title: Jerry Bellune

abstract: Jerry Odom Bellune is an editor and publisher.

text:
# Jerry Bellune

**Jerry Odom Bellune** (born April 30, 1936) is an editor and publisher.

## Early life (1936–1959)

Bellune was born on April 30, 1936, in Greenville, S.C. After two years in the U.S. Army in Korea, he majored in literature and philosophy at the University of South Carolina and Furman University but did not graduate.

## Newspaper career (1959—1982)

He worked first at the Greenville, S.C. News, and then the Charlotte News. He became an editor, first at The State newspaper in Columbia, S.C, where he met his wife, Mary MacLeod Hardy, an honors graduate of the University of South Carolina. He then worked successive as an editor at the Yonkers, N.Y., Herald Statesman. the Morning Call in Paterson, N.J, and the Bergen Record.

In 1974, he became city editor of the Philadelphia Daily News, and then editor of the Morning Call of Allentown, Pa. B, and then, Gannett Newspapers' daily Courier-Post in Cherry Hill, N.J, where he launched a Sunday edition. In 1979, the newspaper's series of articles on malfeasance in a monastic order won the Pulitzer Prize. In 1980,he was hired as a consultant to remake the design of The Philadelphia Bulletin.

## Entrepreneurial career

After the closing of the Bulletin, Bellune coached editors and reporters at more than two dozen newspapers across the country, edited two magazines and started a newspaper executive search firm. In 1984, he and his wife bought a failing weekly newspaper, The Dispatch News in Lexington, S.C.; they turned it into a highly profitable, award-winning newspaper. After disagreements with their majority partners, the Bellunes left The Dispatch News and launched the Lexington County Chronicle in 1992. After nine years of competition between the two local newspapers, the owner of The Dispatch News asked them to buy him out.

In 2006, Bellune semi-retired from the Chronicle and his son Mark succeeded him as editor. In retirement, Bellune started Riverbanks Press, publishing 11 books and self-study courses. Bellune is a former president of the South Carolina Press Association and has been named its Journalist of the Year. He is a longtime member of the National Speakers Association and Toastmasters International for which he helped establish three chapters and served as president and area governor.\<refn


title: Hobo–Dyer projection

abstract: The Hobo–Dyer map projection is a normal cylindrical equal-area projection, with standard parallels at 37.5° north and south of the equator. The map was commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein of ODT Inc. and drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, as a modification of the 1910 Behrmann projection. The name Hobo–Dyer is derived from Bronstein and Abramms's first names and Dyer's surname. The original ODT map is printed on two sides, one side with north upwards and the other with south upwards. That, together with its equal-area presentation, is intended to present a different perspective compared with more common non-equal area, north-up maps. The goal is similar to that of other equal-area projections, but the Hobo-Dyer is billed by the publisher as "more visually satisfying". To that end, the map stretches the low latitudes vertically less than Peters, but at the price of greater compression near the poles. In 2002, the Carter Center used the Hobo–Dyer projection in a map of its global locations that it circulated to mark its founder Jimmy Carter's receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize.

text:
# Hobo–Dyer projection

The **Hobo–Dyer** map projection is a normal cylindrical equal-area projection, with standard parallels (there is no north-south or east-west distortion) at 37.5° north and south of the equator. The map was commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein of ODT Inc. and drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, as a modification of the 1910 Behrmann projection. The name *Hobo–Dyer* is derived from Bronstein and Abramms's first names (Howard and Bob) and Dyer's surname.

The original ODT map is printed on two sides, one side with north upwards and the other with south upwards. That, together with its equal-area presentation, is intended to present a different perspective compared with more common non-equal area, north-up maps. The goal is similar to that of other equal-area projections (such as the Gall–Peters projection), but the Hobo-Dyer is billed by the publisher as "more visually satisfying". To that end, the map stretches the low latitudes vertically less than Peters, but at the price of greater compression near the poles.

In 2002, the Carter Center used the Hobo–Dyer projection in a map of its global locations that it circulated to mark its founder Jimmy Carter's receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Hymn of the Nations

abstract: Hymn of the Nations, originally titled Arturo Toscanini: Hymn of the Nations, is a 1944 film directed by Alexander Hammid, which features the Inno delle nazioni, a patriotic work for tenor soloist, chorus, and orchestra, composed by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi in the early-1860s. For this musical work, Verdi utilized the national anthems of several European nations.

text:
# Hymn of the Nations

***Hymn of the Nations***, originally titled ***Arturo Toscanini: Hymn of the Nations***, is a 1944 film directed by Alexander Hammid, which features the *Inno delle nazioni*, a patriotic work for tenor soloist, chorus, and orchestra, composed by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi in the early-1860s. For this musical work, Verdi utilized the national anthems of several European nations.

## Production

In December 1943, Arturo Toscanini filmed a performance of this music for inclusion in an Office of War Information documentary about the role of Italian-Americans in aiding the Allies during World War II. Toscanini added a bridge passage to include arrangements of "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the United States and "The Internationale" for the Soviet Union and the Italian partisans. Joining Toscanini in the filmed performance in NBC Studio 8-H, were tenor Jan Peerce, the Westminster Choir, and the NBC Symphony Orchestra.

The film also included the overture to Verdi's opera *La Forza del Destino*. The narration was written by May Sarton, film editing by Boris Kaufman, and narration read by actor Burgess Meredith. The original version was released on VHS by Blackhawk Films, which retitled it *Arturo Toscanini Conducts Giuseppe Verdi*. A newly restored version by the Library of Congress, with the Meredith narration, has been issued on DVD.

## Reception

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. The Academy Film Archive preserved *Hymn of the Nations* in 2010. The film is part of the Academy War Film Collection, one of the largest collections of World War II era short films held outside government archives.

## Censorship

During the post-war Red Scare, the US government crudely censored "The Internationale" out of the film. The version continued to be released without any acknowledgement of censorship. The uncensored version was thought to have been lost until a print was rediscovered in Alaska.

## InfoBox

| Hymn of the Nations | |
| --- | --- |
| *Hymn of the Nations* (censored version) | |
| Directed by | Alexander Hammid |
| Written by | May Sarton |
| Produced by | Irving Lerner |
| Starring | Arturo Toscanini
Jan Peerce |
| Narrated by | Knox Manning (original narration)
Burgess Meredith (alternative narration) |
| Cinematography | Boris Kaufman |
| Music by | Giuseppe Verdi |
| Distributed by | US Office of War Information
Arthur Mayer & Joseph Burstyn (1946 theatrical release) |
| Release date | * February 1944 (1944-02) |
| Running time | 31 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | English
Italian |


title: Rochester Adams High School

abstract: Rochester Adams High School is a public high school located in Rochester Hills, Michigan, and is part of the Rochester Community Schools district.

text:
# Rochester Adams High School

| Student assessments | |
| --- | --- |
| 2021–22 school
year Change vs.
prior year   --- | |
| M-STEP 11th grade proficiency rates
(Science / Social Studies) | |
| Advanced % | 28.4 / 26.3 |
| Proficient % | 34.3 / 34.3 |
| PR. Proficient % | 13.1 / 31.7 |
| Not Proficient % | 24.2 / 7.7 |
| Average test scores | |
| SAT Total | 1164.9 ( −7) |

**Rochester Adams High School** (also known as Adams High School, Adams, or AHS) is a public high school located in Rochester Hills, Michigan, and is part of the Rochester Community Schools district.

## Academics

Rochester Adams High School has been accredited by the Cognia or its predecessors since 1971.

## Demographics

The demographic breakdown of the 1,586 students enrolled for 2018-19 was:

* Boys - 51.6%
* Girls - 48.4%
* Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
* Asian - 15.1%
* Black - 4.0%
* Hispanic - 4.1%
* Native Hawaiian/Pacific islanders - 0.1%
* White - 72.4%
* Multiracial - 3.9%

4.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch.

## Athletics

Adams has various boys and girls sports in the fall, winter, and spring seasons.

|  | Fall | Winter | Spring |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boys | Cross Country
Soccer
Tennis
Football | Basketball
Skiing
Wrestling
Hockey
Swim/Dive | Baseball
Lacrosse
Golf
Track & Field |
| Girls | Swim/Dive
Cross Country
Golf
Volleyball
Cheerleading | Basketball
Skiing
Cheerleading
Gymnastics
 | Soccer
Lacrosse
Softball
Tennis
Track & Field |

## Notable alumni

### Entertainers and musicians

### Athletes

### Other

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

## InfoBox

| Rochester Adams High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3200 West Tienken Road
Rochester Hills, MI 48306
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°41′45″N 83°11′51″W / 42.695881°N 83.197366°W / 42.695881; -83.197366 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school |
| Established | 1969 (building opened in 1970) |
| School district | Rochester Community Schools |
| Superintendent | Nicholas Russo |
| Principal | Pasquale Cusumano |
| Faculty | 65.70 (on an FTE basis) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 1,534 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 23.35 |
| Color(s) | Brown and
Gold |
| Athletics conference | Oakland Activities Association |
| Nickname | Highlanders |
| Newspaper | *The Kilt* |
| Website | Rochester Adams High School |


title: Troy Simmonds

abstract: Troy Simmonds is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne, Fremantle and Richmond in the Australian Football League.

text:
# Troy Simmonds

**Troy Simmonds** (born 13 July 1978) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne, Fremantle and Richmond in the Australian Football League.

## AFL career

### Melbourne: 1999  2001

Simmonds was first drafted by Melbourne in the 1999 pre-season draft. He played only five 5 games in 1999 but then played 22 in 2000, including the Grand Final, during which he was carried from the field on a stretcher following a head-on charge by Essendon's Michael Long.

### Fremantle: 2002  2004

In 2002 he was traded to Fremantle as part of a three way trade that included Daniel Bandy moving to the Western Bulldogs and Craig Ellis moving to Melbourne. This was seen as a chance for Simmonds to become Fremantle's main ruckman, as opposed to being Jeff White's understudy at Melbourne. In three seasons at Fremantle Simmonds played in 64 out of a possible 67 games, including Fremantle's first ever finals game in 2003.

### Richmond: 2005  2010

At the end of the 2004 season, Simmonds was traded back to Victoria, again in a three-way deal, with Heath Black returning to Fremantle, Aaron Fiora moving to St Kilda and Simmonds moving to Richmond. In a move surprising to many, Simmonds signed a five-year deal with the Tigers, as opposed to the usual two or three-year contracts. After a serviceable first year with Richmond, Simmonds played some of the best football of his career in 2006 - taking several big marks and scoring several goals up forward. At the end of 2009 Simmonds signed a one-year contract for the 2010 season. Prior to Round 10, 2010, Simmonds announced his retirement.

