title: Metalloenediynes

abstract: Metalloenediynes are a family of compounds composed of an enediyne-containing ligand complexed to a transition metal that have potential use as anti-tumor therapeutics. Enediynes naturally undergo the Bergman cyclization to produce a 1,4-didehydrobenzene intermediate, whose thermal activation energy is stabilized by chelation of the ligand to a metal center, allowing for temperature regulation of this diradical formation.

text:
# Metalloenediynes

**Metalloenediynes** are a family of compounds composed of an enediyne-containing ligand complexed to a transition metal that have potential use as anti-tumor therapeutics. Enediynes naturally undergo the Bergman cyclization to produce a 1,4-didehydrobenzene intermediate, whose thermal activation energy is stabilized by chelation of the ligand to a metal center, allowing for temperature regulation of this diradical formation.

## Mechanism of reaction

Natural enediyne compounds are found in various bacterial species and function as a radical generator for DNA crosslinking upon cyclization. This reaction is hindered by the high thermal barrier to cyclization in which most of the compounds cannot react below 200°C. The Bergman cyclization requires the adjacent alkynes of the motif to be forced close enough for radicals to join and form a bond. By chelating an enediyne-containing ligand to a metal center, the alkynes are forced into a geometry that lowers the thermal barrier to cyclization.

## Therapeutic capabilities

The diradical formation in the Bergman cyclization provides a potent mechanism for DNA scission and crosslinking by abstracting hydrogens from adjacent ribose sugars, which can then bond to kink or cleave the strand entirely, rendering the DNA of the target cell unusable. Chelation about a transition metal brings the cyclization barrier down to conditions tolerable for the human body; this allows for targeted heating of select tissues to initiate this reaction.


title: Tourism in Odisha

abstract: Tourism in Odisha is one of the main contributors to the economy of Odisha, India, with a 500 km (310 mi) long coastline, mountains, lakes, natural biodiversity and rivers. Odisha is a major tourist destination in India, with various tourist attractions, including wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals. Other than wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals, the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation, a public sector undertaking of the Government of Odisha, is also developing the tourism sector of Odisha and India.

text:
# Tourism in Odisha

**Tourism in Odisha** is one of the main contributors to the economy of Odisha, India, with a 500 km (310 mi) long coastline, mountains, lakes, natural biodiversity and rivers. Odisha is a major tourist destination in India, with various tourist attractions, including wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals. Other than wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals, the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation, a public sector undertaking of the Government of Odisha, is also developing the tourism sector of Odisha and India.

## Monuments

### Temples

The major temples of Odisha are present in Ekamra Kshetra or the temple city of Bhubaneswar, Puri, Jajpur and Ganjam.

From Top; Left to Right: Konark Sun Temple, Brahmeswara Temple, Mukteswar Temple, Lingaraj Temple, and Rajarani Temple

Some other temples in the state include,

### Buddhist monuments

### Jain monuments

### Forts

## Flora and fauna

### Lakes

* Chilka Lake, at the mouth of the Daya River, is Asia's largest brackish water lake and the second largest brackish water lake in the world. It is a bird sanctuary for millions of migratory birds, and it is also noted for its population of Irrawaddy dolphins (*Orcaella brevirostris*), the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India. It is one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to these species.
* Tampara Lake: Tampara Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in the state near Berhampur. The beautiful lake and the nearby Chilika Lagoon highlight the ecological diversity Odisha is blessed with. While Tampara is a fresh water lake, Chilika is a brackish water lagoon.
* Kanjia Lake: This lake inside the Nandankanan Zoological Park is known for boat riding and the scenic beauty situated at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
* Anshupa Lake is a horseshoe-shaped freshwater lake on the left bank of the Mahanadi River, opposite Banki in the Cuttack district of Odisha, India. Anshupa Lake in Banki is 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the city of Cuttack, which also acts as a shelter for the migratory birds in winter.

### Waterfalls

### Hot springs

## Wildlife

Odisha is a remarkable place as it is the home to the royal Bengal tiger, consisting of many sanctuaries and natural scenic spots.

### Beaches

Odisha has a long coastline of 500 kilometres (310 mi). Notable beaches on this coastline include:

### Sanctuaries

### Scenic spots

## Islands

Eco-tourism provides a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generates environmental awareness among local residents as well as visitors about the conservation and sensible use of the lake's natural resources. Notable locations within the lake are:

* **Ramba Bay** at the southern end of the lake with the group of islands including:
* **The Becon Island**, with an architectural conical pillar (to put a light on the top) built by Mr. Snodgrass, the then collector of Ganjam of the East India Company, on a mass of rock in the Rambha Bay near Ghantasila hill. It is surrounded by the Eastern Ghat.
* **The Breakfast Island**, pear shaped, known as "Sankuda island", with remnants of a dilapidated bungalow constructed by the King of Kalikote, has rare plants and is full of greenery with appealing flora.
* **Honeymoon Island**, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Rambha Jetty, known as Barkuda Island, with clear waters has abundant red and green macro algae in the bed is also known for the limbless lizard, an endemic species found here.
* **Somolo and Dumkudi islands**, located in the Central and Southern sectors of the lake, in the backdrop of scenic Khalikote hill range, are inundated remnants of the Eastern Ghats with rich flora and fauna and also known for sighting of Irrawaddy dolphins.
* **Birds' island**, located in the southern sector of the lake has huge exposed hanging rocks, are painted white due to folic acid of the droppings of the birds and is known for rich algal communities and few mangrove species and also migratory birds in winter.
* **Parikud** is a group of composite islands in the Garh Krishnaprasad Block for nature lovers and provides an avian spectacle during winter season.
* **Kalijai Temple** located on an island is considered to be the abode of the Goddess Kalijai.
* **Satpada**, at the new mouth of the lake, provides a beautiful view of the lake and also views of the dolphins. Hundreds of boats here provide tours of the lake for tourists.
* **Barunkuda**, a small island situated near Magarmukh, mouth of the lake, has a temple of Lord Varuna.
* **Nabagraha** is an ancient deity located along the outer channel.
* **Chourbar Shiva Temple** is located near Alupatna village, along the outer channel.
* **Manikpatna**, located on the outer channel has historical evidence of a port which was used for trade with Far East and also has the Bhabakundeswar temple of Lord Shiva, an old Mosque whose entrance door is made of the jaws of the whale.
* **Sand-Bar and Mouth of the Lake** is a striking and un-explored stretch of 30 km (18.6 mi) of empty beach across the sand bar which separates the lake from the sea.

## Museums

## Odisha Tourism Development Corporation

The Odisha Tourism Development Corporation promotes tourism in the state and operates some of the existing tourist bungalows and transportation fleets. OTDC's tourist bungalows are called *panthanivas*. The Odisha Forest Development Corporation manages the eco-tourism destinations in the state.

### Locations of *panthanivas*


title: Tourism in Ontario

abstract: Ontario is Canada's largest province in population and second largest province in size, covering slightly more than one million square kilometres. It borders the United States to the south, and the provinces of Quebec to the east and Manitoba to the west. Around 250,000 lakes can be found in Ontario, making up approximately one-third of the world's fresh water.

text:
# Tourism in Ontario

**Ontario** is Canada's largest province in population and second largest province in size, covering slightly more than one million square kilometres. It borders the United States to the south, and the provinces of Quebec to the east and Manitoba to the west. Around 250,000 lakes can be found in Ontario, making up approximately one-third of the world's fresh water.

## Tourist attractions

Theme parks include Canada's Wonderland, Wet'n'Wild Toronto, the Toronto Zoo and Centreville Amusement Park.

The Royal Ontario Museum, the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Ontario Science Centre and Science North all offer programs for children. Historical sites include Casa Loma or Fort William Historical Park.

North America's oldest public aviary is located in Hamilton, Ontario. The Hamilton Aviary opened on June 1, 1928 at Dundurn Castle.

Ontario's Provincial Parks, the Canadian National Parks and Conservation Areas offer camping, swimming, hiking, paddling, and sightseeing. With more fresh water lakes than anywhere else in the world, its beaches include Wasaga Beach, Sauble Beach and Sandbanks Provincial Park.

### Major cities

#### Ottawa

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada, and as such is the location of federal Canadian political buildings such as Parliament Hill. Ottawa is also known for its green spaces and its waterways: the Ottawa River, the Rideau River and the Rideau Canal (recently named a UNESCO World Heritage Site). Culturally, Ottawa offers many national galleries and museums such as the National Gallery of Canada, the National Arts Centre and the Canadian Museum of Civilization.

#### Toronto

Toronto, Canada's largest and most diverse urban centre, is a busy, bustling city. The CN Tower, completed in 1975, was at one point the tallest structure in the world. Toronto is also a major scene for theatre and performing arts, as well as galleries, zoos, museums and internationally recognized events such as Caribana, the Toronto International Film Festival, and Pride Week. Toronto is also a popular destination for sport fans, with professional baseball, hockey, basketball, football, lacrosse and soccer teams playing throughout the year.

#### Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls is the city located beside the waterfalls of the same name.

### Destination Ontario

Destination Ontario (legally the Ontario Tourism Marketing Partnership Corporation) is a government agency created in 1999 to promote Ontario as a travel destination both domestically and internationally. Recent marketing campaigns include the ‘There’s No Place Like This’ song performed by local artists Molly Johnson, Brian Byrne, Keshia Chante, Tomi Swick, Alex J. Robinson, Toya Alexis, Justin Hines, the Arkells and the Aline Morales Band.


title: Torriano Primary School

abstract:
Torriano Primary School is a community primary school in Kentish Town, London. The school was founded in 2015 following the merger of the previous Torriano Junior School with Torriano Infants School. It is rated Outstanding by Ofsted. Torriano has inherited from its predecessor a partnership with Netley Primary School that was set up in 2012.
Torriano Primary School is in a federation with Brecknock Primary School.

text:
# Torriano Primary School

**Torriano Primary School** is a community primary school in Kentish Town, London. The school was founded in 2015 following the merger of the previous Torriano Junior School with Torriano Infants School. It is rated Outstanding by Ofsted. Torriano has inherited from its predecessor a partnership with Netley Primary School that was set up in 2012. Torriano Primary School is in a federation with Brecknock Primary School.

## Buildings and grounds

The oldest building is the Junior building which used to host the entire school. Edwardian in character, it was opened in 1910, a few years after the abolition of the London School Board and the transfer of its responsibilities to the London County Council. Pevsner comments 'Roughcast gables in an Arts and Crafts spirit'. The Infant building is a low-rise 1960s construction. The Infants' library was designed by local firm AY Architects and completed in 2013. The Gatehouse building was designed by Cullinan Studio and completed in 2010. The school grounds contain play areas designed by Erect Architecture dubbed Earthling Kingdom and Cloud Kingdom.

