title: HAVAL

abstract: HAVAL is a cryptographic hash function. Unlike MD5, but like most modern cryptographic hash functions, HAVAL can produce hashes of different lengths – 128 bits, 160 bits, 192 bits, 224 bits, and 256 bits. HAVAL also allows users to specify the number of rounds to be used to generate the hash. HAVAL was broken in 2004. HAVAL was invented by Yuliang Zheng, Josef Pieprzyk, and Jennifer Seberry in 1992.

text:
# HAVAL

**HAVAL** is a cryptographic hash function. Unlike MD5, but like most modern cryptographic hash functions, HAVAL can produce hashes of different lengths – 128 bits, 160 bits, 192 bits, 224 bits, and 256 bits. HAVAL also allows users to specify the number of rounds (3, 4, or 5) to be used to generate the hash. HAVAL was broken in 2004.

HAVAL was invented by Yuliang Zheng, Josef Pieprzyk, and Jennifer Seberry in 1992.

## HAVAL hashes

The HAVAL hashes (also termed *fingerprints*) are typically represented as 32-, 40-, 48-, 56- or 64-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding HAVAL hash (256 bits, 5 passes):

```
HAVAL("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", 256, 5) =
b89c551cdfe2e06dbd4cea2be1bc7d557416c58ebb4d07cbc94e49f710c55be4
```

Even a small change in the message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing the letter d to a c produces the following hash value:

```
HAVAL("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog", 256, 5) =
60983bb8c8f49ad3bea29899b78cd741f4c96e911bbc272e5550a4f195a4077e
```

The hash of a zero-length string is:

```
HAVAL("", 256, 5) =
be417bb4dd5cfb76c7126f4f8eeb1553a449039307b1a3cd451dbfdc0fbbe330
```

## Security

Research has uncovered weaknesses which make further use of HAVAL (at least the variant with 128 bits and 3 passes with 26 operations) questionable. On 17 August 2004, collisions for HAVAL (128 bits, 3 passes) were announced by Xiaoyun Wang, Dengguo Feng, Xuejia Lai, and Hongbo Yu.

* HAVAL (the official HAVAL page with the research paper on HAVAL, the latest C source code and HAVAL OIDs)


title: Omar Al Futtaim

abstract: Omar Abdulla Al Futtaim is an Emirati businessman, the CEO and vice-chairman of Al-Futtaim Group, owned by his father, the billionaire Abdulla Al Futtaim.

text:
# Omar Al Futtaim

**Omar Abdulla Al Futtaim** is an Emirati businessman, the CEO and vice-chairman of Al-Futtaim Group, owned by his father, the billionaire Abdulla Al Futtaim.

## Early years and education

Al Futtaim has a bachelor's degree in Economics and Business Studies from Macalester College, Minnesota, received in 1985. The group was founded in the 1930s and expanded rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s becoming an integrated commercial, industrial, and services organization.\[2\]

The Al-Futtaim family split its business interests in 2000 with Abdulla Al Futtaim controlling the automotive and mainly retail business, and his cousin Majid controlling a property development business (now known as Majid Al Futtaim Group).\[3\]

## Career

Al Futtaim was appointed as Vice Chairman of Orient Insurance in 2001. Since 2010 he has served as chairman of Emirates Islamic and *Al Futtaim HC Securities*, vice chairman of *Orient Insurance*, which is part of Al-Futtaim Group, and a director of the Commercial Bank of Dubai. He is also a Board Member of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a Member of the Dubai Economic Council and Emirates National Development Program.


title: Mathi

abstract: Mathi is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Turin. Mathi borders the following municipalities: Corio, Balangero, Grosso, Cafasse, and Villanova Canavese.

text:
# Mathi

**Mathi** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Turin.

Mathi borders the following municipalities: Corio, Balangero, Grosso, Cafasse, and Villanova Canavese.

## Twin towns

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. Data from Istat
3. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.

## InfoBox

| Mathi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Mathi | |
|  | |
| Location of Mathi | |
| MathiLocation of Mathi in ItalyMathiMathi (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 45°16′N 7°32′E / 45.267°N 7.533°E / 45.267; 7.533 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Metropolitan city | Turin (TO) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Tommaso Turinetti |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.1 km2 (2.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 410 m (1,350 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 4,074 |
| Density | 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Mathiesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 10075 |
| Dialing code | 011 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Waring House (Greenville, Ohio)

abstract: The Waring House is a historic house in Greenville, Ohio, United States. Built by Oliver C. Perry, the house was started in 1860, but construction was only substantially completed in 1869, and the details took two more years to finish. As soon as he had finished the house, Perry sold it to T.M. Taylor, who in turn sold it to the family of local businessman and county commissioner Thomas Waring. Waring and his family were the first individuals to occupy the house, taking up residence in November 1874. The Waring House is a brick structure that rests upon a foundation of stone; it is topped with a roof of asphalt, and various other elements are made of metal. Its overall floor plan is rectangular, although modified by the addition of three wings to the rear. The dining room is a major part of a substantial two-story, two-bay wing attached to the main portion of the house, while two single-story wings — a single-bay structure in the form of a large pavilion, and a double-bay structure containing the kitchen — are in turn attached to the dining room wing. Among the Waring House's leading architectural elements are its windows, especially the distinctive segmental windows of the dining room wing. Overall, the house is a fine example of the Victorian style of residential architecture; although many nineteenth-century Greenville houses have been well preserved to the present time, few are as pristine as the home of Thomas Waring. In recognition of its historically significant architecture, the Waring House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 16, 1977; it was recognized as important primarily in the local community. Six other Greenville houses — known as the Beir, Coppess, Garst, Lansdowne, Leftwich, and Robeson Houses — have been accorded a similar honor; the Waring House was the fourth of these seven buildings to receive this designation. Today, the Waring House is operated as a bed and breakfast.

text:
# Waring House (Greenville, Ohio)

The **Waring House** (also known as the "Waring-Stockslager Home") is a historic house in Greenville, Ohio, United States. Built by Oliver C. Perry, the house was started in 1860, but construction was only substantially completed in 1869, and the details took two more years to finish. As soon as he had finished the house, Perry sold it to T.M. Taylor, who in turn sold it to the family of local businessman and county commissioner Thomas Waring. Waring and his family were the first individuals to occupy the house, taking up residence in November 1874.

The Waring House is a brick structure that rests upon a foundation of stone; it is topped with a roof of asphalt, and various other elements are made of metal. Its overall floor plan is rectangular, although modified by the addition of three wings to the rear. The dining room is a major part of a substantial two-story, two-bay wing attached to the main portion of the house, while two single-story wings — a single-bay structure in the form of a large pavilion, and a double-bay structure containing the kitchen — are in turn attached to the dining room wing.

Among the Waring House's leading architectural elements are its windows, especially the distinctive segmental windows of the dining room wing. Overall, the house is a fine example of the Victorian style of residential architecture; although many nineteenth-century Greenville houses have been well preserved to the present time, few are as pristine as the home of Thomas Waring. In recognition of its historically significant architecture, the Waring House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 16, 1977; it was recognized as important primarily in the local community. Six other Greenville houses — known as the Beir, Coppess, Garst, Lansdowne, Leftwich, and Robeson Houses — have been accorded a similar honor; the Waring House was the fourth of these seven buildings to receive this designation. Today, the Waring House is operated as a bed and breakfast.

