title: Roman Ogaza

abstract: Roman Grzegorz Ogaza was a Polish footballer who played as a striker. His first club was Górnik Lędziny (1965–1968). He then represented Górnik Zabrze (1968–1970), Szombierki Bytom, French teams such as RC Lens (1983–1984) and Olympique Alès (1984–1986), US Forbach (1987–1991) and SG Marienau (1991) and Belgian Royal Francs Borains (1986). He clinched Polish championship with Szombierki Bytom in 1980. His debut with the Poland national team was in Port-au-Prince on 13 April 1974 against Haiti. Ogaza's last appearance with the national team was against Portugal on 23 February 1981. Ogaza played 21 matches for the Poland national team, scoring 6 goals. With many great players to choose from, Kazimierz Górski did not pick Ogaza for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany, but 2 years later, Ogaza was a member of the Poland Olympic team which brought home silver from Montreal in 1976. Ogaza died in Forbach, near Metz, in March 2006, at the age of 53.

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# Roman Ogaza

**Roman Grzegorz Ogaza** (17 November 1952 – 5 March 2006) was a Polish footballer who played as a striker.

His first club was Górnik Lędziny (1965–1968). He then represented Górnik Zabrze (1968–1970), Szombierki Bytom (1970–1975 and 1978–1983), French teams such as RC Lens (1983–1984) and Olympique Alès (1984–1986), US Forbach (1987–1991) and SG Marienau (1991) and Belgian Royal Francs Borains (1986).

He clinched Polish championship with Szombierki Bytom in 1980. His debut with the Poland national team was in Port-au-Prince on 13 April 1974 against Haiti. Ogaza's last appearance with the national team was against Portugal on 23 February 1981. Ogaza played 21 matches for the Poland national team, scoring 6 goals. With many great players to choose from, Kazimierz Górski did not pick Ogaza for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany, but 2 years later, Ogaza was a member of the Poland Olympic team which brought home silver from Montreal in 1976.

Ogaza died in Forbach, near Metz, in March 2006, at the age of 53.

## Honours

**Górnik Zabrze**

**Szombierki Bytom**

**Poland**

## InfoBox

Roman Ogaza
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Roman Grzegorz Ogaza | | |
| Date of birth | (1952-11-17)17 November 1952 | | |
| Place of birth | Katowice, Poland | | |
| Date of death | 5 March 2006(2006-03-05) (aged 53) | | |
| Place of death | Forbach, France | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1965–1968 | Górnik Lędziny |  |  |
| 1968–1970 | Górnik Zabrze |  |  |
| 1970–1975 | Szombierki Bytom |  |  |
| 1975–1978 | GKS Tychy |  |  |
| 1978–1983 | Szombierki Bytom | 114 | (46) |
| 1983–1984 | RC Lens | 63 | (15) |
| 1984–1986 | Olympique Alès | 30 | (5) |
| 1986 | Francs Borains |  |  |
| 1987–1991 | US Forbach |  |  |
| 1991 | SG Marienau |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1974–1981 | Poland | 21 | (6) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Poland  Olympic Games  1976 Montréal  Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Qullqi Q'awa

abstract: Qullqi Q'awa is a 5,207-metre-high (17,083 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Espinar Province, in the west of the Condoroma District. Qullqi Q'awa lies near the border with the Puno Region, southwest of Sawanani Lake (Saguanani) and southeast of Chuqi Pirwa.

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# Qullqi Q'awa

**Qullqi Q'awa** (Aymara *qullqi* silver, *q'awa* little river, ditch, crevice, fissure, gap in the earth, "silver brook" or "silver ravine", Hispanicized spelling *Colqueccahua*) is a 5,207-metre-high (17,083 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Espinar Province, in the west of the Condoroma District. Qullqi Q'awa lies near the border with the Puno Region, southwest of Sawanani Lake *(Saguanani)* and southeast of Chuqi Pirwa.

## InfoBox

| Qullqi Q'awa | |
| --- | --- |
| Qullqi Q'awaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,207 m (17,083 ft) |
| Coordinates | 15°18′24″S 70°57′55″W / 15.30667°S 70.96528°W / -15.30667; -70.96528 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Cusco Region, Espinar Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Fred Moore (Australian footballer)

abstract: Frederick John Moore was an Australian rules football player at the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He became a premiership player at Fitroy, playing in the 1916 VFL Grand Final, under the captaincy of Wally Johnson, with George Holden as coach. Moore made his debut against Richmond in Round 8 of the 1916 VFL season, at the Punt Road Oval. In 1920 Moore began playing for Brunswick Football Club in the VFA and in 1922 he played a then record fifty consecutive games for the club.

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# Fred Moore (Australian footballer)

**Frederick John Moore** (25 June 1890 – 7 October 1971) was an Australian rules football player at the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He became a premiership player at Fitroy, playing in the 1916 VFL Grand Final, under the captaincy of Wally Johnson, with George Holden as coach. Moore made his debut against Richmond in Round 8 of the 1916 VFL season, at the Punt Road Oval.

In 1920 Moore began playing for Brunswick Football Club in the VFA and in 1922 he played a then record fifty consecutive games for the club.

## InfoBox

| Fred Moore | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fred Moore in Brunswick uniform, 1922. | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Frederick John Moore | | |
| Date of birth | (1890-06-25)25 June 1890 | | |
| Place of birth | Williamstown, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 7 October 1971(1971-10-07) (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Frankston, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Northcote | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1913–1914 | Northcote (VFA) | 30 (12) |
| 1916–1919 | Fitzroy | 48 (29) |
| 1920–1923 | Brunswick (VFA) | 70 (42) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1919. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: WRKF

abstract: WRKF is a non-commercial public FM radio station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is owned and operated by Public Radio, Inc., with studios and offices on Valley Creek Drive in Baton Rouge. WRKF is listener-supported, with periodic on-air fundraisers. WRKF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 28,000 watts. The transmitter is off River Road in Baton Rouge, near the Mississippi River. WRKF broadcasts using HD Radio technology. It airs classical music from Classical 24 on its HD-2 digital subchannel.

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# WRKF

**WRKF** (89.3 MHz) is a non-commercial public FM radio station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is owned and operated by Public Radio, Inc., with studios and offices on Valley Creek Drive in Baton Rouge. WRKF is listener-supported, with periodic on-air fundraisers.

WRKF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 28,000 watts. The transmitter is off River Road in Baton Rouge, near the Mississippi River. WRKF broadcasts using HD Radio technology. It airs classical music from Classical 24 on its HD-2 digital subchannel.

## Programming

WRKF is a member of National Public Radio. It carries NPR and other public radio news and information shows around the clock except for a few musical programs on Saturday and Sunday evenings. Weekdays, it produces two local shows, *Talk Louisiana* with Jim Engster, an interview and call-in show, airing at 9 a.m. and repeated at 9 p.m. weekdays. There's also a half hour news magazine shared with WWNO New Orleans, *Louisiana Things Considered* heard at noon and 7:30 p.m. Local news updates are scheduled each hour. NPR shows heard on WRKF weekdays include *Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air with Terry Gross, 1A* and *Marketplace*.

Weekends feature one-hour specialty shows including *Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me!, This American Life, TED Radio Hour, Hidden Brain, On The Media, Milk Street Radio, The Moth Radio Hour, Radio Lab* and a local food show, *Louisiana Eats!* Music shows on weekend evenings include *American Routes, Center Stage* and a local Cajun and Americana music show, *Hootenany Power*. Overnight, WRKF carries the BBC World Service.

## History

WRKF signed on the air on January 18, 1980. It initially was a community-based public radio station. The schedule included classical, jazz, folk music, blues, big bands and adult standards, along with some NPR news shows. The studios were in a temporary building at the transmitter site on Frenchtown Road.

In 1986, the station moved to studios on Valley Creek Drive in the city. By the 1990s, most music shows had been eliminated, leaving a largely news and information schedule of programs.

## InfoBox

WRKF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Baton Rouge metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 89.3 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | *WRKF 89.3* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Public radio \- News, Talk, Information |
| Subchannels | HD2: Classical music |
| Affiliations | National Public Radio (NPR)
Public Radio Exchange (PRX)
BBC World Service |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Public Radio Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | January 18, 1980 (1980-01-18) |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 53834 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 28,000 watts |
| HAAT | 285 meters (935 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 30°22′22.00″N 91°12′16.00″W / 30.3727778°N 91.2044444°W / 30.3727778; -91.2044444 |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | WRKF.org |


title: Philippe Roncoli

abstract: Philippe Roncoli is a French former competitive figure skater. He is the 1983 World Junior silver medalist, 1986 NHK Trophy bronze medalist, and 1987 French national champion. Roncoli placed seventh at the 1987 European Championships in Sarajevo and 18th at the 1987 World Championships in Cincinnati. He was coached by Alain Giletti in Chamonix.

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# Philippe Roncoli

**Philippe Roncoli** is a French former competitive figure skater. He is the 1983 World Junior silver medalist, 1986 NHK Trophy bronze medalist, and 1987 French national champion. Roncoli placed seventh at the 1987 European Championships in Sarajevo and 18th at the 1987 World Championships in Cincinnati. He was coached by Alain Giletti in Chamonix.

## Competitive highlights

| International | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 80–81 | 81–82 | 82–83 | 83–84 | 84–85 | 85–86 | 86–87 | 87–88 |
| Worlds |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18th |  |
| Europeans |  |  |  |  |  | 11th | 7th |  |
| NHK Trophy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3rd |  |
| Skate America |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10th |  |
| Golden Spin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2nd |  |
| Prague Skate |  |  |  | 5th |  | 3rd |  |  |
| St. Gervais |  |  |  |  |  | 3rd |  |  |
| International: Junior | | | | | | | | |
| Junior Worlds | 14th | 8th | 2nd |  |  |  |  |  |
| National | | | | | | | | |
| French Champ. |  |  |  |  | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | WD |
| WD = Withdrew | | | | | | | | |

* French Wikipedia

## InfoBox

| Philippe Roncoli | |
| --- | --- |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | France |
| Retired | 1988 |
| Medal record      Figure skating: Men's singles  Representing  France  World Junior Championships  1983 Sarajevo Men's singles | |


title: Weave Me the Sunshine

abstract: "Weave Me the Sunshine" is a song written by Peter Yarrow, and was first released by Peter Yarrow in 1972. It was later covered by American singer Perry Como, whose 1974 Victor Records release peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. The song was also covered by Peter, Paul and Mary and released on their 1986 album No Easy Walk to Freedom.

text:
# Weave Me the Sunshine

"Weave Me the Sunshine" is a song written by Peter Yarrow, and was first released by Peter Yarrow in 1972. It was later covered by American singer Perry Como, whose 1974 Victor Records release peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. The song was also covered by Peter, Paul and Mary and released on their 1986 album *No Easy Walk to Freedom*.

