title: Gladden James

abstract: Gladden James was an American film actor. He appeared in more than 180 films between 1911 and 1946. He was born in Zanesville, Ohio and died in Hollywood, California, from leukemia.

text:
# Gladden James

**Gladden James** (February 26, 1888  August 28, 1948) was an American film actor. He appeared in more than 180 films between 1911 and 1946. He was born in Zanesville, Ohio and died in Hollywood, California, from leukemia.

## Family

In 1914 he married Julia Nagl, a 1911 Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Nebraska and later a Broadway actress who he appeared with in Officer 666, in Texas while on a picture taking assignment with the US government. They had one child, Jacqueline F. James, a medical doctor (October 19, 1914 – December 28, 1986), before divorcing in 1917.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Gladden James | |
| --- | --- |
| James in 1919 | |
| Born | (1888-02-26)February 26, 1888
Zanesville, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | August 28, 1948(1948-08-28) (aged 60)
Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1911–1946 |
| Spouse | Julia Nagl  (m. 1914; div. 1917) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Prowfish

abstract: The prowfish is a species of scorpaeniform marine fish found in the northern Pacific Ocean. It is the only extant member of the family, Zaproridae. There are 2 extinct species only known with fossil records, Zaprora koreana from the Middle Miocene aged Duho Formation in Pohang, South Korea. Another genus, Araeosteus rothi, is known from the Monterey Formation and the Modelo Formation in Southern California. Prowfish range from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska west to Kamchatka, Russia; from Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea south to Hokkaidō, Japan and Monterey, California. An otherwise little-known species, prowfish are important to subsistence fisheries in remote regions. Growing to a length of 88 cm (35 in), prowfish have stout, laterally compressed and elongated bodies. They have single, somewhat high dorsal fin running nearly the entire length of the back; it may contain 54–58 pliable spines. The anal fin is also fairly extensive. The tail fin is large, rounded and truncated; the pectoral fins are enlarged and pelvic fins are conspicuously absent. The mouth is slightly upturned with small, closely set, sharp teeth confined to the jaws. The head is convex, ending in a projecting snout. This explains the family name Zaproridae; from the Greek za, an intensifier, and prora meaning "prow". The species name silneus is a reference to Silenus, a figure in Greek mythology. The distinctive head of the prowfish also features a number of sensory pores made all the more obvious by fringes of blue or white. Prowfish have small ctenoid scales and a variable coloration; typically, they are bluish-grey to olive brown with small dark spots, grading to lighter shades ventrally. The lateral line and swim bladder are absent. Prowfish prefer rocky substrates and range from relatively shallow waters to 675 m (2,215 ft). They are benthic animals spending most of their time on or near the bottom. Their diet consists principally of scyphozoans and salps; prowfish use their large mouths to tear chunks from the bells of jellyfish and ctenophores. Prowfish may also eat smaller fish and amphipods; however, juveniles feed exclusively on jellyfish. Larger skates and Pacific halibut are known predators of prowfish. Little is known of prowfish reproduction, but juveniles have been observed to be pelagic; unlike adults, they spend their time in the middle levels of the water column, closely associated with their jellyfish prey. Indeed, juvenile prowfish will seek shelter from prey within the bells of larger jellies. This behaviour has led to their confusion with the medusafish of the family Centrolophidae. Most female prowfish are thought to reach maturity at around five years. There is little sexual dimorphism; females are slightly heavier for their length.

text:
# Prowfish

The **prowfish** (***Zaprora silenus***) is a species of scorpaeniform marine fish found in the northern Pacific Ocean. It is the only extant member of the family, **Zaproridae**. There are 2 extinct species only known with fossil records, *Zaprora koreana* from the Middle Miocene aged Duho Formation in Pohang, South Korea. Another genus, *Araeosteus rothi*, is known from the Monterey Formation and the Modelo Formation in Southern California.

Prowfish range from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska west to Kamchatka, Russia; from Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea south to Hokkaidō, Japan and Monterey, California. An otherwise little-known species, prowfish are important to subsistence fisheries in remote regions.

Growing to a length of 88 cm (35 in), prowfish have stout, laterally compressed and elongated bodies. They have single, somewhat high dorsal fin running nearly the entire length of the back; it may contain 54–58 pliable spines. The anal fin is also fairly extensive. The tail fin is large, rounded and truncated; the pectoral fins are enlarged and pelvic fins are conspicuously absent. The mouth is slightly upturned with small, closely set, sharp teeth confined to the jaws. The head is convex, ending in a projecting snout. This explains the family name Zaproridae; from the Greek *za*, an intensifier, and *prora* meaning "prow". The species name *silneus* is a reference to Silenus, a figure in Greek mythology.

The distinctive head of the prowfish also features a number of sensory pores made all the more obvious by fringes of blue or white. Prowfish have small ctenoid scales and a variable coloration; typically, they are bluish-grey to olive brown with small dark spots, grading to lighter shades ventrally. The lateral line and swim bladder are absent.

Prowfish prefer rocky substrates and range from relatively shallow waters to 675 m (2,215 ft). They are benthic animals spending most of their time on or near the bottom. Their diet consists principally of scyphozoans and salps; prowfish use their large mouths to tear chunks from the bells of jellyfish and ctenophores. Prowfish may also eat smaller fish and amphipods; however, juveniles feed exclusively on jellyfish. Larger skates and Pacific halibut are known predators of prowfish.

Little is known of prowfish reproduction, but juveniles have been observed to be pelagic; unlike adults, they spend their time in the middle levels of the water column, closely associated with their jellyfish prey. Indeed, juvenile prowfish will seek shelter from prey within the bells of larger jellies. This behaviour has led to their confusion with the medusafish (*Icichthys lockingtoni*) of the family Centrolophidae. Most female prowfish are thought to reach maturity at around five years. There is little sexual dimorphism; females are slightly heavier for their length.

## Timeline

## InfoBox

| Prowfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Zaproridae
Jordan and Evermann, 1898 |
| Genus: | *Zaprora*
Jordan, 1896 |
| Species: | ***Z. silenus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zaprora silenus***
Jordan, 1896 | |
|


title: Rodolfo González Rissotto

abstract: Rodolfo González Rissotto was a Uruguayan professor, historian and politician affiliated with the National Party. During the presidency of Luis Alberto Lacalle, he was the Director of Education at the Ministry of Education and Culture. Near the end of the term, in February 1995, he briefly held the title of Minister of National Defense. From 1996 through 2010, he was Minister at Uruguay's Electoral Court. He wrote a book, Women and Politics in Uruguay. He also did work in electoral theory. His work included "Direct Democracy: The Case of Uruguay," which examines the referendum as a political instrument. He died in March 2020 of COVID-19, becoming Uruguay's first death in the pandemic.

text:
# Rodolfo González Rissotto

**Rodolfo González Rissotto** (October 7, 1949 – March 28, 2020) was a Uruguayan professor, historian and politician affiliated with the National Party.

During the presidency of Luis Alberto Lacalle, he was the Director of Education at the Ministry of Education and Culture. Near the end of the term, in February 1995, he briefly held the title of Minister of National Defense.

From 1996 through 2010, he was Minister at Uruguay's Electoral Court.

He wrote a book, *Women and Politics in Uruguay.* He also did work in electoral theory. His work included "Direct Democracy: The Case of Uruguay," which examines the referendum as a political instrument.

He died in March 2020 of COVID-19, becoming Uruguay's first death in the pandemic.


title: Ikhanoda

abstract: Ikhanoda is an administrative ward in the Singida Rural district of the Singida Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 11,968 people in the ward, from 10,907 in 2012.

text:
# Ikhanoda

**Ikhanoda** is an administrative ward in the Singida Rural district of the Singida Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 11,968 people in the ward, from 10,907 in 2012.

## InfoBox

| Ikhanoda Kata ya Ikhanoda | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| IkhanodaLocation of Ikhanoda | |
| Coordinates: 4°35′35″S 34°56′55″E / 4.5929292°S 34.948501°E / -4.5929292; 34.948501 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Singida Region |
| District | Singida Rural |
| Ward | Ikhanoda |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 11,968 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Hakmeen Khan

abstract: Malik Hakmeen Khan was a Punjabi Muslim Pakistani politician who was a founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party. In the year 1970, he contested the Punjab assembly elections from Campbellpur 2 and won on the PPP Ticket. In 1977 he again contested the elections and retained his seat. Later on, he was part of the 1988 elections and was victorious. He was the only man from Attock to have held MPA three consecutive times. A close aide to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Hakmeen Khan held 5 different portfolios including housing, physical planning, auqaf, food, and jail. In 1994, he was declared as Senator by Benazir Bhutto. He was amongst the very few politicians, who remained loyal to Pakistan Peoples Party till his last breath. Known as a PPP Jiyala, he was the only one from his native Attock to have stood by the party. Malik Hakmeen Khan was one of the closest working members of PPP. Hakmeen Khan died on 4 January 2019, and his funeral was attended by nearly 25,000 people in his native village Sheen Bagh Attock.

text:
# Hakmeen Khan

**Malik Hakmeen Khan** (died 4 January 2019) was a Punjabi Muslim Pakistani politician who was a founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party. In the year 1970, he contested the Punjab assembly elections from Campbellpur 2 (present-day Attock) and won on the PPP Ticket.

In 1977 he again contested the elections and retained his seat. Later on, he was part of the 1988 elections and was victorious. He was the only man from Attock to have held MPA three consecutive times. A close aide to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Hakmeen Khan held 5 different portfolios including housing, physical planning, auqaf, food, and jail.

In 1994, he was declared as Senator by Benazir Bhutto. He was amongst the very few politicians, who remained loyal to Pakistan Peoples Party till his last breath. Known as a PPP Jiyala, he was the only one from his native Attock to have stood by the party.

Malik Hakmeen Khan was one of the closest working members of PPP.

Hakmeen Khan died on 4 January 2019, and his funeral was attended by nearly 25,000 people in his native village Sheen Bagh Attock.


title: War Without End (album)

abstract: War Without End is the debut album released by the American thrash metal band Warbringer on February 5, 2008 via Century Media Records.

text:
# War Without End (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Pitchfork |  |

***War Without End*** is the debut album released by the American thrash metal band Warbringer on February 5, 2008 via Century Media Records.

## Track listing

All songs written by Warbringer.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Total War" | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Systematic Genocide" | 3:49 |
| 3. | "Dread Command" | 2:52 |
| 4. | "Hell on Earth" | 3:17 |
| 5. | "At the Crack of Doom" | 3:40 |
| 6. | "Beneath the Waves" | 3:49 |
| 7. | "Instruments of Torture" | 3:36 |
| 8. | "Shoot to Kill" | 3:13 |
| 9. | "Born of the Ruins" | 3:46 |
| 10. | "Combat Shock" | 3:52 |
| 11. | "Epicus Maximus" (instrumental) | 3:02 |
| Total length: | | 39:26 |

### Japanese bonus track

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Nightslasher" | 3:32 |
| 13. | "Onslaught" | 3:35 |
| Total length: | | 42:56 |

### Notes

* The album was released in red vinyl, which was limited to 1,000 copies and came with an embroidered patch.
* "Epicus Maximus" is an instrumental track and begins after a minute of silence. The song itself is 2:02. This song is also known as "A Dead Current", which was later confirmed to be a fan-created name for the song, being "Epicus Maximus" the original name.
* A song by the name of "Nightslasher" was included on some editions of the album.

