abstract: In the run up to the 2023 Spanish general election, various organisations carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 14th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 10 November 2019, to the present day. This article displays polls conducted in 2022. Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll. The tables below list nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats are required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

text:
# Nationwide opinion polling for the 2023 Spanish general election (2022)

In the run up to the 2023 Spanish general election, various organisations carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 14th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 10 November 2019, to the present day. This article displays polls conducted in 2022.

Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

The tables below list nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats are required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

## Polling

### 2022

1. "La crisis institucional beneficia al PP, que amplía su ventaja sobre el PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 9 January 2023.
2. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Enero 2023" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 9 January 2023.
3. "El PP de Feijóo inicia el doble año electoral con 5,3 puntos de ventaja sobre Sánchez". *El Español* (in Spanish). 1 January 2023.
4. "Pedro Sánchez hunde al PSOE tras atacar la separación de poderes". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 2 January 2023.
5. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 02/01/2023: UP-ECP-EC 9,6% (22), MÁS PAÍS 2,7% (3), PSOE 24,8% (93), Cs 1,7% (0), PP 30,9% (135), VOX 16,2% (52)". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 2 January 2023.
6. "Feijóo arranca el año electoral 35 escaños por delante de Sánchez y mayoría absoluta asegurada con Vox". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 2 January 2023.
7. "EP (30Dic): bajada de UP y refuerzo de la derecha". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 30 December 2022.
8. "El PP ganaría las elecciones y podría gobernar con Vox, según la encuesta de SigmaDos para Antena 3". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 28 December 2022.
9. "Feijóo empieza el año electoral seis puntos y 35 escaños por encima de Sánchez". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 2 January 2023.
10. "Barómetro laSexta. El PP ganaría las elecciones con el 29,7% de los votos". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 25 December 2022.
11. "EP (25Dic): avance de la derecha". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 25 December 2022.
12. "Las encuestas del PP desmienten al CIS: Feijóo saca 4,4 puntos de ventaja a Sánchez". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 22 December 2022.
13. "Sánchez y Feijóo cierran el año con una batalla sin cuartel en las encuestas que apunta a un 2023 incierto". *Público* (in Spanish). 25 December 2022.
14. "Feijóo ganaría con 143 escaños, casi 40 más que Sánchez, y llegaría a 182 escaños con Vox, según una encuesta del PP". *Europa Press* (in Spanish). 27 December 2022.
15. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta GAD3 27/12/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,4% (24), MÁS PAÍS 2,1% (3), PSOE 26,0% (104), Cs 1,8%, PP 33,2% (143), VOX 13,9% (39)". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 27 December 2022.
16. "El PP consolida su liderazgo y el bloque de centro derecha podría gobernar". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 28 December 2022.
17. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Diciembre de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 30 December 2022.
18. "Un sondeo cifra en un 7% la fuga de votos del PSOE al PP". *El Correo* (in Spanish). 20 January 2023.
19. "Encuesta DYM. El PP sube al 31% y supera ya por cuatro puntos al PSOE, que se estanca en el 27%". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 21 December 2022.
20. "La reforma penal refuerza la mayoría de PP-Vox". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 19 December 2022.
21. "El PSOE aprovecha el clima de polarización y recupera terreno a costa de Unidas Podemos". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 21 December 2022.
22. "EP (18Dic): el choque institucional pasa más factura al PP que al PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 18 December 2022.
23. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 21/12/2022". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 22 December 2022.
24. "Barómetro de diciembre 2022 (Estudio nº 3388. Diciembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 21 December 2022.
25. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3388. Barómetro de diciembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 21 December 2022.
26. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 21/12/2022: UP-ECP-EC 12,4%, MÁS PAÍS 2,0%, PSOE 30,6%, Cs 2,9%, PP 28,6%, VOX 10,2%". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 21 December 2022.
27. "PSOE y PP cierran el año empatados y Vox se recupera". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 28 December 2022.
28. "EP (11Dic): Descenso del PSOE, ligera subida del PP". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 11 December 2022.
29. "PP y Vox mantienen la mayoría absoluta pero la sedición no pasa factura a Pedro Sánchez". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 12 December 2022.
30. "Barómetro laSexta. El PP ganaría las elecciones con el 30,1% de los votos". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 4 December 2022.
31. "Sánchez sigue recortando distancias y se acerca a 3,8 puntos de Feijóo, pero el PP aún podría gobernar". *El Español* (in Spanish). 4 December 2022.
32. "EP (4Dic): el PSOE baja de los 100 escaños". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 4 December 2022.
33. "Sánchez se estanca mientras Feijóo aspira al medio millón de votantes huérfanos de Cs". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 7 December 2022.
34. "Feijóo mantiene una ventaja de 38 escaños sobre Sánchez y sumaría 187 con Abascal". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 5 December 2022.
35. "La ventaja de Feijóo se acorta pero Sánchez no recupera a sus votantes". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 3 December 2022.
36. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 04/12/2022: UP-ECP-EC 9,9% (23), MÁS PAÍS 2,9% (4), PSOE 25,9% (106), Cs 2,5% (0/1), PP 29,1% (126/127), VOX 14,9% (44/45)". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 3 December 2022.
37. "El PP retrocede y el PSOE vuelve a igualarlo en el primer puesto en vísperas del año electoral". *El País* (in Spanish). 5 December 2022.
38. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Diciembre 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 6 December 2022.
39. "EP (27N): descenso del PSOE, la derecha mantiene la absoluta". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 27 November 2022.
40. "Feijóo se aleja de su techo en las encuestas y Sánchez recupera terreno para revalidar el Gobierno". *Público* (in Spanish). 26 November 2022.
41. "Feijóo se aleja de la mayoría absoluta con Vox y Sánchez recorta distancias". *El Periódico de España* (in Spanish). 29 November 2022.
42. "El PP ganaría las elecciones, pero pierde en un mes 1,1 puntos en intención de voto según una encuesta de Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 28 November 2022.
43. "La mayoría de PP y Vox se reduce pero Sánchez frena su repunte". *ABC* (in Spanish). 28 November 2022.
44. "Encuesta DYM. El PSOE resiste pese a la polémica del 'sí es sí' y la supresión de la sedición aunque el PP sigue líder y sumaría mayoría absoluta con Vox". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 23 November 2022.
45. "Vox rentabiliza frente al PP las polémicas sobre la sedición y la ley del solo sí es sí". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 23 November 2022.
46. "EP (20N): la suma de PP+Vox recupera la mayoría absoluta". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 20 November 2022.
47. "Barómetro laSexta. El PP se distancia del PSOE con un 30,5% del voto decidido, su mejor resultado en 2022". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 20 November 2022.
48. "Las medidas electoralistas de Sánchez no funcionan: PP y Vox siguen pudiendo formar Gobierno". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 20 November 2022.
49. "El PP ganaría las elecciones y sumaría mayoría absoluta con Vox y Navarra Suma". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 24 November 2022.
50. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Noviembre de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 25 November 2022.
51. "El PP pierde fuerza y los partidos nacionalistas canarios mantendrían sus escaños en las próximas elecciones generales". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 23 November 2022.
52. "Primer impacto de la reforma de la sedición: Sánchez pierde y Feijóo gana". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 14 November 2022.
53. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 18/11/2022". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 18 November 2022.
54. "Barómetro de noviembre 2022 (Estudio nº 3384. Noviembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 18 November 2022.
55. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3384. Barómetro de noviembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 18 November 2022.
56. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 18/11/2022: UP-ECP-EC 12,2%, MÁS PAÍS 1,5%, PSOE 32,7%, Cs 2,5%, PP 27,2%, VOX 10,1%". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 18 November 2022.
57. "EP (13N): la suma de PP+Vox+Foro+NavSuma no alcanzaría hoy la absoluta. El bloque otros, clave". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 13 November 2022.
58. "La caída del PP deja su ventaja sobre el PSOE en solo dos puntos". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 21 November 2022.
59. "Feijóo retrocede por primera vez tres escaños pero conserva la mayoría absoluta con Vox". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 14 November 2022.
60. "Feijóo se impone a Sánchez en Madrid y sumaría tanto como toda la izquierda". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 9 November 2022.
61. "EP (6N): el PSOE sube y alcanza los 100 diputados, la aritmética parlamentaria comienza a complicarse". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 6 November 2022.
62. "Feijóo mantiene 35 escaños de ventaja pero Sánchez sigue recortando distancias". *El Español* (in Spanish). 6 November 2022.
63. "Optimismo en Moncloa por la caída de Vox: sus encuestas alejan la suma alternativa con el PP". *The Objective* (in Spanish). 31 October 2022.
64. "Feijóo mantiene 28 escaños de ventaja mientras Sánchez persevera en la ofensiva". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 1 November 2022.
65. "Feijóo se mantiene frente a una leve mejoría de los socialistas, según el barómetro de EL PAÍS y la SER". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 November 2022.
66. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Noviembre 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 7 November 2022.
67. "Barómetro de laSexta. El PP lidera la intención de voto con el 29,5% de los sufragios ya decididos". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 29 October 2022.
68. "Feijóo retiene la mayoría con Vox pese a la ligera recuperación de Sánchez con sus medidas compravotos". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 30 October 2022.
69. "EP (30oct): sube la izquierda, la suma de PP+Vox no alcanza la absoluta". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 30 October 2022.
70. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 04/11/2022 (Generales)". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 4 November 2022.
71. "Macroencuesta sobre tendencias en voto municipal. Octubre 2022 (Estudio nº 3382. Octubre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 4 November 2022.
72. "Estimación de voto elecciones generales (Estudio nº 3382. Macroencuesta sobre tendencias en voto municipal. Octubre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 4 November 2022.
73. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 04/11/2022: UP-ECP-EC 11,5%, MÁS PAÍS 1,3%, PSOE 32,9%, Cs 2,1%, PP 29,5%, VOX 9,3%". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 4 November 2022.
74. "Encuesta DYM. El PSOE recupera voto, mientras el PP consolida su ventaja y podría gobernar con Vox". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 26 October 2022.
75. "Sánchez recorta a la mitad la ventaja del PP en dos semanas: el 'efecto Feijóo' comienza a diluirse". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 26 October 2022.
