title: Join (SQL)

abstract: A join clause in the Structured Query Language (SQL) combines columns from one or more tables into a new table. The operation corresponds to a join operation in relational algebra. Informally, a join stitches two tables and puts on the same row records with matching fields : INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, FULL OUTER and CROSS.

text:
# Join (SQL)

A **join** clause in the Structured Query Language (SQL) combines columns from one or more tables into a new table. The operation corresponds to a join operation in relational algebra. Informally, a join stitches two tables and puts on the same row records with matching fields : `INNER`, `LEFT OUTER`, `RIGHT OUTER`, `FULL OUTER` and `CROSS`.

## Example tables

To explain join types, the rest of this article uses the following tables:

Employee table
| LastName | DepartmentID |
| --- | --- |
| Rafferty | 31 |
| Jones | 33 |
| Heisenberg | 33 |
| Robinson | 34 |
| Smith | 34 |
| Williams | `NULL` |

Department table
| DepartmentID | DepartmentName |
| --- | --- |
| 31 | Sales |
| 33 | Engineering |
| 34 | Clerical |
| 35 | Marketing |

`Department.DepartmentID` is the primary key of the `Department` table, whereas `Employee.DepartmentID` is a foreign key.

Note that in `Employee`, "Williams" has not yet been assigned to a department. Also, no employees have been assigned to the "Marketing" department.

These are the SQL statements to create the above tables:

```
CREATE TABLE department(
    DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
    DepartmentName VARCHAR(20)
);

CREATE TABLE employee (
    LastName VARCHAR(20),
    DepartmentID INT REFERENCES department(DepartmentID)
);

INSERT INTO department
VALUES (31, 'Sales'),
       (33, 'Engineering'),
       (34, 'Clerical'),
       (35, 'Marketing');

INSERT INTO employee
VALUES ('Rafferty', 31),
       ('Jones', 33),
       ('Heisenberg', 33),
       ('Robinson', 34),
       ('Smith', 34),
       ('Williams', NULL);

```

## Cross join

`CROSS JOIN` returns the Cartesian product of rows from tables in the join. In other words, it will produce rows which combine each row from the first table with each row from the second table.

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName | Department.DepartmentID |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales | 31 |
| Jones | 33 | Sales | 31 |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Sales | 31 |
| Smith | 34 | Sales | 31 |
| Robinson | 34 | Sales | 31 |
| Williams | `NULL` | Sales | 31 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Engineering | 33 |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Smith | 34 | Engineering | 33 |
| Robinson | 34 | Engineering | 33 |
| Williams | `NULL` | Engineering | 33 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Clerical | 34 |
| Jones | 33 | Clerical | 34 |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Clerical | 34 |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Williams | `NULL` | Clerical | 34 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Marketing | 35 |
| Jones | 33 | Marketing | 35 |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Marketing | 35 |
| Smith | 34 | Marketing | 35 |
| Robinson | 34 | Marketing | 35 |
| Williams | `NULL` | Marketing | 35 |

Example of an explicit cross join:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee CROSS JOIN department;

```

Example of an implicit cross join:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee, department;

```

The cross join can be replaced with an inner join with an always-true condition:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee INNER JOIN department ON 1=1;

```

`CROSS JOIN` does not itself apply any predicate to filter rows from the joined table. The results of a `CROSS JOIN` can be filtered using a `WHERE` clause, which may then produce the equivalent of an inner join.

In the SQL:2011 standard, cross joins are part of the optional F401, "Extended joined table", package.

Normal uses are for checking the server's performance.

## Inner join

An **inner join** (or **join**) requires each row in the two joined tables to have matching column values, and is a commonly used join operation in applications but should not be assumed to be the best choice in all situations. Inner join creates a new result table by combining column values of two tables (A and B) based upon the join-predicate. The query compares each row of A with each row of B to find all pairs of rows that satisfy the join-predicate. When the join-predicate is satisfied by matching non-NULL values, column values for each matched pair of rows of A and B are combined into a result row.

The result of the join can be defined as the outcome of first taking the cartesian product (or cross join) of all rows in the tables (combining every row in table A with every row in table B) and then returning all rows that satisfy the join predicate. Actual SQL implementations normally use other approaches, such as hash joins or sort-merge joins, since computing the Cartesian product is slower and would often require a prohibitively large amount of memory to store.

SQL specifies two different syntactical ways to express joins: the "explicit join notation" and the "implicit join notation". The "implicit join notation" is no longer considered a best practice, although database systems still support it.

The "explicit join notation" uses the `JOIN` keyword, optionally preceded by the `INNER` keyword, to specify the table to join, and the `ON` keyword to specify the predicates for the join, as in the following example:

```
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, department.DepartmentName
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department ON
employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales |

The "implicit join notation" simply lists the tables for joining, in the `FROM` clause of the `SELECT` statement, using commas to separate them. Thus it specifies a cross join, and the `WHERE` clause may apply additional filter-predicates (which function comparably to the join-predicates in the explicit notation).

The following example is equivalent to the previous one, but this time using implicit join notation:

```
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, department.DepartmentName
FROM employee, department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

The queries given in the examples above will join the Employee and department tables using the DepartmentID column of both tables. Where the DepartmentID of these tables match (i.e. the join-predicate is satisfied), the query will combine the *LastName*, *DepartmentID* and *DepartmentName* columns from the two tables into a result row. Where the DepartmentID does not match, no result row is generated.

Thus the result of the execution of the query above will be:

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales |

The employee "Williams" and the department "Marketing" do not appear in the query execution results. Neither of these has any matching rows in the other respective table: "Williams" has no associated department, and no employee has the department ID 35 ("Marketing"). Depending on the desired results, this behavior may be a subtle bug, which can be avoided by replacing the inner join with an outer join.

### Inner join and NULL values

Programmers should take special care when joining tables on columns that can contain NULL values, since NULL will never match any other value (not even NULL itself), unless the join condition explicitly uses a combination predicate that first checks that the joins columns are  `NOT NULL` before applying the remaining predicate condition(s). The Inner Join can only be safely used in a database that enforces referential integrity or where the join columns are guaranteed not to be NULL. Many transaction processing relational databases rely on atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID) data update standards to ensure data integrity, making inner joins an appropriate choice. However, transaction databases usually also have desirable join columns that are allowed to be NULL. Many reporting relational database and data warehouses use high volume extract, transform, load (ETL) batch updates which make referential integrity difficult or impossible to enforce, resulting in potentially NULL join columns that an SQL query author cannot modify and which cause inner joins to omit data with no indication of an error. The choice to use an inner join depends on the database design and data characteristics. A left outer join can usually be substituted for an inner join when the join columns in one table may contain NULL values.

Any data column that may be NULL (empty) should never be used as a link in an inner join, unless the intended result is to eliminate the rows with the NULL value. If NULL join columns are to be deliberately removed from the result set, an inner join can be faster than an outer join because the table join and filtering is done in a single step. Conversely, an inner join can result in disastrously slow performance or even a server crash when used in a large volume query in combination with database functions in an SQL Where clause. A function in an SQL Where clause can result in the database ignoring relatively compact table indexes. The database may read and inner join the selected columns from both tables before reducing the number of rows using the filter that depends on a calculated value, resulting in a relatively enormous amount of inefficient processing.

When a result set is produced by joining several tables, including master tables used to look up full-text descriptions of numeric identifier codes (a Lookup table), a NULL value in any one of the foreign keys can result in the entire row being eliminated from the result set, with no indication of error. A complex SQL query that includes one or more inner joins and several outer joins has the same risk for NULL values in the inner join link columns.

A commitment to SQL code containing inner joins assumes NULL join columns will not be introduced by future changes, including vendor updates, design changes and bulk processing outside of the application's data validation rules such as data conversions, migrations, bulk imports and merges.

One can further classify inner joins as equi-joins, as natural joins, or as cross-joins.

### Equi-join

An **equi-join** is a specific type of comparator-based join, that uses only equality comparisons in the join-predicate. Using other comparison operators (such as `<`) disqualifies a join as an equi-join. The query shown above has already provided an example of an equi-join:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee JOIN department
  ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

We can write equi-join as below,

```
SELECT *
FROM employee, department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

