title: Norwich Canoe Club

abstract: Norwich Canoe Club is based at Whitlingham, Trowse in Norwich, Norfolk, UK with Whitlingham Great Broad, Whitlingham Little Broad, River Yare and River Wensum on its doorstep. It is a canoe and kayak racing club that focuses on flatwater sprint canoeing and marathon canoeing. It is a friendly club where canoeing is safe and fun and welcomes anyone who wants to have a go on the water. The club has as many girls as boys and as many women as men and also many families who all come and paddle together. Members are all ages, from 7 to 70 so there is definitely a place for everyone. The club holds the highest Top Club Gold accreditation, awarded by the British Canoe Union and Sport England, and regularly produces elite paddlers who represent Great Britain in European and international regattas and at the International Canoe Federation Canoe Sprint and Canoe Marathon World Championships. Ian Wynne, 2004 Olympic K1 500m bronze medallist, is an honorary member of the club.

text:
# Norwich Canoe Club

**Norwich Canoe Club** is based at Whitlingham, Trowse in Norwich, Norfolk, UK with Whitlingham Great Broad, Whitlingham Little Broad, River Yare and River Wensum on its doorstep. It is a canoe and kayak racing club that focuses on flatwater sprint canoeing and marathon canoeing. It is a friendly club where canoeing is safe and fun and welcomes anyone who wants to have a go on the water. The club has as many girls as boys and as many women as men and also many families who all come and paddle together. Members are all ages, from 7 to 70 so there is definitely a place for everyone.

The club holds the highest Top Club Gold accreditation, awarded by the British Canoe Union and Sport England, and regularly produces elite paddlers who represent Great Britain in European and international regattas and at the International Canoe Federation Canoe Sprint and Canoe Marathon World Championships.

Ian Wynne, 2004 Olympic K1 500m bronze medallist, is an honorary member of the club.

## Achievements

Norwich Canoe Club also happens to be one of the top kayak racing clubs in the UK and are very proud of their recent string of achievements :

* Winners of the National Hasler Finals 2013
* Winners of the National Marathon Championships 2013
* Winners of the National Sprint Championships 2013 (the MacGregor Paddle)
* Norwich City Club of the Year 2013
* Norwich City Coach of the Year 2013 – Tim Scott, Community Coach
* Winners of the National Hasler Finals 2012
* Winners of the National Marathon Championships 2012
* Winners of the National Lightning Championships 2012
* Winners of the National Marathon Championships 2011
* BBC East Community Club of the Year 2011
* Active Norfolk Club of the Year 2011
* Norfolk Coach of the Year 2011 – Dyson Pendle, Head Coach
* Winners of the National Hasler Finals 2010
* Winners of the National Hasler Finals 2009

## Club activities

### Marathon racing

Marathon kayak racing very similar to marathon road racing. It is an endurance sport, racing as fast as possible over distances varying from 4 to 125 miles! The regular club races are part of the Hasler Series, named after Major Herbert 'Blondie' Hasler. Competitors are seeded, based on ability, into divisions from 1 to 9. As a beginner competitors start racing in division 9, which is 4 miles. Promotion is based on time so, when as competitors get faster they are promoted to division 8 and so on. In a regional competition divisions 9, 8 and 7 races are 4 miles, 6, 5 and 4 are 8 miles and 3, 2 and 1 are 12 miles. Some races include portages, which is where competitors get out of the boat, run round an obstacle of some sort, typically a lock, before getting back in and carrying on.

### Sprint racing

Sprint kayak racing is very similar to sprint track racing. It is an Olympic discipline and races are run on a regatta course of 9 lanes. Paddlers compete in 200m, 500m and 1000m events in K1s, K2s and K4s. Like marathon racing, these races are also seeded based on ability and, depending upon speed, competitors are placed in groups A to D. As a beginner competitors start in group D and as they improve their times competitors move up through to group A. Sprint regattas take place 5 times a year at the Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre in Nottingham, home and training ground of the Team GB Canoe Sprint Team.

### Lightning racing (Under 10 and Under 12)

For the under 12s there's a special racing kayak used called a Lightning. The divisions are Under 12 boys, Under 12 girls, Under 10 boys and Under 10 girls. Marathon lightning races are usually 2.5 miles and sprints are usually 200m and 500m. The club also has K2s and K4s for juniors that want to paddle and race with a friend!

### Beginners

Everyone starts out as a beginner so the club offers Introduction to Kayaking sessions, which gets beginners to a standard were they can paddle with a group. In these sessions beginners will learn about the boats, paddling techniques and safety requirements. Once completed, they can then attend two free trial club sessions before deciding whether to fully join the club. As a member, beginners will first join the club sessions on Wednesday evenings and Saturday mornings with other people with a similar ability and follow training sessions developed by one of the 25 qualified coaches.

### Paddle-Ability

The club caters for everyone, including those that are registered disabled, and has specially adapted canoes and kayaks if the paddler is unable to use a standard boat. The club focuses on each individual's abilities with one-to-one and, if needed, two-to-one coaching to help the paddler achieve their goals. Paddle-Ability paddlers can enter sprint and marathon races and represent Great Britain in the Team GB Paracanoe Squad.

### In the community

Norwich Canoe Club often go out into the community and work with people of all ages and abilities who may not, otherwise, have a chance to go canoeing. As a community amateur sports club they recognise that there are barriers for some people wanting to participate in canoeing. To try to break down these barriers the club has developed a Community Outreach Programme, which offers canoeing to local groups and organisations. Club coaches and members regularly go into schools, day-care centres, public places, and fêtes to promote and demonstrate the sport, including competitions using indoor kayak machines and on-the-water taster sessions.


title: Norwich Cinema City

abstract: Cinema City is a Grade I listed cultural cinema in the city of Norwich in Norfolk, England. The building is owned by Norwich City Council and the site is managed by the charity Cinema City Ltd, charity number 288309. Commercial activities - film screenings, bar and restaurant - are carried out by Picturehouse Cinemas Limited which operates a national chain of 'art house' cinemas, called Picturehouse. Picturehouse is part of the Cineworld chain. Cinema City Ltd undertakes education activities on site and throughout Norfolk through its education arm Cinema Plus.

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# Norwich Cinema City

**Cinema City** is a Grade I listed cultural cinema in the city of Norwich in Norfolk, England. The building is owned by Norwich City Council and the site is managed by the charity Cinema City Ltd (changed name from Norfolk and Norwich Film Theatre Ltd in August 2014), charity number 288309. Commercial activities - film screenings, bar and restaurant - are carried out by Picturehouse Cinemas Limited which operates a national chain of 'art house' cinemas, called Picturehouse. Picturehouse is part of the Cineworld chain. Cinema City Ltd (the charity) undertakes education activities on site and throughout Norfolk through its education arm Cinema Plus.

## History

The cinema occupies Suckling House, a partly medieval merchant's house in St Andrews Street, named after the Suckling family who owned it in the sixteenth century. The oldest surviving parts of the building are from the early fourteenth century. The front of the house in St Andrew's Hill dates from an eighteenth-century renovation. A brick building, known as Stuart Hall, was added on the east side in 1925.

Suckling Hall was last used as a residence in 1915. It was bought by the Norfolk News Company in 1916 who made some repairs before selling it to Ethel Mary and Helen Caroline Colman in 1923. They restored it and added Stuart Hall, intended as a public hall with a capacity of around 450 people fitted with a cinema projector and screen. In 1925 they presented Suckling House and the new hall to the City of Norwich to be used for "the advancement of education in its widest and most comprehensive sense".

Cinema City first opened at Suckling Hall in April 1978 as a cinema seating 230. Renovations took place in 1981 including a new projection box, stairs and box office. The Great Hall became a bar and the vaulted bay nearest the hall was turned into a kitchen.

## The present cinema

The cinema moved temporarily to the Norwich Playhouse in 2004 while its original premises were rebuilt as a three-screen cinema, which reopened in 2007. Redevelopment works were in large part funded by an Arts Council grant in excess of £3m.

Screen One, with just under 200 seats, is on the first floor, equipped with both digital and 35mm projectors. Screen Two has just under 100 seats, and Screen Three just over 60. A couple of metres were dug down to create space for the new auditoria, which have their screens backing onto St Andrews Street. There is a new lobby at this level, in a 17th-century panelled room. The courtyard provides a pleasant area for eating and drinking, and the adjacent 14th century vaulted rooms, the oldest part of the building, have been opened to the public for the first time, to form new dining areas.

In March 2013, as the cinema celebrated its 35th anniversary, actor John Hurt was announced as patron of the cinema.

52°37′50″N 1°17′45″E / 52.630501°N 1.295918°E / 52.630501; 1.295918


title: Hydrogen-powered aircraft

abstract: A hydrogen-powered aircraft is an aeroplane that uses hydrogen fuel as a power source. Hydrogen can either be burned in a jet engine or another kind of internal combustion engine, or can be used to power a fuel cell to generate electricity to power an electric propulsor. It cannot be stored in a traditional wet wing, and hydrogen tanks have to be housed in the fuselage or be supported by the wing. Hydrogen, which can be produced from low-carbon power and can produce zero emissions, can reduce the environmental impact of aviation. Boeing acknowledges the technology potential and Airbus plans to launch a first commercial hydrogen-powered aircraft by 2035. McKinsey & Company forecast hydrogen aircraft entering the market in the late 2030s and scaling up through 2050, when they could account for a third of aviation's energy demand.

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# Hydrogen-powered aircraft

A **hydrogen-powered aircraft** is an aeroplane that uses hydrogen fuel as a power source. Hydrogen can either be burned in a jet engine or another kind of internal combustion engine, or can be used to power a fuel cell to generate electricity to power an electric propulsor. It cannot be stored in a traditional wet wing, and hydrogen tanks have to be housed in the fuselage or be supported by the wing.

Hydrogen, which can be produced from low-carbon power and can produce zero emissions, can reduce the environmental impact of aviation. Boeing acknowledges the technology potential and Airbus plans to launch a first commercial hydrogen-powered aircraft by 2035. McKinsey & Company forecast hydrogen aircraft entering the market in the late 2030s and scaling up through 2050, when they could account for a third of aviation's energy demand.

## Hydrogen properties

Hydrogen has a specific energy of 119.9 MJ/kg, compared to ~43.5 MJ/kg for usual liquid fuels, 2.8 times higher. However, it has an energy density of 10.05 kJ/L at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, compared to ~31293 kJ/L for liquid fuels, 3114 times lower. When pressurised to 690 bar (10,000 psi), it reaches 4,500 kJ/L, still 7 times lower than liquid fuels. Cooled at 20 K (−253 °C), liquid hydrogen has an energy density of 8,491 kJ/L, 3.7 times lower than liquid fuels.

