

48°53′24″N 2°16′49″E / 48.89013°N 2.28027°E / 48.89013; 2.28027


title: Hub, Mississippi

abstract: Hub is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Mississippi, United States. South of Hub is the Lower Little Creek, a tributary of the Pearl River. Hub was never incorporated, and had a post office from 1899 to 1954. A shortline logging railroad, constructed by Camp & Hinton Brothers in the 1880s, began in Hub and extended several miles south. The Gulf and Ship Island Railroad, a mainline railroad, was built through Hub in 1899. Hub once had two operating sawmills and had a population of 25 in 1900. In 1945, Humble Oil discovered the Hub Field. It eventually produced 350 billion cubic feet of natural gas and eight million barrels of oil. The California Oil Company and the Pan American Petroleum Corporation also operated wells in the Hub Field.

text:
# Hub, Mississippi

**Hub** is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Mississippi, United States.

South of Hub is the Lower Little Creek, a tributary of the Pearl River.

Hub was never incorporated, and had a post office from 1899 to 1954.

A shortline logging railroad, constructed by Camp & Hinton Brothers in the 1880s, began in Hub and extended several miles south. The Gulf and Ship Island Railroad, a mainline railroad, was built through Hub in 1899.

Hub once had two operating sawmills and had a population of 25 in 1900.

In 1945, Humble Oil discovered the Hub Field. It eventually produced 350 billion cubic feet of natural gas and eight million barrels of oil. The California Oil Company and the Pan American Petroleum Corporation also operated wells in the Hub Field.

## InfoBox

| Hub, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HubHub | |
| Coordinates: 31°8′44″N 89°45′00″W / 31.14556°N 89.75000°W / 31.14556; -89.75000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Marion |
| Elevation | 144 ft (44 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 691947 |


title: Transition Extreme

abstract: Transition Extreme is a sports facility in Queens Links, Aberdeen. It is run by a charity.

text:
# Transition Extreme

**Transition Extreme** is a sports facility in Queens Links, Aberdeen. It is run by a charity.

## History

Construction on the facility began in April 2006.

The idea for Transition Skatepark and Extreme Sports Centre was conceived by Mr Neil Stevenson while he and his family lived in Houston, Texas between 2001-2003. Both of Mr Stevenson's children are avid skateboarders and, while in the US, had access to the world-class facilities offered by VANS skate parks and others. On returning to Aberdeen the subject of skateboarding facilities was extremely high profile with Aberdeen City Council, with several outdoor and temporary parks under discussion and a formal consultation underway between the Council and local enthusiasts. In addition, a temporary outdoor skate park erected at the beach during the summers of 2001-2003 had enjoyed tremendous attendance – with approximately 4000 visitors attending during 2003.

The idea of an integrated extreme sports centre was developed following the review of the Council's formal Community Plan – which clearly sets out the objectives for the city and its citizens – together with discussions with the Visit Aberdeenshire/Visitscotland. Thus the idea of year round indoor facilities for both climbing and skateboarding/BMX was developed, as well as providing a “shop window” for the other extreme sports and tremendous facilities of the North East of Scotland. They are continuing to build on this idea as part of the Scottish Enterprise and Opportunity North East project in 2022 and beyond.

It was officially opened in May 2007 by Prince Andrew, Duke of York, though the centre opened to the public the previous month. A ropes course was added later.

In 2021, Aberdeen City Council proposed that the planned Aberdeen stadium could be built at the beach, perhaps occupying where Transition Extreme stands today, as well as the nearby closed DoubleTree Hilton hotel.

## Facilities

The centre, which cost £2.7 million to build, contains a skatepark, a climbing wall, and a cafe, all situated indoors. A ropes course is situated outdoors.

1. "About Us – Transition Extreme". Retrieved 15 April 2021.
2. "Work begins on extreme sports centre in Aberdeen". Leisure Opportunities. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
3. "Duke opens extreme sports centre". *BBC News*. 23 May 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
4. "The benefits of teambuilding - News for the Oil and Gas Sector". *Energy Voice*. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
5. Hall, Jamie. "Transition Extreme backs council plan for new Dons stadium at Aberdeen beach". *Evening Express*. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
6. Proctor, David. "Fancy running your own cafe? Transition Extreme is looking for someone to run one its sports centre". *Evening Express*. Retrieved 15 April 2021.

## InfoBox

Transition Extreme
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | Aberdeen<br>Scotland |
| Coordinates | 57°9′15.19″N 2°4′54.08″W / 57.1542194°N 2.0816889°W / 57.1542194; -2.0816889 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 2006 |
| Opened | 2007 (2007) |
| Construction cost | £2.7 million |
| Website | |
| transition-extreme.com | |


title: Amoreuxia

abstract:
Amoreuxia is a genus of flowering plants in the achiote family, Bixaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cochlospermaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as yellowshow. They are native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Curaçao, and the southwestern United States.
  - Species
  - Amoreuxia gonzalezii Sprague & L.Riley – Santa Rita Mountain yellowshow - Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, southern Arizona
  - Amoreuxia malvifolia A.Gray - Chihuahua, Durango
  - Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sessé ex DC. – Mexican yellowshow - Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Arizona, New Mexico
  - Amoreuxia wrightii A.Gray – Wright's yellowshow  - Curaçao, Peru, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Campeche, Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Texas

text:
# Amoreuxia

**Amoreuxia** is a genus of flowering plants in the achiote family, Bixaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cochlospermaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as **yellowshow**. They are native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Curaçao, and the southwestern United States.

Species 1. *Amoreuxia gonzalezii* Sprague & L.Riley  Santa Rita Mountain yellowshow - Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, southern Arizona
2. *Amoreuxia malvifolia* A.Gray \- Chihuahua, Durango
3. *Amoreuxia palmatifida* Moc. & Sessé ex DC.  Mexican yellowshow - Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Arizona, New Mexico
4. *Amoreuxia wrightii* A.Gray  Wright's yellowshow - Curaçao, Peru, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Campeche, Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Texas