76. "La izquierda consolida una lenta remontada en las encuestas para gobernar y Feijóo sigue atado a Vox". *Público* (in Spanish). 23 October 2022.
77. "EP (23 oct): estabilidad con PP+Vox de nuevo en los 180". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 23 October 2022.
78. "El PP ganaría las elecciones generales con una ventaja de 5 puntos respecto al PSOE, según una encuesta de Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 16 October 2022.
79. "La política fiscal de Sánchez da dos escaños más a Feijóo, pero detiene la caída del PSOE". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
80. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta NC Report 17/10/2022: UP-ECP-EC 9,7% (24/26), MÁS PAÍS 3,5% (6), PSOE 24,0% (91/93), Cs 1,5%, PP 34,1% (142/144), VOX 12,9% (39/41)". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
81. "El PSOE recorta un punto más la distancia con el PP y Vox se desploma". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 25 October 2022.
82. "Feijóo aventaja en más de 30 escaños al PSOE en el mes de los Presupuestos más electoralistas". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 16 October 2022.
83. "EP (16oct): la suma de PP+Vox baja de los 180. Sube el PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 16 October 2022.
84. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 17/10/2022". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
85. "Barómetro de octubre 2022 (Estudio nº 3380. Octubre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
86. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3375. Barómetro de octubre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
87. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 17/10/2022: UP-ECP-EC 12,7%, MÁS PAÍS 1,1%, PSOE 32,7%, Cs 2,7%, PP 28,7%, VOX 8,8%". *Electográfica* (in Spanish). 17 October 2022.
88. "La derecha alcanza el 50% de los votos y se impone en 44 provincias". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 12 October 2022.
89. "Barómetro de laSexta. El PP lograría el 30% de los votos, más de tres puntos por encima del PSOE". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 9 October 2022.
90. "La suma de PP y Vox se acerca a los 200 escaños con un Pedro Sánchez en caída libre". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 10 October 2022.
91. "EP (9oct): Feijoo pierde apoyos, el PSOE vuelve al 25% con Vox y UP estables". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 9 October 2022.
92. "Encuestas: el PP se dispara hasta los 140 escaños y el PSOE se queda por debajo de los 100". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 6 October 2022.
93. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Septiembre de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 6 October 2022.
94. "Feijóo mantiene 7,1 puntos y 38 escaños de ventaja en pleno viraje de Sánchez a la izquierda". *El Español* (in Spanish). 2 October 2022.
95. "EP (2Oct ): subida de la izquierda, Vox baja del 15% y entra en terreno peligroso en el reparto de escaños". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 2 October 2022.
96. "Feijóo mantiene 46 diputados de ventaja sobre Sánchez y consolida su mayoría con Vox: 193 escaños". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 2 October 2022.
97. "Alberto Núñez Feijóo consolida su ventaja pese a la leve recuperación de Pedro Sánchez". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 2 October 2022.
98. "El PP amplía su ventaja frente a un PSOE estancado y un Vox a la baja". *El País* (in Spanish). 3 October 2022.
99. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Octubre 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 3 October 2022.
100. "Pinchazo de la estrategia electoral del Gobierno: Sánchez no remonta ni un punto en dos meses". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 28 September 2022.
101. "Barómetro de laSexta. El PP lidera la intención de voto con dos puntos sobre el PSOE para las próximas elecciones generales". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 25 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
102. "El PSOE recorta distancias con el PP pero sigue muy lejos de poder gobernar". *NIUS* (in Spanish). 26 September 2022.
103. "EP (24S): subida de la izquierda. Vox baja y queda a punto de perder la barrera del 15%". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 25 September 2022.
104. "Sánchez frena al PP en las encuestas con su giro a la izquierda y la confrontación con Feijóo". *Público* (in Spanish). 24 September 2022.
105. "Encuesta DYM. El PSOE remonta, pero el PP gana y podría gobernar con Vox". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 21 September 2022.
106. "EP (18S): Vox baja del 16%, UP se estanca. Ligera subida del PSOE y descenso del PP". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 18 September 2022.
107. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 16/09/2022". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 16 September 2022.
108. "Barómetro de septiembre 2022 (Estudio nº 3375. Septiembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 15 September 2022.
109. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3375. Barómetro de septiembre 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 15 September 2022.
110. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 15/09/2022: UP-ECP-EC 12,8%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 1,9%, PSOE 29,2%, Cs 2,8%, PP 28,5%, VOX 10,3%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 15 September 2022.
111. "Feijóo mantiene su ventaja y arranca el curso más de siete puntos por encima de Sánchez". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 14 September 2022.
112. "El PP consolida su primera posición a 8,2 puntos del PSOE". *ABC* (in Spanish). 12 September 2022.
113. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta GAD3 12/09/2022: UP-ECP-EC 8,6% (14/16), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 1,4% (1), PSOE 26,9% (104/108), Cs 1,3%, PP 35,1% (147/151), VOX 13,4% (38/40)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 12 September 2022.
114. "EP (11S): ventaja de 50 diputados del PP sobre el PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 11 September 2022.
115. "La ventaja del PP sobre el PSOE se estrecha hasta los 3,6 puntos por la recuperación de Vox". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 18 September 2022.
116. "Sánchez no logra detener a Feijóo: el PP avanza y ya aventaja al PSOE en 50 escaños y nueve puntos". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 11 September 2022.
117. "El PP mantiene su ventaja y ganaría las elecciones generales con un PSOE que cedería tres escaños a Podemos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 12 September 2022.
118. "Feijóo recupera la brecha abierta con Andalucía y aventaja a Sánchez en 8 puntos y 44 escaños". *El Español* (in Spanish). 4 September 2022.
119. "El PP se dispara en intención de voto tras la llegada de Feijóo y podría gobernar con Vox, según un sondeo de Ágora Integral". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 13 September 2022.
120. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta Ágora Integral 13/09/2022: UP-ECP-EC 11,8% (30), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,7% (3), PSOE 24,9% (92), Cs 0,5%, PP 32,9% (139), VOX 14,3% (49)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 13 September 2022.
121. "Feijóo eleva su ventaja a 45 escaños sobre Sánchez pese a los ataques del Gobierno". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 4 September 2022.
122. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 04/09/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,6% (25), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,4% (7), PSOE 24,2% (92), Cs 1,8%, PP 31,7% (137), VOX 14,6% (46)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 4 September 2022.
123. "ElectoPanel (4S): situación de estabilidad al inicio del curso político". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 4 September 2022.
124. "Feijóo impulsa al PP a su mejor resultado desde las elecciones y ya supera a Sánchez en 50 diputados". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 4 September 2022.
125. "La inflación desgasta al Gobierno en las encuestas frente a un PP disparado pero que necesita a Vox". *Público* (in Spanish). 3 September 2022.
126. "El PP de Feijóo suma cuatro décimas a su ventaja sobre el PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 5 September 2022.
127. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Septiembre 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 5 September 2022.
128. "Feijóo gana dos escaños más bajo el fuego de Moncloa". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 29 August 2022.
129. "EP (28Ag): subida de PP y PSOE, bajada de UP y Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 28 August 2022.
130. "El PP adelantaría en 40 escaños al PSOE y junto a Vox alcanzaría la mayoría absoluta". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 26 August 2022.
131. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Agosto de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 26 August 2022.
132. "EP (21Ag): nuevo descenso de Vox, que se acerca a sus datos de 2019". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 21 August 2022.
133. "EP (14Ag): UP vuelve a rozar los 30 escaños mientras Vox sigue bajando". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 14 August 2022.
134. "Encuesta: el efecto Feijóo y el aguante de Vox disparan a la derecha a los 188 escaños". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 16 August 2022.
135. "El efecto Feijóo se estanca pero el PP mantiene cinco puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE de Sánchez". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 22 August 2022.
136. "EP (7Ag): Vox desciende y el PP alcanza el 31%". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 7 August 2022.
137. "ElectoPanel (31JL): situación estática, con el PSOE rompiendo la barrera del 23%". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 31 July 2022.
138. "Feijóo no toca techo y repetiría la victoria de Rajoy en 2016 con 137 escaños". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 3 August 2022.
139. "El PP ganaría las elecciones generales con una ventaja de casi 6 puntos respecto al PSOE, según la encuesta de Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 25 July 2022.
140. "ElectoPanel (24JL): la distancia entre PP y PSOE, cerca de los 8 puntos". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 24 July 2022.
141. "Feijóo consolida su liderazgo en las encuestas en el final del curso político, pero depende de Vox para gobernar". *Público* (in Spanish). 24 July 2022.
142. "El PP se dispara y ya está a 36 escaños de la mayoría absoluta". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 25 July 2022.
143. "Encuesta DYM. Debate del estado de la Nación no consigue frenar la erosión del PSOE ni el ascenso del PP". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 21 July 2022.
144. "Sánchez remonta tras la cumbre de la OTAN y el Debate, pero el PP de Feijóo sigue 28 escaños por delante". *El Español* (in Spanish). 21 July 2022.
145. "EP (17JL): PSOE y Vox moderan su caída, ¿ha tocado techo Feijoo? EH Bildu se distancia del PNV". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 17 July 2022.
146. "Sánchez consagra a Bildu y lo catapulta como primera fuerza vasca por delante del PNV". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 20 July 2022.
147. "Sánchez roba votos a Podemos tras el Debate de la Nación pero PP y Vox siguen cerca de los 200 escaños". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 18 July 2022.
148. "Feijóo suma más que toda la izquierda y se queda a 22 escaños de la mayoría absoluta". *NIUS* (in Spanish). 18 July 2022.
149. "El PP se dispara hasta los 131 escaños y la derecha obtendría mayoría suficiente para gobernar". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 15 July 2022.
150. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Julio de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 15 July 2022.
151. "Barómetro de julio 2022 (Estudio nº 3371. Julio 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 19 July 2022.
152. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3371. Barómetro de julio 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 19 July 2022.
153. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 19/07/2022: UP-ECP-EC 13,4%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 1,9%, PSOE 28,2%, Cs 1,7%, PP 30,1%, VOX 12,0%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 19 July 2022.
154. "El PP se dispara a costa de Vox y supera al PSOE en casi ocho puntos". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 25 July 2022.
155. "El PP se dispara en intención de voto mientras que Vox se desinfla". *Moncloa.com* (in Spanish). 13 July 2022.