## InfoBox

| Troy Simmonds | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Simmonds in May 2011 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Troy Simmonds | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-07-13) 13 July 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Melbourne, Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | Box Hill (VFL) | | |
| Draft | No. 9, 1999 pre-season draft:
Melbourne | | |
| Height | 197 cm (6 ft 6 in) | | |
| Weight | 99 kg (218 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Ruck / forward | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Richmond | | |
| Number | 5 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1999  2001 | Melbourne | 040 00(7) |
| 2002  2004 | Fremantle | 064 0(59) |
| 2005  2010 | Richmond | 093 0(66) |
| Total |  | **197 (132)** |
| Representative team honours | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2008 | Victoria | 1 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2010. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Pseudoboodon sandfordorum

abstract: Pseudoboodon sandfordorum, also known as Sandford's Ethiopian mountain snake and Sandford's Ethiopian snake is a species of snake in the family Lamprophiidae. It was first described in 2004 by Stephen Spawls. Its holotype was collected in late 1997 in Ethiopia.

text:
# Pseudoboodon sandfordorum

***Pseudoboodon sandfordorum***, also known as **Sandford's Ethiopian mountain snake** and **Sandford's Ethiopian snake** is a species of snake in the family Lamprophiidae. It was first described in 2004 by Stephen Spawls. Its holotype was collected in late 1997 in Ethiopia.

## Ecology

In 2014, it was classified in IUCN Red List as DD (data deficient).

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoboodon sandfordorum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Lamprophiidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoboodon* |
| Species: | ***P. sandfordorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoboodon sandfordorum***
Spawls, 2004 | |
|


title: Murrayonida

abstract: The Murrayonida are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.

text:
# Murrayonida

The **Murrayonida** are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.

## Taxonomy

The order consists of four known species, in three families:

Family Murrayonidae Dendy & Row, 1913

Family Lelapiellidae Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 1990

Family Paramurrayonidae Vacelet, 1967

## Description

Murrayonida are distinguished from other Calcinea by having a reinforced skeleton; like another line of Calcinea, the Leucettidae, but unlike most other Calcinea, the Murrayonida sponges also have a cortex covering the cormus and a leuconoid aquiferous system.

## InfoBox

| Murrayonida | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Subclass: | Calcinea |
| Order: | Murrayonida<br>Vacelet, 1981 |
|
| Families | |
| * Lelapiellidae * Murrayonidae * Paramurrayonidae | |


title: Humberston Academy

abstract: Humberston Academy is a secondary school with academy status (DRET) based in Humberston, North East Lincolnshire, England.

text:
# Humberston Academy

**Humberston Academy** (formerly Humberston Maths and Computing College) is a secondary school with academy status (DRET) based in Humberston (near Grimsby), North East Lincolnshire, England.

## Admissions

It does not have a sixth form. It is situated on *Humberston Avenue* (B1219 - off the A1031) in the west of Humberston. Further to the west along the B1219 is the Tollbar Academy, and the school is less than one mile north of Lincolnshire (East Lindsey \- Tetney and Holton-le-Clay, which has grammar schools). Directly to the west is the Humberston Country Club golf club.

## History

The school opened in 1977 as Humberston Comprehensive School.

Until 1996 it was administered by Humberside Education Committee, based in Beverley. It gained specialist status in 2006.

In January 2009 it was placed in special measures. From September 2009, the school name changed from Humberston School to Humberston Maths and Computing College.

The school converted to academy status in 2011 and was renamed Humberston Academy. the school is now sponsored by the David Ross Education Trust.

## Academic performance

In the last round of GCSE exams, the school gained the third best GCSE results for North East Lincolnshire.

## Notable former pupils

## InfoBox

| Humberston Academy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Humberston Avenue
Humberston, Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, DN36 4TF
England | |
| Coordinates | 53°31′46″N 0°01′52″W / 53.52943°N 0.03111°W / 53.52943; -0.03111 |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Motto | Broadening Horizons |
| Established | 1977 |
| Department for Education URN | 137200 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Sponsor | The David Ross Education Trust |
| Principal | Dan Shoubridge |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 11 to 16 |
| Enrolment | 918 |
| Website | http://www.humberstonacademy.co.uk |


title: Tru 'Dat' Entertainment

abstract: Tru 'Dat' Entertainment or plainly Tru Dat was a Los Angeles, California-based firm founded in 2006 by Hysear Randell, a wealthy African-American entrepreneur, as a recruitment platform for urban talent in music, sport, film and fashion. Tru 'Dat' Entertainment also aimed to aid the poor by providing them with opportunities for recruitment at one of their establishments. The company was still in its first stages of development so their rosters were not lengthy.

text:
# Tru 'Dat' Entertainment

**Tru 'Dat' Entertainment** (also variated as **Tru 'dat' Entertainment**, **Trudat Entertainment** and **TRU DAT Entertainment**) or plainly **Tru Dat** was a Los Angeles, California-based firm founded in 2006 by Hysear Randell, a wealthy African-American entrepreneur, as a recruitment platform for urban talent in music, sport, film and fashion. Tru 'Dat' Entertainment also aimed to aid the poor by providing them with opportunities for recruitment at one of their establishments. The company was still in its first stages of development so their rosters were not lengthy.

## History

### Music

Tru 'Dat' Entertainment was based as a junior record label with hopes of establishing a lengthy roster of talented artists in the genre of hip hop. Tru Dat signed former Death Row Records artist, Tha Realest, and also employed Bosko, a talented young producer. Tha Realest released his first music video for his intended debut single, "Eurry Now And Then", on the label, which was also set to distribute Tha Realest's upcoming debut album, *Witness Tha Realest*, in early 2007.

Former Death Row Records Security Head Reggie Wright Junior, recently quoted as saying he could have run Death Row better than Suge Knight, was on board as part of Tru Dat.

### Last known roster

### Other ventures

Tru 'Dat' Entertainment worked as a project company for urban-style films. Tru Dat worked on the production of *Waist Deep*, a 2006 film about a father, whose son is kidnapped by members of a criminal organization, must collect a ransom amount of $100,000 by taking on a criminal persona. Tru Dat's production of the film was successful through various affiliates and subsidiaries, such as *Tycoon International Holdings* and *Radar Pictures*.

Tru 'Dat' Entertainment was working on other film projects including *PITBULL* and *Ear 2 Da Street* which were due for release in late 2007 to early 2008.

Tru 'Dat' Entertainment was working on establishing an urban clothing brand. The line of clothing was aimed at footwear fashion and hip-hop style clothing.

Tru 'Dat' Entertainment established a subsidiary for sports. This way, Tru 'Dat' Entertainment focused on promoting boxing matches and skilled boxers. Tru Dat was determined to recruit youth and train them to become tough competitive boxers, who in turn will shape the structure of the Tru Dat industry.

### Tax-scam controversy

On April 28, 2007, an arrest warrant was issued for Hysear Don Randell. According to *The Denver Post* and *Rocky Mountain News*, Hysear's girlfriend Michelle Cawthra, a revenue supervisor at the Department of Revenue in Denver, authorized phony tax returns to Randell and Holliday by forging former Revenue Department employees' signatures. Sources say that she transferred approximately $5.3 million ($5,327,278) with a total estimate of $8 million to bank accounts held by Randell. Randell was arrested on May 2, 2007 and held, along with Cawthra and Holliday, in Arapahoe County jail on $10 million bail.

Andre Holliday was released on lack of evidence of involvement in the scheme but Cawthra was charged with 27 counts of racketeering, theft and forgery (violating the Colorado Organized Crime Control Act, conspiracy to commit computer crime, conspiracy to commit theft, and 18 counts of forgery, embezzlement of public property, theft and conspiracy to commit embezzlement of public property).

Following the incident, in 2008, it was alleged that Tru Dat had officially been discontinued. Its back catalogs were sold to Rapp Records.

## InfoBox

| Tru 'Dat' Entertainment | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Founder | Hysear Randell |
| Distributor(s) | Independent |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Country of origin | United States |


title: HTC Desire 600

abstract:
The HTC Desire 600 is an Android smartphone developed by the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC. The Desire 600 is a mid-range dual SIM smartphone carrying traits from the HTC One, such as its use of Sense 5, Beats Audio, and BoomSound front stereo speakers. The device uses a 4.5-inch qHD Super LCD 2 display, a 1.2 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 200 processor with 1 GB of RAM, an 8-megapixel camera, and 64 GB of expandable storage. It was released in Russia, the Middle-East, and Ukraine in June 2013.
The phone is also available in both India and China. It has replaceable battery and microSD slot with support up to 64 GB.

text:
# HTC Desire 600

The **HTC Desire 600** is an Android smartphone developed by the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC.

The Desire 600 is a mid-range dual SIM smartphone carrying traits from the HTC One, such as its use of Sense 5, Beats Audio, and BoomSound front stereo speakers. The device uses a 4.5-inch qHD Super LCD 2 display, a 1.2 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 200 processor with 1 GB of RAM, an 8-megapixel camera (lacking the Zoe shooting mode from the One, but still containing the "Highlights" feature), and 64 GB of expandable storage. It was released in Russia, the Middle-East, and Ukraine in June 2013. The phone is also available in both India and China. It has replaceable battery and microSD slot with support up to 64 GB.


title: Peter Pruzan

abstract: Peter Mark Pruzan is a Danish organizational theorist, management consultant, and Emeritus Professor of Systems Science at the Department of Management, Politics & Philosophy at the Copenhagen Business School (CBS) in Denmark. Pruzan is known for work on corporate governance and values-based leadership. He became a naturalized Danish citizen in 1973.

text:
# Peter Pruzan

**Peter Mark Pruzan** (born 1936 in the United States) is a Danish organizational theorist, management consultant, and Emeritus Professor of Systems Science at the Department of Management, Politics & Philosophy at the Copenhagen Business School (CBS) in Denmark. Pruzan is known for work on corporate governance and values-based leadership. He became a naturalized Danish citizen in 1973.

## Education and career

Pruzan obtained his BA cum laude in 1957 from Princeton University, his MBA with Distinction in 1959 from Harvard University, his PhD in 1964 from Case Western Reserve University, and an advanced post-doctoral degree in Economics in 1982 from the University of Copenhagen.