## Personnel

* John Kevill – vocals
* John Laux – lead guitar
* Adam Carroll – rhythm guitar
* Andy Laux – bass
* Ryan Bates – drums

## InfoBox

| War Without End | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Warbringer | |
| Released | February 5, 2008 |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 39:26 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Producer | Bill Metoyer |
| Warbringer chronology | |
| *One By One, the Wicked Fall*
(2006) ***War Without End***
(2008) *Waking into Nightmares*
(2009) | |


title: Musical semantics

abstract: Music semantics refers to the ability of music to convey semantic meaning. Semantics are a key feature of language, and whether music shares some of the same ability to prime and convey meaning has been the subject of recent study.

text:
# Musical semantics

**Music semantics** refers to the ability of music to convey semantic meaning. Semantics are a key feature of language, and whether music shares some of the same ability to prime and convey meaning has been the subject of recent study.

## Evolutionary antecedents

Primate vocalizations are mainly determined by music-like features (such as pitch, amplitude-and frequency-modulations, timbre and rhythm), and it is assumed that human musical abilities played a key phylogenetical part in the evolution of language. Likewise, it is assumed that, ontogenetically, infants’ first steps into language are based on prosodic information, and that musical communication in early childhood (such as maternal music) has a major role for emotional, cognitive and social development of children. The music faculty is in some respects unique to the human species; only humans compose music, learn to play musical instruments and play instruments cooperatively together in groups. Playing a musical instrument in a group is a tremendously demanding task for the human brain that potentially engages all cognitive processes that we are aware of. It involves perception, action, learning, memory, emotion, etc., making music an ideal tool to investigate human cognition and the underlying brain mechanisms. The relatively young discipline of 'neurocognition of music' includes a wide field of biopsychological research, beginning with the investigation of psychoacoustics and the neural coding of sounds, and ending with brain functions underlying cognition and emotion during the perception and production of highly complex musical information.

## Semantic priming effect

A sentence such as *Sissy sings a song* disburdens the neural processing of semantically related words like music, whereas it does not alleviate processing of semantically unrelated words like carpet. This effect is known as the semantic priming effect; it refers to the highly consistent processing advantage seen for words that are preceded by a semantically related context. This semantic processing effect is electrophysically reflected by the N400 component of event related potential (ERP) measurements. The N400 is a negative polarity ERP component that is maximal over centro-parietal electrode sites. It emerges at around 250 ms after the onset of word stimulation and reaches is maximal amplitude at about 400 ms. When a word is preceded by a semantic context, the amplitude of the N400 is inversely related to the degree of semantic congruousness between the word and is preceding semantic context. The processing of almost any type of semantically meaningful information seems to be associated with an N400 effect (Kutas, M. *et al.*: Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension, Trends Cogn. Sci., 2000).

Semantic information is clearly a key feature of language, but is this kind of information also an important aspect of music?

Most music theorists posit at least four different aspects of musical meaning:

1. meaning that emerges from a connection across different frames of reference suggested by common patterns or forms (sound patterns in terms of pitch, dynamics, tempo, timbre etc. that resemble features of objects like rushing water, for example)
2. meaning that arises from the suggestion of a particular mood
3. meaning that results from extra-musical associations (national anthem, for example)
4. meaning that can be attributed to the interplay of formal structures in creating patterns of tension and resolution.

Most linguists, however, would reject the notion that music can transfer specific semantic concepts (Pinker, Norton, New York 1997, How the Mind Works). Though the study of Koelsch et al. in 2004 could provide strong behavioural and electrophysiological evidence that music is able to transfer semantic information.

Intuitively, it seems plausible that certain passages of Holst´s *The Planets* or Beethoven´s symphonies prime the word "hero", rather than the word "flea". As primes Koelsch et al., as already mentioned above, used sentences and musical excerpts that were, with respect to their meaning, either related or unrelated to a target word. Half of the targets were abstract, the other half were concrete words. Most of the stimuli that primed concrete words resembled sounds (e.g., bird) or qualities of objects (e.g., low tones associated with basement or ascending pitch steps associated with staircase). Some musical stimuli (especially those used as primes for abstract words) resembled prosodic and possibly gestural cues that can be associated with particular words (e.g., sigh, consolation). Other stimuli presented stereotypic musical forms or styles that are commonly associated with particular words (e.g., a church anthem and the word devotion).

Importantly, participants were not familiar with the musical excerpts, so meaning could not simply be ascribed by extra-musical associations that had an explicit, direct link to language (such as titles or lyrics). As priming of words could not rely on direct associations between musical primes and target words, Koelsch et al. were enabled to investigate whether the N400 can also be elicited by stimuli that are not directly linked to language.

Behaviourally, subjects categorized 92% of the target words correctly when target words were presented after a sentence. When target words were preceded by musical excerpts, 80% of the targets were categorized correctly. Further behavioural data was collected by a pre-experiment in which the subjects had to rate the semantic relatedness between prime and target words by using a scale ranging from -5 to +5, and an additional experiment in which the subjects were instructed to choose the word semantically most closely related to the prime out of a five-word list. The Pre-experiment and the additional experiment could maintain the results of the behavioural performance during the first EEG experiment.

Semantic processing was measured using EEG (ElectroEncephaloGram). Target words elicited an N400 when elicited after semantically unrelated sentences. Likewise, an N400 effect was elicited when target words were preceded by semantically unrelated musical excerpts, showing that music can transfer semantically meaningful information by priming representations of meaningful concepts. The ERPs of the target words showed, as expected, larger N400s when the targets were presented after semantically unrelated sentences compared to those after semantically related sentences. As when preceded by the sentences, the target words also elicited larger N400s when presented after an unrelated musical excerpt compared to when presented after a related excerpt. In both, language and music, both concrete and abstract target words elicited significant N400 effects.

The N400 effect (that means, the effect of unprimed versus primed target words) did not differ between the language domain (sentences followed by target words) and the music domain (musical excerpts followed by target words), concerning amplitude, latency or scalp distribution. In both domains, a bilateral N400 was maximal around 410ms over centro-parietal electrode sites. The N400 effects did not differ between the prime-target pairs with and without balanced content, neither in the language nor in the music domain. This findings rules out the possibility that the musical excerpts merely primed an emotional state that was (in)consistent with the emotional content of the target word.

The sources of electric brain activity underlying the N400 effect did not statistically differ between the language and the music domain, neither with respect to locations, nor with respect to orientations, strengths, time point of maximum or explanation of variance. The source analysis of the N400 effect indicated generators located in the posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus (MTG, Brodmann´s area 21/37), quite close to the superior temporal sulcus. This localization concurs with numerous studies on the functional neuroanatomy of semantic processes at the level of both words and sentences.

## Further reading

* Jones, M.R. et al.: Cognitive Bases of Musical Communication, American Psychological Association, 1992
* Swain, J.: Musical languages, New York, 1997
* Raffmann, D.: Language, Music and Mind, MIT Press, 1993
* Meyer, L.B.: Emotion and Meaning in Music, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1956
* Hevner, K.: The affective value of pitch and tempo in music, Am. J. Psych., 1937
* Peirce, C.: The Collected Papers of C.S. Peirce, Harvard Univ. Press, 1958
* Zbikowski, L.: Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory and Analysis, Oxford Univ. Press, 2002
* Friederici, A.D.: Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing, Trends. Cogn. Sci., 2002
* Démonet, J. *et al.*: The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects, Brain, 1992
* Price, C. et al.: Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 1997
* Friederici, A.D. et al.: Segregating semantic and syntactic aspects of processing in the human brain: an fMRI investigation of different word types, Cereb. Cortex, 2000
* Ni, W. et al.: An event-related distinguishing form and content in sentence processing, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 2000
* Kuperberg, G. et al.: Common and distinct neural substrates for pragmatic, semantic and syntactic processing of spoken sentences: an fRMI study, J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2000
* Baumgaertner, A. et al.: An event-related fMRI reveals cortical sites involved in contextual sentence integration, Neuroimage, 2002
* Halgren, E. et al.: N400-like magnetoencephalography responses modulated by semantic context, word frequency and lexical class in sentences, Neuroimage, 2002
* Helenius, P. et al.: Distinct time courses of word and context comprehension in the left temporal cortex, Brain, 1998

*This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Musical semantics", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.*


title: Francis Birch (geophysicist)

abstract: Albert Francis Birch was an American geophysicist. He is considered one of the founders of solid Earth geophysics. He is also known for his part in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. During World War II, Birch participated in the Manhattan Project, working on the design and development of the gun-type nuclear weapon known as Little Boy. He oversaw its manufacture, and went to Tinian to supervise its assembly and loading into Enola Gay, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress tasked with dropping the bomb. A graduate of Harvard University, Birch began working on geophysics as a research assistant. He subsequently spent his entire career at Harvard working in the field, becoming an Associate Professor of Geology in 1943, a professor in 1946, and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology in 1949, and professor emeritus in 1974. Birch published over 100 papers. He developed what is now known as the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state in 1947. In 1952 he demonstrated that Earth's mantle is chiefly composed of silicate minerals, with an inner and outer core of molten iron. In two 1961 papers on compressional wave velocities, he established what is now called Birch's law.

text:
# Francis Birch (geophysicist)

**Albert Francis Birch** (August 22, 1903 – January 30, 1992) was an American geophysicist. He is considered one of the founders of solid Earth geophysics. He is also known for his part in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

During World War II, Birch participated in the Manhattan Project, working on the design and development of the gun-type nuclear weapon known as Little Boy. He oversaw its manufacture, and went to Tinian to supervise its assembly and loading into *Enola Gay*, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress tasked with dropping the bomb.

A graduate of Harvard University, Birch began working on geophysics as a research assistant. He subsequently spent his entire career at Harvard working in the field, becoming an Associate Professor of Geology in 1943, a professor in 1946, and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology in 1949, and professor emeritus in 1974.

Birch published over 100 papers. He developed what is now known as the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state in 1947. In 1952 he demonstrated that Earth's mantle is chiefly composed of silicate minerals, with an inner and outer core of molten iron. In two 1961 papers on compressional wave velocities, he established what is now called Birch's law.

## Early life

Birch was born in Washington, D.C., on August 22, 1903, the son of George Albert Birch, who was involved in banking and real estate, and Mary Hemmick Birch, a church choir singer and soloist at St. Matthew's Cathedral in Washington, D.C. He had three younger brothers: David, who became a banker; John, who became a diplomat; and Robert, who became a songwriter. He was educated at Washington, D.C., schools, and Western High School, where he joined the High School Cadets in 1916.

