title: Hôtel Brion

abstract: The Hôtel Brion, also known as Villa Brion, is a small Art Nouveau hôtel particulier on rue Sleidan in the Neustadt district of Strasbourg, in the French department of the Bas-Rhin. It has been classified as a Monument historique since 1975.

text:
# Hôtel Brion

The **Hôtel Brion**, also known as **Villa Brion**, is a small Art Nouveau hôtel particulier on rue Sleidan in the Neustadt district of Strasbourg, in the French department of the Bas-Rhin. It has been classified as a Monument historique since 1975.

## History

The hôtel particulier was built by the architect, Auguste Brion (1861–1940), for himself in 1904. Brion, the scion of a family of artists directly related to the legendary Friederike Brion, was a prolific architect who built four other houses in the same street between 1903 and 1905. The hôtel is executed in a more exuberant style than most of Brion's other realizations. For the structure, the architect used timber framing and walls of reinforced concrete the surface of which he then covered with stonemasonry. Between 1926 and 1972, the Hôtel Brion was used as an actual hotel, called Hôtel Marguerite. It is again in private hands since 1980.

1. Base Mérimée: Hôtel Brion, puis pension de famille appelée Hôtel Marguerite, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
2. "Auguste Brion". *archi-wiki.org*. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
3. "L'art nouveau dans nos quartiers : l'hôtel Brion au 22 rue Sleidan". *adiq.fr*. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2015.

## Literature

* Recht, Roland; Foessel, Georges; Klein, Jean-Pierre: *Connaître Strasbourg*, 1988, ISBN 2-7032-0185-0, page 272

## InfoBox

| Hôtel Brion | |
| --- | --- |
| Hôtel Brion in 2011 | |
| Hôtel Brion in relation to the city of Strasbourg | |
| Former names | Hôtel Marguerite |
| Alternative names | Villa Brion |
| General information | |
| Type | private housing |
| Architectural style | Art Nouveau |
| Location | Strasbourg, France |
| Coordinates | 48°35′08.56″N 7°46′05.47″E / 48.5857111°N 7.7681861°E / 48.5857111; 7.7681861 |
| Completed | 1904 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Auguste Brion |


title: Václav Špála Gallery

abstract: The Václav Špála Gallery is a Prague gallery of mostly contemporary art. It is located at no. 59/30 Národní třída, in the New Town of Prague. The gallery holds exhibitions particularly of works by living Czech professional artists of the middle generation who are among the best painters, photographers, and sculptors on the art scene today. The exhibitions regularly alternate between works of painting, photography, and sculpture.

text:
# Václav Špála Gallery

**The Václav Špála Gallery** (Czech: Galerie Václava Špály) is a Prague gallery of mostly contemporary art. It is located at no. 59/30 Národní třída, in the New Town of Prague (Praha 1 – Nové Město). The gallery holds exhibitions particularly of works by living Czech professional artists of the middle generation who are among the best painters, photographers, and sculptors on the art scene today. The exhibitions regularly alternate between works of painting, photography, and sculpture.

## History

From 1916 to 1938, the Rubeš Gallery operated at this address. In the late 1930s, the building was thoroughly remodelled for the Vilímek publishing house and bookshop and the gallery was opened in 1941 as the Galerie Jos. R. Vilímek at no. 30 Viktoriastrasse (as Národní třída was called during the German occupation), Prague. The bookshop, designed by the architect František Zelenka, was built in 1938 on the ground floor and first floor of what had originally been an Art Nouveau building.

From 1949 to 1953 (in the early years of the Communist régime), the building housed the Galerie Práce (Work Gallery), then, from 1953 to 1954, it was the home of the Galerie Kniha (Book Gallery), and, until 1959, the Galerie Českého fondu výtvarných umění (Gallery of the Czech Council for Fine Art).

Beginning in 1959, when the gallery was named after the Czech painter, graphic artist, and illustrator Václav Špála, the exhibition programme was gradually influenced by writers on art such as Eva Petrová, Jiří Šetlík, Ludmila Vachtová, and František Dvořák.

Beginning with an exhibition of works by Zbyněk Sekal in 1965, the gallery flourished under the management of the respected writer on art Jindřich Chalupecký. Under his direction, a whole generation of Czech modern artists showed their works one after another in the gallery, but, in 1969, it also held the only Prague exhibition of works by Marcel Duchamp. The last exhibition organized by Chalupecký consisted of paintings by Vladimír Kopecký in May 1970.

In the 1970s and 1980s, after the defeat of the ‘Prague Spring’ reform movement, Chalupecký was under a state ban and could not publish or be employed in his field. The gallery programme at this time was determined by the Association of Czechoslovak Fine Artists (Svaz československých výtvarných umělců), which was subservient to the régime, and the importance of the gallery declined.

Since the Velvet Revolution of late 1989, the Václav Špála Gallery has again been holding exhibitions curated by respected scholars of art, including Mahulena Nešlehová, Jiří Valoch, Marie Klimešová, Eva Petrová, Josef Kroutvor, Jan Kříž, and Ivo Janoušek, showing works of art by young new artists as well as artists of the 1960s and 1970s generations.

In honour of the golden era of the Václav Špála Gallery, a Jindřich Chalupecký Prize (Cena Jindřicha Chalupeckého) for Czech fine artists aged 35 years or younger was established in 1990. The first winner was Vladimír Kokolia.

In the 1990s, under the direction of Jaroslav Krbůšek, the Václav Špála Gallery became generally known as a forward-looking exhibition space for contemporary Czech art.

Beginning in 2002, the gallery was run by the Czech Art Foundation (Nadace Český fond umění), which began to lease the gallery to anyone who was willing to pay. This resulted in public protests from a range of people in the art world. In 2007, the Borough of Prague 1 published a request for tender to find someone or some institution that would operate the gallery. Semma, an advertising and marketing agency, won the tender, but two years later ceased to rent it, allegedly because of a lack of finances.

In 2010, the Borough of Prague 1 published another request for tender to find someone to operate the Václav Špála Gallery. The winning project was presented by PPF Art, which thus took over the gallery for the next ten years. Together with the Václav Špála Gallery, PPF Art, part of the PPF Group, also manages the Josef Sudek Studio (Ateliér Josef Sudek) on Újezd street, Prague. PPF Art is also the curator of a unique collection of Czech and Slovak photography, the largest part of which is a collection of photographs by the renowned Josef Sudek. PPF Art is also the curator of a collection that constitutes a cross-section of Czech fine art from the late nineteenth century to the present.

## History of exhibitions (a selection)

* 1941–44 Jan Štursa, František Tichý, Jan Bauch, Josef Navrátil, František Gross, Karel Černý (drawings), Zdeněk Tůma, Vilém Plocek, Hugo Ullík, Jindřich Wielgus, Max Švabinský, Otakar Mrkvička, Antonín Mánes, František Malý, Ada Novák, Jiří Trnka, Miloslav Holý, Jan Preisler, Karel Svolinský, Josef Mařatka
* 1945 Václav Špála: Sixty Years
* 1945–48 Otakar Mrkvička, Ludmila Jiřincová, Alois Fišárek, Josef Liesler, Miloslav Holý, Cyril Bouda, Karel Svolinský, František Kaván, Czech Modern Sculpture from Gutfreund to Wagner, František Hudeček, František Tichý, Jan Zrzavý, František Gross, From an Excursion of Czech Artists to France, Paris in the Drawings of Karel Černý, Oils and Drawings by Alén Diviš, Zdeněk Sklenář, Vladimír Fuka
* 1949 With Czech Painters on the Threshold of the Five-year Plan
* 1949–53 Art for the Flats of Working People, Emil Filla: Landscapes from the Bohemian Uplands, Vilém Nowak: Paintings, Emil Filla, Otakar Kubín, Josef Liesler: Flowers and Still Lifes, Diệp Minh Châu: Paintings from Vietnam at War
* 1956 Jan Bauch, Jan Zrzavý, František Tichý
* 1957 Otakar Kubín
* 1958 Jan Bauch, Karel Černý, Ladislav Dydek, Pravoslav Kotík
* 1959 Alois Wachsman, František Ronovský
* 1960 Jaroslav Paur, Skupina M57
* 1961 Ladislav Zívr, Tvůrčí skupina Etapa
* 1962 Jan Kodet, Karel Souček, František Gross
* 1964 An Exhibition of Competition Entries for the Decoration of the New Czechoslovak Embassy in Brazil (Jiří John, Čestmír Kafka, Eva Kmentová, Jan Koblasa, Stanislav Kolíbal, Mikuláš Medek, Olbram Zoubek), Křižovatka, Trasa, Jiří Mrázek, Pravoslav Kotík, Vlastimil Beneš, Bohdan Lacina
* 1965 Zbyněk Sekal, Václav Tikal, Jiří Balcar, Václav Kiml, Eva Kmentová, František Pacík, Zdeněk Sklenář, Graphic Art 65, The Object, Austrian Sculptors, František Gross, Ladislav Novák, and Věra Janoušková
* 1966 Picture and Letter, Skupina 4, Jitka Válová, Květa Válová, Otto Herbert Hajek, Tvůrčí skupina Etapa, La figuration narrative: Continual Style, Time Juxtapositions, Cloisonnés and Polyptychs, Itineraries and Metamorphoses, Bohuslav Rynek, Jiří Seifert, Jaroslav Klápště, Radoslav Kutra, Current Trends in Czech Art. Paintings, Sculptures, Prints, Jiří Balcar, Glass, European Art: Twentieth-century Masters
* 1967 New Names, Fifteen Graphic Artists, Take It Out on Loan, Buy It, Thirteen from Slovakia, Fantasy Aspects in Contemporary Czech Art, František Foltýn, 7 + 7, Photography, Gutai, Five Sculptors, Eva Brýdlová, Otakar Slavík
* 1968 Jozef Jankovič: Sculptures, Jiří Načeradský: Paintings, Dagmar Hendrychová, Rudolf Němec, Adriena Šimotová, New Things, Barbara Gasch, The Beginnings of a Generation, Šmidrové, The West German and West Berlin Avant-garde for Lidice, The Concretists’ Club (Klub konkrétistů), Jiří Kolář, Vojtěch Preissig, Intersymposium ČSSR – Bechyně Pottery 68
* 1969 Zbyněk Sekal, Assembled Pictures and Sculptures, Jiří Balcar, Vladimír Boudník, Mira Haberernová, Ladislav Novák, Marcel Duchamp, Enrico Baj, Daisy Mrázková, Stanislav Podhrázský, Jiří Sever, Zorka Ságlová, Something Somewhere, Mikuláš Medek, Libor Fára, Karel Pauzer, Jan Kubíček, Jana Želibská
* 1970 Stanislav Kolíbal, Zdeněk Sýkora: Works, 1959–70; Eva Kmentová: Traces, Otakar Slavík: Paintings, Karel Nepraš: Please, Film!, Václav Cígler: Sculptures, Naděžda Plíšková: Graphic Art and Sculpture, 1968–70, Vladimír Kopecký: Paintings, František Hudeček: Works, 1930–70: A Selection; Artchemo, Adriena Šimotová
* 1990 The Hollar Association of Czech Graphic Artists: Member’s Anniversary Exhibition of Works from 1970 to 1990, The Hollar Association of Czech Graphic Artists after a Twenty-year Interruption
* 1991 Interpretation, Czech Art Informel. Structural Photography, the Circle of Bratislava Confrontations and Non-mainstream Artists, Rudolf Sikora, The Jindřich Chalupecký Prize for 1990: Vladimír Kokolia, Jan Ambrůz, František Skála Jr, Jan Ambrůz: Of Lightness and Heaviness, Vladimír Kokolia: Energy, Wortlaut/Word-Sound, Kateřina Černá: Paintings/Prints, New Names, Jaroslav Róna 1988–91, Václav Stratil: Monastic Patient, Jiří Kornatovský: Drawings, Victor Sanovec: Works, Eva Švankmajerová: Caesarean Section

