title: Young & Thuggin'

abstract: Young & Thuggin is the debut studio album by American rapper Turk, released on June 5, 2001 through Cash Money Records, and produced entirely by Mannie Fresh. The album was a success on the charts, selling 82,000 copies in its first week, peaking at #9 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Among the guests featured on the album were his fellow Hot Boys, the Big Tymers and Mack 10.

text:
# Young & Thuggin'

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Young & Thuggin*** is the debut studio album by American rapper Turk, released on June 5, 2001 through Cash Money Records, and produced entirely by Mannie Fresh. The album was a success on the charts, selling 82,000 copies in its first week, peaking at #9 on the *Billboard* 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Among the guests featured on the album were his fellow Hot Boys, the Big Tymers and Mack 10.

## Track listing

1. "Intro"- 1:52  **(feat. Mannie Fresh)**
2. "Bout To Go Down"- 4:45 **(feat. Baby & Christina)**
3. "It's In Me"- 4:14
4. "Yes We Do"- 5:22 **(feat. Lil Wayne, B.G., Lac & Mack 10)**
5. "At The Same Time"- 4:20
6. "Growing Up"- 4:14 **(feat. Mickey & Christina)**
7. "Hatin' (Skit)"- 1:08 **(feat. Mannie Fresh)**
8. "Untamed Guerrilla"- 4:03
9. "Public Service Announcement"- 1:30 **(feat. Mannie Fresh)**
10. "One Saturday Night"- 5:14 **(feat. Lil Derrick & Mannie Fresh)**
11. "What Would You Do?"- 4:23
12. "Project"- 4:14 **(feat. Hakeem)**
13. "Seattle Slew (Skit)"- 1:22 **(feat. Mac Minister)**
14. "Freak Da Hoes"- 4:51 **(feat. Mannie Fresh)**
15. "Police (Skit)"- :22 **(feat. Mac Minister)**
16. "Soldierette"- 4:18 **(feat. Stone)**
17. "All Night"- 3:36 **(feat. Lil Wayne)**
18. "Finna Records"- 2:08 **(feat. Mannie Fresh)**
19. "Wanna Be Down"- 4:07 **(feat. Baby, Hakeem, & Lac)**
20. "Trife Livin'"- 4:12
21. "Hallways & Cuts"- 4:07 **(feat. Mickey & B.G.)**

## Charts

## InfoBox

| Young & Thuggin' | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Turk | |
| Released | June 5, 2001 |
| Recorded | 2000–2001 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 74:32 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Turk chronology | |
| ***Young & Thuggin'***
(2001) *Raw & Uncut*
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Young & Thuggin'* | |
| 1. "It's In Me"
Released: April 17, 2001 2. "Freak Da Girls"
Released: 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Young (Kenny Chesney song)

abstract: "Young" is a song written by Naoise Sheridan, Steve McEwan, and Craig Wiseman and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released in December 2001 as the lead single from Chesney's 2002 album No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems. The song peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

text:
# Young (Kenny Chesney song)

"**Young**" is a song written by Naoise Sheridan, Steve McEwan, and Craig Wiseman and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released in December 2001 as the lead single from Chesney's 2002 album *No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems*. The song peaked at number 2 on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and at number 35 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100.

## Content

The narrator reflects on what he did when he was in his teen years.

## Music video

The music video was Chesney's first of many videos that were directed by Shaun Silva, and produced by Steve Gainer. It premiered on CMT on January 4, 2002, when CMT named it a "Hot Shot". It was filmed in Sanford, Florida, at the old bridge over the St. Johns River, and on the banks of the river.

## Chart positions

"Young" debuted at number 50 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of December 29, 2001.

| Chart (2001–2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 35 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2002) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 19 |

## Certifications

Certifications for *Young*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Young" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kenny Chesney | |
| from the album  *No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems* | |
| B-side | "For the First Time" |
| Released | December 31, 2001 |
| Recorded | 2001 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:55 |
| Label | BNA |
| Songwriter(s) | Craig Wiseman
Naoise Sheridan
Steve McEwan |
| Producer(s) | Buddy Cannon
Kenny Chesney
Norro Wilson |
| Kenny Chesney singles chronology | |
| "The Tin Man"
(2001) "**Young**"
(2001) "The Good Stuff"
(2002) | |


title: Steve McCooke

abstract: Steve McCooke is an Australian former cricketer. He played three first-class cricket matches for Victoria in 1994.

text:
# Steve McCooke

**Steve McCooke** (born 31 January 1960) is an Australian former cricketer. He played three first-class cricket matches for Victoria in 1994.

## InfoBox

Steve McCooke
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1960-01-31) 31 January 1960<br>Melbourne, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1994 | Victoria |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 10 December 2015 | |


title: Ypthima huebneri

abstract: Ypthima huebneri, the common fourring, is a species of Satyrinae butterfly found in Asia.

text:
# Ypthima huebneri

***Ypthima huebneri***, the **common fourring**, is a species of Satyrinae butterfly found in Asia.

## Description

### Wet-season form

Upperside greyish brown. Forewing with the usual comparatively large, bi-pupilled, yellow-ringed, black preapical ocellus. Hindwing usually with two, sometimes with three, very rarely without any, smaller similar uni-pupilled postdiscal ocelli. Underside greyish white, not very densely covered with transverse short brown striae. Forewing with the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, obscure discal and subterminal dull brown transverse fasciae and a narrow brown ring round the ocellus diffusely produced posteriorly. Hindwing with one apical and typically three postdiscal posterior ocelli placed in a curve; traces of transverse brown discal and subterminal fasciae in most specimens. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown, the abdomen paler beneath. Male without secondary sex-mark.

### Dry-season form

Similar, somewhat paler on both upper and under sides; the discal and subterminal transverse fasciae more pronounced; the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing minute or absent.

Adults have a wingspan of 40–43 mm.

### Racial variation

Var. *jocularia*, Swinhoe, is the pale form from Western India "said by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards to be nearest to *kashmira*, Moore." (quoted in Bingham)

Race *kashmira*, Moore, differs from the typical form in the darker and more uniform colour of the upperside, in the ground colour on the underside being dull brownish not white, and the wings non-fasciated in most specimens, or with only the sub-terminal fascia on the forewing. The clasp in the male differs, however, considerably from that of *Y. huebneri*.

Wingspan of 33–39 mm. Found in the north-western Himalayas; Kashmir; southern India, Mysore and the Anaimalai Hills (*fide* Elwes quoted in Bingham).

Race *ceylonica*: Upperside Vandyke brown to dark sepia brown. Forewing uniform, with the usual single preapical ocellus. Hindwing: posterior half, sometimes less than half, pure white, with two or three small posterior ocelli, a lunular incomplete subterminal and an even slender terminal brown line. Underside white with somewhat sparse, short, delicate, fine transverse brown stride, getting denser towards the apex of the forewing. Forewing with the ocellus, a brown ring surrounding it very broad and very broadly and diffusely produced downwards, discal and subterminal transverse fascial obscure. Hindwing with four ocelli in a curve, the anal bi-pupilled; traces of a discal transverse brown fascia and of a lunular subterminal brown line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen white beneath. Wingspan of 34–40 mm. Found in Bengal, Orissa; southern India, the Nilgiris, Travancore: Sri Lanka.

## Distribution

Throughout Peninsular India, Nepal, Assam, Burma, Malaysia, Cambodia and Indochina.

## Life history

Larva. About one inch (25 mm) in length, with two divergent processes from the anal segment pointing backwards. "Colour entirely green with a dorsal line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line below the spiracles." (de Niceville quoted in Bingham) Host plants include *Axonopus compressus*.

Pupa. "Green or brown, with the head rounded, the edges of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly; the thorax humped and marked like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and spots" (de Niceville quoted in Bingham)

## InfoBox

| Common fourring | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Ypthima* |
| Species: | ***Y. huebneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ypthima huebneri***<br>Kirby, 1871 | |
|


title: Stephen N. Shulman

abstract: Stephen Neal Shulman was an American attorney known for representing Egil Krogh during the Watergate scandal. He also served as General Counsel of the Air Force in from 1965 to 1966 and Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1966 to 1967.

text:
# Stephen N. Shulman

**Stephen Neal Shulman** (April 6, 1933 – January 22, 2011) was an American attorney known for representing Egil Krogh during the Watergate scandal. He also served as General Counsel of the Air Force in from 1965 to 1966 and Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1966 to 1967.

## Early life and education

Stephen Neal Shulman was born April 6, 1933, in New Haven, Connecticut. His father was Harry Shulman, a Jewish immigrant from the Russian Empire who served as a professor and eventual dean at Yale Law School. Stephen Shulman earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard College, graduating in 1954. After college, he worked in labor relations at Bendix Aviation. He then attended Yale Law School, where he was editor-in-chief of the *Yale Law Journal* and earned his LL.B. in 1958.

## Career

After law school, Shulman spent 1958 and 1959 as the law clerk of John Marshall Harlan, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. After completing his clerkship, he became an associate attorney at Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C. In May 1960, he became Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia.

In February 1961, Shulman became the executive assistant of United States Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg. During this time, he served for a time as Vice Chairman of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. The next year, he became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Civilian Personnel and Industrial Relations. In 1964, civil rights was added to his responsibilities. In 1965, President of the United States Lyndon Johnson named Shulman General Counsel of the Air Force. In 1966, President Johnson named Shulman the second Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, an office he held from September 14, 1966, until July 1, 1967.

