title: Three at Wolfe's Door

abstract:
Three at Wolfe's Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe mystery novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. The book comprises three stories, one of them published previously:
  - "Poison à la Carte"
  - "Method Three for Murder"
  - "The Rodeo Murder"

text:
# Three at Wolfe's Door

***Three at Wolfe's Door*** is a collection of Nero Wolfe mystery novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. The book comprises three stories, one of them published previously:

## Publication history

In his limited-edition pamphlet, *Collecting Mystery Fiction #10, Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe Part II*, Otto Penzler describes the first edition of *Three at Wolfe's Door*: "Orange cloth, front cover and spine printed with dark brown. Issued in a mainly green-brown dust wrapper." In April 2006, *Firsts: The Book Collector's Magazine* estimated that the first edition of *Three at Wolfe's Door* had a value of between $200 and $350. The estimate is for a copy in very good to fine condition in a like dustjacket. The far less valuable Viking book club edition may be distinguished from the first edition in three ways: * The dust jacket has "Book Club Edition" printed on the inside front flap, and the price is absent (first editions may be price clipped if they were given as gifts).
* Book club editions are sometimes thinner and always taller (usually a quarter of an inch) than first editions.
* Book club editions are bound in cardboard, and first editions are bound in cloth (or have at least a cloth spine).
* 1961, London: Collins Crime Club, January 20, 1961, hardcover
* 1961, New York: Bantam #A-2276, August 1961
* 1995, New York: Bantam Crime Line ISBN 0-553-23803-5 September 1995, paperback, Rex Stout Library edition with introduction by Margaret Maron
* 1997, Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape, Inc. ISBN 0-7366-4060-6 October 31, 1997, audio cassette (unabridged, read by Michael Prichard)
* 2010, New York: Bantam Crimeline ISBN 978-0-307-75622-0 June 9, 2010, e-book

## InfoBox

Three at Wolfe's Door
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Rex Stout |
| Cover artist | Bill English |
| Language | English |
| Series | Nero Wolfe |
| Genre | Detective fiction |
| Publisher | Viking Press |
| Publication date | April 29, 1960 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 186 pp. (first edition) |
| OCLC | 1389148 |
| Preceded by | *Plot It Yourself* |
| Followed by | *Too Many Clients* |


title: Middle Ground (The Wire)

abstract: "Middle Ground" is the 11th episode of the third season of the HBO original series The Wire. The episode was written by George Pelecanos from a story by David Simon & George Pelecanos and was directed by Joe Chappelle. It originally aired on December 12, 2004. The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.

text:
# Middle Ground (The Wire)

"**Middle Ground**" is the 11th episode of the third season of the HBO original series *The Wire*. The episode was written by George Pelecanos from a story by David Simon & George Pelecanos and was directed by Joe Chappelle. It originally aired on December 12, 2004. The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.

## Plot

On his way home, Omar is surprised by Brother Mouzone. During a tense standoff, Mouzone assures Omar that Dante is still alive and did not give him up easily. Eventually, Mouzone puts down his weapon and tells Omar that he has something to ask him. At the Baltimore Police, Rawls recommends sidestepping major political fallout from Hamsterdam by shutting it down immediately. However, Mayor Royce  who is deliberating what to do with his staff  is reluctant to authorize a police crackdown on the free zones. Burrell, believing that Royce is planning to scapegoat the police for the fiasco, decides to spin the story in the department's favor and contacts Carcetti.

Royce is told by Demper and health officials that keeping Hamsterdam open would serve the common good from a law enforcement and public health standpoint. However, Parker and Watkins argue for the zones to be shut down, with Watkins warning the mayor that he will lose support of the ministers and city hall  and be subject to action from both the state government and the Justice Department  as soon as Hamsterdam is publicized. However, with a 14% decrease in felonies district-wide, Royce believes he can spin the Hamsterdam situation to his advantage. Burrell meets with Carcetti and tells him all about Hamsterdam, blaming Royce for the intense pressure they have been putting on the department to reduce crime. He asks Carcetti to give the story to Gray, as he hopes to endear himself to the next mayor now that he is burning his bridges with Royce.

D'Agostino suggests that Carcetti talk to Colvin to get his side of the story. After Carcetti tracks him at home, Colvin gives Carcetti a tour of the Western, showing him the positive impact his efforts have made  empty drug corners and real police work being done for the community. Colvin takes Carcetti to a neighborhood council meeting where residents credit Hamsterdam with making the district safer. Finally, Colvin tours Hamsterdam itself, explaining that he wanted to try something different for dealing with the drug problem. Carcetti sees open drug dealing and is told by Colvin that it's best if he explores the area on his own, assuring him that the area is safe and offering to wait in the car for him to return. As Carcetti walks through the area, we see only his horrified and dismayed face.

Bell meets with Levy to discuss the lack of progress he sees in his development work despite paying Senator Davis. Levy tells Stringer that Davis is a "gonif," the Yiddish word for "thief," with a reputation for pocketing bribes for himself. Bell angrily seeks out Avon, only for Slim Charles's new soldiers keep him from his partner. Bell demands that Slim Charles kill Davis, not knowing that Avon is listening to the conversation. Avon then enters the room and mocks the fact that Stringer wants to hit a state senator. Avon says that killing a "downtown" man like Davis would incur the wrath of the state police and federal government and would require a "Day of the Jackal"-type assassination in order to pull it off. Avon says that if Stringer has lost money then he should handle it like a businessman rather than like a gangster, and that the financial losses are Stringer's responsibility, not the organization's.

Stringer calls and arranges a meeting with Colvin. He offers Colvin more information about Avon. Stringer claims that Avon is like his brother but he cannot let him continue his war with Marlo Stanfield. Stringer tells Colvin that he came to him because of his reputation as the man who created Hamsterdam. He tells Colvin about Avon's wartime safehouse and gives him the address. Colvin asks about his motives and Stringer insists that his actions are purely business-driven. To little avail, he implores Colvin to guarantee that any police strike against Avon results in charges light enough to ensure that Avon does fewer than five years in prison. Meanwhile, Avon is in a barbershop getting a haircut. Brother Mouzone visits him and tells him that he has learned through Omar that Stringer set him up. Avon offers to pay for Stringer's actions with money. Brother Mouzone tells Avon that money will not settle the debt and that Avon must give up Stringer in order to maintain his word and reputation and, thus, continue dealing with New York. Avon is forced to give up Stringer to appease Mouzone and maintain his business contact.

Avon and Stringer meet for a late-night drink. Stringer apologizes for not dealing with Marlo Stanfield sooner. Avon is nostalgic about the shoplifting days of their youth, retelling a story of Stringer's failed heist of a badminton set. The story is illuminating to their current situation, as Stringer is driven to play what Avon calls "away games" and leave his gangster past behind. Avon asks Stringer to dream with him and Stringer tells him they don't need to dream because they own so much now, including real estate, that is legal. Stringer tells Avon that he can't drink too much since he is visiting the development site the following day. Avon asks what time Stringer plans to meet with the property developer (so that he can tell Mouzone where to find him). Stringer responds awkwardly, and the two men exchange more conversation before sharing an embrace. The implication is that each knows that he has been betrayed by the other.

### Western district

In Hamsterdam, Bubbles continues to make his living supplying young dealers with T-shirts from a shopping cart. A young homeless boy questions Bubbles about his income and then suggests that he try selling hoodies now that the season is changing. Meanwhile, Bubbles's protégé Johnny is "schooled" by another fellow user in Hamsterdam not to use so much heroin that he "falls out," meaning to take a fatal dose, and he notices out the window that Bubbles is now working with the homeless boy.

Dennis "Cutty" Wise has built a small following for his community boxing gym, including some drug dealers, Justin and Spider. The children using the facility mock the equipment because it is in a state of disrepair. Seeking funds for the gym, Cutty visits Bodie Broadus and asks him to arrange a meeting with Avon. Cutty explains that he didn't feel right approaching Avon directly because of the way he left things with him.

Avon meets with Cutty at his base of operations. Cutty gives him a sales pitch and talks about Avon's boxing past before Avon eventually tires of his efforts. He asks how much money he needs, to which Cutty hesitantly states $10,000. Avon and Slim Charles erupt in laughter and then give him five thousand extra, much to the surprise of Cutty, before telling him to take care of his young charges. With the new equipment in place, Cutty's boxers are eager to spar, and he offers to organize a match with another gym. At the sparring match Cutty's boxers are bested by much smaller boxers, but Cutty gives them respect for lasting through each round. In particular he congratulates Justin for his attitude and heart.

### Major case unit

Lieutenant Cedric Daniels updates the investigative board with a photo of Barksdale lieutenant Shamrock. Jimmy McNulty, Lester Freamon and Caroline Massey monitor their wiretapped burners. They record a call between Shamrock and Bodie Broadus \- Bodie asks for a face to face meeting with "the man", who they assume is Stringer Bell. However, there is no phone call from Shamrock's phone to Stringer to arrange the meeting. Freamon and McNulty later explain to ASA Rhonda Pearlman that Stringer has isolated himself from the rest of the phone network by only talking to Shamrock and providing Shamrock with a separate phone for their communications. Freamon suggests that they can have everyone in the Barksdale organization from Shamrock down on a conspiracy charge with a week of monitoring these wiretaps, but to collect evidence against Bell and Barksdale they need to pluck cellphone numbers out of the air. This comment prompts McNulty to leave.

McNulty arranges a meeting with Fitz to discuss the possibility of doing exactly what Freamon suggested. McNulty asks Fitz about equipment that picks up numbers dialed on cellular phones nearby. Fitz tells McNulty that the equipment he needs is already available to city police because of a Homeland Security grant. McNulty retrieves the machine from the police department basement. McNulty and Freamon set up the machine in a vacant apartment opposite Stringer's photocopying business. They record all cell phone numbers using the nearby tower for signal. They narrow the field back at the detail office by tying specific times that Stringer would be on the phone to their data by monitoring calls to Shamrock.

While the unit is monitoring him, Stringer gets a call requesting a meeting. He changes the SIM card in his cell phone so that he can call back on another number. Shamrock then calls Bodie to tell him a meeting has been arranged. This gives the unit their baseline set of call data. Next Stringer uses his business number to call Colvin on his cell phone and Lester notes the call. He checks with McNulty, who recommends they wait and see what the connection gives them.

