title: Off-balance-sheet

abstract: In accounting, "off-balance-sheet" (OBS), or incognito leverage, usually describes an asset, debt, or financing activity not on the company's balance sheet. Total return swaps are an example of an off-balance-sheet item. Some companies may have significant amounts of off-balance-sheet assets and liabilities. For example, financial institutions often offer asset management or brokerage services to their clients. The assets managed or brokered as part of these offered services usually belong to the individual clients directly or in trust, although the company provides management, depository or other services to the client. The company itself has no direct claim to the assets, so it does not record them on its balance sheet, while it usually has some basic fiduciary duties with respect to the client. Financial institutions may report off-balance-sheet items in their accounting statements formally, and may also refer to "assets under management", a figure that may include on- and off-balance-sheet items. Under previous accounting rules both in the United States and internationally (IFRS), operating leases were off-balance-sheet financing. Under current accounting rules, operating leases are on the balance sheet. Financial obligations of unconsolidated subsidiaries may also be off-balance-sheet. Such obligations were part of the accounting fraud at Enron. The formal accounting distinction between on- and off-balance-sheet items can be quite detailed and will depend to some degree on management judgments, but in general terms, an item should appear on the company's balance sheet if it is an asset or liability that the company owns or is legally responsible for; uncertain assets or liabilities must also meet tests of being probable, measurable and meaningful. For example, a company that is being sued for damages would not include the potential legal liability on its balance sheet until a legal judgment against it is likely and the amount of the judgment can be estimated; if the amount at risk is small, it may not appear on the company's accounts until a judgment is rendered.

text:
# Off-balance-sheet

In accounting, "**off-balance-sheet**" (**OBS**), or **incognito leverage**, usually describes an asset, debt, or financing activity not on the company's balance sheet. Total return swaps are an example of an off-balance-sheet item.

Some companies may have significant amounts of off-balance-sheet assets and liabilities. For example, financial institutions often offer asset management or brokerage services to their clients. The assets managed or brokered as part of these offered services (often securities) usually belong to the individual clients directly or in trust, although the company provides management, depository or other services to the client. The company itself has no direct claim to the assets, so it does not record them on its balance sheet (they are off-balance-sheet assets), while it usually has some basic fiduciary duties with respect to the client. Financial institutions may report off-balance-sheet items in their accounting statements formally, and may also refer to "assets under management", a figure that may include on- and off-balance-sheet items.

Under previous accounting rules both in the United States (U.S. GAAP) and internationally (IFRS), operating leases were off-balance-sheet financing. Under current accounting rules (ASC 842, IFRS 16), operating leases are on the balance sheet. Financial obligations of unconsolidated subsidiaries (because they are not wholly owned by the parent) may also be off-balance-sheet. Such obligations were part of the accounting fraud at Enron.

The formal accounting distinction between on- and off-balance-sheet items can be quite detailed and will depend to some degree on management judgments, but in general terms, an item should appear on the company's balance sheet if it is an asset or liability that the company owns or is legally responsible for; uncertain assets or liabilities must also meet tests of being *probable*, *measurable* and *meaningful*. For example, a company that is being sued for damages would not include the potential legal liability on its balance sheet until a legal judgment against it is likely and the amount of the judgment can be estimated; if the amount at risk is small, it may not appear on the company's accounts until a judgment is rendered.

## Differences between on and off balance sheets

Traditionally, banks lend to borrowers under tight lending standards, keep loans on their balance sheets and retain credit risk—the risk that borrowers will default (be unable to repay interest and principal as specified in the loan contract). In contrast, securitization enables banks to remove loans from balance sheets and transfer the credit risk associated with those loans. Therefore, two types of items are of interest: on balance sheet and off balance sheet. The former is represented by traditional loans, since banks indicate loans on the asset side of their balance sheets. However, securitized loans are represented off the balance sheet, because securitization involves selling the loans to a third party (the loan originator and the borrower being the first two parties). Banks disclose details of securitized assets only in notes to their financial statements.

## Banking example

A bank may have substantial sums in off-balance-sheet accounts, and the distinction between these accounts may not seem obvious. For example, when a bank has a customer who deposits $1 million in a regular bank deposit account, the bank has a $1 million liability. If the customer chooses to transfer the deposit to a money market mutual fund account sponsored by the same bank, the $1 million would not be a liability of the bank, but an amount held in trust for the client (formally as shares or units in a form of collective fund). If the funds are used to purchase stock, the stock is similarly not owned by the bank, and do not appear as an asset or liability of the bank. If the client subsequently sells the stock and deposits the proceeds in a regular bank account, these would now again appear as a liability of the bank. As an example, UBS has CHF 60.31 billion *Undrawn irrevocable credit facilities* off its balance sheet in 2008 (US$60.37 billion.) Citibank has US$960 billion in off-balance-sheet assets in 2010, which amounts to 6% of the GDP of the United States.


title: Thounaojam Kritina Devi

abstract: Thounaojam Kritina Devi is an Indian professional footballer from Manipur, who plays as a defender for the Young Welfare Club. She has also represented India at the youth level.

text:
# Thounaojam Kritina Devi

**Thounaojam Kritina Devi** (born 10 February 2003) is an Indian professional footballer from Manipur, who plays as a defender for the Young Welfare Club. She has also represented India at the youth level.

## Early life

Kritina hails from Haokha Mamang village in Thoubal district, Manipur. Her father, Thounaojam Rajen Singh, is a farmer while her mother is a home maker. Initially, her father was reluctant to send his only daughter to play football but Devi's uncle Deben Singh persuaded him that it would be good for the girl. Deben Singh's son, Kiyam Amarjit Singh (former Under-17 India captain) and another cousin Thounaojam Jeakson Singh, both played for India team in the Under-17 World Cup. All three families stay close by in the same colony.

## Career

* While Kritina was in Class 6, she took part in a grassroots talent hunt in 2014 and she got hooked to the game.
* In 2019 she played a key role in the three-nation tournament with Thailand and Sweden.
* In July 2020, she was named in the probables for the Under-17 World Cup.
* In February 2021, she was one of the six players from Manipur selected for the Indian team for the international friendly matches in Alanya, Turkey.
* In November 2021, she was called for the U-19 National camp in preparation for the SAFF Women's Championship 2021 to be held in Bangladesh.

## Honours

**Manipur**

## InfoBox

Kritina Devi
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Thounaojam Kritina Devi | | |
| Date of birth | (2003-02-10) 10 February 2003 | | |
| Place of birth | Haokha Mamang, Thoubal, Manipur, India | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Gokulam Kerala | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Indian Arrows | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2021-22 | The Young Welfare Club |  |  |
| 2022– | Gokulam Kerala | 22 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
|  | India U17 |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 24 March 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 09 February 2024 | | | |


title: The Dance of Death (Auden play)

abstract: The Dance of Death is a one-act play in verse and prose by W. H. Auden, published in 1933. The Dance of Death is a satiric musical extravaganza that portrays the "death inside" the middle classes as a silent dancer. The dancer first attempts to keep himself alive through escapism at a resort hotel, then through nationalistic enthusiasm, then through idealism, then through a New Year's party at a brothel, before he finally dies. Karl Marx appears on stage and pronounces the dancer dead. "The instruments of production have been too much for him." The play was published by Faber & Faber in 1933, with a dedication to Robert Medley and Rupert Doone. It was performed by the Group Theatre (London), in 1934 and 1935. It was widely interpreted as pro-Communist, but Auden later wrote in a copy of the printed text, "The communists never spotted that this was a nihilistic leg-pull".

text:
# The Dance of Death (Auden play)

***The Dance of Death*** is a one-act play in verse and prose by W. H. Auden, published in 1933.

*The Dance of Death* is a satiric musical extravaganza that portrays the "death inside" the middle classes as a silent dancer. The dancer first attempts to keep himself alive through escapism at a resort hotel, then through nationalistic enthusiasm, then through idealism, then through a New Year's party at a brothel, before he finally dies. Karl Marx appears on stage and pronounces the dancer dead. "The instruments of production have been too much for him."

The play was published by Faber & Faber in 1933, with a dedication to Robert Medley and Rupert Doone. It was performed by the Group Theatre (London), in 1934 and 1935. It was widely interpreted as pro-Communist, but Auden later wrote in a copy of the printed text, "The communists never spotted that this was a nihilistic leg-pull".

### General references

* Auden, W. H.; Isherwood, Christopher (19 February 2019). *The Complete Works of W.H. Auden: Plays and Other Dramatic Writings, 1928-1938*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-65614-4.
* Fuller, John (1998). *W.H. Auden: A Commentary*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07049-0.
* Mendelson, Edward (22 May 2000). *Early Auden*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-52695-5.


title: Murder of Sophia Lösche

abstract: Sophia Lösche, a 28-year-old female student and pro-migration activist who went missing while travelling from Leipzig to her hometown Amberg in the Upper Palatinate where she never arrived. Moroccan truck driver Boujemaa Lamrabat was sentenced to life in prison for her murder in September 2019.

text:
# Murder of Sophia Lösche

**Sophia Lösche**, a 28-year-old female student and pro-migration activist who went missing while travelling from Leipzig to her hometown Amberg in the Upper Palatinate (German: *Oberpfalz*) where she never arrived.

Moroccan truck driver Boujemaa Lamrabat was sentenced to life in prison for her murder in September 2019.

## Timeline

On 14 June 2018, Lösche started her journey by train and wanted to travel the last few kilometres by hitchhiking. On the way she entered a lorry in Schkeuditz near the A9 Autobahn and she was murdered at a highway stop in Upper Franconia according to the police investigation and her body was carried 1600 km in the lorry through Europe to northern Spain.

Five days later on 19 June 2018, a Moroccan lorry driver was arrested south of Madrid.

On 22 June 2018, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez offered condolences to the Lösche family and to Andrea Nahles, head of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) at that time.