In 1920 Birch entered Harvard University on a scholarship. While there he served in Harvard's Reserve Officers' Training Corps Field Artillery Battalion. He graduated magna cum laude in 1924, and received his Bachelor of Science (S.B.) degree in electrical engineering.

Birch went to work in the Engineering Department of the New York Telephone Company. He applied for and received an American Field Service Fellowship in 1926, which he used to travel to Strasbourg, and study at the University of Strasbourg's Institut de Physique under the tutelage of Pierre Weiss. There, he wrote or co-wrote four papers, in French, on topics such as the paramagnetic properties of potassium cyanide, and the magnetic moment of Cu++ ions.

On returning to the United States in 1928, Birch went back to Harvard to pursue physics. He was awarded his Master of Arts (A.M.) degree in 1929, and then commenced work on his 1932 Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree under the supervision of Percy Bridgman, who would receive the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1946. For his thesis, Birch measured the vapor-liquid critical point of mercury. He determined this as 1460±20 °C and 1640±50 kg/cm2, results he published in 1932 in the Physical Review.

Around this time, there was an increased interest in geophysics at Harvard University, and Reginald Aldworth Daly established a Committee for Experimental Geology and Geophysics that included Bridgman, astronomer Harlow Shapley, geologists Louis Caryl Graton and D. H. McLaughlin and chemist G. P. Baxter. William Zisman, another one of Bridgman's Ph.D. students, was hired as the committee's research associate, but, having little interest in the study of rocks, he resigned in 1932. The position was then offered to Birch, who had little interest or experience in geology either, but with the advent of the Great Depression, jobs were hard to find, and he accepted.

On July 15, 1933, Birch married Barbara Channing, a Bryn Mawr College alumna, and a collateral descendant of the theologian William Ellery Channing. They had three children: Anne Campaspe, Francis (Frank) Sylvanus and Mary Narcissa. Frank later became a professor of geophysics at the University of New Hampshire.

## World War II

In 1942, during World War II, Birch took a leave of absence from Harvard, in order to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory, which was developing radar. He worked on the proximity fuze, a radar-triggered fuze that would explode a shell in the proximity of a target. The following year he accepted a commission in the United States Navy as a lieutenant commander, and was posted to the Bureau of Ships in Washington, D.C.

Later that year he was assigned to the Manhattan Project, and moved with his family to Los Alamos, New Mexico. There he joined the Los Alamos Laboratory's Ordnance (O) Division, which was under the command of another Naval officer, Captain William S. Parsons. Initially the goal of the O Division was to design a gun-type nuclear weapon known as Thin Man. This proved to be impractical due to contamination of the reactor-bred plutonium with plutonium-240, and in February 1944, the Division switched its attention to the development of the Little Boy, a smaller device using uranium-235. Birch used unenriched uranium to create scale models and later full-scale mock-ups of the device.

Birch supervised the manufacture of the Little Boy, and went to Tinian to supervise its assembly and loading it onto *Enola Gay*, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress tasked with dropping the bomb. He devised the 'double plug' system that allowed for actually arming the bomb after *Enola Gay* took off so that if it crashed, there would not be a nuclear explosion. He was awarded the Legion of Merit. His citation read:

> for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States in connection with the development of the greatest military weapon of all time, the atomic bomb. His initial assignment was the instrumentation of laboratory and field tests. He carried out this assignment in such outstanding fashion that he was placed in charge of the engineering and development of the first atomic bomb. He carried out this assignment with outstanding judgment and skill, and finally, went with the bomb to the advanced base where he insured, by his care and leadership, that the bomb was adequately prepared in every respect. Commander Birch's engineering ability, understanding of all principles involved, professional skill and devotion to duty throughout the development and delivery of the atomic bomb were outstanding and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Birch was promoted to commander and released from the Navy in 1945.

## Post-war

Birch returned to Harvard after the war ended, having been promoted to Associate Professor of Geology in 1943 while he was away. He would remain at Harvard for the rest of his career, becoming a professor in 1946, and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology in 1949, and professor emeritus in 1974. Professor Birch published over 100 papers. He served as president of The Geological Society of America in 1964 and was awarded their Penrose Medal in 1969.

In 1947, he adapted the isothermal Murnaghan equation of state, which had been developed for infinitesimal strain, for Eulerian finite strain, developing what is now known as the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state.

Albert Francis Birch is known for his experimental work on the properties of Earth-forming minerals at high pressure and temperature, in 1952 he published a well-known paper in the Journal of Geophysical Research, where he demonstrated that the mantle is chiefly composed of silicate minerals, the upper and lower mantle are separated by a thin transition zone associated with silicate phase transitions, and the inner and outer core are alloys of crystalline and molten iron. His conclusions are still accepted as correct today. The most famous portion of the paper, however, is a humorous footnote he included in the introduction:

> Unwary readers should take warning that ordinary language undergoes modification to a high-pressure form when applied to the interior of the Earth. A few examples of equivalents follow:
>
> | High Pressure Form | Ordinary Meaning |
> | --- | --- |
> | Certain | Dubious |
> | Undoubtedly | Perhaps |
> | Positive proof | Vague suggestion |
> | Unanswerable argument | Trivial objection |
> | Pure iron | Uncertain mixture of all the elements |

In 1961, Birch published two papers on compressional wave velocities establishing a linear relation of the compressional wave velocity Vp of rocks and minerals of a constant average atomic weight $\bar {M}$ with density $\rho $ as:

$V\_{p}=a({\bar {M})+b\rho }$.

This relationship became known as Birch's law. Birch was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1942, the National Academy of Sciences in 1950, the American Philosophical Society in 1955, and served as the president of the Geological Society of America in 1963 and 1964. He received numerous honors in his career, including the Geological Society of America's Arthur L. Day Medal on 1950 and Penrose Medal in 1969, the American Geophysical Union's William Bowie Medal in 1960, the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon Johnson in 1967, the Vetlesen Prize (shared with Sir Edward Bullard) in 1968, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1973, and the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Research's Bridgman Award in 1983. Since 1992, the American Geophysical Union's Tectonophysics section has sponsored a Francis Birch Lecture, given at its annual meeting by a noted researcher in this field.

Birch died of prostate cancer at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 30, 1992. He was survived by wife Barbara, his three children and his three brothers. His papers are in the Harvard University Archives.

## InfoBox

| Francis Birch | |
| --- | --- |
| Birch, c.1970 | |
| Born | (1903-08-22)August 22, 1903
Washington, D.C. |
| Died | 30 January 1992(1992-01-30) (aged 88)
Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Known for | Birch's law
Birch-Murnaghan equation of state |
| Spouse | Barbara Channing |
| Awards | Legion of Merit (1945)
Arthur L. Day Medal (1950)
William Bowie Medal (1960)
National Medal of Science (1967)
Vetlesen Prize (1968)
Penrose Medal (1969)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1973) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geophysics |
| Institutions | Harvard University |
| Doctoral advisor | Percy Bridgman |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Georgia–Alabama League

abstract: The Georgia–Alabama League was a minor league baseball league that operated in its two namesake states. The circuit first operated from 1913 to 1917, was revived from 1928 to 1930, then returned to operation for a final time from 1946 through 1951. The league's existence thus spanned some 39 years, but it only fielded teams in 14 seasons. All versions of the Georgia–Alabama League were Class D leagues, the lowest classification in Organized Ball during their years of operation. Sixteen cities fielded teams in the league at one time or another—nine from Alabama and seven from Georgia. No city was represented in all three of the league's runs. Out of the 14 seasons that the league played, the Georgia teams won eleven titles while the Alabama cities captured only three. Four Georgia teams won two titles each over the league's three eras: Newnan, Georgia, won the first of their two crowns in 1915, then waited some 34 years to collect the second in 1949; Lindale, Georgia, won in 1929 and 1930; Carrollton, Georgia, picked up two back-to-back titles in 1946 and 1947; and LaGrange, Georgia, took the league's last two championships in 1950 and 1951. Attendance figures were available for the last run of six years, during which the league drew just shy of 2,000,000 fans to the parks. The turnstile count peaked at about 480,000 in 1947 but by 1951 it had dropped to a little over 175,000, which was insufficient to keep the circuit in operation.

text:
# Georgia–Alabama League

The **Georgia–Alabama League** was a minor league baseball league that operated in its two namesake states. The circuit first operated from 1913 to 1917, was revived from 1928 to 1930, then returned to operation for a final time from 1946 through 1951. The league's existence thus spanned some 39 years, but it only fielded teams in 14 seasons. All versions of the Georgia–Alabama League were Class D leagues, the lowest classification in Organized Ball during their years of operation.

Sixteen cities fielded teams in the league at one time or another—nine from Alabama and seven from Georgia. No city was represented in all three of the league's runs. Out of the 14 seasons that the league played, the Georgia teams won eleven titles while the Alabama cities captured only three. Four Georgia teams won two titles each over the league's three eras: Newnan, Georgia, won the first of their two crowns in 1915, then waited some 34 years to collect the second in 1949; Lindale, Georgia, won in 1929 and 1930; Carrollton, Georgia, picked up two back-to-back titles in 1946 and 1947; and LaGrange, Georgia, took the league's last two championships in 1950 and 1951.

Attendance figures were available for the last run of six years, during which the league drew just shy of 2,000,000 fans to the parks. The turnstile count peaked at about 480,000 in 1947 but by 1951 it had dropped to a little over 175,000, which was insufficient to keep the circuit in operation.

