title: Higher category theory

abstract: In mathematics, higher category theory is the part of category theory at a higher order, which means that some equalities are replaced by explicit arrows in order to be able to explicitly study the structure behind those equalities. Higher category theory is often applied in algebraic topology, where one studies algebraic invariants of spaces, such as the fundamental weak ∞-groupoid. In higher category theory, the concept of higher categorical structures, such as (∞-categories), allows for a more robust treatment of homotopy theory, enabling one to capture finer homotopical distinctions, such as differentiating two topological spaces that have the same fundamental group but differ in their higher homotopy groups. This approach is particularly valuable when dealing with spaces with intricate topological features, such as the Eilenberg-MacLane space.

text:
# Higher category theory

In mathematics, **higher category theory** is the part of category theory at a *higher order*, which means that some equalities are replaced by explicit arrows in order to be able to explicitly study the structure behind those equalities. Higher category theory is often applied in algebraic topology (especially in homotopy theory), where one studies algebraic invariants of spaces, such as the fundamental weak ∞-groupoid.

In higher category theory, the concept of higher categorical structures, such as (∞-categories), allows for a more robust treatment of homotopy theory, enabling one to capture finer homotopical distinctions, such as differentiating two topological spaces that have the same fundamental group but differ in their higher homotopy groups. This approach is particularly valuable when dealing with spaces with intricate topological features, such as the Eilenberg-MacLane space.

## Strict higher categories

An ordinary category has objects and morphisms, which are called 1-morphisms in the context of higher category theory. A 2-category generalizes this by also including 2-morphisms between the 1-morphisms. Continuing this up to *n*-morphisms between (*n* 1)-morphisms gives an *n*-category.

Just as the category known as **Cat**, which is the category of small categories and functors is actually a 2-category with natural transformations as its 2-morphisms, the category *n*-**Cat** of (small) *n*-categories is actually an (*n* +1)-category.

An *n*-category is defined by induction on *n* by:

* A 0-category is a set,
* An (*n* +1)-category is a category enriched over the category *n*-**Cat**.

So a 1-category is just a (locally small) category.

The monoidal structure of **Set** is the one given by the cartesian product as tensor and a singleton as unit. In fact any category with finite products can be given a monoidal structure. The recursive construction of *n*-**Cat** works fine because if a category C has finite products, the category of C-enriched categories has finite products too.

While this concept is too strict for some purposes in for example, homotopy theory, where "weak" structures arise in the form of higher categories, strict cubical higher homotopy groupoids have also arisen as giving a new foundation for algebraic topology on the border between homology and homotopy theory; see the article Nonabelian algebraic topology, referenced in the book below.

## Weak higher categories

In weak *n*-categories, the associativity and identity conditions are no longer strict (that is, they are not given by equalities), but rather are satisfied up to an isomorphism of the next level. An example in topology is the composition of paths, where the identity and association conditions hold only up to reparameterization, and hence up to homotopy, which is the 2-isomorphism for this 2-category. These *n*-isomorphisms must well behave between hom-sets and expressing this is the difficulty in the definition of weak *n*-categories. Weak 2-categories, also called bicategories, were the first to be defined explicitly. A particularity of these is that a bicategory with one object is exactly a monoidal category, so that bicategories can be said to be "monoidal categories with many objects." Weak 3-categories, also called tricategories, and higher-level generalizations are increasingly harder to define explicitly. Several definitions have been given, and telling when they are equivalent, and in what sense, has become a new object of study in category theory.

## Quasi-categories

Weak Kan complexes, or quasi-categories, are simplicial sets satisfying a weak version of the Kan condition. André Joyal showed that they are a good foundation for higher category theory. Recently, in 2009, the theory has been systematized further by Jacob Lurie who simply calls them infinity categories, though the latter term is also a generic term for all models of (infinity, *k*) categories for any *k*.

## Simplicially enriched categories

Simplicially enriched categories, or simplicial categories, are categories enriched over simplicial sets. However, when we look at them as a model for (infinity,1)-categories, then many categorical notions (e.g., limits) do not agree with the corresponding notions in the sense of enriched categories. The same for other enriched models like topologically enriched categories.

## Topologically enriched categories

Topologically enriched categories (sometimes simply called topological categories) are categories enriched over some convenient category of topological spaces, e.g. the category of compactly generated Hausdorff spaces.

## Segal categories

These are models of higher categories introduced by Hirschowitz and Simpson in 1998, partly inspired by results of Graeme Segal in 1974.


title: Montan wax

abstract: Montan wax, also known as lignite wax or OP wax, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China.

text:
# Montan wax

**Montan wax**, also known as **lignite wax** or **OP wax**, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China.

## Properties

Its color ranges from dark brown to light yellow when crude, or white when refined. Its composition is non-glyceride long-chain (C24–C30) carboxylic acid esters (62–68 weight %), free long-chain organic acids (22–26%), long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7–15%), and resins; it is in effect a fossilized plant wax. Its melting range is 82–95 °C (180–203 °F).

## Uses

It is used for making car and shoe polishes, paints, and phonograph records, musical instrument polish and as lubricant for moulding paper and plastics. About a third of total world production is used in car polish. Formerly, its main use was making carbon paper. Unrefined Montan wax contains asphalt and resins, which can be removed by refining. Montan wax in polishes improves scuff resistance, increases water repellence, and imparts high gloss.


title: Kiri Kasama

abstract: Kiri Kasama is a Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Kiri Kasama. It has an area of 797 km⁲ and a population of 191,523 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 731. The 1994 Nigeria Airways Flight 9805 crash occurred near Kiri Kasama.

text:
# Kiri Kasama

**Kiri Kasama** is a Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Kiri Kasama.

It has an area of 797 km2 and a population of 191,523 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 731.

The 1994 Nigeria Airways Flight 9805 crash occurred near Kiri Kasama.

## InfoBox

| Kiri Kasama | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA and town | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Jigawa State |
| Government | |
| Local Government Chairman | Isa Adamu (APC) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
|  | |


title: Muswellbrook Art Prize

abstract: The Muswellbrook Art Prize is an acquisitive art competition hosted by the Muswellbrook Regional Arts Centre in the Muswellbrook Shire, New South Wales, Australia.

text:
# Muswellbrook Art Prize

The **Muswellbrook Art Prize** is an acquisitive art competition hosted by the Muswellbrook Regional Arts Centre in the Muswellbrook Shire, New South Wales, Australia.

## History

The competition was first held in 1958, at that time as the Festival of the Valley Art Prize, as an annual event until the establishment of the Regional Arts Centre as a purpose-built standalone complex in 1999.

### Timeline

1958 - Festival of the Valley Art Prize opened in Muswellbrook as an annual acquisitive art competition

1956 - Works on Paper category added to the Art Prize (as the Drawing Prize)

1961 - Acquisitive Traditional Prize category added to the Art Prize (until 1968)

1971 - Acquisitive Muswellbrook Pottery Prize category added to the Art Prize (until 1976)

1974 - Art Prize renamed The Muswellbrook Art Prize and Purchase Exhibition and The Muswellbrook Pottery Prize

1987 - Acquisitive Muswellbrook Pottery Prize renamed Muswellbrook Open Ceramic Award a restored as a category

1987 - Acquisitive Muswellbrook Photographic Award category added to the Art Prize

2002 - Muswellbrook Art Prize becomes a biennial event with winning art works housed in the Muswellbrook Regional Arts Centre Collection

2016 - Prize monies increased to $50,000 for Painting, $10,000 for Works on Paper, and $10,000 for Ceramics

2021 - Acquisitive Mullins Conceptual Photography Prize added to the collection of Photography again.

## Description

The objective of the Muswellbrook Art Prize was stated at inception as '...to foster the interest in and understanding of art in the Upper Hunter Valley and to play a part, however modest, in the promotion of art and the encouragement of artists generally throughout Australia, the prize winning works to form the nucleus of a Muswellbrook Municipal Council Collection.'

At $70,000, the Muswellbrook Art Prize was in 2016 the second-richest art prize in South-East Asia.

## Muswellbrook Art Prize Winners 2011-2015

### 2011 Prize Winners

Catherine and Jennifer Strut (Painting)

Peter Griffen (Works on Paper)

Jan Downes (Ceramics)

### 2013 Prize Winners

Margaret Loy Pula (Painting)

Claire Martin (Works in Paper)

Vicki Hamilton (Ceramics)

### 2015 Prize Winners

Nick Ferguson (Painting)

John Bokor (Works on Paper)

Jane McKenzie (Ceramics)

### All Prize Winners 1958-2015

#### Painting

Suzanne Archer
David Aspden
Peter Atkins
Alec Baker
Sydney Ball
Michael Bell
Marion Borgelt
Dorothy Braund
Viola Bromley
Liz Cuming
Jacqueline Dabron
Stephen Earle
Nick Ferguson
Roy Fluke
Dale Frank
Peter Gardiner
Thomas Gleghorn
Geoff Harvey
Weaver Hawkins
Pearl Ingram
Jean Isherwood
Louis James
Ian Johnstone
Colin Jordan
Hanna Kay
Michael Kitching
Richard Larter
Margot Lewers
Margaret Loy Pula
Elwyn Lynn
John Martin
Noel McKenna
Dennis Miller
John Montefiore
Angus Nivison
John Ogburn
Mike Parr
William Peascod
Charles Pettinger
David Rankin
Henry Salkauskas
Michael Shannon
Eric Smith
David Strachan
Catherine & Jennifer Strutt
Lillian Sutherland
Lezlie Tilley
Rosemary Valadon
Fred Williams