156. "Feijóo lleva al PP a 129 escaños con el PSOE (96), Podemos (23) y Vox (58) en caída libre". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 11 July 2022.
157. "EP (10Jl): Feijoo roza el 30% y deja atrás a PSOE y Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 10 July 2022.
158. "El efecto Andalucía aúpa al PP, que ganaría ampliamente las elecciones y podría formar Gobierno". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 11 July 2022.
159. "El apoyo a Feijóo sube hasta poder plantearse gobernar en solitario". *ABC* (in Spanish). 11 July 2022.
160. "Barómetro SW de julio". *SW Demoscopia* (in Spanish). 2 July 2022.
161. "ElectoPanel (3Jl): el bipartidismo se refuerza, con subida de PP y PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 3 July 2022.
162. "Feijóo se dispara y PSOE y Podemos se hunden en plena crisis de la coalición". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 6 July 2022.
163. "PP y Vox ya están en 197 escaños y acarician los históricos 202 de González en 1982". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 4 July 2022.
164. "Feijóo supera en 38 escaños a Sánchez en sus primeros 100 días". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 3 July 2022.
165. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 03/07/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,7% (25), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,0% (7), PSOE 24,9% (95), Cs 2,4% (1), PP 30,2% (133), VOX 15,4% (48)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 3 July 2022.
166. "El PP desplaza al PSOE del primer puesto tras las elecciones andaluzas". *El País* (in Spanish). 4 July 2022.
167. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Julio 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 4 July 2022.
168. "El PP ganaría las elecciones con Feijóo siendo el líder mejor valorado y Sánchez por detrás de Yolanda Díaz, según Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 26 June 2022.
169. "Feijóo sacaría hoy 8 puntos de ventaja y 50 escaños a Pedro Sánchez si hubiera elecciones en España". *El Español* (in Spanish). 24 June 2022.
170. "Barómetro de laSexta: el PP supera al PSOE tras las elecciones en Andalucía y ganaría las generales con el 29,3%". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 25 June 2022.
171. "ElectoPanel (26J): fuerte subida del PP. Descenso del PSOE y bajada de Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 26 June 2022.
172. "La inflación y la campaña andaluza encumbran a un Feijóo que le sacaría más de 20 escaños a Sánchez". *Público* (in Spanish). 25 June 2022.
173. "El 'efecto Andalucía' impulsa al PP, frena a Vox y hunde al PSOE". *El Periódico de España* (in Spanish). 24 June 2022.
174. "El triunfo de Moreno catapulta a Feijóo, que saca ya a Sánchez 47 escaños y suma 197 con Abascal". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 21 June 2022.
175. "EP (12J): PP+Vox conseguirían la absoluta, con un PSOE ganando pero bajando, a la expectativa de lo que ocurra el 19J". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 12 June 2022.
176. "El PP agota el 'efecto Feijóo' pero se mantiene por delante del PSOE". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 27 June 2022.
177. "Barómetro de junio 2022 (Estudio nº 3366. Junio 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 13 June 2022.
178. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3366. Barómetro de junio 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 13 June 2022.
179. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 13/06/2022: UP-ECP-EC 9,8%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 1,9%, PSOE 29,2%, Cs 1,9%, PP 27,0%, VOX 16,5%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 13 June 2022.
180. "Barómetro laSexta. Empate técnico del PSOE y el PP en intención de voto para las próximas elecciones generales". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 5 June 2022.
181. "ElectoPanel (4J): estabilidad y dobles/triples empates a la espera de Andalucía". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 4 June 2022.
182. "La derecha avanza hacia un triunfo histórico con Feijóo en cabeza y Abascal a sólo 4 escaños de Sánchez". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 6 June 2022.
183. "EP (28My): Sánchez recupera terreno y queda cerca de volver a empadronarse en Moncloa". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 28 May 2022.
184. "El PP frena su crecimiento, empata con un PSOE a la baja y no logra recuperar el voto fugado a Vox". *Público* (in Spanish). 28 May 2022.
185. "El PSOE se recupera pese al 'caso Pegasus' y la pujanza del PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 30 May 2022.
186. "40dB. Barómetro Mensual. Junio 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 30 May 2022.
187. "Feijóo apuntala su perfil centrista y recibe más de un millón de votos de PSOE y Cs". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 25 May 2022.
188. "EP (21My): sorpasso del PP al PSOE en escaños, a Vox en votos. PP+Vox consiguen la absoluta". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 21 May 2022.
189. "El PSOE es el partido más simpático de España y Vox, el más antipático, según una encuesta del Cemop". *Murcia Plaza* (in Spanish). 17 June 2022.
190. "II Encuesta Nacional de Polarización Política" (PDF). *CEMOP* (in Spanish). 17 June 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
191. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SW Demoscopia 16/05/2022: UP-ECP-EC 9,8% (25), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,1% (?), PSOE 25,9% (107), Cs 2,2% (1), PP 22,7% (91), VOX 21,4% (79)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 16 May 2022.
192. "Encuesta DYM. El PP sigue al alza y podría alcanzar la Moncloa con un Vox estancado". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 19 May 2022.
193. "El PP ganaría las elecciones y estaría junto con Vox al borde de la mayoría absoluta". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 23 May 2022.
194. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Mayo de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 23 May 2022.
195. "ElectoPanel (14My): PP+Vox se acerca a la mayoría absoluta". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 14 May 2022.
196. "Barómetro de mayo 2022 (Estudio nº 3363. Mayo 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 19 May 2022.
197. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3363. Barómetro de mayo 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 19 May 2022.
198. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 19/05/2022: UP-ECP-EC 9,6%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,1%, PSOE 30,3%, Cs 1,8%, PP 28,7%, VOX 16,6%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 19 May 2022.
199. "El PP estira el 'efecto Feijóo' y ensancha su ventaja sobre el PSOE en más de tres puntos". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 23 May 2022.
200. "Nueva Canarias y Coalíción Canaria mantendrían sus escaños en el Congreso y el PP sería la fuerza más votada". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 12 May 2022.
201. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta Ágora Integral 12/05/2022: UP-ECP-EC 13,5% (30), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,7% (3), PSOE 24,1% (102), Cs 2,3%, PP 24,5% (105), VOX 18,5% (67)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 13 May 2022.
202. "La derecha se mantiene y amplía a 10 puntos su ventaja sobre la izquierda". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 11 May 2022.
203. "Feijóo recorta 2,5 puntos en un mes: el PP ganaría hoy las elecciones al PSOE por un escaño". *El Español* (in Spanish). 9 May 2022.
204. "Feijóo da el sorpasso a Sánchez, Abascal está a 3 escaños del PSOE y el PP suma mayoría con Vox: 186". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 8 May 2022.
205. "EP (8My): triple empate técnico PSOE-Vox-PP". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 8 May 2022.
206. "EP (1My): la suma de PP+Vox acaricia la absoluta. Baja Unidas Podemos". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 1 May 2022.
207. "El PP de Feijóo frena el ascenso de Vox y alcanza al PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 4 May 2022.
208. "40dB. Estudio Mensual. Mayo 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 4 May 2022.
209. "Feijóo frena la escalada de Vox y endereza al PP tras su crisis interna". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 27 April 2022.
210. "Encuesta DYM. El PP de Feijóo supera al PSOE y sumaría mayoría absoluta con Vox". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 27 April 2022.
211. "Barómetro laSexta. El PSOE sería el partido más votado si hoy se celebrasen elecciones, con el 27,6% de los sufragios". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 24 April 2022.
212. "EP (24A): efecto 'sandwich' para Vox, atrapado entre el sorpasso del PP y el sorpasso al PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 24 April 2022.
213. "El PSOE y el PP se sitúan en un empate técnico con una derecha que roza la mayoría absoluta, según las encuestas". *Público* (in Spanish). 23 April 2022.
214. "Encuesta electoral: El PP ganaría las elecciones generales superando en votos y escaños al PSOE". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 22 April 2022.
215. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Abril de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 23 April 2022.
216. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SW Demoscopia 18/04/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,2% (27), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,9% (?), PSOE 25,3% (109), Cs 2,4% (1), PP 23,6% (93), VOX 20,7% (72)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 18 April 2022.
217. "El PP anula ya la mayoría PSOE-Podemos". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 18 April 2022.
218. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta NC Report 18/04/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,1% (25/27), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,9% (6), PSOE 25,4% (99/101), Cs 3,0% (1), PP 29,5% (123/125), VOX 16,3% (53/55)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 18 April 2022.
219. "ElectoPanel (17A): Feijoo 'resucita' al PP, que roza el 20% y se acerca al triple empate con Vox y PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 17 April 2022.
220. "Feijóo es el presidente preferido por los españoles pero el PSOE sigue tres puntos por delante". *El Español* (in Spanish). 9 April 2022.
221. "Barómetro de abril 2022 (Estudio nº 3359. Abril 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 13 April 2022.
222. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3359. Barómetro de abril 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 13 April 2022.
223. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 13/04/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,7%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,1%, PSOE 30,3%, Cs 2,0%, PP 27,2%, VOX 14,4%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 13 April 2022.
224. "ElectoPanel (10A): sube el PP, bajan PSOE y Vox (que siguen muy igualados)". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 10 April 2022.
225. "Feijóo abre una fuga de más de 400.000 votos en el PSOE y ganaría las elecciones". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 13 April 2022.
226. "Hay 'efecto Feijóo': el PP crece a costa del PSOE, contiene a Vox y juntos sumarían mayoría absoluta". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 9 April 2022.
227. "Feijóo caza a Sánchez y la mayoría lo ve ya como el próximo presidente". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 17 April 2022.
228. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 17/04/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,6% (25), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,5% (7), PSOE 26,3% (106), Cs 2,5% (1), PP 25,5% (105), VOX 17,5% (63)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 16 April 2022.
229. "El desembarco de Feijóo provoca ya un empate técnico entre PP y PSOE". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 11 April 2022.
230. "La llegada de Feijóo reflota al PP: gana 10 escaños y 900.000 votos más en un mes". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 9 April 2022.
231. "El PP de Feijóo remonta y supera a un PSOE que se deja más de tres puntos". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 17 April 2022.
232. "Encuesta elecciones generales España: el 'efecto Feijóo' acerca al PP al Gobierno con Vox". *El Periódico de España* (in Spanish). 10 April 2022.
233. "El PP se recupera con Feijóo tras la crisis y ganaría hoy las elecciones". *ABC* (in Spanish). 8 April 2022.
234. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta ABC 09/04/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,7% (26/28), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,7% (3), PSOE 25,3% (96/100), Cs 2,4% (1), PP 29,4% (124/128), VOX 15,4% (51/53)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 8 April 2022.