## Cities represented

## Standings & statistics

### 1913 to 1917

**1913 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gadsden Steel Makers | 51 | 38 | .573 | - | Elmer Randall |
| Newnan Cowetas | 46 | 44 | .511 | 5.5 | E.S. Bagwell / Ed Shulze |
| Opelika Opelicans | 46 | 45 | .505 | 6.0 | Ed Ery |
| Anniston Moulders | 45 | 45 | .500 | 6.5 | Chick Hannon |
| LaGrange Terrapins | 42 | 48 | .467 | 9.5 | William "Ducky" Holmes |
| Talladega Indians | 40 | 50 | .444 | 11.5 | Charles Reece |

No Playoffs Scheduled

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Randall | Gadsden | BA | .410 |  | Ed Ery | Opelika | W | 19 |
| Larry Pezold | Gadsden | Runs | 76 |  | Ed Ery | Opelika | Pct | .792; 19-5 |
| Midge Craven | Newnan | Hits | 121 |

**1914 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Selma River Rats | 60 | 35 | .632 | - | W. Guiterrez / Arthur Riggs |
| Newnan Cowetas | 56 | 37 | .602 | 3.0 | Warren Sanders |
| LaGrange Terrapins | 55 | 43 | .561 | 6.5 | Ed Lafitte |
| Opelika Pelicans | 52 | 45 | .536 | 9.0 | Kirk Newell / Elmer Steele |
| Rome Romans | 46 | 50 | .479 | 14.5 | Jack Reidy |
| Anniston Moulders | 41 | 54 | .432 | 19.0 | Bob Ragsdale / Louis Procter |
| Talladega Indians | 37 | 55 | .402 | 21.0 | Carl Pace / Lovell Draper /
Howard Baker / Clarence Garrett |
| Gadsden Steel Makers | 32 | 60 | .348 | 26.5 | Bruce Hayes /
Lou Jorda / L. Mills |

Gadsden became a road club August 3.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lloyd Howell | Newnan | BA | .332 |  | Jack Reidy | Rome | Hits | 117 |
| Jack Reidy | Rome | Runs | 76 |

**1915 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Newnan Cowetas | 39 | 20 | .661 | - | Henry Mathewson |
| Talladega Tigers | 39 | 22 | .639 | 1.0 | Clarence Garrett |
| Griffin Lightfoots | 32 | 28 | .533 | 7.5 | Doc Martin / Ed Reagan |
| Rome Romans | 27 | 31 | .466 | 11.5 | Art Burleson |
| Anniston Moulders | 22 | 38 | .367 | 17.5 | Elmer Steele |
| LaGrange Terrapins | 18 | 38 | .327 | 19.5 | Ed Lafitte |

The league disbanded July 14.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Flynn | Newnan | BA | .358 |  | Jack Nabors | Talladega/Newnan | W | 12 |
| George Cochran | Rome | Runs | 47 |  | Whitey Glazner | Anniston | SO | 101 |
| Don Flynn | Newnan | Hits | 76 |  | Milt Watson | Griffin | Pct | 1.000; 7-0 |
| Don Flynn | Newnan | HR | 15 |

**1916 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rome Romans | 43 | 22 | .662 | - | Frank Manush |
| Newnan Cowetas | 41 | 26 | .612 | 3.0 | Henry Mathewson |
| LaGrange Grangers | 39 | 29 | .574 | 5.5 | Grady Bowen / Ed Lafitte |
| Talladega Tigers | 26 | 38 | .406 | 16.5 | Clarence Garrett |
| Anniston Moulders | 23 | 39 | .371 | 18.5 | Bill Reynolds |
| Griffin Lightfoots | 23 | 41 | .359 | 19.5 | Kid Reagan / Phil Wells |

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Flynn | Newnan | BA | .365 |  | Joseph Wiley | Rome | W | 15 |
| Don Flynn | Newnan | Runs | 52 |  | Robert Watkins | Newnan | W | 15 |
| Ben Shaw | Rome | Hits | 89 |  | Rufus Nolly | LaGrange | Pct | .857; 12-2 |

**1917 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anniston Moulders | 13 | 5 | .722 | - | Bill Pierre |
| Griffin Griffs | 10 | 7 | .588 | 2.5 | Matty Matthews |
| Tri-Cities Triplets | 10 | 8 | .556 | 3 | Martin Dudley |
| Rome Romans | 9 | 9 | .500 | 4.0 | Dannie Overton |
| Talladega Tigers | 6 | 12 | .333 | 7.0 | Ed Goosetree |
| LaGrange Grangers | 5 | 12 | .294 | 7.5 | Heisman Jones |

The league disbanded May 23.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W.W. Waldron | Griffin | BA | .388 |  | E.A. Verrett | Talladega | W | 4 |
| W. W. Waldron | Griffin | Runs | 21 |  | Conrad Fields | LaGrange | SO | 39 |
| W. W. Waldron | Griffin | Hits | 26 |  | Bennett | Tri-Cities | Pct | 1.000; 3-0 |

### 1928 to 1930

**1928 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cedartown Sea Cows | 55 | 34 | .618 | - | W.F. Kleton / Sherry Smith |
| Carrollton Frogs | 54 | 34 | .614 | 0.5 | Paul Fittery |
| Anniston Nobles | 47 | 42 | .528 | 8.0 | Ben Bruner / Bud Ammons |
| Talladega Indians | 45 | 43 | .511 | 9.5 | Earl Hawkins / Louis Walker |
| Gadsden Eagles | 37 | 49 | .430 | 16.5 | Doc Newton / Joe Schepner |
| Lindale Dragons | 26 | 62 | .295 | 28.5 | Earl Donaldson |

Playoffs: Talladega 2 games, Anniston 1, for the second half title.
Finals: Carrollton 4 games, Talladega 2.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Clark Taliaferro | Carrollton | BA | .392 |  | Paul Fittery | Carrollton | W | 21 |
| Joyner White | Carrollton | Runs | 92 |  | Abe White | Carrollton | SO | 141 |
| Murray Howell | Carrollton | Hits | 152 |  | Paul Fittery | Carrollton | Pct | .913; 21-2 |
| Joyner White | Carrollton | HR | 27 |  | Paul Fittery | Carrollton | ERA | 1.60 |

**1929 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lindale Collegians | 60 | 39 | .606 | - | Jack Moulton |
| Carrollton Champs | 56 | 44 | .560 | 4.5 | Paul Fittery |
| Talladega Indians | 49 | 49 | .500 | 10.5 | Howard Camp |
| Gadsden Eagles | 49 | 50 | .495 | 11.0 | Louis Walker |
| Anniston Nobles | 44 | 56 | .440 | 16.5 | Bud Ammons / Verdo Elmore |
| Cedartown Sea Cows | 40 | 60 | .400 | 20.5 | Frank Thrasher / Sherry Smith |

Playoff: Carrollton 4 games, Lindale 0.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bernard Lewis | Talladega | BA | .420 |  | James Soward | Gadsden | W | 17 |
| Charles Knowles | Cedartown | Runs | 92 |  | Abe White | Carrollton | SO | 101 |
| Bernard Lewis | Talladega | Hits | 159 |  | Paul Fittery | Carrollton | Pct | .889; 16-2 |
| Charles Knowles | Cedartown | HR | 25 |

**1930 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lindale Pepperells | 63 | 38 | .624 | - | Jack Moulton |
| Cedartown Braves | 60 | 41 | .594 | 3.0 | Sherry Smith |
| Anniston Nobles | 57 | 44 | .564 | 6.0 | Paul Fittery / Dixie Walker |
| Huntsville Springers | 35 | 66 | .347 | 28.0 | Bill Pierre /
Erskine Thompson / Tubby Walton /
Dixie Carroll / Clarence Hart |
| Carrollton Champs | 38 | 46 | .452 | NA | Carl East / Erskine Thomason |
| Talladega Indians | 33 | 51 | .393 | NA | Walter Barbare / Cliff Verner |

Carrollton and Talladega disbanded August 14.
Playoff: Cedartown 4 games, Lindale 3, one tie.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bernard Lewis | Lindale | BA | .422 |  | Paul Fittery | Anniston | W | 16 |
| Jack Shipley | Cedartown | Runs | 131 |  | Abe White | Lindale | SO | 143 |
| Bernard Lewis | Lindale | Hits | 175 |  | Sherry Smith | Cedartown | Pct | .875; 14-2 |
| George Kelly | Cedartown | HR | 26 |  | Sherry Smith | Cedartown | ERA | 3.34 |

### 1946 to 1951

**1946 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Carrollton Hornets | 75 | 55 | .577 | - | Luther Gunnells |
| Valley Rebels | 72 | 58 | .554 | 3.0 | Cat Milner |
| Tallassee Indians | 71 | 59 | .546 | 4.0 | Joe Heving |
| Newnan Brownies | 68 | 62 | .523 | 7.0 | George Nix / Lloyd Brown |
| LaGrange Troupers | 59 | 71 | .454 | 16.0 | Newton Parker / Jack Daniels |
| Opelika Owls | 45 | 85 | .346 | 30.0 | Jim Hitchcock / Zack Sensussler |

Playoffs: Tallassee 3 games, Carrollton 2; Valley 3 games, Newnan 2;
Finals: Tallassee 3 games, Valley 2.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Luther Gunnells | Carrollton | BA | .381 |  | John B. Johnson | Newnan | W | 20 |
| Jack Daniels | Valley/LaGrange | Runs | 118 |  | John B. Johnson | Newnan | SO | 138 |
| Jack Daniels | Valley/LaGrange | Hits | 159 |  | Lloyd Brown | Newnan | ERA | 2.17 |
| Jack Daniels | Valley/LaGrange | RBI | 122 |  | Jack Daniels | Valley/LaGrange | HR | 30 |

**1947 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Attend | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Carrollton Hornets | 75 | 49 | .605 | - | 52,245 | Red Roberts |
| Opelika Owls | 76 | 50 | .603 | 0.0 | 65,173 | Luther Gunnells |
| Valley Rebels | 75 | 51 | .595 | 1.0 | 79,829 | Frank Luce |
| Newnan Brownies | 72 | 53 | .576 | 3.5 | 80,600 | Joe Abreu / Ed Westbrook |
| Tallassee Indians | 62 | 63 | .496 | 13.5 | 44,693 | John Hill |
| Griffin Pimientos | 53 | 68 | .438 | 20.5 | 66,142 | Abe White |
| LaGrange Troupers | 46 | 78 | .371 | 29.0 | 55,746 | Carl East / Howard Ermisch |
| Alexander City Millers | 39 | 86 | .312 | 36.5 | 34,462 | Doug Taitt |

Playoff: Valley 3 games, Carrollton 1; Opelika 3 games, Newnan 1;
Finals: Valley 3 games, Opelika 2.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Red Roberts | Carrollton | BA | .385 |  | Paul Brock | Newnan | W | 23 |
| Ted Browning | Newnan | Runs | 122 |  | Paul Brock | Newnan | SO | 220 |
| Vern Morgan | Valley | Hits | 184 |  | Jesse Danna | Valley | ERA | 2.15 |
| Ken Guettler | Griffin | RBI | 103 |  | Ken Guettler | Griffin | HR | 25 |

**1948 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Attend | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Valley Rebels | 75 | 51 | .595 | - | 60,163 | Jesse Danna |
| Carrollton Hornets | 73 | 53 | .579 | 2.0 | 53,000 | Red Roberts / Oliver Hill |
| Newnan Brownies | 68 | 58 | .540 | 7.0 | 65,257 | Norman Veazey |
| Alexander City Millers | 63 | 63 | .500 | 12.0 | 44,053 | Ben Catchings /
Marvin Chappell / Luther Gunnells |
| Opelika Owls | 62 | 64 | .492 | 13.0 | 59,000 | Luther Gunnells / Jim Ball |
| Griffin Pimientos | 55 | 71 | .437 | 20.0 | 63,672 | Abe White / Paul Campbell |
| LaGrange Troupers | 54 | 72 | .429 | 21.0 | 53,589 | James Acton |
| Tallassee Indians | 54 | 72 | .429 | 21.0 | 34,696 | Hugh East / Robert Comiskey |

