title: Fabrik Inc.

abstract: Fabrik Inc. was a manufacturer of external hard drives and digital content management software and services. Fabrik claims it was the third largest supplier of external storage products in North America in 2007. It is headquartered in San Mateo, with offices in Santa Ana and Culver City, California. The company sells external hard drives and online backup software in a bundled product for consumers, small business users and audio/video (A/V) content creation professionals. The company also hosts the free online digital content management and sharing site, Joggle. Fabrik's product lines include SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup.

text:
# Fabrik Inc.

**Fabrik Inc.** was a manufacturer of external hard drives and digital content management software and services. Fabrik claims it was the third largest supplier of external storage products in North America in 2007. It is headquartered in San Mateo, with offices in Santa Ana and Culver City, California.

The company sells external hard drives and online backup software in a bundled product for consumers, small business users and audio/video (A/V) content creation professionals. The company also hosts the free online digital content management and sharing site, Joggle.

Fabrik's product lines include SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup.

## History

Fabrik was founded as a Web-based software company in August 2005 by former Maxtor executives Mike Cordano and Keyur Patel. Anaal Udaybabu designed a brand identity for on-the-web storage. The following month, the company disclosed the completion of its series A funding of $4.1 million followed by $8 million in series B funding in July 2006 and $14.3 million in February 2007. Then in May 2007, the company received $24.9 million in funding, bringing the total to about $51.3 million in funding.

In February 2006, Fabrik partnered with Maxtor (acquired by Seagate in 2005) to develop Maxtor Fusion, a network-attached storage (NAS) device built for organizing and sharing digital files, and in late 2006 the company launched myfabrik.com, which organized and stored digital media online.

In February 2007, the company acquired the consumer business of SimpleTech, inheriting the SimpleTech product line of external hard drives for consumers and small businesses.

In January 2008, Fabrik acquired G-Technology and inherited a suite of external hard drives for Mac, creative pro, photography and A/V markets, including FireWire eSATA, USB, SCSI and Fibre Channel storage products.

Fabrik's acquisitions and the introduction of Joggle at the DEMO conference in January 2008 created four brands: SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup. SimpleTech and G-Technology products were still branded as such and maintained separate online website entities.

On February 23, 2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it agreed to acquire Fabrik. At this point Fabrik revenue for the year (2009) was estimated at $350M to $400M range and growing 40% on yearly basis.

On April 6, 2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies completed the acquisition, which formed the core of Hitachi GST's new Branded Business division.

Following the acquisition, the subsidiary was branded 'G-Technology by Hitachi'.

## Products and services

The company's SimpleTech products are external hard drives for mainstream consumers and small business users. It includes portable external hard drives and desktop external hard drives. All SimpleTech products come bundled with free local backup software and online backup capabilities.

The SimpleTech \[re\]drive has a 100 percent recyclable enclosure and several energy and resource efficiency features. The company claims the \[re\]drive is the world's most eco-friendly, resource conscious external hard drive. The original design of the SimpleTech portable external storage product line was inspired by the Ferrari design team Pininfarina.

Fabrik started a free online digital content management site called Joggle in early 2008. The Web site searches for video, photos and music on a user's computer, external hard drive or online communities and networking sites and automatically consolidates it into a single online organizing and sharing tool.

The company also has a pure online backup approach, Fabrik Ultimate Backup, where data can be backed up to remote servers using 128-bit SSL and Blowfish encryption.

## InfoBox

Fabrik Inc.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of business | Subsidiary of Hitachi |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Headquarters | San Mateo, California, United States |
| Key people | Keyur Patel, Chairman
Mike Cordano, CEO |
| Industry | External hard disk drive, backup and content management services |
| Products | SimpleTech
G-Technology
Joggle
Fabrik Ultimate Backup. |
| Employees | 140 |
| URL | www.fabrik.com |


title: Trevor Pinch

abstract: Trevor J. Pinch was a British sociologist, part-time musician and chair of the science and technology studies department at Cornell University. In 2018, he won the J.D. Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science for "distinguished contributions to Science and Technology Studies over the course of [a] career."

text:
# Trevor Pinch

**Trevor J. Pinch** (1 January 1952 – 16 December 2021) was a British sociologist, part-time musician and chair of the science and technology studies department at Cornell University. In 2018, he won the J.D. Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science for "distinguished contributions to Science and Technology Studies over the course of \[a\] career."

## Life and career

Pinch was born in Lisnaskea, Northern Ireland on 1 January 1952. He held a degree in physics from Imperial College London and a PhD in sociology from the University of Bath.

He taught sociology at the University of York before moving to the United States. Together with Wiebe Bijker, Pinch started the movement known as Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) within the sociology of science.

Pinch died from cancer, four years after his initial diagnosis, on 16 December 2021 at the age of 69.

## Works

Pinch was a significant contributor to the study of sound culture, and his books include a major study of Robert Moog. His book *Confronting Nature* is widely considered the definitive sociological account of the history of the solar neutrino problem, and was mentioned by Raymond Davis in his 2002 Nobel Prize autobiography.

### Books

* Pinch, Trevor; Bijker, Wiebe E.; Hughes, Thomas P. (1987). *The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262022620.
* Pinch, Trevor; Mulkay, Michael; Ashmore, Malcolm (1989). *Health and efficiency: a sociology of health economics*. Milton Keynes England Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 9780335099122.
* Pinch, Trevor; Gooding, David; Schaffer, Simon (1989). *The uses of experiment: studies in the natural sciences*. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521337687.
* Pinch, Trevor; Collins, Harry M. (1998) \[1993\]. *The golem: what you should know about science* (2nd ed.). Cambridge England New York City: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107604650.
* Pinch, Trevor; Collins, Harry M. (2014) \[1998\]. *The golem at large: what you should know about technology* (6th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107688285.
* Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2002). *Analog days the invention and impact of the Moog synthesizer*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674016170.
* Pinch, Trevor; Oudshoorn, Nellie (2005). *How users matter the co-construction of users and technology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262651097.
* Pinch, Trevor; Collins, Harry M. (2005). *Dr. Golem how to think about medicine*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226113692.

### Chapters in books

### Journal articles

Russell, Stewart (May 1986). "The social construction of artefacts: a response to Pinch and Bijker". *Social Studies of Science*. **16** (2): 331–346. doi:10.1177/0306312786016002008. S2CID 144072557.

## InfoBox

| Trevor J. Pinch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1952-01-01)1 January 1952<br>Lisnaskea, Northern Ireland |
| Died | 16 December 2021(2021-12-16) (aged 69) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Bath |
| Academic work | |
| Notable works | *Confronting Nature* |
| Notable ideas | Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) |
|  | |


title: Masala Lab PDX

abstract: Masala Lab PDX is an Indian restaurant and former commissary kitchen in Portland, Oregon. Chef and owner Deepak Saxena operates the business in northeast Portland's King neighborhood, serving gluten-free fusion cuisine such as fritters, sandwiches with Indian ingredients, and shrimp and grits. Masala Lab has garnered a generally positive reception.

text:
# Masala Lab PDX

**Masala Lab PDX** (also known as **Masala Lab + Market**, or simply **Masala Lab**) is an Indian restaurant and former commissary kitchen in Portland, Oregon. Chef and owner Deepak Saxena operates the business in northeast Portland's King neighborhood, serving gluten-free fusion cuisine such as fritters, sandwiches with Indian ingredients, and shrimp and grits. Masala Lab has garnered a generally positive reception.

## Description

The restaurant Masala Lab operates in northeast Portland's King neighborhood. It serves Indian breakfast food as well as Indian interpretations of "classic" American cuisine, according to *Willamette Week*. Brooke Jackson-Glidden and other *Eater Portland* writers have described Masala Lab as an Indian American restaurant. Fodor's says the restaurant has "colorful purple-and-green color scheme, soaring ceilings with exposed air ducts, and lots of hanging plants", and serves a "modern mashup of Indian cuisine and comfort brunch fare".

The gluten-free menu includes: a BLT with ghee, tomato chutney, and bacon; shrimp and grits with coconut milk polenta and shrimp tikka mole; and a fritter with chicken or mushrooms. The kitchari has rice dal with cabbage, salad, and pickled eggs. Masala Lab has also served chaat hash, saagshuka, scrambled egg bowls with burrata, and cocktails, including a chai hot toddy. The lunch menu has sandwiches made with New Cascadia bread and served with dal, a rotating soup, bean salad, or vadouvan pasta salad, as well as other salads and snacks. A tuna fish sandwich called the Tandoori Tuna has tuna from the Oregon Coast, poached in coconut milk and mustard oil. Another sandwich on the menu has saag paneer and Gorge Greens with turmeric mustard dressing. The Masala Mary, a version of a Bloody Mary, has garam masala green chutney, amchoor, Kashmiri red chile, and a cumin rim.

## History

Masala Lab PDX initially operated as a commissary kitchen. It hosted Desi PDX as a pop-up restaurant.

