title: Vehicle Assembly Building

abstract: The Vehicle Assembly Building, or VAB, is a large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive Saturn V, the Space Shuttle and the Space Launch System, and stack them vertically onto one of three mobile launcher platforms used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first Space Launch System (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the Artemis I mission, launched on November 16, 2022. At 129,428,000 cu ft (3,665,000 m⁳), it is the eighth-largest building in the world by volume as of 2022. The building is at Launch Complex 39 at KSC, 149 miles (240 km) south of Jacksonville, 219 miles (352 km) north of Miami, and 50 miles (80 km) due east of Orlando, on Merritt Island on the Atlantic coast of Florida. The VAB is the largest single-story building in the world, was the tallest building in Florida until 1974, and is the tallest building in the United States outside an urban area.

text:
# Vehicle Assembly Building

The **Vehicle Assembly Building** (originally the **Vertical Assembly Building**), or **VAB**, is a large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive Saturn V, the Space Shuttle and the Space Launch System, and stack them vertically onto one of three mobile launcher platforms used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first Space Launch System (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the Artemis I mission, launched on November 16, 2022.

At 129,428,000 cu ft (3,665,000 m3), it is the eighth-largest building in the world by volume as of 2022. The building is at Launch Complex 39 at KSC, 149 miles (240 km) south of Jacksonville, 219 miles (352 km) north of Miami, and 50 miles (80 km) due east of Orlando, on Merritt Island on the Atlantic coast of Florida.

The VAB is the largest single-story building in the world, was the tallest building (526 ft or 160 m) in Florida until 1974, and is the tallest building in the United States outside an urban area.

## History

The VAB, completed in 1966, was originally built for the vertical assembly of the ApolloSaturn V space vehicle and was originally referred to as the *Vertical Assembly Building*. In anticipation of post-Apollo projects such as the Space Shuttle program, it was renamed the Vehicle Assembly Building on February 3, 1965. It was subsequently used to mate the Space Shuttle orbiters to their external fuel tanks and solid rocket boosters. Once the complete space vehicle was assembled on a mobile launcher platform, a crawler-transporter moved it to Launch Complex-39A or 39B.

Before the destruction of Space Shuttle *Columbia* in 2003, NASA installed a sub-roof inside the VAB to deal with falling concrete debris due to the building's age.

The VAB was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2020.

## Construction

In 1963, NASA contracted Urbahn Architects to design and build the VAB. Construction began with driving the first steel foundation piles on Aug. 2, 1963. It was part of NASA's massive effort to send astronauts to the Moon for the Apollo program. Altogether, 4,225 pilings were driven down 164 feet to bedrock with a foundation consisting of 30,000 cubic yards (23,000 m3) of concrete. Construction of the VAB required 98,590 short tons (197,180,000 lb; 89,440,000 kg) of steel. The building was completed in 1966. The VAB is 526 feet (160.3 m) tall, 716 feet (218.2 m) long and 518 feet (157.9 m) wide. It covers 8 acres (32,000 m2), and encloses 129,428,000 cubic feet (3,665,000 m3) of space. Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, the building was constructed to withstand hurricanes and tropical storms. Despite this, it has received damage from several hurricanes (see below).

## Capabilities

There are four entries to the bays located inside the building, which are the four largest doors in the world. Each door is 456 feet (139.0 m) high, has seven vertical panels and four horizontal panels, and takes 45 minutes to completely open or close. The north entry that leads to the transfer aisle was widened by 40 feet (12.2 m) to allow entry of the shuttle orbiter. A central slot at the north entry allowed for passage of the orbiter's vertical stabilizer.

To lift the components of the Space Shuttle, the VAB housed five overhead bridge cranes, including two capable of lifting 325 tons, and 136 other lifting devices.

The building has air conditioning equipment, including 125 ventilators on the roof supported by four large air handlers (four cylindrical structures west of the building) rated at a total 10,000 tons of refrigeration (120,000,000 BTU/hr, 35 MW) to keep moisture under control. Air in the building can be completely replaced every hour. The large doors can allow fog to roll into the building and become trapped, leading to incorrect rumors that the building has its own weather and can form clouds.

## Exterior

The American flag painted on the building was the largest in the world when added in 1976 as part of United States Bicentennial celebrations, along with the star logo of the anniversary, later replaced by the NASA insignia in 1998. It is 209 feet (63.7 m) high and 110 feet (33.5 m) wide. Each of the stars on the flag is 6 feet (1.83 m) across, the blue field is the size of a regulation basketball court, and each of the stripes is 9 feet (2.74 m) wide. Work began in early 2007 to restore the exterior paint on the immense facility. Special attention was paid to the enormous American flag and NASA "meatball" insignia. The work repaired visible damage from years of storms and weathering. The flag and logo had been previously repainted in 1998 for NASA's 40th anniversary.

The most extensive exterior damage occurred during the storm season of 2004, when Hurricane Frances blew off 850 14-by-6-foot (4.3 m × 1.8 m) aluminum panels from the building, resulting in about 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of new openings in the sides. Twenty-five additional panels were blown off the east side by the winds from Hurricane Jeanne just three weeks later. Earlier in the season, Hurricane Charley caused significant but less serious damage, estimated to cost $700,000 to repair. Damage caused by these hurricanes was still visible in 2007. Some of these panels are "punch-outs", designed to detach from the VAB when a large pressure differential is created on the outside vs. the inside. This allows for equalization, and helps protect the structural integrity of the building during rapid changes in pressure such as in tropical cyclones.

The building has been used as a backdrop in several Hollywood movies including *Marooned*, *SpaceCamp*, *Apollo 13*, *Contact*, and others.

## Future

Originally, after the Space Shuttle was intended to be retired in 2010, the VAB would have been renovated for stacking of the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles for the Constellation program, however the Constellation program was cancelled in 2010. The Space Shuttle itself was retired in 2011 after which NASA temporarily (as early as 2012) offered public tours of the VAB. These tours were temporarily discontinued in February 2014 to allow for renovations to take place.

The NASA FY2013 budget included US$143.7 million for Construction of Facilities (CoF) requirements in support of what is now known as the Artemis program and its vehicles, including the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft. NASA began modifying Launch Complex 39 at KSC to support the new SLS in 2014, beginning with major repairs, code upgrades and safety improvements to the Launch Control Center, Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and the VAB Utility Annex. This initial work is required to support any launch vehicle operated from Launch Complex 39 and will allow NASA to begin modernizing the facilities, while vehicle-specific requirements are being developed.

The VAB could be used to some extent for assembly and processing of any future vehicles using Launch Complex 39, in addition to renovations for SLS capabilities. On June 16, 2015, NASA released an announcement for proposals (AFP) seeking interest in using the VAB High Bay 2 and other complex facilities for commercial use in "assembling, integration, and testing of launch vehicles". This move is in line with the intent to migrate KSC towards acting as a spaceport accessible to both government and commercial ventures.

On April 21, 2016, NASA announced the selection of Orbital ATK (bought by Northrop Grumman as of 2019) to begin negotiations for High Bay 2. The "potential agreement" included an existing mobile launcher platform. NASA subsequently completed the agreement in August 2019 to lease High Bay 2 and Mobile Launcher Platform 3 to Northrop Grumman for use with their OmegA launch vehicle. However, development of OmegA was subsequently cancelled in September 2020. Northrop Grumman had yet to make any modifications to High Bay 2, and were using it for the storage of OmegA hardware. This hardware was scheduled to be removed from the VAB and returned to Northrop Grumman by the end of September 2020.