### 2006

* Tomáš Bican – Prague: The City

### 2010

* Jiří Černický – Gagarin’s Thing and Things I Am Not Sorry For

### 2011

* Vladimír Kokolia – Power Transmission
* Pavel Baňka – On Photography
* Pictures from the History of Czech Photography
* Tono Stano – White Shadow
* Tomáš Císařovský – To the Point Where
* Petr Pastrňák – Burning Forest
* Jiří Skála – You Are the Object, I Am the Impulse

### 2012

* Mark Ther a Ludwig, Oskar und Thomas?
* František Skála – Shines/September
* Roman Trabura – Light Obsession
* Rudo Prekop – Two in One
* Jan Merta – To the People of Prague on My Sixtieth Birthday
* Twenty Years of Success of the B.K.S. Subcommittee for the Suppression of Publicity

### 2013

* The Reality Group, ACCORDING TO/KNAVISHLY
* Jaroslav Róna – Paintings and Sculptures

### 2014

* Wu Yi – Prague Summer
* Jan Hísek – River
* Petr Písařík – Who Here Really Means It ...
* Jiří David, Andy Hope 1930, Florian Meisenberg
* Otto Placht – Rainforest Metaforms
* Veronika Šrek Bromová – The Story of Chaos
* Kateřina Vincourová – By Heart

### 2015

* Milan Salák – Transformets
* Jiří Straka – Building Sites of Ink
* Jan Bačkovský – Paintings
* The OBR Art Group (2007–2015)
* Ivana Lomová – Emptiness
* Hynek Martinec – Intellectual Properties

## InfoBox

Václav Špála Gallery
| Galerie Václava Špály | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Václav Špála Gallery, Prague | |
| Interactive fullscreen map | |
| Established | 1959 (1959) |
| Location | Národní 30, Prague 1, Czech Republic, 110 00 |
| Coordinates | 50°04′57″N 14°25′13″E / 50.0825°N 14.4203°E / 50.0825; 14.4203 |
| Website | https://www.galerievaclavaspaly.cz/en |


title: Jimtown, Wisconsin

abstract: Jimtown is an unincorporated community located in the town of Akan, Richland County, Wisconsin, United States. The community was named for two local land owners: Jim Burns and Jim Bachtenkircher.

text:
# Jimtown, Wisconsin

**Jimtown** is an unincorporated community located in the town of Akan, Richland County, Wisconsin, United States. The community was named for two local land owners: Jim Burns and Jim Bachtenkircher.

## InfoBox

| Jimtown, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Jimtown, WisconsinJimtown, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 43°21′12″N 90°38′18″W / 43.35333°N 90.63833°W / 43.35333; -90.63833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Richland |
| Elevation | 251 m (823 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 608 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1577664 |


title: Nongsom

abstract: Nongsom is a village in the Kongoussi Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 606.

text:
# Nongsom

**Nongsom** is a village in the Kongoussi Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 606.

## InfoBox

| Nongsom | |
| --- | --- |
| NongsomLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 13°27′N 1°41′W / 13.450°N 1.683°W / 13.450; -1.683 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Nord Region |
| Province | Bam Province |
| Department | Kongoussi Department |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 606 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT 0) |


title: Turew

abstract: Turew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościan, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Kościan and 38 km (24 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań. There is an 18th-century manor house in Turew, which until the Second World War belonged to the aristocratic Dryja-Chłapowski family. Among the most notable residents of the house was Dezydery Chłapowski, a Napoleonic officer and a baron of the then French Empire.

text:
# Turew

**Turew** \[ˈturɛf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościan, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Kościan and 38 km (24 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

There is an 18th-century manor house in Turew, which until the Second World War belonged to the aristocratic Dryja-Chłapowski family. Among the most notable residents of the house was Dezydery Chłapowski, a Napoleonic officer and a baron of the then French Empire.

## InfoBox

| Turew | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Turew | |
| Coordinates: 52°4′N 16°50′E / 52.067°N 16.833°E / 52.067; 16.833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kościan |
| Gmina | Kościan |
| Elevation | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Population | 760 |


abstract: I Only Have Eyes for You is an album by Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy recorded in February 1985 and released on ECM the following year—Bowie's third release for the label, and the Brass Fantasy's debut. The ensemble features Vincent Chancey, Craig Harris, Steve Turre, Malachi Thompson, Stanton Davis, Bob Stewart, Bruce Purse, and Phillip Wilson.

text:
# I Only Have Eyes for You (Lester Bowie album)

***I Only Have Eyes for You*** is an album by Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy recorded in February 1985 and released on ECM the following year—Bowie's third release for the label, and the Brass Fantasy's debut. The ensemble features Vincent Chancey, Craig Harris, Steve Turre, Malachi Thompson, Stanton Davis, Bob Stewart, Bruce Purse, and Phillip Wilson.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars, stating, "The music is both whimsical and explorative, making for a colorful set."

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Lester Bowie except as indicated*

1. "I Only Have Eyes for You" (Al Dubin, Harry Warren) - 10:32
2. "Think" (Bruce Purse) - 1:31
3. "Lament" (Thompson) - 13:55
4. "Coming Back, Jamaica" - 5:17
5. "Nonet" (Stewart) - 14:32
6. "When the Spirit Returns" - 7:44

## Personnel

### Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy

## InfoBox

| I Only Have Eyes for You | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Recorded | February 1985 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 53:09 |
| Label | ECM 1296 |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Lester Bowie chronology | |
| *All the Magic*
(1982) ***I Only Have Eyes for You***
(1985) *Duet*
(1985) | |


title: USS Felicia (SP-642)

abstract: USS Felicia (SP-642) was a steam yacht acquired by the United States Navy during World War I. She was outfitted and armed by the Navy as a patrol craft, and was assigned to patrol the New England waters. Her task of protecting ships from German submarines was interrupted by her collision with a submarine. Post-war she was reconfigured to her civilian condition, and was sold in 1919.

text:
# USS Felicia (SP-642)

**USS *Felicia* (SP-642)** was a steam yacht acquired by the United States Navy during World War I. She was outfitted and armed by the Navy as a patrol craft, and was assigned to patrol the New England waters. Her task of protecting ships from German submarines was interrupted by her collision with a submarine. Post-war she was reconfigured to her civilian condition, and was sold in 1919.

## Built as a yacht in Brooklyn

The first ship to be so named by the Navy, *Felicia* (No. 642) was built in 1898 by J. N. Robins Company, Brooklyn New York; purchased by the Navy 2 June 1917; and commissioned 29 June 1917. (The other USS Felicia, PYc-35, was built in 1931, and served in World War II.)

## World War I service

Based out of Newport, Rhode Island, *Felicia* patrolled the New England coast, on duty with the 2d Naval District, until August 39, 1918, when she collided with a submarine in heavy fog off Montauk Point.

## Decommissioning and sale

*Felicia* was in repair or laid up at various yards until decommissioned at Brooklyn, 25 August 1919. *Felicia* was stricken from the list of Naval vessels in September 1919 and sold 25 March 1920.

## InfoBox

| *Felicia* underway prior to World War I. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Felicia* |
| Namesake | Former name retained |
| Owner | Jesse H. Metcalf |
| Port of registry | Providence, Rhode Island |
| Builder | J.N. Robins Company, Brooklyn |
| Launched | 1898 |
| Christened | as *Felicia* |
| Completed | 1898 |
| Acquired | 21 June 1917 |
| Commissioned | 29 June 1917 as USS *Felicia* (SP-642) |
| Decommissioned | 25 August 1919 at Brooklyn |
| Stricken | September 1919 |
| Fate | Sold 25 March 1920 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | steam yacht |
| Tonnage | 213 GRT, 146 NRT |
| Length | 179 ft (54.6 m) overall |
| Beam | 20.1 ft (6.1 m) |
| Draft | 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) |
| Depth | 10.9 ft (3.3 m) |
| Installed power | 49 NHP |
| Propulsion |  |
| Sail plan | schooner |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h) |
| Complement | 49 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 3 × 3-pounder guns |


title: Human resource policies

abstract: Human resource policies are continuing guidelines on the approach of which an organization intends to adopt in managing its people. They represent specific guidelines to HR managers on various matters concerning employment and state the intent of the organization on different aspects of Human Resource management such as recruitment, promotion, compensation, training, selections etc. They therefore serve as a reference point when human resources management practices are being developed or when decisions are being made about an organization's workforce. A good HR policy provides generalized guidance on the approach adopted by the organization, and therefore its employees, concerning various aspects of employment. A procedure spells out precisely what action should be taken in line with the policies. Each organization has a different set of circumstances and so develops an individual set of human resource policies. The location an organization operates in will also dictate the content of their policies.

text:
# Human resource policies

**Human resource policies** are continuing guidelines on the approach of which an organization intends to adopt in managing its people. They represent specific guidelines to HR managers on various matters concerning employment and state the intent of the organization on different aspects of Human Resource management such as recruitment, promotion, compensation, training, selections etc. They therefore serve as a reference point when human resources management practices are being developed or when decisions are being made about an organization's workforce.