## InfoBox

| *Amoreuxia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amoreuxia gonzalezii* fruits | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Bixaceae |
| Genus: | *Amoreuxia*<br>Moc. & Sessé ex DC |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Euryanthe* Cham. & Schltdl. | |


title: Multiclavula ichthyiformis

abstract: Multiclavula ichthyiformis is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Costa Rica, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Matthew Nelsen, Robert Lücking, Loengrin Umaña, Marie Trest, and Susan Will-Wolf. The type collection was collected in the Macizo de la Muerte section of Tapantí National Park at an elevation of 2,700 m (8,900 ft). Here, in a disturbed high-altitude peat bog in a rainforest, it was found growing on the ground along a brook and a road bank. The thallus of Multiclavula ichthyiformis is barely discernible as a greenish layer on the soil up to 5 cm (2 in) across, containing colonies of green algae) and fungal hyphae. The fruit bodies are fleshy, unbranched, and lanceolate, with a fishtail-like lamina. The species epithet ichthyiformis refers to this latter feature. Its basidiospores are smooth and spherical, thin-walled and hyaline, and measure 4–6 μm in diameter. Other ground-dwelling lichens that were prevalent in this habitat included Cladia aggregata, Cladonia confusa, Dictyonema glabratum, Icmadophila aversa, Phyllobaeis imbricata, and Siphula ceratites.

text:
# Multiclavula ichthyiformis

***Multiclavula ichthyiformis*** is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Costa Rica, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Matthew Nelsen, Robert Lücking, Loengrin Umaña, Marie Trest, and Susan Will-Wolf. The type collection was collected in the Macizo de la Muerte section of Tapantí National Park (Cartago Province) at an elevation of 2,700 m (8,900 ft). Here, in a disturbed high-altitude peat bog in a rainforest, it was found growing on the ground along a brook and a road bank.

The thallus of *Multiclavula ichthyiformis* is barely discernible as a greenish layer on the soil up to 5 cm (2 in) across, containing colonies of green algae (the photobiont, from the genus *Coccomyxa*)) and fungal hyphae. The fruit bodies are fleshy, unbranched, and lanceolate, with a fishtail-like lamina. The species epithet *ichthyiformis* refers to this latter feature. Its basidiospores are smooth and spherical, thin-walled and hyaline, and measure 4–6 μm in diameter. Other ground-dwelling lichens that were prevalent in this habitat included *Cladia aggregata*, *Cladonia confusa*, *Dictyonema glabratum*, *Icmadophila aversa*, *Phyllobaeis imbricata*, and *Siphula ceratites*.

## InfoBox

| *Multiclavula ichthyiformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Cantharellales |
| Family: | Hydnaceae |
| Genus: | *Multiclavula* |
| Species: | ***M. ichthyiformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Multiclavula ichthyiformis***<br>Nelsen, Lücking, L.Umaña, Trest & Will-Wolf (2007) | |
|


title: Gentianella praecox

abstract: Gentianella praecox, the Bohemian gentian, is a flowering plant species belonging to the genus Gentianella in the family Gentianaceae. Its distribution is limited to the territory of the Bohemian Massif.

text:
# Gentianella praecox

***Gentianella praecox***, the **Bohemian gentian**, is a flowering plant species belonging to the genus *Gentianella* in the family Gentianaceae. Its distribution is limited to the territory of the Bohemian Massif.

## Description

*Gentianella praecox* is a biennial herb with a direct, simple stem, which more often branches at the base. It consists of 4–16 internodes (stem articles) of about the same length. Basal leaves measure 4.5 cm, which disappear with flowering. In the first year after germination the plant creates a sterile leafy rosette, which flowers in the second year. The size of the plant is very variable according to season and habitat, varying from 5 to 35 cm up to a height of 75 cm.

Flowers are composed from the calyx and the crown and contain five petals (pentamerous). The five often carmine-red tinged Sepals are fused at the bottom to form an unfurled chalice tube. The number of flowers is usually 2–50, exceptionally, up to 360. Gentianella praecox usually blooms from late August to early October. As with other gentianellas, there are summer flowering (aestival) and autumn flowering (autumnal) populations, without taxonomic significance.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Gentianella praecox shares characteristics with *Gentianella germanica* and *Gentianella austriaca*, but can be distinguished by the often carmine-red veined calyx, the papillary and strongly retroverted calyxes, the clearly formed and full-rimmed wings of the calyx tube and the more or less U- or V-shaped calyxes.

## Distribution, habitat

*Gentianella praecox* subsp. *bohemica* is endemic to the Bohemian massif in central Europe. Historically, it extended to the German part of the Šumava Mountains, the northern part of Austria and the southern part of Poland, but the center of its expansion remains the Czech Republic. According to a field study between 2000 and 2013 there were 73 known localities in the Czech Republic where *Gentianella praecox* subsp. *bohemica* had been mapped at least once.

*Gentianella praecox* is very rare. There are only a few sites left and thus it is threatened with extinction throughout its range. Only rediscovered in Bavaria in 1988 at 7 residual sites in the Bavarian Forest at altitudes between 700 and 890 meters, mapped in 1989 and 1990, the number of sites had decreased to three by 2010.

## Taxonomy

In 1888 Anton Joseph Kerner and Josef Kerner first described it under the basionym *Gentiana praecox*. In 1968, Ernest Mayer presented the Bohemian gentian as *Gentianella praecox* (A.Kern.& Jos.Kern.) E.Mayer in *Bioloski Vestnik.*  Volume 16, 1968, p., 26 in the genus *Gentianella*. This older name, which belongs to the aestival breed, has priority compared to the common name *Gentianella bohemica*, which Vladimír Skalický called it in 1968; This belongs to the autumnal breed, which no longer has any taxonomic value. Other synonyms for *Gentianella praecox* are *Gentianella gabretae* (Skalický), simultaneously described with *G. bohemica* as an aesthetic race, and *Gentianella praecox* subsp. *bohemica* (Skalický) Holub.

## InfoBox

| *Gentianella praecox* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Gentianella* |
| Species: | ***G. praecox*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gentianella praecox***<br>(A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) E. Mayer | |
|


title: Walter Myers (physician)

abstract: Walter Myers BSc, MA, MB BChir, MRCS, LRCP was a British physician, toxicologist and parasitologist who died of yellow fever aged 28 while studying the disease in Brazil.

text:
# Walter Myers (physician)

**Walter Myers** BSc, MA, MB BChir, MRCS, LRCP (28 March 1872 – 20 January 1901) was a British physician, toxicologist and parasitologist who died of yellow fever aged 28 while studying the disease in Brazil.

## Early life

Walter Myers was born on 28 March 1872 in Edgbaston, the only son of George Myers (b.1841) and Flora Wertheimer (1851-1921) granddaughter of Chief Rabbi Akiba Wertheimer and niece of German philosopher Constantin Brunner. His older sister Violet was a classical singer and younger sister Stella was a noted psychologist and psychotherapist. His firstborn nephew, Walter Myers Churchill (b.1907 d.1942), was named in his memory.