## InfoBox

| Vehicle Assembly Building | |
| --- | --- |
| The Artemis I Space Launch System vehicle rolling out from the VAB at Kennedy Space Center | |
| Location within FloridaVehicle Assembly Building (the United States) | |
| Former names | Vertical Assembly Building |
| General information | |
| Type | Integration facility |
| Town or city | Brevard County, Florida |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 28°35′11″N 80°39′5″W / 28.58639°N 80.65139°W / 28.58639; -80.65139 |
| Completed | 1966 |
| Owner | NASA |
| Height | 526 ft (160 m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Diameter | 716 ft × 518 ft (218 m × 158 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 1 |
| Floor area | 8 acres (32,000 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Main contractor | Morrison-Knudsen |
|  | |
|  | |
| Vehicle Assembly Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | Kennedy Space Center Florida, U.S. |
| Nearest city | Titusville |
| Area | 8 acres (3 ha) |
| Built | 1966 |
| Architect | https://www.urbahn.com |
| Architectural style | Industrial |
| MPS | John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 99001642 |
| Added to NRHP | January 21, 2000 |
|  | |


title: Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla

abstract: Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla, was a liberal Italian journalist, foreign honorary member of the Romanian Academy, and secretary to the Subalpine Agrarian Association. He traveled to Transylvania and Banat on a study trip in 1830 and was an honorary citizen as a Romanian diplomat. He translated poems of the Romanian poet and playwright Vasile Alecsandri and taught a history course and Romanian literature at the University of Turin. At the Congress of Paris 1856 Vegezzi Ruscalla successfully debated in favour of Romanian independence.

text:
# Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla

**Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla** (4 December 1799, Turin, Italy - December 1885, Turin), was a liberal Italian journalist, foreign honorary member of the Romanian Academy, and secretary to the Subalpine Agrarian Association. He traveled to Transylvania and Banat on a study trip in 1830 and was an honorary citizen as a Romanian diplomat. He translated poems of the Romanian poet and playwright Vasile Alecsandri and taught a history course and Romanian literature at the University of Turin. At the Congress of Paris 1856 Vegezzi Ruscalla successfully debated in favour of Romanian independence (out of Moldavia and Wallachia).

## Bibliography

* Predescu, Lucian, Romanian Encyclopedia. Thinking, Saeculum Publishing, Bucharest, 1999 ISBN 973-9399-03-7
* Suciu, Dumitru, Austro-history and national struggle of the Romanians in Transylvania (1848 - 1867), Albatros Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000 ISBN 973-24-0691-7 pp. 299–317


title: Ocean FM (Cayman Islands)

abstract: Ocean FM is a defunct radio station in the Cayman Islands in the British West Indies. The station was owned by Cerentis Broadcasting Systems. It aired a classic hits music format. The station's last license was issued on 11 December, 2003. Ocean FM went off the air in late 2006 and was put up for sale but technical and financial issues made such a sale untenable and the government revoked the license on 16 August 2007.

text:
# Ocean FM (Cayman Islands)

**Ocean FM** (95.5 FM) is a defunct radio station in the Cayman Islands in the British West Indies. The station was owned by Cerentis Broadcasting Systems. It aired a classic hits music format.

The station's last license was issued on 11 December, 2003. Ocean FM went off the air in late 2006 and was put up for sale but technical and financial issues made such a sale untenable and the government revoked the license on 16 August 2007.

## Honors and awards

In 2004, Ocean FM was presented with the International Quality Summit Award in recognition of the radio station's commitment to quality, leadership, technology and innovation. The station accepted the award on June 21, 2004 at the 18th International Convention Quality Summit in New York City.

## InfoBox

Ocean FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands |
| Frequency | 95.5 MHz |
| Branding | *Ocean FM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic Hits |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Cerentis Broadcasting Systems |
| Technical information | |
| Transmitter coordinates | 19°18′N 81°23′W / 19.300°N 81.383°W / 19.300; -81.383 |


title: Saint-Jean-de-Rives

abstract: Saint-Jean-de-Rives is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

text:
# Saint-Jean-de-Rives

**Saint-Jean-de-Rives** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃  ʁiv\]; Languedocien: *Sant Joan de Ribas*) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Jean-de-Rives | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Jean-de-Rives | |
| Saint-Jean-de-RivesSaint-Jean-de-Rives | |
| Coordinates: 43°44′39″N 1°46′33″E / 43.7442°N 1.7758°E / 43.7442; 1.7758 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Tarn |
| Arrondissement | Castres |
| Canton | Les Portes du Tarn |
| Intercommunality | CC Tarn-Agout |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean Sendra |
| Area**1** | 6.02 km2 (2.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 519 |
| Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 81255 /81500 |
| Elevation | 95–207 m (312–679 ft)
(avg. 125 m or 410 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Radio Days

abstract: Radio Days is a 1987 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. It is a nostalgic look at the golden age of radio during the late 1930s and 1940s, focusing on a working-class family living in Rockaway Beach, New York. The film weaves together various vignettes, blending the lives of the family members with the radio programs they listen to daily. It also features an ensemble cast.

text:
# Radio Days

***Radio Days*** is a 1987 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. It is a nostalgic look at the golden age of radio during the late 1930s and 1940s, focusing on a working-class family living in Rockaway Beach, New York. The film weaves together various vignettes, blending the lives of the family members with the radio programs they listen to daily. It also features an ensemble cast.

## Plot

The film is narrated by the fictional Joe, who is voiced by Allen himself. Joe begins by relating how two burglars got involved in a radio game after picking up the phone during a home burglary. He goes on to explain that he associates old radio songs with childhood memories.

During the late 1930s and early 1940s young Joe lived with his modest Jewish-American family in Rockaway Beach. His mother always listened to *Breakfast with Irene and Roger*. His father kept his occupation secret. Joe later found out that he was ashamed of being a taxi driver. Other family members were Uncle Abe and Aunt Ceil, grandpa and grandma, and Aunt Bea. The latter was a serial dater, always on the lookout for a potential husband.

Joe's own favorite radio show was *The Masked Avenger*. It made him dream of buying a secret decoder ring. In Joe's fantasy the Masked Avenger looked like a hero, but in reality the voice actor was short and bald. Other radio memories are stories about sporting heroes, news bulletins about World War II, a report of a Martian invasion, and a live report of the search for a little girl who fell into a well.

With his friends from school Joe was searching for German aircraft, but instead they saw a woman undressing in her bedroom. She later turned out to be their substitute teacher. Alone on the coast Joe saw a German U-boat, but he decided not to tell anyone because they wouldn't believe him.

Joe was fascinated by the glitz and glamour of Manhattan, where the radio broadcasts were made. He visited the Radio City Music Hall, and described it as the most beautiful thing he ever saw.

Joe collected stories of radio stars, including that of Sally White, whose dreams of becoming famous were hampered by her bad voice and accent. Starting as a cigar salesgirl she got stuck on the roof of the radio building with Roger, who was cheating on Irene. After she witnessed a crime the gangster Rocco wanted to kill her, but following his mother's advice he ended up using his connections to further her career. She finally became a reporter of celebrity gossip.

On New Year's Eve Joe was brought down from his room to celebrate the transition to 1944. Simultaneously the radio stars gathered on the roof of their building. The narrator concludes that he will never forget those radio voices, although with each passing of a New Year's Eve they seem to glow dimmer and dimmer.

## Cast

## Music

The film's soundtrack, which features songs from the 1930s and 40s, plays an integral part in the plot. It was released in 1987 by RCA Victor on LP record through their Novus soundtrack imprint, and also on cassette and compact disc.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "In the Mood" | Glenn Miller | 3:33 |
| 2. | "I Double Dare You" | Larry Clinton | 2:49 |
| 3. | "Opus No. 1" | Tommy Dorsey | 2:58 |
| 4. | "Frenesi" | Artie Shaw | 3:01 |
| 5. | "The Donkey Serenade" | Allan Jones | 3:21 |
| 6. | "Body and Soul" | Benny Goodman | 3:26 |
| 7. | "You and I" | Tommy Dorsey | 2:44 |
| 8. | "Remember Pearl Harbor" | Sammy Kaye | 2:29 |
| 9. | "That Old Feeling" | Guy Lombardo | 2:45 |
| 10. | "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover" | Glenn Miller | 2:54 |
| 11. | "Goodbye" | Benny Goodman | 3:31 |
| 12. | "I'm Getting Sentimental Over You" | Tommy Dorsey | 3:38 |
| 13. | "Lullaby of Broadway" | Richard Himber | 2:29 |
| 14. | "American Patrol" | Glenn Miller | 3:33 |
| 15. | "Take the "A" Train" | Duke Ellington | 3:00 |
| 16. | "One, Two, Three, Kick" | Xavier Cugat | 3:23 |

## Release

The film was screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.

### Home media

*Radio Days* was released on DVD by MGM November 6, 2001. A limited edition Blu-ray of 3,000 units was later released by Twilight Time July 8, 2014.

## Reception

### Critical response

*Radio Days* holds a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.00/10 from 40 reviews. In his four-star review, noted critic Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* described *Radio Days* as Allen’s answer to Federico Fellini’s *Amarcord* and referred to it as "so ambitious and so audacious that it almost defies description. It's a kaleidoscope of dozens of characters, settings and scenes - the most elaborate production Allen has ever made - and it's inexhaustible, spinning out one delight after another." Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* referred to Allen as the "prodigal cinema resource" and spoke of the film saying, "*Radio Days* \[...\] is as free in form as it is generous of spirit."