A good HR policy provides generalized guidance on the approach adopted by the organization, and therefore its employees, concerning various aspects of employment. A procedure spells out precisely what action should be taken in line with the policies.

Each organization has a different set of circumstances and so develops an individual set of human resource policies. The location an organization operates in will also dictate the content of their policies.

## Purposes

The establishment of policies can help an organization demonstrate, both internally and externally, that it meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relation to regulation and corporate governance of its employees. For example, in order to dismiss an employee in accordance with employment law requirements, amongst other considerations, it will normally be necessary to meet provisions within employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements. The establishment of an HR Policy which sets out obligations, standards of behavior, and documents disciplinary procedures, is now the standard approach to meeting these obligations. HR policies provide frameworks within which consistent decisions are made and promote equity in the way in which people are treated.

HR policies can also be very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture. For example, recruitment and retention policies might outline the way the organization values a flexible workforce, compensation policies might support this by offering a 48/52 pay option where employees can take an extra four weeks holidays per year and receive less pay across the year.

In actuality, policies and procedures serve a number of purposes:

1. They provide clear communication between the organization and their employees regarding their condition of employment.
2. They form a basis for treating all employees fairly and equally.
3. They are a set of guidelines for supervisors and managers.
4. They create a basis for developing the employee handbook.
5. They establish a basis for regularly reviewing possible changes affecting employees.
6. They form a context for supervisor training programs and employee orientation programs.

In developing HR policies, there should be clear and consistent statement of the organization's policies regarding all conditions of employment and procedures for their equal and fair implementation. In order to fulfill this objective, policies and procedures should be:

* Clear and specific, but provide enough flexibility to meet changing conditions.
* Comply with all appropriate law and regulation.
* Consistent amongst one another and reflect an overall true and fair view approach to all employees.

HR policies are developed by making decisions and taking actions on the day-to-day problems of the organization. The process of developing HR policies involves the assessment of the following factors:

1. Identify the purpose and objectives which the organization wishes to attain regarding its Human Resources department.
2. Analysis of all the factors under which the organization's HR policy will be operating.
3. Examining the possible alternatives in each area which the HR policy statement is necessary.
4. Implementation of the policy through the development of a procedure to support the policy.
5. Communication of the policy and procedures adapted to the entire organization.
6. Auditing the policy so as to reveal the necessary areas requiring change.
7. Continuous revaluation and revision of policy to meet the current needs of the organization.

## Formulation

Human resource management consists of deliberate organizational activities designed to improve employee productivity and administration through such means as recruitment, compensation, performance, evaluation, training, record keeping and compliance. HR policies should be developed for key HR management functions covering eight commonly accepted responsibilities:

1. Labor management relations
2. Employment practices and placement
3. Workplace diversity
4. Health, safety and security
5. Human resources information systems
6. Human resource research
7. Training and development

The following steps should be taken when formulating or revising policies:

1. Gain understanding of the corporate culture and its shared values
2. Analyze existing policies: both written and unwritten existing policies.
3. Analyze external influences: HR policies are subject to the influence of many legislation, regulations and authorities, thus the codes of practice issued by the professional institutions should also be consulted.
4. Assess any areas where new policies are needed or existing policies are inadequate.
5. Check with managers, preferably starting with the organization's leadership team, on their views about HR policies and where they think could be improved.
6. Seek the view of employees about the HR policies, especially to the extent for which they are inherently fair and equitable and are implemented fairly and consistently.
7. Seek the view of the union's representatives.
8. Analyze the information retained in the previous steps and prepare the draft policies.
9. Consult, discuss and agree on policies with management and union representatives.

In order to write the first draft of the policies as step 7 have stated, the following content should be included:

* Policy name
* Effective date of the policy and the date of any revisions
* Approval status - At this stage, the status should be 'DRAFT'
* References \- list other policies or documents related to this policy
* Purpose of the policy - what is it intended to promote or achieve
* Main policy statement
* Definition of any key concepts or terms mentioned in the policy need to be defined
* Eligibility or scope - Any stakeholders are covered by the policy
* How to deal with potential exceptions
* Positions in the organizations responsible for implementing and monitoring the policy
* Procedures for carrying out the policy - preferably written in numbered steps

## Types

HR policies could be classified on the basis of sources or description.

### On the basis of source

On the basis of their source, human resource policies could be classified into

1. Originated Policies - These are the policies usually established by the senior managers in order to guide their subordinates.
2. Implicit Policies - These are the policies which are not formally expressed; they are inferred from the behavior of managers. They are also known as Implied Policies.
3. Imposed Policies - Policies are sometimes imposed on the business by external agencies such as government, trade associations and trade unions.
4. Appealed Policies - Appealed policies arise because the particular case is not covered by the earlier policies. In order to know how to handle some situations, subordinates may request or appeal for the formulation of specific policies.

### On the basis of description

On the basis of description, policies may be general or specific.

1. General Policies - These policies do not relate to any specific issue in particular. General policies are formulated by an organization's leadership team. This kind of policies is called 'general' because they do not relate to any specific issue in particular.
2. Specific Policies - These policies are related to specific issues like staffing, compensation, collective bargaining etc. Specific policies must confirm to the pattern laid down by the general policies.

## Advantages

The following advantages are achieved by setting up HR policies:

1. They help managers at various levels of decision making to make decisions without consulting their superiors. Subordinates are more willing to accept responsibility because policies indicate what is expected of them and they can quote a written policy to justify their actions.
2. They ensure long term welfare of employees and makes for a good employer-employee relationship as favoritism and discrimination are reduced. Well-established policies ensure uniform and consistent treatment of all employees throughout the organization.
3. They lay down the guidelines pursued in the organization and thereby minimizes the personal bias of managers.
4. They ensure prompt action for taking decisions because the policies serve as standards to be followed. They prevent the wastage of time and energy involved in repeated analyses for solving problems of a similar nature.
5. They establish consistency in the application of the policies over a period of time so that each one in the organization gets a fair and just treatment. Employees know what action to expect in circumstances covered by the policies. Policies set patterns of behavior and permit employees to work more confidently.

## Influential factors

The following factors will influence the HR policies of an organization:

### Laws of the country

The various labour laws and legislation pertaining to labour have to be taken into consideration. Policies should conform with the laws of the country, state, and/or province otherwise they are bound to cause problems for the organization.

### Social values and customs

Social values and customs have to be respected in order to maintain consistency of behavior throughout the organization. The values and customs of all communities should be taken into account when framing policies.

### Management philosophy and values

Management philosophy and values influence its action on matters concerning employees. Therefore, without a clear, broad philosophy and set values, it would be difficult for employees to understand management.

### Financial impact

HR policies may affect productivity and an organization's overall finances if they create unnecessary burdens or red tape for the organization's workforce. Organizations may also want to consider how realistic it is to enforce a policy fairly or keep it up-to-date as these have the potential to create issues amongst employees.

15.HR Tookit (2009): HR Process & Management Documents }


title: Nyambura Njoroge

abstract:
Nyambura J. Njoroge is a Kenyan feminist Theologian and ecumenical leader. She was the first Kenyan woman ordained in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in 1982.
She was the first African to work in the World Alliance of Reformed Churches from 1992 to 1998 when she joined the World Council of Churches.
She is a founding member of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians and a member of the Kenyan chapter.
She is a member of ANERELA+.
She co-edited Talitha Cum! Theologies of African Women, with Musa Dube.
In 1992, she became the first African woman to earn a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary.
She was the first African woman to study a Bachelors Degree in Divinity at St.Pauls University, Limuru,Kenya.

text:
# Nyambura Njoroge

**Nyambura J. Njoroge** is a Kenyan feminist Theologian and ecumenical leader. She was the first Kenyan woman ordained in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in 1982. She was the first African to work in the World Alliance of Reformed Churches from 1992 to 1998 when she joined the World Council of Churches. She is a founding member of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians and a member of the Kenyan chapter. She is a member of ANERELA+ (African Network of Religious Leaders living with or personally affected by HIV and AIDS). She co-edited *Talitha Cum! Theologies of African Women*, with Musa Dube. In 1992, she became the first African woman to earn a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary. She was the first African woman to study a Bachelors Degree in Divinity at St.Pauls University, Limuru,Kenya.

## Early life

Nyambura was born on 4th December, 1956 to Mary Muthoni wa Waruguru na Gacomba, and Rev. Daniel Githanji wa Gitogo. She is the last born in a family of 9 daughters.

Her mother was a midwife in Nginda in Murang'a, and a leader in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa Woman's Guild and local community.

## Education

In 1978, Nyambura enrolled in St Paul's University, Kenya, formerly St. Paul's United Theological College. She was the first African woman to undertake a Bachelor of Divinity degree. She graduated in 1980. She was ordained as a minister of word and sacrament in the Presbyterian Church of East Africa on 5 September 1982. She was the first woman to be ordained in the denomination. She attended the Louisville Presbyterian School in Kentucky. In 1992, she became the first African woman to earn a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary. Her dissertation was entitled "African Theology and Christian Social Ethics".

## Career

Nyambura was the program executive for the World Council of Churches' (WCC) program on Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiatives and Advocacy before she retired in January 2022. She worked with the WCC's Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative and Advocacy (EHAIA) from 2002, which was launched the same year as the Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative in Africa. Since 2007, she was the EHAIA coordinator for the World Council of Churches. During the interfaith pre-conference on HIV on the night of the 19th International AIDS Conference on July 21, with attendees singing and committing to do their bit to "turn the tide" against HIV and AIDS; Nyambura emphatically said the epidemic was more than a medical issue and was confronted by broken social relationships. She was the first African to work in the World Alliance of Reformed Churches from 1992 to 1998 when she joined WCC. She is a founding member of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians and a member of the Kenyan chapter. She is also a member of ANERELA+ (African Network of Religious Leaders living with or personally affected by HIV and AIDS.