235. "El 'efecto Feijóo' dispara al PP a los 122 escaños y deja al PSOE en 101". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 7 April 2022.
236. "ElectoPanel (3A): subida del PP. Baja Vox, que sigue cerca del PSOE, ¿hacia un 'tripartidismo'?". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 3 April 2022.
237. "El PSOE ganaría las elecciones generales y el PP mejoraría resultados con la llegada de Alberto Núñez Feijóo, según encuesta de Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 29 March 2022.
238. "Los socialistas retroceden y el PP toma impulso tras la llegada de Feijóo". *El País* (in Spanish). 4 April 2022.
239. "40dB. Estudio Mensual. Abril 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 4 April 2022.
240. "ElectoPanel (27M): tsunami electoral -\> caída del PSOE, subida de PP y Vox (al borde de alcanzar a los socialistas)". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 27 March 2022.
241. "Sánchez acusa el desgaste por la crisis: PP y Vox sumarían mayoría absoluta". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 30 March 2022.
242. "El PP se recupera tras cerrar su crisis y el PSOE sube a costa de Unidas Podemos y sigue líder". *20 minutos* (in Spanish). 23 March 2022.
243. "Las encuestas indican una recuperación del PP por la llegada de Feijóo aunque sigue lejos del PSOE, que crece". *Público* (in Spanish). 19 March 2022.
244. "ElectoPanel (20M): el PP sigue su ascenso, UPL entraría en el Congreso. ¿Comienza un descenso de Vox?". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 20 March 2022.
245. "Una encuesta interna de Vox da por primera vez el 'sorpasso' al PP". *The Objective* (in Spanish). 17 March 2022.
246. "Feijóo recupera 480.000 votantes del PP, está cerca del 'sorpasso' a Sánchez y gobernaría con Vox". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 19 March 2022.
247. "La guerra refuerza al PSOE y penaliza la posición ambigua de Podemos ante Rusia". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 16 March 2022.
248. "Barómetro de laSexta. El PSOE se mantiene como partido más votado con un 28% del voto". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 13 March 2022.
249. "EP (13M): Feijoo rompe la tendencia alcista de PSOE y Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 13 March 2022.
250. "Barómetro de marzo 2022 (Estudio nº 3355. Marzo 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 17 March 2022.
251. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3355. Barómetro de marzo 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 17 March 2022.
252. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 17/03/2022: UP-ECP-EC 11,8%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,0%, PSOE 31,5%, Cs 3,2%, PP 23,8%, VOX 16,3%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 17 March 2022.
253. "El PP se recupera de su crisis interna pero el PSOE se distancia tras subir cuatro puntos". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 20 March 2022.
254. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos (marzo 2022)". *Simple Lógica* (in Spanish). 25 March 2022.
255. "El PSOE supera al PP, pero el auge de Vox 'blinda' la victoria del bloque de la derecha". *VozPópuli* (in Spanish). 13 March 2022.
256. "Encuesta electoral: La llegada de Núñez Feijóo al PP hace que el partido recupere alguno de los escaños perdidos". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 13 March 2022.
257. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Marzo de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 14 March 2022.
258. "El PP recupera terreno tras su crisis de liderazgo ante un PSOE estancado". *Sigma Dos* (in Spanish). 14 March 2022.
259. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 13/03/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,4% (25), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,2% (7), PSOE 26,0% (104), Cs 4,0% (3), PP 23,9% (100), VOX 19,2% (70)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 13 March 2022.
260. "EP (6M): bajada de UP, sube el PSOE. El PP rompe su tendencia a la baja y comienza a subir, aún lejos de Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 6 March 2022.
261. "El 'efecto' Feijóo devuelve 11 escaños al PP en dos semanas y podría volver a gobernar con Vox". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 6 March 2022.
262. "La crisis del PP no garantiza a Pedro Sánchez gobernar con sus socios". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 7 March 2022.
263. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta NC Report 07/03/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,3% (25/27), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,3% (6), PSOE 25,8% (102/104), Cs 3,2% (1), PP 24,6% (100/102), VOX 19,0% (69/71)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 7 March 2022.
264. "El PP se desploma tras su guerra interna y el PSOE ganaría hoy unas elecciones generales, según encuesta de Sigma Dos". *Antena 3* (in Spanish). 2 March 2022.
265. "Vox es el único partido que crece y pisa los talones al PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 March 2022.
266. "40dB. Estudio Mensual. Marzo 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 7 March 2022.
267. "El cambio de Casado por Feijóo anula el 'sorpasso' de Vox y devuelve al PP la primacía de la derecha". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 26 February 2022.
268. "El PP paga su crisis: Vox lo supera en votos, aunque todavía no en escaños". *El Debate* (in Spanish). 28 February 2022.
269. "Vox alcanza al Partido Popular". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 26 February 2022.
270. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta Ágora Integral 26/02/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,9% (30), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,8% (4), PSOE 27,9% (117), Cs 3,6% (2), PP 20,6% (85), VOX 20,5% (70)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 26 February 2022.
271. "Barómetro de laSexta. El PP baja 4 puntos tras su crisis y Vox recorta distancias". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 27 February 2022.
272. "ElectoPanel (26F): el PP sigue su descenso y cae de la barrera de los 60 diputados. Suben PSOE y Vox". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 26 February 2022.
273. "El enfrentamiento Casado-Ayuso hunde al PP mientras Vox crece hasta los 69 escaños". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 2 March 2022.
274. "La guerra entre Casado y Ayuso hunde al PP y Vox le da el 'sorpasso' en votos, pero no en escaños, según las encuestas". *Público* (in Spanish). 27 February 2022.
275. "EP (22F): la guerra del PP les deja con su peor resultado histórico y catapulta a PSOE y Vox. Sorpasso de EH Bildu al PNV". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 22 February 2022.
276. "Hundimiento del PP a causa de la crisis interna". *Última Hora* (in Spanish). 23 February 2022.
277. "Vox da el sorpasso al PP por primera vez tras el 'caserazo', Castilla y León y el fratricidio Casado-Ayuso". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 19 February 2022.
278. "Vox supera por primera vez al PP en intención de voto: la crisis le ha costado a Casado 20 escaños". *El Español* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
279. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SocioMétrica 20/02/2022: UP-ECP-EC 12,9% (36), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,0% (4), PSOE 25,9% (106), Cs 3,7% (2), PP 20,1% (82), VOX 20,9% (78)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
280. "La crisis del PP hunde a Pablo Casado y dispara a Vox". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
281. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta SigmaDos 20/02/2022: UP-ECP-EC 10,1% (24), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,5% (7), PSOE 26,4% (108), Cs 4,0% (3), PP 22,6% (94), VOX 20,8% (74)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
282. "EP 20F: Vox da el sorpasso a un PP en caída libre. Subida del PSOE, partido más beneficiado del escándalo". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
283. "La crisis en el PP hunde sus perspectivas electorales y favorece al PSOE y Vox". *NIUS* (in Spanish). 21 February 2022.
284. "Barómetro NIUS. Estimación Elecciones Generales". *NIUS* (in Spanish). 21 February 2022.
285. "Encuesta elecciones generales España: La crisis en el PP desploma a Casado". *El Periódico* (in Spanish). 20 February 2022.
286. "EP Express (15F): empate perfecto entre PP y Vox (que ganaría en Madrid). Sube el PSOE". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 15 February 2022.
287. "Barómetro de febrero 2022 (Estudio nº 3351. Febrero 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 22 February 2022.
288. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3351. Barómetro de febrero 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 22 February 2022.
289. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 22/02/2022: UP-ECP-EC 13,6%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,5%, PSOE 28,6%, Cs 4,8%, PP 21,3%, VOX 14,8%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 22 February 2022.
290. "El PSOE se distancia del PP con cinco puntos de margen justo antes de la crisis entre Casado y Ayuso". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 21 February 2022.
291. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos (febrero 2022)". *Simple Lógica* (in Spanish). 25 February 2022.
292. "EP (6F): bajada del PP, que aprovecha la izquierda. Vox supera los 80 escaños a \< 1p del sorpasso a Casado". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 30 January 2022.
293. "El electorado progresista despierta y reduce la ventaja de la derecha". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 February 2022.
294. "40dB. Estudio Mensual. Febrero 2022" (PDF). *40dB* (in Spanish). 7 February 2022.
295. "El Centro derecha podría gobernar, pero Vox crece a costa del PP". *La Razón* (in Spanish). 31 January 2022.
296. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta NC Report 31/01/2022: UP-ECP-EC 11,1% (27/29), MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 3,1% (6), PSOE 25,3% (95/97), Cs 3,0% (1), PP 27,3% (115/117), VOX 16,7% (61/63)". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 31 January 2022.
297. "ElectoPanel (30E): UP mejoraría hoy sus resultados del 10N 2019. PSOE-PP-Vox en menos de 3,5p". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 30 January 2022.
298. "La izquierda recorta distancias ante el retroceso de PP y Vox". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 2 February 2022.
299. "El PP lograría una ajustada mayoría con Vox pese a su escasa ventaja respecto al PSOE". *Heraldo de Aragón* (in Spanish). 26 January 2022.
300. "El PSOE vuelve a liderar las encuestas ante un PP en caída que cede espacio a la ultraderecha". *Público* (in Spanish). 22 January 2022.
301. "ElectoPanel (23E): subida de UP, avance del bloque de izquierdas. Vox en empate técnico con el PP". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 23 January 2022.
302. "Encuesta electoral: PP y VOX sumarían mayoría absoluta para gobernar". *Onda Cero* (in Spanish). 19 January 2022.
303. "Estudio electoral de expectiva de voto al Congreso de los Diputados. Ámbito nacional. Enero de 2022" (PDF). *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 19 January 2022.
304. "Barómetro de laSexta. Tablas entre PSOE y PP en intención de voto". *laSexta* (in Spanish). 16 January 2022.
305. "Recálculo de los datos del CIS, ajustados al voto real del 10N19. 21/01/2022". *SocioMétrica* (in Spanish). 21 January 2022.
306. "Barómetro de enero 2022 (Estudio nº 3347. Enero 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 20 January 2022.
307. "Estimación de voto (Estudio nº 3347. Barómetro de enero 2022)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 20 January 2022.
308. "ESPAÑA. Encuesta CIS 20/01/2022: UP-ECP-EC 13,1%, MÁS PAÍS-EQUO 2,8%, PSOE 28,5%, Cs 4,0%, PP 21,5%, VOX 14,7%". *Electograph* (in Spanish). 20 January 2022.
309. "Sánchez resiste gracias a la fidelidad de su electorado y frena el trasvase a Yolanda Díaz". *El Confidencial* (in Spanish). 19 January 2022.
310. "EP (16E): UP, el partido que más sube esta semana. Mínimos de PSOE y PP (que roza el empate técnico de Vox)". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 16 January 2022.
311. "PSOE y PP afrontan empatados el nuevo ciclo electoral con Vox disparado hasta el 19%". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). 24 January 2022.
312. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos (enero 2022)". *Simple Lógica* (in Spanish). 28 January 2022.
313. "P (9E): UP y Vox siguen subiendo en votos y escaños. El bipartidismo, en mínimos". *Electomanía* (in Spanish). 9 January 2022.
314. "El PP sigue en retroceso pero Casado podría gobernar gracias a un Vox disparado hasta los 60 escaños". *OKDiario* (in Spanish). 10 January 2022.