David Denby wrote for *New York* that: "\[...\] The real glue, however, is the lullingly beautiful popular music of the period — Cole Porter, Dubin and Warren, big-band jazz, crooners, torch singers, Carmen Miranda. The music, perfectly matched to images of old wood and brick buildings and old glamour spots, produces a mood of distanced, bittersweet nostalgia. *Radio Days* becomes a gently satiric commemorations of forgotten lives."

In a poll held by *Empire* magazine of the 500 greatest films ever made, *Radio Days* was voted number 304.

According to his brother-in-law Jan Harlan, Stanley Kubrick loved *Radio Days* so much that he watched it "twice within two days, because 'it was like watching a home movie,' he told me... He absolutely adored it."

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nomination | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | Academy Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Woody Allen | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Art Direction | Art Direction: Santo Loquasto<br>Set Decoration: Carol Joffe, Leslie Bloom, George DeTitta Jr. | Nominated |  |
| 1987 | British Academy Film Awards | Best Film | Robert Greenhut, Woody Allen | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Supporting Actress | Dianne Wiest | Nominated | |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Woody Allen | Nominated | |
| | | Best Production Design | Santo Loquasto | Won | |
| | | Best Costume Design | Jeffery Kurland | Won | |
| | | Best Editing | Susan E. Morse | Nominated | |
| | | Best Sound | Robert Hein, James Sabat, Lee Dichter | Nominated | |
| 1987 | Writers Guild of America Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Woody Allen | Nominated | |
|

## InfoBox

| Radio Days | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster by Brian Hamill | |
| Directed by | Woody Allen |
| Written by | Woody Allen |
| Produced by | Robert Greenhut |
| Starring | See cast |
| Cinematography | Carlo Di Palma |
| Edited by | Susan E. Morse |
| Music by | Dick Hyman |
| Distributed by | Orion Pictures |
| Release date | * January 30, 1987 (1987-01-30) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $16 million USD |
| Box office | $14.8 million |


title: Opp (newspaper)

abstract: Opp is a local online and print newspaper published in Oppdal, Norway. Published in tabloid format, the newspaper had a circulation of 2,308 in 2013. The newspaper is independently owned. It has one weekly issues, on Thursdays. The newspaper was founded in 2002 and competes with Opdalingen.

text:
# Opp (newspaper)

***Opp*** is a local online and print newspaper published in Oppdal, Norway. Published in tabloid format, the newspaper had a circulation of 2,308 in 2013. The newspaper is independently owned. It has one weekly issues, on Thursdays. The newspaper was founded in 2002 and competes with *Opdalingen*.

## InfoBox

Opp
| Type | Local |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid and online |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Language | Norwegian |
| City | Oppdal |
| Country | Norway |
| Circulation | 2,308 (as of 2013) |
| Website | opp.no |
|  | |


title: Operation Dzikisai Madhishi

abstract: Operation Dzikisai Madhishi was a 2008 operation of the Military of Zimbabwe to remove private homes' satellite dishes. These dishes are often used to view e.tv, SABC, Botswana Television, DSTV and other alternatives to the state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. It began in Matabeleland South in June 2008 and spread soon after to other provinces, carried out by attaches of the Central Intelligence Organisation, Zimbabwe Republic Police, Zimbabwe National Army and youth militia.

text:
# Operation Dzikisai Madhishi

**Operation Dzikisai Madhishi** (Shona, *Pull down your satellite dish*) was a 2008 operation of the Military of Zimbabwe to remove private homes' satellite dishes. These dishes are often used to view e.tv, SABC, Botswana Television, DSTV and other alternatives to the state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. It began in Matabeleland South in June 2008 and spread soon after to other provinces, carried out by attaches of the Central Intelligence Organisation, Zimbabwe Republic Police, Zimbabwe National Army and youth militia.


title: Nandakhani

abstract: Nandakhani is a mountain of the Kumaun Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. The elevation of Nandakhani is 6,029 metres (19,780 ft) and its prominence is 69 metres (226 ft). It is 169th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies.932 km SE of Nanda Bhanar 6,236 metres (20,459 ft) its nearest higher neighbor. Dangthal 6,050 metres (19,849 ft) lies 4.6 km SSE and it is 2.2 km SSE of Nanda Kot 6,861 metres (22,510 ft). It lies 19.2 km east of Maiktoli 6,803 metres (22,320 ft).

text:
# Nandakhani

**Nandakhani** is a mountain of the Kumaun Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. The elevation of Nandakhani is 6,029 metres (19,780 ft) and its prominence is 69 metres (226 ft). It is 169th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies .932 km SE of Nanda Bhanar 6,236 metres (20,459 ft) its nearest higher neighbor. Dangthal 6,050 metres (19,849 ft) lies 4.6 km SSE and it is 2.2 km SSE of Nanda Kot 6,861 metres (22,510 ft). It lies 19.2 km east of Maiktoli 6,803 metres (22,320 ft).

## Climbing history

An Indo-British expedition team led by Geoff Hornby made the first ascent of Nandakhani in 1987, approaching from Pindari valley. Their original plan to attempt Changuch from the south. John McKeever alone climbed to Nandakhani's summit after returning from Nanda Bhanar climb. The team comprising John McKeever, Aqil Chaudhury, Rajsekhar Ghosh, Bivujit Mukhoty, Duncan Hornby and Jonathan Preston.

A four member team from Bombay led by Divyesh Muni climbed Nanda Bhanar in 1992. The team

consisted of three ladies Mrs Immai Hu, Ms. Chetna Rana, and Mrs Vineeta Muni. supported by two H.A.P.S from Manali Yograj Thakur and Koylu Ram. They approached from Munsiari, Lilam, Bugdiar, Martoli and Shalang gad. They established three camps from camp three they first climbed Nandakhani (6029 m) on 16 October. On the 16th they reach Camp 3, by 12.30 p.m. they pitched there camp and after a drink they started by 1.45 p.m. By 3.20 p.m. they were at the top. They were back at the camp by 4.30 p.m. On 16 October they stated at 7.30 A.M. they reached the summit at 10.45 A.M. It was second ascent of this peak.

## Neighboring and subsidiary peaks

Neighboring or subsidiary peaks of Nandakhani:

## Glaciers and rivers

Nandakhani stands between Shalang Glacier on the eastern side and Pindari Glacier on the western side. On the southern side guards the Kafni Glacier. Shalang glacier flows from south-west to south-east and joins Goriganga River that later joins the Kali River at Jauljibi. On the southern side from Kafni glacier emerges Kafni river and after a short run it joins Pindari river at Dwali. On the western side Pindari Glacier flows down from north to south and from the snout of Pindari glacier emerges Pindari River that later joins Alaknanda at Karnaprayag. Alaknanda River is one of the main tributaries of river Ganga that later joins Bhagirathi River the other main tributaries of river Ganga at Devprayag and became Ganga there after.

## InfoBox

| Nandakhani | |
| --- | --- |
| NandakhaniLocation in Uttarakhand | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 6,029 m (19,780 ft) |
| Prominence | 69 m (226 ft) |
| Coordinates | 30°15′42″N 80°04′22″E / 30.26167°N 80.07278°E / 30.26167; 80.07278 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Pithoragarh Uttarakhand, India |
| Parent range | Kumaun Himalaya |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | An Indo-British expedition team led by Geoff Hornby made the first ascent of Nandakhani in 1987. |


title: Plassenburg

abstract: Plassenburg is a castle in the city of Kulmbach in Bavaria. It is one of the most impressive castles in Germany and a symbol of the city. It was first mentioned in 1135. The Plassenberg family were ministerial of the counts of Andechs and used as their seat the Plassenburg. The House of Guttenberg, a prominent Franconian noble family, traces its origins back to 1149 with a Gundeloh v. Blassenberg (Plassenberg). The name Guttenberg is derived from Guttenberg and was adopted by a Heinrich von Blassenberg around 1310. From 1340, the Hohenzollerns governed from Plassenburg castle their territories in Franconia till 1604. The Plassenburg was fortress and residence for the Hohenzollerns. It was destroyed in 1554 at the end of the second Margravian war (1552–1554) of margrave Albert Alcibiades. The Plassenburg was later rebuilt by the architect Caspar Vischer as an impressive stronghold and as a huge palace. In 1792, Margrave Alexander sold the Plassenburg to his cousin, the King of Prussia. A combined Bavarian and French army under the command of Jérôme Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, besieged the Plassenburg in 1806. In 1810, Kulmbach became Bavarian and the castle was used as a prison and as a military hospital. During the second world war, the Organisation Todt used the Plassenburg as a training camp and recreation home. Today, it is a museum and a venue for cultural events. It contains a significant collection of Prussian military artifacts and portraits.

text:
# Plassenburg

**Plassenburg** is a castle in the city of Kulmbach in Bavaria. It is one of the most impressive castles in Germany and a symbol of the city. It was first mentioned in 1135. The Plassenberg family were ministerial of the counts of Andechs (later the dukes of Andechs-Meranien) and used as their seat the Plassenburg. The House of Guttenberg, a prominent Franconian noble family, traces its origins back to 1149 with a Gundeloh v. Blassenberg (Plassenberg). The name Guttenberg is derived from Guttenberg and was adopted by a Heinrich von Blassenberg around 1310. From 1340, the Hohenzollerns governed from Plassenburg castle their territories in Franconia till 1604. The Plassenburg was fortress and residence for the Hohenzollerns.