Media related to Waring House (Greenville, Ohio) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waring House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front and side of the house | |
|  | |
| Location | 304 W. 3rd St., Greenville, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 40°5′59″N 84°38′7″W / 40.09972°N 84.63528°W / 40.09972; -84.63528 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1869 |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 77001057 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 1977 |


title: Protea rupestris

abstract: Protea rupestris, also known as rocket sugarbush, is a flower-bearing tree of the genus Protea. The plant is found in Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. As a tree it has few branches and grows 10 metres in height. The plant is monoecious with both sexes in each flower. It blooms from May to December. A wildfire will destroy the tree, but the seeds survive. The seed is released 9–12 months after flowering and dispersed by means of the wind. After being dispersed, the seeds simply lie on the ground until fires and rains create the best conditions for germination. Pollination occurs through the action of birds. The plant grows in open forests and mountainous grasslands at elevations of 1,200 to 1,950 metres. Although it occurs across a wide range, it relatively unknown and is believed to be uncommon.

text:
# Protea rupestris

***Protea rupestris***, also known as **rocket sugarbush**, is a flower-bearing tree of the genus *Protea*. The plant is found in Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.

As a tree it has few branches and grows 10 metres in height. The plant is monoecious with both sexes in each flower.

It blooms from May to December. A wildfire will destroy the tree, but the seeds survive. The seed is released 9–12 months after flowering and dispersed by means of the wind. After being dispersed, the seeds simply lie on the ground until fires and rains create the best conditions for germination. Pollination occurs through the action of birds. The plant grows in open forests and mountainous grasslands at elevations of 1,200 to 1,950 metres.

Although it occurs across a wide range, it relatively unknown and is believed to be uncommon.

## InfoBox

| *Protea rupestris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Protea* |
| Species: | ***P. rupestris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protea rupestris***<br>R.E.Fr. (1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Protea bella* Hauman (1944) | |


title: Grewia hexamita

abstract: Grewia hexamita, the giant raisin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to Mozambique and adjoining countries. It is a large tree for a Grewia, reaching 5 m (16 ft). It is the most preferred woody plant of African savanna elephants, who browse on it in all seasons, unlike even other species of Grewia.

text:
# Grewia hexamita

***Grewia hexamita***, the **giant raisin**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to Mozambique and adjoining countries. It is a large tree for a *Grewia*, reaching 5 m (16 ft). It is the most preferred woody plant of African savanna elephants (*Loxodonta africana*), who browse on it in all seasons, unlike even other species of *Grewia*.

## InfoBox

| *Grewia hexamita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Close-up of flowers | |
|  | |
| View of foliage | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Grewia* |
| Species: | ***G. hexamita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Grewia hexamita***
Burret | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Grewia dumicola* Exell * *Grewia megistocarpa* Burret * *Grewia messinica* Burtt Davy & Greenway * *Grewia schweickerdtii* Burret | |


title: Mogami River

abstract: Mogami River The Mogami River is a river in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

text:
# Mogami River

The **Mogami River** (最上川, *Mogami-gawa*) is a river in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

## Description and history

The river is 224 km long and has a watershed of 7,040 km2. It is regarded as one of the three most rapid rivers of Japan (along with the Fuji River and the Kuma River).

The river rises from southern Yamagata Prefecture, flows to the north, and turns west at Shinjō, then flows into the Sea of Japan at Sakata. Water transportation once flourished on the river and carried local products such as safflowers and rice to the Kansai region.

## Cultural references

The Mogami River appears as an *utamakura* in Japanese poetry, with the influential 17th-century poet Matsuo Bashō composing several hokku regarding the river during his travels alongside it. Some were revised as haiku in the memoir of his journeys, including this well-known poem:

五月雨をあつめて早し最上川 *samidare o atsumete hayashi Mogami-gawa* gathering the rains of the wet season — swift the Mogami River (*trans. Shirane*)

The character Yūko Aioi in *Nichijou* has inner monologues in haiku form, all ending with the name of the river as a complete non sequitur (as she cannot think of a full 5-7-5 haiku).

*Mogami-gawa* is also the name of the anthem of Yamagata Prefecture written by Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese Navy had two different cruisers named *Mogami*.

## Images

## InfoBox

| Mogami River
最上川 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Native name | *Mogami-gawa* (Japanese) |
| Location | |
| Country | Japan |
| State | Yamagata |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Mount Azuma |
| location | Yonezawa, Yamagata |
| coordinates | 37°45′50″N 140°10′48″E / 37.764°N 140.180°E / 37.764; 140.180 |
| elevation | 1,780 m (5,840 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Sea of Japan |
| location | Sakata, Yamagata |
| coordinates | 38°55′23″N 139°48′36″E / 38.923°N 139.810°E / 38.923; 139.810 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 229 km (142 mi) |
| Basin size | 7,040 km2 (2,720 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 392 m3/s (13,800 cu ft/s) |
|  | |


title: Two Birds (album)

abstract: Two Birds is the debut studio album by American drag queen, actor, and singer Trixie Mattel, released in 2017.

text:
# Two Birds (album)

***Two Birds*** is the debut studio album by American drag queen, actor, and singer Trixie Mattel, released in 2017.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Trixie Mattel

*Two Birds* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mama Don't Make Me Put on the Dress Again" | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Make Up Your Mind" | 3:15 |
| 3. | "I Know You All over Again" | 2:56 |
| 4. | "Seen My Man" | 3:13 |
| 5. | "I'll Wear Your Ring" | 4:03 |
| 6. | "Bluegrass" | 3:58 |
| 7. | "Seen My Man" (Wisconsin demo; live) | 2:55 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Two Birds*
| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Country Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| US Americana/Folk Albums (Billboard) | 16 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| US Top Album Sales (*Billboard*) | 68 |
| US Top Current Albums (Billboard) | 57 |

## InfoBox

| Two Birds | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Trixie Mattel | |
| Released | May 2, 2017 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 21:56 |
| Producer | Brandon James Gwinn |
| Trixie Mattel chronology | |
| *Greener*
(2009) ***Two Birds***
(2017) *Homemade Christmas*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Two Birds* | |
| 1. "Mama Don't Make Me Put on the Dress Again"
Released: April 28, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: Peter Kaufmann (philosopher)

abstract: Peter Kaufmann (1800-1869) was known as one of the "Ohio Hegelians", along with John Bernhard Stallo, Moncure Daniel Conway and August Willich. His 1858 book titled, The Temple of Truth, or the Science of Ever-Progressing Knowledge, discussed the process and formation of knowledge according to Hegel's dialectical method, and socialist utopian reform ideals for perfecting humankind.

text:
# Peter Kaufmann (philosopher)

**Peter Kaufmann** (1800-1869) was known as one of the "Ohio Hegelians", along with John Bernhard Stallo, Moncure Daniel Conway and August Willich. His 1858 book titled, *The Temple of Truth, or the Science of Ever-Progressing Knowledge,* discussed the process and formation of knowledge according to Hegel's dialectical method, and socialist utopian reform ideals for perfecting humankind.