If columns in an equi-join have the same name, SQL-92 provides an optional shorthand notation for expressing equi-joins, by way of the `USING` construct:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee INNER JOIN department USING (DepartmentID);

```

The `USING` construct is more than mere syntactic sugar, however, since the result set differs from the result set of the version with the explicit predicate. Specifically, any columns mentioned in the `USING` list will appear only once, with an unqualified name, rather than once for each table in the join. In the case above, there will be a single `DepartmentID` column and no `employee.DepartmentID` or `department.DepartmentID`.

The `USING` clause is not supported by MS SQL Server and Sybase.

#### Natural join

The natural join is a special case of equi-join. Natural join (⋈) is a binary operator that is written as (*R**S*) where *R* and *S* are relations. The result of the natural join is the set of all combinations of tuples in *R* and *S* that are equal on their common attribute names. For an example consider the tables *Employee* and *Dept* and their natural join:

| *Employee* Name EmpId DeptName   Harry 3415 Finance   Sally 2241 Sales   George 3401 Finance   Harriet 2202 Sales | *Dept* DeptName Manager   Finance George   Sales Harriet   Production Charles | *Employee*  $\bowtie $ *Dept* Name EmpId DeptName Manager   Harry 3415 Finance George   Sally 2241 Sales Harriet   George 3401 Finance George   Harriet 2202 Sales Harriet |
| --- | --- | --- |

This can also be used to define composition of relations. For example, the composition of *Employee* and *Dept* is their join as shown above, projected on all but the common attribute *DeptName*. In category theory, the join is precisely the fiber product.

The natural join is arguably one of the most important operators since it is the relational counterpart of logical AND. Note that if the same variable appears in each of two predicates that are connected by AND, then that variable stands for the same thing and both appearances must always be substituted by the same value. In particular, the natural join allows the combination of relations that are associated by a foreign key. For example, in the above example a foreign key probably holds from *Employee*.*DeptName* to *Dept*.*DeptName* and then the natural join of *Employee* and *Dept* combines all employees with their departments. This works because the foreign key holds between attributes with the same name. If this is not the case such as in the foreign key from *Dept*.*manager* to *Employee*.*Name* then these columns have to be renamed before the natural join is taken. Such a join is sometimes also referred to as an **equi-join**.

More formally the semantics of the natural join are defined as follows:

$R\bowtie S=\left\\{t\cup s\mid t\in R\ \land \ s\in S\ \land \ {\mathit {Fun}(t\cup s)\right\\}}$,

where *Fun* is a predicate that is true for a relation *r* if and only if *r* is a function. It is usually required that *R* and *S* must have at least one common attribute, but if this constraint is omitted, and *R* and *S* have no common attributes, then the natural join becomes exactly the Cartesian product.

The natural join can be simulated with Codd's primitives as follows. Let *c*1, ..., *c**m* be the attribute names common to *R* and *S*, *r*1, ..., *r**n* be the attribute names unique to *R* and let *s*1, ..., *s**k* be the attributes unique to *S*. Furthermore, assume that the attribute names *x*1, ..., *x**m* are neither in *R* nor in *S*. In a first step the common attribute names in *S* can now be renamed:

$$T=\rho \_{1}/c\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{m}/c\_{m}(S)=\rho \_{1}/c\_{1}(\rho \_{2}/c\_{2}(\ldots \rho \_{m}/c\_{m}(S)\ldots ))$$

Then we take the Cartesian product and select the tuples that are to be joined:

$$U=\pi \_{1},\ldots ,r\_{n},c\_{1},\ldots ,c\_{m},s\_{1},\ldots ,s\_{k}(P)$$

A natural join is a type of equi-join where the **join** predicate arises implicitly by comparing all columns in both tables that have the same column-names in the joined tables. The resulting joined table contains only one column for each pair of equally named columns. In the case that no columns with the same names are found, the result is a cross join.

Most experts agree that NATURAL JOINs are dangerous and therefore strongly discourage their use. The danger comes from inadvertently adding a new column, named the same as another column in the other table. An existing natural join might then "naturally" use the new column for comparisons, making comparisons/matches using different criteria (from different columns) than before. Thus an existing query could produce different results, even though the data in the tables have not been changed, but only augmented. The use of column names to automatically determine table links is not an option in large databases with hundreds or thousands of tables where it would place an unrealistic constraint on naming conventions. Real world databases are commonly designed with foreign key data that is not consistently populated (NULL values are allowed), due to business rules and context. It is common practice to modify column names of similar data in different tables and this lack of rigid consistency relegates natural joins to a theoretical concept for discussion.

The above sample query for inner joins can be expressed as a natural join in the following way:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee NATURAL JOIN department;

```

As with the explicit `USING` clause, only one DepartmentID column occurs in the joined table, with no qualifier:

| DepartmentID | Employee.LastName | Department.DepartmentName |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 34 | Smith | Clerical |
| 33 | Jones | Engineering |
| 34 | Robinson | Clerical |
| 33 | Heisenberg | Engineering |
| 31 | Rafferty | Sales |

PostgreSQL, MySQL and Oracle support natural joins; Microsoft T-SQL and IBM DB2 do not. The columns used in the join are implicit so the join code does not show which columns are expected, and a change in column names may change the results. In the SQL:2011 standard, natural joins are part of the optional F401, "Extended joined table", package.

In many database environments the column names are controlled by an outside vendor, not the query developer. A natural join assumes stability and consistency in column names which can change during vendor mandated version upgrades.

## Outer join

The joined table retains each row—even if no other matching row exists. Outer joins subdivide further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, depending on which table's rows are retained: left, right, or both (in this case *left* and *right* refer to the two sides of the `JOIN` keyword). Like inner joins, one can further sub-categorize all types of outer joins as equi-joins, natural joins, `**ON** *<predicate>*` (*θ*-join), etc.

No implicit join-notation for outer joins exists in standard SQL.

### Left outer join

The result of a **left outer join** (or simply **left join**) for tables A and B always contains all rows of the "left" table (A), even if the join-condition does not find any matching row in the "right" table (B). This means that if the `ON` clause matches 0 (zero) rows in B (for a given row in A), the join will still return a row in the result (for that row)—but with NULL in each column from B. A **left outer join** returns all the values from an inner join plus all values in the left table that do not match to the right table, including rows with NULL (empty) values in the link column.

For example, this allows us to find an employee's department, but still shows employees that have not been assigned to a department (contrary to the inner-join example above, where unassigned employees were excluded from the result).

Example of a left outer join (the **`OUTER`** keyword is optional), with the additional result row (compared with the inner join) italicized:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee
LEFT OUTER JOIN department ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName | Department.DepartmentID |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales | 31 |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| *Williams* | `NULL` | `NULL` | `NULL` |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering | 33 |

#### Alternative syntaxes

Oracle supports the deprecated syntax:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee, department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID(+)

```

Sybase supports the syntax (Microsoft SQL Server deprecated this syntax since version 2000):

```
SELECT *
FROM employee, department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID *= department.DepartmentID

```

IBM Informix supports the syntax:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee, OUTER department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID

```

### Right outer join

A **right outer join** (or **right join**) closely resembles a left outer join, except with the treatment of the tables reversed. Every row from the "right" table (B) will appear in the joined table at least once. If no matching row from the "left" table (A) exists, NULL will appear in columns from A for those rows that have no match in B.

A right outer join returns all the values from the right table and matched values from the left table (NULL in the case of no matching join predicate). For example, this allows us to find each employee and his or her department, but still show departments that have no employees.

Below is an example of a right outer join (the **`OUTER`** keyword is optional), with the additional result row italicized:

```
SELECT *
FROM employee RIGHT OUTER JOIN department
  ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName | Department.DepartmentID |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales | 31 |
| `NULL` | `NULL` | *Marketing* | *35* |

Right and left outer joins are functionally equivalent. Neither provides any functionality that the other does not, so right and left outer joins may replace each other as long as the table order is switched.

### Full outer join

Conceptually, a **full outer join** combines the effect of applying both left and right outer joins. Where rows in the full outer joined tables do not match, the result set will have NULL values for every column of the table that lacks a matching row. For those rows that do match, a single row will be produced in the result set (containing columns populated from both tables).

For example, this allows us to see each employee who is in a department and each department that has an employee, but also see each employee who is not part of a department and each department which doesn't have an employee.

Example of a full outer join (the **`OUTER`** keyword is optional):

```
SELECT *
FROM employee FULL OUTER JOIN department
  ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

| Employee.LastName | Employee.DepartmentID | Department.DepartmentName | Department.DepartmentID |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smith | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| Jones | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Robinson | 34 | Clerical | 34 |
| *Williams* | `NULL` | `NULL` | `NULL` |
| Heisenberg | 33 | Engineering | 33 |
| Rafferty | 31 | Sales | 31 |
| `NULL` | `NULL` | *Marketing* | *35* |

Some database systems do not support the full outer join functionality directly, but they can emulate it through the use of an inner join and UNION ALL selects of the "single table rows" from left and right tables respectively. The same example can appear as follows:

```
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID,
       department.DepartmentName, department.DepartmentID
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID

UNION ALL

SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID,
       cast(NULL as varchar(20)), cast(NULL as integer)
FROM employee
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT * FROM department
             WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID)

UNION ALL

SELECT cast(NULL as varchar(20)), cast(NULL as integer),
       department.DepartmentName, department.DepartmentID
FROM department
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT * FROM employee
             WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID)

```

Another approach could be UNION ALL of left outer join and right outer join MINUS inner join.

## Self-join

A self-join is joining a table to itself.

### Example

If there were two separate tables for employees and a query which requested employees in the first table having the same country as employees in the second table, a normal join operation could be used to find the answer table. However, all the employee information is contained within a single large table.

Consider a modified `Employee` table such as the following:

Employee Table
| EmployeeID | LastName | Country | DepartmentID |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 123 | Rafferty | Australia | 31 |
| 124 | Jones | Australia | 33 |
| 145 | Heisenberg | Australia | 33 |
| 201 | Robinson | United States | 34 |
| 305 | Smith | Germany | 34 |
| 306 | Williams | Germany | `NULL` |

An example solution query could be as follows:

```
SELECT F.EmployeeID, F.LastName, S.EmployeeID, S.LastName, F.Country
FROM Employee F INNER JOIN Employee S ON F.Country = S.Country
WHERE F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID
ORDER BY F.EmployeeID, S.EmployeeID;

```

Which results in the following table being generated.

Employee Table after Self-join by Country
| EmployeeID | LastName | EmployeeID | LastName | Country |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 123 | Rafferty | 124 | Jones | Australia |
| 123 | Rafferty | 145 | Heisenberg | Australia |
| 124 | Jones | 145 | Heisenberg | Australia |
| 305 | Smith | 306 | Williams | Germany |

For this example:

* `F` and `S` are aliases for the first and second copies of the employee table.
* The condition `F.Country = S.Country` excludes pairings between employees in different countries. The example question only wanted pairs of employees in the same country.
* The condition `F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID` excludes pairings where the `EmployeeID` of the first employee is greater than or equal to the `EmployeeID` of the second employee. In other words, the effect of this condition is to exclude duplicate pairings and self-pairings. Without it, the following less useful table would be generated (the table below displays only the "Germany" portion of the result):

| EmployeeID | LastName | EmployeeID | LastName | Country |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 305 | Smith | 305 | Smith | Germany |
| 305 | Smith | 306 | Williams | Germany |
| 306 | Williams | 305 | Smith | Germany |
| 306 | Williams | 306 | Williams | Germany |

Only one of the two middle pairings is needed to satisfy the original question, and the topmost and bottommost are of no interest at all in this example.