Upon leaving government service in 1967, Shulman founded his own law firm, Kane, Shulman and Schlei. On January 1, 1971, this firm was merged into the firm of Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft. During the Watergate scandal, Shulman represented Egil Krogh, head of the White House Plumbers. Krogh later told Bob Woodward that Shulman was "instrumental in helping me determine that what I had done was not only illegal but morally wrong." Shulman convinced the United States Department of Justice to enter into a plea bargain with Krogh in 1973. After the Krogh case, Shulman's career focused on tax and employment litigation. In the 1980s, he represented the country of Guinea in a long-running international arbitration case. Shulman also became managing partner of Cadwalader's Washington, D.C. office, holding the position until his retirement in the late-1990s.

## Personal life

Shulman and his wife, Sandra (née Still) had three sons. Shulman died of cancer at Georgetown University Hospital on January 22, 2011. He was 77 years old.

## InfoBox

| Stephen Neal Shulman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 2nd Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | |
| **In office**
September 14, 1966  July 1, 1967 | |
| President | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Preceded by | Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Clifford Alexander Jr. |
| General Counsel of the Air Force | |
| **In office**
1965–1966 | |
| Preceded by | Gerritt W. Wesselink |
| Succeeded by | J. William Doolittle |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1933-04-06)April 6, 1933
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | January 22, 2011(2011-01-22) (aged 77)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Relations | Harry Shulman (father) |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (BA)
Yale University (LLB) |
|  | |


title: Vallée de la Marne

abstract:
Vallée de la Marne is a sub-region of the Champagne wine region.
It is south of Champagne and Montagne de Reims, and north of Côte de Sézanne and Côte des Blancs.
The sub-region is located on the riverbanks of the Marne.
Its soils are more variable than in other Champagne sub-regions, and it contains only two Grands Crus villages: Ay and Tours-sur-Marne. Pinot Meunier is the main grape variety.

text:
# Vallée de la Marne

**Vallée de la Marne** is a sub-region of the Champagne wine region. It is south of Champagne and Montagne de Reims, and north of Côte de Sézanne and Côte des Blancs. The sub-region is located on the riverbanks of the Marne. Its soils are more variable than in other Champagne sub-regions, and it contains only two Grands Crus villages: Ay and Tours-sur-Marne. Pinot Meunier is the main grape variety.


title: Transport in Bedford

abstract: Transport in Bedford provides links between the town and other parts of England. Road access to and from the town is provided by the A6 and A421 roads; the former connects the town with Kettering to the north-west, and Luton to the south, whilst the latter connects the town with Milton Keynes and the M1 to the west, and the A1 to the east via a bypass, with both being around 10 miles (16 km) away. Other roads that serve or skirt the town include the A422, which runs westwards into Milton Keynes, and the A428, which runs between Coventry and Cambridge.

text:
# Transport in Bedford

**Transport in Bedford** provides links between the town and other parts of England. Road access to and from the town is provided by the A6 and A421 roads; the former connects the town with Kettering to the north-west, and Luton to the south, whilst the latter connects the town with Milton Keynes and the M1 (at Junction 13) to the west, and the A1 to the east (near St Neots) via a bypass, with both being around 10 miles (16 km) away. Other roads that serve or skirt the town include the A422, which runs westwards into Milton Keynes (also connecting to the M1 at Junction 14 via the A509), and the A428, which runs between Coventry and Cambridge.

## Roads

Bedford lies on the A6 road, and two of the most important north-south routes in Great Britain, the A1 and the M1 motorway, pass a few miles to the east and west respectively. The A421 links the town to the M1 and A1 via the dual carriageway bypass. This has significantly improved access to the town, which formerly required the use of frequently congested single carriageway roads. Bedford has a southern bypass along the A421.

The first section of the Bedford Western Bypass (from the A421 and the A428 road) was completed in December 2009. It is named after former mayor Frank Branston and is designated as part of the A428 trunk road.

A new 13 km dual carriageway on the A421 opened on 1 December 2010 alongside the older carriageway between the M1 Junction 13 and the Bedford Southern bypass and a new bridge over the M1 together with changes to the A6 road.

Bedford also has its own Park and ride operation situated to the south of the town near Elstow. Currently this is the only site which has been completed, but there are plans to develop more sites around the town.

### Cycling

Bedford is part of National Cycle Route 51. The Bedford Green Wheel allows cyclists to use a network of cycle routes around and in Bedford.

The main organisation campaigning for the improvement of cycling provision in North Bedfordshire is the Cycling Campaign for North Bedfordshire.

### Proposed road developments

#### Bedford Western bypass (A428 – A6 north)

In October 2014, work began on phase 2 of the Western Bypass from the A428 and the A6 to the north of the town. The first section of the bypass from the A421 to the A428 opened in December 2009.

#### Bedford high Street A6 Closure

In December 2010 the high street was closed to through traffic with diversions in place for the pedestrianisation and Christmas market. It has been a proposal of the Mayor of Bedford to pedestrianise the high street via the proposed western bypass and this has been treated as a potential trial of the proposal.

## Buses and coaches

Prior to bus deregulation in 1986, bus services in and around Bedford were run by the United Counties subsidiary of the National Bus Company. The independent operator Birch Brothers ran a frequent service from Bedford to London between 1928 and 1969, but the service was then taken over by United Counties and later discontinued. The United Counties business was bought by the Stagecoach Group in November 1987 and has since been branded Stagecoach in Bedford.

The town's bus services and major bus routes include route X5 to Milton Keynes, Cambridge and Oxford and services to Northampton, Kettering and other towns in the region. There is currently no bus or coach service between Bedford and London. Bedford bus station is due for major redevelopment as part of a scheme to renovate the town centre.

Some withdrawals of services by Stagecoach have led to other providers introducing services in Bedford, including Uno who run services to/from Milton Keynes, Grant Palmer of Dunstable who run to Flitwick and Dunstable, and Fenlake based company Expresslines. Cedar Coaches also runs services from Bedford to surrounding areas.

Other operators in Bedford have included Emerton of Cranfield, Buffalo Travel of Flitwick, Mullover Travel of Bedford, Jey-son Coaches of Luton and JBS travel of Blunham. Jey-son Coaches was sold to Buffalo and later both JBS & Buffalo both launched competitive attacks on certain routes against Stagecoach, but neither were successful in the long term, and both companies have ceased trading. Arriva Shires & Essex formerly operated services to Olney and Milton Keynes, but these have since been taken over by Stagecoach.

## Rail

Bedford has two railway stations:


title: The Zodiac Killer (film)

abstract: The Zodiac Killer is a 1971 slasher film directed by Tom Hanson and starring Hal Reed, Bob Jones, Ray Lynch and Tom Pittman. The plot is based on the murders committed by the Zodiac Killer in the San Francisco area, though it takes many liberties with the actual investigation with the film providing a name and back story for the killer.

text:
# The Zodiac Killer (film)

***The Zodiac Killer*** is a 1971 slasher film directed by Tom Hanson and starring Hal Reed, Bob Jones, Ray Lynch and Tom Pittman. The plot is based on the murders committed by the Zodiac Killer in the San Francisco area, though it takes many liberties with the actual investigation with the film providing a name and back story for the killer.

## Plot

The film is a highly fictionalized telling of a month in the life of the Zodiac Killer (played by Hal Reed). The film follows the killer (whose identity as the Zodiac Killer is not revealed until the end of the first act of the film) and a friend, Grover (a drunk, toupée-wearing truck driver who is divorced from his wife and in financial trouble from his divorce) as they meet and go about their normal day. Grover eventually has a nervous breakdown due to the upheaval in his life caused by his divorce, as he is denied the right to visit his daughter when he makes a surprise visit to his ex-wife. Taking his daughter hostage, the police are called and as he tries to escape, Grover sees the day's paper laying on the front steps announcing another murder by the Zodiac Killer. In a fit of madness, he declares himself the Zodiac Killer and lets his daughter go in order to flee. The police shoot him dead as he falls into a nearby pool.

The second act of the film follows the real Zodiac Killer, who the film positions as having a day job as a much put upon postal carrier. The death of his friend causes him to phone the police to announce that the man they killed was not the Zodiac Killer, then goes about a major killing spree culminating in him murdering a pair of lovers in a park. The film also portrays him as a Satanist and one who actively kills those in his personal life who mock him or are mean to him in his normal life or who he hears mock his alter-ego.

The final act of the film attempts to provide a motive for the crime. The Zodiac Killer visits his father in a hospital, where he is kept in a caged room on the top floor. It is implied that the Zodiac's father is mentally ill and has to be restrained 24/7 and refuses any verbal communication with his son. The Zodiac Killer begs for his father to talk to him only to be rebuked. The staff of the facility ask the Zodiac Killer to leave, claiming his presence "upsets" his father. On his way out, the Zodiac Killer takes out his anger on two patients, wounding one and killing another.

The film ends with a voice over monologue as the Zodiac Killer goes about his normal routine. The Zodiac Killer brags about how he will never be caught and taunts the viewers of the film telling them that other monsters like himself lurk out there, able to blend in with normal people to avoid being caught while doing evil.

## Cast

* Hal Reed as Jerry
* Bob Jones as Grover
* Ray Lynch as Sgt. Pittman
* Tom Pittman as Officer Heller
* Mary Darrington as First Murder
* Frank Sanabek as Joe
* Ed Quigley as Tony
* Bertha Dahl as Mrs. Crocker
* Dion Marinkovich as Helen
* Doodles Weaver as Doc
* Gloria Gunn as Marilyn
* Richard Styles as Judd
* Manny Cardoza as Hippy
* Norma Takaki as Lakey
* Donna Register as Donna

## Production

In a 2012 interview and again in a 2017 interview, Hanson stated that the production of the film was motivated by an elaborate plot to catch the killer, who, Hanson reasoned, would not be able to resist attending the film's premier.

## Release

The opening night screening took place at San Francisco's RKO Golden Gate Theater on April 7, 1971. Audience members were asked to write their answers to "I think the Zodiac kills because ..." and drop their entries into a large box in order to enter a raffle to win a motorcycle donated by Kawasaki. The unsuspecting filmgoers didn't know that there was a volunteer crouched inside the box comparing their handwriting with samples of the Zodiac's, and that there were goons (including members of the film's cast) waiting in the wings ready to apprehend and interrogate anyone whose penmanship raised a red flag.