Playoff: Valley 3 games, Newnan 1; Carrollton 3 games, Alexander City 2 ;
Finals: Valley 4 games, Carrollton 0.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fred Campbell | Griffin | BA | .357 |  | William Kallaher | Opelika | W | 23 |
| Robert Edwards | Valley | Runs | 114 |  | Eugene Doerflinger | Carrollton | W | 23 |
| George Bailey | Opelika | Hits | 174 |  | Eugene Doerflinger | Carrollton | SO | 2.33 |
| Fred Campbell | Griffin | RBI | 105 |  | Leon Lindsey | Alexander City | ERA | 2.00 |
| James Acton | LaGrange | HR | 14 |

**1949 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Attend | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Newnan Brownies | 74 | 52 | .587 | - | 56,976 | Robert Schmidt |
| Alexander City Millers | 69 | 57 | .548 | 5.0 | 37,373 | Red Roberts |
| Tallassee Cardinals | 66 | 60 | .524 | 8.0 | 43,364 | Bob Comiskey / Fred Blackwell |
| LaGrange Troupers | 65 | 61 | .516 | 9.0 | 59,952 | Claude Cooper |
| Valley Rebels | 62 | 64 | .492 | 12.0 | 52,859 | Jesse Danna /
Vern Morgan / Woody Bottoms |
| Opelika Owls | 62 | 64 | .492 | 12.0 | 44,885 | Jim Ball |
| Carrollton Hornets | 56 | 70 | .444 | 18.0 | 36,029 | William Seal / William Rucker |
| Griffin Pimientos | 50 | 76 | .397 | 24.0 | 47,825 | Buck Etchison / Rudy York /
Dee Sanders / Sam Gibson |

Playoffs: Newnan 3 games, Tallassee 2; Alexander City 3 games, LaGrange 1 ;
Finals: Alexander City 4 games, Newnan 2.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joel Chapman | Valley | BA | .351 |  | John McFadden | Newnan | W | 21 |
| John Heusman | Alexander City | Runs | 108 |  | John McFadden | Newnan | SO | 180 |
| J. W. Spruil | Valley | Hits | 153 |  | Elmer Wallace | Newnan | ERA | 2.02 |
| Robert Schmidt | Newnan | RBI | 108 |  | Carl Franson | Newnan | HR | 28 |

**1950 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Attend | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LaGrange Troupers | 73 | 48 | .603 | - | 53,781 | Claude Cooper |
| Alexander City Millers | 73 | 53 | .579 | 2.5 | 36,546 | Red Roberts |
| Carrollton Hornets | 66 | 57 | .537 | 8.0 | 26,365 | Doc Marshall |
| Newnan Brownies | 62 | 60 | .508 | 11.5 | 37,215 | Robert Schmidt |
| Valley Rebels | 58 | 65 | .472 | 16.0 | 31,619 | Myril Hoag / Jack Daniels |
| Griffin Tigers | 57 | 64 | .471 | 16.0 | 37,167 | Abe White / Jack Bearden |
| Opelika Owls | 52 | 72 | .419 | 22.5 | 36,912 | Woody Bottoms /
Gene Bailey / Wheeler Flemming |
| Rome Red Sox | 49 | 71 | .408 | 23.5 | 30,482 | Norm Veazey /
John Stowe / Myril Hoag |

Playoffs: LaGrange 2 games, Carrollton 0; Alexander City 2 games, Newnan 0 ;
Finals: LaGrange 3 games, Alexander City 2.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eugene Solt | Carrollton | BA | .365 |  | Don Bessent | LaGrange | W | 22 |
| Fred DeSouza | Carrollton | Runs | 149 |  | Don Bessent | LaGrange | SO | 229 |
| Eugene Solt | Carrollton | Hits | 168 |  | Don Bessent | LaGrange | ERA | 2.33 |
| Eugene Solt | Carrollton | RBI | 151 |
| Eugene Solt | Carrollton | HR | 38 |

**1951 Georgia–Alabama League**

| Team standings | W | L | PCT | GB | Attend | Managers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LaGrange Troupers | 67 | 47 | .588 | - | 33,734 | Claude Cooper |
| Valley Rebels | 64 | 52 | .552 | 4.0 | 37,515 | George Grant |
| Rome Red Sox | 58 | 57 | .504 | 9.5 | 41,000 | Leon Culberson |
| Griffin Pimientos | 58 | 58 | .500 | 10.0 | 24,804 | Mike Conte /
Fred Campbell / Jack Bearden |
| Alexander City Millers | 33 | 45 | .423 | NA | 19,737 | Sam Demma / Bill Brown |
| Opelika Owls | 23 | 44 | .343 | NA | 18,000 | Wheeler Flemming / Gene Bailey |

Opelika disbanded July 1; Alexander City disbanded July 15.

**Player statistics**
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joe Campbell | Griffin | BA | .379 |  | Marvin Chappell | LaGrange | W | 21 |
| Fred Campbell | Griffin | Runs | 111 |  | Marvin Chappell | LaGrange | SO | 120 |
| Claude Shoemake | Rome | Hits | 171 |  | Joe Pennington | Valley | ERA | 2.45 |
| Claude Shoemake | Rome | RBI | 135 |  | Claude Shoemake | Rome | HR | 26 |

## League records 1913–1951

| Batting | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot | Yr |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot | Yr |
| Jack Daniels | Valley/LaGrange | G | 129 | 46 |  | Johnny Allen | LaGrange | G | 129 | 46 |
| Bernard Lewis | Lindale | BA | .422 | 30 |  | McDonald Turner | Newnan | AB | 526 | 48 |
| Fred DeSouza | Carrollton | R | 149 | 50 |  | Malvern Morgan | Lanett | H | 184 | 47 |
| Eugene Solt | Carrollton | RBI | 151 | 50 |  | John Stowe | Rome | 2B | 39 | 51 |
| Earl Persons | Gadsden | 3B | 17 | 29 |  | Eugene Solt | Carrollton | HR | 38 | 50 |
| Bernard Lewis | Lindale | EBH | 69 | 30 |  | Eugene Solt | Carrollton | TB | 311 | 50 |
| Jack Shipley | Cedartown | SAC | 21 | 29 |  | John Heusman | Alexander City | SB | 85 | 49 |
| Fred DeSouza | Carrollton | BB | 165 | 50 |  | Ted Przeworski | LaGrange/Carroll | SO | 118 | 48 |

| Pitching | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Player | Team | Stat | Tot | Yr |  | Player | Team | Stat | Tot | Yr |
| Marvin Chappell | Alexander City | GA | 51 | 49 |  | Paul Brock | Newnan | CG | 28 | 47 |
| Bill Kallaher | Opelika | WI | 23 | 48 |  | Paul Brock | Newnan | WI | 23 | 48 |
| Gene Doerflinger | Carrollton | WI | 23 | 48 |  | Claude Jackson | Opelika | L | 17 | 49 |
| John Nabors | Talladega/New | Pct | .933-12-1 | 15 |  | Paul Fittery | Carrollton | ERA | 1.60 | 28 |
| Paul Fittery | Carrollton | Pct | .913-21-2 | 28 |  | Paul Brock | Newnan | IP | 313 | 47 |
| Marvin Chappell | Alexander City | ShO | 6 | 49 |  | Gene Doerflinger | Carrollton | SO | 233 | 48 |
| Mickey Mihalik | Newnam | BB | 149 | 48 |

## Sources

The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball: Second Edition via Baseball-Reference.com under GFDL.

## InfoBox

Georgia–Alabama League
| Classification | Class D (1913–1917, 1928–1930, 1946–1951) |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Minor League Baseball |
| First season | 1913 (1913) |
| Ceased | 1951 (1951) |
| President | W. J. Boykin (1913–1914)
C. L. Bruner (1915)
Dick Jemison (1916–1917)
Dred Johnson (1917)
C. I. Scarborough (1928-1929)
L. H. Carre (1930)
Carl W. East (1946)
Arthur R. Decatur (1947–1951) |
| No. of teams | 18 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Most titles | **2**
Newnan (1915, 1949)
Lindale (1929–1930)
Carrollton (1946 –1947)
LaGrange (1950–1951) |
| Related
competitions | Georgia–Florida League
Georgia State League
Florida–Alabama–Georgia League |


title: Unionport, Ohio

abstract: Unionport is a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Ohio. It is best known as the birthplace of millionaire, Helen Brach, who was the center of media attention in 1977, when she disappeared. Unionport is located on the banks of the Cross Creek, a large tributary of the Ohio River approximately 20 miles east. Unionport was platted in 1852. A post office called Unionport was established in 1855, and remained in operation until 2002.

text:
# Unionport, Ohio

**Unionport** is a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Ohio. It is best known as the birthplace of millionaire, Helen Brach, who was the center of media attention in 1977, when she disappeared. Unionport is located on the banks of the Cross Creek, a large tributary of the Ohio River approximately 20 miles east.

Unionport was platted in 1852. A post office called Unionport was established in 1855, and remained in operation until 2002.

40°21′29″N 80°50′44″W / 40.35806°N 80.84556°W / 40.35806; -80.84556


title: Prosthetic makeup

abstract: Prosthetic makeup also known as special makeup effects or FX prosthesis, is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetics are used on stage and screen to create fantasy creatures, simulated injuries, or likenesses of other people. Prosthetic makeup draws a straight lineage from the stagecraft of theater and can be observed at the birth of science fiction cinema with Le Voyage dans La Lune, a 1902 French adventure short film directed by pioneer of special effects Georges Méliès. The work of makeup artist Jack Pierce furthered pioneered early Hollywood prosthetic work and is best remembered for creating the iconic makeup worn by Boris Karloff in Frankenstein, his makeup for Lon Chaney Jr. in The Wolfman. Modern prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by Christopher Tucker whose work on The Elephant Man was considered so ground breaking that when it failed to win any recognition at the 53rd Academy Awards letters of protests argued for it to receive an honorary award – this was ignored but did lead to the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year.

text:
# Prosthetic makeup

**Prosthetic makeup** also known as **special makeup effects** or **FX prosthesis,** is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetics are used on stage and screen to create fantasy creatures, simulated injuries, or likenesses of other people.

Prosthetic makeup draws a straight lineage from the stagecraft of theater and can be observed at the birth of science fiction cinema with *Le Voyage dans La Lune*, a 1902 French adventure short film directed by pioneer of special effects Georges Méliès.

The work of makeup artist Jack Pierce furthered pioneered early Hollywood prosthetic work and is best remembered for creating the iconic makeup worn by Boris Karloff in *Frankenstein*, his makeup for Lon Chaney Jr. in *The Wolfman*.

Modern prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by Christopher Tucker whose work on *The Elephant Man* was considered so ground breaking that when it failed to win any recognition at the 53rd Academy Awards letters of protests argued for it to receive an honorary award – this was ignored but did lead to the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year.

## History

Before sculpted prosthetic appliances became standard, special effects makeup artists would have to build up forms on the actor's face before shooting began, which often took several hours and would have to be done from scratch at the start of each day. The Frankenstein makeup by Jack Pierce consisted of spirit gum, cotton, collodion, and wax, taking around 3 hours to apply in the morning, and another 1-2 hours to remove at the end of the day.