## Alternatives

The effect of an outer join can also be obtained using a UNION ALL between an INNER JOIN and a SELECT of the rows in the "main" table that do not fulfill the join condition. For example,

```
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, department.DepartmentName
FROM employee
LEFT OUTER JOIN department ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID;

```

can also be written as

```
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, department.DepartmentName
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID

UNION ALL

SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, cast(NULL as varchar(20))
FROM employee
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT * FROM department
             WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID)

```

## Implementation

Two possible query plans for the *triangle query* R(A, B) ⋈ S(B, C) ⋈ T(A, C); the first joins S and T first and joins the result with R, the second joins R and S first and joins the result with T

Much work in database-systems has aimed at efficient implementation of joins, because relational systems commonly call for joins, yet face difficulties in optimising their efficient execution. The problem arises because inner joins operate both commutatively and associatively. In practice, this means that the user merely supplies the list of tables for joining and the join conditions to use, and the database system has the task of determining the most efficient way to perform the operation. The choices become more complex as the number of tables involved in a query increases, with each table having different characteristics in record count, average record length (considering NULL fields) and available indexes. Where Clause filters can also significantly impact query volume and cost.

A query optimizer determines how to execute a query containing joins. A query optimizer has two basic freedoms:

1. **Join order**: Because it joins functions commutatively and associatively, the order in which the system joins tables does not change the final result set of the query. However, join-order **could** have an enormous impact on the cost of the join operation, so choosing the best join order becomes very important.
2. **Join method**: Given two tables and a join condition, multiple algorithms can produce the result set of the join. Which algorithm runs most efficiently depends on the sizes of the input tables, the number of rows from each table that match the join condition, and the operations required by the rest of the query.

Many join-algorithms treat their inputs differently. One can refer to the inputs to a join as the "outer" and "inner" join operands, or "left" and "right", respectively. In the case of nested loops, for example, the database system will scan the entire inner relation for each row of the outer relation.

One can classify query-plans involving joins as follows:

left-deepusing a base table (rather than another join) as the inner operand of each join in the plan right-deepusing a base table as the outer operand of each join in the plan bushyneither left-deep nor right-deep; both inputs to a join may themselves result from joins

These names derive from the appearance of the query plan if drawn as a tree, with the outer join relation on the left and the inner relation on the right (as convention dictates).

### Join algorithms

Three fundamental algorithms for performing a binary join operation exist: nested loop join, sort-merge join and hash join. Worst-case optimal join algorithms are asymptotically faster than binary join algorithms for joins between more than two relations in the worst case.

### Join indexes

Join indexes are database indexes that facilitate the processing of join queries in data warehouses: they are currently (2012) available in implementations by Oracle and Teradata.

In the Teradata implementation, specified columns, aggregate functions on columns, or components of date columns from one or more tables are specified using a syntax similar to the definition of a database view: up to 64 columns/column expressions can be specified in a single join index. Optionally, a column that defines the primary key of the composite data may also be specified: on parallel hardware, the column values are used to partition the index's contents across multiple disks. When the source tables are updated interactively by users, the contents of the join index are automatically updated. Any query whose WHERE clause specifies any combination of columns or column expressions that are an exact subset of those defined in a join index (a so-called "covering query") will cause the join index, rather than the original tables and their indexes, to be consulted during query execution.

The Oracle implementation limits itself to using bitmap indexes. A *bitmap join index* is used for low-cardinality columns (i.e., columns containing fewer than 300 distinct values, according to the Oracle documentation): it combines low-cardinality columns from multiple related tables. The example Oracle uses is that of an inventory system, where different suppliers provide different parts. The schema has three linked tables: two "master tables", Part and Supplier, and a "detail table", Inventory. The last is a many-to-many table linking Supplier to Part, and contains the most rows. Every part has a Part Type, and every supplier is based in the US, and has a State column. There are not more than 60 states+territories in the US, and not more than 300 Part Types. The bitmap join index is defined using a standard three-table join on the three tables above, and specifying the Part\_Type and Supplier\_State columns for the index. However, it is defined on the Inventory table, even though the columns Part\_Type and Supplier\_State are "borrowed" from Supplier and Part respectively.

As for Teradata, an Oracle bitmap join index is only utilized to answer a query when the query's WHERE clause specifies columns limited to those that are included in the join index.

### Straight join

Some database systems allow the user to force the system to read the tables in a join in a particular order. This is used when the join optimizer chooses to read the tables in an inefficient order. For example, in MySQL the command `STRAIGHT_JOIN` reads the tables in exactly the order listed in the query.

### Citations

### Sources


title: WKHF

abstract: WKHF is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Lynchburg, Virginia. It is owned by the Truth Broadcasting Corporation and it airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format. National religious leaders heard on WVMP include Greg Laurie, David Jeremiah, John MacArthur, Alistair Begg and Chuck Swindoll. Some programming is provided by the Salem Radio Network. WKHF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,600 watts as a Class A station. The transmitter is off Candlers Mountain Road in Lynchburg.

text:
# WKHF

**WKHF** (93.7 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Lynchburg, Virginia. It is owned by the Truth Broadcasting Corporation and it airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format. National religious leaders heard on WVMP include Greg Laurie, David Jeremiah, John MacArthur, Alistair Begg and Chuck Swindoll. Some programming is provided by the Salem Radio Network.

WKHF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,600 watts as a Class A station. The transmitter is off Candlers Mountain Road in Lynchburg.

## History

A company organized as United States CP, LLC, owned by W. Philip Robinson, applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for this station's original construction permit on October 19, 2009. The FCC granted the permit on December 15, 2009, with a scheduled expiration date of December 15, 2012. The station was assigned the call sign "WKHF" by the FCC on October 29, 2010.

With construction completed and testing set to commence, the station applied for its license to cover on March 2, 2011. As of March 4, 2011, this application was accepted for filing by the FCC and was awaiting further action by the commission. After several days of equipment testing and broadcasting under program test authority, the station began regular broadcasting as "93-7 KHF" at on the evening of March 25, 2011. The station was simulcast on WZZI, from June 2012 until November 2, 2012.

WKHF was later operated under a local marketing agreement by Radiowerks Broadcasting of Central Virginia, which was also working on a deal to purchase the station. However, in June 2014, WKHF and sister station WJVR were sold to Todd Robinson's WVJT, LLC for $200,000. The sale was consummated on July 31, 2014.

On April 14, 2021, WKHF was sold to Lynchburg Media Partners. A day later, WKHF dropped its inaugural hot AC format and began stunting with Christmas music, still under the "93.7 KHF" branding. On May 4, 2021, WKHF ended its Christmas music stunt and launched a gold-based country music format, branded as "Rebel 93.7". The sale to Lynchburg Media Partners, at a price of $500,000, was consummated on September 17, 2021.

Truth Broadcasting Corporation purchased WKHF from Lynchburg Media Partners for $480,000 in 2022, and began operating the station under a time brokerage agreement on April 1. WKHF would join its "Truth Network", which would expand to the Roanoke side of the market via WVMP that December.

## InfoBox

WKHF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Lynchburg metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 93.7 FM MHz |
| Branding | The Truth Lynchburg |
| Programming | |
| Format | Christian talk and teaching |
| Affiliations | Salem Radio Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Truth Broadcasting Corporation |
| Sister stations | WVMP |
| History | |
| First air date | March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 183352 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,600 watts |
| HAAT | 197 meters (646 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°20′56.0″N 79°10′5.0″W / 37.348889°N 79.168056°W / 37.348889; -79.168056 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.truthnetwork.com/station/wkhf/ |


title: Rava (amora)

abstract: Abba ben Joseph bar Ḥama, who is exclusively referred to in the Talmud by the name Rava (רבא), was a Babylonian rabbi who belonged to the fourth generation of amoraim. He is known for his debates with Abaye, and is one of the most often cited rabbis in the Talmud.

text:
# Rava (amora)

**Abba ben Joseph bar Ḥama** (c.280 – 352 CE), who is exclusively referred to in the Talmud by the name **Rava** (רבא), was a Babylonian rabbi who belonged to the fourth generation of amoraim. He is known for his debates with Abaye, and is one of the most often cited rabbis in the Talmud.

## Biography

He was born about 280 CE in Mahoza (a suburb of Ctesiphon, the capital of Persia), where his father was a wealthy and distinguished scholar. In his youth Rava went to Sura, where he attended the lectures of Rav Chisda and associated with Rami bar Hama. About ten years after Rami's death Rava married his widow, the Rav Chisda's daughter. It is said that earlier Rav Chisda's daughter sat in her father's classroom, while his students, Rava and Rami bar Hama, stand before them. When Rav Chisda asked her which of the two she wants to marry, she replied "both of them," and Rava added, "I'll be the last one" (commentators let us know that she indeed married Rami first and Rava second). They had five sons, the eldest of whom, Yoseph, died during his parents' lifetime.

Rava studied at the Talmudic Academy of Pumbedita, now Falluja, Iraq. Rava's teachers were Rav Yosef bar Hiyya, Rabbah, and, chiefly, Rav Nachman, who lived in Mahoza. His chief study companion was Abaye, who was about the same age, and both of them developed the dialectic method which Judah bar Ezekiel and their teacher Rabbah had established in their discussions of tradition; their debates became known as the *Havayot de-Abaye ve-Rava*.

Rava enjoyed the special protection of the mother of Shapur II, the tenth Sasanian emperor according to Ta'anit 24b, who calls her "Ifra Hormiz" ( אִיפְרָא הוֹרְמִיז). For this reason, and in consideration of the large sums which he secretly contributed to the court noted in Hagiga 5b, he succeeded in making less severe Shapur's oppressions of the Jews in Babylonia.

