title: Ocean View School District

abstract: Ocean View School District is a Pre-K to 8 grade elementary and middle school district located in Orange County, California. The Ocean View School District operates preschools, elementary and middle schools campuses in Huntington Beach, Fountain Valley, Midway City and Westminster. Ocean View School District operates preschools, elementary schools and middle schools. High school students within the district go to the Huntington Beach Union High School District. Within the Ocean View School District are: two national Blue Ribbon Schools, thirteen California Distinguished Schools, six Title I Academic Achieving Schools, three Golden Bell Schools, one Green Ribbon School, and one NASA Explorer School.

text:
# Ocean View School District

**Ocean View School District** is a Pre-K to 8 grade elementary and middle school district located in Orange County, California. The Ocean View School District operates preschools, elementary and middle schools campuses in Huntington Beach, Fountain Valley, Midway City and Westminster.

Ocean View School District operates preschools, elementary schools and middle schools. High school students within the district go to the Huntington Beach Union High School District. Within the Ocean View School District are: two national Blue Ribbon Schools, thirteen California Distinguished Schools, six Title I Academic Achieving Schools, three Golden Bell Schools, one Green Ribbon School, and one NASA Explorer School.

## History

The Ocean View School District is one of the oldest school districts in Orange County, California. It was formed in 1874, twenty-four years after California became a state and fifteen years before the County of Orange separated from Los Angeles County, becoming a separate governmental entity. The original Ocean View School was constructed in 1886 on the southwest corner of Huntington Beach Boulevard (Beach Boulevard) and Smeltzer Avenue (Edinger Avenue) in what was known as the village of Smeltzer, now part of north Huntington Beach. Students were from the surrounding farm communities of Ocean View, Smeltzer and Wintersburg Village.

The second Ocean View School was constructed in 1911, at Huntington Beach Boulevard (Beach Boulevard) and Wintersburg Road (Warner Avenue). Students moved from the original school to the new location at the beginning of 1912. The Ocean View Grammar School served as the only school in the Ocean View District until 1956.

## District Strategic Plan 2014-2019

The Local Control and Accountability Plan (LCAP) was created in a collaborative process to set local priorities for 2014 to 2019. A team of District stakeholders generated five overriding Focus Areas and their underlying Strategic Initiatives, which include 1) Effective Instruction and Academic Achievement, 2) Effective Leadership and Professional Development, 3) Engaged Community, 4) Safe and Respectful Environment, and 5) Optimized Resources.

## 2016 Facilities Master Plan

Ocean View School District created a digital 2016 Facilities Master Plan website to provide information on the long-term planning for each of the seventeen schools in the district. As of 2015-2016, the total enrollment in the District was 8,725, with a median household income of $79,652. The district's demographic breakdown at the time of the 2016 Facilities Master Plan was: 39.3% White, 38.3% Hispanic or Latino, 14.2% Asian, 4.9% Mixed, 1.3% Filipino, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 0.3% American Indian or Alaskan Native, with 0.1% None Reported.

As follow up to the 2016 Facilities Master Plan, Ocean View School District placed a $169-million funding mechanism, Measure R, on the November 8, 2016 ballot. The stated purpose of Measure R is to complete projects that include student safety and campus security systems (security fencing, security cameras, emergency communications systems, smoke detectors, fire alarms, and sprinklers); repair or replace deteriorating roofs, plumbing, heating, ventilation, and electrical systems; provide equipment and technology to support science, reading, music, arts, and math programs; improve access to school facilities for students with disabilities; and ensure playground equipment and play areas meet present-day health and safety standards.

## Finances

The district was in financial difficulty in early 2015 because of costs incurred with asbestos remediation in district schools. The district's deputy superintendent reported in late 2015 that the finances subsequently recovered as a result of the negotiation of funding measures and that the district would not be required to sell assets. The district receives nearly $2.3 million per year in total revenue from property it owns and now leases to Lowe's and Wal-Mart and other sites.

## Board of trustees

The Ocean View School District is governed by a five-member Board of Trustees.

* Jack Souders, president
* Patricia Singer, vice president
* Gina Clayton-Tarvin, clerk
* Morgan Westmoreland
* Norm Westwell

## List of schools

### Preschools

* College View
* Oak View
* Westmont

### Elementary schools

* Circle View (open)
* College View (open)
* Crest View (ground leased to Walmart)
* Glen View (leased to Brightstar Learning Center)
* Golden View (open)
* Harbour View (open)
* Hope View (open)
* Haven View (leased to Le Port Academy)
* Lake View (open)
* Meadow View (leased to education institutions)
* Oak View (open)
* Ocean View One Room School House (1886-1911) (SW Corner of Beach Blvd & Edinger Ave)
* Ocean View Elementary School (1912-1956) (SW Corner of Beach Blvd & Warner Ave)
* Park View (open space park, created 2022)
* Rancho View (ground leased to Lowe's)
* Robinwood (leased to Grace Lutheran School)
* Star View (open)
* Sun View, (repurposed in 2018, interim campus for Measure R)
* Village View (open)
* Westmont (open)

### Middle schools

* Marine View (open)
* Mesa View (open)
* Spring View (open, will be consolidated for 2024-2025)
* Vista View (open)

## InfoBox

| Ocean View School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 17200 Pinehurst Lane Huntington Beach, California, 92647<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | K–8 |
| NCES District ID | 0628140 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 7,337 |
| Teachers | 304.69 |
| Staff | 443.72 |
| Student–teacher ratio | 24.08 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.ovsd.org |


title: Oh Yoon-hong

abstract: Oh Yoon-hong is a South Korean actress and model. She is best known for her roles in dramas such as Who Are You: School 2015, Solomon's Perjury and The Scholar Who Walks the Night.

text:
# Oh Yoon-hong

**Oh Yoon-hong** is a South Korean actress and model. She is best known for her roles in dramas such as *Who Are You: School 2015*, *Solomon's Perjury* and *The Scholar Who Walks the Night*.

## Filmography

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Toji, the Land* | Ok-ne |  |
| 2008 | *In The Name Of The Father* | Hwa-young |  |
| 2013 | *Puberty Medley* | Ah-young's mother |  |
| 2014 | *Misaeng: Incomplete Life* | Sang-shik's wife |  |
| 2015 | *Who Are You: School 2015* | Min-young and Soo-in mother |  |
| 2016 | *The Scholar Who Walks the Night* | Kkot-bun |  |
| 2016 | *My Old Friend* | Yoon-sook |  |
| 2016-2017 | *Solomon's Perjury* | Dean of students |  |
| 2017 | *Tunnel* | Madam Jeong |  |
| 2017 | *Strongest Deliveryman* | Lee Dan-ah's mother |  |
| 2018 | *The Rich Son* | Chairman Nam's wife |  |
| 2018 | *Voice* | Joo Hye-jung |  |
| 2020 | *Hyena* | Baek Hee-joon |  |
| 2020 | *Soul Mechanic* | Doctor |  |
| 2021 | *The One Serving House* | House owner |  |
| 2021 | *Idol: The Coup* | Jang Stella's mother |  |
| 2022 | *The Witch's Game* | Jung Min-ja |  |
| | *Missing: The Other Side 2* | Kim Gun-joo |  |
| 2023 | *Brain Works* | Choi Jung-yoon |  |
| | *Divorce Attorney Shin* | Park Ji-yeon |  |
| | *Durian's Affair* | Ayla's mother |  |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *The Uprising* | Baek Eui-jung |  |
| 2003 | *Garden of Heaven* | Kim Young-ja |  |
| 2003 | *Rewind* | Ex-girlfriend |  |
| 2005 | *Green Chair* | Su-jin |  |
| 2011 | *I Am a Dad* | Ji-young |  |
| 2014 | *Mourning Grave* | Ah-young's mother |  |
| 2016 | *Seondal: The Man Who Sells the River* | Fortune Telling fraud woman |  |
| 2019 | *Svaha: The Sixth Finger* | Bodhisattva Yeon-hwa |  |

## Ambassadorship

* 20th Seoul International Alternative Film Arts Festival Ambassador

## Awards and nominations

* Blue Dragon Film Award nominee for Best New Actress in 1998

## InfoBox

| Oh Yoon-hong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Oh Yoon-hong
(1971-08-09) August 9, 1971
Seoul, South Korea |
| Other names | Oh Yun-hong |
| Education | Dankook University
Sogang University
Chung-Ang University |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Model, Film Director, Screenwriter, Professor |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Agent | Star Village Entertainment |
| Known for | *Who Are You: School 2015*
*Solomon's Perjury*
*The Scholar Who Walks the Night* |
| Children | 2 |


title: Iain Evans

abstract: Iain Frederick Evans is a former Australian politician. He was leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2006 to 2007.

text:
# Iain Evans

**Iain Frederick Evans** (born 18 April 1959) is a former Australian politician. He was leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2006 to 2007.

## Early life

Evans attended Heathfield Primary and subsequently Heathfield High School. He later gained a bachelor's degree for Building Technology from the SA Institute of Technology (now part of the University of South Australia). Prior to entering politics he managed a family-owned building and retailing business. His father is Stan Evans and mother, Barb Evans.

## Parliament

He was elected in the 1993 election landslide for the safe conservative seat of Davenport (following the retirement of his father, Stan Evans). Evans held various portfolios in the Olsen and Kerin governments, including Correctional Services, Environment & Heritage, Racing and Volunteers. He gained the Deputy Leadership in November 2005 and with the resignation of Kerin after the electoral defeat of 2006 became Leader of the South Australian Liberal Party in a joint leadership ticket with factional rival Vickie Chapman.