* Good, James A., ed. (2004). *The Ohio Hegelians: History of American Thought*. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84371-120-9.
* Easton, Loyd D. “Hegelianism in Nineteenth-Century Ohio,” *Journal of the History of Ideas* 23, no. 3 (1962), 355-78.
* Kaufmann, Peter. *The Temple of Truth, or the Science of Ever-Progressing Knowledge* (Cincinnati: Truman & Spofford and Eggers & Wilde, 1858).


title: Peter Kaufmann-Bohren

abstract: Peter Kaufmann-Bohren was born on June 23, 1886, in Grindelwald, and he died on June 23, 1971, in Thun, at the age of 85. Peter was a Swiss ski instructor and mountain guide, climbing in the Swiss Alps and the Canadian Rockies.

text:
# Peter Kaufmann-Bohren

**Peter Kaufmann-Bohren** was born on June 23, 1886, in Grindelwald, and he died on June 23, 1971, in Thun, at the age of 85. Peter was a Swiss ski instructor and mountain guide, climbing in the Swiss Alps and the Canadian Rockies.

## Family and early life (1886–1905)

In 1886, Peter was born in Grindelwald at his family's house (am Fussweg). He was the eldest son and grew up in a family eight siblings. His father (Peter Kaufmann-von Allmen, 1858-1924) and his grandfather (Grabipeter, 1832-1903) were established, certified mountain guides, who lived during the Golden and Silver Ages of Alpinism. The Kaufmanns had been professional mountain guides for several generations, but Peter not only became a mountaineer but also an excellent skier and ski instructor. Skiing was introduced to Grindelwald in 1890. It was Gerald Fox (1865 - 1947), who brought skis to the area, after he had “discovered” them in Scandinavia. Whenever he left the Hotel Bären lobby on skis, locals and tourists shook their heads and said he was crazy. But he soon convinced some mountain climbers, guides, and two teenagers to slide across the snow on two long wooden boards. Those two adventurous sixteen-year-olds who tried skiing for the first time in February 1891 were Hans (1874-1930) and Ruedi Kaufmann (born 1875), Peter's uncles.

## Youth in England and Switzerland (1905–1913)

At the age of 19, Peter travelled to England to earn money for the family and to learn the English language. He went to Great Britain several times, spending seven years there. In 1911, he was working as a hotel porter at the Imperial Hotel in Malvern, England, probably helping guests with luggage along the "worm," "a corrugated iron tunnel leading up to the hotel," that allowed first-class passengers arriving at Great Malvern station to walk straight into the hotel without going outside. At least three other Swiss from the Bernese Oberland were working at the hotel at the time.

Upon his final return from England, he settled in Neuhausen am Rheinfall where he met his future wife, Margaritha Bohren, who was also from Grindelwald.

## Early climbing (1914–1920)

Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, Peter applied for his license to become a certified mountain guide. After passing his examinations, he began as a porter in June and July 1914; he accompanied certified mountain guides and their clients as a porter to the summits of the Wetterhorn, Jungfrau, Mönch, Eiger, Finsteraarhorn, Faulberg, and the Gross Fiescherhorn over the great Aletschhorn. Charles Francis Alexander Fyfe, from Liverpool, England, wrote the first entry into Kaufmann's *Führer-Buch*: "Peter Kaufmann was my porter, up to the top of the Wetterhorn today \[June 22,1914\], and I found him to be a safe companion of the mountain." J. V. I. Long, from Arundel, England, writes that Peter Kaufmann "(nephew of Christian Kaufmann) . . . showed himself very capable and willing, carrying anything I asked him to without ever showing any sign of fatigue, even at the end of the climb, and I am convinced he will shortly make a first class guide."

In 1918, at the age of 32, he married Margaritha Bohren (1871-1959).

## Professional climbing (I) (1920–1929)

On April 1, 1920, Peter Kaufmann-Bohren was certified as a mountain guide *2. Klasse*. During the 1920s, he frequently climbed with his father (Peter Kaufmann-von Allmen), step-uncles, and brother (Fritz), and he was praised not only for his excellent climbing skills but also his skiing abilities. On December 20, 1928, he received his teaching certificate as a ski teacher (*Skilehrer Patent*) from the Bernese Ski-Teachers' Commission, which he renewed annually for 36 years.

The Englishman Anthony Melland Robinson (1907-1950) recounted several climbs with Peter Kaufmann in *Alpine Roundabout* (1946). During four days of climbing in 1929, he remarked that Kaufmann “is always ready to explain points that puzzle the beginner.” For example, he clarified that a large china cup to drink spring water was used by climbers above the Milchbach ladders headed for the Gleckstein Hut; and as Peter explained, “It was always replaced after \[passers-by\] had drunk their fill, never broken and never stolen though fettered by no rusty chain to the rock.”

One of Kaufmann's repeated clients was Peter Daniell (1909-2002), who originally "spent childhood holidays in Switzerland to cure asthma," but "became a passionate mountaineer, scaling many Alpine peaks in his student days." Daniell describes Kaufmann as a "first class guide, a good and amusing companion" (Sept 1926), who is "always cheerful and entertaining (Aug 1928), on climbs to the Klein and Gross Schreckhorn as well as the Finsteraarhorn (Aug 1931). Upon Daniell's recommendation, C. A. Chadwick-Maley and his brother hired Kaufmann for climbs in the Oberland (Wetterhorn) and the Wallis and wrote that they "learned much from him," but observe that "he eats far too much, but as he has to carry the food, one can hardly complain."

## In Canada with Cromwell and Thorington (1930)

Peter Kaufmann-Bohren travelled to Canada in 1930, leaving Cherboug, France, aboard the *S.S. Montrose* on June 5, arriving in Quebec City June 13, and in Banff June 17. He had been hired by Oliver Eaton Cromwell (1892–1987) to do climbing in the Canadian Rockies. However, upon his arrival, Kaufmann travelled into the Yoho Valley to meet James Monroe Thorington (1894–1989), who says that "Kaufmann was loaned to me for the time preceding Cromwell's arrival."

Thorington reported a very active 12 days of climbing with Kaufmann. Encountering heavy late snowfall near Twin Falls, they "were obliged to carry \[their\] loads" rather than using pack horses. On June 23, they met the guide Edward Feuz, Jr., who joined them the following day to "motor to Moraine Lake" and climbed Mt. Temple (11624 ft / 3543 m). The next day, June 25, Kaufmann and Thorington left Lake Louise with heavy packs, fording a swiftly flowing Mosquito Creek with a rope, and reaching the cabins at Bow Lake. Thorington comments: "Peter has long since forgiven me, but 25 miles with packs after a high climb, is not easily forgotten."