The most recent addition is the Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics activity lab, designed by Hayhurst & Co Architects which was a RIBA London Award winner in 2019 and won the RIBA London Small Project of the Year Award 2019 and was displayed as part of Open House London.

## History

Torriano Primary School was the result of a merger between Torriano Junior School and Torriano Infants' School. Previous notable headteachers included Ros Pomeyie at Torriano Infants; and Dilys Brotia OBE, Laurence Harding and Bavaani Nanthabalan at Torriano Junior School. Torriano Junior School was three times rated Outstanding by Ofsted, in 2000, 2005 and 2009. Torriano Infants School had also been an Outstanding school but was downgraded by Ofsted in 2014. The merged school retained the rating of the previous Junior School.

The school notable for its long tradition of democratic change, as shown in the Pathe News film "We Want A Zebra!" (1962). In 2017, artist Cornelia Parker made a series of blackboard drawings with the collaboration of 5-10 year-olds from the school. The children were asked to copy out news headlines collected from various UK and US newspapers. 'At that age, children have a barely formed view of the news and world affairs - they don't yet have a vote, but the political turmoil unfolding in their young lives will have a profound effect on their futures'. From September 2018 to July 2019, the school took part in a pilot study to improve gender equality through education.

## Awards

Torriano is a Rights Respecting School; its predecessor achieved level 1 in 2009 and level 2 in 2011. It was invited to join the London Schools' Gold Club for 2013/14 and for 2015/16. It achieved Eco-School Silver standard in 2012. Torriano is also part of the Camden Primary Partnership, a Teaching School Alliance. Torriano Infants and Torriano Junior Schools had both achieved the Healthy Schools Bronze award in 2013.

## Notable alumni

Actor Daniel Kaluuya was educated at the school.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Torriano Primary School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Torriano Avenue
Kentish Town, London, NW5 2SJ
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°32′59″N 0°07′57″W / 51.549736°N 0.132521°W / 51.549736; -0.132521 |
| Information | |
| Type | Community Primary school |
| Established | 1900s |
| Local authority | Camden |
| Department for Education URN | 100023 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Chair of governors | Luca Salice |
| Head of School | Helen Bruckdorfer |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 3 to 11 |
| Website | www.torriano.camden.sch.uk |


abstract: Mesopotamia is a town in eastern inland Saint Vincent, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located to the southeast of Richland Park, and to the west of Peruvian Vale.

text:
# Mesopotamia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

**Mesopotamia** is a town in eastern inland Saint Vincent, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located to the southeast of Richland Park, and to the west of Peruvian Vale.

## Notable people

## Further reading

* Scott, C. R. (ed.) (2005) *Insight guide: Caribbean (5th edition)*. London: Apa Publications.

## InfoBox

| Mesopotamia | |
| --- | --- |
| MesopotamiaLocation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | |
| Coordinates: 13°10′N 061°10′W / 13.167°N 61.167°W / 13.167; -61.167 | |
| Country | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Island | Saint Vincent |
| Parish | Saint George |


title: Gastrotheca gemma

abstract: Gastrotheca gemma is a newly discovered species of frog that is found in the Cordillera de Colán National Sanctuary in the country of Peru. It is included, in the genus Gastrotheca.

text:
# Gastrotheca gemma

***Gastrotheca gemma*** is a newly discovered species of frog that is found in the Cordillera de Colán National Sanctuary in the country of Peru. It is included, in the genus *Gastrotheca*.

## InfoBox

| *Gastrotheca gemma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hemiphractidae |
| Genus: | *Gastrotheca* |
| Species: | ***G. gemma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gastrotheca gemma***<br>Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, & Catenazzi, 2021 | |
|


title: Metanarsia trisignella

abstract: Metanarsia trisignella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and south-eastern Kazakhstan. The wingspan is 10–14 mm. Adults are on wing from April to June.

text:
# Metanarsia trisignella

***Metanarsia trisignella*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and south-eastern Kazakhstan.

The wingspan is 10–14 mm. Adults are on wing from April to June.

## InfoBox

| *Metanarsia trisignella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Metanarsia* |
| Species: | ***M. trisignella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metanarsia trisignella***<br>Bidzilya, 2008 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Catatinagma trisignella* | |


title: Townsend Harbor, Massachusetts

abstract: Townsend Harbor is a village in Townsend, Massachusetts, containing Harbor Pond dammed from the Squannacook River. At this location Jonas Spaulding and his brother Waldo started a mill in 1873 that made leatherboard. They did business as Spaulding Brothers. Their family business expanded to locations in New Hampshire and western New York. Jonas Spaulding expanded further into leatherboard manufacturing, founding a second mill at Milton, New Hampshire, around 1893. This allowed Jonas to bring his three grown sons: Leon C., Huntley N., and Rolland H. Spaulding, into the business in a second company organized as J. Spaulding and Sons. The senior Spaulding started construction of a third leatherboard mill at North Rochester, New Hampshire. It began production in 1900 shortly after his death. The three Spaulding sons were successful and acquired the Spaulding Brothers mill in Townsend Harbor in 1902, making it part of J. Spaulding and Sons. They later moved their corporate offices to Rochester, New Hampshire. The three brothers continued to expand the business, building a vulcanized fibre mill in Tonawanda, New York in 1911, and a fourth leatherboard mill at a second location in Milton in 1913. They continued the company as J. Spaulding and Sons until about 1924, when they changed its name to the Spaulding Fibre Company to reflect its product. The corporate offices were moved to Tonawanda, New York, as that plant became the biggest operation. It reached its peak of production and employment in the 1960s, after having added product lines in Spauldite and a fiberglass tube. Operation of the leatherboard mill at Townsend Harbor ceased in 1957, after the last two surviving siblings, Huntley Spaulding and his married sister Marion S. Potter, died. The two siblings had previously created a charitable trust that took over the Spaulding Fibre Company after their deaths and sold off all assets within 15 years.

text:
# Townsend Harbor, Massachusetts

**Townsend Harbor** is a village in Townsend, Massachusetts, containing Harbor Pond dammed from the Squannacook River. At this location Jonas Spaulding and his brother Waldo started a mill in 1873 that made leatherboard (composed of leather scraps and wood pulp). They did business as Spaulding Brothers. Their family business expanded to locations in New Hampshire and western New York.

Jonas Spaulding expanded further into leatherboard manufacturing, founding a second mill at Milton, New Hampshire, around 1893. This allowed Jonas to bring his three grown sons: Leon C., Huntley N., and Rolland H. Spaulding, into the business in a second company organized as J. Spaulding and Sons. The senior Spaulding started construction of a third leatherboard mill at North Rochester, New Hampshire. It began production in 1900 shortly after his death.

The three Spaulding sons were successful and acquired the Spaulding Brothers mill in Townsend Harbor in 1902, making it part of J. Spaulding and Sons. They later moved their corporate offices to Rochester, New Hampshire. The three brothers continued to expand the business, building a vulcanized fibre mill in Tonawanda, New York in 1911, and a fourth leatherboard mill at a second location in Milton in 1913.

They continued the company as J. Spaulding and Sons until about 1924, when they changed its name to the Spaulding Fibre Company to reflect its product. The corporate offices were moved to Tonawanda, New York, as that plant became the biggest operation. It reached its peak of production and employment in the 1960s, after having added product lines in Spauldite (a competitor for Bakelite) and a fiberglass tube.

Operation of the leatherboard mill at Townsend Harbor ceased in 1957, after the last two surviving siblings, Huntley Spaulding and his married sister Marion S. Potter, died. The two siblings had previously created a charitable trust that took over the Spaulding Fibre Company after their deaths and sold off all assets within 15 years.

## Points of interest

42°39′10″N 71°40′18″W / 42.65278°N 71.67167°W / 42.65278; -71.67167


title: Metabrowsing

abstract: Metabrowsing refers to approaches to browsing Web-based information that emerged in the late 1990s as alternatives to the standard Web browser. According to LexisNexis the term "metabrowsing" began appearing in mainstream media in March 2000. Since then, the meaning of "metabrowsing" has split into a popular and a more scientific use of the term.

text:
# Metabrowsing

**Metabrowsing** refers to approaches to browsing Web-based information that emerged in the late 1990s as alternatives to the standard Web browser. According to LexisNexis the term "metabrowsing" began appearing in mainstream media in March 2000. Since then, the meaning of "metabrowsing" has split into a popular and a more scientific use of the term.

Akin to metasearch, the popular use of the term "metabrowsing" describes an alternative way to viewing Web-based information other than a single Web-page at a time. "Simply put, metabrowsing is a tool or service that enables the user to view more than a single Web page at a time inside a single display unit."

According to Dr. Linda Gordon, Liberal Arts Professor at Nova Southeastern University, "metabrowsing is transforming our understanding of the web, therefore, the vocabulary of this new perspective must demonstrate the nature of the metamorphosis. The etymological root 'meta', from the Greek, means 'change' and 'transcendence', and thus we can understand the dynamics of metabrowsing as a view of the web from a higher level. What is this higher level? To speak metaphorically, think of the limitations of street signs for navigation: metabrowsing will become the GPS of the internet.".

## Scientific use

There are several scientific papers that use the term to describe the browsing of "graphical representations" of documents. In this context, "metabrowsing" refers to a high-level way of browsing through information: instead of browsing through document contents or document surrogates, the user browses through a graphical representation of the documents and their relations to the domain.

## Web metabrowsing applications

Quickbrowse was one of the first Web-based metabrowsing applications, enabling users to combine multiple pages into one vertical, continuously scrollable page for faster viewing. Onepage.com and Octopus.com offered more sophisticated systems for combining not just entire Web pages, but bits and pieces of different pages into a new "combo page". Octopus received more than $11.4 million in venture capital funding. Onepage received $25 million in venture capital funding. Sybase acquired Onepage in 2002 changing the service from an end user oriented business model to an enterprise-driven concept. In the end, Onepage was terminated. Calltheshots.com was acquired by Akamai and then also disappeared, as did Katiesoft and iHarvest.com.

## Technology

Web-based metabrowsing services such as Quickbrowse, Octopus and Onepage differed in their technological approach. Quickbrowse only allows the combination of complete Web pages. The service retrieves the HTML of designated pages and then combines it into a new "combo page" server-side. This "raw" approach does not work with all types of Web pages, especially Cascading Style Sheets whose HTML does not combine well. Quickbrowse also disables JavaScript components to avoid problems that would arise from the combination of disparate and unrelated sources of JavaScript code. Unwanted layout distortions may result when combining pages. Services like Octopus and Onepage, both out of business, used a more sophisticated Java-driven approach that enabled users' browsers to retrieve and combine bits and pieces from disparate Websites client-side.