In the early 1960s, Pruzan started his career as adviser to IBM Denmark on Operations Research and as a management consultant in Denmark and Sweden. In 1964 he was appointed Associate Professor at the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Operations Research, Technical University of Denmark.

In 1967, he co-founded and led OAC, Operations Analysis Corp., an international consultancy specializing in Operations Research and in 1971 he co-founded SimCorp (currently listed on the NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchange) that provides specialized software and financial expertise for the investment management industry; he no longer has any connection with or financial interest in the company. In 1976 he returned to academia as Associate Professor of Economic Planning at the University of Copenhagen.

From 1985 to 2003, he was Professor of Systems Science at the Copenhagen Business School where he was co-founder of the Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy as well as of bachelors and masters programs in Philosophy and Economics and in Mathematics and Economics. His research focus while at CBS was to integrate perspectives from management, philosophy, and spirituality to develop values-based approaches to leadership and ethics.

Among his organizational initiatives while at CBS were co-founding and designing the think tank and advisory services firm AccountAbility (London, 1995); CBS’s Center for Corporate Social Responsibility (2002) and the Academy of Business in Society (Bruxelles, 2002). Since his retirement in 2003, he has taught Research Methodology to PhD students in India and lectured internationally on spiritual-based leadership.

He has authored 15 books and roughly 150 articles in international scientific journals as well as lectured frequently in Europe, the US, and India, originally on operations research and then on values in the workplace, organizational ethics, social and ethical accounting, and corporate responsibility and, since the turn of the century, focusing mainly on spiritual-based leadership.

## Publications

### Selected books

* Pruzan, Peter (2016). *Research Methodology: The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science*. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-27167-5.
* Pruzan, P. (2009). *Rational, Ethical, and Spiritual Perspectives on Leadership: Selected writings*. Oxford: Peter Lang.
* Pruzan, P.; Pruzan Mikkelsen, K. (2007). *Leading with Wisdom: Spiritual-based leadership in business*. Sheffield: Greenleaf.
* Zadek, P.; Pruzan, P.; Evans, R. (1997). *Building Corporate Accountability: Emerging practices in social and ethical accounting, auditing, and reporting*. London: Earthscan.
* Bogetoft, P.; Pruzan, P. (1997). *Planning with Multiple Criteria : Investigation, communication and choice* (2. ed.). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
* Jensen, HS.; Pruzan, P.; Thyssen, O. (1990). *The Ethical Challenge: On shared values in a pluralistic society* (in Danish). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
* Pruzan, P. (1981). *Locational Decisions and Discrete Optimization*. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
* Pruzan, Peter Mark (1964). *An Application of Control Theory to National Economic Planning*. Cleveland: Case Institute of Technology.

### Selected articles

* Pruzan, Peter (2015). Zsolnai, L. (ed.). "Spiritual-Based Leadership: A Paradox of Pragmatism". *The Spiritual Dimension of Business Ethics and Sustainability Management*. New York: Springer: 169–173.
* Pruzan, Peter (2015). Ims, K.J.; Pedersen, L.J.T. (eds.). "The Source of Ethical Competency: Eastern Perspectives Provided by a Westerner". *Business Ethics and the Greater Good: Rethinking Business in an Age of Crisis*. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 117–148.
* Pruzan, P. (2011). Bouckaert, L.; Zsolnai, L. (eds.). "Spiritual-Based Leadership". *The Palgrave Handbook of Spirituality and Business*. London: Palgrave: 287–295. ISBN 9780230238312.
* Pruzan, P.; Miller, W. (2006). Maak, T.; Pless, N. (eds.). "Spirituality as the Basis of Responsible Leaders and Responsible Companies". *Responsible Leadership*. London: Routledge: 68–92.
* Pruzan, P. (2004). Zsolnai, L. (ed.). "Spirituality as the Context for Leadership". *Spirituality and Ethics in Management*. Issues in Business Ethics. **19**. London: Kluwer: 15–31. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2365-0\_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-2364-4.
* Pruzan, P. (2001). "The Question of Organizational Consciousness: Can Organizations have Values, Virtues and Visions?". *Journal of Business Ethics*. **29** (3): 271–284. doi:10.1023/A:1026577604845. S2CID 41026134.
* Pruzan, P. (1998). "From Control to Values-based Management and Accountability". *Journal of Business Ethics*. **17** (13): 1379–1394. doi:10.1023/A:1006079110633. S2CID 151190210.
* Pruzan, P.; Zadek, S. (1997). "Socially Responsible and Accountable Enterprise". *Journal of Human Values*. **3**: 59–79. doi:10.1177/097168589700300106. S2CID 145693744.
* Pruzan, P. (1995). "The Ethical Accounting Statement". *World Business Academy Perspectives*: 35–46.
* Pruzan, P.; Thyssen, O. (1990). "Conflict and Consensus: Ethics as a Shared Value Horizon for Strategic Planning". *Human Systems Management*. **9** (3): 135–151. doi:10.3233/HSM-1990-9303.
* Pruzan, P. (1979). "The Bangladesh Grain Model". *European Journal of Operational Research*. **3** (2): 110–121. doi:10.1016/0377-2217(79)90097-3.
* Pruzan, P. (1966). Lawrence, J.R. (ed.). "Is Cost-Benefit Analysis Consistent with the Maximization of Expected Utility?". *Operational Research and the Social Sciences*. London: Tavistock Publications: 319–336.


title: History of perfume

abstract: The word perfume is used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word per fumus. The word perfumery refers to the art of making perfumes. Perfume was produced by ancient Greeks, and perfume was also refined by the Romans, the Persians and the Arabs. Although perfume and perfumery also existed in East Asia, much of its fragrances were incense based. The basic ingredients and methods of making perfumes are described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia.

text:
# History of perfume

The word *perfume* is used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word *per fumus* (lit.'through smoke'). The word *perfumery* refers to the art of making perfumes. Perfume was produced by ancient Greeks, and perfume was also refined by the Romans, the Persians and the Arabs. Although perfume and perfumery also existed in East Asia, much of its fragrances were incense based. The basic ingredients and methods of making perfumes are described by Pliny the Elder in his *Naturalis Historia*.

## Mesopotamia

The world's first recorded chemist is a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker whose existence was recorded on a 1200 BCE Cuneiform tablet in Babylonian Mesopotamia. She held a powerful role in the Mesopotamian government and religion, as the overseer of the Mesopotamian Royal Palace. She developed methods for scent extraction techniques that would lay the basis for perfume making. She recorded her techniques and methods and those were passed on, with her most groundbreaking technique in using solvents. Furthermore Sassanian Emperors used rose water as perfume in their celebrations.

## South Asia

Perfume and perfumery also existed in Indus civilization, which existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. One of the earliest distillation of Ittar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text *Charaka Samhita* and *Sushruta Samhita*. The perfume references are part of a larger text called Brihat-Samhita written by Varāhamihira, an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer living in the city of Ujjain. He was one of the ‘nine jewels’ in the court of Vikramaditya. The perfume portion mainly deals with the manufacture of perfumes to benefit ‘royal personages’. The text is written as Sanskrit slokas with commentary by a 10th-century Indian commentator Utpala.

## Cyprus

To date, the oldest perfumery was discovered on the island of Cyprus. Excavations in 2004-2005 under the initiative of an Italian archaeological team unearthed evidence of an enormous factory that existed 4,000 years ago during the Bronze Age. This covered an estimated surface area of over 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) indicating that perfume manufacturing was on an industrial scale. The news of this discovery was reported extensively through the world press and many artifacts are already on display in Rome.

The Bible describes a sacred perfume (Exodus 30:22-33) consisting of liquid myrrh, fragrant cinnamon, fragrant cane, and cassia. Its use was forbidden, except by the priests. The women wore perfume to present their beauty.

## Islamic

Iranians after Islamic era contributed significantly to the development of Middle Eastern perfumery in two significant areas: perfecting the extraction of fragrances through steam distillation and introducing new raw materials. Both have greatly influenced Western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry.

With a rise of Islam, Iranians improved perfume production and continued to use perfumes in daily life and in practicing religion. They used musk, roses and amber, among other materials. As traders, Islamic cultures such as the Persians had wider access to a wide array of spices, resins, herbs, precious woods, and animal fragrance materials such as ambergris and musk. In addition to trading, many of the flowers and herbs used in perfumery were cultivated by the Iranians — rose and jasmine were native to the Iran region, and many other plants (i.e.: bitter orange and other citrus trees, all of which imported from China and southeast Asia) could be successfully cultivated in the Middle East, and are to this day key ingredients in perfumery.

In Islamic culture, perfume usage has been documented as far back as the 6th century and its usage is considered a religious duty. Muhammad said:

> *The taking of a bath on Friday is compulsory for every male Muslim who has attained the age of puberty and (also) the cleaning of his teeth with Miswaak (type of twig used as a toothbrush), and the using of perfume if it is available.* (Recorded in Sahih Bukhari).

They often used to blend extracts with the cement of which mosques were built. Such rituals gave incentives to scholars to search and develop a cheaper way to produce incenses and in mass production.

The Arabic philosopher al-Kindi (c. 801–873) wrote a book on perfumes called ‘*Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations*’. It contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described one hundred and seven methods and recipes for perfume-making, and even the perfume making equipment, like the alembic, still bears its Arabic name.

The Persian Muslim doctor and chemist Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the rose. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes were mixtures of oil and crushed herbs, or petals which made a strong blend. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both of the raw ingredients and distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry.

Arabian perfume arrived to European courts through Al-Andalus in the west, and on the other side, with the crusaders in the east. For instance, eggs and floral perfumes were brought to Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries from Arabia, by returning crusaders, through trade with the Islamic world. Those who traded for these were most often also involved in trade for spices and dyestuffs. There are records of the Pepperers Guild of London, going back to 1179; which show them trading with Muslims in spices, perfume ingredients and dyes. Catharina de Medici initiated the perfume industry in Europe when she left Italy in the 16th century to marry the French crown prince.

## Classical antiquity

Romans and Greek extracted perfumes from diverse sources such as flowers, woods, seeds, roots, saps, gums. Theophrastos (ca. 270–285 BCE; On Odors), Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE; Natural History), and Dioskourides (ca. 40–90 CE; On Medical Material) all discussed perfumery. A temple to Athena in Elis, near Olympia, was said to have saffron blended into its wall plaster, allowing the interior to remain fragrant for 500 years. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors.