In July 2022, Masala Lab + Market relocated to a brick and mortar space on Northeast Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, in the space that previously housed Horn of Africa. In November, chef and owner Deepak Saxena developed and launched a lunch menu with sandwiches, salads, and other snacks.

In December 2022, Saxena partnered with chef Jeremy Fong to serve a Chinese-fusion, family-style Christmas dinner with samosa egg rolls, shrimp-smeared eggplant, and Bengali five-spice fried rice. In 2023, the restaurant had soy-free vegan Christmas dinner meal kits with masala-spiced stuffing, black bean tamale pie, coconut and sweet potato soup, and a winter salad. Cornish hen and pork loin were also available to diners.

## Reception

Fodor's has said Masala Lab's food "isn't quite like anything even offbeat Portland has ever seen before". In 2022, Michael Russell included Masala Lab in *The Oregonian*'s list of Portland's 25 best new restaurants, and said the business offered the city's best Indian fusion brunch. He called the restaurant "inventive" in 2023. Zoe Baillargeon and Janey Wong included the Masala Lab in *Eater Portland*'s 2024 overview of recommended eateries for a "real-deal" breakfast in the city, writing: "Masala Lab may serve some of the most intricate breakfast dishes in town, with nuanced layers of flavor and texture." Sararosa Davies included the business in the website's 2024 overview of Portland's "knockout" gluten-free restaurants and bakeries.

## InfoBox

| Masala Lab | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Owner(s) | Deepak Saxena |
| Chef | Deepak Saxena |
| Food type | * Indian * Indian American * Indian fusion * Modern Indian |
| Street address | 5237 Northeast Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard |
| City | Portland |
| County | Multnomah |
| State | Oregon |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 97211 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°33′40″N 122°39′43″W / 45.5612°N 122.6619°W / 45.5612; -122.6619 |


title: Fountain Green, Maryland

abstract: Fountain Green is an unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland, United States. Fountain Green is located at the junction of Maryland routes 22 and 543, 2 miles (3.2 km) east-northeast of Bel Air.

text:
# Fountain Green, Maryland

**Fountain Green** is an unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland, United States. Fountain Green is located at the junction of Maryland routes 22 and 543, 2 miles (3.2 km) east-northeast of Bel Air.

## InfoBox

| Fountain Green, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Fountain GreenFountain Green | |
| Coordinates: 39°32′50″N 76°18′49″W / 39.54722°N 76.31361°W / 39.54722; -76.31361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Harford |
| Elevation | 344 ft (105 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 410 & 443 |
| GNIS feature ID | 584465 |


title: Fox Pictograph

abstract: The Fox Pictograph is a prehistoric rock art site in Stone County, Arkansas. Located near the community of Fox, it is one of two documented examples of rock art depicting humans in the state. It is a stick figure, painted in red pigment, with an unusual depiction of ear ornaments. The figure is about 127 centimetres (50 in) in height. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Fox Pictograph

The **Fox Pictograph** is a prehistoric rock art site in Stone County, Arkansas. Located near the community of Fox, it is one of two documented examples of rock art depicting humans in the state. It is a stick figure, painted in red pigment, with an unusual depiction of ear ornaments. The figure is about 127 centimetres (50 in) in height.

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fox Pictograph | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Fox, Arkansas |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| MPS | Rock Art Sites in Arkansas TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82002143 |
| Added to NRHP | May 4, 1982 |


title: Stoke Common

abstract: Stoke Common is an 83.1-hectare (205-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire. It is registered common land, and it is owned by a charitable trust, with the City of London Corporation as the main funder and trustee. The site is a last remnant of a large heath, and is on glacial gravel over London clay, with some parts permanently waterlogged. Periodic burning helps to manage the land. There are small areas of birch, pine and mixed woodland, with several ponds. There is a rich invertebrate fauna, especially moths, and the dusky cockroach and rare bog bush cricket have also been recorded. There is access from Stoke Common Road and Gerrards Cross Road.

text:
# Stoke Common

**Stoke Common** is an 83.1-hectare (205-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire. It is registered common land, and it is owned by a charitable trust, with the City of London Corporation as the main funder and trustee.

The site is a last remnant of a large heath, and is on glacial gravel over London clay, with some parts permanently waterlogged. Periodic burning helps to manage the land. There are small areas of birch, pine and mixed woodland, with several ponds. There is a rich invertebrate fauna, especially moths, and the dusky cockroach and rare bog bush cricket have also been recorded.

There is access from Stoke Common Road and Gerrards Cross Road.

51°49′59″N 1°04′19″W / 51.833099°N 1.071889°W / 51.833099; -1.071889

## InfoBox

Stoke Common
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Buckinghamshire |
| Grid reference | SU985853 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 83.1 hectares |
| Notification | 1984 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Straight Time

abstract: Straight Time is a 1978 American neo-noir crime drama film directed by Ulu Grosbard and starring Dustin Hoffman, Theresa Russell, Gary Busey, Harry Dean Stanton, M. Emmet Walsh and Kathy Bates. Its plot follows a lifelong thief in Los Angeles who struggles to assimilate in society after serving a six-year prison sentence. The film is based on the novel No Beast So Fierce by Edward Bunker, who also acts in the film.

text:
# Straight Time

***Straight Time*** is a 1978 American neo-noir crime drama film directed by Ulu Grosbard and starring Dustin Hoffman, Theresa Russell, Gary Busey, Harry Dean Stanton, M. Emmet Walsh and Kathy Bates. Its plot follows a lifelong thief in Los Angeles who struggles to assimilate in society after serving a six-year prison sentence. The film is based on the novel *No Beast So Fierce* by Edward Bunker, who also acts in the film.

## Plot

Max Dembo, a lifelong thief in Los Angeles, is released from a six-year stint in prison and forced to report to a boorish and condescending parole officer, Earl Frank. One of the conditions of parole is that Max find a job. At the employment agency, he meets young Jenny Mercer, a newly-hired secretary who helps him land scale-wage work at a can factory. Jenny accepts Max's invitation to dinner, clearly smitten by his worldly and seemingly gentle demeanor.

Earl pays a surprise visit to Max's room, finding a book of matches that Max's friend Willy Darin recently used to cook heroin. Although Max clearly has no track marks nor other signs of drug abuse, he is handcuffed and dragged back to jail, out of a job and a home. Jenny visits him in jail and gives him her number to call when he gets out.

After urine tests prove he is clean, Max is picked up by a smug Earl, who feels he actually gave Max a break by not pursuing the fact that someone had been using drugs in his place of residence, which would result in three more years in prison. During their car ride to a halfway house, Earl presses Max to name the user. Max, realizing he will never get a break, pummels Earl, takes control of his car, and handcuffs him to a highway divider fence with his pants around his ankles.

This deed makes straight life impossible. Max returns to a life of crime, robbing a Chinese-owned grocery store, and planning bigger heists with some willing old accomplices. After robbing a bank together, Max and his friend Jerry Schue decide to up the ante and clean out a Beverly Hills jewelry store. The job is botched when Max takes too long trying to steal everything in sight, something Jerry had criticized him for when they pulled the bank job. Willy, acting as getaway driver, panics and takes off, leaving Max and Jerry to flee on foot as police converge on the store.

While the men attempt to get away via residential backyards, Jerry is shot and killed, while Max shoots a police officer. Max escapes with the loot, settles the score with Willy by murdering him, and flees Los Angeles with a loyal Jenny by his side. While driving through the Antelope Valley, Jenny hears a news bulletin on the radio detailing the extent of Max's crime and the various deaths that occurred. She becomes upset, and forces Max to stop the car so she can vomit.

A short time later, the couple arrive at a lone service station and diner near Palmdale. The two have drinks there, but Max has second thoughts regarding their prospects on the lam, and implies that Jenny return to Los Angeles by bus. He decides to leave Jenny for her own good, resigning himself to a criminal life. Outside the diner, Jenny asks Max why she cannot come along. He responds, "Because I wanna get caught", and drives away. The movie ends with a montage of his booking photos dating back to his teen years (Max's prisoner number, A-20284, is the same as Edward Bunker's prisoner number in real life).

## Cast

## Production

### Development

The screenplay was written by Alvin Sargent, Edward Bunker and Jeffrey Boam, based on Bunker's novel *No Beast So Fierce*. Michael Mann served as an uncredited cowriter on the project.

### Filming

Filming of *Straight Time* took place primarily in Los Angeles County, including Sylmar and Burbank, with additional photography occurring in San Bernardino. Principal photography began on February 9, 1977, at Folsom State Prison in Folsom, California, near Sacramento.

In addition to portraying the lead character, Hoffman was originally hired to direct the film, and, according to producer Jerry Ziesmer, completed one day in this role. Ziesmer recalled that the first day of shooting at Folsom State Prison consisted primarily of a basic establishing shot, and that Hoffman requested constant camera resets, resulting in not a single frame being captured by day's end. With the studio concerned about Hoffman's ability to complete the project in a timely manner, Hoffman stepped down as director, after which Ulu Grosbard was hired.