### Home media

The Blu-ray for *The Zodiac Killer* was released on July 25, 2017 by the American Genre Film Archive and Something Weird Video. *The Zodiac Killer* was the first film restored by the American Genre Film Archive. Special features on the Blu-ray include a commentary track and an interview with director Tom Hanson and actor Manny Nedwick.

## InfoBox

| The Zodiac Killer | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Tom Hanson |
| Written by | Ray Cantrell
Manny Cardoza |
| Produced by | Tom Hanson |
| Starring | Hal Reed
Bob Jones
Ray Lynch
Tom Pittman |
| Cinematography | Robert Birchall
Wilson S. Hong |
| Music by | Dennis Thomann |
| Distributed by | Adventure Productions, Inc. |
| Release date | * April 7, 1971 (1971-04-07) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Evolution of color vision in primates

text:
# Evolution of color vision in primates

The evolution of color vision in primates is highly unusual compared to most eutherian mammals. A remote vertebrate ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Most teleost fish, reptiles and birds are therefore tetrachromatic while most mammals are strictly dichromats, the exceptions being some primates and marsupials, who are trichromats, and many marine mammals, who are monochromats.

## Cones and opsins

While color vision is dependent on many factors, discussion of the evolution of color vision is typically simplified to two factors:

In vertebrates, both of these are almost perfectly correlated to an individual's cone complement.

The retina comprises several different classes of photoreceptors, including cone cells and rod cells. Rods usually do not contribute to color vision (except in mesopic conditions) and have not evolved significantly in the era of primates, so they will not be discussed here. It is the cone cells, which are used for photopic vision, that facilitate color vision.

Each type - or class - of cones is defined by its opsin, a protein fundamental to the visual cycle that tunes the cell to certain wavelengths of light. The opsins present in cone cells are specifically called photopsin. The spectral sensitivities of the opsins are dependent on their genetic sequence. The most important (and often only important for discussions of opsin evolution) parameter of the spectral sensitivity is the peak wavelength, i.e. the wavelength of light to which they are most sensitive. For example, a typical human L-opsin has a peak wavelength of 560 nm. The cone complement defines an individual's set of cones in their retina - usually consistent with the set of opsins in their genome.

The breadth of an individual's visual spectrum is equal to the minimum and maximum wavelengths to which at least one of their cones is sensitive. In vertebrates, the dimensionality of the color gamut is usually equal to the number of cones/opsins, though this simple equivalence breaks down for invertebrates.

### Primate cone complement

The cone complements exhibited by primates can be monochromatic, dichromatic or trichromatic. The catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) are routine trichromats, meaning both males and females possess three opsins classes. In nearly all species of platyrrhines (New World monkeys) males and homozygous females are dichromats, while heterozygous females are trichromats, a condition known as allelic or polymorphic trichromacy. Among platyrrhines, the exceptions are *Alouatta* (routine trichromats) and *Aotus* (routine monochromats).

All primates with the exception of *Aotus* exhibit an S-opsin (short wave sensitive) in the cone most sensitive to blue light (S-cone). This opsin is encoded by an autosomal gene on chromosome 7. The other cones differ between primates.

### Catarrhine cone complement

The taxa Catarrhini includes old world monkeys (e.g. baboons) and apes (e.g. humans). In addition to the S-opsin, catarrhine primates have two adjacent opsin genes on the X chromosome:

* M-opsin (middle wave sensitive, encoded by OPN1MW gene), the cone most sensitive to green light
* L-opsin (long wave sensitive, encoded by OPN1LW gene), the cone most sensitive to red light

### Platyrrhine cone complement

The taxa Platyrhini includes new world monkeys (e.g. Squirrel monkeys). In addition to the S-opsin, trichromatic platyrrhine primates generally have only a single opsin gene locus, but it is polymorphic, with different alleles encoding opsins of different peak wavelength. Individuals homozygous for the gene will have only two opsin classes and therefore exhibit dichromacy. However, heterozygous individuals will have three opsin classes and therefore be trichromats. Since the gene is on the X-chromosome, of which males possess only one, all males are monozygous. They therefore always have 2 opsin classes and are dichromatic. Females can be either heterozygous or homozygous, so can be either dichromats or trichromats.

## Phylogenetics

### Mammalian Ancestors

The common vertebrate ancestor (ca. 540MYA) had 4 photopsins in their complement (SWS1, SWS2, Rh2, LWS) and likely had tetrachromatic vision. Today, most other vertebrate classes have retained their 4 cones and exhibit tetrachromacy, including birds, reptiles, teleosts (fish) and amphibians. However, mammalian ancestors lost 2 of the 4 opsins due to the nocturnal bottleneck and most modern mammals are therefore dichromats, retaining only the SWS1 (UV–sensitive) and LWS (red–sensitive) opsins. There is little data indicating the advantages of UV-sensitivity in early mammals that led to the retention of SWS1 instead of SWS2 and Rh2 opsins.

Approximately 35 MYA the LWS class of opsins in catarrhine ancestors split into OPN1MW and OPN1LW. At about the same time, the SWS opsin shifted from its ancestral UV–sensitivity form to a violet-sensitive form with a peak wavelength of ~420 nm.

### Evolutionary pathway of SWS1

Mutagenesis experiments involving the Boreoeutherian ancestor to humans have shown that seven genetic mutations are linked to losing UV vision and gaining the blue light vision that most humans have today over the course of millions of years. These mutations: F46T, F49L, T52F, F86L, T93P, A114G and S118T, include 5040 potential pathways for the amino acid changes required to create genetic changes in the short wavelength sensitive, or blue opsin. Of the 5040 pathways, 335 have been deemed as possible trajectories for the evolution of blue opsin. It has been discovered that each individual mutation has no effect on its own, and that only multiple changes combined following an epistatic pattern in a specific order resulted in changes in the evolutionary direction of blue vision.

Incomplete trajectories, or evolutionary pathways, are shown to be caused by T52F mutations occurring first because T52F does not have a peak for the absorption of light within the entire visible region. T52F mutations are deemed to be structurally unstable, and the evolutionary path is immediately terminated. Having any of the other stable mutations occur first, including F46T, F49L, F86L, T93P, A114G or S118T, opens up the possibility of having 1032 out of 5042 potential trajectories open up to evolution. This is because having any of the other mutations occur first would allow for 134, 74, 252, 348, 102 and 122 potential pathways for mutations involving each of the remaining 6 mutants, equal to 1032 potential pathways for the evolution of short wavelength sensitive opsins to take place.

Studies using in vitro assays have shown that epistatic evolution took place in ancestral Boreoeutherian species with the 7 mutations on genetically reconstructed Boreoetherian short wavelength sensitive opsins. λmax values were shifted from a value of 357nm to 411nm, an increase which indicated that human short wavelength sensitive opsins did indeed evolve from ancestral Boreoeutherian species using these 7 mutations.

Further analysis has shown that 4008 out of the 5040 possible trajectories were terminated prematurely due to nonfunctional pigments that were dehydrated. Mutagenesis results also reveal that ancestral human short wavelength sensitive opsin remained UV-sensitive until about 80 million years ago, before gradually increasing its λmax by 20nm 75 million years ago and 20nm 45 million years ago. It eventually reached the current λmax of 430nm 30 million years ago.

It is believed that middle and long wave sensitive pigments appeared after the final stages of short wavelength sensitive opsin pigments evolved, and that trichromatic vision was formed through interprotein epistasis.

Early mammal ultraviolet vision, or ultraviolet sensitivity, included sensitivity in the wavelength ranges between 350nm and 430nm. These wavelengths are shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. In some rare cases, some modern day humans can see within the UV spectrum at wavelengths close to 310nm.

In other animals that possess UV vision such as birds, ultraviolet sensitivity can be advantageous for courtship and reproductive success. This is because some birds have feathers with certain favourable colourations that can not be distinguished by human vision outside of the UV spectrum.

It has been theorized that λ max-shifts might have been required as human ancestors started to switch from leading nocturnal lifestyles to more diurnal lifestyles. This caused their vision to adjust to various twilight settings over time. To identify the path from which short wavelength opsins evolved, increases in absolute max values were used by researchers with a limitation of approximately |Δλmax|\<25nm per step. This allows for subdivision of the 1032 potential pathways that were generated by analysis of first mutations beginning with any of the stable mutants: F46T, F49L, F86L, T93P, A114G or S118T to be narrowed down to 335 potential pathways.

It was found that the last two mutations, F46T and T52F, occurred between 45 million and 30 million years ago as the absolute max for short wave length opsins was increasing from 400nm to 430nm.

### Evolutionary pathway of LWS

Approximately 35MYA, ancestral Boreotherian LWS opsin class split into two opsin sub-classes, with one retaining the peak wavelength of 560 nm, equal to the ancestral value. The other LWS opsin decreased its peak wavelength to 530 nm and became the M-opsin, or green-sensitive opsin. The details of this split are disputed. Some evolutionary biologists believe that the L and M photopigments of catarrhines and platyrrhines had a common evolutionary origin; molecular studies demonstrate that the peak wavelengths of the three pigments in both sub-orders is the same. There are two popular hypotheses that explain the evolution of the primate vision differences from this common origin.

#### Polymorphism

The first hypothesis is that the two-gene (M and L) system of the catarrhine primates evolved from a crossing-over mechanism. Unequal crossing over between the chromosomes carrying alleles for L and M variants could have resulted in a separate L and M gene located on a single X chromosome. This hypothesis requires that the evolution of the polymorphic system of the platyrrhine pre-dates the separation of the Old World and New World monkeys.