## Europe

Recipes of perfumes from the monks of Santa Maria Delle Vigne or Santa Maria Novella of Florence, Italy, were recorded from 1221. But it was the Hungarians who ultimately introduced the first modern perfume. The first modern perfume, made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution, was made in 1370 at the command of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary and was known throughout Europe as Hungary Water. The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy, and in the 16th century, Italian refinements were taken to France by Catherine de' Medici's personal perfumer, Rene le Florentin. His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulas could be stolen en route.

### France

France quickly became the European center of perfume and cosmetic manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France mainly in Grasse now considered the world capital of perfume. During the Renaissance period, perfumes were used primarily by royalty and the wealthy to mask body odors resulting from the sanitary practices of the day. Partly due to this patronage, the western perfumery industry was created. Perfume enjoyed huge success during the 17th century. Perfumed gloves became popular in France and in 1656, the guild of glove and perfume-makers was established. Perfumers were also known to create poisons: for instance, in 1572 Jeanne d'Albret, protestant queen of Navarre, was supposedly murdered on the instruction of Catherine de Medici, the Catholic queen of France, when a poison prepared by Catherine's perfumer, René le Florentin, was rubbed into a pair of perfumed gloves. When they were worn, the substance was slowly absorbed into the victim's skin.

Perfume came into its own when Louis XV came to the throne in the 18th century. His court was called "la cour parfumée" (the perfumed court). Madame de Pompadour ordered generous supplies of perfume, and King Louis demanded a different fragrance for his apartment every day. The court of Louis XIV was even named due to the scents which were applied daily not only to the skin but also to clothing, fans and furniture. Perfume substituted for soap and water. The use of perfume in France grew steadily. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were being grown in the Grasse region of France to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, France remains the centre of the European perfume design and trade.

After Napoleon came to power, exorbitant expenditures for perfume continued. Two quarts of violet cologne were delivered to him each week, and he is said to have used sixty bottles of double extract of jasmine every month. Josephine had stronger perfume preferences. She was partial to musk, and she used so much that sixty years after her death the scent still lingered in her boudoir.

### England

Perfume use peaked in England during the reigns of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) and Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603). All public places were scented during Queen Elizabeth's rule, since she could not tolerate bad smells. It was said that the sharpness of her nose was equaled only by the slyness of her tongue. Ladies of the day took great pride in creating delightful fragrances and they displayed their skill in mixing scents in the still rooms of manor houses.

As with industry and the arts, perfume underwent profound change in the 19th century. Changing tastes and the development of modern chemistry laid the foundations of modern perfumery as alchemy gave way to chemistry.

### Russia

Perfume manufacture in Russia grew after 1861 and became globally significant by the early 20th century. The production of perfume in the Soviet Union became a part of the planned economy in the 1930s, although output was not high.

## Americas

In early America, the first scents were colognes and scented water by French explorers in New France. Florida water, an uncomplicated mixture of eau de cologne with a dash of oil of cloves, cassia and lemongrass, was popular.

## Further reading


abstract: Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95 is a compilation album by Black Rain, released on February 20, 2012 by Blackest Ever Black.

text:
# Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95

***Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95*** is a compilation album by Black Rain, released on February 20, 2012 by Blackest Ever Black.

## Reception

The Quietus called the songs of *Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95* "well ahead of their curve" and described the titletrack as "the album's centrepiece - a throbbing floorgazer that’s all smouldering smoke, steam, and steel, flickering with twitchy hi-hats and techy, asynchronous rhythmic palpitations."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Stuart Argabright

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lo Tek" | 1:27 |
| 2. | "Night City Tokyo" | 7:17 |
| 3. | "Lo Tek Bridge" | 2:57 |
| 4. | "Biotechno 1 and 2" | 6:10 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Lo Tek Bridge 2" | 3:19 |
| 6. | "Now I'm Just a Number" | 11:31 |
| 7. | "Lo Tek Musicm" | 4:53 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994-95* liner notes.

**Black Rain**

**Production and design**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 2012 | Blackest Ever Black | CS, DL, LP | BLACKEST007 |

## InfoBox

| Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Black Rain | |
| Released | February 20, 2012 (2012-02-20) |
| Recorded | October 13, 2012 (2012-10-13) |
| Studio | Various |
| Genre | Industrial |
| Length | 37:34 |
| Label | Blackest Ever Black |
| Producer | * Stuart Argabright * Shinichi Shimokawa |
| Black Rain chronology | |
| *Nanarchy*
(1996) ***Now I'm Just a Number: Soundtracks 1994–95***
(2012) *Protoplasm*
(2013) | |


title: Roger Albinyana i Saigí

abstract: Roger Albinyana i Saigí is a Catalan politician. He was President of the European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) from 2004–2008 and active within the ELDR Party. In the spring of 2004, he assumed the presidency of LYMEC- European Liberal Youth and was re-elected to the post in April 2006 for a mandate of two years. In 2007 Roger Albinyana, together with Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill founded the Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes (CES), a Catalan think-tank focused in legal issues regarding sovereignty and ways towards the independence of Catalonia, of which he holds the Director's position.

text:
# Roger Albinyana i Saigí

**Roger Albinyana i Saigí** is a Catalan politician. He was President of the European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) from 2004–2008 and active within the ELDR Party.

In the spring of 2004, he assumed the presidency of LYMEC- European Liberal Youth and was re-elected to the post in April 2006 for a mandate of two years.

In 2007 Roger Albinyana, together with Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill founded the *Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes* (CES), a Catalan think-tank focused in legal issues regarding sovereignty and ways towards the independence of Catalonia, of which he holds the Director's position.


title: Truncation selection

abstract: In animal and plant breeding, truncation selection is a standard method in selective breeding in selecting animals to be bred for the next generation. Animals are ranked by their phenotypic value on some trait such as milk production, and the top percentage is reproduced. The effects of truncation selection for a continuous trait can be modeled by the standard breeder's equation by using heritability and truncated normal distributions. On a binary trait, it can be modeled easily using the liability threshold model. It is considered an easy and efficient method of breeding.

text:
# Truncation selection

In animal and plant breeding, **truncation selection** is a standard method in selective breeding in selecting animals to be bred for the next generation. Animals are ranked by their phenotypic value on some trait such as milk production, and the top percentage is reproduced. The effects of truncation selection for a continuous trait can be modeled by the standard breeder's equation by using heritability and truncated normal distributions. On a binary trait, it can be modeled easily using the liability threshold model. It is considered an easy and efficient method of breeding.

## Computer science

In computer science, truncation selection is a selection method used in genetic algorithms to select potential candidate solutions for recombination modeled after the breeding method.

In truncation selection the candidate solutions are ordered by fitness, and some proportion, *p*, (e.g. *p* = 1/2, 1/3, etc.) of the fittest individuals are selected and reproduced 1/p times. Truncation selection is less sophisticated than many other selection methods, and is not often used in practice. It is used in Muhlenbein's Breeder Genetic Algorithm.


title: Psalm 114

abstract: Psalm 114 is the 114th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "When Israel went out of Egypt". In the slightly different numbering system in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, this psalm forms the first part of Psalm 113, verses 1–8. In Latin, it is known as "In exitu Israel de Aegypto". Psalm 114 is used as a regular part of Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and various Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, such as a setting in German by Heinrich Schütz for three four-part choirs of voices and instruments, and Bach's early wedding cantata Der Herr denket an uns, BWV 196. During the Romantic period, Felix Mendelssohn set the psalm in German, Gustav Holst in English, and Albert Kellermann in Hebrew.

text:
# Psalm 114

| Psalm 114 | |
| --- | --- |
| Psalm 113Psalm 115 | |
| Book | Book of Psalms |
| Hebrew Bible part | Ketuvim |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 1 |
| Category | Sifrei Emet |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 19 |

**Psalm 114** is the 114th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "When Israel went out of Egypt". In the slightly different numbering system in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, this psalm forms the first part of **Psalm 113**, verses 1–8. In Latin, it is known as "**In exitu Israel de Aegypto**".

Psalm 114 is used as a regular part of Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and various Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, such as a setting in German by Heinrich Schütz for three four-part choirs of voices and instruments, and Bach's early wedding cantata *Der Herr denket an uns*, BWV 196. During the Romantic period, Felix Mendelssohn set the psalm in German, Gustav Holst in English, and Albert Kellermann in Hebrew.

## Text

### Hebrew

The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

| Verse | Hebrew | English translation (JPS 1917) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | בְּצֵ֣את יִ֭שְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם בֵּ֥ית יַ֝עֲקֹ֗ב מֵעַ֥ם לֹעֵֽז׃ | When Israel came forth out of Egypt, The house of Jacob from a people of strange language; |
| 2 | הָיְתָ֣ה יְהוּדָ֣ה לְקׇדְשׁ֑וֹ יִ֝שְׂרָאֵ֗ל מַמְשְׁלוֹתָֽיו׃ | Judah became His sanctuary, Israel His dominion. |
| 3 | הַיָּ֣ם רָ֭אָה וַיָּנֹ֑ס הַ֝יַּרְדֵּ֗ן יִסֹּ֥ב לְאָחֽוֹר׃ | The sea saw it, and fled; The Jordan turned backward. |
| 4 | הֶ֭הָרִים רָקְד֣וּ כְאֵילִ֑ים גְּ֝בָע֗וֹת כִּבְנֵי־צֹֽאן׃ | The mountains skipped like rams, The hills like young sheep. |
| 5 | מַה־לְּךָ֣ הַ֭יָּם כִּ֣י תָנ֑וּס הַ֝יַּרְדֵּ֗ן תִּסֹּ֥ב לְאָחֽוֹר׃ | What aileth thee, O thou sea, that thou fleest? Thou Jordan, that thou turnest backward? |
| 6 | הֶ֭הָרִים תִּרְקְד֣וּ כְאֵילִ֑ים גְּ֝בָע֗וֹת כִּבְנֵי־צֹֽאן׃ | Ye mountains, that ye skip like rams; Ye hills, like young sheep? |
| 7 | מִלִּפְנֵ֣י אָ֭דוֹן ח֣וּלִי אָ֑רֶץ מִ֝לִּפְנֵ֗י אֱל֣וֹהַּ יַעֲקֹֽב׃ | Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, At the presence of the God of Jacob; |
| 8 | הַהֹפְכִ֣י הַצּ֣וּר אֲגַם־מָ֑יִם חַ֝לָּמִ֗ישׁ לְמַעְיְנוֹ־מָֽיִם׃ | Who turned the rock into a pool of water, The flint into a fountain of waters. |

### King James Version

1. When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people of strange language;
2. Judah was his sanctuary, and Israel his dominion.
3. The sea saw it, and fled: Jordan was driven back.
4. The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills like lambs.
5. What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou Jordan, that thou wast driven back?
6. Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams; and ye little hills, like lambs?
7. Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the LORD, at the presence of the God of Jacob;
8. Which turned the rock into a standing water, the flint into a fountain of waters.

