# Viral strategies for immune response evasion

The mammalian immune system has evolved complex methods for addressing and adapting to foreign antigens. At the same time, viruses have co-evolved evasion machinery to address the many ways that host organisms attempt to eradicate them. DNA and RNA viruses use complex methods to evade immune cell detection through disruption of the Interferon Signaling Pathway, remodeling of cellular architecture, targeted gene silencing, and recognition protein cleavage.

## Interferon system

The human immune system relies on a plethora of cell-cell signaling pathways to transmit information about a cell's health and microenvironment. Many of these pathways are mediated by soluble ligands, cytokines, that fit like a lock-and-key into adjacent cell surface receptors. This language of cell communication imparts both specificity and spatiotemporal control for the transmission of data.

The Interferon System is composed of a family of cytokines. Type-I Interferons, IFN-α/β, and Type-III Interferons, IFN-λ play key roles in adaptive immunity, acting as communication highways between cells infected with foreign double stranded DNA or double stranded RNA. Mammalian cells utilize specialized receptors known as Pattern Recognition Receptors(PRRs) to detect viral infection; these receptors are able to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) inscribed in viral DNA and RNA. These pattern recognition receptors, often localized to either the cytosol or the nucleus, are responsible for notifying infected cells and initiating the secretion of interferon cytokines.

## Double-stranded RNA mediated immune response

The precise role of double-stranded (ds)RNA is still widely investigated as a central player in the Interferon System. Groups have found that positive-strand RNA viruses and dsRNA viruses produced significant amounts of dsRNA, but the precise methods mammalian cells leverage to distinguish between self vs. non-self dsRNA have yet to be uncovered. Studies suggest that recognition must extend beyond simple identification of dsRNA structure and likely relies on other epigenetic markers.

### Double-stranded RNA recognition

#### Protein kinase activation

dsRNA has been implicated in the activation of the interferon system through the activation of Protein Kinase R, PKR. Cytoplasmic PKR is often associated with the ribosome in mammalian cells where it is able to recognize double-stranded and single-stranded RNA and subsequently phosphorylate varies substrates, arresting protein synthesis. The activation of PKR subsequently triggers interferon signaling, initiating cell death in response to viral dsRNA recognition. While the PKR The roles of PKR activation have been deeply studied with groups finding that it is insensitive to the presence of short dsRNA and siRNA but showing significant affinity for dsRNA and ssRNA with secondary structure.

#### 2'-5'- Oligoadenylate synthetase

Groups have found that the Interferon Signaling promotes the activation of a 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, sensitive to the presence of dsRNA longer than 15 base pairs. Because this mechanism is not sensitive to self vs. non-self dsRNA binding, results indicate overall reduction in protein synthesis but indicated no specificity for a sole reduction of viral protein synthesis.

## Viral evasion strategies

In recent years, studies have focused on how viruses evade Pattern Recognition Receptors, target adaptor proteins and their kinases, inhibit transcription factors for Interferon induction, and evade Interferon Stimulated Genes.

### Pattern recognition receptor evasion

Viruses of the flaviviridae Family, such as hepatitis C virus, have developed complex viral mechanisms to rearrange the cell membrane, creating a membranaceous web designed to house viral replication machinery. These viruses utilize endogenous host cell nuclear pore complex proteins to shield viral RNA from Pattern Recognition Receptors by excluding PRRs from the interior of the viral membrane compartment. By utilizing architectural rearrangement of the membrane, viruses have developed a method to evade cytoplasm localized pattern recognition proteins such as RIG-I. In order to evade pattern recognition, other viruses such as Enterovirus have evolved multi-functional proteins that not only help in viral protein processing but also cleave cytoplasmic recognition proteins MDA5 and RIG-I, further demonstrating the extent to which viruses can reduce Interferon Signaling through various pathways. Other viruses have been reported to target upstream activators of pattern recognition proteins, antagonizing upstream proteins that removed inhibitory post-translational modifications.

### Nucleic acid shielding

Other viruses utilize host cell proteins to shield viral DNA until it has reached the nucleus. Upon entry into the host cell cytoplasm, the HIV-1 capsid is recognized and bound by cyclophilin A (CypA); this affinity interaction stabilizes the capsid and prevents exposure of the HIV-1 cDNA to pattern recognition receptors in the cytoplasm. This shielding allows the HIV-1 cDNA to translocate to the nucleus where it may begin replication.


title: Villers-Buzon

abstract: Villers-Buzon is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Villers-Buzon

**Villers-Buzon** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ byzɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 75 |  |
| 1968 | 77 | +2.7% |
| 1975 | 109 | +41.6% |
| 1982 | 169 | +55.0% |
| 1990 | 240 | +42.0% |
| 1999 | 236 | −1.7% |
| 2008 | 260 | +10.2% |

## InfoBox

| Villers-Buzon | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The water trough in Villers-Buzon | |
|  | |
| Location of Villers-Buzon | |
| Villers-BuzonVillers-Buzon | |
| Coordinates: 47°13′42″N 5°51′08″E / 47.2283°N 5.8522°E / 47.2283; 5.8522 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Besançon |
| Canton | Saint-Vit |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Boris Doubey |
| Area**1** | 3.19 km2 (1.23 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 277 |
| Density | 87/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25622 /25170 |
| Elevation | 227–295 m (745–968 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Visayan leopard cat

abstract: The Visayan leopard cat, known locally as maral, is a Sunda leopard cat population in the Philippine Islands of Negros, Cebu and Panay. It has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List in 2008 under its former scientific name P. bengalensis rabori as its range is estimated to be less than 20,000 km⁲ (7,700 sq mi), and the population was thought to be decreasing.

text:
# Visayan leopard cat

The **Visayan leopard cat**, known locally as **maral**, is a Sunda leopard cat (*Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus*) population in the Philippine Islands of Negros, Cebu and Panay. It has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List in 2008 under its former scientific name *P. bengalensis rabori* as its range is estimated to be less than 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi), and the population was thought to be decreasing.

## Taxonomy

*Prionailurus bengalensis rabori* was proposed in 1997 by anthropologist Colin Groves based on morphological analysis of a skin and skull. He considered it a leopard cat subspecies.

Results of phylogeographic research show that Sunda leopard cats from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippine islands are genetically very similar. The Sunda leopard cat probably reached the Philippine islands from Borneo after the eruption of Toba Volcano during the late Pleistocene glaciation. It has therefore been subsumed to *P. javanensis sumatranus* in 2017.

## Characteristics

The fur of the Visayan leopard cat is dark ochre to buffy fawn with large and dark spots. Its skull is a little narrower than that of the Sumatran leopard cat and Bornean leopard cat.

## Distribution and habitat

The Visayan leopard cat is endemic to the Philippine islands of Panay and Negros where it inhabits remnant forest fragments. In Cebu, it has also been recorded in sugarcane farms. It is probably locally extinct or close to extinction on the islands of Cebu and Masbate. Panay and Negros islands have lost 90%–95 % of their natural habitat.

## In captivity

Five Visayan leopard cats are housed at the Mariit Wildlife and Conservation Park at the West Visayas State University campus in Lambunao, Iloilo.

## InfoBox

| Visayan leopard cat | |
| --- | --- |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Felinae |
| Genus: | *Prionailurus* |
| Species: | *P. javanensis*
 |
| Subspecies: | *P. j. sumatranus* |
| Population: | **Visayan leopard cat** |


title: Visayan broadbill

abstract: The Visayan broadbill is a species of bird in the family Eurylaimidae where it was previously conspecific with the wattled broadbill. It is endemic to the islands of Samar, Leyte and Bohol in the central Philippines. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Visayan broadbill

The **Visayan broadbill** (***Sarcophanops samarensis***) is a species of bird in the family Eurylaimidae where it was previously conspecific with the wattled broadbill. It is endemic to the islands of Samar, Leyte and Bohol in the central Philippines. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Description and taxonomy

Small, brightly coloured passerine of lowland forest on Bohol, Leyte, and Samar islands. Has a pale blue bill and deeper blue eye wattle, a black face, a streaked crown, a reddish-brown back, a dark wing with a pinkish to white wingbar, a thin white collar with some scaling above, reddish rump and tail and overall stout appearance. Underparts are white in the female and pinkish in the male. Makes short sallies for insects. Can be found in pairs, small groups, or sometimes mixed-species flocks. Unmistakable. Voice includes a plaintive whistle and a sharp *tyik!*.

They are sexually dimorphic in which the males have reddish-pink bellies with the females having clean white bellies. The collar of the males is reddish-pink while females have a black-and-white collar.

It is differentiated by its thinner reddish collar and white wing patch versus the Wattled broadbill with its thicker white collar and yellow wing patch. It is also smaller with sizes of 14-15 versus the 16–18cm of the Wattled broadbill

## Ecology and behavior

These birds are insectivorous where they forage in the middle and lower levels of the forest floor. Seen singly, in pairs or even small family groups of up to 5 birds. Seldomly joins mixed flocks.

Its nest has been recorded with main breeding season believed to be from March to May although immature birds have been recorded almost throughout the year. It builds its nest with moss

## Habitat and conservation status

Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forest, tropical mangrove forest,and tropical moist shrubland with most records under 1,000 meters above sea level. It is often found foraging in the understorey and lower parts of the canopy.

IUCN has assessed this bird as vulnerable with the population being estimated at 2,500 to 9,999. Extensive lowland deforestation on all islands in its range is the main threat. Most remaining lowland forest that is not afforded protection leaving it vulnerable to both legal and Illegal logging, conversion into farmlands through Slash-and-burn and mining. There is only 4% forest remaining in Bohol and around 400 km2 of primary forest combined in Samar and Leyte with no respite in deforestation.

This occurs in a few protected areas such as Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape and Samar Island Natural Park however protection is lax.

Conservation actions proposed include to survey remaining habitat to better understand ecology and population size. Propose sites supporting key populations for protection and ensure that proposed protected areas receive actual protection from threats.

## InfoBox

| Visayan broadbill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Eurylaimidae |
| Genus: | *Sarcophanops* |
| Species: | ***S. samarensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sarcophanops samarensis***
Steere, 1890 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eurylaimus samarensis* | |


title: Murraytrematoides

abstract: Murraytrematoides is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans in the family Diplectanidae. Species of this genus are parasite on Perciformes and Anguilliformes marine fish. The genus Geneticoenteron Yamaguti, 1958 was considered a synonym of Murraytrematoides by Oliver.

text:
# Murraytrematoides

***Murraytrematoides*** is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans in the family Diplectanidae.

Species of this genus are parasite on Perciformes and Anguilliformes marine fish. The genus *Geneticoenteron* Yamaguti, 1958 was considered a synonym of *Murraytrematoides* by Oliver.

## Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species, species include:

## InfoBox

| *Murraytrematoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Dactylogyridea |
| Family: | Diplectanidae |
| Genus: | *Murraytrematoides*<br>Yamaguti, 1958 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


abstract: The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de Chirico, Antonio Rotta, Felice Casorati, Carlo Carrà, and Fortunato Depero. Fortunato Depero's house in Rovereto is also part of the Museum. The permanent collection contains more than 15,000 artworks, including paintings, drawings, engravings, and sculptures.

text:
# Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto

The **Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART)** (*Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto*, in Italian) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de Chirico, Antonio Rotta, Felice Casorati, Carlo Carrà, and Fortunato Depero. Fortunato Depero's house in Rovereto (known as *Casa d'Arte Futurista Depero*) is also part of the Museum.

The permanent collection contains more than 15,000 artworks, including paintings, drawings, engravings, and sculptures.

## History

The MART originated in 1987 as an autonomous entity within the autonomous Trentino province. It was installed in the Palazzo delle Albere in Trento. The idea of expanding the museum to combine both the legacy of the great futurist Fortunato Depero and the disparate inheritance held by the Trento Regional Arts Museum (*"Museo Provinciale d'Arte di Trento"*) dates back to 1991, and was the project, in the first instance, of Gabriella Belli.

On 15 December 2002 the MART finally opened to the general public, with a new headquarters at Rovereto, a small town a short distance to the south of Trento.

## Design and construction

Design of the new building was entrusted to the Ticinese architect Mario Botta, who worked on its development with the Rovereto structural engineer Giulio Andreolli. A 29,000 square metre site was available, but between the site and the road (Via Bettini) allowance had to be made for two substantial eighteenth century town houses (*palazzi*). Fortunately there is a gap between the two which provides sufficient space for an entrance.

Botta's solution to the challenges of the site draws inspiration from classical forms (notably that of the Pantheon), but also incorporates technically adventurous solutions. Invoking the mantra, "Space for art, not space despite art", the design involves a "pantheon without a facade", involving three storeys of museum space arranged around a large round "agora", covered over with "glass" dome/cupola with a 40-meter diameter. The structure of the cupola makes extensive use of steel and "plexiglass", and includes a "missing slice" made possible by complex engineering solutions. in the central area beneath the cupola there is a fountain. The wall facings make use of the yellow stone from Vicenza, which was the stone favoured by Andrea Palladio, although the innovative way in which the facing slabs have been attached allows for each to be individually replaced without major structural upheavals, in a way owes little to the sixteenth century architectural maestro. The "agora" can accommodate up to 1,200 visitors.

## Exhibitions

*Words and Stars* (2 April – 2 July 2017) presented Nobel prize winning author Pamuk and renowned contemporary artist Toderi's collaborative project exploring "the inclination of man to explore space and innate vocation to question the stars," which took "shape in a trilogy divided into a monologue, dialogue and conversation on the stars: three large installations immersive multi-screen consisting of eight video projections, which combine images and text. The vocation cosmological inherent to the project thus finds expression in a unique visual and literary body." The show was curated by Gianfranco Maraniello.

Recent exhibitions have included *An Eternal Beauty. The Classical Canon in Early 20th Century Italian Art* (2 July – 5 November 2017), *Francesco Lo Savio* (5 November 2017 – 18 March 2018), *Magic Realism. Enchantment in Italian Painting in the 1920s and 1930s* (3 December 2017 – 2 April 2018), *Gianfranco Baruchello* (18 May – 16 September 2018), and *Richard Artschwager* (12 October 2019 – 2 February 2020).

## InfoBox

Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto
| Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto | |
| --- | --- |
| MART, Entrance | |
|  | |
| Location | Corso Angelo Bettini, 43, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy |
| Coordinates | 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E / 45.8940°N 11.0450°E / 45.8940; 11.0450 |
| Type | Art museum |
| Director | Diego Ferretti |
| President | Vittorio Sgarbi |
| Public transit access | Rovereto train station. Taxis outside station. |
| Website | www.mart.trento.it |


abstract: The Museum of Multiethnic Musical Instruments "Fausto Cannone" is dedicated to music and is located inside the Ex Church of Saint James of the Sword at 75, Via Commendatore Navarra in Alcamo, Italy.

text:
# Museum of Multiethnic Musical Instruments "Fausto Cannone"

The **Museum of Multiethnic Musical Instruments "Fausto Cannone"** is dedicated to music and is located inside the Ex Church of Saint James of the Sword at 75, Via Commendatore Navarra (near the Castle of the Counts of Modica) in Alcamo, Italy.

## History

With the deliberation n° 116 of 23 November 2012, the Town Council of Alcamo, approved the steering motion, with the Councillor professor Antonio Fundarò as the first signatory and proposer, named "Institution Museum of Music Fausto Cannone".

On 23 January 2014 the Municipal Administration approved the deliberation relating to the foundation of the "Museum of the Multiethnic Musical Instruments", later inaugurated in July of the same year.

Initially the museum was set in two rooms of the Museum of Contemporary Art of Alcamo inside the Ex Collegio dei Gesuiti, in Piazza Ciullo, at last, in June 2018 the museum has its final seat in the premises of the ex church San Giacomo della Spada.

The museum was born thanks to the perseverance of Fausto Cannone (a teacher, poet and singer-songwriter): thanks to his generous donation, they could realize in Alcamo the first ethnical musical Museum existing in Sicily.

On 25 May 2021, the Municipal Administration has assigned the delivery of works relating to the project of extraordinary maintenance of the ex church San Giacomo della Spada, which foresees the correct conservation of the collection of the instruments belonged to Maestro Fausto Cannone.

The project has been financed by GAL *Gulf di Castellammare*, PSR Sicilia 2014–2020.

At last the museum is going to have the suitable setting for the touristic-cultural fruition and the performing of recreational activities for citizens and visitors; in this way, they are going to resume the old ideal of the historical hospice inside this church, representing a place and an obligatory point of passage for the pilgrims who wanted to reach Santiago de Compostela.

### Fausto Cannone

The museum was opened thanks to Fausto Cannone's perseverance and desire of this artist to leave a sign of love to his town: Cannone, who died last September, went round the world for 30 years: he got the most strange and original musical instruments, string and wind ones, which are all working and bought in their original countries. At last, this exceptional patrimony, maybe unique in its genre, has its final seat.

Fausto Cannone had received several requests, even by the Palazzo Steri from Palermo, but he preferred to donate these precious instruments to his hometown. He wanted to dedicate this museum to his father Gaspare Cannone who was a journalist, literary critic, anarchist and antifascist: He lived in the United States for many years, but due to his stands in favour of Sacco and Vanzetti, he was arrested and then forced to get back to Italy.

### Description and instruments

The museum hosts 202 instruments coming from Thailand to Tibet, from New Guinea al South America, from Polynesia to China, from Australia to Argentina, from South Africa to several European countries. Most of them are poor instruments, made with parts of plants and animals, but there are also valuable craft products.

Among the instruments you can see at the museum there are: flutes, cymbals, drums, bagpipes, accordions, trumpets, violins, guitars, mandolins, harmonicas.

Here is the list:

* Nanga (Congo or Uganda): with a wooden oval box, wholly closed with skin and with a solid handle inserted, with a side series of tuning pegs which serve to stretch the strings made of guts or fibers.

On the nanga they sing and recite slow melodies praising the leaders’ feats

* Qanun, Egypt: instrument with 78 strings, similar to a trapezoidal citara
* Kornai, Turkestan
* Saran, India
* Pipa, China: instrument with 4 strings belonging to the family of lutes
* Yùeh ch’in (China): one of the main types of lutes with a short Chinese handle, with a circular box.
* T'ang-ku (China)
* Zheng (China)
* Gender or metallophone, Indonesia.
* Berimbau or urmwngo (Brasil): a string musical instrument from Africa, which was spread in Brasil after the importation of African slaves during colonialism. Today it is part of the tradition of music of Latin America; it is made up of a wooden bow which stretches a metal string. A dry and hollow pumpkin operates like a sound box. Two models
* Zither, Austria; string instrument: its strings are stretched over a resonator like in the psaltery. Two models
* Kantele, Finland; instrument with 5 strings, linked by a wooden handle dug to the body and opened in the lower part.
* Gusle, (ex-Jugoslavia): popular instrument with a single string used in Balkans, deriving from the byzantine lyra.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Museum of Multiethnic Musical Instruments "Fausto Cannone"
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 2014 |
| Location | Ex Church of Saint James of the Sword, 75 Via Commendatore Navarra, Alcamo |
| Coordinates | 37°58′48″N 12°57′59″E / 37.97993°N 12.96629°E / 37.97993; 12.96629 |
| Website | http://www.comune.alcamo.tp.it/ |


abstract: The Nocturne in E minor, Op. posth. 72 No. 1, WN 23, was composed by Frédéric Chopin for solo piano in 1826. It was Chopin's first composed nocturne, although it was the nineteenth to be published, in 1855, along with two other early works: a funeral march in C minor and three écossaises. The composition features an unbroken line of quaver triplets in the left hand set against a slow melody of minims, crotchets, quaver duplets and triplets. It consists of 57 bars of common time with the tempo given as Andante, = 69 bpm.

text:
# Nocturne in E minor, Op. posth. 72 (Chopin)

The **Nocturne in E minor**, Op. posth. 72 No. 1, WN 23, was composed by Frédéric Chopin for solo piano in 1826. It was Chopin's first composed nocturne, although it was the nineteenth to be published, in 1855, along with two other early works: a funeral march in C minor and three écossaises. The composition features an unbroken line of quaver triplets in the left hand set against a slow melody of minims, crotchets, quaver duplets and triplets. It consists of 57 bars of common time with the tempo given as *Andante*,  = 69 bpm.

## Background

According to Casimir Wierzyknski, in his book *The Life and Death of Chopin*, "up until then this form \[the nocturne\] had been the exclusive domain of John Field, an Irish-born composer. But his Nocturne in E minor did not satisfy him \[Chopin\] and was published only posthumously."

## Form

An informal analysis of the piece is as follows:

* Bar 1: Introduction, first subject.
* Bar 2–9: Theme A, in E minor.
* Bar 10–17: Variation on theme A, beginning with octaves in the right hand.
* Bar 18–22: Interlude
* Bar 23–30: Theme B, in B major, consisting of a four bar phrase, repeated with variation, second subject.
* Bar 31–38: Heavily ornamented variation on A, in E minor, first subject again.
* Bar 39–46: Variation on theme A, beginning with octaves in the right hand.
* Bar 47–54: Theme B, modulated to E major, second subject again.
* Bar 55–57: Coda in E major.

