title: Video modulation

abstract:
Video modulation is a strategy of transmitting video signal in the field of radio modulation and television technology. This strategy enables the video signal to be transmitted more efficiently through long distances. In general, video modulation means that a higher frequency carrier wave is modified according to the original video signal. In this way, carrier wave contains the information in the video signal. Then, the carrier will "carry" the information in the form of radio frequency (RF) signal. When carrier reaches its destination, the video signal is extracted from the carrier by decoding. In other words, the video signal is first combined with a higher frequency carrier wave so that carrier wave contains the information in video signal. The combined signal is called radio-frequency signal. At the end of this transmitting system, the RF signals stream from a light sensor and hence, the receivers can obtain the initial data in the original video signal. There are many application of video modulation:
  - Broadcasting music and speech
  - Two way radio systems
  - Aircraft band
  - Computer modems These applications all utilized the efficiency of video modulation in order to minimize costs.

text:
# Video modulation

**Video modulation** is a strategy of transmitting video signal in the field of radio modulation and television technology. This strategy enables the video signal to be transmitted more efficiently through long distances. In general, video modulation means that a higher frequency carrier wave is modified according to the original video signal. In this way, carrier wave contains the information in the video signal. Then, the carrier will "carry" the information in the form of radio frequency (RF) signal. When carrier reaches its destination, the video signal is extracted from the carrier by decoding. In other words, the video signal is first combined with a higher frequency carrier wave so that carrier wave contains the information in video signal. The combined signal is called radio-frequency signal. At the end of this transmitting system, the RF signals stream from a light sensor and hence, the receivers can obtain the initial data in the original video signal.

There are many application of video modulation:

These applications all utilized the efficiency of video modulation in order to minimize costs.

## Key concepts

There are some important concepts needed to be understood in order to fully comprehend the video modulation.

### Circuit

Video signals are usually encoded into binary digit (0, 1) or seven digit pulse-code modulation (PCM), which is a method used to digitally represent original video signal. The video signal converted to binary digit PCM at the point of origin can be then transmitted over existing telephone cable or wire directly to the destination. If the distance between origin and destination is too long, a repeater is needed to receive the signal and retransmit it at higher power so that the signal can cover longer distances. The circuit designed for the transmission should gather as many advantages as possible in order to be efficient. In other words, the circuit should be built with high quality and reliability and with minimum cost. The most common cable used to build the circuit is the 51-pair cable. This type of cable is often utilized in house phone because of the low price and good functionality. Also, signals can be transmitted efficiently since the distance between two adjacent repeaters can be 6000 feet rather than only 3000 feet compared to other cable.

### Coding

Coding is the process during which the video inputs are transferred into binary digit (0, 1) because digits can be much more easily transmitted. A crystal oscillator is used in coding. It is an electronic oscillator that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal or piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. Inside the crystal oscillator, there is usually a crystal or elastic material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are in a regular order. For example, the quartz is often used in crystal oscillators due to its elasticity. After a crystal is accurately installed, electric field can be distorted by a change in the voltage due to an electrode near or on the crystal. This characteristic is called electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the video signals are inputted into the oscillators, the crystal with electrodes attaching to it starts to vibrate as a resonator. The crystal's piezoelectric property converts the mechanical vibrations into an oscillating voltage and then the voltage is picked up by the attached electrodes. Thus, the electric field is distorted due to the potential differences between the electrodes. Since the original video signal exists as a time-varying voltage on a wire, the distorted electric field is also time-varying. The changing electric field is converted into waveform, a signal in the shape/form of wave. Finally, the output signals are combined with a carrier wave and transferred into RF signals, then transmitted to the receiver.

### Decoding

After the RF signals arrive the destination, the receiver can not obtain the data directly from the RF signals because there are coded and multiplied RF signals existing at the same time. As for the multiple RF signals problem, an electric filter is used. The frequency of each RF signal is usually different from other RF signals. An electronic filter can select only one RF signal on the basis of its carrier frequency, while rejecting all other RF signals. One example of this operation is selecting a channel on a television receiver. With only one RF signal that passes through the electric filter, only the one corresponding video signal is received, with no interference from the other RF signals.

For the coded RF signals, a light sensor is utilized. Generally, a light sensor is a device that detects changes of light in quantities and provides a corresponding output. One application of light sensors is the compensated light sensor system. This system can control the level of light at a workplace. The ratio of the light at the light sensors to the level of controlled light at the workplace is maintained substantially constant as daylight entering the room varies. In decoding process, a light sensor is used to detect the RF signal and then output the decoded signal. In general, the RF signals steamed from electric filters are first converted from binary digit to octal digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The octal signals are then detected by the light sensors. The sensors respond by developing corresponding digital, electrical signals which are hence decoded to apprise the viewer of the transmitted message or are applied to external equipment such as a calculator, a computer, a hard copy machine or other devices appropriate for the particular occasion.

## Types of video modulation

The types of video modulation can be classified by the way that a carrier wave is combined with video signal. The video signal and carrier wave both exist in waveform and when the carrier wave "carries" the video signal, the shape of carrier wave is changed and the changed carrier wave is the RF signal. Hence, how the shape of carrier wave is changed is the key to classify the types of video modulation.

### Amplitude modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation works by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave according to the bent waveform of original video signal. In other words, when the carrier wave is combined with the video signal, frequency of the combined signal is the same as the frequency of the carrier wave while the amplitude is varied. The picture above can more directly explain how the shape is changed. In the combining process, if the video signal is at its peak (highest amplitude value), the amplitude of the varied carrier wave will be the highest and as for trough (lowest amplitude value), the amplitude of varied carrier wave will be the lowest. In other words, at the point in carrier wave that corresponds to the peak of video signal, the shape of wave will be most bulged and at the point corresponding to the trough, the shape will be most sunk. In fact, the change in amplitude of carrier wave is proportional to the amplitude of the video signal.

### Frequency modulation (FM)

In frequency modulation, the carrier wave is combined with video signal by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave (the frequency of wave at a particular point). (Compare with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency remains constant.) From the picture above, if the video signal is at its peak, the instantaneous frequency of carrier wave will increase and as for the trough, the instantaneous frequency will decrease. More visually, the carrier wave becomes densest at the point corresponding to the peak in video signal and thinnest at the point corresponding to the trough.

## Applications

Various types of video modulation can be applied in various areas due to their unique advantages and disadvantages.

### Application of AM

AM is applied in these areas because video amplitude modulated signal can be easily coded and decoded since the change in amplitude of the carrier wave and the amplitude of original video signal is proportional. However, amplitude modulation is sensitive to noise and electromagnetic interference. Hence, the AM techniques are mainly utilized in less technical fields that tolerate noise and electromagnetic interference, such as broadcasting.

### Application of FM

FM is applied in these fields because it is less sensitive to the noise and electromagnetic interference and when the data is collected or the signal is recorded, it is really important to minimize the effects of outside interference, such as noise and electromagnetic interference.

TV systems

Colour encoding systems

Connectors


title: Ostedes griseoapicaloides

abstract: Ostedes griseoapicaloides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977.

text:
# Ostedes griseoapicaloides

***Ostedes griseoapicaloides*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977.

## InfoBox

| *Ostedes griseoapicaloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Ostedes*** |
| Species: | ***O. griseoapicaloides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostedes griseoapicaloides***<br>Breuning, 1977 | |
|


title: Origins of the Royal Canadian Navy

text:
# Origins of the Royal Canadian Navy

At the onset of Confederation in 1867, political planners in Canada and Great Britain realized that Canada had substantial maritime interests to protect. Boasting the fourth largest Merchant Marine in the world, and deriving the majority of its foreign capital through maritime trading should have been enough to persuade the Canadian government of the strategic importance of the seas. Adding the fact that Canada was one of the great shipbuilding and ship-owning countries of the world, and it soon made the need for maritime protection obvious.

For Britain's Royal Navy, the Canadian merchant fleet represented a ready supply of vessels that could have been converted to auxiliary warships, with some help to procure the necessary armament should a crisis arise. Soon enough, though, sail gave way to steam, and Canada's mercantile fleet became inadequate to complement the British Navy. In 1865, the British Parliament had passed the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865, which enabled colonies to establish and maintain naval forces for foreign defence in the European theatre. Canada's maritime interests needed to be safeguarded, and Britain wanted Canada to assume its fair share.

## First tentative steps

In 1878, Governor General Lord Dufferin stated in a dispatch to the Colonial Secretary (likely Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn) that the government of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald 'would not be adverse to instituting a ship for training purposes if the Imperial Government would provide the ship'. Thus began the first attempt to start a Canadian Navy with the allocation of the old wooden steam-auxiliary corvette HMS *Charybdis* in July 1881. This ship, acquired with the intent to train a Marine Militia provided for in the Militia Act of 1868, achieved notoriety when she broke her moorings in Saint John harbour and caused severe damage to the merchant vessels anchored in proximity. Her poor condition was also responsible for the death of two civilians who drowned in the harbour after falling through her rotten gangway.

As a result of the War of 1812 and the American War for Independence in 1775, the defensive focus in Canada was focused on the land forces and leaving the naval service to Britain. This made naval service less of a priority for the Dominion. *Charybdis* was the product of a shift in domestic policy stemming from a host of grievances the young Dominion of Canada had towards the British Empire's handling of its foreign affairs. The United States still represented Canada's surest enemy in the late 19th century, but Britain's attitude became more frequently one of *laissez-faire* towards that fast emerging economic and military giant. Canada often felt cheated when, militarily still dependent on the Empire, it failed to see conflicts resolved to satisfaction. One example was the imperial government's unwillingness to apprehend and prosecute American poachers contravening the fisheries articles of the Anglo-American Treaty of Washington of 1871, and risk a quarrel with the US on behalf of the Dominion.