## Education

Myers went to King Edward's High School, Birmingham, as a Foundation Scholar.

In 1889 he left the High School with a Natural Science Scholarship, tenable for three years in Mason's College, Birmingham (now Birmingham University), where he studied in the biological laboratory while preparing for the Intermediate BSc. Examination (London), and won the Senior Botanical Prize. In 1890, relinquishing this scholarship, he then went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he gained an open Natural Science Scholarship and received a First in Part I. At the same time he studied science at London University.

He then became a medical student at St Thomas' Hospital, London, graduating in medicine at Cambridge University in 1897.

## Career

In 1891 he entered the Pathological Laboratory in the University of Cambridge where he continued to work under Professor Alfredo Kanthack until 1898. In February 1899 he was elected to the John Lucas Walker Studentship in Pathology, a scholarship given by the University of Cambridge for original pathological research, on the recommendation of Professor Kanthack for Myers’ work on blood and its diseases, and on the theory of immunity.

Under the scholarship Myers studied in three leading laboratories in Germany. He first went to the University of Freiburg to continue his pathological investigation under Professor Ernst Ziegler where he soon produced some further excellent work on cobra poisoning and the development of antivenom serums, and his preliminary investigations on the action of the various forms of proteids and their antibodies were some of the most important contributions to the study of immunity at that time. He then went to Berlin under Professor Robert Koch, a pioneering microbiologist and founder of modern bacteriology who received the Nobel Prize in 1905 for his groundbreaking research on tuberculosis; and subsequently to Frankfurt under Professor Paul Ehrlich who received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his contributions to immunology.

In June 1900 under the auspices of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Myers accompanied fellow eminent Cambridge scientist, Dr Herbert Durham who led the Yellow Fever Expedition to Brazil. In 1881 the Cuban epidemiologist Dr Carlos Finlay was the first to theorise that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes, but this remained unproven in the wider scientific community. While en route to Brazil they visited the U.S. Naval Hospital (now Walter Reed National Military Medical Center) in Washington where they met U.S. Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg who is considered the first U.S. bacteriologist, and then proceeded to Havana where they met Dr Finlay and his co-workers on 25 July 1900, and also the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, led by Dr Walter Reed, which subsequently confirmed Dr Finlay's theory. Among Reed's team was bacteriologist Dr Jesse Lazear who died a month later on 26 September aged 34 after deliberately allowing an infected mosquito bite him in order to study the disease.

On 24 August Durham and Myers arrived in Pari (modern day Belém) in the northern state of Pará, Brazil, where they established a laboratory in Domingos Freire Hospital to study the transmission of the disease and were among the first to establish its transmission by mosquitoes. Durham and Myers were aware of the risks that they were taking; however, on 16 January 1901, after conducting the fourteenth autopsy on victims of yellow fever both men found they were themselves infected. They were transferred to the Domingos Freire Isolation Hospital in Pari where Durham recovered but Myers died four days later, aged 28. In his subsequent report Durham deduced that they had both been infected through mosquito bites.

> *My dear colleague. I have learned with the greatest sorrow of the death of our common pupil and friend, Myers. It is, indeed, a great loss - such an able, strenuous, trustworthy worker, and of so good a character. When you receive more detailed particulars from Dr Durham, may I ask you to kindly communicate them to me?*
>
> Translation of letter from Prof Ehrlich

> *Those who follow the development of pathological investigation in this country had looked forward to much and most valuable work coming from Walter Myers.*
> *The researches he had already carried to a successful issue, characterised by rare insight, great accuracy and perseverance, had gained for him a name of which older men might well be proud. Myers’ death, which he met whilst carrying on investigations which had for their object the elucidation of the aetiology, pathology, and treatment of yellow fever, came as a great shock to his friends, and now even those who knew him only through his work feel keenly that Pathology has lost a splendid worker.*
>
> Extract from obituary in the Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology

An abstract of the resulting interim report of the expedition by his colleague Dr. Durham appeared in The Lancet and a full report was published the following year.

## Legacy

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine paid for a headstone to be placed on Myers’ grave in Pari and for a memorial plaque to be placed on the school building in Liverpool and also at Birmingham University where Myers first studied.

A fund (to which his father and uncle Charles Samuel contributed) was set up to fund a permanent Walter Myers Chair of Parasitology at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and also a 5-year fellowship called the Walter Myers Fellowship of Tropical Medicine. The Chair still exists, with Prof Stephen A Ward the current incumbent.

A Scholarship in Myers' name is awarded in Caius College Cambridge for outstanding results obtained in the Part II year.

## Bibliography

Myers’ contributions to the scientific journals include:

Myers translated a classical work by Professor Paul Ehrlich on Blood and its Diseases from German.

## InfoBox

| Walter Myers | |
| --- | --- |
| Myers, c.1895 | |
| Born | (1872-03-28)28 March 1872
Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK |
| Died | 20 January 1901(1901-01-20) (aged 28)
Pará, Brazil |
| Resting place | Pará, Brazil |
| Alma mater | Birmingham University,
University of Cambridge,
London University,
St Thomas' Hospital |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Immunology, toxicology, parasitology |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Howard J. Osborn

abstract: Howard J. Osborn was a former director of security at the Central Intelligence Agency who was forced to resign because he withheld documents from the FBI and the Watergate Congressional Committee. He withheld a memorandum detailing a visit by Lee R. Pennington, Jr. to the residence of Watergate burglar James W. McCord, Jr. shortly after the Watergate break-in. At McCord's home, Pennington witnessed McCord's wife burning documents which might have shown a link between McCord and the CIA.

text:
# Howard J. Osborn

**Howard J. Osborn** was a former director of security at the Central Intelligence Agency who was forced to resign because he withheld documents from the FBI and the Watergate Congressional Committee. He withheld a memorandum detailing a visit by Lee R. Pennington, Jr. to the residence of Watergate burglar James W. McCord, Jr. shortly after the Watergate break-in. At McCord's home, Pennington witnessed McCord's wife burning documents which might have shown a link between McCord and the CIA.

## Early life and education

Osborn was born in New Jersey on March 6, 1918, the son of Eugene Chester Osborn and Jessie Everett Turner Osborn. In 1922, the family moved to Hamburg, New York, where Osborn attend school and graduated from Hamburg High School with classmate E. Howard Hunt in 1936. Osborn attended the University of Michigan and graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

## Career

### World War II

Osborn was commissioned US Army 2nd Lieutenant at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia, on July 22, 1941. He served 5 years and was discharged as a Major in 1946.