1. Peter Sinclair - Here's the hot word to all cyberg(r)eeks, The New Zealand Herald, April 4, 2000 Tuesday, TECHNOLOGY; Web-column, 683 words
2. Joy Wu (October 26, 2000). "Quickbrowse speeds surfing the web by connecting pages". *The Johns Hopkins News-letter*. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
3. NextGen Web browsing. India.Cnet.com Archived 2001-04-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
4. Quickbrowse Pressrelease Quickbrowse.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
5. Information retrieval by metabrowsing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
6. Information Retrieval by Graphically Browsing Meta-Information. Publications Floris Wiesman Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.
7. Highbeam.com article on Onepage funding Highbeam.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
8. VentureWire.com Venturewire.com (archived at archive.org). Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
9. *Information Systems: A Manager's Guide to Harnessing Technology*. 2015-10-27. doi:10.24926/8668.1101. ISBN 9781946135124.
10. "Cascading Style Sheet - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". *www.sciencedirect.com*. Retrieved 2022-12-10.


title: Gathering of Justice and Unity

abstract: The Gathering of Justice and Unity is a political coalition that contested the 2009 Basra governorate election and is registered for the 2014 Iraqi legislative election. The list is led by Al-Faiz, the head of the Awlad Amir sub-tribe which is predominantly from the Shaykhiyya religious group. They won 2 out of 35 seats. They are registered for the 2014 general election under the name Amir al-Fayiz.

text:
# Gathering of Justice and Unity

The **Gathering of Justice and Unity** (list 269/710) (also known as Amir al-Fayiz) is a political coalition that contested the 2009 Basra governorate election and is registered for the 2014 Iraqi legislative election. The list is led by Al-Faiz, the head of the Awlad Amir sub-tribe which is predominantly from the Shaykhiyya religious group.

They won 2 out of 35 seats.

They are registered for the 2014 general election under the name Amir al-Fayiz.


abstract: Gathering of Heroes: Legend of the Seven Swords is a 2018 American science fiction fantasy action film starring Martin Kove, Christopher Atkins and Trygve Lode. It was shot in 4K on the RED ONE digital cinema camera in Colorado, USA.

text:
# Gathering of Heroes: Legend of the Seven Swords

***Gathering of Heroes: Legend of the Seven Swords*** is a 2018 American science fiction fantasy action film starring Martin Kove, Christopher Atkins and Trygve Lode. It was shot in 4K on the RED ONE digital cinema camera in Colorado, USA.

## Plot

In the mystical realm of Ryntia, the forces of the underworld are aligning to unleash a plague of evil upon the surface. The deadly bat-like Blood Reavers, the Goblin Hordes, the Saurian Maurauders, the Orcish Warmongers and the feline Shadowcat mercenaries have pledged their respective clans to the service of Bre'Gwen, queen of the deep elves. Together they seek to destroy the human and Elven kingdoms and rule all of Ryntia in the name of evil.

However even with their combined strength, Bre'Gwen's forces are no match for the powerful Grayraven kingdom led by the majestic king, Garrick Grayraven. To ensure their success, Bre'gwen forges an alliance with an unlikely human who holds the secret to acquiring a powerful artifact that will allow them to summon and control an army of undead warriors from centuries past. Guided by fragmented visions, a mysterious Oracle gathers seven unlikely heroes to face the threat. A heroic knight, a deep elf sorceress, an eccentric bard, a silver elf druid, a righteous paladin, a barbarian huntress, and a brooding thief are the only ones capable of stopping this evil at its source but first they must embark upon a quest to find the legendary seven swords of Draconus.

## Cast

* Martin Kove as Galaron the Brave
* Christopher Atkins as King Greyraven
* Trygve Lode as the Oracle
* Mark Steven Grove as Ghar Blackmane
* Debra Marshall as Reina
* Kirk Montgomery as Lord Aurin
* Sam Del Rio as Jeris
* Michelle Dover as Queen Bre'gwen
* Sera N. Salazar as Isabelle
* Lauren Melone as Kyriani
* Lucky McQueede as Shalomin Songsteel
* Brian Cahill as Caldir
* Kristie Griever as Tari

## InfoBox

| Gathering of Heroes: Legend of the Seven Swords | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Mark Steven Grove |
| Written by | Mark Steven Grove |
| Produced by | Brian D. Cahill |
| Starring | Martin Kove
Christopher Atkins
Trygve Lode |
| Cinematography | Jon Firestone |
| Edited by | Mark Steven Grove |
| Music by | Jeremy Christopher |
| Production
companies | Gathering of Heroes, Fusion Factory Films, Asgard Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Inferno Motion Pictures |
| Release date | * January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02) |
| Running time | 103 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Methylopila oligotropha

abstract: Methylopila oligotropha is a bacterium species from the genus Methylopila which has been isolated from soil from a salt mine in Solikamsk in Russia.

text:
# Methylopila oligotropha

***Methylopila oligotropha*** is a bacterium species from the genus *Methylopila* which has been isolated from soil from a salt mine in Solikamsk in Russia.

## Further reading

* Poroshina, M. N.; Doronina, N. V.; Kaparullina, E. N.; Kovalevskaya, N. P.; Trotsenko, Yu. A. (7 August 2013). "Halophilic and halotolerant aerobic methylobacteria from the technogenic Solikamsk biotopes". *Microbiology*. **82** (4): 490–498. doi:10.1134/S0026261713040097. S2CID 11523253.

## InfoBox

| *Methylocystis oligotropha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Hyphomicrobiales |
| Family: | Methylocystaceae |
| Genus: | *Methylopila* |
| Species: | ***M. oligotropha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Methylopila oligotropha*****<br>Poroshina et al. 2014 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| CCUG 63805, 2395A, VKM B-2788 | |


title: Metamasius

abstract: Metamasius is a genus of bromeliad weevils in the beetle subfamily Dryophthorinae. There are more than 120 described species in Metamasius.

text:
# Metamasius

***Metamasius*** is a genus of bromeliad weevils in the beetle subfamily Dryophthorinae. There are more than 120 described species in *Metamasius*.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Metamasius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subfamily: | Dryophthorinae |
| Tribe: | Rhynchophorini |
| Genus: | *Metamasius*<br>Horn, 1873 |
|
| Diversity | |
| at least 120 species | |


title: Toyota RAV4 EV

abstract: The Toyota RAV4 EV is an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota until 2014. Two generations of the EV model were sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the US, with a gap of almost ten years between them. The first generation was leased from 1997 to 2003, and at the lessees' request, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the state's mandate for zero-emissions vehicle. A small number were sold or leased in fleet sales in other states. As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 vehicles still in use in California. Production of the second generation EV was limited to 2,600 units during a three-year run, with sales limited to California beginning in 2012. Production ended in September 2014. A total of 2,489 units of the second generation model were sold in California through April 2015. Toyota worked together with Tesla Motors and Panasonic to develop the second generation RAV4 EV, and the electric SUV was released in the United States in September 2012. The US Environmental Protection Agency rated the second generation RAV4 EV with a range of 103 mi (166 km) and a combined fuel economy rating of 76 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (3.1 L/100 km).

text:
# Toyota RAV4 EV

The **Toyota RAV4 EV** is an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota until 2014. Two generations of the EV model were sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the US, with a gap of almost ten years between them.

The first generation was leased from 1997 to 2003, and at the lessees' request, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the state's mandate for zero-emissions vehicle. A small number were sold or leased in fleet sales in other states. As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 vehicles still in use in California. Production of the second generation EV was limited to 2,600 units during a three-year run, with sales limited to California beginning in 2012. Production ended in September 2014. A total of 2,489 units of the second generation model were sold in California through April 2015.

Toyota worked together with Tesla Motors and Panasonic to develop the second generation RAV4 EV, and the electric SUV was released in the United States in September 2012. The US Environmental Protection Agency rated the second generation RAV4 EV with a range of 103 mi (166 km) and a combined fuel economy rating of 76 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (3.1 L/100 km).

## First generation (1997)

| First generation | |
| --- | --- |
| Toyota RAV4 EV first generation (BEA11) | |
| Overview | |
| Production | 19972003 |
| Assembly | Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Motomachi plant); Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant) |
| Powertrain | |
| Electric motor | 50 kW (67 hp), 190 N⋅m (140 ft⋅lb) synchronous permanent-magnet |
| Transmission | Single-speed |
| Battery | Panasonic 27.4 kWh NiMH |
| Range | 95 mi (153 km) (EPA) |
| Plug-in charging | 6 kW 100–240 V onboard charger for 1ϕ 30 A using Magne Charge connector |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 94.9 in (2,410 mm) |
| Length | 156.7 in (3,980 mm) |
| Width | 66.7 in (1,694 mm) |
| Height | 64.4 in (1,636 mm) |
| Curb weight | 3,440 lb (1,560 kg) |

The first fleet version of the RAV4 EV became available on a limited basis in 1997. In 2001 it was possible for businesses, cities or utilities to lease one or two of these cars. Toyota then actually sold or leased 328 RAV4 EVs to the general public in 2003, at which time the program was terminated despite waiting lists of prospective customers.

The RAV4 EV closely resembles the regular internal combustion engine (ICE) version - without a tailpipe - and has a governed top speed of 78 mph (126 km/h) with an EPA rated range of 95 mi (153 km). The 95 amp-hour nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH) has a capacity of 27.4 kWh, charges inductively and has proven to be very durable. Some RAV4 EVs have been driven more than 150,000 miles (240,000 km) using the original battery pack. It was also one of the few vehicles with a single speed gearbox when introduced to the market.

Beyond the unusual power train (batteries, controller and motor), the remaining systems in the RAV4 EV are comparable to the gasoline-powered RAV4. The power brakes, power steering, tire wear and suspension components are similar except that they use electric power sources. The power brakes use an electric pump to provide vacuum instead of deriving vacuum from the engine manifold. The power steering use an electric motor instead of mechanical energy delivered by fan belts. The passenger compartment is heated and cooled electrically using a heat pump (the first fleet application of a heat pump in a road vehicle) with supplemental electrical resistance heating as backup.

### Performance

The RAV4 EV production has a governed top speed of 137 km/h (85 mph), a tested 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) time of around 18 seconds (depending on state-of-charge on the batteries). Its EPA rated driving range is 95 miles (153 km) with an EPA combined fuel economy rating of 43 kW·h/100 mi (equivalent to 78 MPGe). Actual fuel economy and range depends on the same factors as a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle including rolling resistance and average speed (aerodynamic drag).