#### Works on Paper

Suzanne Archer
John Bokor
Francis Celtlan
Tony Coleing
Barbara Davidson
Janet Dawson
Garry Foye
Peter Gill
Strom Gould
Guy Grey-Smith
Peter Griffen
Rew Hanks
David Harrex
Ronald Hawke
Mimi Jaksic-Berger
Garry Jones
Jane Lander
Frank McNamara
Claire Martin
Bea Maddock
Kiata Mason
George Moore
Murdo Morrison
Angus Nivison
Robert Shepherd
Paul Smith
Cameron Sparks
Dallas Sym Choon
Imre Szigeti
Rosemary Valadon
Paul White
Margaret Wilson
Salvatore Zofrea
Vera Zulumovski

#### Ceramics

Hildegard Anstice
William Brownhill
Enid Cryer
Greg Daly
Peter Dobinson
Jan Downes
Toni Fischer
Vicki Hamilton
Gudrun Klix
Joanne Linsdell
William Lungas
Janet Mansfield
Jane McKenzie
Kathryn McMiles
Bunty Mitchell
Susanne Moore
Lyn Nash
Chester Nealie
Megan Puls
Pam Sinnott
Vipoo Srivilasa
Ray Taylor
Peter Tilley
Peter Wheeler

## Muswellbrook Art Prize adjudicators 1958-2015

Bruce Adams
John Bailey
Tony Bond
William Bowmore
Barbara Blaxland
David Bradshaw
Roger Butler
Edmund Capon
Grace Cochrane
Dennis Colesy
Tracy Cooper-Lavery
Richard Crebbin
Enid Cryer
Gill Docking
Deborah Edwards
Joe Eisenberg
Judi Elliot
Andrew Fergusson
Brian Finemore
Tim Fisher
James Gleeson
Mollie Grieves
Gillian Grigg
Michael Hedger
John Henshaw
Sali Herman
Ian Howard
Robert Hughes
Garry Jones
Michael Keighery
Peter Laverty
Euan MacDonald
Ivan McMeekin
Hal Missingham
Nick Mitzevich
Bernice Murphy
Chester Nealie
John Olsen
Peter O’Neill
Desiderius Orban
Barry Pearce
Ron Ramsey
Lloyd Rees
Peter Rushforth
Anne Ryan
Bernard Sahm
Maisy Stapleton
Leigh Summers
Helen Sweeney
Daniel Thomas
David Thomas
Laurie Thomas
Peter Timms
Bruce Tindale
Tony Tuckson
Guy Warren
Joy Warren
Jane Watters
Bill Wright

## Muswellbrook Art Prize sponsors 1958-2015

Muswellbrook Shire Council
Costain Coal Australia Ltd
Esso Standard Oil (Australia) Ltd
Hebden Mining Company
Hunter Valley Printing Company Pty Ltd
Muswellbrook Coal Company
Peabody Resources Ltd
State Bank of NSW
Upper Hunter Timbers Pty Ltd
Bengalla Mining Company Pty Ltd


title: The Mountain School of Arts

abstract: The Mountain School of Arts, or MSA^, is an alternative pedagogical model based in Los Angeles that provides a tuition-free, community-based education. Founded in 2005 by artists Piero Golia and Eric Wesley, it is the oldest continuous artist-run school in California. MSA^ is often cited as one of the most successful examples of an art school that exists outside of the Educational Industrial Complex, along with the Whitney Museum of American Art's Independent Study Program (ISP). The development of the school and its program have been written about as "follow[ing] a poetic of the gesture, of the instant, and of actions recalling Fluxus, Gino de Dominicis’ or Paul McCarthy’s works." The school has been featured as one of the most prominent alternative art education models in several exhibitions, notably in the 2010 festival No Soul For Sale – A Festival of Independents organized by the Tate Modern, UK as well as the 2006 edition of Art Basel in Miami Beach, USA.

text:
# The Mountain School of Arts

**The Mountain School of Arts**, or MSA^, is an alternative pedagogical model based in Los Angeles that provides a tuition-free, community-based education. Founded in 2005 by artists Piero Golia and Eric Wesley, it is the oldest continuous artist-run school in California.

MSA^ is often cited as one of the most successful examples of an art school that exists outside of the Educational Industrial Complex, along with the Whitney Museum of American Art's Independent Study Program (ISP). The development of the school and its program have been written about as "follow\[ing\] a poetic of the gesture, of the instant, and of actions recalling Fluxus, Gino de Dominicis’ or Paul McCarthy’s works." The school has been featured as one of the most prominent alternative art education models in several exhibitions, notably in the 2010 festival *No Soul For Sale – A Festival of Independents* organized by the Tate Modern, UK as well as the 2006 edition of Art Basel in Miami Beach, USA.

## History

The Mountain School of Arts was named after the original meeting place of the school: the upper floor of The Mountain Bar (founded by Jorge Pardo and gallery owner Steve Hanson in 2003) in Chinatown, Los Angeles. The idea of "a free, bare-bones, yet ambitious graduate school— no tuition, no degree, but a vigorous curriculum— centered on talks and seminars led by visiting artists and curators" was the result of a conversation between Golia and Wesley. The program began in 2005 and initially took place over three months a year (from mid-January to mid-April), with participants convening at the Mountain Bar in addition to several off-site field trips across the city. The Mountain Bar officially closed in 2012, ending the artistic activity centered around the locale. Afterwards, the Mountain School of Art adopted a new format, with classes over an intensive two-and-a-half week period instead of the original three months.

## Structure and curriculum

The school curriculum extends beyond fine arts, offering classes in a wide range of subjects including science, law, philosophy, culinary arts, and others. The program is open to students from different backgrounds, whether local or international. Housing is provided for the duration of the program. There are no course requirements or grades; the students are not expected to produce anything while taking part in the program.

Every year the MSA^ accepts around 12 students. Due to the intensity of the two-and-a-half week program, the students are asked to clear their schedule of other obligations for the duration of the course. The relationships developed by the students while living and spending most of their time together makes up an important part of the MSA^ experience, as knowledge and friendship overlap.

Over the years, artists and curators who have served as guest faculty for students at the Mountain School of Arts include Myriam Ben Salah, Tacita Dean, Thomas Demand, Simone Forti, Dan Graham, Pierre Huyghe, Richard Jackson, Martin Kersels, Paul McCarthy, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Catherine Opie, Henry Taylor, Jeff Wall, and Andrea Zittel.

## Legacy

Over the course of the program, three books have been published between 2010-2020 that celebrate the legacy of the program, featuring photographs, documents, applications, and various ephemera from MSA^.

Alumni of the program have gone on to pursue myriad career paths, both inside and outside of the art world. Notable students include Ida Ekblad and Jordan Wolfson, who have developed successful careers as artists. Other notable alumni include Wendy Yao, founder of Ooga Booga artist shop and bookstore, as well as Noah Davis, who founded the Underground Museum—a cultural institution based in the Arlington Heights/West Adams neighborhood of Los Angeles that serves not only as an "art destination but a community lifeline."


title: Gal I (Bishop of Clermont)

abstract: Saint Gal of Clermont was the sixteenth Bishop of Clermont, holding that see from 527 to 551. He shares a name with a later bishop of the diocese, who, though less illustrious than the first Gal, is also revered as a saint. Gal played an important role in the politics of the Church, as the Council of Clermont (535) was hosted under his episcopate. He was the uncle and teacher of Gregory of Tours.

text:
# Gal I (Bishop of Clermont)

**Saint Gal of Clermont** (also **Gall**) (c. 489 – 554) was the sixteenth Bishop of Clermont, holding that see from 527 to 551. He shares a name with a later bishop of the diocese, who, though less illustrious than the first Gal, is also revered as a saint. Gal played an important role in the politics of the Church, as the Council of Clermont (535) was hosted under his episcopate. He was the uncle and teacher of Gregory of Tours.

## Life

Gal was the scion of a senatorial family, born in Clermont, Auvergne circa 489. His mother was descended from the family of Vettius Apagatus, a revered martyr from Lyon. While his parents proposed to have him married to a daughter of a respectable senator, Gal had other plans, and privately withdrew to a monastery at Cournon. Once he received the consent of his parents, he joyfully embraced a life of religious poverty. Gal's intelligence and piety caused his recommendation as councilor to Quintianus, the bishop of Clermont, who ordained him a priest.

Theuderic I, the king of Austrasia, invaded Auvergne and took Gal prisoner, attaching him to the oratory in the palace. Gal regained his liberty after a few years and returned to Clermont.

When Quintianus died in 527, Gal was chosen as the successor to the Bishopric of Clermont. During his tenure as bishop, he embellished the tomb of Saint Amabilis at the collegiate church in Riom.

Gal was distinguished for his gentleness and charity. It was during this time that Gal's extraordinary equanimity was most tested: one story reports that the bishop was "struck on the head by a brutal man, \[yet\] he discovered not the least emotion of anger or resentment, and by this meekness disarmed the savage of his rage." A similar anecdote involves a man named Evodius, a priest who had once been a senator. Although the proud man acted insultingly to Gal, the bishop's reaction was simply to rise from his seat and make a visit to the churches of the city. Touched by Gal's patience, Evodius cast himself at the feet of the bishop in the middle of the street.

Gal played a major political and religious role as Bishop of Clermont. He became known as a defender of the rights of the Church against Sivigald, the governor appointed by Theuderic. The chief event of his episcopate was the Council of Clermont in 535. He also took part in the Fourth (541) and Fifth (549) Councils of Orléans.

Gal died in the year 553. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is 3 July; in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is 1 July.