This hypothesis proposes that this crossing-over event occurred in a heterozygous catarrhine female sometime after the platyrrhine/catarrhine divergence. Following the crossing-over, any male and female progeny receiving at least one X chromosome with both M and L genes would be trichromats. Single M or L gene X chromosomes would subsequently be lost from the catarrhine gene pool, assuring routine trichromacy.

#### Gene duplication

The alternate hypothesis is that opsin polymorphism arose in platyrrhines after they diverged from catarrhines. By this hypothesis, a single X-opsin allele was duplicated in catarrhines and catarrhine M and L opsins diverged later by mutations affecting one gene duplicate but not the other. Platyrrhine M and L opsins would have evolved by a parallel process, acting on the single opsin gene present to create multiple alleles. Geneticists use the "molecular clocks" technique to determine an evolutionary sequence of events. It deduces elapsed time from a number of minor differences in DNA sequences. Nucleotide sequencing of opsin genes suggests that the genetic divergence between New World primate opsin alleles (2.6%) is considerably smaller than the divergence between Old World primate genes (6.1%). Hence, the New World primate color vision alleles are likely to have arisen after Old World gene duplication. It is also proposed that the polymorphism in the opsin gene might have arisen independently through point mutation on one or more occasions, and that the spectral tuning similarities are due to convergent evolution. Despite the homogenization of genes in the New World monkeys, there has been a preservation of trichromacy in the heterozygous females suggesting that the critical amino acid that define these alleles have been maintained.

## Ultimate causation hypotheses

There exist several theories for the main evolutionary pressure that caused primates to evolve trichromatic color vision, namely the red-green opponent channel.

### Fruit theory

This theory postulates that trichromacy became favorable due to the increased ability to find ripe fruit against a foliage background. Research has found that the spectral separation between the L and the M cones is closely proportional to the optimal for detection of many colors of fruit (red) against foliage (green). The reflectance spectra of fruits and leaves naturally eaten by the *Alouatta seniculus* were analyzed and found that the sensitivity in the L and M cone pigments is optimal for detecting fruit among leaves.

While the “fruit theory” holds much data to support its reasoning, some recent research has criticized this theory. One study shows that the difference in the fruit-spotting task between trichromats and dichromats is largest when the tree is far away (~12m), inferring that the evolutionary pressure may have been on spotting fruit trees from a distance, rather than picking fruit. Those findings were based upon the fact that there is a larger variety of background S/(L+M) and luminance values under long-distance viewing. However, spatiochromatic properties of the red-green system of color vision may be optimized for detecting any red objects against a background of leaves at relatively small viewing distances equal to that of a typical “grasping distance."

### Young leaf hypothesis

This theory is centered around the idea that the benefit for possessing the different M and L cone pigments are so that during times of fruit shortages, an animal's ability to identify the younger and more reddish leaves, which contain higher amounts of protein, will lead to a higher rate of survival. In addition, a prominent visual discriminant between young and mature leaves is their red-green color channel, which is only discernible to trichromats. This theory supports the evidence showing that trichromatic color vision originated in Africa, as figs and palms are scarce in this environment thus increasing the need for this color vision selection. However, this theory does not explain the selection for trichromacy polymorphisms seen in dichromatic species that are not from Africa.

### Evolution of olfactory systems

The sense of smell may have been a contributing factor in selection of color vision. One controversial study suggests that the loss of olfactory receptor genes coincided with the evolved trait of full trichromatic vision; this study has been challenged, and two of the authors retracted it. The theory is that as sense of smell deteriorated, selective pressures increased for the evolution of trichromacy for foraging. In addition, the mutation of trichromacy could have made the need for pheremone communication redundant and thus prompted the loss of this function.

Overall, research has not shown that the concentration of olfactory receptors is directly related to color vision acquisition. Research suggests that the species *Alouatta* does not share the same characteristics of pheromone transduction pathway pseudogenes that humans and Old World monkeys possess and leading howler monkeys to maintain both pheromone communication systems and full trichromatic vision.

Therefore, trichromacy alone does not lead to the loss of pheromone communication but rather a combination of environmental factors. Nonetheless research shows a significant negative correlation between the two traits in the majority of trichromatic species.

### Skin tone

Trichromacy may also be evolutionarily favorable in recognizing changes in skin tone. The spectral sensitivity of M- and L-opsins maximize sensitivity to changes in skin color that correspond to blood oxygen levels.

Recognizing changes in skin tone that indicate states of health would be one advantage. Dichromatic humans report trouble with recognizing sunburn, rash, pallor and jaundice. Recognizing when offspring are sick allows parents to care for or provide treatment to them. Likewise, mate choice that excludes sick individuals increases the viability of offspring. Similarly, other causes of skin tone change such as blushing or rump-reddening convey important information between potential sexual partners. Therefore, the formation of trichromatic color vision in certain primate species may have been beneficial in recognizing the state of health/fertility of others.

## Anomalies in New World monkeys

### *Aotus* and *Alouatta*

There are two noteworthy genera within the New World monkeys that exhibit how different environments with different selective pressures can affect the type of vision in a population. For example, the night monkeys (*Aotus*) have lost their S photopigments and polymorphic M/L opsin gene. Because these anthropoids are and were nocturnal, operating most often in a world where color is less important, selection pressure on color vision relaxed. On the opposite side of the spectrum, diurnal howler monkeys (*Alouatta*) have reinvented routine trichromacy through a relatively recent gene duplication of the M/L gene. This duplication has allowed trichromacy for both sexes; its X chromosome gained two loci to house both the green allele and the red allele. The recurrence and spread of routine trichromacy in howler monkeys suggests that it provides them with an evolutionary advantage.

Howler monkeys are perhaps the most folivorous of the New World monkeys. Fruits make up a relatively small portion of their diet, and the type of leaves they consume (young, nutritive, digestible, often reddish in color), are best detected by a red-green signal. Field work exploring the dietary preferences of howler monkeys suggest that routine trichromacy was environmentally selected for as a benefit to folivore foraging.


title: Tara Beagan

abstract: Tara Beagan is a Nlakaʼpamux playwright and actress from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, most noted as the winner of the Siminovitch Prize in Theatre in 2020. She won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding New Play, Independent Theatre in 2005 for Thy Neighbour's Wife, for which she was also a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Female, Independent Theatre. In 2006 she acted in Dead Dog in the City, Thomas King's revival of his earlier radio comedy series The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour. In 2009, she received a Dora nomination for Outstanding New Play, Independent Theatre for Miss Julie: Sheh'mah. In 2010 she premiered The Woods, a historical play set in 1640 which was part of The Mill series with plays by Damien Atkins, Hannah Moscovitch and Matthew MacFadzean. From 2011 to 2013, she served as artistic director of Native Earth Performing Arts. She subsequently founded the theatre company Article 11 with Andy Moro. Her plays have included Jesus Chrysler, Free As Injuns, Reckoning, Dreary and Izzy, Honour Beat, Deer Woman and The Ministry of Grace.

text:
# Tara Beagan

**Tara Beagan** (born December 20, 1975) is a Nlakaʼpamux playwright and actress from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, most noted as the winner of the Siminovitch Prize in Theatre in 2020.

She won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding New Play, Independent Theatre in 2005 for *Thy Neighbour's Wife*, for which she was also a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Female, Independent Theatre. In 2006 she acted in *Dead Dog in the City*, Thomas King's revival of his earlier radio comedy series *The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour*.

In 2009, she received a Dora nomination for Outstanding New Play, Independent Theatre for *Miss Julie: Sheh'mah*. In 2010 she premiered *The Woods*, a historical play set in 1640 which was part of *The Mill* series with plays by Damien Atkins, Hannah Moscovitch and Matthew MacFadzean.

From 2011 to 2013, she served as artistic director of Native Earth Performing Arts. She subsequently founded the theatre company Article 11 with Andy Moro.

Her plays have included *Jesus Chrysler*, *Free As Injuns*, *Reckoning*, *Dreary and Izzy*, *Honour Beat*, *Deer Woman* and *The Ministry of Grace*.

## Personal life

Beagan is of mixed Canadian Irish (father) and Nlaka'pamux (mother) descent.

## InfoBox

| Tara Beagan | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation(s) | Playwright, actress |


title: Howard Shultz Miller

abstract: Howard Shultz Miller was an American politician. He served as a U.S. representative from Kansas.

text:
# Howard Shultz Miller

**Howard Shultz Miller** (February 27, 1879  January 2, 1970) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. representative from Kansas.

## Biography

Born in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, Miller moved with his family to Morrill, Kansas in 1882. He attended the public schools of Brown County, and Sabetha (Kansas) High School. He taught school from 1894 to 1899. Miller graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law in 1900. He was admitted to the bar in 1901 and began law practice in Kansas. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and worked as a lawyer from 1901 to 1952.

Miller was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-third Congress (January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1954 to the Eighty-fourth Congress and for election in 1956 to the Eighty-fifth Congress. He is the only Democrat in history to represent Kansas' 1st congressional district.