## Use in modern culture

This piece was played by the actor Jeri Ryan while portraying Seven of Nine at the beginning of the *Star Trek: Voyager* episode "Human Error". The piece was also performed by Doc Holiday in the 1993 movie *Tombstone* and was used as the main theme in *The Secret Garden* (1987).


title: Turbonilla vesperis

abstract: Turbonilla vesperis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla vesperis

***Turbonilla vesperis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla vesperis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. vesperis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla vesperis***<br>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 | |
|


title: Mao Zedong (TV series)

abstract: Mao Zedong is a 2013 Chinese epic biographical television series which dramatises the life of Mao Zedong, former chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the main founder of the People's Republic of China. It was directed by Gao Xixi, and starred Tang Guoqiang, Liu Jing, Li Bowen, Guo Lianwen, and Wang Wufu. The television series was released in 2013 to mark the 120th anniversary of the birth of Mao Zedong.

text:
# Mao Zedong (TV series)

***Mao Zedong***  (simplified Chinese: 毛泽东; traditional Chinese: 毛澤東; pinyin: *Máo Zédōng*) is a 2013 Chinese epic biographical television series which dramatises the life of Mao Zedong, former chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the main founder of the People's Republic of China. It was directed by Gao Xixi, and starred Tang Guoqiang, Liu Jing, Li Bowen, Guo Lianwen, and Wang Wufu. The television series was released in 2013 to mark the 120th anniversary of the birth of Mao Zedong.

## Cast

### Mao and other Communist Party leaders

### Kuomintang leaders

### Others

## Production

Shooting began in December 2012 and took place in various locations including Hunan, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Beijing, and Shanghai.

## Award

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient(s) and nominee(s) | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | China TV Golden Eagle Award | Golden Eagle Award for Best Television Series | Nominated |  |
|

## InfoBox

| *Mao Zedong* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
|
|  | |
| Genre | Epic biographical, historical |
| Based on | Mao Zedong |
| Written by | Huang Hui
Ye Jian
Quan Ying
Yang Hong |
| Directed by | Gao Xixi |
| Starring | Tang Guoqiang
Liu Jing
Guo Lianwen
Wang Wufu
Li Bowen |
| Ending theme | PLA Occupied Nanjing (中国人民解放军占领南京) |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original languages | Mandarin
English
Russian
Japanese
Korean |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 100 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Zhang Huali
Zhou Yaping
Luo Hao |
| Production locations | Hunan, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai |
| Cinematography | Niu Mingshan
Zhong Hua
Lu Jian
Sun Xiaoliang
Yang Wei |
| Production companies | China Television Production Center
Hunan Radio and TV Station
Hunan Heguang Media
Zhejiang Meinong Film |
| Original release | |
| Release | December 25, 2013 (2013-12-25)
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27) |


title: Quasi Self Boot 93–96

abstract: Quasi Self Boot 93–96 is a compilation album by the American indie band Quasi. The compilation is self-released, and has been sold only at live shows beginning in 2006. The compilation features tracks from the band's self-released cassette from 1993, a few previously unreleased tracks, and the song "Ghidora–The Cat–From Bad to Worse" from their split 7-inch with Bugskull. Three of the tracks on the compilation are cover songs: "Sound & Vision", "Take Me With U", and "Life's a Gas".

text:
# Quasi Self Boot 93–96

***Quasi Self Boot 93–96*** is a compilation album by the American indie band Quasi.

The compilation is self-released, and has been sold only at live shows beginning in 2006. The compilation features tracks from the band's self-released cassette from 1993, a few previously unreleased tracks, and the song "Ghidora–The Cat–From Bad to Worse" from their split 7-inch with Bugskull. Three of the tracks on the compilation are cover songs: "Sound & Vision" (originally by David Bowie), "Take Me With U" (originally by Prince and The Revolution), and "Life's a Gas" (originally by T. Rex).

## Track listing

1. "Sound & Vision" (David Bowie) - 4:26
2. "Caveman" - 3:37
3. "Buffalo Crap" - 2:04
4. "Take Me with U" (Prince) - 4:00
5. "Ghidorah–The Cat–From Bad to Worse" - 5:03
6. "Life's a Gas" (Marc Bolan) - 4:14
7. "2K's #1" - 1:18
8. "When I'm Dead v.1" - 2:51

## InfoBox

| Quasi Self Boot 93–96 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Quasi | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Recorded | 1993–1996 |
| Label | self-released |
| Quasi chronology | |
| *When the Going Gets Dark*
(2006) ***Quasi Self Boot 93–96***
(2006) *American Gong*
(2010) | |


title: Palos de la Frontera (Madrid Metro)

abstract: Palos de la Frontera is a station on Line 3 of the Madrid Metro, serving the Palos de la Frontera barrio, named about the town near Huelva in south Spain, It is located in fare Zone A.

text:
# Palos de la Frontera (Madrid Metro)

**Palos de la Frontera** \[ˈpalos ðe la fɾonˈteɾa\] is a station on Line 3 of the Madrid Metro, serving the Palos de la Frontera *barrio*, named about the town near Huelva in south Spain, It is located in fare Zone A.

## InfoBox

| Palos de la Frontera | |
| --- | --- |
| Madrid Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Arganzuela, Madrid<br>Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°24′11″N 3°41′39″W / 40.4030775°N 3.6941743°W / 40.4030775; -3.6941743 |
| Owned by | CRTM |
| Operated by | CRTM |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | A |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 March 1949 (1949-03-26) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Madrid Metro Following station  Deliciastowards Villaverde Alto  Line 3  Embajadorestowards Moncloa | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Palos de la FronteraLocation within Madrid | |


title: Peter Sinon

abstract: Peter Andrew Guy Sinon is a former Seychellois Cabinet Minister who served as Minister for Investment, Natural Resources and Industry from 2010 to 2015. The son of Ministers Guy Sinon and Rita Sinon, Peter graduated from the University of East Anglia, where he was a Chevening Scholar, with a 2:2 in Development Studies in 1990, and an MA in Development Economics in 1996. He previously served as Seychelles High Commissioner to South Africa and Namibia, and was an executive director at the African Development Bank, during his time with the institution he represented Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania and Uganda.

text:
# Peter Sinon

**Peter Andrew Guy Sinon** (born 30 October 1966) is a former Seychellois Cabinet Minister who served as Minister for Investment, Natural Resources and Industry from 2010 to 2015.

The son of Ministers Guy Sinon and Rita Sinon, Peter graduated from the University of East Anglia, where he was a Chevening Scholar, with a 2:2 in Development Studies in 1990, and an MA in Development Economics in 1996. He previously served as Seychelles High Commissioner to South Africa and Namibia, and was an executive director at the African Development Bank, during his time with the institution he represented Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania and Uganda.

## InfoBox

| Peter Sinon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister for Investment, Natural Resources and Industry | |
| **In office**<br>2010–2015 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-10-30) 30 October 1966 |
| Parent(s) | Guy Sinon and Rita Sinon |
| Alma mater | University of East Anglia |
|  | |


title: Mongolia at the 2006 Asian Games

abstract: Mongolia participated in the 15th Asian Games, officially known as the XV Asiad held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Mongolia ranked 21st with two gold medals in this edition of the Asiad.

text:
# Mongolia at the 2006 Asian Games

**Mongolia** participated in the **15th Asian Games**, officially known as the **XV Asiad** held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Mongolia ranked 21st with two gold medals in this edition of the Asiad.

## Medal summary

### Medals by sport

| Sport | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boxing |  | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Judo | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Shooting |  |  | 1 | 1 |
| Wrestling |  |  | 5 | 5 |
| Total | 2 | 5 | 8 | 15 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Damdinsürengiin Nyamkhüü | Judo | Men's 81 kg | 3 |
| Gold | Khashbaataryn Tsagaanbaatar | Judo | Men's 66 kg | 4 |
| Silver | Dorjgotovyn Tserenkhand | Judo | Women's + 78 kg | 2 |
| Silver | Mönkhbaataryn Bundmaa | Judo | Women's 52 kg | 4 |
| Silver | Dorjgotovyn Tserenkhand | Judo | Women's openweight | 5 |
| Silver | Zorigtbaataryn Enkhzorig | Boxing | Men's 57 kg | 12 |
| Silver | Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene | Boxing | Men's 60 kg | 13 |
| Bronze | Pürevjargalyn Lkhamdegd | Judo | Women's 78 kg | 2 |
| Bronze | Otryadyn Gündegmaa
Gantömöriin Kherlentsetseg
Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul | Shooting | Women's 25 metre pistol team | 5 |
| Bronze | Tsogtbazaryn Enkhjargal | Wrestling | Women's freestyle 48 kg | 11 |
| Bronze | Naidangiin Otgonjargal | Wrestling | Women's freestyle 55 kg | 11 |
| Bronze | Badrakhyn Odonchimeg | Wrestling | Women's freestyle 63 kg | 11 |
| Bronze | Ochirbatyn Burmaa | Wrestling | Women's freestyle 72 kg | 11 |
| Bronze | Enkhbatyn Badar-Uugan | Boxing | Men's 54 kg | 13 |
| Bronze | Buyanjavyn Batzorig | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 66 kg | 14 |

## Boxing

## Judo

## Shooting

## Wrestling

## InfoBox

| Mongolia at the
2006 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MGL |
| NOC | Mongolian National Olympic Committee |
| in Doha | |
| Flag bearer | Khashbaataryn Tsagaanbaatar |
| Medals
Ranked 21st | Gold 2 Silver 5 Bronze 8 Total 15 |
| Asian Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Vangueria cinnamomea

abstract: Vangueria cinnamomea is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. The epithet is a Latin adjective meaning cinnamon-coloured.

text:
# Vangueria cinnamomea

***Vangueria cinnamomea*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. The epithet is a Latin adjective meaning cinnamon-coloured.