* Saint Gal from the *New Catholic Dictionary*
* Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Gal". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. \- covers both this Gal (the sixteenth bishop of Clermont), and the other, the twenty-third bishop of that see

## InfoBox

| Gal | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop | |
| Born | c. 489
Clermont-Ferrand, France |
| Died | 554
Clermont-Ferrand, France |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church,
Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Feast | 3 July (RC), 1 July (O) |


title: Hermes Fastening his Sandal

abstract:
The sculptures of Hermes Fastening his Sandal, which exist in several versions, are all Roman marble copies of a lost Greek bronze original in the manner of Lysippos, dating to the fourth century BCE. A pair of sandals figures in the myth of Theseus, and when the painter-dealer Gavin Hamilton uncovered an example in the swamp ground called the Pantanello at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli in 1769, he hesitated between calling it a Theseus or a Cincinnatus. Jason's myth also involves a lost sandal. When Augustus Hare saw that sculpture in the Ball Room of Lansdowne House, in Berkeley Square, he noted it as "Jason fastening his sandal." The identification with Hermes is based on an identification of the original bronze model as a sculpture of Hermes in the gymnasium and thermae of Zeuxippos in Constantinople, which was described in detail by Christodoros of Koptos in his ekphrasis of the gymnasium as it still remained in Late Antiquity: There was Hermes, of the golden wand. He stood and fastened up the thongs of his winged sandal with his right hand, yearning to rush forth upon his course. His swift right leg was bent at the knee, and on it he rested his left hand, and meanwhile he was turning his face up to heaven, as if he were hearing the commands of his king and father" Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway prefers to call the subject The Sandal-Binder or Jason; she notes, that, from the finding sites, the sculpture appears to have been popular in gardens and gymnasia. It was not until 1977, with the discovery of a copy from Perge in Turkey, that scholars were able to securely identify the sculpture as Hermes. This copy held the Kerykeion in the left hand, wore wings on the head and had winged sandals. Judging from the fully lifesize scale of the copies and their generally high quality, the original bronze must have been respected as one of the received masterpieces in the canon of antiquity. Four moderately complete Roman marble copies have survived.
  - The Louvre Hermes Fastening his Sandal (illustration) was the first to be discovered. Haskell and Penny note that an engraving of it was published in 1594, where it was described as the property of Alessandro Peretti Cardinal di Montalto and was doubtless already in the Villa Peretti di Montalto, which the very young Cardinal's uncle Pope Sixtus V, had recently built; it was recorded there in 1655, when the villa was inherited from the Peretti di Montalto heirs by prince Savelli; it was bought for Louis XIV in 1685 and kept at the Château of Versailles until 1792, when it passed to the recently established museum in the Louvre. It was formerly restored with a plowshare in order to illustrate Cincinnatus receiving the delegation from the Roman Senate, an impossible subject for a heroic sculpture; as Winckelmann pointed out, its heroic nudity would have been incongruous. It has been divested of its accretion. The sculpture is of Pentelic marble, the antique head of Parian marble.
  - The Lansdowne Sandal Binder, found in Gavin Hamilton's excavations in 1769 at the site of Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, was offered to Pope Clement XIV who refused it, and sold in 1772 to the Earl of Shelburne; it was sold in 1930 and is now at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, where Poulsen described it as probably Hermes, leaving open the possibility that it simply portrays an athlete. This is the only surviving model that has retained its head, though the head has been broken.
  - The Munich Sandal-Fastener in the Glyptothek, Munich, was found in the late 1780s by conte G. Campagnoli Marefoschi, in his own grounds on the site of part of Hadrian's Villa; Thomas Jenkins, the English dealer established at Rome, sold it to duca Luigi Braschi Onesti, who had it further restored by Francesco Antonio Franzoni, before selling it to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. This version shows the second sandal on the ground; other sculptures have been restored with this detail. It has been restored with an unrelated head and has been thoroughly resurfaced. A plaster cast incorporating the features that are original in each of these versions is conserved in the Glytothek, Munich; a bronze casting of it is in the Stadtmuseum, Stettin.
  - The Perge Hermes in the Antalya Archeological Museum. Found in the southern Thermae in Perge, Turkey. This copy holds many attributes, which identifies it as a sculpture depicting Hermes. Three surviving torsos have also been identified, including one in unfinished state, which has retained its head and has escaped the eighteenth-century Roman restorers; it is now conserved at the Acropolis Museum, Athens. Other variants include sculptures in similar, but reversed mirror-image poses, probably intended as pendants to the Hermes Fastening his Sandal. The theme was taken up by Jean-Baptiste Pigalle in 1744, and by François Rude, who showed at the Paris salon of 1828 a Mercury Fastening his Sandal in plaster. Rude's god instead shows the influence of Giambologna’s famous Mercury

text:
# Hermes Fastening his Sandal

The sculptures of **Hermes Fastening his Sandal**, which exist in several versions, are all Roman marble copies of a lost Greek bronze original in the manner of Lysippos, dating to the fourth century BCE. A pair of sandals figures in the myth of Theseus, and when the painter-dealer Gavin Hamilton uncovered an example in the swamp ground called the Pantanello at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli in 1769, he hesitated between calling it a Theseus or a Cincinnatus. Jason's myth also involves a lost sandal. When Augustus Hare saw that sculpture in the Ball Room of Lansdowne House (the Earl of Shelburne having been created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784), in Berkeley Square, he noted it as "Jason fastening his sandal."

The identification with Hermes is based on an identification of the original bronze model as a sculpture of Hermes in the gymnasium and *thermae* of Zeuxippos in Constantinople, which was described in detail by Christodoros of Koptos in his *ekphrasis* of the gymnasium as it still remained in Late Antiquity:

> There was Hermes, of the golden wand. He stood and fastened up the thongs of his winged sandal with his right hand, yearning to rush forth upon his course. His swift right leg was bent at the knee, and on it he rested his left hand, and meanwhile he was turning his face up to heaven, as if he were hearing the commands of his king and father*"*

Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway prefers to call the subject *The Sandal-Binder* or *Jason*; she notes, that, from the finding sites, the sculpture appears to have been popular in gardens and gymnasia.

It was not until 1977, with the discovery of a copy from Perge in Turkey, that scholars were able to securely identify the sculpture as Hermes. This copy held the Kerykeion in the left hand, wore wings on the head and had winged sandals.

Judging from the fully lifesize scale of the copies and their generally high quality, the original bronze must have been respected as one of the received masterpieces in the canon of antiquity (Ridgway 1964:120). Four moderately complete Roman marble copies have survived.

* The **Louvre *Hermes Fastening his Sandal*** (*illustration*) was the first to be discovered. Haskell and Penny note that an engraving of it was published in 1594, where it was described as the property of Alessandro Peretti Cardinal di Montalto and was doubtless already in the Villa Peretti di Montalto, which the very young Cardinal's uncle Pope Sixtus V, had recently built; it was recorded there in 1655, when the villa was inherited from the Peretti di Montalto heirs by prince Savelli; it was bought for Louis XIV in 1685 and kept at the Château of Versailles until 1792, when it passed to the recently established museum in the Louvre. It was formerly restored with a plowshare in order to illustrate Cincinnatus receiving the delegation from the Roman Senate, an impossible subject for a heroic sculpture; as Winckelmann pointed out, its heroic nudity would have been incongruous. It has been divested of its accretion. The sculpture is of Pentelic marble, the antique head of Parian marble.
* The **Lansdowne *Sandal Binder*** (marble, 1.54m.), found in Gavin Hamilton's excavations in 1769 at the site of Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, was offered to Pope Clement XIV who refused it, and sold in 1772 to the Earl of Shelburne; it was sold in 1930 and is now at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, where Poulsen described it as probably Hermes, leaving open the possibility that it simply portrays an athlete. This is the only surviving model that has retained its head, though the head has been broken.
* The **Munich *Sandal-Fastener*** in the Glyptothek, Munich, was found in the late 1780s by conte G. Campagnoli Marefoschi, in his own grounds on the site of part of Hadrian's Villa; Thomas Jenkins, the English dealer established at Rome, sold it to duca Luigi Braschi Onesti, who had it further restored by Francesco Antonio Franzoni, before selling it to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. This version shows the second sandal on the ground; other sculptures have been restored with this detail (Ridgway 1964:114 and note 11). It has been restored with an unrelated head and has been thoroughly resurfaced. A plaster cast incorporating the features that are original in each of these versions is conserved in the Glytothek, Munich; a bronze casting of it is in the Stadtmuseum, Stettin (Ridgway 1964:117).
* The **Perge Hermes** in the Antalya Archeological Museum. Found in the southern Thermae in Perge, Turkey. This copy holds many attributes, which identifies it as a sculpture depicting Hermes.

Three surviving torsos have also been identified, including one in unfinished state, which has retained its head and has escaped the eighteenth-century Roman restorers; it is now conserved at the Acropolis Museum, Athens. Other variants include sculptures in similar, but reversed mirror-image poses, probably intended as pendants to the *Hermes Fastening his Sandal*.