## Talitha cum philosophy

She co-edited *Talitha Cum! Theologies of African Women*, with Musa Dube. Nyambura Njoroge established the Talitha cum theology advocating for the rights of women and girls, fighting systems that hinder women's empowerment and development including patriarchy, gender injustices, demeaning theologies, policies, governance, and social structures. She is a feminist activist upholding the course of women's lives, values, and dignity by challenging cultural and social norms, values, and systems that oppress women and hinder them from accessing similar opportunities as men in society.

As a member of the International Network of Religious Leaders Living with and Personally Affected by HIV & AIDS (INERELA +), she is an activist against discrimination, stigmatization, marginalization, and social injustices toward people affected by HIV/AIDS, encouraging compassion, love and care for victims. She continues to emphasize and address how crises, diseases, and pandemics like HIV/AIDS and Covid-19 deeply affect women in societies.

She pioneered African Christian feminist ethics towards liberation and transformation from oppressive and demeaning theologies that fuel the cause of patriarchy in churches and theological institutions. She fought for transformation of theological and religious institutions as tools to liberate women from inequalities, violence, and injustices rather than being the force that increases gender injustices and inequalities. She worked with EHAIA bringing together churches, stakeholders and policy-makers to provide ecumenical responses and provide solutions to endemic root causes of pandemics like HIV/AIDS, and to give hope, compassion, and support to victims, marginalized groups, and those affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic towards transformation of the society.

## Awards

Mercy Amba Oduyoye Global Leadership Award, 2019

The Circle Community Champion Award, 2019

## Works

* Nyambura's booklet titled "In Remembrance of HER" published by Ssali Publishing House, South Africa, has her keynote address delivered at an academic symposium at the Presbyterian University of East Africa (PUEA) on 5 September 2022. The symposium also marked the 40th anniversary of clergywomen in Presbyterian Church of East Africa.
* Ecumenism and Theological Education in Africa (2004)
* Beyond Suffering and Lament: Theology of Hope and Life (2008)
* Daughtexacerbatesrica Heed the Call for Justice, Peace, and Fullness of Life (2013)
* A New Way of Facilitating Leadership: Lessons from African Women Theologians (2005)
* Transforming Ministerial Ecumenical Formation (2009)
* An Ecumenical Commitment (2009)
* Revising Theological Education and Ministerial Formation
* Theological Education and Doing Theology Lessons from the Past
* Njoroge, N. 2000. Kiama Kia Ngo: An African Christian Feminist Ethic of Resistance and Transformation. Legon Theological Studies Series Project in collaboration with Asempa Publishers, Accra.
* Searching for Ways of Promoting Christian Unity in Theological Education and Ministerial Formation
* Theologizing during Labour Pains: Women, Children and War in the Bible
* A Spirituality of Resistance and Transformation
* Partnership in God’s Mission in Africa Today.” In Partnership in God’s Mission in Africa Today: The Papers and Reports of the Consultation of African Women and Men of Reformed Tradition 9-15
* Ecumenical Theological Education and the Church in Africa Today
* Groaning and Languishing in Labour Pains
* The Missing Voice: African Women Doing Theology
* The Promise and Ministry of the Holy Spirit: Empowering Africans to Search for the Fullness of Life
* Not an Option: Ministry with and for People with Disabilities
* Turn to God - Rejoice in Hope
* Come Now, Let Us Reason Together
* Talitha Cum! to the New Millennium: A Conclusion
* Reclaiming Our Heritage of Power: Discovering Our Theological Voices

## InfoBox

| Nyambura Njoroge | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-12-04) 4 December 1956 |
| Occupation(s) | Feminist theologian, Ecumenical leader |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | * St Paul's University Limuru, Kiambu, Kenya * Princeton Theological Seminary (1992), Princeton in New Jersey, US |
| Alma mater | * Princeton Theological Seminary (1992) * Louisville Presbyterian School, Kentucky, US |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Feminist theology, African Christian Ethics, Gender-Injustice |
| Institutions | World Council of Churches |
| Notable works | *African Theology and Christian Social Ethics* |
|  | |


title: Vorsti, Lääne-Viru County

abstract: Vorsti is a village in Väike-Maarja Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.

text:
# Vorsti, Lääne-Viru County

**Vorsti** is a village in Väike-Maarja Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.

59°03′N 26°10′E / 59.050°N 26.167°E / 59.050; 26.167

## InfoBox

| Vorsti | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Lääne-Viru County |
| Parish | Väike-Maarja Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Jimusaria

abstract: Jimusaria is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian (Changhsingian) of China. The type species J. sinkianensis from the Guodikeng Formation in Xinjiang, was originally named as a species of Dicynodon, the first from Asia, but was given its own genus in 1963 before being sunk back into Dicynodon in 1988. The genus was resurrected in 2011 by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer in a taxonomic revision of the genus Dicynodon. Jimusaria was a mid-sized dicynodont, and was similar in appearance to the South African Dicynodon, but differed from it in features such as its narrower snout. A second species, Jimusaria monanensis was described from the Naobaogou Formation of northern China in 2023.

text:
# Jimusaria

***Jimusaria*** is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian (Changhsingian) of China. The type species *J. sinkianensis* from the Guodikeng Formation (Jilicao Group) in Xinjiang, was originally named as a species of *Dicynodon*, the first from Asia, but was given its own genus in 1963 before being sunk back into *Dicynodon* in 1988. The genus was resurrected in 2011 by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer in a taxonomic revision of the genus *Dicynodon*. *Jimusaria* was a mid-sized dicynodont, and was similar in appearance to the South African *Dicynodon*, but differed from it in features such as its narrower snout. A second species, *Jimusaria monanensis* was described from the Naobaogou Formation of northern China in 2023.

## Further reading

* A.-l. Sun. 1973. \[Permo-Triassic dicynodonts from Turfan, Sinkiang\]. Reports of Paleontological Expedition to Sinkiang (I): Permo-Triassic Vertebrate Fossils of Turfan Basin. Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Academia Sinica 10:53-68
* P. L. Yuan and C. C. Young. 1934. On the discovery of a new Dicynodon in Sinkiang. Bulletin of the geological Society of China 13(1):563-574

## InfoBox

| *Jimusaria*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *J. sinkiangensis* skull in Paleozoological Museum of China | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Synapsida |
| *Clade*: | Therapsida |
| Suborder: | Anomodontia |
| *Clade*: | Dicynodontia |
| *Clade*: | Bidentalia |
| Infraorder: | Dicynodontoidea |
| Genus: | *Jimusaria*
Sun, 1963 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Dicynodon sinkianensis***
Yuan & Young, 1934 | |
| Species | |
| * ***J. sinkianensis*** (Yuan & Young, 1934) * ***J. monanensis*** Shi & Liu, 2023 | |
| Synonyms | |
| ***J. sinkianensis*:**
* *Jimusaria taoshuyuanensis* Sun, 1973 | |


title: Welgris Highlanders F.C.

abstract: Welgris Highlanders, formerly known as Welgris Momads, was a semi-professional Papua New Guinean soccer club based in Mount Hagen, but playing their home games in Goroka. They were one of five founding members of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, but reached the knockout stages just once in four years of competing. After a three-year hiatus, the side played their final NSL season in 2012–13, where they finished bottom of the league.

text:
# Welgris Highlanders F.C.

**Welgris Highlanders**, formerly known as **Welgris Momads**, was a semi-professional Papua New Guinean soccer club based in Mount Hagen, but playing their home games in Goroka.

They were one of five founding members of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, but reached the knockout stages just once in four years of competing.

After a three-year hiatus, the side played their final NSL season in 2012–13, where they finished bottom of the league.

## History

### Foundation and early years

The club was founded as Welgris Momads sometime at the start of the 21st century, as their first season on record came in 2001 when they took part in the Mount Hagen Regional League. Among seven participants they were the eventual champions. Two years later, they competed in both the Highlands Regional Championship and the Papua New Guinea National Club Championship, but failed to make an impact on either competition.

In 2005, the side took part in both the Highlands Regional Championship the National Club Championship for the second time. The club fared much better in both competitions, winning the Highlands competition with a 3–1 victory over Blue Kumuls Mount Hagen in the final on 22 August, before meeting Blue Kumuls again in the third-place playoff of the National Club Championship, this time winning 3–0.

### National Soccer League debut

From 18–21 May 2006, the side took part in the Highlands Regional Championship once again, reaching the final where they were set to play Blue Kumuls once again. However, the result of the final is unknown. Despite this, both sides were eligible for the 2006 National Club Championship, but Momads withdrew, and instead entered the inaugural season of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League. Despite defeating eventual champions Hekari United 1–0 early in the season, they picked up just two wins from eight matches and finished bottom of the table, being the only side to fail to make the playoffs.

The following season, the side changed their name to Welgris Highlanders and entered the competition again. Among seven teams they finished 5th again, narrowly missing out on playoff qualification by two points. The side did, however, win the Fair Play Award. The 2007 Highlands Regional Championship was delayed to March 2008, with the final, once more against Blue Kumuls Mount Hagen, was due to be completed on 30 March 2008. However, the final wasn't played after an appeal was lodged regarding the eligibility of National Soccer League players participating in the tournament.

The club entered the eight-team 2008–09 season and finished third in the league table, qualifying for the playoffs for what would prove to be the first and last time. The side came up against champions Hekari in the semi-final, losing 1–0, before preparing to head to the Lloyd Robson Oval in Port Moresby on 21 March 2009 for the third-place match against University Inter, who had finished second in the table. However, after two postponements, the NSL board eventually cancelled both the third-place match and the final, leaving Welgris technically in 4th behind Inter due to their inferior regular season record.

Ahead of the 2009–10 season, it was reported that the side had merged with Rapatona FC, and for three years the Welgris Highlanders name would not be seen in domestic competition. On 14 April 2010, it was reported that the club was now defunct.

### NSL return and disappearance

Towards the end of 2012, it was reported that the side were making a return to the National Soccer League ahead of the delayed 2013 season. Indeed, the side were one of the eight teams taking part, but won just one match from 14 and finished bottom of the table. In October 2013, the side revealed they would be withdrawing from the upcoming 2014 season because the costs for taking part were too high, citing a change in the competition format as one of the primary reasons for this. It is assumed that the side disbanded shortly afterwards.