## Structure and theme

At eight verses, this psalm is comparatively concise. It is composed of four stanzas of two lines, which the word Jacob envelops. The two central stanzas evoke with images full of life the miracle of the Red Sea and the passage of the Jordan. God is evoked only at the end of the Psalm, doubtless to arouse the expectation.

Psalm 114 begins with the Hebrew 'בְּצֵאת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִמִּצְרָיִם; בֵּית יַעֲקֹב, מֵעַם לֹעֵז'. It is one of the so-called Egyptian Hallel prayers, although it is sometimes ascribed to King David.

## Verses 1–2

1When Israel went out of Egypt, The house of Jacob from a people of strange language, 2Judah became His sanctuary, And Israel His dominion.

This first stanza recalls that the Hebrew people are born in the Exodus from Egypt. The words "sanctuary" and "dominion" ("domain" in the New Catholic Bible) designate the entire Holy Land, the inheritance of God, not only in the geographical sense but also in a spiritual sense. The miracles that allow Israel to cross the Red Sea and cross the Jordan River are poetically enhanced by the process of hyperbole and by images evoking a life of natural elements, water and mountains. It is a means of manifesting all creation with Israel and actively participating in its march towards the Promised Land.

## Uses

### Judaism

* Is one of six psalms (113118) of which Hallel is composed. On all days when Hallel is recited, this psalm is recited in its entirety.
* Is recited on the first and/or eighth days of Passover in some traditions.

### Christianity

Since the sixth century, the psalm has been used as a reading at Christian burial services, and also in ministry to those who are dying. It has also been read at Easter Day services, as Israel's deliverance from slavery is seen as a metaphor for deliverance from sin.

#### Protestant Christianity

In the Revised Common Lectionary, the Psalm appears in Year A on the seventeenth Sunday after Pentecost.

#### Orthodox Christianity

In Slavic and Greek Orthodox churches, it is sung as an antiphon for the feast of Theophany, for the following Sunday and for Palm Sunday.

#### Catholic

St. Benedict of Nursia chose this psalm as one of the psalms sung for the offices of Vespers. Since the early Middle Ages, Psalm 114 has been performed at the office of Vespers on Monday, according to the Rule of St. Benedict (AD 530).

In the Liturgy of the Hours today, the first part of Psalm 114 is sung or recited on Vespers Sunday. It is the only psalm traditionally chanted using Tonus peregrinus.

### Book of Common Prayer

In the Church of England's *Book of Common Prayer*, this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the twenty-third day of the month, as well as at Evensong on Easter Day.

### Literature

## Musical settings

Heinrich Schütz composed a metred paraphrase of Psalm 115 in German, "Nicht uns, nicht uns, Herr, lieber Gott", SWV 213, for the *Becker Psalter*, published first in 1628.

Gilles Binchois, wrote a motet *In exitu Israel* (date unknown)

Antoine-Esprit Blanchard wrote a grand motet, *In exitu Israel*, in 1749.

Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville wrote a grand motet, *In exitu Israel*, in 1755.

François Giroust wrote a grand motet, *In exitu Israel* in 1783.

Antonio Vivaldi set the psalm as a motet, *In exitu Israel*, RV 604.

Samuel Wesley wrote a motet, *In exitu Israel,* for mixed chorus and organ.

Jan Dismas Zelenka composed two settings, ZWV 83 and ZWV 84, both scored for SATB soloists and chorus, two oboes, strings and continuo (1725 and 1728).

## Mandaean parallels

In Mandaeism, Qulasta prayer 75 has many parallels with Psalm 114.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Psalm 114 | |
| --- | --- |
| "When Israel went out of Egypt" | |
| Psalm 114 in a Hebrew Psalter from Northern Italy, ca. 1470 | |
| Other name | * Psalm 113 * "In exitu Israel de Aegypto " |
| Language | Hebrew (original) |


title: Greater swamp warbler

abstract: The greater swamp warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the family Acrocephalidae. It is found in the African countries of Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is swamps.

text:
# Greater swamp warbler

The **greater swamp warbler** (***Acrocephalus rufescens***) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Acrocephalidae. It is found in the African countries of Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is swamps.

## InfoBox

| Greater swamp warbler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *A. r. ansorgei* at Menongue, Angola | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Acrocephalidae |
| Genus: | *Acrocephalus* |
| Species: | ***A. rufescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acrocephalus rufescens***
(Sharpe & Bouvier, 1877) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *A. r. senegalensis* \- Colston & Morel, 1985 * *A. r. rufescens* \- (Sharpe & Bouvier, 1877) * *A. r. chadensis* \- (Alexander, 1907) * *A. r. ansorgei* \- (Hartert, 1906) | |
|  | |


abstract: Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works are two former saltpeter refineries located in northern Chile. They were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, as a testament to the historical importance of saltpeter mining in Chile and the culture and social agenda that developed around it in the late 19th century. The works were placed on the World Heritage List in Danger that same year, due to the fragility of the derelict buildings, but was removed in 2019.

text:
# Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works

**Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works** are two former saltpeter refineries located in northern Chile. They were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, as a testament to the historical importance of saltpeter mining in Chile and the culture and social agenda that developed around it in the late 19th century. The works were placed on the World Heritage List in Danger that same year, due to the fragility of the derelict buildings, but was removed in 2019.

## Geography

Humberstone and Santa Laura are located 45 km east of the city of Iquique in the Atacama Desert in the Tarapacá Region in northern Chile. Other saltpeter works or "nitrate towns" include Chacabuco, Maria Elena, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma and Aguas Santas.

### Humberstone

### Santa Laura

## History

In 1872, the Guillermo Wendell Nitrate Extraction Company founded the saltpeter works of Santa Laura, while the region was still a part of Peru. In the same year, James Thomas Humberstone founded the "Peru Nitrate Company", establishing the works of "La Palma". Both works grew quickly, becoming busy towns characterized by English-style buildings.

While La Palma became one of the largest saltpeter extractors of the whole region, Santa Laura did not do well, as production was low. It was taken over in 1902 by the Tamarugal Nitrate Company. In 1913 Santa Laura halted its production until the Shanks extraction process was introduced, which enhanced productivity.

However the economic model collapsed during the Great Depression of 1929 because of the development of the synthesis of ammonia by the Germans Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, which led to the industrial production of fertilizers. Practically bankrupt, both works were acquired by COSATAN (Compañía Salitrera de Tarapacá y Antofagasta) in 1934. COSATAN renamed La Palma into "Oficina Santiago Humberstone" in honor of its founder. The company tried to produce a competitive natural saltpeter by modernizing Humberstone, which led to its becoming the most successful saltpeter works in 1940.

Both works were abandoned in 1960 after the rapid decline that caused COSATAN to disappear in 1958. In 1970, after becoming ghost towns, they were declared national monuments and opened to tourism. In 2005 they were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

## InfoBox

Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Iquique Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile |
| Includes | Humberstone, Chile 20°12′30″S 69°47′43″W / 20.20833°S 69.79528°W / -20.20833; -69.79528<br>Santa Laura, Chile 20°12′40″S 69°48′45″W / 20.21111°S 69.81250°W / -20.21111; -69.81250 |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
| Reference | 1178bis |
| Inscription | 2005 (29th Session) |
| Extensions | 2011 |
| Endangered | 2005–2019 |
| Area | 573.48 ha (1,417.1 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 12,055 ha (29,790 acres) |
| Coordinates | 20°12′32″S 69°48′18″W / 20.209°S 69.805°W / -20.209; -69.805 |
| Location of Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works in Tarapacá RegionHumberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (Chile) | |


title: George Gurnett

abstract: George Gurnett was a Canadian journalist and city of Toronto politician. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada. Born in Sussex, England, he emigrated in the 1820s to Virginia. Gurnett later moved to Ancaster in Upper Canada, where he founded his first local paper, The Gore Gazette, and finally to York in 1829, where he founded the Tory paper The Courier of Upper Canada. He sold The Courier in 1837. When York was incorporated in May 1834 as the city of Toronto, Gurnett was elected to the city council as the representative for St. George's Ward. During his 17 years on the city council he served as mayor four times, in 1837, 1848, 1849, and 1850. Due to his long service on council and his years as mayor he is often considered to be one of the founders of the city of Toronto. Gurnett held many positions while on council. In 1837 he was appointed as the city's first Tory mayor, as magistrate of the Home District, and district clerk of the peace. He held positions on committees that dealt with the harbour and wharves, gas and waterworks, and education. He was chairman of the board of health during the 1847 typhus epidemic Gurnett resigned from the city council at the end of 1850, after having been appointed the first police magistrate of Toronto. He served in this post until his death in 1861. Gurnett's first wife died in 1835. In 1841 he married Catherine Darby of Trafalgar. He had eight children, six of whom died in infancy.

text:
# George Gurnett

**George Gurnett** (c. 1792  November 17, 1861) was a Canadian journalist and city of Toronto politician. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada.

Born in Sussex, England, he emigrated in the 1820s to Virginia. Gurnett later moved to Ancaster in Upper Canada, where he founded his first local paper, *The Gore Gazette*, and finally to York in 1829, where he founded the Tory paper *The Courier of Upper Canada*. He sold *The Courier* in 1837.

When York was incorporated in May 1834 as the city of Toronto, Gurnett was elected to the city council as the representative for St. George's Ward. During his 17 years on the city council he served as mayor four times, in 1837, 1848, 1849, and 1850. Due to his long service on council and his years as mayor he is often considered to be one of the founders of the city of Toronto.

Gurnett held many positions while on council. In 1837 he was appointed as the city's first Tory mayor, as magistrate of the Home District, and district clerk of the peace. He held positions on committees that dealt with the harbour and wharves, gas and waterworks, and education. He was chairman of the board of health during the 1847 typhus epidemic

Gurnett resigned from the city council at the end of 1850, after having been appointed the first police magistrate of Toronto. He served in this post until his death in 1861.