## InfoBox

| "Weave Me the Sunshine" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Perry Como | |
| from the album  *Perry* | |
| B-side | "I Don't Know What He Told You" |
| Released | 1974 |
| Genre | Adult contemporary |
| Length | 2:42 |
| Label | Victor Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Peter Yarrow |


title: Hamara Ghar (1964 film)

abstract: Hamara Ghar is a 1964 Hindi social drama film directed by K. A. Abbas for his "Naya Sansar" banner. The cinematographer was Ramchandra, and the story was written by K. A. Abbas. The music director was J. P. Kaushik with lyrics written by Ali Sardar Jafri and Iqbal. The cast included Surekha, Dilip Raj, Yasmin Khan, Rekha Rao, Sonal Mehta, Nana Palsikar The film focused on national integration by showcasing a group of children from different backgrounds, marooned on a deserted island. The film won awards at the various film festivals in US, Spain and Czechoslovakia.

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# Hamara Ghar (1964 film)

***Hamara Ghar*** (Our House) is a 1964 Hindi social drama film directed by K. A. Abbas for his "Naya Sansar" banner. The cinematographer was Ramchandra, and the story was written by K. A. Abbas. The music director was J. P. Kaushik with lyrics written by Ali Sardar Jafri and Iqbal. The cast included Surekha, Dilip Raj, Yasmin Khan, Rekha Rao, Sonal Mehta, Nana Palsikar

The film focused on national integration by showcasing a group of children from different backgrounds, marooned on a deserted island. The film won awards at the various film festivals in US, Spain and Czechoslovakia.

## Plot

Children from different social backgrounds and ethnicity are travelling on a steamer bound for Goa. When they are marooned on a deserted island, they get together and build a shelter called Hamara Ghar (Our House). Several incidents take place like a near-drowning, discovery of hidden treasure, different factions in the group, which are all dealt with in a spirit of togetherness. However, despondency soon settles in, and they wait to be rescued. Finally a search helicopter finds them and they leave the island, with their shelter, Hamar Ghar, still standing.

## Cast

* Surekha
* Dileep Raj son P. Jairaj
* Sunil Kaushik son of the Music Director J.P. Kaushik
* Yasmin Khan
* Rekha Rao
* Sonal Mehta
* Nana Palsikar
* Lalita

## Awards

The film won three awards at International Film Festivals, which included Santa Barbara (US), Gijon (Spain), as well as the Jury's Special Prize at the Festival of Children's Films at Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia.

## Soundtrack

With the exception of "Saare Jahan Se Achha Hindustan Hamara", which was written by Iqbal, the lyricist was Ali Sardar Jafri for the rest of the songs. The music was composed by J.P. Kaushik with the playback singing given by Mahendra Kapoor and Vijaya Majumdar.

### Songs

| # | Title | Singer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Usha Jagamag Jagmag" | Mahendra Kapoor |
| 2 | "Yeh Kaahe Ki Soch Hai Tujhko" | Mahendra Kapoor |
| 3 | "Saare Jahan Se Achha Hindostaan Hamara" | Vijaya Majumdar |
| 4 | "Aao Babu Dhotiwalo" | Vijaya Majumdar |
| 5 | "Raja Ji Pachhatayenge Royenge Aur Gayenge" | Vijaya Majumdar |
| 6 | "Chale Hawa Purwai Usha Jagmag Jagmag Aai" | Vijaya Majumdar |

## InfoBox

| Hamara Ghar | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | K. A. Abbas |
| Written by | K. A. Abbas |
| Produced by | K. A. Abbas |
| Starring | Dilip Raj
Surekha
Nana Palsikar |
| Cinematography | Ramchandra |
| Music by | J. P. Kaushik |
| Production
company | Naya Sansar |
| Release date | * 1964 (1964) |
| Running time | 152 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Montauk Steamboat Company

abstract: The Montauk Steamboat Company, Ltd. was located at Pier 13, East River, New York City, US. It was established in 1853. It operated steamboats between New York City and the eastern end of Long Island. The boats ran along the north shore of Long Island. There were also steamboats to Block Island, Rhode Island where connections were made with Providence and Newport. Henry Francis Cook was its president; David Van Cleaf was its superintendent. The company was sold to the Long Island Rail Road Company in 1899 after a deal was struck with Joseph Fahys & Co. who held the majority stock in the steamboat company. The company office was later moved to Long Island City, Queens, New York.

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# Montauk Steamboat Company

The **Montauk Steamboat Company, Ltd.** was located at Pier 13, East River, New York City, US. It was established in 1853. It operated steamboats between New York City and the eastern end of Long Island. The boats ran along the north shore of Long Island. There were also steamboats to Block Island, Rhode Island where connections were made with Providence and Newport. Henry Francis Cook was its president; David Van Cleaf was its superintendent. The company was sold to the Long Island Rail Road Company in 1899 after a deal was struck with Joseph Fahys & Co. who held the majority stock in the steamboat company. The company office was later moved to Long Island City, Queens, New York.


title: Indian Immunologicals Limited

abstract: Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) is a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board. It is based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. IIL is registered in India as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956, It was established in 1982 by the National Dairy Development Board. It is noted for developing veterinary and human vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, rabies, bacterial vaccines, canine vaccines, hepatitis, measles, MMR and DPT. IIL is a major supplier of DPT, TT and hepatitis B vaccines to India's large Universal Immunization Programme. IIL has three vaccine manufacturing facilities in India. The Gachibowli-Hyderabad facility is engaged in the production of vaccines, while the Karakapatla-Hyderabad facility produces animal health formulations and human vaccines. IIL's facility in Ooty exclusively produces human anti-rabies vaccine, "Abhayrab". Pristine Biologicals Ltd is IIL's subsidiary in New Zealand and is involved in the production of serum used in the manufacture of vaccines. Indian Immunologicals, IIL, on 25 November 2023 launched the measles and rubella vaccine 'Mabella' for children. A live-attenuated MR vaccine developed in partnership with Polyvac Institute of Vietnam was launched as part of the 25th celebrations of the IIL division Human Biologicals Institute (HBI) in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Indian Immunologicals Limited

**Indian Immunologicals Limited** (**IIL**) is a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board. It is based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. IIL is registered in India as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 (Ministry of Corporate Affairs – MCA Services), It was established in 1982 by the National Dairy Development Board.

It is noted for developing veterinary and human vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, rabies, bacterial vaccines, canine vaccines, hepatitis, measles, MMR and DPT.

IIL is a major supplier of DPT, TT and hepatitis B vaccines to India's large Universal Immunization Programme. IIL has three vaccine manufacturing facilities in India. The Gachibowli-Hyderabad facility is engaged in the production of vaccines, while the Karakapatla-Hyderabad facility produces animal health formulations and human vaccines. IIL's facility in Ooty exclusively produces human anti-rabies vaccine, "Abhayrab". Pristine Biologicals Ltd is IIL's subsidiary in New Zealand and is involved in the production of serum used in the manufacture of vaccines. Indian Immunologicals, IIL, on 25 November 2023 launched the measles and rubella vaccine 'Mabella' for children. A live-attenuated MR vaccine developed in partnership with Polyvac Institute of Vietnam was launched as part of the 25th celebrations of the IIL division Human Biologicals Institute (HBI) in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu.

## Animal Health

IIL manufactures animal health vaccines and formulations. IIL is the third largest animal health player in the Indian market and the market leader in veterinary biologicals in India. IIL operates one plant that is WHO-GMP and ISO-9001, 14001, 18001 and 27001 certified. IIL also introduced the world's first vaccine against Porcine Cysticercosis –Cysvax. IIL is the only producer of companion animal vaccines in India.

## Human Health

IIL operates a manufacturing facility in Ooty to manufacture the Vero cell culture rabies vaccine for use in human beings. This plant was set up in 1998 at the specific request of the Government of India in order to phase out use of the older and unsafe sheep brain vaccine (also termed nerve tissue vaccine – NTV) with the modern tissue culture vaccine.

The plant, which commenced commercial production in phases from September 2006, meets a large part of the requirements of the Universal Immunization Programme of the Ministry of Health, Govt of India.

## Human Biologicals Institute

IIL established Human Biologicals Institute (HBI) in 1999 to manufacture modern Tissue Culture Anti Rabies Vaccine (TCARV) for human use at Ooty, Tamil Nadu.

## International Business

IIL exports its products to more than 50 countries across the world with a customer focus in Middle East, Asia, Africa, CISR countries and expanding in Central and Latin America.

## Coronavirus Vaccine Development

Immunologicals Limited (IIL) is developing a vaccine for coronavirus in a cross-continental collaboration. It is leading the cross-continental research collaboration in association with the Griffith University of Australia to develop 'live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine or COVID-19 vaccine' using the latest codon de-optimization technology.

## InfoBox

Indian Immunologicals Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary of National Dairy Development Board |
| Industry | Biotechnology |
| Headquarters | Hyderabad, India |
| Key people | Dr. K. Anand Kumar<br>(Managing Director) |
| Website | www.indimmune.com |


title: Tyrolese Interior

abstract: Tyrolese Interior is a 1915 painting by John Singer Sargent. It is part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It was probably painted in Sankt Lorenzen in the Tyrol in an old castle converted to a farmhouse. It depicts a peasant family at their midday meal against a background filled with religious objects. The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 770.

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# Tyrolese Interior

***Tyrolese Interior*** is a 1915 painting by John Singer Sargent. It is part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

It was probably painted in Sankt Lorenzen in the Tyrol in an old castle converted to a farmhouse. It depicts a peasant family at their midday meal against a background filled with religious objects.

The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 770.

## InfoBox

| Tyrolese Interior | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | John Singer Sargent |
| Year | 1914 |
| Medium | Oil on Canvas |
| Dimensions | 71.4 cm × 56 cm (28.1 in × 22 in) |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City |
| Accession | 15.142.1 |


title: Roman Odzierzyński

abstract: Roman Władysław Odzierzyński was a Polish politician. He was the 35th Prime Minister of Poland, and 5th prime minister in the Polish Government in Exile from 1950 until 1953. Following the Invasion of Poland, he fled with the army through Romania to France. He served as an artillery commander with the Polish Army in the East and the Polish II Corps, rising to the rank of brigadier general.