## Honours

### National competitions

### Regional competitions

* **Highlands Regional Championship**
    + Champions: 2005

## InfoBox

Welgris Highlanders
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Welgris Highlanders Football Club |
| Founded | c. 2001 |
| Ground | NSI Oval<br>Goroka, Papua New Guinea |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| League | Papua New Guinea National Soccer League |
| 2013 | 8th |


title: Nong (surname)

abstract: Nong is a Chinese surname meaning "farmer". It is romanized Nung in Wade–Giles or Cantonese romanization. According to a 2013 study, it was the 189th most common name in China; it was shared by 640,000 people, or 0.047% of the population, with the surname being most common in Guangxi. It is the 320th name in the Hundred Family Surnames poem.

text:
# Nong (surname)

**Nong** (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: 農 or 辳) is a Chinese surname meaning "farmer". It is romanized **Nung** in Wade–Giles or Cantonese romanization. According to a 2013 study, it was the 189th most common name in China; it was shared by 640,000 people, or 0.047% of the population, with the surname being most common in Guangxi. It is the 320th name in the *Hundred Family Surnames* poem.

## Origins

Two origins are proposed:

* In honour of Shennong (神農, "Divine Farmer"), mythological figure who brought agriculture and herbal medicine to China
* From the ancient post of *nongzheng* (農正, "agriculture officer").

## Notable people

* Nong Qunhua (农群华; born 1966), Chinese badminton player
* Nong Rong (农融; born 1967), Chinese diplomat

## InfoBox

| Nong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stroke order of the simplified version of Nong (农) | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Nóng  Wade–Giles Nung2  IPA \[nʊ̌ŋ\]  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Nung4  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Lâng  Middle Chinese  Middle Chinese /nuoŋ/ | |
|  | |


title: Ron Battams

abstract: Ronald Henry Battams was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Battams who was in the Australian Navy managed to squeeze in 3 VFL games before the demands of duty restricted his chances. He was recruited from the Flinders Naval Depot. In 1954 and 1955 he was playing for the Sydney Naval team in the NSWFL. He had won the team's best and fairest in 1954.

text:
# Ron Battams

**Ronald Henry Battams** (16 April 1928 – 13 August 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Battams who was in the Australian Navy managed to squeeze in 3 VFL games before the demands of duty restricted his chances. He was recruited from the Flinders Naval Depot. In 1954 and 1955 he was playing for the Sydney Naval team in the NSWFL. He had won the team's best and fairest in 1954.

## InfoBox

| Ron Battams | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ronald Henry Battams | | |
| Date of birth | (1928-04-16)16 April 1928 | | |
| Place of birth | Berri, South Australia | | |
| Date of death | 13 August 2004(2004-08-13) (aged 76) | | |
| Place of death | Perth, Western Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | Seaford / Flinders Naval Depot | | |
| Height | 182 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 74 kg (163 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1952 | St Kilda | 3 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1952. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


abstract: Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces shows the rank system used in the Swedish Armed Forces today, as well as changes during the 20th century due to changes in the personnel structure.

text:
# Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

**Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces** shows the rank system used in the Swedish Armed Forces today, as well as changes during the 20th century due to changes in the personnel structure.

## Current ranks

On 1 October 2019 a new rank system was introduced in the Swedish Armed Forces. The rank insignia below are as worn on the field uniform. Army, navy and air force rank titles are shown below.

From 2023, the rank of *Överfanjunkare* has been introduced in the Swedish Armed Forces.

### Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

| NATO code | OF-10 | | OF-9 | | OF-8 | | OF-7 | | OF-6 | | OF-5 | | OF-4 | | OF-3 | | OF-2 | | OF-1 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Field uniform |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |
|
| **Swedish Army**
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |
| | | *General* | | *Generallöjtnant* | | *Generalmajor* | | *Brigadgeneral* | | *Överste* | | *Överstelöjtnant* | | *Major* | | *Kapten* | | *Löjtnant* | | | *Fänrik* | | |
| **Swedish Navy**
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |
| | | *Amiral* | | *Viceamiral* | | *Konteramiral* | | *Flottiljamiral* | | *Kommendör* | | *Kommendörkapten* | | *Örlogskapten* | | *Kapten* | | *Löjtnant* | | | *Fänrik* | | |
| **Swedish Amphibious Corps**
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |
| | | *General* | | *Generallöjtnant* | | *Generalmajor* | | *Brigadgeneral* | | *Överste* | | *Överstelöjtnant* | | *Major* | | *Kapten* | | *Löjtnant* | | | *Fänrik* | | |
| **Swedish Air Force**
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |
| | | *General* | | *Generallöjtnant* | | *Generalmajor* | | *Brigadgeneral* | | *Överste* | | *Överstelöjtnant* | | *Major* | | *Kapten* | | *Löjtnant* | | | *Fänrik* | | |
| NATO code | OF-10 | | OF-9 | | OF-8 | | OF-7 | | OF-6 | | OF-5 | | OF-4 | | OF-3 | | OF-2 | | OF-1 | | | | | |
|

### Student officer ranks

| NATO code | OR-5 |
| --- | --- |
| Field uniform |  |
| **Swedish Army** |  |
| **Swedish Navy** |  |
| **Swedish Amphibious Corps** |  |
| **Swedish Air Force** |  |
| Name | *Kadett* |

#### Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

| NATO code | OR-9 | | | | | | OR-8 | | OR-7 | | OR-6 | | | | | | OR-5 | | | | | | OR-4 | | | | OR-3 | | OR-2 | | | | | | OR-1 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Field uniform |  | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
|
| **Swedish Army**
 |  | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| | *Regementsförvaltare* | | | | | | *Förvaltare* | | *Överfanjunkare* | *Fanjunkare* | *Översergeant* | | | *Sergeant* | | | *Överfurir* | | | *Furir* | | | *Korpral* | | | | *Vicekorpral* | | *Menig 4* | | *Menig 3* | | *Menig 2* | *Menig 1* | *Menig* | |
| **Swedish Navy**
 |  | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| | *Flottiljförvaltare* | | | | | | *Förvaltare* | | *Överfanjunkare* | *Fanjunkare* | *Översergeant* | | | *Sergeant* | | | *Överfurir* | | | *Furir* | | | *Korpral* | | | | *Vicekorpral* | | *Menig 4* | | *Menig 3* | | *Menig 2* | *Menig 1* | *Menig* | |
| **Swedish Amphibious Corps**
 |  | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| | *Regementsförvaltare* | | | | | | *Förvaltare* | | *Överfanjunkare* | *Fanjunkare* | *Översergeant* | | | *Sergeant* | | | *Överfurir* | | | *Furir* | | | *Korpral* | | | | *Vicekorpral* | | *Menig 4* | | *Menig 3* | | *Menig 2* | *Menig 1* | *Menig* | |
| **Swedish Air Force**
 |  | | | | | |  | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| | *Flottiljförvaltare* | | | | | | *Förvaltare* | | *Överfanjunkare* | *Fanjunkare* | *Översergeant* | | | *Sergeant* | | | *Överfurir* | | | *Furir* | | | *Korpral* | | | | *Vicekorpral* | | *Menig 4* | | *Menig 3* | | *Menig 2* | *Menig 1* | *Menig* | |
| NATO code | OR-9 | | | | | | OR-8 | | OR-7 | | OR-6 | | | | | | OR-5 | | | | | | OR-4 | | | | OR-3 | | OR-2 | | | | | | OR-1 | |
|

## Former ranks

### Ranks 2009–2019

Since 2009, there are three categories of ranks, *Officerare*, *Specialistofficerare* and *GSS- Gruppbefäl, soldater och sjömän*

*Officerare* (Officers)

Officers lead units from platoon and up. They are trained at the Military Academy Karlberg in a three-year academic program(180 ECTS credits) and graduate as *fänrik*. Cadets with no prior service must complete a 6-9 months preparatory course before they start at the academy.

*Specialistofficerare* (Senior NCOs, lit. Specialist Officers)

*Specialistofficerare* are educated at specialist schools and centres for 1,5 years and graduate as *Förste Sergeant*. Experienced soldiers who have served as corporals and sergeants may take a shortened course. Civilians must complete a preparatory course before the 1.5 year specialist training starts.

*GSS - Gruppbefäl, soldater och sjömän* (junior NCOs, soldiers and seamen, lit. Squad leaders, soldiers and seamen)

The two highest ranks in this category, *korpral* and *sergeant*, form their own sub-category, *gruppbefäl*. They command squads of approx. 8 men. Ordinary soldiers are given the rank *menig 1 klass* with different insignia depending on how long they have served.

When the professional NCO corps was reintroduced in 2009 it was decided that some ranks in this category should, like the old *underofficerare* ranks in 1960–1972, have a relative rank higher than the most junior officers. The current relative ranks are shown in the table below.

| OF
(Officer Ranks) | Other Ranks
(*Specialistofficerare*) |
| --- | --- |
| OF-9 (*General, Amiral*) |  |
| OF-8 (*Generallöjtnant, Viceamiral*) | |
| OF-7 (*Generalmajor, Konteramiral*) | |
| OF-6 (*Brigadgeneral, Flottiljamiral*) | |
| OF-5 (*Överste, Kommendör*) | |
| OF-4 (*Överstelöjtnant, Kommendörkapten*) | |
|  | OR-9 (*Regements-/Flottiljförvaltare*) |
| OF-3 (*Major, Örlogskapten*) |  |
| OF-2 (*Kapten*) | |
|  | OR-8 (*Förvaltare*) |
| OF-1 (*Löjtnant*) |
|  | OR-7 (*Fanjunkare*) |
| OF-1 (*Fänrik*) |  |
|  | OR-6 (*Förste Sergeant*) |
| GSS - Squad leaders, soldiers and seamen | |
| OR-5 (*Sergeant*) | |
| OR-4 (*Korpral*) | |
| OR-3 (*Vice korpral*) | |
| OR-2 (*Menig 1kl*) | |
| OR-1 (*Menig*) | |

