title: Iain MacIvor

abstract: Iain MacIvor was a British archaeologist and civil servant. He was Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Scotland from 1980 to 1989.

text:
# Iain MacIvor

**Iain MacIvor** ISO (6 May 1928 – 17 February 2017) was a British archaeologist and civil servant. He was Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Scotland from 1980 to 1989.

## Biography

Born in Carlisle, MacIvor began reading for an English degree at Durham University in 1949, where he fell under the influence of Eric Birley and began participating in archaeological excavations at the Temple of Mithras at Carrawburgh on Hadrian's Wall. After graduation he continued his studies at Oxford under C. E. Stevens.

In 1955 he was appointed as assistant inspector of ancient monuments in the Edinburgh office of what was then the Ministry of Public Building and Works, eventually rising to full inspector, Principal Inspector and finally Chief Inspector before retiring in 1989. He received the Imperial Service Order the same year. David Breeze, another former student of Eric Birley, succeeded to the vacated post. MacIvor's interests gradually progressed from the Roman to the medieval and later periods – his greatest professional interest was said to be military fortifications of the Jacobite era.

MacIvor was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1966, but resigned his fellowship in 2005.

## Publications

### Books

* MacIvor, Iain. *Fort George*. HM Stationery Office, 1970 OCLC 696055
* MacIvor, Iain. *Fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed*. HM Stationery Office, 1972 OCLC 731812
* Fawcett, Richard; MacIvor, Iain; Petersen, Bent; ed. Reynolds, Nicholas. *Edinburgh Castle*. HM Stationery Office, 1980 OCLC 9282110
* MacIvor, Iain. *A Fortified Frontier: Defences of the Anglo-Scottish Border*. Tempus Publishing, 2001 OCLC 49694358

### Articles

* Gillam, John P.; Iain MacIvor; Eric Birley. “The Temple of Mithras at Rudchester”. *Archaeologia Aeliana*. 5th Series, no. 6, 1954, pp. 176–219
* MacIvor, Iain. “The Elizabethan Fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed”. *The Antiquaries Journal*, vol. 45, no. 1, 1965, pp. 64–96
* MacIvor, Iain. “The King’s Chapel at Restalrig and St Triduana’s Aisle: A hexagonal two-storied Chapel of the fifteenth-century”. *Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland*, vol. 96, 1965, pp. 247–263
* Dunbar, John; MacIvor, Iain. “James's Fort, Stirling”. *Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland*, vol. 96, 1965, pp. 361–363
* MacIvor, Iain; Thomas, M Clare; Breeze, David. “Excavations on the Antonine Wall fort of Rough Castle, Stirlingshire, 1957-61”. *Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland*, vol. 110, 1981, pp. 230–285
* MacIvor, Iain; Gallagher, Dennis; Laing, Lloyd et al. "Excavations at Caerlaverock Castle, 1955–66." *The Archaeological Journal* vol. 156, no. 1, 1999, pp. 143–245


title: Paging Emma

abstract: Paging Emma is a 1999, English-language film written and directed by Roberto Busó-García. It is set in Puerto Rico.

text:
# Paging Emma

***Paging Emma*** is a 1999, English-language film written and directed by Roberto Busó-García. It is set in Puerto Rico.

## Plot summary

The film follows Emma Donne, who is left with nothing after witnessing the shooting and abduction of her husband. Lacking family and friends, she immerses herself in the only thing she has left: her work. As an operator at a paging company, Emma is a modern-day messenger. She begins to find solace by living vicariously through the message she relays... and what once was a dreadful chore becomes an obsession for her. Methodically, Emma retreats from the world around her and starts to substitute her basic need for human contact with these meaningless and impersonal messages. After months without a clue about her husband's disappearance, Emma starts receiving personal and intimate messages that only her husband could write. With nothing to lose but her life, Emma gets involved and follows the lead of the mystifying messages. Caught in an ever-widening web of lies and strange coincidences, Emma realizes that events are not always what they seem, as dark secrets about her previous "perfect" life begin to surface.

The 35mm feature film had a theatrical premiere at the Metro Cinema in Santurce, Puerto Rico, on Monday, November 8, 1999. It did not succeed in getting a distributor, and has never been released to the general public.

## InfoBox

| Paging Emma | |
| --- | --- |
| Don't Ask Why | |
| Directed by | Roberto Busó-García |
| Written by | Roberto Busó-García |
| Produced by | Roberto Busó-García
Amy Geng
Todd Y. Park
Carlos González-Salicrup |
| Starring | Lynn Evans
Mark Fish (writer)
Michael Stone
Patrick Cartmel
Amanda Byron
Rocky Venegas
Tanya Soler
Pablo Cunqueiro |
| Cinematography | Jaime Costas |
| Music by | Thomas DeRenzo, ABAKO |
| Release date | * 1999 (1999) |
| Running time | 112 minutes |
| Country | Puerto Rico |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $600,000.00 |


title: Thorectidae

abstract: Thorectidae is a family of sea sponges in the order Dictyoceratida.

text:
# Thorectidae

**Thorectidae** is a family of sea sponges in the order Dictyoceratida.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Thorectidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Scalarispongia scalaris* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Dictyoceratida |
| Family: | Thorectidae<br>Bergquist, 1978 |
|


title: Hanwella

abstract: Hanwella is a town in Sri Lanka, situated about 30 km (19 mi) from Colombo, the commercial capital of the country. Hanwella lies on the Colombo-Ratnapura main road, on the banks of the Kelani River.

text:
# Hanwella

**Hanwella** is a town in Sri Lanka, situated about 30 km (19 mi) from Colombo, the commercial capital of the country. Hanwella lies on the Colombo-Ratnapura main road, on the banks of the Kelani River.

## Geography

This historic city belongs to the Colombo district and Avissawella electorate. Hanwella is one of three major towns in the Seethawake pradeshiya sabha, the other two being Kosgama and Padukka. Hanwella lies on both of the Colombo-Ratnapura roads, namely the Highlevel and Lowlevel roads. The Kelani River, one of Sri Lanka's major rivers, runs alongside the town. Hanwella borders the Gampaha district. The nearest towns are Padukka (8 km), Pugoda (8 km), Kosgama(8 km) and Nawagamuwa (8 km).

There are some waterfalls, and lush green hills and rubber plantations surround the city. Two main reservoirs, called Labugama and Kalatuwawa, are situated close to Hanwella and supply water.

## History

Hanwella was part of the ancient Seethawaka kingdom. Many battles between Portuguese soldiers and Sinhalese troops took place in Hanwella and the surrounding area. These sites have been preserved and can be seen in the Hanwella restaurant district. Portuguese and other colonial influences are still visible in the town.

Prior to the construction of the Colombo-Kandy highway by the British, the main access road to Kandy and the interior of the country was via Hanwella.

## Urbanisation

Hanwella is rapidly becoming urbanised. Several factories have been built in and around the city. The local version of the Disneyland, "Leisure World", is an attraction for kids a few kilometres away from the town. Currently, the part of the town situated on the Highlevel Road is gradually developing into a separate town called Pahatgama.

## Facilities

Among government institutions, the Divisional secretariat office is located in Pahatgama on Highlevel Road. The main schools are Rajasinghe Central College, Roman Catholic, and Mayadunna Vidyalaya. MOH office, Hanwella is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) away from the town at Kosgama.

06°53′N 080°05′E / 6.883°N 80.083°E / 6.883; 80.083

## InfoBox

| Hanwella හංවැල්ල<br>ஹன்வெல்லை | |
| --- | --- |
| HanwellaMap of Sri Lanka showing the location of Hanwella | |
| Coordinates: 06°52′48″N 080°05′15″E / 6.88000°N 80.08750°E / 6.88000; 80.08750 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Western Province |
| District | Colombo District |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+6 (Summer time) |
| Postal Code | 10650 |


title: Warriors Mark, Pennsylvania

abstract: Warriors Mark is an unincorporated community in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the intersection of state routes 350 and 550, 16.3 miles (26.2 km) north-northwest of Huntingdon. Warriors Mark has a post office, with ZIP code 16877.

text:
# Warriors Mark, Pennsylvania

**Warriors Mark** is an unincorporated community in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the intersection of state routes 350 and 550, 16.3 miles (26.2 km) north-northwest of Huntingdon. Warriors Mark has a post office, with ZIP code 16877.

## InfoBox

| Warriors Mark, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Warriors MarkWarriors Mark | |
| Coordinates: 40°42′07″N 78°07′44″W / 40.70194°N 78.12889°W / 40.70194; -78.12889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Huntingdon |
| Township | Warriors Mark |
| Elevation | 1,083 ft (330 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 16877 |
| Area code | 814 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2830929 |


title: Industrial Estates Limited

abstract:
Industrial Estates Limited (IEL) was a Crown corporation established by the Government of Nova Scotia in 1957. IEL stemmed from the Voluntary Planning Act, instituted by Premier Robert Stanfield's government in the same year. The first president of IEL, Frank Sobey, was paid an honorary salary of $1/year and was instrumental in attracting new companies to the province throughout the 1960s. IEL began with a $23 million start-up investment from the government and received a mandate to build industrial parks and lease space to companies, though through an aggressive pursuit of outside investment. IEL quickly began building and financing plants for companies that were willing to move to the province. By 1968, 60 firms had benefited from the program, producing 10,000 new jobs and $40 million in provincial revenue. Some of these companies included:
  - Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB of Sweden, which built a large integrated pulp and finished paper mill in Point Tupper.
  - Michelin of France, which eventually built three tire manufacturing plants in Granton, followed by Bridgewater and Waterville.
  - Volvo Personvagnar AB of Sweden, which built the only Volvo car assembly plant in North America in Dartmouth, which later moved to Halifax
  - Scott Paper Company of the United States, which built a kraft pulp mill in Abercrombie.
  - Clairtone a Canadian consumer electronics company IEL was at its zenith during the 1960s as it played an important part in modernizing and diversifying the province's economy. Its influence declined significantly in the 1970s with the increasing role of the federal government in economic development through the Department of Regional Industrial Expansion and its successors.

text:
# Industrial Estates Limited

**Industrial Estates Limited** (**IEL**) was a Crown corporation established by the Government of Nova Scotia in 1957.

IEL stemmed from the *Voluntary Planning Act*, instituted by Premier Robert Stanfield's government in the same year. The first president of IEL, Frank Sobey, was paid an honorary salary of $1/year and was instrumental in attracting new companies to the province throughout the 1960s.