### Post-production

The film became the subject of litigation between Hoffman and the First Artists Production Company over creative control. Before Hoffman had finished editing the film, First Artists exercised a clause to take over the project, since the shoot had gone 23 days over schedule and approximately $1 million over budget. Hoffman's lawsuit alleged that his right to the final cut had been violated, and that the take-over clause did not mean he forfeited all creative control. First Artists' countersuit claimed that Hoffman's "derogatory statements" damaged the film's reception and box-office performance. The outcome of the litigation has not been disclosed.

## Release

### Critical response

Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* praised *Straight Time* as "a leanly constructed, vividly staged film" that "makes no attempt to explain Max. It simply says that this is the way he is. It requires us to fill in the gaps, and it's the measure of the film that we want to." He also praised the performances, particularly those of Hoffman and Russell.

Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* gave the film four stars out of four, and called it "a superior thriller, a riveting portrait of an ex-con", adding, "Most criminals in American movies are drooling, trigger-happy psychotics. In 'Straight Time,' the criminals are people, and, somehow, that's more disturbing ... Credit ultimately must go to Hoffman, who continues to avoid playing the million-dollar cardboard roles that so many of his peers are drawn to." At the end of the year, he named it the best film of 1978.

David Ansen of *Newsweek* wrote, "Though made up of familiar elements - an ex-con, bank robberies, lovers on the run - it is an unusual movie out of today's Hollywood and a very fine one. Small in scale, grittily realistic, charged with a fierce intelligence about how people live on the other side of the law, the film makes few concessions to an audience's expectations, but it has an edgy, lingering intensity."

Charles Champlin of the *Los Angeles Times* called it "riveting to watch from start to finish", adding, "Hoffman's Max has less dimension than some of his earlier characterizations. You wish his fight \[to go straight\] had gone on a little longer. But his cool, hard disillusion, his unsentimental realism and his fatalistic attitude toward a life that never got going makes its own impact."

Arthur D. Murphy of *Variety* panned the film as "most unlikable" because Hoffman "cannot overcome the essentially distasteful and increasingly unsympathetic elements in the character. Ulu Grosbard's sluggish direction doesn't help."

Gary Arnold of *The Washington Post* wrote that there were "authentic, gripping moments in the film", but "in some unavoidable way \[Hoffman\] just doesn't look threatening and ruthless. You're tempted to console him rather than run from him. The cunning and aggression that one might accept immediately if actors like Robert De Niro or Harvey Keitel were cast as Max are only theoretically apparent in Hoffman."

The film has a score of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.

In 2003, *The New York Times* placed the film on its *Best 1000 Movies Ever* list.

## Sources

* Arnett, Robert (2020). *Neo-Noir as Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema*. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-43668-1.

## InfoBox

| Straight Time | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ulu Grosbard |
| Screenplay by | Alvin Sargent
Edward Bunker
Jeffrey Boam |
| Based on | *No Beast So Fierce*
by Edward Bunker |
| Produced by | Stanley Beck
Tim Zinnemann |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Owen Roizman |
| Edited by | Sam O'Steen
Randy Roberts |
| Music by | David Shire |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | First Artists |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * March 17, 1978 (1978-03-17) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 114 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $10 million |


title: Obesotoma gigantea

abstract: Obesotoma gigantea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Obesotoma gigantea

***Obesotoma gigantea*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length varies between 12 mm and 25 mm. It differs from *Obesotoma gigas* (Verkrüzen, 1875) in a more produced, curved siphonal canal.

## Distribution

This marine species is found from Eastern Greenland to Severnaya Zemlya, Russia

* Morch, O.A.L. (1869) Catalogue des mollusques du Spitzberg, recueilles par le Dr. H. Kroyer pendant le voyage de la corvette la Recherche en juin 1838. Memoires de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique, 4: 7–32
* Kantor, Y.I. & Sysoev, A.V. (eds), 2005. *Catalogue of molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries*. Moscow

## InfoBox

| *Obesotoma gigantea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Obesotoma gigantea* (museum specimen from Naturalis Biodiversity Center) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Obesotoma* |
| Species: | ***O. gigantea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Obesotoma gigantea***<br>(Mörch, 1869) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bela gigantea* (Mörch, 1869) * *Pleurotoma (Bela) violacea* var. *gigantea* Mörch, 1869 * *Pleurotoma gigantea* Moerch, 1869 (original combination) | |


title: Obesotoma cymata

abstract: Obesotoma cymata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Obesotoma cymata

***Obesotoma cymata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 23 mm, its diameter 10.5 mm.

(Original description) The shell resembles typical *Obesotoma tenuilirata* (Dall, 1871, but with a higher and more acute spire, and with 20 or more narrow axial riblets on the body whorl, obsolete on the base, and a single spiral thread at the shoulder.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs from Nunivak Island, Bering Sea, to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska.

* Merkuljev A.V. (2017). Taxonomic puzzle of Propebela arctica (A. Adams, 1855) (Gastropoda, Mangeliidae) - six different species under single name. Ruthenica. 27(1): 15–30
* Tucker, J.K. 2004 *Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)*. Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
* "*Obesotoma tenuilirata cymata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Obesotoma cymata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Obesotoma cymata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Obesotoma* |
| Species: | ***O. cymata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Obesotoma cymata***<br>(Dall, 1919) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Lora tenuilirata* var. *cymata* Dall, 1919 (basionym) | |


title: Obroatis

abstract: Obroatis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858.

text:
# Obroatis

***Obroatis*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Obroatis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Obroatis***<br>Walker, 1858 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Molynda* Walker, 1858 | |


title: Whetu Henry

abstract: Whetu Henry is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in the 1977 World Cup.

text:
# Whetu Henry

**Whetu Henry** is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in the 1977 World Cup.

## Playing career

Henry moved to Wellington from Taupo in 1972. Henry played for both the Marist and Eastern Suburbs clubs in the Wellington Rugby League competition and represented Wellington.

He was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1977 and played in that year's World Cup. In 1978 he toured Australia and Papua New Guinea with the Kiwis.

## Personal life

Henry's brother Whare played for the Kiwis alongside him in 1977. A nephew, also called Whetu, played for the Wellington Lions in 2011. Other relations include Alex Chan and Brackin Karauria-Henry.

In 1981 Henry was one of fourteen Eastern Suburbs players who were convicted of manslaughter in connection with the death of Mongrel Mob gang member Lester Epps.

## InfoBox

Whetu Henry
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Whetu Edward Henry |
| Born | New Zealand |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 114 kg (17 st 13 lb) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  Marist (WRL)       Eastern Suburbs (WRL)       Total 0 0 0 0 0  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1973–19?? Wellington       1977–78 New Zealand 4 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Ocean of Light International School

abstract: The Ocean of Light International School, located in Tonga, is a private international Baháʼí school dedicated to the development of the spiritual, intellectual, and physical potential of the students and to the fostering of a new world society identifying itself with the principles of a world citizenship, a universal value system, a world embracing administrative, economic, social and educational systems based on the concept of unity in diversity, established in 1996. To achieve this the School aims to develop in the students those capacities, skills, habits and attitudes necessary to enable them to provide for their families; to effectively contribute to the peace, prosperity and tranquillity of mankind and society; and to participate in the creation of new institutions, processes and relationships as they are defined and established. The School is directly administered by a non-profit Board of Education nominated by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Tonga. The school is known as a Bahaʼi school and is striving to incorporate Bahaʼi ideals, principles and concepts into the curriculum and organization of the school. The school is located in Kolomotuʻa / Hofoa - about 3 kilometers from the centre of Nukuʻalofa. It offers classes from kindergarten to high school diploma using Cambridge International Examinations including the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The school is listed by the Australian Defense Department as a Primary and Secondary "Benchmark school" for those posted to Tonga.

text:
# Ocean of Light International School

The **Ocean of Light International School**, located in Tonga, is a private international Baháʼí school dedicated to the development of the spiritual, intellectual, and physical potential of the students and to the fostering of a new world society identifying itself with the principles of a world citizenship, a universal value system, a world embracing administrative, economic, social and educational systems based on the concept of unity in diversity, established in 1996. To achieve this the School aims to develop in the students those capacities, skills, habits and attitudes necessary to enable them to provide for their families; to effectively contribute to the peace, prosperity and tranquillity of mankind and society; and to participate in the creation of new institutions, processes and relationships as they are defined and established.

The School is directly administered by a non-profit Board of Education nominated by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Tonga. The school is known as a Bahaʼi school and is striving to incorporate Bahaʼi ideals, principles and concepts into the curriculum and organization of the school. The school is located in Kolomotuʻa / Hofoa - about 3 kilometers from the centre of Nukuʻalofa. It offers classes from kindergarten (3 years old) to high school diploma using Cambridge International Examinations including the International General Certificate of Secondary Education.

The school is listed by the Australian Defense Department as a Primary and Secondary "Benchmark school" for those posted to Tonga.