The following is a quote from pollbludger.com:

*Evans Senior decided to pull the pin altogether and make way for his son at the 1993 election. Evans Junior arrived just in time for a Liberal government and quickly established himself, making it to cabinet in December 1997. He has served in the police, industry, trade and environment portfolios in government, and in planning and industrial relations in opposition. Widely rated as the Liberal Party's best performer in parliament, Evans was discussed as a potential successor when John Olsen was obliged to resign over the Motorola affair in October 2001. It rarely escapes notice that his factional rival to succeed Rob Kerin as leader is Vickie Chapman, daughter of the aforementioned Ted Chapman – perpetuating a rivalry which now spans three decades. Evans achieved a major victory when he defeated Chapman in the deputy leadership vote after Dean Brown's resignation in November 2005, by 15 votes to five.*

By February 2007, financial woes within the state Liberal party as well as contests between the party president and opposition leadership had come to a head. At a meeting in Norwood, Evans reportedly commented that "when we lose the federal election at the end of the year, the Liberal Party will be in dire straits and we have got to plan to deal with that". The alleged gaffe drew a rebuke from one federal Liberal MP who labelled Evans and his state parliamentary team "hopeless". Party president Christopher Moriarty accused Evans of being "piss-weak and gutless" for not backing a business plan aimed at assisting the party out of its parlous financial situation. High-ranking party members were canvassing support for an urgent no-confidence motion in Mr Moriarty, with one senior figure quoted as saying that "Moriarty is to the Liberal Party what Mark Latham was to Labor", but others counselled Evans against challenging Moriarty due to the high chance of failure. By late February, speculation over the opposition leader's future was being reported in the media, although he was expected to survive in the short term due to lack of options with 15 MPs remaining in the lower house. Initial reports suggested previous aspirant Martin Hamilton-Smith might challenge for the position, with Isobel Redmond as deputy.

In early April, Hamilton-Smith announced his leadership intentions to challenge Evans. Former Liberal Premier Kerin offered his opinion that Hamilton-Smith should and would fail, however on 11 April 2007, Hamilton-Smith defeated Evans on 13 votes to 10, becoming the new Liberal opposition leader after deputy leader Vickie Chapman offered her support to him.

Upon former Liberal leader Alexander Downer's retirement from federal politics, Evans announced his nomination for Liberal preselection in the 2008 Mayo by-election. The preselection plebiscite was held to be held on 22 July, but was brought forward to 20 July, with former Howard staffer chiefly for WorkChoices, Jamie Briggs, winning preselection, with Evans coming second. Bob Day, who held membership of the Liberal Party for 20 years, and the endorsed Liberal candidate for Makin in 2007, quit the party after failing in his bid to win Mayo preselection, citing a "manipulated" preselection process. Evans agreed to some extent.

Remarkably on 30 March 2010 exactly four years after he had been elected Liberal leader, Evans stood for the deputy's job but was defeated by the man who toppled him for the leadership in 2007, Hamilton-Smith. Evans was once again defeated by Hamilton-Smith for a leadership position in a rematch between the two former leaders. Evans was overlooked for the deputy's job despite getting the support of Redmond. Redmond had made it known that Hamilton-Smith was not her preferred deputy and a party room meeting was called for 6 April to reconsider the deputy's job. Hamilton-Smith stood aside but Evans did not renominate for the job and it went instead to Mitch Williams.

On 31 January 2013 Redmond resigned as leader. Steven Marshall, who had by this point replaced Williams as deputy leader, became acting leader and formally appointed leader on 4 February. Evans, once again contested the now vacant deputy's job but was defeated by his former deputy Vickie Chapman.

Evans suffered a 2.8-point two-party swing against him, reduced to a margin of 8.1 points in Davenport at the 2014 state election, with two-party swings against him of up to 8 points in some booths, including the traditionally Liberal-voting booth of Belair which Labor won by three votes. On 6 June 2014 he announced he would stand down from the shadow ministry and parliament within a year and before the next election. There was speculation that Evans was asked to delay his resignation and the by-election for a year due to federal Liberal government budget cuts and that there could be a "super Saturday" of by-elections in up to five Liberal-held seats.

Evans resigned from parliament on 30 October 2014. A 2015 Davenport by-election occurred.

## Post-Parliamentary career

Evans is a political lobbyist active in South Australia. As of April 2018 he is lobbying on behalf of Leigh Creek Energy. He also lobbies for Kangaroo Island Plantation Timbers, which has proposed to construct an international port on the north coast of Kangaroo Island.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableIain Evans | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leader of the Opposition in South Australia | |
| **In office**
29 March 2006  12 April 2007 | |
| Deputy | Vickie Chapman |
| Preceded by | Rob Kerin |
| Succeeded by | Martin Hamilton-Smith |
| Leader of the South Australian
Liberal Party | |
| **In office**
29 March 2006  12 April 2007 | |
| Deputy | Vickie Chapman |
| Preceded by | Rob Kerin |
| Succeeded by | Martin Hamilton-Smith |
| Deputy Leader of the South Australian
Liberal Party | |
| **In office**
21 November 2005  29 March 2006 | |
| Leader | Rob Kerin |
| Preceded by | Dean Brown |
| Succeeded by | Vickie Chapman |
| Minister for Environment and Heritage | |
| **In office**
14 February 2000  5 March 2002 | |
| Premier | John Olsen
Rob Kerin |
| Preceded by | Dorothy Kotz |
| Succeeded by | John Hill |
| Minister for Industry and Trade | |
| **In office**
8 October 1998  4 December 2001 | |
| Premier | John Olsen
Rob Kerin |
| Preceded by | John Olsen |
| Succeeded by | Rob Lucas |
| Minister for Recreation, Sport & Racing | |
| **In office**
8 October 1998  4 December 2001 | |
| Premier | John Olsen
Rob Kerin |
| Preceded by | Himself (as Delegate Minister) |
| Succeeded by | Dorothy Kotz |
| Minister for Police and Emergency Services | |
| **In office**
17 December 1997  8 October 1998 | |
| Premier | John Olsen |
| Preceded by | Trevor Griffin |
| Succeeded by | Robert Brokenshire |
| Member of the South Australian Parliament
for Davenport | |
| **In office**
11 December 1993  30 October 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Stan Evans |
| Succeeded by | Sam Duluk |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Iain Frederick Evans
(1959-04-18) 18 April 1959
Darlington, South Australia |
| Political party | Liberal Party of Australia (SA) |
| Relations | Stanley Evans (father) |
| Alma mater | University of South Australia |
| Profession |  |
|  | |


title: Ice hockey in South Dakota

abstract: South Dakota has a curious history with ice hockey. Despite the state having relatively little history with the sport, South Dakota's proximity to other very engaged states has resulted in a high level of engagement by its residents.

text:
# Ice hockey in South Dakota

**South Dakota** has a curious history with ice hockey. Despite the state having relatively little history with the sport, South Dakota's proximity to other very engaged states has resulted in a high level of engagement by its residents.

## History

For much of its history, South Dakota has had a low population with the entire state having yet to amount to 1 million (approximately 910,000 in 2022). Despite cold winters, which would provide a natural playing surface, ice hockey did not take off in the state for many years.

It wasn't until 1999 that the state received its first franchise when USHL expanded to Sioux Falls. The Sioux Falls Stampede played at the highest level of junior hockey in the US and was routinely stocked with future NHL talent. The team struggled through a few lean years early on but built itself into a force by the mid 00s. Shortly after the Stampede won it first Clark Cup in 2007, the state received its second team when the Rapid City Rush were founded in 2008. The team found success straight away and won the league championship in just its second season. The team was able to quickly establish itself partly by being the only professional game in town and that fact was key in keeping the team alive.

In 2014, the CHL folded, leaving 10 teams scrambling to find a new home. The Rush were one of seven who were accepted into the ECHL for the next season. While their new league made the Rush a more attractive team (now playing AA hockey), the tradeoff was that the team's expenses were also increasing. To help offset those costs, the team was able to sign an affiliate deal and become part of the Phoenix Coyotes system in 2015. The team struggled on the ice afterwards, missing the playoffs for five consecutive seasons, however, that wasn't the worst calamity to befall the Rush. In 2019, the team's business manager was investigate by federal authorities for embezzlement. He later pled guilty to stealing $700,000 between 2010 and 2018 and was ordered to pay $1 million in restitution.

Junior hockey expanded in the state when the Aberdeen Wings were founded in 2010. The team began play as a member of the NAHL, a second-tier junior league. Just like the Stampede, it took a few years for the Wings to build itself into a contender but the team won its first league title in 2019, the same year Sioux Falls earned their third championship.

In 2021 Augustana University announced that, following a successful fundraising campaign spearheaded by T. Denny Sanford, the school would sponsor varsity ice hockey beginning with the 2023–24 season. In order to help the team receive greater exposure, the school signed a deal with Midco, a regional cable broadcaster headquartered in Sioux Falls, to not only become namesake for their new facility (Midco Arena) but to also be the television provider for the team.

## Teams

### Professional

#### Active

| Team | City | League | Arena | Founded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Rapid City Rush** | Rapid City | ECHL | The Monument | 2008 |

### Collegiate

#### Active

| Team | City | Gender | Division | League | Arena | Founded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Augustana Vikings** | Sioux Falls | Men's | NCAA Division I | CCHA | Midco Arena | 2023 |

### Junior

#### Active

| Team | City | League | Arena | Founded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sioux Falls Stampede** | Sioux Falls | USHL | Denny Sanford Premier Center | 1999 |
| **Aberdeen Wings** | Aberdeen | NAHL | Odde Ice Center | 2010 |
| **Watertown Shamrocks** | Watertown | NAHL | Prairie Lakes Ice Arena | 2024 |

### Timeline

**Active**     **Active (out of state)**

## Players

In spite of the state not having an established ice hockey team for decades, South Dakota has a very high level of engagement with the sport. While less 3,000 residents were registered with USA Hockey in 2023, the population percentage of 0.339% placed South Dakota at 13th in the nation, ahead of 'traditional' hockey states like New York and Pennsylvania. While several collegiate players have hailed from South Dakota over the years, no player from South Dakota has yet to achieve a significant level of notoriety.