On 29 June 2018, the German public prosecutor's office and police in Bayreuth announced that her remains had been found in Asparrena (Álava) in northern Spain and identified using DNA tracing.

During a church remembrance ceremony for Lösche in August 2018 organized by friends and family, the chairman of the council of the Evangelical Church in Germany, Bishop Heinrich Bedford-Strohm, denounced hateful comments in the Internet and their effects on her family. Bedford-Strohm, bishop of the evangelical church in Bavaria, knew Lösche as a student from his tenure as a professor at University of Bamberg.

In August 2018, *Kriminalpolizei* officials brought the suspect from Spain to Bavaria in Germany.

In late August 2018, during the Chemnitz protests following the murder of a football supporter, the far-right group calling themselves Pro-Chemnitz organized by Pegida and Alternative for Germany carried banners with pictures of murder victims, among which was the photo of Lösche which led to her family initiating legal action against those who used her picture to further an anti-immigration agenda.

## Victim

Lösche was a student at the University of Bamberg in Bavaria. She was politically active and was the president of the University SPD student club. The political aim of the club according to German media was that Bamberg become more diverse. From 2016 Lösche travelled regularly to the Greek island Lesbos as a volunteer for the No Borders NGO to cook for migrants arriving from Turkey. According to her brother, Lösche was involved in several initiatives "against racism, freedom of movement and opening of borders".

The coroner found no indications that Lösche had been subjected to sexual violence.

## Suspect and trial

The main suspect was Boujemaa Lamrabat, a male Moroccan national born in 1977, who picked up Sophia Lösche in his truck on his way to Morocco via France and Spain.

On 14 June 2019, the *Landgericht Bayreuth* announced that the trial for murder would commence on 23 July. While the prosecution had at first suspected a sexual motivation for the crime, the coroner found no evidence to support this and the prosecution therefore accused Lamrabat of murder and grievous bodily harm.

In September 2019, Lamrabat was sentenced to life in prison for murder. The court found that the suspect had at first seriously wounded Lösche with a wheel brace, then killed her later to hide the crime.


title: IC 1185

abstract: IC 1185 is a type Sab spiral galaxy located in Hercules. It is located 420 million light-years from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 115,000 light-years. IC 1185 was discovered on June 8, 1888, by astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan and is a member of the Hercules Cluster. IC 1185 has a surface brightness of magnitude 22.7 and presents a double nucleus, which might represent a late stage of galaxy merger.

text:
# IC 1185

**IC 1185** is a type Sab spiral galaxy located in Hercules. It is located 420 million light-years from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 115,000 light-years. IC 1185 was discovered on June 8, 1888, by astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan and is a member of the Hercules Cluster. IC 1185 has a surface brightness of magnitude 22.7 and presents a double nucleus, which might represent a late stage of galaxy merger.

1. "Revised IC Data for IC 1185". *spider.seds.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
2. Astronomy, Go. "IC 1185 | galaxy in Hercules | IC List | GO ASTRONOMY". *Go-Astronomy.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
3. Ford, Dominic. "IC1185 (Galaxy)". *In-The-Sky.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
4. "Your NED Search Results". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
5. "Index Catalog Objects: IC 1150 - 1199". *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
6. "Detailed Object Classifications". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
7. Bakich, Michael E. (2024-01-01). "The Hercules galaxy cluster". *Astronomy Magazine*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
8. Kollatschny, W.; Fricke, K. J.; Hellwig, J. (1986), Giuricin, G.; Mardirossian, F.; Mezzetti, M.; Ramella, M. (eds.), "Double Nucleus Galaxies", *Structure and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei: International Meeting Held in Trieste, Italy, April 10–13, 1985*, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 605–609, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4562-3\_58, ISBN 978-94-009-4562-3, retrieved 2024-04-30

## InfoBox

| IC 1185 | |
| --- | --- |
| IC 1185 captured by Sloan Digital Sky Survey | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Hercules |
| Right ascension | 16h 05m 44.6s |
| Declination | +17° 43 01.3 |
| Redshift | 0.034764 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 10,440 km/s |
| Distance | 424.5 Mly (130.2 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | Hercules Cluster |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.89 |
| Surface brightness | 22.7 mag/arcsec |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | Sab |
| Size | 115,000 ly |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 57096, 2MASX J16054464+1743008, GIN 500, WBL 607-022, CGCG 108-134, SDSS J160544.67+174301.4, 2XMM J160544.6+174301, NFP J160544.7+174302, MCG +03-41-110, 2MASS J16054468+1743014, BMW-HRI J160544.5+174303, LEDA 57096 | |


abstract: The third federal electoral district of Morelos is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Morelos. It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region. The third district was created through the 1977 electoral reforms, which increased the number of single-member seats in the Chamber of Deputies from 196 to 300. Under those reforms, Morelos's seat allocation rose from two to four. The two new districts were first contested in the 1979 mid-term election.

text:
# Third federal electoral district of Morelos

The **third federal electoral district of Morelos**  (*Distrito electoral federal 03 de Morelos*) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Morelos.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region.

The third district was created through the 1977 electoral reforms, which increased the number of single-member seats in the Chamber of Deputies from 196 to 300. Under those reforms, Morelos's seat allocation rose from two to four. The two new districts were first contested in the 1979 mid-term election.

## District territory

Under the 2022 districting plan, which is to be used for the 2024, 2027 and 2030 federal elections, the third district comprises the municipalities of Axochiapan, Ayala, Cuautla, Tepalcingo, Jantetelco, Jonacatepec and Temoac. The district's head town *(cabecera distrital)*, where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Cuautla, Morelos.

## Deputies returned to Congress

Third federal electoral district of Morelos
| Election | Deputy | Party | Term | Legislature |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | Gonzalo Pastrana Castro |  | 1979–1982 | 51st Congress |
| 1982 | Lorenzo García Solís |  | 1982–1985 | 52nd Congress |
| 1985 | Elvia Lugo Becerril |  | 1985–1988 | 53rd Congress |
| 1988 | Carlos Enrique Sánchez Mendoza |  | 1988–1991 | 54th Congress |
| 1991 | Tomás Osorio Avilés |  | 1991–1994 | 55th Congress |
| 1994 | Juan Salgado Brito |  | 1994–1997 | 56th Congress |
| 1997 | Gerardo Ramírez Vidal |  | 1997–2000 | 57th Congress |
| 2000 | Maricela Sánchez Cortés |  | 2000–2003 | 58th Congress |
| 2003 | Guillermo Del Valle Reyes |  | 2003–2006 | 59th Congress |
| 2006 | Rafael Franco Melgarejo |  | 2006–2009 | 60th Congress |
| 2009 | Luis Félix Rodríguez Sosa |  | 2009–2012 | 61st Congress |
| 2012 | Francisco Rodríguez Montero |  | 2012–2015 | 62nd Congress |
| 2015 | Lucía Meza Guzmán |  | 2015–2018 | 63rd Congress |
| 2018 | Juanita Guerra Mena |  | 2018–2021 | 64th Congress |
| 2021 | Juanita Guerra Mena |  | 2021–2024 | 65th Congress |
| 2024 | Cindy Winkler Trujillo |  | 2024–2027 | 66th Congress |

18°48′N 98°57′W / 18.800°N 98.950°W / 18.800; -98.950

## InfoBox

| National parties | |
| --- | --- |
| ***Current*** | |
|  | PAN |
|  | PRI |
|  | PT |
|  | PVEM |
|  | MC |
|  | Morena |
| ***Defunct or local only*** | |
|  | PLM |
|  | PNR |
|  | PRM |
|  | PP |
|  | PPS |
|  | PARM |
|  | PFCRN |
|  | Convergencia |
|  | PANAL |
|  | PSD |
|  | PES |
|  | PRD |


title: Francesca Delbanco

abstract: Francesca Delbanco is an American novelist and screenwriter. She is best known for co-creating television series Friends from College (2017–2019) and Platonic (2023–present).

text:
# Francesca Delbanco

**Francesca Delbanco** (born May 1974) is an American novelist and screenwriter. She is best known for co-creating television series *Friends from College* (2017–2019) and *Platonic* (2023–present).

## Early life and education

Delbanco was born in May 1974 and grew up in Bennington, Vermont. She is the daughter of writers and faculty members at Bennington College, Elena (née Greenhouse) and Nicholas Delbanco. Delbanco attended Harvard College, concentrating in history and literature of the United States and writing her senior thesis on William Faulkner's novel *Go Down, Moses* and concepts of familial honor in the Old South. She also took creative writing workshops, studying with Jayne Anne Phillips, Jamaica Kincaid and Richard Ford, and went on to earn an MFA from the University of Michigan.

## Career

Between college and her MFA program, Delbanco worked in New York City for two and a half years, briefly in publicity for Warner Books, then for *Seventeen* magazine where she was an editorial assistant, then staff writer.

In 2004, Delbanco published a novel, *Ask Me Anything*.

In 2017, the serial comedy *Friends from College* debuted on Netflix, created by Delbanco and her husband Nicholas Stoller, who also directed the series. The first season, consisting of eight half-hour episodes drew some negative reaction, particularly criticism of a central plotline featuring an affair; however, Netflix viewers continued to watch the show and it was renewed for a second season. The second season premiered January 11, 2019.

## Personal life

In 2005, Delbanco married screenwriter and director Nicholas Stoller, whom she met at a playwriting workshop for Harvard alumni in 2001. (While Delbanco and Stoller overlapped at Harvard and were aware of one another, they weren't directly acquainted.) They live in Los Angeles, California with their three children.