## InfoBox

| *Vangueria cinnamomea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Vangueria* |
| Species: | ***V. cinnamomea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vangueria cinnamomea***<br>Dinter | |
|


title: Medical library

abstract: A health or medical library is designed to assist physicians, health professionals, students, patients, consumers, medical researchers, and information specialists in finding health and scientific information to improve, update, assess, or evaluate health care. Medical libraries are typically found in hospitals, medical schools, private industry, and in medical or health associations. A typical health or medical library has access to MEDLINE, a range of electronic resources, print and digital journal collections, and print reference books. The influence of open access (OA) and free searching via Google and PubMed has a major impact on the way medical libraries operate. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the largest biomedical library in the world, and collects and provides access to some of the best health information in the world. The NLM maintains numerous medical and genomic databases, searchable via its Entrez search system, including MEDLINE (PubMed) and OMIM. The largest medical library in Europe is the German National Library of Medicine, which also has collections in the fields of nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science. ZB MED operates as the official European supplier of full texts in response to searches conducted in the NLM's bibliographic databases such as PubMed, and also operates its own search portals.

text:
# Medical library

A **health** or **medical library** is designed to assist physicians, health professionals, students, patients, consumers, medical researchers, and information specialists in finding health and scientific information to improve, update, assess, or evaluate health care. Medical libraries are typically found in hospitals, medical schools, private industry, and in medical or health associations. A typical health or medical library has access to MEDLINE, a range of electronic resources, print and digital journal collections, and print reference books. The influence of open access (OA) and free searching via Google and PubMed has a major impact on the way medical libraries operate.

The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the largest biomedical library in the world, and collects and provides access to some of the best health information in the world (due to its linkage to the National Institutes of Health). The NLM maintains numerous medical and genomic databases, searchable via its Entrez search system, including MEDLINE (PubMed) and OMIM (a genetic traits database).

The largest medical library in Europe is the German National Library of Medicine (ZB MED), which also has collections in the fields of nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science. ZB MED operates as the official European supplier of full texts in response to searches conducted in the NLM's bibliographic databases such as PubMed, and also operates its own search portals.

## Uses

A 2013 survey of health care providers in the United States concluded from its data that professionals in the health care industry perceive access to medical libraries valuable. The same study further concluded that health care professionals feel that information they get from libraries has a positive impact on patient care.

## Accreditation

To become accredited, every American and Canadian college of medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, or public health is required to have a health or medical library appropriate to the needs of the school, as specified by an accrediting body, such as the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME)'s standards. These accreditation standards include having qualified library staff on hand to answer reference questions, and provide training in using electronic resources. Some academic medical libraries are located in the same building as the general undergraduate library but most are located near or in the medical college or faculty.

In support of open access to the journal literature, the U.S. NLM established an online library of digital journal articles, PubMed Central (PMC), which will soon be supplemented by a UK version. NLM works with the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) to provide regional medical library support in the United States, while its consumer health information service MEDLINEplus offers free access to health information, images, and interactive tutorials. Many countries like Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have well-developed medical libraries, though nothing quite as evolved as the U.S. NLM.

## Medical librarians

Medical librarians are skilled professionals who assist with resources and research in the medical professions. The focus of the medical librarian is to emphasize the use of evidence-based research and practice. This can be for both medical research or medical practice. As well the medical librarian is expected be a resource for assisting with publishing and presentation of research. Medical librarians use web based resources to conduct research and help generate evidence based approaches to healthcare. Organizations such as the MLA set standards for what a medical librarian should follow in practice.

## Collections

Different medical libraries have different needs and different resources for collection development. Several guides for librarians have been published. The Brandon–Hill title lists were a free collection of suggested books and journals. These lists were created by two librarians at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Al Brandon and Dorothy Hill, and published from 1965 to 2004. Beginning in 2006, the annual *Doody's Core Titles in the Health Sciences* lists, which includes a separate suggested list for small libraries, have been commonly used for English-language medical books. Both medical librarians and subject-matter experts are involved in compiling the *Doody's* lists.

## Associations

The Medical Library Association (MLA) is a Chicago-based advocate for library professionals and health sciences libraries – primarily in the United States. MLA maintains an online list of ALA-accredited library school programs for those who would like to pursue a master's degree in library and information studies in the US and Canada (MLIS). It furthermore administers the US credentialing organization for medical librarians, the Academy of Health Information Professionals (AHIP).

The main network for medical libraries in the United States is the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NNLM).

The Special Libraries Association has a Medical Section of the Biomedical and Life Science Division, which serves as a forum for Division members who are engaged or interested in the exchange of information in the biomedical and health sciences, and the acquisition, organization, dissemination, and use of such information in all formats.

In Canada, health librarians and libraries are represented by the Canadian Health Libraries Association.

Australia have the Health Libraries Australia Group of the Australian Library and Information Association and the Victorian state based Health Libraries Inc. In 2013, HLA introduced a PD Specialisation in 2013 leading to Association post nominals on demonstration of ongoing professional development in the field of health librarianship. A list of health libraries in Australia may by found on the website of the National Library of Australia. In 2015, Australia is undertaking a census of health libraries and librarianship aiming to identify the full industry, locations, organisations, roles, and staff employed. The first specialist "Health Librarianship Essentials" tertiary training commenced in April 2015 at the Queensland University of Technology supported by HLA.

In the United Kingdom, medical (or health) librarians are represented by the Health Libraries Group of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals. CILIP. Health Libraries Group.

The medical and health libraries of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria and Switzerland are represented by the Medical Libraries Association Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Medizinisches Bibliothekswesen (AGMB) e.V..

There are similar, if smaller, national groups in many European countries and these groups and individual health librarians and libraries are represented by the European Association for Health Information and Libraries (EAHIL) since 1987.

For those librarians who work in very specialised subject areas, there are associations and networks which focus on their subject areas, and an example of such an organisation is Elisad, the European Association of Libraries and Information Services on Addictions. Elisad

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) has a Health and Biosciences Libraries Section. The last International Congress on Medical Librarianship (ICML) was in Brisbane in 2009.


title: Quepuantú

abstract: Quepuantú was an indigenous Chilean Moluche toqui in the 17th century. He was known for his leadership in the Arauco War and succeeded Butapichón in commanded the Mapuche army against the Spanish as Toqui, from 1631 to 1632. On January 13, 1631 he commanded the Mapuche army with Butapichón against Spanish forces led by the very competent Governor Francisco Laso de la Vega who defeated them in the pitched battle of La Albarrada. He died in 1632 in a duel with the cacique Loncomilla, his rival for dominance in the command of his tribe. Butapichón succeeded him as Toqui for a second time from 1632 to 1634.

text:
# Quepuantú

**Quepuantú** (died 1632) was an indigenous Chilean Moluche toqui (military leader) in the 17th century. He was known for his leadership in the Arauco War and succeeded Butapichón in commanded the Mapuche army against the Spanish as Toqui, from 1631 to 1632. On January 13, 1631 he commanded the Mapuche army with Butapichón against Spanish forces led by the very competent Governor Francisco Laso de la Vega who defeated them in the pitched battle of La Albarrada. He died in 1632 in a duel with the *cacique* Loncomilla, his rival for dominance in the command of his tribe. Butapichón succeeded him as Toqui for a second time from 1632 to 1634.


title: Kalawagahawadiya

abstract: Kalawagahawadiya is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.

text:
# Kalawagahawadiya

**Kalawagahawadiya** is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.

7°24′N 80°55′E / 7.400°N 80.917°E / 7.400; 80.917

## InfoBox

| Kalawagahawadiya | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kalawagahawadiya | |
| Coordinates: 7°24′N 80°55′E / 7.400°N 80.917°E / 7.400; 80.917 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Central Province |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time) |


title: Kalawaig River

abstract: The Kalawaig River is a river in Mindanao, Philippines. It is a tributary of the Cagayan River. Its waters are considered as Class A by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources meaning it needs to be treated to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water.

text:
# Kalawaig River

The **Kalawaig River** is a river in Mindanao, Philippines. It is a tributary of the Cagayan River. Its waters are considered as Class A by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources meaning it needs to be treated to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water.

## InfoBox

| Kalawaig River | |
| --- | --- |
| Kalawaig River mouthKalawaig River (Philippines) | |
| Location | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Cagayan River |
| coordinates | 8°18′06″N 124°36′05″E / 8.301795°N 124.601526°E / 8.301795; 124.601526 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Kalawaig–Cagayan |


title: Question Bedtime

abstract: Question Bedtime is the sixth studio album from nerdcore hip hop artist MC Frontalot. It was released on August 7, 2014. The first single, "Much Chubbier", is available for free from the official website.

text:
# Question Bedtime

***Question Bedtime*** is the sixth studio album from nerdcore hip hop artist MC Frontalot. It was released on August 7, 2014.

The first single, "Much Chubbier", is available for free from the official website.

## Concept and production

The album is built around bedtime stories and was conceptualized as a children's album, containing no swear words. Interspersed throughout its runtime are spoken word tracks in which MC Frontalot takes the role of a babysitter attempting to put the child in his care to bed, while various comedians in the role of the child are uncooperative in the effort.

"Start Over" (based on the Little Red Riding Hood story) is partly the source of the album; it was written ten-years prior to recording for a charity album that was never finished. All song tracks are based on various folk tales and fables which are often used as bedtime stories. The stories upon which the songs are based include Little Red Riding Hood, The Story of the Three Bears, The Ruined Man Who Became Rich Again Through a Dream, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Master Maid, Three Billy Goats Gruff, The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was, the Japanese folk tale "The Ugly Son", The Stonecutter, and the Ho-Chunk tale "Wakjąkága". Most of these tales are given a specific spin, rather than being a straight retelling. For example, Gold Locks is not a sweet little girl, but a monstrous woman who hunts bears for fun, while the emperor in "I Can See" is an oppressive tyrant, dethroned in a revolution by the end of the song.

Guest artist MC chris is cast in the role of the demon in the song "Devil in the Attic". This mirrors a role he occupied on *The Graduate* by MC Lars in which he plays Satan in the song "The Roommate from Hell".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bedtime For Li'l Kyle" (featuring Kyle Kinane) | 0:41 |
| 2. | "Start Over" | 3:27 |
| 3. | "Gold Locks" (featuring Jean Grae) | 3:25 |
| 4. | "Two Dreamers" | 2:51 |
| 5. | "I Can See" (featuring Adam WarRock and Sole) | 3:34 |
| 6. | "Mornings Come and Go" (featuring Marian Call) | 3:34 |
| 7. | "Bedtime for Li'l Paul" (featuring Paul F. Tompkins) | 1:16 |
| 8. | "Much Chubbier" (featuring Open Mike Eagle) | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Bedtime for Li'l Negin" (featuring Negin Farsad) | 0:46 |
| 10. | "Shudders" (featuring Kid Koala and The Protomen) | 4:03 |
| 11. | "Devil In the Attic" (featuring mc chris) | 3:48 |
| 12. | "Chisel Down" (featuring Busdriver and John Roderick) | 2:26 |
| 13. | "Bedtime for Li'l Lisa" (featuring Lisa Delarios) | 0:42 |
| 14. | "Wakjąkága" (featuring Parry Gripp) | 3:27 |

1. "News from the Front: 8.7.14". MC Frontalot. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. PRE-ORDER a compact disc and hear the album right away.
2. "Question Bedtime (2014)". Retrieved 2014-08-15.
3. Matheson, Whitney (August 13, 2014). "Exclusive: MC Frontalot talks 'Bedtime'; hear a new song". *USA Today*.
4. "MC Frontalot's Question Bedtime: nerdcore fairy tales for kids and parents". Retrieved 2014-09-03.