## InfoBox

| Ice hockey in South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of South Dakota | |
| Country | United States |
| Governing body | USA Hockey |
| National team(s) | Men's national team <br>Women's national team |
| First played | 1999 |
| Club competitions | |
| List | |


title: Idesia

abstract: - Idesia as established by Scopoli is a suppressed name; see Diospyros. Idesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, comprising the single species Idesia polycarpa. It is native to eastern Asia in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching a height of 8–21 m, with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter with smooth greyish-green bark. The shoots are greyish-brown, stout, with a thick pith core. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, 8–20 cm long and 7–20 cm broad, with a red 4–30 cm petiole bearing two or more glands; the leaves are dark green above, glaucous below, and have a coarsely serrated margin. The flowers are small, yellowish green, fragrant, and born in panicles 13–30 cm long. It is dioecious with male and female flowers on separate trees; the male flowers are 12–16 mm diameter, the female flowers 9 mm diameter. The fruit is a berry 5–10 mm diameter, ripening orange to dark purple-red, containing several 2–3 mm brown seeds, and often persisting until the following spring.

text:
# Idesia

**Idesia** *as established by Scopoli is a suppressed name; see* Diospyros.

***Idesia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly placed in the family Flacourtiaceae), comprising the single species ***Idesia polycarpa***. It is native to eastern Asia in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

It is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching a height of 8–21 m, with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter with smooth greyish-green bark. The shoots are greyish-brown, stout, with a thick pith core. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, 8–20 cm long and 7–20 cm broad, with a red 4–30 cm petiole bearing two or more glands; the leaves are dark green above, glaucous below, and have a coarsely serrated margin. The flowers are small, yellowish green, fragrant, and born in panicles 13–30 cm long. It is dioecious with male and female flowers on separate trees; the male flowers are 12–16 mm diameter, the female flowers 9 mm diameter. The fruit is a berry 5–10 mm diameter, ripening orange to dark purple-red, containing several 2–3 mm brown seeds, and often persisting until the following spring.

## Cultivation and uses

The fruit is edible either raw or cooked.

The species is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in other temperate regions including Europe.

Media related to Idesia polycarpa at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Idesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Idesia polycarpa* leaves and fruit | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Subfamily: | Salicoideae |
| Tribe: | Saliceae |
| Genus: | *Idesia*
Maxim. |
| Species: | ***I. polycarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idesia polycarpa***
Maxim. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cathayeia* Ohwi | |


title: Ibran Mustafić

abstract: Ibran Mustafić, is a Bosnian politician in the Party of Democratic Action party (SDA), and a former soldier in the Bosnian Army. He is the author of Planirani Haos 1990–1996, a book about events in besieged Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. He was arrested in 1996 by the Republika Srpska authorities as the third on the list of war crimes perpetrators from Srebrenica. The RS wanted to exchange him for Aleksa Krsmanović. He was released a year later. He accused the Bosnian government of ordering attacks against Serbs within the U.N. safe area so any Serb response would lead the Muslims "into a catastrophe". He also asserts that the Clinton administration was complicit in the Srebrenica massacre by watching and not doing anything to stop it. In 2008, he was attacked and beaten by unidentified youngsters in Srebrenica.

text:
# Ibran Mustafić

**Ibran Mustafić** (born 25 July 1960), is a Bosnian politician in the Party of Democratic Action party (SDA), and a former soldier in the Bosnian Army. He is the author of *Planirani Haos 1990–1996* ("Planned Chaos"), a book about events in besieged Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. He was arrested in 1996 by the Republika Srpska authorities as the third on the list of war crimes perpetrators from Srebrenica. The RS wanted to exchange him for Aleksa Krsmanović. He was released a year later.

He accused the Bosnian government of ordering attacks against Serbs within the U.N. safe area so any Serb response would lead the Muslims "into a catastrophe". He also asserts that the Clinton administration was complicit in the Srebrenica massacre by watching and not doing anything to stop it. In 2008, he was attacked and beaten by unidentified youngsters in Srebrenica.


abstract: The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District

The **Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District** is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## History and architectural features

This district includes fifty-one contributing buildings and two contributing structures that are located in the central business district of Oil City. It primarily includes commercial buildings that were designed in a variety of popular architectural styles, including Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, and Italianate. Notable buildings include the General Telephone Company Building (1942), Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (1924), the Oil City Boiler Works, Downs Block (1894), Veach Block (1896, 1913), the Drake Building (1928), and the Oil City National Bank (1926).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Seneca Street, looking south | |
|  | |
| Location | Generally along Seneca, Center, Elm, Sycamore, Duncomb, and Main Sts., Oil City, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 41°26′08″N 79°42′31″W / 41.43556°N 79.70861°W / 41.43556; -79.70861 |
| Area | 25 acres (10 ha) |
| Built | 1870 |
| Architect | Bailey, Emmett E.; Bresnot, Joseph P. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Romanesque, Italianate |
| MPS | Oil Industry Resources in Western Pennsylvania MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001250 |
| Added to NRHP | October 24, 1997 |


title: Oil megaprojects (2014)

abstract: This page summarizes projects that propose to bring more than 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m⁳/d) of new liquid fuel capacity to market with the first production of fuel beginning in 2014. This is part of the Wikipedia summary of Oil Megaprojects.

text:
# Oil megaprojects (2014)

This page summarizes projects that propose to bring more than 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m3/d) of new liquid fuel capacity to market with the first production of fuel beginning in 2014. This is part of the Wikipedia summary of Oil Megaprojects.

| Overview | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Detailed list of projects for 2014

**Terminology**

* **Year Startup**: year of first oil. put specific date if available.
* **Operator**: company undertaking the project.
* **Area**: onshore (LAND), offshore (OFF), offshore deep water (ODW), tar sands (TAR).
* **Type**: liquid category (i.e. Natural Gas Liquids, Natural gas condensate, Crude oil)
* **Grade**: oil quality (light, medium, heavy, sour) or API gravity
* **2P resvs**: 2P (proven + probable) oil reserves in giga barrels (Gb).
* **GOR**: The ratio of produced gas to produced oil, commonly abbreviated GOR.
* **Peak year**: year of the production plateau/peak.
* **Peak**: maximum production expected (thousand barrels/day).
* **Discovery**: year of discovery.
* **Capital investment**: expected capital cost; FID (Final Investment Decision) - If no FID, then normally no project development contracts can be awarded. For many projects, a FEED stage (Front End Engineering Design) precedes the FID.
* **Notes**: comments about the project (footnotes).
* **Ref**: list of sources.

| Country | Project Name | Year startup | Operator | Area | Type | Grade | 2P resvs | GOR | Peak Year | Peak | Discovery | Capital Inv. | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **OPEC** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Algeria | Bir Seba | 2014 | PVEP Joint |  | Crude |  | 0.180 |  | 2014 | 20 |  |  |  |  |
| Algeria | Gassi Touil | 2014 | Sonatrach | LAND | Condensate |  |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |
| Algeria | Takouazet | 2014 | Rosneft |  | Crude |  |  |  | 2014 | 50 |  |  |  |  |
| Algeria | Hassi Messaoud(Hassi Ferfa + Hassi Dzabat) | 2014 | Sonatrach |  | Crude |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  |  |
| Angola | Block 14 Lucapa | 2014 | Chevron | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 100 | 2006 |  |  |  |
| Angola | Block 14 Malange Pinda | 2014 | Chevron | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 40 | 2007 |  |  |  |
| Angola | Block 17 CLOV (Cravo; Lirio; Orquidea; Violeta) | 2014 | Total | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  |  |
| Angola | West Hub project (Sangos; N'Goma; Cinguvu) | 2014 | Eni | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  |
| Iran | Ferdows Golshan | 2014 | SKS Ventures |  | NGL |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |
| Iran | Kharg NGL | 2014 | NIOC | LAND | NGL |  |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  |  |
| Iran | South Pars Ph 12 | 2014 | Petropars |  | NGL |  |  |  | 2014 | 110 |  |  |  |  |
| Nigeria | Bonga NW | 2014 | Shell |  | Crude | Light | 0.600 |  |  | 40 | 1998/2001 |  |  |  |
| Nigeria | Escravos Gas to Liquids Plant | 2014 | Chevron |  | NGL |  |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |
| Nigeria | Etim/Asasa Pressure Maintenance | 2014 | ExxonMobil |  | Crude |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |
| Qatar | Pearl GTL Phase II | 2014 | Shell |  | Products | Diesel |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |
| Qatar | Pearl NGL Phase II | 2014 | Shell |  | NGL |  |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
| Saudi Arabia | Shaybah Ph 3 | 2014 | Saudi Aramco | LAND | Crude | Extra Light |  |  |  | 0 |  |  | No FID 250 kbd |  |
| UAE | North East Bab EOR | 2014 | ADNOC | LAND | Crude |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  |  |
| **Non-OPEC** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Australia | Balnaves Development Project | 2014 | Apache Energy/KUFPAC | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |
| Australia | Coniston Oil Field Project | 2014 | Apache Energy/Inpex | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | Expansion |  |
| Australia | Ichthys | 2014 | Inpex | ODW | NGL |  | 0.527 |  |  | 100 | 2000 |  | FEED/No FID |  |
| Brazil | Marlim Sul Module 4 | 2014 | Petrobras | ODW |  | heavy |  |  |  | 0 |  |  | No FID 100 kbd |  |
| Brazil | Iara | 2014 | Petrobras | ODW |  |  |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |
| Brazil | Sapinhoa Norte | 09/2014 | Petrobras | ODW | Crude |  |  |  |  | 150 |  |  | Previously called Guara |  |
| Brazil | Cernambi Sul | 10/2014 | Petrobras | ODW | Crude | 32 API | 1.8 |  |  | 150 |  |  | Previously called Iracema |  |
| Canada | AOSP Jackpine Mine (Ph 1B) | 2014 | Albian Sands | LAND | Bitumen | TAR |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |
| Canada | Jackpine Mine (Ph 2) | 2014 | Albian Sands | LAND | Bitumen | Oil Sands |  |  |  | 0 |  |  | No FID 100 kbd |  |
| Canada | Fort Hills Mine (Ph 3-4) | 2014 | Petro-Canada/UTS /Teck Cominco | LAND | Bitumen | Oil Sands |  |  |  | 0 |  | 90 kbd suspended | Mining/Upgrading/Approved |  |
| Canada | Joslyn Ph 1 (Deer Creek) | 2014 | Total |  | Bitumen |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |
| Canada | Long Lake Upgrader Ph 2 | 2014 | OPTI /Nexen | LAND | Bitumen | Oil Sands |  |  |  | 60 |  |  | Mining/Upgrading/Approved |  |
| Canada | Sunrise Ph 2 | 2014 | Husky Energy |  | Oil sands | Bitumen | 1.0-2.2 |  |  | 0 |  |  | SAGD No FID |  |
| Kazakhstan | Karachaganak Phase III | 2014 | BG/Eni | LAND | Crude |  |  |  | 2015 | 120 | 1979 |  | No FID |  |
| Mexico | (Chicontepec) Exp 2 | 2014 | Pemex | LAND |  | Heavy | 2.287 |  | 2020 | 200 |  |  |  |  |
| Russia | Vladimir Filanovsky | 2014 | Lukoil | LAND |  |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  |  |
| United States | Alaska Gas (Point Thomson) | 2014 | ExxonMobil | LAND | Condensate |  | 0.2 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
| United States | Puma | 2014 | BP | ODW | Crude |  | 0.2 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |
| United States | Tubular Bells | 2014 | BP | ODW | Crude |  | 0.2 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |
| United States | Jack | 2014 | Chevron | ODW | Crude |  | 0.2 |  |  | 170 |  |  |  |  |