title: Garibi Hatao

abstract: Garibi Hatao Desh Bachao was the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhi's 1971 election campaign. The slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi an independent national support, based on rural and urban poor, which would allow her to by-pass the dominant rural castes both in and out of state and local government; likewise the urban commercial class. And, for their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight. The programs created through garibi hatao, though carried out locally, were funded, developed, supervised, and staffed by Government officials in New Delhi and Congress Party officials. It was part of the 5th Five-Year Plan.

text:
# Garibi Hatao

***Garibi Hatao Desh Bachao*** (Hindi for "Remove poverty, save the country") was the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhi's 1971 election campaign. The slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi an independent national support, based on rural and urban poor, which would allow her to by-pass the dominant rural castes both in and out of state and local government; likewise the urban commercial class. And, for their part, the previously voiceless poor (particularly Dalits and Adivasis) would at last gain both political worth and political weight.

The programs created through *garibi hatao*, though carried out locally, were funded, developed, supervised, and staffed by Government officials in New Delhi and Congress Party officials. It was part of the 5th Five-Year Plan.


title: Jaktorówko

abstract: Jaktorówko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szamocin, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Szamocin, 22 km (14 mi) east of Chodzież, and 74 km (46 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Jaktorówko

**Jaktorówko** \[jaktɔˈrufkɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szamocin, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Szamocin, 22 km (14 mi) east of Chodzież, and 74 km (46 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Jaktorówko | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Jaktorówko | |
| Coordinates: 53°2′13″N 17°12′27″E / 53.03694°N 17.20750°E / 53.03694; 17.20750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Chodzież |
| Gmina | Szamocin |


title: Niccolò Corso

abstract: Niccolò Corso, also known as Niccolò di Lombarduccio,(1446- circa 1512) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Liguria. The majority of his known pictures are located in the cloister and refectory of the monastery of the Olivetan Fathers at Quarto, near Genoa.

text:
# Niccolò Corso

**Niccolò Corso**, also known as **Niccolò di Lombarduccio**,(1446- circa 1512) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Liguria. The majority of his known pictures are located in the cloister and refectory of the monastery of the Olivetan Fathers at Quarto, near Genoa.

## Life

He was the son of a certain Lombarduccio, a native of Corsica and was probably born in Liguria around 1446. His family name *Corso* is a reference to his Corsican roots.

The first documentary evidence on the artists dates to 15 September 1469 when a 'Nicola de Corsus Plebs Vici Corsice q. Lombarducii' enters in Genoa into a partnership with the painter and jewel-case maker Gaspare dell’Acqua from Pavia. The two artists collaborated on the decoration of cassone panels Only a few weeks later the two artists decided to dissolve the partnership.

Nothing is known about his training or whether he worked initially in Corsica. It appears he was exposed to the Flemish painting of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden as well as Provençal painting. The artist's style emerges confidently in the *Madonna with Child and Angels* (Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht), which dates to the period 1465-70 and was made for the parish of La Turbie (Nice). This work quotes verbatim the *Madonna* of the anonymous Master of the Madonna Cagnola, to whose work Corso's early production is closely related. His early panels also show his knowledge of the painting of Vincenzo Foppa at the beginning of the 1460s.

He worked for many years at the Olivetan monastery of St Jerome located in Quarto, near Genoa. He worked there for the first time in 1489 and then continuously from 1491 to 1494. The works he made there include frescoes on the life of St. Benedict. In 1491 he worked with Francesco de' Ferrari of Pavia on an *Annunciazion with Saints* for the church of Santa Maria della Passione in Genoa. Corso also collaborated with Davide da Staglieno on frescoes for the Chapel of Pope Sixtus IV in the Franciscan convent of Savona.


title: Hiram J. Brendlinger

abstract: Hiram J. Brendlinger was an American politician. He served as Mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1864 to 1865.

text:
# Hiram J. Brendlinger

**Hiram J. Brendlinger** (April 15, 1825 – May 14, 1894) was an American politician. He served as Mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1864 to 1865.

## Biography

He was born in 1825 in New Hanover, Pennsylvania to John Brendlinger and Theresa Edmonia Herman. He served as Mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1864 to 1865. He died on May 14, 1894.

## InfoBox

| Hiram J. Brendlinger | |
| --- | --- |
| Bredlinger, circa 1865 | |
|  | |
| 4th Mayor of Denver | |
| **In office**
1864–1865 | |
| Preceded by | Amos Steck |
| Succeeded by | George T. Clark |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 15, 1825
New Hanover, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | May 14, 1894(1894-05-14) (aged 69)
Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
|  | |


# Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten's wedding cakes

Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten were offered many cakes from well-wishers around the world for their wedding on 20 November 1947. Of these they accepted 12. The principal, ‘official’ cake, served at the wedding breakfast, was baked by the Scottish biscuit maker, McVitie and Price. The other 11 cakes – from prominent confectionary firms and smaller, family-run bakers – were displayed on “specially strengthened tables” in Buckingham Palace’s 20-metre long Blue Drawing Room, and distributed to charitable organisations after the wedding. All the cakes were delivered to Buckingham Palace the day before the wedding ceremony, with Princess Elizabeth greeting each arrival personally.

## Twelve wedding cakes

The following businesses and organisations provided a wedding cake with their gifts recorded in the St James's publication *Marriage of Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth and Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten Royal: List of Wedding Gifts*:

## Post-war rationing

Because of serious food shortages in post-War Britain, the royal couple felt it was “impossible to accept further offers” beyond 12 cakes. (In comparison, when Queen Victoria married in 1840, she received over 100 wedding cakes). Despite her royal status, Princess Elizabeth required a licence from the Board of Trade to serve wedding cake. To get around food rationing, ingredients for several of the cakes came from Commonwealth countries including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Jamaica and Barbados. To meet the Princess’ wish “to observe austerity conditions” the principal cake was considerably reduced in size from its original design. It was four tiers, standing 2.7 metres high and weighing 226 kg (the cake served for the wedding of her parents, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, weighed 362 kg).

## Recipients of the cake

Other than the McVitie and Price cake, which was eaten at the wedding breakfast, the 11 other cakes were distributed among charitable organisations, including institutions, hospitals and schools of which the Princess was president or patron. Other recipients included staff at the royal family's residences, and those at Broadlands, a stately home in Hampshire, England, where the couple spent the first part of their honeymoon. Five hundred pieces of cake were distributed to the couple's personal friends. The remaining cake was sent to Girl Guides and Sea Rangers in Britain and Australia, the Girl Guides of Australia having contributed the majority of the ingredients to the principal cake. One tier was saved for the christening of Prince Charles in 1948.

## McVitie and Price, London – the principal cake

McVitie and Price (now McVities, owned by United Biscuits) created the official four-tiered wedding cake in their London factory. The couple had visited their Edinburgh factory in mid-March.

Details of the cake design were kept secret, with the Princess wishing that they “not be made known until the wedding day”. However, the cake was put on private view for select visitors in their London factory on 15 November, where invited guests watched Frederick E Schur, the company's chief confectioner, put final touches to the decoration. The day before the wedding, the cake was delivered to Buckingham Palace in a pantechnicon, escorted by a “courtesy cop” together with six men inside the van.

### Ingredients from Girl Guides of Australia

As rationing was still in effect in post-war Britain, ingredients were hard to source within the United Kingdom. Princess Elizabeth, having recently accepted the title from the Girl Guides Association of Chief Ranger of the British Empire, received 88% of the ingredients for the principal cake as a gift from the Girl Guides of Australia. 25,000 Australian Brownies, Guides and Rangers contributed one penny each. Of the gift, Queensland's State Commissioner, Lilian Gresham, said “Australian Guides had made this offer because they felt that the Princess was one of them.” It was a “hastily prepared parcel” with a cable requesting assistance having been received in Australia only the week before it was shipped.

The full list of ingredients, featured in the October 1947 edition of Australian Girl Guide's magazine Matilda, were: “56lb bag icing sugar, 70lb castor sugar, 50lb bag plain flour, 6 tins powdered milk, 10oz ground cinnamon, 10oz mixed spice, 6 bottles lemon essence, 1 tin almond meal, 60lb sultanas, 10lb lemon peel, 15lb seeded raisins, 10lb crystalised cherries, 12lb currants, 7lb self-raising flour, 1 bottle best Australian brandy, 20lb brown sugar, 10lb almond kernels, 12 dozen eggs, 30lb butter.”

Seven crates of ingredients were transported to the UK on the SS Stratheden on 14 August 1947, with the shipping firm providing “special refrigeration… for the cases containing the eggs and butter”. The precious cargo arrived in London one month later. The federal commissioner of Australia, Irene Fairbairn received a letter of thanks from Princess Elizabeth's Lady-in-waiting, Lady Margaret Egerton, which read “Her Royal Highness deeply appreciated the thought which prompted the offer of this most generous and acceptable gift.”

Other contributions to the principal cake were flour from Canada and rum and brown sugar from Jamaica. The cake earned the nickname ‘The 10,000 Mile Cake’. It also contained 80 oranges and lemons, over 13 litres of Navy Rum, and curacao. The cake was left to mature for eight weeks after baking. It produced 2,000 slices. McVitie and Price's recipe, at the Princess's wish, remained always a secret.

#### South Africa

In July 1947 there was a movement in Johannesburg for the ingredients for the principal cake to be supplied by South Africa, as “the ingredients \[were\] more readily procurable in South Africa than anywhere else in the Empire”, and that the cake should be baked there and then flown to London for icing and decorating. This did not happen, with the majority of the ingredients coming from Australia instead.

### Decoration

The cake's four tiers were supported by silver pillars, with the bottom tier resting on a solid silver base measuring one metre across. The same base had been used at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth's parents and grandparents. Images and decorations on each of the four tiers were as follows:

* First tier (base): bride's and groom's crests, Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, Balmoral Castle
* Second tier: casket presented to a Freeman of Windsor, Princess Elizabeth taking the salute as Colonel-in-Chief of the Grenadier Guards, a night scene from the Battle of Cape Matapan (Mountbatten's first naval action, where he was in charge of searchlight control), musical emblems, tennis, cricket, sailing, athletics and racing, with the King's colours
* Third tier: cupid holding shields with initials of the bride and groom, crest of the Royal Navy, badge of the Auxiliary Territorial Service, badge of the Girl Guides and Sea Rangers, a painting of HMS Valiant
* Fourth tier: badges of Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, India, Pakistan

Standing on the fourth tier was a globe, carrying the names of all the countries within the British Commonwealth and a silver Quaich, a Scottish drinking cup, holding fresh camellias and white roses.