Rubber began to be used to make appliances in the late 30s, with Pierce making rubber head forms and broken neck appliances for Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi respectively. A rubber snout was made for Lon Chaney Jr. to wear in The Wolfman, though application of the hair for the titular character could take up to 16 hours.

Foam latex was first used by makeup artist Jack Dawn for The Wizard of Oz in 1939 to create the makeup for the Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow. It wasn't until John Chambers's work on Planet of the Apes in 1968 that prosthetics transitioned from full face appliances to smaller, overlapping pieces which afforded the actors more expression and movement.

In 1965, William Tuttle won an Academy Honorary Award for his makeup work on 7 Faces of Dr. Lao at the 37th Academy Awards, making him the first artist to win an award for makeup before the Best Makeup category was introduced in 1981.

## Technique

The process of creating a makeup prosthetic appliance typically begins with concept art, created by the artist or production. Once the actor has been chosen, the effects artist will prepare the actor for the process of taking a mold of the actor's face, head or body part. This process is called lifecasting. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe platinum silicone rubber. This initial mold can be relatively weak but flexible. A hard mother mold, also known as a jacket or matrix, is typically made of plaster bandage which is created over the outside of the initial flexible mold to provide support. This mold is used to cast a copy of that part of the actor, in a hard resin or plaster type material to eventually use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. This is considered a "positive" or life-cast.

Before sculpting the clay prosthetic over the positive, The positive must be prepared by adding "keys" or mold points along the edges of it, which are often added using clay or more plaster or carved into the life-cast, to make sure that the two pieces of the mold will fit together correctly. Often the life-cast will be given an additional border in clay or plaster in order to have an area free of detail and undercuts to add these keys. The entire life-cast with borders and keys included is then molded. This ensures a stable area with built in keys to sculpt the prosthetic over. This also provides the artist an easily duplicated copy, if needed. Multiple copies are typically used to make variations or stages of prosthetics or different prosthetics for the same actor.

Life-casts of full bodies and body parts are also used and reused as the basis for making fake body parts, severed limbs, and various "gore" type effects used in horror films or films where body parts are required.

The prosthetic required will be sculpted over the life-cast of that body part to become the design intended. For example, if the desired look is a pig nosed person, then the artist would sculpt the pig nose over the actor's real nose on the life-cast or positive copy. The edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Once sculpted, the new addition of the clay sculpted prosthetic part must be molded. Since the positive has been prepared with the additional border and keys, it actually becomes part of the prosthetic mold itself. Once molded, and clay removed, new mold cleaned out, the positive is one part of the mold and the new mold is the other side which has the negative of the newly sculpted prosthetic. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face or body part, and one (or more for complex molds) "negative" mold pieces with prosthetic sculpted in.

To make the new prosthetic, material is cast into the mold cavity (where the clay used to be). The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials. The prosthetic is cured within the two-part mold, and then carefully removed and prepared for painting and or application to the actor.

## Conflict with CGI

As the film/television industry continues to grow, so do the capabilities of the technologies behind it. Since the debut of newer technologies, many have feared that CGI (Computer-Generated Imagery) will put practical SFX makeup out of business. CGI can be used to accomplish effects that simply aren't possible when working in practical effects.

Tom Woodruff Jr. and Alec Gillis, two experienced SFX artists from Amalgamated Dynamics near L.A., share what they see as the middle ground on the subject. In an interview, they explain that most movies use (out of necessity) a combination of practical effects and CGI. They see CGI as a tool that can be utilized in a positive or negative way, just like practical effects. Tom Savini (an SFX artist known for his work in *Dawn of the Dead* and *Creepshow*) states: "They still use the make-up guys to design the creatures and that’s what they work from. I don’t think you’ll see make-up effects guys hanging out on corners with signs that say: *WILL DO EFFECTS FOR FOOD.*"

In the 2000s, CGI and practical effects began being used in tandem, with CGI often used to enhance prosthetic makeup in a way that would have been impossible to do practically such as erasing body parts or creating hollow points in the face. For Hugo Weaving's role as Red Skull in *Captain America: The First Avenger*, Weaving wore a full head silicone prosthetic makeup, which was covered in CGI tracking markers for his nose to be erased by VFX.

## Real-world use

Moulage is a process in which makeup is used to simulate different wounds and trauma in order to prepare medical, emergency, and military personnel for what they could experience in the field and lessen psychological trauma.

Craniofacial prosthetics are used in medical fields for cosmetic purposes to disguise deformations of the face, either those caused by trauma or birth defects as an alternative to reconstructive surgery. They can be used for smaller applications such as ears or noses, or full face masks. These prosthetics can provide both medical benefits such as improved speech and hearing as well as psychological benefits to the wearer.

## Notable artists

## Bibliography


title: Lac de Nantua

abstract: The Lac de Nantua is a glacial lake in the southern foothills of the Jura Mountains in the Haut-Bugey historical region, located between Nantua, Montréal-la-Cluse and Port in the department of Ain, France. It covers 141 hectares. The lake was made a protected natural site in 1935.

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# Lac de Nantua

The **Lac de Nantua** (Lake of Nantua) is a glacial lake in the southern foothills of the Jura Mountains in the Haut-Bugey historical region, located between Nantua, Montréal-la-Cluse and Port in the department of Ain, France. It covers 141 hectares (0.54 sq mi). The lake was made a protected natural site in 1935.

## Formation

The Lac de Nantua is a glacial lake. It was formed as the result of an overflow towards the west. The original extent of the lake, once the glaciers disappeared, was about two to three times its area in 2000 with extensions in the plain in three directions (Nurieux, Saint Martin du Frêne, Montreal). This explains its depth (42.9 m) and its configuration in the form of ice gorge east-west areas at risk of flooding towards the plain and Port area moraines. Its scope was much larger and was marked by two arms of lakes and large marshes from work done in 1856. This work lowered the lake level by more than one meter. The cleared zones were cleaned and sold in 1869 by the mayor of Nantua who previously owned these areas.

## InfoBox

| Lac de Nantua | |
| --- | --- |
| A view of the Lac de Nantua | |
| Lac de Nantua | |
| Location | Nantua, Ain |
| Coordinates | 46°9′43.62″N 5°35′17.75″E / 46.1621167°N 5.5882639°E / 46.1621167; 5.5882639 |
| Type | Ice |
| Basin countries | France |
|  | |
| Max. length | 2.7 km (1.7 mi) |
| Max. width | 650 m (2,130 ft) |
| Surface area | 1.41 km2 (0.54 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 42.9 m (141 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 475 m (1,558 ft) |


title: Waddinxveen railway station

abstract: Waddinxveen is a railway station in Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 7 October 1934 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

text:
# Waddinxveen railway station

**Waddinxveen** is a railway station in Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 7 October 1934 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

## Train services

The following train services call at Waddinxveen:

* 4x per hour local service (*sprinter*) Alphen aan den Rijn - Gouda (2x per hour in evenings & weekends)

## Bus services

* 175 (Rotterdam Alexander - Rotterdam Nesselande - Waddinxveen - Waddinxveen Noord)

## InfoBox

| Waddinxveen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Waddinxveen, South Holland, <br>Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 52°02′40″N 4°38′59″E / 52.04444°N 4.64972°E / 52.04444; 4.64972 |
| Owned by | Nederlandse Spoorwegen |
| Line(s) | Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 7 October 1934 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Nederlandse Spoorwegen Following station  Waddinxveen Noordtowards Alphen aan den Rijn  NS Sprinter 8600  Waddinxveen Triangeltowards Gouda  NS Sprinter 8700 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  WaddinxveenLocation within Southwest RandstadWaddinxveenWaddinxveen (Netherlands) | |


title: Oleg Korneev

abstract: Oleg Anatolyevich Korneev is a Russian chess grandmaster who now represents Spain. He was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1995.

text:
# Oleg Korneev

**Oleg Anatolyevich Korneev** (Олег Анатольевич Корнеев; born 25 July 1969) is a Russian chess grandmaster who now represents Spain. He was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1995.

## Chess career

Korneev was not a child prodigy, he finished in the lower half of the 1987 Moscow Central Chess Club Championship at the age of 18, and his first published FIDE rating in January 1988 was 2280.

In 2004, Korneev tied for 1st–6th with Evgeniy Najer, Artyom Timofeev, Kaido Külaots, Sergey Grigoriants and Zoltan Gyimesi in the Cappelle-la-Grande Open. In 2013 he tied for 1st–11th with Pavel Eljanov, Dmitry Kokarev, Alexander Areshchenko, Denis Khismatullin, Maxim Matlakov, Dragan Šolak, Vadim Zvjaginsev, Sanan Sjugirov, Ivan Bukavshin and Ildar Khairullin in the Chigorin Memorial in St Petersburg.

## InfoBox

| Oleg Korneev | |
| --- | --- |
| Korneev in 2012 | |
| Country | Soviet Union (until 1991)
Russia (1991–2012)
Spain (since 2012) |
| Born | (1969-07-25) 25 July 1969 |
| Title | Grandmaster (1995) |
| FIDE rating | 2454 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2671 (April 2006) |
| Peak ranking | No. 34 (April 2006) |


title: Perfecta (album)

abstract: Perfecta is the fifth album by alternative rock band Adam Again. This recording is the final studio album from the group, as frontman Gene Eugene died in 2000.

text:
# Perfecta (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Perfecta*** is the fifth album by alternative rock band Adam Again. This recording is the final studio album from the group, as frontman Gene Eugene died in 2000.

## Track listing

All songs written by Gene Eugene, John Knox, Greg Lawless and Paul Valadez except where noted.

1. "Stone" – 4:58
2. "Strobe" – 2:31
3. "All You Lucky People" (Eugene, Knox, Lawless) – 4:23
4. "All Right" (Eugene) – 4:33
5. "Harsh" – 6:10
6. "Air" – 3:49
7. "Dogjam" – 5:37
8. "L.C." – 5:06
9. "Relapse" – 6:49
10. "Every Mother's Way" (Eugene) – 3:57
11. "What's Your Name?" – 4:57
12. "Unfunny" (Eugene) – 3:30
13. "Try Not to Try" – 3:55
14. "Don't Cry" (Eugene) – 4:23

## Personnel

**Production**

* Gene Eugene – executive producer, producer, recording
* Ojo Taylor – executive producer
* Adam Again – producers, recording
* Anne Cardenas – art direction, design, photography

## InfoBox

| Perfecta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Adam Again | |
| Released | 1995 |
| Recorded | The Green Room (Huntington Beach, California); Sound Kitchen (Franklin, Tennessee). |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 64:29 |
| Label | Brainstorm |
| Producer | Gene Eugene, Ojo Taylor |
| Adam Again chronology | |
| *Dig*
(1992) ***Perfecta***
(1995) *Worldwide Favourites*
(1999) | |


title: War Wound

abstract: War Wound is an isometric action game by British developer Apothecary Studios where the player takes control of a special forces unit during a war in the near future. The game features real-time game play where each mission sees the player take command of a four-man squad who must battle through a series of terrains using various skills.

text:
# War Wound

**War Wound** is an isometric action game by British developer Apothecary Studios where the player takes control of a special forces unit during a war in the near future. The game features real-time game play where each mission sees the player take command of a four-man squad who must battle through a series of terrains using various skills.