After rowing across Bow Lake on June 27, Kaufmann and Thorington made a first ascent of Saint Nicholas Peak (9,639 ft / 2,938 m) and a second ascent of Mount Olive (10,256 ft / 3,126 m). And then on June 30, they made an eleven-and-a-half hour trip rowing down Bow Lake, fording streams, hiking along frozen lakes, and making a first ascent of Dolomite Peak (2,860 m / 9,380 ft).

On July 1, Cromwell met Kaufmann and Thorington at their Bow Lake camp; two other climbers, Dyson Duncan and Alden F. Megrew, also arrive from Lake Louise with three packers and fifteen horses. Megrew described the size of the expedition: "Our pack-train was increased here to twenty-seven horses, five packers and five travelers, and with this outfit we proceeded directly to the Freshfield group, which we reached on July 4th." and climbed Mt. Thompson (3,089 m / 10,135 ft).

Then from July 5 to 15, 1930, Kaufmann and Cromwell made seven first-ascents:

July 5: Unnamed Peak (3177 m / 10,423 ft). First ascent; at head of Pangman glacier, Freshfield group; descent east ridge.

July 7: Mt. Skene (3,063 m / 10,100 ft). First ascent, Freshfield group.

July 7: Mt. Conway (3,098 m / 10,164 ft). First ascent, traverse from south to north; Freshfield group.

July 9: Mt. Barlow (3,143 m / 10,312 ft). First ascent, traverse from west to east; Freshfield group.

July 9: Mt. Lowe (3,054 m / 10,020 ft). First ascent, via south ridge.

July 12: Mt. Forbes (3,612 m / 11,850 ft): First ascent of north ridge, descent west ridge.

July 15: Mt. Ayesha (3067 m / 10062 ft). First ascent, via east face and descent by west ridge, crossing from Bow Lake to Twin Falls and Yoho Camp, over Waputik Icefield.

Thorington and Cromwell had one major reason to visit Canada: To locate the real source of the Columbia River in the southern Purcell Range. The geographer and explorer David Thompson (1770 – 1857) had declared in 1807 that the River originated from Columbia Lake. Thorington and Cromwell were determined to examine the creeks and glaciers that fed into Columbia Lake, and thereby discover the actual source of the Columbia River. To achieve this goal, they had employed Peter Kaufmann and the renown Austrian mountaineer and wrangler, Conrad Kain (1883–1934), as their guides. At age 47, Kain had reduced his climbing and had established himself as a wrangler, providing pack-horses for wilderness excursions. Having gone ahead with supplies and horses, Kain met Kaufmann, Cromwell, and Thorington on July 18, 1930, at Walter and Melrose Hawke's Justamere Ranch in the Windermere Valley.

Although Kaufmann and his companions made the trip from Invermere to the Ranch in relative comfort by "motor-truck," the journey up Dutch Creek to the mountains of the Continental Divide was much more demanding, as existing trails narrowed and finally disappeared, forcing the group to leave its pack horses behind. Kaufmann and Kain's packer, George Rennenkampf, often moved ahead with axes, clearing a trail. Thorington observed wildlife (e.g., lynx, buck deer, mountain goats, and grizzly bears) and made geographical aneroid measurements, including training "the motion picture camera on the glacier \[as\] Conrad pointed to the slope above." On July 24, he was especially thrilled seeing the melting snow and ice as "hoary marmots sunned themselves on the rocks beside the baby Columbia river," the river's "ultimate source."

Thorington detailed the source of the Columbia River:

"Kaufmann, in order to gain a better view along the ridge immediately to our right, scrambled a little summit scarcely 400 feet above us. We have called it Trikootenay Peak (8,241 ft / 2,512 m), as it is the apex of the triple divide between the Columbia and Kootenay rivers and Kootenay lake . . . , placing the glacial source of the Columbia river some 25 miles west and 4 miles south of Canal Flats at the upper end of Columbia lake."

From July 24 to 30, Kaufmann made two first ascents with Cromwell and Thorington at the headwaters of Dutch Creek: Mount Findlay (10,299 ft / 3139 m) and another mountain they named Saffron Peak (10,018 ft / 3,054 m), due to its yellowish colored stone. Moreover, in addition to Trikootenay Peak, they named two other peaks in the area: Mount Rowand (8934 ft / 2723 m), and Mount Morigeau (8179 ft / 2493 m). The expedition ended on July 30, as the group travelled by truck from the Hawke Ranch to Golden, BC.

On August 5, 1930, Kaufmann met Eaton Cromwell, Conrad Kain, George Rennenkampf (Kain's wrangler) at Spillimacheen, BC, in the Columbia River Valley south of Golden, BC. Their goal was to climb the Bugaboos in the northwestern Purcells. They travelled up Bugaboo Creek to "the toe of Bugaboo glacier," and, on August 7, left camp for Snowpatch Peak (named by Cromwell) and Pigeon Spire (3156 m / 10354 ft), "leaving all impedimenta behind except a piece of chocolate and the Kodak" and reaching the summit after a challenging climb. Kain had become ill while attempting this climb. In a letter to Thorington he later said: "I was very sorry that I could not make the climb on the spire. I was not in trim and decided to turn back. I am now convinced that this spire was the most difficult ascent I have made in Canada."

Cromwell and Kaufmann climbed Howser Peak (3082 m/10,112 ft) on August 8 and found a cairn left by Captain MacCarthy and Conrad Kain 14 years earlier.

Conrad Kain had not accompanied Kaufmann and Cromwell on these climbs. However, on August 10, in honor of Conrad's 47th birthday, the three climbed Center Peak (2549 m / 8,363 ft), " an excellent and interesting climb." Cromwell explained: "Just below the summit, we were stopped by a vertical, holdless pitch some twelve to fifteen feet in height. This Conrad beat by taking a back-stand furnished by Peter and myself, inserting the pick of his ice-axe into the horizontal fissure and swarming up the handle until he could get his finger into the crack. From there he swung out to the right, found a small ledge, and was up. I did not find it easy, being the last. The axe came away, and I was left suspended like Mahomet's coffin, 'twixt heaven and earth, until a long pull, and a stout pull. Brought me also to the top." Although Conrad was one of the most capable mountaineers of his day, by 1930 he had reduced his climbing substantially, so that he wrote to Thorington in March 1931, "It would be to your and my advantage if you could find a third man to come along for the trip . . . if you bring a guide it is OK with me."

In mid-August 1930, Kaufmann and Cromwell made their final climbs in the Bugaboo group, including "two little peaks . . . Thimble and Flat Top," offering "sensational view of the Howser Spires, which from this vantage point appear quite as impressive as the Chamonix Aiguilles." Their attempt on Bugaboo Spire was a "non-success."

## Professional climbing (II) (1931–1946)

On July 4, 1931, Kaufmann received the highest rank as a mountain guide, *Bergführer 1. Klasse*.