It was destroyed in 1554 at the end of the second Margravian war (1552–1554) of margrave Albert Alcibiades. The Plassenburg was later rebuilt by the architect Caspar Vischer as an impressive stronghold and as a huge palace. In 1792, Margrave Alexander sold the Plassenburg to his cousin, the King of Prussia. A combined Bavarian and French army under the command of Jérôme Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, besieged the Plassenburg in 1806. In 1810, Kulmbach became Bavarian and the castle was used as a prison and as a military hospital. During the second world war, the Organisation Todt used the Plassenburg as a training camp and recreation home. Today, it is a museum and a venue for cultural events.

It contains a significant collection of Prussian military artifacts and portraits.

## History

Plassenburg Castle was first mentioned in 1135, when it was described by Count Berthold II of Andechs as *comes de Plassenberch*. Presumably he was also the founder of the castle, which was built to the west of an earlier fortified farmstead. To begin with, the castle was a central supporting stronghold for the Meranian rulers of the Upper Main and Franconian Forest.

After the death of the last Andechs-Meranian, Duke Otto VIII, his brother-in-law divided his inheritance. Plassenburg Castle, along with Kulmbach, Berneck, Goldkronach, Wirsberg, Trebgast, and Pretzendorf (now Himmelkron) went to Hermann III and Otto III, the Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde. The two sons of Herman II (died 1247) and Beatrix of Andechs-Merania initially ruled together as "Lords of Plassenburg". After 1278 they divided the inheritance of their father, whereupon Otto III was given sole possession of the domain of Plassenburg and the territory around Weimar. Otto III died in 1285 and the Plassenburg appeared soon afterwards in the hands of his son Otto IV. His son in turn, Count Otto VI of Orlamünde, who was the only Orlamünde since 1323 who was described as "Lord of Plassenburg", pledged this lordship together with the Plassenburg, Kulmbach, Trebgast and Berneck in 1338 to Burgrave John II of Nuremberg. As a result, after Otto VI's death in 1340, Plassenburg fell to the Burgraves of Nuremberg from the House of Hohenzollern.

Gradually, Plassenburg Castle developed into a new centre of power for the Hohenzollerns. At the time of Burgrave Frederick V of Nuremberg (who reigned 1357–1397), the Plassenburg had already outstripped the Cadolzburg \- a traditional burgravial residence. In 1397 Burgrave Frederick V stepped down from the business of government and chose the Plassenburg as his retirement home. The Hohenzollerns' territory in Franconia was divided between his sons, John III and Frederick VI, later to be the Elector of Brandenburg, in accordance with the *Dispositio Fridericiana* of 1385. Thus, the Plassenburg became the centre of power for the so-called Principality of the Mountains (*Fürstentum ob dem Gebirg*), later the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. After the death of John III in 1420, his estate fell to his brother, Frederick, who, in 1421, created the office of "Captain of the Mountains" to rule his domain. Plassenburg remained the administrative centre of this hilly principality until after the middle of the 16th century.

The imprisonment of the Countess Barbara of Brandenburg in March 1493, began the sad chapter of Plassenburg Castle as a family prison. This reached a peak in February 1515 when Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach locked up his father, Margrave Frederick I of Brandenburg-Ansbach, in a tower room at Plassenburg from which he could not leave for 12 years. In 1542, Margrave Albert II of Brandenburg-Kulmbach moved the *Residenz* of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach for the first time from Plassenburg, which continued to serve primarily as a country fortress to Bayreuth from then on.

## Bibliography

* Karl Bosl (Hrsg.): *Bayern* (= *Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands*. Band 7). 3. Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-27703-4.
* Daniel Burger: *Landesfestungen der Hohenzollern in Franken und Brandenburg.* Sonderausgabe. Freunde der Plassenburg, Kulmbach 2000, ISBN 3-925162-20-8 (*Schriftenreihe „Die Plassenburg“ für Heimatforschung und Kulturpflege in Ostfranken* 51), (Zugleich: Eichstätt, Kath. Univ., Diss., 1999).
* Günter Dippold, Peter Zeitler (Hrsg): *Die Plassenburg. Zur Geschichte eines Wahrzeichens.* Schulze, Lichtenfels 2008, ISBN 978-3-87735-188-8 (*CHW-Monographien* 8).
* August Gebeßler: *Stadt und Landkreis Kulmbach*. In: *Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern, Kurzinventare, III. Band*. Deutscher Kunstverlag. München 1958. S. 16–26.
* Helmut Hennig: *Die „Meranische Erbschaft“. Segen oder Fluch.* Ein Beitrag zum Hohenzollernjahr. Regierung von Oberfranken, Bayreuth 1992 (*Heimatbeilage zum Amtlichen Schulanzeiger des Regierungsbezirks Oberfranken.* 193).
* Erwin Herrmann: *Zur Geschichte der Plassenburg. (Von d. Anfängen um 900 bis 1700).* 1. Teilabdruck aus der „Kurzen Geschichte Kulmbachs bis 1806“. Regierung von Oberfranken, Bayreuth 1982 (*Heimatbeilage zum Amtlichen Schulanzeiger des Regierungsbezirks Oberfranken.* 84).
* Hellmut Kunstmann: *Burgen am Obermain. Unter besonderer Würdigung der Plassenburg.* Freunde der Plassenburg e.V. u. a., Kulmbach 1975 (Reihe *Die Plassenburg,* 36)
* Gerhard Pfeiffer: *Die landesgeschichtliche Funktion der Plassenburg.* In: *Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung.* Bd. 29. Degner & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch 1969, S. 245–259.
* Harald Stark: *Die Plassenburg, „obergebirgische“ Residenz und Landesfestung.* In: Johannes Erichsen, Evamaria Brockhoff (Hrsg.): *Bayern & Preußen & Bayerns Preußen. Schlaglichter auf eine historische Beziehung.* Haus der Bayerischen Gesichte, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 3-927233-67-6 (Reihe: *Veröffentlichungen zur bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur*, 41).
* Sabine Weigand-Karg: *Die Plassenburg. Residenz und Hofleben bis 1604.* Späthling, Weißenstadt 1998, ISBN 3-926621-08-7 (Zugleich: Bayreuth, Univ., Diss., 1992).
* Jakob Wassermann: *Die Gefangenen auf der Plassenburg.* Erzählung, 1909
    + Wolfgang Schoberth, Doris Leithner: *Text und Kommentar zu „Die Gefangenen auf der Plassenburg“.* Reihe: Buchners Schulbibliothek der Moderne, H. 22. Buchner, Bamberg 2005, ISBN 376613972X.

50°06′30″N 11°27′48″E / 50.10833°N 11.46333°E / 50.10833; 11.46333


title: Neill–Cochran House

abstract: The Neill–Cochran House Museum is a historic home in north-central Austin, Texas. Master builder Abner Cook designed and built the house in 1855 as a suburban estate many years before the surrounding area was settled by other homes and businesses. The two-story Greek Revival home features prominent Doric columns and Mr. Cook's signature "sheaf of wheat" balusters.

text:
# Neill–Cochran House

The **Neill–Cochran House Museum** is a historic home in north-central Austin, Texas. Master builder Abner Cook designed and built the house in 1855 as a suburban estate many years before the surrounding area was settled by other homes and businesses. The two-story Greek Revival home features prominent Doric columns and Mr. Cook's signature "sheaf of wheat" balusters.