IEL began with a $23 million start-up investment from the government and received a mandate to build industrial parks and lease space to companies, though through an aggressive pursuit of outside investment. IEL quickly began building and financing plants for companies that were willing to move to the province. By 1968, 60 firms had benefited from the program, producing 10,000 new jobs and $40 million in provincial revenue.

Some of these companies included:

IEL was at its zenith during the 1960s as it played an important part in modernizing and diversifying the province's economy. Its influence declined significantly in the 1970s with the increasing role of the federal government in economic development through the Department of Regional Industrial Expansion and its successors.

## Further reading

* Roy E. George, *The Life and Times of Industrial Estates Limited*, Halifax: Henson College, Dalhousie University, 1974.


title: Jumping position

abstract:
The jumping position is a position used by equestrians when jumping over an obstacle, involving a combination of both a "forward seat" and "2 point" position. A rider in jumping position has their body centered over the horse's center of gravity and the saddle. Continuing a line upwards from the stirrup leathers, the head and shoulders fall in front of the line, as do the knees and the hips fall behind it. A correct jumping seat serves two purposes:
  - It gives the horse freedom to jump the obstacle, allowing it to keep the forelegs and hindlegs tight, thereby decreasing the chance that the horse rolls down or falls. It also encourages the horse to bascule over the fence, which improves jumping form and the ability to jump higher obstacles.
  - It provides the rider with the support needed to stay out of the horse's way while still maintaining a secure seat so that the horse is less likely to fall on landing.

text:
# Jumping position

The **jumping position** is a position used by equestrians when jumping over an obstacle, involving a combination of both a "forward seat" and "2 point" position. A rider in jumping position has their body centered over the horse's center of gravity and the saddle. Continuing a line upwards from the stirrup leathers, the head and shoulders fall in front of the line, as do the knees and the hips fall behind it.

A correct jumping seat serves two purposes:

* It gives the horse freedom to jump the obstacle, allowing it to keep the forelegs and hindlegs tight, thereby decreasing the chance that the horse rolls down or falls. It also encourages the horse to bascule over the fence, which improves jumping form and the ability to jump higher obstacles.
* It provides the rider with the support needed to stay out of the horse's way while still maintaining a secure seat so that the horse is less likely to fall on landing.

## The influence of the horse on position

The jumping position keeps the rider in a position over the horse's center of gravity.

The horse, not the rider, is responsible for opening and closing the rider's angles (notably, the hip and knee). As the horse takes off, it raises its upper body off the ground and comes closer to the rider. This makes the rider's hip angle (between the thigh and chest) narrow. Over the fence, the rider keeps the angles closed. As the horse lands, it moves away from the rider's body, which allows the hip angle to open and the rider to become more perpendicular to the ground. Also, if the horse takes a jump wrong in some manner, due to rider error or other, the rider may be thrown around and may sometimes get "left behind". This is when the rider's center of balance is behind that of the horse. This can also throw the horse off balance and lead to other problems such as knocking down a rail.

## Position of the leg

The lower leg is the anchor of rider's position and contributes to their security. Poor lower leg position makes a rider more likely to lose balance over fences and therefore increases the chance that they may fall. It also tends to decrease the ability of the rider to communicate clearly with his or her horse.

The leg should hang down the horse's side, making even contact along its whole length (inner thigh, knee, and calf), and should not change position when the upper body moves. The rider's weight is dropped along the back of the leg and into the heel through a flexible ankle so that the heel is lower than the toes. The toes are generally turned out slightly, to a degree greater than in the flatwork-only English riding disciplines such as dressage or saddle seat. This places the back of the calf against the horse, instead of the whole inner calf, as in dressage which decreases the refinement in communication between horse and rider but anchors the rider and increases security. Toes should turn no more than 45 degrees out.

The stirrups are shortened from the length used for flatwork and adjusted according to the height of the fence. Grand Prix jumpers and eventers on cross-country generally need to shorten the stirrups the most, to allow them to gallop and jump in motion with their horse. The short stirrup provides more leverage and flexibility, and therefore security, better balance and a more secure position should the horse stumble, get a poor distance, or peck on landing. More importantly, a shorter stirrup allows the rider to get off the horse's back between and over the fence, freeing up the back and allowing the horse to bascule. The stirrup leather should remain perpendicular to the ground. The stirrup iron is usually placed on the ball of the foot, allowing the rider to have a flexible, shock-absorbing ankle. The rider should keep even pressure across the foot, rather than pushing on the inside or outside of the stirrup iron, as this makes the lower leg stiff.

The result of a shorter stirrup is that the ankle and knee angle decrease. Both angles are used as shock absorbers, opening and closing accordingly with the thrust of takeoff and landing. Stiffness in these angles makes it harder to stay with the horse's balance, which may result in the rider "jumping ahead" or being "left behind."

### Variations in leg position

Leg position may vary slightly between disciplines. Combining a relatively short stirrup with a need for security, Eventers and steeplechase jockeys tend to have a slightly forward leg position, with the foot "home" in the iron. The forward leg position increases security, making it more difficult for the rider to become dislodged. This is important in both sports because riders jump solid fences at high speed, where the horse is more likely to stumble or fall if it hits the fence. Especially in the case of steeplechase jockey, a fall could be extremely dangerous, as the other horses in the race could trample him or her.

The foot can be placed "home" (with the stirrup behind the ball of the foot, near the heel), for security purposes. This decreases the chance that the rider will lose a stirrup should a horse jump or land awkwardly. However, this is very dangerous in that should the rider fall, the foot may become caught in the iron and a rider could be dragged by the horse, resulting in serious injury or death.

## Position of the seat, hips, and thighs

The rider keeps their weight toward the pelvis and generally has enough weight in the stirrups to be suspended in the air over the saddle, rather than sitting on the horse's back. The rider should not bring the hips too far forward, over the pommel, as seen in the fault of jumping ahead. This changes the rider's balance and creates a potentially dangerous position.

The hip joints are especially important, as they are the connection between the lower leg (which remains still), and the upper body. The hips should be very flexible, opening and closing as needed. The hips should always move backward from the neutral position, not forward (a sign that the rider is jumping ahead).

Between fences, the rider may ride in two-point position, where the thighs take up the weight of the rider, not the seat bones. Another position used in galloping, when additional control is needed, is the "half seat," which resembles a two-point position, but the rider's seat bones lightly touch the saddle. At slower speeds, or if considerable control is needed, the rider may sit down on the horse, where the seat bones touch the saddle (Depending on regional terminology, both the half seat and a full seat are sometimes referred to as "three-point" position).

## Position of the upper body (shoulders, head, trunk)

In all disciplines, riders should be looking up and in the direction of where they need to go after landing. Looking down tends to cause riders to lean forward with their shoulders and round their back, thus placing them in a precarious position. The head should also not be tilted to one side, as this changes the rider's lateral balance and places more weight on one side.

In general, the back should be flat. Overarching causes stiffness and affects the rider's balance. A slightly rounded back is acceptable cross-country when used in the safety seat.

The rider should have an open chest with shoulders back. This helps to prevent the rider from collapsing forward and helps to center the weight of the upper body over the lower leg, therefore helping to keep the rider secure.

## Releases

In all cases, the rider should *release* the horse over a fence, or in other words, lengthen enough rein so the horse can stretch its neck forward and use it as a balancing mechanism. The key to a good release is relaxed arms with proper hand, wrist, and elbow position. First, the arms (elbows and shoulders) should be soft and elastic, allowing the horse to pull them forward as needed. Preferably, there should be a straight line from bit to elbow (automatic release), as this improves contact and communication between horse and rider. The wrists of the rider should remain soft and straight, as bent wrists tend to stiffen the lower arm. The elbows should be next to the rider's side, not "chicken-winged" and pointing outward, which decreases flexibility and softness.

As in all riding, the hands should be softly closed, neither tightly holding the reins which causes tension and stiffness, or so soft that the reins easily slip through. The one exception to this rule is when the rider needs to slip the reins.

### Types of releases

There are three classic releases. Different releases are used depending on different circumstances and riders need to be able to use them all.

**Basic release**: The rider grabs the mane of the horse. This allows the rider to avoid falling back and hitting the horse in the mouth or back or try to use the mouth for balance. It is used by beginner riders when they do not yet have the position and balance to do more advanced releases without risking hitting their horse in the mouth. It is also used by more advanced riders on green horses, who tend to overjump, or when a rider loses position due to an awkward jump. Riders should not think it is reserved for novices, and all good riders will grab mane to save their horse's mouth. However, it provides the least amount of control. It should therefore not be used unless it is required. It can also be used for galloping, where the weight of the rider should be in the heels, therefore giving the horse freedom.