## InfoBox

| Question Bedtime | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by MC Frontalot | |
| Released | August 7, 2014 (2014-08-07) |
| Genre | Nerdcore |
| Length | 37:54 |
| Producer | MC Frontalot |
| MC Frontalot chronology | |
| *Solved*
(2011) ***Question Bedtime***
(2014) *Net Split, or the Fathomless Heartbreak of Online Itself*
(2019) | |


title: Kamm and Schellinger Brewery

abstract: Kamm and Schellinger Brewery, also known as 100 Center Complex, is a historic brewery complex located at Mishawaka, St. Joseph County, Indiana. The complex consists of the original Brewery Building, the Stable Building, and the Boiler House with a 262 foot tall brick chimney stack. The original Brewery Building was built in 1853, and is a four-story brick building with additions constructed about 1870 and 1875. It features an elaborate metal cornice, pediment and colonnaded cupola. The brewery cease operations in 1951. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Kamm and Schellinger Brewery

**Kamm and Schellinger Brewery**, also known as 100 Center Complex, is a historic brewery complex located at Mishawaka, St. Joseph County, Indiana. The complex consists of the original Brewery Building, the Stable Building (c. 1855), and the Boiler House (c. 1870) with a 262 foot tall brick chimney stack. The original Brewery Building was built in 1853, and is a four-story brick building with additions constructed about 1870 and 1875. It features an elaborate metal cornice, pediment and colonnaded cupola. The brewery cease operations in 1951.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Kamm and Schellinger Brewery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Kamm and Schellinger Brewery chimney, July 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | 100 Center St., Mishawaka, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°39′45″N 86°11′25″W / 41.66250°N 86.19028°W / 41.66250; -86.19028 |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1853 (1853) |
| Built by | Wagner, John |
| Architectural style | Early Commercial |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000042 |
| Added to NRHP | October 11, 1979 |


title: Qışlaq, Lachin

abstract: Qışlaq is a village in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Qışlaq, Lachin

39°36′14″N 46°42′30″E / 39.60389°N 46.70833°E / 39.60389; 46.70833

**Qışlaq** (also, **Kishlag**, **Ghshlagh**, and **Kyshlak**) is a village in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Qışlaq | |
| --- | --- |
| QışlaqQışlaq | |
| Coordinates: 39°36′14″N 46°42′30″E / 39.60389°N 46.70833°E / 39.60389; 46.70833 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Lachin |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


abstract: The First Secretary of the Kalmyk regional branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the position of highest authority in the Kalmyk AO and the Kalmyk ASSR in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on February 20, 1921, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.

text:
# Kalmyk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The **First Secretary of the Kalmyk regional branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union** was the position of highest authority in the Kalmyk AO (1920–1935, 1957–1958) and the Kalmyk ASSR (1935–1943, 1958–1991) in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on February 20, 1921, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.

## List of First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Kalmykia

| Name | Term of Office | | Life years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Start | End | |
| First Secretaries of the Communist Party | | | |
| Arashi Chapchayev | February 20, 1921 | August 11, 1921 | 1890–1938 |
| Ivan Marbush-Stepanov | August 14, 1921 | October 1923 |  |
| Trofim Borisov | October 1923 | May 1925 | 1891–1943 |
| Ivan Glukhov | May 1925 | November 17, 1927 | 1892–1962 |
| Khokhol Dzhalykov | November 19, 1927 | January 6, 1934 | 1887–1938 |
| Andzhur Pyurbeyev | January 10, 1934 | November 30, 1935 | 1904–1938 |
| Ivan Karpov | November 30, 1935 | February 28, 1939 | 1892–? |
| Pyotr Lavrentyev | February 28, 1939 | February 27, 1943 |  |
| Aleksandr Likomidov | February 27, 1943 | December 1943 |  |
| *Post abolished (December 1943 – December 1956)* | | | |
| Nikolay Zhezlov | December 16, 1956 | February 1959 | 1910–1985 |
| Mikhail Ponomaryov | February 1959 | August 1961 | 1918–2001 |
| Basan Gorodovikov | August 1961 | December 20, 1978 | 1910–1983 |
| Vladimir Nikulin | December 20, 1978 | December 20, 1985 | 1929– |
| Vladimir Zakharov | December 20, 1985 | September 25, 1990 | 1936– |
| Boris Muyev | October 27, 1990 | August 1991 | 1942– |

## Sources


abstract: Kalgoorlie–Boulder Community High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day and boarding school, located in Kalgoorlie, a regional centre located in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. Along with Eastern Goldfields College the school was formerly known as Eastern Goldfields Senior High School until the campuses were separated.

text:
# Kalgoorlie–Boulder Community High School

**Kalgoorlie–Boulder Community High School** is a comprehensive public co-educational high day and boarding school, located in Kalgoorlie, a regional centre located in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia.

Along with Eastern Goldfields College the school was formerly known as **Eastern Goldfields Senior High School** until the campuses were separated.

## History

The school was established in 2006 and caters for students from Year 7 to Year 10. Paul Matthews was the inaugural principal and was followed by Terry Martino in 2010. Terry Martino moved to Northam Senior High School in 2013 and was replaced by the deputy principal Vicki Bogensperger. The current principal is Douglas Dearle, since 2020.

Early in 2012 the school received a commendation award from the local chamber of commerce. The deputy principal, Vicki Bogensperger, accepted the award on behalf of Terry Martino and remarked "*We are on an improvement journey at Kalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School and in a sense, the work will never be complete*." Later the same year the school was reviewed by Expert Review Group appointed by the Department of Education. The director of the group commented on the "*dramatic improvements at the school"* in the areas of uniform, behaviour and mobile phone policy. The director, Brett Hunt, also commented "*The school’s environment has a long history of being unsettled, but we found the current team has focused on developing a welcoming, structured and predictable environment for everyone*."

At the start of the 4th term of 2016, the first stage of KBCHS' $45 million redevelopment program was completed and opened, which includes new English, Mathematics and Humanities building blocks, and previous buildings were demolished to make way for stages 2 and 3. In July 2017, the second stage was completed, which included the new Visual Arts and Eastern Goldfields Education Support Centre buildings. The third stage was completed and opened in late 2017, which involved landscaping and new pathways connecting stages 1 and 2, and fully completed the school's redevelopment.

## Enrolment

Enrolments at the school have fluctuated with total enrolments ranging from 510 (2010) to 1,036 (2015). The migration of Year 7 students to public high schools were the likely cause in the 301 enrolment number spike from 2014 to 2015.

Enrolments in Semester 2 of each school year
| Year | *2007* | *2008* | *2009* | *2010* | *2011* | *2012* | *2013* | *2014* | *2015* | *2016* | *2017* | *2018* | *2019* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **No. of Enrolments** | 847 | 775 | 661 | 510 | 541 | 597 | 721 | 705 | 1,036 | 985 | 830 | 780 | 765 |
| **Change from previous year** |  | –72 | –114 | –151 | +31 | +56 | +124 | –16 | +301 | –51 | –155 | –50 | –15 |

## Incidents

The school had many reported incidents of violence in 2009 between indigenous and Maori students, resulting in cultural advisors being employed to tackle the problem.

The school was in the headlines in 2010 when a teacher set an assignment asking the students how they would launch a chemical or biological terrorist attack on an unsuspecting Australian community to kill as many civilians as possible. The assignment was withdrawn after students complained. The teacher was counselled.

In May of the same year, a male teacher was assaulted by a 13-year-old girl, the girl hit the man several times and was later charged by police for assaulting a public officer. The girl pulled out clumps of his hair and hit him with a bin, she had to be pulled off the teacher by his colleagues who heard his screams.

Another incident occurred in 2010 when a relief teacher was dismissed after students pushed, swore at and assaulted him. The teacher was ordered to leave the premises but later took the WA Department of Education to the industrial relations commission. It was found that the teacher was unfairly dismissed, the students involved having a history of falsely accusing teachers, and the department was ordered to rehire the teacher.

The school ranked second in the state, behind Gilmore College, for school suspensions given to students in 2010.

The school made the front page of *The West Australian* in early 2013 when it was revealed students from the school had formed 'fight clubs' where they would gather to watch students brawl with one another. Fights were recorded on video and posted to Facebook, as were details of upcoming fights. The police became involved and were planning additional patrols in the area. The principal, Terry Martino, called on the community to take a shared responsibility for the children's behavior.

In 2016 the school year commenced with 49 suspensions handed out to students in the first three weeks. In March of the same year a teacher was assaulted by a student, the teacher escaped serious injury and the student was suspended.

Just a day after the opening of the new English, Maths and HASS buildings, they were vandalised, smashing windows and causing other significant damage to the buildings. This incident forced the school to be closed for a day for repairs so that it was safe for students and staff members to return.

## InfoBox

| Kalgoorlie–Boulder Community High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 99 Boomerang Crescent
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
Australia | |
| Coordinates | 30°46′04″S 121°28′45″E / 30.76781°S 121.47919°E / -30.76781; 121.47919 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public co-educational high day and boarding school |
| Motto | Respect, Achieve, Succeed |
| Established | 2006 (2006) |
| Sister school | Eastern Goldfields College |
| Educational authority | WA Department of Education |
| Principal | Douglas Dearle |
| Years | 10 |
| Enrolment | 780 (2018) |
| Schedule | * Monday to Wednesday, Friday: 8:45am–2:55pm * Thursday: 8:45am–2:10pm |
| Colour(s) | Navy blue and gold |
| Website | www.kalgoorlie-boulderchs.wa.edu.au |


title: Kampong Mulaut

abstract: Kampong Mulaut is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 5,846 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Sengkurong.

text:
# Kampong Mulaut

**Kampong Mulaut** is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 5,846 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Sengkurong.

## Etymology

According to one of the residents of Kampong Mulaut, the earliest school built there was Sekolah Rendah Orang Kaya Setia Bakti. When the Kampong Mulaut area was newly developed with the construction of roads and schools, when a person stood on the hill there and looked towards the flat area below, the person looked as if the flat area under the hill was covered by the sea. Based on the scenery, it was the inspiration to name this village as Kampong Mulaut.