## History

The house was built on 17.5 acres (71,000 m2) northwest of town for Washington and Mary Hill, although they never occupied it. In 1856, it was leased to the Texas Institute for the Blind, currently known as the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, to serve as its first home until Abner Cook finished the school's campus across town.

Subsequently, the House was leased by Lt. Governor Fletcher Stockdale and, it is believed, former Provisional Governor Andrew J. Hamilton. At the end of the Civil War, Federal troops converted the House into a hospital. General George Armstrong Custer was stationed in Austin during Reconstruction, occupying the blind school and, no doubt, visit the Neill–Cochran House.

In 1876, the home was sold to Colonel Andrew Neill, a Confederate veteran. Neill lived there with his wife Jennie Chapman Neill, who stayed on after Neill's death and in 1893 rented the home to Judge Thomas Beauford Cochran.

Cochran purchased the home outright in 1895 for his family and expanded and modernized the home. In 1958, the Cochran family sold the property to The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in The State of Texas. The NSCDA operates the home today as a historic house museum. The Neill–Cochran House Museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Texas Historical Commission landmark.

In 2007, White Rabbit Adventure Games published a walk-through computer adventure game based on the Neill–Cochran House. The game, "Sterling's Gift", features a fictional story based on published memoirs and diaries that helps the player solve a 150-year-old mystery involving George Custer's wife Libbie. Royalties from the sale of this unique game go to the Neill–Cochran House Museum.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Neill–Cochran House Museum | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Recorded Texas Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| The Neill–Cochran House Museum in 2007 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of Neill-Cochran House | |
| Location | 2310 San Gabriel
Austin, Texas, USA |
| Coordinates | 30°17′14″N 97°44′53″W / 30.28722°N 97.74806°W / 30.28722; -97.74806 |
| Built | 1855 |
| Architect | Abner Cook |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000768 |
| RTHL No. | 15134 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 25, 1970 |
| Designated RTHL | 1966 |


title: Verla C. Insko

abstract: Verla Clemens Insko is a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. Insko has represented the 56th district since 1997. She is a retired health program administrator from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Insko also previously served as a member of the Chapel Hill-Carrboro Board of Education from 1977 to 1985 and on the Orange County Board of Commissioners from 1990 to 1994. She has been noted for her progressive policy positions, such as her support for publicly funded universal health care, and stated in a candidate questionnaire, "I believe in an activist government that provides for the common good and protects the vulnerable". On September 15, 2021 Insko announced that she wouldn't seek re-election to the NC House in 2022.

text:
# Verla C. Insko

**Verla Clemens Insko** (born February 5, 1936) is a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. Insko has represented the 56th district (including constituents in Orange County) since 1997. She is a retired health program administrator from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Insko also previously served as a member of the Chapel Hill-Carrboro Board of Education from 1977 to 1985 and on the Orange County Board of Commissioners from 1990 to 1994. She has been noted for her progressive policy positions, such as her support for publicly funded universal health care, and stated in a candidate questionnaire, "I believe in an activist government that provides for the common good and protects the vulnerable". On September 15, 2021 Insko announced that she wouldn't seek re-election to the NC House in 2022.

## Committee assignments

### 2021-2022 session

* Appropriations
* Appropriations - Health and Human Services
* Health (Vice Chair)
* Education - Universities
* Election Law and Campaign Finance Reform
* Environment
* Ethics

### 2019-2020 session

* Appropriations
* Appropriations - Health and Human Services
* Health
* Education - Universities
* Environment
* Ethics
* Homelessness, Foster Care, and Dependency

### 2017-2018 session

* Appropriations
* Appropriations - Health and Human Services
* Health
* Education - Universities
* Homelessness, Foster Care, and Dependency
* Insurance

### 2015-2016 session

* Appropriations
* Appropriations - Health and Human Services (Vice Chair)
* Health
* Education - Community Colleges
* Environment
* Insurance
* Judiciary III
* State Personnel

### 2013-2014 session

* Appropriations
* Environment
* Health and Human Services
* Insurance
* Judiciary

### 2011-2012 session

* Appropriations
* Environment
* Health and Human Services
* Insurance
* Judiciary

### 2009-2010 session

* Appropriations
* Health
* Education
* Environment and Natural Resources
* Judiciary I
* Mental Health Reform
* Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House

## Electoral history

### 2020

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district Democratic primary election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **20,389** | **85.64%** |
|  | Democratic | Joe Parrish | 3,418 | 14.36% |
| Total votes | | | **23,807** | **100%** |

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **38,428** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **38,428** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **32,286** | **86.15%** |
|  | Republican | Marcus Cooke | 4,235 | 11.30% |
|  | Libertarian | Matthew P. Clements | 955 | 2.55% |
| Total votes | | | **37,476** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2016
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **43,144** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **43,144** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **25,601** | **81.19%** |
|  | Republican | David (Dave) Pratt Carter | 5,932 | 18.81% |
| Total votes | | | **31,533** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **35,173** | **77.44%** |
|  | Republican | Karrie Mead | 10,248 | 22.56% |
| Total votes | | | **45,421** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **17,737** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **17,737** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2008

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **30,835** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **30,835** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2006

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **14,472** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **14,472** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2004

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **25,984** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **25,984** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2002

North Carolina House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **15,805** | **79.98%** |
|  | Libertarian | Will Shooter | 3,957 | 20.02% |
| Total votes | | | **19,762** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2000

North Carolina House of Representatives 24th district general election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Hackney (incumbent)** | **41,133** | **33.73%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **38,944** | **31.93%** |
|  | Republican | William Towne | 19,928 | 16.34% |
|  | Republican | Rod Chaney | 19,281 | 15.81% |
|  | Libertarian | John H. Bauman | 2,672 | 2.19% |
| Total votes | | | **121,958** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 1998

North Carolina House of Representatives 24th district general election, 1998
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Hackney (incumbent)** | **32,828** | **52.63%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Verla Insko (incumbent)** | **29,549** | **47.37%** |
| Total votes | | | **62,377** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| RepresentativeVerla Insko | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the
North Carolina House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1997  May 31, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Anne Craig Barnes |
| Succeeded by | Allen Buansi |
| Constituency | 24th District (1997-2003)
56th District (2003-2022) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1936-02-05) February 5, 1936
Decatur, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Chester |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| Alma mater | Fresno State College (BA)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (MPA) |
| Occupation | Retired health program administrator |
| Website | https://verlainsko.com/ |
|  | |


title: Girolamo Borghese

abstract:
Girolamo Borghese, O.S.B. was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Pienza (1668–1698)
and Bishop of Sovana (1652–1668).

text:
# Girolamo Borghese

**Girolamo Borghese, O.S.B.** (11 January 1616 – 15 January 1698) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Pienza (1668–1698) and Bishop of Sovana (1652–1668).

## Biography

Girolamo Borghese was born in Siena, Italy on 11 January 1616 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Benedict. On 11 December 1652, he was appointed Bishop of Sovana by Pope Innocent X. On 29 December 1652, he was consecrated bishop by Marcantonio Franciotti, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria della Pace, with Ranuccio Scotti Douglas, Bishop Emeritus of Borgo San Donnino, serving as co-consecrators. On 17 December 1668, he was transferred to the diocese of Pienza by Pope Clement IX.

He served as Bishop of Pienza until his death on 15 January 1698.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Girolamo Borghese | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Pienza | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Pienza |
| In office | 1668–1698 |
| Predecessor | Giovanni Checconi |
| Successor | Antonio Forteguerra |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Sovana (1652–1668) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 29 December 1652
by Marcantonio Franciotti |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 January 1616
Siena, Italy |
| Died | 15 January 1698 (age 82)
Pienza, Italy |


title: Obesity in Thailand

abstract: Obesity in Thailand has been flagged as a major source of health concern, with 32% of the population identifying as overweight and 9% obese. With reference to 2016 data from the World Health Organization (WHO), Thailand has one of the highest incidence of overweight citizens in the South East Asian region, second to only Malaysia. The Thai National Health Examination Surveys (NHES) found that obesity in Thailand more than doubled during the period 1991-2014. This spike in obesity levels has been largely attributed to increased access to junk food, and unhealthy switches from active to sedentary lifestyles. These factors are closely linked to economic growth in the country.

text:
# Obesity in Thailand

**Obesity in Thailand** has been flagged as a major source of health concern, with 32% of the population identifying as overweight and 9% obese. With reference to 2016 data from the World Health Organization (WHO), Thailand has one of the highest incidence of overweight citizens in the South East Asian region, second to only Malaysia. The Thai National Health Examination Surveys (NHES) found that obesity in Thailand more than doubled during the period 1991-2014. This spike in obesity levels has been largely attributed to increased access to junk food, and unhealthy switches from active to sedentary lifestyles. These factors are closely linked to economic growth in the country.