When, after the death of Rav Yosef, Abaye was chosen head of the Academy of Pumbedita (Horayot 14a), Rava founded a school of his own in Mahoza. Many pupils, preferring Rava's lectures to Abaye's lectures, followed Rava to Mahoza. After Abaye's death Rava was elected head of the school, and the academy was transferred from Pumbedita to Mahoza, which, during the lifetime of Rava, was the only seat of Jewish learning in Babylonia.

According to Sherira Gaon, Rava died in 352 CE. Some texts of the Talmud say that he died at age 40, being one of the descendants of Eli who were cursed with early death; but in all likelihood the correct version of the text refers to Rabbah not Rava.

## Burial Site

Jewish tradition holds that Rava and his study companion Abaye are buried in a cave shown on *Har Yavnit* (Ovnit). R. Yudan Nesi'ah, upon whom was conferred the title of *nasi*, is also said to have been buried on the mountain, along with his two sons. Visitors may access the burial sites as they lie outside the restricted area. The mountain affords a good prospect of the Hula valley on its east and southeastern side, including the town of Rosh Pina and the northern part of the Sea of Galilee.

## Teachings

### Halacha

The debates between Rava and Abaye are considered classic examples of Talmudic dialectical logic. Of their hundreds of recorded disputes, the law is decided according to the opinion of Rava in all but six cases. His methodology greatly influenced not only his students, but the stammaim, as well. Rava was regarded as a greater authority than Abaye, and in cases where there was a difference of opinion between them Rava was generally followed; there are only six instances in which Abaye's decision was preferred. Rava "would join the practical awareness of daily existence" to his teachings, while Abaye's teachings relied only on "the consistent and systematic logic of halakhic interpretation"; thus halakha was decided like Rava in nearly all cases.

Rava occupied a prominent position among the transmitters of halakhah, and established many new decisions and rulings, especially in ceremonial law. He strove to spread the knowledge of halakhah by discoursing upon it in lectures, to which the public were admitted, and many of his halakhic decisions expressly state that they were taken from such discourses. He was a master of halakhic exegesis, not infrequently resorting to it to demonstrate the Biblical authority underlying legal regulations. He adopted certain hermeneutic principles which were partly modifications of older rules and partly his own.

Rava apparently had to reply to a deep-seated skepticism toward rabbinic authority and to defend the authenticity of the rabbinic oral tradition. The skepticism of Mahozan Jewry was fueled in part by the acceptance of the Manichaean polemic against Zoroastrianism and its insistence on oral transmission, and by a strong concern with the problem of theodicy, encouraged by a familiarity with Zoroastrian theology. Rava's creativity was fueled by his cosmopolitan urban environment. For instance, he ruled that one who habitually ate certain non-kosher foods because he liked the taste was nevertheless trustworthy as a witness in cases involving civil matters. So too did he suggest that a lost object belongs to the person who discovers it even before the loser is aware of his loss, because it prevented the loser from resorting to urban courts to try to get his property back and eliminated the period of uncertainty of possession. It also led to the legal concept that 'future \[psychological\] abandonment \[of possession\] when unaware \[of the loss\] is \[nevertheless retrospectively accounted\] as abandonment'. Ultimately, Rava's views were decisive in shaping the Bavli's approach to the problem of theodicy, legal midrash, and conceptualization, all of which stand in stark contrast to the Yerushalmi."

### Aggadah

Rava was as preeminent in aggadah as in halakhah. In addition to the lectures to his pupils, he used to hold public discourses, most of them aggadic in character, and many of his aggadic interpretations are expressly said to have been delivered in public. Even more numerous are the interpretations which, although not expressly stated to have been delivered in public, seem to have been presented before a general audience, since they do not differ from the others in form. The majority of these expositions, which frequently contain popular maxims and proverbs, refer to the first books of the Ketuvim — Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes.

Bacher justly infers from this that the aggadic lectures of Rava were delivered in connection with the Sabbath afternoon service - at which, according to a custom observed in Nehardea, and later probably in Mahoza also, parashiyyot were read from the Ketuvim. Rava therefore appended his aggadic discourse to the Biblical section which had been read.

Torah study is a frequent topic of Rava's aggadah. In the judgment after death, each man will be obliged to state whether he devoted certain times to study, and whether he diligently pursued the knowledge of the Law, striving to deduce the meaning of one passage from another. The Torah, in his view, is a medicine, life-giving to those who devote themselves to it with right intent, but a deadly poison for those who do not properly avail themselves of it. "A true disciple of wisdom must be upright; and his interior must harmonize with his exterior". Rava frequently emphasizes the respect due to teachers of the Law, the proper methods of study, and the rules applicable to the instruction of the young. In addition, Rava's aggadah frequently discusses the characters of Biblical history.

### Mysticism

Rava was secretly initiated, probably by his teacher Rav Yosef, into aggadic esoterism; a number of his teachings are tinged with mysticism. It is said that he once created a golem and sent it to Rav Zeira. Once, he wished to lecture in the academy upon the Tetragrammaton, but an old man prevented him, reminding him that such knowledge must be kept secret.

### Quotes

* The reward for \[learning\] tradition is its logic \[not the practical conclusions\].
* Either companionship or death. (popular saying)
* When as yet I had not been made, I was not worthy. But now that I have been made, it is as though I had not been made. Dust am I during my lifetime, how more than in my death!
* A candle for one is a candle for a hundred.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "RABA (B. JOSEPH B. ḤAMA)". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

## InfoBox

| Rava | |
| --- | --- |
| Alleged tomb of Abaye and Rava | |
| Born | Abba ben Joseph bar Ḥama
c. 280
Mahoza, Babylonia |
| Died | 352
Mahoza, Babylonia |
| Burial place | Har Yavnit, Upper Galilee
32°59′29″N 35°31′01″E / 32.99139°N 35.51694°E / 32.99139; 35.51694 |
| Occupation(s) | Talmudist, Rabbi |
| Known for | Debates with Abaye, numerous citations in the Talmud |
| Notable work | Head of the Talmudic Academy of Mahoza |


title: Rava idli

abstract: Rava idli is a variation of the popular South Indian breakfast item idli, made with rava, Bombay rava, semolina or rice rava.

text:
# Rava idli

**Rava idli** (also **rave idli**) is a variation of the popular South Indian breakfast item *idli*, made with *rava* (coarse ground wheat or rice), Bombay rava, semolina or rice rava.

## History

It is a speciality of the state of Karnataka in India. It was invented by the popular restaurant chain, Mavalli Tiffin Rooms (MTR) of Bangalore. During World War II, when rice, which is the staple item used in idli, was in short supply, they experimented with making idli using semolina and created *rava idli*.

*Rava idli* translates to *semolina idli* in the Kannada language. It is usually found in restaurants that serve Udupi cuisine. *Rava idli* is served hot and is to be eaten along with saagu and coconut chutney. A dash of ghee poured on the top of *rava idli* adds to the overall taste.

1. "Break-up wala butter chicken to sourdough rotis, the pandemic is changing our most popular dishes - Times of India". *The Times of India*.
2. Invention of rava idli by Mavalli Tiffin Rooms is mentioned in "Rava Idli". *Webpage of Mavalli Tiffin Rooms*. Mavalli Tiffin Rooms. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
3. "Bisibele bath to rava idli: How Bengaluru's MTR mixed tradition and innovation perfectly". 10 November 2019.
4. "Snacktrack: Discovering Bengaluru's rava idli". *The Hindu*. 2 May 2016.

## InfoBox

Rava idli
| Rava idli | |
| --- | --- |
| Course | Breakfast, snack |
| Place of origin | India |
| Region or state | Karnataka |
| Main ingredients | Semolina, yogurt, chopped cilantro, curry leaves, ghee, crushed ginger, mustard seeds, cashew nuts, green chillies, baking soda |
| Variations | Rice rava idli (coarsely ground rice) |
|  | |


title: Ken Johnson (quarterback)

abstract: Ken Johnson is an American former quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Johnson was a graduate of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he played from 1971 to 1973 and earned a degree in marketing. His career record as a starter for the Buffs was 18 wins and 5 losses. He led the Buffaloes to road wins over LSU and Ohio State in 1971 and a home win against Oklahoma in 1972. At the time his college career ended, he was ranked #3 in the history of Colorado in total offense. He began his professional career in 1974 as a back-up quarterback for the World Football League's Portland Storm. In June, 1977, Johnson was signed as a free agent by the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. Though he was on the active roster for 14 games, he saw no action with the Bills and was released on August 22, 1978. A month later, Johnson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. Seeing limited action in 1978, Johnson earned the Stampeders' starting job in 1979. Appearing in all 16 regular season games, Johnson completed 56.4% of his passes for 2344 yards, 19 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions as he led the Stampeders to a 12-4 record and a CFL playoff berth. Johnson led the CFL in passing for the 1979 season. After falling one win short of the Grey Cup game in 1979, Johnson followed up with another solid season in 1980 setting a career-high in touchdown passes (22) while completing 56.0% of his passes for 3019 yards. The Stampeders finished 9-7 in 1980 and were eliminated in the first round of the CFL playoffs. The Stampeders slide would continue in 1981, which likely led to Johnson being traded after 12 games to the Montreal Alouettes on October 11, 1981. Overall, he would appear in 15 games that season, completing a career-high 59.3% of his passes for 3364 yards, 18 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. Johnson would not see much action with the reborn Montreal franchise, Montreal Concordes, in 1982. He appeared in only 2 games before being traded to the Toronto Argonauts for linebacker Duncan MacKinlay on August 4, 1982. Granted free agency on January 15, 1983, Johnson returned to the U.S. when he signed with the USFL's Denver Gold five days later. Though starting the season as a backup, Johnson would officially take over the starting job in Week 3 on a snowy Soldier Field in Chicago. Facing bitter cold, 20 mph winds, and George Allen's veteran-laden Chicago Blitz squad, Johnson led a 70 yard long game-winning drive late in the 4th quarter. Johnson dove into the endzone on 4th down with only 22 seconds remaining to cap off the drive and seal the Gold's win. Johnson would remain the primary starter until an ankle injury ended his season during a Week 11 loss to the Boston Breakers. Johnson finished the season completing 48.8% of his passes for 1115 yards, and 6 touchdowns. The Gold released Johnson on January 9, 1984, and was awarded on waivers to the Memphis Showboats on January 16, 1984. Johnson saw limited action as a backup to Walter Lewis during the 1984 season and retired prior to the 1985 season.