**Short crest release**: The rider slides the hands up the crest as the horse takes off, not before (which "drops" the horse). The hands should not slide far up the crest, only a couple of inches as needed. It provides support for the rider's upper body, while still providing a good amount of control because the rider did not release any more than needed. Best used on verticals, when the rider needs to turn mid-air, or when going down drop fences. An intermediate release.

**Long crest release**: Similar to the short crest release, in that the rider slides his hands up the crest, but the hands are pushed much further along the neck. Gives a great deal of freedom, but fairly little control. Best for very wide oxers, to allow the horse to really stretch across, or for green horses that may jump large or awkwardly, for gymnastics grids, and for use on horses that have been hit in the mouth over fences and are reluctant to jump or stretch down over a fence. The rider should be careful not to associate a large move forward with the hands and elbows to mean a move forward with the hips. The hip angle should still close backwards. Many riders get into the habit of jumping ahead with this release. Critics say this release is overused and exaggerated by hunter riders; in the hunter ring it is often used by experienced and/or professional riders on well-trained horses over jumps of relatively modest size. Proponents say that this shows off a talented hunter by proving the horse needs little assistance from the rider to jump in good form.

**Automatic release**: The most advanced release, where the rider maintains a soft, elastic, steady rein contact with a straight line from elbow to bit as the horse jumps. This release results in a great deal of control and communication between horse and rider, allowing the rider to signal to the horse what to do on landing. It allows the rider to better turn while in the air, correct horses that jump crookedly, and provide the support that some horses prefer over fences. It is also good on horses that need much control after landing. However, the automatic release requires perfect balance from the rider to be executed correctly. An unsteady rider will catch the horse in the mouth, and an incorrect automatic release will spoil a horse's jump and confidence. However, if a rider is able to perform it correctly, it is often best to use this release whenever possible. Very useful in show jumping and eventing, where control is very important.

**Slipping the reins**: Not a release, but rather simply letting the reins slide through the hands a bit. It is a very valuable tool all riders should have. To be used when the rider gets behind the motion by accident, when riding drop fences or fences with a downhill landing, or when a horse gets in trouble over a fence (such as catching a leg on a cross-country fence). This move allows the rider to release the horse and gives them the freedom they need, without forcing the rider to do one of the other releases (which are inappropriate for drop fences). However, it results in extra-long reins on landing, so the rider must be able to immediately gather up the reins and shorten them to the correct length.

## Common faults

* **Swinging lower leg**: This usually occurs if the rider pinches or grips with the knees, lacks contact throughout the whole leg (for example, has no contact with the thigh), or rides with stirrups that are too long to provide correct balance and support. Since the lower leg is the rider's anchor, a swinging lower leg greatly decreases security and can be very dangerous if the rider is jumping complex fences at high speeds. There are two common occasions for the swinging leg. First, the Grand Prix rider may lose position because the fences are so large, and the horse's thrust and motion are very difficult to follow. Riders of this caliber are generally able to compensate for their deviations from the classical position due to skill and experience. Second, this is commonly seen by show hunter riders, because their horses have such powerful jumps and round bascule that it is hard to stay with the jump. In both cases, however, there are riders able to maintain a classical position.
* **Toes down/Heels up**: This is usually accompanied by the swinging lower leg. Often due to incorrect leg position, too-long stirrup, or, in some cases, due to the rider standing on the toe, instead of sinking his or her weight down his lower leg. Again, this places the rider in a very precarious position. Doing this can have the rider too ahead of the horse.
* **Lower leg shoved forward**: Pushing the lower leg forward slightly is appropriate for some fences (such as cross-country) for added security. However, it is not appropriate for riding on level ground in a manicured arena at low speeds. Shoving the lower leg forward tends to decrease the rider's ability to stay with the motion, placing them in "the back seat" and increasing the risk of falling onto their horse's back while over a fence. It is sometimes associated with "getting left behind."

* **Jumping ahead**: This involves the rider opening the hip angle over the fence, rather than folding back so that the majority of the body is in front of the line made by the stirrup leather. The lower leg usually swings backward. It places the rider in a *very* insecure position since the rider not only loses his or her base of support (the lower leg) but also is in front of the horse's center of motion. This means that the rider will fall forward (and possibly off) if the horse for any reason slows down its motion (stops, runs out, or stumbles). Secondly, this throws the rider's weight over the horse's shoulders, making it very difficult for the horse to take off and harder to get out of trouble on landing. Riders most commonly jump ahead if they are trying to jump for their horse or if they anticipate the take-off and do not wait for the horse to close their hip and knee angles.

* **Getting "left behind"**: When the rider's body is mostly behind the line made by the perpendicular stirrup leather, and behind the horse's motion. This results in the rider placing extra weight on the horse's back. Hitting the horse in the back is a huge fault in the hunter arenas because it punishes the horse for rounding into the bascule which is essential in those disciplines and can cause knockdowns in show jumping. However, being behind the motion is not marked down in eventing when riding cross-country. This is because a solid seat slightly behind the motion places the rider in an extremely secure seat (as riders usually fall off over the shoulder of the horse, not the hindquarters) and because a great bascule is not encouraged cross-country. This position is performed in degrees depending on the type of fence, with most fences where the rider is behind the motion but not putting his seat bones on the horse's back, and others, such as drop fences, where it is essential that the rider keep his or her seat completely in the saddle for security purposes. However, getting left behind sometimes occurs if the rider's upper body is too open and is leaning back before the fence if the horse takes off from a very long distance (jumps from too far back), or if the rider's lower leg is shoved so far forward in front of the knee that it forces the upper body back. In all cases, the rider must slip the reins to provide the horse freedom of movement to get over the fence.
* **Snapping up**: When the rider throws the upper body upward, quickly opening the hip angle on the landing side. This risks that the rider will catch the horse in the mouth or put too much weight on its back. It also disrupts the horse's jump. It usually occurs when a rider has gotten into the habit of falling forward and tries to compensate by bringing his or her upper body back too soon before the horse has completed the jump.
* **Ducking**: When the rider bends the hip angles too much and snaps the upper body over one shoulder. This makes the horse carry uneven weight on one side, which makes it more difficult for it to jump. This occurs when the rider has too much weight in one stirrup instead of being evenly centered.

* **Not releasing**: Failing to release can cause a host of problems, as it causes the horse to jump flat, and can result in the horse associating jumping with pain, which may lead to stopping. A poor release may occur for several reasons. First, the rider may use the reins for support over the fence because he or she has not developed the correct balance. In this situation, it is important that the rider grab the horse's mane for support, instead. A rider who is left behind in the motion may also fail to release. In these cases, the rider should be sure to slip the reins. Some riders ride this way when they are mounted on strong horses, and they wish to tell the horse to slow down over the fence before landing, or get in the habit of overusing their hands between fences and forgetting to release. In this case, the rider must make a conscious effort to remember to release the horse into the air. Failure to release may also occur when riders plant their hands on the horse's neck support their upper body during a jump, and place their hands too far back to allow adequate rein for the horse, or if the riders keep contact during takeoff but stiffen their elbows so that they don't follow that contact forward over the fence. Occasionally, it appears as if a rider is not releasing enough, when in fact he or she is slipping the reins or performing a correct automatic release.
* **Incorrect release**: When the rider releases by throwing their hands above the horse's neck, into the air, or significantly below the neck. This may change or disrupt the rider's balance during the jump.


title: Hoang Thanh Trang

abstract: Hoàng Thanh Trang is a Vietnamese-born Hungarian chess grandmaster. She was Asian women's champion in 2000 and European women's champion in 2013. Hoang competed in the Women's World Chess Championship in 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2018.

text:
# Hoang Thanh Trang

**Hoàng Thanh Trang** (born 25 April 1980) is a Vietnamese-born Hungarian chess grandmaster. She was Asian women's champion in 2000 and European women's champion in 2013. Hoang competed in the Women's World Chess Championship in 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2018.

## Early life and career

Born in Hanoi, Vietnam, Hoàng Thanh Trang moved with her family to Budapest when she was ten years old. She was taught how to play chess at four and half years old by her father, who is her coach.

Thanh Trang played in the 1995 Women's Interzonal Tournament in Chișinău. She won the World Girls U-20 Championship in 1998. In 2000, she won Asian Women's Championship in Udaipur. She won the gold medal as the best player on board 1 at the 2005 European Club Cup for Women in Saint-Vincent, Aosta Valley, with a score of 80.0%. The following year she transferred national federations from Vietnam to Hungary. In 2007, she became Grandmaster; the twelfth woman to reach that rank.

In 2011, she won the European Women's Rapid Championship (Maia Chiburdanidze's Cup) in Kutaisi. In 2013 Hoang won the European Women's Championship, winning 7 games and drawing 4, ending up with a score of 9 points from 11 games.

She has competed at ten Women's Chess Olympiads, five for Vietnam (1994–2002) and five for Hungary (2006–2014).

## Personal life

Thanh Trang bears dual citizenship of Vietnam and Hungary. She graduated in Economics from the Gábor Dénes College.