Another event that led to the acquisition of the training vessel was the looming crisis between Britain and the Russian Empire over the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. That predicament, which caused Britain to re-distribute its naval assets, demonstrated the relative vulnerability of Canada's Atlantic seaboard. Although this crisis was soon averted with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, Canada still held on to the idea of making preparations for naval defence. Public opinion of *Charybdis* in the 1+12 years of her service to Canada labelled her a white elephant, with the population wondering what her purpose would be. The MP for Huron South Malcolm Colin Cameron made a motion in the House of Commons that she must be returned to the Royal Navy, an unfortunate solution that soon ensued. That this first attempt at building a Canadian Navy ended in a fiasco did not terribly bother the British one; the official position was that the Imperial Fleet *should be as indivisible as the seas themselves*.

## Birth of the Canadian Navy

Since the British conquest of Nouvelle-France in 1763 and the colonizing of the other colonies that would eventually form the Dominion of Canada, Britain and its taxpayers had assumed sole financial responsibility for the defence of the colonies. This was never debated since Canada and the other British colonies afforded Britain with secure supplies of natural resources and ready markets for finished products. The extent to which Britain was dependent on foreign trade for its survival is thus illustrated:

> ...as late as the 1830s over 90% of the food consumed was also grown in Britain, but by 1913 55% of the grain and 40% of the meat consumed was imported. In raw materials the dependence was even more marked: seven-eighths of these came from abroad by 1913.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the rise of the Imperial German Navy under Kaiser Wilhelm II threatened to challenge Britain for supremacy of all maritime trade routes. Britain, feeling pressure to modernize and expand its already considerable fleet, asked that the former colonies assume a larger responsibility for the defence of the empire. The preferred choice of the Imperial government for the protection of the empire was the maintenance of a common military system, sustained by direct financial contributions from the former colonies. In return, the British Admiralty would be left responsible to defend Canada's coasts.

The Liberal cabinet of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier had other plans in mind. At the Imperial Conference of 1902, Laurier refused direct contributions to the maintenance of the British fleet, and instead pushed for the development of a local navy under the Department of Marine and Fisheries. It was felt that Canadians providing the defence of their homeland was a more ambitious plan, and would directly contribute toward the collective security of the Empire. A strong sentiment of the day stated that Canada had no business sending soldiers for the Empire when it had no voice in imperial decisions.

When the British government announced in 1904 its intentions to abandon the Halifax and Esquimalt Dockyards by 1906, Laurier saw another compelling reason for the formation of Canada's naval service. The Dominion had the opportunity to avail itself of an existing infrastructure towards the maintenance of its own fleet. Strong feelings of discontent towards Britain were also felt because of the resolution of the Alaska Boundary Dispute, which saw Britain's representative side with the United States in 1903. A precedent was set in 1906 when Australia received grudging approval to raise its own navy, although Britain still viewed the burgeoning Royal Australian Navy (RAN) as a local squadron of its own force.

## Beginning

In order to assert Canadian territorial sovereignty and curb American illegal fishing in territorial waters, the government had reactivated the Fisheries Protection Service in 1886. This was established under the auspices of the Department of Marine and Fisheries. The largest federal department by 1902, it was responsible for all affairs maritime from regulations to arctic sovereignty. The department had acquired since 1891 a force of eight armed cruisers, six icebreakers, and nearly twenty other vessels. The Fisheries Protection Service, were it militarised, would present a substantial start to a new national naval service. Raymond Préfontaine, the minister responsible, acted toward that end on orders from Laurier. Two ships were ordered for the Fisheries Protection Service in 1904 with the purpose of starting cadet training for the impending Canadian navy: Canadian Government Ships (CGS) *Canada* and *Vigilant*, for the east and west coasts respectively. CGS *Canada* was a 910-tonne steamship built to the naval specifications in 1903–1904. The naval legislation drafted by Préfontaine stated that these ships would form the nucleus of training for the Naval Militia. In Laurier's government there was proposal to establish a naval militia in Canada. As a result, Britain encouraged the Dominion for contributions to the arms race in Europe.

After the death of Préfontaine in 1905, Laurier appointed Louis-Philippe Brodeur as minister. Brodeur had the arduous task of re-organizing his department after a report by the Royal Commission on the Civil Service stated that its administration was characterized by "constant blundering and confusion", "with no visible sign of an intelligence purpose unless it be that of spending as much money as possible". In order to investigate his department, Brodeur called for a Special Commission; on 1 April 1908 the Cassels Commission was formed.

As a result of the Cassels Commission, Brodeur instilled key changes to his department. George S. Desbarats replaced François Gaudreau as deputy minister. For Director of the Marine Service, Brodeur chose a Canadian who had served in the Royal Navy since 1869, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Charles Kingsmill. Kingsmill replaced former Lieutenant Osprey George Valentine Spain, an inept administrator who had left the British naval forces "under a cloud which still makes it impossible for him to go aboard a British man-of-war".

As director, Kingsmill commanded the Marine and Fisheries fleet from 1908 to 1910. He subsequently served as the Director of the Naval Service of Canada until his retirement in 1920. He received a knighthood in 1918.

After instilling these changes, Laurier believed he would get the unanimous support of parliament for his plans to militarise the Fisheries Protection Service into a navy proper. He especially hoped that the appointment of the francophones Brodeur and Desbarats as minister and deputy minister would appease the Canadiens in Quebec.

## Laurier's two alternatives

The British government was advised that Britain was losing the naval arms race against Germany. This shocking revelation, made on 16 March 1909, spread panic throughout the empire and led to several offers of funds for the construction of dreadnoughts from New Zealand and several Australian states' governments. Pressure was exerted by the Canadian imperialists to follow suit. This crisis changed the Canadian Navy question from a local issue to one encompassing the naval defence of the whole empire. The ensuing resolution was presented to the House of Commons by the one-time minister of Marine and Fisheries conservative MP Sir George Foster from New Brunswick and stated: "That in the opinion of this House, in view of her great and varied resources, of her geographical position and natural environments, and of that spirit of self-help and self-respect which alone benefits a strong and growing people, Canada should no longer delay in assuming her proper share of the responsibility and financial burden incident to suitable protection of her exposed coastline and great seaports."

The two options were the establishment of the Canadian Navy or continued financial support of the one in Britain. The former became the position generally supported in the House. As the debate ensued, it became clear that Laurier's scheme of militarizing the Fisheries Protection Service was inadequate and would not garner unanimous support. The amended proposal was that of a small navy, given that "The House will cordially approve of any necessary expenditure designed to promote the speedy organization of a Canadian naval service".

At the Imperial Conference of July and August 1909, the Admiralty stated that to be effective in contributing to the defence of the imperial sea lanes, the Canadian Navy should comprise a minimum of three *Bristol*-class cruisers and four destroyers. A fleet of one *Boadicea*-class heavy cruiser, four *Bristol*s, and six destroyers for an annual spending of £600,000 was considered much preferable. The Admiralty offered to loan two cruisers to Canada to begin training. This led to accusations from Laurier's opposition that what was really attempted was the creation of a unit of the Imperial Navy, not a Canadian Navy proper. The *Naval Service Act*, proposed to the House of Commons on 10 January 1910, called for a fleet of eleven warships: one *Boadicea*, four *Bristol*-class cruisers and five torpedo-boat destroyers. All ships were to have been built in Canada, at an annual cost of $2.5 million.

## Opposition

The opposition Conservative coalition, the imperialists under Sir Robert Borden and the Nationalistes led by Henri Bourassa, vehemently opposed Laurier's plans for a Canadian Navy, but for totally different reasons. Bourassa founded the daily newspaper *Le Devoir*, with the express purpose of defeating the *Naval Service Act* through insinuations and allegations that conscription would soon follow. His camp claimed that the cruisers proposed were more than Canada needed for fisheries and sovereignty protection, but were sufficient to attract the attention of other navies. He further stated that Canadian squadrons, paid by and for Canada, put under the command of the Admiralty in times of war, meant an "automatic involvement on every imperial war." This would put Canada in danger of being drawn into distant conflicts as a result of its ships operating under the White Ensign.

The Borden camp, on the other hand, charged that the Liberals were insufficiently loyal to the empire. They contended that the proposal was not enough to secure Canada's coasts or help Britain in its current arms race crisis against Germany and that the only viable option was to vote money for the construction of battleships to expand the navy in Britain.

## Canadian Navy

The *Naval Service Act* establishing the Canadian Navy became law 4 May 1909. In addition to a Regular Force, the Act included a Reserve and a Naval Volunteer Force, and a Naval College located in Halifax. The administrative and discipline regulations adopted were the same as those of the Royal Navy, the "King's Regulations and Admiralty Orders" (KR&AI), and the British Naval Discipline Act of 1866. These two key documents would remain in practice for the next forty years. Training was to be conducted to standards that coincided with those of Britain; pay, promotions and service experience were to be transferable, and a common promotion list was adopted.

The Admiralty proved reluctant to allow the Canadian government to exercise full control over its fleet. This contentious issue of jurisdiction beyond the three-mile limit was resolved at the Imperial Conference of 1911, with the formation of the Canadian Atlantic and Pacific Stations, covering the waters North of 30°, and ranging from 40° to 160° West. It was also decided that the new colonial navies, Canadian and Australian, although exclusively controlled by their respective governments, would act on behalf of the British Government on occasions when on foreign stations. If and when the Dominion ships were placed "at the disposal of the Imperial Government by the Dominion authorities" in times of war, they would form part of the British Royal Navy and remain under control of the Admiralty for the duration of the war. It was up to the Dominions themselves to decide what naval assets were placed at Britain's disposal, as Laurier had pledged. When Britain brought its fleet back to the European theatre, they handed over the two bases in Halifax and Esquimalt. This left Canada with the responsibility for defending the longest coastline in the world.

The first warships of the RCN were the cruisers HMCS *Niobe* and HMCS *Rainbow*, acquired from Britain. *Niobe*, an 11,000-ton *Diadem*-class protected cruiser, had been launched in 1897. Although relatively young, she had been deemed obsolete by the British because of her lack of side or deck armour; she did possess an armour belt over her vital installations amidships. She reached Halifax on 21 October 1910. *Rainbow*, much smaller than *Niobe* at 3,600 tons, was herself an *Apollo*-class cruiser launched in 1891. She was dispatched from Britain bound for Canada two months before *Niobe*, but because the Panama Canal had yet to be completed, did not arrive in Esquimalt until 7 November.