Gurnett's first wife died in 1835. In 1841 he married Catherine Darby of Trafalgar. He had eight children, six of whom died in infancy.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| George Gurnett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 4th Mayor of Toronto | |
| **In office**
1837–1838 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas David Morrison |
| Succeeded by | John Powell |
| **In office**
1848–1850 | |
| Preceded by | William Henry Boulton |
| Succeeded by | John George Bowes |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.1792
Horsham or Lewes, Sussex, England |
| Died | November 17, 1861
Toronto, Canada West |
|  | |


title: HMS Success (1650)

abstract: Success was a 38-gun fourth rate vessel captured from the French by the Commonwealth of England, She was captured on 19 October 1650 as the 38-gun Jules. She was commissioned into the Parliamentary Naval Force as Success. During the First Anglo-Dutch War she partook in the Battle of Portland and the Battle of Porto Farina. She spent time in the Mediterranean and escorting convoys. She was sold on 3 September 1662. Success was the first named vessel in the English or Royal Navy.

text:
# HMS Success (1650)

***Success*** was a 38-gun fourth rate vessel captured from the French by the Commonwealth of England, She was captured on 19 October 1650 as the 38-gun *Jules*. She was commissioned into the Parliamentary Naval Force as *Success*. During the First Anglo-Dutch War she partook in the Battle of Portland and the Battle of Porto Farina. She spent time in the Mediterranean and escorting convoys. She was sold on 3 September 1662.

*Success* was the first named vessel in the English or Royal Navy.

## Specifications

She was built in Stockholm in 1647 as the *Julius* then gifted to France in 1648 as the *Jules*. She was captured by *Phoenix* on 19 October 1650 off the Portuguese coast. Her dimensions were 94 feet 0 inches (28.7 metres)keel for tonnage with a breadth of 30 feet 0 inches (9.1 metres) and a depth of hold of 11 feet 6 inches (3.5 metres). Her builder's measure tonnage was calculated as 450+094 tons. Her draught was 14 feet 0 inches (4.3 metres). Her gun armament in 1650 was 38 guns and it was decreased to 34 wartime and 30 peacetime. Her manning was 150 personnel and later to 140/110/80 personnel.

## Commissioned service

### Service in the English Civil War and Commonwealth Navy

She was commissioned into the Parliamentary Navy in 1651 under the command of Captain Butler Noades until he was killed in 1652. Later in 1652 she was under Captain William Kendall.

#### First Anglo-Dutch War

During the First Anglo-Dutch War she partook in the Battle of Portland on 18 February 1653. As a member of Blue Squadron, Center Division she took part in the Battle of the Gabbard on 2–3 June 1653.

She then sailed with Robert Blake's Fleet to the Mediterranean in August 1654. She partook in the Battle of Porto Farina in Tunisia on 4 April 1655. She was under Captain Zachary Brown in to 1657. In 1658 she was under Captain Thomas Fleet, She escorted a convoy of East India ships to Helena, returning with the home bound convoy in 1660. She was laid in ordinary on her return.

## Disposition

*Success* was reported as not worth repairing on 15 April 1662 and sold on 3 September 1662.

## Citations

1. Winfield 4
2. Colledge
3. Winfield 4
4. Winfield 4
5. Winfield 1
6. Winfield 2
7. Winfield 4
8. Winfield 2
9. Winfield 4
10. Winfield 4
* British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © Rif Winfield 2009, EPUB ISBN 978-1-78346-924-6:

1. Fleet Actions, 1.5 Battle off Portland
2. Fleet Actions, 1.7 Battle of the Gabbard
3. Fleet Actions, 2.1 Battle of Porto Farina
4. Chapter 4 Fourth Rates - 'Small Ships', Vessels acquired from 25 March 1603, Ex-French Prizes (1650-52), Success

* Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt-Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © the estate of J.J. Colledge, Ben Warlow and Steve Bush 2020, EPUB ISBN 978-1-5267-9328-7, Section S (Success)
* The Arming and Fitting of English Ships of War 1600 – 1815, by Brian Lavery, published by US Naval Institute Press © Brian Lavery 1989, ISBN 978-0-87021-009-9, Part V Guns, Type of Guns

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Jules* |
| Acquired | 1648 |
| Captured | 19 October 1650 |
| Fate | taken by *Phoenix* off Portuguese coast |
| Commonwealth of England | |
| Name | *Success* |
| Acquired | 19 October 1650 |
| Commissioned | 1651 |
| Honours and<br>awards | * Portland 1653 * Gabbard 1653 * Port Farina 1655 |
| Fate | Sold 3 September 1662 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | 38-gun fourth rate |
| Tons burthen | 450+094 bm |
| Length | 94 ft 0 in (28.7 m) keel for tonnage |
| Beam | 30 ft 0 in (9.1 m) |
| Draught | 14 ft 0 in (4.3 m) |
| Depth of hold | 11 ft 6 in (3.5 m) |
| Sail plan | ship-rigged |
| Complement | * 150 initially * 160 in 1653 * 140/110/80 in 1660 |
| Armament | * 38 initially * 34/30 later |


title: Jens A. Doe

abstract: Major General Jens Anderson Doe was a senior United States Army officer who fought with distinction in both World War I and World War II. He is best known for his command of the 41st Infantry Division in the South West Pacific Area during World War II.

text:
# Jens A. Doe

Major General **Jens Anderson Doe** (20 June 1891 – 25 February 1971) was a senior United States Army officer who fought with distinction in both World War I and World War II. He is best known for his command of the 41st Infantry Division in the South West Pacific Area during World War II.

## Education and early life

Jens Anderson Doe was born on 20 June 1891 in Chicago, Illinois to Norwegian immigrant parents. He graduated 105th from the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 11th Infantry on 12 June 1914. Among his classmates there were several future general officers, such as Carl Spaatz, Brehon B. Somervell, James B. Cress, Frank W. Milburn, Robert W. Crawford, Dabney O. Elliott, Harold R. Bull, Paul C. Paschal, John B. Anderson, John Henry Woodberry, Ralph Royce, Vicente Lim, Sylvester DeWitt Jr., Benjamin G. Weir, James L. Bradley, Harold Francis Loomis, Francis R. Kerr, Joseph Wilson Byron, William Ord Ryan, Charles P. Gross, Charles M. Milliken, John B. Thompson, Orlando Ward, Harry C. Ingles, LaRhett L. Stuart, and William H. Holcombe. Doe was initially stationed with the 11th Infantry successively at Texas City, Texas, Naco, Arizona, and Douglas, Arizona.

## World War I

Doe was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916 and captain on 15 May 1917, a few weeks after the American entry into World War I. From May to August 1917 he was stationed with the 11th Infantry at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. He attended a machine gun training course at Fort Sill before assuming command of the 15th Machine Gun Battalion, part of the newly created 5th Division, in December 1917. In April 1918, he sailed for France.

Promoted to the temporary rank of major on 17 June 1918, Doe served as the 5th Division's Machine Gun Officer before assuming command of the 14th Machine Gun Battalion, also of the 5th Division, in July. As such, he participated in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the subsequent Meuse–Argonne offensive, the largest battle in the history of the United States Army, where he was wounded, although his gallantry earned him the Silver Star.

In November 1918, the same month the Armistice with Germany brought the war to an end, Doe organised and became an instructor at the Army Machine Gun School at Langres. He was an instructor at the II Corps Schools, and a student at the Artillery Center. In June 1919 he joined the 61st Infantry, returning to the United States with it in June 1919.

## Between the wars

In September 1919 he became an instructor at the Infantry School at Fort Benning. He attended the Field Officers' Course in 1921-1922, after which he was assigned to the 2nd Infantry at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, as a machine gun officer at Fort Custer, and to the USMA at West Point.

Doe attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth from 1925 to 1926 and on graduation was posted to the 15th Infantry at Tientsin, China. He did not return to the United States until 1930, when he joined the 16th Infantry at Fort Jay. He then commanded the machine gun school at Fort Dix until 1932, when he left to attend the United States Army War College. After nearly 18 years as a major, he was finally promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1936. He was an instructor at the Command and General Staff College and Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the University of California, Berkeley.

## World War II

Doe joined the newly reformed 7th Division at Fort Ord in September 1940 and became both the executive officer (XO) and commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, part of the 7th Division. He was to hold this post until February 1941. After assuming command of the regiment in March 1941, he was promoted to colonel on 1 July 1941.

In June 1942, six months after the United States entered World War II, Doe relinquished command of the regiment and was sent to Australia to command the 163rd Infantry.

The 163rd Infantry was selected as the first regiment of the 41st Infantry Division to enter combat, at Sanananda in January 1943. For his leadership, Doe was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. His citation read:

> For extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Commanding Officer of the 163d Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Division, in action against enemy forces on 21 and 22 January, near Sanananda, New Guinea. As commander of an infantry regiment which was engaged in wiping out the remaining points of enemy resistance, Colonel Doe distinguished himself with his coolness and gallantry under fire. In the reduction of these strongly fortified areas his outstanding leadership and courageous conduct were a continuous inspiration to his troops. Colonel Doe's presence in the most forward areas and his disregard of personal danger were largely responsible for the high morale of his troops and the successful outcome of these operations. Colonel Doe's inspiring leadership, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, the 41st Infantry Division, and the United States Army.

This action also resulted in Doe becoming the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) and being promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general on 2 February 1943, while his permanent rank was promoted from lieutenant colonel to colonel on the same date.

Doe led the **Persecution** Task Force that landed at Aitape, and the **Tornado** Task Force that landed at Wakde, both of which were built around the 163rd Infantry. When Sixth Army commander Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger tried to visit him at his headquarters on 26 April 1944, he found that Doe had gone to the front lines to be with his men. For these actions he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal.

His task force was absorbed back into the 41st Infantry Division for the Battle of Biak. In this battle he earned an oak leaf cluster to the Silver Star he had won in the Great War. His citation read:

> In the Southwest Pacific in June 1944, he displayed outstanding leadership and devotion to duty under Japanese machine gun, rifle and mortar fire, and in personally moving among forward assault troops. By his calm manner and courageous actions, he greatly assisted the advance.

At Biak the commander of the 41st Infantry Division, Major General Horace H. Fuller asked to be relieved of his command. Both Fuller and Major General Robert L. Eichelberger, commanding I Corps, had recommended Doe for the next available divisional command, so Doe assumed command of the 41st Infantry Division and was promoted to the temporary rank of major general on 1 August 1944. For his leadership at Biak he was also awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal.

In February and March 1945, Doe led 41st Infantry Division at Palawan and Zamboanga, where he earned a second oak leaf cluster to his Silver Star. His citation read:

> For gallantry in action at Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippine Islands from 10 March 1945 to 23 April 1945. During this time in the capacity of division commander General Doe directed the initial assault and the consequent capture of Zamboanga. His outstanding leadership, indomitable courage and skilful tactical knowledge resulted in his division scoring a firm foothold on Mindanao Island. On many occasions without regard to his personal safety, he went forward to units engaged in heavy fighting in order to gain first hand information bout the tactical situation.