text:
# Ken Johnson (quarterback)

**Ken Johnson** (born January 5, 1951) is an American former quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Johnson was a graduate of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he played from 1971 to 1973 and earned a degree in marketing. His career record as a starter for the Buffs was 18 wins and 5 losses. He led the Buffaloes to road wins over LSU and Ohio State in 1971 (and a #3 national ranking) and a home win against Oklahoma in 1972. At the time his college career ended, he was ranked #3 in the history of Colorado in total offense. He began his professional career in 1974 as a back-up quarterback for the World Football League's Portland Storm. In June, 1977, Johnson was signed as a free agent by the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. Though he was on the active roster for 14 games, he saw no action with the Bills and was released on August 22, 1978. A month later, Johnson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.

Seeing limited action in 1978, Johnson earned the Stampeders' starting job in 1979. Appearing in all 16 regular season games, Johnson completed 56.4% of his passes (176 of 312) for 2344 yards, 19 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions as he led the Stampeders to a 12-4 record and a CFL playoff berth. Johnson led the CFL in passing for the 1979 season. After falling one win short of the Grey Cup game in 1979, Johnson followed up with another solid season in 1980 setting a career-high in touchdown passes (22) while completing 56.0% of his passes (218 of 389) for 3019 yards. The Stampeders finished 9-7 in 1980 and were eliminated in the first round of the CFL playoffs. The Stampeders slide would continue in 1981, which likely led to Johnson being traded after 12 games to the Montreal Alouettes on October 11, 1981. Overall, he would appear in 15 games that season, completing a career-high 59.3% of his passes (254 of 428) for 3364 yards, 18 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. Johnson would not see much action with the reborn Montreal franchise, Montreal Concordes, in 1982. He appeared in only 2 games before being traded to the Toronto Argonauts for linebacker Duncan MacKinlay on August 4, 1982.

Granted free agency on January 15, 1983, Johnson returned to the U.S. when he signed with the USFL's Denver Gold five days later. Though starting the season as a backup, Johnson would officially take over the starting job in Week 3 on a snowy Soldier Field in Chicago. Facing bitter cold, 20 mph winds, and George Allen's veteran-laden Chicago Blitz squad, Johnson led a 70 yard long game-winning drive late in the 4th quarter. Johnson dove into the endzone on 4th down with only 22 seconds remaining to cap off the drive and seal the Gold's win (Gold 16, Blitz 13). Johnson would remain the primary starter until an ankle injury ended his season during a Week 11 loss to the Boston Breakers. Johnson finished the season completing 48.8% of his passes (121 of 248) for 1115 yards, and 6 touchdowns. The Gold released Johnson on January 9, 1984, and was awarded on waivers to the Memphis Showboats on January 16, 1984. Johnson saw limited action as a backup to Walter Lewis during the 1984 season and retired prior to the 1985 season.

* 1984 Sporting News Official USFL Guide and Register, edited by Howard Balzer

## InfoBox

Ken Johnson
| Born: | (1951-01-05) January 5, 1951<br>Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S. |
| --- | --- |
| Career information | |
| Status | Retired |
| CFL status | American |
| Position(s) | QB |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) |
| Weight | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| College | Colorado |
| High school | Scottsdale, Arizona |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 1974 | Portland Storm |
| 1977 | Buffalo Bills |
| 1978–1981 | Calgary Stampeders |
| 1981 | Montreal Alouettes |
| 1982 | Montreal Concordes |
| 1983 | Denver Gold |
| 1984 | Memphis Showboats |
|  | |


title: Raphael (opera)

abstract: Raphael, Op. 37, is an opera in one act by Anton Arensky. The libretto, by A. A. Kryukov, is based on the life of the Renaissance artist Raphael. The text was written in Russian and immediately translated into Italian by L. Egidi. The opera was composed in 1894 for the First Congress of Russian Artists and dedicated to the Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts. It premiered in Italian at the Moscow Conservatory on 6 May, with set-design by Leonid Pasternak; Yevgeniya Mravina took the role of Fornarina, Raphael's model and mistress. Arensky chose a work on non-Russian subject matter and distanced himself from the nationalistic tendencies of his teacher Rimsky-Korsakov. Raphael was less well-received than its predecessor, Arensky's first opera Dream on the Volga. The only fragment remaining popular till now is the Folk Singer's Song off-stage that is usual in the repertoire of Russian tenors. In 2018 its English translation was published.

text:
# Raphael (opera)

***Raphael*** (full title: *Raphael: Musical Scenes from the Renaissance*; Russian: Рафаэль: Музыкальные сцены из эпохи Возрождения; Italian: *Raffaello*), Op. 37, is an opera in one act by Anton Arensky. The libretto, by A. A. Kryukov, is based on the life of the Renaissance artist Raphael. The text was written in Russian and immediately translated into Italian by L. Egidi.

The opera was composed in 1894 for the First Congress of Russian Artists and dedicated to the Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts. It premiered in Italian at the Moscow Conservatory on 6 May (old calendar: 26 April), with set-design by Leonid Pasternak; Yevgeniya Mravina took the role of Fornarina, Raphael's model and mistress.

Arensky chose a work on non-Russian subject matter and distanced himself from the nationalistic tendencies of his teacher Rimsky-Korsakov.

*Raphael* was less well-received than its predecessor, Arensky's first opera *Dream on the Volga*. The only fragment remaining popular till now is the *Folk Singer's Song off-stage* that is usual in the repertoire of Russian tenors. In 2018 its English translation (“My heart is trembling with passion and pleasure”) was published (see the link below).

## Structure

Introduction (Overture) I. Chorus of Apprentices II. Arioso of Raphael III. Duet of Raphael and Fornarina (includes *Chorus of Romans* and *Folk Singer's Song off-stage*) IV. Aria of the Cardinal V. Trio VI. Finale

## Recordings

There is a recording with the Philharmonia of Russia conducted by Constantine Orbelian on the Delos label, featuring Marina Domashenko in the title role (mezzo-soprano); Tatiana Pavlovskaya as Fornarina (soprano); Alexander Vinogradov as Cardinal Bibbiena (bass); and Vsevolod Grivnov as an off-stage folk singer (tenor).


title: Ray Budd

abstract: Raymond Francis Budd was a South African trade union leader. Born in the Mowbray area of Cape Town, Budd was educated at the Cape Technical College, before completing an apprenticeship at a railway workshop. In 1933, he joined the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), soon becoming a shop steward, then the union's Cape Town district secretary. From 1946 to 1948, he served as president of the Cape Federation of Labour Unions, then in 1949, he began working full-time for the AEU as secretary of its South African Council. In 1949 and 1950, Budd served as vice-president of the South African Trades and Labour Council. In 1954, he was a leading figure on the Unity Committee, which opposed government plans to prohibit trade unions including both white and "coloured" workers. The committee founded the Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA), and Budd served on its executive, becoming president from 1959 to 1961. In 1960, the South African AEU gained full independence from its British parent union, and Budd became its national chairperson. In 1966, under his leadership. the AEU resigned from TUCSA in protest at its plan to admit trade unions representing black workers.

text:
# Ray Budd

**Raymond Francis Budd** (9 June 1910  14 August 1974) was a South African trade union leader.

Born in the Mowbray area of Cape Town, Budd was educated at the Cape Technical College, before completing an apprenticeship at a railway workshop. In 1933, he joined the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), soon becoming a shop steward, then the union's Cape Town district secretary. From 1946 to 1948, he served as president of the Cape Federation of Labour Unions, then in 1949, he began working full-time for the AEU as secretary of its South African Council.

In 1949 and 1950, Budd served as vice-president of the South African Trades and Labour Council. In 1954, he was a leading figure on the Unity Committee, which opposed government plans to prohibit trade unions including both white and "coloured" workers. The committee founded the Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA), and Budd served on its executive, becoming president from 1959 to 1961.

In 1960, the South African AEU gained full independence from its British parent union, and Budd became its national chairperson. In 1966, under his leadership. the AEU resigned from TUCSA in protest at its plan to admit trade unions representing black workers.

1. Verwey, E.J. (1999). *New Dictionary of South African Biography, Volume 1*. HSRC Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN 9780796916488.
2. "Raymond Francis (Ray) Budd". *South African History Online*. Retrieved 15 May 2021.


title: Raymond-Theodore Troplong

abstract: Raymond-Theodore Troplong was a French Bonapartist politician of the Second French Empire. He served as President of the Senate of France (1852–1869) and was a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.

text:
# Raymond-Theodore Troplong

**Raymond-Theodore Troplong** (October 8, 1795 – March 1, 1869) was a French Bonapartist politician of the Second French Empire. He served as President of the Senate of France (1852–1869) and was a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.

## Life

Raymond-Theodore Troplong was born in 1795. His career started in 1819, when he became a lawyer. In 1835, he was appointed advisor of the Court of Cassation, while in 1840, he became a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences (Legislation section). He also entered the so-called Chamber of Peers in 1846, while in 1852 he became president of the Court of Cassation.