The RAV4 EV battery pack uses 24 12-volt, 95Ah NiMH batteries capable of storing 27 kWh of energy.

### Charging

Production vehicles use the Magne Charge connector, a inductive charging paddle produced by General Motors subsidiary Delco Electronics also used on other electric vehicles of the time including the EV1 and Chevy S10 EV. The inlet was mounted on the front grille of the vehicle. When using a 6 kW charging unit on a 240-volt, 30-amp circuit, the RAV4 EV's batteries can be recharged from being fully depleted to fully charged in about five hours, the process monitored by a passive battery balancing system.

Some RAV4 EV prototypes were charged via a front fender mounted conductive charger coupling made by Yazaki Corporation.

### Mileage costs

Charging a RAV4 EV from full-dead to full-charge uses approximately 30 kW·h of electricity; the excess above the battery pack capacity is used by the charging system. At a rate of US$0.09 per kilowatt-hour, this costs around US$2.70. As of May 2008, based on a gasoline price-per-gallon cost of US$3.80 and up and the non-EV 2003 RAV4 2-wheel-drive gasoline fuel efficiency of 27 mpgUS (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpgimp), the RAV4 EV costs approximately 5 times less a per mile basis, and makes mileage in the RAV4 EV the cost equivalent to a 111.1 mpgUS (2.117 L/100 km; 133.4 mpgimp) small SUV.

In addition, the RAV4 EV has a charge timer built into the dashboard that enables the vehicle to start charging at a specific time. As the RAV4 EV easily becomes the main cost of electricity in an average-sized home, this enables the owner to use a Time-Of-Day Meter to reduce electricity costs. This configuration is a standard practice with RAV4 EV owners. The price of electricity at night depends on the carrier, but is usually in the range of 60% of the normal rate. In the use of charging the RAV4 EV, this equates to a cheaper cost-per-mile, roughly equivalent to a vehicle capable of 166.6 mpgUS (1.412 L/100 km; 200.1 mpgimp), based on a price of US$3.00 per gallon.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency listed mileage ratings for the RAV4 EV in its yearly Fuel Economy Guide from 2000 through 2003. The 2003 model recorded fuel efficiency of 39 kW·h/100 mi city, 49 kW·h/100 mi highway; the city mileage rating was equivalent to 125 mpgUS (1.88 L/100 km; 150 mpgimp), and 100 mpgUS (2.4 L/100 km; 120 mpgimp) on the highway. The EPA rated combined mileage was 112 mpgUS (2.10 L/100 km; 135 mpgimp).

In 2007, the EPA updated its rating system and revised the ratings to a city equivalent of 87 mpgUS (2.7 L/100 km; 104 mpgimp), highway equivalent of 69 mpgUS (3.4 L/100 km; 83 mpgimp), and a combined equivalent of 78 mpgUS (3.0 L/100 km; 94 mpgimp).

### Consumable items

The RAV4 EV's battery system is a consumable item. Toyota reports that battery pack replacement costs are currently higher than the value of the used vehicle. Toyota tested the RAV4 EV in Japan for 300,000 miles (480,000 km) over two years before introducing the vehicle in the United States. The economies of scale are affecting the replacement cost of the RAV4 EV.

### Prototyping

RAV4 EV pre-production prototypes were first released in a confidential evaluation program with electric utilities throughout the U.S. These prototypes were based on the smaller, shorter, two-door version of the RAV4. The prototypes included some versions fitted with Panasonic NiMH batteries, and others with high-performance Panasonic lead–acid PbA batteries (the same ones that eventually found their way into the EV1 and other production GM electric vehicles). The RAV4 EV prototypes also were equipped with on-board level 2 chargers and connected via a front fender conductive charger coupling made by Yazaki Corporation. Both prototypes were well accepted.

The utility employee evaluators did not have to personally pay for the more costly and advanced NiMH batteries, and the NiMH RAV4 EV prototype received better reviews, due to its increased range. Its energy efficiency, however, was not as good as the PbA version. Due to the impracticality of developing two battery types for a limited volume program, Toyota opted for the higher-performance, higher-cost NiMH RAV4 EV. This resulted in a greater manufacturing cost, and higher purchase price.

A number of electric vehicle advocates voiced disappointment that the choice was made to manufacture only the NiMH version. Many electric vehicle advocates claimed that automaker's choice of the NiMH battery worked against the 1990s deployment of cost-effective electric vehicles based on PbA batteries, and that further development of lead–acid technology could result in performance equal to NiMH, but at a substantially lower price. Their argument was that a usable electric vehicle is possible at a substantially lower price, and that the lower purchase price would foster greater acceptance of electric vehicles. In fact, lithium-ion batteries soon displaced both nickel and lead from electromobiles.

### Corporate purchasing

Initially, RAV4 EVs were only available for three-year fleet lease, not for sale and not for lease to the public, at a few dealerships beginning in 1997. From 2001, leases were made available to small "fleets of one" purportedly run by small businesses.

### Public availability

In March 2002, due to a shift in corporate policy, the Toyota RAV4-EV was made available for sale to the general public. All 328 that Toyota made were sold. No one knows for certain what prompted Toyota to change their position on the RAV4-EV, since they had long since fulfilled their obligations under the MOA with the California Air Resources Board's zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate via its fleet lease program.

The MSRP was US$42,000; but in California, ZIP-grant rebates of US$9,000, decreasing in 2003 to US$5,000, and a US$4,000 credit from the Internal Revenue Service brought the price down to a more palatable US$29,000 (US$33,000 for some 2003 deliveries), including the home charger.

More RAV4-EVs were sold than had been planned for manufacture through standard assembly line techniques. Toyota filled every order despite the fact that the last few dozen vehicles had to be assembled from spare parts due to a shortfall of production components (a significantly more expensive way of building a vehicle). This unexpected development caused deliveries to trickle on into September 2003. It also caused variations in the vehicles such as heated seats, retractable antennae, mats, etc.

The last of the 328 EVs was sold in November 2002.

### Sales

A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California.

### Chevron patent encumbrance

Whether or not Toyota wanted to continue production, it was unlikely to be able to do so because the battery was no longer available. Chevron had inherited control of the worldwide patent rights for the NiMH battery when it merged with Texaco, which had purchased them from General Motors. Chevron's unit won a US$30,000,000 settlement from Toyota and Panasonic, the manufacturer of the battery, and the production line for the large NiMH batteries was closed down and dismantled. This case was settled in the ICC International Court of Arbitration, and not publicized due to a gag order placed on Toyota. Only smaller NiMH batteries, incapable of powering an electric vehicle or plugging in, were allowed by Chevron-Texaco.

## Second generation (2012)

| Second generation | |
| --- | --- |
| Toyota RAV4 EV second generation (QEA38) | |
| Overview | |
| Production | 20122014 |
| Assembly | Canada: Woodstock, Ontario (TMMC) |
| Powertrain | |
| Electric motor | 115 kW (154 hp) from Tesla Motors |
| Transmission | Single-speed transaxle, 9.73:1 ratio |
| Battery | Panasonic 41.8 kWh lithium-ion |
| Range | 103 mi (166 km) (EPA) |
| Plug-in charging | 9.6 kW 100–240 V onboard charger for 1ϕ 40 A using SAE J1772 connector |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,560–2,660 mm (100.8–104.7 in) |
| Length | 4,395–4,620 mm (173.0–181.9 in) |
| Width | 1,815–1,855 mm (71.5–73.0 in) |
| Curb weight | 4,030 lb (1,830 kg) |

The second generation RAV4 EV was released in September 2012 starting at a price of US$49,800 before any government incentives. Toyota also offered a 36-month lease option at US$599 per month with down payment of US$3,499. The RAV4 EV was sold only in California, and sales began in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles/Orange County and San Diego. Production was limited to 2,600 during three years. The RAV4 EV was available to individual consumers and fleet customers. Due to the capacity of its battery pack the RAV4 EV qualified for the maximum US$7,500 federal tax credit and also was eligible for a US$2,500 rebate in California. A total of 192 units were sold during 2012 and 1,096 during 2013. A total of 2,489 units were sold in the U.S. through April 2015. The production run ended in September 2014.

### History

The first prototype was built in just three weeks after the signing of a joint development agreement where Toyota helped the then fledgling electric automaker Tesla start production in the NUMMI factory Toyota was vacating in Fremont, California. Toyota's partner Panasonic was also involved in the development, just as when Toyota developed the first generation of the RAV4 EV. The electric SUV was developed by Tesla and Toyota Technical Center U.S.A. in Michigan. Testing began in July 2010.

A demonstrator was unveiled at the November 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show. Toyota built 35 of these converted RAV4s (Phase Zero vehicles) for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. The lithium metal-oxide battery and other power train components were supplied by Tesla. These prototypes had a 660 lb (299 kg) lithium-ion battery pack with a 50 kWh total capacity (37 kWh usable) and achieved a range of between 80 and 120 mi (130 and 190 km). The prototypes used components from the Tesla Roadster (first generation).

On July 15, 2011, Tesla entered into a supply and services agreement with Toyota for the supply of a validated electric powertrain system, including a battery, charging system, inverter, motor, gearbox and associated software.

The re-engineered RAV4 EV production version (Phase One vehicle) was unveiled at the May 2012 International Electric Vehicle Symposium in Los Angeles. Production models use the SAE J1772 charging standard. The battery pack, electronics and powertrain components in the production version are similar to those in used in the Tesla Model S sedan launched in June 2012.

### Powertrain

The second generation RAV4 EV combines an electric powertrain from Tesla and a battery produced by Panasonic in a chassis built by Toyota.

The electric motor supplied by Tesla is an AC induction motor, a departure from Toyota's practice of using synchronous permanent-magnet motors in their hybrid electric vehicles. A fixed-gear open-differential transaxle has a gear ratio of 9.73. The RAV4 EV weighs 4,030 lb (1,830 kg), 470 lb (210 kg) heavier than a front-wheel drive RAV4 Limited with the V-6 engine.

The RAV 4 offers two drive modes: Normal and Sport. Peak power output of the motor is 115 kW (154 hp), with peak torque in normal mode of 296 N⋅m (220 ft⋅lb), and peak torque in sport mode of 370 N⋅m (270 ft⋅lb). Maximum vehicle speed in Normal mode is 85 mph (137 km/h), and maximum in Sport mode, which also has a more aggressive accelerator pedal feel, is 100 mph (160 km/h). The US Environmental Protection Agency rated the RAV4 EV combined economy at 76 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (44 kW⋅h/100 mi) , with 78 mpge (43 kW⋅h/100 mi) in city driving and 74 mpge (46 kW⋅h/100 mi) on highways. While the quarter mile time is not officially rated from Toyota, the RAV4 EV (FWD) Facebook community has posted dragslip results of 15.71s at 85.5 mph (137.6 km/h). This is only marginally slower than the RAV4 V6 AWD (with 269HP) which has published quarter mile times of 14.8-14.9 at 93 mph (150 km/h).