## Aircraft design

The low volumetric energy density of hydrogen poses challenges when designing an aircraft, where weight and exposed surface area are critical. To reduce the size of the tanks liquid hydrogen will be used, requiring cryogenic fuel tanks. Cylindrical tanks minimise surface for minimal thermal insulation weight, leading towards tanks in the fuselage rather than wet wings in conventional aircraft. Airplane volume and drag will be increased somewhat by larger fuel tanks. A larger fuselage adds more skin friction drag due to the extra wetted area. The extra tank weight is offset by dramatically lower liquid hydrogen fuel weight.

Gaseous hydrogen may be used for short-haul aircraft. Liquid hydrogen might be needed for long-haul aircraft.

Hydrogen's high specific energy means it would need less fuel weight for the same range, ignoring the repercussions of added volume and tank weight. As airliners have a fuel fraction of the Maximum Takeoff Weight MTOW between 26% for medium-haul to 45% for long-haul, maximum fuel weight could be reduced to 9% to 16% of the MTOW.

Fuel cells make sense for general aviation and regional aircraft but their engine efficiency is less than large gas turbines. They are more efficient than modern 7 to 90-passenger turboprop airliners such as the DASH 8. The efficiency of a hydrogen-fueled aircraft is a trade-off of the larger wetted area, lower fuel weight, and added tank weight, varying with the aircraft size. Hydrogen is suited for short-range airliners. While longer-range aircraft need new aircraft designs.

Liquid hydrogen is one of the best coolants used in engineering, and precooled jet engines have been proposed to use this property for cooling the intake air of hypersonic aircraft, or even for cooling the aircraft's skin itself, particularly for scramjet-powered aircraft.

A study in the UK, NAPKIN (New Aviation, Propulsion Knowledge and Innovation Network), with collaboration from Heathrow Airport, Rolls-Royce, GKN Aerospace, and Cranfield Aerospace solutions, has investigated the potential of new hydrogen-powered aircraft designs to reduce the environmental impact of aviation. The aircraft designers have proposed a range of hydrogen-fuelled aircraft concepts, ranging from 7 to 90 seats, exploring the use of hydrogen with fuel cells and gas turbines to replace conventional aircraft engines powered by fossil fuels. The findings suggest that in the UK hydrogen-powered aircraft could be commercially viable for short-haul and regional flights by the second half of the 2020s with airlines potentially able to replace the entire UK regional fleet with hydrogen aircraft by 2040. However, the report highlighted that national supply, and the price of green liquid hydrogen relative to fossil kerosene are critical factors in determining uptake of hydrogen aircraft by airline operators. Modeling showed that, if hydrogen prices approach $1/kg, hydrogen aircraft uptake could cover almost 100% of the UK domestic market.

## Emissions and environmental impact

Hydrogen aircraft using a fuel cell design are zero emission in operation, whereas aircraft using hydrogen as a fuel for a jet engine or an internal combustion engine are zero emission for CO2 (a greenhouse gas which contributes to global climate change) but not for NO*x* (a local air pollutant). The burning of hydrogen in air leads to the production of NO*x*, *i.e.*, the H
2 \+ ½O
2H
2O reaction in a nitrogen-rich environment also causes the production of NO*x*. However, hydrogen combustion produces up to 90% less nitrogen oxides than kerosene fuel, and it eliminates the formation of particulate matter.

If hydrogen is available in quantity from low-carbon power such as wind or nuclear, its use in aircraft will produce fewer greenhouse gases than current aircraft: water vapor and a small amount of nitrogen oxide. Currently very little hydrogen is produced using low-carbon energy sources.

A 2020 study by the EU Clean Sky 2 and Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertakings found that hydrogen could power aircraft by 2035 for short-range aircraft. A short-range aircraft (\< 2,000 km, 1,100 nmi) with hybrid Fuel cell/Turbines could reduce climate impact by 70–80% for a 20–30% additional cost, a medium-range airliner with H2 turbines could have a 50–60% reduced climate impact for a 30–40% overcost, and a long-range aircraft (\> 7,000 km, 3,800 nmi) also with H2 turbines could reduce climate impact by 40–50% for a 40–50% additional cost. Research and development would be required, in aircraft technology and into hydrogen infrastructure, regulations and certification standards.

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas – in fact, most of the total greenhouse effect on earth is due to water vapor. However, in the troposphere the content of water vapor is not dominated by anthropogenic emissions but rather the natural water cycle as water does not long remain static in that layer of the atmosphere. This is different in the stratosphere which – absent human action – would be almost totally dry and still remains relatively devoid of water. If hydrogen is burned and the resulting water vapor is released at stratospheric heights (the cruising altitude of some commercial flights is within the stratosphere – supersonic flight takes place almost entirely at stratospheric altitude), the content of water vapor in the stratosphere is increased. Due to the long residence time of water vapor at those heights, the long term effects over years or even decades cannot be entirely discounted.

## History

### Demonstrations

In February 1957, a Martin B-57B of the NACA flew on hydrogen for 20 min for one of its two Wright J65 engines rather than jet fuel. On 15 April 1988, the Tu-155 first flew as the first hydrogen-powered experimental aircraft, an adapted Tu-154 airliner.

Boeing converted a two-seat Diamond DA20 to run on a fuel cell designed and built by Intelligent Energy. It first flew on April 3, 2008. The Antares DLR-H2 is a hydrogen-powered aeroplane from Lange Aviation and the German aerospace center. In July 2010, Boeing unveiled its hydrogen powered Phantom Eye UAV, that uses two converted Ford Motor Company piston engines.

In 2010, the Rapid 200FC concluded six flight tests fueled by gaseous hydrogen. The aircraft and the electric and energy system was developed within the European Union's ENFICA-FC project coordinated by the Politecnico di Torino. Hydrogen gas is stored at 350 bar, feeding a 20 kW (27 hp) fuel cell powering a 40 kW (54 hp) electric motor along a 20 kW (27 hp) lithium polymer battery pack.

On January 11, 2011, an AeroVironment Global Observer unmanned aircraft completed its first flight powered by a hydrogen-fueled propulsion system.

Developed by Germany's DLR Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, the DLR HY4 four-seater was powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, its first flight took place on September 29, 2016. It has the possibility to store 9 kg (20 lb) of hydrogen, 4x11 kW fuel cells and 2x10 kWh batteries.

On 19 January 2023, ZeroAvia flew its Dornier 228 testbed with one turboprop replaced by a prototype hydrogen-electric powertrain in the cabin, consisting of two fuel cells and a lithium-ion battery for peak power. The aim is to have a certifiable system by 2025 to power airframes carrying up to 19 passengers over 300 nmi (560 km).

On 2 March 2023, Universal Hydrogen flew a Dash 8 40-passenger testbed with one engine powered by their hydrogen-electric powertrain. The company has received an order from Connect Airlines to convert 75 ATR 72-600 with their hydrogen powertrains.

On 8 November 2023, Airbus flew a modified Schempp-Hirth Arcus-M glider, dubbed the Blue Condor, equipped with a hydrogen combustion engine for the first time, using hydrogen as its sole source of fuel.

On 24 June 2024, Joby Aviation's S4 eVTOL demonstrator, refitted with a hydrogen-electric powertrain in May, completed a record 523 miles non-stop flight, more than triple the range of the battery powered version. It landed with 10% liquid hydrogen fuel remaining in its cyrogenic fuel tank, and the only in-flight emission was water vapor. A hydrogen fuel cell system provided the power for the six electric rotors of the eVTOL during its flight, and a small battery provided added takeoff and landing power.

### Aircraft projects

In 1975, Lockheed prepared a study of liquid hydrogen fueled subsonic transport aircraft for NASA Langley, exploring airliners carrying 130 passengers over 2,780 km (1500 nmi); 200 passengers over 5,560 km (3,000 nmi); and 400 passengers over 9,265 km (5,000 nmi).

Between April 2000 and May 2002, the European Commission funded half of the Airbus-led *Cryoplane* Study, assessing the configurations, systems, engines, infrastructure, safety, environmental compatibility and transition scenarios. Multiple configurations were envisioned: a 12 passenger business jet with a 3,500 nmi (6,500 km) range, regional airliner for 44 passengers over 1,500 nmi (2,800 km) and 70 passengers over 2,000 nmi (3,700 km), a medium range narrowbody aircraft for 185 passengers over 4,000 nmi (7,400 km) and long range widebody aircraft for 380 to 550 passengers over 8,500 nmi (15,700 km).

In September 2020, Airbus presented three *ZEROe* hydrogen-fuelled concepts aiming for commercial service by 2035: a 100-passenger turboprop, a 200-passenger turbofan, and a futuristic design based around a blended wing body. The aircraft are powered by gas turbines rather than fuel cells.

In December 2021, the UK Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) presented its *FlyZero* study of cryogenic liquid hydrogen used in gas turbines for a 279-passenger design with 5,250 nmi (9,720 km) of range. ATI is supported by Airbus, Rolls-Royce, GKN, Spirit, General Electric, Reaction Engines, Easyjet, NATS, Belcan, Eaton, Mott MacDonald and the MTC.

In August 2021 the UK Government claimed it was the first to have a Hydrogen Strategy. This report included a suggested strategy for hydrogen powered aircraft along with other transport modes.

In March 2022, FlyZero detailed its three concept aircraft:

* the 75-seat FZR-1E regional airliner has six electric propulsors powered by fuel cells, a size comparable to the ATR 72 with a larger fuselage diameter at 3.5 m (11 ft) compared to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) to accommodate hydrogen storage, for a 325 kn (601 km/h) cruise and an 800 nmi (1,480 km) range;
* its FZN-1E narrowbody has rear-mounted hydrogen-burning turbofans, a T-tail and nose-mounted canards, a 10 m (33 ft) longer fuselage than the Airbus A320neo becoming up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wider at the rear to accommodate two cryogenic fuel tanks, and a larger wingspan requiring folding wing-tips for a 2,400 nmi (4,400 km) range with a 450 kn (830 km/h) cruise;
* the small widebody FZM-1G is comparable to the Boeing 767-200ER, flying 279 passengers over 5,750 nmi (10,650 km), with a 6 m (20 ft) wide fuselage diameter closer to the A350 or 777X, a 52 m (171 ft) wingspan within airport gate limits, underwing engines and tanks in front of the wing.