### CIA career

Osborn was employed by the CIA for 27 years, from 1947 to 1974. He was Director of Security from July 1, 1964, until March 8, 1974, when he went on sick leave and retired the following December 31. Most of Osborn's work at the CIA is shrouded in the CIA's veil of secrecy. Some of his activities have been revealed through release of documents and his testimony at congressional hearings.

#### Oleg Penkovsky

In a May 23, 1963, Memo to the deputy director of Plans, Osborn, then Chief of the SR (Soviet-Russian) Division, wrote regarding Oleg Penkovsky: "we have concluded that there is no possibility that this case represents planned deception, build-up for deception, fabrication, or double agent activity. Rather it represents the most serious penetration of Soviet officialdom ever accomplished and one that will hurt them for years to come." Penkovsky had been supplying American and British intelligence officials with information for 18 months from April 1961 to October 1962 when he was arrested, tried and executed on May 16, 1963.

#### Call to Richard Helms

On the night of the Watergate burglary, Osborn called CIA Director Richard Helms at home to inform him that five men had been arrested in a break-in at the Democratic Party National Headquarters at the Watergate. He told Helms that the group included James McCord who had retired from the CIA two years prior and had been supervised by Osborn when McCord was employed at the CIA. He also told Helms that former CIA officer Howard Hunt was involved in some way, this was before the police knew Hunt was involved.

#### Pennington matter

Lee R. Pennington, Jr., an old family friend of the Ruth and James McCord, visited the McCord home shortly after the Watergate scandal. There he witnessed Ruth McCord burning documents which he thought might have linked the CIA to Watergate. He reported the incident to his CIA bosses and a CIA memo was written. Osborn withheld the memo about the Pennington visit from the CIA report which was furnished to the United States Senate Watergate Committee. The Pennington memo was eventually provided to the committee and Osborn was forced to retire over the matter.

#### Rockefeller Commission

On February 17, 1975, Osborn testified for three hours behind a closed door session of the United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, known as the Rockefeller Commission.

Osborn's remarks have never been made public, however, CIA Director William Colby has acknowledged that Osborn's Office of Security was responsible for inserting agents into dissident organizations to gather information relating to plans for demonstrations, pickets, protests or break-ins. Another operation under Osborn's security office involved surreptitious entry into the homes and offices of agency employees and former employees suspected of security violations.

#### HTLINGUAL

From 1952 to 1973, the CIA was involved in a mail opening project called HTLINGUAL. On October 21, 1975, Osborn voluntarily appeared before the US Senate Select Committee investigating Intelligence activities, known as the Church Committee, with regards to mail opening. In his testimony, Osborn revealed that the CIA was not only removing letters from the Post Office for photocopying and examining the exteriors of the letters, it also opened some of the mail without the Post Office's knowledge, and had at least on one occasion, opened and copied a letter to an unnamed US Congressman. These operations were being conducted in New York City and San Francisco. Osborn acknowledged that he knew what the CIA was doing was illegal.

## Personal life

Osborn married Elizabeth Erskine of Oakland, California on December 12, 1942, in Westport, Connecticut. They had three children, a daughter and two sons.

## Death

Osborn died May 14, 1984, from lung cancer and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Howard J. Osborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Howard Jenkins Osborn
(1918-03-08)March 8, 1918
New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | May 14, 1984(1984-05-14) (aged 66)
Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Occupation | Former Central Intelligence Agency Director of Security |
| Known for | The Pennington Matter |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | United States Army Reserve |
|  | |


title: Petchchaiyapruek F.C.

abstract: Petchchaiyapruek Football Club, is a Thai football club based in Bangkok, Thailand. The club is currently playing in the 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region.

text:
# Petchchaiyapruek F.C.

**Petchchaiyapruek Football Club** (Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอล เพชรชัยพฤกษ์), is a Thai football club based in Bangkok, Thailand. The club is currently playing in the 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region.

## Record

| Season | League | | | | | | | | | FA Cup | League Cup | Top goalscorer | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Division | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts | Pos | | | Name | Goals |
| 2016 | DIV 3 Central |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018 | TA Bangkok |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | TA Bangkok |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

| Champions | Runners-up | Promoted | Relegated |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Petchchaiyapruek
เพชรชัยพฤกษ์ เอฟซี
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Petchchaiyapruek Football Club
สโมสรฟุตบอล เพชรชัยพฤกษ์ |
| Founded | 2011 (2011) |
| Ground | Sukkoki Football Stadium
Bangkok, Thailand |
| Chairman | Issara Campakum |
| Head Coach | Issara Campakum, Chakri Lengpuang – Manager |
| League | 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region |


title: Ng Hui

abstract: Ng Hui is a Singaporean educator, former actress and television host. She was prominently a full-time Mediacorp artiste from 2000 to 2012.

text:
# Ng Hui

**Ng Hui** (born 22 July 1979) is a Singaporean educator, former actress and television host. She was prominently a full-time Mediacorp artiste from 2000 to 2012.

## Early life

Ng attended Jin Shan Primary School, Raffles Girls' Secondary School and Hwa Chong Junior College and graduated from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) with a degree in Communication Studies. She was awarded the Outstanding Young Alumni Award by NTU in 2008.

## Career

While studying in NTU, Ng went on an internship with Mediacorp to learn to be an assistant director. On the set of *Living with Lydia*, the casting directors asked her to audition for the sitcom and was cast as Apple Lum, Lydia's daughter in the sitcom. This started her acting career with Mediacorp.

In 2006, Ng appeared in her first film, *We Are Family*.

Ng was best known for her award-winning role as 'Tao Jie' in *The Little Nyonya* and has acted in more than 20 dramas and hosted a number of variety shows.