Newspapers of the day were quite critical of this embryonic service. A Toronto Tory newspaper indicated *Niobe* was on her way to the scrap heap, while Bourassa's *Le Devoir* proclaimed her "*canadienne en temps de paix, impériale en temps de guerre*" (Canadian in peacetime, Imperial in wartime). The *Mail and Empire* called *Niobe* a "cruiser which the Royal Navy has discarded." The Naval Service of Canada was eventually given Royal consent on 29 August 1911, and was from then on officially designated as the Royal Canadian Navy. The first large warship that was purpose-built for the Royal Canadian Navy was HMCS *Saguenay* in 1931. This event initiated the shipbuilding industry for the navy in Canada. A tradition that still stands to this day.

## Fall of the Laurier Government

On 21 September 1911, Sir Robert Borden's Conservatives defeated the Liberal government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The naval issue had ranked far behind that of trade reciprocity with the US in most of Canada during the election campaign, but Henri Bourassa made sure that it took centre stage in Quebec. It cost the Liberals eighteen seats in Quebec. Although Laurier's other losses in the rest of Canada were sufficient to ensure his defeat, the loss of the Quebec seats would set the tone for Borden's naval policy. This almost doomed the RCN to languish and suffer an apparently slow and unnoticed death over the years leading to World War I. With Robert Borden's government winning the election in the Fall of 1911, a priority was to accommodate French Canadian concerns by reducing the Royal Canadian Navy's budget.

At the urging of the Admiralty's First Sea Lord Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Minister Borden agreed to finance the construction of three dreadnoughts for $35 million. This plan was far more costly than Laurier's original plan of the Canadian-built fleet and would reap no benefits to Canadian industries whatsoever. On 5 December 1912, Borden introduced the Naval Aid Bill as a one-time contribution to Britain's navy. After bitter debate, the Bill passed third reading in Parliament the second week of May 1913 but was soundly defeated by the Liberal-majority Senate. Canada was left with the *Naval Service Act* on the books, but no naval policy.

### References

* Appleton, T. E. (1969). *Usque ad Mare: A History of the Canadian Coast Guard and Marine Services*. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
* Brodeur, Nigel D. (1982). James A. Boutilier (ed.). *The RCN in Retrospect*. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
* Cook, Ramsay (1997). Craig Brown (ed.). *The illustrated History of Canada*. Key Porter Books.
* German, Tony (1990). *The Sea is at our Gates—The History of the Canadian Navy*. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Press.
* Hadley, Michael L.; Sarty, Roger (1991). *Tin-Pots and Pirate Ships: Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders 1880-1918*. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
* McNeil, Daniel (2000–2001). "Technology, History and the Revolution in Military Affairs". *Canadian Military Journal*. **1** (4).
* Milner, Marc (1999). *Canada's Navy: The First Century*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
* Morton, Desmond (1985). *A Military History of Canada: From Champlain to Kosovo*. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart Press.
* Tucker, Gilbert Norman (1952). *The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official Story- Volume 1 Origins and Early Years*. Ottawa: King's Printer.


title: Antonina Girycz

abstract: Antonina Girycz was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 50 films and television shows since 1966. Girycz died on 19 January 2022, at the age of 82.

text:
# Antonina Girycz

**Antonina Girycz** (20 February 1939 – 19 January 2022) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 50 films and television shows since 1966. Girycz died on 19 January 2022, at the age of 82.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Antonina Girycz | |
| --- | --- |
| Girycz in 2007 | |
| Born | (1939-02-20)20 February 1939<br>Berdyczów, Poland |
| Died | 19 January 2022(2022-01-19) (aged 82) |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1966–2013 |


title: The Moon Is Hell!

abstract: The Moon Is Hell! is a collection of two stories, one science fiction, the other sword and sorcery, by American writer John W. Campbell Jr. It was published in 1951 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 4,206 copies. The title story, published for the first time in this collection, deals with a team of scientists stranded on the Moon when their spacecraft crashes, and how they use their combined skills and knowledge to survive until rescue, including building shelter from meteor showers, and creating their own oxygen from Lunar rock. The second story, "The Elder Gods", Campbell rewrote, on a short deadline, from a story by Arthur J. Burks purchased for Unknown but later deemed unsatisfactory. It originally appeared in the October 1939 issue of Unknown under the pseudonym Don A. Stuart. The title of the eponymous story is occasionally found without the exclamation point, but the punctuation is used for the title of most editions of the collection itself.

text:
# The Moon Is Hell!

***The Moon Is Hell!*** is a collection of two stories, one science fiction, the other sword and sorcery, by American writer John W. Campbell Jr. It was published in 1951 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 4,206 copies. The title story, published for the first time in this collection, deals with a team of scientists stranded on the Moon when their spacecraft crashes, and how they use their combined skills and knowledge to survive until rescue, including building shelter from meteor showers, and creating their own oxygen from Lunar rock. The second story, "The Elder Gods", Campbell rewrote, on a short deadline, from a story by Arthur J. Burks purchased for *Unknown* but later deemed unsatisfactory. It originally appeared in the October 1939 issue of *Unknown* under the pseudonym Don A. Stuart. The title of the eponymous story is occasionally found without the exclamation point, but the punctuation is used for the title of most editions of the collection itself.

## Reception

Reviewer Groff Conklin noted that while "The Elder Gods" was "actually not among the best of Campbell's work", the title story, original to the collection, was "a brilliantly circumstantial narrative \[and\] "first-rate stuff". Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas praised the title piece as "an extraordinary short novel ... with Defoe's own dry convincing factuality". P. Schuyler Miller received the volume favorably, describing the title piece as "a realistic story of the first men on another world, worked out with an absolute minimum of hokum". Everett F. Bleiler found "The Elder Gods" to be "contrived, derivative, and dull". Lester del Rey, however, found "The Elder Gods" to be "a fine sword-and-sorcery novel, having some of the magic of A. Merritt but a lot more logic in its development". *New York Times* reviewer Basil Davenport praised both stories, the title piece for its "close attention to scientific accuracy", the second as "pure swashbuckling romance".

## Contents

* "The Moon Is Hell"
* "The Elder Gods"

## Sources

## InfoBox

The Moon Is Hell!
| Dust-jacket from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John W. Campbell Jr. |
| Cover artist | Hannes Bok |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Fantasy Press |
| Publication date | 1951 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 256 pp |
| OCLC | 1453762 |


title: Political positions of John Edwards

text:
# Political positions of John Edwards

Here are some of Senator John Edwards's votes and remarks on various issues.

## Economic policy

### End poverty in 30 years

One of Edwards' main themes as a political figure is the problem of poverty in America. He believes that poverty can be cut by one third by 2016 and eliminated by 2036. He supports adoption of the National Academy of Sciences' recommendations for measuring poverty, which he claims would add one million people to the "poverty" class. His plan involves several tactics, including stronger families; better schools; and the issuance of government-funded housing vouchers. Edwards argues in favor of creating one million housing vouchers over five years to place poor people in middle-class neighborhoods and in areas where jobs are available. He also supports strengthening labor unions and raising the minimum wage to $8.40. Edwards has stated, "If we truly believe that we are all equal, then we should live together too."

### College for everyone

Edwards has stated that if people agree to work part-time during their first year at a public-college, the government should pay for their tuition, books and fees.

Edwards has advocated his **College for Everyone** program based on proposal made in his 2004 campaign and the successful College for Everyone pilot program that Edwards and the Carolina non-profit organization Promise and Opportunity Foundation began at Greene Central High School in Snow Hill, North Carolina, a high school in rural eastern North Carolina with a high percentage of economically disadvantaged students.

Under Edwards' College for Everyone program, the government would help all qualified students pay for college tuition, fees and books for college students who agree to work part-time ten hours a week if they "complete coursework that prepares them for further education, stay out of trouble, and enroll in a participating public university or community college." Funds would be provided for two million students.

Other aspects of the plan include strong preparation in high school, with College for Everyone students being required to complete a college-prep curriculum in high school and Edwards administration "working with school districts to strengthen high school curricula."

The most significant part of the College for Everyone is its proposed overhaul of the student loan program. Edwards has called for an end to large federal subsidies for banks that make student loans, which would free up $6 billion. Instead, subsidies would be replaced with loans directly from the U.S. Department of Education, "receiving loans that have very similar terms but are far less expensive for taxpayers."

### Energy independence and stopping global warming

John Edwards' positions on energy are documented on his 2008 presidential campaign website.

In March 2007 he was the first presidential candidate to make his campaign "carbon neutral." He started buying carbon offsets to reduce his carbon emissions and having his offices buy recycled paper products.

One of the main focuses of his campaign was fighting global warming. He has said "Why has America not addressed global warming in a serious way? There's a very simple answer for that. Oil companies, power companies, gas companies and their lobbyists in Washington, D.C." He voted against drilling in the Arctic five times, and supports the standard that would require renewable sources to be the source of 10 percent of America's electricity by 2020.

Edwards endorses the widespread goal of 80% reductions of greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2050. He has denounced the Bush administration for not signing the Kyoto treaty and supports the McCain-Lieberman bill to establish a cap-and-trade system to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This would involve capping emissions, reducing the cap every year, and auctioning off the right to emit a certain quantity of greenhouse gases. He would then use this estimated $10 billion to fund research for alternative energy sources, in an effort to end the United States reliance on imported foreign oil.

## Social policy

### National service

John Edwards opposes a military draft.

### Abortion

Edwards supports legal access to abortion. He received a 100% rating from NARAL each year he was in the Senate, indicating a pro-choice voting record. He also supports public funding for abortion services for low-income women. Edwards issued a press statement saying he was "saddened" by the passage of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and described this law as "offensive to women." Although absent from the official vote, Edwards had voted against the bill in previous versions.

### LGBT+ issues

During his 2004 vice presidential run, Edwards stated he was opposed to same-sex marriage. In late December 2006, in an interview with George Stephanopoulos of ABC News, Edwards said, "Do I believe they should have the right to marry? I'm just not there yet..." Edwards opposes a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, preferring to leave that decision up to individual states. He supports the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). He does support letting states decide on civil unions and partnership benefits.