Troplong co-authored the original text of the French Constitution of 1852 and he was also appointed senator on January 23, 1852. Then he became *rapporteur* of the sénatus-consulte under Napoleon III (Second French Empire); Troplong legitimized Napoleon III's coup d'état with this argument:

> The Republic is practically within the Empire because of the contractual nature of the institution and of the communication, and because of the express delegation of power by the people; but the Empire prevails over the Republic because that is also a monarchy, i.e. the government of everybody confined by the moderating action of one person having heredity as a condition and stability as a result

He replaced the prince Jerome Bonaparte when he resigned from his position of President of the Senate of France on December 30, 1852. He retained this function for most of the Second French Empire (1852-1870) until his death in 1869. In 1858, he was appointed member of the *Conseil privé de l'Empereur* (i.e. the "Private Council of the Emperor").

Raymond-Theodore Troplong, who was one of the leading jurists of his time (he's been described as the "Portalis of the Second Empire") wrote many books about law, in which he defended a conception of law mixed with philosophy and history. He knew and discussed the work of Friedrich Carl von Savigny, the founder of the German "Ecole historique du droit", and defended neighboring but distinct positions, which seems to prove, despite what has been argued by certain authors (Julien Bonnecase, *The School of Exegesis in Civil Law*, 1924) his influence on the legal doctrine. In France, the existence and fecundity of a French "School of Law", whose influence is far from being marginal, is still perceived today.

He was a skilled and popular writer, but he was also a very poor speaker, which earned him the sarcasm of Prosper Mérimée, who once said: "Our President, aptly named Troplong" (in French, *trop long* means "too long").

After death, he wanted to be buried together with his only daughter Joséphine Marie-Louise, who had died in Plombières-les-Bains in October 1839 when she was in that city with her parents for a few days of relaxation; the little girl was just eight years old. The wife of the senator and mother of the girl (1805-1881) also rests in that place. Today, the French Senate still takes care of the maintenance of the tomb.

## Works

* *De la souveraineté des ducs de Lorraine sur le Barois mouvant et de l'inaliénabilité de leur domaine dans cette partie de leur États*. Grimblot, Nancy, 1832.
* Troplong, Raymond Théodore (1842). *Droit civil expliqué suvant l'ordre du code*. Bruxelles.
* Des privilèges et hypothèques ou commentaires du titre XVIII du livre III du Code Civil, Hingray, Paris, 1833
* Commentaire de la vente, 1833.
* De la vente ou commentaire du titre VI du livre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1834 (5e éd. mise en rapport avec la loi du 23 mars 1855 sur la transcription, Paris, 1856).
* *De la prescription ou Commentaire du titre XX du livre III du Code civil*. Paris: Hingray. 1835.
* De la nécessité de réformer les études historiques applicables au droit français
* *De l'échange et du louage, commentaire des titres VII et VIII du livre IIl du Code civil*. Vol. 1. Paris: Hingray. 1840.
* *De l'influence du christianisme sur le droit civil des Romains*. Paris: Hingray. 1843..
* *Du contrat de société civile et commerciale, ou Commentaire du titre IX du livre 111 du Code civil*. Paris: Hingray. 1843.
* *Des pouvoirs de l'État sur l'enregistrement d'après l'Ancien Droit public français*, Hingray, Paris, 1844.
* Du prêt : commentaire du titre X du livre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1845.
* Du dépôt et du séquestre et des contrats aléatoires : commentaire des titres XI et .XII du Livre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1845.
* Du mandat : commentaire du titre XIII du livre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1846.
* Du cautionnement et des transactions : commentaire des titres XIV et XV du Livre III du Code Civil, Hingray, Paris, 1846.
* Contraintes par corps en matière civile et de commerce : commentaire du titre XVI du libre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1847.
* Du nantissement, du gage et de l'antichrèse : commentaire du titre XVII du livre III du Code civil, Hingray, Paris, 1847.
* De la propriété d'après le Code civil, Pagnerre, Paris, 1848.
* Du contrat de mariage et des droits respectifs des époux : commentaire du titre V du livre III dit Code civil, Hingray. Paris, 1850.
* *Des donations entre vifs et des testaments : commentaire du titre II dit livre III du Code civil*. Vol. 1. Paris: Hingray. 1850.
* Table alphabétique et analytique dit commentaire du titre V du livre III du Code civil, du contrat de mariage et des droits respectifs des époux, Table publiée avec la seconde édition de l'ouvrage, Hingray, Paris, 1851.
* * *De l'échange et du louage, commentaire des titres VII et VIII du livre IIl du Code civil*. Vol. 2. Paris: Hingray. 1852.
* Du principe d'autorité depuis 1789, les marchands de nouveautés, Paris, 1853.
* *Des donations entre vifs et des testaments : commentaire du titre II dit livre III du Code civil*. Vol. 2. Bruxelles: Labroue. 1855.

## InfoBox

| PresidentRaymond-Theodore Troplong | |
| --- | --- |
| Raymond-Theodore Troplong; - Lithograph by Auguste Charles Lemoine, after a photograph by Pierre Petit | |
|  | |
| President of the French Senate | |
| **In office**
30 December 1852  1 March 1869 | |
| Monarch | Napoleon III |
| First President of the Court of Cassation | |
| **In office**
18 December 1852  1 March 1869 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ker Block

abstract: Ker Block is an historic building in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is a two-storey brick commercial building built in 1909.

text:
# Ker Block

**Ker Block** is an historic building in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is a two-storey brick commercial building built in 1909.

* Media related to Ker Block at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ker Block | |
| --- | --- |
| The building's exterior in 2018 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 512 Fort Street |
| Town or city | Victoria, British Columbia |
| Country | Canada |
| Coordinates | 48°25′31″N 123°22′08″W / 48.4252°N 123.3690°W / 48.4252; -123.3690 |
| Completed | 1909 |
| Opened | 1909 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 2 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Francis Mawson Rattenbury |


title: Ker Chien-ming

abstract: Ker Chien-ming is a Taiwanese politician who serves as minority leader in the Legislative Yuan. From 2016 to February 2024, he was the majority leader, after the Democratic Progressive Party won a majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan for the first time.

text:
# Ker Chien-ming

| Ker Chien-ming | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 柯建銘 |
| Simplified Chinese | 柯建铭 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Kē Jiànmíng  Wade–Giles Kō Chièn-míng  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Kho Kiàn-bêng | |
|  | |

**Ker Chien-ming** (Chinese: 柯建銘; pinyin: *Kē Jiànmíng*; Wade–Giles: *Ke1 Chien4-ming2*; born 8 September 1951) is a Taiwanese politician who serves as minority leader in the Legislative Yuan. From 2016 to February 2024, he was the majority leader, after the Democratic Progressive Party won a majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan for the first time.

## Early life

He obtained his bachelor's degree in dental science from Chung Shan Medical University and master's degree in management science from Tamkang University.

## Political career

Ker is a founding member of the Democratic Progressive Party and was first elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1992. He represented Hsinchu district from 1993 to 2008, and again starting in 2016. From 2008 to 2016 and again from 2020, Ker was elected via proportional representation.

## InfoBox

| Ker Chien-mingMLY | |
| --- | --- |
| 柯建銘 | |
| Official portrait, 2015 | |
|  | |
| Minority Leader of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 February 2024 | |
| Speaker | Han Kuo-yu |
| Secretary General | Rosalia Wu |
| Preceded by | William Tseng |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 February 2020 | |
| Constituency | Proportional Representation №8 |
| **In office**
1 February 2016  1 February 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Lu Hsueh-chang |
| Succeeded by | Cheng Cheng-chien |
| Constituency | Hsinchu City |
| **In office**
1 February 2008  1 February 2016 | |
| Constituency | Proportional Representation №2 |
| **In office**
1 February 1993  1 February 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Hsu Wu-sheng |
| Succeeded by | Lu Hsueh-chang |
| Constituency | Hsinchu's 1st district |
| Majority Leader of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**
1 February 2016  31 January 2024 | |
| Speaker | Su Jia-chyuan
Yu Shyi-kun |
| Secretary General | *See list* |
| Succeeded by | Fu Kun-chi |
| Acting Chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party | |
| **In office**
11 March 2011  27 April 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Tsai Ing-wen |
| Succeeded by | Tsai Ing-wen |
| **In office**
11 December 2004  15 January 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Chen Shui-bian |
| Succeeded by | Su Tseng-chang |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-09-08) 8 September 1951
Hsinchu, Taiwan |
| Political party | Democratic Progressive Party |
| Alma mater | Chung Shan Medical University
Tamkang University |
|  | |


title: Kenneth Pattisson

abstract: Kenneth Pattisson was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm pilot credited by some with fatally crippling the German battleship Bismarck on 26 May 1941 whilst flying a Fairey Swordfish biplane. Pattisson was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his service during the war. At the time of the attack no official statement was made as to whose torpedo hit Bismarck. Following the recovery of Bismarck in 1998, many historians and the official Royal Navy press release credit John Moffat with that attack

text:
# Kenneth Pattisson

**Kenneth Pattisson** (12 December 1916 – 13 July 2002) was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm pilot credited by some (most notably his own son) with fatally crippling the German battleship *Bismarck* on 26 May 1941 whilst flying a Fairey Swordfish biplane. Pattisson was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his service during the war.

At the time of the attack no official statement was made as to whose torpedo hit *Bismarck*. Following the recovery of *Bismarck* in 1998, many historians and the official Royal Navy press release credit John Moffat with that attack

## Early life

Pattisson grew up in Southsea, Hampshire, and then moved to the Isle of Wight. He attended Newport grammar school.

## Royal Navy career

Pattisson took a short-service commission in the Fleet Air Arm in the last months of peace prior to the Second World War.