Ng left the entertainment industry in 2012 as she decided that she will devote her time and efforts to other areas apart from acting. She worked as an Allied Educator for Learning And Behavioural Support at a government primary school til 2022.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *We Are Family* (左麟右李) |  |  |  |

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Beyond* | Xu Wenqian |  |  |
| | *Poetic Justice* | Sunny |  |  |
| | *The Day It Rained on Our Parade* | Sister Maria |  |  |
| | *Jump!* | Miss Deng |  |  |
| | *Unriddle 2* | Yao Wanyi |  |  |
| | *Rescue 995* | Cai Jieyi |  |  |
| 2011 | *Kampong Ties* | Han Xiuyuan |  |  |
| | *Love Thy Neighbour* | Angelina |  |  |
| 2010 | *New Beginnings* | Wu Dailin |  |  |
| 2009 | *My Buddy* | Lin Sheng Lian |  |  |
| | *Happily Ever After* |  |  |  |
| | *Perfect Cut II* |  |  |  |
| 2008 | The Little Nyonya | Ah Tao |  |  |
| | *The Defining Moment* |  |  |  |
| | *Love Blossoms* |  |  |  |
| 2007 | *Let It Shine* | Guan Yulin |  |  |
| | *The Greatest Love Of All* | Tang Caining |  |  |
| | *Metamorphosis* | Mya Sun Meiya |  |  |
| 2006 | *The Shining Star* |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *Family Combo II* |  |  |  |
| 2004 | *Double Happiness* |  |  |  |
| | *Room In My Heart* |  |  |  |
| | *Spice Siblings* |  |  |  |
| | *Family Combo I* |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *Brothers 4* |  |  |  |
| | *Always On My Mind* (无炎的爱) |  |  |  |
| | *Romance De Amour* |  |  |  |
| | *Heartlanders* |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *The New Dragon Inn* |  |  |  |
| 2001-2005 | *Living with Lydia* | Apple Lum |  |  |

### Variety shows

| Year | Title | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *PSC Nite* |  |
| 2004 | *Road Feast Malaysia* |  |
| | *I Am The One* |  |
| | *King of Variety* |  |
| 2005 | *KP Club II* |  |
| | *Gone in 72 Days* |  |
| | *Quirky Foodies* |  |
| | *KP Club I* |  |
| | *Weekend Delight* |  |
| | *Star Choice* |  |
| 2006 | *PSC Challenge* |  |
| | *On The Beat* |  |
| | *Spirit of Service* |  |
| | *Chingay Parade* |  |
| | *Y Do You Care* |  |
| 2009 | *Easy Cooking* |  |
| | *The Sheng Shiong Show 5* |  |
| 2023 | *The Reunion - Ep 3* |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Ceremony | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Star Awards | Best Newcomer |  | Nominated |  |
| 2007 | Star Awards | Best Supporting Actress | *The Greatest Love of All* (as Tang Caining) | Nominated |  |
| 2009 | Star Awards | Best Supporting Actress | *The Little Nyonya* (as Tao) | Won |  |
| 2012 | Star Awards | Best Supporting Actress | *Kampong Ties* (as Han Xiuyuan) | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Ng Hui | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1979-07-22) 22 July 1979<br>Singapore |
| Other names | Huang Hui |
| Education |  |
| Alma mater | Nanyang Technological University |
| Occupations | * Educator * actress * television host |
| Years active | 2000−2012 |
| Awards | Star Awards 2009 : Best Supporting Actress |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 黃慧 |
| Simplified Chinese | 黄慧 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Huáng Huì |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: North American donkeys

abstract: North American donkeys constitute approximately 0.1% of the worldwide donkey population. Donkeys were first transported from Europe to the New World in the fifteenth century during the Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, and subsequently spread south and west into the lands that would become México. They first reached the United States in the late seventeenth century. Donkeys arrived in large numbers in the western United States during the gold rushes of the nineteenth century, highly regarded as pack animals and for working in mines and ore-grinding mills. From about 1785, some select larger donkeys were imported from Europe to the eastern part of the continent. There are no true-breeding North American donkey breeds. Breed societies in Canada and the United States register donkeys, according to their size, as miniature, standard or mammoth donkeys. These are reported as breeds to the Domestic Animal Diversity database, a division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, by the National Animal Germplasm Program, as are the burros – a feral population of desert-dwelling donkeys in the southwestern U.S. – and the spotted, a color breed.

text:
# North American donkeys

**North American donkeys** constitute approximately 0.1% of the worldwide donkey population. Donkeys were first transported from Europe to the New World in the fifteenth century during the Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, and subsequently spread south and west into the lands that would become México. They first reached (what is now) the United States in the late seventeenth century. Donkeys arrived in large numbers in the western United States during the gold rushes of the nineteenth century, highly regarded as pack animals and for working in mines and ore-grinding mills. From about 1785, some select larger donkeys were imported from Europe to the eastern part of the continent.

There are no true-breeding North American donkey breeds. Breed societies in Canada and the United States register donkeys, according to their size, as miniature, standard or mammoth donkeys. These are reported as breeds to the Domestic Animal Diversity database, a division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, by the National Animal Germplasm Program (of the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture), as are the **burros** (Spanish for 'donkey') – a feral population of desert-dwelling donkeys in the southwestern U.S. (mainly Arizona) – and the **spotted**, a color breed.

## History

The first asses came to the Americas aboard ships of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus, landing at Hispaniola in 1495. In the early days of the conquistadores, jackasses were highly valued as sires for mules, which were esteemed as riding animals by the Spanish, and reserved for the nobility. Mules were bred for expeditions to mainland America, with males preferred for pack animals and the females for riding. The first shipment of mules, with three jacks and twelve jennies, arrived in México via Cuba ten years after the conquest of the Aztecs in 1521. Mules were used in silver mines, and each Spanish outpost across the empire bred its own mules with its own jack.

The first presence of donkeys in what is today the U.S. is, sometimes, reported to date from 1679, when a Jesuit priest named Eusebio Kino transported several from Sonora, northern Mexico, to a new mission at San Xavier del Bac, in what is now Arizona; however, Kino did not arrive in the Americas prior to ca. 1681, likewise he was not in Sonora until 1687. Roughly 200 years later, donkeys arrived en masse in the western U.S. during the gold rushes of the nineteenth century, as pack animals and for use in mines and ore-grinding mills. The widespread use of donkeys for work largely came to an end with the collapse of the mining boom, as well as the subsequent introduction of railroads across the nation, especially in the west. With little value, many animals were simply turned-loose, becoming the herds of free-roaming burros that inhabit the deserts and highlands of Arizona today.

From about 1785, some large donkeys were imported from Europe to the eastern United States, and were used for the production of mules. In 1888 the American Breeders Association of Jacks and Jennets started a stud-book for these animals under the name American Mammoth Jack. In 1923, this stud book merged with the Standard Jack and Jennet Registry of America, which had been set up in 1908; in 1988, its name was changed to the American Mammoth Jackstock Registry. Breeds that may have influenced the mammoth include the Maltese, the Baudet du Poitou, the Andalusian, the Majorcan and the Catalan.