Miller died on January 2, 1970, in Hiawatha, Kansas, and is interred at Morrill Cemetery, Morrill, Kansas.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Howard Shultz Miller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kansas's 1st district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1953  January 3, 1955 | |
| Preceded by | Albert M. Cole |
| Succeeded by | William H. Avery |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-02-27)February 27, 1879
Somerset County, Pennsylvania |
| Died | January 2, 1970(1970-01-02) (aged 90)
Hiawatha, Kansas |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: N°5 on Tour

abstract:
Nº5 on Tour is a double live album by French singer Mylène Farmer which documents her 2009 tour Mylène Farmer en tournée. It is her fifth live album and her 15th album overall. It was released on 7 December 2009, and it includes the standard set list that she sang during the indoor shows in France. Initial reports proclaimed "Libertine" was going to be the first single, however that was proven wrong with the official report.
The DVD of the tour was released in April 2010 and documents the outdoor shows that took place at the Stade de France, in Paris, on 12 September 2009. Surprisingly, the live version of the fourth single from the album Point de suture, "C'est dans l'air", was officially announced as the first single from the live album, on 26 November 2009. The next single was "Paradis inanimé". For the first time throughout the singer's career, the film of the concert, entitled "Mylène Farmer au Stade de France", was screened at the cinema. It was broadcast on 11 April 2010 at 8.30 pm in 19 cinemas in France. For the first time, the DVD was released in Canada, on 4 May, after being officially screened by DEP / Universal Music Canada in Montréal one day earlier. The DVD was also available in Belgium, in Poland.

text:
# N°5 on Tour

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Closer* |  |
| *Deuzio* |  |
| *La Presse* |  |

***Nº5 on Tour*** is a double live album by French singer Mylène Farmer which documents her 2009 tour Mylène Farmer en tournée. It is her fifth live album and her 15th album overall. It was released on 7 December 2009, and it includes the standard set list that she sang during the indoor shows in France. Initial reports proclaimed "Libertine" was going to be the first single, however that was proven wrong with the official report. The DVD of the tour was released in April 2010 and documents the outdoor shows that took place at the Stade de France, in Paris, on 12 September 2009. Surprisingly, the live version of the fourth single from the album *Point de suture*, "C'est dans l'air", was officially announced as the first single from the live album, on 26 November 2009. The next single was "Paradis inanimé".

For the first time throughout the singer's career, the film of the concert, entitled "Mylène Farmer au Stade de France", was screened at the cinema. It was broadcast on 11 April 2010 at 8.30 pm in 19 cinemas in France.

For the first time, the DVD was released in Canada, on 4 May, after being officially screened by DEP / Universal Music Canada in Montréal one day earlier. The DVD was also available in Belgium (13 April), in Poland (23 April).

## Critical reception

### CD

Critical reception was very positive. *France Soir* stated: "Big hits, laughters, tears, shouts, "I love you"... Nothing is missing from this double CD. (...) Mylène Farmer offers her public a dynamic live performance, mixed with vocal cracks and even wrong notes. And it's good!" *Voici* said the album is "the singer's best live album since *Live à Bercy* in 1996". According to *Vacarm*, this album "reflects comprehensively the worked up atmosphere of concerts". However, it criticized "the lack of authenticity" on some songs and the "intrusion of the redundant and predictable "Rêver"", but said that "the sound is huge and rearranged, the public rather mixed down, and Mylène Farmer's slight vocal imperfections are, for once, not removed".

The album entered the French Albums Chart at number one and the digital chart at number four on 12 December 2009. In the second week it dropped to number three and totalled four non-consecutive weeks in the top 10. Then it dropped very quickly, and fell out of the top 100 after 13 weeks, but jumped at number 23 in April 2010 when the DVD was released. This chart performance is quite better than the previous live album's one. It also debuted at number one in Belgium and number 14 in Switzerland. It reached number six in its second week in Russia.

### DVD / Blu-ray

The DVD / Blu-ray release was promoted on 16 April 2010 on the French television channel TF1 in a 20-second advertisement composed of various images from the concert. Universal Music announced that over 250,000 copies were placed in stores. The DVD / Blu-ray received positive reviews from critics and in the media. For example, *Le Matin* said "the film renders perfectly the atmosphere of the arena of Paris". *Télé 2 Semaines* stated it is "a beautiful recording, (...) everything is almost perfect". *Télé Moustique* criticized the techno arrangements deemed as a bit outdated, but praised the lighting arrangements. Canadian magazine *Canoë 7 Jours* gave a mixed review, saying "multimedia projections and other decorations go to oblivion" and criticized the amplification of the basses. *Les Années Laser* said the Blu-ray is "quite live up to expectation". Canadian newspaper *La Presse* described the DVD, as "so special and so successful", notably thanks to the "extraordinary and true communion between the crowd and the artist, captured by the cameras". *What Hi-Fi ? Son & Home Cinéma* gave a mixed review: it reproaches the lack of surprise (choreographies, stage set, choice of songs...), but said that the "show is great".

The DVD went straight to number one on the chart, selling 98,177 units in the first week, reaching immediately diamond status. It remained for other seven weeks atop. The DVD was also number one in Belgium (Wallonia) for six weeks, Switzerland for four weeks, Russia and number three in Quebec.

## Track listings

### CDs

### DVD / Blu-Ray

## Album charts

## DVD charts

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Album | | |
| Belgium (BEA) | Gold | 15,000* |
| France (SNEP) | 2× Platinum | 200,000* |
| DVD | | |
| Belgium (BEA) | Gold | 25,000* |
| France (SNEP) | Diamond | 60,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Formats

Audio * Double CD
* Double CD — Book Disc (Book of 32 pages, CD-ROM with the teaser "Mylene Farmer au Stade de France")
* Triple vinyl LP
* iTunes Store digital download, including a digital booklet

Audio & Video * Collector edition (Double CD + DVD Bonus) - Limited edition

## InfoBox

| Nº5 on Tour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Mylène Farmer | |
| Released | 7 December 2009 |
| Recorded | France |
| Genre | Pop, rock, electropop |
| Mylène Farmer chronology | |
| *Point de suture*
(2008) ***Nº5 on Tour***
(2009) *Bleu noir*
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Nº5 on Tour* | |
| 1. "C'est dans l'air (live)"
Released: December 2009 2. "Paradis inanimé (live)"
Released: April 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Saint Peter, Indiana

abstract: Saint Peter is an unincorporated community in Highland Township, Franklin County, Indiana.

text:
# Saint Peter, Indiana

**Saint Peter** is an unincorporated community in Highland Township, Franklin County, Indiana.

## History

Saint Peter was laid out in 1853. The community was originally built up chiefly by Germans, who established a large Catholic church there. A post office was established at Saint Peter in 1849, and remained in operation until 1906.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Saint Peter, Indiana
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. Reifel, August Jacob (1915). *History of Franklin County, Indiana*. Windmill Publications. pp. 154.
4. "St. Peter's". Franklin County Historical Society. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
5. "Franklin County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved September 8, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Saint Peter, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Saint PeterSaint Peter | |
| Coordinates: 39°19′18″N 85°01′54″W / 39.32167°N 85.03167°W / 39.32167; -85.03167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Franklin |
| Township | Highland |
| Elevation | 968 ft (295 m) |
| ZIP code | 47012 |
| FIPS code | 18-67230 |
| GNIS feature ID | 442794 |


title: María Vela y Cueto

abstract: María Vela y Cueto (1561–1617) was a Cistercian nun born in Cardeñosa, Spain and raised in Avila for most of her young life. She became mostly known for her spastic episodes of euphoria in which many of her congregation believed that she may have been under demonic possession.

text:
# María Vela y Cueto

**María Vela y Cueto** (1561–1617) was a Cistercian nun born in Cardeñosa, Spain and raised in Avila for most of her young life. She became mostly known for her spastic episodes of euphoria in which many of her congregation believed that she may have been under demonic possession.

## Early life

Vela y Cueto was born in Cardeñosa, Spain to parents Don Diego Alvarez y Cueto, and Doña Ana de Aguirre who were part of the Spanish Aristocracy. She was born into wealth on Easter Sunday in 1561, as the third child after her parents had conceived two older brothers; Diego and Lorenzo. After Vela y Cueto's birth, Don Diego and Doña Ana went on to conceive two more daughters; Jeronima and Isabel. It is said that "all but one, Diego, did not follow the ecclesiastical route". Both of Vela y Cueto's parents raised them in a strictly religious household which explains the careers paths that she and her siblings took. Although born in Cardeñosa, she was raised the majority of her young life in the nearby provincial capital of Avila, Spain. In 1570, tragedy would befall her and her family when her father Don Diego died, a year before Vela y Cueto's first communion which lead the family into a state of poverty. At fifteen Vela y Cueto decided to make the monastic life part of her permanent life as she entered into the Cistercian house of Santa Ana. She remained in the Cistercian house for forty years. However, her decision to devote her life to the Catholic church is rare since it was a custom for those days to have marriage as a first option, the church as a second option, and prostitution was the last chance to survive in a world that would frown upon anyone who chose this life.

## Convent life

"On February 2, 1576 \[Vela y Cueto's sisters Jeronima and Isabel carried her into the Convent because she was\] too frail to cross the threshold by foot" Vela y Cueto was said to have been a sickly person "ailing, to the age of fifty-six" however she outlived her youngest sister Isabel. She was determined to live a life of celibacy and was willing to wait for six years until she could finally take her vows. Both of her younger sisters took the same vow and became nuns in the same Cistercian house as María. During her stay in Santa Ana, María Vela y Cueto started experiencing signs that claimed to come from God. These experiences were deemed to be visions, hearing of celestial voices, trances, fits and bodily contortions that would make the other nuns and clergy members wonder if her mental capabilities had suffered from her constant state of sickness or if these experiences weren't from up above but caused by possession by a demon. Abbesses were alarmed at her outlandish nature and would control Vela y Cueto's behavior by forcing her to confess.