title: Odessa Township, Jewell County, Kansas

abstract: Odessa Township is a township in Jewell County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 34.

text:
# Odessa Township, Jewell County, Kansas

**Odessa Township** is a township in Jewell County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 34.

## Geography

Odessa Township covers an area of 35.88 square miles (92.94 square kilometers); of this, 0.01 square miles (0.02 square kilometers) or 0.02 percent is water. The stream of Porcupine Creek runs through this township.

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Cemeteries

Odessa Cemetery (south of Odessa United Methodist Church)

### Adjacent townships

## InfoBox

| Odessa Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Jewell County | |
| Coordinates: 39°42′02″N 98°27′21″W / 39.70056°N 98.45583°W / 39.70056; -98.45583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Jewell |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.88 sq mi (92.94 km2) |
| Land | 35.87 sq mi (92.91 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)  0.02% |
| Elevation | 1,821 ft (555 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 34 |
| Density | 0.9/sq mi (0.4/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0472082 |


title: Ol' Man River

abstract: "Ol' Man River" is a show tune from the 1927 musical Show Boat with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, who wrote the song in 1925. The song contrasts the struggles and hardships of African Americans with the endless, uncaring flow of the Mississippi River. It is sung from the point of view of a black stevedore on a showboat, and is the most famous song from the show. The song is meant to be performed in a slow tempo; it is sung complete once in the musical's lengthy first scene by the stevedore "Joe" who travels with the boat, and, in the stage version, is heard four more times in brief reprises. Joe serves as a sort of musical one-man Greek chorus, and the song, when reprised, comments on the action, as if saying, "This has happened, but the river keeps rolling on anyway." The song is notable for several aspects: the lyrical pentatonic-scale melody, the subjects of toil and social class, the metaphor to the Mississippi, and as a bass solo. Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra had a hit recording of the song in early 1928, in a much faster tempo than Kern and Hammerstein intended, featuring Bing Crosby on vocals and Bix Beiderbecke on cornet. A second version was recorded on March 1, with Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra and bass singer Paul Robeson on vocals, sung in a dance tempo. The latter was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006, and a 1936 rendition by Robeson also finished No. 24 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs 2004 survey of top tunes in American cinema. Its musical composition entered the public domain on January 1, 2023.

text:
# Ol' Man River

"**Ol' Man River**" is a show tune from the 1927 musical *Show Boat* with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, who wrote the song in 1925. The song contrasts the struggles and hardships of African Americans with the endless, uncaring flow of the Mississippi River. It is sung from the point of view of a black stevedore on a showboat, and is the most famous song from the show. The song is meant to be performed in a slow tempo; it is sung complete once in the musical's lengthy first scene by the stevedore "Joe" who travels with the boat, and, in the stage version, is heard four more times in brief reprises. Joe serves as a sort of musical one-man Greek chorus, and the song, when reprised, comments on the action, as if saying, "This has happened, but the river keeps rolling on anyway."

The song is notable for several aspects: the lyrical pentatonic-scale melody, the subjects of toil and social class, the metaphor to the Mississippi, and as a bass solo (rare in musicals, solos for baritones or tenors being more common).

Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra had a hit recording of the song in early 1928, in a much faster tempo than Kern and Hammerstein intended, featuring Bing Crosby on vocals and Bix Beiderbecke on cornet. A second version was recorded on March 1, with Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra and bass singer Paul Robeson on vocals, sung in a dance tempo. The latter was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006, and a 1936 rendition by Robeson also finished No. 24 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs 2004 survey of top tunes in American cinema. Its musical composition entered the public domain on January 1, 2023.

## Early versions

The song was first performed in the original stage production of *Show Boat* on December 27, 1927, by Jules Bledsoe, who also sang it in the part-talkie 1929 film, although that film version had little to do with the stage musical. Bledsoe also recorded the song years later. However, the most famous rendition of it, one that is still noted today, was sung by Paul Robeson in James Whale's classic 1936 film version of *Show Boat*. The role of Joe in the musical was originally written with Robeson in mind, but Robeson declined the role in the 1927 production due to scheduling conflict. Robeson, however, accepted the role for its 1928 London production and 1932 Broadway revival. He also performed the song three times in the show instead of the one originally written. In New York, Bhupen Hazarika befriended him, who influenced him. He used music as the “instrument of social change” following the path of Paul Robeson who once told him about his guitar - “Guitar is not a musical instrument, it is a social instrument.” His song *Bistirno Dupare* which is based on the tune, imagery and theme of Robeson's *Ol' Man River*. This song is translated in various Indian languages, including Bengali and Hindi and sung by the artist himself, and is still popular.

The first known recording of the song was by "Kenn" Sisson and His Orchestra, recorded on December 27, 1927, with Irving Kaufman on vocals. Robeson recorded the song with Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra in 1928, and multiple times in the 1930s.

From the show's opening number "Cotton Blossom", the notes in the phrase "Cotton Blossom, Cotton Blossom" are the same notes as those in the phrase "Ol' Man River, dat Ol' Man River," but inverted. However, "Cotton Blossom" was written first, and "Ol' Man River" was written only after Kern and Hammerstein realized they needed a song to end the first scene in the show. Hammerstein decided to use the idea of the Mississippi River as a basis for the song and told Kern to use the melody that the stevedores sang in "Cotton Blossom" but invert some of it, and slow down the tempo. This inversion gave "Ol' Man River" a tragic quality.

## Robeson's alterations to song lyrics

Beginning about 1938 to the end of his career, Paul Robeson changed a few of the lyrics of "Ol' Man River" when singing it at recitals but never in actual stage performances of *Show Boat* and not in the 1936 film version. (In addition to the 1928 and 1932 stage productions as well as the 1936 film version, he appeared in a Los Angeles stage revival in 1940.) Except for the change of the word "niggers" to "darkies", the lyrics of the song as Robeson performed it in the 1936 film version of the show remain exactly as Oscar Hammerstein II originally wrote them in 1927. However, after 1938, Robeson would record the song only with the lyrics that he had used in his post-1936 concert recitals.

In the 1978 one-man play *Paul Robeson*, by Phillip Hayes Dean, there is a (perhaps fictitious) reference to the change in the lyrics - an unseen interviewer asks Robeson (played by James Earl Jones) about the original lyrics, and he responds "No, I don't sing it that way anymore".

In the 1951 film version of *Show Boat*, as well as the 1962 studio recording and the 1966 Lincoln Center revival of the show, William Warfield sang only the introductory verse and the lyrics to the main section of the song, and omitted what could be considered a controversial section, in contrast to both Jules Bledsoe (who sang it in the prologue to the 1929 film version) and Robeson (who sang the whole song in the 1936 film). The section that Warfield omitted begins:

*Niggers all work on de Mississippi,* *Niggers all work while de white folks play*...

In the 1936 film, the word "niggers" was changed to "darkies". Ever since the 1946 revival, the term has been changed to "colored folks", although there have been revivals that change the lines to *Here we all work on de Mississippi,/ Here we all work while de white folks play*. Al Jolson sang a version starting with "lots of folks work on the Mississippi." Also, the phrase "feared of dyin' " (rather than "skeered of dyin' ") has been sung in some recordings, notably Lawrence Tibbett's 1930s version, Gordon MacRae's 1950s version (first heard on *The Railroad Hour*), and Frank Sinatra's 1946 performance, first heard in the film *Till the Clouds Roll By*.