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# Roman Odzierzyński

**Roman Władysław Odzierzyński** (28 February 1892, Lviv – 9 July 1975, London) was a Polish politician. He was the 35th Prime Minister of Poland, and 5th prime minister in the Polish Government in Exile from 1950 until 1953.

Following the Invasion of Poland, he fled with the army through Romania to France. He served as an artillery commander with the Polish Army in the East and the Polish II Corps, rising to the rank of brigadier general.

## Reference


title: Karl Dürrge

abstract: Karl Dürrge was a Prussian intersex man, who had been designated on birth documents as female. After discovering the presence of ambiguous external genitalia, Dürrge assumed a male identity and made a living as a medical specimen. Dürrge's life provides insight into the way that persons with intersex variations were treated under the Prussian Code, which allowed such individuals to choose either male or female sex when they came of age. Together with reports of other intersex persons, who allowed their bodies to be used for medical research, Dürrge's case led to the establishment of guidelines for determining sex. Carrying their medical records with them, these intersex individuals helped develop the exchange of medical knowledge between physicians, leading to the application of serial analysis over time to the medical field.

text:
# Karl Dürrge

**Karl Dürrge** (also known as **Maria Dorothea Derrier**: 1780–1835) was a Prussian intersex man, who had been designated on birth documents as female. After discovering the presence of ambiguous external genitalia, Dürrge assumed a male identity and made a living as a medical specimen. Dürrge's life provides insight into the way that persons with intersex variations were treated under the Prussian Code, which allowed such individuals to choose either male or female sex when they came of age. Together with reports of other intersex persons, who allowed their bodies to be used for medical research, Dürrge's case led to the establishment of guidelines for determining sex. Carrying their medical records with them, these intersex individuals helped develop the exchange of medical knowledge between physicians, leading to the application of serial analysis over time to the medical field.

## Early life

Dürrge was born in 1780 to a silk worker in Potsdam, which at the time was located in Prussia. In 1801, he was admitted to Charité hospital in Berlin, suffering from a skin condition, possibly scabies. When hospital staff bathed Dürrge, it was discovered that Dürrge's genitalia were atypical. The eminent physician and one-time doctor to Goethe, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, made an examination of the patient. Though he noted a phallus-like structure, when Dürrge informed him he had intermittent menstrual cycles, Hufeland concluded the patient was female and that the phallus was an oversized clitoris. He based this diagnosis on the evidence that there was no opening on the tip of the penis and the urethra was located at its base surrounded by the *labia majora*. Dürrge's case became a sensational story, resulting in the most-noted physicians of the day not only examining him, but writing extensive reports on his genital morphology.

## Controversy

### Background

Aristotle postulated that only one sex existed, as women were just "lesser men". Early medical practitioners saw hermaphrodites as a sign of divine power and an illustration of the divine order of the universe. In the 17th and 18th centuries, as science based on empirical evidence and clinical practice challenged medical teachings based on philosophy, a binary sex model emerged. By the 19th century, the idea that the differences in men and women were proven by their different bodies was firmly established. For people with indeterminate biological sex, examination typically resulted in physicians assigning (or reassigning) the category of male or female to intersex people and at times performing "corrective" surgical treatment. Their observation was limited to the testimony of the patient and what was visible on the external body, or what could be determined by feel or through an examination under a microscope. Physicians held to the binary definitions of sex, believing that a "true hermaphrodite" would be able to perform as either sex and procreate. Many believed that "true hermaphroditism" could not exist in humans. In an effort to discover Dürrge's true sex, several physicians examined him, each arriving at different conclusions.

Christian Ludwig Mursinna, chief of surgery at the Charité hospital's medical school, examined Dürrge and designated him as female based upon the lack of testicles, but noted the characteristics of both sexes. F. F. Monorchis, (which may have been a pseudonym), a pamphleteer, also examined Dürrge at Charité hospital and pronounced that though both male and female characteristics were visible, the fact that Dürrge was unable to sexually perform as either sex and was likely infertile, meant the patient was not a hermaphrodite, but a misshaped woman. Dürrge was next examined by Johann Christian Stark, a professor from the medical faculty at the University of Jena. Answering Stark's questions, Dürrge advised that his bleeding did not emerge from the vagina, but rather as a discharge from the urethra, following an injury. After manipulating Dürrge's phallus to erection, taking account of his testimony that he had experienced ejaculation and erections during sleep, and that he was exclusively sexually attracted to women, Stark concluded Dürrge was masculine.

In 1803, Stark's findings were validated by his colleague at the University of Jena, Franz Heinrich Martens. Privy Councilor, Dr. Johann Friedrich Fritze, who was a member of the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum, and Surgeon-General Gericke, both from Berlin, counseled Dürrge to wear men's clothing. Gaining physicians' endorsement to live as a man placed intersex people at a legal advantage over women, as it bestowed "all civil rights, freedoms, and responsibilities of the male sex" upon them. Under the provisions of the General State Laws for the Prussian States, passed in 1794, women were subordinate to their husbands and expected to work in the home performing the duties of a wife and mother. Married women, though they no longer had to obey their husbands, had no control over their legal affairs, assets, or property, and husbands could determine if a wife could obtain employment outside the home. Single women or widows could work only in professions prescribed for their social class. Articles 19-24 of the same laws enabled hermaphrodites to choose to live as either male or female from the age of majority.

In line with other intersex people of the period who had been recognized as men, Dürrge began traveling in men's attire, using the name Karl Dürrge from around 1807.

## Career

Dürrge and other intersex persons of the period, such as Katharina/Karl Hohmann, became traveling medical specimens, exchanging permission to examine their bodies for food and lodging, or money. Out of these examinations, sexing standards, based on the presence of gonads, were established. Traveling intersex specimens also contributed to scientific exchanges between researchers, as they carried their "portfolio" of diagnostic statements with them. Reconstructing Dürrge's travels from the medical reports made, he left Berlin in 1801 and traveled to Jena. In 1802, he moved on to Leipzig, where he was examined by physician and privatdozent, Franz Heinrich Martens. Martens compiled the varying reports which had been created by other physicians and came to the conclusion that the reason they were so different was a result in part of the patient's testimony. Stephanie Sera, a researcher at the University of Duisburg-Essen, points out that physicians did not take into account their own gender baises, which might have been influenced by female attire, a high-pitched voice, and shyness; or male attire and physical characteristics, such as facial hair and male breasts.

In 1803, Dürrge was in Fulda and Prague, where Johann Feiler, a physician and professor of obstetrics and pathology at Ludwig Maximilian University, announced that Dürrge was offering to be examined by medical students or staff from the University of Prague. After remaining for some time, in 1807 he went to Landshut and began using the name Karl Dürrge. He was examined by Johann Anton Schmidtmüller, a professor of gynaecology at the Ludwig Maximilian University, explaining that a conclusive medical report was required for a judicial investigation to change his gender marker in official records. In 1809, Dürrge was in Ludwigsburg; and then went to Prague, where he was examined by C. W. Kahlert, district doctor for the police; before moving to Legnica in 1811. In 1816, he returned from Poland to Germany and the following year made a tour that began in Paris, went to London and the Netherlands, and ended in Göttingen.

By 1817, Dürrge was selling molds of his genitalia made from colored wax to earn money. That year he underwent an examination by Georg Steglehner, a prosector in Bamberg, who reported a cystic uterus. In 1820, he met again with Feiler, who compared one of Dürrge's molds to Dürrge's actual body, once again pronouncing him a male. The report by Feiler marked the end of Dürrge's career as a traveling medical specimen. He gained employment in 1820 at the University of Bonn and returned to using the surname Derrier. He worked as a wax artist and oversaw the anatomical specimens collection for Franz Mayer, a professor of anatomy. Mayer created presentations and lectures which discussed Dürrge's hermaphroditism.

## Death and legacy

Dürrge died in 1835 in Mainz of a stroke. He was autopsied meticulously by Mayer, who first scrutinized Dürrge's portfolio of diagnoses, finding unpublished reports of examinations by Franz Joseph Gall and Friedrich Benjamin Osiander. After providing a synopsis of the various reports, Mayer described in detail his examination of Dürrge from his feet to his head and from his external to internal appearance. Describing and measuring each external feature, and then each bone and organ, he reported finding a penis, prostate, and an atrophied testicle, as well as fallopian tubes, a uterus, vagina and an ovarian-like body near the left fallopian tube. Mayer described the possible ovary as having a texture more similar to an ovary than to a testicle and stated that the structure, which was covered by the peritoneum, "consisted only of granulations and lumps of fat". Mayer's final diagnosis confirmed Dürrge's hermaphroditism, concluding that there were stronger female characteristics.

Dürrge's life is illustrative of how persons presumed to be one sex at birth but later found to have atypical genital morphology had some autonomy through legal codes which allowed them to choose their sex, including what would have been greater rights as men. Observation of Dürrge and other intersex people who traveled allowed an emergence of comparative serial analysis, which had previously not occurred in medicine. Historian Maxilimilian Schochow has called Dürrge a pivotal figure in the changing medical field of the 19th century, which was just beginning to use new techniques to evaluate interrelated parts of the body. By precisely documenting the examination procedures and providing graphic visual representations, physicians attempted to explain the case and importance of their specialized skills, realizing that errors would call their competence into question.