### Immigration

Edwards supported the expansion of the H-1B visa program to increase the number of work visas for immigrant workers. Edwards supports expanding legal immigration to the United States while working with Mexico to provide better border security and stop illegal trafficking.

On February 7, 2007, Edwards said in a Cox News Service Q&A that "We want to change the immigration system, so people can get on the path to citizenship."

### Civil liberties

Edwards voted in favor of the 2001 version of the USA PATRIOT Act along with all but one senator, Russ Feingold of Wisconsin. He subsequently criticized the Bush administration for "abusing its powers in implementing the \[Patriot Act\]." Edwards was no longer in the Senate when the Patriot Act was reauthorized.

### Cannabis legalization

Edwards has said he is against the legalization of recreational cannabis. He currently supports legal use of marijuana for medical purposes. He said that if given doctors' approval, seriously ill patients should be allowed to use marijuana.

## Health care

On February 5, 2007, Edwards unveiled his plan for universal health care. The plan subsidizes health insurance purchases for poorer Americans, requires that all Americans purchase health care, "requires that everybody get preventive care," and requires employers to offer health insurance through the Medicare system as one option for their workers. Since Medicare has lower administrative costs – under 4%, versus 20% or more for many HMOs — Edwards believes that individuals will be able to save on health care by using the public option. While it is not a single-payer plan, the plan states that "over time, the system may evolve toward a single-payer approach if individuals and businesses prefer the public plan." and make Medicare the de facto national health program.

Edwards said "The bottom line is we're asking everybody to share in the responsibility of making health care work in this country. Employers, those who are in the medical insurance business, employees, the American people — everyone will have to contribute in order to make this work." The plan includes methods for cutting costs in the health care system and creation of revenue sources.

### Cost containment

There are six ways in which Edwards proposes to reduce costs in the health care system.

1. Help doctors deliver the best care by researching improvements in health care delivery and disseminating best-practices information.
2. Invest in preventive care. Require citizens to obtain preventative care; reward citizens who meet "healthy living" standards.
3. Allow patients to review a hospital's or doctor's performance.
4. Work for environmental and health justice by reducing pollution, especially in low-income/minority neighborhoods and support translation services.
5. Improve productivity with information technology.
6. Protect patients against dangerous medicines by strengthening the FDA and restricting advertising of drugs.

### Revenue sources

The total public cost of the plan would be $90–$120 billion per year, paid for by eliminating the 2001 tax cuts for individuals earning more than $200,000 per year. Employers would be required to either cover their employees or to pay a payroll tax that will be used to partially fund regional health insurance pools (called "Health Markets") that are overseen by the federal government. Individuals who are not covered by their employers or by an expanded Medicaid program (covering individuals and families with incomes up to 250% of the poverty level) or Medicare will be required to purchase insurance from these Health Markets. Insurance companies must compete to win the right to be one of the providers in these Health Markets and must provide full comprehensive care (including mental health parity). In addition, one of the insurance plans will be directly provided by the federal government (similar to, but separate from Medicare). If a majority of individuals choose to purchase their insurance from the government plan, Edwards has stated that this could eventually lead to a single-payer health care system. In addition, there will also be a broad subsidy for those individuals who have to purchase insurance on their own. The subsidy is given on a sliding scale to individuals and families making up to roughly $100,000 per year (this is a significantly larger subsidy than is provided in the Massachusetts health care plan, another mandated insurance program).

## Foreign policy

Edwards has criticized the handling of the War on Terrorism by the Bush Administration. Edwards feels that the War on Terrorism was misnamed: "It is now clear that George Bush's misnamed 'War on Terror' has backfired — and is now part of the problem." He went on later to say, "The War on Terror is a slogan designed only for politics, not a strategy to make America safe. It's a bumper sticker, not a plan."

### Iraq

Edwards voted for the 2002 Iraq War Resolution, and was one of 16 Senators to co-sponsor an early version of that bill, Joe Lieberman's S.J Res 46, which was not brought to the floor for a vote. Three years after the war began, in November 2005, Edwards said that the decision to go to war in Iraq was a mistake. He apologized for his vote, saying that the intelligence reports which led to the decision were "deeply flawed and, in some cases, manipulated to fit a political agenda." He favors gradual troop withdrawal and concurrent training of Iraqi troops, as well as removing American contractors, instead awarding such reconstruction contracts to Iraqi businesses to promote the Iraqi economy and reduce unemployment in Iraq.

On January 14, 2007, Edwards spoke at New York City's Riverside Church as keynote speaker at a Martin Luther King Day commemoration. In the speech Edwards criticized silence on the "escalation of the war in Iraq," reminding people about King's vocal opposition to the Vietnam War forty years earlier.

In a February 2007 appearance on *Meet the Press*, Edwards told Tim Russert, "over time, when I reflected on what I thought was going to be necessary going forward, to have some moral foundation to work on issues like poverty and genocide, things that I care deeply about, I could no longer defend this vote. It was pretty simple. And I got to the place I felt like I had to say it and had to say it publicly. And so— what? — a year — a year or so ago I did that." He subsequently apologized for that military authorization vote.

Edwards was a vocal critic of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, calling the surge the "McCain Doctrine" in reference to Sen. John McCain's support for the strategy. He has stated that he cannot guarantee to pull all U.S. combat troops from Iraq by the end of the next presidential term in 2013, but added he would "immediately draw down 40,000 to 50,000 troops." In October 2007, Edwards called for limits on the role of private military contractors in Iraq and elsewhere. At the beginning of 2008, Edwards proposed withdrawal of all troops from Iraq in the first 10 months if he became president.

Despite President Bush's vetoes of funding bills with withdrawal timetables, Edwards urged congressional Democrats to not acquiesce, but instead to continually present bills that include such timetables.

## Crime

When asked how to prevent inner city kids from participating in violence, Edwards said, with implied criticism of "The idea that we're just gonna keep incarcerating, keep incarcerating, pretty soon we're not going to have a young African-American male population in America. They're all going to be in prison, or dead. One of the two." Instead of supporting such a notion, he said the government should spend more money on health care and education in order to prevent young people from leading a life of crime.

## The media

Edwards supports net neutrality. In addition, he outlined a plan that would establish high-speed internet availability to all American homes and business by the year 2010.

He is also a vocal critic of the Fox News Channel. He has accused the network of having a "right-wing agenda" and lacking objectivity in their reporting. He has boycotted debates hosted by the network, saying "there's just no reason for Democrats to give Fox a platform."


title: Olav Njølstad

abstract: Olav Njølstad is a Norwegian historian, biographer and novelist. He is director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute.

text:
# Olav Njølstad

**Olav Njølstad** (born 1 March 1957) is a Norwegian historian, biographer and novelist. He is director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute.

## Literary background

As a novelist he made his literary debut in 2003 with the thriller *Mannen med oksehjertet*, and wrote the novel *Brennofferet* in 2005.

His biography of resistance leader, government minister and lawyer Jens Christian Hauge (*Jens Chr. Hauge  fullt og helt* from 2008) was well received by the critics.

## Selected works

* *Kunnskap om våpen: forsvarets forskningsinstitutt 1946  1975* (1997) (With Olav Wicken)
* *Strålende forskning: Institutt for energiteknikk 1948  1998* (1999)
* *War and Peace in the 20th Century and Beyond* (edited with Geir Lundestad, 2002)
* *Mannen med oksehjertet* (thriller, 2003)
* *Brennofferet* (novel, 2005)
* *Norske nobelprisvinnere: fra Bjørnson til Kydland* (2005)
* *Jens Chr. Hauge  fullt og helt* (biography, 2008)


title: Herbert Porter

abstract: Herbert L. "Bart" Porter is an American man who served as a campaign aide to Richard Nixon. He became involved in the Watergate scandal after the FBI questioned him about a money transfer he had made; Porter later testified before the Senate Watergate Committee and admitted that he had lied to the FBI during that questioning. Porter was convicted of making false statements in 1974 and served 30 days in prison.

text:
# Herbert Porter

**Herbert L. "Bart" Porter** is an American man who served as a campaign aide to Richard Nixon. He became involved in the Watergate scandal after the FBI questioned him about a money transfer he had made; Porter later testified before the Senate Watergate Committee and admitted that he had lied to the FBI during that questioning. Porter was convicted of making false statements in 1974 and served 30 days in prison.

## Early life

Porter was raised in California, and describes himself as having been a supporter of Richard Nixon from a young age:

> I first met Mr. Nixon when I was 8 years old in 1946, when he ran for Congress in my home district \[in California\]. I wore Nixon buttons when was 8 and when I was 10 and when I was 12 and when I was 16. My family worked for him; my father worked for him in campaigns, my mother worked for him in campaigns.

Porter attended the University of Southern California, where he befriended future Nixon administration figures including Ron Ziegler. Ziegler invited Porter onto Nixon's staff in 1970, and six months later, Porter was named the Scheduling Director of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President.

## Watergate scandal

In July 1972, Porter was questioned by the FBI about money he had transferred to G. Gordon Liddy. He falsely told the agents that the money had been used to fund the infiltration of left-wing student organizations. Porter testified during the January 1973 trial of the Watergate Seven, and testified again before the Senate Watergate Committee in June 1973. In the latter testimony, he admitted to having lied about the purpose of the spending, and stated that he had done so at the direction of Jeb Stuart Magruder. Reflecting on his motivations for the lie, Porter told the committee that Nixon's administration was an insular community that placed a high value on "protect\[ing\] the President".

Porter pleaded guilty to the charge of lying to the FBI on January 28, 1974. He was sentenced on April 11 of the same year; his sentence was 15 months' imprisonment, but the bulk of this sentence was suspended by Judge William B. Bryant, with the result that Porter was only imprisoned for 30 days.

## Post-Watergate

After Porter's testimony in January 1973, he and his family left Washington and returned to the West Coast. In the immediate aftermath of the testimony, Porter had a hard time finding employment due to his connection to the Watergate scandal. In August 1973, he told the *New York Times* that he was considering starting a land development business in Orange County.