The theme was taken up by Jean-Baptiste Pigalle in 1744, and by François Rude, who showed at the Paris salon of 1828 a *Mercury Fastening his Sandal* in plaster. Rude's god instead shows the influence of Giambologna’s famous *Mercury* (c. 1580; Florence, Bargello)

## Bibliography


title: New Zealand Land Commission

abstract: The New Zealand Land Commission was a 19th-century government inquiry into the validity of claims to land purchases by European settlers from the New Zealand Māori people made prior to 1840, when New Zealand was part of the Australian colony of New South Wales. The inquiry was designed to determine who owned what land, in order to formalise and regulate land ownership in the new colony. The commission carried out its work in two distinct sections—a three-man inquiry to examine purchases in general throughout New Zealand, and a one-man inquiry run by English lawyer William Spain to investigate just those purchases claimed by the New Zealand Company. The commissions were to advise the Governor of which claims were accepted, with the expectation that landowners would then be awarded a Crown grant to their property. The first inquiry ran from January 1841 to September 1844, and investigated more than 1000 claims throughout the country, with the majority of them in the Bay of Islands, Auckland and Kaipara regions. It allowed just under half of those claims, although concerns remained that in many cases there were doubts that Māori who had sold land had the right to do so. Spain conducted his hearings between May 1842 and August 1844 in the areas in which the New Zealand Company had bought land—Wellington and Porirua, Manawatu, Wanganui, Taranaki and Nelson. Spain initially encountered, but overcame, attempts by the New Zealand Company's principal agent, William Wakefield, to obstruct his work and finally concluded that the company had made valid purchases in only two of the areas it claimed—Manawatu and New Plymouth. Under instructions from London, Spain sought to identify lands that were in the "actual occupation and enjoyment" of Māori, believing that uncultivated lands were not truly owned by Māori. Subsequently, where it was found sales had not been conducted properly Spain opted to transfer the land to Crown ownership rather than return it to the original Māori owners. In September 1842, after just three months of hearings, Spain ceased his exhaustive investigation into the background and validity of sales and switched his efforts to arbitrating amounts of compensation that would be paid to Māori for the loss of their land. Māori had no input in the negotiations. Spain's decision on the New Plymouth claims came close to sparking Māori violence against settlers and was overturned by Governor Robert FitzRoy, creating a long-running feud between the pair that lasted until Spain's departure from New Zealand. It took more than two decades to resolve the question of European land titles to pre-annexation purchases. A variety of methods were used, including new legislation, another land commission, land exchanges with Māori, land purchases and military action to oust Māori from some areas.

text:
# New Zealand Land Commission

The **New Zealand Land Commission** was a 19th-century government inquiry into the validity of claims to land purchases by European settlers from the New Zealand Māori people made prior to 1840, when New Zealand was part of the Australian colony of New South Wales. The inquiry was designed to determine who owned what land, in order to formalise and regulate land ownership in the new colony. The commission carried out its work in two distinct sections—a three-man inquiry to examine purchases in general throughout New Zealand, and a one-man inquiry run by English lawyer William Spain to investigate just those purchases claimed by the New Zealand Company. The commissions were to advise the Governor of which claims were accepted, with the expectation that landowners would then be awarded a Crown grant to their property.

The first inquiry ran from January 1841 to September 1844, and investigated more than 1000 claims throughout the country, with the majority of them in the Bay of Islands, Auckland and Kaipara regions. It allowed just under half of those claims, although concerns remained that in many cases there were doubts that Māori who had sold land had the right to do so.

Spain conducted his hearings between May 1842 and August 1844 in the areas in which the New Zealand Company had bought land—Wellington and Porirua, Manawatu, Wanganui, Taranaki and Nelson. Spain initially encountered, but overcame, attempts by the New Zealand Company's principal agent, William Wakefield, to obstruct his work and finally concluded that the company had made valid purchases in only two of the areas it claimed—Manawatu and New Plymouth. Under instructions from London, Spain sought to identify lands that were in the "actual occupation and enjoyment" of Māori, believing that uncultivated lands were not truly owned by Māori. Subsequently, where it was found sales had not been conducted properly Spain opted to transfer the land to Crown ownership rather than return it to the original Māori owners. In September 1842, after just three months of hearings, Spain ceased his exhaustive investigation into the background and validity of sales and switched his efforts to arbitrating amounts of compensation that would be paid to Māori for the loss of their land. Māori had no input in the negotiations.

Spain's decision on the New Plymouth claims came close to sparking Māori violence against settlers and was overturned by Governor Robert FitzRoy, creating a long-running feud between the pair that lasted until Spain's departure from New Zealand.

It took more than two decades to resolve the question of European land titles to pre-annexation purchases. A variety of methods were used, including new legislation, another land commission, land exchanges with Māori, land purchases and military action to oust Māori from some areas.

## First land commission

The Treaty of Waitangi, which in its English language version transferred sovereignty over New Zealand to the British Crown, was first signed at Waitangi on 6 February 1840.

Three months later New South Wales Governor George Gipps introduced to the New South Wales Legislative Council the New Zealand Land Claims Bill to establish a New Zealand Land Commission, which would investigate the validity of all purchases of land in New Zealand from Māori. The legislation was passed on 4 August 1840 and in late September Gipps appointed three commissioners—a lawyer, Francis Fisher, and two New South Wales military officers, retired colonel Edward Godfrey and Captain Mathew Richmond, who was a former British Resident of the Ionian Islands. Neither Godfrey nor Richmond, who carried out the bulk of the commission's work, had any legal training. They were instructed not to investigate any derivative claim—sales in which land had not been bought directly from Māori—nor any sales by non-British nationals. In September 1840 the Governor also exempted all New Zealand Company purchases from the inquiry, after receiving a deputation from settlers in Wellington who were worried they would lose their homes if the New Zealand Company's purchases were found to be deficient.

Their public hearings inquiry began in January 1841 at Russell in the Bay of Islands, with the commissioners assisted by an interpreter, a surveyor and the Protector of Aborigines, who acted as an advocate and counsel for Māori witnesses. In June, with New Zealand by then a separate colony, their powers were transferred to a New Zealand statute. They continued through to September 1844, holding a total of 1049 inquiries into land sales, most of them in the Bay of Islands, Auckland and Kaipara regions, as well as Waikato and North Taranaki. In 1843 hearings were also conducted in the South Island and Stewart Island, examining purchases in Banks Peninsula and Otago.

The commissioners found that the claimants fell into four basic categories—speculators, church missionaries, settlers and derivative purchasers—with most sales made after 1836 and reaching a peak in 1839. The size of land purchases made by individuals ranged from small pieces of less than an acre to several tracts of over 1 million acres each, with Church Missionary Society purchases among the biggest. Payment had been made with cash and a wide variety of goods including clothes, blankets, tools and guns.

By early 1842 it was apparent to the commissioners that Māori who had accepted payment in money or goods had had no intention of total alienation of all the land within the vast general boundaries outlined in some of the deeds. Godfrey and Richmond had no hesitation in dismissing as utterly unintelligible, to Māori or European, some of the pretentious deeds drawn up in pseudo-legalistic English. In many cases the commissioners accepted the evidence of Māori over that of the claimants. They found boundaries to be inadequately described in most deeds, the acreages grossly exaggerated, the claims overlapped, with Māori usually having little idea of area or boundaries in English terms.

The commissioners allowed 490 claims; most of those disallowed were greater than 1000 acres, with 241 disallowed because the claimants failed to appear at the hearings. The commissioners commonly reduced land boundaries or recommended the addition of Māori reserves. Chief Protector George Clarke noted that of the 490 claims the commissioners allowed: "All that has been ascertained is that various Europeans have made purchases from certain natives, but whether those natives had a right to sell or how that right was acquired, is still, in the majority of cases, quite a matter of doubt."

Fisher resigned from the commission on 25 June 1841 after being provisionally appointed as Attorney-General; in July 1843 Richmond also left when he was appointed Chief Police Magistrate of the Southern District.

## William Spain's land commission

Spain had worked as an attorney in London before his appointment as New Zealand Land Commissioner and was an active supporter of the Liberal Party. George Clarke Jnr, a clerk in the Native Department who served as a translator during the land claim commission hearings, described him as "a man of solid intelligence, but with a good deal of legal pedantry about him. He was somewhat slow in thinking, very wooden in his apprehension of ways of dealing with new emergencies, steady and rather plodding in his ways, thoroughly honest in intention, and utterly immovable in threats, though he may have been softened by flattery."

His appointment followed the signing of an agreement in November 1840 between the Colonial Office and the New Zealand Company that awarded the company a royal charter of incorporation. The company would be given a Crown grant to land in defined areas of the country, including Wellington and New Plymouth, but abandon claim to the 20 million acres it claimed to have bought during the 1839 expedition of the company vessel, *Tory*. On 3 December the British Government told the company that a commission would be set up to investigate all the company's New Zealand land titles, after which bona fide purchases would be confirmed with a Crown grant.

British Colonial Secretary Lord John Russell selected Spain to fill the role of commissioner, to take effect from 20 January 1841, believing that having a British rather than a local government appointee would be seen as more impartial. Spain was given a fixed annual salary of £2000, which equalled that of the Chief Justice and made the pair the second-highest paid public officials in New Zealand, behind the Governor. Among his instructions, Russell directed that the commissioner and Governor define on the map land that was in the "actual occupation and enjoyment" of Māori; certain areas were to be made inalienable for Māori use and occupation, with the balance, described as "waste land", to become Crown land. Historian Alan Ward noted: "Russell’s view that uncultivated lands were not truly owned by Māori, strongly influenced official attitudes at this time."

Spain left London in mid-April, but suffered shipwreck on the voyage and did not arrive in New Zealand until 8 December 1841. Some confusion surrounded his role: Russell had intended that Spain be the sole land commissioner, but Spain—possibly on discovering two other commissioners were already at work—told Hobson he would supervise their work. Hobson rejected the proposal, insisting the task was so vast it would require them all to be engaged in inquiries around the country. He directed Spain to proceed immediately to Wellington to investigate the New Zealand Company purchases that were defined in an agreement Hobson had made with the company in September 1841. In that agreement the Crown indicated its acceptance of certain earlier land purchases—110,000 acres at Port Nicholson, Porirua and Manawatu, 50,000 acres at Wanganui and 50,000 acres (later lifted to 60,000 acres) at New Plymouth—with the guarantee conditional on the company proving it had fairly extinguished the Māori title. Spain's task, then, was to first establish who had actually held the title to the lands before they were sold to the company, a difficult task in itself, and then find whether the sales were legitimate. Under instructions from Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley to Governor Robert FitzRoy, any land deemed to be in excess of a valid claim should be retained by the Crown. Stanley, who succeeded Russell in August 1841, explained: "The excess is vested in the sovereign as representing and protecting the interest of society at large ... for the purposes of sale and settlement."

Hobson appointed George Clarke, then aged 19, as the commission's interpreter and Sub-Protector of Aborigines (his father George Clarke Senior had been appointed Chief Protector in May 1841); his duty was to look after Māori interests during the investigations. At the outset his interrogation of witnesses was exhaustive, with lengthy evidence taken and recorded in both Māori and English.