## InfoBox

| Hoàng Thanh Trang | |
| --- | --- |
| Hoàng Thanh Trang in 2023 | |
| Country | Vietnam (until 2006)
Hungary (since 2006) |
| Born | (1980-04-25) 25 April 1980
Hanoi, Vietnam |
| Title | Grandmaster (2007) |
| Peak rating | 2511 (November 2013) |


title: Ray Kelvin

abstract: Raymond Stuart Kelvin CBE is the founder and former chief executive of the retail clothing company Ted Baker. He started working in his uncle's menswear shop in Enfield at the age of eleven and founded the Ted Baker brand in 1988 when he opened a shop specialising in men's shirts in Glasgow.

text:
# Ray Kelvin

**Raymond Stuart Kelvin** CBE (born on 11 December 1955 in north London) is the founder and former chief executive of the retail clothing company Ted Baker. He started working in his uncle's menswear shop in Enfield at the age of eleven and founded the Ted Baker brand in 1988 when he opened a shop specialising in men's shirts in Glasgow.

## Early life and education

Kelvin, who is Jewish, grew up in Edmonton, north London, and was educated at JFS.

## Awards

Kelvin was awarded an honorary doctorate in business administration from the University of Bath in 2007. In the 2011 New Year Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to the fashion industry.

## Personal life

Kelvin was married for six years to actress Georgia Slowe before splitting up in 1999 and divorcing in 2000. They have two sons. In March 2012, Kelvin married his second wife, Clare (formerly Clare Kavanagh), with whom he has a daughter.

In his spare time he enjoys fly fishing.

## Harassment allegations

A former employee created a petition in 2018 that received 2,000 signatures to put an end to his hugs and allegedly inappropriate activities with staff, as a result of an unconfirmed lack of support from Ted Baker's HR department. On 7 December 2018, it was announced that Kelvin would be taking voluntary leave of absence from the company. On 4 March 2019, following an internal independent committee investigation, it was announced that Kelvin had resigned and would be leaving Ted Baker with immediate effect. Mr Kelvin came back to the firm on an advisory basis about a year after the "forced hugging" scandal.

## InfoBox

| Ray KelvinCBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Raymond Stuart Kelvin
(1955-12-11) 11 December 1955
London, England |
| Education | JFS |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | Founder and former chief executive of Ted Baker |
| Spouses | *   Georgia Slowe  (m. 1993; div. 2000) *   Clare Kelvin (m. 2012) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Pagine Gialle

abstract: Pagine Gialle is the second live album released by German Clarinet Duo.

text:
# Pagine Gialle

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Penguin Guide to Compact Discs* |  |

***Pagine Gialle*** is the second live album released by German Clarinet Duo.

## Track listing

1. *Pagine Gialle*, Pt. 1 – 9:31
2. *Pagine Gialle*, Pt. 2 – 15:37
3. *Pagine Gialle*, Pt. 3 – 11:32
4. *Pagine Gialle*, Pt. 4 – 9:08
5. *Pagine Gialle*, Pt. 5 – 5:35

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Pagine Gialle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by German Clarinet Duo | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Recorded | Loft, Cologne <br>February 18, 1995 |
| Genre | Improvised music, jazz |
| Length | 51:26 |
| Label | Hathut Records |
| Producer | German Clarinet Duo |


title: Through the Night (2020 film)

abstract: Through the Night is a 2020 American documentary film. It depicts the lives of an owner of a 24/7 children’s daycare and three working mothers who bring their children there. The film premiered at the 2020 BlackStar Film Festival, where it was nominated for Best Feature Documentary. It later aired as part of POV on PBS on May 10, 2021.

text:
# Through the Night (2020 film)

***Through the Night*** is a 2020 American documentary film. It depicts the lives of an owner of a 24/7 children’s daycare and three working mothers who bring their children there.

The film premiered at the 2020 BlackStar Film Festival, where it was nominated for Best Feature Documentary. It later aired as part of *POV* on PBS on May 10, 2021.

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 19 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.9/10.

Peter Sobczynski of *RogerEbert.com* gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "*Through the Night* starts off as an inspirational documentary about a woman who diligently performs the kind of service whose very existence may not have even occurred to some people, but which has proven to be a godsend to others. On that level, the film works well enough as like an extended version of a feel-good item you might have seen on the news back in those long-ago times when "slow news days" were a thing. However, as Loira Limbal's film goes on, a second and altogether deeper narrative begins to emerge, as the film becomes a quiet, unsparing indictment of the long-standing failures of America's social safety net, and how people like the central character here go to extraordinary lengths to fill holes in the system that the government either cannot or will not fix."

## InfoBox

| Through the Night | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Loira Limbal |
| Edited by | Malika Zouhali-Worrall |
| Music by | Osei Essed |
| Release date | * 2020 (2020) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: West Pine, Tasmania

abstract: West Pine is a locality and small rural community in the local government area of Central Coast, in the North West region of Tasmania. It is located about 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of the town of Burnie. The 2021 census determined a population of 142 for the state suburb of West Pine.

text:
# West Pine, Tasmania

**West Pine** is a locality and small rural community in the local government area of Central Coast, in the North West region of Tasmania. It is located about 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of the town of Burnie. The 2021 census determined a population of 142 for the state suburb of West Pine.

## Road infrastructure

The B17 route (Pine Road) runs from the Bass Highway through the eastern part of locality, from where it provides access to many other localities further south. The C116 (West Pine Road), C117 (Cuprona Road), and C118 (Daveys Road) routes all traverse parts of the locality and also provide access to the south.

## InfoBox

| West Pine<br>Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| West Pine | |
| Coordinates | 41°09′11″S 146°00′05″E / 41.1531°S 146.0015°E / -41.1531; 146.0015 |
| Population | 142 (2021 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 7316 |
| Location | 19 km (12 mi) SE of Burnie |
| LGA(s) | Central Coast |
| Region | North West Tasmania |
| State electorate(s) | Braddon |
| Federal division(s) | Braddon |
| **Localities around West Pine:**  Cuprona Sulphur Creek Penguin  Cuprona West Pine Penguin  Camena Riana Riana | |


abstract: Access to drinking water and sanitation in El Salvador has been increased significantly. A 2015 conducted study by the University of North Carolina called El Salvador the country that has achieved the greatest progress in the world in terms of increased access to water supply and sanitation and the reduction of inequity in access between urban and rural areas. However, water resources are heavily polluted and the great majority of wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the environment. Institutionally a single public institution is both de facto in charge of setting sector policy and of being the main service provider. Attempts at reforming and modernizing the sector through new laws have not borne fruit over the past 20 years.

text:
# Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador

Access to **drinking water and sanitation in El Salvador** has been increased significantly. A 2015 conducted study by the University of North Carolina called El Salvador the country that has achieved the greatest progress in the world in terms of increased access to water supply and sanitation and the reduction of inequity in access between urban and rural areas. However, water resources are heavily polluted and the great majority of wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the environment. Institutionally a single public institution is both de facto in charge of setting sector policy and of being the main service provider. Attempts at reforming and modernizing the sector through new laws have not borne fruit over the past 20 years.

## Access

In 2015, 98% of the total population in El Salvador had access to "at least basic" water and 93% had access to "at least basic" sanitation. Nevertheless, there were still, in 2015, 428 thousand people without access to "at least basic" water and 551 thousand without access to "at least basic" sanitation.

Access to water and sanitation in El Salvador remains low by regional standards. Access to improved water source stood at 88 percent in 2010 and access to improved sanitation at 87 percent. Access is lower in rural areas, where about 36 percent of the population lives. In 2010, it stood at 76% for improved water and 83 percent for improved sanitation.

|  | | Urban (64% of the population) | Rural (36% of the population) | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Water | Improved | 98% | 83% | 93% |
| | Piped on Premises | 80% | 42% | 66% |
| Sanitation | Improved | 93% | 87% | 91% |
| | Sewerage (2006 JMP survey & census data) | 62% | 2% | n/a |

*Source*: Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF

### Productivity and public health impact of lack of access to water supply and sanitation

The lack of access to water impacts not only the quality of life of the poor, but also productivity and health. According to a survey carried out in 2001 by the Salvadoran think tank FUSADES the rural poor in particular spend a significant share of their productive time collecting water. Families without household access to water spent on average 8.5 percent of their productive time fetching water, while even those with household access spent 4.9 percent of their productive time fetching water. For the structural poor the values were much higher with 13.6 percent and 7.1 percent respectively.

While access has improved the remaining lack of access to water and sanitation in rural areas has a demonstrably adverse effect on infant mortality, child mortality and stunting. The infant mortality rate among households without a house connection is 40 per 1,000 births, compared to 30 for households with a connection. Similarly, the infant mortality rate among households without a toilet is 37, compared to 30 for households with toilets. The toilets have no toilet seats. Most homes do not have baths.

## Service quality

Water supply in most localities served by ANDA is intermittent, varying from 16 hours per day in some areas to less than 4 hours per day or even once every four days, according to a Demographic and Health Survey (called FESAL by its Spanish acronym) carried out in 2002. Most localities, however, seem to receive water at least once a day. The microbiological quality of water is insufficient.

## Water resources and pollution

El Salvador's water resources are highly polluted, owing in part to the almost total absence of municipal wastewater treatment. In addition, the country suffers from water scarcity during the dry season and conflicts among users.

It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated. Nearly all municipal wastewater (98 percent) and 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment. The highest priority for pollution abatement is estimated to be in the basins of the Acelhuate River and Sucio River, an area that supplies a third of the water supply of the Metropolitan area of San Salvador.