Shortly afterwards Freamon pins down Stringer's cell phone number. Both McNulty and Freamon are worried that the cell phone may not last long and they simultaneously contact Daniels and Pearlman. Daniels calls in a favor from Fitz to get the wiretap organized by the end of the day, cutting through potential delays from the wireless companies. Phelan signs the wiretap affidavit and recognizes Bell's name from the previous investigation. Phelan still faces animosity from McNulty and tells him to let it go for his own sake. Fitz delivers on his promise by falsely telling the bureau that Bell's given name is "Ahmed", a name the bureau associates with its counter-terrorism priorities.

Officer Massey gives McNulty a message from D'Agostino. McNulty meets D'Agostino for dinner. She claims she is there to renew their relationship and then quickly begins to probe him for information about Hamsterdam and Colvin. He sees through her feigned interest in him and walks out of the dinner. She might have also been using McNulty for information about the case to give to Carcetti.

The next day the unit records Stringer talking to Shamrock. Shamrock mentions contract killers on the phone, so although Stringer notices his mistake, the unit has the evidence it has worked hard for. The line spoken by Shamrock, "Oh, and that other thing, them two hitters you asked after, they good with it" harks back to Slim Charles' earlier refusal to assassinate Clay Davis, and reveals that Stringer still intended to kill the senator.

### Stringer

When Stringer arrives at the development site, Omar and Brother Mouzone are waiting for him. Omar bursts into his meeting with Andy Krawczyk and kills Stringer's bodyguard. Stringer tries to run, fleeing up the staircase where he finds Mouzone waiting. Krawczyk cowers away from Omar, who leaves him and calmly pursues Bell up the stairs. Bell is trapped between Omar and Mouzone with no escape route. He tells them that he is now clean and tries to convince them that he is worth more to them alive than dead. Omar informs Stringer that Avon gave him up because of his duplicity. Stringer admits there is nothing he can say to stop them from killing him, at which point Omar displays a slight look of hesitation, savoring the moment. Stringer then orders them to get on with it, at which point first Mouzone and then Omar both open fire, shooting him repeatedly in the chest. After a moment of silence, the two calmly withdraw from the room without a word, as Stringer's body lies splayed on the floor. Outside the window on the building opposite is a sign for Stringer's B&B Enterprises.

## Production

### Title reference

Mayor Royce says that they need to find a "middle ground" as a way to keep Hamsterdam alive while avoiding political suicide. The title also refers to the compromise made between Omar and Brother Mouzone to pursue their common goal, and alludes to the meeting between Stringer Bell and Colvin.

### Epigraph

> We ain't gotta dream no more, man.
>
> Stringer Bell

The phrase is said to Avon Barksdale in regard to how much they have accomplished in their endeavors, suggesting that the pair do not have to dream about success anymore because they have all the money and the power they need.

### Credits

#### Starring cast

Although credited, Wendell Pierce, Jim True-Frost, Seth Gilliam, and Domenick Lombardozzi do not appear in this episode.

#### Guest stars

1. Glynn Turman as Mayor Clarence Royce
2. Peter Gerety as Judge Daniel Phelan
3. Chad L. Coleman as Dennis "Cutty" Wise
4. Anwan Glover as Slim Charles
5. Brandy Burre as Theresa D'Agostino
6. Leo Fitzpatrick as Johnny Weeks
7. Michael Potts as Brother Mouzone
8. Justin Burley as Justin
9. Robert F. Chew as Proposition Joe
10. Michael Kostroff as Maurice Levy
11. Cleo Reginald Pizana as Chief of Staff Coleman Parker
12. Kurt L. Schmoke as Health Commissioner
13. Frederick Strother as State Delegate Odell Watkins
14. William Zielinski as Gene - public health academic
15. R. Emery Bright as Community Relations Sergeant
16. Tony A. Head as Major Reed
17. Kay Lawal as Community Centre Meeting Woman
18. Doug Olear as Special Agent Terrence "Fitz" Fitzhugh
19. Michael Willis as Andy Krawczyk
20. Derren M. Fuentes as Lieutenant Torret
21. Edward Green as Spider
22. Joilet F. Harris as Officer Caroline Massey
23. Dennis Lehane as Officer Sullivan
24. Dameion Leslie as Unknown

#### Uncredited appearances

### First appearances

This episode marks the first appearance of Kurt L. Schmoke as Baltimore Health Commissioner. Schmoke is a real-life former mayor of Baltimore and has strong views against the drug war and in favor of drug decriminalization. He acts as an advisor to the fictional mayor after Major Colvin has legalized drugs in a portion of the city, and his character's feelings mirror his own politics.

## Reception

### Critical response

The episode received unanimous praise from television critics and is considered by many to be the best episode in the entire series. The Futon Critic named it the ninth best episode of 2004, commenting that the show is not shy about killing off characters, but was still surprised about Stringer Bell's death. George Pelecanos, who co-wrote the episode with David Simon, described "Middle Ground" as "the best thing I'll ever have my name on."

### Awards and nominations

"Middle Ground" received the show's first Emmy nomination, for writers David Simon and George Pelecanos in the category Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series. Following the show's nomination, *Variety* printed an article with an anonymous member of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences explaining why they thought the show was not recognized in more categories. They postulated that the show's complex narrative made it impenetrable to first time viewers, that the location meant that the cast and crew were "out of sight, out of mind" to voters, and the majority California based voters have little connection to the drug markets of Baltimore. Tim Goodman of the *San Francisco Chronicle* has cited the lack of Emmy recognition for the show as "an egregious oversight." *Salon* has written that the show is typical of the crime dramas that the Emmy awards have recognized in the past and called the lack of recognition "a sad case." David Simon suggested the lack of recognition was due to the show's small audience; however, *Salon* refuted this and postulated that one of the major factors in winning an Emmy is having a recognizable producer who draws blocs of votes from his contacts in the industry - something *The Wire* lacks.

## InfoBox

| "**Middle Ground**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Wire* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3
Episode 11 |
| Directed by | Joe Chappelle |
| Story by | David Simon
George Pelecanos |
| Teleplay by | George Pelecanos |
| Original air date | December 12, 2004 (2004-12-12) |
| Running time | 58 minutes |
|
|


title: Ohsugi Dam

abstract: (Japanese: 大杉ダム) Ohsugi Dam is an earthfill dam located in Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 2.3 km⁲. The dam impounds about 8 ha of land when full and can store 877 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1974.

text:
# Ohsugi Dam

**Ohsugi Dam** (Japanese: 大杉ダム) is an earthfill dam located in Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 2.3 km2. The dam impounds about 8 ha of land when full and can store 877 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1974.

## InfoBox

| Ohsugi Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Ohsugi Dam in Japan | |
| Official name | 大杉ダム |
| Location | Hyogo Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°14′38″N 135°6′07″E / 35.24389°N 135.10194°E / 35.24389; 135.10194 |
| Opening date | 1974 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 40m |
| Length | 195.8m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 877 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 2.3 sq. km |
| Surface area | 8 hectares |


title: The Evenings

abstract: The Evenings: A Winter's Tale is the debut novel of the Dutch author Gerard Reve. It was released in November 1947 under the pseudonym "Simon van het Reve". The novel describes ten evenings out of the life of the 23-year-old office clerk Frits van Egters living in Amsterdam. It is partitioned into ten chapters, of which each describes an evening between 22 and 31 December 1946. The novel was written very shortly after World War II. Though the war itself is hardly mentioned, the story gives, by describing an individual's experiences, a detailed description of contemporary post-war society which was marked by fear, boredom and loneliness.

text:
# The Evenings

***The Evenings: A Winter's Tale*** (Dutch: *De avonden: Een winterverhaal*) is the debut novel of the Dutch author Gerard Reve. It was released in November 1947 under the pseudonym "Simon van het Reve".

The novel describes ten evenings out of the life of the 23-year-old office clerk Frits van Egters living in Amsterdam. It is partitioned into ten chapters, of which each describes an evening between 22 and 31 December 1946. The novel was written very shortly after World War II. Though the war itself is hardly mentioned, the story gives, by describing an individual's experiences, a detailed description of contemporary post-war society which was marked by fear, boredom and loneliness.

## Reception and accolades

Upon its original release, the book shocked the critics and received mixed reviews. Godfried Bomans in *Elsevier* magazine described the novel as "grim, cynical and totally negative". Simon Vestdijk, on the other hand, praised the novel's grotesque humour.

In the 1950s, the novel remained popular in the Netherlands, especially among adolescents who easily identified with the main character. In a 2002 poll, members of the Society for Dutch Literature ranked *De avonden* first among works since 1900 in the Dutch canon. In 2007, *De avonden* was named as one of the Top 10 Dutch language novels of all time by readers of the newspaper *NRC Handelsblad*.

## International release

The book was released as *Die Abende* in Germany in 1987, *Les soirs* in France in 1989, *Az esték* in Hungary in 1999, *Večery* in Slovakia and *Kvällarna* in Sweden in 2008, and *Las noches* in Spain in 2011. The novel was translated into English only in 2016, by Sam Garrett.

## Adaptations

* In 1989, a film adaptation of the book was released, directed by Rudolf van den Berg.
* In November 1991, Dutch radio VPRO broadcast a 10-hour reading of the novel by Gerard Reve. The program has been subsequently released on CDs as an audiobook.
* The book has been adapted into a play by Joachim von Burchard in Germany in 1993, and Léon van der Sanden in 1996 and 2010.
* The novel was also adapted into a comic story by Dick Matena, first published in newspaper *Het Parool* in 2001, and then released as a series of books in 2003 and 2004. Matena has won the Bronzen Adhemar prize for his adaptation.

## InfoBox

The Evenings
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Gerard Reve (Simon van het Reve) |
| Original title | *De avonden* |
| Language | Dutch |
| Set in | Amsterdam, 22–31 December 1946 |
| Publisher | De Bezige Bij |
| Publication date | November 1947 |
| Publication place | Netherlands |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 978-90-234-5573-8 |
| OCLC | 35952069 |
| Dewey Decimal | 839.3 |
| LC Class | PT5881.28.E9 A95 1972 |


title: Ilarja Zarka

abstract: Ilarja Zarka is an Albanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vllaznia and the Albania national team.

text:
# Ilarja Zarka

**Ilarja Zarka** (born 1 October 2001) is an Albanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vllaznia and the Albania national team.

## International career

Zarka made her debut for the national team on 9 April 2021, coming on as a substitute for Arbenita Curraj against Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## InfoBox

Ilarja Zarka
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2001-10-01) 1 October 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Fier, Albania | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Vllaznia | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018– | Vllaznia |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2021– | Albania | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11:22, 18 February 2023 (UTC) | | | |


title: Tomma

abstract: Tomma is an island in Nesna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 47.3-square-kilometre (18.3 sq mi) island sits to the west of the islands of Handnesøya and Hugla. The island is at the southern entrance to the Sjona fjord. The main settlement on this island is the village of Husby, where the old Husby Estate and the Husby Chapel are located.

text:
# Tomma

**Tomma** is an island in Nesna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 47.3-square-kilometre (18.3 sq mi) island sits to the west of the islands of Handnesøya and Hugla. The island is at the southern entrance to the Sjona fjord. The main settlement on this island is the village of Husby, where the old Husby Estate and the Husby Chapel are located.