During the 1930s, there were repeated attempts to conquer the Eiger's north face —including the infamous climb in 1936 by Andreas Hinterstoisser, Toni Kurz, Willy Angerer, and Edi Rainer. Kaufmann continued to take clients up the mountain via the northeastern ridge from the Mittellegi to the summit. He had helped construct the hut on the ridge in 1924 and was familiar with this approach. On August 27, 1936, for example, Hedi Gräub reported that Kaufmann guided her to the Mittellegi hut from the Jungfrau railway Station Eismeer; and, on the following day, she praised him for cutting steps into the icy wall and guarding against powerful winds coming up south wall of the mountain. In short, “On this difficult ascent, P. Kaufmann proved to be a safe guide, who can handle any situation.” Given his knowledge of this route, it made sense that he and fellow guide Inäbnit brought back the injured Italian guide Giuseppe Piravano on July 28, 1937, from the Mittellegi hut after an unsuccessful attempt with Bruno Detassis of the Eiger's north face.

On the lighter side, in August 1940 and 1941, Trudy Schwärzel summarized her climbs in an unusual manner, as two poetic entries in Peter's *Führerbuch* in Basler dialect. She praises Peter Kaufmann:

"Er zieht di d'Felse ab und uff,/und über der Glätscherschrund/er hackt die steile Hang duruff,/dass d'laufsch wie uf em Grund./ Er luegt so guet und sorgt für aim,/passt uff uf dini Tritt/er bringt di glücklig wieder heim--/ja, das isch Feriezyt! . . . S'git viel gueti Fiehrer,/i weiss Nummer ein./er heisst Peter Kaufme,/und ich do deheim."

## Later professional climbing (1946–1959)

Following the end of the Second World War, Kaufmann resumed his work as a mountain guide in 1946, completing numerous climbs in the Bernese Oberland during the late 1940s and the 1950s.

The last entry in his *Führer-Buch*, written by John Corsan on August 28, 1959, again praised Peter as "a generous and cheerful companion," who is "extremely patient and careful . . . as well as being helpful and encouraging to a party of comparative novices \[Gillian McClare, Madeline A. Lund, G. N. Dyson, and J. D. Hardcastle\] in the Alps." Corsan also thanks Fritz Kaufmann (1902-1978), Peter's younger brother, "who led the second rope."

In 1959, Peter's wife of 41 years Margaritha (née Bohren, 1871) died. She had had her own career in Grindelwald as a midwife from 1935 to 1951.

## Certified ski instructor (1960-1969)

During the 1960s, Kaufmann was an active ski instructor for adults and children at the Bodmi Ski School on the Terrassenweg in Grindelwald.

## Final years (1970-1971)

At the age of 85, while visiting his family in Thun, Switzerland, Peter Kaufmann-Bohren suffered a stoke. He died on the anniversary of his birth, June 23, 1971, and was buried in the Grindelwald cemetery. A gravestone in his memory has been preserved.

## InfoBox

Peter Kaufmann-Bohren
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Main discipline | Mountain Guide |
| Born | June 23, 1886<br>Grindelwald, Switzerland |
| Died | June 23, 1971 |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Family | |
| Spouse | Margaritha Bohren (1894–1959) |
| Children | Peter Kaufmann; Alice Kaufmann-Lüthi; Hansi Kaufmann |
| Parents | Father: Peter Kaufmann (1858–1924) Mother: Maria Elise von Allmen (1860–1938) |


title: Peter Katsis

abstract: Peter Katsis is an American music manager. He co-founded the management and production company Prospect Park, and was a founding partner of The Firm. He has managed artists including Jane's Addiction, Korn, the Backstreet Boys, Limp Bizkit and Morrissey.

text:
# Peter Katsis

**Peter Katsis** is an American music manager. He co-founded the management and production company Prospect Park, and was a founding partner of The Firm. He has managed artists including Jane's Addiction, Korn, the Backstreet Boys, Limp Bizkit and Morrissey.

## InfoBox

| Peter Katsis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Chicago, IL |
| Occupation | Talent manager |
| Years active | 1985 - present |


title: Peter Joyce

abstract: Peter Joyce is a contemporary English painter.

text:
# Peter Joyce

**Peter Joyce** (born 1964) is a contemporary English painter.

## Artistic style and practice

Lapada describes Joyce's work as being 'intimately related to the man-altered landscape of La Vendée'. Joyce says that his work 'could be described (if it really had to be) as abstracted from landscape.'

Joyce paints using acrylic paint on canvases of varying sizes and uses brushes, knives and other tools to achieve the scraped, rubbed and scratched effects of his paintings. Wall Street International has said that Joyce's methods create 'complicated yet enchanting surfaces.'

## Selected bibliography

* "Peter Joyce '86'", a 45 minute film documenting the work of Peter Joyce, *Grove Films* (August 1986)
* "Peter Joyce" by Tessa Newman, *Art & Artefact Magazine* (1991)
* "Art is Life" by Sir Nicholas Goodison, *Arts Review* (May 1992)
* "Peter Joyce", *Purbeck; The Observed Landscape* by Gary Topp, (1993)
* "Summer Meetings" by Paul Bertemes, *Les Cahiers Luxembourgeois* (1994)
* *Art, Archeology & Landscape Exhibition Catalogue* (including essay, "Charles Hall on Peter Joyce"; 1996)
* "Re-inventing the Landscape contemporary painters and Dorset" by Vivienne Light, Canterton Books
* "Exhibition Catalogue: Quiet Waters" by Joyce, Prunella Clough, Jeremy Gardiner, and John Tunnard, including essays by Simon Olding & Gary Topp (April 2002)
* "20th Century British Art", *Christie's Catalogue* (October 2004)
* "Peter Joyce" by Moira Rudolf, *Galleries Magazine* (2005)
* "Exhibition Catalogue", Anthony Hepworth Fine Art Dealers (2008)
* "Peter Joyce: Transition", written by Gary Topp, *Art of England Magazine* (2008)
* "Peter Joyce: Exploring New Routes", *Art of England Magazine* (2009)
* "Peter Joyce immersed in the Landscape", *The Dorset Magazine* (June 2009)
* “The Oyster is his world” Sarah Dury Galleries Magazine (March 2011 issue 332)
* “Peter Joyce” *Art of England Magazine* (April 2011 ISSUE 80)
* "Peter Joyce's salt pans come to Hampshire", *Art of England Magazine*, (November 2012)
* "Review: Change of Scenery", *Galleries Magazine* (November 2012)
* "Galleries, Artists & Exhibitions" (article), *The Bath Magazine* (February 2013)
* "Review: Second Looking" by Joyce & Gary Topp, Recent Paintings (February 2013)
* Harpers Bazaar collectors edition Magazine cover. (October 2017) for LAPADA Art & Antiques Fair (September 2017)

## Public and museum collections

The following is a list of the organisations which have one or more of Joyce's paintings in their permanent art collection.


title: Peter Joseph Moloney

abstract: Peter Joseph Moloney was a Canadian chemist. He is known for his work on developing vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, purifying insulin preparations for clinical use, demonstrating antibodies against insulin in humans and animals, and developing sulfated insulin preparations for the treatment of diabetics with insulin resistance. He also invented a quick-acting pH electrode and helped to develop an antiserum that was used in WW II for protection against gas gangrene.

text:
# Peter Joseph Moloney

**Peter Joseph Moloney** OBE FRSC (29 June 1891, Penetanguishene, Ontario – 12 August 1989, Toronto, Ontario) was a Canadian chemist. He is known for his work on developing vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, purifying insulin preparations for clinical use, demonstrating antibodies against insulin in humans and animals, and developing sulfated insulin preparations for the treatment of diabetics with insulin resistance. He also invented a quick-acting pH electrode and helped to develop an antiserum that was used in WW II for protection against gas gangrene.