### Second World War and the attack on *Bismarck*

After Germany sank HMS *Hood*, a number of Royal Navy ships were tasked with the destruction of the German battleship *Bismarck*. Amongst these was the aircraft carrier HMS *Ark Royal* where Pattisson was stationed. On 26 May 1941, the RAF spotted *Bismarck* 70 miles (110 km) from *Ark Royal*. Pattisson's squadron was launched to intercept, but poor weather made identification difficult and the squadron targeted the British HMS *Sheffield* by mistake. Of the 14 planes in the attack, only three pilots, including Pattisson, recognized the silhouette as that of *Sheffield* and not *Bismarck* and held their fire. Later that evening, another sortie of 15 aircraft was launched and *Bismarck* was attacked. Two torpedoes struck home, one amidships on its port side resulting in slow flooding, and the second in the steering area. Without the ability to hold a course, *Bismarck* was unable to reach port. After being attacked by other British ships, *Bismarck* was scuttled by her crew to avoid capture.

### Korean War

In the Korean war, Pattisson led a Firefly squadron on the carrier HMS *Theseus*. On converting to jet aircraft, he held the equivalent post on HMS *Illustrious*.

## Retirement and personal life

He retired from the Navy, as a lieutenant-commander in 1958, after more than 400 sorties at sea.

He was married in 1939 and had two sons and two daughters.

* Simon de Bruxelles article in the *London Times* dated 28 October 2017

## InfoBox

| Kenneth Pattisson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-12-12)12 December 1916 |
| Died | 13 July 2002(2002-07-13) (aged 85) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1938–1958 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Commander |
| Unit | 810 Naval Air Squadron |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross |


title: Kemp (wool)

abstract: Kemp is a brittle, weak fibre forming the residual traces of a secondary coat in some breeds of sheep, which may be mixed with normal fibres in a wool fleece. This hair is not desirable in a fleece, as it does not accept dye, minimizing both the quality and the value of the wool. Kemp fibre is also hollow, which is the reason it does not hold dye. There are three parts to kemp. First is the root, which is often frayed and swollen and has completed its growth or has already been shed. Second is a clear transparent section, and third is central core surround by a clear coat which takes up the majority of the fibre.

text:
# Kemp (wool)

**Kemp** is a brittle, weak fibre forming the residual traces of a secondary coat in some breeds of sheep, which may be mixed with normal fibres in a wool fleece. This hair is not desirable in a fleece, as it does not accept dye, minimizing both the quality and the value of the wool. Kemp fibre is also hollow, which is the reason it does not hold dye. There are three parts to kemp. First is the root, which is often frayed and swollen and has completed its growth or has already been shed. Second is a clear transparent section, and third is central core surround by a clear coat which takes up the majority of the fibre.


title: Raúl Jude

abstract: Raúl Jude (1891–1971) was a Uruguayan lawyer and political figure.

text:
# Raúl Jude

**Raúl Jude** (1891–1971) was a Uruguayan lawyer and political figure.

## Background

Jude was born in Montevideo in 1891.

A prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party, he was a lawyer by profession.

His son, Raumar Jude, served as a Deputy and Senator.

## Public offices

First elected as a Deputy in 1923, he served as Justice Minister under President José Serrato. He subsequently served as Interior Minister under President Gabriel Terra.

He also served as a Senator.

Between 1927 and 1930, and between 1934 and 1937, he served as president of the Uruguayan Football Association


title: Kenneth R. Andrews

abstract: Kenneth Richmond Andrews, was an American academic who, along with H. Igor Ansoff and Alfred D. Chandler, was credited with the foundational role in introducing and popularizing the concept of business strategy.

text:
# Kenneth R. Andrews

**Kenneth Richmond Andrews** (May 24, 1916 – September 4, 2005), was an American academic who, along with H. Igor Ansoff and Alfred D. Chandler, was credited with the foundational role in introducing and popularizing the concept of business strategy.

## Education, military service, and employment at Harvard Business School

Andrews graduated from Wesleyan University in 1937 with a master's degree in English. He went on to pursue a PhD in English at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign but was drafted into the Army Air Force during World War II. He served at the Statistical Control School, held at the campus of the Harvard Business School and taught by members of the faculty. Andrews retired from the army at the rank of Major and joined the Harvard Business School faculty in 1946, to teach Administrative Practices to MBA students. He completed his Phd dissertation on Mark Twain in 1948. By approximately 1950 he was a significant member of the small team developing HBS's Business Policy course.

## Harvard Business School and Business Strategy

In 1965 the highly influential text-book "Business Policy: Text and Cases" was published, acknowledging Andrews as the author of the text portion. The text portion was also published separately under Andrews' name in 1971. Several editions of both books appeared through the 1980s.

In addition to being perhaps the earliest concept of business strategy to be taught routinely in formal courses, the specific view of strategy formation Andrews taught appears to have provided many of the underlying precepts of what strategy is, for several branches of the strategy literature. Although he introduced a number of strategy precepts, Andrews did not set out a detailed concept of what strategy is. Instead he said that he chose to "sidestep the problem of drawing distinctions between objectives, policy and programs of action" Furthermore Andrews did not claim to originate all of the precepts he set out, and it has been noted that some had been introduced previously by Philip Selznick in 1957 or Alfred D. Chandler in 1962.

Despite sharing a number of Andrews' basic precepts, one major branch of the literature differed strongly from him with regard to how strategy forms. Andrews prescribed that strategy should be deliberately and consciously decided and adopted by management. Henry Mintzberg, however, teaches that in reality strategy often emerges from actions and behaviours at various organizational levels, and furthermore that this is desirable. Thus if both views are recognized there are two major types of process through which strategy may be formed: deliberate, and emergent. There has been vigorous debate concerning the extent to which each of these strategy formation processes is usual or appropriate.

## Bibliography

* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1951, Executive training by the case method, Harvard Business Review, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 58–70.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1971, The concept of corporate strategy, Richard D. Irwin, Homewood.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1971, New horizons in corporate strategy, McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 34–43.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1973, Can the best corporations be made moral?, Harvard Business Review, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 57–64.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1980, Directors’ responsibility for corporate strategy, Harvard Business Review, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 30–42.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1981, Corporate strategy as a vital function of the board, Harvard Business Review, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 174–180.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1981, Replaying the board’s role in formulating strategy, Harvard Business Review, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 18–23.
* Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, 1984, Corporate strategy: the essential intangibles, McKinsey Quarterly, no. 4, pp. 43–49.
* Learned, Edmund Philip, Christensen, C. Roland, Andrews, Kenneth Richmond, and Guth, William D., 1965, Business policy: Text and cases, Irwin, Homewood.

## InfoBox

| Kenneth Richmond Andrews | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-05-24)May 24, 1916
Connecticut |
| Died | September 4, 2005(2005-09-04) (aged 89)
Durham, New Hampshire |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | professor |
| Known for | popularized the concept of business strategy |


title: Kenneth R. Chien

abstract: Kenneth R. Chien is an American doctor and medical scientist who has been a research director at Karolinska Institute, in Stockholm, since 2013. Chien has several papers with over 1,000 citations and a h-index of 132. His area of expertise is cardiovascular science. His research into regenerative cardiovascular medicine, specifically while director of the Cardiovascular Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, led to his co-founding, in 2010, of ModeRNA Therapeutics. In 2018, the company re-branded as Moderna, Inc. Chien is a recipient of the Walter Bradford Cannon Award of the American Physiology Society and the Pasarow Award. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and has received an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh.

text:
# Kenneth R. Chien

**Kenneth R. Chien** (born 1951) is an American doctor and medical scientist who has been a research director at Karolinska Institute, in Stockholm, since 2013. Chien has several papers with over 1,000 citations and a h-index of 132. His area of expertise is cardiovascular science. His research into regenerative cardiovascular medicine, specifically while director of the Cardiovascular Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, led to his co-founding, in 2010, of ModeRNA Therapeutics. In 2018, the company re-branded as Moderna, Inc. Chien is a recipient of the Walter Bradford Cannon Award of the American Physiology Society and the Pasarow Award. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and has received an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh.

## Education

Kenneth's father Luther was born in China and escaped the second world war. He became a Harvard and MIT scholar, and DuPont scientist while working for the navy. Luther wanted Kenneth to become a neurologist. Kenneth Chien earned a BA from Harvard College in Biology before earning his PhD and MD from Pennsylvania's Temple University. He continued to study internal medicine and cardiology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. At Temple, Chien's PhD thesis was entitled "Biochemical events in irreversible, ischemic liver cell injury", which was published in 1982 and for which he conducted his dissertation in 1983. He is also a third generation Harvard alumnus, following his father and grandfather.

## Career and research

Chien became a member of the faculty at the University of California at San Diego, acting as director of the Institute for Molecular Medicine from 2000 to 2005, with an adjunct appointment as a Professor of the Salk Institute. During that period, Chien was also responsible for co-founding the Institute of Molecular Medicine at Beijing's Peking University. Chien then worked as Scientific Director of the Cardiovascular Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2005 to 2012, concurrent to directing the Cardiovascular Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute from 2007 to 2013. In 2013 Chien took up a position as Professor of Cardiovascular Research and Research Director or the Wallenberg-Cardiovascular Initiative at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. In an interview, Chien discussed the opportunity at KI to work closely with Astrazeneca in Molndal to move forward discoveries in regenerative therapeutics made in his lab towards clinical application, as well as praising Sweden as “a country that has decided to put its faith in science and technology". Dr. Chien has received numerous grants from the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute, dating back to 1985. He has also applied for several patents, securing a total of 17.