## Events

* Crown Prince Tupoutoa of Tonga cut the ribbon to open the new buildings at the school.
* 2006 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tonga, the Honorable Dr. Fred Sevele praised the Ocean of Light School for its educational philosophy of academics and spiritual virtues at the school's 10th anniversary celebration.

21°8′21″S 175°13′53″W / 21.13917°S 175.23139°W / -21.13917; -175.23139


title: October 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

abstract: October 23 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 25 All fixed commemorations below celebrated on November 6 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For October 24th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 11.

text:
# October 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

October 23 \- Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar \- October 25

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on **November 6** by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 24th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on **October 11**.

## Saints

## Pre-Schism Western saints

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

### New Martys and Confessors

## Other commemorations

1. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Σεβαστιανὴ ἡ Μάρτυς.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
2. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *24 Οκτωβρίου.* ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
3. (in Greek) *24/10/2017.* Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.
4. November 6 / October 24. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
5. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Μᾶρκος, Σωτήριχος καὶ Οὐαλεντῖνος οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
6. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀκάκιος ὁ Πρεσβύτερος.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
7. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Νέρδων ὁ Μάρτυρας.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
8. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Πρόκλος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
9. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. PROCLUS, B. OF CONSTANTINOPLE. (A.D. 446.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 605-616.
10. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 328.
11. *Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
12. October 24 / November 6. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
13. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀρέθας ὁ Μεγαλομάρτυρας καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
14. *Martyr Arethas.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
15. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Γυναίκα καὶ τὸ Βρέφος της.* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
16. "24 октября по старому стилю" \[October 24 on the old calendar\]. *Православный церковный календарь на 2024 год* (in Russian). Russian Orthodox Church.
17. *Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
18. (in Russian) *ЕЛЕЗВОЙ.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
19. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. ELESBAAN, K. (ABOUT A.D. 555.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 659-668.
20. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 331.
21. October 23. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
22. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. FELIX OF TUBZACENE, B.M. (A.D. 303.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 601-605.
23. Rev. Richard Stanton. *A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries.* London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 512-513.
24. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. MAGLORIUS, B. OF DOL. (A.D. 586.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 616-618.
25. *Saint Senoch the Healer — By St. Gregory of Tours.* Mystagogy Resource Center. October 24, 2014.
26. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. SENOCH, Ab. at Tours. (A.D. 576.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. p. 601.
27. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. CADFARCH, C. (MIDDLE OF 6TH CENTURY.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. p. 616.
28. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. MARTIN, AB. OF VERTOU. (A.D. 601.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Twelfth: October – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 618-619.
29. (in Russian) *АРЕФА ЗАТВОРНИК.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
30. *Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
31. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀρέθας ὁ ἐν τῷ Σπηλαίῳ (Ρῶσος).* 24 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
32. *Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
33. *Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
34. *St. Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
35. *St. John the Hermit of Pskov.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
36. (in Russian) *ЗОСИМА.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
37. (in Russian) *ГЕОРГИЙ.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
38. (in Russian) *АЛЕКСИЙ.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
39. (in Russian) *АЛЕКСИЙ.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
40. (in Russian) *АРЕФА.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
41. (in Russian) *ИОАНН.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
42. *Icon of the Mother of God “the Joy of All Who Sorrow”.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
43. (in Russian) *«ВСЕХ СКОРБЯЩИХ РАДОСТЬ», ИКОНА БОЖИЕЙ МАТЕРИ.* Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).

## Sources

**Greek Sources**

**Russian Sources**


title: Stoppel Point

abstract: Stoppel Point is a mountain located in Greene County, New York northeast of Haines Falls, New York. Located to the southeast is North Mountain. Stoppel Point drains east into Winter Clove, north into Countryman Kill and East Kill, and the east side is the source of Kaaterskill Creek. On May 26, 1983, a pilot with a revoked student certificate crashed a Piper-28-140 into the mountain at about 3,400 feet (1,000 m) in bad weather. The remains of his airplane can still be found.

text:
# Stoppel Point

**Stoppel Point** is a mountain located in Greene County, New York northeast of Haines Falls, New York. Located to the southeast is North Mountain. Stoppel Point drains east into Winter Clove, north into Countryman Kill and East Kill, and the east side is the source of Kaaterskill Creek.

On May 26, 1983, a pilot with a revoked student certificate crashed a Piper-28-140 into the mountain at about 3,400 feet (1,000 m) in bad weather . The remains of his airplane can still be found.

1. "Stoppel Point". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
2. NTSB report on 1983 crash

## InfoBox

| Stoppel Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Stoppel PointLocation of Stoppel Point within New YorkStoppel PointStoppel Point (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,422 ft (1,043 m) |
| Coordinates | 42°13′30″N 74°03′54″W / 42.22500°N 74.06500°W / 42.22500; -74.06500 |
| Geography | |
| Location | NE of Haines Falls, New York, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS *Kaaterskill Clove* |


title: When Corporations Rule the World

abstract: When Corporations Rule the World is a book by David Korten. Korten examines the evolution of corporations in the United States and argues that "corporate libertarians" have "twisted" the ideas of Adam Smith's view of the role of private companies. Korten critiques current methods of economic development led by the Bretton Woods institutions and asserts his desire to rebalance the power of multinational corporations with concern for environmental sustainability and what he terms "people-centered development". He advocates a 50% tax on advertising. Korten criticises consumerism, market deregulation, free trade, privatization and what he sees as the global consolidation of corporate power. Above all he rejects any focus on money as the purpose of economic life. His prescriptions include excluding corporations from political participation, increased state and global control of international corporations and finance, rendering financial speculation unprofitable and creating local economies that rely on local resources, rather than international trade.

text:
# When Corporations Rule the World

***When Corporations Rule the World*** is a book by David Korten. Korten examines the evolution of corporations in the United States and argues that "corporate libertarians" have "twisted" the ideas of Adam Smith's view of the role of private companies.

Korten critiques current methods of economic development led by the Bretton Woods institutions and asserts his desire to rebalance the power of multinational corporations with concern for environmental sustainability and what he terms "people-centered development". He advocates a 50% tax on advertising.

Korten criticises consumerism, market deregulation, free trade, privatization and what he sees as the global consolidation of corporate power. Above all he rejects any focus on money as the purpose of economic life. His prescriptions include excluding corporations from political participation, increased state and global control of international corporations and finance, rendering financial speculation unprofitable and creating local economies that rely on local resources, rather than international trade.

## Responses

In a review of the book in *Left Business Observer #71* in January 1996, Doug Henwood observed:

> \[Korten\] offers a vision of "a market economy composed primarily, though not exclusively, of family enterprises, small-scale co-ops, worker-owned firms, and neighborhood and municipal corporations." Much of this is desirable. But it would be impossible to run a complex economy on this scale only; it's easy to imagine furniture being made this way, but not trains and computers. If Korten means to do away with trains and computers, he should tell us.

## InfoBox

When Corporations Rule the World
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David Korten |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Kumarian Press |
| Publication date | 1995 |
| ISBN | 1-887208-00-3 |
| OCLC | 32508180 |
| Dewey Decimal | 322/.3 20 |
| LC Class | HD2326 .K647 1995 |


title: Ocinebrina

abstract: Ocinebrina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ocenebrinae of the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Ocinebrina

***Ocinebrina*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ocenebrinae of the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Ocinebrina*:

## Synonyms

* *Ocinebrina barbarensis* (Gabb, 1865): synonym of *Paciocinebrina barbarensis* (Gabb, 1865)
* *Ocinebrina blainvillei* \[sic\]: synonym of *Muricopsis cristata* (Brocchi, 1814) (misspelling of Ocinebrina blainvillii (Payraudeau, 1826))
* *Ocinebrina blainvillii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Muricopsis cristata* (Brocchi, 1814)
* *Ocinebrina buzzurroi* Cecalupo & Mariani, 2008: synonym of *Ocinebrina corallinoides* Pallary, 1912
* *Ocinebrina carmelae* Cecalupo, Buzzurro & Mariani, 2008: synonym of *Ocinebrina piantonii* Cecalupo, Buzzurro & Mariani, 2008: synonym of *Ocenebra piantonii* (Cecalupo, Buzzurro & Mariani, 2008)
* *Ocinebrina cellulosa* (Conrad, 1846): synonym of *Favartia cellulosa* (Conrad, 1846)
* *Ocinebrina cyclopus* Monterosato, 1884: synonym of *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Ocenebra edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Ocinebrina edwardsi* \[sic\]: synonym of *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Ocenebra edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826) (misspelling of *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826))
* *Ocinebrina edwardsi* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Ocenebra edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Ocenebra edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Ocinebrina epiphanea* (Dall, 1919): synonym of *Paciocinebrina foveolata* (Hinds, 1844)
* *Ocinebrina erronea* (Settepassi, 1977): synonym of *Ocinebrina hispidula* (Pallary, 1904): synonym of Ocenebra hispidula (Pallary, 1904) (unavailable following ICZN art. 11.4)
* *Ocinebrina foveolata* (Hinds, 1844): synonym of *Paciocinebrina foveolata* (Hinds, 1844)
* *Ocinebrina gracillima* (Stearns, 1871): synonym of *Paciocinebrina gracillima* (Stearns, 1871)
* *Ocinebrina helleri* (Brusina, 1865): synonym of *Ocenebra helleri* (Brusina, 1865)
* *Ocinebrina hispidula* (Pallary, 1904): synonym of *Ocenebra hispidula* (Pallary, 1904)
* *Ocinebrina hybrida* (Aradas & Benoit, 1876): synonym of *Ocenebra hybrida* (Aradas & Benoit, 1876)
* *Ocinebrina ingloria* (Crosse, 1865): synonym of *Ocenebra ingloria* (Crosse, 1865)
* *Ocinebrina inordinata* (Houart & Abreu, 1994): synonym of *Ocenebra inordinata* Houart & Abreu, 1994
* *Ocinebrina interfossa* (Carpenter, 1864): synonym of *Paciocinebrina interfossa* (Carpenter, 1864)
* *Ocinebrina leukos* Houart, 2000: synonym of *Ocenebra leukos* (Houart, 2000) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina lucasi* Bozzetti, 2007: synonym of *Murexsul planiliratus* (Reeve, 1845) (synonym)
* *Ocinebrina lurida* (Middendorff, 1848): synonym of *Paciocinebrina lurida* (Middendorff, 1848)
* *Ocinebrina miscowichae* Pallary, 1920: synonym of *Ocenebra miscowichae* (Pallary, 1920) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina miscowichi* Pallary, 1920: synonym of *Ocinebrina miscowichae* Pallary, 1920: synonym of *Ocenebra miscowichae* (Pallary, 1920) (must be emended to miscowichae following ICZN rules)
* *Ocinebrina nicolai* Monterosato, 1884: synonym of *Ocenebra nicolai* (Monterosato, 1884) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina paddeui* Bonomolo & Buzzurro, 2006: synonym of *Ocenebra paddeui* (Bonomolo & Buzzurro, 2006) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina perfecta* Monterosato in Settepassi, 1977: synonym of *Ocinebrina helleri* (Brusina, 1865): synonym of *Ocenebra helleri* (Brusina, 1865) (unavailable following ICZN art. 11.4)
* *Ocinebrina piantonii* Cecalupo, Buzzurro & Mariani, 2008: synonym of *Ocenebra piantonii* (Cecalupo, Buzzurro & Mariani, 2008) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina purpuroidea* Pallary, 1920: synonym of *Ocenebra purpuroidea* (Pallary, 1920) (original combination)
* *Ocinebrina ruderata* Settepassi, 1977: synonym of *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Ocenebra edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826) (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binomial nomenclature (ICZN art. 11.4))
* *Ocinebrina scalaropsis* Settepassi, 1977: synonym of *Ocinebrina aciculata* (Lamarck, 1822) (unavailable following ICZN art. 11.4)
* *Ocinebrina scaloropsis* Settepassi, 1977: synonym of *Ocinebrina edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Ocenebra edwardsii* (Payraudeau, 1826) (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binomial nomenclature (ICZN art. 11.4))
* *Ocinebrina sclera* (Dall, 1919): synonym of *Paciocinebrina sclera* (Dall, 1919)
* *Ocinebrina seftoni* (Chace, 1958): synonym of *Paciocinebrina seftoni* (Chace, 1958)
* *Ocinebrina squamulifera* (Carpenter, 1869): synonym of † *Paciocinebrina squamulifera* (Carpenter, 1869)
* *Ocinebrina titii* (Stossich, 1865): synonym of *Ocinebrina corallina* (Scacchi, 1836)

## InfoBox

| *Ocinebrina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Ocinebrina aegeensis* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Muricoidea |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Ocenebrinae |
| Genus: | *Ocinebrina*
Jousseaume, 1880 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Murex corallinus* Scacchi, 1836
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Murex* (*Corallinia*) Bucquoy & Dautzenberg, 1882 * *Ocenebra* (*Ocinebrina*) * *Ocenebrina* Cossmann, 1903 * *Tritonalia* (*Ocinebrina*) Jousseaume, 1880 | |


title: Whisper with the Wind

abstract: Whisper With the Wind is a 2009 Kurdish drama film written and directed by Shahram Alidi in his first film.

text:
# Whisper with the Wind

***Whisper With the Wind*** is a 2009 Kurdish drama film written and directed by Shahram Alidi in his first film.

## Plot

In the years of military asphyxia in dictatorial regime of Saddam, in a very bad situation that everything was under the regime's control, people find any available way to keep in touch together. An old man is the post-man in a wide area of Kurdistan Iraq. His job is to deliver people's messages but not written one, but oral messages. He is an oral post-man and records and sells the messages of the folk and gets income in this way.

## Cast

## Crew

## Awards

* Cannes International Film Festival- France- Critic Weeks Section- 2009- Competitor for Golden Camera- Three Prizes:
    + The Best Feature Film's ACID support
    + Prize of View of Youth
    + Prize of Young European Critics
* Mumbai International Film Festival- Prize of Mumbai Young Critics Award- India- 2009
* Amazon Film Festival- Special Jury Award- Brazil- 2009
* Pessac International Historic Film Festival- Prize of Academic Jury- France- 2009
* Student Academy Awards of Bratislava- Bratislava Film festival- Slovak- 2009

## InfoBox

| Whisper With the Wind | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Shahram Alidi |
| Screenplay by | Shahram Alidi |
| Produced by | Shahram Alidi |
| Starring | * Omar Chawshin * Maryam Boubani * Fakhr Mohammad Barzani * Valid Marouf Jarou * Mohara, Hossein Ghadr * Bistoun Ali Ghadr |
| Edited by | Hayedeh Safiyari |
| Release date | * 2009 (2009) |
| Running time | 77 minutes |
| Country | Iran Rojhalat |
| Language | Kurdish |


title: Zalesie, Gmina Nurzec-Stacja

abstract: Zalesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nurzec-Stacja, within Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Nurzec-Stacja, 14 km (9 mi) east of Siemiatycze, and 73 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Zalesie, Gmina Nurzec-Stacja

**Zalesie** \[zaˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nurzec-Stacja, within Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Nurzec-Stacja, 14 km (9 mi) east of Siemiatycze, and 73 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Zalesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zalesie | |
| Coordinates: 52°28′2″N 23°3′1″E / 52.46722°N 23.05028°E / 52.46722; 23.05028 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Siemiatycze |
| Gmina | Nurzec-Stacja |


title: Zaeera

abstract:
Zaeera is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
  - Zaeera cretata Pascoe, 1865
  - Zaeera detzneri Kriesche, 1923
  - Zaeera ocellata Breuning, 1938
  - Zaeera pulcherrima Nonfried, 1894

text:
# Zaeera

***Zaeera*** is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Zaeera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Zaeera*** |
|


title: Zaeera detzneri

abstract: Zaeera detzneri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1923. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Zaeera detzneri

***Zaeera detzneri*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1923. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Zaeera detzneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Zaeera*** |
| Species: | ***Z. detzneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zaeera detzneri***<br>Kriesche, 1923 | |
|


title: Whitcomb L. Judson

abstract: Whitcomb L. Judson was an American machine salesman, mechanical engineer and inventor. He received thirty patents over a sixteen-year career, fourteen of which were on pneumatic street railway innovations. Six of his patents had to do with a motor mechanism suspended beneath the rail-car that functioned with compressed air. He founded the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway. Judson is most noted for his invention of the zip fastener. It was originally called a clasp-locker. The first application was as a fastener for shoes and high boots. The patent said it could be used wherever it was desirable to connect a pair of adjacent flexible parts that could be detached easily. Possible applications noted were for corsets, gloves, and mail bags.

text:
# Whitcomb L. Judson

**Whitcomb L. Judson** (March 7, 1843  December 7, 1909) was an American machine salesman, mechanical engineer and inventor. He received thirty patents over a sixteen-year career, fourteen of which were on pneumatic street railway innovations. Six of his patents had to do with a motor mechanism suspended beneath the rail-car that functioned with compressed air. He founded the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway.

Judson is most noted for his invention of the zip fastener. It was originally called a clasp-locker. The first application was as a fastener for shoes and high boots. The patent said it could be used wherever it was desirable to connect a pair of adjacent flexible parts that could be detached easily. Possible applications noted were for corsets, gloves, and mail bags.

## Early life

Judson was born March 7, 1843, in Chicago, Illinois. He served in the Union Army and enlisted in 1861 at Oneida, Illinois, in the 42nd Illinois Infantry Regiment according to the Illinois State Archives. Judson attended Knox College in his hometown Galesburg, Illinois. He was found in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1886. In 1886 and 1887 the Minneapolis city directory identified Judson as a "traveling agent"  a traveling salesman working probably for Pitts Agricultural Works. A couple of years later Judson began working for Earle Manufacturing Company with Harry L. Earle as the head of the firm. Judson sold band cutters and grain scales for them along with other items as one of their salesmen.