Through these "divinely inspired" fits she claimed that she "hears Christ lament that humanity has forgotten that he suffered for them, and so she suffers with him to renew the observance of the rule within her convent. The spectacle of her mortified flesh brings the image of Christ's passion before the eyes of her community, which responds with ridicule and scandal." The monastery was very disturbed by these claims that Vela y Cueto that "a sister who has made her profession but is so unhappy with everything in the convent that is not to her liking that she goes around crying like a two-year-old". Vela y Cueto found no solace among her monastic sisters and brother, in the end she turned to her real brothers, Lorenzo and Diego "who would tolerate no disparaging remarks about her, insisting that their sister was 'a saint' even when her fellow nuns in the convent challenged the sanctity that Maria's brothers associated with her extreme ascetism and visions. In 1603 Vela y Cueto crossed paths with Dr. Miguel Gonzalez Vaquero became her spiritual supervisor and sympathizer of sorts. Vaquero was a secular priest who was also raised in Avila and heard about the thrashing nun and decided to make it his personal goal to help Vela y Cueto make sense of her divine interventions. As time went on Vela y Cueto slowly found herself to be a respected member of the convent through her involvement with the novitiates the leading of worship through song while playing the organ.

## Death and legacy

On 17 September 1614, Vela y Cueto fell ill with pleurisy and pneumonia and died on 24 September of that same year. "\[H\]er body, writings, and reputation were all taken over by priestly guardians. Chief among them was Dr. Vaquero, the sympathetic confessor of her later years and author of the biography, *La Mujer Fuerte*, first published in 1618."

With her life and writings taken over by hagiographers, Doña Maria's body and clothes were soon sought after by relic-gatherers and, instead of being buried in a simple shroud and an insignificant grave as her sisters Jeronima and Isabel had been, her corpse was honoured in the grand ceremonial of a funeral which the Bishop of Avila organised and attended, before her burial in an imposing tomb."

## Bibliography

Bilinkoff, Jodi (2005). *Related Lives*. Cornell University: Cornell University Press. pp.66–67.

McKnight, Kathryn (1997). *The Mystic of Tunja: The Writings of Madre Castillo*, 1671-1742. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 156. ISBN 1-55849-074-4.

Miller and Yavneh, Naomi and Naomi (2006). *Sibling Relations and Gender in the Early Modern World*. Ashgate Publishing Limited.p. 5. ISBN 0-7546-4010-8

Rees, Margaret (2004) *Dona Maria Vela y Cueto, Cistercian Mystic of Spain's Golden Age*. The Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 6–7,11-13


title: The Three Tenors: Paris 1998

abstract: The Three Tenors: Paris 1998 is a live album by José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti with conductor James Levine. The album was recorded at a Three Tenors concert on 10 July 1998 during celebrations for the FIFA World Cup. The concert took place in front of the Eiffel Tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. The Orchestre de Paris accompanied the singers. The audience at the live concert numbered around 150,000 people. A sound system and large screens were placed along the Champ de Mars for the crowds further back to see and hear the performance. Producer Tibor Rudas claimed prior to the concert that 2 billion viewers were expected to watch the televised performance worldwide. As in their two previous recorded concerts in Rome in 1990 and Los Angeles in 1994, Spanish tenors Carreras and Domingo and their Italian colleague Pavarotti performed a variety of operatic arias, Neapolitan songs, zarzuela romanzas, art songs, and popular music. Atlantic Records and Warner Music jointly released the audio version of the concert on 18 August 1998, while Universal Music and Decca Records released the video album on VHS and DVD. The album went gold in the United States and France.

text:
# The Three Tenors: Paris 1998

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***The Three Tenors: Paris 1998*** (re-released with the subtitle ***The Concert of the Century***) is a live album by José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti with conductor James Levine. The album was recorded at a Three Tenors concert on 10 July 1998 during celebrations for the FIFA World Cup. The concert took place in front of the Eiffel Tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. The Orchestre de Paris accompanied the singers. The audience at the live concert numbered around 150,000 people. A sound system and large screens were placed along the Champ de Mars for the crowds further back to see and hear the performance. Producer Tibor Rudas claimed prior to the concert that 2 billion viewers were expected to watch the televised performance worldwide.

As in their two previous recorded concerts in Rome in 1990 and Los Angeles in 1994, Spanish tenors Carreras and Domingo and their Italian colleague Pavarotti performed a variety of operatic arias, Neapolitan songs, zarzuela *romanzas*, art songs, and popular music. Atlantic Records and Warner Music jointly released the audio version of the concert on 18 August 1998, while Universal Music and Decca Records released the video album on VHS and DVD. The album went gold in the United States and France.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Song Information | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Io Conosco un Giardino" (sung by José Carreras) | from *Maristella* by Giuseppe Pietri | 2:11 |
| 2. | "Amor ti vieta" (sung by Plácido Domingo) | from Act II of *Fedora* by Umberto Giordano | 1:52 |
| 3. | "Granada" (sung by Luciano Pavarotti) | written by Agustín Lara | 3:00 |
| 4. | "Jeg elsker Dig (I Love but Thee)" (sung by José Carreras) | written by Edvard Grieg | 2:50 |
| 5. | "Memoires de Danton" (sung by Plácido Domingo) | written by Plácido Domingo Jr. | 4:02 |
| 6. | "Caruso" (sung by Luciano Pavarotti) | written by Lucio Dalla | 5:27 |
| 7. | "Sous le ciel de Paris (Under Paris Skies)" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Jean Dréjac and Hubert Giraud | 1:55 |
| 8. | "Solamente una vez" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Agustín Lara | 2:08 |
| 9. | "Ah! Maria, Marí" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Eduardo di Capua | 1:45 |
| 10. | "Torero Quiero" (sung by The Three Tenors) | from *El gato montés* by Manuel Penella | 1:05 |
| 11. | "Parlami d'amore" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Cesare Andrea Bixio | 2:49 |
| 12. | "Tu, ca nun chiagne!" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Ernesto de Curtis | 2:36 |
| 13. | "Manhã de Carnaval" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Luiz Bonfá / Antônio Maria | 2:24 |
| 14. | "Ti voglio tanto bene" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Ernesto de Curtis / Domenico Furno | 3:12 |
| 15. | "Voce 'e notte!" (sung by José Carreras) | written by Ernesto de Curtis | 3:39 |
| 16. | "Quiero Desterrar de Tu Pecho el Temor" (sung by Plácido Domingo) | from *La del Soto del Parral* by Reveriano Soutullo / Juan Vert | 4:52 |
| 17. | "Nessun Dorma" (sung by Luciano Pavarotti) | from Act III of Turandot by Giacomo Puccini | 2:58 |
| 18. | "Parce que (Because)" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Frank Teschemacher / Guy d'Hardelot | 2:05 |
| 19. | "O sole mio" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Eduardo di Capua | 2:01 |
| 20. | "'O surdato 'nnammurato" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Aniello Califano / Enrico Cannio | 1:54 |
| 21. | "Ay, Ay, Ay" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Osmán Pérez Freire | 3:09 |
| 22. | "Lolita" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Arturo Buzzi-Peccia | 2:36 |
| 23. | "Ständchen" (sung by The Three Tenors) | composed by Franz Schubert | 3:13 |
| 24. | "Dicitencello vuje" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Rodolfo Falvo | 3:34 |
| 25. | "Core 'ngrato (Catari)" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Salvatore Cardillo | 3:35 |
| 26. | "You'll Never Walk Alone" (sung by The Three Tenors) | written by Oscar Hammerstein II / Richard Rodgers | 3:24 |

Tracks 7–14 and 18-26 are medleys.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | 16 |
| Austria | 8 |
| Belgium (Flanders) | 14 |
| Belgium (Wallonia) | 8 |
| Dutch | 27 |
| Finnish | 23 |
| France | 6 |
| Germany | 3 |
| New Zealand | 10 |
| Swedwn | 39 |
| Swiss | 10 |
| UK | 14 |
| US | 83 |
| US Classical | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1998) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| German Albums Chart | 81 |

## Certifications

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Three Tenors: Paris 1998 | |
| --- | --- |
| (Left to right) José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti, and James Levine | |
| Live album by The Three Tenors | |
| Released | 18 August 1998 |
| Recorded | 10 July 1998,
Paris |
| Genre | opera, operatic pop |
| Length | 1:14:16 |
| Label | Atlantic / Warner Music |
| Producer | Tibor Rudas,
Christopher Raeburn |
| The Three Tenors chronology | |
| *The Three Tenors in Concert 1994*
(1994) ***The Three Tenors: Paris 1998***
(1998) *The Three Tenors Christmas*
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Three Tenors: Paris 1998* | |
| 1. "You'll Never Walk Alone" | |
|  | |


title: The Three Treasures

abstract: The Three Treasures is a 1959 Japanese epic religious fantasy film directed by Hiroshi Inagaki, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced by Toho as their celebratory thousandth film, it was the most expensive Japanese film ever made upon its release and is based on the legends Kojiki and Nihon Shoki and the origins of Shinto. The film was the highest-grossing film of 1959 for Toho and the second highest grossing domestic production in Japan for the year. The film was shown in Japan in 1959 as Nippon Tanjo with a running time of 182 minutes, but it was released in the United States in December 1960 as The Three Treasures, edited down to only 112 minutes. It was also shown internationally under the title Age of the Gods.

text:
# The Three Treasures

***The Three Treasures*** (日本誕生, *Nippon Tanjō*, lit.'*The Birth of Japan*') is a 1959 Japanese epic religious fantasy film directed by Hiroshi Inagaki, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced by Toho as their celebratory thousandth film, it was the most expensive Japanese film ever made upon its release and is based on the legends *Kojiki* and *Nihon Shoki* and the origins of *Shinto*. The film was the highest-grossing film of 1959 for Toho and the second highest grossing domestic production in Japan for the year.

The film was shown in Japan in 1959 as *Nippon Tanjo* (*The Birth of Japan*) with a running time of 182 minutes, but it was released in the United States in December 1960 as *The Three Treasures*, edited down to only 112 minutes. It was also shown internationally under the title *Age of the Gods*.

## Plot

*The Three Treasures* retells the story of the Yamato Takeru legend, and features a recounting of the great battle between Susanoo and the legendary dragon Orochi.