Over the past 20 years the yield of a sample of springs declined by 30 percent due to deforestation. This has reduced water availability for the rural population, in some cases obliging them to rely on more expensive wells pumping from aquifers whose water table has declined by as much as 1 meter per year in some localities.

## History

There have been various efforts to reform the water sector and to create a new legal framework since the mid 1990s. The most comprehensive effort was abandoned after the 2001 earthquakes when political and reform priorities shifted. That reform package would have included the setting of tariffs based on the goal of cost recovery, the creation of a regulator and the introduction of private sector participation. The government of Antonio Saca (2005–2009) considered a general water bill and a water and sanitation bill. According to the water and sanitation bill, ANDA would have limited its functions to service provision. None of the bills was passed until Mauricio Funes assumed the Presidency in June 2009.

## Responsibility for water supply and sanitation

### Service provision

Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador are the responsibility of a large number of diverse service providers.

#### ANDA

The dominant service provider is the **Administración Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ANDA)**, which provides services to 40 percent of the total population of El Salvador in 149 out of the country's 262 municipalities, including the metropolitan area of San Salvador and the country's other two main cities, Santa Ana and San Miguel. As an umbrella institution ANDA defines policies, regulates and provides services. ANDA's Board Chairman has the rank of a Minister and reports directly to the President of the Republic.

#### Other service providers

Other service providers include municipalities, decentralized service providers, housing developers and rural cooperatives. 83 mostly small municipalities provide services directly. More than 13 decentralized service providers have signed agreements under which ANDA has given them the right to manage their services autonomously. More than 100 housing developers have often built their own autonomous urban water systems because ANDA was unable to connect them. They now operate these systems themselves or have delegated service provision to user associations. In rural areas services are provided by more than 800 community-based organizations, including Juntas de Agua and cooperative development associations (Asociaciones de Desarrollo Comunitario). The latter serve about 30 percent of the population.

### Social investment fund

The Social Investment Fund (FISDL) plans and builds water supply systems in the 36 poorest municipalities of El Salvador. This is part of a program called Basic Services Network (*Red de Servicios Básicos*) which in turn complements the government's Conditional Cash Transfer program *Red Solidaria*.

### Non-governmental organizations

The Water and Sanitation Network of El Salvador (RASES) provides a forum for the exchange of experiences in the sector, in particular concerning rural areas.

## Financial aspects

### Tariffs and cost recovery

#### ANDA tariffs

ANDA tariffs average US$0.30/m3 and are below levels found in many other Latin American countries. Furthermore, ANDA tariffs are not socially equitable since the subsidies implicit in the low tariffs predominantly benefit the non-poor. First, users without access to the network, which are usually the poorest, do not receive the consumption subsidy. Second, users served by other providers than ANDA do not receive a subsidy for consumption. Third, among users that have ANDA service, the poor receive fewer subsidies than the non-poor as a consequence of the tariff structure. Tariffs are for both water and sewer services. As a result, there is a cross-subsidy from users without sewer connection to those with a sewer connection who are usually better off.

For political reasons, adjustments of ANDA water tariffs have been infrequent. Between 1994 and 2006 ANDA tariffs were only adjusted twice, in 1994 and 2001. The inflation-adjusted tariff, however, barely changed.

#### Tariffs by other service providers

Tariffs paid by water users in rural areas do recover financial operating costs, since no direct subsidies are available. They are often much higher than tariffs paid by ANDA customers. Some rural water users in pumped systems receive a subsidy through the Fondo de Inversión Nacional en Electricidad y Telefonía (FINET), which subsidizes electricity tariffs.

#### Cost recovery of ANDA

The financial situation of service providers in 2006 did not provide any more for self-financing of investments. ANDA's working ratio was close to 1, indicating that the company barely covers its operating and routine maintenance costs. The reason for the reduced self-financing capacity is a significant increase in the unit costs of ANDA from US$0.21/m3 in 1994 to US$0.46/m3 in 2001, and US$0.63/m3 in 2004. The reason for the important increase of the unit cost in 2004 is not clear, but it could be due to the inauguration of the energy-intensive Río Lempa system that pumps water from the Rio Lempa to San Salvador in that year.

### Investment

Investment levels in water and sanitation in El Salvador stood at about US$20–40m/year from 1995 to 2001, but declined significantly to less than US$10m/year in 2003-04, compared to annual investment needs of US$50–100m to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

### Financing

In 1990-2002, 63 percent of investments were financed through international loans and grants, 21 percent through self-financing by ANDA, 16 percent with government resources and 0 percent through commercial financing.

## External Support

### Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

The Inter-American Development Bank approved a five-year (2010-2014) rural water and sanitation improvement program for El Salvador totaling $44 million where $20 million is provided by the IDB and the remaining $24 million is on loan from the **Spanish Cooperation Fund for Water and Sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean**. The primary objective is to improve living conditions by means of better water and sanitation services. The program is building 85 water systems and will benefit 6,000 households. Additionally, water coverage will increase to 80% in the country's 100 poorest towns. This program is being executed by three agencies: the Social Investment Fund for Local Development, El Salvador's Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, and ANDA.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| El Salvador: Water and Sanitation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Data | | |
| Water coverage ('At least basic' definition) | 93% (2015) |
| Sanitation coverage ('at least basic' definition) | 91% (2015) |
| Continuity of supply (%) | Low |
| Average urban water use (liter/capita/day) | 118 |
| Average urban water and sewer bill for 20m3 | US$6/month |
| Share of household metering | 64% |
| Share of collected wastewater treated | 2% |
| Annual investment in WSS | US$2/capita (2003–2004) |
| Share of self-financing by utilities | 21% (1990–2002), almost zero in 2005 |
| Share of tax-financing | 16% (1990–2002) |
| Share of external financing | 63% (1990–2002) |
| Institutions | | |
| Decentralization to municipalities | Limited |
| National water and sanitation company | Yes |
| Water and sanitation regulator | No |
| Responsibility for policy setting | Presidency of the Republic |
| Sector law | No |
| Number of urban service providers | 97 |
| Number of rural service providers | 800 |
|


title: Palau de la Música de València

abstract:
The Palau de la Música de València is a concert, cinema, arts, and exhibition hall in Valencia situated on the Túria river. The Palau de la Música de Valencia was designed by the architect José María García de Paredes. It was inaugurated on April 25, 1987, and features a large symphonic hall, "Sala Iturbi", that can accommodate 1,781 spectators and a chamber hall, "Sala Rodrigo" with 417 seats. The Palau de la Música also encompasses additional facilities such as two conference rooms, Martín y Soler and Lucrecia Bori, and an exhibition hall. These spaces are part of a larger complex that includes dressing rooms, pressrooms, a VIP room, a box office, cloakrooms, and a shop. This variety of spaces allows the Palau to host a wide range of events, from music concerts to conferences and exhibitions, making it a versatile venue in the cultural landscape of Valencia. The Palau was enlarged in 2003, including significant additions such as a rehearsal hall, García Navarro, specifically designed for the Valencia Orchestra and a new administrative wing. The Palau de la Música de Valencia is a hub for a diverse range of cultural and musical activities, serving both the local community and international audiences. The key activities include:
  - Concerts and Performances: Hosting an extensive program of concerts and performances, ranging from classical music and opera, with a subscription season, to jazz and contemporary genres. The venue is known for featuring both renowned international artists and promoting local talent.
  - Festivals: The Palau is a central venue for various music and cultural festivals throughout the year, including classical music festivals, contemporary music events, and educational music festivals for younger audiences. It hosts the Valencia Jazz Festival since 1997.
  - Educational Programs: Offering educational and outreach programs that aim to engage the community and foster a love of music among people of all ages. These programs include workshops, seminars, and interactive activities designed to educate participants about music and the arts.
  - Conferences and Corporate Events: Providing facilities for conferences, seminars, and corporate events, with spaces equipped to accommodate a range of activities from formal presentations to workshops and exhibitions.
  - Exhibitions: Featuring exhibition spaces that host a variety of art and cultural exhibitions, often related to music or showcasing local artists and cultural heritage. It is the home of the city's municipal orchestra, the Orchestra of Valencia founded 1943..

text:
# Palau de la Música de València

The **Palau de la Música de València** is a concert, cinema, arts, and exhibition hall in Valencia situated on the Túria river.

The Palau de la Música de Valencia was designed by the architect José María García de Paredes. It was inaugurated on April 25, 1987, and features a large symphonic hall, "*Sala Iturbi*", that can accommodate 1,781 spectators and a chamber hall, "Sala Rodrigo" with 417 seats.

The Palau de la Música also encompasses additional facilities such as two conference rooms, Martín y Soler and Lucrecia Bori, and an exhibition hall. These spaces are part of a larger complex that includes dressing rooms, pressrooms, a VIP room, a box office, cloakrooms, and a shop. This variety of spaces allows the Palau to host a wide range of events, from music concerts to conferences and exhibitions, making it a versatile venue in the cultural landscape of Valencia.

The Palau was enlarged in 2003, including significant additions such as a rehearsal hall, García Navarro, specifically designed for the Valencia Orchestra and a new administrative wing.