## InfoBox

| Francesca Delbanco | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May 1974 (age 50) |
| Education |  |
| Occupations | * Novelist * screenwriter |
| Spouse | Nicholas Stoller (m. 2005) |
| Children | 3 |
| Father | Nicholas Delbanco |
| Relatives |  |


title: Thesprotia macilenta

abstract: Thesprotia macilenta, the Bolivian grass mantis, is a species of mantis found in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Paraguay.

text:
# Thesprotia macilenta

***Thesprotia macilenta***, the **Bolivian grass mantis**, is a species of mantis found in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Thesprotia macilenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Thespidae |
| Genus: | *Thesprotia* |
| Species: | ***T. macilenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thesprotia macilenta***<br>Saussure & Zehntner, 1894 | |
|


abstract: The Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the third bailout package or the third memorandum, is a memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Hellenic Republic in order to cope with the Greek government-debt crisis. It was signed on 12 July 2015 by the Greek Government under prime minister Alexis Tsipras and it expired on 20 August 2018.

text:
# Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

The **Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece**, usually referred to as the **third bailout package** or the **third memorandum**, is a memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Hellenic Republic in order to cope with the Greek government-debt crisis.

It was signed on 12 July 2015 by the Greek Government under prime minister Alexis Tsipras and it expired on 20 August 2018.

## History

### 2012

A *Financial Times* editorial on 22 February 2012 argued leaders had "proved themselves unable to settle on a solution that will not need to be revisited yet again", that at best the deal could only hope to remedy one part of the Greek disaster, namely the country's debilitated public finances, though it would not likely even do that. The Eurozone's latest plan did, at least, evince consistency with the currency block's previous behaviour:

> *from the start, its approach has been a halfway house of resisting a sovereign default but not doing enough to remove the risk altogether. The reason is obvious: core governments find it politically impossible to put up more money. So it is unfathomable that they did not demand more from private creditors. The debt restructuring leaves Greece and its helpers with €100bn of debt that could have been written down entirely and left funds to address future "accidents" without resorting to a third rescue. If there is another showdown with Greece it will have been caused by this.*

German minister of finance Wolfgang Schäuble and Eurogroup president Jean-Claude Juncker shared the scepticism and did not rule out a third bailout. According to a leaked official report from the European Commission, the ECB and the IMF, Greece may need another €50 billion ($66bn) from 2015 to 2020.

In mid-May 2012 the crisis and impossibility to form a new coalition government after elections led to strong speculation Greece would have to leave the Eurozone. The potential exit became known as "Grexit" and started to affect international market behaviour, as well as causing an accelerated decrease of bank deposits in Greek banks (commonly referred to as a bank-run).

In Greece, after all attempts to form a government failed following the parliamentary election in May 2012, a new second election in mid-June had to be announced. The new election led to the formation of a government of national salvation of conservative New Democracy with the social democrat PASOK and democratic socialist DIMAR, supporting continued adherence to the main principles outlined by the signed bailout plan. The new government however immediately asked its creditors to be granted two extra years, extending the deadline from 2015 to 2017 before being required to be self-financed, with minor budget deficits fully covered by extraordinary income from the privatisation program.

### 2013–2014

In August 2013, Schäuble expressed his expectations that "there will have to be another (bailout) program in Greece", a remark drawing heavy criticisms by other members of the German governing coalition. However, soon thereafter the head of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Klaus Regling added to Schäuble's remarks, telling the German business daily Handelsblatt that Greece might need a third bailout package as soon as in 2014.

In February 2014, the Troika was reported again to consider offering Greece a third bailout at €15–17bn, but now in conjunction with an additional debt relief for old Troika held debt, through expanding the maturity of the EFSF bonds from 30 to 50 years and lowering the interest rate 0.5% for the initial €80bn debt pile being owed to all other EU member states through the Greek Loan Facility. A decision about this potential third bailout loan, however awaits finalization of the third review of the second bailout programme, and will be conditional Greece comply with all terms specified in that programme - which include final fiscal data should verify that a primary surplus indeed was achieved in 2013. The potential third bailout loan was expected to be finally considered by European Union policy makers in May or June 2014.

### 2015–2018

Investigative reporting of the negotiations detail the gap between the Greek government and its lenders. Reaching an agreement was made more difficult by Greek government attempts to use the European refugee crisis as a bargaining chip in its migration diplomacy. After several months of negotiation, on 12 July 2015, the Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras came to a bailout agreement with lenders for a new ESM program. Greece will get a loan of up to €86 billion, which shall be handed to Greece gradually from 2015 until June 2018. This includes a buffer of up to €25 billion for the banking sector in order to address potential bank recapitalisation and resolution costs. In return, Greece will have to streamline the VAT system and broaden the tax base to increase revenue, reform the pension system, safeguard the full legal independence of ELSTAT, automatically cut public spending to get primary surpluses, reform justice with a view to accelerate the judicial process and reduce costs, implement all OECD toolkit I recommendations, modernise labour market legislation, modernise and strengthen the Greek administration, revoke the laws passed by the Tsipras government counter to the February 20 agreement—except for the one concerning the "humanitarian crisis"— or identify clear compensatory equivalents for the vested rights that were subsequently created (e.g. for the rehiring of fired public servants), recapitalize the banks, and privatize 50 billion of state assets. To help support growth and job creation in Greece up to 2020, the European Commission will help mobilise up to €35 billion to fund investment and economic activity, including in SMEs. The Investment Plan for Europe will also provide funding opportunities for Greece.

On 14 August, after a rancorous all-night debate, the Hellenic Parliament backed the country's new bailout deal, although more than 40 MPs from Syriza voted against the deal and Tsipras had to rely on the support of the opposition: New Democracy, To Potami and PASOK. Following the Parliament's decision, the Eurogroup welcomed the agreement between Greece and its lenders, and initiated the launching of the national procedures required for the approval of the new ESM program. These national procedured were concluded by 19 August, and Greece received the first disbursement of the initial tranche of up to €26bn. A first sub-tranche of €10bn will was made available immediately, but in a segregated account at the ESM, destined for bank recapitalisation and resolution purposes.


title: Third Energy Package

abstract: The European Union's Third Energy Package is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed by the European Commission in September 2007, and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. It entered into force on 3 September 2009. Core elements of the third package include ownership unbundling, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks, and the establishment of a National regulatory authority (NRA) for each Member State, and the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) which provides a forum for NRAs to work together.

text:
# Third Energy Package

The **European Union's Third Energy Package** is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed by the European Commission in September 2007, and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. It entered into force on 3 September 2009.

Core elements of the third package include ownership unbundling, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks, and the establishment of a National regulatory authority (NRA) for each Member State, and the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) which provides a forum for NRAs to work together.

## The EU energy market

The European Commission and the Parliament wants to reach the goals of "Europe 2020 Strategy" through a secure, competitive and sustainable supply of energy to the economy and the society. The correct transposition of the European electricity and gas legislation in all Member States is still not complete. Because of this, the Third Internal Energy Market Package was adopted in 2009 to accelerate investments in energy infrastructure to enhance cross border trade and access to diversified sources of energy. There is still a market concentration on the energy market in the European Union, where a small number of companies control a large part of the market. Together, the three biggest generators of each country hold more than two thirds of the total generating capacity of 840,000 MW. The EU advises three options to weaken the market power of the biggest electricity firms: ownership unbundling, independent system operator (ISO) and independent transmission operators (ITO).

## Legislation

The Third Energy Package consists of two Directives and three Regulations:

* Directive 2009/72/EC
* Directive 2009/73/EC
* Regulation (EC) No 713/2009
* Regulation (EC) No 714/2009
* Regulation (EC) No 715/2009

## Potential options for member states

### Ownership unbundling

Ownership unbundling is advocated by the European Commission and the European Parliament. This option is intended to split generation (production of electricity) from transmission (of electricity from electrical generating station via a system to a distribution system operator or to the consumer). The purpose of this system is to ensure that the European energy market can't be vertically integrated. The proposal is controversial, with questions as to who can buy the transmission networks, whether such a system will regulate the market-place and who will pay possible compensation to the energy firms. Moreover, some economists also argue that the benefits will not exceed the costs. Some further problems have to do with possible inequalities that may arise during the implementation of the framework between undertakings from Member States with a different organisation of the market structure. A suggested solution refers to the better development of the level playing field clause.

### Independent system operator (ISO)

The Art. 13 – 16 of directive 2009/72/EC give the member states also the opportunity to let the transmission networks remain under the ownership of energy groups, but transferring operation and control of their day-to-day business to an independent system operator. Investments on the network will be accomplished, not only by the owner's funding but also by the ISO's management. It is also a form of ownership unbundling, but with a trustee. In theory, this would allow transmission and generation to remain under the same owner, but would remove conflicts of interest.

### Independent transmission operator (ITO)

Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Latvia and the Slovak Republic presented at the end of January 2008 a proposal for a third option. This model, the ITO, envisages energy companies retaining ownership of their transmission networks, but the transmission subsidiaries would be legally independent joint stock companies operating under their own brand name, under a strictly autonomous management and under stringent regulatory control. However, investment decisions would be made jointly by the parent company and the regulatory authority. In order to exclude discrimination against competitors, one prerequisite is the existence of a compliance officer, who is assigned to monitor a specific programme of relevant measures against market abuse. It is also named a legal unbundling.

### ITO+

There are also provisions for an alternative fourth choice for Member States. This option that may be referred as ITO+ or unbundling a la carte as States may keep their own system, provided it already existed in 2009, concerned a vertically integrated transmission system and it included provisions that ensure a higher independence status for the operation of the system than that of ITO.

## National Regulatory Authorities

### Establishment

Chapter IX of Directive 2009/72/EC requires each Member State to designate a single National Regulatory Authority (NRA). Member States may designate other regulatory authorities for regions within the Member State, but there must be a senior representative at national level. Member States must ensure that the NRA is able to carry out its regulatory activities independently from government and from any other public or private entity.

### Functions

The Directive sets out eight general objectives of NRAs and 21 specific duties. In addition to a duty to fix or approve tariffs, NRAs have a number of monitoring and reporting duties, and are granted information rights and investigative and enforcement powers to enable them to carry out their duties.

### Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators

Regulation 713/2009 establishes an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). The purpose of the Agency is to assist NRAs to exercise their duties and to provide means of coordinating their actions where necessary.