Icing the cake took five and a half weeks and involved creating 700 piped ‘off-pieces’ that were made separately then attached to the cake, together with “numerous spares” in case of emergency. Several of the off-pieces were carved by Vincent New, a draughtsman at the Admiralty. He carved the designs into wax and these impressions were then cast in sugar.

### Cutting the cake

A section of cake from the bottom tier was pre-cut, surrounded by a loop of ribbon then replaced, to enable a wedge of cake to be easily pulled out as the couple cut. The wedge contained seven lucky charms: a bachelor button, a wedding ring, a donkey, a threepenny bit, a thimble, a wish-bone and a horseshoe. The couple cut the cake using the sword that Mountbatten had worn at the ceremony, his having received it as a wedding gift from the King.

### Le Cordon Bleu School, London, recreation in 2016

In 2016 Le Cordon Bleu School, London, was approached by commercial broadcaster ITV about recreating the principal wedding cake for a television documentary. They agreed, and “A Very Royal Wedding” aired in 2017. The project was led by the school's Head of Pâtisserie, chef Julie Walsh. McVities were able to provide archive resources to help with the size and the intricate decorations. The school created a dummy version from polystyrene to check the proportions. The largest of the tiers took 13 hours to bake.

As McVitie and Price's original recipe was unknown, and possibly destroyed in a fire at their factory, Walsh and her team had to piece together details from a variety of sources. They used 60 lb butter, 55 lb sugar, 750 eggs, 80 lemons, 80 oranges, 3 litres Navy rum, 340 lb sultanas, raisins, cherries and spices, 150 lb marzipan and 110 lb icing sugar”.

## Bollands of Chester

Bollands had provided cakes for Queen Victoria and King George VI. Their cake for Princess Elizabeth was a three-tier cake weighing 27 kg and supported by hand-carved pillars, together with four gilded “heraldry-style” lions, was presented by representatives of Bollands. The design included piped thistles and roses, the Royal coat of arms, Naval emblems and an anchor with a crown.

## British Cake and Biscuit Manufacturers’ Association

A three-tiered cake was made by C H Elkes and Sons of Uttoxeter on behalf of the British Cake and Biscuit Manufacturers’ Association. It stood 1.6 metres high and had an “edible weight” of 188 kg. Its creation was overseen by S H Elkes MBE, together with chief decorator J H Hutchinson and chief chemist W H Smith.

All the ingredients came from the British Empire: flour from the UK, butter from New Zealand, sugar from Barbados, eggs from Canada and Northern Ireland, currants and sultanas from Australia, brandy from South Africa and rum from Jamaica.

Decorations included family crests, the couple's coats-of-arms and crests of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The cake was topped with an exact replica of the Eros statue from Piccadilly Circus.

The cake was given structural integrity by the addition of steel rods with pillar drums between the tiers.

## Country Women's Association of Australia

The Country Women's Association of Australia gave a six-tiered wedding cake that stood 1.5m high. The tiers represented the six federated States, each of which donated ingredients. The finished cake was decorated with the Australian coat-of-arms on each side, plus sprigs of silver bracken fern, wedding bells and a spray of fresh white flowers in a silver vase on the top.

The icing, spiced with rum from Bundaberg, Queensland, was made by D de Mars, an instructor in cake decoration at East Sydney Technical College. He spent eight days inlaying the four plaques of the Australian coat-of-arms at the base of the cake. It was baked in Sydney by the head chef at David Jones, Sydney's leading department store.

The six tiers were flown to London in separate airtight tins in October 1947, for the wedding the following month. At least one of the tiers was damaged en route when the plane carrying the cake landed at Lydda Airport (now Ben Gurion Airport) in Israel. The local police called in pastry chef Shaul Petrushka, who made good the damage before the cake continued its journey to London.

## Huntley and Palmer, Reading

This four-tiered hexagonal cake was originally intended to weigh 181 kg, but was reduced to 88 kg at the request of the Palace. It was still one the largest of the ‘unofficial’ wedding cakes. The cake was designed and overseen by Jack Bryant. The ingredients were provided by “the Dominions, Colonies and Dependencies” and the cake took an estimated 210 hours to create. Huntley and Palmer had used the same recipe for nearly 100 years, including commissions from royal families, including those of “Indian rajahs and other foreign potentates”.

### Design

This cake featured plaster of Paris cupids, each holding a bell in one hand and a large letter in the other. Made by the sculptor Frederick Marland of Parliament Hill, the cupids were placed around the cake. 144 off-pieces were used for the collars, side panels, flanges and balustrades. The second tier depicted the Battle of Cape Matapan, and the granting of Princess Elizabeth the Freedom of Windsor. The fourth tier displayed Commonwealth crests.

### Public Display

Huntley and Palmer received permission to display the cake at their head office in Reading before the wedding. With viewings offered at sixpence per head, all money raised was donated to the Royal Naval and the Women's Royal Naval Service Benevolent Trusts. Over 14,000 people viewed the cake.

A replica of the cake then toured the UK, accompanied by photos of the royal wedding, stopping at Manchester, Newcastle, Liverpool, Nottingham, Bournemouth and Cardiff.

## J Lyons and Co. London

This three-tiered cake, mounted on a silver stand was made by F E Jacobs, chief decorator of J Lyons’ Ornamental Department. It stood 1.8 metres high and weighed 63 kg.

The first and second tiers featured specially commissioned 10 cm blue and white Wedgwood Jasper vases set in alcoves behind silver pillars, with smaller vases on the third tier. These were designed by Victor Skellen, the art director at Josiah Wedgwood and Sons’ Barlaston pottery, and were the first to have been made since the war. The Jasper vases featured a 1775 design by John Flaxman called ‘The Dancing Hours’.

The cake's panels depicted Princess Elizabeth's coat of arms, the couple's initials and a Naval crown. Atop the third tier sat a larger Jasper vase, filled with fresh flowers and trailing orange blossom.

## J W Mackie and Sons, Edinburgh

This four-tiered cake, weighing 54 kg and standing 1.8 metres high was made by bakery manager, Mr Patterson. The design was inspired by the Scott Monument, which stands on Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh. It depicted the Princess’ coat-of-arms and the Royal Standard of Scotland, and featured 12 cm china cupids at the corners of each tier.

## Peek Freans & Co. London

This all-white cake was completely edible, except for a solid silver statue of St George on the top. It was made using ingredients from around the Empire donated by Britons overseas. Panels depicted the Princess’ Arms, Glamis Castle, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, HMS Vanguard and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.

## Real and Holton, Somerset

This three-tiered cake was baked by Frank Hill of Real and Holton (later Sparkes of Cary) at their small, family-owned bakery in Castle Cary, Somerset. The bakers invited all the inhabitants of the small market town to stir the mixture before it was put into the oven. The cake was decorated with four real silver slippers, containing white sprigs of imitation lily of the valley, Princess Elizabeth's favourite flowers.

A return journey from Castle Carey to London to deliver the cake would have used up a six-week ration of petrol coupons. However, the owner of the bakery, William Sparkes, received an anonymous donation of RAC coupons, making the journey possible.

Although the 11 ‘unofficial’ cakes were intended for donation following the wedding, the Real and Holton cake never left Buckingham Palace. The royal family decided to keep it for themselves, as the flowers decorating the top tier were pink carnations, “the favourite flowers of the bride's grandmother Queen Mary.” In a conversation with William Sparkes’ daughter in 1993, Princess Anne wondered whether the top tier had been kept and used as a Christening cake.

## Ulster Menu Company, Belfast

This four-tiered cake was made by John Hood using an “old family recipe”, and decorated by William Brown. It weighed 45 kg and stood 1.5 metres high. Each tier represented one of the four main industries of Northern Ireland:

* First tier: Shipbuilding, with hand-painted plaques showing ships. Placed on top of the tier itself was a model of HMS Eagle, an aircraft carrier that Princess Elizabeth had launched the previous year.
* Second tier: Agriculture, with plaques showing images of farming and farm life
* Third tier: Linen manufacture, with plaques depicting women sat at spinning wheels
* Fourth tier: Rope-making

On the top of the top tier was a white easel with “E.P.” in silver and a silver crown.

## Replica

A 24 kg replica of one of the wedding cakes was stolen while on display at a dance on board an American cruise ship.

* F M Findrey of Cheltenham sent Princess Elizabeth a packet containing crumbs from Queen Victoria’s wedding cake, from her marriage on 10 February 1840.


title: Kobiana language

abstract: Kobiana (Cobiana) or Buy (Uboi) is a Senegambian language spoken in several villages of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The language is referred to as gu-boy by its speakers. Speakers are shifting to Mandinka.

text:
# Kobiana language

| Language | gu-boy |
| --- | --- |

**Kobiana** (Cobiana) or **Buy** (Uboi) is a Senegambian language spoken in several villages of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The language is referred to as *gu-boy* by its speakers. Speakers are shifting to Mandinka.

## InfoBox

| Kobiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Senegal, Guinea-Bissau |
| Native speakers | 1,300 (2017-2018) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `kcj` |
| *Glottolog* | `kobi1241` |
| ELP | Kobiana |


title: Mortal Kombat Gold

abstract: Mortal Kombat Gold is a 1999 fighting game in the Mortal Kombat series that was published by Midway Home Entertainment. It was developed by Eurocom and released exclusively on the Dreamcast as a launch title. It is an updated version of 1997's Mortal Kombat 4 and was the first game to appear on a sixth-generation platform as well as the only Mortal Kombat game to be released for the Dreamcast console. Critical reaction was mostly average due to the graphics being inferior to the arcade version, the weapons deemed boring or useless, and game-breaking bugs and glitches.

text:
# Mortal Kombat Gold

***Mortal Kombat Gold*** is a 1999 fighting game in the *Mortal Kombat* series that was published by Midway Home Entertainment. It was developed by Eurocom and released exclusively on the Dreamcast as a launch title. It is an updated version of 1997's *Mortal Kombat 4* and was the first game to appear on a sixth-generation platform as well as the only *Mortal Kombat* game to be released for the Dreamcast console. Critical reaction was mostly average due to the graphics being inferior to the arcade version, the weapons deemed boring or useless, and game-breaking bugs and glitches.