### Battery and range

The battery pack is a 386 V lithium-ion battery pack comprising about 4,500 cells and rated at 41.8 kW·h of usable energy at full charge, with a maximum power output of 129 kW. The RAV4 EV features a 10 kW onboard charger (SAE J1772 240 V, 40 A input). The battery pack is located below the floorpan, reducing the ground clearance as compared with the gasoline-powered version by a couple of inches, but the electric SUV's cargo space of 36.4 cubic feet (1.03 m3) is the same as its gasoline sibling. The battery pack weighs 840 lb (380 kg) and because it is located in the lowest part of the vehicle, the lower center of gravity provides a better handling than the conventional Toyota RAV4.

The RAV4 EV has two charge modes: Standard and Extended. In standard mode, the high voltage battery charges only up to 35 kWh and Toyota expected the electric SUV to achieve an EPA driving range rating of 92 mi (148 km) for this charging mode. Extended mode allows the battery to charge to its full usable capacity of 41.8 kWh, providing an expected EPA driving range of 113 mi (182 km) according to Toyota estimates. The EPA rated just one range of 103 mi (166 km). Standard mode is designed to optimize battery life over range; however, the 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty cover the packs regardless of the mix of charge modes over the pack's life. However, due to EPA's procedures, Toyota expects the Monroney label to show the combined range of 103 mi (166 km).

Charging time with a 40 A/240 V charging station is 5 hours in Standard Mode and 6 hours for Extended Mode; the onboard charger delivers 9.6 kW. Toyota had arranged with Leviton to offer a custom level 2 charging station priced at US$1,590 including basic installation. On the other end of the scale, and due to its large battery pack, charging at 120 volts with the cord that comes standard under the rear deck takes 44 hours for Standard Mode and 52 hours for Extended Mode. An aftermarket company called Quick Charge Power has come up with a way to add 48 kW CHAdeMO DC Quick Charging to the RAV4ev which dramatically shortens charge times for the 41.8 kWh battery. This can make the car tremendously more useful in areas where this charging infrastructure exists.

### Production

The RAV4 EV began assembly in 2012 at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada in Woodstock, Ontario alongside the regular gasoline version. Tesla built the electric powertrain at its plant at Toyota's old NUMMI facility, now the Tesla Fremont Factory, in Fremont, California, and then shipped them to Canada. About 2,500 RAV4 EV vehicles were built between 2012 and 2014. The battery supply deal between Toyota and Tesla concluded with the end of production in August 2014. In 2017, Toyota sold all its shares in Tesla.

## InfoBox

| Toyota RAV4 EV | |
| --- | --- |
| Second generation RAV4 EV | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | * 1997–2003 * 2012–2014 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Compact crossover SUV |
| Body style | 5-door SUV |
| Layout | Front-motor, front-wheel-drive |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Toyota bZ4X |


title: Torsten Thure Renvall

abstract: Torsten Thure Renvall was the Archbishop of Turku, and the spiritual head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland between 1884 and 1898.

text:
# Torsten Thure Renvall

**Torsten Thure Renvall** (23 October 1817 – 16 October 1898) was the Archbishop of Turku, and the spiritual head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland between 1884 and 1898.

## Biography

Renvall was born on October 23, 1817, in Turku, the son of Henrik Renvall and Agneta Cornelia Cairenius. He graduated with a Bachelor of Philosophy in 1840 and as a Docent in History in 1845. He taught history in Vaasa high school from 1845 to 1851 and then at Turku high school from 1852 till 1858. Between 1846 and 1847, he contributed to the Vasabladet and founded the Ilmarinen magazine in Finnish between 1848 and 1850. He was ordained a priest in 1857. Among others, Renvall participated in the reform of the Church Act and was a member of the January Committee of 1862. He received the Doctor of Theology in 1864. He served as Dean of Turku between 1858 and 1884.

In 1884, he was appointed Archbishop of Turku. However, due to the fact that all the Finnish bishops had died there was no available bishop to consecrate Renvall. As Finland was then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russian rule, it was politically impossible to obtain a foreign bishop for consecrations. Hence, the oldest theological professor, Axel Fredrik Granfelt, was commissioned to consecrate the new archbishop. This in turn broke the apostolic succession which was brought into the Finnish Church by its mother church, the Church of Sweden. The apostolic succession was reinstated in the Finnish church in 1934 through the consecration of Aleksi Lehtonen who was co-consecrated by the Archbishop of Uppsala Erling Eidem.

Renvall's married Emilia Maria Lovisa Bergenstråle, in 1843 and secondly in 1865 to Amanda Sofia Limnell.

1. Pohjola, J. "Kutsuminen, siunaaminen ja lähettäminen – Ordinaatiokaavojen käsitys pappisvihkimyksestä ja -virasta Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa 1963–2003". Retrieved on 15 April 2019.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Torsten Thure Renvall | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Turku and Finland | |
|  | |
| Church | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland |
| Archdiocese | Turku |
| In office | 1884–1898 |
| Predecessor | Edvard Bergenheim |
| Successor | Gustaf Johansson |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1857 |
| Consecration | 1884 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1817-10-23)October 23, 1817
Turku, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire *Present-day Finland* |
| Died | October 16, 1898(1898-10-16) (aged 80)
Turku, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire *Present-day Finland* |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| Parents | Henrik Renvall & Agneta Cornelia Cairenius |
| Spouse | Emilia Maria Lovisa Bergenstråle
Amanda Sofia Limnell |
| Children | 13 |


title: Gilles Li Muisis

abstract: Gilles Li Muisis was a French chronicler and poet.

text:
# Gilles Li Muisis

**Gilles Li Muisis** (or **Le Muiset**) (c. 1272 – 15 October 1352) was a French chronicler and poet.

## Life

Li Muisis was probably born at Tournai around 1272. In 1289 he entered the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Martin in his native city, becoming prior of this house in 1327 and abbot four years later. He only secured the latter position after a contest with a competitor, but he appears to have been a wise ruler of the abbey. He died on 15 October 1352.

## Works

Gilles wrote two Lahehetin chronicles, *Chronicon majus* and *Chronicon minus*, dealing with the history of the world, spanning from its creation up to 1349. This work, which was expanded by another writer to encompass 1352, is valuable for containing the history of northern France and Flanders in the first half of the 14th century. It is published by J. J. de Smet in the *Corpus chronicorum Flandriae.* Gilles also wrote some French poems, *Poesies de Gilles Li Muisis*, which have been published by Baron Kervyn de Lettenhove.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gilles li Muisis". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22.


title: This Is the Sharp

abstract: This Is the Sharp is the debut studio album by Australian pop-rock band The Sharp. It was released in September 1993 and peaked at number 13 on the ARIA Charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, the album was nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Album.

text:
# This Is the Sharp

***This Is the Sharp*** is the debut studio album by Australian pop-rock band The Sharp. It was released in September 1993 and peaked at number 13 on the ARIA Charts.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, the album was nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Album.

## Track listing

1. "Scratch My Back"
2. "Talking Sly"
3. "Train of Thought"
4. "Don't Waste My Time"
5. "Kiss Me Again"
6. "Yeah I Want You"
7. "Caught in the Deep"
8. "Closer"
9. "Waiting for the Next Thing to Happen"
10. "Dark Sunglasses"
11. "Love Kiss"
12. "You Don't Know Me"
13. "Can I Love"

## Charts

Chart performance for *This Is the Sharp*
| Chart (1993–1994) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 13 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for *This Is the Sharp*
| Country | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | September 1993 | CD | East West/Warner | 4509935102 |

## InfoBox

| This Is the Sharp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Sharp | |
| Released | 6 September 1993 (1993-09-06) |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Studio | Platinum Studios |
| Length | 46:24 |
| Label | East West/Warner |
| Producer | * Nick Mainsbridge * Peter Farnan * The Sharp |
| The Sharp chronology | |
| *Spinosity*
(1992) ***This Is the Sharp***
(1993) *Sonic Tripod*
(1994) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *This Is the Sharp* | |
| 1. "Train of Thought"
Released: May 1993 2. "Scratch My Back"
Released: August 1993 3. "Yeah I Want You"
Released: November 1993 | |
|  | |


title: Jan Huppen

abstract: Jan Huppen was a Dutch boxer. He competed in the bantamweight classification at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and finished in 17th position. Huppen ran a boxing club in Amsterdam.

text:
# Jan Huppen

**Jan Huppen** (24 September 1942 – 19 October 2018) was a Dutch boxer. He competed in the bantamweight classification at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and finished in 17th position.

Huppen ran a boxing club in Amsterdam.

## 1964 Olympic results

Below is the record of Jan Huppen, a Dutch bantamweight boxer who competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo:

* Round of 32: lost to Louis Johnson (United States) by decision, 0-5.

## InfoBox

Jan Huppen
| Jan Huppen in 1964. | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1942-09-24)24 September 1942<br>Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Died | 19 October 2018(2018-10-19) (aged 76) |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 54 kg (119 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |
| Club | Groothuis, Amsterdam |


abstract: The United States women's national beach handball team is the national team of United States. It takes part in international beach handball competitions.

text:
# United States women's national beach handball team

The **United States women's national beach handball team** is the national team of United States. It takes part in international beach handball competitions.

## Results

### World Championships

| Year | Position |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Did not qualify* |
| 2006 | |
| 2008 | |
| 2010 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2016 | |
| 2018 | 14th |
| 2022 | 14th |
| 2024 | 16th |
| Total | 3/10 |

### Pan American Championships

| Year | Position |
| --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Did not qualify* |
| 1999 | |
| 2004 | |
| 2008 | |
| 2012 | 5th |
| 2014 | *Did not qualify* |
| 2016 | |
| 2018 | 6th |
| 2019 |  |
| 2022 | 2nd |
| 2024 | 1st |
| Total | 5/9 |

## InfoBox

| United States | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| Association | USA Team Handball |
| Coach | Daniel Lara |
| Colours | |
|  | |
| Results | |
| World Championship | |
| Appearances | 3 (*First in 2018*) |
| Best result | 14th (2018, 2022) |
|  | |
| Last updated on Unknown. | |


title: Mordellistena hirayamai

abstract: Mordellistena hirayamai is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1933 by Kônô.

text:
# Mordellistena hirayamai

***Mordellistena hirayamai*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1933 by Kônô.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena hirayamai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. hirayamai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena hirayamai***<br>Kônô, 1933 | |
|


title: Madeira Optics Museum

abstract: The Madeira Optics Museum, also known as Museu de Óptica da Madeira, is a specialized museum located in Funchal, Madeira that showcases a permanent collection of optics-related devices. This museum features objects from all areas of optics, acquired all around the world, and have been collected from the 1960s until nowadays.

text:
# Madeira Optics Museum

The **Madeira Optics Museum**, also known as **Museu de Óptica da Madeira**, is a specialized museum located in Funchal, Madeira that showcases a permanent collection of optics-related devices.