Robeson's own 1938 changes in the lyrics of the song are as follows:

* Instead of "Dere's an ol' man called de Mississippi, / Dat's de ol' man that I'd like to be...", Robeson sang "There's an ol' man called the Mississippi, / That's the ol' man I don't like to be"..."
* Instead of "Tote that barge! / Lift that bale! / Git a little drunk, / An' you land in jail...", Robeson sang "Tote that barge and lift dat bale!/ You show a little grit / And you lands in jail.."
* Instead of "Ah gits weary / An' sick of tryin'; / Ah'm tired of livin' / An skeered of dyin', / But Ol' Man River, / He jes' keeps rolling along!", Robeson sang "But I keeps laffin'/ Instead of cryin' / I must keep fightin'; / Until I'm dyin', / And Ol' Man River, / He'll just keep rollin' along!" In Scene 7 of Act II of the show, Joe does sing this verse, but rather than singing "I must keep fightin' until I'm dyin", sings "I must keep livin' until I'm dyin,/ But Ol' Man River,/ He jes' keeps rollin' along!" According to the 1988 EMI album of *Show Boat*, these are Hammerstein's authentic lyrics for this reprise.

In recitals and in several of his many recordings of the song, Robeson also omitted the controversial section "Niggers all work on de Mississippi...", etc., with its middle portion "Don't look up/ An' don't look down/ You don't dast make / De white boss frown", etc., as well as its concluding "Lemme go ' way from de Mississippi/ Lemme go ' way from de white man boss, etc." . However, Robeson did include a portion of these lyrics in the 1932 4-record 78 rpm album of selections from *Show Boat*.

Gordon MacRae's version of the song, as performed on *The Railroad Hour* radio program (late 1940s or 1950s), changed the phrase "white man boss" to "big man boss".

The Temptations, in their rendition on *The Temptations in a Mellow Mood* (1967), changed any references to the "white man boss" to "rich man boss", as well as "Here we all work while the white boys play" to "Here we all work while the rich boys play".

In 1988, EMI/Angel Records issued a 3-CD set of the complete score of *Show Boat*, starring Frederica Von Stade, Jerry Hadley, Teresa Stratas, and Bruce Hubbard, conducted by John McGlinn. On this album, the original 1927 lyrics of *Ol' Man River* were heard for the first time on a high fidelity stereo recording.

While Robeson's changes to the lyrics were mostly sung by himself, Leon and Eric Bibb together sang a changed version in their 2006 tribute album *Praising Peace: A Tribute to Paul Robeson*, and a clip exists of William Warfield singing the song with the changes that Robeson incorporated into it.

* Spirituals – also known as Negro spirituals - is a genre of songs originating in the US and created by African-Americans describing the hardships of slavery
* *That Lucky Old Sun* – a country-western song addressing similar themes and popularized by Frankie Laine

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| "Ol' Man River" | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheet music for the song | |
| Single by Paul Whiteman and His Concert Orchestra with Paul Robeson and Mixed Chorus | |
| Written | 1925 |
| Published | 1927 T. B. Harms Co. |
| Released | May 1927 |
| Recorded | March 1, 1928 |
| Studio | Liederkranz Hall, New York City |
| Genre | Show tune |
| Label | Victor 35912 |
| Composer(s) | Jerome Kern |
| Lyricist(s) | Oscar Hammerstein II |


title: Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger

abstract: Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger is an anthology of ten original Paul Bunyan tall tales: it was written and illustrated by Glen Rounds, and published by Holiday House in 1936. Upon its publication, Kirkus Reviews praised it, saying that "there's a harmony about this book -- the telling of familiar episodes from the Paul Bunyan legend, the homespun look of the paper, the virility of the line illustrations.... [A] book to read aloud." It was one of the seventeen books selected in the inaugural class of Lewis Carroll Shelf Award recipients in 1958.

text:
# Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger

***Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger*** is an anthology of ten original Paul Bunyan tall tales: it was written and illustrated by Glen Rounds, and published by Holiday House in 1936. Upon its publication, Kirkus Reviews praised it, saying that "there's a harmony about this book -- the telling of familiar episodes from the Paul Bunyan legend, the homespun look of the paper, the virility of the line illustrations. . . . \[A\] book to read aloud." It was one of the seventeen books selected in the inaugural class of Lewis Carroll Shelf Award recipients in 1958.


title: Oirata (moth)

abstract: Oirata is a genus of moths in the family Pterophoridae.

text:
# Oirata (moth)

***Oirata*** is a genus of moths in the family Pterophoridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oirata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Tribe: | Pterophorini |
| Genus: | *Oirata*<br>Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, 2002 |
|


title: Oklahoma State Highway 30

abstract: State Highway 30 is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs 84.4 miles (135.8 km) south-to-north along the western edge of the state, from U.S. Highway 62 (US-62) in Hollis to the town of Durham, two miles (3 km) north of SH-33. It passes through Harmon, Beckham and Roger Mills counties. SH-30 does not have any letter-suffixed spur routes branching from it. The SH-30 designation dates back to March 31, 1936, when it spanned from Erick to Sweetwater. The highway gradually evolved over the years, reaching its current form in 1970.

text:
# Oklahoma State Highway 30

**State Highway 30** (abbreviated **SH-30**) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs 84.4 miles (135.8 km) south-to-north along the western edge of the state, from U.S. Highway 62 (US-62) in Hollis to the town of Durham, two miles (3 km) north of SH-33. It passes through Harmon, Beckham and Roger Mills counties. SH-30 does not have any letter-suffixed spur routes branching from it.

The SH-30 designation dates back to March 31, 1936, when it spanned from Erick to Sweetwater. The highway gradually evolved over the years, reaching its current form in 1970.

## Route description

SH-30 begins at US-62 in Hollis, the seat of Harmon County. It travels north through very sparsely populated terrain to the unincorporated settlement of McKnight, about six miles (9.7 km) north of Hollis. North of McKnight, the highway crosses the Salt Fork of the Red River. SH-30 has a junction with SH-9, nine miles (14 km) north of McKnight. For the next 22 miles (35 km) through rural Western Oklahoma, SH-30 roughly parallels the Texas state line, lying generally about five miles (8.0 km) west of it. The highway bridges over the Elm Fork of the Red River about two miles (3.2 km) before crossing into Beckham County.

Two miles (3.2 km) west of Erick, SH-30 intersects Interstate 40 Business. SH-30 begins a concurrency with the business loop, traveling east into the town. In Erick, SH-30 turns back to the north, interchanging with Interstate 40, then crossing the North Fork of the Red River and running through the unincorporated settlement of Mayfield. About fifteen miles (24 km) north of Erick, it comes to an intersection with SH-152 in Sweetwater. At this point, it crosses into Roger Mills County.

From Sweetwater, SH-30 travels north for fourteen miles (23 km) to SH-47, which it joins for three miles (4.8 km), to the town of Reydon. Leaving Reydon, SH-30 continues alone across the Black Kettle National Grassland, continuing north for twelve miles (19 km) to its junction with SH-33. After crossing SH-33, SH-30 continues on for two miles (3.2 km) to its terminus at a local road at Durham.

## History

State Highway 30 was added to the highway system on March 31, 1936. At this time, SH-30 began at US-66 in Erick and ended at what was then numbered SH-41 (present-day SH-152) in Sweetwater. On November 18, the highway was extended west along US-66, then south, setting its southern terminus at its present location at US-62 in Hollis. The 1937 state highway map was the first to show SH-30.

The following year, a large portion of the highway was removed from the state highway system. On October 19, 1937, between the SH-9 junction and US-66, the route ceased to be maintained by the Department of Highways. SH-30 still appeared as such on the 1938 state highway map, but with dashed lines, indicating the route was not maintained. By the 1940 edition, SH-30 was not marked at all on the map between just north of SH-9 to US-66 west of Erick. As a result, SH-30 was effectively in two sections, one running from Hollis to SH-9, and another between Erick and Sweetwater.

On April 14, 1941, the southern SH-30 was extended further to the south. The highway proceeded east from Hollis along US-62, then, at Gould, turned south along what was previously an unnumbered farm-to-market road. The route turned back east to end at SH-34 and SH-44 in Eldorado. This extension encompassed all of the present-day western SH-5. By January 1942, however, this extension of SH-30 would be split off to form the new SH-90.

The two sections of SH-30 were reunited on August 13, 1945, with the reincorporation of the SH-9 to Erick stretch into the route. The newly-continuous highway was extended north three months later on November 21, when it was extended north of Sweetwater for the first time, ending in Reydon (concurrent with SH-47). On February 7, 1955, SH-30 was extended north to Durham.