Doe also received the Air Medal for his numerous flights over Japanese held areas.

## Later life

Doe remained in command of the 41st Infantry Division until it was inactivated in Japan at midnight on 31 December 1945. He returned to the United States for a brief tour of duty at the War Department before assuming command of the 5th Infantry Division, with which he had served in World War I, at Fort Campbell on 9 August 1946. On 29 September 1946 he assumed command of the 3rd Infantry Division and, from July 1947 until February 1949, he took command of the 4th Infantry Division

Doe was promoted to the permanent rank of major general on 24 January 1948, backdated to 6 September 1944. He retired from the army in February 1949 and settled in Carmel, California. Doe died there on 25 February 1971, at the age of 79. He was buried at the West Point Cemetery on 3 March 1971.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Jens Anderson Doe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1891-06-20)June 20, 1891
Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Died | February 25, 1971(1971-02-25) (aged 79)
Carmel, California, United States |
| Buried | West Point Cemetery, West Point, New York, United States |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1914−1949 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Service number | 0-3743 |
| Unit | Infantry Branch |
| Commands | 14th Machine Gun Battalion
15th Machine Gun Battalion
1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment
17th Infantry Regiment
163rd Infantry Regiment
41st Infantry Division
5th Infantry Division
3rd Infantry Division
4th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Service Medal (3)
Silver Star (5)
Purple Heart
Air Medal |


title: Hofmeyr Skull

abstract: The Hofmeyr Skull is a specimen of a 36,000-year-old anatomically modern human skull that was found in 1952 near Hofmeyr, South Africa.

text:
# Hofmeyr Skull

31°34′S 25°58′E / 31.567°S 25.967°E / -31.567; 25.967

Hofmeyr skull find siteclass=notpageimage|Locations of the Hofmeyr skull find site in South Africa

The **Hofmeyr Skull** is a specimen of a 36,000-year-old anatomically modern human skull that was found in 1952 near Hofmeyr, South Africa.

## Background

The skull was found in 1952 on the surface of an erosion gully, a dry channel bed of the Vlekpoort River, near Hofmeyr, a small town in Eastern Cape, South Africa. No other bones or archaeological artifacts were found in the vicinity at the time of the skull's discovery. The skull is one of only a few African specimens of early modern humans dated over 30,000 years in age. Others are much more recent, dated to around 20,000 years ago.

In the 1990s, Alan Morris of the University of Cape Town noticed the skull in the Port Elizabeth Museum. He later showed it to Frederick Grine, an anthropologist and anatomist at State University of New York at Stony Brook. Grine then led a detailed study of the skull.

## Examination

It was not possible to date the skull using traditional radiocarbon dating, as the carbon had leached out of the bone. Instead, a new method involving a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods was used. The method was developed by Richard Bailey of Oxford University. The earth material from the skull "filling the endocranial cavity" (central portion of the endocranial cavity) was dated using a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods, coupled through a radiation-field model. Based on the assumption that the earth in the skull is about the age of its inhumation and thus the same as the age of the skull, age was estimated to 36,200 ± 3,200 years old.

The dating also assumed that the skull "had neither been uncovered long before nor transported any substantial distance before its discovery". The material in the skull can not have been washed out or replaced by water flowing down the gully because "the force required to scour the inner-most sediments would certainly have resulted in substantial damage" of the skull, and the skull did not appear to the dating team to have been damaged that much.

The anterior part of the lower facial skeleton has been damaged. The angle of the mandible, the mastoid process of the right temporal, and much of the occipital are not present. The coronal suture is obliterated and the third molars are heavily worn, suggesting that the specimen reached adulthood. The skull's owner had been wounded over his left eye and the wound had partially healed before death. The most severe damage to the skull, however, was caused during its time in storage and "mishandling" after its 1950 discovery. A lost bone is documented on pictures from 1968 and 1998.

## Analysis

The Hofmeyr Skull has been dated to around 36,000 years ago. Osteological analysis of the cranium by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology indicates that the specimen is morphologically distinct from recent groups in Subequatorial Africa, including the local Khoisan populations. The Hofmeyr fossil instead has a very close affinity with other Upper Paleolithic skulls from Europe. Some scientists have interpreted this relationship as being consistent with the Out-of-Africa theory, which hypothesizes that at least some Upper Paleolithic human groups in Africa and Eurasia should morphologically resemble each other. A piece of parietal bone (surgically removed) will be sent to Professor Eske Willerslev in Copenhagen for ancient DNA analysis.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Hofmeyr Skull
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Common name | Hofmeyr Skull |
| Species | Human |
| Age | c. 36,000 years ago |
| Place discovered | Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Date discovered | 1952 |


title: Now I'm That Bitch

abstract: "Now I'm That Bitch" is the debut single by Barbadian British singer-songwriter Livvi Franc, released on 13 June 2009 by Jive Records. It features guest vocals from rapper Pitbull. The artists co-wrote the song with its producer Salaam Remi. "Now I'm That Bitch" received mixed reviews from contemporary critics, who considered it as an empowering anthem, despite criticizing its composition. "Now I'm That Bitch" achieved moderate success, reaching number 24 in New Zealand and 40 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the song failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles; however, it reached number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs. An accompanying music video was directed by Sarah Chatfield, and portrays Franc singing and dancing to the song along with female and male dancers. The music video was compared to the one of Rachel Stevens' "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex" (2003).

text:
# Now I'm That Bitch

"**Now I'm That Bitch**" is the debut single by Barbadian British singer-songwriter Livvi Franc, released on 13 June 2009 by Jive Records. It features guest vocals from rapper Pitbull. The artists co-wrote the song with its producer Salaam Remi. "Now I'm That Bitch" received mixed reviews from contemporary critics, who considered it as an empowering anthem, despite criticizing its composition.

"Now I'm That Bitch" achieved moderate success, reaching number 24 in New Zealand and 40 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the song failed to enter the *Billboard* Hot 100, peaking at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles; however, it reached number one on *Billboard'*s Hot Dance Club Songs. An accompanying music video was directed by Sarah Chatfield, and portrays Franc singing and dancing to the song along with female and male dancers. The music video was compared to the one of Rachel Stevens' "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex" (2003).

## Background

"Now I'm That Bitch" was written and produced by Salaam Gibbs, with additional writing from Olivia Waithe and Armando Pérez. Franc considered the song "very personal for me - because it really represents who I am." She also commented that "everyone has different meanings for the word 'bitch'. And for me I really wanted to reclaim it and make it something empowering - as in 'Babe In Total Control of Herself'! You know, it's all about being in control and knowing what you want. And the story behind the song relates to when I was younger, and I was a lot quieter and less confident." The song was released as Franc's debut single on 19 June 2009. A digital EP titled *Now I'm That... Remixes* was released on 23 June 2009, while a physical edition featuring different remixes was also released.

## Reception

### Critical response

"Now I'm That Bitch" received mixed reviews from contemporary critics. A *Billboard* review considered the song as "an empowering anthem in which the singer claims 'bitch' to be an acronym for 'being in total control of herself'", while commenting Franc sings the lines "You were too fly then, so fly away now" with "an aggressive, feisty vocal". Pitbull's verses were also praised, being considered as "forceful and energetic rhymes". Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a mixed review, commenting that "calling your debut single 'Now I'm That Bitch' is a crass but effective way for a pop starlet to grab our attention - even if she proceeds to cushion the blow by claiming it's an acronym for 'Being In Total Control Of Herself', and even if 'Bitch' has to become 'Chick for the purposes of daytime radio." However, Levine noted "the track itself doesn't quite live up to its risqué title", describing its lyrics as "sassy enough" and its composition as "a fairly standard slab of electro-R&B complete with box-ticking cameo from Pitbull. Aside from the cuss word, the only intrigue comes from trying to work out whether Franc actually sings 'I'm not a bender' on the second verse." Pip Ellwood of Entertainment Focus said "Now I’m That Bitch" "isn’t a good single. Livvi Franc is not the next big thing", while describing the song basically as a "modern R&B/pop by numbers. Take Rihanna’s vocal (with a less able singer), steal Rachel Stevens' 'Sweet Dreams My LA Ex' video and put in some awful lyrics and apparently you have a pop smash."

### Chart performance

On the week of 14 September 2009, "Now I'm That Bitch" debuted at number 30 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. After six weeks, the song reached number 24, its highest peak on the chart. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 40, and stayed on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. In the United States, "Now I'm That Bitch" reached number one on *Billboard*'s Hot Dance Club Songs on the week of 11 July 2009; it failed, however, to enter the *Billboard* Hot 100, peaking at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

## Music video and usage in media

The music video for "Now I'm That Bitch" was directed by Sarah Chatfield, in Miami, Florida, during the week of 16 July 2009. The video begins with Pitbull's rap the song's intro, followed by Franc being joined by two girls dancing. As the chorus starts, she is seen dancing in a revealing black catsuit reeling in two men with a red silk rope like scarf. The following scenes includes Franc lying on top of men placed together as a chair, singing in a metallic silver and black mini dress with sunglasses; dancing while reeling in and pushing their men away; with two long yellow cloths covering her nude body and is also seen moving around on red silk. The music video was released on 10 August 2009 on MTV, and has been compared to the one of Rachel Stevens' "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex" (2003). A second version titled "Now I'm That Chick Part II" features a censored version of the song, replacing the word "bitch" with "chick", and also removing Pitbull's verses and scenes. This version was released on Franc's VEVO on 22 March 2011. Following its release as a single, "Now I'm That Bitch" was featured in episode 10 of The CW's *Melrose Place*, as well as on the fifth season of MTV's *The Hills*, during a scene where Kristin Cavallari tells Jayde off and leaves the restaurant.

## Track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits for "Now I'm That Bitch" are adapted from the single's liner notes.

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Now I'm That Bitch" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Livvi Franc featuring Pitbull | |
| Released | 19 June 2009 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:45 |
| Label | RCA/Jive Label Group |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Salaam Remi |
| Livvi Franc singles chronology | |
| "**Now I'm That Bitch**"
(2009) "Automatik"
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Pitbull singles chronology | |
| "Hotel Room Service"
(2009) "**Now I'm That Bitch**"
(2009) "Outta Control"
(2009) | |
|  | |


title: Roger Alcocer

abstract: Roger David Alcocer García is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In the 2003 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent the first district of Yucatán during the 59th Congress.

text:
# Roger Alcocer

**Roger David Alcocer García** (born 18 June 1966) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In the 2003 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent the first district of Yucatán during the 59th Congress.