## Career

### Street railway

Judson began his efforts of making inventions around 1888 to 1889. His concentration was on inventions for a "pneumatic street railway". His first patented invention was for a "mechanical movement" related to that. In 1889, Judson obtained six patents related to his concept of a street railway running on compressed air. The concept was similar to the cable railway system but with pistons suspended beneath the rail-car. Judson received a total of 14 patents related to this type of railway system out of the 30 patents he had.

Similar systems were tried throughout the nineteenth century, however, they all failed because of sealing problems. Judson's similar inventions were also impractical and as a whole not very successful. The street railway concept ultimately went electric. Judson Pneumatic Street Railway was initiated by Judson and Earle was one of the promoters. It even had a demonstration line in 1890 in Washington, D.C., for about a mile that was at what is today Georgia Avenue. It ran for only a few weeks before the company shut it down due to technical problems. A cable streetcar firm bought them out and turned it into an electric streetcar since Judson's system was impractical.

### Zipper

Judson's most noteworthy invention, a chain-lock fastener, was the precursor to the modern zipper which he developed and invented in 1891. Judson is generally recognized as the inventor of the zipper. He also invented a "clasp-locker" automation production machine that made his fastener device inexpensively. His metal zipper fastener device was actually called a "clasp-locker" in his time; the name "zipper" was not actually coined or used until many years after his death. The "clasp locker" was a complicated hook-and-eye fastener with an arrangement of hooks and eyes run by a "guide" for closing and opening a clothing item. The first application was as a shoe fastener, and there is mention in the patents for possible applications for corsets, gloves, mail bags, and "generally wherever it is desired to detachably connect a pair of adjacent flexible parts." It is also said one of the reasons he invented this device was to relieve the tedium of fastening high button boots that were fashionable in those days.

Judson's first slide fastener patent was applied for in November 1891. At the time the United States Patent Office didn't require a working model of a patent, only that the invention was to be a novel idea. However, his invention was almost rejected by the patent assistant examiner Thomas Hart Anderson because there were several types of shoe fasteners already patented. He applied for a second patent on an improved version for the same item some nine months later before the first was even approved.

The patent was approved in May 1893 after the last amendment was filed with an improved version. When the two patents were finally issued on August 29 (along with 378 others that day), they received the numbers U.S.P. 504,038 (first) and U.S.P. 504,037 (second). These patents describe several designs of the "clasp-locker". Later design patents of the fastener describe opposite elements on each side that are identical to each other and fit together by the engaging of "pintles" and "sockets." In his patent U.S.P. 557,207 of 1896 is a description mostly like the zipper of today.

> ... each link of each chain is provided both with a male and female coupling part, and when the chains are coupled together the female part of each link on one chain is engaged by the male part of a link on the other chain.

In 1893, Judson exhibited his new invention at the Chicago World's Fair where it had its debut. Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture his new invention, together with Harry L. Earle and Lewis Walker. The Universal Fastener Company started out in Chicago and then moved to Elyria, Ohio. It then moved to Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, and then to Hoboken, New Jersey. The name changed eventually to Automatic Hook and Eye Company.

Judson's "clasp-locker" met with little commercial success at first. He ultimately never saw much success in the "clasp-locker" as a fashion item during his lifetime. Judson made a "C-curity" clasp-locker fastener in 1905 which was an improved version of his previous patents. It tended to break open unexpectedly like the predecessors. Clothing manufacturers showed little interest in Judson's fastener perhaps because of this reason.

An improved version of 1896 came with

> a cam-action slider which is somewhat similar to the locker and unlocker shown in my prior patents, but which in this combination operates with a somewhat different action involving an automatic movement of the slider backward in the uncoupling action of the chains, and which slider is in this case designed to remain permanently on the shoe.

Judson made his invention to save people the trouble of buttoning and unbuttoning their shoes every day as shows in his wording in the patent application. He describes this in his patent U.S.P. 557,207

> From the foregoing statements it must be obvious that a shoe equipped with my device has all the advantages peculiar to a lace-shoe, while at the same time it is free from the annoyances hitherto incidental to lace-shoes on account of the lacing and unlacing required every time the shoes were put on or taken off the feet and on account of the lacing-strings coming untied. With my device, the lacing-strings may be adjusted from time to time to take up the slack in the shoes, and the shoes may be fastened or loosened more quickly than any other form of shoe hitherto devised, so far as I am aware.

In 1913, the zipper was improved by the Swedish-American engineer, Gideon Sundback, and also by Catharina Kuhn-Moos of Europe. Sundback successfully redesigned Judson's fastener into a more streamlined and reliable form called "Talon." Automatic Hook and Eye Company then changed its name to the Hookless Fastener Company. In 1937 the Hookless Fastener Company became Talon, Inc.

In 1918, a textile company manufactured flying suits for the United States Navy with this fastener. Judson's company received an order for thousands of their "clasp-locker" fasteners. Soon thereafter they appeared on gloves and tobacco pouches. The B. F. Goodrich company in 1923 installed these fasteners in their rubber galoshes, calling the new design "Zippers." This then became the name of the fastener itself. The design of the fastener today is much like Sundback's improvement of Judson's "clasp-locker."

## Personal life

Judson married his wife, Annie Martin, in 1874. They had three children: Jane, Gertrude, and Rossland. Rossland became vice-president of Continental Motor Manufacturing Company, which developed the first automobile hydraulic system co-innovated by Judson.

## Later life

Judson lived in New York City for the later part of his life. He moved in 1906 to Muskegon, Michigan. There he died at the age of 63 on December 7, 1909. The cause of death was stomach cancer.

## Footnotes

1. "Whitcomb Judson". Retrieved 2020-05-23.
2. Friedel, p. 4
3. Friedel, p. 5
4. Friedel, pp. 610
5. "First Zipper Man's Idea". *Elmira Advertiser*. Elmira, New York. September 15, 1955. p. 17  via Newspapers.com .
6. Travers, p. 702 "The zipper was invented by Whitcomb L. Judson, a Chicago, Illinois, mechanical engineer."
7. Travers, pp. 702703
8. Friedel, p. 16
9. Friedel, p. 2
10. Friedel, p. 17
11. "Back in 1893". *The Honolulu Adviser*. Honolulu, Hawaii. May 18, 1949. p. 13  via Newspapers.com .
12. *Ups and Down of the Zipper*, by Thomas V. DiBacco of *The Washington Post*, Washington, D.C.: March 29, 1982, p. W15
13. Friedel, p. 3
14. Friedel, p. 18
15. Leslie, p. 19
16. "State News". *Livingston County Daily Press*. Howell, Michigan. December 15, 1909. p. 1  via Newspapers.com .
17. "Woman Financial Wizard Takes Management Position". *Valley News*. Van Nuys, California. December 29, 1972. p. 21  via Newspapers.com .
18. Friedel, p. 10
19. Death certificate, State of Michigan, 1909

## Sources

* Friedel, Robert, *Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty*, W. W. Norton & Company, 1996, ISBN 0-393-31365-4
* Leslie, Sarah et al., *The World's Greatest Inventors*, Platt & Munk, 1976, ISBN 0-448-49614-3
* Travers, Bridget *World of Invention*, Gale Research, 1994, ISBN 0-8103-8375-6

## Further reading

* Gale, Robert L., *The Gay Nineties in America: A Cultural Dictionary of the 1890s*, Greenwood Press (1992), ISBN 0-313-27819-9

## InfoBox

| Whitcomb L. Judson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1843-03-07)March 7, 1843<br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 7, 1909(1909-12-07) (aged 66) |
| Resting place | Muskegon, Michigan, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Salesman, engineer, inventor |
| Known for | Inventor of zipper |
| Spouse | Annie Martin (m. 1874) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Streptomyces iakyrus

abstract: Streptomyces iakyrus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil Streptomyces iakyrus produces actinomycin G2, actinomycin G3, actinomycin G4, actinomycin G5, actinomycin G6, iakirine I, iakirine II and iakirine III.

text:
# Streptomyces iakyrus

***Streptomyces iakyrus*** is a bacterium species from the genus of *Streptomyces* which has been isolated from soil *Streptomyces iakyrus* produces actinomycin G2, actinomycin G3, actinomycin G4, actinomycin G5, actinomycin G6, iakirine I, iakirine II and iakirine III.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Streptomyces iakyrus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Streptomycetales |
| Family: | Streptomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Streptomyces* |
| Species: | ***S. iakyrus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Streptomyces iakyrus***<br>de Querioz and Albert 1962 (Approved Lists 1980) | |
|
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 15375, BCRC 11930, CBS 702.72, CCRC 11930, CGMCC 4.1912, DSM 40482, IAUR 3119, IAUR 3923, IFO 13401, INMI 15375, ISP 5482, JCM 4254, JCM 4773, KCC S-0254, NBRC 13401, NRRL B-3317, NRRL B-3634, NRRL B-B-3634, NRRL-ISP 5482, RIA 1362, VKM Ac-201 | |


title: Octomeria lithophila

abstract: Octomeria lithophila is a species of orchid endemic to southeastern Brazil.