### Citations

1. "Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten (01.06.1794), Erster Theil - section 20". *Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten*. 1 June 1794.
2. Johnson 2005, p. 236.
3. Neugebauer 1908, p. 314.
4. Weitenweber 1838, p. 349.
5. Sera 2019, p. 58.
6. Johnson 2005, pp. 236–237.
7. Taruffi & Teuscher 1903, p. 24.
8. Lehleiter 2014, p. 130.
9. Lehleiter 2014, pp. 127–128.
10. Lehleiter 2014, p. 131.
11. Sera 2019, p. 52.
12. Sera 2019, p. 61.
13. Sera 2019, p. 51.
14. Johnson 2005, p. 247.
15. Johnson 2005, p. 237.
16. Sera 2019, p. 59.
17. Johnson 2005, pp. 247, 250.
18. Stephanson & Wagner 2015, p. 150.
19. Johnson 2005, p. 248.
20. Johnson 2005, pp. 237–238.
21. Hess 2011, p. 115.
22. Johnson 2005, p. 238.
23. Sagarra 2009, p. 410.
24. Wunder 2016, p. 88.
25. Sagarra 2009, p. 418.
26. Neugebauer 1908, p. 340.
27. Neugebauer 1908, p. 220.
28. Neugebauer 1908, p. 181.
29. Weitenweber 1838, p. 346.
30. Neugebauer 1908, pp. 181, 220.
31. Osiander 1819, p. 320.
32. Johnson 2005, pp. 238, 251.
33. Sera 2019, p. 53.
34. Sera 2019, p. 63.
35. Sera 2019, p. 54.
36. Weitenweber 1838, p. 347.
37. Sera 2019, pp. 62–63.
38. Sera 2019, p. 65.
39. Körner 2005, p. 497.
40. Röschlaub 1809, p. title.
41. Sera 2019, p. 64.
42. Ehrhart 1838, p. 220.
43. Osiander 1819, p. 321.
44. Feiler 1820, p. 86.
45. Sera 2019, p. 66.
46. Sera 2019, p. 67.
47. Johnson 2005, p. 235.
48. Sera 2019, p. 57.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Karl Dürrge | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1780 (1780)
Potsdam, Prussia |
| Died | 1835 (aged 5455)
Mainz, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Confederation |
| Nationality | German |
| Other names | Maria Dorothea Derrier, Carl Derrier, Carl D’urrgé, Karl Derge, Karl Dörrge, Karl Duerrge |
| Occupation | human research subject |
| Years active | 1801–1835 |


title: Fred Montague, 1st Baron Amwell

abstract: Frederick Montague, 1st Baron Amwell, CBE was a British Labour Party politician. Amwell was the son of John Montague and Mary Ann Manderson. His birth was registered in Holborn, Middlesex in the fourth quarter of 1876. He worked as a newsboy and as a shop assistant and later became a copywriter and political agent. He served in the First World War, achieving the rank of Lieutenant in the 1st Battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment. After the war he was an Alderman of the Islington Council between 1919 and 1925. In 1923 Amwell was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington West, a seat he held until 1931 and again from 1935 to 1947, and served under Ramsay MacDonald as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1927 to 1931. He did not serve in the National Government but held office in Winston Churchill's war coalition as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport from 1940 to 1941 and to the Ministry of Aircraft Production from 1941 to 1942. He was made a CBE in 1946 and in 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Amwell, of Islington in the County of London. Lord Amwell married Constance Mary, daughter of James Craig, in 1911. They had one son and two daughters. Lady Amwell died in 1964. Amwell survived her by two years and died in October 1966, aged 90. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son Frederick. Montague was a keen magician and served as a vice-president of London's Magicians' Club. He wrote Westminster Wizardry, a book on magic tricks.

text:
# Fred Montague, 1st Baron Amwell

**Frederick Montague, 1st Baron Amwell**, CBE (8 October 1876 – 15 October 1966) was a British Labour Party politician.

Amwell was the son of John Montague and Mary Ann Manderson. His birth was registered in Holborn, Middlesex in the fourth quarter of 1876. He worked as a newsboy and as a shop assistant and later became a copywriter and political agent. He served in the First World War, achieving the rank of Lieutenant in the 1st Battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment. After the war he was an Alderman of the Islington Council between 1919 and 1925. In 1923 Amwell was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington West, a seat he held until 1931 and again from 1935 to 1947, and served under Ramsay MacDonald as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1927 to 1931. He did not serve in the National Government but held office in Winston Churchill's war coalition as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport from 1940 to 1941 and to the Ministry of Aircraft Production from 1941 to 1942. He was made a CBE in 1946 and in 1947 he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Amwell**, of Islington in the County of London.

Lord Amwell married Constance Mary, daughter of James Craig, in 1911. They had one son and two daughters. Lady Amwell died in 1964. Amwell survived her by two years and died in October 1966, aged 90. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son Frederick.

Montague was a keen magician and served as a vice-president of London's Magicians' Club. He wrote Westminster Wizardry, a book on magic tricks.

## InfoBox

| Fred Montague, 1st Baron Amwell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1876-10-08)8 October 1876 |
| Died | 15 October 1966(1966-10-15) (aged 90) |


title: Gypsochares kukti

abstract: Gypsochares kukti is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that is found in India (Himalayas). The wingspan is about 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The ground colour of all wings is coffee brown.

text:
# Gypsochares kukti

***Gypsochares kukti*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that is found in India (Himalayas).

The wingspan is about 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The ground colour of all wings is coffee brown.

## InfoBox

| *Gypsochares kukti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Gypsochares* |
| Species: | ***G. kukti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gypsochares kukti***<br>Arenberger, 1989 | |
|


title: Philippine one-peso note

abstract: The Philippine one-peso note (₱1) was a denomination of Philippine currency. On its final release, José Rizal was featured on the front side of the bill, while the Declaration of the Philippine Independence was featured on the reverse side. This banknote was circulated until the Central Bank stopped printing this currency in 1973. It was replaced by coins upon the introduction of the Ang Bagong Lipunan series.

text:
# Philippine one-peso note

The **Philippine one-peso note** (₱1) was a denomination of Philippine currency. On its final release, José Rizal was featured on the front side of the bill, while the Declaration of the Philippine Independence was featured on the reverse side.

This banknote was circulated until the Central Bank stopped printing this currency in 1973. It was replaced by coins upon the introduction of the *Ang Bagong Lipunan* series.

## History

### Pre-independence

|  | Series of 1918 | Series of 1924 | Series of 1929 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Obverse and Reverse |  |  |  |

* 1944: *Philippine commonwealth issues treasury certificates* 1 peso bill word "VICTORY" at BACK
* 1943: Japanese government 1 peso bill.
* 1949: *Philippine issued treasury certificates* Victory Series Central Bank of the Philippines whoever now all today. "VICTORY, CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES" at back

### Version history

|  | Philippines
(1936-1941) | Victory Series No. 66
(1944) | Victory-CBP Banknote Series
(1949) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Obverse |  |  |  |
| Reverse |  |  |  |

### Independence

* 1951: *English series*, Features the portrait of Apolinario Mabini, a political philosopher and revolutionary who wrote a constitutional plan for the first Philippine republic of 1899–1901, and served as its first prime minister in 1899. The reverse features the Barasoain Church, where the drafting of the Malolos Constitution and the inauguration of the First Philippine republic took place. The design elements of this bill will be later adopted for the ten peso bill upon the launch of the *Pilipino series* notes in 1969.
* 1969: *Pilipino series*, José Rizal replaced the portrait of Mabini. The note is now predominantly blue in color. On the reverse, it now features the Declaration of the Philippine Independence.
* 1973: The one peso bill was not included when the *Ang Bagong Lipunan* series was introduced. The banknote was later demonetized together with the English Series and the other Pilipino Series banknotes on February 28, 1974, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 378.

### Version history

|  | English Series
(1949–1969) | Pilipino Series
(1969–1974) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Obverse |  |  |
| Reverse |  |  |

## Printing years

| Banknote series | Year | President of the Philippines | BSP Governor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| English Series | 1951–1953 | Elpidio Quirino | Miguel Cuaderno Sr. |
| | 1953–1957 | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| | 1957–1960 | Carlos P. Garcia | |
| | | 1961 | Andres V. Castillo |
| | | 1961–1965 | Diosdado P. Macapagal |
| | 1970 | Ferdinand E. Marcos | Gregorio S. Licaros |
| Pilipino Series | | 1969–1970 | Alfonso Calalang |
| | | 1970–1973 | Gregorio S. Licaros |
|

## InfoBox

One peso
| (Philippines) | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | 1 peso |
| Width | 160 mm |
| Height | 66 mm |
| Security features | Security fibers, Watermark, Security thread |
| Material used | 90% cotton
10% linen |
| Years of printing | 1918–1973 |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | José Rizal |
| Design date | 1969 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Declaration of Philippine independence |
| Design date | 1969 |


title: Wayne Lee

abstract: Wayne Lee is a former Canadian football slotback who played five seasons for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was originally signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders as an undrafted free agent in 1982 but did not play.

text:
# Wayne Lee

**Wayne Lee** (born October 20, 1959) is a former Canadian football slotback who played five seasons for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was originally signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders as an undrafted free agent in 1982 but did not play.

## Early life and education

Lee was born on October 20, 1959, in Toronto. He went to Pleasant Corners Public School for a year, Vancleek Hill Collegiate Institute for a few years, and Glengarry High School before going to college. He went to two colleges, University of New Brunswick and University of Ottawa. He spent 1979 to 1980 with New Brunswick, and 1981 to 1982 with Ottawa, playing for their football team, the Ottawa Gee-Gees.

## Professional career

Lee was originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1982, but did not play. In 1983, he signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He would play five seasons with them, mainly as a backup wide receiver and punt returner. In his first season with the team, 1983, he made 14 appearances but only made one catch. He played in 16 games the next year and had 7 catches for 95 yards. His long catch was 19 yards. He played in 16 games again in 1985, and was given the role of returner. Offensively he had 24 catches for 245 yards, and on special teams he had 10 punt returns for 117 yards. He also had 4 kick returns for 81 yards. In 1986, he became a starting receiver, playing in all 18 games, and had 46 catches for 564 yards. He also had his only two touchdowns in this season. He also had 40 punt returns for 351 yards and 4 kick returns for 63 yards. His longest punt return was 76 yards. The Tiger-Cats won the 74th Grey Cup this season. In his final season he was injured and only played in 9 games. He returned to the backup position, with only 6 catches for 74 yards. He kept his role of punt returner with 34 returns for 172 yards. He finished his career with 84 catches for 990 yards and 2 touchdowns. He played in a total of 73 games in his career.

## Later life

Shortly after his professional career, he was coach of the Canadian Junior Football League (CJFL) team the Hamilton Hurricanes. He led them to an undefeated season in 1990. He later taught gym class at Vankleek Hill Collegiate Institute.