The Palau de la Música de Valencia is a hub for a diverse range of cultural and musical activities, serving both the local community and international audiences. The key activities include:

* Concerts and Performances: Hosting an extensive program of concerts and performances, ranging from classical music and opera, with a subscription season, to jazz and contemporary genres. The venue is known for featuring both renowned international artists and promoting local talent.
* Festivals: The Palau is a central venue for various music and cultural festivals throughout the year, including classical music festivals, contemporary music events, and educational music festivals for younger audiences. It hosts the Valencia Jazz Festival since 1997.
* Educational Programs: Offering educational and outreach programs that aim to engage the community and foster a love of music among people of all ages. These programs include workshops, seminars, and interactive activities designed to educate participants about music and the arts.
* Conferences and Corporate Events: Providing facilities for conferences, seminars, and corporate events, with spaces equipped to accommodate a range of activities from formal presentations to workshops and exhibitions.
* Exhibitions: Featuring exhibition spaces that host a variety of art and cultural exhibitions, often related to music or showcasing local artists and cultural heritage.

It is the home of the city's municipal orchestra, the Orchestra of Valencia founded 1943. (not to be confused with the Orquestra de la Comunitat Valenciana founded 2006).

39°27′58″N 0°21′37″W / 39.46611°N 0.36028°W / 39.46611; -0.36028


title: Ingalls Park, Illinois

abstract: Ingalls Park is an unincorporated community, census-designated place (CDP), and suburb of Joliet in Will County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,314 at the 2010 census. The town consists of a small neighborhood and a few businesses between Joliet's Pilcher Park and Interstate 80. It is the nearest town to Chicagoland Speedway, which hosted the NASCAR Cup Series from 2001 to 2019.

text:
# Ingalls Park, Illinois

**Ingalls Park** is an unincorporated community, census-designated place (CDP), and suburb of Joliet in Will County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,314 at the 2010 census. The town consists of a small neighborhood and a few businesses between Joliet's Pilcher Park and Interstate 80. It is the nearest town to Chicagoland Speedway, which hosted the NASCAR Cup Series from 2001 to 2019.

## Geography

Ingalls Park is located at 41°31′13″N 88°2′15″W / 41.52028°N 88.03750°W / 41.52028; -88.03750 (41.520281, -88.037405).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 3,460 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,082 people, 1,244 households, and 808 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,850.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,100.5/km2). There were 1,297 housing units at an average density of 1,199.5 per square mile (463.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.62% White, 2.95% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 3.99% from other races, and 2.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.91% of the population.

There were 1,244 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,076, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $41,507 versus $24,868 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,628. About 3.9% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Transportation

Pace provides bus service on Route 508 connecting Ingalls Park to downtown Joliet and other destinations.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
2. "USGS detail on Ingalls Park". Retrieved November 11, 2007.
3. "Ingalls Park IL ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
4. "U.S. Census website". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
5. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
8. "RTA System Map" (PDF). Retrieved January 28, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Ingalls Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community
Census designated place | |
| Location in Will County and the state of Illinois. | |
| Coordinates: 41°31′13″N 88°2′15″W / 41.52028°N 88.03750°W / 41.52028; -88.03750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Will |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.11 sq mi (2.88 km2) |
| Land | 1.11 sq mi (2.88 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 623 ft (190 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,460 |
| Density | 3,117.12/sq mi (1,203.04/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 60433 |
| Area codes | 815, 779 |
| FIPS code | 17-37465 |


title: Mordellidae

abstract: The Mordellidae are a family of beetles commonly known as tumbling flower beetles for the typical irregular movements they make when escaping predators, or as pintail beetles due to their abdominal tip which aids them in performing these tumbling movements. Worldwide, there are about 1500 species.

text:
# Mordellidae

The **Mordellidae** are a family of beetles commonly known as **tumbling flower beetles** for the typical irregular movements they make when escaping predators, or as **pintail beetles** due to their abdominal tip which aids them in performing these tumbling movements. Worldwide, there are about 1500 species.

## Anatomy

The apparent tumbling movements are composed of a series of very rapid separate jumps (each jump of a duration of approximately 80 ms). They result from the beetle's efforts to get itself back into take-off position for flight when it has been in either a lateral or dorsal position. Each individual jump should be considered an extended rotation, performed by one leg of the third leg pair (metapodium). Depending on whether the left or the right metapodium is used as the leg that provides the leverage for take-off, change occurs in the direction of the jump. The energy for propulsion varies with the beetle's immediate muscle work, so that jump lengths and heights vary, with rotation frequencies recorded up to 48 per second (*Mordellochroa abdominalis*) around the gravitation centre of the body's longitudinal axis. Additional revolving around the transverse axis (at lower frequency) effects spiralling somersaults that are perceived as tumbling. While the pintail (pygidium) is of no significance for the jump, the meta-trochanter-femur (thighs and surrounding rings of the third leg pair) has a great capacity for free rotation (up to 270 degrees, at one level only). This capacity is due to a screw joint that connects the base of the metacoxa to the head of trochanter. The nut gradient is 21 degrees. Technically similar jumps, though less powerful, can be observed in the families Melandryidae (=Serropalpidae) (genus *Orchesia*) and Scraptiidae (genus *Anaspis*). Their coxa-trochanter-joints are of similar structure. It is inferred that the capacity of a tumbling form of locomotion is rooted in a common phylogeny and can therefore not be ascribed specifically to Mordellidae. Other authors have pointed out the speciality of the screw joint. Weevils of the genus *Trigonopterus*, in the Asian tropical rainforest, for example, have an even tighter connective construction in the coxa-trochanter joint than is found in Mordellidae. This construction, however, does not facilitate an equally high angular velocity of the torque. The joint here serves to provide a better grip on plants and easier climbing.

## Systematics

This family has two living subfamilies  Mordellinae and Ctenidiinae  and a prehistoric one known only from fossils (Praemordellinae). Another fossil genus, *Liaoximordella*, was previously treated as distinct monotypic family **Liaoximordellidae**, but is now regarded as very primitive and probably basal member of the Mordellidae.

Subfamily **Ctenidiinae** Franciscolo, 1951

Subfamily **Mordellinae** Latreille, 1802

## InfoBox

| Mordellidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mordella aculeata*; note the "pintail" | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Tenebrionoidea |
| Family: | Mordellidae
Latreille, 1802 |
|
| Subfamilies | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| Liaoximordellidae | |


title: Julius Paulsen

abstract:
Julius Paulsen was a Danish painter. From 1879 to 1882 he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he was later a professor. He had strong connections with several of the Skagen Painters and visited Skagen in the early 1900s.
Paulsen was influenced by Rembrandt and French salon art. He is remembered above all for his portraits.

text:
# Julius Paulsen

**Julius Paulsen** (22 October 1860 in Odense – 17 February 1940 in Copenhagen) was a Danish painter. From 1879 to 1882 he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he was later a professor. He had strong connections with several of the Skagen Painters and visited Skagen in the early 1900s. Paulsen was influenced by Rembrandt and French salon art. He is remembered above all for his portraits.

## Early life and education

Born in Odense, Paulsen was the son of a shopkeeper. After completing an apprenticeship as a house painter, he attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, graduating in 1882. In 1885, he travelled to the Netherlands, France and Belgium together with Viggo Johansen.

## Career

Paulsen's works bear the influence of Realism, Symbolism and Impressionism but he was also inspired by Dutch 17th century art as can be seen in his painting *Portrætgruppe* (Portrait Group) from 1902 in Skagens Museum. Paulsen also associated with several of the Skagen Painters who gathered each summer in the north of Jutland but did not visit Skagen itself until after 1900. He painted several portraits of Laurits Tuxen and his family as well as a number of landscapes. His portrait of P.S. Krøyer hangs in the Museum of National History in Frederiksborg Palace.

From 1908 to 1920, Paulsen was a professor at the Royal Danish Academy. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## Selected paintings

## Literature


title: Idoteidae

abstract: The Idoteidae are a family of isopod crustaceans. It includes these genera:

text:
# Idoteidae

The **Idoteidae** are a family of isopod crustaceans. It includes these genera:

* Media related to Idoteidae at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Idoteidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pentidotea wosnesenskii* | |
|  | |
| *Pentidotea stenops,* one of the largest Isopods of the California coast | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Valvifera |
| Family: | Idoteidae<br>Samouelle, 1819 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Paddy Evans (cricketer)

abstract: Patrick Peter Evans is an English former first-class cricketer. Evans was born at Hammersmith in August 1981. He later studied at Keble College, Oxford where he played first-class cricket for Oxford University. He made two first-class appearances for Oxford, playing in The University Matches of 2002 and 2003 against Cambridge University. Playing as a wicket-keeper, he scored 30 runs with a high score of 16.

text:
# Paddy Evans (cricketer)

**Patrick Peter Evans** (born 25 August 1981) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Evans was born at Hammersmith in August 1981. He later studied at Keble College, Oxford where he played first-class cricket for Oxford University. He made two first-class appearances for Oxford, playing in The University Matches of 2002 and 2003 against Cambridge University. Playing as a wicket-keeper, he scored 30 runs with a high score of 16.