### Propulsion projects

In March 2021, Cranfield Aerospace Solutions announced the Project Fresson switched from batteries to hydrogen for the nine-passenger Britten-Norman Islander retrofit for a September 2022 demonstration. Project Fresson is supported by the Aerospace Technology Institute in partnership with the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy and Innovate UK.

Pratt & Whitney wants to associate its geared turbofan architecture with its Hydrogen Steam Injected, Inter‐Cooled Turbine Engine (HySIITE) project, to avoid carbon dioxide emissions, reduce NOx emissions by 80%, and reduce fuel consumption by 35% compared with the current jet-fuel PW1100G, for a service entry by 2035 with a compatible airframe. On 21 February 2022, the US Department of Energy through the OPEN21 scheme run by its Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) awarded P&W $3.8 million for a two-year early stage research initiative, to develop the combustor and the heat exchanger used to recover water vapour in the exhaust stream, injected into the combustor to increase its power, and into the compressor as an intercooler, and into the turbine as a coolant.

In February 2022, Airbus announced a demonstration of a liquid hydrogen-fueled turbofan, with CFM International modifying the combustor, fuel system and control system of a GE Passport, mounted on a fuselage pylon on an A380 prototype, for a first flight expected within five years.

## Proposed aircraft and prototypes

### Historical

### Projects


title: Husbands Bosworth

abstract: Husbands Bosworth is a large crossroads village in South Leicestershire on the A5199 road from Leicester city to Northampton and the A4304 road from Junction 20 of the M1 motorway to Market Harborough. The population of the village was 1,027 at the 2011 census. John Cook, Solicitor General and later the prosecutor in the trial of Charles I, was baptised here on 18 September 1608 in All Saints' church. To the north of the village the Grand Union Canal passes through a 1,166-yard (1,066 m) tunnel that bears the name of the village. The River Welland passes one mile to the south-east, very close to its source. The River Avon also passes close by, two miles to the south-west. On the southern boundary of the village is a thriving allotment site, immediately adjacent to the village's cemetery. The nearest railway station is Market Harborough. Husbands Bosworth has long been a historic centre for the Catholic Faith. Since the Reformation, Mass has been celebrated at Bosworth Hall. In the 1870s St Mary’s Church was built to serve local Catholics. Today the church is served by the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham. The Ordinariate allows former Anglicans to enter into the Catholic Church whilst retaining some of their traditions and style of worship. Sunday Mass is at 11am and there is also a midweek program of worship.

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# Husbands Bosworth

**Husbands Bosworth** is a large crossroads village in South Leicestershire on the A5199 road from Leicester city to Northampton and the A4304 road from Junction 20 of the M1 motorway to Market Harborough. The population of the village was 1,027 at the 2011 census.

John Cook, Solicitor General and later the prosecutor in the trial of Charles I, was baptised here on 18 September 1608 in All Saints' church.

To the north of the village the Grand Union Canal passes through a 1,166-yard (1,066 m) tunnel that bears the name of the village. The River Welland passes one mile to the south-east, very close to its source. The River Avon also passes close by, two miles to the south-west. On the southern boundary of the village is a thriving allotment site, immediately adjacent to the village's cemetery.

The nearest railway station is Market Harborough.

Husbands Bosworth has long been a historic centre for the Catholic Faith. Since the Reformation, Mass has been celebrated at Bosworth Hall. In the 1870s St Mary’s Church was built to serve local Catholics. Today the church is served by the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham. The Ordinariate allows former Anglicans to enter into the Catholic Church whilst retaining some of their traditions and style of worship. Sunday Mass is at 11am and there is also a midweek program of worship.

## RAF Husbands Bosworth

Royal Air Force Station Husbands Bosworth opened in 1943 with its main tenant being the Wellington Bombers of No. 85 Operational Training Unit (No.85 OTU), RAF Bomber Command. The unit was formed from an element from No.14 OTU and was tasked with training crews to undertake night bombing operations. No.85 OTU was disbanded on 14 June 1945, following which the Station was placed on care & maintenance before finally being decommissioned in 1946. It was then subsequently used to house displaced Polish families.

Today the airfield (at SP650827) is the home of a gliding club, and a National Police Air Service (NPAS) helicopter base. The truncated Sibbertoft Road now lies on what once was the main east–west runway.

Media related to Husbands Bosworth at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Husbands Bosworth | |
| --- | --- |
| Husbands Bosworth | |
| Husbands BosworthLocation within Leicestershire | |
| Population | 1,145 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SP642842 |
| Civil parish | * Husbands Bosworth |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LUTTERWORTH |
| Postcode district | LE17 |
| Dialling code | 01858 |
|  | |
| Police | Leicestershire |
| Fire | Leicestershire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Husbands (film)

abstract: Husbands is a 1970 American comedy-drama film written and directed by John Cassavetes. It stars Ben Gazzara, Peter Falk, and Cassavetes as three middle class men in the throes of a midlife crisis following the death of a close friend. Distributed by Columbia Pictures, Husbands polarized critics upon release. Jay Cocks of Time described it as Cassavetes's finest work, but other critics, including Vincent Canby, Pauline Kael, and Roger Ebert, lambasted it.

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# Husbands (film)

***Husbands*** is a 1970 American comedy-drama film written and directed by John Cassavetes. It stars Ben Gazzara, Peter Falk, and Cassavetes as three middle class men in the throes of a midlife crisis following the death of a close friend.

Distributed by Columbia Pictures, *Husbands* polarized critics upon release. Jay Cocks of *Time* described it as Cassavetes's finest work, but other critics, including Vincent Canby, Pauline Kael, and Roger Ebert, lambasted it.

## Plot

Gus (Cassavetes), Harry (Gazzara), and Archie (Falk) are three nominally happy husbands with families in suburban New York. All are professional men, driven and successful. The three of them have known each other since their school years. They have grown up together and have now had enough time to discover that their youth is disappearing and that there is nothing they can do to preserve it. They are shaken into confronting this reality when their best friend Stuart dies suddenly and unexpectedly of a heart attack.

After the funeral, they spend two days hanging out, playing basketball, riding the subway, and drinking, including an impromptu singing contest at a bar. Harry goes home, has a vicious argument with his wife, and decides to fly to London. The other two decide to go with him.

They check into an expensive hotel, dress in formal clothing, and meet three young women at a gambling casino. They go back to their rooms with the women. Gus pairs off with Mary, Archie with Julie, a young Asian woman who appears not to speak English, and Harry with Pearl. However, their efforts to hook up with these women are awkward and unsuccessful.

Gus and Archie return to New York, but Harry stays behind. Gus and Archie express concern about Harry and what he will do without them.

## Cast

* Ben Gazzara as Harry
* Peter Falk as Archie Black
* John Cassavetes as Gus Demetri
* Jenny Runacre as Mary Tynan
* Jenny Lee Wright as Pearl Billingham
* Noelle Kao as Julie
* John Kullers as Red
* Meta Shaw as Annie
* Leola Harlow as Leola
* Delores Delmar as The Countess
* Eleanor Zee as Mrs. Hines
* Claire Malis as Stuart's Wife

## Production

Cassavetes has stated that this was a very personal film for him, having experienced the loss of a loved one after his older brother died at the age of 30.

Cassavetes wrote the dialogue after improvising with Falk and Gazzara, and built the characters around the personalities of the actors.

Falk said that he was asked by Cassavetes to appear in *Husbands* at a lunch meeting at which Cassavetes agreed to appear with Falk in the 1976 Elaine May film *Mikey and Nicky*.

Falk said that he and Gazzara contributed to the *Husbands* script, but that the story, structure and scenes were devised by Cassavetes. Falk suggested the scene at the end of the movie where Archie and Gus arrive home and divide up the gifts. A scene between Archie and Julie was improvised in a hotel room, with Cassavetes at the camera and no other crew present.

## Release

### Promotion

On September 18, 1970, Cassavetes, Falk, and Gazzara appeared on *The Dick Cavett Show*, ostensibly to promote the release of *Husbands*. However, they actively avoided almost every question Cavett asked about the film, and later admitted to drinking alcohol before the show.

### Running time edits

Cassavetes cut around 85 minutes of footage from the film in order to shorten it to its contractual requirement of 140 minutes. After the film was released, distributor Columbia Pictures cut removed an additional 11 minutes from the film in response to negative reviews and audience walkouts.

## Critical reception

Upon release, *Husbands* received disparate reviews from critics. Jay Cocks of *Time* wrote that "*Husbands* may be one of the best movies anyone will ever see. It is certainly the best movie anyone will ever live through." He described it as an important and great film, and as Cassavetes' finest work. In response, Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* wrote that "seldom has *Time* given a better review to a worse movie." Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote that it "shows an important director not merely failing, but not even understanding why." He also criticized the improvisations, writing: "There are long passages of dialogue in which the actors seem to be trying to think of something to say."

Pauline Kael of *The New Yorker* described *Husbands* as "infantile and offensive." Writing for *The New York Times*, critic Vincent Canby called the film "unbearably long", and concluded of the three characters that "when it's all over, they are tired, but not much wiser—which is pretty much the sum and substance of *Husbands*." Tony Mastroianni of the *Cleveland Press* wrote that the "\[film's\] dialog consists of fragments, of exclamations, of three actors trying to upstage each other. What has been done is undisciplined and what has been given us is unselective. The camera runs and simply photographs everything that passes before it. The microphone listens. It is like a big budget home movie."

Stanley Kauffmann of *The New Republic* described Husbands as 'trash with clothes on'.

Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* included the film on his list of top 10 films of the year.

In a retrospective assessment of the film, Philip French of *The Observer* called it "highly uneven, painfully drawn-out, deeply sincere, wildly misogynistic and at times agonisingly tedious. It is also intermittently brilliant, with moments of piercing honesty. There is, however, not a single memorable line of dialogue or anything that might pass for wit. On the other hand, Cassavetes's gifts as a director of actors are evident." Conversely, Richard Brody of *The New Yorker* called the film a "formally radical, deeply personal work" that "still packs plenty of surprises." Dave Calhoun of *Time Out* also gave the film a positive review, awarding it four out of five stars.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, *Husbands* holds an approval rating of 66% based on 35 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10.