## Cast

## Production

Stuart Galbraith IV described the film as a religious epic in the style of director Cecil B. DeMille that featured "virtually every star and bit player on the Toho lot".

## Release

*The Three Treasures* was distributed theatrically in Japan by Toho on November 1, 1959. The film was Toho's most profitable film of the year and second highest grossing domestic film of 1959. The film was released in the United States by Toho International Company with English-language subtitles on December 20, 1960. This version of the film was cut to 112 minutes.

### Footnotes

### Sources

## InfoBox

| The Three Treasures | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Hiroshi Inagaki |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Kojiki* and *Nihon Shoki* |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kazuo Yamada |
| Edited by | Kazuji Taira |
| Music by | Akira Ifukube |
| Production
company | Toho |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * November 1, 1959 (1959-11-01) (Japan) |
| Running time | 182 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Budget | ¥250 million
($1 million) |
| Box office | ¥344.32 million |


title: Maryke Hendrikse

abstract: Marÿke Hendrikse is a Bahamian–born Canadian voice actress who works primarily for Ocean Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. She has played several roles in anime, most notably Revy in Black Lagoon and Lunamaria Hawke in Gundam Seed Destiny. She is also known for her roles as Susan Test in Johnny Test, Gilda in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Sonata Dusk in My Little Pony: Equestria Girls and Yasmin in the Bratz franchise.

text:
# Maryke Hendrikse

**Marÿke Hendrikse** (/məˈrkə ˈhɛndrɪks/ *mə-RAY-kə HEN-driks*; born February 23, 1979) is a Bahamian–born Canadian voice actress who works primarily for Ocean Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. She has played several roles in anime, most notably Revy in *Black Lagoon* and Lunamaria Hawke in *Gundam Seed Destiny*. She is also known for her roles as Susan Test in *Johnny Test*, Gilda in *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*, Sonata Dusk in *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls* and Yasmin in the *Bratz* franchise.

## History

Maryke was born in the Bahamas before she emigrated to Canada when she was 2 and a half years old, settling in Toronto. She was the first graduate from the alternative high school program Interact.

In 2008, she received the Elan Award for ‘Best Female Voice Over in an Animated Feature or TV Production’ for her role on *Johnny Test*.

She graduated from Douglas College in 2010 with a Child and Youth Care diploma, having a GPA of 4.15 out of a possible 4.33 that earned her a Governor General's Bronze Medal.

## Roles

**Anime**

**Non-anime**

**Movies**

**Video games**

## InfoBox

| Marÿke Hendrikse | |
| --- | --- |
| Hendrikse in 2007 | |
| Born | (1979-02-23) February 23, 1979<br>Nassau, Bahamas |
| Nationality | Bahamian-Canadian |
| Other names | Maryke Hendrickse |
| Occupation | Voice actress |
| Years active | 1990–present |


title: Fouad Yazgi

abstract: Fouad Yazgi was an Egyptian sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Fouad Yazgi

**Fouad Yazgi** (9 October 1932  25 October 1998) was an Egyptian sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Fouad Yazgi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Born | (1932-10-09)9 October 1932
Alexandria, Egypt |
| Died | 25 October 1998(1998-10-25) (aged 66)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 100 metres relay |


title: The Zoka-ol-Molk I

abstract: The Zoka-ol-Molk I is a painting by the Iranian realism painter Kamal-ol-molk with oil on cotton duck. It was painted in 1913 and features portrait of Mohammad Hossein Foroughi titled Zoka-ol-Molk I father of Mohammad Ali Foroughi titled Zoka-ol-Molk II.

text:
# The Zoka-ol-Molk I

***The Zoka-ol-Molk I*** is a painting by the Iranian realism painter Kamal-ol-molk with oil on cotton duck. It was painted in 1913 and features portrait of Mohammad Hossein Foroughi titled Zoka-ol-Molk I father of Mohammad Ali Foroughi titled Zoka-ol-Molk II.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| The Zoka-ol-Molk I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Kamal-ol-molk |
| Year | 1913 |
| Type | Oil on cotton duck |
| Dimensions | 64 cm × 53 cm (25 in × 21 in) |
| Location | Museum of Islamic Consultative Assembly, Tehran |


title: Forssa BK

abstract: Forssa BK is a Swedish football club located in Borlänge, Sweden.

text:
# Forssa BK

**Forssa BK** is a Swedish football club located in Borlänge, Sweden.

## Background

Forssa Bollklubb were founded on 16 April 1934 at Hushagens school. The club played their first match on 17 May 1934, winning 4–0 against IK Fylking. In 1978 the club played the biggest match in their history against Hammarby IF in the Scandia Cup. Forssa BK lost 1–5 before a crowd of 1,240.

Forssa BK currently plays in Division 4 Dalarna which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Maservallen in Borlänge.

The club is affiliated to Dalarnas Fotbollförbund. Forssa BK have competed in the Svenska Cupen on 25 occasions and have played 63 matches in the competition.

## Season to season

| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements**  1985 Tier 3 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **3rd**   1986 Tier 3 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **2nd**   1987* Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **4th**   1988 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **11th**   1989 Tier 3 **Division 2** Östra **10th**   1990 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **8th**   1991 Tier 3 **Division 2** Södra Norrland **6th** Vårserier (Spring Series)  Tier 3 **Division 2** Västra Svealand **4th** Höstserier (Autumn Series)  1992 Tier 3 **Division 2** Södra Norrland **7th** Vårserier (Spring Series)  Tier 3 **Division 2** Västra Svealand **7th** Höstserier (Autumn Series) – Relegated  1993 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **5th**   1994 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **8th**   1995 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **4th**   1996 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **4th**   1997 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **3rd**   1998 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **9th**   1999 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **7th**   2000 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **8th**   2001 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **1st** Promoted  2002 Tier 3 **Division 2** Östra Svealand **10th** Relegation Playoffs  2003 Tier 3 **Division 2** Västra Svealand **12th** Relegated  2004 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **5th**   2005 Tier 4 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **4th**   2006\** Tier 5 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **11th** Relegated  2007 Tier 6 **Division 4** Dalarna **5th**   2008 Tier 6 **Division 4** Dalarna **6th**   2009 Tier 6 **Division 4** Dalarna **8th**   2010 Tier 6 **Division 4** Dalarna **7th**   2011 Tier 6 **Division 4** Dalarna **1st** Promoted   ** League restructuring in 1987 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 2 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* *\** League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* |
| --- |

## InfoBox

Forssa BK
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Forssa Bollklubb |
| Ground | Maservallen
Borlänge
Sweden |
| Chairman | Anders Wiklund |
| League | Division 4 Dalarna |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Maschaug Pond

abstract: Maschaug Pond is a coastal lagoon in Westerly, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. Located at 41°19′07″N 71°49′51″W, it is one of nine such lagoons in southern Rhode Island. A "small, brackish pond", it is not permanently connected to the Block Island Sound, and is largely bordered by the Misquamicut Club golf course. Nests of the piping plover, which has been federally designated as a threatened species, have been documented within the watershed. Its watershed covers 392.57 acres (158.87 ha); 52.08 acres (21.08 ha) is occupied by water. Maschaug itself has a surface area of 34.63 acres (14.01 ha), while nearby Little Maschaug Pond is 11.69 acres (4.73 ha). The pond averages 6.89 ft (2.10 m) deep, and has a salinity level of approximately 7 parts per thousand, too low to sustain the growth of eelgrass. The pond is non-tidal, except when breached by storms. The water directly receives about 57,219,222 gallons of precipitation per year, though groundwater flow is unknown. No rivers or streams flow into the pond. Maschaug Pond, like others in the region, was "formed after the recession of the glaciers 12,000 years ago". As a result of certain environmental conditions, including low elevation of surrounding land and dense residential and commercial development, Maschaug Pond is considered particularly susceptible to storm surge. It is projected that during a future hurricane, Winnapaug and Maschaug Ponds will likely be significantly changed.

text:
# Maschaug Pond

**Maschaug Pond** is a coastal lagoon in Westerly, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. Located at 41°19′07″N 71°49′51″W / 41.3187110°N 71.8309015°W / 41.3187110; -71.8309015 (Maschaug Pond), it is one of nine such lagoons (often referred to as "salt ponds") in southern Rhode Island. A "small, brackish pond", it is not permanently connected to the Block Island Sound, and is largely bordered by the Misquamicut Club golf course. Nests of the piping plover, which has been federally designated as a threatened species, have been documented within the watershed.

Its watershed covers 392.57 acres (158.87 ha); 52.08 acres (21.08 ha) is occupied by water. Maschaug itself has a surface area of 34.63 acres (14.01 ha), while nearby Little Maschaug Pond is 11.69 acres (4.73 ha). The pond averages 6.89 ft (2.10 m) deep, and has a salinity level of approximately 7 parts per thousand, too low to sustain the growth of eelgrass. The pond is non-tidal, except when breached by storms. The water directly receives about 57,219,222 gallons of precipitation per year, though groundwater flow is unknown. No rivers or streams flow into the pond. Maschaug Pond, like others in the region, was "formed after the recession of the glaciers 12,000 years ago".

As a result of certain environmental conditions, including low elevation of surrounding land and dense residential and commercial development, Maschaug Pond is considered particularly susceptible to storm surge. It is projected that during a future hurricane, Winnapaug and Maschaug Ponds will likely be significantly changed.

## InfoBox

| Maschaug Pond | |
| --- | --- |
| seen from the Ocean View Highway | |
| Maschaug Pond | |
| Location | Westerly, Washington County, Rhode Island |
| Group | Salt Ponds of Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°19′07″N 71°49′51″W / 41.3187110°N 71.8309015°W / 41.3187110; -71.8309015 |
| Type | coastal lagoon, brackish |
| Primary inflows | *precipitation*, *groundwater* |
| Catchment area | 392.57 acres (158.87 ha) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 34.63 acres (14.01 ha) |
| Average depth | 6.89 ft (2.10 m) |


title: Maschalandra

abstract: Maschalandra is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Edward Meyrick in 1937. Its only species, Maschalandra euphema, described in the same publication, is known from Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Maschalandra

***Maschalandra*** is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Edward Meyrick in 1937. Its only species, ***Maschalandra euphema***, described in the same publication, is known from Democratic Republic of the Congo (including Lubumbashi, the type location).