## Significance

The now repealed Directive 2003/54/EC gave member states three possible ways to unbundle. One of them has to be transposed into national law. The United Kingdom, for example, has already implemented ownership unbundling.

## Literature

* Diathesopoulos, Michael D. (2011). "Ownership Unbundling in European Energy Market & Legal Problems under EU Law". *Piraeus Case-Law*. **2011** (3): 248–262.

* Diathesopoulos, Michael D. (20 March 2012). *Competition Law and Sector Regulation in the European Energy Market after the Third Energy Package: Hierarchy and Efficiency*. University of Cambridge Faculty of Law. SSRN 2026607.

* Pielow, Johann-Christian; Brunekreeft, Gert; Ehlers, Eckart (1 July 2009). "Legal and economic aspects of ownership unbundling in the EU". *Journal of World Energy Law § Business*. **2** (2): 96–116. doi:10.1093/jwelb/jwp001.

* Pollitt, Michael (February 2008). "The arguments for and against ownership unbundling of energy transmission networks". *Energy Policy*. **36** (2): 704–713. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.011.

* **Directive (EU) 2019/944** of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending Directive 2012/27/EU (recast)


title: Francis Billingsley

abstract: Colonel Francis Billingsley (1595–1646) was a Royalist officer in the English Civil War. Placed in charge of the defences of Bridgnorth in Shropshire, he was killed in the churchyard of St Leonard's when the town was stormed by Parliamentarian troops on 31 March 1646. His rapier was presented to the church by one of his descendants and for many years was on display in the church. It was stolen in around 2000 and has not been recovered.

text:
# Francis Billingsley

Colonel **Francis Billingsley** (1595–1646) was a Royalist officer in the English Civil War. Placed in charge of the defences of Bridgnorth in Shropshire, he was killed in the churchyard of St Leonard's when the town was stormed by Parliamentarian troops on 31 March 1646.

His rapier was presented to the church by one of his descendants (Lois Astley) and for many years was on display in the church. It was stolen in around 2000 and has not been recovered.

## Family and background

Francis was from the Billingsley family of Astley Abbotts, Shropshire, and married Eleanor Kerry in 1616.

Amongst his siblings was the celebrated horseman Sir Thomas Billingsley. Another brother was Capt. John Billingsley, who supported Parliament during the Civil War and was brother-in-law to the Regicide Daniel Blagrave.

Amongst the children of Francis and Eleanor were Francis Billingsley who served as a major in the Royalist army, and Capt. Edward Billingsley who married a daughter of another Royalist officer, Francis Sandford, and served in Ireland during the 1640s.


title: Francis Lessard

abstract: Francis Lessard is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He last played with the Trois-Rivières Blizzard of Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). He has played for the Atlanta Thrashers and Ottawa Senators of the NHL, but has spent most of his career in the AHL. Lessard is generally known as an enforcer for his physical style of play and his ability to protect his teammates during a game.

text:
# Francis Lessard

**Francis Lessard** (born May 30, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He last played with the Trois-Rivières Blizzard of Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). He has played for the Atlanta Thrashers and Ottawa Senators of the NHL, but has spent most of his career in the AHL. Lessard is generally known as an enforcer for his physical style of play and his ability to protect his teammates during a game.

## Playing career

As a youth, Lessard played in the 1992 and 1993 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Rive-Nord Elites minor ice hockey team.

Drafted from the QMJHL's Val-d'Or Foreurs, Lessard's rights were traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1999 while still at junior level. He spent three seasons with their AHL affiliate the Philadelphia Phantoms before he was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers.

With the Thrashers, Lessard made his National Hockey League debut with the Thrashers during the 2001–02 season. In that season, Lessard won the Calder Cup with the Chicago Wolves. Lessard played 91 games over four seasons with Atlanta before moving to the New York Rangers organization in 2006. He played two seasons for the Hartford Wolf Pack of the AHL before signing with the Phoenix Coyotes in 2008, playing two seasons for the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL. He signed with the Ottawa Senators in August 2010.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1996–97 | Val-d'Or Foreurs | QMJHL | | 66 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 312 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Val-d'Or Foreurs | QMJHL | | 63 | 3 | 20 | 23 | 338 | | 19 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 101 |
| 1998–99 | Drummondville Voltigeurs | QMJHL | | 53 | 12 | 36 | 48 | 295 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 78 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 416 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 2000–01 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 64 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 330 | | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 |
| 2001–02 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 60 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 251 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Chicago Wolves | AHL | | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 34 | | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 40 |
| 2002–03 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 18 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 61 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Chicago Wolves | AHL | | 50 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 194 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 62 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 181 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Chicago Wolves | AHL | | 36 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 161 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Hartford Wolf Pack | AHL | | 58 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 309 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Hartford Wolf Pack | AHL | | 14 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 49 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | San Antonio Rampage | AHL | | 59 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 324 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | San Antonio Rampage | AHL | | 61 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 289 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Binghamton Senators | AHL | | 36 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 187 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Ottawa Senators | NHL | | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 78 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | Binghamton Senators | AHL | | 43 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 138 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Cornwall River Kings | LNAH | | 36 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 147 | | 9 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 48 |
| 2013–14 | Cornwall River Kings | LNAH | | 31 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 192 | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 22 |
| 2014–15 | Cornwall River Kings | LNAH | | 15 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 81 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| AHL totals | | | | 566 | 27 | 43 | 70 | 2682 | | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 40 |
| NHL totals | | | | 115 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 346 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## Awards and honours

## Transactions

* August 8, 2010 - Signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Ottawa Senators.
* July 3, 2008 - Signed as a free agent by the Phoenix Coyotes.
* September 13, 2006 - Invited by the New York Rangers to training camp.
* March 15, 2002 - Atlanta Thrashers traded David Harlock and third-round (Tyler Redenbach) and seventh-round (Joe Pavelski) selections in 2003 to the Philadelphia Flyers for Francis Lessard.
* May 25, 1999 - Carolina Hurricanes traded Francis Lessard to the Philadelphia Flyers for eighth-round selection (Antti Jokella) in 1999.
* June 21, 1997 - Drafted by the Carolina Hurricanes in the third round (80th overall) in 1997.

## InfoBox

| Francis Lessard | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1979-05-30) May 30, 1979
Montreal, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 225 lb (102 kg; 16 st 1 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | Atlanta Thrashers
Ottawa Senators | | |
| NHL draft | 80th overall, 1997
Carolina Hurricanes | | |
| Playing career | 19992016 | | |


title: Francesco Patrizi (Servite)

abstract: Francesco Patrizi (1263–1328) was a prominent early member of the Servite Order. Born in 1263 in Siena, he was the son of Enrico (Arrighetto) Patrizi and Raynalda. He was inspired by a sermon of Ambrose of Siena to join the Servites. After the death of his mother in 1285, he was accepted into the order by Philip Benizi. He was renowned as a peacemaker. He died on 12 or 26 May 1328 in Siena. He was beatified in 1743 by Pope Benedict XIV. His feast day is 26 May in the Roman Martyrology. The famous 15th-century humanist philosopher Francesco Patrizi was a relative.

text:
# Francesco Patrizi (Servite)

**Francesco Patrizi** (1263–1328) was a prominent early member of the Servite Order. Born in 1263 in Siena, he was the son of Enrico (Arrighetto) Patrizi and Raynalda. He was inspired by a sermon of Ambrose of Siena to join the Servites. After the death of his mother in 1285, he was accepted into the order by Philip Benizi. He was renowned as a peacemaker. He died on 12 or 26 May 1328 in Siena. He was beatified in 1743 by Pope Benedict XIV. His feast day is 26 May in the *Roman Martyrology*. The famous 15th-century humanist philosopher Francesco Patrizi was a relative.


title: Francesco Pegoretti

abstract: Francesco Pegoretti is an Italian make-up artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Makeup and Hairstyling for the film Pinocchio. The son of hairstylist Alberta Pegoretti, he also won two David di Donatello Awards, in 2016 for Tale of Tales and in 2021 for Pinocchio.

text:
# Francesco Pegoretti

**Francesco Pegoretti** is an Italian make-up artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Makeup and Hairstyling for the film *Pinocchio*. The son of hairstylist Alberta Pegoretti, he also won two David di Donatello Awards, in 2016 for *Tale of Tales* and in 2021 for *Pinocchio*.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Francesco Pegoretti | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Make-up artist |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Theophilus Parsons

abstract: Theophilus Parsons was an American jurist based in Massachusetts.

text:
# Theophilus Parsons

**Theophilus Parsons** (February 24, 1750  October 30, 1813) was an American jurist based in Massachusetts.

## Biography

Born in Newbury, Massachusetts, to a clergyman father, Parsons was one of the early students at the Dummer Academy (now The Governor's Academy) before matriculating to Harvard College. He graduated in 1769, was a schoolmaster in Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) from 1770 to 1773; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1774. From 1787 to 1789, he tutored John Quincy Adams in law. In 1800, he moved to Boston.

Parsons served as chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts from 1806 until his death in Boston in 1813. In politics, he was active as one of the Federalist leaders in the state. He was a member of the Essex County convention of 1778—called to protest against the proposed state constitution—and as a member of the "Essex Junto" was probably the author of *The Essex Result*, which helped to secure the constitution's rejection at the polls. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781. He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813.

Parsons was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1779–1780 and one of the committee of 26 who drafted the constitution. He was also a delegate to the state convention of 1788 which ratified the Federal Constitution. According to tradition, he was the author of the famous *Conciliatory Resolutions*, or proposed amendments to the constitution, which did much to win over Samuel Adams and John Hancock to ratification. His *Commentaries on the Laws of the United States* (1836) contains some of his more important legal opinions.

Parsons died in Boston in 1813. His son, also named Theophilus Parsons (1797–1882), was an author and a professor at Harvard.