## InfoBox

Wayne Lee
| No. 17 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1959-10-20) October 20, 1959<br>Toronto, Canada |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | Slotback |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) |
| Weight | 195 lb (88 kg) |
| College | New Brunswick, Ottawa |
| High school | Glengarry High School |
| Career history | |
| As coach | |
| 1988–? | Hamilton Hurricanes |
| As player | |
| 1982 | Ottawa Rough Riders |
| 1983–1987 | Hamilton Tiger-Cats |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Hamara Youth Access Point

abstract: The Hamara Youth Access Point (Hyap) is a drop-in centre for teens in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, operated by the Hamara Healthy Living Centre, an Islamic charity partly funded by the UK government. The drop-in centre was frequented by several of the suspects in the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

text:
# Hamara Youth Access Point

The **Hamara Youth Access Point** (**Hyap**) is a drop-in centre for teens in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, operated by the Hamara Healthy Living Centre, an Islamic charity partly funded by the UK government. The drop-in centre was frequented by several of the suspects in the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

## 2005 controversy

In 2005, police searched the premises and confiscated items such as computer hard drives for forensic investigation Both Shehzad Tanweer, 22, and Hasib Hussain, 19, who have since been proven to be suicide bombers, frequented Hyap, according to police. The Leeds teacher Mohammed Sadique Khan, 30, also identified by police as a suicide bomber, acted as a mentor to youths at the centre.

The centre is directly across the street from a mosque, and it is said that a request that Khan and others should stop having political activities in the mosque, including community meetings opposed to UK policy in Iraq, but they then moved them to the centre.

The Hyap's status permitted it to apply for grants from the UK government for various program monies totalling more than 1 million.


title: Mooinooi

abstract: Mooinooi is a platinum and palladium mining town in the North West province of South Africa, roughly halfway between Brits and Rustenburg. Formerly a boomtown, the Great Recession caused the town to go bust. Former miners lost their jobs and local services had gone out of business.

text:
# Mooinooi

**Mooinooi** is a platinum and palladium mining town in the North West province of South Africa, roughly halfway between Brits and Rustenburg.

Formerly a boomtown, the Great Recession caused the town to go bust. Former miners lost their jobs and local services had gone out of business.

## InfoBox

| Mooinooi | |
| --- | --- |
| MooinooiMooinooi | |
| Coordinates: 25°45′S 27°33′E / 25.750°S 27.550°E / -25.750; 27.550 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | North West |
| District | Bojanala |
| Municipality | Madibeng |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.59 km2 (2.16 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,733 |
| Density | 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 38.0% |
| Coloured | 2.9% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.2% |
| White | 58.4% |
| Other | 0.5% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 59.2% |
| Tswana | 13.1% |
| English | 5.7% |
| Sotho | 5.4% |
| Other | 16.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 0325 |
| PO box | 0325 |
| Area code | 014 |


title: Onechi Lwenje

abstract: Onechi Lwenje is an actor in Zambian cinema. Apart from acting, Onechi is also a prolific author, filmmaker, award-winning producer and director. He is the founder of a media production company called 'Landmark Communications Limited' and founder of a game development company, music publisher and animation studio called 'Courtland Media Lab'.

text:
# Onechi Lwenje

**Onechi Lwenje** (born 1985) is an actor in Zambian cinema. Apart from acting, Onechi is also a prolific author, filmmaker, award-winning producer and director. He is the founder of a media production company called 'Landmark Communications Limited' and founder of a game development company, music publisher and animation studio called 'Courtland Media Lab'.

## Personal life

Onechi was born in 1985 in Lusaka, Zambia to a veteran journalist father and an agro-economist mother in a family with three siblings. His father Patson Victor Robert Lwenje served in the diplomatic service in Beijing, China, where Onechi was two and a half years old at that time. Patson was also a journalist in the 1980s, a music critic and entertainment writer.

Onechi completed primary education from International School of Beijing, Nkwazi Primary and Gospel Outreach Christian Academy. Then he attended to Kabulonga Boys Secondary School for secondary education and finished education in 2002. Then, he pursued studies in Information Systems Management at ZCAS. He is also a certified Microsoft Systems Engineer and worked for NCC Phoenix Contractors and Mediterranean Shipping Company for few years.

## Career

In 1999, Onechi joined with a Zambia project to produce a play around a theme of anti-aids and drugs and this play was called *Don't*. He performed in that play in neighboring districts in about 10 schools. Meanwhile, he lost few years of life to shipping company. Then in 2005, he started to composed poems and joined with several magazines and publications including 'Nkhani Kulture' in 2010 and 'Nkwazi In-Flight' in 2013.

At the same time, Onechi featured in a series of programs and advertorials for Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) and Zamtel. After establishing as a popular author, he formed the Media Company called 'Landmark Communications Limited'. His first production was *Shift* which airing on the national broadcaster. Then he made his first feature film *Guilt* in 2013. The film won the awards for the Best Movie, Best Cinematography and Best Editing at 2014 Zambia Film Television and Radio Awards Ceremony.

In 2013, he became the Deputy Editor for the in-flight magazine of international airline, 'Proflight'. Then he became the Editor-in-Chief in industry specific publications such as ‘Agri-Pro’ ‘Agri-Plus’ and ‘Zambian Mining’. He was also honored with prestigious assignments such as authoring the official biography of the City of Lusaka for its ‘Lusaka 100’ centenary celebrations.

Onechi continued to work Information Technology manager for an international shipping company for ten years. After quit from the job, he joined with a South African Advertising Agency called 'Jupiter Drawing Room' as a copy writer. In 2014, he started to attend Rotary Club of Lusaka Central, which changed his life towards success. In the same year, he acted in the television serial *Love Games*, that won an Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Award. In 2016, he acted as 'Fletcher' in Zambezi Magic TV series *Fever*. In the same year, he created a web series called *The Adventures of Duncan Hollywood: Rise of a Zambian Superstar*.

He appeared as the host and presenter of one of the episodes of *My Africa* on Africa Channel. Then, he appeared in the fifth episode of *My Lusaka* on the My Africa series which aired in the United States.

In 2017, Onechi was inducted as the 48th president of the Rotary Club of Lusaka Central becoming the youngest to hold the position up to date. As the president, he took the helm of a Club that has undertaken notable projects such as construction of the Italian Orthopaedic hospital, Kabulonga Youth Skills Training Centre and Vita-Nova project for supplying medical stuff for Chongwe hospital and University Teaching Hospital (UTH) pediatric ward to treat heart diseases and fever. The club has embarked on other infrastructure projects such as constructing a classroom block in the rural part of Chibombo district.

## Filmography

| Year | Film/Serial | Roles | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Shift* | Producer |  |
| 2013 | *Guilt* | Director |  |
| 2014 | *Love Games* | As actor |  |
| 2016 | *Fever* | Actor: Fletcher |  |
| 2017 | *My Africa* | As presenter |  |

## InfoBox

| Onechi Lwenje | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1985 (age 3839)<br>Lusaka, Zambia |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, author, director, producer |
| Years active | 1999–present |


title: German submarine U-663

abstract:
German submarine U-663 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 31 March 1941 by Deutsche Werft, Hamburg as yard number 812, launched on 26 March 1942 and commissioned on 14 May 1942 under Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schmid.

text:
# German submarine U-663

**German submarine *U-663*** was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* for service during World War II. She was laid down on 31 March 1941 by Deutsche Werft, Hamburg as yard number 812, launched on 26 March 1942 and commissioned on 14 May 1942 under *Kapitänleutnant* Heinrich Schmid.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-663* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-663* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 14 May 1942, followed by active service on 1 October 1942 as part of the 11th Flotilla. After only one month, she transferred to the 9th Flotilla on 1 November 1942, for the remainder of her service.

In 3 patrols she sank 2 merchant ships, for a total of 10,924 gross register tons (GRT).

### Wolfpacks

*U-663* took part in four wolfpacks, namely:

* Drachen (22 November – 3 December 1942)
* Panzer (3 – 9 December 1942)
* Büffel (9 – 14 December 1942)
* Seeteufel (21 – 30 March 1943)

### Fate

*U-663* was sunk on 8 May 1943 in the Bay of Biscay in position 46°50′N 10°00′W / 46.833°N 10.000°W / 46.833; -10.000, by depth charges from a No. 10 Squadron RAAF Sunderland. All hands were lost.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 26 November 1942 | *Barberrys* | United Kingdom | 5,170 | Sunk |
| 18 March 1943 | *Clarissa Radcliffe* | United Kingdom | 5,754 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-663* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Deutsche Werft, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 812 |
| Laid down | 31 March 1941 |
| Launched | 26 March 1942 |
| Commissioned | 14 May 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 8 May 1943 in the Bay of Biscay in position 46°50′N 10°00′W / 46.833°N 10.000°W / 46.833; -10.000, by depth charges from a RAAF Sunderland. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 45 175 |
| Commanders: |  |
| Operations: | * 3 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 5 November – 31 December 1942 * 2nd patrol: * a. 4 – 6 March 1943 * b. 10 March – 4 April 1943 * 3rd patrol: * 5 – 8 May 1943 |
| Victories: | 2 merchant ships sunk
(10,924 GRT) |


title: Roman Ondak

abstract: Roman Ondak is a Slovak conceptual artist.

text:
# Roman Ondak

**Roman Ondak** (born August 5, 1966) is a Slovak conceptual artist.

## Life and career

Roman Ondak was born in Žilina. He studied at Academy of Fine Arts and Design (Slovak: *Vysoká škola výtvarných umení*, abbr. VŠVU) in Bratislava from 1988 to 1994.

Roman Ondak has been awarded the 2018 winner of the Lovis Corinth Prize.