## InfoBox

Paddy Evans
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Patrick Peter Evans |
| Born | (1981-08-25) 25 August 1981<br>Hammersmith, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 20022003 | Oxford University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 30  Batting average 15.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 16  Catches/stumpings 6/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 March 2020 | |


title: Thujsa Jawira

abstract: Thujsa Jawira, which upstream successively is named Ingenio and Río Grande and downstream is called Llink'i, is a river in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It flows to Awallamaya Lake south of Lake Titicaca. Thujsa Jawira originates from the confluence of various streams in the Santiago de Machaca Municipality of the José Manuel Pando Province. Known as Ingenio and Río Grande it runs to the little town of Santiago de Machaca in the northeast. Behind the town it receives the name Thujsa Jawira. In the San Andrés de Machaca Municipality of the Ingavi Province its direction is mainly to the north until the Jach'a Jawira, a left tributary, joins the river. Just before the confluence its name changes to Llink'i. The river turns to the east and then north again until it empties into Awallamaya Lake.

text:
# Thujsa Jawira

**Thujsa Jawira** (Aymara *thujsa* smelling, *jawira* river, "smelling river", also spelled *Tujsa Jahuira*), which upstream successively is named **Ingenio** and **Río Grande** and downstream is called **Llink'i**, is a river in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It flows to Awallamaya Lake south of Lake Titicaca.

Thujsa Jawira originates from the confluence of various streams in the Santiago de Machaca Municipality of the José Manuel Pando Province. Known as Ingenio (Spanish for "mill, plant") and Río Grande (Spanish for "big river") it runs to the little town of Santiago de Machaca in the northeast. Behind the town it receives the name Thujsa Jawira. In the San Andrés de Machaca Municipality of the Ingavi Province its direction is mainly to the north until the Jach'a Jawira ("big river", *Río Jacha*), a left tributary, joins the river. Just before the confluence its name changes to Llink'i ("potter clay", *Llinkhi, Llinqui*). The river turns to the east and then north again until it empties into Awallamaya Lake.

1. "Diccionario de Sinónimos de lengua aymara". Félix Layme Pairumani. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
2. Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
3. Bolivian IGM map 1:100,000 Santiago de Machaca 3036
4. Bolivian IGM map 1:100,000 Desaguadero 3037
5. "Santiago de Machaca". INE, Bolivia. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
6. "San Andrés de Machaca". INE, Bolivia. Retrieved December 8, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Thujsa Jawira | |
| --- | --- |
| Etymology | Aymara |
| Location | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Region | La Paz Department,
Ingavi Province, Pando Province |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Santiago de Machaca Municipality |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Ch'alla Jawira, Jach'a Jawira,
Taypi Jawira |
| right | Wila Jawira, Chullpa Jawira |


title: Wasquehal

abstract: Wasquehal is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. The town originally had a Flemish name; it was written as Waskenhal in the 11th century.

text:
# Wasquehal

**Wasquehal** (traditional pronunciation \[wakal\]; currently common pronunciation \[waskal\]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

The town originally had a Flemish name; it was written as *Waskenhal* in the 11th century.

## Geography

Wasquehal has an area of 6.86 km2 (2.65 sq mi) and a population density of 2,702.8/km2.

### Héraldique

**Arms of Wasquehal**
|  | The arms of Wasquehal are blazoned :
*Chequy argent and gules, each argent piece charged with an ermine spot sable.* or, more simply, *Chequy ermine and gules.* |
| --- | --- |

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1793  1,440       1800  1,262 −1.87%  1806  1,525 +3.21%  1821  1,622 +0.41%  1831  1,590 −0.20%  1836  1,672 +1.01%  1841  1,758 +1.01%  1846  2,034 +2.96%  1851  2,040 +0.06%  1856  2,200 +1.52%  1861  2,501 +2.60%  1866  2,731 +1.78%  1872  2,824 +0.56%  1876  3,061 +2.04%  1881  3,275 +1.36%  1886  3,688 +2.40%  1891  4,405 +3.62%  1896  4,901 +2.16% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1901  5,969 +4.02%  1906  6,703 +2.35%  1911  7,011 +0.90%  1921  7,041 +0.04%  1926  8,507 +3.86%  1931  11,707 +6.59%  1936  12,167 +0.77%  1946  11,741 −0.36%  1954  12,363 +0.65%  1962  13,634 +1.23%  1968  14,274 +0.77%  1975  16,391 +2.00%  1982  16,275 −0.10%  1990  17,986 +1.26%  1999  18,541 +0.34%  2007  18,989 +0.30%  2012  20,536 +1.58%  2017  20,479 −0.06% |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) | |

## Sport

Wasquehal hosted the finish of stage 4 of the 1989 Tour de France, won by Jelle Nijdam, and the finish of stage 5 the 1992 Tour de France, won by Guido Bontempi. The third stage of the 2004 Tour de France also finished in Wasquehal. Jean-Patrick Nazon won the mass sprint ahead of Erik Zabel and Robbie McEwen. Wasquehal also hosted the start of stage 7 of the 1988 Tour de France, and the start of stage 3 of the 1996 Tour de France.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Wasquehal is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Wasquehal | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Église Saint Clément | |
|  | |
| Location of Wasquehal | |
| WasquehalWasquehal | |
| Coordinates: 50°40′10″N 3°07′51″E / 50.6694°N 3.1308°E / 50.6694; 3.1308 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Nord |
| Arrondissement | Lille |
| Canton | Croix |
| Intercommunality | Métropole Européenne de Lille |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Stéphanie Ducret |
| Area**1** | 6.86 km2 (2.65 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 20,836 |
| Density | 3,000/km2 (7,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 59646 /59290 |
| Elevation | 18–47 m (59–154 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Palau de la música catalana

abstract: Palau de la Música Catalana is an album recorded during a live concert in the Palau de la Música Catalana by Beth, designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner, and released as a 2-CD album.

text:
# Palau de la música catalana

***Palau de la Música Catalana*** is an album recorded during a live concert in the Palau de la Música Catalana by Beth, designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner, and released as a 2-CD album.

## Track listing

1. Cabalgando
2. Strength, Courage & Wisdom
3. Hoy
4. Drive
5. Otra realidad
6. Walk Away
7. Vuelvo a por ti
8. Head Over Feet
9. Lately
10. La luz
11. Stay (Wasting Time)
12. No woman no cry
13. Parando el tiempo
14. Message in a Bottle
15. Roxanne
16. Every Breath You Take
17. Eclipse
18. Eleanor Rigby
19. Pol petit
20. Estás
21. Boig per tu

## InfoBox

| Palau de la Música Catalana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Beth | |
| Released | 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Beth chronology | |
| *Otra Realidad*
(2003) ***Palau de la Música Catalana***
(2004) *My Own Way Home*
(2006) | |


title: Orestovia

abstract:
Orestovia is a lower-middle Devonian thallophyte known from fossilised cuticle, cutinite. Described as an enigmatic taxa, Orestovia has variously been categorised as a brown algae, an algae of unknown affinities, a thalloid non-vascular plant, and an early vascular plant, or even the result of the alternation of generations of some other group. Orestovia are typically found as paper coals. Individual remains are naked, unbranched, cutinised axes up to 20 cm in length and 2 cm wide, tapering distally. Most specimens are preserved as hollow, cuticular sheaths that often exhibit an epidermis-like cellular pattern. The cuticles bear structures which have been described as representing stomata.
Spores are sometimes preserved between its layers of cuticle. A reconstruction looks similar to the extant fern Pilularia globulifera (Marsileaceae) in the water with a creeping rhizome and naked, upright axes. Orestovia remains have been documented from the following locations, In Russia: Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast, Graham Bell Island, Arctic Ocean and the Kuznetsk Basin, Siberia. In China: Luquan, Yunnan.

text:
# Orestovia

***Orestovia*** is a lower-middle Devonian thallophyte known from fossilised cuticle, cutinite. Described as an enigmatic taxa, *Orestovia* has variously been categorised as a brown algae, an algae of unknown affinities, a thalloid non-vascular plant, and an early vascular plant, or even the result of the alternation of generations of some other group.

*Orestovia* are typically found as paper coals. Individual remains are naked, unbranched, cutinised axes up to 20 cm in length and 2 cm wide, tapering distally. Most specimens are preserved as hollow, cuticular sheaths that often exhibit an epidermis-like cellular pattern. The cuticles bear structures which have been described as representing stomata. Spores are sometimes preserved between its layers of cuticle. A reconstruction looks similar to the extant fern *Pilularia globulifera* (Marsileaceae) in the water with a creeping rhizome and naked, upright axes.

*Orestovia* remains have been documented from the following locations, In Russia: Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast, Graham Bell Island, Arctic Ocean and the Kuznetsk Basin, Siberia. In China: Luquan, Yunnan.

## InfoBox

| *Orestovia*<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Orestovia* |
|
| Species | |
| * *O. devonica*  Ergolskaya, (type) 1936 * *O. petzii* * *O. voronejiensis* | |


title: Mordellic variety

abstract: In mathematics, a Mordellic variety is an algebraic variety which has only finitely many points in any finitely generated field. The terminology was introduced by Serge Lang to enunciate a range of conjectures linking the geometry of varieties to their Diophantine properties.

text:
# Mordellic variety

In mathematics, a **Mordellic variety** is an algebraic variety which has only finitely many points in any finitely generated field. The terminology was introduced by Serge Lang to enunciate a range of conjectures linking the geometry of varieties to their Diophantine properties.

## Formal definition

Formally, let *X* be a variety defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero: hence *X* is defined over a finitely generated field *E*. If the set of points *X*(*F*) is finite for any finitely generated field extension *F* of *E*, then *X* is Mordellic.

## Lang's conjectures

The *special set* for a projective variety *V* is the Zariski closure of the union of the images of all non-trivial maps from algebraic groups into *V*. Lang conjectured that the complement of the special set is Mordellic.

A variety is *algebraically hyperbolic* if the special set is empty. Lang conjectured that a variety *X* is Mordellic if and only if *X* is algebraically hyperbolic and that this is in turn equivalent to *X* being pseudo-canonical.