## Classification of obesity

The internationally recognised method of measuring obesity is through the Body Mass Index (BMI). According to WHO, an overweight person has a BMI of ≥25. An obese person has a BMI of ≥30. However, while the WHO standard has been used internationally, studies have shown that it may not be accurate for the classification of obesity in the Asian context due to different body fat percentages and body compositions. Instead, an alternative standard should be used. As proposed by the International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) in 2000, the Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WPRO) standard is more appropriate for Asian populations. According to WPRO, an overweight person has a BMI of ≥ 23. An obese person has a BMI of ≥25.

## Prevalence of obesity in the Thai population

According to WHO, overweight and obesity levels in Thailand have been steadily increasing over the years. The percentage of overweight or obese adults increased from 8.6% in 1975 to 32.6% in 2016.

### Thai Adults

In 2004, a study involving 3,220 adults between the age 20 – 59 was carried out. The age-adjusted overweight and obesity levels were found to be 28.3% and 6.8%, respectively.

Using the WPRO standard, results from the Thai Food Consumption Survey (TFCS) in 2005 showed that the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in Thai adults aged 19 years and over exceeded 40%. An estimated 17.1% of those surveyed fell under the classification of overweight (BMI 23.0 – 24.9), 19.0% categorised as class 1 obesity (BMI 25.0 – 29.9), and 4.8% as class 2 obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0). It was also found that obesity had a larger impact on women than men, with combined obesity and overweight rates at 46.1% and 35.5%, respectively. Obesity was more commonly found to occur in urban settings as compared to suburban areas.

NHES is a nationwide survey which measures the health status of Thai citizens. As to date, 5 reports have been released over a period of 23 years. Namely in 1991, 1996, 2004, 2009 and 2014. Results from the 2009 survey showed combined overweight and obesity levels to be at 41% for females and 28% for males. 5 years later, the 2014 survey showed the prevalence of overweight and obesity in females increased to 43% and rose to 33% in males.

In 2011, the WHO found that 32.6% of Thais were overweight, ranking the country second heaviest in South East Asia, with higher obesity levels than more affluent nations including the Republic of Korea, Japan and Singapore.

The Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) was set up in 2005 to track the health status of Thais. It uses the WHO standard of BMI.

The prevalence of obesity in Thailand coincides with increased intake of sugary drinks. In 2010, it was reported that an average Thai consumed 93.9 litres of sweetened drinks on a yearly basis. This figure rose by 23.8% in 2015, to 115.6 litres.

### Children and adolescents

In 1992, a 5 year follow-up study involving primary and secondary schools of Hat Yai municipality, south Thailand was conducted. This study, involving 2,252 school children, tracked overweight prevalence from childhood to adolescence. From the period 1992 to 1997, it was observed that 11.8% of children remained overweight. It was concluded that overweight children face a much higher probability of being overweight as adults, and are at a higher risk of developing overweight related health diseases.

Comparing results from NHES released in 1996 and a separate national survey conducted in 2001, obesity levels in children aged 2 to 12 years experienced a rise. Obesity prevalence in preschool children (ages 2 to 5) increased from 5.8% in 1996 to 7.9% in 2001. Children in the age group 6 to 12 years saw an increase in obesity rates from 5.8% to 6.7%. Data also showed that obesity was a more prevalent problem amongst children living in urban areas, as compared to rural areas.

In 2003, a nationwide survey was conducted by the National Health Foundation. It involved 47,389 grade 6 primary school children in urban settings. From this, it was found that 16.7% of the children surveyed were either obese or overweight.

In 2007, a school-based cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity in Thai children in rural Ongkharak. This study tracked the height and weight of 1,140 children between the ages 6 to 15. The results were based on the International Obesity Task Force standard and revealed the prevalence of overweight and obesity levels to be 12.8% and 9.4% respectively.

In 2013, another study was conducted in Ongkharak, to establish the association of obesity with hypertension in school children. A total of 3,991 students with a mean age of 9.5 years were studied. This study revealed that signs of hypertension were higher in obese and overweight children, as compared to children within the healthy weight range, at 49.5% and 26.5% versus 16.2% respectively. Furthermore, it was found that prevalence of overweight and obesity levels were 13.8% and 15.5% respectively. This is an increase from the previous study conducted in 2007.

The Global Burden of Disease Study over the time period 1980 – 2013 showed that childhood obesity in developing countries increased from 8.1% to 12.9% for boys and from 8.4% to 13.4% in girls.

### Buddhist Monks

In 2006, a survey involving Buddhist monks and novices in Central Bangkok was carried out. The results showed that 35% of participants were at risk of developing obesity related health issues.

In the following year, Priest Hospital released a report documenting the prevalence of obesity related health issues amongst monks. The study which consisted of 17,381 monks showed that 17.8% were diabetic, 17.1% had hypertension and 13.5% were found to have hyperlipidaemia.

A study carried out by Chulalongkorn University in 2016 revealed obesity rates amongst monks to be at 48%. Approximately 42% of those surveyed displayed high cholesterol levels, 23% had high blood pressure and 10.4% were diabetic. In 2012 alone, healthcare costs borne by the Thai government amounted to $8.5 million (or 300 million baht).

Most recently in 2017, the Ministry of Public Health (Thailand) surveyed monks from 200 temples, across 50 Bangkok districts. The study revealed high blood cholesterol and high blood sugar plaguing 60% and 50% of those surveyed, respectively.

Obesity amongst monks has been attributed to lack of exercise and overnutrition from unhealthy food offered by devotees. Following the Buddhist discipline, monks cannot reject alms given to them, which usually consists of food that are high in fat and sugar. Furthermore, exercise is usually shunned by monks as it is seen as a form of egotism.

## Diabetes and cost of obesity

In a statement released by the Thai Ministry of Public Health, Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were listed as the ‘No. 1 health issue’ in the country, ‘both in terms of number (of) casualties and burden of disease’. Diabetes was also flagged as one of the major components of NCDs plaguing the Thai population. Comparing data from NHES conducted in 2009 and 2014, the prevalence of diabetes increased from 6.9% to 8.9% (or an increase of about 300,000 citizens annually). As of 2017, 8.3% of Thai adults were diabetic.

Referencing the death register of the Bureau of Registration Administration, Ministry of Interior, it was found that between 2012-2015, the number of premature deaths caused by NCDs increased. In particular, it was found that deaths by diabetes increased from 13.2 to 17.8 per 100,000 people.

A 2009 joint study between the Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP) of the Ministry of Public Health and Mahidol University showed that the cost of obesity on the Thai health system amounted to $404 million or 12 billion baht annually. The research further revealed that direct health care cost for patients accounted for 46% (or $186 million) of total obesity costs. Indirect health care costs made up the remaining 54% (or $218 million), with opportunity costs related to premature deaths totalling $195 million and hospital related absenteeism totalling $23 million.

## Government responses

Over the years, the Thai government has launched a series of health campaigns in an attempt to reverse this increasing obesity trend in the country. From 2002 to 2017, campaigns aimed at encouraging healthy habits among Thais took up 92% of the yearly ThaiHealth expenditure.

Studies have shown that childhood obesity tends to lead to adult obesity. As a result, it has been suggested by academics that efforts to curb and prevent overweight and obesity should start in childhood.

### ‘Foods for Children’

The strong presence of fast food advertising on Thai television has been identified as a major culprit in the development of unhealthy eating habits. In 2007, in an attempt to reverse this, the Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Public Relations Department placed restrictions on food advertisements targeting children on prime-time television. ‘Foods for Children’ related advertisements were only allowed screen time of 12 mins per hour. In addition, fast food toys were banned and all unhealthy products had to be labelled with ‘Eat Less, Exercise More”.