Rank insignia

The table below shows ranks according to seniority, with the most senior to the left. OF denotes officers, OR other ranks (as per STANAG 2116). Those ranks were ratified by the supreme commander on October 24, 2008, and became effective as of January 1, 2009. Military ranks of (primarily) Great Britain have been used as a basis for harmonization with NATO.

| Rank group | General / flag officers | | | | | | | | | | Senior officers | | | | | | Junior officers | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **Swedish Army**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | **No insignia**  --- | | |
| | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  | | |
| | | General | | Generallöjtnant | | Generalmajor | | Brigadgeneral | | Överste | | Överstelöjtnant | | Major | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | | Kadett
3rd year | | | Kadett
2nd year | | | Kadett
1st year | | | Kadett
Officer Candidate | | |
| **Swedish Navy**
(2009-2019)
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Amiral | | Viceamiral | | Konteramiral | | Flottiljamiral | | Kommendör | | Kommendörkapten | | Örlogskapten | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | | Kadett | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Swedish Amphibious Corps**
(2009-2019)
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | General | | Generallöjtnant | | Generalmajor | | Brigadgeneral | | Överste | | Överstelöjtnant | | Major | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | | Kadett | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Swedish Air Force**
(2009-2019)
 |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | General | | Generallöjtnant | | Generalmajor | | Brigadgeneral | | Överste | | Överstelöjtnant | | Major | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | | Kadett | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Swedish Home Guard**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | ||
| | | Major | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | ||
| Rank group | General/flag officers | | | | | | | | | | Senior officers | | | | | | Junior officers | | | | | | | |
|

| Rank group | Senior NCOs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Junior NCOs | | | | | | Enlisted | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **Swedish Army**
(2009-2019)
 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | ***No insignia***  --- | | | | | | | | | |
| |  | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | |  | | Menig 4 Menig 3 Menig 2 Menig 1 | | | | | |  | |
| | Regementsförvaltare | | | | | | Förvaltare | | Fanjunkare | | Förste Sergeant | | | | | | Sergeant | | | | | | Korpral | | | | Vicekorpral | | | Menig | |
| **Swedish Navy**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | |  | | Sjoman 4 Sjoman 3 Sjoman 2 Sjoman 1 | | | | | |  | |
| | Flottiljförvaltare | | | | | | Förvaltare | | Fanjunkare | | Förste Sergeant | | | | | | Sergeant | | | | | | Korpral | | | | Vicekorpral | | | Sjoman | |
| **Swedish Amphibious Corps**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | |  | | Menig 4 Menig 3 Menig 2 Menig 1 | | | | | |  |
| | Regementsförvaltare | | | | | | Förvaltare | | Fanjunkare | | Förste Sergeant | | | | | | Sergeant | | | | | | Korpral | | | | Vicekorpral | | | Menig | |
| **Swedish Air Force**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | |  | | Menig 4 Menig 3 Menig 2 Menig 1 | | | | | |  | |
| | Flottiljförvaltare | | | | | | Förvaltare | | Fanjunkare | | Förste Sergeant | | | | | | Sergeant | | | | | | Korpral | | | | Vicekorpral | | | Menig | |
| **Swedish Home Guard**
(2009-2019)
 |  | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | |  | | ***No insignia***  --- | | | | | | | |
| | |  | |  | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | |  | | | | | | |  | |
| | | Förvaltare | | Fanjunkare | | Förste Sergeant | | | | | | Sergeant | | | | | | Korpral | | | | Menig 1 | | | | | | | Menig | |
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Junior NCOs | | | | | | Enlisted | | | | | | | |

| Branch insignia worn by OR-1 in the Army | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Infantry | Cavalry | Artillery | Armour | Air-Defense | Engineer | Signal | Supply | Army
(generic) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Ranks 1983–2009

A major change in the personnel structure in 1983 (NBO 1983), merged the three professional corps of platoon officers, company officers, and regimental officers into a one-track career system within a single corps called professional officers (*yrkesofficerare*). The three messes were also merged to one.

Officers

| Rank group | General / flag officers | | | | | | | | | | Senior officers | | | | | | Junior officers | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | National Service Officers
*Värnpliktsofficerare* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | Professional Officers (one-track officer system)
*Yrkesofficerare (enhetsbefäl)* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Swedish Army**
(1983-2009)
 |  | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
| | | General | | Generallöjtnant | | Generalmajor | | Brigadgeneral | | Överste av 1. graden | Överste | Överstelöjtnant | | Major | | Kapten | | Löjtnant | | | Fänrik | | | Kadett
2nd year | | | | | | Kadett
1st year | | | | | |

Others

| Rank group | Senior NCOs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Junior NCOs | | | | | | Enlisted | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | National Servicemen
*Värnpliktiga* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Swedish Army**
(1983-2009)
 |  | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | |  | | ***No insignia***  --- | | | | | | | |
| | |  | |  | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | | | | --- | | | | | | | | |
| | | Fanjunkare | | Sergeant | | | | | | Kadett | | Överfurir | | Furir | | Korpral | | | | Menig | | | | | | | | |

### Ranks 1972–1983

In 1972 the personnel structure changed, reflecting increased responsibilities of warrant and non-commissioned officers, renaming the *underofficerare* as *kompaniofficerare*, giving them the same ranks as company grade officers (*fänrik*, *löjtnant*, *kapten*). *Underbefäl* was renamed *plutonsofficerare* and given the rank titles of *sergeant* and *fanjunkare*, although their relative ranks were now placed below *fänrik*. The commissioned officers were renamed *regementsofficerare*, beginning with *löjtnant*. The three-track career system was maintained, as well as three separate messes.

| National Servicemen (*Värnpliktiga*) | | | | | | National Service Officers (*Värnpliktsofficerare*) | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | | | Platoon Officers
(*Plutonsofficerare* NCO) | | | Company Officers
(*Kompaniofficerare* Limited Duty Officers) | | |
|
|  | | | | | | | Regimental Officers (*Regementsofficerare* Officers) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Regular
ranks** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Trainee
ranks** | *Menig*

*Korpral* | *Furir* | *Överfurir*

*Kadett 1* | *Sergeant*

*Kadett 2-3* | *Fanjunkare* | *Fänrik* | *Löjtnant* | *Kapten* | *Major
Örlogs-
kapten* | *Överste-
löjtnant
Kommendör-
kapten* | *Överste
Kommendör* | *Överste
1gr
Kommendör
1gr* | *General-
major
Konter-
amiral* | *General-
löjtnant
Viceamiral* | *General
Amiral* |

### Ranks 1957–1972

| National Servicemen (*Värnpliktiga*) | | | | |  | National Service W.O. (*Värnpliktiga underofficerare*) | |  | National Service Officers (*Värnpliktiga officerare*) | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | | *Underbefäl* (NCO) | | | | *Underofficerare* (Warrant Officers) | | | *Officerare* (Commissioned Officers) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Regular
ranks** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Trainee
ranks** | *Menig*

*Vicekorpral* | *Korpral* | *Furir* | *Överfurir* | *Rustmästare* | *Sergeant*

*Kadett1-2* | *Fanjunkare* | *Förvaltare* | *Fänrik* | *Löjtnant* | *Kapten* | *Major
Örlogs-
kapten* | *Överste-
löjtnant
Komendör-
kapten* | *Överste
Komendör* | *General-
major
Konter-
amiral* | *General-
löjtnant
Viceamiral* | *General
Amiral* |

Note that the rank of *Fältmarskalk* (Field Marshal) was a *de jure* rank before the reform of 1972, even though it has not been used since 1824.

### Field uniform model 1958/1959 - rank structure of 1960

|  | Officerare | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank insignia on collar patch |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *General* | *Generallöjtnant* | *Generalmajor* | *Överste* | *Överstelöjtnant* | *Major* | *Kapten*
*Ryttmästare* | *Löjtnant* | *Fänrik* |
|

|  | *Underofficerare* | | | *Kadetter* | | *Underbefäl* | | | | | Meniga |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank insignia on collar patch |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *Förvaltare* | *Fanjunkare*
*Styckjunkare* | *Sergeant* | *Sergeant*
Senior Year at Karlberg | *Sergeant*
Junior Year at Karlberg | *Rustmästare* | *Överfurir* | *Furir* | *Korpral*
*Konstapel* | *Vicekorpral*
*Vicekonstapel* | *Menig*
Infantry |
|

### Uniform model 1939 - rank structure of 1949

In 1949 the relative rank of the warrant officers were elevated further so that to the following effect:

1. The lowest warrant officer, *sergeant*, had relative rank just below the lowest officer rank, *fänrik*.
2. The second warrant officer rank, *fanjunkare*, had relative rank between *fänrik* and *löjtnant*.
3. The highest warrant officer rank, *förvaltare*, had relative rank between first lieutenant and captain.

|  | Officerare | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge m/46 to field cap |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *General* | *Generallöjtnant* | *Generalmajor* | *Överste* | *Överstelöjtnant* | *Major* | *Kapten*
*Ryttmästare* | *Löjtnant* | *Fänrik* |
|

|  | *Underofficerare* | | | *Kadetter* | *Underbefäl* | | | | | *Meniga* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge to field cap | m/46 | m/46 | m/46 | | m/46-57 | m/46-52 | m/46-52 | m/46-52 | m/46-52 |  |
| Rank insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *Förvaltare* | *Fanjunkare*
Styckjunkare | *Sergeant* | *Sergeant*
Junior Year at Karlberg | *Rustmästare*
1957 | *Överfurir* | *Furir* | *Korpral*
*Konstapel* | *Vicekorpral*
*Vicekonstapel* | *Menig* |
|

### Uniform model 1939

|  | Officerare | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge m/40
to field cap |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia m/39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *General* | *Generallöjtnant* | *Generalmajor* | *Överste* | *Överstelöjtnant* | *Major* | *Kapten*
*Ryttmästare* | *Löjtnant* | *Fänrik* |

|  | *Underofficerare* | | | *Manskap* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge m/40
to field cap |  |  |  |  | | | | |
| Rank insignia m/39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *Förvaltare* | *Fanjunkare*
*Styckjunkare* | *Sergeant* | *Överfurir*
created 1942 | *Furir* | *Korpral*
*Konstapel* | *Vicekorpral*
*Vicekonstapel* | *Menig* |