From the late 1950s through the 1960s, SH-30 extended south to the Texas state line. On February 18, 1958, the highway was extended to run west along US-62, then split off to the south two miles (3.2 km) east of the north–south Texas state line. The highway then ended at a bridge over the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River, the southern Oklahoma–Texas boundary. The route was truncated back to Hollis on March 2, 1970.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harmon | Hollis | 0.0 | 0.0 | US 62 | Southern terminus |
| |  | 15.1 | 24.3 | SH-9 |  |
| Beckham |  | 37.0 | 59.5 | I-40 BL | Western end of I-40 Bus. concurrency |
| | Erick | 39.07 | 62.88 | I-40 BL | Eastern end of I-40 Bus. concurrency |
| | 39.95 | 64.29 | I-40 | Interchange, I-40 exit 7 |
| Roger Mills | Sweetwater | 54.50 | 87.71 | SH-152 |  |
| | Rankin | 68.56 | 110.34 | SH-47 | Southern end of SH-47 concurrency |
| | Reydon | 71.43 | 114.96 | SH-47 | Northern end of SH-47 concurrency |
| |  | 82.46 | 132.71 | SH-33 |  |
| | Durham | 84.45 | 135.91 | E0810 Road | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Oklahoma State Highway 30KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 30 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 84.4 mi (135.8 km) |
| Existed | March 31, 1936–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 62 in Hollis |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | Durham |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Oklahoma State Highway System** | |
| SH-29   SH-31 | |


title: Oligodon waandersi

abstract: Bleeker's kukri snake is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

text:
# Oligodon waandersi

**Bleeker's kukri snake** (***Oligodon waandersi***) is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

## Geographic range

The snake is found in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Oligodon waandersi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Oligodon* |
| Species: | ***O. waandersi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oligodon waandersi***
(Bleeker, 1860) | |
|


title: Olaf Carlson-Wee

abstract: Olaf Carlson-Wee is an American entrepreneur and the CEO of cryptocurrency fund Polychain Capital, which he founded in 2016. He was the first employee of Coinbase. Carlson-Wee was named in the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in 2018. Carlson-Wee has two brothers, who are both poets: Kai Carlson-Wee and Anders Carlson-Wee.

text:
# Olaf Carlson-Wee

**Olaf Carlson-Wee** (born 1989) is an American entrepreneur and the CEO of cryptocurrency fund Polychain Capital, which he founded in 2016. He was the first employee of Coinbase. Carlson-Wee was named in the *Forbes* 30 Under 30 list in 2018.

Carlson-Wee has two brothers, who are both poets: Kai Carlson-Wee and Anders Carlson-Wee.

## Career

After graduating from Vassar College in 2012, he joined the cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase in 2013 as the first employee of the company. He was paid in bitcoins for three years.

He left Coinbase and founded Polychain Capital, a cryptocurrency investment firm, in 2016. The firm secured investments from venture capital firms Sequoia Capital, Union Square Ventures and Founders Fund. Polychain claimed $1 billion in assets in 2017 but the total dropped to $592 million at the end of 2018 as the value of its holdings fell. The firm managed assets worth $4 billion in April 2021.

In July 2017, Carlson-Wee appeared on the cover of *Forbes* with the cover line, "Craziest Bubble Ever". In 2018, he was named in the *Forbes* 30 Under 30 list. He featured in Fortune magazine's *40 Under 40* in 2018.

Carlson-Wee was again profiled as part of Forbes’s Blockchain 50 2022 and in a related Forbes video feature.

In a 2022 interview with David Pearce for Interview Magazine, Carlson-Wee discussed his ambitions to improve the world through technology following his success in the cryptocurrency sector, stating that his aim is to address the deepest problems of the human condition through technological advancements.

## InfoBox

| Olaf Carlson-Wee | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1989 (age 3435)<br>Northfield, Minnesota, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Vassar College |
| Occupation | Entrepreneur |


title: WWF International Tag Team Championship

abstract: The WWF International Tag Team Championship was a tag team championship in the World Wide Wrestling Federation from 1969 to 1972 and in the renamed World Wrestling Federation and New Japan Pro-Wrestling for a short time in 1985.

text:
# WWF International Tag Team Championship

The **WWF International Tag Team Championship** was a tag team championship in the World Wide Wrestling Federation from 1969 to 1972 and in the renamed World Wrestling Federation and New Japan Pro-Wrestling for a short time in 1985.

## Reigns

Over the championship's 16-year history, there were eight reigns between seven teams composed of 13 individual champions. The Rising Suns (Mitsu Arakawa and Toru Tanaka) were the inaugural champions. As a team, The Mongols (Bepo and Geeto) has the most reigns at two times, while individually, Geeto has the most reigns at three times. The Mongols' first reign was the longest at 368 days, while Bruno Sammartino and Dominic DeNucci's reign was the shortest at 14 days. Tarzan Tyler was the oldest champion at 43 years old, while Bepo was the youngest at 22 years old.

Kengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami were the final champions with a reign that lest for 159 days, before the title was deactivated for the second time in its history.

### Names

| Name | Years |
| --- | --- |
| WWWF International Tag Team Championship | June 1, 1969 – 1972 |
| WWF International Tag Team Championship | May 24, 1985 – October 31, 1985 |

Key
| No. | Overall reign number |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific team—reign numbers for the individuals are in parentheses, if different |
| Days | Number of days held |
|  | Championship change is unrecognized by the promotion |

| No. | Champion | Championship change | | | Reign statistics | | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | | |
| 1 | The Rising Suns
(Mitsu Arakawa and Toru Tanaka) | June 1, 1969 |  | Japan | 1 | 190 | Were announced as having won a (fictitious) tournament in Japan to become the first champions. |  |
| 2 | Tony Marino and Victor Rivera | December 9, 1969 | House show | New York, NY | 1 | 188 | This was a two-out-of-three falls match. |  |
|  | Bruno Sammartino and The Battman | December 13, 1969 | House Show | Pittsburgh, PA | 1 |  | Defeat the Rising Suns (Mitsu Arakawa and Toru Tanaka) to win the championship; the title change four days prior in New York City was not recognized in Pittsburgh. Despite this match, Victor Rivera and Tony Marino continued to be recognized as champions in all areas of the WWWF territory outside of Pittsburgh. |  |
| 3 | The Mongols
(Bepo and Geto) | June 15, 1970 | House show | New York, NY | 1 | 368 | This was a two-out-of-three falls match. The Mongols began defending the championship solely in Pittsburgh beginning in February 1971. |  |
| 4 | Bruno Sammartino (2) and Dominic DeNucci | June 18, 1971 | House show | Pittsburgh, PA | 1 | 14 | This was a two-out-of-three falls match. |  |
| 5 | The Mongols
(Bepo and Geeto) | July 2, 1971 | House Show | Pittsburgh, PA | 2 | 133 |  |  |
| 6 | Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler | November 12, 1971 | House Show | Pittsburgh, PA | 1 | 36 | Graham and Tyler additionally held the WWWF World Tag Team Championship during this reign, having previously won that title on June 3, 1971. |  |
| 7 | Geeto Mongol (3) and Johnny DeFazio | December 18, 1971 | House show | Pittsburgh, PA | 1 | 197 |  |  |
|  | Deactivated | July 2, 1972 |  |  |  |  | The championship was abandoned when the WWWF's local Pittsburgh partner promotion was sold to the National Wrestling Federation. |  |
| 8 | Kengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami | May 24, 1985 | IWGP and WWF Championship Series | Kobe, Japan | 1 | 159 | Defeated Adrian Adonis and Dick Murdoch in a tournament final to win the revived championship. |  |
|  | Deactivated | October 31, 1985 |  |  |  |  | The championship was abandoned when the WWF ended its partnership with NJPW. |  |

## Combined reigns

### By team

| Rank | Team | No. of
reigns | Combined
days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Mongols
(Bepo and Geeto) | 2 | 501 |
| 2 | The Rising Suns
(Mitsu Arakawa and Toru Tanaka) | 1 | 190 |
| 3 | Tony Marino and Victor Rivera | 1 | 188 |
| 4 | Kengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami | 1 | 159 |
| 5 | Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler | 1 | 36 |
| 6 | Bruno Sammartino and Dominic DeNucci | 1 | 14 |
| | Bepo Mongol and Johnny De Fazio | 1 | 14 |

### By wrestler

| Rank | Wrestler | No. of reigns | Combined days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Geeto | 3 | 698 |
| 2 | Bepo | 2 | 501 |
| 3 | Mitsu Arakawa | 1 | 190 |
| | Toru Tanaka | 1 | 190 |
| 5 | Tony Marino | 2 | 188 |
| 6 | Victor Rivera | 1 | 185 |
| 7 | Kengo Kimura | 1 | 159 |
| | Tatsumi Fujinami | 1 | 159 |
| 9 | Luke Graham | 1 | 36 |
| | Tarzan Tyler | 1 | 36 |
| 11 | Bruno Sammartino | 2 | 14 |
| | Dominic DeNucci | 1 | 14 |
| | Johnny De Fazio | 1 | 14 |
|

## Footnotes

1. The WWWF/WWF (now WWE) did not recognize the title reign of Bruno Sammartino and The Battman and instead recognized the reign of Sammartino and Dominic DeNucci as the shortest at 14 days.
1. Hoops, Brian (May 24, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history (May 24): Harley Race wins NWA title due to interesting circumstances, Ric Flair beats Kerry Von Erich in Japan". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 18, 2017.

## InfoBox

| WWF International Tag Team Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Promotion | World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation (WWWF/WWF)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) |
| Date established | June 1, 1969 (original)
May 24, 1985 (second) |
| Date retired | 1972 (original)
October 31, 1985 (second) |
| Other name(s) | |
| * WWWF International Tag Team Championship (1969-1972) * WWF International Tag Team Championship (1985) | |
| Statistics  First champion(s) Rising Suns
(Mitsu Arakawa and Toru Tanaka)  Final champion(s) Tatsumi Fujinami and Kengo Kimura  Most reigns As tag team (2 reigns): As individual (3 reigns):  Longest reign The Mongols
(Bepo and Geeto Mongol)
(1st reign, 368 days)  Shortest reign Bruno Sammartino and The Battman
(0 days)  Oldest champion Tarzan Tyler
(43 years, 343 days)  Youngest champion Bepo
(22 years, 244 days)  Heaviest champion The Mongols
(Bepo and Geto Mongol)
(563 lbs combined)  Lightest champion Kengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami
(463 lbs combined) | |


title: L. E. Modesitt Jr. bibliography

text:
# L. E. Modesitt Jr. bibliography

This is a complete list of works by American science fiction and fantasy author L. E. Modesitt Jr.