In the twentieth century, donkeys came to be more frequently kept as farm animals, pets or as livestock guardian animals in the U.S., among other nations. In 1929, Robert Green of New York imported seven donkeys belonging to the smaller, indigenous Sardinian breed to the U.S.; the first foal was born that same year. Although never considered miniature in their country of origin, these animals were soon known as "Miniature" or "Miniature Mediterranean" donkeys. Green was a lifelong advocate, and said of his animals: "Miniature donkeys possess the affectionate nature of a Newfoundland, the resignation of a cow, the durability of a mule, the courage of a tiger, and an intellectual capability only slightly inferior to man's." By 1935, there were 52 of them, and some were sold. Further Sardinian donkeys were imported, as well as similar—but quite distinct—Sicilian animals. A register of miniature donkeys was formed in 1958, by Bea Langfeld, the first professional breeder of miniature donkeys in the United States; in 1987, it was merged into that of the American Donkey and Mule Society, which was formed in 1967.

## Characteristics

Both the Canadian Donkey and Mule Association and the American Donkey and Mule Society register donkeys according to their size, as miniature, standard or mammoth donkeys.

Adult miniature donkeys stand 36 inches (91 cm) or less at the withers.

Small standard donkeys stand from over 36 to 48 inches (91 to 122 cm) and large standard donkeys stand from over 48 inches (120 cm) to 54 inches (140 cm) for jennies, or 56 inches (140 cm) for jacks and geldings.

Mammoth jennies are taller than 54 inches (140 cm), and mammoth jacks and geldings over 56 inches (140 cm).

Any donkey with at least two spots behind the throatlatch and above the legs can be registered with the American Council of Spotted Asses under the trademarked name American Spotted Ass.

1. Waltraud Kugler, Hans-Peter Grunenfelder, Elli Broxham (2008). Donkey Breeds in Europe: Inventory, Description, Need for Action, Conservation; Report 2007/2008. St. Gallen, Switzerland: Monitoring Institute for Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe. Archived 2 September 2009.
2. Clive Roots (2007). *Domestication* Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313339875.
3. The Donkey. Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development, 1990. Archived 15 August 2011.
4. Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). *Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding* (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
5. Sandra L. Olsen (editor) (1996). *Horses Through Time*. Boulder, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart Publishers for Carnegie Museum of Natural History. ISBN 9781570980602; cited at Donkey. Lexington, Kentucky: The International Museum of the Horse. Archived 12 August 2011.
6. Dent, Anthony (1972) *Donkey: The Story of the Ass from East to West* London: Harrap ISBN 9780245599323 "There is no breed of ass that can be regarded as a specific and original American development", cited at The Donkey Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development, 1990. Archived 15 August 2011.
7. All About Donkeys! The American Donkey and Mule Society. Archived 14 August 2011.
8. About donkeys. Canadian Donkey and Mule Association. Archived 16 January 2012.
9. United States of America, Ass. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2019.
10. Salmon, Thomas (\[1744–1746) *Modern History: or, The Present State of all Nations*, 3rd edition, Volume 3. *London: T. Longman.*
11. Anthony Kilgore (1858). 'An Essay on the Ass and Mule', in *Working Farmer* **IX**: 284.
12. Joan F. Guilfoyle, Albert J. Kane, Gus Warr, Fran Ackley (2014). Managing and Training Mustangs in the Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse and Burro Program. *Proceedings of the 60th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, December 6–10, 2014* (2014): 410–423.
13. Jack Stock Characteristics. American Mammoth Jackstock Registry. Archived 5 October 2011.
14. The History of The Miniature Mediterranean Donkey The Donkey & Mule Society of New Zealand. Accessed August 2011.
15. Spotted Ass Registration Information. American Council of Spotted Asses, 2009. Accessed March 2012.


title: Transition (music)

abstract: A transition is a passage of music composed to link one section of music to another. Transitions often function as a moment of transformation and may, or may not in themselves, introduce new, musical material. Often in music, the transition is the middle section or formal function, while the main theme is the beginning, and the subordinate theme is the ending. It may traditionally be a part of the sonata form's exposition in which the composer modulates from the key of the first subject to the key of the second, though many Classical era works move straight from first to second subject groups without any transition. For example, transition may be defined as different from a subordinate theme or a developmental core. In sonata form, a retransition is the last part of the development section which prepares for the return of the first subject group in the tonic, most often through a grand prolongation of the dominant seventh.

text:
# Transition (music)

A **transition** is a passage of music composed to link one section of music to another. Transitions often function as a moment of transformation and may, or may not in themselves, introduce new, musical material.

Often in music, the transition is the middle section or formal function, while the main theme is the beginning, and the subordinate theme is the ending. It may traditionally be a part of the sonata form's exposition in which the composer modulates from the key of the first subject to the key of the second, though many Classical era works move straight from first to second subject groups without any transition.

For example, transition may be defined as different from a subordinate theme (rondo form) or a developmental core.

In sonata form, a **retransition** (the transition to the recapitulation) is the last part of the development section which prepares for the return of the first subject group in the tonic, most often through a grand prolongation of the dominant seventh.

## Sources


title: MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital

abstract: MultiCare Health System's Tacoma General Hospital is the largest hospital in Tacoma, Washington. It is a level II trauma center with 437 beds and the second-largest obstetrical care center in the state of Washington. Tacoma General began serving patients in 1882. The hospital is owned and operated by MultiCare Health System, a Tacoma-based not-for-profit integrated health organization.

text:
# MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital

MultiCare Health System's **Tacoma General Hospital** is the largest hospital in Tacoma, Washington. It is a level II trauma center with 437 beds and the second-largest obstetrical care center in the state of Washington. Tacoma General began serving patients in 1882. The hospital is owned and operated by MultiCare Health System, a Tacoma-based not-for-profit integrated health organization.

## History

Tacoma General's beginnings trace back to the earliest days of the city of Tacoma. Founded in 1882, seven years before Washington achieved statehood, the Fannie C. Paddock Memorial Hospital opened its doors in a former dance hall at 2511 North Starr Street in what is now Old Town Tacoma. Frances (Fannie) Chester Fanning Paddock was the wife of John A Paddock, who was the first Episcopal bishop of Washington Territory. As Fannie Paddock prepared to move West to join her husband, she asked him what was the greatest need in Tacoma. He responded that they needed a hospital. She began raising money by asking her friends to support this cause and had collected $500 before she started her journey to Tacoma. Mrs. Paddock fell ill during her trip west and died shortly after arriving in Portland. The hospital was named in her honor by her husband Bishop Paddock exactly one year after Fannie died. Today, what was once the Fannie C. Paddock Memorial Hospital is now MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital, and the healthcare mission begun in that converted dance hall has evolved over the last 130 years into MultiCare Health System — the largest healthcare system in the South Puget Sound region. The name of the hospital was changed in 1912.