## Demography

Most of its working population is working in the public sector while the rest are either running their own business or working in the private sector. In terms of the private enterprise aspect, Kampong Mulaut is host to several small and retail businesses such as cracker making and sugarcane cultivation (*gelagah*).

## Infrastructure

Mulaut Primary School is the village primary school, whereas Pengiran Anak Puteri Amal Umi Kalthum Al-Islam Religious School is the village school for the country's Islamic religious primary education.

Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen Mosque is the village mosque.

Kampong Mulaut is also home to Sengkurong Sixth Form Centre, one of the few sixth form colleges in the country.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Mulaut | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kampong Mulaut | |
| Jalan Mulaut - Limau Manis | |
| Location in Brunei | |
| Coordinates: 4°52′09″N 114°50′48″E / 4.8693°N 114.8466°E / 4.8693; 114.8466 | |
| Country | Brunei |
| District | Brunei-Muara |
| Mukim | Sengkurong |
| Government | |
| Village head | Hamizan Mustapa |
| Area | |
| Total | 681.03 ha (1,682.86 acres) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 5,846 |
| Density | 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (BNT) |
| Postcode | BG2121 |


title: Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas

abstract: Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, and a neighbourhood in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,228 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Berakas 'A'. The postcode is BB4113.

text:
# Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas

**Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas** (commonly abbreviated as **OKBI**) is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, and a neighbourhood in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,228 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Berakas 'A'. The postcode is BB4113.

## History

The village was established in 1954 as one of the areas designated by the government for some of the Kampong Ayer residents to resettle on land under the National Resettlement Programme (*Rancangan Perpindahan Negara*) in the 1950s.

## Geography

The village is located in the central part of Brunei-Muara District. It is one of the neighbourhoods in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei. It is contiguous with the neighbourhoods of Pengiran Siraja Muda to the north, Sungai Akar to the east, Pulaie to the south, Anggerek Desa to the west and Pancha Delima to the north-west.

## Administration

The village has been part of Bandar Seri Begawan's municipal area since the expansion of the municipality's spatial jurisdiction in 2007.

## InfoBox

| Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orang Kaya Besar Imas as seen from space in 2010. | |
| Location in Brunei | |
| Coordinates: 4°56′16″N 114°57′21″E / 4.9377°N 114.9559°E / 4.9377; 114.9559 | |
| Country | Brunei |
| District | Brunei-Muara |
| Mukim | Berakas 'A' |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 1,228 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (BNT) |
| Postcode | BB4113 |


title: Kampecaris

abstract: Kampecaris is an extinct genus comprising the Kampecarida, an enigmatic group of millipede-like arthropods, from the Silurian and early Devonian periods of Scotland and England. They are among the oldest known land-dwelling animals. They were small, short-bodied animals with three recognizable sections: an oval head divided along the midline, ten limb-bearing segments forming a cylindrical trunk that tapered slightly towards the front, and a characteristic swollen tail formed by a modified segment that tapers at its rear into an "anal segment". The cuticle forming their exoskeletons was thick, heavily calcified, and composed of two layers. The genus was named by David Page in 1856 for a "small phyllopod, or the larval stage of some larger crustacean" from Silurian deposits of Angus, Scotland, but it was not until 1882 that B. N. Peach recognized the affinities of this animal to millipedes and named the species K. forfarensis. Peach named another Silurian species, K. obanensis, from Old Red Sandstone deposits from the Scottish island of Kerrera in 1899; John Almond questioned the affinity of this species to Kampecaris in 1985, for several reasons including the presence of 14 segments behind the head. In 1951, B. B. Clarke described a Devonian species, K. dinmorensis, from Dinmore Hill, Herefordshire, England. Another Devonian species, K. tuberculata, was subsequently recognized as being closer to flat-backed millipedes in the group Archipolypoda, and renamed to Palaeodesmus. The taxonomic placement of Kampecarida is unresolved, and it has never been subject to phylogenetic analysis. At least some of the body segments may have been diplosegments, and a legless collum may have been behind the head, which are millipede-like traits but not exclusive to millipedes. Almond treated it an order of uncertain placement in an unpublished 1986 thesis, and in 1998 W. A. Shear considered it likely warranted class-level rank within the Myriapoda. In a 2010 review of the myriapod fossil record, Shear and G. D. Edgecombe considered it likely represented an extinct high-level taxon within the Diplopoda (millipedes).

text:
# Kampecaris

***Kampecaris*** is an extinct genus comprising the **Kampecarida**, an enigmatic group of millipede-like arthropods, from the Silurian and early Devonian periods of Scotland and England. They are among the oldest known land-dwelling animals. They were small (20–30 millimetres (0.79–1.18 in) long), short-bodied animals with three recognizable sections: an oval head divided along the midline, ten limb-bearing segments forming a cylindrical trunk that tapered slightly towards the front, and a characteristic swollen tail formed by a modified segment that tapers at its rear into an "anal segment". The cuticle forming their exoskeletons was thick, heavily calcified, and composed of two layers.

The genus was named by David Page in 1856 for a "small phyllopod, or the larval stage of some larger crustacean" from Silurian deposits of Angus, Scotland (formerly Forfarshire), but it was not until 1882 that B. N. Peach recognized the affinities of this animal to millipedes and named the species *K. forfarensis*. Peach named another Silurian species, *K. obanensis*, from Old Red Sandstone deposits from the Scottish island of Kerrera in 1899; John Almond questioned the affinity of this species to *Kampecaris* in 1985, for several reasons including the presence of 14 segments behind the head. In 1951, B. B. Clarke described a Devonian species, *K. dinmorensis*, from Dinmore Hill, Herefordshire, England. Another Devonian species, *K. tuberculata*, was subsequently recognized as being closer to flat-backed millipedes in the group Archipolypoda, and renamed to *Palaeodesmus*.

The taxonomic placement of Kampecarida is unresolved, and it has never been subject to phylogenetic analysis. At least some of the body segments may have been diplosegments, and a legless collum may have been behind the head, which are millipede-like traits but not exclusive to millipedes. Almond treated it an order of uncertain placement in an unpublished 1986 thesis, and in 1998 W. A. Shear considered it likely warranted class-level rank within the Myriapoda. In a 2010 review of the myriapod fossil record, Shear and G. D. Edgecombe considered it likely represented an extinct high-level taxon within the Diplopoda (millipedes).

## InfoBox

| *Kampecaris*
Temporal range: SilurianDevonian,
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Kampecaris forfarensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Kampecaris*
Page, 1856 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Kampecaris forfarensis***
Peach, 1882 | |
| Other species | |
| * ***K. dinmorensis*** Clarke, 1951 * ***K. obanensis*** Peach, 1899 | |


title: Kanenokuma Site

abstract: Kanenokuma Site is an archeological site with a Yayoi period cemetery located in the Kanenokuma neighborhood of Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. It was designated as a National Historic Site in 1972.

text:
# Kanenokuma Site

**Kanenokuma Site** (金隈遺跡, *Kanenokuma iseki*) is an archeological site with a Yayoi period cemetery located in the Kanenokuma neighborhood of Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. It was designated as a National Historic Site in 1972.

## Overview

The Kanenokuma Site is located on a tributary hill of Tsukiguma Hills in the southeastern suburbs of Fukuoka City, and elevation relative to the surrounding rice fields is approximately 25 meters. The site was found by chance in 1968 during construction of a farm road. Archaeological excavations from 1968 found 348 Jar burials, 119 earthen pit burials, and two sarcophagus tombs from the middle of the early Yayoi period (2nd century BC) to the first half of the late Yayoi period (2nd century BC). The majority of the jar burials belong to the middle of the Yayoi period and form the center of the ruins. A range confirmation survey in 1971 revealed that there were unexcavated dolmens in addition to jar tombs and earthen pit tombs in the central part of the same hill.

Although many grave goods have been unearthed, the primary importance of the site are the 136 sets of human remains excavated from the jar graves, from an anthropological point of view. The site revealed that the average height of male was 161.2 centimeters, the average height of female was 151.1 centimeters, and the average age of death was in their 40s. Compared to Jōmon people, the faces of the Yayoi period people at this site are longer and their height is taller. In one grave, two stone arrowheads piecing the bones were found, indicating that at least one of the inhabitants died in a conflict. There were also two instances of tooth ablation, in a man and a woman, which is a characteristic of the Jōmon culture in which upper canine teeth were removed. Grave goods included shell bracelets, made from Gohoura shells which are found only from Tanegashima to Australia.

From 1985 the Kanenokuma Ruins Jar Coffin Exhibition Hall (金隈遺跡甕棺展示館) was opened to the public in site, and excavated artifacts are exhibited.

The site is located 3.3 kilometers, or approximately 12 minutes by car from Minami-Fukuoka Station on the JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line.

Media related to Kanenokuma Site at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Kanenokuma Site
| 金隈遺跡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Jar Coffins at Kanenokuma Ruins Jar Coffin Exhibition Hall | |
| Kanenokuma SiteKanenokuma Site (Japan) | |
| Location | Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Region | Kyushu |
| Coordinates | 33°33′44.6″N 130°28′19.0″E / 33.562389°N 130.471944°E / 33.562389; 130.471944 |
| Type | necropolis |
| History | |
| Periods | Yayoi period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (Museum, park) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Nitrile reduction

abstract: In nitrile reduction a nitrile is reduced to either an amine or an aldehyde with a suitable chemical reagent.

text:
# Nitrile reduction

In **nitrile reduction** a nitrile is reduced to either an amine or an aldehyde with a suitable chemical reagent.

## Catalytic hydrogenation

The catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles is often the most economical route available for the production of primary amines. Catalysts for the reaction often include group 10 metals such as Raney nickel, palladium black, or platinum dioxide. However, other catalysts, such as cobalt boride, also can be regioselective for primary amine production:

R-C≡N + 2 H2 → R-CH2NH2

A commercial application of this technology includes the production of hexamethylenediamine from adiponitrile, a precursor to Nylon 66.

Depending on reaction conditions, reactive intermediate imines can also undergo attack by amine products to afford secondary and tertiary amines:

2 R-C≡N + 4 H2 → (R-CH2)2NH + NH3 3 R-C≡N + 6 H2 → (R-CH2)3N + 2 NH3

Such reactions proceed via enamine intermediates. The most important reaction condition for selective primary amine production is catalyst choice. Other important factors include solvent choice, solution pH, steric effects, temperature, and the pressure of hydrogen.

## Stoichiometric reductions

### To amines

Reducing agents for the non-catalytic conversion to amines include lithium aluminium hydride, lithium borohydride, diborane, or elemental sodium in alcohol solvents.