## Home media

In August 2009, *Husbands* was released on DVD, with the 11 minutes that had been cut by Columbia Pictures restored. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection on May 26, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Husbands | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | John Cassavetes |
| Written by | John Cassavetes |
| Produced by | Al Ruban |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Victor Kemper |
| Color process | Color by Deluxe |
| Production<br>company | Faces Music |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * December 8, 1970 (1970-12-08) |
| Running time | 142 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $1.7 million |


title: Notocrambus cuprealis

abstract: Notocrambus cuprealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria. The wingspan is about 24 mm. The forewings are dark cupreous brown with a slight dark irroration (speckling). There is a faint diffused dark discoidal spot and a faint dark terminal line. The hindwings are cupreous brown with a greyish tinge.

text:
# Notocrambus cuprealis

***Notocrambus cuprealis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria.

The wingspan is about 24 mm. The forewings are dark cupreous brown with a slight dark irroration (speckling). There is a faint diffused dark discoidal spot and a faint dark terminal line. The hindwings are cupreous brown with a greyish tinge.

## InfoBox

| *Notocrambus cuprealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Notocrambus* |
| Species: | ***N. cuprealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Notocrambus cuprealis***<br>(Hampson, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eclipsiodes cuprealis* Hampson, 1907 | |


title: Humilišani

abstract: Humilišani is a village in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Humilišani

**Humilišani** is a village in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,161.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 1,034 | 89.1% |
| Serbs | 105 | 9.0% |
| Croats | 8 | 0.7% |
| other/undeclared | 14 | 1.2% |
| **Total** | **1,161** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Humilišani | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Humilišani | |
| Coordinates: 43°28′15″N 17°54′15″E / 43.4709572°N 17.9041095°E / 43.4709572; 17.9041095 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Herzegovina-Neretva |
| Municipality | City of Mostar |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.38 sq mi (47.60 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 1,161 |
| Density | 63/sq mi (24/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Hungarian science fiction

abstract: Hungarian science fiction comprises books and films in the fiction genre produced all across Hungary. Péter Zsoldos was a science fiction author who largely wrote about themes common in US/UK science fiction like space travel and robots. His best known work is probably Ellenpont, which translates as Counterpoint. The book explores the attempts of artificial intelligences abandoned by Man to uncover their origins and, ultimately, to rediscover mankind.

text:
# Hungarian science fiction

**Hungarian science fiction** comprises books and films in the fiction genre produced all across Hungary.

Péter Zsoldos was a science fiction author who largely wrote about themes common in US/UK science fiction like space travel and robots. His best known work is probably *Ellenpont*, which translates as *Counterpoint*. The book explores the attempts of artificial intelligences abandoned by Man to uncover their origins and, ultimately, to rediscover mankind.

## Authors

## Films

### Animation

## Magazines

*Galaktika* was a science fiction magazine of Hungary, published between 1972 and 1995. The peak of 94,000 copies was very high (compared to the population of Hungary \[pop. 10 million\] while *Analog* magazine was printed in 120,000 copies in the United States \[pop. well over 200 million\]), when reached its peak period, it was one of the largest science-fiction magazines of the world, and the quality of individual volumes was high.

A newer publication with the same name has been published since 2004 that is known for its practice of translating and publishing works without obtaining the permission of the authors and without paying them.

## Video games

1. Hungary at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
2. Péter Zsoldos
3. "*Alraune* (1918) la SilentEra". Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
4. Wingrove, David. Science Fiction Film Source Book (Longman Group Limited, 1985)
5. *The Adventures of Pirx*
6. *The Adventures of Pirx*, origo.hu
7. *A feladat*
8. Zsoldos Péter: *A feladat* (Móra Ferenc Könyvkiadó, 1976) ISBN 9632111354
9. "11th Moscow International Film Festival (1979)". *MIFF*. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
10. Hernádi Gyula (1971). Réz Pál (ed.). *Az erőd*. Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó. pp. 5–254.
11. "Football of the good old days (Régi idők focija) (dir. Pál Sándor, 1973)". Hungarian Culture Centre. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
12. "21st Moscow International Film Festival (1999)". *MIFF*. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
13. Review of Pater Sparrow's Stanislaw Lem adaptation "1" Archived 2018-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, quietearth.us
14. Billington, Alex (21 August 2011). "Indie Trailer Sunday: Steampunk Sci-Fi 'Thelomeris' Stunning Teaser". *firstshowing.net*. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
15. Hart, Hugh (22 August 2011). "Thelomeris Trailer: Mark Hamill's Hungarian Steampunk Sci-Fi". WIRED. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
16. Scott, Jordan (7 June 2008). "*Les Maîtres du temps*". *Le Palais des dessins animés*. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
17. Ito, Robert (2012-11-09). "Living Through Animated Millenniums". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
18. Varga, Ferenc (2011-10-12). "Végre bemutatják Jankovics Marcell 23 éve készülő filmjét". *Origo* (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2015-09-07.
19. Rambo, Cat (26 September 2016). "The Galaktika Situation". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved 29 September 2016.


title: Hydrosteer

abstract: Hydrosteer was the name given by George Kent Ltd and Cam Gears Limited through Hydrosteer Limited of Luton, England, to its automotive power steering system. Initially Hydrosteer manufactured the Ross-Link system for commercial vehicles from 1953 under licence from Ross Gear and Tool of U.S.A. Their own product available from 1961 was based on a cam and peg system and was characterised by its fully integrated design and variable steering ratio. This configuration provided automotive manufacturers with a fairly simple design modification to provide a power steering option for cars fitted with a conventional cam and peg steering box. It was fitted to several, mainly British, luxury automobiles of the era. Production continued up to 1973, with just over 105,000 units being produced. As a "first generation" assistance system, applications were somewhat varied in their tuning of the many system dynamics to the specific vehicle. The system fell out of use as powered rack and pinion steering systems gained in popularity. The 1960s Hydrosteer system should not be confused with Hydrosteer Pty Ltd, an Australian company established in 1981 as a provider of heavy truck steering technology in that country.

text:
# Hydrosteer

**Hydrosteer** was the name given by George Kent Ltd and Cam Gears Limited through Hydrosteer Limited of Luton, England, to its automotive power steering system. Initially Hydrosteer manufactured the Ross-Link system for commercial vehicles from 1953 under licence from Ross Gear and Tool of U.S.A. Their own product available from 1961 was based on a cam and peg system and was characterised by its fully integrated design and variable steering ratio. This configuration provided automotive manufacturers with a fairly simple design modification to provide a power steering option for cars fitted with a conventional cam and peg steering box. It was fitted to several, mainly British, luxury automobiles of the era. Production continued up to 1973, with just over 105,000 units being produced. As a "first generation" assistance system, applications were somewhat varied in their tuning of the many system dynamics to the specific vehicle. The system fell out of use as powered rack and pinion steering systems gained in popularity.

The 1960s Hydrosteer system should not be confused with Hydrosteer Pty Ltd, an Australian company established in 1981 as a provider of heavy truck steering technology in that country.

## Adoption

The Hydrosteer power steering system was fitted to the following cars:

Austin Westminster A110 (optional)
Facel Vega II (optional)
Humber Super Snipe Series V (optional)
Humber Imperial
Rover P5 3-Litre Mark 1a (optional)
Rover P5 3-Litre Mark 2 Saloon and Coupe
Rover P5 3-Litre Mark 3 Saloon and Coupe
Rover P5B 3.5-Litre Saloon and Coupe
Austin Princess DM4 Limousine(optional)
Vanden Plas Princess 3 Litre Mk II (optional)
Vanden Plas Princess 4-Litre R
Wolseley 6/110 (optional)

## Operation

The Hydrosteer system was based on a conventional cam-and-peg mechanism, except that the cam is surrounded by the skirt of a piston within the body of the steering box. Hydraulic power from the power steering pump is transmitted directly from the piston to the peg carrier. A spool type hydraulic valve moves along the axis of the cam in response to steering wheel movement, causing oil pressure to be applied to one side or other of the piston according to the direction the steering wheel is turned, and the load on the input and output shafts.

The cam track is not a regular helix but varies in pitch angle and depth. The variation in steering ratio between straight ahead and full lock results from the variance in pitch angle of the track. The more the steering wheel is turned, the lower the steering ratio becomes. In the Rover P5B, for example, the ratio of the power steering unit was 16:1 at the straight ahead and 11.3:1 at full lock.

The effect of the variable ratio is to give very light and relaxed steering at the straight ahead, with increased reaction when cornering. The system was designed to be fail-safe, so that the driver should still be able to steer in the event of a failure of the power system.

## Benefits and drawbacks

The major benefit of the Hydrosteer system is reduction in the amount of steering effort required of the driver, particularly at low road speeds or when a lot of turning is involved. Also, the Hydrosteer system was fully integrated into the steering box with no external jacks, giving it an advantage over earlier systems with external jacks, which needed more space and were heavier.

Whilst advanced for its time, the Hydrosteer system did have certain drawbacks, in common with all variable ratio steering systems of the era. It was more complicated and expensive than a constant ratio power assisted system. The Hydrosteer system was also criticised for feeling far too light under most circumstances. An article in Car magazine in January 1968 on the Rover P5B was particularly scathing about the lightness and lack of feel of Hydrosteer steering. Similar criticism appeared in other contemporary road test articles on the Rover and Vanden Plas 4-Litre R. Much of the blame for this may lie with the cars' manufacturers, who would have instructed Hydrosteer what to supply in terms of number of turns lock-to-lock and degree of power assistance.

Use of the Hydrosteer system in cars effectively died out with the generation of 1960s models to which it was fitted. For example, the Rover P6B 3500S that followed the Rover P5B used the Marles Varamatic variable ratio system, which was slightly heavier in most circumstances than the Rover P5 system and arguably had more road feel, although that system too failed to survive much beyond the 1970s.

* Automobile Engineer article on the Hydrosteer system, May 1960
* Hydrosteer advertisement citing the system's use in the Rover P5


title: Northwest Labor Press

abstract: The Northwest Labor Press is a newspaper which covers the American labor movement in the Pacific Northwest. It was known as the Portland Labor Press from 1900 to 1915, the Oregon Labor Press until 1986, the Oregon/Washington Labor Press until 1987, and by its present name since then. The newspaper covers union organizing campaigns, contract negotiations, strikes, and news about labor unions in Oregon and southwest Washington. The target audience for the journal comprises workers, and union leaders and members. Its reporting is sometimes picked up in other publications. The Northwest Labor Press was founded in 1900, and is one of the oldest trade union publications in the United States. It is published biweekly by the Oregon Labor Press Publishing Company, a non-profit organization co-owned by 20 local labor unions and the Oregon AFL-CIO.

text:
# Northwest Labor Press

The ***Northwest Labor Press*** is a newspaper which covers the American labor movement in the Pacific Northwest. It was known as the ***Portland Labor Press*** from 1900 to 1915, the ***Oregon Labor Press*** until 1986, the ***Oregon/Washington Labor Press*** until 1987, and by its present name since then.