### Port Nicholson

Spain began his Wellington hearings on 16 May 1842 and began with the Port Nicholson sale. William Wakefield, Jerningham Wakefield and two other company men gave evidence, as well as Te Puni, chief at Petone , who had taken a leading part in the sale. After three days William Wakefield, who presumed the hearings would be a mere formality, said he rested his case. Spain considered the case far from proven and asked Wakefield to produce more witnesses. The company produced Wi Tako Ngātata, the chief of Kumototo pā, whose evidence contradicted that of earlier witnesses. Realising the investigation would be a thorough one, Wakefield began a public campaign of obstruction and criticism, refusing to appear and causing delays for the hearings. A local newspaper, the *New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator*, took up Wakefield's cause and for months criticised and ridiculed Spain, Clarke and Hobson.

By late August Wakefield realised Spain's findings were likely to be unfavourable to the company and wrote to the commissioner and offered to make cash payments to Māori who had missed out on payments in 1839. Spain had already come to the conclusion that Māori at Te Aro, Kumutoto, Pipitea and Kaiwharawhara pā had had no intention of selling their pā, cultivations and burial grounds and would not now move, and that reserves allotted them by the company, mainly on hilly ground, were unsuitable. Spain considered the offer of a further cash payment to be reasonable, explaining that "the natives who denied the sale seemed to be more anxious to obtain payment for their land than to dispossess the settlers then in occupation of it". He thought giving land back to the Māori was impractical because Wellington's population had grown to about 3000, outnumbering Māori by at least five to one.

Spain also questioned a key witness, Dicky Barrett, who had acted as interpreter in the Port Nicholson sale, concluding he had barely understood the terms of the sale, let alone had the ability to translate it accurately; nor had he explained to Wakefield the political undercurrents of the sale. In January 1843 acting Governor Willoughby Shortland advised both Spain and Wakefield he approved of the plan to compensate Māori for land that had not been properly alienated; from that point the focus of Spain's commission switched from investigating the validity of the sales to negotiating the amount of compensation to be paid when the evidence for a proper sale was slight.

### Wanganui, Manawatu, Hutt Valley

Despite the agreement to negotiate and pay compensation, Wakefield baulked at the compensation amounts being sought by Clarke, so Spain closed the Port Nicholson hearings and travelled north to investigate land sales at Porirua, Waikanae, Otaki, Manawatu and Wanganui. At Wanganui, tensions were high because of the presence of more than 200 European settlers attempting to farm and build on land many Māori said had not been sold. Wakefield again obstructed Spain's inquiry, failing to appear at hearings and forcing Spain to examine witnesses himself, putting to them the questions he would have expected the company's counsel to put. After a three-week hearing Spain ruled that the company was entitled to land only on the west side of the Whanganui River, and that even that claim was deficient. Spain, however, decided the Māori owners would not be given the land back, but instead be compensated for it and he subsequently negotiated an amount, which took more than a year to be paid. Further hearings over sales at Manawatu and the Nelson area were attended by Ngāti Toa chiefs Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata, but Wakefield again hindered the investigation by failing to appear. After hearing evidence Spain ruled that the New Zealand Company could not claim any title to Porirua.

In March 1843 Clarke told Wakefield the company would need to pay £1500 to the Port Nicholson Māori to adequately compensate them for land that had not been properly alienated. As Wakefield continued to stall the process, Māori frustration grew and in August they sent a deputation to Spain—who had by then opted to suspend hearings and move on to investigate the Taranaki claims—accusing him of colluding with the company to delay payments. Acting governor Shortland demanded that Wakefield state definitively if the company would pay or not, and Wakefield—possibly spurred into action by the shock of the explosion of violence in the Wairau Affray in June, sparked by a land claim there—relented and agreed to continue negotiations. The company, however, continued to state that all pā, cultivations and burial grounds should be included in any settlements. Knowing a proper resolution was impossible, Spain closed correspondence and in late August returned to Auckland, where he prepared a report for new Governor Robert FitzRoy on his work to date.

Spain reported that most of the land claimed by the New Zealand Company where he had visited had either not been alienated to the company at all or had been only partially so because of the "loose and careless manner" of the purchasing process, including identifying those with the right to sell. He said pā, cultivations and burial grounds had definitely never been sold to the company, although roads had since been cut through some of them. He found that the interpreters used by the company had also failed to explain the amount of land being negotiated or the reserve system in a way that was intelligible to the Māori. Spain recommended that the government pay all compensation that was due—possibly as much as £6000 in the North Island alone—and that the company be awarded a Crown grant only after it had repaid that amount to the government.

In January 1844 FitzRoy visited Wellington and reopened negotiations with Wakefield on compensation, making clear that no Crown grants would be issued until compensation was paid. Wakefield agreed to pay £1500 to the Port Nicholson area Māori, although their chiefs, led by those of Te Aro pā, rejected that amount—which had been calculated by Clarke alone—as inadequate. The standoff continued for several days until the sum was accepted and distributed in shillings.

In March Spain and Clarke tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a compensation deal with Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata for land in the Hutt Valley. Although rebuffed, Spain and Clarke would not accept the Māoris' refusal, deciding that the Port Nicholson area had to be completely ceded and that compensation money would simply be banked for later use by Ngāti Toa. In a letter to Te Rauparaha Spain cited Emer de Vattel's work, *Law of Nations*, to explain that a civilised nation had the right to occupy a country or continent occupied by "erratic" people who were not making productive use of the land, as such inhabitants could not be seen as having true, legal possession. By April 1844 most of the Māori titles in the Port Nicholson district were settled and the vital town site and most of the country area were secured for European occupation.

Spain returned to Manawatu and Wanganui, but discovered chiefs now refused to sell regardless of the level of compensation, ignoring William Wakefield's attempt to distribute £1000 in gold and silver coins. Although the Land Claims Ordinance authorised Spain only to "respectfully recommend" the payment of compensation, he told chiefs: "Your refusal to accept the payment will not prevent the land going to the Europeans." He awarded the company almost all it had claimed and held the money for it to be later claimed by Māori in those areas.

### Taranaki

Spain's most problematic inquiry was the one he conducted over the company's claims in Taranaki where, since 1842, Te Āti Awa Māori had been returning home in increasing numbers, after lengthy periods of captivity by Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto iwi. Waikato raids had also forced other Taranaki Māori to migrate southwards between the mid-1820s and early 1830s to live as exiles, and almost all had been absent when their land had been "sold" to the New Zealand Company. The land had been sold over the course of three transactions—at Kāpiti on 25 October 1839, Queen Charlotte Sound on 8 November 1839 and New Plymouth on 15 February 1840. By 31 May 1844, when Spain opened his Taranaki hearings in New Plymouth, about 900 Māori had returned to settlements spread along the coastal strip between Paritutu and Waitara, heightening tensions with settlers who attempted to clear and cultivate land for which they had paid the company. Te Āti Awa were prepared to accept the alienation of lands belonging to those present at the original sale but refused to give up any other ancestral land unless it was paid for. The company baulked at giving into such demands, and some settlers were consequently harassed or driven off their properties.

From the outset Spain refused to accept the land ownership claims of non-resident Māori. He explained in his report that "the admission of the right of slaves, who had been absent for a long period of years, to return at any time and claim their right to land that had belonged to them previously to their being taken prisoners of war and which ... had been sold by the conquerors and resident natives to third parties, would establish a most dangerous doctrine, calculated to throw doubts upon almost every European title to land in this country." Spain, however, ignored the fact that it was only the presence of European settlers that provided the security for them to return. His view was strongly opposed by both his assistants, George Clarke and Thomas Forsaith, a Māori interpreter and Protector of Aborigines.

Spain closed his court on 6 June and announced his decision two days later before a large crowd of Māori and Europeans. He ruled that the company was entitled to the 60,000 acres it claimed, with the exception of Māori pā, burial grounds and cultivations and 6000 acres of reserves, and two other sections reserved for Dicky Barrett and the Wesleyan Missionary Society. In his report Spain said the Taranaki purchase was the only one by the New Zealand Company in which the deed had been explained properly and an adequate payment made—even though he had earlier found Barrett's interpretations of the Port Nicholson purchase deeds to be vastly inadequate. European settlers welcomed Spain's decision, but the Āti Awa immediately expressed anger and were restrained from destroying outlying settlers' property only with the assurance by Clarke that FitzRoy would listen to their appeals. Increasingly nervous settlers appealed to FitzRoy for military protection, while Āti Awa chiefs, including Wiremu Kīngi, who had signed a Taranaki sale deed with a company representative at Queen Charlotte Sound in November 1839, sent a petition to FitzRoy protesting that it was wrong for the Europeans to take lands, particularly at Waitara, which Māori had never sold. In early July FitzRoy despatched Protector of Aborigines Donald McLean to Taranaki to placate the Māori and on 2 August arrived there himself to plead for peace. He told a crowd of 300 the next day that he did not agree with Spain's dismissal of the absentees' claims, and expressed his empathy for those whose land had been sold after they had been carried off by a war party as a slave.

FitzRoy returned to New Plymouth in early October 1844 and confirmed that he had overturned Spain's judgment, declaring that all the awarded land would have to be repurchased from the Māori owners; if this was not done the government would not guarantee any settler a title for, or protection of, his land. FitzRoy later wrote: "It appeared so clear ... that the view taken by the land commissioner could not be adopted by the government without causing bloodshed, and the probable ruin of the settlement; because the injustice of awarding land to the New Zealand Company, which was well known not to have been purchased by them, was apparent to every native." FitzRoy's decision infuriated Spain, whose resignation was then demanded by the Governor. On 23 November FitzRoy paid £350 to the Ngāti Te Whiti hapū for 3500 acres, which included the New Plymouth township. His decision, which meant only that small area was now officially available for settlement, this time left the settlers enraged and dismayed. It also infuriated Wakefield and Spain, who believed the commission had been robbed of its authority and stability.