### To aldehydes

Nitriles can also be converted to aldehydes by reduction and hydrolysis. The Stephen aldehyde synthesis uses Tin(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid to yield an aldehyde via the hydrolysis of a resulting iminium salt. Aldehydes can also form using a hydrogen donor followed by *in-situ* hydrolysis of an imine. Useful reagents for this reaction include formic acid with a hydrogenation catalysis or metal hydrides, which are used to add one mol of hydrogen to the nitrile. For example, sodium borohydride reduces nitriles in alcoholic solvents with a CoCl2 catalyst or Raney nickel.

### With diisobutylaluminium hydride

The hydride reagent Diisobutylaluminium hydride, or DIBAL-H, is commonly used to convert nitriles to the aldehyde. Regarding the proposed mechanism, DIBAL forms a Lewis acid-base adduct with the nitrile by formation of an N-Al bond. The hydride is then transferred to the carbon of the nitrile. Aqueous workup produce the desired aldehyde and ammonia.

## Electrochemical methods

Benzyl nitriles can also be reduced electrochemically.


title: Nitrile ylide

abstract: Nitrile ylides also known as nitrilium ylides or nitrilium methylides, are generally reactive intermediates formally consisting of a carbanion of an alkyl or similar group bonded to the nitrogen atom of a cyanide unit. With a few exceptions, they cannot be isolated. However, a structure has been determined on a particularly stable nitrile ylide by X-ray crystallography. Another nitrile ylide has been captured under cryogenic conditions. As ylides, they possess a negative charge and a positive charge on adjacent atoms. However, they also have resonance, including 1,3-dipole contributing structures: The most appropriate resonance structure is dependent upon the substituent pattern. The 3-dimensional structure of the nitrilium ylide itself may also provide a clue as to the most appropriate resonance structure, with a linear R–C≡N–C unit supportive of the charge distribution indicated for resonance structures 1a & 1b and also consistent with the nomenclature nitrilium ylide. As resonance structures 1c and 1d become more important the nitrilium ylide distorts its geometry from linear in favor of a different valence tautomer 2 that is distinctly bent: Nitrile ylides are isoelectronic with nitrile oxides: R − C ≡ N ⊕ − O ⊖

text:
# Nitrile ylide

**Nitrile ylides** also known as *nitrilium ylides* or *nitrilium methylides*, are generally reactive intermediates formally consisting of a carbanion of an alkyl or similar group bonded to the nitrogen atom of a cyanide unit. With a few exceptions, they cannot be isolated. However, a structure has been determined on a particularly stable nitrile ylide by X-ray crystallography. Another nitrile ylide has been captured under cryogenic conditions.

As ylides, they possess a negative charge and a positive charge on adjacent atoms. However, they also have resonance, including 1,3-dipole contributing structures:

The most appropriate resonance structure is dependent upon the substituent pattern (the identity of the R and R′ groups). The 3-dimensional structure of the nitrilium ylide itself may also provide a clue as to the most appropriate resonance structure, with a linear R–C≡N–C unit supportive of the charge distribution indicated for resonance structures **1a** & **1b** and also consistent with the nomenclature *nitril**ium** yl**ide***. As resonance structures **1c** and **1d** become more important the nitrilium ylide distorts its geometry from linear in favor of a different valence tautomer **2** that is distinctly bent:

Nitrile ylides are isoelectronic with nitrile oxides: $\ce {R-C#}{\overset {\oplus }{\ce {N}{\ce {-O^{\ominus }}}}}$

## Generation

Nitrile ylides can be obtained by the addition of electrophilic carbenes to nitriles, by the photochemical ring opening of azirines and by dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides. The latter is the most reliable method.

## Reaction

The synthetically most useful reaction of the nitrile ylides is the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to dipolarophiles: with electron-deficient alkenes, good yields of pyrrolines are obtained. Alkynes, carbonyl compounds, imines and azirines can also act as dipolarophile. Nitrile ylides react with weak acids like methanol by protonation finally leading to a methoxyimine.


title: Nokia 6290

abstract: The Nokia 6290 is a multimedia 3G mobile phone made by Nokia and released in March 2007.

text:
# Nokia 6290

The **Nokia 6290** is a multimedia 3G mobile phone made by Nokia and released in March 2007.

## Features

The Nokia 6290 is the first device running off S60 3rd edition platform updated to Feature Pack 1. While using the Symbian smartphone operating system, this handset is marketed as a simple 'phone' and was one of the few Nokia Symbian handsets from 2007 that was not part of the 'N' or 'E' series.

## Specification sheet

| Feature | Specification |
| --- | --- |
| Form factor | Clamshell |
| Operating System | Symbian OS (9.2) + S60 3rd Edition Feature Pack 1 |
| Memory (RAM) Total/Available | 64/20 MB |
| Storage (ROM) Total/Available | 128/45 MB |
| GSM frequencies | 850/900/1800/1900 MHz |
| GPRS | Yes, Multislot class 32 |
| EDGE (EGPRS) | Yes, Multislot class 32 |
| WCDMA | Yes (2100 MHz) |
| Internal screen | TFT Matrix, diagonal 2,2", 16 million colours, 240x320 pixels |
| External screen | TFT Matrix, diagonal 1,36", 262 144 colours, 128x160 pixels |
| Camera | Internal 0.3 M.P 2x digital zoom & Rear 2.0 M.P (CMOS) w/photo light, 4x digital zoom |
| Video recording | Yes, up to 320x240 |
| Multimedia Messaging | Yes |
| Video calls | Yes |
| Push to talk | Yes |
| Java support | Yes, MIDP 2.0 |
| Memory card slot | Yes, microSD |
| Bluetooth | Yes V2.0 |
| Infrared | Yes |
| Data cable support | Yes |
| Browser | WAP 2.0 XHTML / HTML |
| Email | Yes |
| Music player | Yes, Stereo speakers with 3D audio |
| Radio | Yes |
| Video Player | Yes |
| Polyphonic tones | Yes, 64 chords |
| Ringtones | Yes, Mp3, MIDI tones, AMR,(WB-AMR), True Tones, WAV, AAC, eAAC+, RealAudio |
| HF speakerphone | Yes |
| Offline mode | Yes |
| Battery | BL-5F (950 mAh) |
| Talk time | 3.5 hours |
| Standby time | 11 days (=260 hours) |
| Weight | 115 grams |
| Dimensions | 94x50x20.8 millimeters |
| Availability | Q1/2007 |
| Else | Text to speech, Quickoffice office suite, Speaker-independent voice-dialing |

## InfoBox

Nokia 6290
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Compatible networks | GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA |
| Availability by region | Q1 2007 |
| Predecessor | Nokia 6131 |
| Successor | Nokia 6650 fold
Nokia N81 |
| Related | Nokia N75
Nokia N76 |
| Operating system | Symbian OS (9.2) + S60 3rd Edition Feature Pack 1 |
| Removable storage | microSD |
| Battery | Li-Ion BL-5F |
| Rear camera | 2 Megapixels |
| Data inputs | Keypad |


title: Nokia 6301

abstract: The Nokia 6301 is a triband GSM mobile phone approved by the FCC for the US market in January 2008. It has two major models; the 6301b RM-323 for the North American market and the 6301 RM-322 for the European market. Model 6301b is equipped with 850/1800/1900 MHz bands and model 6301 is equipped with 900/1800/1900 MHz bands. Model 6301 has SMS and MMS 1.2 and is capable of instant messaging. It has a standard 12-button numeric keypad, a five-way navigation key and four additional keys on its face. It has a side volume key and a top-mounted dedicated power key. The bulk of the area above the keypad is taken up with the 2.0" TFT display, 320 x 240 pixels with up to 16.7 million colors. It is a small device, weighing 3.27 oz and is 4.20 x 1.72 x 0.52 in. Power is provided by a BL-4C 860 mAh Li-ion unit providing up to 3.5 hours of use per charge. While nearly identical in appearance to the Nokia 6300, there are significant differences between the two.

text:
# Nokia 6301

The **Nokia 6301** is a triband GSM mobile phone approved by the FCC for the US market in January 2008. It has two major models; the 6301b RM-323 for the North American market and the 6301 RM-322 for the European market. Model 6301b is equipped with 850/1800/1900 MHz bands and model 6301 is equipped with 900/1800/1900 MHz bands.

Model 6301 has SMS and MMS 1.2 and is capable of instant messaging. It has a standard 12-button numeric keypad, a five-way navigation key and four additional keys on its face. It has a side volume key and a top-mounted dedicated power key.

The bulk of the area above the keypad is taken up with the 2.0" TFT display, 320 x 240 pixels with up to 16.7 million colors. It is a small device, weighing 3.27 oz and is 4.20 x 1.72 x 0.52 in. Power is provided by a BL-4C 860 mAh Li-ion unit providing up to 3.5 hours of use per charge.

While nearly identical in appearance to the Nokia 6300, there are significant differences between the two.

## Major features

### UMA

Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) allows mobile devices to utilize a wireless router to make phone calls. The phone and router are recognized as being similar to a phone and GSM tower by the carrier's system. This allows for seamless handoffs between the router and the GSM tower at the point where the device is no longer in range of the router.

### 802.11b/g WiFi

A WiFi connection for data transfer to the service provider means downloading content such as ringtones, games and wallpapers moves considerably quicker than EDGE or GPRS speeds.

### Music capability

The device includes a multi-format music player and an FM radio feature. Stereo output is accomplished through the 2.5 mm Nokia AV port at the bottom of the device or the Bluetooth A2DP provision. Operation of the FM radio requires a wired device to be attached to the AV port to function as the radio antenna. The music player supports MIDI, AAC, AAC+, enhanced AAC+, MP3, and WMA files. There is an equalizer to allow for some adjustment of the sound's tonal quality.

### Photography and Videography

A 2.0 megapixel CMOS sensor is mated to a fixed focus lens without auxiliary lighting. Maximum resolution is 1600 x 1200. Digital zoom allows for in-camera cropping before taking the shot. The still image camera has High, Normal and Basic quality settings. Image size choices are 160 x 120, 320 x 240, 640 480, 800 x 600, 1280 x 960 and 1600 x 1200. Available effects are Normal, False Color, Grayscale, Sepia, Negative and Solarize. White Balance choices are Auto, Daylight, Tungsten and Fluorescent.

Video is shot through the same lens as still images. Video resolution choices are 176 x 144 and 128 x 96 and appear to be 15 frames per second. Video clip length choices are Maximum and Default. Default will produce a clip suitable for sending via MMS, or roughly less than 300KB. Other menu choices for video mirror those for still images. Both still and video images may be saved either to the phone memory or to the storage card.