## Name

The Old Norse form of the name was *Þǫmb*. This name is probably identical with the word *þǫmb* which means "paunch" or "belly". (It is common in Norway to compare topographic elements with parts of the human body.)

## InfoBox

Tomma
| View of Tomma seen from the east | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Nordland, Norway |
| Coordinates | 66°14′47″N 12°42′57″E / 66.2465°N 12.7157°E / 66.2465; 12.7157 |
| Area | 47.3 km2 (18.3 sq mi) |
| Length | 10 km (6 mi) |
| Width | 9 km (5.6 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 922 m (3025 ft) |
| Highest point | Tomskjevelen |
| Administration | |
| **Norway** | |
| County | Nordland |
| Municipality | Nesna Municipality |


title: Frank Case

abstract: Frank Case was an American hotelier and author. He owned and managed the Algonquin Hotel during the heyday of the Algonquin Round Table and wrote a number of books about his experiences with the hotel and the Round Tablers. Case worked at the Algonquin from the time it opened in 1902. It was Case who came up with the hotel's name. The original owner had wanted to call it "The Puritan." In 1907 Case took over the lease and became manager, eventually buying the hotel in 1927 for $1,000,000. He remained owner and manager of the Algonquin until his death in 1946.

text:
# Frank Case

**Frank Case** (November 7, 1872 – June 7, 1946) was an American hotelier and author. He owned and managed the Algonquin Hotel during the heyday of the Algonquin Round Table and wrote a number of books about his experiences with the hotel and the Round Tablers.

Case worked at the Algonquin from the time it opened in 1902. It was Case who came up with the hotel's name. The original owner had wanted to call it "The Puritan." In 1907 Case took over the lease and became manager, eventually buying the hotel in 1927 for $1,000,000. He remained owner and manager of the Algonquin until his death in 1946.

## Personal life

Born in Buffalo, New York, on November 7, 1872, Frank Case worked as an usher at a vaudeville theater as a teen. In 1896, he started his hotel career as a night clerk at the Genesee Hotel in Buffalo. In a live appearance on the Royal Gelatine Hour radio show on June 17, 1937, Case told Rudy Valee that he learned his hotelier skills at the Genesee Hotel. There, he had to stay up all night by roaming the hotel on roller skates. Later, he managed Taylor's Hotel in Jersey City, New Jersey for three years. In 1902, at age 31, he was hired by Albert Foster to work at the new hotel at 59 W. 44th Street in Manhattan. Although Foster owned the hotel, Case embraced it as his own. He persuaded his boss to change the name of the hotel, from the "Puritan" to the "Algonquin." Twenty-five years later, he bought the business.

In June 1916, Mr. Case married Mrs Bertha Louise Grahling, née Walden. His best man was Douglas Fairbanks Sr, a lifelong friend. Bertha was a charming, gracious, outstanding hostess, who fully participated in hotel operations. The Algonquin became a hub for both theater people and journalists, whose offices were nearby. In 1918, Vanity Fair magazine was four doors down. VF writers Robert E. Sherwood, Robert Benchley, and Dorothy Parker began lunching at the Algonquin. When the press reported that theater critic, Alexander Woollcott, was roasted at the Algonquin, customers increased. Mr. Case had a passion for the Arts, and encouraged, cultivated, and catered to the growing literary and artistic celebrities. Those attending these luncheons included Heywood Broun, Harold Ross, Edna Ferber, George S. Kaufman, Harpo Marx, and Franklin P. Adams (F.P.A.) among many others. Mr. Case moved this lively group to a round table in the center of the Rose room. Thus, began the Algonquin Round Table. He served them free hors d'oeuvres, provided a room for poker games, and space for journalists to hammer out stories. In 1925, Round tabler Harold Ross founded the New Yorker magazine. Case began the tradition of giving each hotel guest a free copy of The New Yorker. Frank Case died June 7, 1946, in Manhattan, New York, and is buried in New York City's Woodlawn Cemetery.

Case was married twice. His first wife, Caroline Eckert Case, died in 1908 giving birth to the couple's second child, a boy named Carroll. Nine years following Caroline's death, Case married a woman he referred to as "Hebe" in his books. Case's elder child was the author Margaret Case Harriman, who among other books wrote a memoir of the Algonquin Round Table entitled *The Vicious Circle*. His son Carroll married actress Josephine Dunn, with whom he would remain until his death in 1978.

## Bibliography

* *Tales of a Wayward Inn* – a memoir published in 1938. Includes a chapter on the Round Table.
* *Do Not Disturb* – a second memoir published in 1940.
* *Feeding the Lions* – a 1942 cookbook that included comments from famed Algonquinites on their favorite dishes. In 2005 the hotel integrated updated versions of recipes from the book into the menu.

## InfoBox

| Frank Case | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Frank Case in 1933 | |
| Born | November 7, 1872 |
| Died | June 7, 1946 (age 73) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Hotelier |
| Known for | Owning and managing the Algonquin Hotel |


title: Mungy Branch

abstract: Mungy Branch is a stream in northwestern Phelps and northeastern Pulaski counties in the Ozarks of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Duncan Creek. The stream headwaters arise in extreme eastern Pulaski County just east of Missouri Route MM about 3.5 miles east of Dixon. The stream flows east to its confluence with Duncan Creek in Phelps County about one-half mile above that stream's confluence with the Gasconade River. Mungy Branch has the name of the local Mungy family.

text:
# Mungy Branch

**Mungy Branch** is a stream in northwestern Phelps and northeastern Pulaski counties in the Ozarks of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Duncan Creek.

The stream headwaters arise in extreme eastern Pulaski County just east of Missouri Route MM about 3.5 miles east of Dixon (at 37°59′03″N 92°01′31″W / 37.98417°N 92.02528°W / 37.98417; -92.02528). The stream flows east to its confluence with Duncan Creek in Phelps County (at 37°59′24″N 91°58′43″W / 37.99000°N 91.97861°W / 37.99000; -91.97861) about one-half mile above that stream's confluence with the Gasconade River.

Mungy Branch has the name of the local Mungy family.


title: OMG (album)

abstract: O.M.G.! is the debut studio album of British dubstep musician Rusko. It was released 3 May 2010 in the UK and 4 May in the US. The album contains the singles "Woo Boost" and "Hold On". The song "Woo Boost" was featured on the soundtrack of the commercially successful 2011 video game Saints Row: The Third.

text:
# OMG (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *NME* | 5/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.7/10 |

***O.M.G.!*** is the debut studio album of British dubstep musician Rusko. It was released 3 May 2010 in the UK and 4 May in the US. The album contains the singles "Woo Boost" and "Hold On".

The song "Woo Boost" was featured on the soundtrack of the commercially successful 2011 video game *Saints Row: The Third*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Woo Boost" | 4:09 |
| 2. | "Hold On (featuring Amber Coffman of Dirty Projectors)" | 4:34 |
| 3. | "Rubadub Shakedown (featuring Rod Azlan)" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Dial My Number" | 5:08 |
| 5. | "I Love You" | 3:04 |
| 6. | "Kumon Kumon" | 3:26 |
| 7. | "Scareware (featuring Redlight)" | 4:43 |
| 8. | "Raver’s Special" | 4:37 |
| 9. | "Feels So Real (featuring Ben Westbeech)" | 4:37 |
| 10. | "You’re On My Mind Baby" | 4:02 |
| 11. | "Got Da Groove (featuring Gucci Mane)" | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Oy (featuring Crookers)" | 3:57 |
| 13. | "My Mouth" | 4:25 |
| 14. | "District Line" | 4:34 |
| Total length: | | 57:00 |

## InfoBox

| O.M.G.! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rusko | |
| Released | 4 May 2010 |
| Length | 57:00 |
| Label | Mad Decent |
| Producer | Chris Mercer |


title: Strzałki, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Strzałki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Burzenin, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Burzenin, 16 km (10 mi) south of Sieradz, and 60 km (37 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Strzałki, Łódź Voivodeship

**Strzałki** \[ˈstʂau̯ki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Burzenin, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Burzenin, 16 km (10 mi) south of Sieradz, and 60 km (37 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Strzałki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Strzałki | |
| Coordinates: 51°27′32″N 18°47′3″E / 51.45889°N 18.78417°E / 51.45889; 18.78417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Sieradz |
| Gmina | Burzenin |
| Population | 326 |


title: M.E.S. College, Nedumkandam

abstract: M.E.S. College, Nedumkandam, is a general degree college located in Nedumkandam, Idukki district, Kerala. It was established in the year 1982. The college is affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

text:
# M.E.S. College, Nedumkandam

**M.E.S. College, Nedumkandam**, is a general degree college located in Nedumkandam, Idukki district, Kerala. It was established in the year 1982. The college is affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

## Departments

### Science

* Physics
* Chemistry
* Mathematics
* Computer Science

### Arts and commerce

* Malayalam
* English
* History
* Political Science
* Economics
* Physical Education
* Commerce

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

## InfoBox

M.E.S. College, Nedumkandam
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1982 |
| Location | Nedumkandam, Idukki district, Kerala, India<br>9°48′35″N 77°08′23″E / 9.8096°N 77.1396°E / 9.8096; 77.1396 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Mahatma Gandhi University |
| Website | http://www.mesnedumkandam.in |


title: The Evening of the Blue Men

abstract: The Evening of the Blue Men is an album by American jazz saxophonist Jemeel Moondoc with Muntu, which was recorded live in 1979 at NYC's St. Mark's Church and released on his own Muntu label. The album was reissued in 2009 as part of the three-CD box Muntu Recordings on the Lithuanian NoBusiness label. This second Muntu unit, a pianoless quartet consisting of Moondoc, trumpeter Roy Campbell, bassist William Parker and drummer Rashid Bakr, made its first performance in December 1978 at Ali's Alley.

text:
# The Evening of the Blue Men

***The Evening of the Blue Men*** is an album by American jazz saxophonist Jemeel Moondoc with Muntu, which was recorded live in 1979 at NYC's St. Mark's Church and released on his own Muntu label. The album was reissued in 2009 as part of the three-CD box *Muntu Recordings* on the Lithuanian NoBusiness label. This second Muntu unit, a pianoless quartet consisting of Moondoc, trumpeter Roy Campbell, bassist William Parker and drummer Rashid Bakr, made its first performance in December 1978 at Ali's Alley.