## Selected works

## Exhibitions

Biennale in Venezia (1999, 2003, 2009, 2011)

* 2006: Tate Modern in London (2006)
* 2007: Pinakothek der Moderne in München (2007)
* 2008: *Measuring the Universe*, DAAD Galerie, Berlin
* 2009: *Measuring the Universe*, Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 2010: *Shaking Horizon*, Villa Arson, Nice
* 2010: *Before Waiting Becomes Part of Your Life*, Salzburg Kunstverein
* 2010-2011: *Measuring the Universe*, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
* 2011: *Time Capsule*, Modern Art Oxford, Oxford
* 2011: *Measuring the Universe*, Tate St Ives
* 2011: *Enter the Orbit*. Kunsthaus Zürich
* 2012: *Within Reach of Hand or Eye*, K21, Düsseldorf
* 2012: *Do not walk outside this area*, Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin
* 2012: *Roman Ondak*, Musée d’art moderne de la Ville de Paris /ARC, Paris
* 2012: *Within Reach of Hand and Eye*. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen K21, Düsseldorf
* 2012: DOCUMENTA 13
* 2013: *Escena*, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid
* 2013: *Some Thing*, The Common Guild, Glasgow
* 2014: *Roman Ondak*, Kaldor Art Projects, Sydney
* 2015: *Storyboard*, Times Museum, Guangzhou
* 2016: *The Source of Art is in the Life of a People*, South London Gallery, London
* 2017: *History Repeats Itself*, KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art, Aalborg
* 2017: *Man Walking Toward a Fata Morgana*, The Arts Club of Chicago, Chicago
* 2018: *Objects in the Mirror*, BASE Progetti per l’arte Arte, Florence
* 2018-2019: *#12 Roman Ondak*, mezzaterra 11, Belluno
* 2018: *Based on True Events*, *Lovis-Corinth-Preis*, Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, Regensburg
* 2021: *SK Parking*, Kunsthalle Bratislava
* 2022: *Roman Ondak – Measuring the Universe*, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

## Art in Public Collections

Ludwig Museum Budapest (Hungary), Slovenská národná galéria/ Slovak National Gallery in Bratislava (Slovakia), Kunsthalle Praha (Czech Republic), TATE Gallery London (UK), Centre Pompidou, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris (France), MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien) Vienna (Austria), Museum of Modern Art, New York (USA), Art Collection Telekom Berlin (Germany), Boros Collection Berlin (Germany), Musée d’art moderne de la Ville de Paris (FR)

## Awards

* 2009: Nomination for Hugo Boss Prize
* 2012: Awarded Best Artist of the Year elected by the Deutsche Bank
* 2018: Awarded Lovis Corinth Preis

## Bibliography

* OBRIST H.U. - ZABEL, I. - SCHöLLHAMMER G. - FRANGENDERG F. *Roman Ondák* : \[anlässlich der Ausstellung Roman Ondák "Spirit and Opportunity" im Kölnischen Kunstverein, 1.5. - 27.6.2004\]. Köln : Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2005. 222 pages. ISBN 978-3-88375-961-6.
* HLAVAJOVÁ M. - ELBMAYR S. Roman Ondák. Köln : Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2007. 152 pages, ISBN 978-3-86560-332-6.
* SCHWENK B. - GRIFFIN J. - ETCHELLS T. - ARRIOLA M. *Roman Ondák* : measuring the universe. Zürich : JRP Ringier, 2008. 168 nečíslovaných strán. Bawag Foundation Edition ; volume 9Christoph Keller Editions. ISBN 978-3-03764-024-1.
* (ed.) BIRNBAUM D. - VOLZ J. *La Biennale di Venezia. : 53. Esposizione Internazionale d\` Arte : Fare Mondi = 53rd International Art Exhibition : Making Worlds* 1st ed. Venezia : Marsilio, 2009. 307 pages.
* (ed.) KLUMPP, N.- (ed. HüTTE F. - FILIPOVIC E. - De WECK P. - KITTELMANN U. - RATTEMEYER Ch. *Roman Ondák : notebook*. Ostfildern : Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2012. 298 strán. Deutsche Bank art works. ISBN 978-3-7757-3343-4.
* MACEL Christine - PETREŠIN- BACHELEZ Nataša. *Promises of the past : a discontinuous history of art in former eastern Europe*. Zurich : JRP / Ringier, 2010. 254 pages. ISBN 978-3-03764-099-9.
* *Roman Ondak. Based on The True Events* : \[Lovis-Corinth Preis 2018, anlässlich der Ausstellung 15. 5- 9.9. 2018\]. Regensburg : Verlag Kunstforum Ostdeutsch Galerie Regensburg, 2018. 48 pp. ISBN 978-3-96098-367-7

## InfoBox

| Roman Ondak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 5 August 1966
Žilina, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia) |
| Years active | 1990- |
| Known for | Conceptual art |
| Notable work | Measuring the Universe (2007) Loop (2009)
Swap (2011) |


title: Franz Stadion, Count von Warthausen

abstract: Franz Stadion, Graf von Warthausen, was an Austrian nobleman and a statesman, who served the Austrian Empire during the 1840s.

text:
# Franz Stadion, Count von Warthausen

**Franz Stadion, Graf von Warthausen** (27 July 1806 – 8 June 1853), was an Austrian nobleman and a statesman, who served the Austrian Empire during the 1840s.

## Early life

Franz was born in Vienna, into the Stadion-Warthausen line of the House of Stadion, as a son of the Austrian diplomat Count Johann Philipp von Stadion-Warthausen and his wife and cousin, Countess Maria Anna von Stadion-Thannhausen (1777-1841).

## Biography

From 1841 he was Governor of the Austrian Littoral (with its capital at Trieste), from 1847 to 1848 Governor of Galicia (where he freed the peasants from labor duties), and from 1848 to 1849 he was Interior Minister and Minister of Education. He advocated constitutional government, decreed the Imposed March Constitution in March 1849 which was never enacted, and in 1849 promulgated the *Gemeinde* (municipality) legislation that granted governmental autonomy to all municipalities in the Austrian empire. Lewis Namier, in *1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals* (p. 18), calls him "one of the most enlightened and efficient Austrian administrators."

## Bibliography

* R. Hirsch, *Franz Graf Stadion* (Vienna, 1861).
* Rudolph Mattausch, "Franz Graf Stadion (1806-1853)" in *Neue österreichische Biographie ab 1815: grosse Österreicher*, vol. XIV (Zurich-Leipzig-Vienna, 1960), pp. 62-73.

## InfoBox

| Franz Stadion, Graf von Warthausen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interior Minister of the Austrian Empire | |
| **In office**
21 November 1848  28 July 1849 | |
| Monarchs | Ferdinand I (1848)
Francis Joseph I (1848–1849) |
| Prime Minister | Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg |
| Preceded by | Baron Anton von Doblhoff-Dier |
| Succeeded by | Baron Alexander von Bach |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1806-07-27)27 July 1806
Vienna, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 8 June 1853(1853-06-08) (aged 46) |
|  | |


title: NZR Y class

abstract: The NZR Y class was a class of three 0-6-0T tank steam locomotives. Built by the Hunslet Engine Company for the Public Works Department in 1923, all three were sold to NZR between 1938 and 1945.

text:
# NZR Y class

The **NZR Y class** was a class of three 0-6-0T tank steam locomotives. Built by the Hunslet Engine Company for the Public Works Department in 1923, all three were sold to NZR between 1938 and 1945.

## In service

The three Y class locomotives were sold by the PWD to NZR in two batches, NO 543 being purchased in October 1938 and NOs 542 and 544 in August 1945. Originally they were allocated to the Way and Works Branch for construction work but later saw some use by the Mechanical Branch as shunting engines for hire to private industries whose own engines were under repair. The three engines were transferred to the Mechanical Branch in 1951 and received the class letter 'Y' in 1952. During their service life with the NZR, the locomotives retained their original PWD numbers.

In 1949, NO 544 was loaned to the Whakatane Board Mills for use on their Matahina Tramway while their two ex-NZR FA class locomotives were overhauled. This was the most notable use of one of these engines while on loan from NZR to private industry. While in NZR service, the Y class locomotives tended to be based out of the Auckland locomotive depot and were used for shunting purposes there.

## Withdrawal

As a splinter class with very little useful capabilities on a modern railway, the Y class were relatively quickly withdrawn. Y 544 was noted at Wanganui in 1956 behind the locomotive depot with a worn-out boiler, before being finally written off on 17 August 1957. Y 543 remained in service as a working locomotive until withdrawn on 1 February 1958, but remained in semi-storage until sold to Pacific Steel at Otahuhu in early 1964 for scrap.

Y 542 was withdrawn in working order on 17 August 1957 but was then sold to Wilsons (NZ) Portland Cement for use on their private railway at Portland, south of Whangarei.

## Industrial service

Aside from the locomotives' service to the Public Works Department, Y 542 was sold in 1957 to Wilsons (NZ) Portland Cement for use on their private railway between the cement factory near Portland station on the North Auckland Line and the company's quarries. Painted in the standard Wilsons livery of blue with red trim, 542 became the second Wilsons NO 3 in place of an earlier ex-NZR locomotive, D 171, which was scrapped in 1957. 542 continued in industrial service until 1985, by which time it was held in store as a reserve for the company's fleet of Bagnall and Drewry diesel shunting locomotives.

## Preservation

Y 542 (Hunslet 1444 of 1923) was sold to Wilsons Portland Cement in 1957 and was used on their internal railway network until 1985, by which time it was kept in reserve. The locomotive was purchased by MOTAT in 1985 and was restored to working order as Y 542. It is currently based on the museum's Western Springs Railway in occasional service.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| NZR Y class | |
| --- | --- |
| Y 542 at MOTAT in 2020 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Hunslet Engine Company  Serial number 1443-1445  Build date 1923  Total produced 3 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-6-0T  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)  Driver dia. 40 in (1.016 m)  Wheelbase 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m)  Length 22 ft 10.5 in (6.97 m)  Loco weight 23 long tons (23.4 tonnes; 25.8 short tons)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 0.85 sq ft (0.079 m2)  Water cap. 500 imp gal (2,300 L)  Firebox:   Grate area 9 sq ft (0.84 m2)  Boiler pressure 160 lbf/in2 (1,103 kPa)  Heating surface 522 sq ft (48.5 m2)  Cylinders Two, outside  Cylinder size 13 in × 20 in (330 mm × 508 mm)  Valve gear Walschaerts  Train brakes Westinghouse compressed air | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 10,140 lbf (45.10 kN) | |
| Career  Operators NZR  Numbers 542-544  Locale Auckland area  First run October 1923 (PWD), 1938 (NZR)  Last run August 1945 (PWD), February 1958 (NZR)  Withdrawn 1957–1958  Preserved 1  Disposition Two scrapped, one preserved | |


title: Wayne Lavallee

abstract: Wayne Lavallee is a Métis actor and singer-songwriter from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He began his career with Vancouver's Spiritsong indigenous theatre company in 1990. His stage roles have included productions of Drew Hayden Taylor's alterNatives and The BuzGem Blues. Concurrently with his acting career he also performed as a musician in the Vancouver area, later releasing the album Green Dress in 2004. The album won the Canadian Aboriginal Music Award for album of the year in 2004, was a Juno Award nominee for Aboriginal Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2005, and won the Canadian Folk Music Award for Aboriginal Songwriter of the Year at the 2nd Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2006. His followup album Trail of Tears, released in 2009, won the awards for Best Male Artist, Best Rock Album and Best Acoustic Folk Album at the 2010 Aboriginal Music Awards, was a Juno nominee for Aboriginal Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2010, and a Canadian Folk Music Award nominee for Aboriginal Songwriter of the Year at the 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards. In recent years he has composed music for theatre, film and television, including the films The Road Forward, Red Snow, Bones of Crows, Broken Angel, and Lay Down Your Heart, the television series Dr. Savannah: Wild Rose Vet, and Taylor's stage play Cerulean Blue. He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023 for "You Are My Bones", a song cowritten with Marie Clements and Jesse Zubot for Bones of Crows.

text:
# Wayne Lavallee

**Wayne Lavallee** is a Métis actor and singer-songwriter from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

He began his career with Vancouver's Spiritsong indigenous theatre company in 1990. His stage roles have included productions of Drew Hayden Taylor's *alterNatives* and *The BuzGem Blues*.