For a complex algebraic variety *X* we similarly define the *analytic special* or *exceptional set* as the Zariski closure of the union of images of non-trivial holomorphic maps from **C** to *X*. Brody's definition of a hyperbolic variety is that there are no such maps. Again, Lang conjectured that a hyperbolic variety is Mordellic and more generally that the complement of the analytic special set is Mordellic.

* Lang, Serge (1986). "Hyperbolic and Diophantine analysis" (PDF). *Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society*. **14** (2): 159–205. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1986-15426-1. Zbl 0602.14019.
* Lang, Serge (1997). *Survey of Diophantine Geometry*. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-61223-8.


title: Princess Mary Christmas gift box

abstract: The Princess Mary Christmas gift box was a brass tin containing a number of gifts intended to be distributed to all members of the armed forces of the British Empire at Christmas 1914, during World War I.

text:
# Princess Mary Christmas gift box

The **Princess Mary Christmas gift box** was a brass tin containing a number of gifts intended to be distributed to all members of the armed forces of the British Empire at Christmas 1914, during World War I.

## Princess Mary Christmas fund

Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the British Expeditionary Force was sent to the Western Front and was soon joined by troops from the Empire, those from India arriving before the end of the year. On 14 October 1914, George V's 17-year-old daughter, Mary, Princess Royal, launched an appeal to fund a Christmas gift for every member of the armed forces. Shortly before Christmas 1914, advertisements were placed in the British press seeking donations for the "Soldiers and Sailors Christmas fund" and £152,691 was soon raised. When fund was wound up in 1920 the remaining funds were transferred to Queen Mary's Maternity Home.

## The boxes

The funding was used to manufacture small boxes made of brass; however, due to metal shortages in the later stages of the war some tins were made from plated base metals or alloys. Each tin was decorated with an image of Mary and other military and imperial symbols along with the names of the UK's then allies. The design was by Stanley Adshead and Stanley Ramsey. Obtaining enough brass strip to make the boxes remained a continual problem, a situation not helped when a large consignment from the US was lost due to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. Not all the items would fit in the brass box, so the collective gift including the brass box was contained and distributed in a cardboard box.

A set of dies used to make the boxes was donated to the Imperial War Museum by Princess Mary.

## The overall gift

The standard gift (referred to as the smokers gift in some post war publications) consisted of the box itself, twenty cigarettes in a yellow monogrammed wrapper, an ounce of pipe tobacco, a pipe, a Christmas card and a photograph of Princess Mary. It was meant to also include a tinder lighter, but a shortage of these meant that in the case of the army they were often substituted with other gifts and those in the navy received a bullet pencil. The bullet pencil consisted of a silver tipped pencil (either sterling silver or nickel silver) in a case made from a spent .303 cartridge recovered from UK firing ranges and marked with an M.

A non-smokers gift was also produced at a ratio of 1 for every 28 smokers gifts. It consisted of the box, Christmas card and photograph of Princess Mary, but also, instead of smoking related materials it contained a packet of "acid tablets" (a type of sour lemon flavoured sweet) and a khaki writing case with pencil, paper and envelopes.

Three further gift types were produced for Indian troops. Most Indian troops received the box itself, cigarettes, a tin box of spices, a packet of sugar candy and a Christmas or New Year card. Sikhs got the same without the cigarettes and a third gift for "followers" consisted of a tin box of spices and a Christmas or New Year card.

A version was also produced for nurses. It consisted of, again, the box itself, a packet of chocolate and the usual Christmas or New Years card.

With the aim of every man at the front and every man on Royal Navy ships getting a gift having been met by 5 January 1915, attention was turned to the remaining forces ultimately under British command (classified as class B and C by the committee). For these, it was decided that the gift would consist of the box, a New Year card and a pencil.

## Distribution

The boxes were originally intended for "every sailor afloat and every soldier at the front" on Christmas day 1914, but eligibility was soon extended to everyone "wearing the King's uniform on Christmas day". Whilst around 400,000 were delivered by Christmas, distribution was not completed until 1920, by which time approximately 2.5 million had been delivered.

1. John Sadler; Rosie Serdiville (9 May 2013). *Tommy at War: 1914-1918 The Soldiers' Own Stories*. Biteback Publishing. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-84954-609-6.
2. Fergus Reed. "Princess Mary Gift Fund 1914 Box and Contents". *Imperial War Museums*. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
3. Malcolm Pearce; Geoffrey Stewart (13 September 2013). *British Political History, 1867–2001: Democracy and Decline*. Routledge. pp. 289–291. ISBN 978-1-136-45353-3.
4. Valerie B. Parkhouse (28 January 2015). *Memorializing the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902: Militarization of the Landscape: Monuments and Memorials in Britain*. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-78088-401-1.
5. Condell, Diana (1989). "A gift for Christmas: the story of Princess Mary's gift Fund". *Imperial War Museum Review*. **4**: 69–78.
6. John Hudson (15 October 2014). *Christmas 1914*. History Press Limited. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7509-6038-0.
7. Barry, Martin N (September 2022). "Introduction". *'A Box of Conflict Memories' - Materiality, Memory and Princess Mary's Gift Box 1914-2020* (PDF) (PhD). University of Bristol. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
8. Phillip Tardif (30 June 2015). *The North Irish Horse in the Great War*. Pen and Sword. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4738-3375-3.
9. Doyle, Peter (2021). *For Every Sailor Afloat, Every Soldier at the Front: Princess Mary's Christmas Gift 1914*. uniform. p. 118. ISBN 9781913491536.
10. Barry, Martin N (September 2022). "Bullet Pencil". *'A Box of Conflict Memories' - Materiality, Memory and Princess Mary's Gift Box 1914-2020* (PDF) (PhD). University of Bristol. pp. 69–72. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
11. Barry, Martin N (September 2022). "Acid Tablet (Sweets)". *'A Box of Conflict Memories' - Materiality, Memory and Princess Mary's Gift Box 1914-2020* (PDF) (PhD). University of Bristol. pp. 76–77. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
12. Morton-Jack, George (2014). *The Indian Army on the Western Front*. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-02746-6.
13. Read, Fergus. "Princess Mary Gift Fund 1914 Box and Contents". *Imperial War Museum*. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
* Doyle, Peter (2021). *For Every Sailor Afloat, Every Soldier at the Front: Princess Mary's Christmas Gift 1914*. Lewes: Unicorn Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-91-349153-6.


title: Hoddom Castle

abstract: Hoddom Castle is a large tower house in Dumfries and Galloway, south Scotland. It is located by the River Annan, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south-west of Ecclefechan and the same distance north-west of Brydekirk in the parish of Cummertrees. The castle is protected as a category A listed building.

text:
# Hoddom Castle

**Hoddom Castle** is a large tower house in Dumfries and Galloway, south Scotland. It is located by the River Annan, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south-west of Ecclefechan and the same distance north-west of Brydekirk in the parish of Cummertrees. The castle is protected as a category A listed building.

## History

The lands of Hoddom or Hoddam belonged to the Herries family, allies of the Bruce family who were Lords of Annandale from 1124. It passed to the Carruthers family, and then to the Maxwells. At the core of the castle is an L-plan tower house, built in the 16th century. It was probably built for Sir John Maxwell, who acquired Hoddom in the mid 16th-century when he married the heiress Agnes, Lady Herries.

In the aftermath of the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, the Regent Moray besieged Hoddom, which capitulated after ten hours, on 21 June 1568. It was briefly the base of Douglas of Drumlanrig, a Warden of the Scottish West March, but was recaptured in 1569 by supporters of Queen Mary. The following year it was attacked by the English under Lord Scrope, who blew up the tower.

This tower was repaired and expanded in the 17th century to form a courtyard castle. It was acquired by Sir Richard Murray from the 6th Lord Herries, and then became the property of the Earl of Southesk in 1653. In 1690 it passed to the Sharpe family. In around 1826, General Matthew Sharpe of Hoddom commissioned William Burn to design modern extensions to the south and west of the castle. Hoddom was purchased in 1877 by the Brook family of Meltham, Huddersfield, who later bought nearby Kinmount House. Further extensions were built in a neo-Jacobean style to the north and west, some at least to designs by architects Wardrop and Anderson.

The house was requisitioned by the military during the Second World War, and was not reoccupied afterwards. In the 1970s William Burn's extensions were largely demolished. The castle now stands in the grounds of a caravan park, and the remaining 19th-century additions are used as offices. The tower house is derelict, and has been included on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. It is also included on Historic Scotland's Castle Conservation Register, which aims to identify buildings which could be successfully restored. In March 2009 planning permission was granted for a redevelopment of the castle, together with the building of a hotel, chalets and a golf course.

## Repentance Tower

The Repentance Tower is a very rare example of a mid-16th century watch tower standing on nearby Trailtrow Hill. Built in 1565 by John Maxwell the tower takes its name from an inscription 'Repentance' carved on the stonework above the entrance door. It became a dovecote having fallen out of use with the union of the crowns under James VI of Scotland, James I of England.

## InfoBox

| Hoddom Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| Hoddom Castle | |
| Location | Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°02′38″N 3°19′20″W / 55.044002°N 3.322247°W / 55.044002; -3.322247 |
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| Listed Building – Category A | |
| Official name | Hoddom Castle |
| Designated | 3 August 1971 |
| Reference no. | LB3558 |
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| Shown within Dumfries and Galloway | |