## Reception

In a review of the Muntu box for AllAboutJazz, John Sharpe says about the album "Without piano, Moondoc's tone sounds lighter and airier, his Ornette Coleman influence more to the fore. Campbell's fluent, slurred legato blends pleasingly with the reedman's plangent holler."

In a review for Paris Transatlantic, Clifford Allen wrote: "*Blue Men* combines a ringing, sectional quality suggesting Cecil Taylor with a singsong Ornette vibe. Moondoc is... fluid in his exhortations, and though his earlier more ragged style is intriguing, such easy confidence is a gas to hear. As he builds into tortured peals and earthy honks, Campbell swoops in with crackling explosions, joining the incision of Clifford Brown and Donald Ayler to the joviality of Don Cherry. Coupled to the triple-time bombs of Bakr, the accompanying shouts of other band members are understandable... It's a shame that *Evening of the Blue Men* received such limited circulation at the time, for it might otherwise have been judged a modern jazz classic."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Jemeel Moondoc* 1. "The Evening of the Blue Men, Part 3 (Double Expo)" - 21:02
2. "Theme for Diane" - 19:39

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Evening of the Blue Men | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Jemeel Moondoc | |
| Released | 1979 |
| Recorded | March 30, 1979 |
| Venue | St. Mark's Church, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:41 |
| Label | Muntu |
| Jemeel Moondoc chronology | |
| *First Feeding*
(1977) ***The Evening of the Blue Men***
(1979) *New York Live!*
(1981) | |


title: Manson, Manitoba

abstract: Manson is an unincorporated hamlet in Manitoba, Canada. It is located thirteen kilometers north of the Trans-Canada Highway along PTH 41 in the Rural Municipality of Ellice – Archie.

text:
# Manson, Manitoba

**Manson** is an unincorporated hamlet in Manitoba, Canada.

It is located thirteen kilometers north of the Trans-Canada Highway along PTH 41 in the Rural Municipality of Ellice – Archie.

## InfoBox

| Manson | |
| --- | --- |
| MansonLocation of Manson in Manitoba | |
| Coordinates: 50°08′12″N 101°22′06″W / 50.13667°N 101.36833°W / 50.13667; -101.36833 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Region | Westman Region |
| No. 15 | Census Division |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,640 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Postal Code | R0M 1J0 |
| Area code | 204 |
| NTS Map | 062K03 |
| GNBC Code | GAQBL |


abstract: The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 romantic comedy film with a story by Ifor David Monger and Ivor Monger, written and directed by Christopher Monger. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys.

text:
# The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain

***The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain*** is a 1995 romantic comedy film with a story by Ifor David Monger and Ivor Monger, written and directed by Christopher Monger. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys.

## Plot

In 1917, during World War I, two English cartographers, the pompous George Garrad and his junior, Reginald Anson, arrive in the fictional Welsh village of Ffynnon Garw to measure its "mountain", but everyone in town is at church, it being a Sunday. The only exception is Morgan the Goat who manages the local inn and is the only redhead in the village. Most of the men of the town are away at war, and the film implies that the women are visiting the inn and have redheaded children. The cartographers reach the top and do some preliminary measurements and come up with a height of 930 feet, qualifying it as a mere hill. Anson returns and reassures them that they have more accurate measurements to make the next day.

The next day, the entire village mills around the mountain, eagerly anticipating the results. The cartographers announce that the more accurate measurements indicate a height of 984 feet, just 16 feet short of qualifying the "hill" as a mountain at 1,000 feet (305 m). The townsfolk are crestfallen and hold a town hall meeting. Morgan the Goat proposes that they raise the mountain by 20 feet, and the villagers return to the cartographers to persuade them to stay while they build a structure on the mountain, but Anson disagrees and says they have a tight schedule and they will be leaving in the morning. The Reverend Robert Jones, who, after initially opposing the scheme, grasps its symbolism in restoring the community's war-damaged self-esteem, conspires with Morgan to delay the cartographers' departure while they build an earth mound on top of the hill and make it high enough to be considered a mountain.

The next morning, everyone rallies and starts digging earth from their backyards and transporting it to the hill. On the first day, they make a mound that is approximately 14 feet high. Meanwhile, the cartographers' car is sabotaged, with the town mechanic deliberately fumbling around and breaking a part, informing them that a replacement needs to be brought in from Cardiff. When the cartographers try to catch a train from the local station, they are misinformed that the trains only carry coal. Morgan also enlists a local woman, Betty, to entertain the two Englishmen.

At this point, it starts raining and the mud on the hill begins washing off down from 14 to 10 feet. Morgan declares an emergency and asks the mechanic to remove the tarpaulin covering the broken car and take it to the mountain to cover the construction site. The rain continues all night and all day from Thursday to Sunday. On Sunday, Reverend Jones encourages the villagers to finish the work they started. Upon Anson's suggestion, they also cover the mound with sod before the last light. During the works, Reverend Jones collapses and dies from exhaustion and old age, and the mourning villagers bury him on the mountain.

After the burial, the townspeople convince Anson to stay the night at the top of the mountain and measure it at the break of dawn because their train leaves early. Betty, who has gotten close to him, offers to keep him company, and they end up sharing a kiss. When Anson descends from the mountain, he informs the people that the mountain is 1,002 feet high and also announces his engagement to Betty.

Many years later, the mountain has settled down to 997 feet, thus turning back into a hill. The spirit of the Reverend buried on the mountain exhales "a hill" in a groan and all the modern-day townspeople rally with buckets of earth to raise the hill again.

## Cast

## Production

### Writing

In the script there is a joke which is not obvious to non-Welsh speakers. A mechanic is asked about a nondescript broken part he has removed from a car, and replies "Well I don't know the English word, but in Welsh we call it a *be'chi'ngalw.*" In Welsh, *be'chi'ngalw* is a placeholder name, like "whatchamacallit" or "thingamajig" in English. It literally means "what \[do\] you call?", and is a contracted form of "beth dych chi'n galw". The joke is made obvious in the novel published after the film's release.

## Release

The film grossed $11 million in the United States and Canada and $21 million worldwide.

## Reception

In regard to its humorous and affectionate description of the locals, the film has often been compared with *Waking Ned*, a 1998 comedy film written and directed by Kirk Jones. The movie has resulted in a stream of visitors climbing to the summit of The Garth, and the Pentyrch History Society and the local community council have erected a notice on the mountain to explain its real historical significance.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a "Fresh" score of 67% with an average rating of 6.0/10, based on 33 reviews. The consensus states: "With an ample serving of Hugh Grant's trademark charm, a quirky Welsh town comes together to put their town on the map in this feel-good folksy tale."

### Parody

The 2000 *VeggieTales* episode "King George and the Ducky" includes a skit called "The Englishman Who Went Up A Hill (And Came Down With All The Bananas)". It quickly spirals out of control with the addition of "The Swede Who Went Up A Hill (And Came Down With All The Strawberries)".

* English-language accents in film: Welsh
* Foel Penolau, a mountain in Wales that until 2018 had been considered a hill.
* Mynydd Graig Goch, a member of the Moel Hebog group of summits. This is a Snowdonia hill that became a mountain in September 2008 when it was measured by three Welshmen with GPS equipment and found to be 30 inches (76 cm) taller than was thought, thereby exceeding the height required to classify it as a 2,000-foot (610 m) mountain by 6 inches (15 cm).
* Mount Massive in Colorado \- Contention arose over whether Massive or its neighbour, Mount Elbert, which have a height difference of only 12 feet (3.7 m), was the highest Rocky mountain and second highest mountain in the contiguous United States, after Mount Whitney. This led to a dispute which came to a head with the Mount Massive supporters building large piles of stones on the summit to boost its height, only to have the Mount Elbert proponents demolish them.

1. "Planet Hollywood". *Screen International*. 30 August 1996. pp. 14–15.
2. "19th Moscow International Film Festival (1995)". *MIFF*. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
3. "The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain". *Festival de Cannes*. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
4. "Did Ewe Know?". *ewegottalove wales*. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
5. *Geiriadur yr Academi / The Welsh Academy English-Welsh Dictionary*, University of Wales Press, p. 1661.
6. "A book was written about 'Ffynnon Garw' which was made into a film 'The Englishman who went up a hill and came down a mountain'. The location of Ffynnon Garw rather implies it is The Garth. This story is a good one but fictional. To set the record straight the Pentyrch History Society and Community Council have put up an information notice near the summit." pentyrch.com
7. "The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came Down a Mountain". *Rotten Tomatoes*. Fandango Media. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
8. "Survey turns hill into a mountain". *BBC News*. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
9. Wainwright, Martin (19 September 2008). "The Welshmen who went up a hill, but came down a mountain". *The Guardian*. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
10. Stewart Green, Fast Facts About Mount Elbert
11. Ken JENNINGS, Why the Tallest Mountains in the U.S. Are Almost the Same Height

## InfoBox

| The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Christopher Monger |
| Written by | Ifor David Monger
Ivor Monger
Christopher Monger |
| Produced by | Bob Weinstein
Harvey Weinstein
Sarah Curtis
Sally Hibbin
Robert Jones
Scott Maitland
Paul Sarony |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Vernon Layton |
| Edited by | David Martin |
| Music by | Stephen Endelman
Gwalia Male Choir |
| Production
companies | Miramax Films
Parallax Pictures |
| Distributed by | Miramax Films |
| Release dates | * 12 May 1995 (1995-05-12) (US) * 4 August 1995 (1995-08-04) (UK) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Countries | United Kingdom
United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $21 million |


title: Manatawny Still Works

abstract: Manatawny Still Works is a maker of American whiskey, rum, and gin. It is produced in Pottstown, Pennsylvania along the bank of the Manatawny Creek.

text:
# Manatawny Still Works

**Manatawny Still Works** (or **MSW** for short) is a maker of American whiskey, rum, and gin. It is produced in Pottstown, Pennsylvania along the bank of the Manatawny Creek.

## Production process

The Wash (distilling) for Manatawny is produced through a working relationship with Sly Fox Brewery, and is distilled in Italian copper stills from Barison Industry. After the distilling and filtering, the whiskey is stored in new oak barrels, which help to give aged products their signature flavor and color. Various methods are used to impart additional flavors to the product such as Small Batch Whiskey #16 which featured Rival Bros' Whistle and Cuss cold-brewed coffee and Small Batch Whiskey #14 which featured Swarmbustin' Honey's honey. Variations in barrel can also alter the flavor profile as with a limited-edition of the Hidden River Gin that was aged in tequila barrels and released in September 2017 and Small Batch Whiskey #13 which was finished in used port wine barrels.