### Moderna involvement

While working at Harvard, Chien was approached by Derrick Rossi, a colleague at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, about co-founding a newco, based on findings in the Rossi lab on reprogramming stem cells with mRNA. This eventually turned into the medical research company Moderna Therapeutics, co-founded by Rossi, Chien and Bob Langer under the aegis of Flagship VentureLabs in 2011. In 2011, the Chien Lab made the discovery of the high efficiency expression of VEGF mRNA in heart muscle, resulting in a patent on the discovery that triggered mRNA towards therapeutic applications. In 2013, Chien and his associates documented the ability of VEGF mRNA for coronary vascular regeneration and to reverse the onset of heart dysfunction, thereby opening the potential of were researching the possibility of using synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce therapeutic desired effects in a patient's muscle cells:

*“What we have shown is that muscle cells take up this synthetic mRNA and will express almost any protein quickly. The technology will allow an intense, focused, one‐time application to drive a therapeutic effect that might have a long‐lasting effect by affecting, expanding and redirecting the fate of rare native tissue progenitors that are normally mobilized during injury and usually contribute to scar tissue.”* At Karolinska, the Chien lab documented the ability to generate large numbers of human Islet heart progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells, which resulted in a partnership with Astrazeneca to move the project toward clinical application.

In February 2019, AstraZeneca and the Chien lab reported the first in human study of an mRNA therapeutic, noting reversal of vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients by VEGF mRNA.

## Awards and honors

* American Physiological Society - Walter B. Cannon Award - Annual Award For Outstanding Investigator in Physiological Sciences
* Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation - Pasarow Foundation Award
* Austrian Academy of Sciences - Foreign Member Elect
* Norwegian Academy of Sciences - Foreign Member Elect
* University of Edinburgh - Honorary Doctorate of Science
* UCSD School of Medicine - American Heart Association Chair in Cardiovascular Research
* Harvard University - Sanders Endowed Chair in Medicine and Cell Biology
* Swedish Research Council - Distinguished Professorship
* European Research Council (ERC) - Advanced Research Grant Award
* Knut and Alice Wallenberg - Research Grant Award

## Selected publications

* "PPARγ is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development", Y Barak, MC Nelson, ES Ong, YZ Jones, P Ruiz-Lozano, KR Chien, ..., Molecular cell 4 (4), 585–595, (1999)
* "Postnatal isl1+ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages", KL Laugwitz, A Moretti, J Lam, P Gruber, Y Chen, S Woodard, LZ Lin, ..., Nature 433 (7026), 647–653, (2005)
* "Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure", JJ Hunter, KR Chien, New England Journal of Medicine 341 (17), 1276–1283, (1999)
* "Multipotent embryonic isl1+ progenitor cells lead to cardiac, smooth muscle, and endothelial cell diversification", A Moretti, L Caron, A Nakano, JT Lam, A Bernshausen, Y Chen, Y Qyang, ..., Cell 127 (6), 1151–1165, (2006)
* "Cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by distinct members of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family", Y Wang, S Huang, VP Sah, J Ross, JH Brown, J Han, KR Chien, Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 (4), 2161–2168, (1998)
* "Epicardial progenitors contribute to the cardiomyocyte lineage in the developing heart", B Zhou, Q Ma, S Rajagopal, SM Wu, I Domian, J Rivera-Feliciano, ..., Nature 454 (7200), 109–113, (2008)
* "Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response", KR Chien, KU Knowlton, S Chien, The FASEB Journal 5 (15), 3037–3064, (1991)
* "ErbB2 is essential in the prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy SA Crone", YY Zhao, L Fan, Y Gu, S Minamisawa, Y Liu, KL Peterson, ..., Nature medicine 8 (5), 459–465, (2002)
* "MLP-deficient mice exhibit a disruption of cardiac cytoarchitectural organization, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure", S Arber, JJ Hunter, J Ross Jr, M Hongo, G Sansig, J Borg, JC Perriard, ..., Cell 88 (3), 393-403 (1997)
* "Enhanced myocardial function in transgenic mice overexpressing the beta 2-adrenergic receptor", CA Milano, LF Allen, HA Rockman, PC Dolber, TR McMinn, KR Chien, ..., Science 264 (5158), 582–586, (1994)

## InfoBox

| Kenneth Randall Chien | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | * Research in the field of cardiovascular biotechnology and regenerative cardiovascular medicine * Co-founding Moderna |
| Parent | Luther Chien (father) |
| Awards | Pasarow Award (1996) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | * Harvard University * Temple University * UC San Diego-Salk Institute * Massachusetts General Hospital * Karolinska Institute (Swedish: Karolinska Institutet) |
|  | |


title: Raymond Tooth

abstract: Raymond Clive Tooth is a matrimonial and family law lawyer and racehorse owner in the United Kingdom. He represents the wives of male celebrities in high-profile divorces.

text:
# Raymond Tooth

**Raymond Clive Tooth** is a matrimonial and family law lawyer and racehorse owner in the United Kingdom. He represents the wives of male celebrities in high-profile divorces.

## Education and career

Tooth attended several schools before earning his law degree, including Dragon School in Oxford, Kings School in Canterbury and University College in Oxford. In 1966, Tooth became a qualified lawyer. Since then, he has worked for several law firms, such as A&G Tooth (1966–70), Payne Hicks Beach (1970–77) and Colombotti Alkin (1977–82). In 1986 Tooth and other international family lawyers, including Fiona Shackleton, co-founded the International Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, an invitation only organisation which now consists of over 500 of the world's leading family lawyers.

In 1982, Tooth established his own law firm, Raymond Tooth and Co. Later on, the firm would be renamed Sears Tooth. The firm, based out of London, consists of two partners, one assistant solicitor, and three other fee earners. Despite the firm's relatively small size, their cases are often reported in British law reports more frequently than some larger firms. Sears Tooth was involved in the prominent Miller vs. Miller House of Lords case. In addition to high-profile divorces, Tooth and his firm also handle cases that prevent the removal or dissipation of assets and domestic violence as well. He charges roughly £450 per hour.

His firm originated the eponymous "Sears Tooth agreement", a deed that assigns the client's winnings to the solicitor to enable the client to fund the case.

He has earned the nickname Jaws for the manner in which he fights for his clients money in the courtroom. He is also a member of the International Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. He has gone up against several high-profile British celebrities, such as Jude Law, Michael Barrymore and Colin Montgomerie.

Tooth, never one to shy away from controversial advice, was once quoted as saying: *"A rich man in my view should not marry a poor woman. If he does, then he must have a pre-nuptial agreement."* He runs his business by the motto: *"Don't get even, get Tooth."* Despite his tendency to be involved in and win high-profile cases, Tooth was sued in 2005 by a former client and non-celebrity, Olga Spasic. In the end, he was found by the court to have overcharged her for his services by £12,000.,

## List of celebrity clients

Originally, the divorce between Roman and Irina Abramovich was believed to have the potential to be the largest divorce settlement in history, with Irina requesting half of Roman's £18 billion fortune. Ultimately, Irina and Roman settled out of court for £155 million.

## Horse racing

In addition to being a famous celebrity lawyer in the UK, Tooth also spends some of his free time on the racetrack, as he is also a prominent horse owner. He has worked with some of the UK's most renowned trainers, such as Nicky Henderson and Richard Hannon, Sr. In the 2008/09 season, Tooth came close to collecting a £1,000,000 bonus put up by WBX for winning the Triple Crown of Hurdling, just missing out when his horse, Punjabi, fell while vying for the lead in the Christmas Hurdle.

Significant racing wins:


title: Reactionary (album)

abstract: Reactionary is the sixth studio album by the band Face to Face. Released in 2000, it was recorded in January 2000. The band ran a promotion with MP3.com where fans could decide which songs ended up on the final version of the album. This was their last release with second guitarist Chad Yaro until Laugh Now, Laugh Later in 2011.

text:
# Reactionary (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Ox-Fanzine* | Favorable |

***Reactionary*** is the sixth studio album by the band Face to Face. Released in 2000, it was recorded in January 2000. The band ran a promotion with MP3.com where fans could decide which songs ended up on the final version of the album. This was their last release with second guitarist Chad Yaro until *Laugh Now, Laugh Later* in 2011.

## Release

*Reactionary* was released in June 2000. The band played shows with Saves the Day, Alkaline Trio, and New Found Glory between late August and early October. In January and February 2001, the band toured the US with H2O and Snapcase. In October 2001, guitarist Chad Yaro had reportedly left the band.

## Track listing

All songs by Keith/Shiflett except where noted.

1. "Disappointed" – 2:48
2. "Out of Focus" – 3:32
3. "What's in a Name" – 3:05
4. "You Could've Had Everything" (Keith) – 2:15
5. "Hollow" – 3:23
6. "Think for Yourself" (Keith) – 2:43
7. "Just Like You Said" – 3:06
8. "Solitaire" – 3:05
9. "Best Defense" (Keith, Parada) – 3:47
10. "Icons" – 3:18
11. "Shame on Me" – 3:13
12. "Estranged" (Keith) – 2:52
13. "Nullification" (Japanese Bonus Track)
14. "Talk Talk" (Japanese Bonus Track)

## Personnel

* Trever Keith – guitar, vocals, producer
* Chad Yaro – guitar, background vocals
* Scott Shiflett – bass guitar, background vocals, producer
* Pete Parada – drums

### Additional personnel

* Chad Blinman – producer, engineer, mixing
* Dale Lawton – assistant engineer
* Ramon Breton – mastering
* Chapman Baehler – photography
* Scott Ritcher – design

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 16 |

## InfoBox

| Reactionary | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Face to Face | |
| Released | June 6, 2000 |
| Recorded | January 2000 |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 37:07 |
| Label | Vagrant |
| Producer | Trever Keith, Scott Shiflett, Chad Blinman |
| Face to Face chronology | |
| *Ignorance Is Bliss*
(1999) ***Reactionary***
(2000) *How to Ruin Everything*
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Reactionary* | |
| 1. "Disappointed"
Released: 2000 | |
|  | |