### Uniform model 1923

In a reform 1926 the relative rank of the then senior warrant officer, *fanjunkare*, was increased to be equal with the junior officer rank *underlöjtnant* and above the most junior officer rank *fänrik*.

|  | Officerare | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cap m/23 |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia on greatcoat |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *General* | *Generallöjtnant* | *Generalmajor* | *Överste* | *Överstelöjtnant* | *Major* | *Kapten*
*Ryttmästare* | *Löjtnant* | *Underlöjtnant*
*Abolished 1937* | *Fänrik*

*Also a crown in silver on each lower sleeve until 1937.* |

|  | Underofficerare | | | Manskap | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cap m/23 |  |  |  |  | | | |
| Rank insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia on greatcoat |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank | *Fanjunkare*
*Styckjunkare*
with relative rank as *Underlöjtnant* | *Fanjunkare*
*Styckjunkare* | *Sergeant* | *Furir* | *Korpral*
*Konstapel* | *Vicekorpral*
 | *Menig* |

### Uniform model 1910

When an army based on national service (conscription) was introduced in 1901 all commissioned officers had ranks that were senior to the warrant officers (*underofficerare*) and non-commissioned officers (*underbefäl*).

|  | Officerare | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge m/14 for fur cap |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Badge m/10-14 for hat |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rank insignia m/10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Rank** | *General* | *Generallöjtnant* | *Generalmajor* | *Överste* | *Överstelöjtnant* | *Major* | *Kapten*
*Ryttmästare* | *Löjtnant* | *Underlöjtnant* *Fänrik* 1915 |

|  | Underofficerare | | Manskap | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Badge m/14 for fur cap |  |  | - | | | |
| Badge m/10-14 for hat |  |  |  | | | |
| Rank insignia m/10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Rank** | *Fanjunkare*
*Styckjunkare* | *Sergeant* | *Distinktionskorpral*
*Förste konstapel*
*Furir* 1915 | *Korpral*
*Konstapel* | *Vicekorpral* | *Menig* |

1. "Nya gradbeteckningar införs". *Försvarsmakten* (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
2. Myrlander, Viktor (5 March 2024). "Ny grad - Överfanjunkare". *Försvarsmarkten* (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
3. "Försvarsmaktens Gradbeteckningar" (PDF). *Försvarsmakten* (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
4. Landström, Matthias (April 2008), *Utveckling av tvåbefälssystemet i Försvarsmakten 16100:66576* \[*Development of the two-command system in the Armed Forces 16100:66576*\] (in Swedish), p. 5


title: OCFTC

abstract: O.C.F.T.C is the Lebanese government authority which operates public transportation in Lebanon. The OCFTC currently operates 12 bus lines in and around the capital city of Beirut. The OCFTC's main competitor is the privately owned and operated Lebanese Commuting Company (LCC). The OCFTC also owns all of the railway infrastructure in the country, however, as the railway system was severely damaged during Lebanese Civil War, none of the railway system is currently in operation.

text:
# OCFTC

**O.C.F.T.C** (**Office des Chemins de Fer et des Transports en Commun**, French for *Railway and Public Transportation Authority*) is the Lebanese government authority which operates public transportation in Lebanon. The OCFTC currently operates 12 bus lines in and around the capital city of Beirut.

The OCFTC's main competitor is the privately owned and operated Lebanese Commuting Company (LCC). The OCFTC also owns all of the railway infrastructure in the country, however, as the railway system was severely damaged during Lebanese Civil War, none of the railway system is currently in operation.


title: UNESCO Science Prize

abstract: The UNESCO Science Prize is a biennial scientific prize awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to "a person or group of persons for an outstanding contribution they have made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through the application of scientific and technological research." The candidates for the Science Prize are proposed to the Director-General of UNESCO by the governments of member states or by non-governmental organizations. All proposals are judged by a panel of six scientists and engineers. The prize consists of US$ $15,000, an Albert Einstein Silver Medal, and is awarded in odd years to coincide with UNESCO's General Conference.

text:
# UNESCO Science Prize

The **UNESCO Science Prize** is a biennial scientific prize awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to "a person or group of persons for an outstanding contribution they have made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through the application of scientific and technological research (particularly in the fields of education, engineering and industrial development)."

The candidates for the Science Prize are proposed to the Director-General of UNESCO by the governments of member states or by non-governmental organizations. All proposals are judged by a panel of six scientists and engineers. The prize consists of  US$ $15,000, an **Albert Einstein Silver Medal**, and is awarded in odd years to coincide with UNESCO's General Conference.

## Past Laureates

## InfoBox

| UNESCO Science Prize | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | "an outstanding contribution made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through the application of scientific and technological research (particularly in the fields of education, engineering and industrial development)" |
| Presented by | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) |
| First awarded | 1968 |


title: Nyctosauridae

abstract: Nyctosauridae is a family of specialized soaring pterosaurs of the late Cretaceous Period of North America, Africa, and possibly other continents including South America. It was named in 1889 by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and Richard Lydekker. Nyctosaurids are characterized by their lack of all but the wing finger. In most pterosaurs, the hand has four fingers, with the fourth elongated to support the wing, and the remaining three are usually small, clawed, and used in walking or climbing. The lack of functional fingers in nyctosaurids may suggest that they spent almost all of their time in the air, rarely walking on the ground. Nyctosaurids also possessed a distinctively enlarged crest for muscle attachment on their upper arm bone, or humerus, the deltopectoral crest, hatchet shaped like in the unrelated rhamphorhynchids. Nyctosaurids are generally characterized as specialized, pelagic soarers like frigatebirds; however, the Alcione species appear to have had shorter wings and possibly have been divers like some modern piscivorous birds. Nyctosaurids have occasionally been included in the similar family Pteranodontidae, though researchers including Christopher Bennett and Alexander Kellner have both concluded that they belonged to a separate lineage. Analyses by David Unwin did indicate a close relationship between Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus, though he used the name Pteranodontia for the clade containing both genera. Both opinions were published before the discovery of the second definitively known nyctosaurid, Muzquizopteryx, in 2006. Most nyctosaurid fossils have been found in formations dating to the late Cretaceous period of the western United States and Mexico. Nyctosaurus dates from 85-84.5 million years ago, in the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. Muzquizopteryx is the oldest nyctosaurid known from definitive remains, dating to the Turonian-Coniacian boundary in Coahuila. A possible nyctosaurid specimen from Europe has been reclassified as an azhdarchoid. Before the late 2010s, three forms were known from the Maastrichtian: a single potentially nyctosaurid humerus from Mexico, "Nyctosaurus" lamegoi from Brazil, and a nyctosaurid complete wing-phalanx1, a claw, and a partial ulna from Jordan. The Jordan specimen is of particular interest as it is the first record of a nyctosaurid from the Old World and represents the latest record of the family. Beginning in 2016, Nicholas Longrich, David Martill, and Brian Andres presented evidence of several nyctosaurid and pteranodontid species from the latest Maastrichtian age of north Africa, suggesting that these lineages went through an evolutionary radiation in the Old World shortly before the K-Pg extinction event. Three of these pterosaurs were named in 2018, and were called Alcione, Barbaridactylus, and Simurghia.

text:
# Nyctosauridae

**Nyctosauridae** (meaning "night lizards" or "bat lizards") is a family of specialized soaring pterosaurs of the late Cretaceous Period of North America, Africa, and possibly other continents including South America. It was named in 1889 by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and Richard Lydekker.

Nyctosaurids are characterized by their lack of all but the wing finger. In most pterosaurs, the hand has four fingers, with the fourth elongated to support the wing, and the remaining three are usually small, clawed, and used in walking or climbing. The lack of functional fingers in nyctosaurids may suggest that they spent almost all of their time in the air, rarely walking on the ground. Nyctosaurids also possessed a distinctively enlarged crest for muscle attachment on their upper arm bone, or humerus, the *deltopectoral crest*, hatchet shaped like in the unrelated rhamphorhynchids. Nyctosaurids are generally characterized as specialized, pelagic soarers like frigatebirds; however, the *Alcione* species appear to have had shorter wings and possibly have been divers like some modern piscivorous birds.

Nyctosaurids have occasionally been included in the similar family Pteranodontidae, though researchers including Christopher Bennett and Alexander Kellner have both concluded that they belonged to a separate lineage. Analyses by David Unwin did indicate a close relationship between *Pteranodon* and *Nyctosaurus*, though he used the name Pteranodontia for the clade containing both genera. Both opinions were published before the discovery of the second definitively known nyctosaurid, *Muzquizopteryx*, in 2006.

Most nyctosaurid fossils have been found in formations dating to the late Cretaceous period of the western United States and Mexico. *Nyctosaurus* dates from 85-84.5 million years ago, in the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. *Muzquizopteryx* is the oldest nyctosaurid known from definitive remains, dating to the Turonian-Coniacian boundary in Coahuila. A possible nyctosaurid specimen from Europe has been reclassified as an azhdarchoid.

Before the late 2010s, three forms were known from the Maastrichtian: a single potentially nyctosaurid humerus (upper arm bone) from Mexico, *"Nyctosaurus" lamegoi* from Brazil, and a nyctosaurid complete wing-phalanx1, a claw (digit phalanx manus), and a partial ulna from Jordan. The Jordan specimen is of particular interest as it is the first record of a nyctosaurid from the Old World and represents the latest record of the family (uppermost Maastrichtian). Beginning in 2016, Nicholas Longrich, David Martill, and Brian Andres presented evidence of several nyctosaurid and pteranodontid species from the latest Maastrichtian age of north Africa, suggesting that these lineages went through an evolutionary radiation in the Old World shortly before the K-Pg extinction event. Three of these pterosaurs were named in 2018, and were called *Alcione*, *Barbaridactylus*, and *Simurghia*.

## Classification

In 2022, Fernandes et al. described *Epapatelo* as a new pteranodontian from Angola. Including *Epapatelo* in the phylogenetic analysis of Longrich *et al*. (2018), they recovered a new clade, Aponyctosauria, composed of the Nyctosauridae, *Alcione*, *Simurghia*, and *Epapatelo*.

In 2024, *Alcione*, *Simurghia*, and *Epapatelo* were referred to as members of Nyctosauridae based on phylogenetic analysis, and *"N." lamegoi* was included as a species of *Simurghia*.