### Master distiller

Max Pfeffer, former lead brewer at Sly Fox Brewing Company, became Manatawny's master distiller in 2013. He is the first in the distillery's history and comes with a chemical engineering degree from Penn State and Master Brewer credential from UC Davis. In addition to having worked with Sly Fox, he also spent time brewing at Victory Brewing Company. The distiller's dog, Piper, is the namesake for the charitable organization founded by the distillery known as The Piper Project, which supports animal rescue organizations.

## Distillery

The Manatawny Still Works in Pottstown is situated along the Manatawny Creek. The names of the unaged rum and whiskey pay homage to local colonial Americans and ironworkers. The distillery is a tourist attraction, offering a full service cocktail bar, tours of the facility, and hosting food trucks and live music. Satellite tasting rooms and bottle shops operate in South Philadelphia at 1603 E Passyunk Avenue, Suburban Station Philadelphia at 1617 John F Kennedy Boulevard, and the Reading Terminal Market at 51 N 12th Street. A retail only location can be found in the lobby of One Penn Center in Center City Philadelphia.

### Labels

* *Hidden River Barrel Rested Gin*: Amber color gin (94 proof/47% ABV).
* *J. Potts Whiskey*: Unaged whiskey (94 proof/47% ABV).
* *Keystone Whiskey*: Aged, four-grain, blended (90 proof/45% ABV).
* *Odd Fellows No.214*: Unaged gin (94 proof/47% ABV).
* *Small Batch Rum*: Aged light rum, numbered limited release within each batch (94 proof/47% ABV).
* *Small Batch Whiskey*: Unique blend, barrel aged, numbered limited release. Each Batch is distinctly numbered, starting with 01 released Dec 5,2014 (94 proof/47% ABV). As of April 2018, the most recent batch release was batch 16 in February 2018.
* *T. Rutter Rum*: Unaged rum (80 proof/40% ABV).
* *Swarmbustin' Honey*: A seasonal release of a recreation of small batch whiskey Batch 14 (84 proof/42% ABV).
* *Maple Whiskey*: A seasonal release of whiskey aged in barrels that and then flavored with maple syrup from Pennsylvania's Whiskey Hollow (84 proof/42% ABV).
* *Pennsylvania Whiskey*: This is Manatawny's "better whiskey. "Aged a minimum of two years, it is blended from select barrels of four grain whiskey (94 proof/47% ABV).
* *Bottled in Bond*: Four-year aged whiskey. Named after the 1897 Bottled in Bond Act (100 proof/50% ABV).

## Cocktails

* Manatawny Small Batch Whiskey is the alcoholic component of **"Stein"**, a cocktail offered at The Brewer's Art in Baltimore.
* Manatawny Small Batch Whiskey is the alcoholic component of **"Manatawny Smash"**, a cocktail offered at the Mt. Washington Tavern in Baltimore.
* Manatawny Small Batch Whiskey is the alcoholic component of **"Old Plow Mule"**, a cocktail offered at Grill at Harryman House in Reisterstown, Maryland.

## Locations and distribution

As of June 1, 2016, Manatawny products can be purchased through distributors in Washington D.C., Delaware, Maryland, Montana, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. As of April 1, 2017, New York had been added to the distribution network.

In addition to the distillery in Pottstown, PA, they also operate a bottle shop and tasting room in Philadelphia, PA adjacent to the "Singing Fountain" on Passyunk Ave and at One Penn Center in Center City Philadelphia, PA.

## Further reading

40°15′55″N 75°40′4″W / 40.26528°N 75.66778°W / 40.26528; -75.66778

## InfoBox

Manatawny Still Works
|
|  |
| Industry | Manufacturing and distillation of liquors |
| Founded | Pottstown, Pennsylvania (2013) |
| Headquarters | Pottstown, Pennsylvania, US |
| Key people | Paul Czachor (founder)
John Giannopoulos (founder)
Al Matarazzo (founder)
Derek Menaldino (founder/executive committee)
Jeff Vaughan (founder)
Bill Manginelli (executive committee)
Craig Smith (chairman)
Max Pfeffer (master distiller) |
| Website | manatawnystillworks.com |


title: Faces of Love (EP)

abstract: Faces of Love is the second extended play by South Korean singer Suzy. It was released by JYP Entertainment and distributed by IRIVER on January 29, 2018. The extended play features seven original tracks including the title track "Holiday".

text:
# Faces of Love (EP)

***Faces of Love*** is the second extended play by South Korean singer Suzy. It was released by JYP Entertainment and distributed by IRIVER on January 29, 2018. The extended play features seven original tracks including the title track "Holiday".

## Background and release

On January 2, JYP Entertainment reviled that Suzy went to Los Angeles on January 1 to film her music video for her second mini album. On January 4, JYP announced that the artist will be releasing her second solo mini album on January 29 and will be dropping a pre-release track on January 22. On January 16, a prequel video of the mini album *Faces of Love* was released featuring Suzy showing different concepts to her tracks. The tracks titles of the mini album were unveiled on the same day along with the pre-release date of the track "I'm in Love With Someone Else". On January 17, a teaser of the pre-released track "I'm in Love With Someone Else" was released. On January 18, teaser photos of Suzy for the track "I'm in Love With Someone Else" were released. On January 19, teaser photos for the title track "Holiday" were released. On January 20, teaser photos for the track "Midnight" were released. On January 21, teaser photos for the track "SObeR" and additional teaser photos for "Midnight" were released. On January 22, "I'm in Love With Someone Else" was released along with a music video and a live video. A lyrics photo and a cover of the track were also released. On the same day, additional teaser photos of "SObeR" were released. On January 24, the first teaser of the title track "Holiday" was released. On the same day, additional photos of "I'm in Love With Someone Else" were released. On January 25, the second teaser of "Holiday" was released along with photo teasers. On January 26, the third teaser of "Holiday" was released. On the same day, the first poster of the mini album *Faces of Love* was released along with additional photo teasers of "Holiday". On January 28, album spoiler video was released and other photo teasers of the mini album. On January 29, the mini album was released along with the title track "Holiday".

On February 14, Suzy released a music video for her track "SObeR".

## Promotion

On January 29, Suzy held a press showcase where she talked about her second mini album *Faces of Love* and performed some of the tracks.

Suzy started promoting the tracks "Holiday" and "SObeR" on South Korean music shows on February 2.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'm in Love With Someone Else" (다른사람을 사랑하고 있어) | Armadillo | Armadillo | Kwon Young-chan | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Holiday" (featuring DPR Live) | * Jin Ri (Full8loom) * DPR Live | * Glory Face (Full8loom) * Jin Ri (Full8loom) | Glory Face (Full8loom) | 3:12 |
| 3. | "SObeR" | Suzy |  | * Aron Kim * Isaac Han * EJAE | 3:08 |
| 4. | "Bxatxh" (나쁜X) | Suzy | * Suzy * Shim Eun-ji | Shim Eun-ji | 3:22 |
| 5. | "Midnight" (잘자 내 몫까지) | Night Sky | Night Sky | Night Sky | 4:15 |
| 6. | "Clumsy Heart" (서툰 마음 (Prod. Jung Key)) | Jung Key | Jung Key | * Jung Key * Humbert | 3:23 |
| 7. | "Sleeplessness" (너는 밤새도록) | Suzy | Locomotive | * Locomotive * Jeon Ji-han | 3:25 |
| Total length: | | | | | 24:35 |

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korean Weekly Album Chart (Gaon) | 6 |
| South Korean Monthly Album Chart (Gaon) | 30 |

## Sales

| Region | Sales |
| --- | --- |
| South Korea (Gaon) | 10,269+ |

## InfoBox

| Faces of Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Suzy | |
| Released | January 29, 2018 (2018-01-29) |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Studio | JYP Studios, Seoul, South Korea |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 24:35 |
| Language | Korean |
| Label |  |
| Suzy chronology | |
| *Yes? No?*
(2017) ***Faces of Love***
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Faces of Love* | |
| 1. "I'm in Love With Someone Else"
Released: January 22, 2018 2. "Holiday"
Released: January 29, 2018 3. "Sober"
Released: February 14, 2018 4. "Midnight"
Released: March 9, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: Manor of King's Nympton

abstract: The Manor of King's Nympton was a manor largely co-terminous with the parish of King's Nympton in Devon, England.

text:
# Manor of King's Nympton

The **Manor of King's Nympton** was a manor largely co-terminous with the parish of King's Nympton in Devon, England.

## Descent of the manor

At the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, the whole manor of *Nimetone*, in the hundred of Witheridge, belonged to the King and was held by him in demesne, but King Henry I (1100–1135) granted the manor, together with that of Black Torrington, in Torrington hundred, to Joel de Mayne (Latinised to *de Meduana*). He appears to have been a resident of Normandy, as when that former possession of the English kings became separated from England, King John (1199–1216) seized it back into royal ownership.

### de Luscy

The manor was probably re-granted by King John (1199–1216), as is known to have been the case with Black Torrington, to Geoffrey de Luscy. The manor subsequently escheated to the crown by cause unknown.

### de la Zouche

King Henry III (1216–1272) granted the manor, again together with Black Torrington, to Roger la Zouche, lord of the manor of North Molton. Risdon states that la Zouche granted the manor to Godfrey Lucy.

### de Cornwall

Sir Geoffrey de Cornwall was lord of the manor *tempore* King Edward III (1327–1377). His heir was a minor and became the ward of Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy, Earl of Bedford (1340–1397). He was succeeded successively by Sir Bryan de Cornwall and Sir John de Cornwall, *temp* Kings Henry IV (1399–1413) and Henry V (1413–1422).

### Pollard

#### Sir Lewis Pollard (died 1526)

The manor of King's Nympton was eventually purchased by Sir Lewis Pollard (c. 1465 – 1526), of Grilstone, Bishop's Nympton, Justice of the Common Pleas from 1514 to 1526 and MP for Totnes in 1491 and JP in Devon in 1492. He enclosed a deer park in the late 15th century. His heir was his eldest son and heir Sir Hugh Pollard.