The newspaper covers union organizing campaigns, contract negotiations, strikes, and news about labor unions in Oregon and southwest Washington.

The target audience for the journal comprises workers, and union leaders and members. Its reporting is sometimes picked up in other publications.

The *Northwest Labor Press* was founded in 1900, and is one of the oldest trade union publications in the United States. It is published biweekly by the Oregon Labor Press Publishing Company, a non-profit organization co-owned by 20 local labor unions and the Oregon AFL-CIO.

Some archived issues:

News stories that mention the Labor Press:

*
*
*

## InfoBox

Northwest Labor Press
| Type | Biweekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Oregon Labor Press Publishing Company |
| Founded | 1900 (1900) |
| Language | English |
| City | Portland, Oregon |
| Website | nwlaborpress.org |


title: Now I Can Dance

abstract: "Now I Can Dance" is a song written by Tina Arena and David Tyson. It was the third single taken from Arena's third studio album, In Deep (1997). It was written by Arena while she was living in Los Angeles and is a love letter from her to her family, as she explained in her autobiography. The song was successful in her native Australia, reaching number 13 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Now I Can Dance is also the title of Tina Arena's memoir released in October 2013. In 2017, Arena updated her autobiography with the release of a new edition of Now I Can Dance, with new content covering her relocation from France back to Australia, being inducted into the 2015 ARIA Hall of Fame, the release of new music, and new musical ventures.

text:
# Now I Can Dance

"**Now I Can Dance**" is a song written by Tina Arena and David Tyson. It was the third single taken from Arena's third studio album, *In Deep* (1997). It was written by Arena while she was living in Los Angeles and is a love letter from her to her family, as she explained in her autobiography. The song was successful in her native Australia, reaching number 13 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

*Now I Can Dance* is also the title of Tina Arena's memoir released in October 2013. In 2017, Arena updated her autobiography with the release of a new edition of *Now I Can Dance*, with new content covering her relocation from France back to Australia, being inducted into the 2015 ARIA Hall of Fame, the release of new music, and new musical ventures.

## Music video

The video is set against a white backdrop with Arena auditioning various people for an unspecified role. Singer Charo makes a cameo in the video, playing a guitar solo.

## Track listing

**Australian maxi-CD single digipak**

1. "Now I Can Dance" (single edit)
2. "Now I Can Dance" (urban radio mix)
3. "Now I Can Dance" (Pee Wee's 7-inch dance mix)
4. "Now I Can Dance" (Paul's Bumpy Train Ride mix)
5. "Now I Can Dance" (The Endorphin mix)

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Now I Can Dance" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tina Arena | |
| from the album  *In Deep* | |
| Released | April 1998 |
| Studio | Capitol Records (Los Angeles) |
| Length | 4:06 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Tina Arena, David Tyson |
| Producer(s) | David Tyson |
| Tina Arena singles chronology | |
| "If I Didn't Love You"
(1997) "**Now I Can Dance**"
(1998) "Whistle Down the Wind"
(1998) | |


title: November 10 in the Roman Martyrology

abstract: In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the Roman Martyrology is a directory of liturgical commemorations for each day of the year. There are two editions of the Martyrology currently authorized for use: the 2004 edition and the 1960 revision of the 1956 edition. The following commemorations are listed for November 10 in each respective edition:

text:
# November 10 in the Roman Martyrology

| \<\< | November | | | | | \>\> |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
|  |  |  |  |  | 01 | 02 |
| 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
|
|

In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the *Roman Martyrology* is a directory of liturgical commemorations for each day of the year. There are two editions of the *Martyrology* currently authorized for use: the 2004 edition (the most recent) and the 1960 revision of the 1956 edition (as permitted under *Summorum Pontificum*). The following commemorations are listed for November 10 in each respective edition:

## Ordinary form (2004 edition)

### General calendar

### Martyrology only

## Extraordinary form (1960 edition)

### General calendar

### Martyrology only

## Sources

### 2004 edition

* *Martyrologium Romanum* (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2004. pp. 615–616.

### 1960 edition

* *Martyrologium Romanum* (in Latin) (revised post-typical 4th ed.). Justitias Books. 2017 \[1956 with 1960 revisions\]. p. 276.
* *The Roman Martyrology*. Translated by O'Connell, Canon J.B. (revised post-typical 4th ed.). Westminster: Newman Press. 1962. p. 245.


title: Hurstbourne Park

abstract: Hurstbourne Park is a country house and 1200-acre estate near Whitchurch, Hampshire, England. The park and garden are Grade II listed with Historic England since May 1984, "A late C18 landscape park and pleasure ground surrounding a late C19 house with formal terracing which incorporates a wooded deer park of C14 origin and surviving features from landscape designs of the early C18 by Thomas Archer." It has been owned by Sir Robert Oxenbridge, and his grandson, also Sir Robert, Sir Henry Farley, and his grandson, John Wallop, 1st Earl of Portsmouth. John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth inherited Hurstbourne in 1762, and from 1780 to 1785, a new house was built by John Meadows, designed by James Wyatt (1747-1813). In 1891, it burned down, and Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth died a few months later. His son, Newton Wallop, 6th Earl of Portsmouth, had a new house built in 1891 to 1894. In 1936, the house and the deer park was sold to Ossian Donner, who gave it to his son Patrick Donner. During the Second World War it was used by the Bank of England, and Sir Patrick regained possession in 1947 and reduced the house to just under half its original size in 1965. In December 2000, Leonie Schroder and her then-husband Nicholas Fane bought the 1200-acre estate from the Donner family. A year later, they planned to demolish the remains of the 19th-century house and build a new one, whilst retaining the listed stable block, and the 19th century walled garden and pump house. They were planning on creating a semi-wild shooting estate.

text:
# Hurstbourne Park

**Hurstbourne Park** is a country house and 1200-acre estate near Whitchurch, Hampshire, England.

The park and garden are Grade II listed with Historic England since May 1984, "A late C18 landscape park and pleasure ground surrounding a late C19 house with formal terracing which incorporates a wooded deer park of C14 origin and surviving features from landscape designs of the early C18 by Thomas Archer."

It has been owned by Sir Robert Oxenbridge, and his grandson, also Sir Robert, Sir Henry Farley, and his grandson, John Wallop, 1st Earl of Portsmouth.

John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth inherited Hurstbourne in 1762, and from 1780 to 1785, a new house was built by John Meadows, designed by James Wyatt (1747-1813). In 1891, it burned down, and Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth died a few months later. His son, Newton Wallop, 6th Earl of Portsmouth, had a new house built in 1891 to 1894.

In 1936, the house and the deer park was sold to Ossian Donner, who gave it to his son Patrick Donner. During the Second World War it was used by the Bank of England, and Sir Patrick regained possession in 1947 and reduced the house to just under half its original size in 1965.

In December 2000, Leonie Schroder and her then-husband Nicholas Fane bought the 1200-acre estate from the Donner family. A year later, they planned to demolish the remains of the 19th-century house and build a new one, whilst retaining the listed stable block, and the 19th century walled garden and pump house. They were planning on creating a semi-wild shooting estate.

51°13′34″N 1°22′16″W / 51.226°N 1.371°W / 51.226; -1.371


title: Hurst Wickham

abstract: Hurst Wickham is a village in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the B2116 road, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southeast of Burgess Hill. It is in the civil parish of Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common. Historically a hamlet, the settlement developed into a village in the 1890s after the railway station at Hassocks opened.

text:
# Hurst Wickham

**Hurst Wickham** is a village in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the B2116 road, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southeast of Burgess Hill. It is in the civil parish of Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common. Historically a hamlet, the settlement developed into a village in the 1890s after the railway station at Hassocks opened.

Media related to Hurst Wickham at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Hurst Wickham | |
| --- | --- |
| Hurst WickhamLocation within West Sussex | |
| OS grid reference | TQ291164 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Hassocks |
| Postcode district | BN6 9 |
|  | |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | West Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Hurstbourne Acres, Kentucky

abstract: Hurstbourne Acres is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,811 at the 2010 census, up from 1,504 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Hurstbourne Acres, Kentucky

**Hurstbourne Acres** is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,811 at the 2010 census, up from 1,504 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

Hurstbourne Acres is located in east-central Jefferson County. It is bordered to the southeast by Forest Hills, to the east and south by Jeffersontown, and to the north and west by the Louisville/Jefferson County consolidated government. Interstate 64 passes just north of the city, with access from Exit 15 (Hurstbourne Parkway). Downtown Louisville is 10 miles (16 km) to the west.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Hurstbourne Acres has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.90 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 289 |  |  |
| 1980 | 386 |  | 33.6% |
| 1990 | 1,072 |  | 177.7% |
| 2000 | 1,504 |  | 40.3% |
| 2010 | 1,811 |  | 20.4% |
| 2020 | 1,957 |  | 8.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,504 people, 909 households, and 309 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,623.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,785.2/km2). There were 1,071 housing units at an average density of 3,292.4 per square mile (1,271.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.78% White, 8.44% African American, 0.33% Native American, 7.45% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.86% of the population.

There were 909 households, out of which 11.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 66.0% were non-families. 54.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.65 and the average family size was 2.49.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 11.6% under the age of 18, 18.0% from 18 to 24, 43.2% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,211, and the median income for a family was $58,125. Males had a median income of $38,558 versus $30,184 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,238. About 2.0% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Hurstbourne Acres, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Hurstbourne Acres in Jefferson County, Kentucky | |
| Hurstbourne AcresLocation within the state of KentuckyHurstbourne AcresHurstbourne Acres (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°13′13″N 85°35′26″W / 38.22028°N 85.59056°W / 38.22028; -85.59056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Jefferson |
| Incorporated | 1963 |
| Named for | a neighboring community |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.35 sq mi (0.90 km2) |
| Land | 0.35 sq mi (0.90 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 659 ft (201 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,957 |
| Density | 5,656.07/sq mi (2,183.97/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 40220 |
| FIPS code | 21-38818 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2404749 |
| Website | hurstbourneacres.org |


title: Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd

abstract: Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd [1915] 1 KB 1 is an English land law case, concerning licences "in" land, specifically ticketed events. The appeal court confirmed that there is no right, based on e.g. land owner's discretion as to determining trespassers, to remove the attendee if the venue operator is mistaken as to the attendee's right to attend.

text:
# Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd

***Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd*** \[1915\] 1 KB 1 is an English land law case, concerning licences "in" land, specifically ticketed events. The appeal court confirmed that there is no right, based on e.g. land owner's discretion as to determining trespassers, to remove the attendee if the venue operator is mistaken as to the attendee's right to attend.