## Biography

Joseph Peter Moloney and his three sisters, whose father died in 1897, were raised in Powassan by their widowed mother. The four siblings were the grandchildren of Irish Catholics who left Ireland during the Great Famine of Ireland and settled in Barrie, Southern Ontario. He received secondary education at the preparatory school of St. Michael's College, Toronto. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Toronto in 1912 and a master's degree with thesis *Rate of Solution and Precipitation of Gypsum* in chemistry in 1915. During a stay at the University of California at Berkeley for the academic year 1915–1916, he met Angelina Cecilia Chapman. They married in Berkeley on July 6, 1916. Moloney worked between 1917 and 1919 at the Department of Agriculture in Ottawa in food chemistry.

From 1919 Moloney worked as a research assistant for Connaught Laboratories, a vaccine manufacturer that emerged from the University of Toronto and now belongs to Sanofi. While working for Connaught Laboratories he studied at the University of Toronto, where his mentor was John G. FitzGerald. After acquiring a Ph.D. with thesis *On the Purification of Insulin* in 1924 from the University of Toronto, Moloney was in the working group of Charles Best and Frederick Banting from 1921 with the purification of insulin to make it clinically usable, which was achieved for the first time in 1922.

The Moloney electrode, developed in 1921, is "designed to more accurately and rapidly determine the acidity of bacterial culture broths used in antitoxin and vaccine production." Hermann F. Schott (1904–1986) in his 1933 Ph.D. thesis gave a brief description of the Moloney electrode and its use.

At Connaught Laboratories during the 1920s, Moloney dealt with the diphtheria toxin, whose preparation he directed from 1924. With Charles Beecher Weld (1899–1991), he developed the first diphtheria toxoid in North America. Moloney helped to develop a detection test for diphtheria toxin (the "Moloney test") and established methods for the detection and purification of tetanus toxin and contributed to the elucidation of its antigen structure. From 1931 he headed the "Chemistry in Relation to Hygiene" department of the School of Hygiene (dealing with microbiology) of the University of Toronto. He was part of the group that successfully developed methods for producing penicillin on a large scale during WW II. Moloney and co-workers were also able to prepare a polyvalent immune serum against gas gangrene. With Anthony L. Tosoni, he provided the basis for a new method for the production of penicillin in large quantities.

Moloney was deputy director of Connaught Laboratories from 1925 until his retirement in 1961, but continued to work for the company as a researcher and consultant into his ninth decade. His last publications in the early 1970s dealt with insulin resistance and insulin as antigen. Moloney held 7 U.S. patents, including those for the manufacture of insulin and the manufacture of heparin. He registered his last patent when he was 90 years old. In 1977, on the grounds of Connaught Laboratories Ltd. the Moloney Building opened.

Peter J. Moloney and his wife Angela were devout Catholics. They had a daughter and four sons.

## Awards and honours

## Selected publications

* Moloney, P. J. (1926). "The preparation and testing of diphtheria toxoid (Anatoxine-Ramon)". *American Journal of Public Health*. **16** (12): 1208–1210. doi:10.2105/AJPH.16.12.1208. PMC 1321494. PMID 18012024.
* Moloney, P. J.; Fraser, C. J. (1927). "Immunization with diphtheria toxoid (anatoxine Ramon)". *American Journal of Public Health*. **17** (10): 1027–1030. doi:10.2105/AJPH.17.10.1027. PMC 1321911. PMID 18012293.
* Taylor, E. M.; Moloney, P. J. (1939). "A New Schick-Toxin". *The Journal of Immunology*. **37** (3): 223–232. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.37.3.223. S2CID 86572393.
* Fitzgerald, J. G.; Defries, R. D.; Fraser, D. T.; Moloney, P. J.; McKinnon, N. E. (1932). "Experiences with Diphtheria Toxoid in Canada". *American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health*. **22** (1): 25–28. doi:10.2105/ajph.22.1.25. PMC 1556712. PMID 18013424.
* Moloney, P. J.; Hennessy, J. N. (1942). "Purification of tetanus toxoid". *The Biochemical Journal*. **36** (7–9): 544–547. doi:10.1042/bj0360544. PMC 1266838. PMID 16747558.
* Moloney, P. J.; Hennessy, Joan N. (1944). "Titration of Tetanal Toxins and Toxoids by Flocculation". *The Journal of Immunology*. **48** (6): 345–354. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.48.6.345. S2CID 88201977.
* Moloney, P. J.; Coval, M. (1955). "Antigenicity of insulin: Diabetes induced by specific antibodies". *The Biochemical Journal*. **59** (2): 179–185. doi:10.1042/bj0590179. PMC 1216116. PMID 14351177.
* Moloney, P. J.; Goldsmith, L. (1957). "On the Antigenicity of Insulin". *Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology*. **35** (1): 79–92. doi:10.1139/y57-011. PMID 13396665.
* Ezrin, Calvin; Moloney, Peter J. (1959). "Resistance to Insulin Due to Neutralizing Antibodies". *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*. **19** (9): 1055–1068. doi:10.1210/jcem-19-9-1055. PMID 13821166.
* Moloney, P. J.; Aprile, M. A. (1959). "On the Antigenicity of Insulin: Flocculation of Insulin-Antiinsulin". *Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology*. **37** (6): 793–800. doi:10.1139/o59-086. PMID 13651981.
* Wardlaw, A. C.; Moloney, P. J. (1961). "The Assay of Insulin with Anti-Insulin and Mouse Diaphragm". *Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology*. **39** (4): 695–712. doi:10.1139/o61-071. PMID 13783129.