#### Sir Hugh Pollard (fl. 1545)

Sir Hugh Pollard (fl. 1535, 1545), eldest son and heir, great-grandfather of Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet of King's Nympton. He was Sheriff of Devon in 1335/6 and Recorder of Barnstaple in 1545. He married twice:

* Firstly to Elizabeth Valletort, daughter and heiress of John Valletort of Clyst St Lawrence, by whom he had three sons and one daughter:
    + Sir Lewis Pollard, eldest son and heir. (see below)
    + Richard Pollard
    + John Pollard
    + Elizabeth Pollard, married firstly Richard Bury (1516–1543) lord of the manor of Colleton, Chulmleigh, whose wardship and marriage had been purchased by her father, with the helpful influence of his brother Richard Pollard, the government official. Richard Pollard managed at the same time to persuade Richard Bury's father John Bury (1481–1533) to give him for his own wife his daughter Jacquetta Bury. Secondly Elizabeth Pollard married Henry Dillon (died 1579) of Chimwell, Bratton Fleming, lord of the manor of Bratton Fleming, whose sister Dorothy Dillon was the wife of Elizabeth's cousin Hugh Pollard of Knowstone.

In 1539 Hugh Pollard acquired a 21-year lease of the site and demesne of Torre Abbey at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and in 1543 acquired the freehold from John St. Leger (died 1596) of Annery.

#### Sir Lewis Pollard (died before 1569)

Sir Lewis Pollard (died before 1569), eldest son and heir, was a serjeant-at-law and served as Recorder of Exeter from 1548. He married Joan Prust, daughter and heiress of Hugh Prust, Esquire, (died 1559) of Thorry, near Hartland (*alias* Thorvey, etc.), who married secondly Sir John Perrot (1528–1592), Lord Deputy of Ireland. The Prust family were settled at "Gorven" from at the latest 1199, a deed of which date is recorded in the Heraldic Visitations of Devon as mentioning John Prust of Gorven. Hugh Prust (died 1559) was the second son of John Prust of Thorry by his wife Agnes. Thorry had been held by an unnamed tenant in 1299 from the Abbot of Hartland for the rent of 1 lb of pepper, due annually at Michaelmas. It was still held in 1566 (from overlord unknown) at the same rent, by the "heirs of Hugh Prust", i.e. the Pollards. In 1530 Hugh Prust gave to St Nectan's Church, Hartland, the set of surviving bench-ends showing his initials "H P" each in its own shield. Hugh Prust was one of the largest tenants of the lands of Hartland Abbey as revealed by the *Valor Ecclesiasticus* made in 1535 preparatory to its dissolution. Amongst his lands were the lease of the manor of *Bykyngton* (i.e. Abbots Bickington) which he had leased from the Abbey for 40 years paying £12 *per annum* rent. This manor became the seat of his descendant Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet (died 1701). Hugh Prust was described in a contemporary document as "a man of great wealth and of fair land and living" and had a private chapel at Thorry served by the cleric John Horwell (died 1553), the prior of Hartland Abbey before its dissolution in 1539, who also served as mass-priest in St Mary's Guild, at the sole expense of Hugh Prust. Hugh Prust's other lands held from Hartland Abbey in 1566 were: the whole of: Friar's Hill, Holepark, Thorry and Wembsworthy; part of Elmscott, Hardisworthy, Pitt and Higher Velly. In addition the widow Katherine Prust (possibly the widow of Hugh Prust or of his brother Richard Prust (died 1550) of Wollesworthy) held possibly as her dower: part of Fursdon and Natcott. Lewis Pollard died before 1569 and his infant sons became wards of Sir John Chichester (died 1569) of Raleigh. He left the following children:

* Sir Hugh Pollard, eldest son and heir (see below).
* Lewis Pollard, second son, married Cecilia Chichester, sixth daughter of Sir John Chichester and widow of Thomas Hatch.
* Thomasine Pollard (died 1539), married Admiral Sir George Carew (c. 1504 – 1545), who drowned in the Mary Rose.
* Frances Pollard, who married Sir John Uggan of Pembroke.
* Susan Pollard, who married firstly John Copleston and secondly Sir Anthony Rouse.

#### Sir Hugh Pollard

Sir Hugh Pollard, eldest son and heir, married twice:

* Firstly, to Dorothy Chichester. Hugh became on the death of his father a ward of Sir John Chichester (died 1569) of Raleigh, who bequeathed his wardship and marriage to his daughter Dorothy Chichester, who duly married him. They had the following children:
    + Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet, eldest son and heir (see below)
    + Francis Pollard, second son
    + William Pollard, third son
    + Arthur Pollard, fourth son
    + Hugh Pollard, fifth son
    + Robert Pollard, baptised 1598 at Ashton

* + Susanna Pollard, who married in 1596 as his second wife John Northcote (1570–1632), of Hayne, Newton St Cyres, near Crediton, whose splendid monument with standing effigy exists in Newton St Cyres Church. She was the mother of Sir John Northcote, 1st Baronet (1599–1676). A panel on the monument to her husband is dedicated to her memory and contains in the centre a sculpted relief of her head circumscribed by the following two lines of verse:

*"My Jacob had by mee*
*As many sonnes as hee*,
*Daughters twice three"*
Above her portrait is a chronogram in verse:
*"See heer In ChrIst sLeeps shee*,
*FroM paInefVLL Labors free*,
*Her VVorks henCe foLLoVV on*,
*To resVrreCtIon"*
If the capital letters in red are added together as Roman numerals ("VV" being treated as V + V, and the first letters of each line excluded) the sum of 1634 results, Susanna's date of death. The remaining unused letters are SFHT, the initial letters of each line, of uncertain cryptic meaning. Below the chronogram is a heraldic escutcheon showing the arms of Northcote impaling Pollard: *Argent, a chevron sable between three escallops gules*. Below her portrait inscribed on a black stone tablet is the following verse:

*"Jehovah first compos'd us two in one*,
*Then made one two, till strong affection*
*Did reunite us one; Death tried his skill*
*To part's us againe, but could not worke his will*
*One was our hope, faith, comfort, one's o(u)r tombe*
*One place our soule hath, till the day of Dome*
*Regia pacifisae commisit chartula libram*
*Justitiae lustris aetatis quinque peractis*
*Libravit rectum pura cum mente probatus*
*Stellata camera spectatur ut ignibus aurum"*

* + Anne Pollard, who married on 9 April 1604 at Ashton (as his 2nd wife) to James Welshe (*alias* Walshe), counsellor-at-law, lord of the manor of Alverdiscott. A small partially destroyed monumental brass inscription to her survives on the wall of the south chancel St Peter's Church, Barnstaple, with the following text: *Here lyeth the body of Anne late the wife of James Welshe Esqr and daughter of Sir Hugh Pollard, Knight. She departed...this world to the kingdome of Heaven...seaventeenth day of March A(nn)o MD...Blessed are the dead w(hi)ch dye in the...*. On it within a strapwork surround is a heraldic escutcheon showing the arms of Welshe/Walshe (*Azure, six mullets or a crescent for difference*) impaling Pollard: quarterly 1st & 4th: *A chevron between three escallops* (Pollard); 2nd & 3rd: *A chevron between three mullets* (*de Via/de Way* arms, a common Pollard quartering). Over-all is a crescent for difference, denoting a second son.
    + Gertrude Pollard, who in 1616 married at Newton St Cyres Gilbert Davie (1583–1627) of Canonteign in the parish of Christow, Devon.
    + Margaret Pollard, married firstly a certain Whiddon and secondly in 1609 at Ashton to Robert Dodson of Haye.
* Secondly Sir Hugh Pollard married Elizabeth Speke, a daughter of Sir George Speke (c.1530-1584) of Whitelackington, Somerset, and of Heywood, Wembworthy, Devon, Sheriff of Somerset in 1562–63 and a Member of Parliament for Somerset 1572-83, and widow successively of John Chudleigh and Sir John Clifton. By Elizabeth he had three sons, Arthur, Hugh and Robert.

#### Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet

Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet (c. 1578 – c. 1645), eldest son and heir. He was created a baronet on 31 May 1627. He married Margaret Berkeley, daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley of Bruton.

#### Sir Hugh Pollard, 2nd Baronet

Sir Hugh Pollard, 2nd Baronet (c. 1610 – 1666), eldest son and heir. During the Civil War the Pollards were staunch Royalists but Sir Hugh Pollard was fined £518 for his "delinquency”. It may have been the severity of this fine which caused him to sell the manor to his cousin Sir Arthur Northcote, 2nd Baronet (1628–1688), whose large inscribed slate ledger stone and funeral helm survives in King's Nympton Church, the place of his burial.

### Northcote

The manor remained in the Northcote family until 1740 when it was sold to James Buller (1717–1765) of Morval, Cornwall.

### Buller

James Buller (1717–1765) was MP for East Looe 1741–1747 and for Cornwall 1748–1765. His first wife Elizabeth Gould (died 1742) was the heiress of the estate of Downes near Crediton in Devon, which became at some time the principal seat of the family. He married secondly in 1744 to Hon. Jane Bathurst (died 1794), second daughter of Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, of Cirencester Park, and sister of Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst (1714–1794), Lord Chancellor 1771–1778. It appears she did not wish to live in the house of her husband's first wife, or else had a liking for the new Palladian fashion in architecture, as James built for her a new house at King's Nympton. He demolished the previous mediaeval manor house at King's Nympton and built in its place between 1746–9 the fine Palladian mansion which was then known as "New Place", which survives today known as "King's Nympton Park". His architect was Francis Cartwright of Blandford in Dorset and the design was based on Marble Hill in Twickenham, one of the earliest Palladian houses in England built between 1724–9. In 1756 James Buller donated to the parish church a magnificent set of silver-gilt vessels, being a thanks-offering for the survival of himself, his children and over 80 parishioners after an inoculation against smallpox. The set comprises a chalice, paten, flagon and alms dish. The Bullers eventually withdrew to Downes in about 1839 and in 1842 sold the estate to James Tanner, who added the existing low Tuscan porch.

### Tanner

The Tanner (*alias* Mortimer) family of yeoman status had been established at Rose Ash and at Creacombe since at the latest the 17th. century. John Davy of Flitton, North Molton, one of the leading pioneers in the breeding of North Devon cattle, married Elizabeth Tanner, and had by her a son John Davy Tanner, living in 1824.