## Facilities

Tacoma General has 437 licensed beds. It is a level II adult trauma center and contains 16 operating rooms, 4 cardiac catheterization labs, a 27-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit, a 25-bed cardiac care unit, and a level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Tacoma General is physically attached to Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, which is also run by MultiCare. Mary Bridge has 82 licensed beds and is a level II pediatric trauma center.

## Volume

In 2007 Tacoma General had 14,185 inpatient admissions (14,723 with Neonates), delivered 3,149 babies, performed 6,818 surgeries, conducted 32,121 home health visits, received 40,724 emergency room visits, and 64,904 outpatient visits (excluding ER). In 2007, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital had 3,990 medical and surgical inpatient admissions, 359 pediatric intensive care unit admissions, performed 5,392 surgeries, received 30,147 emergency department visits, and 41,055 outpatient clinic visits.

47°15′33″N 122°27′12″W / 47.2593°N 122.4532°W / 47.2593; -122.4532

## InfoBox

| Tacoma General Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| MultiCare Health System | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 315 Martin Luther King Junior Way, Tacoma, Washington, United States |
| Organization | |
| Funding | Not-for-profit |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level II trauma center |
| Beds | 437 |
| Helipad | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 1882 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.tacomageneral.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in Washington State |


title: George Calnan

abstract: George Charles Calnan was a United States Navy officer who also competed for the United States as a fencer. Competing in four Summer Olympics, he earned three bronze medals A native of Boston, Massachusetts, Calnan did not start fencing until he was a student at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. By the time he was a senior, he was captain of the Navy's fencing team. Two years later, Calnan competed for the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he finished tied for fifth in the team épée competition. Calnan took the Olympic Oath at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Calnan was among the 73 fatalities of the USS Akron crash in 1933. He had a lieutenant's rank at the time of the crash. He was posthumously inducted in the US Fencing Hall of Fame in 1963, among the first inductees. He is also the namesake of the George C. Calnan Memorial Trophy, which is given to the three-weapon championship team.

text:
# George Calnan

George Calnan
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's fencing | | |
| Representing the  United States | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1928 Amsterdam | Epee, individual |
|  | 1932 Los Angeles | Foil, team |
|  | 1932 Los Angeles | Epee, team |

**George Charles Calnan** (January 18, 1900 – April 4, 1933) was a United States Navy officer who also competed for the United States as a fencer. Competing in four Summer Olympics, he earned three bronze medals (Individual épée: 1928, Team foil: 1932, Team épée: 1932)

A native of Boston, Massachusetts, Calnan did not start fencing until he was a student at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. By the time he was a senior, he was captain of the Navy's fencing team. Two years later, Calnan competed for the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he finished tied for fifth in the team épée competition. Calnan took the Olympic Oath at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Calnan was among the 73 fatalities of the USS *Akron* crash in 1933. He had a lieutenant's rank at the time of the crash.

He was posthumously inducted in the US Fencing Hall of Fame in 1963, among the first inductees. He is also the namesake of the George C. Calnan Memorial Trophy, which is given to the three-weapon championship team.

## InfoBox

| George Calnan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Birth name | George Charles Calnan |
| Born | (1900-01-18)January 18, 1900
Boston, Massachusetts, US |
| Died | April 4, 1933(1933-04-04) (aged 33)
Off the coast of New Jersey, US |
| Cause of death | The crash of USS *Akron* |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1918 – 1933 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Alma mater | United States Naval Academy |


title: Namgay Peldon

abstract: Namgay Peldon is a Bhutanese judge, and politician. In 2008, she was the first woman to be elected a local governor when she was elected Gup, or administrator, of Tashiding Gewog, a sub-district of Dagana. In this role, she attended the National Leadership Summit at Jaipur, India, in 2012. Namgay Peldon is married with two children. She considers herself to have been well-educated in comparison with most Bhutanese women. Prior to her election, she worked as a community instructor in the Dagana locality, assisting local people in writing or completing official papers. Peldon's achievements as Gup have included construction of new offices and roads, renovation of a historic local temple, and building of irrigation channels. She says that her future goals include the construction of a local hospital and further improvements to the water supply. In 2016, she was re-elected with an increased majority, and the Dagana District acquired an additional female Gup when Pema Wangmo Tamang was elected for the first time.

text:
# Namgay Peldon

**Namgay Peldon** (or **Pelden**; born c.1980) is a Bhutanese judge, and politician. In 2008, she was the first woman to be elected a local governor when she was elected Gup, or administrator, of Tashiding Gewog, a sub-district of Dagana. In this role, she attended the National Leadership Summit at Jaipur, India, in 2012.

Namgay Peldon is married with two children. She considers herself to have been well-educated in comparison with most Bhutanese women. Prior to her election, she worked as a community instructor in the Dagana locality, assisting local people in writing or completing official papers.

Peldon's achievements as Gup have included construction of new offices and roads, renovation of a historic local temple, and building of irrigation channels. She says that her future goals include the construction of a local hospital and further improvements to the water supply. In 2016, she was re-elected with an increased majority, and the Dagana District acquired an additional female Gup when Pema Wangmo Tamang was elected for the first time.


title: How to find out a True Friend

abstract: How to find out a True Friend is an Indian fairy tale collected by Laura Gonzenbach in Sicilianische Märchen. Andrew Lang included it in The Crimson Fairy Book.

text:
# How to find out a True Friend

**How to find out a True Friend**  is an Indian fairy tale collected by Laura Gonzenbach in *Sicilianische Märchen*. Andrew Lang included it in *The Crimson Fairy Book*.

## Synopsis

A childless king and queen pledged to St. James that if they had a son, he would make a pilgrimage on his eighteenth birthday. They had a son. When he was twelve, his father died. When his eighteenth birthday grew near, the queen grieved over the thought of not seeing him for a year; she tried to put her son off, but when his consolations for her pretended causes did not work, she had to reveal the truth. He assured her that he would return.