**Attribution:**

## InfoBox

| Theophilus Parsons | |
| --- | --- |
| portrait by Sarah Goodridge | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1750-02-24)February 24, 1750
Newbury, Massachusetts Bay,
British America |
| Died | October 30, 1813(1813-10-30) (aged 63)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Greenleaf |
| Children | Theophilus Parsons |
| Education | Harvard College |
|  | |
| Relatives | Emily Elizabeth Parsons (granddaughter) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Thiruporur taluk

abstract: Thiruporur taluk is a taluk in Chengalpattu district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Thiruporur.

text:
# Thiruporur taluk

**Thiruporur taluk** is a taluk in Chengalpattu district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Thiruporur.

## History

This taluk was created by the former chief minister J.Jayalalithaa in 2012 bifurcating Chengalpattu Taluk due to population increase.

Thiruporur taluk was previously a part of the Kanchipuram district. After the bifurcation of Kanchipuram district, Thiruporur taluk became a part of the Chengalpattu district.

## Administration

The taluk is administered by the Tahsildar office located in Thiruporur.

## Villages

There are 57 villages in the newly created Thiruporur taluk. Some are listed below:


title: Francisco Cimadevilla

abstract: Francisco Cimadevilla is a former Vice President and Editor-in-Chief for the Casiano Communications (CCI) media emporium in Puerto Rico, previously serving at Casiano as Editor of Caribbean Business, the U.S. territory's only weekly business newspaper, from 1999 to 2004. He is currently a private consultant. Cimadevilla is a magna cum laude 1983 graduate of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, and a Harvard Law School 1986 Juris Doctor graduate. While in college, he served as editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, and he clerked at the McConnell, Valdés law firm in San Juan, Puerto Rico and at the Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf law firm in New York City. A supporter of statehood for Puerto Rico, Cimadevilla was active in the Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association. After law school, Cimadevilla practiced law in the United States and abroad, specializing in international trade and regulation at the Baker & McKenzie law firm in Washington DC for four years, as well as serving as International Legal Counsel at the Fabregat & Bermejo law firm in Madrid, Spain, dealing with corporate and international trade law. For over six years, he served the government of Puerto Rico, first as the U.S. territory's Assistant Secretary of State for Caribbean Basin Affairs under Secretary of State Baltasar Corrada del Rio from 1993 to 1995, and as Chief Economic Development Officer at the Puerto Rico Department of Economic Development and Commerce from 1995 to 1996. In 1997 he was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Department. Concurrently, from 1995 until he left government service in 1999, he was a member of the Puerto Rico Business Review editorial board, after which he joined Casiano Communications. Cimadevilla has branched out into political and news analysis and is featured in TV and radio talk shows, including the highly rated "En la Mirilla" daily PM drive-time news analysis program produced by political analyst Luis Dávila Colón for the Notiuno radio network. He has been invited to speak before different groups, the most recent of which was the San Juan Rotary Club in December, 2007.

text:
# Francisco Cimadevilla

**Francisco Cimadevilla** is a former Vice President and Editor-in-Chief for the Casiano Communications (CCI) media emporium in Puerto Rico, previously serving at Casiano as Editor of Caribbean Business, the U.S. territory's only weekly business newspaper, from 1999 to 2004. He is currently a private consultant.

Cimadevilla is a *magna cum laude* 1983 graduate of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, and a Harvard Law School 1986 *Juris Doctor* graduate. While in college, he served as editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, and he clerked at the McConnell, Valdés law firm in San Juan, Puerto Rico and at the Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf law firm in New York City. A supporter of statehood for Puerto Rico, Cimadevilla was active in the Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association.

After law school, Cimadevilla practiced law in the United States and abroad, specializing in international trade and regulation at the Baker & McKenzie law firm in Washington DC for four years, as well as serving as International Legal Counsel at the Fabregat & Bermejo law firm in Madrid, Spain, dealing with corporate and international trade law.

For over six years, he served the government of Puerto Rico, first as the U.S. territory's Assistant Secretary of State for Caribbean Basin Affairs under Secretary of State Baltasar Corrada del Rio from 1993 to 1995, and as Chief Economic Development Officer at the Puerto Rico Department of Economic Development and Commerce from 1995 to 1996. In 1997 he was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Department. Concurrently, from 1995 until he left government service in 1999, he was a member of the Puerto Rico Business Review editorial board, after which he joined Casiano Communications.

Cimadevilla has branched out into political and news analysis and is featured in TV and radio talk shows, including the highly rated "En la Mirilla" daily PM drive-time news analysis program produced by political analyst Luis Dávila Colón for the Notiuno radio network. He has been invited to speak before different groups, the most recent of which was the San Juan Rotary Club in December, 2007.


title: Thick-billed murre

abstract: The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies Uria lomvia arra is also called Pallas' murre after its describer.

text:
# Thick-billed murre

The **thick-billed murre** or **Brünnich's guillemot** (***Uria lomvia***) is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies *Uria lomvia arra* is also called **Pallas' murre** after its describer.

## Taxonomy

The thick-billed murre was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his *Systema Naturae*. He placed it with the other auks in the genus *Alca* and coined the binomial name *Alca lomvia*. Linnaeus specified the type locality as boreal Europe but this was restricted in 1921 to Greenland by the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert. The thick-billed murre is now placed together with the common murre in the genus *Uria* that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The genus name is from Ancient Greek *ouria*, a waterbird mentioned by Athenaeus. The specific epithet *lomvia* is a Swedish word for an auk or diver. The English "guillemot" is from French *guillemot* probably derived from *Guillaume*, "William". "Murre" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate the call of the common guillemot.

Four subspecies are recognised:

## Description

Since the extinction of the great auk in the mid-19th century, the murres are the largest living members of the Alcidae. The thick-billed murre and the closely related common guillemot (or common murre, *U. aalge*) are similarly sized, but the thick-billed still bests the other species in both average and maximum size. The thick-billed murre measures 40–48 cm (16–19 in) in total length, spans 64–81 cm (25–32 in) across the wings and weighs 736–1,481 g (26.0–52.2 oz). The Pacific race (*U. l. arra*) is larger than the Atlantic race, especially in bill dimensions.

Adult birds are black on the head, neck, back and wings with white underparts. The bill is long and pointed. They have a small rounded black tail. The lower face becomes white in winter. This species produces a variety of harsh cackling calls at the breeding colonies, but is silent at sea.

They differ from the common murre in their thicker, shorter bill with white gape stripe and their darker head and back; the "bridled" morph is unknown in *U. lomvia* – a murre has either a white eye-stripe, or a white bill-stripe, or neither, but never both; it may be that this is character displacement, enabling individual birds to recognize conspecifics at a distance in the densely packed breeding colonies as the bridled morph is most common by far in North Atlantic colonies where both species of guillemots breed. In winter, there is less white on the thick-billed murre's face. They look shorter than the common murre in flight. First year birds have smaller bills than adults and the white line on the bill is often obscure, making the bill an unreliable way to identify them at this age. The head pattern is the best way to distinguish first-year birds from common murres.

## Distribution and habitat

The thick-billed murre is distributed across the polar and sub-polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere where four subspecies exist; one lives on the Atlantic and Arctic oceans of North America (*U. l. lomvia*), another on the Pacific coast of North America (*U. l. arra*), and two others that inhabit the Russian arctic (*U. l. eleonorae* and *U. heckeri*).

Thick-billed murres spend all of their lives at sea in waters which remain below 5°C, except during the breeding season where they form dense colonies on cliffs. They move south in winter into northernmost areas of the north Atlantic and Pacific, but only to keep in ice-free waters.

### As a vagrant

Brünnich's guillemot is a rare vagrant in European countries south of the breeding range. In Britain, over 30 individuals have been recorded, but over half of these were tideline corpses. Of those that were seen alive, only three have remained long enough to be seen by large numbers of observers. All three were in Shetland \- winter individuals in February 1987 and November/December 2005, and a bird in an auk colony in summer 1989. The 1989 and 2005 birds were both found by the same observer, Martin Heubeck.

The species has been recorded once in Ireland, and has also been recorded in the Netherlands. In the western Atlantic, they may range as far as Florida, and in the Pacific to California. Before 1950, large numbers appeared on the North American Great Lakes in early winter, passing up the St. Lawrence River from the East coast. Such irruptions have not been seen since 1952.

## Behaviour and ecology

### Breeding

Thick-billed murres form vast breeding colonies, sometimes composed of over a million breeding birds, on narrow ledges and steep cliffs which face the water. They have the smallest territory of any bird, requiring less than one square foot per individual. A breeding pair will lay a single egg each year. Despite this, they are one of the most abundant marine birds in the Northern Hemisphere.

Adults perform communal displays early in the breeding season to time their breeding cycles. They do not build nests, but lay the egg directly on bare rock. Both parents are involved in incubating the egg and raising the young. Due to the enormous amount of energy needed to take off in flight, adults can only provide one food item at a time to their chick. Chicks spend between 18 and 25 days on the cliffs before leaving for the sea. Once ready to leave, the young will await nightfall and jump off the edge towards the water. A parent immediately jumps after and glides within centimeters of the fledgling. At sea, the male and the chick stay together for around 8 weeks during which the adult continues to provide food for the young.

Survival rates of the young is not based on the number of individuals in the colony, but rather on the age of the breeders within the colony. Offspring of inexperienced pairs grow more slowly than those of experienced breeders, possibly because they do not receive as much food from their parents. Also, pairs which contain at least one young breeding bird tend to have lower hatch rates. Older and experienced adults obtain the better nesting sites located in the center of the colony, while the inexperienced individuals are kept on the margins where their young are more likely to be preyed upon.