### Nelson area

Spain's final area of inquiry was the Nelson area, including the Wairau Valley. The hearings had been scheduled to begin in June 1843 but were delayed by the violent clash in the Wairau Valley on 17 June in which 26 lives were lost. FitzRoy, who arrived in New Zealand about two months later, conducted his own inquiry into the affray and ruled that the Europeans were at fault for pressing ahead with efforts to survey the land rather than wait for Spain's investigation and adjudication. Because of those events, Spain's inquiry at Nelson did not begin until 19 August 1844. By then Wakefield had adopted a more conciliatory approach and had decided to pay Māori compensation where Spain decided it was necessary—in Port Nicholson, Wanganui and Manawatu—and also decided to abandon claim to any land in the Wairau Valley.

After just two days of hearings Wakefield offered to pay £800 compensation to local Māori who had received no payment from Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata in 1839. The money was paid and distributed at a final court session on 24 August and a deed of conveyance signed by the main chiefs of each district. Spain awarded the company title to 151,000 acres in the Tasman and Golden Bay area—11,000 acres at Whakatu, 38,000 acres at Waimea, 15,000 acres at Moutere, 42,000 acres at Motueka and 45,000 acres at Golden Bay, excluding pa, cultivations, burial grounds and reserves.

## Aftermath

The work of the first Land Commissioners appointed by Hobson concluded in 1844, and their recommendations on the several hundred European claims to non-New Zealand Company lands were generally accepted by FitzRoy when he issued the Crown grants that same year.

Spain's commission ended in 1845 amid great hostility between the Commissioner and the Governor. Spain had initially strongly opposed FitzRoy's decision to overturn his ruling on the Taranaki claims and their relationship continued to deteriorate leading to mutual accusations to the Colonial Office and culminating in a demand by FitzRoy that Spain resign.

After all his investigations Spain decided that the company had made valid purchases in only two of the areas it claimed: Manawatu and New Plymouth. Regardless of that, he awarded the company almost all the land it claimed and paid compensation to the Māori. The only lands he did not award, because of Māori resistance, were the Manawatu and Porirua districts.

FitzRoy, in turn, issued only two Crown grants on the basis of Spain's awards—at Port Nicholson and Nelson—and he signed those in late July 1845. In a report to Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley FitzRoy noted that apart from the small 3600 acre block at New Plymouth, "all the other claims of the New Zealand Company reported on by Mr Commissioner Spain are disputed by the natives, and cannot be fully occupied by settlers ... until very large additional payments have been made". In every case where compensation had been awarded for the loss of Māori lands, it had been accepted reluctantly or refused. There was also confusion over the exact location of Māori reserves, and the complication of Māori continuing to cultivate and live on unoccupied land, which was commonly absentees' property. The problem was particularly acute at Port Nicholson, where more than 80 percent of Māori cultivations were on absentees' land.

It took many years—and long after FitzRoy's departure from office—to resolve the question of European land titles to pre-Annexation purchases. A variety of methods were used, including new legislation (the 1849 Quieting Titles Ordinance, the 1856 Land Claims Settlement Act, the 1867 Land Claims Arbitration Act), another land commission running from 1857 to 1862 and headed by politician and former New Zealand Company agent Dillon Bell, land exchanges with Māori in order for them to abandon cultivations on Europeans' lands (the outcome of an investigation in 1847 by Lieutenant Colonel William Anson McCleverty, appointed by the Colonial Office), the issuing of land orders or "scrip" entitling settlers to select land near Auckland, and the issue of new Crown grants for Nelson and Port Nicholson (1848). FitzRoy's successor, Governor George Grey, believed FitzRoy had been wrong to set aside Spain's award at New Plymouth and threatened to survey the full 60,000 acres, with minimal compensation to be paid to Māori. He backed down under forceful Ati Awa opposition and instead bought 27,000 acres in the area from 1847 to 1848. Attempts to make more purchases were abandoned in 1849 when it became clear his actions were sparking intertribal disputes.

In February 1846 Grey visited the Hutt Valley and pressured Ngāti Tama chief Te Kaeaea (also known as Taringa Kuri) to abandon the land they were occupying there as well as extensive potato cultivations. Grey refused to compensate them for crops and houses, claiming their occupation had been illegal, and countered Māori resistance by sending a 340-strong military force into the valley. Tensions continued to escalate, culminating in the outbreak of the war known as the Hutt Valley Campaign, which lasted from March to August. Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha, who Grey suspected was behind the Māori resistance, was captured in July and kept prisoner for 18 months. In April 1847 Grey also used British military forces at Wanganui to crush Māori resistance to European occupation. In May 1848 the Wanganui chiefs accepted the £1000 Spain had awarded them.

Land claims continued to be investigated by the 1907 Houston inquiry, 1927 Sim Commission and 1948 Myers Surplus Land Commission.

## Bibliography


title: Higher and Higher (musical)

abstract: Higher and Higher is a musical comedy with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart, and book by Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan and produced by Dwight Deere Wiman. It ran on Broadway for 84 performances in 1940.

text:
# Higher and Higher (musical)

***Higher and Higher*** is a musical comedy with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart, and book by Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan and produced by Dwight Deere Wiman. It ran on Broadway for 84 performances in 1940.

## Production

*Higher and Higher* premiered on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on April 4, 1940 and closed on August 24, 1940, after 108 performances. It played a return engagement at the Shubert Theatre from August 5 to August 24, 1940.

It was directed by Joshua Logan, with choreography by Robert Alton, scenic design by Jo Mielziner and costume design by Lucinda Ballard. The cast starred Jack Haley, Marta Eggerth, and Shirley Ross, with Leif Erickson and Lee Dixon and included Vera-Ellen and June Allyson.

A film based on the stage musical was released in 1943, starring Jack Haley.

## Songs

Act 1 * "A Barking Baby Never Bites" - Zachary Ash and Sandy Moore
* "From Another World" - Minnie Sorenson, Zachary Ash, Sandy Moore, Hilda O'Brien, Byng and Company
* "Mornings at Seven" - Mike O'Brien, Dottie and Ensemble
* "Nothing But You" - Minnie Sorenson, Patrick O'Toole and Singers
* "Disgustingly Rich" - Zachary Ash, Sandy Moore, Mike O'Brien, Hilda O'Brien, Byng, Miss Whiffen, Dottie and Ensemble

Act 2 * "Blue Monday" - Byng, Nursemaid, Scullery Maid, Ladies' Maid and Ensemble
* "Ev'ry Sunday Afternoon" - Minnie Sorenson and Patrick O'Toole
* "Lovely Day for a Murder" - Mike O'Brien, Dottie and Ensemble
* "How's Your Health" - Zachary Ash, Minnie Sorenson and Patrick O'Toole
* "It Never Entered My Mind" - Sandy Moore
* "I'm Afraid" - Zachary Ash, Sandy Moore and Specialty Girls and Boys
* "I'm Afraid (Reprise)" - Sandy Moore, Ellen, Mike O'Brien, Byng, Hilda O'Brien, First Cop and Company
* "Finale" - Company

## InfoBox

| *Higher and Higher* | |
| --- | --- |
| Windowcard for original Broadway production | |
| Music | Richard Rodgers |
| Lyrics | Lorenz Hart |
| Book | Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan |
| Productions | 1940 Broadway |


title: Montana, Kansas

abstract: Montana is an unincorporated community in Labette County, Kansas, United States.

text:
# Montana, Kansas

**Montana** is an unincorporated community in Labette County, Kansas, United States.

## History

A post office was established at Montana in 1866. Montana was laid out about 1868. The community was named after the Montana Territory.

## Education

The community is served by Oswego USD 504 public school district.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Montana, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| KDOT map of Labette County (legend) | |
| MontanaMontana | |
| Coordinates: 37°16′31″N 95°07′27″W / 37.27528°N 95.12417°W / 37.27528; -95.12417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Labette |
| Founded | 1868 |
| Platted | 1868 |
| Named for | Montana Territory |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 620 |


abstract: Resurrection is the third album by the rap group Lords of the Underground, released in 1999.

text:
# Resurrection (Lords of the Underground album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *RapReviews* | 8.5/10 |

***Resurrection*** is the third album by the rap group Lords of the Underground, released in 1999.

## Production

The album was produced by DJ Lord Jazz and K-Def, among others.

## Critical reception

*The Plain Dealer* wrote: "No cornball skits, no cast-of-thousands posse tracks, just two rappers and a disc jockey doing their thing, and doing it well." *The Star-Ledger* thought that "the Lords are sample-crazy, lifting everything from Bill Withers' 'Ain't No Sunshine' to Sade's 'Jezebel'."

AllMusic wrote that "*Resurrection* is strongest when it relies on the classic tenets of hip-hop and its MCs' own talent, instead of grafting the latest trend onto an existing formula."

## Track listing

1. "Intro"- 1:47
2. "Retaliate"- 3:44
3. "If You..."- 4:29
4. "Take Dat"- 3:49
5. "Path of the Righteous Man"- :28
6. "Earth, Wind, & Fire" (feat. Joya)- 4:31
7. "Imposter"- 4:14
8. "One Day" (feat. Da Brat)- 4:31
9. "Hennessey, Pt. 1"- :08
10. "Funk for Ya Mama"- 3:08
11. "Haters"- 4:25
12. "Infinite"- 4:20
13. "Blow Your Mind"- :12
14. "Nasty Natti"- 4:18
15. "Hennessey, Pt. 2"- 4:02
16. "Excuse Me"- 5:49
17. "Exodus"- 4:05

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lords of the Underground | |
| Released | April 6, 1999 |
| Recorded | 1997–1998 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 53:56 |
| Label | Jersey Kidz Records |
| Producer | DJ Lord Jazz
K-Def |
| Lords of the Underground chronology | |
| *Keepers of the Funk*
(1994) ***Resurrection***
(1999) *House of Lords*
(2007) | |


title: Harbiye, Defne

abstract: Harbiye is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Defne, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 27,057 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). Also in 2013, it passed from the former central district of Hatay to the new district of Defne.

text:
# Harbiye, Defne

**Harbiye** (Ancient Greek: *Dàphne*, Δάφνη; in Arabic دفنه or *Harbiyat*, حربيات) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Defne, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 27,057 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*). Also in 2013, it passed from the former central district of Hatay to the new district of Defne.