## Other features

### Browsing

Model 6301 includes an xHTML browser for internet browsing. It is capable of displaying many web pages as intended with some side-to-side scrolling. It handles mobile-designed web pages without scrolling. It handles google.com both in mobile and classic form without incident. The phone's rendering of Nokia.com was different from a desktop browser's rendering, which appears to strictly be an Adobe Flash Player related issue.

### Connectivity

There is a mini USB plug behind a cover at the bottom of the device. Nokia does not specify if this device is USB 1.0, 1.1 or 2.0 compliant.

The Bluetooth radio is another avenue for connection. This device implements Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR supporting these profiles: A2DP, AVRCP, DUN, FTP, GAP, GAVDP, GOEP, HFP, HSP, OPP, SAP, SDAP, and SPP.

Sideloading of information may be accomplished by way of the microSD or micro SDHC card. This device supports up to 4 gigabytes.

### Memory

Device memory is up to 30 megabytes for end user purposes. A Flash memory of 64 MB for handling the device firmware is also present.

## Nokia 6300

The Nokia 6300 is virtually identical in exterior appearance to the Nokia 6301. There are several internal and functional differences causing it to occupy a different functional niche than is occupied by the Nokia 6301.

### Memory

The user memory available is 7.8 MB. The microSD storage capacity is 2 GB.

### Connectivity

Connectivity is limited to Bluetooth, There is no 802.11b/g (WiFi) associated with this device.

## Identifying the 6300 and 6301

The battery compartment label in these devices has information about the device. This will include the Model, the type and the FCC ID. The list following summarizes that information and the major differences among the various types.

European/Asian 6300

* Model 6300
* **Type: RM-217**
* FCC ID: PPIRM-217
* 900/1800/1900 MHz - no WiFi
* 7.8 megabytes user memory
* 2 gigabytes microSD maximum

North American 6300

* Model 6300b
* **Type: RM-222**
* FCC ID: PPIRM-222
* 850/1800/1900 MHz - no WiFi
* 7.8 megabytes user memory
* 2 gigabytes microSD maximum

European/Asian 6301

* Model 6301
* **Type: RM-322**
* FCC ID: PPIRM-322
* 900/1800/1900 MHz + WiFi
* 30 megabytes user memory
* 4 gigabytes micro SDHC maximum

North American 6301

* Model 6301b
* **Type: RM-323**
* FCC ID: PPIRM-323
* 850/1800/1900 MHz + WiFi
* 30 megabytes user memory
* 4 gigabytes micro SDHC maximum


title: Hop River

abstract: The Hop River is a river that runs through Tolland County, Connecticut. The Hop River's marshy source is just southeast of Bolton Notch, Connecticut. It flows for about 15.0 miles (24.1 km) to its confluence with the Willimantic River. There is a popular paddling route beginning where the Skungamaug River enters the Hop River just north of the Hendee Road bridge and ending at the Willimantic River. Most of this route consists of quick-water, but a few Class I and Class II whitewater areas exist. The Hop River State Park Trail crosses the river twice and is parallel to the river for the majority of the river's length.

text:
# Hop River

The **Hop River** is a river that runs through Tolland County, Connecticut. The Hop River's marshy source is just southeast of Bolton Notch, Connecticut. It flows for about 15.0 miles (24.1 km) to its confluence with the Willimantic River. There is a popular paddling route beginning where the Skungamaug River enters the Hop River just north of the Hendee Road bridge and ending at the Willimantic River. Most of this route consists of quick-water, but a few Class I and Class II whitewater areas exist.

The Hop River State Park Trail crosses the river twice and is parallel to the river for the majority of the river's length.

## Crossings

| County | Town | Carrying |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tolland | Bolton | US 6 (twice in a row) |
| | Coventry | South St. |
| | Andover | Times Farm Rd. |
| | Hendee Rd. |
| | Long Hill Rd. |
| | Bunker Hill Rd. |
| | Coventry | Parker Bridge Rd. |
| | Columbia | Hop River State Park Trail (twice in a<br>row) |
| | Hop River Rd. |
| | Pucker Rd. |
| | US 6 (Willimantic Bypass) |
| | Abandoned Railroad Bridge |
| | Flanders Rd. |

## InfoBox

| Hop River | |
| --- | --- |
| At Hop River Road in Coventry | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Connecticut |
| Counties | Tolland |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Unnamed marsh |
| location | Bolton, Tolland County, Connecticut, United States |
| coordinates | 41°47′18″N 72°26′06″W / 41.78833°N 72.43500°W / 41.78833; -72.43500 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Willimantic River |
| location | Columbia, Tolland County, Connecticut, United States |
| coordinates | 41°43′23″N 72°15′00″W / 41.72306°N 72.25000°W / 41.72306; -72.25000 |


title: Nofit State Circus

abstract: NoFit State Circus is a contemporary circus company based in Cardiff, Wales. Formed in 1986, NoFit State Circus has toured tented and theatrical shows at home and abroad. They also maintain an active education programme and run community projects that allow non-professional performers to devise circus work, working alongside the company's professionals.

text:
# Nofit State Circus

**NoFit State Circus** is a contemporary circus company based in Cardiff, Wales.

Formed in 1986, NoFit State Circus has toured tented and theatrical shows at home and abroad. They also maintain an active education programme and run community projects that allow non-professional performers to devise circus work, working alongside the company's professionals.

## Shows

### *Immortal*

The company's first large-scale show *Immortal* was described by *The Scotsman* newspaper as a circus that "celebrates the human soul rather than just the human body", and elsewhere lauded as "rich, powerful stuff \[...\] overwhelming in its diversity of ideas". Writing in *The Times*, dance critic Donald Hutera gave a more measured response, saying that it was better to "surrender to the show's deceptively shambolic quicksilver atmosphere" than concentrate overmuch on the plot. *Immortal* won a Tap Water Award, an Editor's Choice Award from threeweeks.co.uk, and The Jury Award at Spain's Tarrega Festival.

### *Tabú*

NoFit State's next show, *Tabú*, premiered at Tredegar Park, Newport, in April 2008, and has been touring Britain and Europe since then. Directed by Firenza Guidi, who also worked on *Immortal*, *Tabú* shares much of *Immortal*'s visual and narrative style and carries over some of the old cast. It has received mixed reviews. Lyn Gardner writing for *The Guardian* called it "fabulous stuff that owes more to contemporary dance and experimental theatre than it does to sawdust and elephants", but others have criticized that the live show seems to have "no connection with the programme's bogglingly detailed back story", and that the circus skills on display "don't dramatise the original concept".

### *Bianco*

In 2012, the company developed its show *Bianco: Time for Beauty* in partnership with the Eden Project. The promenade show, also directed by Firenza Guidi, ran in the tented performance space throughout the summer, and was described by *This Is Cornwall* as "an incredible experience". The show was then redeveloped to incorporate new ideas, acts and performers in 2013 to become *Bianco: Turning Savage*. It opened at The Roundhouse in April 2013, and was praised by *The Guardian* newspaper for "combining first-rate skills with a joyful, unashamed pleasure". *Bianco: Turning Savage* went on to tour venues across the UK in NoFit State's custom-designed big top spaceship tent, including a sell-out run at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2013. In 2014 the show toured Perth, Australia and around Europe continuing into 2015.

### *Noodles*

NoFit State's show *Noodles* premiered at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival. The production, by Finnish circus director Maksim Komaro, was staged in a traditional theatre setting and received mixed reviews.

## Other activities

The business has additionally engaged in outdoor work. Orit Azaz, the director of Parklife and Open House, invited local amateur and professional performance groups to practise in front of the public with NoFit State performers. A large-scale outdoor production called Barricade, which Azaz also directed, was seen by audiences in the UK and France.

Since 2006 NoFit State has been running a permanent training space and school in Cardiff. They provide a variety of aerial and ground-based classes for all experience levels, including ropes, silks, aerial hoop, static trapeze, acro-balance and juggling. The company runs a youth circus program, with some of their students going on to study at Circomedia.

In January 2015, NoFit State was invited to the south of France as a featured company at the first edition of the Biennale Internationale des Arts du Cirque.

On 11 December 2015, the company launched a 30th-anniversary exhibition at its Four Elms building in Adamsdown, Cardiff, as well as the NoFit State E-Archive, which details the company's 30-year history. On the same night, the company's co-founder and one of its creative directors, Ali Williams, announced that she was to step down from her current role with the company, later in 2016.

In 2016, the NoFit State celebrated its 30th anniversary. In February the company made its Chinese premiere performing *Bianco* at Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Hong Kong, and later on, in May, its US debut in partnership with St. Ann's Warehouse in New York City.

They also do sessions for younger children and adults.

## History

* *Immortal*: 2002–2006
* *Tabu*: 2008–2010
* *Labyrinth*: 2011\`
* *Mundo Paralelo*: 2012
* *Barricade*: 2012
* *Parklife*: 2012
* *Bianco*: 2012–2015
* *Noodles*: 2013–2015
* *Open House*: 2013–2015
* *Block*: 2016–
* *Lexicon*: 2018
* *Sabotage*: 2022

## InfoBox

| NoFit State Circus | |
| --- | --- |
| The *Immortal* tour, 2006 | |
| Origin | |
| Country | Wales |
| Year founded | 1986 |
| Information | |
| Ringmaster(s) | No |
| Directors | * Tom Rack * Alison Woods |
| Travelling show? | Yes |
| Circus tent? | Yes |
| Winter quarters | Training in Cardiff |
| Type of acts | Contemporary circus – anarchic fusion with theatre |
| Other information | No animals |
| Website | www.nofitstate.org |


title: Noflan

abstract: Noflan is a flame retardant chemical. It was developed in the 1980s by the Moscow State Textile University and the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics in Moscow, with the aim of fire-proofing the fabric used in Soviet spacecraft. In the 1990s the technology was commercialised and licensed to Firestop Chemicals.

text:
# Noflan

**Noflan** is a flame retardant chemical. It was developed in the 1980s by the Moscow State Textile University and the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics in Moscow, with the aim of fire-proofing the fabric used in Soviet spacecraft. In the 1990s the technology was commercialised and licensed to Firestop Chemicals.

## Composition

As halogens and antimony containing flame retardant result in unwanted degradation, alternatives have been under research. Noflan is a complex of the amide of alkylphosphonic acid ammonium salt with ammonium chloride but is also alleged to cause corrosion.

## Uses

Noflan is used to treat fabric and carpets in trains, buses and aircraft, including the Airbus A380.

## Gävle straw goat

Noflan was used to protect a giant straw yule goat or julbocken from arson in Gävle, Sweden during December 2006.

* New Scientist 22/11/07