1. Synan, Edward A. "Peter Joseph Moloney". *science.ca*.(reprint from *Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada*, Series VI, Volume II, 1991
2. Moloney, Mary V. (2016). *Behind Insulin: The Life and Legacy of Doctor Peter Joseph Moloney*. Lulu Publishing Services. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-4834-5847-2.
3. Moloney, Mary V. (2016). *Behind Insulin: The Life and Legacy of Doctor Peter Joseph Moloney*. Lulu.com. p. 6. ISBN 9781483458472.
4. Moloney, Mary V. (2016). *Behind Insulin: The Life and Legacy of Doctor Peter Joseph Moloney*. Lulu.com. p. 23. ISBN 9781483458472.
5. "Dr. Peter Joseph Moloney: The Man and His Work" (PDF). *Toronto Catholic District School Board (tcdsb.org)*.
6. Rutty, Christopher (2022). ""It Works! Now What?" Insulin Development, Production, and Distribution at Connaught Laboratories, University of Toronto, 1922–24". *Canadian Journal of Health History*. **39** (2): 419–450. doi:10.3138/cjhh.2022-573-032022. S2CID 252637583.
7. Schott, H.F. (1933). "Reversibility in Biological Oxidations (Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology)" (PDF). *library.caltech.edu*. (See p. 8 of the thesis which reproduces a footnote in a 1931 paper by Hermann F. Schott and Henry Borsook (1897–1984), the father of Eve Borsook.)
8. "Charles Beecher Weld fonds". *Dalhousie University*.
9. Underwood, E. Ashworth (1935). "The Diphtheria Toxoid-Reaction (Moloney) Test: Its Applications and Significance". *Epidemiology and Infection*. **35** (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 449–475. doi:10.1017/s0022172400032496. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 2170935. PMID 20475296.
10. "Profiles in Public Health: Peter J. Moloney". *Canadian Public Health Association*.
11. Tosoni, A. L.; Moloney, P. J. (1948). "Crystalline Salts of Penicillin with Amino Acid Esters". *Canadian Journal of Public Health*. **39** (6): 243–245. JSTOR 41979815.
12. "Dr. Peter Moloney". *Royal Society of Canada*.
13. "Peter J. Moloney". *Gairdner Foundation*.
14. Moloney, Mary Veronica (27 December 2013). "First Charles H. Best Prize to Dr. Moloney". *drpetermoloney.com*. {reprint of article in *Canadian Medical Association Journal*, November 6, 1971, Vol. 105, pages 995–996)


abstract: The Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum (RGVRRM) is an operating railroad museum located in Industry, New York, a hamlet within the town of Rush. The museum started in 1971 with the purchase of a former Erie Railroad Depot from the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. Since then the museum has grown to include a one-mile demonstration railroad, connecting it with the New York Museum of Transportation in Rush, making it one of the few operating railroad museums in New York State. The museum was formerly an operation of the Rochester Chapter National Railway Historical Society until 2011. The organization rosters more than 40 pieces of historic railroad equipment, including diesel and steam locomotives, electric trolley and multiple-unit cars, freight cars, cabooses, passenger cars, and work equipment. The museum campus includes a number of preserved railroad structures, including the 1909 Industry Depot built by the Erie Railroad, a waiting shelter from the Rochester, Lockport & Buffalo Railroad, and a crossing watchman's shanty from the New York Central. Train rides are operated and the museum is open to the public on select weekends from June through October, and is staffed entirely by volunteers.

text:
# Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum

The **Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum** (**RGVRRM**) is an operating railroad museum located in Industry, New York, a hamlet within the town of Rush. The museum started in 1971 with the purchase of a former Erie Railroad Depot from the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. Since then the museum has grown to include a one-mile demonstration railroad, connecting it with the New York Museum of Transportation in Rush, making it one of the few operating railroad museums in New York State.

The museum was formerly an operation of the Rochester Chapter National Railway Historical Society until 2011. The organization rosters more than 40 pieces of historic railroad equipment, including diesel and steam locomotives, electric trolley and multiple-unit cars, freight cars, cabooses, passenger cars, and work equipment. The museum campus includes a number of preserved railroad structures, including the 1909 Industry Depot built by the Erie Railroad, a waiting shelter from the Rochester, Lockport & Buffalo Railroad, and a crossing watchman's shanty from the New York Central. Train rides are operated and the museum is open to the public on select weekends from June through October, and is staffed entirely by volunteers.

## History

### Site history

The site of the RGVRRM has been home to railroading since 1851, the year when the Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad was chartered. This depot served the nearby village of Scottsville, approximately three miles to the west, from 1853 to 1874. The depot provided the village with daily mail, express, and passenger service by means of an omnibus. In 1858 the Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad was leased to the Buffalo, New York & Erie Railroad, which in turn was controlled by the Erie Railway. By 1874 the Rochester and State Line Railroad reached the village of Scottsville proper, and the Erie depot became less attractive to local citizens. The Rochester and State Line would eventually become part of the Baltimore & Ohio, and currently, as of 1986, operated as Rochester and Southern Railroad.

In the early part of the 20th century, the Erie electrified the line from downtown Rochester to Mount Morris, NY. This was the only part of the Erie that was electrified. The 34-mile electric line was put into service on June 18, 1907. The route from Rochester to Mount Morris was covered in about an hour and ten minutes, and hourly service was provided from 6:00am to 11:30pm. The improvements never managed to pay for themselves, and electric service was discontinued in 1934.

Passenger service ended in September 1941, though many freight customers remained on the line. Industry depot was used as a freight agency until the mid-1950s when it was closed and the building was used for storage. In 1960 the Erie merged with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to form the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. As a result of general economic downturn and the devastation in the aftermath of 1972's Hurricane Agnes, Erie Lackawanna became a part of Conrail 1976. In 1996, the short line Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad acquired the route north of Avon and continues to operate the former Erie branch today.

Throughout the railroads' presence, the depot has had several names. At first it was named Scottsville, for the nearby village. Once a railroad was built through Scottsville, the name of the depot was changed to Oatka, named for Oatka Creek, which flows into the nearby Genesee River. In 1902, the "State Agricultural & Industrial School," a school for troubled boys, relocated to the Town of Rush. When the current depot was constructed in about 1909, the name was changed to Industry, to reflect the small community that the School had created.

### Museum history

| Industry | |
| --- | --- |
| The former Erie Railroad depot in 2010. The semaphore train order signal and milepost denoting the length to Jersey City, New Jersey are visible. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 282 Rush Scottsville Road (NY 251), Rush, New York 14543 |
| Coordinates | 43.0035, -77.721 |
| Owned by | Erie Railroad |
| Line(s) | Rochester Branch |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 3975 (Erie Railroad) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1853 (1853) |
| Closed | September 30, 1941 (September 30, 1941) (passenger service)  ---  November 20, 1950 (November 20, 1950) (agency) |
| Rebuilt | 1909 (1909) |
| Previous names | Scottsville (18531903)  ---  Pixley (19031906)  ---  Oatka (19061909) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Erie Railroad Following station  West Henriettatoward Rochester  Rochester Branch  Gannetttoward Avon | |
|  | |
|  | |

The Rochester Chapter was founded in 1937, and by the late 1960s was ready to start a museum due to the ongoing acquisition of artifacts and rolling stock. After a survey of several locations around Rochester, New York, the former Erie Depot, located in Industry, was selected. The depot was built in 1909 as "Oatka," later changed to "Industry" after the newly established state school for boys. The depot features two waiting rooms, separated by the agent's office. It was custom of the time to provide separate waiting areas for men and women. In later years, the separate waiting room was used to segregate inmates from the state school from the public.

The last passenger train stopped at Industry on September 30, 1941, and the depot was closed in 1950. Over the years, the Erie survived a few name changes and bankruptcies and merged with its long-time competitor to form the Erie Lackawanna Railway in 1960. The Rochester Chapter was seeking a home and possible museum site for its activities, and discovered Industry depot was available. The depot had been abandoned since 1957, and by December 1969, the Rochester Chapter had adopted it as their new home. The depot was purchased outright from EL in 1971 for the ceremonial sum of $1.00. After years of restoration by volunteers, the Depot has been restored to how it would have appeared in the 1930s.