## InfoBox

| Herbert L. Porter | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1938 (age 8586) |
| Occupation(s) | Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP) organizer, former White House aide |
| Criminal status | Guilty |
|  | |
| Criminal charge | Making a false statement to an agency of the federal government |
| Penalty | 30 days |
|  | |


title: Glenham, New York

abstract: Glenham is a hamlet in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The community is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east-northeast of Beacon. Glenham has a post office with ZIP code 12527, which opened on March 6, 1839. The hamlet is served by the Glenham Fire Department, which was formed in 1921.

text:
# Glenham, New York

**Glenham** is a hamlet in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The community is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east-northeast of Beacon. Glenham has a post office with ZIP code 12527, which opened on March 6, 1839. The hamlet is served by the Glenham Fire Department, which was formed in 1921.

## InfoBox

| Glenham, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
|  | |
| Glenham, New YorkGlenham, New York | |
| Coordinates: 41°31′09″N 73°56′00″W / 41.5193°N 73.9334°W / 41.5193; -73.9334 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Dutchess |
| Elevation | 256 ft (78 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 12527 |
| Area code | 845 |
| GNIS feature ID | 951214 |


title: Vik, Sweden

abstract: Vik is a locality situated in Simrishamn Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 319 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Vik, Sweden

**Vik** is a locality situated in Simrishamn Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 319 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Vik | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| VikVik | |
| Coordinates: 55°37′N 14°17′E / 55.617°N 14.283°E / 55.617; 14.283 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Skåne |
| County | Skåne County |
| Municipality | Simrishamn Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 319 |
| Density | 526/km2 (1,360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: International charter for walking

abstract: The International charter for walking is an initiative undertaken by 'Walk21' to encourage walking in urban areas for benefits to health, the environment and the economy.

text:
# International charter for walking

The **International charter for walking** is an initiative undertaken by 'Walk21' to encourage walking in urban areas for benefits to health, the environment and the economy.

## International scope

1. The government of the Australian Capital Territory is a signatory to the charter.
2. The Mayor of Stuttgart signed the charter on July 20, 2011.
3. Geelong, Victoria signed the charter on August 9, 2011.
4. The Mayor of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada signed the charter. November 9, 2011

## Walk21 conference venues

> "Walking is convenient, it needs no special equipment, is self-regulating and inherently safe. Walking is as natural as breathing."

John Butcher, Founder of 'Walk21', 1999

> "Few arguments can be put forward against inviting people to walk as much as possible in their cities. It's good for the cities, the air, the resources and the people."

Jan Gehl, participant at the London Conference, 2000

> "Cities cannot give in to the endless demands of vehicles. We must recover the environment, adopt initiatives to discourage and reduce the abusive use of the car and promote walking, cycling and public transport."

Odón Elorza, Mayor of Donostia-San Sebastián 2001


title: Origins of the Sámi

abstract: The origin of the Sámi has been of research interest since at least the early 17th century. Initially, the Sámi were grouped together with ethnic Finns, due to the relative similarity between the Sámi languages and Finnish. When biological anthropology was developed in the 19th century, Sámi were seen instead to differ from surrounding peoples, which in turn led to the theory that the Sámi had developed as an isolated people during the Ice Age, when they would have overwintered by the Arctic Ocean. This theory was eventually abandoned.

text:
# Origins of the Sámi

**The origin of the Sámi** has been of research interest since at least the early 17th century. Initially, the Sámi were grouped together with ethnic Finns, due to the relative similarity between the Sámi languages and Finnish. When biological anthropology was developed in the 19th century, Sámi were seen instead to differ from surrounding peoples, which in turn led to the theory that the Sámi had developed as an isolated people during the Ice Age, when they would have overwintered by the Arctic Ocean. This theory was eventually abandoned.

## Prehistory

New genetic research shows that the Sámi group has developed from several different directions at different times from many different hunter-gatherer peoples who moved across the Cap of the North, and that Sámi as well as Finnish-speaking and Scandinavian language-speaking farmers could mix with each other during the iron age. This has been interpreted to show that the Sámi culture has been so formed as a result of semi-nomadic reindeer husbandry which began around 2500 years ago, rather than as a strictly isolated group. Nevertheless, the Sámi are a genetically unique population. By this it is meant not that the Sámi have unique genes, rather that certain gene variants are present at a different frequency in Sámi people than in other populations.

Europe has been populated by four prehistoric waves of migration, of which the first three waves helped form the Germanic and Nordic peoples, whilst a great deal of the Sámi and Finnish population have their roots in the fourth wave.

The first wave consisted of hunter-gatherers. A culture which is believed to have overwintered the Ice Age in the refugium of Southern Europe reached Scandinavia from the South 13000 years ago. Traces of them appear in the Nordic population as mtDNA Haplogroup V (passed on via one's maternal grandmother's mother etc.), which is particularly common among the Sámi. Another culture had overwintered in refugia in present-day Russia, and populated Scandinavia and Europe from the northeast after the end of the Ice Age, around 10000 years ago. This migration brought with it the mtDNA Haplogroup U5, which is particularly common among Sámi-speaking populations. These days it is uncommon among other European populations, where hunter-gatherers are thought to have been displaced by later farming communities to the areas on Europe's periphery. Variant U5b1b1 appears in the Nordic countries largely only among those with Sámi roots, but also occurs in North Africa (among Berbers), in Northernmost Asia and in Southern Europe.

A second wave of immigration from outside of Europe consisted of Stone Age farmers from the Middle East, and a third wave consisted of Indo-European herders from the Eurasian Steppe, just before Bronze Age.

A fourth wave, from Siberia, reached Europe c.4000 years ago, constituting a significant addition to finns and Sámi. The YDNA haplogroup (inherited from father to son etc.) N1c is especially common in Finland and among the Sámi, and is thought to have arrived in Fennoscandia from the east at least 1500 years ago. The N1c population brought with it metalwork from the Ananyino Culture, resulting in what is believed to be early Sámi metalwork using asbestos-ceramic, in Norrland and other areas.

During the 6th century, humans from the coastal tracts of Finland as well as central Sweden, mostly belonging to YDNA Haplogroups I1 and R1a which commonly occur among farmers, made contact with the Sámi. The Sámi numbered very few at that time, and were therefore threatened by the bottleneck effect, which resulted in uniquely autosomal DNA and an abnormal frequency of haplogroups, but the Sámi traded and, in time, mixed with the resident population of northern Fennoscandia, not least with the Proto-Germanic populations who began the colonisation of central Norrland in the Bronze Age, and northern Norrland since the Middle Ages. Among Swedes, those from Västerbotten show a somewhat higher frequency of haplogroups commonly found among speakers of Sámi and Finnish languages, and the population in Norrland shows more variety than other Germanic population groups.

## Original inhabitants or Finns?

According to Sámi tradition expressed by Johan Turi, the Sámi have always lived in Lappland, and did not arrive there from anywhere else. However, the origin of the Sámi has long been a matter of debate. In his book, Lapponia, from 1673, Johannes Schefferus devoted a chapter to the lineage of the Sámi. He opened by arguing at the Sámi couldn't originate from Swedes, "... When nothing is more unlike than a Lapp and a Swede. Not in body shape, temperament, clothing, why nothing between them is alike." Nor were they believed to have come from the Russians or the Norwegians. Schefferus concluded that it was most likely that the Sámi derived from the Finns, not least due to the apparent similarity between the Sámi and Finnish languages, but also as both peoples were so alike in temperament as well as appearance: "The Finns have black hair, wide faces and grim expressions, as do the Lapps". As well as question of clothing, Schefferus found that the difference between the Sámi and the Finns was insignificant.

## K.B. Wiklund's overwintering theory

Not everyone agreed, however, on the physical similarities between the Sámi and the Finns. At the turn of the 20th century, the linguist K.B. Wiklund stated that the Sámi "are in anthropological regards just as removed from the Finns as ever from the Nordic people". (Wiklund meant in terms of physical anthropology, that is the study of phenotypic traits, which at the time was a large area of research). According to Wiklund, it was characteristic for the Sámi to have a short head and to be of short stature, to have black hair, brown eyes and a weak chin. In his opinion, nobody had been able to prove an anthropological relationship between the Sámi and any other people. He concluded that "the Lappish race" arose through a long time of total isolation from other groups of people.

But how would such an isolation have occurred? When the botanist Rolf Nordhagen realised that he could show that relatively large parts of the Norwegian Arctic and Atlantic coasts were ice-free during the last Ice Age, this dovetailed remarkably with Wiklunds theory. Archaeologist Anders Nummedal had also found very old dwellings at Gurravárri in Áltá, in precisely the area Nordhagen had identified as having been ice-free. Thus Wiklund was finally able to solve "the mystery of the Lappish prehistory". The relics of the Komsa culture had to be traces of the Sámi people's forefathers, who spent the Ice Age in isolation by the coast. From there they would have spread further south as the ice melted.

As further evidence for this overwintering theory, K.B Wiklund pointed out that the modern population in Møre district and Sunnfjord in Norway were of an "anthropological type" which were astoundingly similar to the Sámi people, and that archaeologists in precisely this area had found relics of the so-called Fosna culture, which strongly resembled the Komsa culture. Wiklund argued that this was no mere coincidence. Even the so-called "pyttar" of Bohus-Malmön on the edge of the west coast of Sweden betrayed, according to Wiklund, "an unmistakable similarity to our Lapps". Wiklund claimed that right up to modern times there would have been relicts along the Norwegian and Swedish coasts of a population who survived the Ice Age.

K.B. Wiklund believed that the forefathers of the Sámi, who had overwintered on the Arctic coast, wouldn't have spoken Sámi, rather they would have spoken several unknown languages which he called "Paleo-Laplandic". He thought he found lingering traces of Paleo-Laplandic in the form of words which couldn't be attributed to other languages. For example, this included the Sámi word for water, *čáhci*, which is totally unlike Finnish *vesi*. The place-name Luleå was, according to Wiklund's understanding, also a Paleo-Laplandic relic. As it can be interpreted as "the watercourse that lies east of and underneath the mountain range" he argued that it seemed to have come from the west. Many other place names in Lappmarken, such as Sulitelma and Abisko, could, according to Wiklund, be relics from the Paleo-Laplandic era. Only later did the Sámi switch from speaking their original language to a Finno-Ugric language.