### Promoting regular exercise and physical activity

Efforts to encourage regular exercise and physical activity have been seen on the part of the Ministry of Public Health since 2009. Such initiatives include setting up exercise corners in public areas within society. To further promote physical activity, bike lanes have been set up across the country. This has positively impacted physical activity levels among Thai adults, which increased from 66.3% to 72.9% between 2012 and 2017.

### ‘Thai People Have Flat Belly’

Launched in 2010, this campaigned for healthy food consumption and higher levels of exercise to reduce non-communicable diseases. A similar approach was taken by the Royal College of Physicians of Thailand to launch ‘Network of Flatless Belly Thais’ to reduce intra-abdominal adiposity and metabolic syndrome for Thai citizens.

### ‘Sweet Enough Network’

In 2010, 'Sweet Enough Network' was set up by the Ministry of Public Health’s Dental Health Division, to push for tighter regulations regarding sugary drinks in Thailand. This campaign advocated the banning of sugary drinks sold in educational institutions as well as added sugar found in follow-up milk powder for babies. The Thai government responded by implementing a nationwide ban of added sugar in follow-up milk powder for babies.

### Sugar tax on sweetened drinks

In 2017, a sugar tax on sweetened beverages was implemented by the Thai National Legislative Council. This was seen as an attempt to curb heightened levels of overweight and obesity in the country. Sweetened drinks are subjected to a 14% excise tax on the suggested selling price, along with an additional tax on its sugar content. This sugar tax is projected to rise every 2 years, over a period of 6 years. As a result of this, sugar consumption within the country decreased by 3% between the time period 2017 and 2018.

### Health Charter for Buddhist Monks

In 2017, the Health Charter for Buddhist was launched, in an attempt to promote healthy living and curb obesity levels amongst Thai monks. This was implemented with the aim of creating self-awareness on health issues that are in line with Buddhist values as well as educating the public about importance of healthy eating.

**General:**

## Reference List

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19. Mo-Suwan, L. (2008). "Childhood Obesity: An overview". *Siriraj Med J*. **60**: 37–40.
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25. Kuramasuwan, Bhuwadol; Howteerakul, Nopporn; Suwannapong, Nawarat; Rawdaree, Petch (2013-03-01). "Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, daily life activities, food and beverage consumption among Buddhist monks in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand". *International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries*. **33** (1): 23–28. doi:10.1007/s13410-012-0094-y. ISSN 1998-3832. S2CID 72413586.
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title: Radio Delmare

abstract: Radio Delmare was a project by enthusiasts in 1977 to restore a Dutch radio ship, about three years after Veronica and RNI went off air. In May 1977 they bought MV "Aegir" and made it ready.

text:
# Radio Delmare

**Radio Delmare** was a project by enthusiasts in 1977 to restore a Dutch radio ship, about three years after Veronica and RNI went off air. In May 1977 they bought MV "Aegir" and made it ready.

## Preemptive raid

The first broadcast was to have been aired on Monday 26 June 1978 but the Dutch Radio Control Office and police, already aware a radio ship was equipped, boarded the ship on Friday, June 23 at the Neherkade in The Hague's Laakwartier harbour quarter. They had been alerted by a man who did not want his son to take part in the plans to set sail for the North Sea in the next few days. Equipment was confiscated and the ship was made unseaworthy by taking away its anchor and steering wheel.

## International waters

The enthusiasts bribed a lockmaster to slip away to the Rijn-Schiekanaal, sailing into open waters with food, oil and other provisions. In early July they entered the harbour at Maassluis, near Rotterdam with the name of the ship changed to "Flip". Two weeks later they sailed to Ostend and brought on board two Marconi transmitters formerly used by the Belgian colonial army in the Congo. Each of the transmitters had 3 kW of power. Damage during installation limited them to a few hundred Watts, and also the radio crystals were missing, which caused a very unstable frequency output with an unusual broad bandwidth providing a high spectral amplitude modulation. The studio contained two Revox A77 reel recorders, four FTM-spotmasters, two Thorens turntables, two AKG microphones and a mixer.

## Broadcasting

The station name changed to Radio Delmare with the theme tune "The Eve Of The War" by Jeff Wayne. Over 2000 listener reports in total were claimed from coastal and inland areas around the Netherlands and Belgium. The station aired old tapes from Radio Caroline and some non-stop music. These were live but did not contain much speech. The disc jockey for the first hour was René de Leeuw. The MV Aegir became stranded on 11 September 1978 as the improvised anchor failed at the first Force 6 wind of the season. During the scrapping of her wreck spare parts were gathered for the MV Mi Amigo on which it was planned to resume broadcasts of Radio Delmare. The MV Mi Amigo board technicians received a saved and badly needed second generator from Gerard van Dam, owner of the MV Aegir as well as the MV Aegir and the newly accessed vessel MV Scheveningen 54, which was for the time being used as a tender ship. Ronan O'Rahilly, operator of Radio Caroline on board of the MV Mi Amigo, however, refused to give up historical rights to the ship, so Van Dam had to change plans to revive Radio Delmare and the MV Martina was bought to be equipped as its next offshore radio ship. It broadcast for a three-week period during the summer of 1979.


abstract: - Should not be confused with Independent Paralympic Participants, the name given to Yugoslavian athletes at the 1992 Summer Paralympics In 2000, East Timor was administered by the United Nations, and did not have a recognised National Paralympic Committee. Two East Timor athletes took part in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, but they competed officially as Individual Paralympic Athletes, rather than as representatives of an NPC. There were two "individual Paralympians" from East Timor: Alcino Pereira in the men's 5,000m race in track and field; and Mateus Lukas in powerlifting, in the men's up to 48 kg category. Pereira failed to complete his race, while Lukas lifted 105 kg, finishing 13th and last of the athletes who successfully lifted a weight in his category. Following East Timor's recognition, the country made its official Paralympic début in 2008.

text:
# Individual Paralympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

*Should not be confused with* Independent Paralympic Participants, *the name given to Yugoslavian athletes at the 1992 Summer Paralympics*

In 2000, East Timor was administered by the United Nations, and did not have a recognised National Paralympic Committee. Two East Timor athletes took part in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, but they competed officially as Individual Paralympic Athletes, rather than as representatives of an NPC.

There were two "individual Paralympians" from East Timor: Alcino Pereira in the men's 5,000m race (T38 category) in track and field; and Mateus Lukas in powerlifting, in the men's up to 48 kg category. Pereira failed to complete his race, while Lukas lifted 105 kg, finishing 13th and last of the athletes who successfully lifted a weight in his category.

Following East Timor's recognition, the country made its official Paralympic début in 2008.

## Results

| Name | Sport | Event | Score | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alcino Pereira | Athletics | Men's 5,000m T38 | dnf | unranked (dnf) |
| Mateus Lukas | Powerlifting | Men's up to 48 kg | 105 kg | 13th (out of 16) |

## InfoBox

| Individual Paralympic Athletes at the<br>2000 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
| This flag is not correct. Please click here to see the correct one. | |
| IPC code | IPA |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 2 in 2 sports |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| East Timor (2008–) | |


title: Operation Tower

abstract: Operation Tower is the Australian Defence Force's (ADF) contribution to the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor (UNMIT). UNMIT was established on 25 August 2006 by UN Security Council Resolution 1704. Its objectives are "to support the Government in consolidating stability, enhancing a culture of democratic governance, and facilitating political dialogue among Timorese stakeholders, in their efforts to bring about a process of national reconciliation and to foster social cohesion". Its current mandate will expire on 26 February 2008. The ADF contributed four personnel to UNMIT: three ADF personnel who are deployed as military liaison officers in districts outside Dili and one officer with the Headquarters of UNMIT in Dili.

text:
# Operation Tower

**Operation Tower** is the Australian Defence Force's (ADF) contribution to the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor (UNMIT).

UNMIT was established on 25 August 2006 by UN Security Council Resolution 1704. Its objectives are "to support the Government in consolidating stability, enhancing a culture of democratic governance, and facilitating political dialogue among Timorese stakeholders, in their efforts to bring about a process of national reconciliation and to foster social cohesion". Its current mandate will expire on 26 February 2008.