## InfoBox

| *Maschalandra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | ***Maschalandra***
Meyrick, 1937 |
| Species: | ***M. euphema*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maschalandra euphema***
Meyrick, 1937 | |
|


title: Maryland Route 47

abstract: Maryland Route 47 is a state highway located in Allegany County in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Barrelville Road, the state highway runs 1.67 miles (2.69 km) from MD 36 in Barrelville north to the Pennsylvania state line, where the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 160. While it is a minor route today, MD 47 was once part of the main highway between Cumberland and Somerset, Pennsylvania. The state highway was constructed in its modern form in the early 1920s.

text:
# Maryland Route 47

**Maryland Route 47** (**MD 47**) is a state highway located in Allegany County in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as **Barrelville Road**, the state highway runs 1.67 miles (2.69 km) from MD 36 in Barrelville north to the Pennsylvania state line, where the highway continues north as Pennsylvania Route 160 (PA 160). While it is a minor route today, MD 47 was once part of the main highway between Cumberland and Somerset, Pennsylvania. The state highway was constructed in its modern form in the early 1920s.

## Route description

MD 47 begins at an intersection with MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) in Barrelville. The state highway heads north as a two-lane undivided road through the valley of the North Branch of Jennings Run, which the highway crosses three times before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues north as PA 160 (Main Street), which passes through the borough of Wellersburg shortly after crossing the border.

## History

MD 47 is part of what was once the most direct route between Cumberland and Somerset. A road has existed along the alignment of the present state highway since at least 1804. By 1832, there was an effort to organize a turnpike company to connect Cumberland with the Somerset and Cumberland Turnpike at the state line. The modern MD 47 was paved by 1921. At least two of the bridges over the North Branch of Jennings Run were built in 1923. In 2012, the route was realigned at a bridge over the North Branch of Jennings Run.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Allegany County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Barrelville | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 36 (Mount Savage Road) Mount Savage, Cumberland | Southern terminus |
|  | 1.67 | 2.69 |
PA 160 north (Main Street) Wellersburg, Somerset | Pennsylvania state line; northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Auxiliary routes

* MD 47A is the unsigned designation for Sturtz Lane, which runs 0.04 miles (0.064 km) from MD 47 north to the road end, at which point Sturtz Lane continues as a private road. The route was created in 2012 following a realignment of MD 47.

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 47KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 47 | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrelville Road | |
| Maryland Route 47 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 1.67 mi (2.69 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | MD 36 in Barrelville |
| North end | PA 160 near Barrelville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Allegany |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 45   MD 49 | |


title: The Top 100 Drugs

abstract: The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing is a pocket-size medical manual focusing on the most commonly prescribed medicines by the British National Health Service (NHS). It was first published by Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, in 2014, revised in a second edition in 2018, and again in 2022 in a third edition. It is authored by four clinical pharmacologists from St George's Hospital, London; Andrew Hitchings, Dagan Lonsdale, Daniel Burrage and Emma Baker. The drugs are described in alphabetical order, with each drug or drug class on a double page. Each is subsequently explained in terms of clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing. Intravenous fluids are dealt with later in the book, followed by a self-assessment. The book received a review in Pulse, and in 2018 was listed as an essential reference book for junior doctors by the Pharmaceutical Journal.

text:
# The Top 100 Drugs

***The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing*** is a pocket-size medical manual focusing on the most commonly prescribed medicines by the British National Health Service (NHS). It was first published by Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, in 2014, revised in a second edition in 2018, and again in 2022 in a third edition. It is authored by four clinical pharmacologists from St George's Hospital, London; Andrew Hitchings, Dagan Lonsdale, Daniel Burrage and Emma Baker.

The drugs are described in alphabetical order, with each drug or drug class on a double page. Each is subsequently explained in terms of clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing. Intravenous fluids are dealt with later in the book, followed by a self-assessment.

The book received a review in *Pulse*, and in 2018 was listed as an essential reference book for junior doctors by the *Pharmaceutical Journal*.

## Development and publication

*The Top 100 Drugs* is a medical manual which aims to reduce risks in prescribing. It includes a list of commonly prescribed medicines by the British NHS, for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in the UK. It was first published as an e-book by Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, in 2014. A second edition was published in 2018.

The first edition was based on the 100 most frequently prescribed drugs by the NHS in 2006–2009, first described in the *British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology* in 2011 by Emma Baker, who identified the drugs with how they appear in the *British National Formulary* (*BNF*). The book is authored by Baker and three other clinical pharmacologists from St George's Hospital; Andrew Hitchings, Dagan Lonsdale and Daniel Burrage, and takes into account suggestions from junior doctors. The list was revised in 2015, using data collected from a larger dataset to check that no significant changes had occurred, and formed the basis of the second edition, in which 11 drugs were replaced and the number of self-assessment questions doubled. A third edition was released in 2022.

## Content

The book has 325 pages and being 180 mm (7.1 in) in height and 100 mm (3.9 in) width, it can fit in a pocket. There is a contents page, followed by a list of abbreviations and an introduction.

The introduction states how the most frequently prescribed drugs in primary and secondary care were identified. Each drug or class of drugs is listed in alphabetical order, displayed on a double page and explained in two sections; clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing. These are then divided into;

* **Common indications**: in which conditions the drug is used.
* **Mechanism of action**: the way the drug works.
* **Important adverse effects**: side effects.
* **Warnings**: cautions and reasons where the drug should not be used.
* **Important interactions**: effect with other drugs.
* **Prescription**: dose and route of administration of drug.
* **Administration**: how the drug is given.
* **Communication**: information required by people.
* **Monitoring**: checks needed for each drug.
* **Cost**: mostly highlighting whether a drug is expensive or inexpensive.
* **Clinical tips**: a useful fact from the authors' experience.

The pharmacology of a drug or drug class is presented with guidance on prescribing. A drug can also be located by organ system or by clinical indication. Intravenous fluids are dealt with towards the end of the book, followed by a self assessment and an index. Unlike the original list, the second includes the newer diabetic drugs, blood thinners and anti-epileptics such as levetiracetam.

## Reception

In 2014, the book received a review from a general practitioner in *Pulse*, in which they felt it to be aimed towards those unfamiliar with prescribing, but useful as an aid to revising drugs. It was mentioned in the *International Journal of Clinical Skills*, and in 2018, the *Pharmaceutical Journal* listed the book in their "nine essential resources for preregistration trainees".

## InfoBox

The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Pharmacology |
| Publisher | Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier |
| Publication date | 1st 2014, 2nd 2018, 3rd 2022 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 325 |
| ISBN | 978-0-3238-3445-2 |


title: The Young Ones (song)

abstract: "The Young Ones" is a single by Cliff Richard and the Shadows. The song, written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, is the title song to the 1961 film The Young Ones and its soundtrack album. With advance orders of over 500,000, it was released in January 1962 on the Columbia (EMI) label and went straight to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It was the first British single to do so since Elvis Presley's "It's Now or Never" in November 1960. It held that position for six weeks and spent 20 weeks in the chart. It has sold 1.06 million copies in the UK, and 2.6m worldwide. "The Young Ones" was also included on Cliff Richard and the Shadows No. 1 EP Hits from the Young Ones. The song was reworked and chosen as the lead single on the orchestral release Cliff with Strings in 2023.

text:
# The Young Ones (song)

"**The Young Ones**" is a single by Cliff Richard and the Shadows. The song, written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, is the title song to the 1961 film *The Young Ones* and its soundtrack album.

With advance orders of over 500,000, it was released in January 1962 on the Columbia (EMI) label and went straight to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It was the first British single to do so since Elvis Presley's "It's Now or Never" in November 1960. It held that position for six weeks and spent 20 weeks in the chart. It has sold 1.06 million copies in the UK, and 2.6m worldwide.

"The Young Ones" was also included on Cliff Richard and the Shadows No. 1 EP *Hits from the Young Ones*.

The song was reworked and chosen as the lead single on the orchestral release *Cliff with Strings* in 2023.

## Personnel

## Chart performance

| Chart (1962) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Music Maker, Sydney) | 1 |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 6 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 4 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 10 |
| Canada (CHUM, Toronto) | 5 |
| Denmark (Quans Musikbureau) | 1 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 6 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 16 |
| Hong Kong | 3 |
| Ireland (Evening Herald) | 1 |
| Israel (Kol Israel) | 1 |
| Japan (Utamatic, Tokyo) | 6 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 1 |
| New Zealand | 1 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 2 |
| South Africa (Radio of South Africa) | 1 |
| Spain (Promusicae) | 1 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 4 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 1 |

In the 1980s, it became the theme song to the alternative comedy sitcom *The Young Ones*.

## InfoBox

| "The Young Ones" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the German edition | |
| Single by Cliff Richard and the Shadows | |
| from the album  *The Young Ones* | |
| B-side | "We Say Yeah" (Gormley-Welch-Marvin) |
| Released | January 1962 |
| Recorded | 11 August & 5 December 1961, EMI Studios, London |
| Length | 3:11 |
| Label | Columbia (EMI) DB 4761 |
| Songwriter(s) | Tepper/Bennett |
| Producer(s) | Norrie Paramor |
| Cliff Richard and the Shadows singles chronology | |
| "Outsider"
(1962) "**The Young Ones**"
(1962) "I'm Looking out the Window"
(1962) | |