This museum features objects from all areas of optics, acquired all around the world, and have been collected from the 1960s until nowadays.

## The Collectors

In the 1960s, the love for engineering and history led one person - Rui Aguilar - to start collecting optics related devices. Initially without a defined purpose of creating a museum, the collection kept growing progressively until nowadays. In 2014, the idea for the creation of the Madeira Optics Museum sparked from a conversation between Rui Aguilar and its son, Sergio Aguilar, who since then is working alongside its father in the creation and organization of the museum. Currently, Rui and Sérgio Aguilar work together in the selection, acquisition cataloguing and preparation of every accession and on the organization of the physical area of the museum.

## The Collection

About 2000 objects are on permanent display at the museum. The categories with bigger relevance are:

* Telescopes
* Binoculars
* Movie cameras
* Movie projectors
* Photography cameras
* Medical devices
* Microscopes
* Military equipment
* Topography equipment

## The Building

The building where the Madeira Optics Museum operates is dated from the end of the 19th century, and it's registered as a Class 1 protected building in terms of special architectural or historic interest. As such, the building still maintains nearly all of the initial characteristics and facade. Recently this building has been subject to minor interior and exterior restoration works with the supervision of Funchal's city hall that targeted the requalification of the museum area and surroundings.

32°39′01″N 16°54′41″W / 32.650280°N 16.911503°W / 32.650280; -16.911503


title: Polynemicola

abstract: Polynemicola is a genus of monegenean. As all Monogenea, species of Polynemicola are ectoparasites that affect their host by attaching themselves as larvae on the gills of the fish and grow into adult stage. This larval stage is called oncomiracidium, and is characterized as free swimming and ciliated.

text:
# Polynemicola

***Polynemicola*** is a genus of monegenean. As all Monogenea, species of *Polynemicola* are ectoparasites that affect their host by attaching themselves as larvae on the gills of the fish and grow into adult stage. This larval stage is called oncomiracidium, and is characterized as free swimming and ciliated.

## Description

Members of the genus *Polynemicola* are characterised by a haptor nearly as long as, and distinct from, body; an eversible spiny cirrus; an unarmed genital atrium usually with a muscular sphincter-like rim and receptaculum seminis often well developed near the distal end of vagina.

## Species

Currently 14 species are recognized:

* *Polynemicola aequispinosa* Mamaev, 1977
* *Polynemicola ambiguus* Mamaev, 1977
* *Polynemicola brachypetala* Zhang, Yang & Xiao in Zhang, Yang & Liu, 2001
* *Polynemicola bulbovaginatus*  Unnithan, 1971
* *Polynemicola californicus* Bravo-Hollis, 1986
* *Polynemicola heterocotyle* Mamev, 1977
* *Polynemicola indicus* Hadi, Mehwish, Tooba, Khalil & Ibrahim, 2019
* *Polynemicola polynemi*  (MacCallum, 1917) Unnithan, 1971
* *Polynemicola sciaenae*  Mamaev, 1977
* *Polynemicola tritestis* Unnithan, 1971
* *Polynemicola sextariusi* Gudivada & Vankara, 2010
* *Polynemicola ambigua*  Mamaev, 1977 accepted as *Polynemicola ambiguus*  Mamaev, 1977
* *Polynemicola californica* Bravo-Hollis, 1985 accepted as *Polynemicola californicus*  Mamaev, 1977
* *Polynemicola ichimidai* (Ishii & Sawada, 1938) Unnithan, 1971 included in *Bivagina tai* as  *Bivagina tai* (Yamaguti, 1938) Yamaguti, 1963

## InfoBox

| *Polynemicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Mazocraeidea |
| Family: | Microcotylidae |
| Subfamily: | Microcotylinae |
| Genus: | *Polynemicola*<br>Unnithan, 1971 |
|


title: Jan Hus (2015 film)

abstract: Jan Hus is a 2015 Czech historical television film directed by Jiří Svoboda. It is based on the life of Jan Hus. It consists of three parts. Jan Hus is one of the most expensive projects of Czech Television.

text:
# Jan Hus (2015 film)

***Jan Hus*** is a 2015 Czech historical television film directed by Jiří Svoboda. It is based on the life of Jan Hus. It consists of three parts. *Jan Hus* is one of the most expensive projects of Czech Television.

## Plot

The film starts when Czech king Wenceslaus IV is imprisoned by his brother Sigismund. Sigismund's troops pillage Bohemian territory. Jan Hus criticises the new order during his sermons. He also starts to criticise conditions in the Church which earns him hatred from other priests. Pope imposes Prague to an Interdict and Hus has to leave Prague. He is not safe in his hometown Husinec but Jidnřich Lefl offers him hideout. Hus is invited to Kostnice to defend his teachings. He agrees but is arrested on his way. He is executed on 6 June 1415.

## Cast

## Shooting

Shooting started in June 2014. It took place on 20 locations in the Czech Republic using approximately 2,000 extras. Shooting finished on 24 February 2015.

## Reception

The film received mixed reviews.

Historian Martin Vaňáč criticised the film for numerous historical inaccuracies.

## InfoBox

| *Jan Hus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Film cover | |
| Written by | Eva Kantůrková, Jiří Svoboda |
| Directed by | Jiří Svoboda |
| Starring | Matěj Hádek, Milan Kňažko, Jan Dolanský |
| Music by | Michael Kocáb |
| Country of origin | Czech Republic |
| Original language | Czech |
| Production | |
| Running time | 240 minutes<br>144 minutes (DC) |
| Production company | Czech Television |
| Budget | 45 Million CZK |
| Original release | |
| Release | 2015 (2015) |


title: Pearse Kelly

abstract: Patrick Pearse Kelly, also known as Paul Kelso, was an Irish journalist and republican activist.

text:
# Pearse Kelly

**Patrick Pearse Kelly** (14 October 1916  6 April 1974), also known as **Paul Kelso**, was an Irish journalist and republican activist.

## Biography

Born in Dungannon in County Tyrone, Kelly began working as a journalist at the *Dungannon Observer*, before moving to the *Tyrone Courier* and then working as a freelancer for the *Irish Press*. A group of his friends from school had bonded over Irish language lessons and, inspired by seeing British troops readying for action World War II, they considered forming their own republican paramilitary group. However, they decided in late 1939 or early 1940 to instead all join the local Irish Republican Army (IRA), in the hope that this would reinvigorate it, and that its name and tradition would prove useful. Kelly, personally, was also inspired by attending future IRA Chief of Staff Eoin McNamee's trial as a reporter.

Following training, Kelly's friends burnt down a hall which was being used to drill British troops. Kelly was quickly marked out as a leader, establishing a "Republican police" locally to crack down on local nuisance behaviour. They beat up a group of people involved in this, increasing local regard for the IRA. As a result, he was ordered to Belfast, where he was appointed as the Officer Commanding its Belfast Battalion early in 1941. There, he obtained a code being used by British forces, which they had carelessly left in a chemists' shop run by an IRA sympathiser. This was then returned to the troops without arousing suspicion, enabling the IRA to crack British messages for some time, although it did not ultimately lead to any useful results for the organisation. A few months later, he was called to Dublin to take part in the IRA's investigation of its Chief of Staff, Stephen Hayes. In July, he was selected as Hayes' replacement, but in November in company of the German spy Hermann Görtz, he was arrested and subsequently interned at the Curragh.

At the Curragh, Kelly took over as Officer Commanding republican internees, although his predecessor, Liam Leddy, refused to recognise him, leading to an ongoing rift. However, Kelly increasingly won over internees, and proved successful in improving their conditions, ending physical punishments, increasing education and starting concerts and sporting activities.

Kelly was released in 1946 and found work at the *Irish Independent*. He remained there until 1958, when he was appointed editor of the *Evening Herald*, then in 1961 he became the Head of News for Raidió Teilifís Éireann. A dispute arose in 1966 when Kelly approved a news item which showed Minister for Agriculture Charles Haughey contradicting Rickard Deasy, President of the National Farmers' Association, and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs Joseph Brennan stated that he would have censored the item had he known about it. Kelly resigned and instead found work with the Bord Fáilte.

## InfoBox

| Pearse Kelly | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-10-14)14 October 1916<br>Dungannon, County Tyrone |
| Died | 6 April 1974(1974-04-06) (aged 57) |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Other names | Paul Kelso |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist and republican activist |
| Known for | Officer Commanding the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army |


title: Jandira Feghali

abstract: Jandira Feghali is a physician, unionist and politician member of the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).

text:
# Jandira Feghali

**Jandira Feghali** (born 17 May 1957) is a physician, unionist and politician member of the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).

## Background

She is sister of the piano and keyboard player Ricardo Feghali, member of the Brazilian band Roupa Nova. Jandira is mother of two children. Her family is of Lebanese descent, and her aunt was the Lebanese singer Sabah (birth name Jeanette Gergis Feghali). In 2019, she was appointed to lead the minority in the House of Representatives.

## InfoBox

| Jandira Feghali | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 January 2011 | |
| Constituency | Rio de Janeiro |
| **In office**
1 February 1991  31 January 2007 | |
| Constituency | Rio de Janeiro |
| Chamber Minority Leader | |
| **In office**
13 February 2019  10 March 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Weverton Rocha |
| Succeeded by | José Guimarães |
| **In office**
20 June 2016  13 March 2018 | |
| Preceded by | José Guimarães |
| Succeeded by | Weverton Rocha |
| State Deputy of Rio de Janeiro | |
| **In office**
1 January 1987  31 December 1990 | |
| Constituency | At-large |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-05-17) 17 May 1957
Curitiba, PR, Brazil |
| Political party | PCdoB (1981-present) |
| Alma mater | Rio de Janeiro State University |
| Occupation | Physician, Unionist |
|  | |


title: Jane Taylor (science writer)

abstract: Jane Taylor was a pre-American Civil War writer of children's physiology books. Her works were widely distributed and provided instruction on basic anatomy, health maintenance and social etiquette.

text:
# Jane Taylor (science writer)

**Jane Taylor** (c. 1817–1820 — c. 1904–1907) was a pre-American Civil War writer of children's physiology books. Her works were widely distributed and provided instruction on basic anatomy, health maintenance and social etiquette.