## Gameplay

*Mortal Kombat Gold's* gameplay is largely based on that of *Mortal Kombat 4* and includes several additional characters and stages not seen in *Mortal Kombat 4*, as well as a new weapon selection mechanism. New stages include Church, Ladder, Netherrealm and Soul Chamber.

## Characters

*Mortal Kombat Gold* features the same character roster as *Mortal Kombat 4*, which includes Liu Kang, Jax Briggs, Sonya Blade, Johnny Cage, Sub-Zero, Reiko, Jarek, Raiden, Tanya, Scorpion, Kai, Reptile, Fujin, Shinnok, Quan Chi, sub-boss Goro, and the secret characters Noob Saibot and Meat. In addition, *Gold* also features six additional characters, Kitana, Mileena, Cyrax, Kung Lao, Baraka and a secret character Sektor, who weren't featured in any version of *Mortal Kombat 4* but had been featured in previous installments of the franchise.

Although the game's storyline is much identical to that of *Mortal Kombat 4*, the official strategy guide for the game misprinted unused bios for the six new returning characters, causing some confusion among fans.

An additional character named Belokk was planned for the game, but was omitted from the finished version due to time constraints. However, Eurocom accidentally sent information about the character to *Game Informer*, and as a result, six screenshots of him were released to the public, sparking rumors about him being actually accessible somehow.

## Development

The game was showcased at E3 1999.

## Release

About a month after the initial launch, a revised version of the game was released, which intended to address some of its most severe issues. This version fixed the most severe bugs and glitches in the game and added VMU memory card support, which allowed the save feature to function properly. This version was released on a red tinted disc, as opposed to the original's gold tint, and was easily identified by a green "Hot! New!" logo on the instruction manual's cover.

## Reception

*Mortal Kombat Gold* received an averaged review score of only 55% at GameRankings. Despite having the graphics that were the most faithful to the arcade version of all the home versions of *Mortal Kombat 4*, *Game Revolution* rated it a D and commented that "the graphics are inexcusably horrible" and "it's quite a depressing let-down on Sega's 128-bit masterpiece, especially when compared to *Soulcalibur*." The weapons that characters can use during the game were called "dull and uninteresting", often having little relation to the characters, and being "either a sword, axe, or club". *IGN* was less negative toward the game, awarding it a 6.3 out of 10, but was particularly critical regarding the weapon system: "Readying your weapon is a slow process in which one can be hit any number of times during the attempt". Although IGN commented on the improvements from previous *Mortal Kombat* games, the lack of depth was considered inexcusable. Jeff Gerstmann of *GameSpot*, who gave the game a score of 5.0/10, wrote that "sitting down and playing *MK Gold* almost feels like a retrogaming experience - you really feel as though you've pulled out some old game that you haven't played in years - and it hasn't aged gracefully." According to a retrospective by IGN, "the same publications that had once praised it on Nintendo 64 were happy to thrash it as a shallow and campy relic of a past age. Releasing beside *Soulcalibur* certainly didn't help."

Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for *Next Generation*, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "*Mortal Kombat Gold* goes a long way towards confirming that this series peaked with *MK2*, and it's been in steady decline ever since."

Conversely, Brazilian magazine *SuperGamePower* gave the game 4.5 out 5, regarding the graphics as superior to anything came up by Ed Boon and John Tobias on console or arcade. The magazine also recommends the game to fight fans, particularly those who favor the Mortal Kombat series.

## InfoBox

| Mortal Kombat Gold | |
| --- | --- |
| North American cover artwork | |
| Developer(s) | Eurocom |
| Publisher(s) | Midway Home Entertainment |
| Director(s) | Ed Boon |
| Series | *Mortal Kombat* |
| Platform(s) | Dreamcast |
| Release | * NA: September 9, 1999 * UK: October 29, 1999 |
| Genre(s) | Fighting |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Myripristis kochiensis

abstract: Myripristis kochiensis is a species of fish in the family Holocentridae found in the Northwest Pacific

text:
# Myripristis kochiensis

***Myripristis kochiensis*** is a species of fish in the family Holocentridae found in the Northwest Pacific

## InfoBox

| *Myripristis kochiensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Holocentriformes |
| Family: | Holocentridae |
| Genus: | *Myripristis* |
| Species: | ***M. kochiensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myripristis kochiensis***<br>J. E. Randall & Yamakawa, 1996 | |
|


title: Theodor Pilartz

abstract: Theodor Pilartz was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Theodor Pilartz

**Theodor Pilartz** (21 February 1887  29 June 1955) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Theodor Pilartz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1887-02-21)21 February 1887
Cologne, Germany |
| Died | 29 June 1955(1955-06-29) (aged 68)
Cologne, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Sculptor |


title: Naucleopsis chiguila

abstract: Naucleopsis chiguila is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Naucleopsis chiguila

***Naucleopsis chiguila*** is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Naucleopsis chiguila* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Naucleopsis* |
| Species: | ***N. chiguila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Naucleopsis chiguila***
Benoist | |
|


abstract: The meteorological history of Hurricane Georges spanned seventeen days from September 15 to October 1, 1998. Hurricane Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September 16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. Over the next few days, an eye developed and deep Atmospheric convection persisted around it. Strong outflow and warm sea surface temperatures allowed the storm to intensify as it tracked towards the west-northwest. The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), just below Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, and a barometric pressure of 937 mbar. Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles, making five landfalls, four as a Category 3 hurricane and one as a Category 1. Shortly after entering the Caribbean, the Georges weakened slightly; however, shortly before crossing Puerto Rico, the storm re-attained major hurricane status. After weakening slightly once more, the storm rapidly organized near the Dominican Republic. A well-defined eye formed and outflow re-established, allowing the storm to reach an intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) just prior to landfall. During its passage of Hispaniola the circulation was severely disrupted, but Georges maintained hurricane-intensity. On September 23, the storm made landfall in southeastern Cuba as a minimal hurricane. By September 25, Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. The storm re-organized over the gulf, with the eye fully reforming and deep convection persisting around the center of circulation. By September 27, Georges reached an intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h). Several hours prior to landfall the next day, the hurricane weakened slightly and tracked inland near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed, executing a brief clockwise loop before maintaining an eastward drift. Gradually weakening, the hurricane was only a tropical depression by the afternoon of September 29. Two days later, Georges fully dissipated near the Atlantic coast of Florida.

text:
# Meteorological history of Hurricane Georges

The **meteorological history of Hurricane Georges** spanned seventeen days from September 15 to October 1, 1998. Hurricane Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September 16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. Over the next few days, an eye developed and deep Atmospheric convection persisted around it. Strong outflow and warm sea surface temperatures allowed the storm to intensify as it tracked towards the west-northwest. The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), just below Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, and a barometric pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg).

Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles, making five landfalls, four as a Category 3 hurricane and one as a Category 1. Shortly after entering the Caribbean, the Georges weakened slightly; however, shortly before crossing Puerto Rico, the storm re-attained major hurricane status. After weakening slightly once more, the storm rapidly organized near the Dominican Republic. A well-defined eye formed and outflow re-established, allowing the storm to reach an intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) just prior to landfall. During its passage of Hispaniola the circulation was severely disrupted, but Georges maintained hurricane-intensity. On September 23, the storm made landfall in southeastern Cuba as a minimal hurricane.

By September 25, Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. The storm re-organized over the gulf, with the eye fully reforming and deep convection persisting around the center of circulation. By September 27, Georges reached an intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h). Several hours prior to landfall the next day, the hurricane weakened slightly and tracked inland near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed, executing a brief clockwise loop before maintaining an eastward drift. Gradually weakening, the hurricane was only a tropical depression by the afternoon of September 29. Two days later, Georges fully dissipated near the Atlantic coast of Florida.

## Formation and intensification

Late on September 13, 1998, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. The following day the system featured a large area of organized deep convection and the dvorak technique was initiated. By September 15, ships within the vicinity of the wave reported that a surface circulation had developed and by 1200 UTC, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) estimated that a tropical depression, the seventh of the season, while situated about 345 miles (555 kilometres) south-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. The depression tracked roughly due west in response to a mid-level ridge, building westward, to the north of the cyclone. Throughout the day, banding features developed around the system and deep convection consolidated around the center of circulation. Roughly 24 hours after being declared a depression, the NHC upgraded the system to a tropical storm and gave it the name *Georges*.

For the following ten days, Georges maintained a general west-northwest track for ten days due to a persistent mid to upper-level tropospheric ridge. Gradual intensification took place as the system developed strong outflow and warm sea surface temperatures aided in fueling further development. Easterly wind shear caused disruption of the storms' outflow; however, the center, previously surrounded by two deep areas of convection, was situated underneath one area of thunderstorm activity. By the late morning hours of September 17, an eyewall developed within the circulation, indicating that Georges was nearing hurricane-status.

## Peak intensity and Lesser Antilles

Later on September 17, a banding-eye feature appeared on satellite imagery, leading the NHC to upgrade Georges into a hurricane at 1800 UTC that day. The next day, an anticyclone began to develop over the hurricane, enhancing the storms' outflow. Several hours later, Georges attained Category 2 status as sustained winds around the eye increased to 100 mph (160 km/h). Ahead of the storm, the NHC reported that there were no factors inhibiting further intensification and anticipated Georges to strengthen into a Category 4 hurricane before reaching the Lesser Antilles. A concentric eyewall began to develop late on September 18, briefly stalling the strengthening of the storm. This resulted from an eyewall replacement cycle that led to the formation of a larger eye.

On September 19 and 20, Georges underwent a period of rapid intensification, in which winds increased by 45 mph (70 km/h) in a 24-hour span. At the end of this phase, Georges attained its peak intensity with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg), just below Category 5 status. At the time of peak intensity, a Hurricane Hunter mission into the storm recorded flight-level winds up to 168 mph (270 km/h) while dropsondes measured surface winds up to 175 mph (280 km/h). One of the readings from a dropsonde, that was disregarded, recorded winds of 191 mph (307 km/h) in the lower-levels of the eyewall. This reading was disregarded by the hurricane hunters as it seemed too high and not representative of the actual intensity of Georges. The hurricane hunters also noted a large increase in the radius of tropical storm-force winds, prompting the issuance of tropical storm warnings in the Lesser Antilles. Around the time of peak intensity, the eye of Georges was roughly 35 mi (55 km) in diameter.