#### James Tanner

James Tanner (1783–1868), JP, DL, of King's Nympton Park, was the son of Robert Tanner by his wife Mary Melhuish, daughter of Thomas Melhuish. He was the grandson of Jonathan Tanner of Rose Ash. In 1827 James Tanner of King's Nympton married Elizabeth Vowler, the daughter of John Vowler of Parnacott. James Tanner appears to have held a lease of King's Nympton Park before he purchased the property in 1842, as the Trewman's Exeter Flying Post of Thursday, October 2, 1823 made the following report of his hospitality towards his farm-workers:

> On Wednesday last, Mr James Tanner, of King's Nympton, one of the largest agriculturists in the North of Devon, on the completion of his harvest, and according to his annual custom, gave his labourers, amounting to upwards of 100, on the lawn in front of his residence, a good and plentiful repast of true old English Fare - roast beef and plum pudding, with an abundance of beer and cider. The joyous feast presented a most gratifying sight, particularly so when the customary neck was given, after which the merry dance commenced with a good band of music and glee and merriment prevailed; until night spread her sable mantle, and closed the festive scene; the jovial groups before retiring gave 3 hearty cheers to their benevolent employer and sung 'God Save the King'. A party of gentlemen, friends of Mr Tanner, met on the occasion at his hospitable mansion and with Mr Radford's capital pack of harriers enjoyed a good mornings sport; an excellent dinner welcomed them on their return, which met with a warm reception from the hunters and the remainder of the day was spent in mirth and harmony.

James Tanner had the following children by his wife Elizabeth Vowler:

* Rev. John Vowler Tanner (died 1903), eldest son and heir (see below)
* James Melhuish Tanner, who in 1880 married Caroline Buckingham.
* Mary Tanner (died 1917), who married on 22 July 1858, at King's Nympton, Sir Charles Malcolm Kennedy (died 1908), KCMG, CB, of the Foreign Office, eldest son of James Kennedy, Esq., late her Majesty's Judge in the mixed court at Havanna. She left no children.

#### John Vowler Tanner

Rev. John Vowler Tanner (died 1903), of King's Nympton Park, eldest son and heir, rector of Chawleigh. In 1871 he married Eliza Thompson (died 1909) elder daughter of Sir Matthew William Thompson, 1st Baronet (1820–1891), of Parkgate, Guiseley, Yorkshire.

#### Charles Peile Tanner

Charles Peile Tanner (b. 1873), eldest son, of King's Nympton Park. He was educated at Charterhouse and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He married in 1914 Frances Isabel Atkinson, daughter of William Fletcher Atkinson of Ilkley, Yorkshire.

Sources * Risdon, Tristram, Survey of Devon, 1810 edition, p. 311
* Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 597–599, Pollard
* Burke's Landed Gentry, 1937, Tanner of Bishop's Nympton Park


title: Mantle of João VI

abstract: The Mantle of João VI, also known as the Mantle of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, is the royal robe, a part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels, that was fashioned for the acclamation of King João VI, alongside the Crown of João VI and the Sceptre of the Armillary.

text:
# Mantle of João VI

The **Mantle of João VI**, also known as the **Mantle of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves** (Portuguese: Manto de João VI; Manto do Reino Unido de Portugal, do Brasil, e dos Algarves), is the royal robe, a part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels, that was fashioned for the acclamation of King João VI, alongside the Crown of João VI and the Sceptre of the Armillary.

## History

The Mantle of João VI was created for the acclamation of João VI as King. It was fashioned in Portugal, even though João VI was in Brazil, for Portugal was encaged in the Peninsular War. The robe was only used only by João VI.

## Details

The mantle was made in Portugal for João VI's acclamation. It is fashioned out of velvet, silk, ermine, wire rod, sequins, and various precious jewels. The design of the robe bears several symbols of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, for which João VI was monarch of during João VI's stay in Brazil.

## Sources


title: Mantle plume

abstract: A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries.

text:
# Mantle plume

A **mantle plume** is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries.

## Concepts

Mantle plumes were first proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 and further developed by W. Jason Morgan in 1971 and 1972. A mantle plume is posited to exist where super-heated material forms (nucleates) at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle. Rather than a continuous stream, plumes should be viewed as a series of hot bubbles of material. Reaching the brittle upper Earth's crust they form diapirs. These diapirs are "hotspots" in the crust. In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another and anchored at the core-mantle boundary would provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hotspots, for example, the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. However, paleomagnetic data show that mantle plumes can also be associated with Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) and do move relative to each other.

The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth's interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct and largely independent convective flows:

* as previously theorized and widely accepted, the predominant, steady state plate tectonic regime driven by upper mantle convection, mainly the sinking of cold plates of lithosphere back into the asthenosphere.
* the punctuated, intermittently dominant mantle overturn regime driven by plume convection that carries heat upward from the core-mantle boundary in a narrow column. This second regime, while often discontinuous, is periodically significant in mountain building and continental breakup.

The plume hypothesis was simulated by laboratory experiments in small fluid-filled tanks in the early 1970s. Thermal or compositional fluid-dynamical plumes produced in that way were presented as models for the much larger postulated mantle plumes. Based on these experiments, mantle plumes are now postulated to comprise two parts: a long thin conduit connecting the top of the plume to its base, and a bulbous head that expands in size as the plume rises. The entire structure resembles a mushroom. The bulbous head of thermal plumes forms because hot material moves upward through the conduit faster than the plume itself rises through its surroundings. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, experiments with thermal models showed that as the bulbous head expands it may entrain some of the adjacent mantle into itself.

The size and occurrence of mushroom mantle plumes can be predicted by the transient instability theory of Tan and Thorpe. The theory predicts mushroom-shaped mantle plumes with heads of about 2000 km diameter that have a critical time (time from onset of heating of the lower mantle to formation of a plume) of about 830 million years for a core mantle heat flux of 20 mW/m2, while the cycle time (the time between plume formation events) is about 2000 million years. The number of mantle plumes is predicted to be about 17.

When a plume head encounters the base of the lithosphere, it is expected to flatten out against this barrier and to undergo widespread decompression melting to form large volumes of basalt magma. It may then erupt onto the surface. Numerical modelling predicts that melting and eruption will take place over several million years. These eruptions have been linked to flood basalts, although many of those erupt over much shorter time scales (less than 1 million years). Examples include the Deccan traps in India, the Siberian traps of Asia, the Karoo-Ferrar basalts/dolerites in South Africa and Antarctica, the Paraná and Etendeka traps in South America and Africa (formerly a single province separated by opening of the South Atlantic Ocean), and the Columbia River basalts of North America. Flood basalts in the oceans are known as oceanic plateaus, and include the Ontong Java plateau of the western Pacific Ocean and the Kerguelen Plateau of the Indian Ocean.

The narrow vertical conduit, postulated to connect the plume head to the core-mantle boundary, is viewed as providing a continuous supply of magma to a hotspot. As the overlying tectonic plate moves over this hotspot, the eruption of magma from the fixed plume onto the surface is expected to form a chain of volcanoes that parallels plate motion. The Hawaiian Islands chain in the Pacific Ocean is the archetypal example. It has recently been discovered that the volcanic locus of this chain has not been fixed over time, and it thus joined the club of the many type examples that do not exhibit the key characteristic originally proposed.

The eruption of continental flood basalts is often associated with continental rifting and breakup. This has led to the hypothesis that mantle plumes contribute to continental rifting and the formation of ocean basins.

### Chemistry, heat flow and melting

The chemical and isotopic composition of basalts found at hotspots differs subtly from mid-ocean-ridge basalts. These basalts, also called ocean island basalts (OIBs), are analysed in their radiogenic and stable isotope compositions. In radiogenic isotope systems the originally subducted material creates diverging trends, termed mantle components. Identified mantle components are DMM (depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle), HIMU (high U/Pb-ratio mantle), EM1 (enriched mantle 1), EM2 (enriched mantle 2) and FOZO (focus zone). This geochemical signature arises from the mixing of near-surface materials such as subducted slabs and continental sediments, in the mantle source. There are two competing interpretations for this. In the context of mantle plumes, the near-surface material is postulated to have been transported down to the core-mantle boundary by subducting slabs, and to have been transported back up to the surface by plumes. In the context of the Plate hypothesis, subducted material is mostly re-circulated in the shallow mantle and tapped from there by volcanoes.

Stable isotopes like Fe are used to track processes that the uprising material experiences during melting.

The processing of oceanic crust, lithosphere, and sediment through a subduction zone decouples the water-soluble trace elements (e.g., K, Rb, Th) from the immobile trace elements (e.g., Ti, Nb, Ta), concentrating the immobile elements in the oceanic slab (the water-soluble elements are added to the crust in island arc volcanoes). Seismic tomography shows that subducted oceanic slabs sink as far as the bottom of the mantle transition zone at 650 km depth. Subduction to greater depths is less certain, but there is evidence that they may sink to mid-lower-mantle depths at about 1,500  km depth.

The source of mantle plumes is postulated to be the core-mantle boundary at 3,000  km depth. Because there is little material transport across the core-mantle boundary, heat transfer must occur by conduction, with adiabatic gradients above and below this boundary. The core-mantle boundary is a strong thermal (temperature) discontinuity. The temperature of the core is approximately 1,000 degrees Celsius higher than that of the overlying mantle. Plumes are postulated to rise as the base of the mantle becomes hotter and more buoyant.

Plumes are postulated to rise through the mantle and begin to partially melt on reaching shallow depths in the asthenosphere by decompression melting. This would create large volumes of magma. This melt rises to the surface and erupts to form hotspots.

## The lower mantle and the core

The most prominent thermal contrast known to exist in the deep (1000 km) mantle is at the core-mantle boundary at 2900 km. Mantle plumes were originally postulated to rise from this layer because the hotspots that are assumed to be their surface expression were thought to be fixed relative to one another. This required that plumes were sourced from beneath the shallow asthenosphere that is thought to be flowing rapidly in response to motion of the overlying tectonic plates. There is no other known major thermal boundary layer in the deep Earth, and so the core-mantle boundary was the only candidate.

The base of the mantle is known as the D″ layer, a seismological subdivision of the Earth. It appears to be compositionally distinct from the overlying mantle and may contain partial melt.

Two very broad, large low-shear-velocity provinces exist in the lower mantle under Africa and under the central Pacific. It is postulated that plumes rise from their surface or their edges. Their low seismic velocities were thought to suggest that they are relatively hot, although it has recently been shown that their low wave velocities are due to high density caused by chemical heterogeneity.

## Evidence for the theory

Some common and basic lines of evidence cited in support of the theory are linear volcanic chains, noble gases, geophysical anomalies, and geochemistry.

### Linear volcanic chains

The age-progressive distribution of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain has been explained as a result of a fixed, deep-mantle plume rising into the upper mantle, partly melting, and causing a volcanic chain to form as the plate moves overhead relative to the fixed plume source. Other hotspots with time-progressive volcanic chains behind them include Réunion, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, the Louisville Ridge, the Ninety East Ridge and Kerguelen, Tristan, and Yellowstone.