## Early life and education

Jane Ellen Agnew was from New Brunswick, New Jersey. Her birth date varies on census records but fairly consistently report that she was ten years younger than her husband, J. Orville Taylor, who was born on May 14, 1807. The couple were married on November 16, 1835, or 1836. They had a son, Edward, born around 1850, who married and then died in 1880. Edward and his wife Lydia had a daughter Mary born that same year. Very little biographical information on her has surfaced, primarily because she was often confused with the English author Jane Taylor. Her obituary confirms that Jane Agnew Taylor was the author of *Physiology for Children*, as well as a contributor to other leading journals in New York.

## Career

Taylor began publishing educational books for children in 1830s. Orville was a proponent of developing professionalization of the teaching profession and advocated for standardized text books for public education. As the secretary of the American Common School Union and later the American Common School Society, he wrote, published, and sold educational textbooks. He filed the copyrights on Jane's works; under the law at that time, a wife could not appear in court or defend herself without her husband or a guardian's representation. She wrote *The Girls School Book No. 1*, as early as 1837, which her husband published, and was in its fourth edition by 1839. The book was described as a first reading primer for girls, teaching them proper behavior.

Beginning in the 1830s, discussions of anatomy and physiology became popular, and were increasingly seen as necessary information for women to know to maintain the health of their families. Women were expected to be able to transmit information to their children and other women about their bodies, excluding explicit sexual information. Catharine Beecher and Taylor began writing texts to relay basic information on the body, omitting discussion of sexual anatomy. These books focused on the benefits of good posture, physical education, diet, exercise, and proper moral behavior.

In 1839, Taylor published *Physiology for Children*, which would become her most popular work. Following in the pattern of similar books by William Alcott, her texts were written in the style of a catechism and presented basic anatomy to children. They focused on various parts of the body, explaining their importance and structures in simple terms. For example, she described the spine as a structure "which runs from the head down the back, and is made up of twenty-four round pieces, like twenty-four rings piled one above the other", which were known as vertebrae. The book did not focus upon physiology or hygiene, until the fourth 1847 revision. It described different parts of the body and gave basic foundations for physiology, health care hints, as well as types of exercise and demonstrations of proper posture.

In 1848, Taylor revised the work and substantially expanded it under the title of *Primary Lessons in Physiology for Children*. The revision not only discussed anatomy and physiology but was aimed at presenting lessons on the body and its functions which legitimated the American social structure. For example, she depicted slaves and working-class people as more susceptible to disease, because they did not have the mental capacity to resist ailments and were likely to sink into "weakness and despair". Two subsequent editions were published in 1855 — one by George F. Cooledge and Brother and the other by Phinney & Co. — another edition was printed in 1856, and the final edition appeared in 1860.

Taylor's 1858 book, *Wouldst Know Thyself!, or, The Outlines of Human Physiology* gave more focus on behavior and hygiene giving tips on general health and care of the body as well as recommendations on clothing, diet, and exercise. The book had many illustrations giving examples of proper and improper body positions for optimal functioning. She avoided use of scientific names preferring common descriptions that her readers would understand. In this book, she also differentiated traits which separated humans from other animals. It was written in a question and answer format and was a condensed version of her earlier works. A second edition was published in 1860.

## Death and legacy

Taylor died on May 3, at the age of 87, at her home in New Brunswick, New Jersey. At the time of her death, she was remembered for her educational publications. In her lifetime, according to academic Elizabeth Wagner Reed, the books were very popular and seen as important works to "make children aware of the structure and functioning of their bodies". Though her biographical details were lost after Taylor's death, her work continued to be the subject of academic evaluation in both the 20th and 21st centuries.

## Works

* Taylor, Jane (1838). *The Girls School Book No. 1*. New York, New York: Common School Depository. OCLC 36531421.
* Taylor, Jane (1839). *Physiology for Children*. New York, New York: American Common School Society. OCLC 28592330.
* Taylor, Jane (1848). *Primary Lessons in Physiology for Children*. New York, New York: George G. Cooledge & Brother. OCLC 1289509487.
* Taylor, Jane (1858). *Wouldst Know Thyself!, or, The Outlines of Human Physiology: Designed for the Use of Families and Schools*. New York, New York: George G. Cooledge & Brother. OCLC 4316895.

### Citations

1. US Census 1860, p. 153.
2. US Census 1870, p. 50.
3. US Census 1880, p. 26.
4. Taylor 1886, p. 52.
5. Princeton Alumni Association 1899, p. 26.
6. Taylor 1886, p. insert following 86.
7. US Census 1870, pp. 49–50.
8. Travers 1969, p. 57.
9. Taylor 1886, p. 53.
10. Reed 1992, pp. 168–170.
11. Murphy 1991, p. 276.
12. Reed 1992, p. 168.
13. Travers 1969, pp. 58–59.
14. *The Public Ledger* 1841, p. 2.
15. *The Evening Post* 1838, p. 1.
16. *Staunton Spectator* 1840, p. 1.
17. Sullivan 2007, p. 96.
18. *Hartford Courant* 1837, p. 3.
19. Munsell 1872, p. 9.
20. *The Jeffersonian* 1839, p. 416.
21. Sappol 2004, p. 193.
22. Sappol 2004, pp. 194–195.
23. Sappol 2004, p. 195.
24. Taketani 2003, pp. 8–9.
25. Rice 2004, p. 100.
26. Reed 1992, p. 169.
27. Murphy 1991, p. 155.
28. Taketani 2003, p. 8.
29. Murphy 1991, pp. 155–156.
30. Murphy 1991, p. 156.
31. Taketani 2003, p. 9.
32. Reed 1992, pp. 168, 170.
33. Hoolihan 2008, p. 603.
34. Murphy 1991, p. 157.
35. Murphy 1991, p. 158.
36. Reed 1992, p. 170.
37. Murphy 1991, pp. 155–157.
38. Sappol 2004, pp. 195–196.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Jane Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jane Ellen Agnew
1817–1820
New Jersey |
| Died | 1904–1907 (age 87)
New Brunswick, New Jersey |
| Other names | Mrs. John Taylor |
| Occupation | Science writer |
| Years active | 1839–1860 |
| Notable work | *Physiology for Children* |


title: Jan Õun

abstract: Jan Õun is a retired football (soccer) forward from Estonia. He played for several clubs in his native country, including JK Viljandi Tulevik and FC Kuressaare.

text:
# Jan Õun

**Jan Õun** (born 8 February 1977) is a retired football (soccer) forward from Estonia. He played for several clubs in his native country, including JK Viljandi Tulevik and FC Kuressaare.

## International career

Õun earned his first official cap for the Estonia national football team on 19 May 1995, when Estonia played Latvia at the Baltic Cup 1995. He obtained a total number of four caps for his native country.

## InfoBox

Jan Õun
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Jan Õun | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-02-08) 8 February 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Estonia | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1998 | Estonia | 4 | (0) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 June 2009 | | | |


title: Janet Jamieson

abstract: Janet Jamieson is a former outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right handed. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Janet Jamieson was a skilled softball player on a championship team, even though her All-American Girls Professional Baseball League career never really took off afterwards. She appeared in one game with the South Bend Blue Sox during its 1948 season, and went hitless in her only at bat and did not have fielding chances. Jamieson went into banking after baseball. In addition, she became a nationally ranked table tennis player. The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League folded in 1954, but there is a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York since November 5, 1988, that honors the entire league rather than any individual figure.

text:
# Janet Jamieson

**Janet Jamieson** (born April 3, 1927) is a former outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right handed.

Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Janet Jamieson was a skilled softball player on a championship team, even though her All-American Girls Professional Baseball League career never really took off afterwards. She appeared in one game with the South Bend Blue Sox during its 1948 season, and went hitless in her only at bat and did not have fielding chances.

Jamieson went into banking after baseball. In addition, she became a nationally ranked table tennis player.

The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League folded in 1954, but there is a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York since November 5, 1988, that honors the entire league rather than any individual figure.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Janet Jamieson | |
| --- | --- |
| All-American Girls Professional Baseball League | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1927-04-03) April 3, 1927<br>Minneapolis, Minnesota | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent Display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (since 1988) | |


title: Jang ʽAli

abstract: Jang ʽAli (جنگ‌علی) is a village in Baghlan Province in north eastern Afghanistan.

text:
# Jang ʽAli

**Jang ʽAli** (جنگ‌علی) is a village in Baghlan Province in north eastern Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| Jang ʽAli جنگ آغلیJang Aghli | |
| --- | --- |
| Jang ʽAliLocation in Afghanistan | |
| Coordinates: 35°59′40″N 68°26′23″E / 35.99444°N 68.43972°E / 35.99444; 68.43972 | |
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Province | Baghlan Province |
| Government | |
| Time zone | \+ 4.30 |


title: Jang Yu-jin

abstract: Jang Yu-jin is a South Korean freestyle skier. She competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics in the women's halfpipe.

text:
# Jang Yu-jin

**Jang Yu-jin** (born 1 May 2001) is a South Korean freestyle skier. She competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics in the women's halfpipe.