### Food and feeding

The thick-billed murre's flight is strong and direct, and they have fast wing beats due to the short wings. Like the other auks, these birds forage for food by using their wings to 'swim' underwater. They are accomplished divers, reaching depths of up to 150 m and diving for up to four minutes at a time; usually however birds make either shallow short dives or dive down to 21–40 m for longer periods. While hunting, the diving trajectory resembles a flattened 'U'. Birds will make long trips to get to favorite feeding grounds; while they usually forage several dozen km from their nest sites, they often travel more than 100 km to fish. The strong and direct flight of murres, which is, for their body size, the most costly form of sustained locomotion of any animal, is a result of their short wingspan.

The diving depths and durations regularly achieved by these birds indicate that they, and similar auks, have some—as yet unknown—mechanism to avoid diving sickness and lung collapse when surfacing. It is postulated that auks temporarily absorb excess gases into the vascular structure of their bones. From there, it is gradually released from temporary storage in a controlled process of decompression.

The nominate race feeds primarily on fish such as *Gadus spp.* and Arctic cod (*Boreogadus saida*), as well as the pelagic amphipod *Parathemisto libellula*. Other fish such as capelin (*Mallotus villosus*) and *Myoxocephalus spp.*, as well as other crustaceans, polychaetes, and a few molluscs, are found in their diet but in relatively low numbers. When wintering near Newfoundland, capelin can account for over 90 percent of their diet.

## Predators

Thick-billed murres have few natural predators because the immense number of concentrated birds found on the breeding colonies and the inaccessibility of these breeding sites make it extremely difficult for them to be preyed upon. Their main predator is the glaucous gull (*Larus hyperboreus*), and these feed exclusively on eggs and chicks. The common raven (*Corvus corax*) may also try to obtain eggs and hatchlings when they are left unattended.

## Status and conservation

Although declines have been observed in many parts of their range, the thick-billed murre is not a species of concern as the total population is estimated to contain between 15 and 20 million individuals worldwide.

Egg harvesting and hunting of adult birds are major threats in Greenland, where populations fell steeply between the 1960s and 1980s. In the Barents Sea region, the species has declined locally, due to influences associated with polar stations in Russia. Fisheries may also be a threat, but because thick-billed murres are better able to use alternative food sources the effect of over-fishing is not as severe as on the common murre. Pollution from oil at sea exerts another major threat. Murres are among the seabirds most sensitive to oil contamination. Incidental mortality brought on by entanglement with fishing gear is also an important cause of population decline.

Thick-billed murres are closely associated with sea-ice throughout the year. Consequently, some scientists believe that climate change may be a threat to this Arctic-breeding species. However the species seems adaptable. Populations at the southern edge of their range switched from feeding on ice-associated Arctic cod to warmer-water capelin as ice break-up became earlier. Dates for egg-laying advanced with the earlier disappearance of ice. The growth of chicks is slower in years when ice break-up is early relative to egg-laying by the murres. In extremely warm years, mosquitoes and heat kill some breeders.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Thick-billed murre | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adults in breeding plumage | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Alcidae |
| Genus: | *Uria* |
| Species: | ***U. lomvia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uria lomvia***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| *Uria lomvia lomvia*(Linnaeus, 1758)
*U. l. eleonorae*(Portenko, 1937)
*Uria lomvia heckeri*(Portenko, 1944)
*U. l. arra*(Pallas, 1811) | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Alca lomvia* Linnaeus, 1758 (protonym) | |


title: This Century

abstract:
This Century was an American pop rock band from Phoenix, Arizona, United States. The band consisted of members Joel Kanitz, Ryan Gose, Alex Silverman, and Sean Silverman. In February 2014, Alex Silverman announced his departure from the group. In May 2015, the band announced that following the release of their third album Soul Sucker, they would be playing farewell shows and retiring the band so members could "pursue each of our passions and musical projects".
The band has released three full-length albums: Soul Sucker, Biography of Heartbreak, and Sound of Fire.

text:
# This Century

**This Century** was an American pop rock band from Phoenix, Arizona, United States. The band consisted of members Joel Kanitz, Ryan Gose, Alex Silverman, and Sean Silverman. In February 2014, Alex Silverman announced his departure from the group. In May 2015, the band announced that following the release of their third album Soul Sucker, they would be playing farewell shows and retiring the band so members could "pursue each of our passions and musical projects". The band has released three full-length albums: *Soul Sucker*, *Biography of Heartbreak*, and *Sound of Fire*.

## History

### Beginnings (2006–2007)

The band was formed while most of the members were attending high school. They experimented with several names such as "Modern Poets", and kept this name for two shows before changing it to "Evident Earth". They finally decided on "This Century" after guitarist Silverman jokingly said they're "lucky if we come up with a band name some time this century".

### Early EPs (2007–2009)

In 2007 This Century released their first EP titled *2007*. They continued releasing EPs and singles throughout the years, including *Look What We Made* (2008), "Dream of Christmas" (2008), "Kiss Me Like It's Christmas" (2009), *No Way Out Digital Sampler* (2009), and *To Love and Back* (2009). In 2008, they were signed under Tim Kirch and Tanner Radcliffe at 8123 Management, and later performed acoustic sets at the Baby Cakes Tent during the 2009 *Vans Warped Tour*.

### Tours and *Sound of Fire* (2010–2012)

In 2010 This Century was signed to The Maine's Action Theory Records. They then released the EP *Hopeful Romantic Sampler* (2010), consisting of three sampler tracks, the first of which was due to be on their debut album *Sound of Fire*. They performed at Bamboozle Left with bands such as Anarbor, The Ready Set, Never Shout Never, and The Summer Set. They also embarked on a nationwide tour with label mates The Maine and special guest Austin Gibbs on an *"Evening With The Maine Tour"*.

While on the 'Hey Monday Tour' in late 2010 the band was forced to cancel their last few shows due to lead singer Joel Kanitz having vocal issues.

They have also toured with Good Charlotte and Forever the Sickest Kids on the 'Cardiology Tour'.

In March 2011 they released the title track off their debut album *Sound of Fire* as a single. The entire album was released on April 19, 2011.

In the summer of 2011 This Century embarked on their first headlining tour, the "Young and Useless Tour", with Carter Hulsey and Austin Gibbs. For personal reasons, Austin Gibbs left at the beginning of the tour and singer-songwriter Sweet Talker replaced Gibbs on select dates.

In June 2012 This Century played a show in Manila, Philippines together with We Are the in Crowd and Set Your Goals. "Everywhere Everything", a song from their debut album *Sound of Fire* made its way to the top of the charts in Manila for two weeks, while the song "Sound of Fire" also made its way to the top of the charts in June 2011.

This Century headlined The Endless Summer Tour with Austin Gibbs and made a new song with him called, "Someone For Everyone." This Century opened for The Maine's UK/Europe Pioneer tour in September 2012, and then returned to Manila December 9–10 of 2012 for two free concerts sponsored by *Pulp* magazine.

### *Biography of Heartbreak*, *Soul Sucker*, and final tour (2013–2015)

This Century released their second album *Biography of Heartbreak* worldwide on May 14, 2013, via Rude Records in Europe, UK, Southeast Asia, Australia and Japan, and independently in the US in partnership with their management team Eighty One Twenty Three.

Produced by Colby Wedgeworth, their second full-length album included the hits "Bleach Blonde" and "Skeletons", as well as 11 new tracks. On April 23, 2013, This Century released a music video for the first single "Slow Dance Night" on Vevo. In support of the album, This Century joined The 8123 Tour with management label-mates The Maine as well as A Rocket to the Moon and Brighten.

In the fall/winter of 2013, This Century co-headlined the Up Close + Personal Tour with Nick Santino & The Northern Wind.

In February 2014 they announced the departure of bassist/keyboardist Alex Silverman.

In May 2015 the band announced that they would be playing a final tour after the release of their final album, *Soul Sucker*, so members could pursue separate musical careers.

Lead singer Joel Kanitz currently performs as a solo artist under the moniker Gorgeous War, drummer Ryan Gose releases music under the name Stop Dead and guitarist Sean Silverman now plays guitar in Arizona group The Technicolors.

## Discography

## Tours

## InfoBox

| This Century | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Phoenix, Arizona, United States |
| Genres | Pop rock, indie pop, power pop |
| Years active | 2006–2015 |
| Labels | Action Theory (2010-2012)
Rude Records (2013-2014)
8123 (2015) |
|  | |
| Past members | Joel Kanitz
Ryan Gose
Alex Silverman
Sean Silverman |


title: Igaracy

abstract: Igaracy is a municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil.

text:
# Igaracy

**Igaracy** is a municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil.

7°10′51″S 38°08′56″W / 7.18083°S 38.1489°W / -7.18083; -38.1489

## InfoBox

| Igaracy | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Northeast |
| State | Paraíba |
| Mesoregion | Sertao Paraibana |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 6,105 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Olive Webb

abstract: Olive Webb is a New Zealand clinical psychologist and former president of the New Zealand Psychological Society from 1993 until 1995. Webb's experiences of poor patient conditions and treatment while working at Sunnyside Hospital in the 1970s inspired her to become a disability advocate. She received the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2008, for services to people with intellectual disabilities. Webb is the longest-serving member of the Canterbury District Health Board, holding a position on the board from 2001 to 2013.

text:
# Olive Webb

**Olive Webb** ONZM (born 1946 or 1947) is a New Zealand clinical psychologist and former president of the New Zealand Psychological Society from 1993 until 1995. Webb's experiences of poor patient conditions and treatment while working at Sunnyside Hospital in the 1970s inspired her to become a disability advocate. She received the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2008, for services to people with intellectual disabilities. Webb is the longest-serving member of the Canterbury District Health Board, holding a position on the board from 2001 to 2013.

## Biography

Webb was born in 1946 or 1947, in rural Waipa District south of Te Awamutu. Her mother would hold annual parties for the residents of the Tokanui Psychiatric Hospital, and during high school and her early years at university, Web worked as a nurse aide at the hospital. She attended Te Awamutu College and the University of Waikato, where she studied geography.