## Geography

Midtown Harbiye is about 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Antakya, the administrative center of Hatay Province. It is situated in the valley of Asi (formerly known as Orontes) with an average altitude of 240 metres (790 ft).

## History

**Dàphne** (Δάφνη in Greek) was a resort port-town during Seleucid Empire, famous for waterfalls, daphne laurels, and residence buildings. However, it was also famous for earthquakes; many ancients buildings were demolished during big earthquakes. Under the Roman Empire, aqueducts were built to connect the local springs to the city of Antioch and there were several villas in Daphne.

Following the First Jewish–Roman War,the Roman Vespasian seized land which had previously held a synagogue, and, using funds taken from local Jewish people, built a theatre in its place. Vespasian announced this by placing a commemorative plaque at the location, which Israeli historican Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson characterized as "an insult to injury".

For many centuries, many monastic communities from different ethnicities settled in the region around Antioch as for instance in Daphne. The Kastana monastery, dedicated to the Theotokos, was close to the Kastalia springs in Daphne. Ephrem Mtsire, a famous 11th century Georgian monk, theologian and translator of patristic literature, was hegumen of this monastery.

## Economy

Harbiye's main economic activity is domestic tourism: hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops etc. The town is proud of the Daphne mythology. There is also a minor silk industry. Many Harbiye residents commute to work in Antakya.

1. Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
2. "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
3. "Law No. 6360". *Official Gazette* (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.
4. "Classification tables of municipalities and their affiliates and local administrative units" (DOC). *Official Gazette* (in Turkish). 12 September 2010.
5. "A page from the mayor of Antakya {{in lang|tr}}". Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
6. Dindorf, L.A. (1831). "Ioannes Malalas Chronographia". *Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae*. **32**.
7. Piperno, Roberto. "En Route to Antioch". *Rome in the Footsteps of an XVIIIth Century Traveller*. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
8. H. H. Ben-Sasson (1976), A history of the Jewish people, Harvard University Press, p. 319
9. Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (22 Oct 2020). *Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108915922.
10. "The Antiochian" (PDF). *A Center for Antiochian Orthodox Christian Studies and Research*. **4**. 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
11. Antakya TV page (in Turkish)

## InfoBox

| Harbiye | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
|  | |
| HarbiyeLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°08′42″N 36°08′28″E / 36.14500°N 36.14111°E / 36.14500; 36.14111 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Hatay |
| District | Defne |
| Elevation | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 27,057 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0326 |


title: The Mountain Shadow

abstract: The Mountain Shadow is a 2015 novel by Australian author Gregory David Roberts and is a sequel for his 2003 novel Shantaram. Grove Press initially released the book on 13 October 2015. This is the second book in the proposed trilogy.

text:
# The Mountain Shadow

***The Mountain Shadow*** is a 2015 novel by Australian author Gregory David Roberts and is a sequel for his 2003 novel *Shantaram*. Grove Press initially released the book on 13 October 2015. This is the second book in the proposed trilogy.

## Plot

Set mostly in modern Bombay, the sequel starts where *Shantaram* ended. It's been two years since the protagonist Lindsay lost two of the people closest to him: Kaderbhai, a mafia boss who died in the Afghan mountains, and Karla, a mysterious, coveted woman who eventually married a Bombay media mogul. Now Lin has to fulfill the last assignment given to him by Kaderbhai—to win the trust of the sage living on the mountain, to save his head in the uncontrollably flaring conflict of the new mafia leaders, but, most importantly, to find love and faith.

## Reception

Akash Kapur of *The New York Times* wrote, "Gregory David Roberts’s “Shantaram” was an unlikely publishing sensation. Literary purists scoffed at its purple prose; Indian (and many other) readers bristled at its stereotypes and cultural simplifications. The book nonetheless possessed a grittiness and vividness that helped Roberts sell four million copies around the world. Hollywood rights were scooped up (though a film has yet to be made). The book has gone on to occupy a distinctive — and deserving — place in an emerging genre of Bombay noir." Tim Martin of the *Financial Times* noted, "Ten years in the writing, *The Mountain Shadow* is the first of three proposed sequels to Shantaram, and continues its mission to transmit as many conclusions about the universe as the author can get his hands on... What we get instead are those essential truths and passionate experiences, swarming through the book like locusts." Camron Woodhead of *The Sydney Morning Herald* commented, "Axiomatic pronouncements this bald, didactic and sentimental can't possibly approximate the contradictory power of artistic truth, of course, partly because such sloganeering and cod philosophy are routinely used to sell us stuff. They have more in common with Oprah than Proust, and most readers with a shred of intellect or self-respect, no matter how questing, will cringe at the extent to which large chunks of *The Mountain Shadow* resemble the snake oil of the self-help industry."

## InfoBox

The Mountain Shadow
| Hardcover edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Gregory David Roberts |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Publisher | Grove Press |
| Publication date | 13 October 2015 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print, e-book, audiobook |
| Pages | 912 pp. |
| ISBN | 978-0802124456 |
| OCLC | 906121967 |
| Preceded by | *Shantaram* |
| Website | Official website |


title: Parapetí River

abstract: The Parapetí River is a river in Bolivia that has its source on the eastern side the Andes, flows through the Gran Chaco of Bolivia and ends in the marshes of the Bañados de Izozog depression. The drainage basin is 25,300 km⁲, and with the inclusion of the Bañados of Izozog is 61,903 km⁲.

text:
# Parapetí River

The **Parapetí River** is a river in Bolivia that has its source on the eastern side the Andes, flows through the Gran Chaco of Bolivia and ends in the marshes of the Bañados de Izozog depression. The drainage basin is 25,300 km2, and with the inclusion of the Bañados of Izozog is 61,903 km2.

## River course

The Parapetí River arises in the southeastern part of the Cordillera Central of Bolivia. It is formed by the confluence of four rivers, first the Portuguese River (Rio Portuguesa) and the Caravallo (Caraballo) River come together at 20°08′48″S 64°15′11″W / 20.14667°S 64.25306°W / -20.14667; -64.25306. Within five kilometers thereafter it is joined by the Misco Mayu River from the right (south) and the Fernandez River from the left (north), whereafter it is known as the Parapetí. Its longest tributary, the western fork of the Caravallo River arises at an altitude of 2,679 m on the northeastern slopes of Tihu Kasa mountain, a summit about seven kilometers northeast of Torrecillas, the administrative centre of Las Casas Canton, Azurduy Municipality, Azurduy Province. After being joined by the Fernandez River at Comunidad Rodeo, the Parapetí flows south between the Serrania Alto Fernandez on the west and the Serrania Recete (Serrania Racete) on the east. At 20°20' South latitude it turns east and cuts through the Serrania Recete, meandering past San Juan del Pirai. At San Pablo de Huacareta the Parapetí turns northeast until it is joined by the Rio El Banado from the left (north), and turns generally eastward through Luis Calvo Province, and into the Cordillera Province of Santa Cruz Department. Once in Cordillera Province it turns northeast again forming the southern boundary of Lagunillas Municipality, then turns east into Camiri Municipality, cutting through the Serrania Choreti, past the town of Choreti. The Parapetí then turns south-southeast to the border between Camiri Municipality and Charagua Municipality, where it turns east and then northeast forming the eastern half of the southern border of Camiri Municipality. After the village of Oquita, the Parapetí River enters the Gran Chaco, flows east past San Antonio del Parapeti, and then northeast and then north into the marshes of the Bañados de Izozog.

### Bañados del Izozog

The wetland of the Bañados del Izozog in the Bolivian department of Santa Cruz receives most of its water from the Parapetí River, but also has other smaller tributaries from a predominantly western direction. Much of the water in the Bañados del Izozog eventually evaporates due to the high year-round temperatures. However, in wet years during the rainy season, the marshes overflow and drain into both the Quimome River which flows into Concepción Lake, and via the Itonomas River into the Amazon River, and a large proportion via surface flow and infiltration takes a southeasterly direction and enters the catchment area of the Paraguay River in the Río de la Plata Basin.

On 17 September 2001, the wetlands of the Parapetí River and the Bañados del Izozog were designated under the Ramsar Convention and received international protection. Part of the wetlands was included within the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area.

## InfoBox

| Parapetí River
Rio Parapetí | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Comunidad Rodeo, Chuquisaca Department, Bolivia |
| coordinates | 20°08′48″S 64°15′11″W / 20.14667°S 64.25306°W / -20.14667; -64.25306 |
| elevation | 1,485 m (4,872 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Bañados de Izozog, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia |
| coordinates | 18°02′26″S 61°38′40″W / 18.04056°S 61.64444°W / -18.04056; -61.64444 |
| elevation | 283 m (928 ft) |
| Length | 500 km (310 mi) |
| Basin size | 61,903 km2 (23,901 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 80 m3/s (2,800 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Bañados del Izozog y el río Parapetí |
| Designated | 17 September 2001 |
| Reference no. | 1087 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Too Tight Henry

abstract: Too Tight Henry, born Henry Lee Castle, was an American blues musician who recorded four songs for Columbia Records and Brunswick Records in 1928 and 1930.

text:
# Too Tight Henry

**Too Tight Henry**, born **Henry Lee Castle** (June 5, 1897 or 1899 – August 16, 1971), was an American blues musician who recorded four songs for Columbia Records and Brunswick Records in 1928 and 1930.