Concurrently with his acting career he also performed as a musician in the Vancouver area, later releasing the album *Green Dress* in 2004. The album won the Canadian Aboriginal Music Award for album of the year in 2004, was a Juno Award nominee for Aboriginal Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2005, and won the Canadian Folk Music Award for Aboriginal Songwriter of the Year at the 2nd Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2006.

His followup album *Trail of Tears*, released in 2009, won the awards for Best Male Artist, Best Rock Album and Best Acoustic Folk Album at the 2010 Aboriginal Music Awards, was a Juno nominee for Aboriginal Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2010, and a Canadian Folk Music Award nominee for Aboriginal Songwriter of the Year at the 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards.

In recent years he has composed music for theatre, film and television, including the films *The Road Forward*, *Red Snow*, *Bones of Crows*, *Broken Angel*, and *Lay Down Your Heart*, the television series *Dr. Savannah: Wild Rose Vet*, and Taylor's stage play *Cerulean Blue*. He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023 for "You Are My Bones", a song cowritten with Marie Clements and Jesse Zubot for *Bones of Crows*.


title: Water polo at the 1974 Asian Games

abstract: Water polo was contested by men's teams at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran, Iran from September 2 to September 7, 1974. The host team Iran won the gold medal in the round robin competition by having a better goal difference than China and Japan. The winner also qualified for the 1975 World Championships and the 1976 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Water polo at the 1974 Asian Games

**Water polo** was contested by men's teams at the **1974 Asian Games** in Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran, Iran from September 2 to September 7, 1974.

The host team Iran won the gold medal in the round robin competition by having a better goal difference than China and Japan. The winner also qualified for the 1975 World Championships and the 1976 Summer Olympics.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men
 | Iran
Firouz Abdolmohammadian
Reza Kamrani
Abdolreza Majdpour
Dariush Movahedi
Hossein Nasim
Ahmad Peidayesh
Morteza Shariat
Heidar Shonjani
Bahram Tavakkoli
Jahangir Tavakkoli
Ahmad Yaghouti | China
Bao Xianliang
Li Derong
Li Jinkun
Lin Li
Lin Zhiquan
Peng Shaorong
Xiang Liande
Xie Runchen
Xu Lisan
Zhao Yinghua
Zhong Shenggen | Japan |

## Results

All times are Iran Standard Time (UTC+03:30)

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Iran | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 79 | 24 | +55 | 10 |
| 2 | China | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 67 | 20 | +47 | 10 |
| 3 | Japan | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 63 | 24 | +39 | 10 |
| 4 | North Korea | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 46 | 28 | +18 | 6 |
| 5 | Singapore | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 44 | 44 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | India | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 29 | 72 | 43 | 2 |
| 7 | Kuwait | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 129 | 116 | 0 |

Source: Results
Notes:

| 2 September
11:00 | North Korea | 7**8** | **Japan** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 2 September
12:00 | Singapore | 3**10** | **China** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 2 September
13:00 | **Iran** | **18**6 | India | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 2 September
17:30 | **Singapore** | **21**1 | Kuwait | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 2 September
18:30 | Iran | 66 | Japan | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 2 September
19:30 | **China** | **17**2 | India | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 3 September
11:00 | **Iran** | **9**5 | North Korea | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 3 September
17:30 | **India** | **12**4 | Kuwait | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 3 September
18:30 | China | 44 | Japan | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 4 September
12:00 | India | 7**12** | **Singapore** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 4 September
18:30 | **China** | **6**2 | North Korea | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 4 September
19:30 | **Japan** | **22**1 | Kuwait | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 5 September
12:00 | China | 55 | Iran | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 5 September
18:30 | **Japan** | **9**4 | Singapore | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 5 September
19:30 | Kuwait | 2**17** | **North Korea** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 6 September
12:00 | **Japan** | **14**2 | India | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 6 September
18:30 | Kuwait | 1**32** | **Iran** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 6 September
19:30 | Singapore | 3**8** | **North Korea** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 7 September
12:00 | Kuwait | 4**25** | **China** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 7 September
18:30 | **North Korea** | **7**0 | India | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

---

| 7 September
19:30 | Singapore | 1**9** | **Iran** | Aryamehr Swimming Pool, Tehran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Final standing

| Rank | Team | Pld | W | D | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Iran | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
|  | China | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
|  | Japan | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| 4 | North Korea | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Singapore | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | India | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | Kuwait | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| Water polo
at the 1974 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Aryamehr Swimming Pool |
| Dates | 2–7 September 1974 |
| Nations | 7 |
|


title: Uropeltis myhendrae

abstract: Uropeltis myhendrae, commonly known as Boulenger's earth snake, the Mahendragiri earth snake, and the Myhendra Mountain uropeltis, is a species of snake in the family Uropeltidae. The species is endemic to India.

text:
# Uropeltis myhendrae

***Uropeltis myhendrae***, commonly known as **Boulenger's earth snake**, the **Mahendragiri earth snake**, and the **Myhendra Mountain uropeltis**, is a species of snake in the family Uropeltidae. The species is endemic to India.

## Geographic range

*U. myhendrae* is found in southern India, in the Western Ghats south of the Goa Gap, in the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Travancore, at elevations of 2,000–4,000 ft (610–1,220 m).

Type locality: "South Travancore, on the Myhendra Mountain", southern India.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *U. myhendrae* is forest.

## Description

The dorsum of *U. myhendrae* is dark purplish brown, each scale with a yellowish crescent-shaped posterior border. There are three or four dark transverse blotches behind the head. The venter is yellowish, with small purplish brown spots in adults, but with large transverse blackish rhomboids in young.

Adults may attain 33.5 cm (13+14 in) in total length (including tail).

The dorsal scales are in 17 rows at midbody, in 19 rows behind the head. The ventrals number 139-153, and the subcaudals number 7-8.

The snout is obtuse. The rostral is ¼ to almost ⅓ the length of the shielded part of the head. The portion of the rostral visible from above is slightly longer than its distance from the frontal. The nasals are narrowly in contact with each other behind the rostral. The frontal is slightly longer than broad. The diameter of the eye is somewhat more than ½ the length of the ocular shield. The diameter of the body goes 25 to 32 times into the total length. The ventrals are two times as wide as the contiguous scales. The tail is obliquely truncate, flat dorsally, with strongly bicarinate or strongly tricarinate dorsal scales. The terminal scute has a transverse ridge, indistinctly bicuspid, rounded in the young.

## Behavior

*U. myhendrae* is terrestrial and fossorial.

## Reproduction

*U. myhendrae* is ovoviviparous.

## Further reading

* Beddome, R.H. (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". *Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series* **17**: 3–33. (*Silybura nilgherriensis* Var. *myhendrae*, new variety, pp. 15–16).
* Boulenger, G.A. (1890). *The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.* London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (*Silybura myhendræ*, new taxonomic status, p. 267).
* Sharma, R.C. (2003). *Handbook: Indian Snakes*. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. 292 pp. ISBN 978-8181711694.
* Smith, M.A. (1943). *The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of The Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.* London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (*Uropeltis myhendrae*, new combination, p. 83).

## InfoBox

| *Uropeltis myhendrae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Uropeltidae |
| Genus: | *Uropeltis* |
| Species: | ***U. myhendrae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uropeltis myhendrae***
(Beddome, 1886) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Silybura nilghirriensis* var. *myhendræ*
Beddome, 1886 * *Silybura myhendræ*
Boulenger, 1890 * *Uropeltis myhendrae*
M.A. Smith, 1943 | |


title: Oonops amoenus

abstract: Oonops amoenus is a spider species found in France.

text:
# Oonops amoenus

***Oonops amoenus*** is a spider species found in France.

J. Denis, Araignées du Nord de la France (3e note) (1943)

## InfoBox

| *Oonops amoenus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oonopidae |
| Genus: | *Oonops* |
| Species: | ***O. amoenus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oonops amoenus***<br>Dalmas, 1916 | |
|


title: Tyrolean Jet Services

abstract: Tyrolean Jets & Services (TJS) was established in 1978 as Austria's first executive air operator, operating business jets and management jets for Swarovski's Corporate Flight Department and for clients on the worldwide air charter market.

text:
# Tyrolean Jet Services

**Tyrolean Jets & Services (TJS)** was established in 1978 as Austria's first executive air operator, operating business jets and management jets for Swarovski's Corporate Flight Department and for clients on the worldwide air charter market.

## History

The company was founded in 1958 as Aircraft Innsbruck, by Christian Schwemberger-Swarovski and Gernot Langes-Swarovski. The division operated business flights. At this time Innsbruck had scheduled services to Zurich only.

In 1978, the firm was renamed and restructured as Tyrolean Airways, combining airline, air ambulance and business travel operations.

In April 1980, a de Havilland Canada Dash 7 flew the first scheduled flight from Innsbruck to Vienna and Zurich. In the first year in business, 38,500 passengers took the flight, which justified a second machine from May 1981. In 1985 Tyrolean Airways operated a twin-engine de Havilland Canada Dash 8 with 37 seats and the company was renamed Tyrolean Jet Service.

Tyrolean Air Ambulance was divided into the Tyrol Air Ambulance and the helicopter division Heliair which was split off.

In 1988 Tyrolean became a public company and Leipnik Lundenburger AG acquired 25%. ÖAMTC acquired Heliair and in 1995, Austrian Airlines acquired the scheduled flight operations. Thereafter TJS focused exclusively on business travel.

## Fleet

As of 2010, the Tyrolean Jet Services fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Media related to Tyrolean Jet Services at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Tyrolean Jets & Services (TJS)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  TJS TYROLJET | |
| Founded | 1978 |
| Fleet size | 10 |
| Destinations | national and international |
| Headquarters | Innsbruck, Austria |
| Key people | Martin Lener (Managing Director), Capt. Karl Koidl (Flight Operations Manager) |
| Website | www.tjs.at |


title: Lamberto Zannier

abstract: Lamberto Zannier is an Italian diplomat and lawyer.

text:
# Lamberto Zannier

**Lamberto Zannier** (born 15 June 1954) is an Italian diplomat and lawyer.

## Biography

He was OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities and earlier served as the Secretary General of the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe).