Webb became frustrated with well-intentioned volunteers at the hospital, deciding to gain qualifications to better help residents of the hospital. Webb shifted to the South Island, studying clinical psychology at the University of Canterbury. In 1968, Webb began working at Sunnyside Hospital, a Christchurch mental asylum, as an assistant clinical psychologist. She spent 27 years working at the facility, during which she developed major concerns for patients' wellbeing, noting that staff had not received adequate training, and that patients were mistreated and understimulated, often spending much of their time unoccupied in cramped rooms. While working for the hospital, Webb completed a PhD in 1984, and a Post Graduate Diploma of Health Services Management in 1992.

Webb was appointed the Manager of the Psychiatric Service for adults with intellectual disability at Sunnyside Hospital, the first non-medical professional to be appointed in this role. During this time, Webb reduced the number of in-patients at the hospital from 150 to 25, by developing community care plans for patients. Webb also advocated for better medical checks for people with intellectual disabilities, after contributing to research which showed that 73% of patients in the study required medical care. Webb's work was a major factor in the deinstitutionalisation of New Zealand's mental health services, which led to psychiatric hospitals closing and being replaced with community mental health services.

From 1993 until 1995, Webb was the president of the New Zealand Psychological Society. In the 1990s, Webb moved from West Melton (where she had lived for 25 years) to Hororata, where she became a community leader.

In January 2001, Webb was elected as one of the inaugural members of the Canterbury District Health Board, during which she worked on developing the Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003. When Webb stood down in 2013, she became the longest-serving member of the board. In the same year, Webb ran an unsuccessful bid to become the mayor of Selwyn District, coming second to incumbent Kelvin Coe.

Since 2020, Webb has worked with Living Options, a charitable trust supporting people with disabilities in the Queenstown-Lakes District.

In 2022, Webb took part in the Abuse in Care – Royal Commission of Inquiry, during which she likened treatment disabled people experienced in psychiatric care to World War II concentration camps.

Webb has been a trustee, chair or board member for a number of community trusts, including New Zealand Riding for the Disabled, Special Olympics New Zealand, Central Plains Water Trust, Hororata Community Trust and Selwyn Central Community Care Trust.

## Awards

In 2008, Webb received the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to people with intellectual disabilities, due to her work on deinstitutionalisation and the development of community mental health services. In 2018, Webb was given the Distinguished Service award by the Australasian Society for Intellectual Disability.

## Personal life

Webb identifies as a lesbian. She entered a civil union with her long-time partner Carol Gurney in 2004. Webb was an organist for the St John's Church in Hororata until the organ was destroyed in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake. Since then, she has performed piano for the church, and sings in the Selwyn Community Choir.

## Bibliography

* Webb, Olive J; McNickle, Donald C (1982). "A Comparison of the Adaptive Social Behaviour of Intellectually Handicapped Sheltered Workshop Trainees from Three Different Residential Backgrounds". *Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities*. **8** (1): 21–25. doi:10.3109/13668258209016124. ISSN 0726-3864.
* Glue, Paul; Webb, Olive J; Surgenor, Lois (1988). "Psychopathology in adult mentally handicapped hospital patients". *Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry*. **22** (3): 312–315. doi:10.3109/00048678809161213. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 3178616. S2CID 11713840.
* Webb, O. J.; Rogers, L. (1999). "Health screening for people with intellectual disability: the New Zealand experience". *Journal of Intellectual Disability Research*. **43** (6): 497–503. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00233.x. ISSN 0964-2633. PMID 10622366.
* Dovey, Susan; Webb, Olive J (2000). "General practitioners' perception of their role in care for people with intellectual disability". *Journal of Intellectual Disability Research*. **44** (5): 553–561. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00269.x. ISSN 0964-2633. PMID 11079352.
* Webb, O.J.; Gates, S. (2000). "Informed consent in and people who have intellectual disability". In Love, H.; Whittaker, W. (eds.). *Practice Issues for Clinical and Applied Psychologists in New Zealand*. Wellington: New Zealand Psychological Society. pp. 43–56.
* Webb, O.; Verhoeven, M.; Eggleston, E. (2007). "Principles of psychological work for people with intellectual disabilities". In Evans, I. M.; Rucklidge, J. J.; O'Driscoll, M. (eds.). *Professional Practice of Psychology in Aotearoa/New Zealand*. Wellington: New Zealand Psychological Society. pp. 445–465.

## InfoBox

| Olive Webb | |
| --- | --- |
| Webb receiving the insignia of an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2008 | |
| Born | 1946 or 1947<br>Waipa District, Waikato, New Zealand |
| Awards | New Zealand Order of Merit (2008) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Environmental psychology, intellectual disability, autism spectrum |
| Institutions | University of Canterbury, University of Otago, University of Waikato |
| Thesis | * *The effects of different residential environments on the behaviour of intellectually handicapped adults (unpublished)*  (1983) |
|  | |


title: Ole Siggaard-Andersen

abstract: Ole Siggaard-Andersen is a Danish physician clinical chemist who elucidated much acid base physiology. He jointly invented the concepts of base excess and standard base excess. His doctoral thesis, The Acid-Base Status of the Blood, was published as a book for five editions and in five languages. He was honored by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry who awarded him the Edwin F. Ullman Award in 2003.

text:
# Ole Siggaard-Andersen

**Ole Siggaard-Andersen** (born 10 December 1932) is a Danish physician clinical chemist who elucidated much acid base physiology. He jointly invented the concepts of base excess and standard base excess.

His doctoral thesis, *The Acid-Base Status of the Blood*, was published as a book for five editions and in five languages. He was honored by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry who awarded him the Edwin F. Ullman Award in 2003.

1. Siggaard-Andersen, Ole; Engel K (1960). "A new acid-base nomogram. An improved method for the calculation of the relevant blood acid-base data". *Scan J Clin Lab Invest*. **12** (2): 177–86. doi:10.3109/00365516009062420. PMID 13848805.
2. "Ole Siggaard-Andersen, PhD". Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-09-21.

## InfoBox

| Ole Siggaard-Andersen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1932-12-10) 10 December 1932 |
| Known for | Acid-base theory |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Medicine, physiology |
|  | |


title: Ole Sjølie

abstract: Ole Kristian Sjølie was a Norwegian painter. He was born in Fauske Municipality. He attended the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1946 to 1949, and was one of the pioneers of abstract expressionism in Norway. His works have been bought by the National Gallery of Norway, the Riksgalleriet and the Arts Council Norway. He died in November 2015.

text:
# Ole Sjølie

**Ole Kristian Sjølie** (2 April 1923 – 11 November 2015) was a Norwegian painter.

He was born in Fauske Municipality. He attended the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1946 to 1949, and was one of the pioneers of abstract expressionism in Norway. His works have been bought by the National Gallery of Norway, the Riksgalleriet and the Arts Council Norway. He died in November 2015.


title: Omaha Horse Railway

abstract: The Omaha Horse Railway was a private transportation company in early Omaha, Nebraska. The company was founded in 1867 by Omaha pioneers Ezra Millard, Andrew J. Hanscom and Augustus Kountze to provide horsecar service in the city. On February 19 of that year the Nebraska Territory Legislature awarded the company a 50-year franchise and exclusive rights to run tracks on Omaha's streets in its closing session. The company was noted for an 1888 United States District Court trial in which they sued another company for infringing on the exclusive rights to Omaha's streets granted to them by the Nebraska Territory Legislature.

text:
# Omaha Horse Railway

The **Omaha Horse Railway** was a private transportation company in early Omaha, Nebraska. The company was founded in 1867 by Omaha pioneers Ezra Millard, Andrew J. Hanscom and Augustus Kountze to provide horsecar service in the city. On February 19 of that year the Nebraska Territory Legislature awarded the company a 50-year franchise and exclusive rights to run tracks on Omaha's streets in its closing session. The company was noted for an 1888 United States District Court trial in which they sued another company for infringing on the exclusive rights to Omaha's streets granted to them by the Nebraska Territory Legislature.

## History

The first formal meeting of the directors was held at the Omaha National Bank on May 1, 1867. In the years following the founding of the company through the mid-1870s a boon period presided in Omaha, bringing the foundation of several businesses important to the city's growth, including the Horse Railway. The city expanded from 12 square miles (31 km2) to 24 within 15 years, and the Horse Railway struggled to keep up with it. The company switched from horses to mules and painted their cars yellow in an attempt to strengthen their image. By the late 1870s the line had 18 miles (29 km) of track, 10 cars, 70 horses, 20 employees and 495,000 passengers annually. After the company hit hard times in the mid to late 1870s, William W. Marsh purchased a controlling interest in the company from A.J. Hanscom. His purchase was effective January 1, 1879.

In 1887 the Omaha Cable Tramway Company was founded, leaving the Horse Railway with a competitor. The companies merged in 1889. In 1888 the Horse Railway Company took the Cable Tramway Company and the City of Omaha to court on the grounds they violated the Horse Railway's exclusive 50-year franchise allotted to them by the Territorial Legislature. The City of Omaha held a public vote that gave the Cable Tramway the ability to compete, in violation of the Legislature's act. The courts found for the Cable Tramway Company, allowing them to share the streets; however, they did order the Cable Tramway Company repay the Horse Railway for losses due to intrusion upon that company's lines. The case was exceptional because the courts ruled that the exclusivity clause granted the rights to the company operating horse railways, not cable cars. This interpretation allowed for competition in a formerly monopolized market, and was credited with changing the economic landscape of American public transportation thereafter.

By 1902 the company that was formed became the Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company, after the consolidation of several competitors in the previous 20 years.

## Routes

When they incorporated the company the Legislature specified that the road should be built by 1869. After awarding the contract ground was broken for the first route from Cuming street south to Cass street, jogging to 18th and then along Capitol Avenue to South 15th. At Farnam it turned east and traveled to 9th to the Union Station, a total distance of about three miles (5 km).