text:
# Octomeria lithophila

***Octomeria lithophila*** is a species of orchid endemic to southeastern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Octomeria lithophila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Octomeria* |
| Species: | ***O. lithophila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Octomeria lithophila***<br>(Barb.Rodr.) Barb.Rodr. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gigliolia lithophila* Barb.Rodr. (basionym) | |


title: Ogawa, Ibaraki (Higashiibaraki)

abstract: Ogawa was a town located in Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,545 and a density of 310.34 persons per km⁲. The total area was 62.98 km⁲. On March 27, 2006, Ogawa, along with the town of Minori, and the village of Tamari, was merged to create the city of Omitama.

text:
# Ogawa, Ibaraki (Higashiibaraki)

**Ogawa** (小川町, *Ogawa-machi*) was a town located in Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,545 and a density of 310.34 persons per km2. The total area was 62.98 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Ogawa, along with the town of Minori (also from Higashiibaraki District), and the village of Tamari (from Niihari District), was merged to create the city of Omitama.


title: Ocular hypertension

abstract: Ocular hypertension is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye, usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss. For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk factor and symptom of glaucoma. One study found that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Accordingly, most individuals with consistently elevated intraocular pressures of greater than 21mmHg, particularly if they have other risk factors, are treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from glaucoma. Treatment, by lowering the intraocular pressure, may help decrease the risk of vision loss and damage to the eye from glaucoma. Treatment options include pressure-lowering 'antiglaucomatous' eye drops, surgery, and/or laser eye surgery. It is estimated that approximately 2-3% of people aged 52-89 years old have ocular hypertension of 25 mmHg and higher, and 3.5% of people 49 years and older have ocular hypertension of 21 mmHg and higher.

text:
# Ocular hypertension

**Ocular hypertension** is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss.

For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk factor and symptom of glaucoma. One study found that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Accordingly, most individuals with consistently elevated intraocular pressures of greater than 21mmHg, particularly if they have other risk factors, are treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from glaucoma.

Treatment, by lowering the intraocular pressure, may help decrease the risk of vision loss and damage to the eye from glaucoma. Treatment options include pressure-lowering 'antiglaucomatous' eye drops, surgery, and/or laser eye surgery.

It is estimated that approximately 2-3% of people aged 52-89 years old have ocular hypertension of 25 mmHg and higher, and 3.5% of people 49 years and older have ocular hypertension of 21 mmHg and higher.

## Pathophysiology

The pressure within the eye is maintained by the balance between the fluid that enters the eye through the ciliary body and the fluid that exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork.

## Diagnosis

The condition is diagnosed using ocular tonometry and glaucoma evaluation. Increased IOP without glaucomatous changes (in optic disc or visual field) is considered as ocular hypertension.

## Treatment

Ocular hypertension is treated with either medications (eye drops), surgery, or laser.

Medications that lower intraocular pressure work by decreasing aqueous humor production and/or increasing aqueous humor outflow. Eye drop formulations often include different combinations of beta-blockers, prostaglandin analogs (for example, latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost), diuretics, and alpha-agonists.

Laser trabeculoplasty works by increasing outflow. Laser treatment may be more effective than medications for decreasing the speed of loss of the visual field in people who have open-angle glaucoma. Evidence suggests that laser treatment may have the same degree of effectiveness at decreasing intraocular pressure.

Cannabis is not suggested for treatment of glaucoma by the American Glaucoma Society for adults or for children.

## Research

The LiGHT trial compared the effectiveness of eye drops and selective laser trabeculoplasty for ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma. Both treatments contributed to a similar quality of life but most people undergoing laser treatment were able to stop using eye drops. Laser trabeculoplasty was also shown to be more cost-effective.

Rho-Kinase inhibitors (for example, netarsudil) may be effective at decreasing ocular hypertension, however, how effective this medication is and longer term effects of these drops are not clear.

## InfoBox

| Ocular hypertension | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |


title: Ocular dysmetria

abstract: Ocular dysmetria is a form of dysmetria that involves the constant under- or over-shooting of the eyes when attempting to focus gaze on something. Ocular dysmetria indicates lesions in the cerebellum, which is the brain region responsible for coordinating movement. It is a symptom of several neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis. It is a condition that can cause symptoms similar to sea sickness.

text:
# Ocular dysmetria

**Ocular dysmetria** is a form of dysmetria that involves the constant under- or over-shooting of the eyes when attempting to focus gaze on something.

Ocular dysmetria indicates lesions in the cerebellum, which is the brain region responsible for coordinating movement. It is a symptom of several neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis.

It is a condition that can cause symptoms similar to sea sickness.

## InfoBox

| Ocular dysmetria | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |
| Differential diagnosis | lesion in cerebellum |


title: Of the Flesh

abstract: Karnal, internationally titled Of the Flesh, is a 1983 Philippine horror drama film directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya. It was adapted and written by Ricky Lee from the legal story "To Take a Life" by Teresa Añover Rodriguez and produced by Benjamin G. Yalung. Set in the 1930s, during the American colonial era, it tells the story of a newly-wed couple Narcing and Puring who arrive from Manila in the town of Mulawin, a place filled with violent and tragic pasts, a place likened to Hell by its storyteller, played by Charito Solis. Settling in Mulawin, they will witness misfortunes and violence, including rape, incest, parricide, and tyranny perpetrated by the cruel Gusting. It was filmed in the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Rizal and the National Capital Region. Ryan Cayabyab provided the musical score for the film and Manolo Abaya, the director's husband, served as the director of photography. It is the third and last film of Marilou Diaz-Abaya's loose trilogy of feminist films, following Brutal (1980) and Moral (1982). These films depicted the feminist issues and concerns, complete with the use of backdrops and metaphors related to the Martial Law era. The film was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. The film has received its overseas release in the United Kingdom on November 23, 1984, as part of the London Film Festival and in Japan on September 14, 2001, as part of the Special Feature of Marilou Diaz-Abaya at the 2001 Fukuoka International Film Festival along with the other films she had previously directed. In 2015, the film was digitally restored and remastered in high-definition by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration under the leadership of Leonardo P. Katigbak and Central Digital Lab under Rick Hawthorne and Manet Dayrit. The restored version of Karnal was premiered on August 13, 2015, as one of the special features for the 11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival.

text:
# Of the Flesh

***Karnal***, internationally titled ***Of the Flesh***, is a 1983 Philippine horror drama film directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya. It was adapted and written by Ricky Lee from the legal story "To Take a Life" by Teresa Añover Rodriguez and produced by Benjamin G. Yalung. Set in the 1930s, during the American colonial era, it tells the story of a newly-wed couple Narcing (Phillip Salvador) and Puring (Cecille Castillo) who arrive from Manila in the town of Mulawin, a place filled with violent and tragic pasts, a place likened to Hell by its storyteller, played by Charito Solis. Settling in Mulawin, they will witness misfortunes and violence, including rape, incest, parricide, and tyranny perpetrated by the cruel Gusting (Vic Silayan).

It was filmed in the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Rizal and the National Capital Region. Ryan Cayabyab provided the musical score for the film and Manolo Abaya, the director's husband, served as the director of photography. It is the third and last film of Marilou Diaz-Abaya's loose trilogy of feminist films, following *Brutal* (1980) and *Moral* (1982). These films depicted the feminist issues and concerns, complete with the use of backdrops and metaphors related to the Martial Law era.

The film was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. The film has received its overseas release in the United Kingdom on November 23, 1984, as part of the London Film Festival and in Japan on September 14, 2001, as part of the Special Feature of Marilou Diaz-Abaya at the 2001 Fukuoka International Film Festival along with the other films she had previously directed.

In 2015, the film was digitally restored and remastered in high-definition by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration under the leadership of Leonardo P. Katigbak and Central Digital Lab under Rick Hawthorne and Manet Dayrit. The restored version of *Karnal* was premiered on August 13, 2015, as one of the special features for the 11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival.

## Plot

A middle-aged woman, acting as the narrator, tells a long but violent and tragic story about her mother's life in a town that is only one step ahead of Hell. She also mentions the lives of the townspeople living under the rule of a tyrannical and violent landowner.

Newlyweds Narcing and Puring arrive from Manila, the capital, to live in the former's hometown, Mulawin. His father, Gusting, is taken aback by Puring's resemblance to his deceased wife Elena. The resemblance prompts Gusting to cause problems with Narcing and Puring. He makes several advances toward Puring, and failing in that motivates Narcing to be more assertive over Puring. At the same time, he reveals to the villagers his friendship with a deaf man Gorio. In the violent family conflict that ensues, Narcing kills his father.