## InfoBox

Jang Yu-jin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2001-05-01) 1 May 2001 |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | South Korea |
| Sport | Freestyle skiing |
| Event | Halfpipe |


title: Jang e Muqaddas

abstract: Jang e Muqqaddas was a name given by the Christian party to a written debate which was to take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Abdulla Atham. The debate started on 22 May 1893 and continued until 5 June 1893. The sessions were co-presided over by a Muslim, Ghulam Qadir Fasih, and a Christian, Henry Martyn Clark. The written papers of both sides were subsequently published by Ghulam Ahmad under the same name.

text:
# Jang e Muqaddas

**Jang e Muqqaddas** (English: **The Holy Battle**) was a name given by the Christian party to a written debate which was to take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (the representative of the Muslims) and Abdulla Atham (the representative of the Christians). The debate started on 22 May 1893 and continued until 5 June 1893. The sessions were co-presided over by a Muslim, Ghulam Qadir Fasih, and a Christian, Henry Martyn Clark. The written papers of both sides were subsequently published by Ghulam Ahmad under the same name.


title: Peggy Nash

abstract: Peggy A. Nash is a Canadian labour official and politician from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was the New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament (MP) for the Parkdale—High Park electoral district (riding) in Toronto, and was the Official Opposition's Industry Critic. Before becoming a parliamentarian, she worked as a labour official at the Canadian Auto Workers union (CAW). In 2005, she became the first woman to negotiate a major contract with one of the Detroit-based automobile corporations. She was first elected as the MP for Parkdale—High Park in the 2006 federal election. In the 2008 federal election, she was defeated in her re-election bid by Liberal candidate Gerard Kennedy. Following the 2006 election, Nash returned to her previous job as a labour official with the CAW. She was elected to a two-year term as the federal NDP's president on August 15, 2009, at the party's convention in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was a candidate again in the 2011 federal election, and defeated Kennedy, earning 47% of the vote to regain her former seat in the House of Commons of Canada. In 2012, Nash was a candidate for the leadership of the federal NDP. She finished fourth on the second ballot at the party's convention in Toronto on March 24, 2012. In April 2012, she was reappointed as the NDP's Finance Critic by new leader Thomas Mulcair.

text:
# Peggy Nash

**Peggy A. Nash** CM (born June 28, 1951) is a Canadian labour official and politician from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was the New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament (MP) for the Parkdale—High Park electoral district (riding) in Toronto, and was the Official Opposition's Industry Critic. Before becoming a parliamentarian, she worked as a labour official at the Canadian Auto Workers union (CAW).

In 2005, she became the first woman to negotiate a major contract with one of the Detroit-based automobile corporations. She was first elected as the MP for Parkdale—High Park in the 2006 federal election. In the 2008 federal election, she was defeated in her re-election bid by Liberal candidate Gerard Kennedy. Following the 2006 election, Nash returned to her previous job as a labour official with the CAW. She was elected to a two-year term as the federal NDP's president on August 15, 2009, at the party's convention in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was a candidate again in the 2011 federal election, and defeated Kennedy, earning 47% of the vote to regain her former seat in the House of Commons of Canada. In 2012, Nash was a candidate for the leadership of the federal NDP. She finished fourth on the second ballot at the party's convention in Toronto on March 24, 2012. In April 2012, she was reappointed as the NDP's Finance Critic by new leader Thomas Mulcair.

## Life prior to politics

Nash was born in Toronto, and holds an Honours B.A. in French language and literature from the University of Toronto and is fluent in English, French, and Spanish. Nash has lived in the Parkdale—High Park electoral district for over twenty years, where she is married with three sons. In the years before she ran for parliament, Nash worked as a ticket agent and union activist with the Canadian Airline Employees Association. When that union merged with the Canadian Auto Workers in 1985, she became an assistant to national president Bob White. When he stepped down, she continued in that same capacity with his successor Basil "Buzz" Hargrove. She worked as a labour negotiator in the transportation, service and manufacturing sectors and was the first labour woman responsible for major auto negotiations in North America, when she negotiated the 2005 Ford Canada contract. Nash also wrote articles published in *Our Times*, *Canadian Dimension*, *The Canadian Forum*, and *Our Schools Our Selves*, and co-authored an article in the *Canadian Labour Law Journal*.

## Member of Parliament

### 39th Parliament • 2006 to 2008

Nash's initial campaign for electoral office was unsuccessful. She vied for the federal parliamentary seat in the Parkdale–High Park electoral district during the 38th Canadian general election. She lost a close contest to the incumbent Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Sarmite Bulte on June 28, 2004. Nash ran again in the 39th Canadian general election, in a rematch of the 2004 campaign. Bulte came under heavy criticism as she received campaign donations from entertainment companies, which was considered a conflict of interest given she supported stricter copyright laws. Nash narrowly won the election with a 4.6% margin, or 2,301 votes, on January 23, 2006.

Her first term as an MP was during the 39th Canadian Parliament. Nash became the NDP's Industry Critic and Member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. She introduced a bill to reinstate a national minimum wage of $10 per hour. Other House of Commons issues she advocated for included ones that dealt with water sustainability, public transit, and the Arts. She brought forward legislation including the "Once in a Lifetime" bill, to reunite new Canadians with their families. She championed several consumer issues such as reducing credit card interest rates, ATM fees, and payday lender interest rates.

As a member of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Nash was instrumental in stopping the acquisition of MacDonald Dettwiler by U.S.-owned Alliant Techsystems. MacDonald Dettwiler is the Canadian space company which produced the Canadarm and RADARSAT-2 satellite, and impacts the issue of Canadian Arctic sovereignty. Nash argued that the sale would have devastated the Canadian aerospace industry and eliminated Canadian control over a technology developed with the aid of millions of Canadian taxpayers' dollars.

Nash has also been active in Parliamentary Friendship Groups for Poland, Ukraine and Tibet. As the Member of Parliament representing the largest population of Tibetan refugees in Canada, she helped push for a resolution declaring the Dalai Lama an honorary Canadian citizen, and also personally introduced a motion calling for negotiations between China and Tibet. Both resolutions received unanimous support in the House of Commons. She was a parliamentary representative on the 2006 Canadian post-war fact-finding mission to Lebanon that was condemned by the Conservative government for its support for the legalization and decriminalization of Hezbollah in Canada.

### 40th Canadian general election and its aftermath

In the 40th Canadian general election, held on October 14, 2008, she was defeated by Gerard Kennedy, the Liberal candidate who formerly represented the electoral district at the provincial level. Nash was subsequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the Ontario New Democratic Party 2009 leadership election, although she did not run.

After leaving Parliament, she returned to her position as one of the five assistants to CAW president Ken Lewenza. Her new duties within the CAW shifted from transportation to dealing with CAW bargaining units in post-secondary education and airlines. Her responsibilities also included representing the union at the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC). At the federal party's national convention in Halifax, Nova Scotia, she was elected party president on August 15, 2009.

### 41st Parliament • 2011 to 2015

On January 15, 2010, it was announced on the Parkdale—High Park NDP website that Nash would be running for the nomination to be the electoral district association's candidate in the 41st Canadian general election. She was acclaimed as the NDP candidate in Parkdale—High Park on January 28, 2010, and campaigned until the May 2, 2011 election. In a rematch of the 2008 campaign, Nash defeated Kennedy by 7,313 votes, or 14 percent, to regain her seat in parliament. Jack Layton, in his role as Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition during the 41st Canadian Parliament, appointed Nash as the Finance Critic in his Shadow Cabinet on May 26, 2011. When she became an MP again, she did not re-offer to run for president, and Brian Topp was acclaimed as her replacement at the federal NDP's Vancouver bi-annual convention on June 18, 2011.

### Leadership candidacy

With Jack Layton's death on August 22, 2011, the NDP began seeking a new federal leader. On September 9, the NDP's executive decided the rules for the leadership election, the date and place for the convention. Nash expressed interest in running, but appeared hesitant at first to run because she would have to resign as the Finance Critic. By the last week of October, she sent signals that she intended to run, and announced her candidacy on October 28 at a press conference in Toronto. Nash was endorsed by former federal NDP leader Alexa McDonough, who stated "\[Nash\] has the skills and experience to take on what she described as the Conservative government's failing economic policies". On March 24, 2012, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, she placed fourth on the second ballot and was automatically dropped from contention. She did not back any of the remaining candidates, and freed her delegates — that had not already voted in advance — to vote for whomever they wanted. A few weeks later, new NDP leader Thomas Mulcair reappointed her to the Official Opposition's Shadow Cabinet as the Finance Critic on April 19.

### 42nd Canadian general election

Nash ran for another term in the 2015 federal election, but lost her seat to Arif Virani when the Liberal Party swept all 25 ridings in Toronto, including Parkdale—High Park.

## Life After Office

Nash is a decorated political and social commentator featured in The Globe and Mail, The Toronto Star, The Hill Times, The Conversation, Policy Options, Rabble, The Lawyers Daily, and the Huffington Post. Her work covers labour rights/disputes, women's rights/advocacy and political commentary on municipal, provincial and federal elections.

In 2017 Nash started her position as a Senior Advisor to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Toronto Metropolitan University. As a part of this role Nash is a co-founder and a co-instructor of the Women in the House program. Nash also acts as a lead at the Institute for Future Legislators at Toronto Metropolitan University.

In spring 2020 Nash was presented with an Honorary Doctorate of Law from Brock University, recognized as a long-time advocate for labour, human rights, gender equality and democratic engagement. Her public acceptance of the degree was delayed until spring 2022.

In May 2022 Nash published her book *Women Winning Office: An Activist's Guide to Getting Elected,* a practical handbook for activist women on how to open doors and take their place in the political process.

## Awards

Nash has been involved with many organizations advancing women's equality. She was a founding member of Equal Voice, an all-party organization which advocates for the election of more women in Canada, and was a recipient of a Certificate of Honour from the City of Toronto for her contribution to women's equality.

In 2006, *Now* named Nash the Best MP in Toronto. Before she served in the House of Commons, she was active in foreign-affairs matters including being a Canadian election monitor in the first post-apartheid elections in South Africa in 1994; and, an election monitor in both the 2004 and 2007 Ukrainian elections. She was the recipient of two environmental awards from the Sierra Club of Canada and she helped create the NDP Green Car Strategy with Greenpeace and the Canadian Auto Workers.

In February 2009, in recognition of her work as a trailblazer who opened doors for women in the labour movement and made childcare issues a public priority, Nash became the recipient of the 2009 YWCA Toronto Woman of Distinction award in the Labour category. The YWCA also recognized her contributions to advancing the women's causes in politics, through her involvement with the founding of Equal Voice and becoming an elected member of the House of Commons. She was presented with the award at the 29th Annual YWCA Women of Distinction Awards Dinner, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre on May 13, 2009.

In December 2022, Nash was invested into the Order of Canada in recognition of her advocacy for rights and equality in Canadian politics and the labour movement and for being the first woman in North America to lead union negotiations with a major auto company, breaking barriers in male-dominated sectors.

In 2023, Nash was shortlisted for *The Next Generation Indie Book Awards, Adult Non-fiction, Women's Issues* and *The Next Generation Indie Book Awards, Adult Non-fiction, Social Change.*

## InfoBox

| Peggy NashCM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Parkdale—High Park | |
| **In office**
May 2, 2011  August 4, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Gerard Kennedy |
| Succeeded by | Arif Virani |
| **In office**
January 23, 2006  October 13, 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Sarmite Bulte |
| Succeeded by | Gerard Kennedy |
| President of the New Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
August 15, 2009  June 18, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Anne McGrath |
| Succeeded by | Brian Topp |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-06-28) June 28, 1951
Toronto, Ontario |
| Political party | New Democratic Party |
| Spouse | Carl Kaufman |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence | Toronto |
| Profession | Labour negotiator |
|  | |