A double track was laid on Farnam Street from 10th to 15th, and another from North 20th Street along Cuming to Saunders Street, following that street to Hamilton. Another track went from Cuming Street and 20th to 18th Street, following that street northwards to Kountze Place in what was then the extreme northern part of the city. A line ran from Capitol Avenue up North 16th Street to Izard Street, and Izard to 18th where it connected with the line running to Kountze Place. In the south end of Downtown Omaha a track was laid from Farnam Street to 9th Street to Davenport, and from there to 10th to Farnam again. A track was then laid from Farnam down 15th and out Howard and St. Mary's Avenue to Hanscom Park.

## InfoBox

Omaha Horse Railway
| Industry | Public transportation |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1867 |
| Defunct | 1889 |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company |
| Headquarters | Omaha |
| Key people | Ezra Millard, Andrew J. Hanscom, Augustus Kountze, William W. Marsh |


title: Oldham Loop Line

abstract: The Oldham Loop Line was a suburban-line in Greater Manchester, England, used by trains that ran from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale via Oldham Mumps. Services on the line at the time of its closure were operated by Northern Rail. The line closed on 3 October 2009 for conversion during 2009–2012 to light rail use for Metrolink services; the route now carries trams and is known as the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL).

text:
# Oldham Loop Line

| Oldham Loop Line |
| --- |
|  |
| Prior to Metrolink conversion |
|  |

The **Oldham Loop Line** was a suburban-line in Greater Manchester, England, used by trains that ran from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale via Oldham Mumps. Services on the line at the time of its closure were operated by Northern Rail.

The line closed on 3 October 2009 for conversion during 2009–2012 to light rail use for Metrolink services; the route now carries trams and is known as the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL).

## Description

The Oldham Loop diverged from the Caldervale Line at Thorpes Bridge Junction in Newton Heath, Manchester and re-joined it at Rochdale East Junction. The line was 12+18 miles (19.5 km) long, and was double-track from Thorpes Bridge Junction to Shaw & Crompton, and single-line from Shaw & Crompton to Rochdale East Junction. There were two tunnels on the route between Oldham Werneth and Oldham Central railway stations. There were nine intermediate stations on the route. In the early 1970s the line from Shaw & Crompton to Rochdale was reduced to single track working. This was due to save money on maintenance when services were much reduced.

## History

The history of the Oldham Loop Line was intertwined with the early history of railways in the Manchester and Oldham area, and to some extent also with the geography of Oldham which meant that there was no direct Manchester to Oldham line until quite late in the 19th century.

The first railway line to be built in the area was the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR) which opened on 4 July 1839 to Littleborough and throughout on 1 March 1841. Although this line ran close to Rochdale, it missed out Middleton and more importantly Oldham as well. A station was built at Mills Hill to provide a railhead for Middleton and Oldham. This was only intended as a short time measure given that Oldham was already a substantial manufacturing centre by this date. The first railway into Oldham was a branch from Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth which opened on 31 March 1842. This line included the Werneth Incline which had a gradient of 1 in 27 and was one of the steepest lines in the country regularly used by passenger trains. The situation of the first station in Oldham on the outskirts of town was not entirely satisfactory, and in 1847 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR), the successor to the M&LR, extended the line from Oldham Werneth to a new station at Oldham Mumps. There was also an intermediate station at Oldham Central. The line and the two new stations opened on 1 November 1847.

There was a further extension of the line from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale East Junction on 1 November 1863. This line included stations at Milnrow, New Hey and Shaw & Crompton. A branch off this line to Royton was opened on 21 March 1864, followed on 1 July 1864 by Royton Junction railway station.

The operational problems of the Werneth Incline had led to the consideration of a more direct route from Oldham Werneth to Manchester to bypass it as early as 1848, but it was not until August 1876 that construction of the line began. It took nearly four years to complete, opening on 17 May 1880 along with the stations at Hollinwood and Dean Lane. Failsworth station opened slightly later on 26 April 1881. With the construction of this section of line the whole route from Rochdale East Junction to Thorpes Bridge Junction, Newton Heath was complete and it became known as the Oldham Loop Line.

In the early-1920s the L&YR proposed to electrify the Oldham Loop Line using a unique 1,200 volt side-contact third rail system, following the successful electrification of the nearby Bury Line with this system. The scheme progressed to an advanced stage, however with the reorganisations of railway companies in the 1920s, the new management had no interest in pursuing the scheme and it was dropped.

## Closures

The Royton to Royton Junction line was listed for closure by the Beeching Axe of the 1960s. Royton closed to goods services on 2 November 1964 and passenger services on 18 April 1966. Although not mentioned by Beeching, a further closure in the 1960s was Oldham Central which also closed on 18 April 1966.

Royton Junction station, renamed as Royton, stayed open but by the 1980s a replacement for it was being considered. Derker opened on 30 August 1985. For a short period trains stopped at either Derker or Royton, but eventually Royton (formerly Royton Junction) railway station was closed on 8 May 1987. This was the last station closure before the whole of the Oldham Loop Line was closed for conversion to Metrolink.

## Passenger train services

The pattern of passenger services over the line was always that all trains from Manchester ran to Oldham Mumps, but fewer continued on to terminate in a bay platform at Rochdale. It was not usual for trains to terminate at Oldham Mumps and instead they ran on to Royton (until its closure in 1966), and subsequently to Shaw & Crompton. While the Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth line was open there were a few services over that route to Oldham Mumps, Royton or Rochdale. By 1950 this had reduced to a handful of trains per day, and the services over the line reduced further until its closure in early 1963.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s only slightly fewer trains ran from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale, but in May 1972 the Secretary of State for Transport announced that this part of the Oldham Loop would be closed. The closure did not go ahead because what later became the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE) agreed to fund the continuation of services. The involvement of the GMPTE also led to a more frequent pattern of trains serving the Oldham Mumps to Rochdale section.

From 2007 Network Rail made the annual leaf fall timetable permanent year round due to concerns over the condition of the track and performance. Trains were timetabled to connect with the Caldervale Line services to Leeds via Hebden Bridge and Bradford Interchange. All stations and all scheduled train services were operated by Northern Rail and its predecessors. During the week, trains ran every 15 minutes on the route, with express trains leaving Manchester at 00 and 30 minutes past the hour calling at Oldham Mumps, Shaw & Crompton and all stations to Rochdale, and stopping trains calling at all stations between Manchester and Shaw & Crompton, leaving at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour. This skip-stop service gave an effective half hourly service frequency to the stations on the line. During the evenings and on Sundays services were less frequent with an hourly service calling at all stations.

## Goods services

At the time of closure the line's sole regular goods service was to the waste management plant next to Dean Lane railway station at the southern end of the Oldham Loop. Usually only a single train a day used this facility. Its current operation is unaffected by the conversion to Metrolink.

## Rolling stock

In the period up to closure all passenger services were operated by diesel multiple units, as the line was not electrified. The most common types of unit were Class 142 and Class 150 with occasional Class 153 and Class 156.

## Last day events

Events held on 3 October 2009, the last day of operation, included the naming of Class 156 unit no 156 466 as *Gracie Fields* to commemorate the Oldham Loop Line's 146 years of history. A steam special hauled by locomotive 45231 was the last steam train over the line. It was followed later in the day by a heritage diesel railtour. The last train from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale departed at 23:25.

The Oldham Loop was included in proposals in 1984 for conversion to light rail operation. The proposed *Light Rapid Transit* system was intended to run from Rochdale via Oldham through Manchester Victoria and across Manchester City Centre via on-street tram lines. The system eventually came into operation in 1992 as Manchester Metrolink. While the Oldham loop line was not included in the first phase of Metrolink, the line is now open, having been converted to Metrolink operation as part of its Phase 3 development.

Work started on the conversion in 2009, after heavy rail services ceased on 3 October 2009. Replacement bus services were planned to operate until the tram service commenced, but lack of patronage led to their withdrawal within months. Pending completion, former rail users had the choice between normal bus services, none of which ran along the complete length of the loop line, or driving to an alternative station. The latter occurred immediately after the Oldham Loop closure, leading to severe overcrowding on the Caldervale line In response TfGM stepped in to pay for the former loop line stock to be used to strengthen Manchester-Rochdale services.

GMPTE originally announced that Metrolink services would be introduced as follows

* Manchester to Central Park (Monsall) – spring 2011
* Manchester to Oldham Mumps – autumn 2011
* Manchester to Rochdale station – spring 2012

By summer 2011, the project was running several months behind schedule. The reasons include diversion of resources to other Metrolink extensions to Chorlton and Ashton (themselves badly behind schedule) and issues with the new signalling system proposed for systemwide use. Announced dates for Oldham loop openings were shown on Metrolink's own site as follows on 11 August 2011

* Manchester to Central Park – winter 2011
* Manchester to Oldham Mumps via former railway line – spring 2012
* Manchester to Rochdale station – summer 2012
* Oldham/ Rochdale street sections – 2014

Transport for Greater Manchester announced during the week commencing 4 June 2012 that the line as far as Oldham Mumps will open to passenger services as an extension of the Manchester Victoria to St Werburgh's Road service on Wednesday 13 June 2012.

Trams finally began running through to Shaw & Crompton on 16 December 2012 and through to Rochdale on 28 February 2013, almost a year later than originally planned. This section has two new stops (at Kingsway and Newbold) and has been re-doubled from Shaw to Rochdale, except for the flyover which takes it across the Calder Valley main line. Trams also began running through to East Didsbury in May 2013, with the commissioning of the South Manchester Line extension from St Werburgh's Road.

The local press have reported a series of complaints about the conversion project and, latterly, the delayed opening dates.

Phase 3B of the expansion project involved constructing a branch between Werneth and Oldham Mumps into Oldham town centre. This was fully operational in 2014. The line between the heavy-rail Oldham Mumps and Oldham Werneth stations has been lifted for re-use in other areas.

## Places served

The places served by the Oldham Loop Line in the period immediately before closure were as follows:

## InfoBox

| Manchester Metrolink
Manchester to Rochdale
line | |
| --- | --- |
| Route map | |