## Series

### Fantasy fiction series

#### The Saga of Recluce (internal chronological order)

1. *From the Forest* (2024)
2. *Overcaptain* (November 12, 2024)
3. *Sub-Majer's Challenge* (August 2025)
4. *Last of the First* (2025)
5. *Magi'i of Cyador* (2001)
6. *Scion of Cyador* (2001)
7. *Fall of Angels* (1996)
8. *The Chaos Balance* (1997)
9. *Arms-Commander* (2010)
10. *Cyador's Heirs* (2014)
11. *Heritage of Cyador* (2014)
12. *The Mongrel Mage* (2017)
13. *Outcasts of Order* (2018)
14. *The Mage-Fire War* (2019)
15. *Fairhaven Rising* (2021)
16. *The Towers of the Sunset* (1992)
17. *The White Order* (1998)
18. *The Magic Engineer* (1994)
19. *Colors of Chaos* (1999)
20. *Natural Ordermage* (2007)
21. *Mage-Guard of Hamor* (2008)
22. *The Order War* (1995)
23. *Wellspring of Chaos* (2004)
24. *Ordermaster* (2005)
25. *The Magic of Recluce* (1991)
26. *The Death of Chaos* (1995)

#### Spellsong Cycle

Set in the world of Erde, where song has magical power – and exacts a terrible price.

* *The Soprano Sorceress* (1997)
* *The Spellsong War* (1998)
* *Darksong Rising* (1999)
* *The Shadow Sorceress* (2001)
* *Shadowsinger* (2002)

#### The Corean Chronicles

Set on the world of Corus (or Acorus), where strange and dangerous beasts roam and people with magical Talent can perform astonishing feats.

* *Legacies* (2002)
* *Darknesses* (2003)
* *Scepters* (2004)
* *Alector's Choice* (2005)
* *Cadmian's Choice* (2006)
* *Soarer's Choice* (2006)
* *The Lord-Protector's Daughter* (2008)
* *Lady-Protector* (2011)

#### The Imager Portfolio

*The Imager Portfolio* is set on the world of Terahnar, where a small number of people are imagers, who have the power to create objects through visualization; if uncontrolled, imaging can lead to the death of the imager.

* *Imager* (2009), ISBN 0-7653-2034-7
* *Imager's Challenge* (2009), ISBN 0-7653-2126-2
* *Imager's Intrigue* (2010), ISBN 0-7653-2562-4
* *Scholar* (2011; new cast of characters, taking place, chronologically, before the first three books), ISBN 978-0-7653-2955-4
* *Princeps* (2012), ISBN 978-0-7653-3095-6
* *Imager’s Battalion* (2013), ISBN 978-0-7653-3283-7
* *Antiagon Fire* (2013), ISBN 978-0765-33457-2
* *Rex Regis* (2014), ISBN 978-0765-33634-7
* *Madness in Solidar* (2015), ISBN 978-0765-37985-6 (First in a set that takes place some 380 years after the Wars of Consolidation.)
* *Treachery’s Tools* (2016), ISBN 978-0-7653-8540-6
* *Assassin's Price* (2017), ISBN 978-0-7653-9047-9
* *Endgames* (2019), ISBN 978-1-250-29364-0

#### The Grand Illusion

* *Isolate* (2021)
* *Councilor* (2022)
* *Contrarian* (2023)
* *Legalist* (2025/2026?) Takes place more than 400 years before *Isolate*.

### Science fiction series

#### Timegod's World

Drawing on Norse legend, these books follow the story of the time-traveling Immortals of Query, and their two greatest heroes – who both save and doom their people

* *The Fires of Paratime* (1982; reprinted a *The Timegod* (1993))
* *Timediver's Dawn* (1992)
* *Timegod's World* (2001): Omnibus

#### The Forever Hero

In the far future, when Earth is a devastated ruin, an immortal is born, wishes one great wish, and takes on a great task

1. *Dawn for a Distant Earth* (1987)
2. *The Silent Warrior* (1987)
3. *In Endless Twilight* (1988)

* *The Forever Hero* (2000)—Omnibus, combines the above three books

#### The Ecolitan Institute novels (internal chronological order)

1. *The Ecolitan Operation* (1989)
2. *The Ecologic Secession* (1990)
3. *The Ecologic Envoy* (1986)
4. *The Ecolitan Enigma* (1997)

* *Empire & Ecolitan* (2001) Omnibus of *The Ecolitan Operation* and *The Ecologic Secession*
* *Ecolitan Prime* (2003) Omnibus of *The Ecologic Envoy* and *The Ecolitan Enigma*

#### Ghost Novels

SF/spy stories, set in an alternate world

* *Of Tangible Ghosts* (1994)
* *The Ghost of the Revelator* (1998)
* *Ghost of the White Nights* (2001)
* *Ghosts of Columbia* (2005): Omnibus, combining *Of Tangible Ghosts* and *The Ghost of the Revelator*

#### Parafaith Universe

#### Archform

## Non-series science fiction

## Collaborations

## Collections

* *Viewpoints Critical* (2008) – collection of short stories
* *Recluce Tales* (2017) - collection of short stories that take place in the Recluce world

## Short fiction

* "The Great American Economy" (1973), *Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact*, May 1973\**
* "A House by Any Other Name" (1974), *Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact*, November 1974
* "Came the Revolution" (1977), *Galaxy Science Fiction*, September 1977
* "Iron Man, Plastic Ships" (1979), *Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine*, Oct 1979\**
* "Power to...?" (1990), *Analog Science Fiction and Fact*, November 1990\**
* "Reaction Time" (1978), *Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact*, January 1978
* "Rule of Law" (1981), *Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact*, April 27, 1981\**
* "Second Coming" (1979), *Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine*, Spring 1979\**
* "Understanding" (2000), *On Spec*, Summer 2000\**
* "Viewpoint Critical" (1978), *Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact*, July 1978
* "Precision Set" (2001), *On Spec* Spring 2001\**
* "The Pilots (2002)", *In the Shadow of the Wall: Vietnam Stories that Might Have Been* (ed. Byron R. Tetrick)\**
* "The Dock to Heaven" (2003), *Low Port* (ed. Sharon Lee & Steve Miller)\**
* "The Swan Pilot" (2004), *Emerald Magic: Great Tales of Irish Fantasy* (ed. Andrew M. Greeley)\**
* "Fallen Angel" (2004), *Flights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy* (ed. Al Sarrantonio)\**
* "The Swan Pilot" (2004), *Emerald Magic* (ed. Andrew M. Greeley; Tor Books)\**
* "News Clips Recovered from the NYC Ruins" (2005), *The Leading Edge*, Brigham Young University Press\**
* "Ghost Mission" (2006), from *Slipstreams* (ed. Martin Greenberg and John Helfers) (DAW Books)\**
* "Sisters of Sarronnyn, Sisters of Westwind" (2006), *Jim Baen's Universe*, August 2006\**
* "Spec-Ops" (2007), *Future Weapons of War* (ed. Joe Haldeman and Martin Greenberg; Baen Books)\**
* "The Difference" (2007), *Man vs. Machine* (ed. Martin Greenberg and John Helfers; DAW Books)\**
* "Black Ordermage" (2008)\**
* "Beyond the Obvious Wind" (2008)\**
* "Always Outside the Lines" (2008)\**
* "Life-Suspension" (2009), *Federations* (ed. John Joseph Adams, Prime Books)
* "Astralis" (2009) Jim Baen's Universe January 2009
* "The Stranger" Speculative Horizons (ed. Patrick St-Denis) Subterranean Press 2010
* "New World Blues" Tor.com February 2012
* "The Bronze Man of Mars" 2012 Under the Moons of Mars (ed. John Joseph Adams) Simon & Schuster
* "A More Perfect Union" (2013), *The Mad Scientist's Guide to World Domination* (ed. John Joseph Adams)
* "Gold and Glory" 2017 All Hail Our Robot Conquerors (ed. Patricia Bray and Joshua Palmatier) ZNB Books
* "The Liberator" 2018 \[The Razor's Edge\] (ed. Troy Bucher and Joshua Palmatier) ZNB Books
* "The Fallen" 2020 Fantastic Hope (ed. Laurell K. Hamilton and William McCaskey) Berkley
* "Evanescence" 2020 Shapers of Worlds (ed. Edward Willett) Shadowpaw Press
* "The Unexpected Dachshund" Instinct:An Animal Rescuers Anthology (ed. L.J. Hachmeister) Source7 Productions

"Stories listed above marked with a double-asterisk are included in L. E. Modesitt, Jr., *Viewpoints Critical: Selected Stories* (New York: Tor Books, 2008), ISBN 978-0-7653-1857-2. The three stories dated 2008 appeared for the first time in this book.

## Short non-fiction

* Story Behind *Antiagon Fire* – "The Antiagon Fire That Almost Wasn't" (2013), from *Story Behind the Book: Volume 1*


title: Tsing Yi Swimming Pool

abstract: Tsing Yi Swimming Pool is a public swimming pool on Tsing Yi Island, New Territories, Hong Kong. It is near the east shore of the island, between Maritime Square and Tsing Yi Sports Ground. Currently, it is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of Hong Kong Government.

text:
# Tsing Yi Swimming Pool

| Tsing Yi Swimming Pool | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 青衣游泳池 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qīngyī yóuyǒngchí  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping cing1 ji1 jau4 wing6 ci4 | |
|  | |

**Tsing Yi Swimming Pool** (Chinese: 青衣游泳池) is a public swimming pool on Tsing Yi Island, New Territories, Hong Kong. It is near the east shore of the island, between Maritime Square and Tsing Yi Sports Ground. Currently, it is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of Hong Kong Government.