Previously, from June 2008 to June 2011, Zannier served as the United Nations Special Representative for Kosovo and Head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), with the rank of UN Undersecretary-General. He was appointed to this position by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in June 2008.

Zannier has served for the Foreign Service of Italy for almost 40 years. Before his appointment as Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo, he played a leading role at the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a coordinator for EU Foreign Policy and as a Coordinator for EU Security and Defence issues. Between 2002 and 2006, he was Director of the Conflict Prevention Centre of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Vienna. In this capacity, he managed more than 20 civilian field operations in Europe and Central Asia.

From 2000 to 2002, he served as Representative of Italy to the Executive Council of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in The Hague. From 1997 to 1999, he was chairperson of the negotiations on the adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. From 1991 to 1997, he served as Head of Disarmament, Arms Control and Cooperative Security at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Previously, he served in Rome, Abu Dhabi and Vienna, mainly specialising in multilateral and security affairs. He has authored several publications on security, conflict prevention and crisis management issues. He routinely holds lessons and conferences on international relations and international security.

Zannier obtained a law degree and an honorary degree in international and diplomatic sciences from the University of Trieste.

## Honors

Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – October 10, 2016

## InfoBox

| Lamberto Zannier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| High Commissioner on National Minorities at the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | |
| **In office**
19 Jul 2017  18 Jul 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Astrid Thors |
| Succeeded by | Kairat Abdrakhmanov |
| Secretary General of the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | |
| **In office**
1 July 2011  1 July 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Marc Perrin de Brichambaut |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Greminger |
| 7th Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo | |
| **In office**
20 June 2008  30 June 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Joachim Rücker |
| Succeeded by | Farid Zarif |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-06-15) 15 June 1954
Fagagna, Italy |
|  | |


title: Franz Spina

abstract: Franz Spina was a German-Czechoslovakian right-wing and activist politician of the First Republic Era. Franz Spina was chairman of Bund der Landwirte, or Union of Farmers and Rural Enterprises, right-wing party of German-speaking countryside of Czechoslovakia. His party was the first to actively cooperate with Czechoslovak government and entered the Cabinet of Lord's Coalition together with Czechoslovak agrarians, clericals, entrepreneurs and national democrats. Franz Spina became the very first ethnic German government minister in Czechoslovakia. Since the establishment of Sudeten German Party, popularity of Union of Farmers had been declining. However, Spina believed in successful Czechoslovak-German cooperation until his death in 1938, fortnight before the Munich Agreement.

text:
# Franz Spina

**Franz Spina** (5 October 1868 in Markt Türnau, Austria-Hungary – 17 September 1938 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German-Czechoslovakian right-wing and activist politician of the First Republic Era. Franz Spina was chairman of Bund der Landwirte, or Union of Farmers and Rural Enterprises, right-wing party of German-speaking countryside of Czechoslovakia. His party was the first to actively cooperate with Czechoslovak government and entered the Cabinet of Lord's Coalition (Prime Minister Antonín Švehla) together with Czechoslovak agrarians, clericals, entrepreneurs and national democrats. Franz Spina became the very first ethnic German government minister in Czechoslovakia. Since the establishment of Sudeten German Party, popularity of Union of Farmers had been declining. However, Spina believed in successful Czechoslovak-German cooperation until his death in 1938, fortnight before the Munich Agreement.


title: NZSA Waitangi Day Literary Honours

abstract: The NZSA Waitangi Day Literary Honours are awarded each year to one or more New Zealand writers. They are an initiative of the New Zealand Society of Authors Te Puni Kaituhi o Aotearoa and were first given out in 2014.

text:
# NZSA Waitangi Day Literary Honours

The **NZSA Waitangi Day Literary Honours** are awarded each year to one or more New Zealand writers. They are an initiative of the New Zealand Society of Authors (Pen NZ Inc) Te Puni Kaituhi o Aotearoa and were first given out in 2014.

## History

The NZSA Waitangi Day Literary Honours are an annual award made by the Board of the New Zealand Society of Authors (Pen NZ Inc) Te Puni Kaituhi o Aotearoa (NZSA) after a call for nominations from NZSA members. They are given to one or more candidates to celebrate and acknowledge literary success, especially on the international stage.

This Award, first given out in 2014, is described by NZSA Past-President Kyle Mewburn as “the only literary award bestowed by peers”. 2016 Recipient Anna Smaill said that “It’s a real honour to be recognised in this way by the NZSA” and Selina Tusitala Marsh said in 2017, “Fa’afetai tele lava for this lovely acknowledgment.” Ashleigh Young said in 2018, “I can’t express how much it means to be given such an acknowledgement.”

The Awards are announced each year on or around Waitangi Day.

## List of winners by year

**2014**: Damien Wilkins, Owen Marshall, Ted Dawe, Martin Edmond

**2015**: Eleanor Catton, Phillip Mann, Anthony McCarten

**2016**: Anna Smaill, Paul Cleave

**2017**: Selina Tusitala Marsh

**2018**: Ashleigh Young

**2019**: Lani Wendt Young and Liam McIlvanney

**2020**: Rachael King and Lee Murray

**2022:** Laura Jean McKay


title: Harry Gould (editor)

abstract: Llewellyn Harry Gould, generally known as Harry Gould, was a prominent Australian communist, best known as editor of the Tribune, the official organ of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA).

text:
# Harry Gould (editor)

**Llewellyn Harry Gould** (died 1974), generally known as Harry Gould, was a prominent Australian communist, best known as editor of the *Tribune*, the official organ of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA).

## History

Gould, who may have been of Jewish descent, was educated at Dublin University.

He joined the Communist Party in 1934. By 1937 he was in Sydney working as a Workers' Educational Association (WEA) lecturer.

Gould was editor of the *Workers' Weekly* and its successor *Tribune*.

In July 1941 Gould was jailed for 40 days on the basis of WEA material found on a table at the Bondi School of Arts.

He was appointed manager of *Forward* which acknowledged its communist affiliation in 1942, when it became a partial replacement for the (banned) *Tribune*.

In preparation for the CPA being declared illegal, he bought a printing press, which was brought into operation as *Tribune's* press in 1942.

He was jailed for three months for membership of the CPA, and despite increasing disillusionment with the party in Moscow, retained his membership to the end. He began writing a book about his disappointment, but was killed in a car accident before it was completed.

## Publications

* Gould, Llewellyn Harry; William A. Wood (1942). *How Russia smashed its fifth column*. Sydney: Current Book Distributors..
* A Marxist Glossary (various editions, 1943–1967)
* The Sharkey Writings (c. 1974)
* Art, Science & Communism (1946)

## Family

Gould married Diana Maud Reeve in Sydney in 1937. She was a prominent communist, and a regular speaker at "Speakers' corner" in Sydney's Domain. She remained a member and regular contributor until at least 1990. The *Tribune* ceased publication on 3 April 1991.


title: Halte de Fontainebleau-Forêt

abstract: The halte de Fontainebleau-Forêt is a railway halt on the Paris–Marseille railway line in the Forest of Fontainebleau, operated by SNCF. The service is limited to a few Transilien trains in the morning of Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. The station is halfway between Bois-Le-Roi and Fontainebleau – Avon stations, some 4 km away.

text:
# Halte de Fontainebleau-Forêt

The **halte de Fontainebleau-Forêt** is a railway halt on the Paris–Marseille railway line in the Forest of Fontainebleau, operated by SNCF.

The service is limited to a few Transilien trains in the morning of Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays.

The station is halfway between Bois-Le-Roi and Fontainebleau – Avon stations, some 4 km away.

## Passenger service

The halt has no building or public markings, and its only platform is on the Fontainebleau-bound direction (Track 1). Passengers can leave the train, but not board. The train conductor is entirely responsible for its operation, and there is a mirror at the end of the platform for train staff to check that passengers are not descending before starting the train. The halt is mainly used by people hiking through the forest.

There is no official signage, and the stop is not marked on official train maps. It is sometimes, but not always, indicated on train station screens as « Arrêt en forêt » (Forest stop).

As of 14 February 2022, the stop is serviced by 2 trains from the Transilien Line R, only Fontainebleau-bound, on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays (trains leaving at 8:16 and 9:16 from Paris-Gare-de-Lyon).

## InfoBox

| Fontainebleau-Forêt | |
| --- | --- |
| Halt | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France<br>France |
| Coordinates | 48°26′52″N 2°43′46″E / 48.44778°N 2.72944°E / 48.44778; 2.72944 |
| Line(s) | Paris–Marseille railway |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 5 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1950 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Transilien Following station  Bois-le-Roitowards Paris-Lyon  Line R  Fontainebleau-Avontowards Montargis | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Water polo was contested for men only at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

text:
# Water polo at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games

**Water polo** was contested for men only at the **1974 Central American and Caribbean Games** in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's water polo | Cuba (CUB) | Mexico (MEX) | Colombia (COL) |

## InfoBox

| Water polo <br>at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Utagawa Hirokage

abstract: Utagawa Hirokage, also known as Ichiyūsai Hirokage, was a Japanese designer of ukiyo-e woodblock prints, who was active from about 1855 to 1865. He was a pupil of Utagawa Hiroshige I. From 1860 to 1861, Hirokage designed the series of ōban size prints titled Edo meisho dōke zukushi. His reputation is based primarily upon this series and his 1859 triptych Aomono sakana gunzei daikassen no zu.

text:
# Utagawa Hirokage

**Utagawa Hirokage** (歌川 広景), also known as **Ichiyūsai Hirokage**, was a Japanese designer of ukiyo-e woodblock prints, who was active from about 1855 to 1865. He was a pupil of Utagawa Hiroshige I. From 1860 to 1861, Hirokage designed the series of ōban size prints titled *Edo meisho dōke zukushi* (Joyful Events in Famous Places in Edo). His reputation is based primarily upon this series and his 1859 triptych *Aomono sakana gunzei daikassen no zu* (The Great Battle between the Fruits and Vegetables and the Fish).

* Lane, Richard. (1978). *Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print.* Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192114471; OCLC 5246796
* Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). *Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints.* Amsterdam: Hotei. ISBN 9789074822657; OCLC 61666175