## Biography

Castle was born in Georgia. He played a twelve-string guitar, a common instrument among Georgia blues musicians at the time. Before moving to and residing in Memphis, Tennessee, he travelled and played music with contemporary blues musicians Blind Blake and Blind Lemon Jefferson. For a period in the 1930s, Castle also lived in Helena, Arkansas. In 1928, he recorded two sides for Columbia Records, including a two-part song called "Charleston Contest", in which Castle talks to himself in different voices and brags about his guitar ability. In 1930, he recorded two more sides in Chicago, Illinois for Brunswick Records. These sides show a more relaxed side to Castle, and he is accompanied by a guitarist and a harmonica player.

After these two sessions, he played in Jed Davenport's Beale Street Jug Band.

Castle died in Chicago on August 16, 1971.

## Recordings

### Recorded October 27, 1928 for Columbia Records in Atlanta, Georgia

* "Charleston Contest – Part 1" – 14374D
* "Charleston Contest – Part 2" – 14374D

### Recorded October 2, 1930 for Brunswick Records

* "Squinch Owl Moan" – 7189
* "The Way I Do" – 7189

## InfoBox

| Too Tight Henry | |
| --- | --- |
| A crop of the only known photograph of Castle | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Henry Lee Castle |
| Born | (1897-06-05)June 5, 1897 or 1899
Georgia, United States |
| Died | (1971-08-16)August 16, 1971 (aged 72 or 74)
Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments | * Guitar * Vocals |


title: New Cathedral of Lleida

abstract: The New Cathedral of Lleida or Seu Nova is the seat of the Bishop of Lleida, located in Lleida, Catalonia.

text:
# New Cathedral of Lleida

41°36′47.94″N 0°37′22.65″E / 41.6133167°N 0.6229583°E / 41.6133167; 0.6229583

The **New Cathedral of Lleida** (Catalan *Catedral Nova de Lleida*) or **Seu Nova** is the seat of the Bishop of Lleida, located in Lleida, Catalonia.

## History

The current cathedral replaced the earlier cathedral, La Seu Vella, located in the highest point in town, and for a time used as a garrison. The church was constructed in an early Neoclassical-style in using designs by Pedro Martín Cermeño and construction directed by Francisco Sabatini. The austere building was built with local gray stone, but with a coat of arms of the ruling House of Bourbon. It has two large flanking bell towers, joined by a terrace with a balustrade.

List of bishops of Lleida


title: High Rocks (New Jersey)

abstract: High Rocks is a mountain in Warren County, New Jersey. The summit rises to 679 feet (207 m), and is located in Frelinghuysen Township. It is located in the Kittatinny Valley of the Appalachian Mountains.

text:
# High Rocks (New Jersey)

**High Rocks** is a mountain in Warren County, New Jersey. The summit rises to 679 feet (207 m), and is located in Frelinghuysen Township. It is located in the Kittatinny Valley of the Appalachian Mountains.

## InfoBox

| High Rocks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 679 ft (207 m)NGVD 29 |
| Coordinates | 40°59′02″N 74°51′07″W / 40.9839866°N 74.8518351°W / 40.9839866; -74.8518351 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Warren County, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS Tranquility |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hiking |


title: Moose Mountain (Wyoming)

abstract: Moose Mountain (10,059 feet is located in the northern Teton Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The peak is on the border of Grand Teton National Park and the Jedediah Smith Wilderness of Caribou-Targhee National Forest. Moose Mountain is at the western end of Webb Canyon.

text:
# Moose Mountain (Wyoming)

**Moose Mountain** (10,059 feet (3,066 m) is located in the northern Teton Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The peak is on the border of Grand Teton National Park and the Jedediah Smith Wilderness of Caribou-Targhee National Forest. Moose Mountain is at the western end of Webb Canyon.

## InfoBox

| Moose Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Moose MountainLocation in WyomingMoose MountainLocation in the United States | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 10,059 ft (3,066 m) |
| Prominence | 219 ft (67 m) |
| Coordinates | 43°56′15″N 110°51′23″W / 43.93750°N 110.85639°W / 43.93750; -110.85639 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Grand Teton National Park, Caribou-Targhee National Forest, Teton County, Wyoming, U.S. |
| Parent range | Teton Range |
| Topo map | USGS Ranger Peak |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike |


title: Kirstan Kallicharan

abstract: Kirstan Kallicharan is a Trinidadian cricketer. He made his List A debut for the West Indies Under-19s in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 on 25 January 2017. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in the West Indies squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads. In November 2017, he was named as the vice captain of the West Indies squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In June 2018, he was named the Best U19 Cricketer of the Year at the annual Cricket West Indies' Awards.

text:
# Kirstan Kallicharan

**Kirstan Kallicharan** (born 29 December 1999) is a Trinidadian cricketer. He made his List A debut for the West Indies Under-19s in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 on 25 January 2017. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in the West Indies squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads. In November 2017, he was named as the vice captain of the West Indies squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

In June 2018, he was named the Best U19 Cricketer of the Year at the annual Cricket West Indies' Awards.

## InfoBox

Kirstan Kallicharan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Kirstan Ajay Kallicharan |
| Born | (1999-12-29) 29 December 1999<br>Trinidad and Tobago |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off break |
| Role | All rounder |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 January 2017 | |


title: National Horseracing Museum

abstract: The National Horseracing Museum (NHRM) is a museum in Newmarket, Suffolk dedicated to the history of horseracing. It covers a 5-acre site on Palace Street in the centre of the town, having previously been housed in the Jockey Club Rooms on Newmarket High Street. Together with the British Sporting Art Trust and Retraining of Racehorses it is part of the National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art which was opened by Elizabeth II in 2016.

text:
# National Horseracing Museum

The **National Horseracing Museum (NHRM)** is a museum in Newmarket, Suffolk dedicated to the history of horseracing. It covers a 5-acre site on Palace Street in the centre of the town, having previously been housed in the Jockey Club Rooms on Newmarket High Street. Together with the **British Sporting Art Trust** and **Retraining of Racehorses** it is part of the National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art which was opened by Elizabeth II in 2016.

## History

When the Subscription Rooms of the Jockey Club closed in 1981, Jockey Club handicapper Major David Swannell decided it would be the ideal place to set up a national horseracing museum. The museum was opened on 30 April 1983 by Elizabeth II. A statue of 1933 Epsom Derby winner Hyperion stood in the entrance to the museum on Newmarket High Street. In 2016 the National Horseracing Museum, together with the British Sporting Art Trust and Retraining of Racehorses, moved to their current premises on the remains of the sporting palace of Charles II on Palace Street. The three charities combined to form the National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art, which was opened by Elizabeth II on 3 November 2016.

The Palace Street premises occupy the site of the Newmarket palace and stables of Charles II. Only **Palace House** remains of the original palace, the rest having been demolished after Queen Victoria sold the property to Mayer Amschel de Rothschild in 1857. The stables of Charles II on the opposite side of Palace Street were also demolished to make way for the Trainer's House and new stables called the King's Yard Stables. In 1874 the property was inherited by Leopold de Rothschild, who in 1903 built the Rothschild Yard and Stables adjacent to the King's Yard Stables. During World War II Palace House was used to house Jewish refugees. The Palace House estate remained in the hands of the Rothschild family until 1985, when it was sold by Leopold's grandson Sir Evelyn de Rothschild.

The new owners let the buildings fall into disrepair, and in 1992 Forest Heath District Council acquired the estate with a compulsory purchase order. Palace House was restored with support from the National Lottery Heritage Fund and English Heritage and was used as a civic building. In 2005 Forest Heath District Council and the National Horseracing Museum set up the Home of Horseracing Trust to raise funds for the new centre at Palace Street. The Trust was wound up in 2020 after the completion of the project, with the new museum having opened in 2016. In May 2024, Queen Camilla became patron of the museum, succeeding Queen Elizabeth II.

## Collections and displays

The museum's collections and displays are housed in the Trainer's House and King's Yard Stables. Exhibits relate to the history and science of horse racing and include paintings, jockey silks worn by Lester Piggott and Frankie Dettori, a racehorse simulator which visitors can try out, and other racing memorabilia. There is also a gift shop and second-hand bookshop in the Trainer's House, and a cafe and restaurant and statue of Frankel in the courtyard.

## The British Sporting Art Trust

Palace House, the only remaining part of the palace of Charles II, is home to the Fred Packard Museum and Galleries of British Sporting Art, as well as the offices of the British Sporting Art Trust. Equine artists represented in the collection include George Stubbs, Sir Alfred Munnings and Lucy Kemp-Welch. As well as paintings, the galleries display prints, sculpture, and everyday objects.

## Retraining of Racehorses

The Rothschild Yard in the grounds of the museum is home to Retraining of Racehorses and houses displays about the charity's work. Stabling and paddocks are provided for several retired racehorses who are temporary residents of the yard while they undergo retraining. There are twice-daily tours of the grounds, where visitors can see the forge, the horse-walker and the paddocks, and also watch the horses being schooled in the Peter O'Sullevan arena. Several times a year the Peter O'Sullevan arena hosts displays such as horseball and horseback falconry (both featuring retired racehorses) and Suffolk Punch horses.

## Awards

In 2017 the museum was one of five finalists for the Art Fund Museum of the Year. In 2020 the museum won the small visitor attraction of the year category in the East Anglian Daily Times Norfolk and Suffolk Tourism Awards. In 2022 the museum was a highly commended runner-up in the large museum category at the Suffolk Museum of the Year Awards.

52°14′38″N 0°24′25″E / 52.2439°N 0.4070°E / 52.2439; 0.4070

## InfoBox

National Horseracing Museum
| The museum courtyard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1986 |
| Location | Newmarket, Suffolk |
| Type | Sporting museum |
| Visitors | 18,601 (2022) |
| Director | Anne-Marie Hogan |
| Website | www.nhrm.co.uk |