## History

The swimming pool was built and planned at the same time as the adjacent Tsing Yi Sports Ground. Both facilities were designed by the Architectural Services Department and planned by the former Regional Council. The site was also supposed to accommodate an indoor recreation centre, but it was thought that the development would be too cramped and so the centre was deleted from the plans in 1992.

The pool complex was designed with a capacity of 1,000 swimmers. It opened on 30 September 1996.

## Facilities

* Main pool (50 metres (160 ft))
* Teaching pool
* Leisure pool with water slides
* Spectator stand (covered, 974 seats)

## InfoBox

| Tsing Yi Swimming Pool | |
| --- | --- |
| Swimming pool entrance | |
|  | |
| 22°21′26″N 114°06′28″E / 22.35722°N 114.10778°E / 22.35722; 114.10778 | |
| Location | 51 Tsing King Road, Tsing Yi, Hong Kong |
| Opened | 30 September 1996 (1996-09-30) |
| Operated by | Leisure and Cultural Services Department |
| Type | Open air |
| Website | Official website |


title: Material Issue

abstract: Material Issue was an American power pop trio from Chicago, Illinois. The band's trademark is pop songs with themes of love and heartbreak. A number of their song titles used women's first names.

text:
# Material Issue

**Material Issue** was an American power pop trio from Chicago, Illinois. The band's trademark is pop songs with themes of love and heartbreak. A number of their song titles used women's first names.

## History

Material Issue was formed in 1985, led by frontman Jim Ellison, who played guitar, sang lead vocals, and wrote most of the band's songs. Ellison met bassist Ted Ansani while both were attending Columbia College Chicago in 1986. Drummer Mike Zelenko was found through an ad in the *Illinois Entertainer* later that year.

In 1987, Material Issue released an eponymous EP on their own label, Big Block. The label operated out of Ellison's bedroom at his parents' home in Addison, Illinois, and was named for the big block engines of the 1970s muscle cars Ellison loved. In 1988, their song "Sixteen Tambourines" appeared on *CMJ New Music Report'*s compilation and their music was described by *CMJ* as a "hooky brand of high-powered psycho-pop". In 1989, Material Issue released the single "Renee Remains The Same", which received heavy airplay around Chicago.

Over the next two years, the band toured extensively across the Midwest and recorded what would become their debut album *International Pop Overthrow*. The album was a compilation of various demos recorded between roughly 1988 and 1991 and produced by Jeff Murphy from the Chicago-area power pop band Shoes, and recorded at Short Order Recorder, their studio in Zion, Illinois. The album was released nationally in early 1991 and sold over 300,000 copies for Mercury Records. Their debut video for the single "Diane" appeared on MTV's *120 Minutes* in late December 1990. *International Pop Overthrow* had extensive national exposure with "Valerie Loves Me" and "Diane" and music critic Jae-Ha Kim declared "Simple Minds upstaged by Material Issue".

The band's follow up album, 1992's *Destination Universe*, was also produced by Jeff Murphy at Short Order Recorder, and included the single "What Girls Want" in addition to ballads such as "Next Big Thing" and "Everything". Material Issue continued to tour heavily across the country in support of both albums. The new album was not as well received by critics, nor did it sell as well as their first.

1994's *Freak City Soundtrack* featured the single "Kim The Waitress", a cover of a 1980s single by The Green Pajamas, and written by Jeff Kelly. *Freak City Soundtrack* sold fewer than 50,000 copies and Material Issue, feeling left behind by their label, parted ways with Mercury in early 1995.

Material Issue continued touring, selling out venues throughout the upper Midwest. In the summer of 1995 the band co-headlined the first Edgefest festival in Somerset, Wisconsin. In 1995, the group, with Liz Phair, recorded a cover of "The Tra La La Song" for the tribute album *Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits*, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. Throughout the remainder of 1995 and into 1996, Material Issue recorded a set of new songs with the intention of shopping them to a new label. However, Ellison died by suicide on June 20, 1996 by carbon monoxide poisoning in his garage. A note was found by police, the contents of which were not released publicly. The recordings from 1995 and 1996 were released posthumously on *Telecommando Americano* in 1997 by Rykodisc as the final Material Issue release, along with the band's six-song debut EP from 1987 as a bonus.

## Legacy

The legacy of Material Issue lives on in the International Pop Overthrow festival that plays in Los Angeles, New York City and Chicago each year. The IPO festival (renamed IPO from Poptopia in the late 90s to honor Material Issue) is the largest showcase of power pop music in the United States and brings in power pop bands from all over the world to showcase what is new in the world of power pop music.

Ted Ansani continues to work in the music business in Chicago and had played bass for several post-Material Issue projects and released his own solo EP in 2000 called *Throttle and Pistons - The Ted Ansani Project*. He has made several solo appearances in the last few years in and around Chicago and has also played the IPO festival when it has come to Chicago. His website carries the banner of the Material Issue legacy which reminds readers of Material Issue's place in rock history. Ansani is married with three children.

Mike Zelenko continues to play drums and has also played with several current Material Issue projects. He has drummed for Green, the Darlings and most recently Zelenko has been playing with a new power pop band from Chicago called The Ladies and Gentlemen.

In 2002, the song "Everything", from the *Destination Universe* album, was covered by the band Stereo Fuse and received moderate airplay on alternative radio.

The Tragically Hip song "Escape Is At Hand For The Travellin' Man", from the album *Phantom Power*, is a tribute to Ellison.

Australian power pop band the Pyramidiacs also released a tribute song to Ellison, entitled "Jim", on their 1997 album *Teeter Totter*.

Original drummer Danny Thompson is currently playing for punk rock band Face to Face and metal band the Uprising. The original bassist, Lance Tawzer, went on to form The Lupins (RCA Records) and wrote a song for the movie *Dumb and Dumber*; he married Q101 (WKQX) DJ Samantha James and they have two children.

In 2018, it was announced via Facebook that a feature-length documentary was in production with the band as the subject. The film entered post-production in August 2019. It is set to come out within the first half of 2021. The documentary will feature people like Rick Nielsen, Jeff Kwatinetz, Matt Pinfield, Steve Albini, Mike Chapman, and the original members of the band.

## Material Reissue

In 2011, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the *International Pop Overthrow* album, the two surviving members, Mike Zelenko and Ted Ansani, reformed the band under the name Material Reissue. Chicago based singer-songwriter Phil Angotti (who had recorded as The Idea) joined them, filling in for Jim Ellison. The show was part of the *International Pop Overthrow* festival, named after the album, and took place at the Abbey Pub in Chicago on April 23, 2011. Material Reissue then performed at the Taste of Chicago on June 28, 2011, at Summerfest in Milwaukee on July 8, 2011, and Lincoln Hall on September 17, 2011. They performed in what was billed as their final show ever on December 31 at Reggie's Rock Club. However the band has continued to perform live occasionally since that time.

*International Pop Overthrow* was also re-issued in a 20th Anniversary edition.

## Discography

### Albums

### EPs

* *Material Issue* (Big Block/Landmine) (1987)
* *Blockbuster* (Mercury) (1991)

### Live

* *Goin' Through Your Purse : Live (2400 Troublemakers Can't Be Wrong)* (1994) album

### Singles

| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Modern Rock | |
| 1988 | "Renee Remains The Same"/"The Girl Who Never Ever Falls In Love" | - | *The Super Sonic Seven Inch* 7" |
| 1991 | "Valerie Loves Me" | 3 | *International Pop Overthrow* |
| | "Diane" | 6 | |
| 1992 | "What Girls Want" | 6 | *Destination Universe* |
| 1994 | "Kim the Waitress" | 20 | *Freak City Soundtrack* |

"Goin' Through Your Purse" charted on the Radio and Records Alternative chart, peaking at #30 in September 1994.

### Compilations

* *The Best of Material Issue* (Mercury) (2006)

### Compilation appearances

| Year | Track Title | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | "Chance Of A Lifetime" | *Hog Butcher For The World* |
| 1988 | "Echo Beach" | *Keeping Score* EP |
| | "Sixteen Tambourines" | *College Music Journal Sampler* |
| 1991 | "Little Willy" (The Sweet cover) | *20 Explosive Dynamic Super Smash Hit Explosions!* |
| | "Merry Christmas Will Do" | *Yuletunes - A Collection of Alternative Pop Christmas Songs* |
| 1994 | "Something's Happened to Catherine" | *Yellow Pills Volume 2* |
| 1994 | "Run To Me" (Bee Gees cover) | *Melody Fair: A Bee Gees Tribute* |
| 1995 | "Bus Stop" (The Hollies cover) | *Sing Hollies In Reverse* |
| | "The Problem With Jill" | *Yellow Pills Volume 3* |
| | "The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)" (with Liz Phair) (Banana Splits cover) | *Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits* |
| 1997 | "I'd Wait A Million Years" (The Grass Roots cover) | *Yellow Pills Volume 4* |

### Video appearances

* *Rockin' Tonight* DVD-V/PAL (MCP Sound & Media) (2005) - "What Girls Want"
* *Hard 'N' Heavy* DVD-V (Delta Entertainment) (2006) - "What Girls Want"
* *Rockin' Avantgarde* DVD-V/PAL (Delta Entertainment) (2006) - "What Girls Want"

## Further reading

* "International Pop Overthrow (Revised Edition): An Ode to the Golden Triangle of Power Pop - Material Issue" by Jim Hoffmann, Susquehanna Road Publishing, 2015, 774 pps.

## InfoBox

| Material Issue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1985–1996 |
| Labels | Mercury, Rykodisc |
|  | |
| Past members |  |