It ought to be noted that K.B. Wiklund's discourse about "the Lappish race" soon came to be considered outdate. As early as 1941 the physician Gunnar Dahlberg wrote that the thought "that Europeans originate fro a number of pure races is an unsubstantiated hypothesis". Despite he himself working with the State Institute for Racial Biology, he drew the conclusion "racial biology \[is\] an expression of national prejudices and has nothing to do with science". According to Dahlberg, the differences between the Sámi and others probably depended on environmental factors.

## Relations with elk-hunters and asbestos-ceramicists.

Nor did K.B. Wiklund's opinions last long. Only a few decades after his death, most researchers had abandoned the overwintering theory. The concept of the Paleo-Laplandic language, however, lived on to a certain extent. The ethnologist Phebe Fjellström pointed out in the 1980s the considerable differences between Northern Sámi and Southern Sámi and thought the ethnic group of the Sámi actually consisted of two different peoples. The first is suspected to have lived on the Norwegian coast after the Ice Age, and from there traversed the Scandinavian Mountains to Lapland and northern Ångermanland where they then existed as elk-hunters from 4000 BCE onwards. This group would have spoken Paleo-Laplandic. Around 2000 BCE a finno-ugric speaking people, the asbestos-ceramic culture, would have come to Fennoscandia from the east. When the two groups met, it is thought they may have merged into a single ethnic group which became the Sámi.

Even scientists who do not support the idea of a double origin have connected the Sámi to the people of the asbestos-ceramic culture. In Sweden this type of discovery does not occur south of a boundary line which separates Upper Norrland from Central Norrland and Jämtland. North of this boundary the names for rivers and the oldest place names are often of Sámi or Finnish origin, while the equivalent names south of the boundary are Germanic in their origin. The people who made asbestos-ceramics would, according to this, be the forefathers of the Sámi, while those who lived further south would be the forefathers to the Scandinavians.

## Genetic studies

When the father of physical anthropology, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) categorised humans into five separate races, he placed all those who spoke Finno-Ugric languages into the Mongoloid race. Despite K.B. Wiklund's understanding that the Sámi were just as different from the Finns as from the Scandinavians, this classification remained long into the 1900s.

When genetics was developed as a science in the mid-1950s, it became a tool in the research into the origin of the Sámi, and the results suggested that K.B. Wiklund had come closer to the truth than Blumenbach. Lars Beckman, who primarily studied blood types, called the Sámi a genetically unique population. His research indicated that the Sámi were not closely related to Asiatic-Mongoloid ethnicities. However, his studies could not explain the origin of the Sámi, but he did exclude the idea that their "urheimat" was somewhere in Asia or Eastern Europe. His studies of the frequency of so-called Sámi marker-genes indicated that between a quarter and a third of the genetic material of the populations of Västerbotten county and Norrbotten county have Sámi origins.

## Studies of mitochondria and Y-chromosomes

Later types of genetic study, particularly of mitochondrial DNA (which is only passed down by the mother) and Y chromosomes (which are only inherited from father to son) have provided new information, yet it can often be difficult to interpret. The two types of mitochondrial DNA which are dominant among the Sámi, haplogroups U5b1b and V, are believed to originate in Western Europe. Even those Y chromosome variants which are found among the Sámi indicate a European origin. However, no genetic similarity with present-day Siberian peoples has been proved. The research group who published these results in 2004 believed that the distinctive genetic character of the Sámi is best explained by their ancestors having been a small, defined group of Europeans.

It has, however, clearly been demonstrated that there is a genetic relationship to Siberia, insofar as nowhere except north-easternmost Europe and northernmost Scandinavia is there so high a frequency as in western Siberia of a particular genetic marker whose very highest area of frequency is found in the border regions between Europe and Siberia.

While mapping out human mitochondrial DNA in its entirety, one of the aforementioned variants, U5b1b, was found in the mitochondrial DNA of three Sámi people, a Berber from Algeria, a Fulani person from Senegal, as well as a Yakut person from northeast Siberia. That the Fulani and Berbers have had contact with each other was already known, but the results were generally a surprise for the research group, particularly that this variant only seems to have emerged 9000 years ago. One possible explanation could be that the forefathers of all of these ethnic groups originated in Southwestern Europe, on the border between France and Spain, from where hunter-gatherer tribes spread out in different directions after the last Ice Age.

A Swedish study from 2007 has concluded that the haplogroups U5b1b and V (those which dominate mitochondrial DNA among Sámi from northernmost Sweden, Norway and Finland) likely came to the area very soon after the Ice Age ended. They may have come either from the European continent, or from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, or from both directions. Another type of mitochondrial DNA, haplogroup Z, occurs at low rates both among Sámi and North Asian ethnicities, yet is otherwise absent from Europe. Researchers have interpreted this as a sign that the North Sámi group mixed with another from the east as recently as 2700 years ago.

## Genetics and archaeology

The Swedish genetic study of 2007 can be compared with new archaeological discoveries, which are thought to show that northernmost Sweden was populated from the north immediately after the Ice Age. The Komsa culture has thus become central again as the origin of northern Sweden's earliest inhabitants. Researchers no longer believe, however, that the people who left traces at Komsa lived out the Ice Age on the Northern Norwegian coast, rather that the coastal area was quickly colonised from the south during the final stages of the Ice Age. When these people followed the melting ice southwards across the Tundra, they eventually encountered the people who had colonised Finland from the east. Thus, the genetic heritage of the Sámi, which is primarily European but is thought to have come from both east and west, can be explained.

The time of the later migration, which geneticists believe they can see traces of from 2700 years ago, can be compared with that connection which was made before by many archaeologists between the Sámi and the people who made asbestos ceramics. Asbestos ceramics are found in dwellings from circa 3900 BCE to 1300 BCE in Finland, and from 1500 BCE to 1000 CE in Scandinavia.

One theory on the origin the Sámi was that they originate from the hunter-gatherer culture known by archaeologists as the Pitted Ware culture. Emellertid However, modern genetic studies have shown this not to be the case.

1. Lennart Lundmark (2012-04-02). *Stulet land: svensk makt på samisk mark* (in Swedish). Ordfront. ISBN 9789174413823. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
2. Karin Bojs; Peter Sjölund (2016). *Svenskarna och deras fäder - de senaste 11 000 åren* (Andra tryckningen ed.). Bonniers förlag. ISBN 9789100167547. OCLC 973876808., inskannad
3. "Haplogroup V (mtDNA)".
4. "Haplogroup U5 (mtDNA)".
5. Karin Bojs; Peter Sjölund (2016). *Svenskarna och deras fäder - de senaste 11 000 åren* (Andra tryckningen ed.). Bonniers förlag. ISBN 9789100167547. OCLC 973876808., inskannad
6. Schefferus, Johannes; Granlund John, Manker Ernst (1956). *Lappland*. Acta Lapponica, 0348-8993 ; 8 (in Swedish). Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 79–81. LIBRIS: 1178624.
7. Brøndum-Nielsen Johannes, Wiklund Karl Bernhard, ed. (1947). *Nordisk kultur: samlingsverk. 10, Lapperne ; Lapparna* (in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier. LIBRIS: 128247.
8. Lundmark, Lennart (2008). *Stulet land: svensk makt på samisk mark* (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ordfront. ISBN 978-91-7037-353-4. LIBRIS: 10740653.
9. Fjellström, Phebe (1985). *Samernas samhälle i tradition och nutid: \[Lappish society in tradition and the present day\]* (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. pp. 136–140. ISBN 91-1-853222-5. LIBRIS: 8345656.
10. Baudou, Evert (1995). *Norrlands forntid: ett historiskt perspektiv*. Kungl. Skytteanska samfundets handlingar, 0560-2416 ; 45 (in Swedish) (1. uppl. /3. tr. ed.). Umeå: Skytteanska samf. pp. 110–111. ISBN 91-7191-227-4. LIBRIS: 7617822.
11. Niskanen, Markku (2009). "Saami and their origins in light of physical anthropology". In Äikäs Tiina (ed.). *Máttut - máddagat: the roots of Saami ethnicities, societies and spaces/places*. Publications of the Giellagas Institute, 1458-6282; 12. Oulu: Giellagas-instituhtta. pp. 20–29. ISBN 978-951-42-9282-8. LIBRIS: 11766968.
12. Beckman, Lars (1990). *Genetiska studier av svenska samer. Thule. Kungl. Skytteanska samfundets Årsbok. ISSN 0280-8692* (in Swedish). Umeå: Skytteanska Samfundet. p. 58. ISBN 91-86438-11-5.
13. "Arkiverade kopian" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-01-01. *Professor Lars Beckman, Umeå: Samerna är en Europeisk genetisk unik urbefolkning!* Samefolket Nr 8/1997 s. 11–13, enligt föredrag av L. Beckman och *Samerna – en genetiskt unik urbefolkning* Umeå universitet 1996
14. Edlund Lars-Erik, Frängsmyr Tore, ed. (1996). *Norrländsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund om den norrländska regionen. Bd 4, \[Regio-Övre\]* (in Swedish). Umeå: Norrlands univ.-förl. p. 50. ISBN 91-972484-2-8. LIBRIS: 1610874.
15. Kristiina Tambets, Siiri Rootsi, Toomas Kivisild, Hela Help, Piia Serk, Eva-Liis Loogväli, Helle-Viivi Tolk, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, Liana Pliss, Oleg Balanovsky, Andrey Pshenichnov, Elena Balanovska, Marina Gubina, Sergey Zhadanov, Ludmila Osipova, Larisa Damba, Mikhail Voevoda, Ildus Kutuev, Marina Bermisheva, Elza Khusnutdinova, Vladislava Gusar, Elena Grechanina, Jüri Parik, Erwan Pennarun, Christelle Richard, Andre Chaventre, Jean-Paul Moisan, Lovorka Barać, Marijana Peričić, Pavao Rudan, Rifat Terzić, Ilia Mikerezi, Astrida Krumina, Viesturs Baumanis, Slawomir Koziel, Olga Rickards, Gian Franco De Stefano, Nicholas Anagnou, Kalliopi I. Pappa, Emmanuel Michalodimitrakis, Vladimir Ferák, Sandor Füredi, Radovan Komel, Lars Beckman, Richard Villems (25 February 2004). "The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes". *American Journal of Human Genetics*. **74** (4): 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
16. Max Ingman; Ulf Gyllensten (2007). "A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia". *European Journal of Human Genetics*. **15** (1): 115–120. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201712. PMID 16985502.


title: Antonina Hoffmann

abstract: Antonina Hoffmann was a Polish theatre actress and a leading representative of the so-called 'Kraków School' of acting introduced by Stanisław Koźmian. Her acting career spanned five decades during the Victorian era.

text:
# Antonina Hoffmann

**Antonina Hoffmann** (16 June 1842 – 16 June 1897) was a Polish theatre actress and a leading representative of the so-called 'Kraków School' of acting introduced by Stanisław Koźmian. Her acting career spanned five decades during the Victorian era.