## Facts

Mr Hurst bought a ticket for 17 March 1913's screening of *Lake Garda* in a London cinema of Picture Theatres Ltd. The manager honestly believed he had not paid for his seat. He was forced to leave, and then he claimed trespass to the person. The theatre argued that even though it revoked (breached) the licence, a contract relating to a person's right to be somewhere, its mistaken belief could render Hurst a trespasser (if so reasonable force could be used to remove him).

The issue was whether the claimant was entitled to damages under trespass to the person.

Channell J held, with a jury, Hurst could get damages.

## Judgment

Buckley LJ confirmed the award.

> They committed an assault upon him in law. It was not of a violent kind, because, like a wise man, \[Hurst\] gave way to superior force and left the theatre... it was for the jury to give him such a sum as was right for the assault which was committed upon him, and for the serious indignity to a gentleman of being seized and treated in this way in a place of public resort.

## InfoBox

| Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Appeal |
| Decided | 8 July 1914 |
| Citation | \[1915\] 1 KB 1 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | Appellant lost also at first instance in the High Court. |
| Keywords | |
| Licence; ticketed attendance; removal of people from events (revocation); mistake; law of trespass | |


abstract: Hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTD2 gene.

text:
# Hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2

**Hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTD2 gene.

* PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2, mitochondrial

## InfoBox

| HTD2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | HTD2, hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2, mitochondrial, hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 1914303; GeneCards: HTD2; OMA:HTD2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001348712
NM\_001348713
NM\_001348714
NM\_001348715   NM\_025938   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001335641
NP\_001335642
NP\_001335643
NP\_001335644   NP\_080214   Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 58.31 – 58.32 Mb Chr 14: 14.38 – 14.39 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Nou Estadi Costa Daurada

abstract: Nou Estadi Costa Daurada is a multi-purpose stadium in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of the Gimnàstic de Tarragona. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 14,591 persons. It hosted opening and closing ceremonies of the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

text:
# Nou Estadi Costa Daurada

**Nou Estadi Costa Daurada** is a multi-purpose stadium in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of the Gimnàstic de Tarragona. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 14,591 persons.

It hosted opening and closing ceremonies of the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

## Images

## InfoBox

Nou Estadi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Nou Estadi Costa Daurada |
| Former names | Nou Estadi de Tarragona (1972–2022) |
| Location | Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain |
| Coordinates | 41°7′37″N 1°16′22″E / 41.12694°N 1.27278°E / 41.12694; 1.27278 |
| Owner | Ajuntament de Tarragona |
| Operator | Ajuntament de Tarragona |
| Capacity | 14,591 |
| Field size | 102 by 67 metres (112 yd × 73 yd) |
| Opened | 1972 |
| Tenants | |
| Gimnàstic de Tarragona | |


title: Noumoutiedougou

abstract: Noumoutiedougou is a town in the Mangodara Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 2,625.

text:
# Noumoutiedougou

**Noumoutiedougou** is a town in the Mangodara Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 2,625.

## InfoBox

| Noumoutiedougou | |
| --- | --- |
| NoumoutiedougouLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 9°55′N 4°17′W / 9.917°N 4.283°W / 9.917; -4.283 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Cascades Region |
| Province | Comoé Province |
| Department | Mangodara Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 2,625 |


title: Noumousso

abstract: Noumousso is a village in the Sidéradougou Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 776.

text:
# Noumousso

**Noumousso** is a village in the Sidéradougou Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 776.

11°18′N 4°05′W / 11.300°N 4.083°W / 11.300; -4.083

## InfoBox

| Noumousso | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Cascades Region |
| Province | Comoé Province |
| Department | Sidéradougou Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 776 |


title: Hyperbolic equilibrium point

abstract:
In the study of dynamical systems, a hyperbolic equilibrium point or hyperbolic fixed point is a fixed point that does not have any center manifolds. Near a hyperbolic point the orbits of a two-dimensional, non-dissipative system resemble hyperbolas. This fails to hold in general. Strogatz notes that "hyperbolic is an unfortunate name—it sounds like it should mean 'saddle point'—but it has become standard." Several properties hold about a neighborhood of a hyperbolic point, notably
  - A stable manifold and an unstable manifold exist,
  - Shadowing occurs,
  - The dynamics on the invariant set can be represented via symbolic dynamics,
  - A natural measure can be defined,
  - The system is structurally stable.

text:
# Hyperbolic equilibrium point

In the study of dynamical systems, a **hyperbolic equilibrium point** or **hyperbolic fixed point** is a fixed point that does not have any center manifolds. Near a hyperbolic point the orbits of a two-dimensional, non-dissipative system resemble hyperbolas. This fails to hold in general. Strogatz notes that "hyperbolic is an unfortunate name—it sounds like it should mean 'saddle point'—but it has become standard." Several properties hold about a neighborhood of a hyperbolic point, notably

## Maps

If $T\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is a *C*1 map and *p* is a fixed point then *p* is said to be a **hyperbolic fixed point** when the Jacobian matrix $\operatorname {D} T(p)$ has no eigenvalues on the complex unit circle.

One example of a map whose only fixed point is hyperbolic is Arnold's cat map:

$$\begin{bmatrix}x\_{n+1}\\y\_{n+1}\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\1&2\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}x\_{n}\\y\_{n}\end{bmatrix}}}$$

Since the eigenvalues are given by

$$\lambda \_{1}={\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}{2}}}}$$

$$\lambda \_{2}={\frac {3-{\sqrt {5}{2}}}}$$

We know that the Lyapunov exponents are:

$$\lambda \_{1}={\frac {\ln(3+{\sqrt {5})}{2}\>1}}$$

$$\lambda \_{2}={\frac {\ln(3-{\sqrt {5})}{2}\<1}}$$

Therefore it is a saddle point.

## Flows

Let $F\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ be a *C*1 vector field with a critical point *p*, i.e., *F*(*p*) = 0, and let *J* denote the Jacobian matrix of *F* at *p*. If the matrix *J* has no eigenvalues with zero real parts then *p* is called **hyperbolic**. Hyperbolic fixed points may also be called **hyperbolic critical points** or **elementary critical points**.

The Hartman–Grobman theorem states that the orbit structure of a dynamical system in a neighbourhood of a hyperbolic equilibrium point is topologically equivalent to the orbit structure of the linearized dynamical system.

### Example

Consider the nonlinear system

$$\begin{aligned}{\frac {dx}{dt}&=y,\\\\[5pt\]{\frac {dy}{dt}&=-x-x^{3}-\alpha y,~\alpha \neq 0\end{aligned}}}$$

(0, 0) is the only equilibrium point. The Jacobian matrix of the linearization at the equilibrium point is

$$J(0,0)=\left\[{\begin{array}{rr}0&1\\\-1&-\alpha \end{array}\right\].}$$

The eigenvalues of this matrix are $\frac {-\alpha \pm {\sqrt {\alpha ^{2}-4}{2}}}$. For all values of *α*  0, the eigenvalues have non-zero real part. Thus, this equilibrium point is a hyperbolic equilibrium point. The linearized system will behave similar to the non-linear system near (0, 0). When *α* = 0, the system has a nonhyperbolic equilibrium at (0, 0).

In the case of an infinite dimensional system—for example systems involving a time delay—the notion of the "hyperbolic part of the spectrum" refers to the above property.

1. Strogatz, Steven (2001). *Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos*. Westview Press. ISBN 0-7382-0453-6.
2. Ott, Edward (1994). *Chaos in Dynamical Systems*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43799-7.
3. Abraham, Ralph; Marsden, Jerrold E. (1978). *Foundations of Mechanics*. Reading Mass.: Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-0102-X.


title: Hyperbolic geometric graph

abstract:
A hyperbolic geometric graph (HGG) or hyperbolic geometric network (HGN) is a special type of spatial network where (1) latent coordinates of nodes are sprinkled according to a probability density function into a
hyperbolic space of constant negative curvature and (2) an edge between two nodes is present if they are close according to a function of the metric. A HGG generalizes a random geometric graph (RGG) whose embedding space is Euclidean.

text:
# Hyperbolic geometric graph

A **hyperbolic geometric graph (HGG)** or **hyperbolic geometric network (HGN)** is a special type of spatial network where (1) latent coordinates of nodes are sprinkled according to a probability density function into a hyperbolic space of constant negative curvature and (2) an edge between two nodes is present if they are close according to a function of the metric (typically either a Heaviside step function resulting in deterministic connections between vertices closer than a certain threshold distance, or a decaying function of hyperbolic distance yielding the connection probability). A HGG generalizes a random geometric graph (RGG) whose embedding space is Euclidean.

## Mathematical formulation

Mathematically, a **HGG** is a graph $G(V,E)$ with a vertex set *V* (cardinality $N=|V|$) and an edge set *E* constructed by considering the nodes as points placed onto a 2-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbb {H} \_{\zeta }^{2}$ of constant negative Gaussian curvature, $-\zeta ^{2}$ and cut-off radius $R$, i.e. the radius of the Poincaré disk which can be visualized using a hyperboloid model. Each point $i$ has hyperbolic polar coordinates $(r\_{i},\theta \_{i})$ with $0\leq r\_{i}\leq R$ and $0\leq \theta \_{i}\<2\pi $.

The hyperbolic law of cosines allows to measure the distance $d\_{ij}$ between two points $i$ and $j$,

$$\cosh(\zeta d\_{ij})=\cosh(\zeta r\_{i})\cosh(\zeta r\_{j})$$

$-\sinh(\zeta r\_{i})\sinh(\zeta r\_{j})\cos {\bigg (}\underbrace {\pi -{\bigg |}\pi -|\theta \_{i}-\theta \_{j}|{\bigg |} \_{\Delta }{\bigg )}.}$

The angle  $\Delta $ is the (smallest) angle between the two position vectors.

In the simplest case, an edge $(i,j)$ is established iff (if and only if) two nodes are within a certain *neighborhood radius*  $r$, $d\_{ij}\leq r$, this corresponds to an influence threshold.