While her husband is in jail, Puring gives birth to her child whom the town's villagers consider demonic. After burying her daughter in the burning fields, Narcing escapes from prison but is pursued by authorities. As he finds his wife at Gorio's hut, Narcing, along with Puring, escapes in order to avoid being captured by the authorities. Unfortunately for him, Narcing is captured by the authorities. His hands are tied by a rope, and he repeatedly stumbles and slides to the ground as Puring emotionally cries watching him suffer. At the jail, the jail warden opens his cell and discovers that Narcing had committed suicide by slitting his throat. The news of his death devastates Puring.

The narrator reveals her identity as the niece of Narcing and Puring. Her mother Doray is Narcing's sister. She narrates that Doray fled from the family home after being forced by his father to marry someone she did not love, to be with his true love Jose. Likewise, she was also a victim of family violence in the past. She narrates further that after the tragedy, Puring returned to Manila to work as a salesperson again. However, according to some accounts, she fared even worse because she became a prostitute to the Americans in the dark areas of the city where she forcefully spoke English to them. On the other hand, some claim she became a nun to atone for her sins. She ends by stating that these rumors will never be confirmed and her true whereabouts will remain a mystery.

## Cast

## Production

### Pre-production

Ricky Lee (pictured in 2018) was called by Diaz-Abaya to create a screenplay based on the magazine article.

The production of *Karnal* began when director Marilou Diaz-Abaya received a mysterious telephone call from someone going by the name "M-7", asking her if she agreed to do another film project. Since the person from the call was mysterious, the publicist informed the director that the caller was none other than film producer Benjamin G. Yalung, and "M-7" is his alias. Soon after, Marilou Diaz-Abaya, accompanied by her husband Manolo Abaya, met Ben Yalung and his friend, actress Cecille Castillo, who had previously starred in Lino Brocka's *Cain at Abel* (1982) at a dinner in a restaurant. In the middle of their meeting, the producer handed a magazine clipping to the director. The clipping was a legal story by Teresita Añover-Rodriguez, *To Take A Life*, which was published through Mr. & Ms. Magazine and tells the story of a woman who killed her father-in-law after being abusive to her and raping her. Yalung told Diaz-Abaya that Cecille Castillo had to be one of the starring cast. Because of the story, director Diaz-Abaya was struck by Castillo's period-style looks, believing that she was perfect for the film.

Ricky Lee, the director's screenwriting collaborator in *Brutal* and *Moral*, began to create a screenplay after he was informed of Cecille Castillo's perfect period-era looks and used the legal story of Añover-Rodriguez as its basis. The director felt that the story would be set earlier in the 1930s in which she believed that the morals and attitudes of the said era began to transition from the old conservative of the Spanish era to liberalism due to the influence of the American colonial rule.

### Production design

Fiel Zabat, the film's production designer, first studied the old paintings that were still hung at the house of Diaz-Abaya's parents to get the period-era feeling. She also studied the paintings of Fernando Amorsolo and read the reference materials related to the said painter. As a result, the house became one of the filming sites. Several of the old and genuine period-era costumes used for the film were borrowed from Zabat's grandmothers.

### Casting

While watching Peque Gallaga's 1982 war drama film *Oro, Plata, Mata*, Abaya and Lee were amazed by Joel Torre's performance as Miguel, which prompted them to convince him to be part of the project but they worried because of his thick points and then, Lee suggested making Goryo a mute man. Torre would later collaborate with Abaya in *Ipaglaban Mo!: The Movie* in 1995 as the rape victim's wife and *José Rizal* in 1998 as Crisostomo Ibarra.

### Filming

For the film's shooting, Marilou Diaz-Abaya and Fiel Zabat began searching towns in Central Luzon that would serve as a potential filming place for the film. As a result, they chose the town of Gapan in Nueva Ecija and its surrounding towns as the decided shooting site for the film. Luckily for the film's staff and crew, the old stone house the director fell in love with was owned by the production designer's distant aunt who welcomed the director and the others to use it. The cast and crew took two months to prepare for their roles and duties via workshops and rehearsals while principal photography took 60 calendar days (two months).

Torre, who prepared for the role of deaf-mute Goryo by doing exercises and bodybuilding, was brought by Abaya and taught how to burn and then, gather the charcoal. Abaya told him that the charcoal is "what you breathe. This is where you live. This is what you do. This is your friend. You have no other friends except what your hands do." They shot the scene at the charcoal fields first before they proceeded with the use of shouts and grunts for Goryo.

While shooting scenes in the mountains of Minalungao, they put white flags around the set because there were several NPA rebels present in the mountain range but there were times when they witnessed the process. In the scene where Narcing beheaded his father, prosthetic artist Cecile Baun made the mold of Vic Silayan's head to create a realistic effect in the scene where Phillip Salvador's character decides to kill him.

For the birthing scene, the crew used boiled chicken intestines (added with maple syrup) to look like a real placenta that Goryo cut with his mouth.

## Restoration

The film's restoration was handled by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration and Central Digital Lab in Makati. According to ABS-CBN Film Archives head Leo P. Katigbak, the restoration of *Karnal* was discontinued when technicians spotted some defects in its acquired copy. Prior to the film's restoration, the majority of its rights are owned by ABS-CBN and they have to acquire the remaining rights to continue the restoration. The film was eventually restored in 2015 using a print generated from the original negatives and it is the first film of Diaz-Abaya to be digitally restored.

The film's restored version was premiered on August 13, 2015, at the Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino (CCP Little Theatre) of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The premiere was attended by the film's stars Phillip Salvador, Vangie Labalan, and Cecille Castillo; the director's two sons, musician Marc and cinematographer David Abaya; the film's cinematographer and the director's husband Manolo Abaya, and the writer Ricky Lee. Directors Antoinette Jadaone and Dan Villegas also attended the film's premiere.

### Television release

The film's restored version was premiered on November 5, 2017, as a feature presentation for ABS-CBN's Sunday late-night presentation program, *Sunday's Best*. The televised showing was rated SPG (Strong Parental Guidance) with warnings of themes, violence, and sex by the MTRCB and attained a nationwide share rating of 0.9%, winning against GMA Network's telecast of *Diyos at Bayan*, which attained a 0.5% rating, according to AGB Nielsen's Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement (NUTAM) ratings.

## Reception

### Critical reception

Jay Cruz, writing for SINEGANG.ph, gave the film four-and-a-half out of five stars, with praise directed to its cast, screenplay, cinematography, music, and editing. He described the film as "a final piece in the trilogy that succeeds in displaying its beauty while showing the cracks on the wall". Panos Kotzathanasis of Asian Movie Pulse wrote that the film "may be a bit overdramatic on occasion but both the comments and the rather intriguing story are exquisite in their conception and implementation, in another great work by the late Abaya".

### Accolades

| Year | Group | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | Metro Manila Film Festival | Best Film | *Karnal* | Won |
| | | Best Sound Engineering | Rudy Baldovino | Won |
| | | Best Cinematography | Manolo Abaya | Won |
| | | Best Art Direction | Fiel Zabat | Won |
| 1984 | FAMAS Awards | Best Picture | *Karnal* | Won |
| | | Best Supporting Actor | Vic Silayan | Won |
| | | Best Director | Marilou Diaz-Abaya | Won |
| | | Best Music | Ryan Cayabyab | Won |
| | | Best Actor | Phillip Salvador | Nominated |
| | | Best Supporting Actress | Grace Amilbangsa | Nominated |
| | FAP Awards | Best Director | Marilou Diaz-Abaya | Won |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Charito Solis | Won |
| | Best Production Design | Fiel Zabat | Won |
| | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Actor | Phillip Salvador | Won |
| | Best Director | Marilou Diaz-Abaya | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actor | Vic Silayan | Won |
| | Best Cinematography | Manolo Abaya | Won |
| | Best Music | Ryan Cayabyab | Won |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Charito Solis | Won |
| | Best Production Design | Fiel Zabat | Won |
| | Best Picture | *Karnal* | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actor | Joel Torre | Nominated |
| | Best Actress | Cecille Castillo | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Grace Amilbangsa | Nominated |
| | Best Sound | Rudy Baldovino | Nominated |
| | Best Screenplay | Ricky Lee | Nominated |
| | Best Editing | Marc Tarnate | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| Karnal | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster of the film's restored version, released in 2015 | |
| Directed by | Marilou Diaz-Abaya |
| Written by | Ricardo Lee |
| Based on | *To Take a Life*
by Teresita Añover Rodriguez |
| Produced by | Benjamin G. Yalung |
| Starring |  |
| Narrated by | Charito Solis |
| Cinematography | Manolo Abaya |
| Edited by | Marc Tarnate |
| Music by | Ryan Cayabyab |
| Production
company | Cine Suerte |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * December 25, 1983 (1983-12-25) |
| Running time | 123 minutes |
| Country | Philippines |
| Languages |  |