The queen gave him apples and told him that he needed a companion, but he should invite any prospect to eat with him, and then he should cut an apple into two unequal parts and reject anyone who did not take the smaller. He met three young men, each of whom also claimed to be going on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James, but the first two wanted the larger part, and the prince feigned illness to be rid of them. The third took the smaller, and they traveled together, having pledged that if one died, the other would bring his body. It took them a year to reach the shrine. At one point, they hired a house to rest before they continued.

The king saw them, thought them both handsome but the prince the handsomer, and resolved to marry his daughter to the prince. He invited them both to dinner, and poisoned the friend, thinking that would keep the prince from travelling on. Instead, the prince instantly resolved to go on. The king offered his daughter, but the prince went on, and brought his friend's body with him. The friend was not dead, only sleeping, and when the prince had reached the shrine, he prayed the friend be restored to life, and he was.

They returned to the king, and the prince married his daughter. The prince, after a time, declared that he had to return home. The king hated the friend and sent him off with a message, telling him the prince would wait; then he got the prince to leave, assuring him the friend could catch him, he would give him a good horse. When the friend returned, the king sent him after the prince on foot. He was exhausted when he reached the prince, so the prince tended to him like a brother and brought him home. However, no doctor was able to cure him.

The prince's wife gave birth to a daughter.

One day, a strange old man arrived, and the queen brought him to the friend. He declared that the man could be restored by the daughter's blood. The prince was horror-struck, but since he had declared he would treat his friend as his brother, he did it. The friend was restored, but the daughter lay in her cradle as if dead. The old man returned, revealed he was St. James of Lizia, and restored the girl.


title: Jean Baptiste (grave robber)

abstract: Jean Baptiste was a grave robber in 19th-century Utah whose disappearance has been the subject of local legend. His activities were uncovered in 1862 after it was discovered that the body of Moroni Clawson, an outlaw, had been stripped of its burial clothes. Baptiste was banished to Fremont Island in the Great Salt Lake, and his fate after exile remains unknown.

text:
# Jean Baptiste (grave robber)

**Jean Baptiste** was a grave robber in 19th-century Utah whose disappearance has been the subject of local legend. His activities were uncovered in 1862 after it was discovered that the body of Moroni Clawson, an outlaw, had been stripped of its burial clothes. Baptiste was banished to Fremont Island in the Great Salt Lake, and his fate after exile remains unknown.

## Biography

Jean Baptiste’s early life is largely unknown. The 1860 U.S. census lists him as born in 1813. Some sources suggest he was from Venice, Italy and spoke little English, though these details remain speculative. He emigrated to the United States in the mid-1850s and settled in Salt Lake City by 1859, where he worked as a gravedigger.

Before moving to the United States, Baptiste had emigrated to Australia during the gold rush in the early 1850s. It was in 1854 at Castlemaine, Victoria, that Baptiste encountered the LDS Church and soon after converted. Baptiste donated property to the church, building a chapel that was used by missionaries in the area.

In 1862, after outlaw Moroni Clawson was killed by law enforcement, no one claimed his body, so police officer Henry Heath personally paid for Clawson's burial clothes and witnessed his interment. Suspicion arose when Clawson's body was exhumed by his brother George and found to be naked, leading Heath to investigate. George Clawson accused Heath of burying his brother without proper clothing, but Heath assured him that he had personally purchased burial clothes for Moroni Clawson. Frustrated by the accusations, Heath sought the advice of Probate Judge Elias Smith, who instructed him to investigate further.

Heath, along with others, including cemetery sexton J.C. Little, went to Baptiste’s home, where they discovered boxes filled with burial robes and other stolen items. Baptiste, who had been a gravedigger for several years, was accused of the thefts. Initially denying the charges, Baptiste eventually confessed after Heath confronted him directly.

The investigation revealed that Baptiste had been robbing graves for at least three and a half years, primarily targeting the graves of women and children. Some reports estimate that he may have robbed over 300 graves during this period. Items found in his home included approximately 60 pairs of children’s shoes, a dozen pairs of men’s shoes, and various garments, including funeral shrouds and infant clothing. Baptiste admitted to robbing graves not only in Utah but also during his time in Australia.

## Exile and disappearance

Public reaction to Baptiste's crimes was strong. Brigham Young, president of the LDS Church, spoke to the public, expressing his disapproval of Baptiste’s actions and addressing the community’s concerns. Young assured the public that the bodies of their loved ones would rise in the resurrection with all their glory intact, regardless of the thefts. He advised against disturbing the graves further and suggested that families could take the bodies of their loved ones home if they wished, though he emphasized that it was not necessary.

Due to the public outcry and concerns about mob violence, city officials decided against executing Baptiste and instead chose to banish him. Initially, Baptiste was secretly taken by night across the Antelope Bar to Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake, but concerns about the shallow waters enabling him to escape led to his relocation to the more remote Fremont Island.

Three weeks after his exile, cattle herders who came to the island to survey their animals discovered that a heifer had been killed and its hide tanned for leather. The roof and sides of a cabin had been dismantled, presumably to construct a raft. Despite extensive searches, Baptiste was never seen again, leading to speculation about his fate.

The mystery of Baptiste's fate deepened when, in March 1893, hunters found a skeleton with an iron clamp around its leg near the mouth of the Jordan River. An article in the *Salt Lake Tribune* speculated that the skeleton belonged to Baptiste. However, police officers Henry Heath and Albert Dewey confirmed that Baptiste had not been shackled when he was exiled, casting doubt on the theory that the skeleton was his.

## Legacy and folklore

Baptiste's story has become a part of Utah folklore over the years, with varying tales about his final fate. His crimes, trial, and disappearance have made him a figure of legend. Some accounts even suggest that Baptiste’s spirit wanders the southern shores of the Great Salt Lake.

The 2011 film Redemption: For Robbing the Dead, directed by Brigham Young University professor Tom Russell, tells the story of Jean Baptiste, focusing on his crimes and the consequences that followed. The film explores themes of punishment and redemption while depicting Baptiste's relationship with Henry Heath, the lawman who arrested him. Although the film is based on historical events, it includes fictional elements, such as Baptiste being branded and tattooed before his exile. The film was produced with a crew of BYU students and was released in local theaters on October 16, 2011.

## InfoBox

| Jean Baptiste | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1813
Venice, Italy (speculative) |
| Disappeared | 1862 (aged 49)
Fremont Island, Utah, U.S. |
| Status | Disappeared; fate unknown |
| Other names | Grave Robber of Salt Lake City |
| Occupation | Gravedigger |