The ADF contributed four personnel to UNMIT: three ADF personnel who are deployed as military liaison officers in districts outside Dili and one officer with the Headquarters of UNMIT in Dili.


title: HMS Mongoose (1799)

abstract: HMS Mongoose was a Dutch prize to the British Royal Navy captured in 1799 or 1800 in the East Indies. There is some question as to the name of her commander. One account states that Lieutenant Thomas Duvall commissioned her in 1800; other sources give the name as John Duval. One source states that John Duval was made Commander into her. In September 1800 Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier received the Admiralty's permission to mount an expedition against Java, in particular to blockade Batavia. On 26 September he left instructions that the "armed vessel" Mongoose and certain other vessels should follow him to Penang as soon as they arrived at Madras Roads. Two days later, on the eve of his departure, he allocated his naval forces. Mongoose was either to accompany his flag in Victorious, or failing that, to proceed to the Straits of Malacca. The Navy sold Mongoose in 1803.

text:
# HMS Mongoose (1799)

**HMS *Mongoose*** was a Dutch prize to the British Royal Navy captured in 1799 or 1800 in the East Indies.

There is some question as to the name of her commander. One account states that Lieutenant Thomas Duvall commissioned her in 1800; other sources give the name as John Duval. One source states that John Duval was made Commander into her.

In September 1800 Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier received the Admiralty's permission to mount an expedition against Java, in particular to blockade Batavia. On 26 September he left instructions that the "armed vessel" *Mongoose* and certain other vessels should follow him to Penang as soon as they arrived at Madras Roads. Two days later, on the eve of his departure, he allocated his naval forces. *Mongoose* was either to accompany his flag in *Victorious*, or failing that, to proceed to the Straits of Malacca.

The Navy sold *Mongoose* in 1803.

## Citations

* Parkinson, Cyril Northcote (1954). *War in the Eastern Seas, 1793—1815*. George Allen & Unwin.
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Mongoose* |
| Namesake | Mongoose |
| Builder | Dutch origin |
| Acquired | 1799 (or 1800) by capture |
| Fate | Sold 1803 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 140 (bm) |
| Armament | 12 guns |


title: Plating (geology)

abstract: In geology, plating is a hypothesized process whereby asthenospheric mantle hardens beneath crustal material, thereby becoming attached to it and thereafter moving together with the crustal material as part of the lithosphere. A complementary process, although it does not necessarily always involve the upper mantle, is called delamination.

text:
# Plating (geology)

In geology, **plating** is a hypothesized process whereby asthenospheric mantle hardens beneath crustal material, thereby becoming attached to it and thereafter moving together with the crustal material as part of the lithosphere.

A complementary process, although it does not necessarily always involve the upper mantle, is called delamination.

1. Frank Press; Raymond Siever; John Grotzinger; Thomas Jordan; Volker Schweizer (2017). *Allgemeine Geologie* (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. p. 23 f. ISBN 978 3 662 48341 1.


title: Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether

abstract: Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NPGDGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. It is aliphatic and a colorless liquid. It has the formula C11H20O4 and the CAS registry number of 17557-23-2. It has two oxirane groups per molecule. Its principle use is in modifying epoxy resins. It is REACH registered. The IUPAC name is 2-[[2,2-dimethyl-3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propoxy]methyl]oxirane.

text:
# Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether

**Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether** (**NPGDGE**) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. It is aliphatic and a colorless liquid. It has the formula C11H20O4 and the CAS registry number of 17557-23-2. It has two oxirane groups per molecule. Its principle use is in modifying epoxy resins.

It is REACH registered. The IUPAC name is 2-\[\[2,2-dimethyl-3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propoxy\]methyl\]oxirane.

## Synthesis

Neopentyl glycol and epichlorohydrin are reacted in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a halohydrin. This is followed by washing with sodium hydroxide in dehydrochlorination step. This forms Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether. The waste products are water and sodium chloride and excess caustic soda. One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the Epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

## Uses

A key use is modifying the viscosity and properties of epoxy resins. As an Epoxy modifier it is classed as an epoxy reactive diluent. which may then be formulated into CASE applications: Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers and composite materials. These uses include cationic polymerization reactions. The use of the diluent does effect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins. It is also used to synthesize other molecules.

## Toxicity

NPGDGE toxicity is fairly well understood. It is classed as a skin irritant and skin sensitizer.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 2-\[\[2,2-dimethyl-3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propoxy\]methyl\]oxirane | |
| Other names Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether; 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-2,2-dimethylpropane; 2,2'-((2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxymethylene))bis(oxirane); CCRIS 2640; Diglycidyl ether of neopentyl gylcol; EINECS 241-536-7; Heloxy WC68; UNII-9288EM7AOW; Oxirane, 2,2'-((2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxymethylene))bis-; Propane, 1,3-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-2,2-dimethyl- | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.037.745 |
| EC Number | * 241-536-7 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C11H20O4/c1-11(2,7-12-3-9-5-14-9)8-13-4-10-6-15-10/h9-10H,3-8H2,1-2H3Key: KUAUJXBLDYVELT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CC(C)(COCC1CO1)COCC2CO2 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C11H20O4 |
| Molar mass | 216.275 g/mol |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Warning** |
| Hazard statements | H315, H317 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P501 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Gladbachus

abstract: Gladbachus is an possible genus of extinct chondrichthyan.

text:
# Gladbachus

***Gladbachus*** is an possible genus of extinct chondrichthyan.

## InfoBox

| *Gladbachus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restoration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Order: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Gladbachus*
Heidtke & Krätschmer, 2001 |
| Species: | ***G. adentatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gladbachus adentatus***
Heidtke & Krätschmer, 2001 | |
|


title: Saint-Vivien, Charente-Maritime

abstract: Saint-Vivien is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

text:
# Saint-Vivien, Charente-Maritime

**Saint-Vivien** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ vivjɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 355 |  |
| 1968 | 356 | +0.3% |
| 1975 | 382 | +7.3% |
| 1982 | 625 | +63.6% |
| 1990 | 702 | +12.3% |
| 1999 | 851 | +21.2% |
| 2008 | 952 | +11.9% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Vivien | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Vivien | |
| Location of Saint-Vivien | |
| Saint-VivienSaint-Vivien | |
| Coordinates: 46°04′49″N 1°03′09″W / 46.0803°N 1.0525°W / 46.0803; -1.0525 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | La Rochelle |
| Canton | Châtelaillon-Plage |
| Intercommunality | CA La Rochelle |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Vincent Demester |
| Area**1** | 8.27 km2 (3.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,393 |
| Density | 170/km2 (440/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17413 /17220 |
| Elevation | 1–27 m (3.3–88.6 ft)
(avg. 4 m or 13 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Anton Eisenhoit

abstract: Anton Eisenhoit, a German painter and engraver, flourished at Rome about 1590. He was a native of Warburg, and was still living in 1619. It appears that he has been miscalled Eisenhart by Christ, and that some of his works have been ascribed to other masters. Brulliot refers to some attributed to Luca Ciamberlano by Bartsch, which he conjectures should be given to Eisenhoit.

text:
# Anton Eisenhoit

**Anton Eisenhoit** (sometimes **Eisenhout**), a German painter and engraver, flourished at Rome about 1590. He was a native of Warburg, and was still living in 1619. It appears that he has been miscalled *Eisenhart* by Christ, and that some of his works have been ascribed to other masters. Brulliot refers to some attributed to Luca Ciamberlano by Bartsch, which he conjectures should be given to Eisenhoit.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Eisenhout, Antonie". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Individual Number

abstract: Individual Number An Individual Number, also known as My Number, is a twelve-digit ID number automatically issued to all citizens and residents of Japan used for taxation, social security and disaster response purposes. The numbers were first issued in late 2015. The Individual Number is the de-facto Japanese equivalent to a U.S Social Security Number, and is required when applying for a Japanese bank account. Individuals may write this number down and keep it in a safe location, or apply for the free My Number Card, which contains the number. There are pros and cons regarding efficiency when using Basic Resident Registers Network and Number System.

text:
# Individual Number

An **Individual Number** (個人番号, *kojin bangō*), also known as **My Number** (マイナンバー, *mai nambā*), is a twelve-digit ID number automatically issued to all citizens and residents of Japan (including foreign residents) used for taxation, social security and disaster response purposes. The numbers were first issued in late 2015.

The Individual Number is the de-facto Japanese equivalent to a U.S Social Security Number, and is required when applying for a Japanese bank account. Individuals may write this number down and keep it in a safe location, or apply for the free My Number Card, which contains the number.

There are pros and cons regarding efficiency when using Basic Resident Registers Network and Number System.

* 水町, 雅子 (2017-11-15). *逐条解説マイナンバー法* (1st. ed.). Kayaba-cho, Nipponbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Shojihomu Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-4-7857-2567-9.