Shortly after attaining peak intensity on September 20, Georges began to weaken, as upper-level vertical wind shear caused the eye to become cloud-filled and was no longer visible on satellite imagery. Convection associated with the storm also became less symmetric in nature. In spite of these factors, Georges remained a major hurricane through September 21. Continued weakening took place as the shear restricted a portion of the hurricane's outflow. At 0430 UTC on September 21, Georges made its initial landfall on Antigua with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Several hours later, the storm passed directly over St. Kitts. Shortly after passing over the island, the storm weakened to Category 2 status and winds decreased to 110 mph (175 km/h).

## Caribbean islands

As the storm approached Puerto Rico late on September 21, the wind shear began to relent, allowing Georges to re-organize; however, its outflow was unable to fully redevelop due to its proximity to land. Around 2200 UTC, the storm reattained Category 3 intensity and made landfall in Puerto Rico with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) before weakening again. Hours later, the storm entered the Mona Passage and began to once again reorganize. As Georges approached the Dominican Republic, it unexpectedly developed a well-defined eye and began to intensify, attaining winds of 120 mph (195 km/h); satellite imagery suggested that Georges re-attained Category 4 intensity. It made landfall on the Dominican Republic at 1230 UTC on September 22 as a Category 3 hurricane.

Hispaniola's mountainous terrain was a large factor in the expected weakening of the storm; however, by six hours after landfall, the storm's eye maintained its structure, outflow remained strong, and banding features were still organized. By September 23, however, the center became ill-defined and hurricane hunters were unable to fly into the storm until it moved back over water. The hurricane's core was severely disrupted by the 10,000 ft (3,000 m) mountains of Hispaniola. Although Georges was exceptionally disorganized, it retained minimal hurricane intensity throughout its passage of the island.

Later on September 23, the storm entered the Windward Passage, maintaining a broad circulation with well-defined banding and an eye-like feature. Little change occurred during the day; the storm made its fifth landfall near Guantanamo Bay, Cuba with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The storm began to take a more northwesterly track in response to a mid- to upper-level high-pressure area to the northeast and a mid- to upper-level low over the Yucatán Peninsula. Throughout its passage across Cuba, Georges maintained a well-defined outflow pattern despite having an ill-defined center. By September 24, the storm moved over water north of Cuba, and the eyewall quickly began to redevelop.

## Gulf of Mexico and dissipation

As the hurricane neared the Florida Keys on September 25, its eye reformed and became more pronounced on satellite imagery. The reorganization led to an increase in intensity, and at about 1530 UTC, Georges made landfall near Key West with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). The hurricane's forward motion shifted to west-northwest, and forecast models indicated that Georges would re-attain Category 3 status before making landfall along the northern Gulf Coast. The slow motion of the storm led to an erratic track, mainly caused by westward wobbles of the eye. Vertical wind shear was estimated at up to 35 mph (55 km/h), restricting outflow within the hurricane and confining the most intense convection to the eastern side of the circulation.

Between September 26 and 27, the storm continued to slow while turning northwestward. Its wind field became asymmetric during the afternoon of September 26, with hurricane-force winds present only in the eastern side. Later in the day, winds around the center increased to 110 mph (175 km/h), just short of major hurricane status. The possibility of rapid intensification at the time was low.

The central barometric pressure continued to decrease through September 28, bottoming out at 961 mbar (hPa; 28.38 inHg). By that time, the storm had become visible on New Orleans, Louisiana, radar imagery, which depicted an incomplete eyewall. The storm continued to slow as it neared its final landfall, and winds around the eyewall slightly decreased. Around 1130 UTC, Georges made landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). Several hours after moving ashore, Georges weakened to Category 1 status and became quasi-stationary. The storm's slow movement led to extreme amounts of rainfall throughout the southeastern United States, peaking at 38.46 in (977 mm) in Munson, Florida.

By September 29, Georges had weakened to a tropical storm and completed a small counter-clockwise loop over southern Mississippi. Subsequently, the storm began tracking west-northwestward at a faster pace. Around 1200 UTC, Georges weakened to a tropical depression, and the NHC issued their final advisory on the system. At this time, the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) initiated public advisories. The depression maintained a well-defined circulation as it tracked close to the Gulf of Mexico; however, the center of circulation remained inland. Large quantities of tropical moisture fed the storm, allowing it to produce torrential rainfall. By September 30, the low-level circulation began to detach from the upper-level circulation. The HPC issued their final advisory on the depression early on October 1 as it neared the Atlantic Ocean, and it fully dissipated several hours later.

## InfoBox

Hurricane Georges
| Track of Hurricane Georges | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | September 15, 1998 |
| Dissipated | October 1, 1998 |
| Category 4 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 155 mph (250 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 937 mbar (hPa); 27.67 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Areas affected | Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Florida Keys, Mississippi, Alabama, Southeastern Louisiana, Florida Panhandle |
| ---  Part of the **1998 Atlantic hurricane season** | |
| **History** **Effects**<br>**Other wikis** | |


title: Jake Siegel

abstract: Jake Siegel is an American actor best known for playing the role of Mike "Cooze" Coozemen in both American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile (2007) and American Pie Presents: Beta House (2009). His television credits include guest roles in Commander in Chief, the Trojan Vision series Friends Hate You, and iCarly.

text:
# Jake Siegel

**Jake Siegel** (born May 22, 1983) is an American actor best known for playing the role of Mike "Cooze" Coozemen in both *American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile* (2007) and *American Pie Presents: Beta House* (2009). His television credits include guest roles in *Commander in Chief*, the Trojan Vision series *Friends Hate You*, and *iCarly*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Stranded* | Jim |  |
| 2006 | *The Need* | Jake | Short film |
| | *American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile* | Mike "Cooze" Coozeman |  |
| 2007 | | *American Pie Presents: Beta House* |  |
| 2009 | *Nice Knowing You* | Scotty | Short film |
| 2010 | *Hello* | Ed | Short film |
| 2013 | *Cavemen* | Perry |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Commander in Chief* | Kid #2 | Episode: "Wind Beneath My Wing" |
| 2009 | *iCarly* | Cal | Episode: "iGo Nuclear" |

## InfoBox

| Jake Siegel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-05-22) May 22, 1983 |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2003–present |


title: Heroes Among Heroes

abstract: Heroes Among Heroes is a 1993 Hong Kong martial arts film produced and directed by Yuen Woo-ping and starring Donnie Yen as the protagonist So Chan, who was one of the Ten Tigers of Canton. The film shows opium smugglers in the Qing Dynasty, China, with Officer Lin Zexu and Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity Wong Fei-hung fighting against them. It was released in the US as Fist of the Red Dragon.

text:
# Heroes Among Heroes

| Heroes Among Heroes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 蘇乞兒 |
| Simplified Chinese | 苏乞儿 |
| Literal meaning | "Beggar So" |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Sǔ Qǐ Ěr  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping So1 Hat1 Ji1 | |
|  | |

***Heroes Among Heroes*** (Chinese: 蘇乞兒) is a 1993 Hong Kong martial arts film produced and directed by Yuen Woo-ping and starring Donnie Yen as the protagonist So Chan, who was one of the Ten Tigers of Canton. The film shows opium smugglers in the Qing Dynasty, China, with Officer Lin Zexu and Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity Wong Fei-hung fighting against them. It was released in the US as ***Fist of the Red Dragon***.

## Plot

Close to the end of the Qing Dynasty, opium is being smuggled to China. Officer Lin Zexu (Pau Fong) and Master Wong Fei-hung (Wong Yuk) join forces against opium smugglers.

Meanwhile, So Chan, also known as Beggar So (Donnie Yen), a man from a rich family, is famous for stealing food for his poor foster father (Kwan Hoi-san) and friends. He lives with his father (Ng Man-tat) and aunt Jean (Sheila Chan). So befriends a British teacher named Yi-teh (Fennie Yuen), a niece of Prince Barac of Twelve (Hung Yan-yan).

So fights and defeats the Fire Lotus Gang, causing an explosion in which many citizens are hurt and Master Wong demands an apology. Later, Prince Barac of Twelve offers So opium; So becomes addicted to it. He goes to his foster father and learns drunken boxing; his foster father is then killed by the Fire Lotus Gang, for whom Prince Barac of Twelve has betrayed So.

So eventually returns home, joins forces with Wong Fei-hung, and seeks revenge. In the end, So and Wong win against Prince Barac of Twelve and Yi-teh becomes So's girlfriend. Lin Zexu and Wong Fei-hung watch as the opium is burned.

## Cast

## Reception

The author Clive Davies praised the movie writing, "Some enjoyable action puts it on a par with the previous Yuen/Yen collaboration *Iron Monkey*." In a mostly negative review, *Reno Gazette-Journal*'s Jennifer Merriman rated the film a D and wrote, "Donnie Yen (So Chan) was bright and charismatic in his part, but the rest of the characters were overdone and shrill. The fight scenes were good, fast and not too choreographed, but since I couldn't tell what was going on, they seemed overly random — like they just stuck one in every ten minutes whether it fit or not."

Paul Fonoroff of the *South China Morning Post* had a mixed review of the film, writing, "Actually, *Heroes Among Heroes* isn't inferior to the majority of period epics churned out since the Wong Fei-hung series was revived in 1991. The lead actors know their kung-fu, and the producers appear to have spared no expense by employing hundreds of extras, all in Qing costume. But because we've seen it all so many times before, *Heroes Among Heroes* seems as fresh as a rice box left in the refrigerator since the last Wong Fei-hung movie was released two months ago." Another *South China Morning Post* review said, "Alas, the fight choreography, traditionally one of Yuen's strengths, lacks the crispness of the veteran kung fu director's best work. Donnie Yan (so good in *Once Upon a Time in China II*) lacks charisma when he needs to emote for longer than he fights, and Wong Kwok is charmless as Wong Fei-hung."

## InfoBox

| Heroes Among Heroes | |
| --- | --- |
| A DVD cover with the film's US title *Fist of the Red Dragon* | |
| Directed by | Yuen Woo-ping
Chan Chin-chung |
| Screenplay by | Lau Tai-muk
Jobic Chui
Chan Chin-chung
Anthony Wong |
| Produced by | Yuen Woo-ping
Chan Chin-chung
Lam Shue-kin |
| Starring | Donnie Yen
Wong Yuk
Ng Man-tat
Fennie Yuen |
| Cinematography | Stephen Poon
Ma Koon-wa |
| Edited by | Kwok Ting-hung |
| Music by | William Wu |
| Production
company | Art Sea Films |
| Distributed by | Regal Films Distribution |
| Release date | * 11 November 1993 (1993-11-11) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |
| Box office | HK$7,020,771 |