## Early life

Antonina Hoffmann was born in Trzebinia, Poland, the daughter of Jan Hoffmann and Emilia (née Thiel), an impoverished landowning evangelical family of German origin. In her youth she attended Paulina Krakow's finishing school for girls in Warsaw. Against the wishes of her family, she decided that she wanted to go on the stage; in 1858 she began taking private acting lessons from Jan Królikowski, in the same year becoming a student at Józef Rychter's School of Drama in Warsaw. She made her stage debut aged 17, while still a student, as Fredericka Wagner in Émile Augier and Jules Sandeau's comedy *Touchstone* at the Rozmaitości Theatre in 1859. In 1860 she moved to Kraków, where she was hired by Józef Pfeiffer, director of the Municipal Theatre in Kraków. She went on to make many appearances with that company in performances at Lviv, Poznań, Prague and Warsaw. She was a co-worker and lifelong companion of Stanisław Koźmian (this relationship lasted until her death, but it was not formalized in marriage) and became an exponent of his 'Kraków School' of acting, which involved a deeper analysis of the text of the play. She competed successfully for the position of the leading actress in the group of the Kraków theatre with Helena Modjeska.

## Career

Apart from a few short interludes Hoffmann worked exclusively in Kraków until 1893, at first under Pfeiffer's direction and later under that of Adam Miłaszewski (1863–1865), whose period as director ended in fiasco and in the breaking up of the entire company. This resulted in something of a low point in Hoffmann's career. A falling out with Miłaszewski caused her to depart from the Kraków theatre and by 1865 she had joined Konstanty Sulikowski's company in Tarnow. In 1865, Adam Skorupka became head of the Municipal Theatre in Kraków and Koźmian began collaborating with him. Hoffmann returned and was cast in the theatre's productions, performing with the company in Kraków and during guest appearances in Poznań, Krynica, Kielce, Tarnow and Prague. During this period she travelled to Vienna and Paris to observe theatre there.

## Later years and death

During her later years her career diminished while at the same time fighting against the cancer which was to kill her. Hoffmann died in Kraków on her 55th birthday. She was buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery in the family grave of her friend Helena Modjeska and Wendów. In November that year her body was moved to its own grave, which is decorated with a sculpture-bust of the artist by Michał Korpal and an epitaph which states that she devoted 37 years to the Kraków stage.

## Roles

In total, she played nearly 400 theatre roles; among these were Elizabeth in Friedrich Schiller's *Don Carlos* and Lady Milford in the same author's *Love and Intrigue*, Beatrice in *Much Ado About Nothing*, Catherine in *Taming of the Shrew*, Gertrude in *Hamlet*, Lady Macbeth in *Macbeth* and Desdemona in *Othello*. She also appeared in the title role in Jean Racine's tragedy *Phèdre*, played Suzanne in Pierre Beaumarchais's *The Marriage of Figaro* and Camilla in Alfred de Musset's *No Trifling with Love*. She was responsible for introducing the dramas of Juliusz Słowacki to the Kraków stage. She played a number of roles from the Polish repertoire, including Clara in Aleksander Fredro's *Śluby panieńskie* (*Maidens' Vows*) and Gulda in Joseph Conrad's *Cyganie* (*The Gypsies*). She also appeared in contemporary French dramas, playing, among others, Joanna de Simerose in *L'ami des Femmes* and Severine in *Princess George* by Alexander Dumas, Princess Falconieri in Octave Feuillet's *Dalila* and the title role in Victorien Sardou's *Odette*.


title: Hailufeng Soviet

abstract: The Hailufeng Soviet was the first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, by Peng Pai with Ye Ting's remnant troops from the Nanchang Uprising. After the Little Long March and the near-rout at the Battle of Shantou these troops were much diminished and were directed by the ComIntern to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.

text:
# Hailufeng Soviet

The **Hailufeng Soviet** (Chinese: **海陆丰苏维埃**, *i.e.* **Hai\[feng\]-Lufeng Soviet**) was the first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, by Peng Pai with Ye Ting's remnant troops from the Nanchang Uprising. After the Little Long March and the near-rout at the Battle of Shantou these troops were much diminished and were directed by the ComIntern to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.

## Location

The territory lay in mountainous Hakka speaking parts of Haifeng, Lufeng and Luhe counties of what is now Shanwei municipality on the coast of Guangdong Province.

## Notes and references


title: The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream

abstract: The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream is a 1992 South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook in his feature directorial debut. A crime drama involving a love triangle between a singer, a gangster, and the gangster's photographer brother, it features pop star Lee Seung-chul in his acting debut.

text:
# The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream

***The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream*** is a 1992 South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook in his feature directorial debut.

A crime drama involving a love triangle between a singer, a gangster, and the gangster's photographer brother, it features pop star Lee Seung-chul in his acting debut.

## Plot

Mu-hoon, a Busan gangster, falls in love with Eun-ju, the mistress of his boss Mr Oh. Together they steal a large sum of Mr Oh's money and elope to a seaside village, where Mu-hoon proposes to Eun-ju. However, Mr Oh's men soon catch up with them. Mu-hoon escapes out of a window with the money, but Eun-ju is slashed across the face with a knife and taken away.

One year later, Mu-hoon visits his half-brother Ha-young, a successful photographer in Seoul. He recognizes Eun-ju in one of his brother's photos, singing on stage at a nightclub. They head to the club, but they spot Man-cheol, one of Mr Oh's Busan gangsters, watching the door. Ha-young goes inside alone to find Eun-ju, and she warns him that her life was spared only so she could act as bait to entrap Moon-hu.

Ha-young suggests that the two lovers meet in the dark of a local cinema, but Eun-ju is kept as a prisoner in her apartment by Man-cheol. Mu-hoon breaks into the apartment and frees Eun-ju; Man-cheol wearily accepts without a fight, admitting that he also betrayed Mr Oh's trust and his punishment was being given the job of Eun-ju's warden. Mu-hoon tells Man-cheol to report to Mr Oh that he's willing to return the money and make amends. However, when he meets with his old boss he's told that to save his and Eun-ju's lives he must assassinate the key witness in a police investigation into Mr Oh's meth business. Mu-hoon asks for time to consider the offer, but secretly retrieves the money from its hiding place at his mother's house, intending to run away again with Eun-ju.

Meanwhile, Mr Oh's men keep searching for Eun-ju, who hides out at Ha-young's apartment and studio. After stepping in for an ad campaign she decides to become a professional model, and has plastic surgery to hide her facial scar. She and Ha-young bond over their mutual interests in fashion, music, and film, and a modelling agency offers her a contract to appear in a major televised catwalk runway show on Christmas Eve. Ha-young realizes he is falling in love with Eun-ju, but suppresses his feelings for the sake of his brother.

Mu-hoon realizes too late—on the day that her ad campaign launches—that Eun-ju will blow their cover. Mr Oh's men break into Ha-young's apartment and beat him up; when Mu-hoon rushes to the hospital, another gangster is waiting for him. Realizing that he can no longer elope again with Eun-ju without Ha-young being hurt as collateral, he calls Mr Oh and accepts the assassination job. He is told that the target is none other than Man-cheol, who has secretly turned informer.

On the day of the hit, Mu-hoon waits in the court parking garage. Man-cheol, assuming that Mu-hoon was sent to free him, helps him knock out the two cops escorting him. Mu-hoon then pulls out a knife and reluctantly prepares to kill Man-cheol. However, an officer recovers and pulls out his gun; Man-cheol grabs it, but Mu-hoon is shot in the stomach. He stumbles out of the building and gets into Mr Oh's waiting car, kills him, and is thrown out along with Mr Oh's body by the panicking driver. He makes it to a phone booth and calls Ha-young for help, who leaves the fashion show without telling Eun-ju; however, she sees news of the failed assassination attempt on TV and runs out during her debut runway walk. Ha-young drives Mu-hoon to a nearby animal hospital, and Eun-ju arrives in time to see him die. She confesses to his body that she was the one who went to the police about Man-cheol, leading to the arrest that made him become an informant; she blames herself for the entire chain of events.

A year later, Ha-young has quit photography, while Eun-ju has become a major celebrity. Ha-young has rejected her repeated attempts to stay in contact because, unlike his brother, he "only ever needed her image." He visits an empty cinema to watch her in a movie, then approaches the screen to reach out towards the projection of her face. The film stops, the house lights turn on, and Ha-young turns to face the camera, distraught.

## Cast

Kim Ye-ryeong also made one of her first appearances on-screen, playing a coordinator.

## Release

The movie was a critical and commercial failure, and Park has "essentially disowned" both it and his second feature, *Trio*—including resisting attempts to make it available to watch on home media.

In a 2006 interview, he said: "It's really fortunate that not many of you have seen this first film - for you and for me! I made it when I was in my twenties and I had this blind ambition to basically make a film, so that's how I got to make that film. And it was very low budget, and very sentimental, and it's just very... you know... awful."