## Gameplay

The players controls a four-man squad in a similar way to classic games like Syndicate and Cannon Fodder or more modern games like Commandos 3. Specifically the player moves his squad around the world by clicking on where they should go and they will walk to the point in the level the player clicked on. Pressing the other mouse button will make the current squad shoot from where they are standing in the direction of the mouse pointer.

Squads can be broken up at any time to allow the player to use fewer squad members when walking about. This may give the player an advantage, for instance one man is harder to hit than four men standing closer together or it may be to keep a certain squad member safe because they possess and ability that is crucial to finished that particular mission and cannot be risked.

Each squad member commands the same abilities as any of the others such as the ability to walk, swim, pilot vehicles and fire multiple weapons but the primary squad member is the only squaddie that can also climb certain surfaces. This ability makes him crucial to success on certain missions.

## InfoBox

| War Wound | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Apothecary Studios |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | 2007 |
| Genre(s) | Real-time tactics |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed

abstract: Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed was an admiral in the Bangladesh Navy and the former Chief of Naval Staff. He previously served as the Director of Coast Guard Operations and commander of Chittagong Naval Command (COMCHIT). He also served in Naval Headquarters as Director of Personnel Services and Secretary to the Chief of Naval Staff. Inter Service Public Relations Directorate (ISPR) announced Ahmed's nomination to succeed Admiral Farid Habib. Ahmed began serving as the 15th Chief of Naval Staff on 27 January 2016.

text:
# Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed

**Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed** (born c. 1960) was an admiral in the Bangladesh Navy and the former Chief of Naval Staff. He previously served as the Director of Coast Guard Operations and commander of Chittagong Naval Command (COMCHIT). He also served in Naval Headquarters as Director of Personnel Services and Secretary to the Chief of Naval Staff. Inter Service Public Relations Directorate (ISPR) announced Ahmed's nomination to succeed Admiral Farid Habib. Ahmed began serving as the 15th Chief of Naval Staff on 27 January 2016.

## Biography

### Early life

Nizam was born in Madaripur, Dhaka in 1960. His father, Late M.A Rashid, was a teacher and his mother late Fazilatunnesa Rashid was a housewife. He spent his childhood in Madaripur, where he attended local schools.

### Education

He attended Madaripur United Islamia Government High School, where he obtained first division with four letters in 1976. He later attended Madaripur Government Nazimuddin College. After joining the Navy, he graduated from Marshal Tito NAval Academy in Yugoslavia. He also obtained degree in Inter Forces Staff Course from France, United States and Canada. Admiral Nizam visited a wide range of countries in the world. He can fluently speak and write in French, and Serbo-Croatian language. Admiral Nizam also completed NDC at the National Defence College, Mirpur.

### Military service

Admiral Nizam joined Bangladesh Navy on 30 January 1979 and was commissioned on 1 August 1981. During long career span, Ahmed served in the Naval Headquarter as Director of Personnel Services and Secretary to the Chief of Naval Staff. As specialist, he also served as the Instructor of TAS School as well as in Bangladesh Naval Academy. He was the Director of Operations at Bangladesh Coast Guard Headquarters. Admiral Nizam also got the responsibility of selecting the officers of Armed Forces while holding the appointment of Deputy President of ISSB. Admiral Nizam Commanded Torpedo boats, Minesweepers, Gun boats and various Patrol Craft. He had the proud privilege of commanding all the three Ex-RN frigates. He also commanded various bases and subsequently took over the command of the biggest area of Bangladesh Navy at Chittagong. He served more than two years as Area Commander and earned the commendation from the Chief of Naval Staff. He participated in the peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast during the time of tense situation as Military Observer.

### As the chairman of Chittagong Port Authority

Admiral Nizam joined Chittagong Port Authority as chairman on 26 February 2012 and has served successfully till to date. As the Chairman Chittagong Port Authority he took lot of initiative and opened the first Inland Container Terminal of the country at Pangao near Dhaka. It is worth to mention that Chittagong Port was not closed for a single day due to labour unrest or strike during his tenure. Admiral Nizam did put up his best efforts to establish the country's much-needed third Sea Port (PAYRA) in the southern region of the country.

## Honours

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |

| Extraordiary Service Medal | Operation Dabanal Medal | Cyclone Relief of 1991 Medal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 National Election Medal | 1996 National Election Medal | 2001 National Election Medal | Silver Jubilee Medal |
| 27 years service | 20 years service | 10 years service | UNOCI Medal |

## InfoBox

| Admiral (retd).Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed(TAS), NBP, OSP, BCGM, ndc, psc, BN | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 14th Chief of Naval Staff
 | |
| **In office**
27 January 2016  26 January 2019 | |
| President | Abdul Hamid |
| Prime Minister | Sheikh Hasina |
| Preceded by | M. Farid Habib |
| Succeeded by | Aurangzeb Chowdhury |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-04-01) 1 April 1960
Madaripur, East Pakistan, Pakistan |
| Awards | Noubahini Padak (NBP)
Oshamanno Sheba Padak (OSP)
Commendation Padak |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Bangladesh |
| Branch/service | Bangladesh Navy |
| Years of service | 1981–2019 |
| Rank | Admiral
 |
| Commands |  |
|  | |


title: Francis Lewis (MP)

abstract: Francis Lewis of Stanford Hall, Nottinghamshire was an English Member of Parliament. He was the eldest surviving son of the merchant Thomas Lewes and educated at Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating in 1707 at the age of 15. He also attended New College, Oxford where he was awarded BCL in 1709. He succeeded his grandfather c.1702, inheriting Stanford Hall. He was appointed High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1713–14 and also returned unopposed as MP for East Retford in a by-election in April 1713 and elected again in a general election later the same year. He died in 1744 and was buried in Stanford-on-Soar churchyard. He had married Sophia, the daughter of Sir Samuel Dashwood. They had two sons and a daughter. His son Charles succeeded him.

text:
# Francis Lewis (MP)

**Francis Lewis** (c.1692 – 3 March 1744) of Stanford Hall, Nottinghamshire was an English Member of Parliament.

He was the eldest surviving son of the merchant Thomas Lewes (died 1696) and educated at Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating in 1707 at the age of 15. He also attended New College, Oxford where he was awarded BCL in 1709. He succeeded his grandfather c.1702, inheriting Stanford Hall.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1713–14 and also returned unopposed as MP for East Retford in a by-election in April 1713 and elected again in a general election later the same year.

He died in 1744 and was buried in Stanford-on-Soar churchyard. He had married Sophia, the daughter of Sir Samuel Dashwood. They had two sons and a daughter. His son Charles succeeded him.

* "LEWIS, Francis (c.1692-1744), of Stanford-upon-Soar, Notts". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 21 March 2013.


title: Gerard Mannion

abstract: Gerard Mannion was an Irish theologian. He published extensively in the fields of ecclesiology, ethics, and public theology, as well as on other subjects in the area of systematic theology and philosophy.

text:
# Gerard Mannion

**Gerard Mannion** (25 September 1970 – 21 September 2019) was an Irish theologian. He published extensively in the fields of ecclesiology, ethics, and public theology, as well as on other subjects in the area of systematic theology and philosophy.

## Biography

Gerard Michael J. Mannion was born in Northampton, England, in 1970. He was of Irish descent and held dual citizenship. He received his B.A. from King's College, Cambridge, followed by a Master of Studies (M.St.) and a D.Phil. from New College, Oxford.

He held academic posts at Oxford, Trinity & All Saints College, Liverpool Hope University, and Leuven (Belgium). He was also Professor of Theology and Director of the Center for Catholic Thought and Culture at the University of San Diego. In January 2014, Mannion moved to Georgetown University, became Joseph and Winifred Amaturo Chair in Catholic Studies at the Department of Theology and Religious Studies, and he was a senior research fellow at the Berkley Center, focusing on the church's role in the world, social ethics, and ecumenical and inter-religious dialogue. He had been visiting professor at the University of Tübingen, the Dominican Institute of Theology, St. Michael's College, University of Toronto, and Chichester University.

He was made an honorary fellow of the Australian Catholic University, senior research fellow in public theology at the "Centro per le Scienze Religiose of the Fondazione Bruno Kessler," a 2004 Coolidge Fellow at Union Theological Seminary / Columbia University, and was chosen to take part in the "Teaching the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project" project at Dartmouth College’s Ethics Institute. He was the founding chair of the "Ecclesiological Investigations International Research Network" and President of the "International Network of Societies for Catholic Theology" (2017-2020) of the Catholic Theological Society of America. He was the editor of Bloomsbury Publishing's series "Ecclesiological Investigations" and series co-editor, with Oxford University’s Mark Chapman, of Palgrave Macmillan’s "Pathways for Ecumenical and Inter-religious Dialogue" series. He completed six years as founding co-chair of the Ecclesiology Program Unit of the American Academy of Religion (the world's largest scholarly organisation in the field) and sat on the steering groups of both the AAR's Ecclesiology and Vatican II Studies Program Units. He was admitted to the American Theological Society in 2014 and also sat on the editorial committees of *Ecclesiology and Ecclesial Practices: the Journal of Ecclesiology, Ethnography* and *Congregational Studies*.

Mannion died unexpectedly on 21 September 2019.

## Controversies

He was critical of Catholic academia (and also criticised) over the reception and accommodation of speakers and scholars who dissent from the official teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. He also took a critical stance in the media against comparisons of the Vatican City's walls with the proposed US Border wall and was critical of the concept of infallibility.

## Selected bibliography

* *Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism: Evangelii Gaudium and the Papal Agenda* (2017)
* *Where We Dwell in Common: Pathways for Dialogue in the 21st Century* (ed., 2015)
* *The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church* (2008, ed. with Lewis Mudge)
* *Catholic Social Justice: Theological and Practical Explorations* (2007, co-edited with Philomena Cullen and Bernard Hoose)
* *Ecclesiology and Postmodernity: Questions for the Church in Our Times* (2007)
* *Schopenhauer, Religion and Modernity* (2003)

## InfoBox

| Gerard Mannion | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1970 (age 5354)
Northampton |
| Died | 21 September 2019(2019-09-21) (aged 48)
Washington D.C. |
| Citizenship | British/Irish |
| Occupation | theologian |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Thesis | *The humble path to ethics : Schopenhauer, religion and morality* (1999) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Theology |
| Sub-discipline | Ethics |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Geotrigona xanthopoda

abstract: Geotrigona xanthopoda is a species of eusocial stingless bee in the family Apidae and tribe Meliponini.

text:
# Geotrigona xanthopoda

***Geotrigona xanthopoda*** is a species of eusocial stingless bee in the family Apidae and tribe Meliponini.

## InfoBox

| *Geotrigona xanthopoda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Geotrigona* |
| Species: | ***G. xanthopoda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Geotrigona xanthopoda***<br>(Camargo & Moure, 1996) | |
|


title: Miki Satō (actress)

abstract: Miki Satō is a Japanese actress. She has appeared in the musical Bleach.

text:
# Miki Satō (actress)

**Miki Satō** (佐藤 美貴, *Satō Miki*, born April 15, 1980 in Fukushima Prefecture) is a Japanese actress. She has appeared in the musical *Bleach*.