### Connectivity decay function

In general, a link will be established with a probability depending on the distance  $d\_{ij}$. A *connectivity decay function* $\gamma (s):\mathbb {R} ^{+}\to \[0,1\]$ represents the probability of assigning an edge to a pair of nodes at distance $s$. In this framework, the simple case of *hard-code* neighborhood like in random geometric graphs is referred to as *truncation decay function*.

## Generating hyperbolic geometric graphs

Krioukov et al. describe how to generate hyperbolic geometric graphs with uniformly random node distribution (as well as generalized versions) on a disk of radius $R$ in $\mathbb {H} \_{\zeta }^{2}$. These graphs yield a power-law distribution for the node degrees. The angular coordinate $\theta $ of each point/node is chosen uniformly random from $\[0,2\pi \]$, while the density function for the radial coordinate r is chosen according to the probability distribution $\rho $:

$$\rho (r)=\alpha {\frac {\sinh(\alpha r)}{\cosh(\alpha R)-1}}$$

The growth parameter $\alpha \>0$ controls the distribution: For $\alpha =\zeta $, the distribution is uniform in $\mathbb {H} \_{\zeta }^{2}$, for smaller values the nodes are distributed more towards the center of the disk and for bigger values more towards the border. In this model, edges between nodes $u$ and $v$ exist iff $d\_{uv}\<R$ or with probability $\gamma (d\_{uv})$ if a more general connectivity decay function is used. The average degree is controlled by the radius $R$ of the hyperbolic disk. It can be shown, that for $\alpha /\zeta \>1/2$ the node degrees follow a power law distribution with exponent $\gamma =1+2\alpha /\zeta $.

The image depicts randomly generated graphs for different values of $\alpha $ and $R$ in $\mathbb {H} \_{1}^{2}$. It can be seen how $\alpha $ has an effect on the distribution of the nodes and $R$ on the connectivity of the graph. The native representation where the distance variables have their true hyperbolic values is used for the visualization of the graph, therefore edges are straight lines.

### Quadratic complexity generator

Source:

The naive algorithm for the generation of hyperbolic geometric graphs distributes the nodes on the hyperbolic disk by choosing the angular and radial coordinates of each point are sampled randomly. For every pair of nodes an edge is then inserted with the probability of the value of the connectivity decay function of their respective distance. The pseudocode looks as follows:

```
$V=\{\},E=\{\}$
**for** $i\gets 0$ **to** $N-1$ **do**
    $\theta \gets U[0,2\pi ]$
    $r\gets {\frac {1}{\alpha }{\text{acosh}(1+(\cosh \alpha R-1)U[0,1])}}$
    $V=V\cup \{(r,\theta )\}$
**for every pair**  $(u,v)\in V\times V,u\neq v$ **do**
    **if** $U[0,1]\leq \gamma (d_{uv})$ **then**
        $E=E\cup \{(u,v)\}$
**return** $V,E$
```

$N$ is the number of nodes to generate, the distribution of the radial coordinate by the probability density function $\rho $ is achieved by using inverse transform sampling. $U$denotes the uniform sampling of a value in the given interval. Because the algorithm checks for edges for all pairs of nodes, the runtime is quadratic. For applications where $N$ is big, this is not viable any more and algorithms with subquadratic runtime are needed.

### Sub-quadratic generation

To avoid checking for edges between every pair of nodes, modern generators use additional data structures that partition the graph into bands. A visualization of this shows a hyperbolic graph with the boundary of the bands drawn in orange. In this case, the partitioning is done along the radial axis. Points are stored sorted by their angular coordinate in their respective band. For each point $u$, the limits of its hyperbolic circle of radius $R$ can be (over-)estimated and used to only perform the edge-check for points that lie in a band that intersects the circle. Additionally, the sorting within each band can be used to further reduce the number of points to look at by only considering points whose angular coordinate lie in a certain range around the one of $u$ (this range is also computed by over-estimating the hyperbolic circle around $u$).

Using this and other extensions of the algorithm, time complexities of $\mathcal {O}(n\log \log n+m)$(where $n$ is the number of nodes and $m$ the number of edges) are possible with high probability.

## Findings

For $\zeta =1$ (Gaussian curvature $K=-1$), HGGs form an ensemble of networks for which is possible to express the degree distribution analytically as closed form for the limiting case of large number of nodes. This is worth mentioning since this is not true for many ensembles of graphs.

## Applications

HGGs have been suggested as promising model for social networks where the hyperbolicity appears through a competition between *similarity* and *popularity* of an individual.


title: Novatium

abstract: Novatium Solutions Pvt Ltd is a privately held Indian company based in Chennai, India which provides computing services and what it calls managed utility computing services. Its chief executive officer is Alok Singh. The company was founded by Rajesh Jain in 2004.

text:
# Novatium

**Novatium Solutions Pvt Ltd** is a privately held Indian company based in Chennai, India which provides computing services and what it calls managed utility computing services. Its chief executive officer is Alok Singh. The company was founded by Rajesh Jain in 2004.

## History

Novatium began operations in 2004, and has developed thin embedded devices capable of operating on Windows, Linux, Macintosh, Android and Solaris platform without any change in device. The company has partnered with Tata Teleservices Limited to launch Novatium Navigator with Tata Photon plus. Thus, Novatium is India's first cloud computing on wireless broadband service. The services include high speed computing experience with an emphasis on internet, gaming, digital entertainment, online education, telephony and business productivity. Bharti Airtel, an Asian integrated telecom service provider, also entered into a strategic partnership with Novatium to help expand the broadband market in India.

## Products

Novatium provides computing devices and has four products, Novatium Navigator, Novatium Navigator +, Novatium Neon, Novatium cNergy. Novatium has arranged with Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, Bharti Airtel and Tata Teleservices to connect the device into the Novatium Desktop.

Novatium also manufactured and purveyed the Nova NetPC circa 2007, which was priced at $100 at that time and was described as being "just within reach of India's growing middle class". The Nova NetPC involved users subscribing to a computing service, and the computer had no hard drive disks.

## InfoBox

Novatium Solutions (P) Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Utility computing services |
| Founded | 2004 |
| Headquarters | Chennai, India |
| Key people | Rajesh Jain, MD, Netcore Solutions
Ray Sata, Chairman, Analog Devices Inc.
Dr. Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madras
Alok Singh, CEO
Shirish B Purohit
Krishna "kittu" Kolluri
Ben Mathias |
| Number of employees | 100+ |


title: Hymenoxys helenioides

abstract: Hymenoxys helenioides is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name intermountain rubberweed. It is native to Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico in the western United States. Hymenoxys helenioides is a perennial herb up to 50 cm (20 in) tall. One plant generally produces as many as 50 flower heads. Each head has 10–16 ray flowers and 50–150 disc flowers.

text:
# Hymenoxys helenioides

***Hymenoxys helenioides*** is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name **intermountain rubberweed**. It is native to Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico in the western United States.

*Hymenoxys helenioides* is a perennial herb up to 50 cm (20 in) tall. One plant generally produces as many as 50 flower heads. Each head has 10–16 ray flowers and 50–150 disc flowers.

## InfoBox

| *Hymenoxys helenioides* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Hymenoxys* |
| Species: | ***H. helenioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hymenoxys helenioides***
(Rydb.) Cockerell 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Synonymy * *Actinea helenioides* (Rydb.) S.F.Blake * *Dugaldia helenioides* (Rydb.) A.Nelson * *Picradenia helenioides* Rydb. 1901 | |


title: Hypomyces hyalinus

abstract: Hypomyces hyalinus is a species of parasitic fungi that attacks fungi of the genus Amanita.

text:
# Hypomyces hyalinus

***Hypomyces hyalinus*** is a species of parasitic fungi that attacks fungi of the genus *Amanita*.

## Taxonomy

The earliest recording of this parasite was in 1822 in Salem, North Carolina, but microscopic descriptions of *H. hyalinus* do not appear in the literature until 1886.

## Description

### Host

*Hypomyces hyalinus* is a host-specific pathogen which exclusively attacks species of the genus *Amanita*, which is famous for containing some of the most toxic mushrooms in the world.

*Hypomyces hyalinus* specifically attaches to the basidiocarp on the sporocarp (fruiting body) of the fungus.

### Effects

The parasitic effects of *H. hyalinus* thoroughly disfigures its host and in the absence of a nearby healthy specimen it can be impossible to determine the identity of the host in the field.

Infection often covers the host mushroom preventing the expansion of the pileus (cap) and causing the pileus to deform and fuse to the stipe (stalk). As a consequence of this, the gills of the mushroom are also destroyed and the fruiting body dies without dispersing spores.

### Reproduction and life cycle

The life cycle for *H. hyalinus* is not currently completely understood. The life cycle of fungi in the division Ascomycota generally alternates between an asexual stage and a sexual stage respectively termed the anamorph stage and the teleomorph stage. Each of these stages contains intermediary steps that vary depending on the species.

#### Anamorph

Although anamorphs have been observed in some samples of *H. hyalinus*, there in no consistently identifiable connection *H. hyalinus* and an anamorph.

#### Teleomorph

The teleomorph of *H. hyalinus* is observable and can be identified. A teleomorphic structure called the subiculum covers the fruiting body of the host, resulting in destruction of the host's gills and inability of the host to expand its pileus.

Another teleomorphic structure, the perithecia, forms throughout the subiculum with pores facing outward to facilitate the release of ascospores into the environment. Despite this, researchers have not been able to associate any specific ascospore with *H. hyalinus*.

## Distribution

*Hypomyces hyalinus* has a large geographic distribution and has been recorded in Eastern Canada, throughout the northern United States as well as the southeast U.S., and Eastern Asia including China.

## Studies

*Hypomyces hyalinus* has been studied in several different manners. Field observation has been used to observe the effects of the pathogen on the host.

In addition to direct field study, the pathogen has been cultured on oat meal agar and potato dextrose agar to facilitate testing of the pathogen at the biochemical and microscopic level. KOH string testing, which can be used to determine the gram status of an organism, is used to determine the gram classification, gram positive, of H. hyalinus. In addition to this, various forms of microscopy including bright-field microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, interference contrast microscopy, and phase contrast microscopy have been used to observe the pathogen.

### Further research

This parasite has very minimal citations in scientific literature. Further research would be useful to form a more complete picture of life cycle of *H. hyalinus* which would allow researchers to better understand the mode of transmission of this disease. Furthermore, due to the specificity of *H. hyalinus* to parasitize the poisonous species of*Amanita*, further research could prove useful in manipulating *Amanita* fungi.