## InfoBox

| The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Hangul | 달은... 해가 꾸는 꿈 |
| Revised Romanization | *Daleun...haega kkuneun kkum* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Talŭn...haeka kkunŭn kkum* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Park Chan-wook |
| Written by | Kim Yong-tae
Park Chan-wook |
| Produced by | Go Sun-jong
Im Jin-gyu |
| Starring | Lee Seung-chul
Na Hyun-hee |
| Cinematography | Park Seung-bae |
| Edited by | Kim Hee-su |
| Music by | Sin Jae-hong |
| Release date | * February 29, 1992 (1992-02-29) |
| Running time | 103 minutes |
| Country | South Korea |
| Language | Korean |


title: Jorge Alor

abstract: Jorge Alor is the founding editor of Sputnik, Atomix, and Sonika. He is also the founder of Mexican annual music festival, Manifest.

text:
# Jorge Alor

**Jorge Alor** is the founding editor of Sputnik, Atomix, and Sonika. He is also the founder of Mexican annual music festival, Manifest.

## Editing career

### Sputnik

In 1998, Alor created Sputnik Magazine.

104 editions of the magazine were published between 1996 and 2010.

Thanks to its style, topics, and innovation, Sputnik received many awards, as follows: the International Design Award, the Quorum Award, and the Award from the Chamber of the Mexican Publishing Industry.

### Atomix

In 1999, along with Oscar Akira Yasser Noriega, he was the co-founder of Atomix, and also the co-founder of EGS Electronic Game Show.

### Arroba

The publishing experience at Sputnik led Jorge to collaborate in Arroba (2000–2004) - a radio show on new digital-era technologies and trends which was broadcast by Mexico City's Radioactivo 98.5 FM.

### Sonika

In 2001, founded magazine Sonika. It started as an electronica publication - due to the increasing market trend towards this genre. (Sonika in the Spanish Wikipedia)

It started as an electronic publication. Yet, little by little, comments by the readers and the evolution of the industry gave way to addressing other more-sophisticated genres - to later set in at indie music.

A main feature was the inclusion of a mini CD every month.

### Manifest Music Festival

The ever-growing popularity of magazine Sonika led Jorge Alor to create Manifest. A yearly national/international alternative music festival - and one of the first open-air festivals in Mexico.

Manifest was held eight times, on various stages in the main cities in the country: Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. During those six years, international musicians (e.g., Ian Brown, The Kills, Delorean, The Faint, Pretty Girls Make Graves, Morning Runner, The Horrors, Yo La Tengo, The Rapture, Interpol, and The Whitest Boy Alive) played at the festival.

### BNN

In 2008 founded agency BNN (Banana) in the year 2008.

Jorge acted as CEO at BNN. He has led digital campaigns and strategies for various holdings brands, such as: Nestlé, Mondeléz, Mabe, Purina, OCESA, Bacardí, BMW, Grupo Lala, Novartis, Marca Mexico, Roche, Heinz, and Coppel, among others.

He is currently the Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau) in Mexico.

## Awards and recognition

| AWARDS |
| --- |
| Jorge Alor | CNN Latinamerican Leader | 2000 |
| Sputnik Magazine | a! International Design Award | 2000 |
| Sputnik Magazine | Quorum Design Award | 2000 |
| Sputnik Magazine | "Mexican Chamber of the Publishing Industry Award" | 2001 |
| Atomix Magazine | Best Website Award | 2000 |
| Manifest 2005 | Nominated as best festival at the Lunas del Auditorio Awards" | 2005 |
| Manifest 2006 | Nominated as best festival at the Lunas del Auditorio Awards" | 2006 |
| Manifest 2007 | Indie-O Award for Best Independent Festival | 2007 |
| Jorge Alor | Excellent Marketing Award | 2013 |
| BNN | Reader's Choice Award | 2009 |
| BNN | IAB Mixx Bronze | 2017 |
| BNN | Bronze Effie | 2017 |
| Jorge Alor | EY, Entrepreneur of the Year, Runner-up | 2018 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Social Networking initiative | 2019 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Comprehensive Rare Disease campaign | 2019 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Comprehensive Nestle Nutrition Institute campaign | 2020 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Comprehensive Novartis campaign (Every day counts) | 2020 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Comprehensive Novartis campaign (Medforum) | 2020 |
| BNN | ASPID Mexico Awards, Gold Best Comprehensive Roche campaign | 2020 |

* **12 mitos de la mercadotecnia, con la opinión de Jorge Alor***
* **Entrevista para el programa de TV "Fractal" de Televisa***


title: Olav Nygard

abstract: Olav Nygard was a Norwegian poet from Modalen in Hordaland. Nygard is now considered one of the most important Norwegian authors of his time, but was, however, not especially acknowledged while alive.

text:
# Olav Nygard

**Olav Nygard** (10 July 1884 in Modalen – 11 February 1924) was a Norwegian poet from Modalen in Hordaland. Nygard is now considered one of the most important Norwegian authors of his time, but was, however, not especially acknowledged while alive.

## Life and background

Nygard was born in an isolated farm in the rural district of Modalen, Norway, being the second youngest of altogether ten siblings. He started writing relatively early, mainly poems, and was soon determined to become a full-time writer. His childhood, however, was not easy, losing his mother at the age of ten, and having to work at his father's farm after finishing elementary school. He was a very gifted wood carver, creating, among other things, his own fiddle, which he would use playing at local dancing arrangements. He had a special interest in the local dialect, collecting tales and words told by his father. Finally, during his 1904-1905 stay at Møre Folkehøgskule in Ørsta, Nygard came in touch with a more academic group of people. He met Petra Krøvel, his first wife, who died of tuberculosis shortly afterwards. From 1909-1910 he lived in Oslo, partially at Labråten, the Asker residence of Arne Garborg. The advice and support of him and his wife Hulda Garborg were of great importance for Nygard, even later on in life. Nygard made his living in several different professions, but mostly as a self-dependent farmer. In 1912 he married Rakel Tvedt, with whom he had a son in 1916. The little family had money problems almost constantly, making Nygard's artistic work difficult. As his first wife, Nygard suffered from tuberculosis. He seemed for a while to be recovering, but eventually died in 1924.

## Poetry

Nygard almost exclusively wrote poetry. He was not notably influenced by other Norwegian authors at his time, writing in a fashion quite different from the trend. Henrik Wergeland, though, was a major source of inspiration. So was also British authors like William Shakespeare and John Keats, not to mention Robert Burns, of whom Nygard translated several poems.

Nygard is himself within a clearly romantic tradition, but with a very distinctive tone. What most obviously separates him from the increasingly modernistic authors of his own time, is the archaic language he always uses. It is Nynorsk, but shaped by his own dialect and with a vast variety of words, many of them endemic to his own poetic production. He frequently puts words together in unexpected ways, thus creating several hundred new words found only in these poems. It is also Nygard's rich language that has become the biggest obstacle for new readers, having sometimes difficulties understanding the content. If one, however, gets to the bottom of possible language barriers, one comes to discover a poetry dealing with many of life's greatest issues. Nygard is said, possibly because of his early death and rather sorrowful life, to be concerned very much with death in his poems. To some extent, this is indeed true. But it is also a vibrant poetry, using powerful images and connecting the forces of life, death and nature in a vital, ambitious way. Nature is often represented in metaphors, sometimes with a mystic and even erotic use of images. Some modernistic patterns can be found especially in his later poetry, such as the occurrence of a "meta"-perspective on his own role as a poet. But while many authors of his time wrote in a more realistic and concrete fashion, Nygard held on to an almost cosmological style.

Although rarely read by most, Nygard is considered an important author in the change from late romantic to modernistic Norwegian literature, and a major poetic talent. Norwegian author Claes Gill is known to have stated about Nygard, that he, "\[...\] if writing in a World language, would have been among the greatest poets in international literature."

## Works

* *Flodmaal* (1913)
* *Runemaal* (1914)
* *Kvæde* (1915)
* *Ved vebande* (1923)
* *Dikt* (*Poems*) (Translations of Robert Burns' poems) (1923)
* *Dikt i samling* (*Collected poems*) (1984, new edition 2004)


title: Heppendorf

abstract: Heppendorf is a village in the district of Rhein-Erft-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the municipality Elsdorf.

text:
# Heppendorf

**Heppendorf** is a village in the district of Rhein-Erft-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the municipality Elsdorf.

## Location

Heppendorf is bordered to the east by Sindorf, Geilrath to the south, Stammeln to the west and Widdendorf in the north-west. It is located about 30 km to the west of Cologne.

## InfoBox

| Heppendorf | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Elsdorf | |
| Location of Heppendorf | |
| Heppendorf Heppendorf | |
| Coordinates: 50°54′40″N 6°38′01″E / 50.91111°N 6.63361°E / 50.91111; 6.63361 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Admin. region | Cologne |
| District | Rhein-Erft-Kreis |
| Municipality | Elsdorf |
| Elevation | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 1,878 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 50189 |
| Dialling codes | 02271 |


title: Glona Labadlabad

abstract: Glona Labadlabad is a Filipino politician currently serving as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 2nd district of Zamboanga del Norte since 2016.

text:
# Glona Labadlabad

**Glona Labadlabad** (née Gollayan) is a Filipino politician currently serving as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 2nd district of Zamboanga del Norte since 2016.

## Political career

Labadlabad made her first run in 2013 for municipal mayor of Katipunan, but was defeated. She then made her run and won in 2016 as representative of the province's second district, succeeding her husband, then-Congressman Rosendo Labadlabad. She was re-elected as representative in the elections of 2019 and in 2022 by a landslide vote.

### House of Representatives

In the 18th Congress, she is currently the chairperson of the House Committee on Ecology, and sits as member of the House Committees on Foreign Affairs, and Appropriations.

## Controversies

* In 2019, Glona and Rosendo Labadlabad were charged with obstruction of justice for harboring a self-confessed killer from the neighboring town of Siayan, Zamboanga del Norte.

## Electoral history

2019 Philippine House of Representatives election in the Second District of Zamboanga del Norte
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **PDP–Laban** | ***Glona Labadlabad*** | **105,319** |  |
|  | Nacionalista | Flora Villarosa | 88,638 |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | PDP–Laban **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| Glona Labadlabad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Zamboanga del Norte's Second District | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
June 30, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Rosendo Labadlabad |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Glona Gollayan |
| Political party | Lakas–CMD (2023–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | PDP–Laban (2016–2023)
Liberal (2012–2016) |
| Spouse | Rosendo Labadlabad |
|  | |