## Musical

## InfoBox

| Miki Satō | |
| --- | --- |
| Miki Satō as Kuchiki Rukia, 2011 | |
| Born | 佐藤美貴 (Satō Miki)
(1980-04-15) April 15, 1980
Fukushima Prefecture, Japan |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2004-present |


title: Tumut Hydroelectric Power Station

abstract: The Tumut Hydroelectric Power Stations is a series of three hydroelectric power stations on the Tumut River in New South Wales, Australia, that are part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The generating assets of the three Tumut power stations are owned by Snowy Hydro Limited, a company whose shareholders include the governments of Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria. The company is also licensed to manage the water rights used by the power stations.

text:
# Tumut Hydroelectric Power Station

The **Tumut Hydroelectric Power Stations** (/ˈtjmət/) is a series of three hydroelectric power stations on the Tumut River in New South Wales, Australia, that are part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

The generating assets of the three Tumut power stations are owned by Snowy Hydro Limited, a company whose shareholders include the governments of Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria. The company is also licensed to manage the water rights used by the power stations.

## Stations

### Tumut 1 Underground Power Station

Located downstream of Tumut Pond Dam and 366 metres (1,201 ft) below ground level, **Tumut 1 Power Station** is situated approximately 2.25 kilometres (1.40 mi) south-west from Cabramurra, under Happy Valley Rd. A Lift & Ventilation Shaft is on Happy Valley Rd.
The conventional hydroelectric power station has four turbine generators, with a combined generating capacity of 330 megawatts (440,000 hp) of electricity; and a net generation of 847 gigawatt-hours (3,050 TJ) per annum. The power station was completed in 1959, and has 292.6 metres (960 ft) rated head.

The first 330 kV transmission lines were commissioned in New South Wales at the Tumut 1 Power Station during the 1950s. These cables were manufactured in England and linked to the underground transformers at Tumut 1, and connected with the transmission line. The lines carried power to Sydney where new sub-stations were established, to handle the upgrade from 132 kV transmission lines. This innovative plan, which faced significant scepticism initially, was considered to be at the forefront of technology which challenged designers and overseas manufacturers. Extra high voltage was in its infancy in the early 1950s. The lines were subject to a 1000 kV test on the cables prior to them going into service. These cables and the transmission system have been in service for over 50 years.

The original transformer at Tumut 1 weighed 81.2 tonnes (89.5 short tons); and each assembled generator rotor is in excess of 203 tonnes (224 short tons) necessitating delivery in component pieces and assembly on site.

The station is connected to the National Electricity Market via the 330 kV Upper Tumut Switching Station, 2.75 kilometres (1.71 mi) North of Cabramurra.

The Upper Tumut Works is sometimes used as a colloquial term to refer to both Tumut 1 and Tumut 2 Underground Power Stations as well as their respective dams, tunnels and the Upper Tumut Switching Station.

### Tumut 2 Underground Power Station

**Tumut 2 Power Station** is situated approximately 5.91 kilometres (3.67 mi) north of north-west from Cabramurra, under Goat Ridge Rd, some 244 metres (801 ft) below ground level.
The conventional hydroelectric power station has four Francis turbine generators, with a combined generating capacity of 286.4 megawatts (384,100 hp) and a net generation of 787 gigawatt-hours (2,830 TJ) per annum. The power station was completed in 1962, and has 262.1 metres (860 ft) rated head. Water flows through the turbines at the rate of 118.9 cubic metres per second (4,200 cu ft/s).

The conventional gravity-fed hydroelectric power station is fed by water held in Tumut Two Pondage and from water discharged from Tumut 1 Power Station.

The station is connected to the National Electricity Market via the 330 kV Upper Tumut Switching Station, 2.75 kilometres (1.71 mi) North of Cabramurra.

### Tumut 3 Power Station

**Tumut 3 Power Station** is the first major pumped storage hydroelectric power station in Australia. Pump-storage schemes use off-peak energy to pump water to a reservoir on a higher level. This water then passes through turbines to generate electricity when prices are higher. The sole powerhouse is located above ground, below Talbingo Dam.

The power station is fitted with six Toshiba turbines, each equipped with Melco-manufactured generators, has a combined generating capacity of 1,800 megawatts (2,400,000 hp) of electricity. Three of the six units can operate as pumps. The design for the power station was managed by Peter Hughes AM. It was completed in 1973, upgraded in 2012 and has 150.9 metres (495 ft) rated head. Water is carried in six pipelines, each 488 metres (1,601 ft) long and 5.6 metres (18 ft) in diameter, delivering water both from and to Talbingo Reservoir. The pumps draw water from Jounama Pondage at the rate of 297 cubic metres per second (10,500 cu ft/s), returning water to Talbingo Reservoir for later generation use in periods of peak-demand.

During 2003, Snowy Hydro commissioned six 150 kilowatts (200 hp) micro-hydro generators on the existing cooling water systems on each of the six generating units at Tumut 3 Power Station. These GreenPower accredited units enable Snowy Hydro to save approximately 3,137 tonnes (3,458 short tons) of carbon dioxide per annum. In addition, this installation not only captures previous wasted renewable energy, but also will be substantially reducing the noise that was associated with the previous pressure reducing valves on the six generating unit's cooling systems. Between 2009 and December 2011, there was a major upgrade of Tumut 3, adding additional capacity in the range of 25 megawatts (34,000 hp) to 50 megawatts (67,000 hp) per unit.

The station is connected to the National Electricity Market via the 330 kV Lower Tumut Switching Station, 500m North West of Tumut 3 or 3.0 km south of south-west from Talbingo.

## InfoBox

| Tumut Hydroelectric Power Stations | |
| --- | --- |
| An aerial photo of Tumut Pondage and dam, 2009. | |
| Coordinates | 35°57′08.1″S 148°22′02.9″E / 35.952250°S 148.367472°E / -35.952250; 148.367472 (Tumut 1) |
| Status | Operational |
| Opening date | 1959 |
| Owner(s) | Snowy Hydro |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Tumut Pond Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 52,793 ML (1,864.4×10~~^~~6 cu ft) |
| Catchment area | 332 km2 (128 sq mi) |
| Surface area | 202.7 ha (501 acres) |
| Power Station | |
| Operator(s) | Snowy Hydro |
| Commission date | 1959 |
| Type | Conventional |
| Hydraulic head | 292.6 m (960 ft) |
| Turbines | 4 |
| Installed capacity | 330 MW (440,000 hp) |
| Annual generation | 847 GWh (3,050 TJ) |
| Tumut 2 Hydroelectric Power Station | |
| Service entrance to the Tumut 2 Power Station | |
| Official name | Tumut 2 Hydroelectric Power Station |
| Location | Snowy Mountains Scheme, New South Wales |
| Coordinates | 35°52′56.6″S 148°22′12.6″E / 35.882389°S 148.370167°E / -35.882389; 148.370167 (Tumut 2) |
| Status | Operational |
| Opening date | Tumut 2: 1962 |
| Owner(s) | Snowy Hydro Limited |
| Power Station | |
| Installed capacity | Tumut 2: 286.4 MW (384,100 hp) |
| Tumut 3 Power Station | |
| Tumut 3 Power Station | |
| Official name | Tumut Hydroelectric Power Station 3 |
| Coordinates | 35°36′40″S 148°17′29″E / 35.61111°S 148.29139°E / -35.61111; 148.29139 (Tumut 3) |
| Status | Operational |
| Opening date | 1973 |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Talbingo Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 921,400 ML (32,540×10~~^~~6 cu ft) |
| Power Station | |
| Hydraulic head | 150.9 m (495 ft) |
| Pump-generators | 6 |
| Installed capacity | 1,800 MW (2,400,000 hp) |
| **Website**
Tumut 3 Power Station at www.snowyhydro.com.au | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tumut High School

abstract: Tumut High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Tumut, in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1913 the school enrolled approximately 540 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom ten percent identified as Indigenous Australians and four percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Donald Dixon.

text:
# Tumut High School

**Tumut High School** is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Tumut, in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1913 the school enrolled approximately 540 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom ten percent identified as Indigenous Australians and four percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Donald Dixon.

## InfoBox

| Tumut High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Tumut, Riverina, New South Wales<br>Australia | |
| Coordinates | 35°18′S 148°13′E / 35.300°S 148.217°E / -35.300; 148.217 |
| Information | |
| Type | Government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school |
| Established | 1800 (1800) |
| School district | Gundagai; Rural South and West |
| Educational authority | NSW Department of Education |
| Principal | Donald Dixon |
| Teaching staff | 48.4 FTE (2018) |
| Years | 12 |
| Enrolment | 538 (2018) |
| Campus type | Regional |
| Website | tumut-h.schools.nsw.gov.au |
|  | |


title: Gerald Ewart Nash

abstract: Group Captain Gerald Ewart Nash was a World War I flying ace who went on to high command during World War II.

text:
# Gerald Ewart Nash

Group Captain **Gerald Ewart Nash** (12 May 1896 - 10 April 1976) was a World War I flying ace who went on to high command during World War II.

## World War I

Nash joined the Royal Naval Air Service in April 1916. His original flying assignment was to 3 Wing to fly Sopwith 1½ Strutters. During Bloody April 1917, he was assigned to Raymond Collishaw's Black Flight of Sopwith Triplanes. On 21 May 1917, he opened his scorebook by destroying an Albatros D.III over Ypres Staden. On 2 June, he cooperated with Collishaw, Ellis Vair Reid, and William Melville Alexander in forcing down a German observation plane. On the 5th, Nash again joined Collishaw and Reid, as well Desmond Fitzgibbon and another pilot, in another victory; this time, they set an Albatros reconnaissance plane aflame. The next day, Nash destroyed another Albatros recon plane, and sent down two Albatros D.III's out of control. On 25 June 1917, Nash was shot down behind enemy lines in Belgium by Karl Allmenröder and became a prisoner of war. He was repatriated after war's end, and returned to Canada in 1919.

## World War II

Nash served as a Group Captain in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. He retired in 1945.

## Sources of information

*Above the Trenches: a Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920.* Christopher F. Shores, Norman L. R. Franks, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1990. ISBN 0-948817-19-4, ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.

## InfoBox

| Gerald Ewart Nash | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1896-05-12)12 May 1896
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 10 April 1976(1976-04-10) (aged 79)
Welland, Ontario, Canada |
| Allegiance | Canada
United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Naval Air Service
Canadian Air Force |
| Rank | Flight lieutenant |
| Unit | No. 3 Wing RNAS
No. 10 Squadron RNAS |
| Other work | Became Group Captain during World War II |