While there is evidence that the chains listed above are time-progressive, it has been shown that they are not fixed relative to one another. The most remarkable example of this is the Emperor chain, the older part of the Hawaii system, which was formed by migration of the hotspot in addition to the plate motion. Another example is the Canary Islands in the northeast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.

### Noble gas and other isotopes

Helium-3 is a primordial isotope that formed in the Big Bang. Very little is produced, and little has been added to the Earth by other processes since then. Helium-4 includes a primordial component, but it is also produced by the natural radioactive decay of elements such as uranium and thorium. Over time, helium in the upper atmosphere is lost into space. Thus, the Earth has become progressively depleted in helium, and 3He is not replaced as 4He is. As a result, the ratio 3He/4He in the Earth has decreased over time.

Unusually high 3He/4He have been observed in some, but not all, hotspots. This is explained by plumes tapping a deep, primordial reservoir in the lower mantle, where the original, high 3He/4He ratios have been preserved throughout geologic time.

Other elements, e.g. osmium, have been suggested to be tracers of material arising from near to the Earth's core, in basalts at oceanic islands. However, so far conclusive proof for this is lacking.

### Geophysical anomalies

The plume hypothesis has been tested by looking for the geophysical anomalies predicted to be associated with them. These include thermal, seismic, and elevation anomalies. Thermal anomalies are inherent in the term "hotspot". They can be measured in numerous different ways, including surface heat flow, petrology, and seismology. Thermal anomalies produce anomalies in the speeds of seismic waves, but unfortunately so do composition and partial melt. As a result, wave speeds cannot be used simply and directly to measure temperature, but more sophisticated approaches must be taken.

Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth. A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds compared with similar material at a lower temperature. Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt (e.g., as a result of it having a lower melting point), or being richer in Fe, also has a lower seismic wave speed and those effects are stronger than temperature. Thus, although unusually low wave speeds have been taken to indicate anomalously hot mantle beneath hotspots, this interpretation is ambiguous. The most commonly cited seismic wave-speed images that are used to look for variations in regions where plumes have been proposed come from seismic tomography. This method involves using a network of seismometers to construct three-dimensional images of the variation in seismic wave speed throughout the mantle.

Seismic waves generated by large earthquakes enable structure below the Earth's surface to be determined along the ray path. Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers (also called teleseismic waves) can be used to image large regions of Earth's mantle. They also have limited resolution, however, and only structures at least several hundred kilometers in diameter can be detected.

Seismic tomography images have been cited as evidence for a number of mantle plumes in Earth's mantle. There is, however, vigorous on-going discussion regarding whether the structures imaged are reliably resolved, and whether they correspond to columns of hot, rising rock.

The mantle plume hypothesis predicts that domal topographic uplifts will develop when plume heads impinge on the base of the lithosphere. An uplift of this kind occurred when the North Atlantic Ocean opened about 54 million years ago. Some scientists have linked this to a mantle plume postulated to have caused the breakup of Eurasia and the opening of the North Atlantic, now suggested to underlie Iceland. Current research has shown that the time-history of the uplift is probably much shorter than predicted, however. It is thus not clear how strongly this observation supports the mantle plume hypothesis.

### Geochemistry

Basalts found at oceanic islands are geochemically distinct from mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Ocean island basalt (OIB) is more diverse compositionally than MORB, and the great majority of ocean islands are composed of alkali basalt enriched in sodium and potassium relative to MORB. Larger islands, such as Hawaii or Iceland, are mostly tholeiitic basalt, with alkali basalt limited to late stages of their development, but this tholeiitic basalt is chemically distinct from the tholeiitic basalt of mid-ocean ridges. OIB tends to be more enriched in magnesium, and both alkali and tholeiitic OIB is enriched in trace incompatible elements, with the light rare earth elements showing particular enrichment compared with heavier rare earth elements. Stable isotope ratios of the elements strontium, neodymium, hafnium, lead, and osmium show wide variations relative to MORB, which is attributed to the mixing of at least three mantle components: HIMU with a high proportion of radiogenic lead, produced by decay of uranium and other heavy radioactive elements; EM1 with less enrichment of radiogenic lead; and EM2 with a high 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Helium in OIB shows a wider variation in the 3He/4He ratio than MORB, with some values approaching the primordial value.

The composition of ocean island basalts is attributed to the presence of distinct mantle chemical reservoirs formed by subduction of oceanic crust. These include reservoirs corresponding to HUIMU, EM1, and EM2. These reservoirs are thought to have different major element compositions, based on the correlation between major element compositions of OIB and their stable isotope ratios. Tholeiitic OIB is interpreted as a product of a higher degree of partial melting in particularly hot plumes, while alkali OIB is interpreted as a product of a lower degree of partial melting in smaller, cooler plumes.

### Seismology

In 2015, based on data from 273 large earthquakes, researchers compiled a model based on full waveform tomography, requiring the equivalent of 3 million hours of supercomputer time. Due to computational limitations, high-frequency data still could not be used, and seismic data remained unavailable from much of the seafloor. Nonetheless, vertical plumes, 400 C hotter than the surrounding rock, were visualized under many hotspots, including the Pitcairn, Macdonald, Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Galapagos, Cape Verde, and Canary hotspots. They extended nearly vertically from the core-mantle boundary (2900 km depth) to a possible layer of shearing and bending at 1000 km. They were detectable because they were 600–800 km wide, more than three times the width expected from contemporary models. Many of these plumes are in the large low-shear-velocity provinces under Africa and the Pacific, while some other hotspots such as Yellowstone were less clearly related to mantle features in the model.

The unexpected size of the plumes leaves open the possibility that they may conduct the bulk of the Earth's 44 terawatts of internal heat flow from the core to the surface, and means that the lower mantle convects less than expected, if at all. It is possible that there is a compositional difference between plumes and the surrounding mantle that slows them down and broadens them.

## Suggested mantle plume locations

Mantle plumes have been suggested as the source for flood basalts. These extremely rapid, large scale eruptions of basaltic magmas have periodically formed continental flood basalt provinces on land and oceanic plateaus in the ocean basins, such as the Deccan Traps, the Siberian Traps the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalts of Gondwana, and the largest known continental flood basalt, the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP).

Many continental flood basalt events coincide with continental rifting. This is consistent with a system that tends toward equilibrium: as matter rises in a mantle plume, other material is drawn down into the mantle, causing rifting.

## Alternative hypotheses

In parallel with the mantle plume model, two alternative explanations for the observed phenomena have been considered: the plate hypothesis and the impact hypothesis.

### The plate hypothesis

Since the beginning of the 21st century, a paradigm debate "The great plume debate" has developed around plumes, in which the plume hypothesis has been challenged and contrasted with the more recent plate hypothesis ("Plates vs. Plumes"). The reason for this is that the mantle-plume hypothesis has not been suitable for making reliable predictions since its introduction in 1971 and has therefore been repeatedly adapted to observed hotspots depending on the situation. Over time, with the growing number of models, the concept of a plume developed into a weakly defined hypothesis, which as a general term is currently neither provable nor refutable.

The dissatisfaction with the state of the evidence for mantle plumes and the proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses drove a number of geologists, led by Don L. Anderson, Gillian Foulger, and Warren B. Hamilton, to propose a broad alternative based on shallow processes in the upper mantle and above, with an emphasis on plate tectonics as the driving force of magmatism.

The plate hypothesis suggests that "anomalous" volcanism results from lithospheric extension that permits melt to rise passively from the asthenosphere beneath. It is thus the conceptual inverse of the plume hypothesis because the plate hypothesis attributes volcanism to shallow, near-surface processes associated with plate tectonics, rather than active processes arising at the core-mantle boundary.

Lithospheric extension is attributed to processes related to plate tectonics. These processes are well understood at mid-ocean ridges, where most of Earth's volcanism occurs. It is less commonly recognised that the plates themselves deform internally, and can permit volcanism in those regions where the deformation is extensional. Well-known examples are the Basin and Range Province in the western USA, the East African Rift valley, and the Rhine Graben. Under this hypothesis, variable volumes of magma are attributed to variations in chemical composition (large volumes of volcanism corresponding to more easily molten mantle material) rather than to temperature differences.

While not denying the presence of deep mantle convection and upwelling in general, the plate hypothesis holds that these processes do not result in mantle plumes, in the sense of columnar vertical features that span most of the Earth's mantle, transport large amounts of heat, and contribute to surface volcanism.

Under the umbrella of the plate hypothesis, the following sub-processes, all of which can contribute to permitting surface volcanism, are recognised:

* Continental break-up;
* Fertility at mid-ocean ridges;
* Enhanced volcanism at plate boundary junctions;
* Small-scale sublithospheric convection;
* Oceanic intraplate extension;
* Slab tearing and break-off;
* Shallow mantle convection;
* Abrupt lateral changes in stress at structural discontinuities;
* Continental intraplate extension;
* Catastrophic lithospheric thinning;
* Sublithospheric melt ponding and draining.

### The impact hypothesis

In addition to these processes, impact events such as ones that created the Addams crater on Venus and the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada are known to have caused melting and volcanism. In the impact hypothesis, it is proposed that some regions of hotspot volcanism can be triggered by certain large-body oceanic impacts which are able to penetrate the thinner oceanic lithosphere, and flood basalt volcanism can be triggered by converging seismic energy focused at the antipodal point opposite major impact sites. Impact-induced volcanism has not been adequately studied and comprises a separate causal category of terrestrial volcanism with implications for the study of hotspots and plate tectonics.

### Comparison of the hypotheses

In 1997 it became possible using seismic tomography to image submerging tectonic slabs penetrating from the surface all the way to the core-mantle boundary.

For the Hawaii hotspot, long-period seismic body wave diffraction tomography provided evidence that a mantle plume is responsible, as had been proposed as early as 1971. For the Yellowstone hotspot, seismological evidence began to converge from 2011 in support of the plume model, as concluded by James et al., "we favor a lower mantle plume as the origin for the Yellowstone hotspot." Data acquired through Earthscope, a program collecting high-resolution seismic data throughout the contiguous United States has accelerated acceptance of a plume underlying Yellowstone.

Although there is thus strong evidence that at least these two deep mantle plumes rise from the core-mantle boundary, confirmation that other hypotheses can be dismissed may require similar tomographic evidence for other hotspots.

* Delamination (geology) – Loss of the portion of the lowermost lithosphere from the tectonic plate to which it was attached
* Epeirogenic movement – Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding
* Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
* Verneshot – Hypothetical volcanic eruption event caused by the buildup of gas deep underneath a craton
* Intraplate volcanism – volcanism that takes place away from the margins of tectonic plates