## InfoBox

| Nyctosaurids
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Carnegie Museum fossil specimen of *Nyctosaurus gracilis*, CM 11422 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | Pterodactyloidea |
| *Clade*: | Aponyctosauria |
| Family: | Nyctosauridae
Nicholson & Lydekker, 1889 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pteranodon gracilis*
Marsh, 1876 | |
| Genera | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Grove Hill, Northern Territory

abstract: Grove Hill is a ghost town in the Northern Territory of Australia. Once a centre for mining operations, today only a hotel with a few outbuildings survive. Grove Hill is located within the Victoria Daly Region and for administrative purposes is considered to be part of the locality of Burrundie. Both the defunct North Australia Railway and the modern Adelaide–Darwin railway pass through Grove Hill.

text:
# Grove Hill, Northern Territory

**Grove Hill** is a ghost town in the Northern Territory of Australia. Once a centre for mining operations, today only a hotel with a few outbuildings survive. Grove Hill is located within the Victoria Daly Region and for administrative purposes is considered to be part of the locality of Burrundie. Both the defunct North Australia Railway and the modern Adelaide–Darwin railway pass through Grove Hill.

## History

Settlement of Grove Hill began after the discovery of gold by prospector Harry Roberts in 1872 during construction of the Overland Telegraph. A stamping battery became operational on 6 June 1887 and was used to crush stone from surrounding mines.

Grove Hill was formerly a siding on the North Australia Railway where a 2 ft gauge steam tramway some 12 miles in length was constructed in 1904 to connect the nearby Mount Ellison and Iron Blow mines met the main line, with a dual gauge section allowing main line wagons to be hauled to the private smelting works. The Iron Blow mine, located 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the siding produced gold until its abandonment in 1914. The area surrounding the mine was surveyed by the Australian Government in 1960 after reports that there remained 33,000 tons of mineral ore available for extraction.

Prior to 1935, a township and miners camp had thrived approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the railway line. As the gold rush was ending, this settlement was abandoned and a hotel constructed near the railway sidings to take advantage of new business opportunities brought by travelers passing through the area.

The remains of the settlement were further isolated in by the closure of the railway line in 1976 and was bypassed by the Stuart Highway when it was upgraded to National Highway standard between 1970 and 1992, passing 15 km (9.3 mi), with the former road alignment now forming part of the Northern Goldfields Loop tourist drive.

### Grove Hill Hotel

The Grove Hill Hotel was built in 1934 from materials scavenged from abandoned mining sites in the aftermath of the Great Depression. It remained operating as a licensed hotel until 2018 and also incorporated a heritage museum displaying historical artifacts from the local area. The hotel was renowned for birdwatching nearby. The hotel was listed in the Northern Territory Heritage Register on 2 November 1994.

The historic hotel was listed for sale by auction on 12 July 2012 with a reserve price of $760,000, attracting widespread media coverage. In November 2016, after falling to attract a serious buyer the hotel announced it would close, however it reopened a few months later in response to community support and an extension of its liquor licence. Following a decline in business and the owner's retirement, the Grove Hill Hotel closed once again in October 2018 and has not been open to the public since.

## InfoBox

| Grove Hill<br>Northern Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| Grove Hill | |
| Coordinates | 13°28′43″S 131°33′51″E / 13.478501°S 131.564138°E / -13.478501; 131.564138 |
| Established | 1872 |
| Postcode(s) | 0822 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Victoria Daly Regional Council |


title: Hamza Zakar

abstract: Hamza Zakar is a retired Tunisian football defender.

text:
# Hamza Zakar

**Hamza Zakar** (born 14 August 1986) is a retired Tunisian football defender.

## InfoBox

Hamza Zakar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1986-08-14) 14 August 1986 | | |
| Position(s) | defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2009 | CA Bizertin |  |  |
| 2009–2010 | EGS Gafsa |  |  |
| 2010–2012 | Stade Tunisien |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | Stade Gabèsien |  |  |
| 2013–2014 | LPS Tozeur |  |  |
| 2014–2017 | JS Kairouan |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Honwee Mountain

abstract: Honwee Mountain, east summit 2,313 feet (705 m) and west summit 2,280 feet (690 m), is a prominent mountain in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest. The east (highest) summit is traversed by the Honwee Circuit multi-use trail. The west summit is crossed by the 35 mi (56 km) Taconic Crest hiking trail and the 12.1 mi (19.5 km) multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The mountain is wooded with northern hardwood forest species. The east peak of Honwee mountain is located within the town of Lanesborough and the west peak in the town of Hancock. A shorter, middle summit 2,200 feet (670 m), is located between the east and west peaks, but it lacks significant prominence over the connecting ridge it occupies. A prominent spur peak called The Pinnacle, 1,710 feet (520 m), is located to the west of the main ridgeline. The Taconic Range ridgeline continues north from Honwee Mountain as Poppy Mountain, south as Berry Hill, and west across the Wyomanock Creek valley as West Hill. The southwest side of the mountain drains into Berry Pond Creek, then Wyomanock Creek, thence into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The northwest side drains into Kinderhook Creek. The east side drains into Lulu Creek and Churchill Brook, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.

text:
# Honwee Mountain

**Honwee Mountain,** east summit 2,313 feet (705 m) and west summit 2,280 feet (690 m), is a prominent mountain in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest. The east (highest) summit is traversed by the Honwee Circuit multi-use trail. The west summit is crossed by the 35 mi (56 km) Taconic Crest hiking trail and the 12.1 mi (19.5 km) multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The mountain is wooded with northern hardwood forest species.

The east peak of Honwee mountain is located within the town of Lanesborough and the west peak in the town of Hancock. A shorter, middle summit 2,200 feet (670 m), is located between the east and west peaks, but it lacks significant prominence over the connecting ridge it occupies. A prominent spur peak called **The Pinnacle,** 1,710 feet (520 m), is located to the west of the main ridgeline.

The Taconic Range ridgeline continues north from Honwee Mountain as Poppy Mountain, south as Berry Hill, and west across the Wyomanock Creek valley as West Hill. The southwest side of the mountain drains into Berry Pond Creek, then Wyomanock Creek, thence into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The northwest side drains into Kinderhook Creek. The east side drains into Lulu Creek and Churchill Brook, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.

## InfoBox

| Honwee Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,313 ft (705 m) |
| Prominence | 371 ft (113 m) |
| Coordinates | East summit 42°30′39″N 73°18′24″W / 42.51080°N 73.30657°W / 42.51080; -73.30657;<br>West summit 42°31′02″N 73°18′55″W / 42.51713°N 73.31520°W / 42.51713; -73.31520 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Berkshire County, Massachusetts |
| Parent range | Taconic Mountains |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Ordovician |
| Mountain type | Thrust fault; metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Park loop road, Lulu Trail, and Honwee Circuit Trail |


title: Landal

abstract: Landal is one of twelve civil parishes (freguesias) in the municipality of Caldas da Rainha, Portugal. The civil parish has an area of 10.21 square kilometres (3.94 sq mi) and had a population of 1,051 at the 2011 census.

text:
# Landal

**Landal** is one of twelve civil parishes (*freguesias*) in the municipality of Caldas da Rainha, Portugal. The civil parish has an area of 10.21 square kilometres (3.94 sq mi) and had a population of 1,051 at the 2011 census.

1. "Area (km²) of national territory by Geographic localization (Administrative division); Annual". Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Statistics Portugal). Retrieved 13 May 2014. (Click "Change selection conditions" to choose the parish under Portugal \> Leiria \> Caldas da Rainha.)
2. "Resident population (No.) by Place of residence and Sex; Decennial". Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Statistics Portugal). Retrieved 13 May 2014. (Click "Change selection conditions" to choose the parish under Portugal \> Continente \> Centro \> Oeste \> Caldas da Rainha.)

## InfoBox

| Landal | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| LandalLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 39°18′58″N 9°01′19″W / 39.316°N 9.022°W / 39.316; -9.022 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Oeste e Vale do Tejo |
| Intermunic. comm. | Oeste |
| District | Leiria |
| Municipality | Caldas da Rainha |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.21 km2 (3.94 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,051 |
| Density | 100/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Website | https://landal.home.sapo.pt/ (unofficial) |


title: Mike Simpson (Michigan politician)

abstract: Mike Simpson was an American businessman and politician who served as the Michigan State Representative for the 65th district from 2007 until his death in 2009. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

text:
# Mike Simpson (Michigan politician)

**Mike Simpson** (December 11, 1962  December 18, 2009) was an American businessman and politician who served as the Michigan State Representative for the 65th district from 2007 until his death in 2009. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Education

Mike Simpson received his high school diploma at Plymouth-Canton High School. After high school the Representative attended college for some time.

## Professional experience

Mike Simpson was a veteran who served in the United States Army Reserve from 19801986. After high school Simpson joined his family's business and was an entrepreneur and business owner until his death.

## Political experience

In 2006 Mike was elected state representative in Michigan's 65th house district after having run in the same district in 2004 and in US House District 7 in 2002.

## Organizations

He was a member of all five local business chambers in the 65th District; Jackson Area Chamber of Commerce, Eaton Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce, Brooklyn-Irish Hills Chamber of Commerce, Grass Lake Regional Chamber of Commerce and the Onsted Area Chamber of Commerce.

He was a member of the Brooklyn Area Kiwanis Club, the Michigan Farm Bureau, the American Legion Post 252, the National Rifle Association and the Michigan Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 70.

## House committees

At the time of his death Simpson served as a member of the House Tourism & Natural Resources Committee, the House Commerce Committee, and the House Insurance Committee. Additionally, Mike was the Majority Vice-Chairman of the House Health Policy Committee, a standing member of the National Conference of State Legislators, National Health Policy Committee, and a member of the Board of Directors for the Michigan Center for Rural Health.

## Death

Simpson had been ill with a rare blood disorder known as light-chain deposition. He died of a heart attack while returning from the Cleveland Clinic, according to House Speaker Andy Dillon, on December 18, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Mike Simpson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the 65th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 2007  December 18, 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Leslie Mortimer |
| Succeeded by | Mike Shirkey |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-12-11)December 11, 1962
Ypsilanti, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | December 18, 2009(2009-12-18) (aged 47)
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | politician |
| Website | Official House Website Blog Website
Myspace |
|  | |