Since acquiring the depot, the museum has been growing both facilities and expanding track capacity. The site had no available sidings, even though the Erie Lackawanna track was still in use for freight service. By 1979 volunteers had constructed enough track to receive the first piece of equipment, a Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway caboose #280. In 1981, the RGVRRM got its first locomotive, EK 6, recently retired from Eastman Kodak. Volunteers started to acquire additional railroad and construction equipment. This led to the eventual completion of a 1 mile (1.6 km) demonstration railroad, completed in 1993.

Track cars, or speeders, were first used to give visitors rides on the museum demonstration railroad. In addition to track cars, diesel-hauled trains are operated for special events. In 1998, the museum began their popular Diesel Days weekend celebration showcasing the collection of operating vintage diesels for the public. Regular operation of track cars ended in 2010, and all rides are now provided by diesel-hauled trains consisting of restored freight train cabooses. The museum continues to grow and expand, with additional storage space planned to house its unique collection of equipment. The museum is unique as it is one of the only operating railroad museums in New York State. The museum prides itself on maintaining most of its collection in operating condition, which further enhances the visitor experience.

## Collection

The collection of the Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum is quite extensive. The RGVRRM rosters 10 locomotives, 13 freight cars, 15 pieces of passenger equipment and various other pieces of rail equipment. Of note, distinctive high-hood "Hammerhead" Lehigh Valley Railroad RS3m 211 is part of the operating collection. The museum is also home to the sole remaining trolley car (Car # 60) from the Rochester Subway fleet, returned to Rochester Chapter in 1998 after being on loan and later in storage for many years. In 1998 a steel building was erected to assist in the preservation and restoration of equipment. 2007 saw the arrival of the seven Budd-built 1941-vintage Empire State Express coaches that are used for Fall Foliage trips, operated on the Ontario Midland Railroad between 1993-2004, and most recently on the Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad.

Because Rochester is known as the "World's Image Center" and is associated with photography and the home of Eastman Kodak, the museum has an extensive collection of photos. Of note is the collection of steam-era images from Robert Carper, a Rochester native who authored "American Railroads in Transition." Many of the photos from that book are now in the museum's collection, and on display.

Other artifacts include an extensive collection of signaling equipment. Rochester was home to General Railway Signal, and as such the installation and operation of signals on the railroad is a long-term goal. Items include an operating semaphore, searchlights, an under restoration Saxby and Farmer armstrong machine and a Union Switch and Signal CTC Machine.

### Locomotives

| Locomotive | Type | Source | Year Acquired |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| EK 6 | GE 80-ton switcher | Eastman Kodak | 1981 |
| LV 211 | ALCO RS-3m | Conrail via Genesee Valley Transportation Company | 1986 |
| RG&E 1941 | GE 45-ton switcher | Rochester Gas and Electric | 1991 |
| USA 1843 | FM H-12-44 | Seneca Army Depot | 1993 |
| EK 9 | Alco RS-1 | Eastman Kodak | 1997 |
| CL&P 2 | Hiesler Fireless 0-4-0 | Connecticut Light & Power | 1997 |
| R&GV 54 | GE 80-ton switcher | US Army/DLA | 2001 |
| RG&E 8 | GE 110-ton switcher | Rochester Gas and Electric | 2008 |
| RG&E 1950 | GE 45-ton switcher | Rochester Gas and Electric | 2008 |
| LA&L 20 | Alco RS-1 | Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad | 2016 |
| NKP 79 | Alco S-4 | Nickel Plate Road | 2016 |
| DS #5 | Vulcan 0-4-0T | Mortimer & Red Creek Railroad Museum | 2023 |
| LA&L 72 | Alco S-4 | Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad | 2023 |

### Passenger equipment

The museum owns a variety of passenger equipment. In 1988, the chapter as well as several members acquired five ex-New York Central Budd built 1941 stainless steel coaches from Metro-North Railroad; followed in 1990 by an additional coach, and in 1992 a baggage-rpo. Over the years, these cars were used for scenic excursions. As of 2008, they are being refurbished with new window glazing and improved heating systems. Another noteworthy car is the "Pine Falls," a 1939 Pullman built sleeper-lounge for the Pennsylvania Railroad. The museum also has in its collection the last car from the last train of ex-Lackawanna DC-electric MU's to depart from Hoboken Terminal in 1984. Two baggage cars are also part of the collection. An ex-Baltimore & Ohio baggage car serves as a tool car and workshop, while an ex-Lackawanna baggage car has been refurbished to house displays. An ex-Pennsylvania Railroad class B60 Railway Post Office is currently being refurbished to house additional displays.

### Freight equipment

There are a total of 13 pieces of freight equipment in the collection. Most often used are two cabooses. Erie C254 was restored in the mid-1990s and sees regular service. It was constructed by the Erie Railroad at their Dunmore, PA, Shops in 1946. Penn Central 18562 was built in East Rochester, New York, in 1969 at the Despatch Shops. It was donated in 1996 by Conrail to the museum where it was restored to its original Penn Central appearance. MDT 14053 is an ice-cooled refrigerated boxcar built by Pacific Car and Foundry, and houses displays related to the Despatch Shops in East Rochester, where thousands of cars like it were built until 1970. Former Lehigh Valley Railroad "Northeastern" style caboose 95100 was acquired in 2011 from a local scrap yard to be restored to operating condition. In 2014, a former U.S. Army 40-foot flatcar was acquired from the Lowville and Beaver River Railroad, to be converted into an open-air rider flat. The conversion was completed and the car entered service in August 2017.

1. "Erie Lackawanna Railroad Historical Society".
2. Unknown. "Industry School 160th Anniversary & Family Day", 2009, Accessed January 7, 2011
3. "List of Station Names and Numbers". Jersey City, New Jersey: Erie Railroad. May 1, 1916. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
4. "Industry Depot". Rush, New York: Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
5. "Erie Read to Close Industry Station". *Democrat and Chronicle\`*. November 20, 1950. p. 34. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
6. "Rochester Chapter National Railway Historical Society" Accessed January 7, 2011.
7. "Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh #280". *Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum*. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
8. Warner, Rand. "Car #60 Arrived at R&GV RR Yard at 9:45 AM, Friday, June 5, 1998", "The Semaphore", June 1998, Accessed January 7, 2011
9. Charlie Wood (October 2017). "Genesee Valley Transportation". *Railfan & Railroad Magazine*. **36** (10): 46–48. ISSN 0163-7266.
10. Luca, Dave. "Rochester Chapter's Excursion Train" "The Semaphore", September 1998, Accessed January 7, 2011.
11. "Erie #C254". *Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum*. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
12. "Penn Central #18526". *Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum*. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
13. "Lehigh Valley #95100". *Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum*. RGVRRM. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
14. "Lowville & Beaver River #23". *Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum*. RGVRRM. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

## InfoBox

Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum
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| --- | --- |
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| Established | 1971 |
| Location | Industry, New York |
| Type | Railroad museum |
| Website | http://www.rgvrrm.org |