Although *H. hyalinus* does not currently have a large impact economically or socially, further research could make this parasite more important to society due to its relation to species of *Amanita*, which comprises both toxic and edible mushrooms. *H. hyalinus* is considered inedible and may be poisonous. Further research could also reveal the ecological roles of *H. hyalinus* in population, environmental, and evolutionary biology.

Media related to Hypomyces hyalinus at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Hypomyces hyalinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Hypocreaceae |
| Genus: | *Hypomyces* |
| Species: | ***H. hyalinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypomyces hyalinus***<br>(Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. | |
|


title: Hus (surname)

abstract:
Hus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Jan Hus (c. 1360–1415), Czech Catholic priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague; burned at the stake for heresy
  - Charles Hus, dit Millet (1738–1802), political figure in Lower Canada
  - Eugène Hus (1758–1823), born Pierre-Louis Stapleton, Franco-Belgian ballet dancer and choreographer
  - Jean-Baptiste Hus (1736–1805), French ballet dancer and ballet master
  - Tim Hus, Canadian country-folk singer
  - Walter Hus, Belgian composer and musician

text:
# Hus (surname)

**Hus** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Jan Hus (c.13601415), Czech Catholic priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague; burned at the stake for heresy
* Charles Hus, dit Millet (1738–1802), political figure in Lower Canada
* Eugène Hus (1758–1823), born Pierre-Louis Stapleton, Franco-Belgian ballet dancer and choreographer
* Jean-Baptiste Hus (1736–1805), French ballet dancer and ballet master
* Tim Hus, Canadian country-folk singer
* Walter Hus (born 1959), Belgian composer and musician

* Hus family, an 18th-century French dynasty of ballet dancers and actors


title: Hydrocolus persimilis

abstract: Hydrocolus persimilis is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Hydrocolus persimilis

***Hydrocolus persimilis*** is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Hydrocolus persimilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Dytiscidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrocolus* |
| Species: | ***H. persimilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydrocolus persimilis***<br>(Crotch, 1873) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hydroporus acadianus*  J. Balfour-Browne, 1948 * *Hydroporus aequus*  Fall, 1923 | |


title: Hydropionea melliculalis

abstract: Hydropionea melliculalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It is found in Mexico, Central America and South America.

text:
# Hydropionea melliculalis

***Hydropionea melliculalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It is found in Mexico, Central America and South America.

## InfoBox

| *Hydropionea melliculalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Hydropionea* |
| Species: | ***H. melliculalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydropionea melliculalis***<br>(Lederer, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sparagmia melliculalis* Lederer, 1863 * *Sparagmia molliculalis* Lederer, 1863 | |


title: Nuria C. Botey

abstract: Nuria Calderón García-Botey, known professionally as Nuria C. Botey, is a Spanish fantasy, science fiction, and horror writer.

text:
# Nuria C. Botey

**Nuria Calderón García-Botey** (born 8 March 1977), known professionally as **Nuria C. Botey**, is a Spanish fantasy, science fiction, and horror writer.

## Biography

Nuria C. Botey holds a doctorate in Social Psychology from the Complutense University of Madrid, a master's degree in Communication and Social Skills for Intervention in Groups from the University of Seville, and has worked as a professor of university studies in Psychology. She has been a member of the Madrid Tertulia of Fantasy Literature (TerMa), of the Spanish Horror Writers Association (Nocte), and of the literary group La Hermandad Poe, coordinated by poet Fernando López Guisado. She has also written children's literature and erotic novels on LGBT topics, under the pseudonym **Pablo Castro**.

## Work

Botey has collaborated on more than 20 collective works, such as 2005's *Visiones* (an anthology sponsored by the Spanish Association of Fantasy, Science Fiction, and Horror, *Artifex*, and *Axxón*), and the horror anthologies *Paura, La sangre es vida* (2010), *Taberna Espectral* (2011), *Legendarium* (2012), and *Anatomías Secretas* (2013). She is the author of the micro fiction book *Circo de Pulgas* (2011), later published as *Mosquitos en tu alcoba* (2014), and the story anthology *Vosotros justificáis mi existencia* (2012), later *Nunca beses a un extraño* (2016), for which she received the Nocte Award in 2013. In 2017 she published the novel *Plata pura, un lobo hombre en Madrid*.

She also participated in the children's story anthology *Los terroríficos cuentos de Raxnarín*, a solidarity initiative to support integration projects for children affected by spina bifida. Her story "La evolución de la especies" has been translated into French by Marie-Anne Cleden in the anthology *Monstres!* As Pablo Castro, she has published two erotic novels: *Los chicos de la Costa Azul* (2007) and *Hollywood Life* (2008).

## Awards and recognitions

In 1993, at age 16, Botey won her first award: Alfaguara's Los Nuevos Prize, with her story "Una auténtica pena". She was also the first woman to win the Pablo Rido Award for Fantasy Short Story (2003), with the work *Dancing with an Angel*. The following year, she won the 17th Clarín Short Story Award with "Vosotros justificáis mi existencia", included in the compilation of the same name which won the 2013 Nocte Award for Best National Story Anthology.

In 2014, she was recognized by *Ultratumba* magazine for the best story appearing in the anthology *Anatomías Secretas*. "Suburbano" won fourth place in the 4th Solidaridad Obrera "Un metro de 350 palabras" Short Story Prize in 2006. "Taquillera" also won the second prize in the award's 6th edition in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Nuria C. Botey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Nuria Calderón García-Botey
(1977-03-08) 8 March 1977
Madrid, Spain |
| Other names | Pablo Castro |
| Alma mater | Complutense University of Madrid |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, professor |
| Awards |  |
| Website | www.nuriacbotey.es |


title: Hyunsoonleella aquatilis

abstract: Hyunsoonleella aquatilis is a bacterium from the genus of Hyunsoonleella which has been isolated from water from the Jeongbang Waterfall.

text:
# Hyunsoonleella aquatilis

***Hyunsoonleella aquatilis*** is a bacterium from the genus of *Hyunsoonleella* which has been isolated from water from the Jeongbang Waterfall.

## InfoBox

| *Hyunsoonleella aquatilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Flavobacteria |
| Order: | Flavobacteriales |
| Family: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Hyunsoonleella* |
| Species: | ***H. aquatilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Hyunsoonleella aquatilis*****<br>Kim et al. 2021 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| SJ7 | |


title: Héctor Illueca

abstract: Héctor Illueca Ballester is a Spanish labour inspector and politician. He served as Director of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate from February 2020 to September 2021. Previously, he served as member of the 13th and 14th Congress of Deputies within the Confederal Unidas Podemos-En Comú Podem-Galicia en Común Parliamentary Group.

text:
# Héctor Illueca

**Héctor Illueca Ballester** (born 8 August 1975) is a Spanish labour inspector and politician. He served as Director of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate from February 2020 to September 2021.

Previously, he served as member of the 13th and 14th Congress of Deputies within the Confederal Unidas Podemos-En Comú Podem-Galicia en Común Parliamentary Group.

## Biography

Born on 8 August 1975 in Valencia, he earned a PhD in law at the University of Valencia (UV). Illueca —a labour inspector and professor at the UV— was a member of the Frente Cívico «Somos Mayoría», founded by Julio Anguita.

In 2018, he co-authored along Manolo Monereo and Julio Anguita a series of provocative pieces directing criticism towards the European Union while defending several measures taken by the Italian government of coalition between the Northern League and Five Star Movement that subsequently set a fierce intellectual controversy within the Spanish left-wing public sphere.

He ran as candidate to the Congress of Deputies vis-à-vis the 2019 general election, 1st in the Unidas Podemos list in the constituency of Valencia; he was elected and became a member of the 13th Congress of Deputies, joining the Confederal Unidas Podemos-En Comú Podem-Galicia en Común Parliamentary Group. On 30 July 2019 he was elected to chair the Committee on Labour, Migrations and Social Security of the Congress of Deputies.

On 21 January 2020, the labour minister Yolanda Díaz appointed him as Director-General of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate, withdrawing from his position as member of parliament. He was sworn in on 3 February 2020.

## Works

Coauthored books * Illueca Ballester, Héctor; Guamán Hernández, Adoración (2012). *El huracán neoliberal. Una reforma liberal contra el trabajo*. Sequitur.
* Monereo, Manolo; Illueca, Héctor (2015). *Por un nuevo proyecto de país*. El Viejo Topo.
* Monereo, Manolo; Illueca, Héctor (2017). *España: un proyecto de liberación*. El Viejo Topo.

## InfoBox

| Héctor Illueca | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Second Vice President
and
Minister of Housing and Bioclimatic Architecture
of the Generalitat Valenciana | |
| **In office**
10 September 2021  19 July 2023 | |
| President | Ximo Puig |
| Preceded by | Rubén Martínez Dalmau |
| Succeeded by | Susana Camarero |
| Director-General of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate | |
| **In office**
3 February 2020  9 September 2021 | |
| Preceded by | María Soledad Serrano Ponz |
| Succeeded by | Carmen Collado Rosique |
| Member of the Congress of Deputies | |
| **In office**
21 May 2019  21 January 2020 | |
| Constituency | Valencia |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1975-08-08) 8 August 1975
Valencia, Spain |
| Occupation | Labour inspector, politician |
|  | |


title: Héctor Jair Real

abstract: Héctor Jair Real Cobián is a Mexican football manager. Between 2014 and 2016 he was the manager of Inter Playa del Carmen. Subsequently, the technician served as head of the C.F. La Piedad and Real Zamora. On April 26, 2019 he was appointed as coach of Alacranes de Durango. Héctor Jair Real is nephew of José Luis Real, who is another football coach and former player.

text:
# Héctor Jair Real

**Héctor Jair Real Cobián** (born July 13, 1981) is a Mexican football manager.

Between 2014 and 2016 he was the manager of Inter Playa del Carmen. Subsequently, the technician served as head of the C.F. La Piedad and Real Zamora. On April 26, 2019 he was appointed as coach of Alacranes de Durango.

Héctor Jair Real is nephew of José Luis Real, who is another football coach and former player.

## InfoBox

Héctor Jair Real
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Héctor Jair Real Cobián | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-07-13) 13 July 1981 | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Tepatitlán (Manager) | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2014–2016 | Inter Playa del Carmen | | |
| 2017–2018 | La Piedad | | |
| 2018 | Real Zamora | | |
| 2019 | La Piedad | | |
| 2019–2023 | Alacranes de Durango | | |
| 2023–2024 | Racing Porto Palmeiras | | |
| 2024– | Tepatitlán | | |