## InfoBox

| Roger Alcocer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-06-18) 18 June 1966<br>Valladolid, Yucatán, Mexico |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | PRI |


title: Truck Driver (1994 film)

abstract: Truck Driver is a 1994 Romance/Drama Nepalese movie, written by Brazesh Khanal and directed by Rajkumar Sharma. This movie features Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Madan Krishna Shrestha and Hari Bansha Acharya in the lead roles. This film became one of the highest-grossing films of all time in Nepal. This movie also features the Maha Jodi who were popular comedians at that time. The songs of this film became popular in Nepal. The film was made on a budget of ₹25 lakh, grossed ₹60 lakh, and made ₹25 lakh profit, one of the highest of its time, making it one of the biggest hits in Nepali cinema history.

text:
# Truck Driver (1994 film)

***Truck Driver*** is a 1994 Romance/Drama Nepalese movie, written by Brazesh Khanal and directed by Rajkumar Sharma. This movie features Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Madan Krishna Shrestha and Hari Bansha Acharya in the lead roles. This film became one of the highest-grossing films of all time in Nepal. This movie also features the Maha Jodi who were popular comedians at that time. The songs of this film became popular in Nepal. The film was made on a budget of ₹25 lakh, grossed ₹60 lakh, and made ₹25 lakh profit, one of the highest of its time, making it one of the biggest hits in Nepali cinema history.

## Plot

A truck driver falls in love with the daughter of a restaurant worker on a highway. As the small hotel runs well because of her youth and beauty, the cruel father does not want his daughter to marry and go away. One of his crooked friends convinces him to get rid of the truck driver. The friend compromises the brake linings of the truck, which falls down several hundred feet on the narrow windy and hilly highway resulting in the driver's death. The girl tries to commit suicide. However, she is saved by a young owner of a fuel station across from the hotel. He has been secretly in love with her over the years. He offers to marry her, giving his name to the child to be born. They move to a big city, Kathmandu, and raise the girl child. The second chapter of their lives after the daughter is born is a complete turnaround with unexpected twists in the plot.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

All music is composed by Sambhujeet Baskota

| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Samjhana Birsana" | Udit Narayan, Deepa Jha, Shambhujeet Baskota | 4:58 |
| 2. | "Meri Putali" | Udit Narayan, Deepa Jha | 5:08 |
| 3. | "Ekaichhin Parkha" | Udit Narayan, Tara Sharma | 4:38 |
| 4. | "Chithi Aayena" | Kavita Krishnamurthy | 6:09 |
| 5. | "Timi rimjhim" | Udit Narayan, Anupama Desh Pandey | 6:20 |

## InfoBox

| Truck Driver | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Nepali | *ट्रक ड्राइभर* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Rajkumar Sharma |
| Screenplay by | Brazesh Khanal |
| Produced by | Kiran Sharma
Ashok Sharma |
| Starring | Shiv Shrestha
Karishma Manandhar
Shree Krishna Shrestha
Madan Krishna Shrestha
Alina
Hari Bansha Acharya
Bhim Bahadur Thapa
Rajaram Poudyal
Basundhara Bhusal
Kiran K.C.
Anju Ranjitkar
Vijaya Lama |
| Music by | Sambhujeet Baskota |
| Release date | * 1 April 1994 (1994-April-01) (Nepal) |
| Running time | 138 Minutes |
| Country | Nepal |
| Language | Nepali |
| Budget | ₹25 lakh |
| Box office | ₹60 lakh |


title: Psalm 114 (Bruckner)

abstract: Bruckner's Psalm 114, WAB 36, is a psalm setting of verses 1 to 9 of a German version of Psalm 116, which is Psalm 114 in the Vulgata.

text:
# Psalm 114 (Bruckner)

Bruckner's **Psalm 114**, WAB 36, is a psalm setting of verses 1 to 9 of a German version of Psalm 116, which is Psalm 114 in the Vulgata.

## History

The work was composed in 1852 in St. Florian. Bruckner dedicated it to Hofkapelmeister Ignaz Assmayr for the celebration of his name-day. The work was rehearsed at that time, but it was not followed by a public performance. The original manuscript, which is somewhat incomplete in detail, is stored in the archive of the St. Florian Abbey.

The work was premiered by August Göllerich on 1 April 1906, using a copy of the manuscript. The work was first recorded by Matthew Best in 1987 and edited by Paul Hawkshaw in 1997 in Band XX/1 of the **Gesamtausgabe**, based on the dedicated **Reinschrift**, which had been retrieved in 1957 in a private collection in Vienna.

During a concert on 25 June 2017 with the Missa solemnis, Łukasz Borowicz with the RIAS Kammerchor and the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin performed also Bruckner's Psalm 114. The later issued Accentus CD ACC 30429 of this concert did however not include this performance of Psalm 114.

## Text

***Dank für Rettung aus großen Gefahren*** (Thanks for salvation from great perils)

1. *Alleluja! Liebe erfüllt mich, weil der Herr die Stimme meines Flehens erhört hat,*
2. *Weil er sein Ohr zu mir neigte: mein Leben lang werd' ich ihn anrufen.*
3. *Es umgaben mich die Schmerzen des Todes, es trafen mich die Gefahren der Hölle, Trübsal und Schmerz fand ich:*
4. *Da rief ich den Namen des Herrn an: O Herr, erlöse mein Seele!*
5. *Barmherzig ist der Herr und gerecht: unser Gott ist barmherzig.*
6. *Der Herr bewahret die Kleinen: ich war gedemüthigd, und er half mir.*
7. *Kehre zurück, meine Seele, in deine Ruh: denn der Herr hat dir wohlgethan;*
8. *Denn er errettete meine Seele vom Tode, meine Augen von den Thränen, meinen Füße vom Falle.*
9. *Ich will gefallen dem Herrn im Lande der Lebendigen.*

## Setting

The 209-bar long work in G major is written for five-part mixed choir (SAATB) and three trombones.

"The music is at first of an impressive archaic austerity, bare in harmony, and strikingly simple in texture. E minor is the opening key, but G major ultimately dominates." The structure of the psalm, which is quite simple in concept, is grounded on liturgical practice. The composition begins with a four-phrase, homophonically constructed *Alleluja*, which serves as an antiphon to the psalm setting. The individual verses, with the exception of verses seven and eight, are clearly separated by strong cadences or a few beats of silence. "\[Bruckner\] relied to the trombones to reinforce contrasts delineated by the silences that would become so poignant in his later music." The trombones are so reinforcing the contrasts between "*Es umgaben mich die Schmerzen des Todes*" (shift to minor) and "*Kehre zurück meine Seele*" (return to major). The truly inspired work, which projects a profound understanding of the text, captivates the ear with interesting harmonies and varied timbres and textures. The final words of verse eight ("*meinen Füße vom Falle.*"), which are set in a two-voice canon over a dominant pedal, provide an effective bridge to the large-scale, five-voice double fugue, which ends with a powerful unison on "*im Lande der lebendigen.*"

> Bruckner's Psalm 114 is an aurally pleasing and expressive composition that does not deserve the near oblivion to which it has been relegated. It represents another important step in his slow process toward a purely musical career.

## Discography

There are three recordings of Bruckner's Psalm 114:

* Matthew Best, *Bruckner - Requiem, Psalms 112 & 114*, Corydon Singers, English Chamber Orchestra, 1987 - CD Hyperion CDA66245
This recording of Psalm 114 used a score made by Best-self, based on the **Reinschrift-Partitur**.
* Johannes Rühl, *Anton Bruckner zum 175. Geburtstag*, Capella Kreuzberg, members of the Berlin State Opera, 1999 - CD issued by the choir
* Mark Forkgen, *Sing Praises*, London Concert Choir, Alexander Mason (organ), 2002 - CD issued by the choir (with organ instead of trombones)

## Sources

* Cornelis van Zwol, *Anton Bruckner  Leven en Werken*, Thot, Bussum (Netherlands), 2012. ISBN 90-686-8590-2
* John Williamson, *The Cambridge Companion to Bruckner*, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-80404-3
* Keith William Kinder, *The Wind and Wind-Chorus Music of Anton Bruckner*, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30834-9.
* Uwe Harten, *Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch*. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1996. ISBN 3-7017-1030-9.
* *Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XX/1: Psalm 114 (1852)*, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Paul Hawkshaw (Editor), Vienna, 1997

## InfoBox

| Psalm 114 | |
| --- | --- |
| by Anton Bruckner | |
| The young Bruckner | |
| Key | G major |
| Catalogue | WAB 36 |
| Form | Psalm setting |
| Composed | 1852 (1852):  St. Florian |
| Dedication | Hofkapelmeister Ignaz Assmayr |
| Performed | 1 April 1906 (1906-04-01) by August Göllerich |
| Published | 1997 (1997) |
| Recorded | 1987 (1987) by Matthew Best |
| Vocal | SAATB choir |
| Instrumental | 3 trombones |


title: Viscount Cahiravahilla

abstract: Viscount Cahiravahilla was a Jacobite peerage created by King James II of England for Dominick Roche, Mayor of Limerick, in 1689. He was also created Baron Tarbert. After the downfall of James's cause, Roche was apparently left in possession of his estates; his male descendants seem to have simply let the title lapse. His daughter Margaret married Sir Toby Butler: they had five sons and a daughter.

text:
# Viscount Cahiravahilla

**Viscount Cahiravahilla** was a Jacobite peerage created by King James II of England for Dominick Roche, Mayor of Limerick, in 1689. He was also created Baron Tarbert.

After the downfall of James's cause, Roche was apparently left in possession of his estates; his male descendants seem to have simply let the title lapse.

His daughter Margaret married Sir Toby Butler: they had five sons and a daughter.

Cokayne *Complete Peerage*, 6 volumes Reprinted Gloucester 2000


title: Wanderer Valley

abstract: Wanderer Valley is a valley in central Bird Island, South Georgia. The valley extends northeast for 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) from the head of Freshwater Inlet. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after the wandering albatross whose principal breeding grounds are nearby.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Wanderer Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Wanderer Valley

**Wanderer Valley** (54°0′S 38°3′W / 54.000°S 38.050°W / -54.000; -38.050) is a valley in central Bird Island, South Georgia. The valley extends northeast for 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) from the head of Freshwater Inlet. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) whose principal breeding grounds are nearby.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Wanderer Valley". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.